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- ALEXANDER EGER,
1897.

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THEORY AND PRACTICE

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VETERINARY MEDICINE

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SURGERY.

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THE THEORY AND PRACTICE

OF

VETERINARY MEDICINE

AND

SURGERY.

The practice of medicine is looked upon as a science and as an art.
As a science it treats of the nature, existence, condition and causes of

disease; as an art it is directed to the recognition, prevention and treat-
-ment of diseases; cause of diseases is the most principal. Surgery is

classified in the same way.
Practice of medicine is practically experimental. Females require

_ smaller doses than males; the smaller the animal the smaller the dose;
the climate as between heat and cold also governs, a larger dose is used
in summer than in winter.

- MORBID ANATOMY—STRUCTURAL, CHANGES PRODUCED BY DISEASE.

Disease is the opposite of health: health is the normal condition of
an animal: an animal isin normal condition when the organs perform

their functions regularly and rythmetically with each other.

The vital organs are the heart, lungs, abdominal viscera, etc. If
one gets out of order they are not working regularly with each other.
Disease is either organic or functional:> organic when unnatural

_ changes take place in the structures; functional when there is a derange-

“ment. in the function without changing the structure—for instance, the
irregular pu
PATHOLOGY.

Pathology is the doctrine of disease. It is divided into general or
_ special: general pathology treats of disease in general without reference
_ to any particular disease: special refers to individual diseases.
General pathology includes:

Etiology, which treats of the cause of disease.

Semeiology, which treats of the symptoms of disease.

Po which treats of the generation, production and development of

isease

Nosology, which treats of the classification and nomenclature.
Diagnosis, which treats of the recognition of disease

Prognosis, whichtreats of the probable termination.

Hygiene, which treats of the prevention of disease.

Therapeutics, which treats of the cure of disease by the use of drugs.

‘There are two causes of disease— predisposing, which originates with-
in the body, and is hereditary; and exciting or extraneous, which origi-

nates outside of the body, such as overwork, bad food, bad water, ex-

posure to extreme changes in temperature, etc.
Diseases are divided into four classes, viz: contagious or infectious,

_ epizootic, enzootic and sporadic.

g ees _ PHEORWY AND PRACTICE.

Diséases are contagious when they are communicable f
mal to another. ;
Epizootic affects animals withont any Jocal cause, sal
fined to any one district, but usually covers a large territos
influenza.) 3
Enzootic disease affects animals in a comparatively
with a local cause. (Mud fever). — aay
Sporadic diseases occur only in single or isolated cases:
all our common diseases not included in the first three. Baum
Influenza is a typical example of the epizootic. (1872).

THE BLOOD.

without it no Geitad can five in rm the. nad as. seen €
through a microscope is colorless, but when outside, the i
is red, and the venous blood is blue.

COMPOSITION OF THE BLOOD.

WAGERS Tyo vse 7 ALY Salad wel aslokce elton ea Mere Phy Bey SEES C 784.
Corpuscles’ vs). zi lero ier eee tia Ope aan eae 7 acinar
1 ty) EA ra pe Pee beeper ath oon eet ee oie Pay.
Hxtraeted matter wy aes eg olga rere ialeerehedt © oY eneeeee
Salen; ce oie meee Poy: Bol aan te PA eran See Bae
ADTLIPe we oe Nae er Ot SRO Bee Mee PO Pe

Total, 3, 000 _

This proportion varies but little in health, but Ries in Da

diseased condition.
Fibrin decreases eae pregnancy and increases after: i it ca

is emaciated by fever, the Fibrin j is deeitesc ‘a all local cee n
the Fibrin is increased causing congestion of the blood ; or Hype
‘When Fibrin is out of the blood, the power of coagulation of Bas

or ammonia, Fibrin j is much decreased.
In Plethora the solid matter is increased, and there is 4 wan

in diarrheea or diabetes, the water is withheld and the proportion w
less than 784 parts. PS
During Anemia or bloodless condition, Heemagoblin or co
matter is diminished. So in proportion to the decrease of corpus
the blood the water increases. *
In Plethora we find everything just reversed, and is due to
feeding or on concentrated food. In this disease there is an in
the corpuscles and a decrease in water. _ :
Texas fever has its home in the red corpuscles and leaves th
in an impoverished condition. This is true of any fever. We

Wyo
> RED
ae aif, Jia!

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 5

this condition of the blood by observing the color of the mucous mem-
brane in the lining of the mouth, eyelids and nostrils.

Albumen varies considerable in many cases. In debility the quantity
is comparatively small; in plethora we find an increased quantity of
albumen in the corpuscles, consequently the amount of water is decreased.

Albuminuria water in cattle or where there is a dropsical condition
it denotes a want of albumen in the blood.

THE PULSE.

The pulse is the most important feature to the physician — sur-
geon in the diagnosis of the animal.

_ The pulse is defined as the evidence of the circulation of the blood.
We get the pulse by pressing the finger on an artery. We find that the
blood passes through an artery at about the speed of ninety feet per
minute.

Circulation of the blood is produced and regulated by the sym-
pathetic nervous system. Every disease produces a greater or less irregu-
larity of the nervous system.

The nervous system is the key: by it we can tell the condition of the

animal: itis to the physician and surgeon what the compass is to the
Mariner. In death the nervous system is the last to die in the body.

The pulse is the means we have of measuring the circulation of the
blood, the character of the beat indicates the condition of the nervous
system: other means are only corroborative.

The normal beat of the horse is from 33 to 4o. @ecssionall, the
beat of the draft horse is as low as 28, and rarely as low as 25. This
variation of the pulse depends upon the temperament of the animal.
Exercise increases the frequency of the pulse: or, anything exciting will
increase the pulse.

_ The horse is the most excitable of all animals, therefore, we should
take the pulse a second time before arriving at a conclusion as to the
condition of the animal

The pulse of the horse is usually taken from the submaxilliary
artery, located near the lower jaw or from the brachial artery, in the
arm near the body; alsofrom the coccygeal artery, about three inches
from the tail.
| Relationship of Circulation to Respiration.

There are three and one-half beats of the heart to one respiration.
The force of the pulse lies in the expansion and contraction of the heart:
diastole is the expansion, and systole the contraction.

_ The normal pulse of the ox is from 40 to 50. On account of the
thickness of the skin, and the arteries being located deep, the pulse of
the ox is difficult to take; the most convenient place being the carotid
artery just above the sternum.

The pulse of the sheep is from 70 to 80 taken from the brachial
artery inside the arm, and the femoral, inside the thigh.

The normal pulse of the dog is from 72 to go, according to the con-
dition of the animal. The pulse of the dogis much similar to that of
the human.

The character of the pulse is first measuring the frequency or in-
frequency in a given time; second, measurement of the quick or slow

. f + eaeaey : ; M YG it
6 THEORY AND PRACTICE. _ ee

pulse in a given time by each individual beat: third, the larg
pulse, this measures the dilatibility: fourth, the compressibility, ar
soft. Quick pulse is caused by the sharp sudden a
heart; jerky pulse is an “aggravation of the Sie pulse.

In plethora the pulse is strong and fall; in anzemia, small
Slow pulse as seen in enteritis is due to the contraction |
cular coating of the walls of the arteries.
In laminitis we have a hard, full pulse, and strong. This
often mistaken for lung diseases from the pulse.
‘Double pulse indicates a feeble condition of the heart.
The temperature of warm blooded animals is a mystery.
ter what the surroundings may be, as pie heat and cold, the tem

surroundings in which they are living.
In case of disease we have a change in temperature. A risi
temperature indicates fever: loss of heat or lowering temperature b
the normal, indicates a waning vitality. ae
In cases of simple fever, ‘the temperature is in proportion
amount of fever—a rise from ror to rog4—but in pleuropneumonia :
to 106, and even to 107, when it is extremely dangerous. In sun
it rises higher than in this disease, and in hysteria still te w
is nearly always fatal.
We may take it as the rule, that when the temperature of an
reaches 104 it is sick, 105 very sick, 106 and upwards dangerously,
at 108 in nearly every case fatal. a
The temperature of an animal is always higher at oe than
day time.

a

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as a rule it always proves fatal. In Saneroke it may run pias oc
even to 110, and if it remains so about two hours the animal 1

THE THERMOMETER.

the animal. 100 is normal in the horse, and is taken by ineeen
thermometer into the anus in males and either into the anus or Vv
of mares. Always turn the instrument to one side so as to press. aga
the sides of the bowels, and leave in about five minutes. In this’
you will be sure to get the best results. . Getting the temperature :
animals in any other way than by the use of the thermometer is Bi fy
guess work, and are not reliable. is Bhs S

The temperature is even more important than the pulse, ift re
were any choice to be made, because it may be that in some cases t

Riphiet and the animal be very sick.
In severe sickness the temperature should be taken about twi
day, but in cases of less seriousness once a day will be sufficient. —

any other animal, according to the surroundings, changing from
103, and often when the ox has been standing in the sun for «
siderable time, the temperature may often be as high as 104 a
106 without any sickness.

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

“I

NORMAL TEMPERATURE OF DIFFERENT ANIMALS.

Ger. , Eng. Ger. Eng. Ger.
Man, 98.6 to too Hog, 103.4 I00 Fowls, 106 to III
Horse, 99.9 100 Fox, 102.5 Dove, 109.4
Ox, 103.40 100 to 102 Ape, T00.5 Swallow, Tr 2
Sheep, 103 Tol Guinea Pig, 102.4 Goose 107
Dog, 102 IO1.5 Rabbit, 103.19

The high temperature of fowls accounts for their exemption from

= Specific diseases.

The temperature of animals may sometimes get as low as 78.8 and
the animal live, but as low as 75 they die.

CONGESTION OR HYPERAMIA

is an increased flowing or determination of blood to a part. There are
two kinds, healthy and unhealthy. Unhealthy may be active or passive.

Healthy congestion is an increased flow of blood to an organ or to a
part, as a natural physical effort to assist in its functions, for instance the
flow of blood to the penis at the time of copulation, also in parturition in
congestion of the mammary glands.

Active congestion is confined to the arteries and arterioles.

_ Passive to the veins and capillaris, the passive is sometimes spoken
of as the-mechanical congestion. ‘There are two causes for active con-
gestion: Increased blood pressure and diminished arterial resistance.
The increased blood pressure is due to an obstruction in some of the

__ arteries causing increased flow of blood to the part through a series of
arteries. An instance of the danger in this may be given if a horse
having become very warm from exercise is left standing in the cold rain it
may cause the superficial blood vessels to contract and force the blood
internally and may cause congestion of the lungs, and, if not attended to
_ in time this will cause pneumonia, or the blood may be forced to the
heart, stomach, spleen or some other organ and cause some serious
disease.

The second cause of active Cae diminished arterial resistance.
This is primarily a nerve disease, caused by the temporary paralysis of
a part of the vasomotor nerve system, or by diminished tonicity of this

system. The effect of that is serious. The blood accumulates in the
dilated part and sometimes causes a stoppage of the flow in that part,
_and the fact that arterial blood, if stopped for the shortest time, changes
_ its nature, make it serious. When an artery becomes plugged the white
_ corpuscles begin to force out of the vessel and into the surrounding cel-
lular substance, causing soreness, etc. A sudden interruption of the
flow of blood in the vessels often cause gangrene.

_ This forcing out of the blood vessels of the white blood corpuscles
and other substances is called transudation.

Passive congestion is sometimes called the chemical congestion, anc
of itself is confined to the veins and capillaris. Thesmallest kind of this
is produced by tying a string or bandage tightly arcund a part, thus
causing congestion by mechanical means. ‘The ccmmonest cause of pas

-Sive congestion is the forming of the clot or thrombus in the vein: the

disease from this is called thrombosis. Sometimes we get a thrombosi:
in the arteries, and this passing on to a small part of the vessel causes
- a plugging of it, called embolus, producing embolism.

8 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

There are four more complicated conditions of passive congestion, xt
first is diminished cardiac power, or diminished heart force, as seen in
late cases of debilitating diseases. The heart becomes weak and the 2
circulation correspondingly weak: the pulse becomes intermitting and
irregular, this permits the forming of the ante mortem clot. This often i
causes congestion of the lungs through diminished cardiac power.

Second, that of gravitation. This cannot occur except as the result —
of some other cause, as seen in puerperal fever.

Third, altered ‘condition of the blood, as seen in certain snectety :
cases such as black leg in cattle or sheep, also in anthrax. Defective
secretion is also a very common cause. :

Fourth, defective nutrition, as seen in the inactivity of the Kine ae
liver, bowels, and sometimes the skin. ‘These organs become toipid in
their action through overwork or other causes. In the kidneys there
may be a retention of the urine causing urinary troubles, and in the mA
bowels causing constipation. at

The results of active congestion are redness, heat, throbbing of the i
affected parts, then as a local condition we find that the arteolas are
enlarged, and a tendency to thickening of the walls, and if continued any | e
length of time there is an altered function, especially to the near nerve —
center. After the congestion has been in existence for a few hours extra-
vasation may take place into the cavities of serum or froma ruptnre of the —
capillaris, or an exudation of the watery portion of the blood into se
surrounding tissue. If the capillaris are ruptured, or exudation takes
‘place, then also extravasation, also there is a tendency to coagulate = ;

Petechia is where the extravasation takes place in minute spots.

Eechymosis where it takes places in large places. Petechia are —
about the size of a pin head; ecchy mosis as large as the palm of the hand.

Result of passive congestion. We find a tendency from the blood |
or transudation of serum, this flows into the cellular tissues and forms :
dropsical conditions: when it flows into cavities there are special names —
applied. This condition of passive congestion does not tend tore
coagulation, while the exudation of active congestion does, because it 2
contains more albumen and usually more of the coloring matter of the |

4

blood. Active congestion in connection with extravasation we have two st
kinds of: hemorrhage—hemorrhage by rheres and hemorrhage by dia- a
pedesis. Hemorrhage by diapedesis is where the blood oozes through a.
the blood vessels. Active congestion often terminates in gangrene: that
is death to the part and often to the animal, this being due to the ob-
struction of the circulation, SRE

Passive congestion of itself never causes death. ess

IRRITATION.

Irritation is a disturbance produced by an irritant: that is, anything a
that produces first, a local disturbance, and then, if severe and long
continued produces a constitutional disturbance. Irritation causes con-— s
gestion, and if continued, runs into inflammation. he effect of inflam-
mation may not be necessarilly local, but may be carried through the
body. This is called reflex action, and is carried through the: sympa-—
thetic nerve system.

Constitutional effects of irritation are largely produced ie pain, and
pain is the local effect of irritation on the nervous system. An example

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 9

of constitutional disturbance is worms in the intestines, causing the
animal to get hide bound, staring coat, pot bellied and ill-natured. In
_dogs, worms generally cause fits.

The topical e ffects of local irritation are pain, heat, swelling, ten-
sion and redness. Pain is due to the wounding of the nerve.

Heat is produced by increased determination of the blood to the part.

INFLAMMATION.

Inflammation is derived from the Latin word /xjflemmatzo, and means
Z burn, An altered condition of nutrition of a part, usually congestion,
and causes a dilation of the arteries and artioles, then, as a result of
this you get a plastic condition of the blood in the affected parts. This
is the first important condition ot the inflammation the red corpuscles
creep together, adhere to the walls of the vessels and interrupt the flow
of blood, and after this is caused, exudation sets in: at the time this is
taking place white blood corpuscles pass out of the blood vessels, and
with the serum causes a local inflammation, fibrin increases very materi-
ally and rapidly, and this has the effect of causing coagulation of the
material that passes out of the blood.

The process of inflammation first starts as a cause of the applica-
tion of anirritant. This upsets toa greater or less extent the nervous
system, and so alters the tonicity of the blood vessels and allows them
to dilate. This causes congestion, and this has a tendency to make the
blood thick with more or less clogging of the blood vessels: the red cor-
puscles gather, and the plastic matter and the white corpuscles exude into
the surrounding tissue. Those exudites are serum lymph and a glutenous
matter.

The topical results are pain, swelling, heat, redness, tension and sore-
ness. Fie

The results of inflammation are variable. First resolution is when
the inflammatory process stops short and the matter is absorbed, leaving
behind no trace of the inflammation.

Second, effusion which means pouring ont into the tissues or cavities
of serum. Serum is the product of inflammation; it is the more watery
portion of the blood, having but little albumen or fibrin in it.

Dry stage is the first stage; that is when the part is hot, dry and
tense. After this lasts from three to thirty hours then comes the second,
or wet stage. ‘This always follows the first.

Suppuration is the third stage. This is the stage in which we get
the formatiou of pus. Induration and hardening of the exude in sup-
_ puration often forms permanent tumors which often stay with the animal

during life. Neoplasm is a formation of new tissue. The new tissue is
produced by the increase in cells. This neoplastic tissue, along with the
exudite, becomes permanent tumor.
Neoplasm is usually white fibrous tissue. We often find new blood
vessels formed in this new cell tissue.
Adhesion. ‘This is the direct result of inflammation, as the word
indicates, two parts growing together. This follows suppuration.
Gangrene. This is the last and fatal termination of inflammation.
Gangrene and necrosis usually mean the same thing, though there is a
difference: gangrene is the death of a large part, necrosis the death of a
part of a tissue or of a bone.

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10 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

Ulceration in the soft tissues ismolecular death; in thé bou fe
in a large part is gangrene. ,
In inflammatory process the local activity is either increa asec
creased, that is, of the part involved: usually in the earlier ;
increased, in the second diminished.

Pus is the result of suppuration: ae puris is the fide a and p
cells is the solid pus. Somescientists recognize pus germ as the aul
of the formation of pus, but in the case of deep tumors there i
be a disturbance of the circulation of the blood to the pat :
alters its functions, bringing on inflammation and the di
tion of the organs, the breaking down cells becoming decompose d
liquified.

Laudable or healthy pus is thick, creamy and usually colorless,
is, it has no offensive odor, mawkish to the taste, and has no te nde y
to putrify, but rather to dry up, It is putrid pus when it comes as E
abscess, this is due to the necrosis of the part involved. Ba.

It is saneous when it is bloody pus.

Sanies is pus flowing from an abscess, and is partie a
and streaked with blood; this is due to the presence of decom
animal matter flowing into it. |

Specific pus comes from specific diseases. Se)

Pus is ichoris when it scalds the part it flows over.~

Gangrene occurs in two forms; the moist and the dry: the » moi
caused by the sudden shutting off ‘of the circulation, and of course shut
ting off the nutrition. As soon as death occurs decomposition ae ;
the part turns black and the red line of demarkation is plainly vis}
between the dead and the living tissue: dry gangrene occurs pie
slowly interrupted circulation, in which case the part dies from la
nutrition, the part becomes dried up and chalky, pale and mummifie

Death is the cessation of life, and after death the body decomp C
Nature abhores death, and resists it to the last. The nerves are the
part of the body to die. All the lower animals show on their | oun
ance the fear of approaching death. x

In the subject of death we divide the body into thueet sepa
functions. het 3

First, the circulatory system; this includes the heart and at the - a
blood vessels, as through these organs nutrition is carried to all parts | of ; .
the body for its nourishment. We find where a clot has formed an ae
lodged in some of the arteries the effect of it ts almost instantaneot id
producing coma and death.

Second, the pneumatic apparatus, the Sika and the air passa; as
this being used to supply the blood with oxygen, and to carry away fl
carbonic acid gas, thereby purifying the blood. :

Third, the controlling power over these two systems: we ha
nervous system: its main benefit is in its irritability and sensibilit
nerves carry the idea of life, being the propelling, and at the sa
the controlling power or governor. ee

Syncope is sudden death beginning at the heart. ' When to cc
from syncope there are no premonitory symptoms. Sometimes sin )
cases, syncope occurs without any known cause; the heart sin

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itsirritability. In such cases the heart will be found to be large

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“When an animal see from tonic spasm of the heart, then, in autopsy,

you will find the heart small, hard, contracted and empty.
Asthenia is slow death, beginning in the heart. In asthenia there

_ are premonitory symptoms, for instance: in organic diseases of the heart

we get symptoms of the approach of death. In death from asthenia
neither of the two extremes exist that we find in syncope. After death
the heart is often found full and soft.

Shock is where sudden death occurs from a fall or great fear.

Hemorrhage. Death from this occurs more or less sudden, accord-
ing to the size on the vessel ruptured, In case of internal hemorrhage
the animal often dies from bleeding, when there is no trace of blood to
be seen, because it flows into the abdominal cavity.

We find in approaching death the most important symptoms are in-
variably the gradually increasing pallor of the mucous membrane as the
blood flows and the animal suffers, the extremities grow cold, and finally
the whole surface of the body, that is when death is comparatively slow.

_ But in sudden deaths these symptoms do not occur. Also in death by
'slow hemorrhage the mouth grows cold as death approaches and there

is a cold clammy sweat exuding’ from the body, the eyes become dim
and staring and insensible. If the animal is down and unable to rise
there will be convulsive struggles. When death occurs in the breathing
apparatus it may occur in any of the parts from the nostrils to the

lungs.

Dyspnea i is inability to breathe, and because of the absence of oxygen
nutrition is suspended.
Third, death beginning in the brain, spoken of as coma, or stupor.

In death from the brain a comatose condition is always developed before
death. The nerves presiding over the vital organs have their origin in

the floor of the fourth ventricle. The best way to produce death is by
the brain so as to reach the fourth ventricle.

Some pathologists recognize a fourth:—

Necromia is death beginning in the blood: that is due to blood

poisoning or septzemia, caused by a germ getting into the blood as in
anthrax and purptral-hemorrhagica. This germ gets into the red

_ corpuscles and destroys them. In death by necromia the body decom-

poses very fast. _

The horse will stand till the last; but cattle, sheep and dogs will lie
down, sometimes for weeks before death occurs.

Nosology—the classification of disease is best based upon the charac-

“ter of the organ involved. Diseases are of two kinds: constitutional and
local.

Constitutional are those which affect the whole system, primarily,
and if they locate in any particular organ they do so secondarily: for
instance, in glanders, blood poisoning is secondary in the lungs and
nose, producing pneumonia. The constitutional diseases are often
spoken of as blood diseases. Constitutional diseases are of two kinds:
exogenous and endogenous.

Exogenous are those arising from external influences, or from with-
out.

Endogenous are those arising within the body, due-to some con-

tagious disease: those of an epizootic or enzootic nature belong to the

exogenous.

12 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

Hereditary diseases are classed as endogenous, also stich cases as

rheumatism or those influences inducing them, and arise in the body.

To the local belong all the sporadic diseases, and comprise all those —

we might get in everyday practice, which do not come under the head
of constitutional.
We classify diseases according to Robertson and Williams as follows.

First, of the respiratory system.

Second, of the digestive apparatus.

Third, circulatory, that is, heart and blood vessels.
Fourth, urinary apparatus, as kidneys.

Fifth, brain—nervous system.

Sixth, reproductive—generative organs.

Seventh, locomotary apparatus.

Highth, cutaneous, or skin diseases.

Diseases should be treated rationally, sensibly and scientifically,
that is, treated according to the requirements or conditions.

A term used in medicine is vis medicatrix natura, that is, the power
nature has to restore or repair her own damage, so all the doctor can do.

is to give nature a chance by assisting her.

Diseases are divided into acute, sub-acute and chronic:

Acute diseases are those that develop suddenly and severely, run a
rapid course and usually are of short duration, and are inclined to termi-
nate fatally. Acute sometimes subdue, then come on again, and run into
chronic.

Sub-acute are those that come on more slowly, are less severe, and
are inclined to terminate favorably.

Chronic cases are of long duration. In this there may be deposits
in some part which become permanent enlargements, and generally come
from acute or sub-acute. “They cannot be cured quickly.

Acute requires as a class prompt, heroic and vigorous treatment.
Sub-acute do not require so severe treatment, but milder and smaller
doses. In chronic, the treatment requires to be strong sometimes, but
applied more slowly than in ~ither of the other two cases

There is atermin the treatment of inflammatory diseases referred
to as antiphlogistic, that is applied to the cooling of the fever. Thisis
practiced in nearly all inflammatory diseases.

Ephemeral fever is asimple febrile condition, and has its origin or
existence due to sonie internal influence: no special organs are involved,
and there is no specific disordered conditions.

Ktiology.—Overwork and excessive fatigue, exhaustion, exposure

to wet ano cold and bad food, etc.

Semeiology.—This fever comes ov more or less suddenly. The
symptoms usually commence by rigor, shivering; but in very mild cases
this rigor may not be perceptible, only showing a staring coat. In this
rigor the nose, ears and limbs are cold, the breathing is increased in
frequency and more or less noisy, a sort of feeble roar. We can often
tell the presence of chill by this roaring. When the plainer effects are
passed the nostrils are not much dilated, rathez inclined to be flat. As
a rule we never get this sort of breathing in any other case. While
this chill is going on there is a congestion of blood to the internal
organs: the nervous system is disturbed, particularly the sympathetic
system, causing the temperature to rise. In a moderate chill you will
find the temperature to run to 104 and 105, in severe cases to 106.

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 13

The pulse will run up from 50 to 70 during the chill. A character-
istic of the pulse, in addition to its frequency, is it is quite hard in com-
parison to its normal beat, strong though small.

In the course of ordinary events the rigor will subside, and the
warmth will return. In some excessively severe cases the legs of horses
have been known to remain cold ever after during life.

! After the chill subsides, if the fever remains, nervous prostration re-

sults, produced first, by the chill, second by the disease. If the fever be
high there will be loss of appetite asa rule: if the fever is as high as
Say 104 after it has run forty-eight hours there is an alteration in the
faeces, which isincreased and covered with a sort of slime, the urine is
high colored and scanty, and there is great lassitude, and the mucous
‘membranes become injected and thirst increases; ordinarily the fever will
subside of its own accord.

Prognosis, is your opinion as to the probable termination of the
disease, so never be ready to give a definite prognosis or you may be de-
ceived and your reputation injured just so much.

Treatment of ephemeral fever:—-The chill is the first thing to bear
in mind, and there is also a sudden elevation of temperature, the pulse is
tapid, hard, the surface of the body is cold, but the temperature taken
from the rectum shows an elevation in temperature. Stimulants are
what is now needed, given to increase the force of the beats of the heart
and increase the circulation. In chill we find it best to combine a stimu-
lant and a sedative, as whisky and aconite: the whisky stimulates the
action of the heart, and has a tendency to increase or produce an increase
of the blood flowing to the surface. and aconite in moderate doses al-
lays the irritability of the heart, and by the use of these two drugs we
get a return of the pulse to its normal condition. The aconite has no
effect, that is. no bad effect, if given in small doses and if given fre-
quently, and if given in sufficient quantities will give a diathretic result.
Sweet spirits of nitre is also a good stimulant, also carbonate of the
aromatic spirits of ammonia. Asa rule we generally rely on whisky:
in regard to the dose we give, horse, half-pint whisky and 2 oz. each
subsequent dose, that is, with the aconite, say about seven to ten drops,
repeat every ten minutes or every fifteen, but not oftener than every ten.
In addition to the treatment hygiene plays an important part. Pile on
four or five blankets and robes, put men at the neck and legs and make
them rub well (the rubbing at the neck to be always downward) con-
tinue the rubbing and applying the medicine for two hours, or till the
chill subsides. The chill should be stopped as quickly as possible, as
the shorter the chil! can be cut, the quicker the horse will be cured.

Say we take 108 for the temperature of the horse. ‘There is a term
we call anti-phlogistic, and as we said before, is applied to a cooling off
of the heat. As regards the fever, various schools have various ways of
doing this, so have various practitiotiers, but the first is: nature has a
power to repair her own damages. Remove the cause of the fever and
nature will do the rest. The character of the pulse is the most important
thing you want to note in examining a fever patient.

a THEORY AND PRACTICE.

The mixture we use is as follows:

R Aconite fl. ex rt dr-
Belladona fi. ex. 2dr.
Gentian Rad. fl. ex. I oz i
Ether Nit. sps, 2 OZ.
Ammon, Chl. I OZ.
Potass. Nit. % OZ.

Aqua, ad. GS 16 Oz.
Give 4 two-otnce dose every hour for the first five or six x the
two ea an the ile subsides, or every hour until t t

less serious inflamntation is sure to result; that is a we
stop the chill as quickly as possible. If the chill is of short
and there are mo serious coniplications in inflammation we shot
to stop it ina Short time, but you phot: to remember i188 an i
may Cause serious nervous piostea tio: That is why we pr
doses. The following is the ntixture recommended by prof.

R Potass. Chlor. or Nit. 4 drs.
‘Sps. Ether Nit. I Oz.
Lig. Ammon. Acet. 4 OZ.

Aqua ad. QS one pint sie

Give as a drink allin one dose, repeat two or three tim imes

If given only twice a day, give in addition four to six drs. of the ni
chlor. of potash in the drinking water twice a day. Large doses
liable to give a shock so we recommend smalt doses often repeated.
believe we get better results by etyiaes smaller doses and ofte han

are more Sisceseble to drugs ia most other animalgee |
poisons. ‘There is very little danger of giving too small doses
dosing; there is aes danger | lof over Sige for ve deed t

gins ‘to work, and then the second dose comes on also to cee
are that as a result suppuration sets in and likely there wale
horse.

Antipyrin may be given in fever, but always remember to
stimulant with it, and give close attention that there is no dange op:
heart failure; this is why the stimulant is recommended, as it strengt
the heart’s action Remember, that when the fever is diminished
the medicine, for if you continue you may only cause heart or kid
complications to arise. Sulphate of iron is a good tonic to give, a
the vegetable drugs, gentian and nux. .

Hygiene.—In the first place never confine a sree horse,
loose stall and plenty of nice, clean bedding; straw and a lit
make a good bed. Itisa good idea to bandage the legsswith
it helps to maintain the temperature, water the patient, Say ty
every ten or fifteen minutes until his thirst is quenched, th
bucket before him and let him drink as much as he il for wa
good thing in case of fever.

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 15

The food should be soft and easily digested. Slop bran is good,

_ and after a few days you may add a little oats, mixing with. hot water,
as this softens and rather cooks the oats. Do not give any dry food.
Often the horse will go four or five days without eating, then find out
_ what he might fancy and give it to him often. He will like to nibble
_ on the ear corn, give him about three ears at a time, but no more. Re-
_ member that in fever if you give too much food it may cause vomiting,
especially if you feed too much carrots, never give more than one or two

of them at a time, then after a few hours givé a few more. Always give
plenty of fresh air, but arrange your ventilation so there will be no draft,
but will circulate around without coming in direct contact with the horse
from without. All fever patients require perfect rest, so do not exercise

_ atallso long as the fever lasts; during convalescence give him gentle

+ €xercise. In the start of fever give a liberal amount of clothing and
“take off, little by little, as he recovers until entirely well.

The rule now is, and especially in this climate, not to give a laxa-
tive, but let the bowels relieve themselves, but if you do give one, let it
_ ea small dose of sulphate of soda, or a small dose of linseed oil.

( Breathing apparatus.—In every case there are certain phenomena.
The physical signs are to be observed through means of examination.
‘These methods are, first, inspection; second, mensuration; third, palpa-
tion; fourth, auscultation; fifth, percussion; sixth succussion.

Inspection means all that we can take in with the eye, taking in the

_ general condition: first, in the movement of the chest, the abdominal

muscles, particularly those of the flank, position of elbow, position of

the feet and of the head, expression of the countenance, extent of the

dilation of the nostrils, and see if there is any discharge from the nose,
and if so, its character, and appearance of the coat.

Mensuration is little used in veterinary, but is in human practice
The process is measuring the chest to ascertain the expansion and con-
traction, and to make a comparison one side with the other.

_ Palpation is anything that-can be felt, for instance, we feel of the
surface to see if it is hot or cold, at the same time we can tell the condi-

_ tion of the hair, whether it is coarse; rough coat also tells as to the
soreness, or by pushing the animal we can judge of the power of resist-

_ ance he has left, we also get the surface temperament of the body, and

_ wecan judge of the impulse given the body by the act of breathing.

_ We also take the pulse by touch.

Auscultation, that is by the application of the ear to ascertain whether

sounds are natural or unnatural, particularly in the chest diseases. The
stethoscope is an instrument used to get the sounds, and it makes the

_ sound much louder than the natural. They are not much used in our
practice but are in the physician’s practice. Where there is dirty sur-
face to apply the ear to, veterinarians usually lay a handkerchief on such

a surface, then apply the ear, as it is generally believed that a surer
opinion can be formed than with the instrument. But, in case you
use the stethoscope be sure to always make allowance for the friction

~ sounds.

Percussion is the act of tapping or striking the surface of the body
_ at the point to be examined, this is done to get the density of the af
_ flicted parts. This is very important, especially in examination of the
' chest. In hydrothorax we get a dull solid sound; indicating great

16 THEORY AND PRACTICE-

density where it should be drum-like. If the chest sounds drum-like it
indicates a healthy condition in that respect. In chronic catarrh we get —

a solid sound.

Succussion is the means by which we find out the soreness in the

smaller animals by grasping them with both hands and shaking them.
This is only possible in the small animals.

There are some phenomena of diseases of the respiratory system,
they are, grunting, coughing, dyspnoea, roaring, whistling, mucous
rales, crepitation, friction, sneezing. snoring and wheezing

The grunt may indicate either acute or chronic diseases of the chest.

If associated with acute disease it indicates soreness; a painful condition
isin acute pleurisy. In the horse the grunt sometimes indicates heaves,

and when it is in acute the grunt always comes at the end of the expira- —

tion. If the grunt comes when struck at, it is generally chronic; as an
example of the last is chronic disease of the larynx. In acute pneu-
monia moving the horse and bringing out a grunt is a sure sign he has
developed pneumonia, in cattle we must make allowance for they often
grunt like man when there is nothing wrong with them, we find them
grunt in abdominal troubles as well as those of the chest. ;
Coughing is produced by a deep inspiration followed by a forced ex-

piration usually produced by an irritation. There are two kinds, moist “4

and dry: moist indicates the effusive stage and is in the acute; dry is in

the chronic. It is dry in the first stage of bronchitis; in the more acute
it may be either moist or dry.

Dyspnoea is difficult breathing under all conditions. We find it is

due to the accumulation o1 mucous, blood or pus. Hydrothorax is
caused by an accuniulation of mucous, blood, pus or such in the throat;
mucous ravel is the passage of air through some such as this mucous,
pus or blood.

Roaring and whistling are both diseases of the throat, produced, as

roaring is, by paralysis of the left current nerve, and the artenoid muscle

falling into the passage of the artenoid cartilage.

Crepitation is the crackling sound heard in the early stage of pneu-

monia. This sound is similar to the sound caused by rubbing sheep
skins together. This crepitation is caused by drying of the parts in the
inflammation.

Friction is in the early stage of pleurisy.

Sneezing of the lower animals is no indication of disease. In the
human their sneeze is generally the same in health as in disease, and

they sneeze generally to expel some foreign substance from the nostrils;
but in catarrh they sneeze a great deal; the mucous on the surface causes ~

a tickling and they sneeze. This is seen in the case of glanders. You

can tell the stall an afflicted horse has been in by the amount of fly, ti

looking mucous around.
Snoring may be connected with disease or health, and so does not

indicate disease, though in catarrh the snore is increased. Jersey cows

being finely inbred are more nervous in their breathing, and they snore,
and their snore is often very loud. In horses, the snore is sometimes
produced by hazy abscesses in the nose.

Wheezing usually indicates chronic bronchitis in horses, though it

is sometimes heard in broken horses. It is due tothe chronic thickening

of the membrane of the bronchial passage.

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 17

CATARRH, in the abstract, we mean catarrhal discharge from the _
mucous membrane or surface, and is applicable to any mucous surface,
for instance, catarrh of the bowels, influenza, cholera or catarrh of the
kidneys, and especially in scatlet fever. Generally, we refer to catarrh
as it applies to the membrane of the sinuses of the head and posterior
mares, tkis iscalled the Schneiderian membrane.

There are three kinds of catarrh: acute, sub-acute and chronic.
When it affects the Schneiderian membrane or lining in the turbinated
bones it affects the trachea and large bronchii, and in very acute ‘cases
extends to the lungs. In very acute or sthenic cases we find the eyelids
Swell considerable, as seen in pink eye. With sthenic cases there is more
or less fever; in sub-acute, or asthenic there is seldom any fever. In
the sthenic form there is a tendency to run down into the lungs. The
hhorse is particularly susceptible to acute catarrh running down into
dis lungs from the throat.

Ktiolegy.—Exposure toraw, cold winds when the horse is exhausted
or overheated from exertion and is perspiring freely. When the ani-
mal is a little out of health he is more susceptible then than at any
other time. About the first symptom of catarrh is sneezing, shaking of
the head, which indicates some pain, and then ina short time the mucous
membranes become red; runs then into the dry stage first, then the wet,
that is, during effusion. During the wet there is a great discharge from
the nese; this discharge is at first watery and thin, and gradually be-
comes more mucous and starchy. In the sthenic form it runs quite
rapidly, that is, it produces a muco purulent discharge, and is often
wery profuse and filthy, it is partly starchy and partly of a greenish
-yellow color, as a rule has no odor, while the chronic is usually very
offensive. This discharge of the acute is very light, and can often be
seen floating on the water when the horse drinks. We never get a puru-

_ lent discharge froin the sthenic but do from the chronic, and as it runs

along it becomes more and more purulent and less mucous. In the early
stages of the acute the temperature rises, and the pulse will be from 44
to 60, but the amount of fever depends upon the amount of surface
inyolved. If the throat is involved the animal is liable to have a cough,
- when theeyelids swell they will subside as the fever subsides. In the
acute you will find often-a mucous accumulation in the corner of the
eyes and the submaxillary iymphatic glands often are swollen.
Prognosis, it is favorable usually, seldom ever fatal that is, if you
can confine-it to the throat, and not let it run to the lungs, and even
then it need not be considered necessarily dangerous. When the mucous
follicles in the membrane become inflamed it is at first stimulated, then
temporarily suspended, then comes on the wet stage, when it again
becomes stimulated, shortly followed by a mucous discharge and sup-
puration. The temperature in catarrh is usually 104, pulse 60,

Treatment of the acute—First thing to dois to look after the hygiene
then give a mild stimulant combined with a heart sedative, as there is a
little of heart irritation we give a little nitrate or acetate of potash or
something cooling, locally, the application of chlorate of potash is good,
especially if the throat is involved, medicated steaming is good in some
cases, medicate the water with carbolic acid, iodine, etc., do this two or
three times a day, this is seldom done except in severe cases, and some-

Pee rs mea Dest
4

times instead, the nasal douche is given. In giving the donee
inild solution of chlorate potash, aqua solution of iodine, common

18 THEORY AND PRACTICH.

borax, etc. A good nasal douch is: 4£% solution of common salt,
solution of carbolic acid, 2% solution of boracic acid, equal parts.
nasal douch if discharge does not stop in the course of ten days.

For the treatment of the cough use camphor, belladonna, gly .
hiza. I find in many cases that counter irritants are good, the folle
is sometimes used: R Aqua ammon., ol. terebinth, ol. lini., :
parts. We usually leave out the ammonia, this last recipe is—
appl ed externally on the surface of the face, rub in well the first t
but if you have to apply again, rub gently or it will take off the»
and blister, it is best to apply it hot.

During convalescence you can dry up the discharge by giving
tonic internally, and to prevent it running into chronic, you ean give
either in Tinct. or in Sulph., this iron is usually given two or thi
times a day for a week or ten days. ‘i

In sub acute, which is mild, you can give the same treatment as
the acute, but in a milder form.

Chronic this disease is sometimes spoken of as ozena, old-authoriti
called it nasal gleet. Chronic is developed as a sequel to the acnt
especially where the acute is neglected. ‘¥

Phenominas of chronic catarrh are quite characteristic, mm the f Al
place there is no fever and the temperature is normal, in the sec
there is an intermittant discharge, this is a well marked sign of chre
at times the pus dries, then again it is running freely, this may be La
to its getting lodged in the sinuses for a time, then a fresh discharge Ane
causes it to run again, and if long lodged in those sinuses it will be ver}
offensive, and tais character of chronic catarrh has often made per
mistake it for a case of glanders. This discharge in addition to b
offensive often comes in chunks. In chronic sometimes necrosis of
turbinated bones occur. Acute is usually seen in both nostrils, son
times only one, in sub acute generally in one, in chronie always in o
[In chronic the bones of the face bulge on account of the bone beco
chin and the sinuses being filled. and sometimes the nerves on the
affected are paralyzed and the muscles become twisted off to one si
Give soft feed, gentle work.

LARYNGITIS. gg

An iuflamm tion of the mucous lining in the larynx. © ’ Wingees
extends'to the pharynx it is called laryngo pharyngitis. em

Pathology.—We get sometimes in the excessive wet stage exten. Ive
edema, in which the tumef, ction is so great as to materially intet
with the respiration ; occasionally cedema seems to confine itself
sarticular parts, this is the rima glottidis: When the artenoid cartile
are affected and there is a sudden closing of the throat, it is called ced
zlottidis, this is the pathological condition when death takes”
suddenly as in asphyxiation, the mucus forms very quickly an
chokes the animal. As a result of the inflammation around the
we often find a diphteric condition, but this is not diphtheria. _

In sphacelation the tissue sloughs off, and this part that sloughs
is called sphacelusthis, is in the latter stage of acute laryngitis.

we

Sk

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. _ 19

diphtheric condition often extends forward more or less through the
trachea. and as.a result of this condition the animal usually dies after

four, five, or six weeks in spite of all you do, they usually die from
exhaustion or blood poisoning.

Hticlogy.--The causes are about the same as that producing acute

-eatarrh. Wefind the most common cause is the placing of horses in cold

brick or stone stables after they have worked hard all day, and are
heated and exhausted, it sometimes comes with a chill during the night
in such cases.

Semeiclogy.—There is always more or less constitutional disturb-
ances and high fever, rapid, full, strong pulse, jerking up of the head,
poking his nose out, inability to swallow and if he can swallow it is pain-
ful, sometimes swelling is very rapid in the throat, sometimes when the

_ horse swallows or tries to, the whole of it runs out of the nose, this di--

charge or flow is principally saliva, which accumulates very rapidly in
the mouth due to the inflammation in the throat, which is so close to the
carotid glands. There is an increased quantity of blood to the part and
more heat, so the glands become stimulated, and so the flow of saliva

increases. This flow of saliva is sometimes so great that it'can be seen

on the floor of the stall. -The breathing in all such cases is more or less

’ labored, and in severe cases there is a wheezing, and before death there

is asort of roaring sound. As dyspnoea increases the eyes begin to bulge,

the breathing more rapid, tears flew down the cheeks and finally the

pulse becomes weaker and weaker and more rapid and at last the animal
drops and dies asphyxiated.

Prognosis.—If the severer signs are present and have run a long
time, and swelling is very great, and inability to swallow has been for

- five or six days, or where there is much sloughing off or gangrene set in,

you should be guarded, as this is unfavorable.

Treatment in this case should be prompt and vigorous and not long
delayed on account of the rapid swelling that often occurs in this case
through cedema. Steaming is good for about % an hour at a time, and
medicate your water with carbolic acid or iodine, and it is well to put on
a poultice, we use mustard, and renew every six hours. For internal
treatment, if they can swallow, give belladonna glycyrrhiza, hemp and

3 hydrastis canadensis, the best way to apply this last, is in the powder in

the form of an electuary. Camphor is a special anodvne for the throat,
allaying irritation and soreness. In making your poultice see that they

* are ell on the sitles as well as on the front of the throat. Small doses

of aconite are good, not to affect the heart, but locally as a relief to the
throat, two or three drops at a time makes a good anodyne. It is well
to give with it such as nitric ether, sulph. ether, etc. These stimulants
should not be omitted. Chlorate potash may be given every hour or
two. In very mild cases tinct. iron 1 oz., chlor. potash % oz., makes a
very nice gargle if given in the start of the trouble, also may be applied
during convalescence from severe cases. Never force a horse to hold up
his head to take medicine when suffering from these troubles, as it is

painful and harder for him to swallow, keep drinking water before him

all the time, as he will be thirsty and cannot drink much. You can also
apply the following ammoniacal liniment: Aqua ammonia I oz., ol.
terebinth 1 oz., ol. lini 2 oz., mix and apply to throat around base of ear

: iN fi ae) pes

20 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

oti a Space about four inches wide. In ease you find the dyspucea very
bad and dangerous don’t put off using the tracheotomy tubes. Cut about |
six inches below the larynx and in the center of the throat a cut about —
two inches long, then cut a section fron: the cartilage, a round piece
_ about the size that your tube will fit in nicely, cut it from two sections
of the cartilage, the tube shoald be cleaned twice each day.

Subacute laryngitis is usually very easily handled, and the same
treatment as for the acute, though in a milder form will do.

Chronic in this we have to diagnose all the chronic cases of thethroat
including wheezing, roaring, ete. on

Etiology..The most conmmen cause is the acute, which the chronic. be
follows on account of the organization of the exudates and om account of of
neglect or improper treatment during the acute stage, and often this1s
followed by some incurable trouble that remains with the animal as long
as he lives. Chronic often follows long continued anzemia, indigestion,
worms, these produce a chronic cough. Decayed and irregular teeth
operating as they do cause indigestion by inability to masticate properly,
in most of these cases, especially in those troubles that follow acute there
is a chronic thickening of the lining of the larynx, and is liableto remain
so during life. Under the head of chronic we may class all the conditions
under which we get noisy breathing, particularly roaring. Roaring is a@
loud hollow sound heard when the muscles are paralyzed on the left side
of the larynx, some cases may be so acute as to cause the disease causing:
roaring and tochoke down the horse. It is claimed by some that roaring
may be hereditarv. £

Special pathology.._The larynx is composed of five cartilageous —
muscles, two arytenoids, one thyroid and two cricoid, one being the
cricoideus posticus. In roaring the muscles controlling the arytenoid
cartilages are paralyzed and the vocal cord drops down, we trace this
paralysis to tae nerve becoming paralyzed that is generally the left
recurrent laryngeal nerve as given off from the pneumogastric nerve.
The five muscles mentioned are red in health, in disease in this case of
paralysis there is a fatty degeneration aud gets quite yellow. Roaring
is only heard during inspiration. in severe cases there is often a chronic
cough, and this cough can be called out by pretending to strike on the
ribs or throat. This roaring is sometimes intermittent in the early
stages, and the best way to find out a roarer is to run him yourself. —
Abscess in the false nostril often causes roaring, other causes are: Con-
strictions of the trachea, distortion of the same and of the larynx, ~
produced by accidents, such as a kick from an other horse. ae

Treatment is as a rule very unsatisfactory, the first thing to do is to +
ascertain the cause, if caused by paralysis of the nerve no internal or |
external treatment ‘will do any good.

Arytenectomy is practiced with some success as follows: First thing
lay your horse down, then administer chloroform, then turn him on his
back, wash the throat thoroughly, then make your incision immediately
underneath the larynx, making a slit three or four inches long, then
insert the tracheotomy tube, and also fix a dam so as to prevent the
blood from running down into the throat, then hold open the sides of the ©
incision and you can see the working of the arytenoid cartilage, and you
can tell the affected cord by it being relaxed and not working, so there is 4
no need of ever making a mistake as to. the one affected, now cut out the a

-

Od

pear Oe eee

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. aT

affected arytenoid cartilage, if possible down to the articulation with the
lhyoid bone. ‘There is only one artery that you will sever so there is not
much danger of hemorrhage. Alwaysuse cold water tostop the hemorrhage,
be sure itis pure. After removing the cartilage give antiseptic dressing,
iodoform and tannic acid combined are good. It is best to leave the cut
‘open so as to allow any food that may go down the trachea to escape,
especially water, which is sure to run out while drinking. After first
treatment use a hollow powder blower to get your antiseptic dressing on,
Give nothing to eat for the first twenty-four hours, then soft food for
three or four days, then your hay.

Fees..—_We charge $100, $50 down and the baiance when cured.

WHISTLING is recognized as being of two kinds, dry and moist. They
are both produced by the air passing through the tubes contracted, that
is the air passages. When these passages are wet we have the moist
Stage, and when they are dry, the dry whistling.. In acute cases, as
diphteria, the whistle is moist; in chronic cases they are usually dry.
Wheezing and whistling are due to a distortion in form or size in the
larynx or air passages.. Wheezing is a modified whistle. Ina majority
of cases the cause of it is fracture of the nasal bones, or on account of the
formation of a polyptus in the nose or throat, and in case there is a dent
left where the fracture unites the best thing to do is to trephine as soon
as possible, and iu the case of the polypus use an ecrasure, uSing a piece
of steei wire instead of the chain, being much more convenient and: as
safe. Wheezing is present in asthma. Thick wind may be classed with
the wheeze. The causes are generally in the air passages, but it may be
in the lungs. In ali those troubles thick wind comes first, next wheezing,
then roaring. due to the passages growing smaller, and in all those cases
in addition to the noisy breathing th-re is a heaving of the flanks.

CHRONIC CouGH is usually due to some diseases ofthe larynx. Chronic
thickening and inflammation causes the mucous membrane to become
very much irritated. In this case there is an increased vascularity, par-
ticularly of the vocal cords, and the cough is recognized as being dry,
husky and hacking. This cough when due to laryngeal trouble is very
irregular, it may be only a few coughs at a time when first taken out, or
it may be a spell of coughing lasting several minut+s and coming oftener.
This cough can be brought out by pinching the larynx, other times it is
necessary to speed the animal. A chronic cough is looked upon as very
“objectionable, and is incurable because it is difficult to reach the seat of
the trouble. J think counter irritation is the best thing that can be done
in this case and to relieve the cough give internally: camphor, belladonna,
glycyrrhiza, digitalis and hydrastis, also tinct. of iron ™% oz., chlor.
| potash &% oz., and continue for months. For the cough Prof. Dick gave
a bolus composed of powdered digitalis 1 dr., powdered opium 1 dr.,
powdered calomel 1 dr., camphor 1 dr., given night and morning.
Todide of potash is good for the thickening of the membrane

CROUP IN CATTLE is different from in any of the other lower animals,
called synanche tracheolis. ‘There is a tendency in cattle for the inflamed
membrane to exude more of the plastic nature than in the horse, which
is more mucous, this in cattle coagulates and organizes, and forms what
is known as false membrane, and is almost always confined to young
animals, while in cattle something else is more likely to occur than

croup. Croup is usually seen in young cattle that 2 are left ow

tormed will become loose and is coughed up whole, bolas get

‘as high as 104 while the pus is forming somewhere. For t ese

22 THEORY AND PRACTICE. —

an
in creek bottoms when the nights are cold and frosty, this. trot Bie
occurs in October and November. The false membrane th at 5 ene
comes in chunks. It is of a grayish white, sometimes ei
color.

the mouth, similar to coe in ejnenas ‘this is due in Be: rs
emulation of the carrotid glands. There will be more or less s
with some pain, difficult swallowing, enlargement of the parot id
and mucous glands around the throat. Pus wont differ fro

diseases. In. the course of from two to five days the fals

this false membrane. This is a serious condition. #5 key Renee

Treatment.—Put the animal where it is warm and ous rt
dyspneea is serious priuctice tracheotomy same as in the hors
internal application that will act antiseptically to this inflamed
such as chlor. potash, borax, inhalations of medicated steaming, m2
with iodine, permanganate of potash. Sometimes swabbing i xOC
the ave of silver 30 gr. to I Oz. water. In the horse base

of the eae ’ The horse cannot get this because he has”
gets what is called deep abscesses in the throat. Quinsy the
like in the human. This is called in human practice cynane =
and often strangles the ena

laryngitis, and usually there is some little fever. ae

usually poultice for a week or ten days, then operate on the
locating the blood vessels, and then making an incision paral
so that if one of them is cut it will be lengthwise instead of ac a
be less troublesome, then cut into the abscess, and if necessary er
the ome with a director, syringe out with feed oh er

Quinsy in the pig comes on the same as croup in the ae
Treatment.—Scarify deeply and outside, give a little chigeay
in their water or feed, rub outside with turpentine O1]..N OR
DIPHTHERIA.—This is not very well known in veterinary ] prac’ ice
question is whether it exists or not? Prof. Williams says it does
in the dog or horse, but in this country we have never seen ar
horse, but in dogs we have seen much fever, malignant sore throat,
sort of specific blood poisoning, rapid nervous prostration and: ea

regular a course as this does and terminates in death, and at
first symptoms in the dog are, attempt to swallow without su
ness of eyes, loss of appetite, then the mouth begins to ope
jaw drops down. the inside of the soouth grows a darker red ti

rou a, Uhh. Fie hs

eget has yal Casts, ¥ Saat yi N73

VETERINAY wees e AND SURGERY. 23

Derea ae -
: lace some hours before death. eee of these symptoms are similar to those
of rabies. In rabies there is however always delirium and inclination of the
‘ _ animal te bite. Prof. Williams in autopsy, found the stomach full, which
is a strong symptom of rabies. Where we have examined we always
“found the stomach empty. In rabies there is nervous paroxysms, and
_ always in rabies there is delirium while in this disease there is none of
“these. In rabies the dog dies in a comatose condition, in this they do
not, and we have put curs in the cage with dogs affected with this disease
and they were not bitten, and as a ae they will bite when in delirium.
Dr. Lagorio pronounced a piece of the stomach of one of those cases to be
' similar to those of rabies, but taken all into cousideration we are inclined
‘to think it is not rabies, but are not sure. I believe a rabid dog is
always delirious.
Treatment, Rational.—Give guinine and stimulants and antiseptics.
We failed to cure a single case We concluded there is some specific
disease in it since it runs such a regular course.

i eat BRONCHITIS.
a (itis. always stands for inflammation.)
There are three kinds, acute, subacute and chronic. It is very
prevalent in this climate. Bronchitis is an inflammation of the mucous
: membrane lining the bronchi. In the horse we seldom ever find uncom-
as cases of bronchitis. Jt usually starts as bronchitis and runs
down into the lungs involving the throat and lungs, then called bronchial
pnetimonia that is the form we mostly meet. It often also involves the
pleura, then called pleuro- pneumia In cattle we often have uncompli-
eated forms of bronchitis and is then confined to the bronchi, and is the
‘easiest form to treat, and easiest of recovery. When it is severe in the
anima! it usually starts in the large bronchi and extends to the smaller
‘alr passages and involves the air vesicles and runs a definite course ; first,
irritation : > second, congestion ; third, inflammation, and may be wet or
Bedeys In the inflammation we get effusion and exultation. In mild cases
there is an absorption of the exudate and recovery, in Severe cases it may
- go from suppuration to septeemia and death, or terminates in the second
stage in occlusion and collapse of the air vesicles, and death. This col-
_ lapse of the «ir vesicles is called, atelectasis.
‘The tine for recovery in the mild form is from one to four weeks,
_ but in the other case may run on to five or six weeks, but may die any
_ time if septeemia has set in.
: Etiology.—Exposure te sudden cold or dampness, same as diseases
ite the air passages. We often find a common cause is an extension of
some throat trouble kown into the lunys, also visciated air, found in
shipping across the ocean during storms when everything is closed down
and the air becomes foul., This foul air will precipitate glanders when
. there is any lurking in the system, and any other specific disease that
_miay be laying latent. Bronchitis is often caused by the introduction
into the bronchial tubes of foreign bodies such as medicine, and here
' remember to be careful not to h. Id a horse’s head too high when giving
/ medicine, and if he coughs at once let the head down, as they are fiaiiie
' to get medicine down the air passages. Children and dogs often get
things down their throat that they are playing with. Bronchitis due te
inhalation of hot air or smoke in burning stables usually proves fatal.

pean as se Nana
Niet a NaS rt Alt AS

24 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

Semeiology. —Bronchitis is usually ushered in with rigor, followines
the rigor we have high fever, usually from 105 to 107, in draft stallions:
may run up to 108. Pulse, round, full and soft, running from 45 to 6045
during rigor it runs from 80 to 100, acco: ding to the severity of the case. —
It is difficult to take the pulse i in bronchitis because it is so soft in the :
acute form. The respiration is always accelerated in the acute form, and —
as the disease progresses we will find the respired air very hot. This is —
a valuable symptom, as it tells us the disease has run some time, even —
though the owner tells us different. We also find that the air RIC: :
cold when the pulse runs up to 7o and 80, due to the fact that the air does —
not reach the air vesicles on account of the occlusion of the bronchi and ©
there is only a tubular breathing, as occlusion of the bronchi advances,
the air becomes cooler and cooler, respiration more frequent, and there ‘
is heard a hoarse, husky, painful bronchial cough. This cough is made
with the mouth closed, the other kinds with the mouth open. The last —
kind of cough is due to the effusion, and is a moist one, the bronchial —
cough isadry one Auscultation’ is the means we have in the early
stage You will hear a loud rasping sound called ronchies, this will be
heard also in the first stage of congestion in the mild cases at the base of
the neck, when severe it will be heard in the lungs and not in the neck.

_ When the disease has reached the stage of effusion you can hear the .
mucous ral, which proves that the large bronchi are affected. This”
mucous ral will be heard in the lower third of the passages and not in
the upper. The third stage of the disease is recognized by the feetid
smell, very disagreeable even before there is any discharge from the
nostrils, after the second stage when the rasping sound was heard. When
the horse is convalescent the sensibility of the mucous membrane seems
to subside, the cough more prolonged and less painful, and there is a
mucous discharge from the nose. In the early stage of the disrase ee
would be more or less stimulation of the salivary g glands, but no increas

of thirst, butit isin the later part. Theurine is scant and highly colored,

and appetite more or less lost. Cattle, sheep and dogs will lie down, but
if the horse does he soon gets up again with groans. The feeces is at
first dry, but in a few days becomes slimy colored. This is a symptom

that the fever has lasted three to six days. Precussion does not show
any material change from health. In the latter stage weakness becomes —
very great so the horse staggers. Emaciation takes place very rapidly,

and the visible mucous membrane becomes very dark colored. In the ~
first stage the nostrils become dilated, and in the second the expired air —

is loaded with moisture as the symptoms advance, finally the horse a0

and soon dies.

Special pathology.—The first effect produced by the acute inflamma-.
tion is desquamation of the columnar epithelium, and also of the ciliated, —
this leaves the whole bronchial surface denuded of its membrane, leaving —
it unprotected. The inflammation often involves the mucous tissue
extending through the basement membrane, and all tissue around that —
part swells and is consumed. On account of the ciliated epithelium being
removed and the mucous not being got rid of there is a possibility of it —
settling, the watery part being expired and the inspissated matter remains,
becomes putrid and forms tumors. This used to be considered a kind we
tuberculosis, but it is now known better. Next is the second stage that .
of effusion, then the serum and the mucous mixes and accumulates on

4

Phas

¢

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 25

the surface of the bronchi (large ones) causing local inflammation. ‘The
horse will usually cough this up, or will lower his head and it will run
out, or may be passed out in the moist respired air, or as the inspirations
are stronger than the expirations this mucous may be drawn back, causing
occlusion of the smaller bronchi, this causes what is called atelectasis,
that is a collapse of the air vessicles, or a part of them, and is followed by
a species of consolidation, and resembles a fcetal lung. When the lung
is in this condition, it is impervious to air, is so that it will not crepitate
when handled, and sinks in water. ‘Those are good proofs in case you
are called to testify in court on the severity of a case. Incase the horse
dies in the second stage the small bronchi are fullof mucous. The lungs
of such a case will float, but it may have been a severe case anyhow, as
the horse may have died from asphyxiation. In the third stage there
will be this condition of mucous and more or less gangrene, that is the
large bronchi, the small ones filled with a frothy mucous, or may be.
covered with small gangrenous spots. In cattle in atelectasis there may
be the same condition. When this lung is first taken from the chest it
will be a little larger than the collapsed lung, and when cut across will
be found to have been congested and filled with the dark venous blood,
but after being exposed to the air and light takes up oxygen, the
blood assumes a scarlet color, say in about 20 minutes.

Treatment.—The first thing is to put the animalin a warm, comfort-
able stable, large,loose,roomy stall, pay particular attention to the hygiene,
such as pure air; itis best to put a stove in thestable, if there is no other
way of heating, and have the air pass in over the stove, but not have the
stove close to the animal. Keep a temperature of from 60 to 66, depending
how the horse was kept before it was necessary to put the stove in; give
plenty of good bedding, and during the chill plenty of clothing, and as
the fever decreases take off blanket at a time, but never bleed, as they
_ did in the old way, as the horse needs all the vitality he has, and do all
you can to keep up a strong heart in the horse. In bad cases it is best
to take the pulse regularly and to give stimulants of different kinds :
_ Spirits of nitre, ether. In the first stage lac. ammonia; whisky is invalu- —
able, and if your horse gets worse, increase your stimulants. In case the
breathing and lung troubles are severe we often give chloral hydrate, or
a little morphine; be careful in giving morphine, we usually give about
2 grs. three times a day, and the chloral hydrate from 1 to 2 drs. a day.
It is a good plan to give the horse a medicated steaming, medicate with
iodine, permanganete potash, or carbolic acid. Muriate ammonia is
indicated as being a special bronchial stimulant. In the early stages a
heart sedative should be given, as tincture of aconite or veratrum. give
only in small doses and watch the heart. Keep up a good strong pulse,
keep it strong from the start, and if whisky does not do it, give digitalis,
and as a last resort in very severe cases give nitro-glycerine hypoder-
mically. In the first three days stimulate the kidneys freely. In fever
there is combustion and belladonna’s action is to contract, and it contracts
the capilliaries and so lessens the flow of blood and so lessens the flow to
the inflamed part. Treat a chill vigorously and also give sedatives; you
can give phenacetin or acetanilide,but be sure to always give some stimu-
lant with them, about 1 dr. of ether and 2, 3 or 4 oz. of whisky. Do not
exercise at all. We think counter irritation is good. Prof. Robertson

PP SERA RTE My Se ee CaN ae ROO g
‘ or erg) ade

26 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

‘2 2

believes in this, but Williams thinks it should not be given, but rather —
poultices, which we know to be impracticable and inconvenient, except —
in dog practice, where you can take the dog into a house. We often ©
prefer anodynes as this one: ammonia aqua 1 oz., ol. terebinth 1 0z.,
ol. lini enough to make all 8 ozs., rub well once or twice a day; do not
rub so freely after the first application, Mustard is very good, handy
and convenient; mix it a little thinner than for human, so as to run
through the hair to the skin, then put a newspaper over and then cover
with blankets, so as to keep warm, and also to help the mustard to do —
its work. As to the frequency of dosing—about the same as in simple
fever, but a little more vigorously, and reduce the temperature as soon
as possible.

CHRONIC BRONCHITIS.—This is not as common in the lower animals
as in men, but it occurs sometimes, and with it a bronchial cough is
recognized as coming from the bronchial tubes and is made with the
mouth open; usually there is a noisy breathing or wheezing, caused by
the chronic thickening of the lining of the tubes; this wheeze is about
the same in expiration and in inspiration; in all cases there are more or
less emaciation and indigestion. Sometimes chronie bronchitis comes
about as a result of indigestion, because the stomach and the lungs are
so intimately connected. In this sort of bronchitis we get a chronic
dilation of the small bronchial tubes and an impairment of the lung
substance as a result of the severe indigestion. When the temperature
goes down to 104 it is favorable, that is, if the heart grows strong with
it. During convalescence it is good to apply hot lard once or twice a
day. In dogs we often use mother tincture of sponges, or mother tincture
of toasted sponges. This we usually give in irom 2 to 10 drop doses
every 2 or 3 hours. In acute bronchitis, which we can tell by the cough;
which is well marked and can be drawn out by pinching the trachea,
this mother tincture of toasted sponges is also good tor little children
when they have colds. In cattle we often get cavious tumors, and this
keeps up irritation and runs into chronic bronchitis.

Semeiology.—The most important symptom we get by the labored
breathing being a sort of a double expiratory movement. ‘There isa
chronic cough, dry, hard and hollow.

Treatment.—We cannot bank very heavily on these cases. Give
iodide potash internally, and if possible run to grass, usually give 1 dr. —
doses night and morning for about ten days, then stop for a while. In
case there is severe dyspnoea give anodynes, such as chloral hydrate,
lobelia. Give nux vomica internally; this helps the stomach, and so
helps the lungs. 3

EmPHysEMA. Broken Wind, Heaves.—There are two kinds, vesicular
(horses), and interlobular (cattle). There can be emphysema of any
part of the body, andis sometimes called emphysematic condition. In
cases where the air gets into the cellular tissue, that is, where the tissue
becomes infiltrated with air, this condition is recognized by passing the
hand over the skin where it is swollen; you will find it flexible and
elastic. In broken wind we have infiltration of the lungs, and it occurs
in two ways.

VESICULAR.—In this the air vesicles become dilated, and this dila-
tion causes them to press hard on the blood yessels, has a tendency to

)
aA?

r N ” oi
Lan ak

WR ON tk Reg EY, PA AY ay ie)

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 27

make the blood vessels contract or diminish in size, and a gradual deface-
ment of them, or a destruction of them, followed as a consequence by
anzmia, and the nervous system leading to the localized emphysema
may be injured by acute bronchitis, as in case of occlusion of some of the
small bronchi. The air cells at the ends of this bronchi take a rest. and
while they are taking a rest the healthy ones are doing double work, and
soon become dull and pale, constituting a case of ephysema. Another
way that this is developed is when the horse is being driven fast facing a
wind, the stomach being full,—this does not allow the diaphram to do its
work properly,—and the ventricle on the right side becomes weak, and in
this case we find ventricular dilatation, which necessarily produces
weakened cardiac power. The air cells gradually become larger and
larger till finally they are ruptured. In the horse they may rupture into
each other as the lungs are so interlobular. This rupture of the cells is
seldom seen in cattle, while the interlobular is seldom ever seen in horses.
Interlobular is an accumulation of air in the interlobular tissues, which
sometimes occurs from rupture of the walls of the vesicles; other times
it oozes through the pores of the vessicles due to an senemic condition;

_ this form is nearly always confined to cattle.

Etiology is tabulated under four heads: ist, heredity ; 2d, breed ;
3d, dietetic; 4th, structural changes dependent on a previous diseased
condition. Heredity, all kinds of malformations and constitutional -
weaknesses are hereditary, for instance, a man would be foolish to breed
a good mare to a stallion that was affected with heaves, and the stallion
is the principal in breeding, as he furnishes the seed. but of course the
soil must be good, and therefore the mare should also be good.

BREED.—This naturally goes back to the hereditary, as for instance
we often find breeds that are predisposed to disease, as heaves. Dietetics
You will notice that animals after a severe attack of some thoracie
disease are usually short winded, showing that the lungs were per-

_manently injured. We are inclined to think every case of heaves isin a
gluttonous horse, and you will notice him get pot bellied generally. The
first thing to bear in mind is that the pneumogastric nervous system
supplies both the lungs and the stomach, and the gluttenous horse over-
loads his stomach. ‘They eat as a rule all they can hold, the effect of
this is a dilation of the stomach, you then get the same condition in the
stomach that you get in dilation of the vesicles, causing an anemic
condition and produces chronic indigestion shown in the staring coat.
Sometimes feeding on timothy causes heaves, and it has been found that
taken off of timothy and fed on prairie hay they have often recovered
completely. Ground grain, mixed with bran, is good food for heaves.

f Semeiology.—One of the most important symptoms we get is the
double expiratory movement, the first part being performed naturally,
but the last half is the abnormal part and is jerky, the inspiratory move-
ment is made easily: I may say here that too ripe clover also causes

_ heaves, and like timothy should be cut before the pollen has fallen.

_ Often a horse is taken out and driven without showing any signs of
heaves, but on being forced on a full stomach develops the heaves, which,
had been coming on, but is now suddenly taken very severe. Symptoms
continued.—There is no fever no matter how acute the case; the pulse as
a rule is nearly normal, may be from 10 to 25; it may be slightly irregular.
This is no indication of the heaves, but is of indigestion. Respiration

bat ted Be de Wh FERAL: RNA aa ee oe ee he ea al ih
5° hA A ; ¥

28 | THEORY AND PRACTICE.
usually very materially increased, often double; there is a jerky motion : af
of the flanks in the expiration;it may bejerky and then there isa sudden fall
back of the abdominal muscles after the respiration, which gives the mo tion —

meh,

peculiar in heaves. Cough is short and husky, and a bronchial cough; .—

there is a mucous ral, but only occasionally ; but this is of no importance.
In the early part young horses retain their spirits; old horses suffer from
nervous condition, become pot bellied, emaciated, staring coat, and sweat —
easily; this is brought about by the chronic indigestion. —

Treatment.—One of the most important things to remember in treat- —
ing heaves is to muzzle the gluttonous horse after you have given him
the proper amount of feed; change the diet, give easily digested food,
and if they are confirmed gluttous put shavings for bedding, as they will
even eat their straw bedding; give grass when it is possible; dilute all
contracted food; if you give oats scald them and mix with bran.

Therapeutics.—Give some drugs that promote a healthy condition
of the bowels and therefore of the nerves, as arsenic about 2 gr. night
and morning, with nux vomica % dram night and morning for about
two or three months. If the paroxysms are severe as dyspnoea, give
chloral hydrate, belladonna, lobelia. Smart weed is used in Canada.
Be careful in recommending a horse as being sound that he has not been
drugged or patched up by tricky horse dealers, but if you have the
slightest doubt make them leave the horse with you two or three days,
when the drug will have worn off.

AsTHMA.—Some authors make a difference between this and broken
wind, others do not. Prof. Robertson being one of the former. He says
it is a peculiar diseased condition marked by paroxisms in the attacks
marked with much difficulty in breathing. So we say that asthma is a
spasmodic paroxysm, probably due to the spasmodic contraction of the
muscular fibrous muscles encircling the bronchial tubes; and so we are
inclined to believe that asthma does exist in the horse. In the early
stages of broken wind there is a condition closely resembling asthma,
though there are intermittant pauses which are not in broken wind.

Cause.—The most common cause is hereditary, and we get from di-
rect or reflex nervous irritation, or from overwork, etc. Prof. Robertson
says that asthma should be classed with the constitutional diseases; in
that case it should go back to hereditary, and he believes this case to be
from dietetic causes, and gives the same cause as for broken wind. There
is in the early stage of broken wind a large amount of irritation in the
surrounding muscular tissue of the bronchi attended with paroxysms.

Semeiology.—The attack is sudden and distressing, but is often of
short duration, and there is considerable dyspnoea in inspiration in asth-
ma as well as in expiration, due to the diminished calibre of the bronchi;
the double respiratory is less marked than in heaves. Asthma is a func-
tional disease while broken wind is organic. During the attacks of this
disease there is an anxious countenance and more or less exhaustion;
sometimes a cough—it is short, deep and suppressed, but not regular—
and wheezing is more distinctly heard than in heaves. Auscultation or
percussion does not reveal any diseased condition; a strong proof that
it is asthma is, that there may be a disappearance of the symptoms; there
is no fever, as a rule; sometimes the constitutional disturbances are con-

siderable; after existing a few hours there may bea mucous rale. Breath-

ing is sometimes thick, done almost wholly by the abdominal muscles.

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 29

Treatment.—Remedies useful in heaves are good in asthma, as ano-
dynes and stimulants; also the depressor motor agents, as ether and
chloroform; the bromides: belladonna, aconite and chloral; also morphine
and arsenic are recommended by Williams, and remember, what may do
in one case will not benefit all, so try different drugs until you get the one
that suits the case.
CONGESTION OF THE LUNGS.—Known by the names of Pulmonary
Apoplexy, Hzemorrhagic Infaction or Impaction. ‘This is a disease that
exists occasionally, but not very often. In its nature it is simply a form of
-Hypereemia of the lungs. In this there is toa great extent an engorge-
ment of the pulmonary blood vessels, and, as in all bad cases of conges-
tion there is a tendency of exudation through the walls, generally due to
some obstruction in them and a consequent dilation. In some cases rup-
ture of the capillaries takes place, then we get patches of heemorrhages
known as Ecchymosis.
Etiology—The most common cause is overexertion suddenly applied
when not in a condition to take. It does not usually run to such a seri-
ous condition in this country as in the old country. For example, a horse
is kept in the stable for some time and is fed highly, gets no exercise and
has developed adipose tissue; then he is taken out and apparently is feel-
ing good; the driver speeds him for three miles or so, the horse is sweating,
is short of wind, the eyes become bloodshot, the ears droop and the horse
stops, there is a distress for breath, the pulse is tumultuous, the heart’s
action is weak, the expired air is cold, often times frothy mucous often
streaked with blood comes from the nose, and where the tissues are weak
get bleeding from them, on account of rupture of the capillaries. This is
a case where the horse was not probably predisposed to the disease, and
he would not get it if he had been properly exercised until the adipose
tissue had been reduced and the muscles that had become weak had time
to get strong. In cases of severe dyspnoea the horse may die in an hour
_ or two, or may run on for a few days and then die from dyspncea or gan-
grene, or if only a part of the lung is affected, from gangrene of that part;
this in from a week to ten days. The symptoms are nearly the same in
all cases, but the causes are many. It may occur from embolism, as that
part of the lung supplied by the vessel gets plugged. Sometimes a mod-
erate exposure brings it on, and may run to a serious case and die.

Splenification of the lungs means becoming of the nature of spleen,
that is, so severely congested.

Post Mortem—Pulmonary blood vessels are entirely engorged in a
state of apoplexy. You will find patches of black consolidation, but on
In feeling they are spongy. These are the patches spoken of as ecchymosis.
extravasation there is a rupture of the capillaries and a flow of blood into
the surrounding tissue. If cut across the lung it is black, or the blood
vessels are filled with tarry blood; the lung will float under the water;
the exposure to the light and air will turn this lung to a scarlet color.
Hypostatic congestion is congestion taking place after death, that is, usu-
. ally a settling of the blood: to the most available part, or to the side on
which the patient was laying for some hours. -It flows there by gravi-
tation either during life or at death.

Treatment.—First thing to do is to remove the cause, and then giv
fresh air. If it occurs on the road take off the harness, rub well, give a
small drink of cold water; give stimulants,as whisky; give sulphuric ether

30 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

it is good; bleeding, though not favored much now, might do good in this

case; give no counter irritants, they are harmful; keep quiet; give laxa-
tive food and keep a strong heart.

PNEUMONIA.—This means an inflammation of the parenchymatous
tissue of the lungs, which is the functional part of the organ. Pneumonia
exists in three forms—acute, sub-acute and chronic. In the acute we find
the inflammation locates itself in the walls of the vesicles. ‘There is an
exudate thrown out into the interlobular tissue and is very extensive;
this coagulates and partly organizes and gets quite solid.

Old authors recognize 3 or 4 kinds of pneumonia; the more recent ©

but 3. The old called the 1st, croupous or lobular; they meant by croupous
that the exude was fibrous. The more recent ones look upon it as meaning
the formation of false membrane, and as there 1s no false membrane they
dropped it and use fibrous instead. 2d, Catharrhal; the old authors used
to classify it with lobular where it was in patches in the lungs,—not in the
whole lung,—this has been found to be an error; you can have the lining
of the bronchial tubes inflamed in all kinds of pneumonia; so it can’t be

confined to catarrhal alone. 3rd, Caseous or interstitial; by this was

meant pneumonia that involves the interstitial tissue, more particularly
the interlobular on the outside, and was usually localized. In tuberculo-
sis we get interstitial pneumonia; it is caseous, and in glanders you get
interstitial pneumonia, but it is fibrous, but it is called fibrous inside the
caseous. Caseous sometimes occur in cattle and in man; catarrhal in the
dog and children, while in the horse it is the interstitial. The character-
istics of these different kinds are—the fibrous is more solid, more dense,
and is glistening when cut, aud passing the fingers overit, it feels rough;
the caseous is opaque, smooth and lusterless; catarrhal is smooth and
moist; it may glisten a little but is comparatively soft; we selaom see
interstitial pneumonia in the lower animals unless from poisoning. In
the chronic form the most typical example is seen in glanders in the
horse, tuberculosis in any anlmal, including human; this form of
pneumonia starts at a certain spot and spreads slowly, and involves a
part from as big as a walnut to the whole of the lung. Coal miners are
predisposed to interstitial pneumonia from inhaling the coal dust.

We recognize pneumonia as running through certain definite stages.
Ist. Arterial injection; this goes to the time of the chill and is the start-
ing point of the inflammation; this is the stage of congestion, and accord-
ing tothe severity and extent there is painful breathing, and by auscul-
tation we get crepitation as heard in the air vesicles, caused by congestion

producing dryness and the pressure on the vesicles. The 2nd stage is —

that of odematous or of effusion, and is more or less prolonged, it may
last but a day or two if both lungs are involved, but if only one lung is
involved it may run into the third stage in about a week or ten days. In
post mortem if this lung was cut across we would find the interlobular
tissue infiltrated with serum and frothy mucous and an engorged condi-
tion of the whole; the lung is of a dark brown red color, soft and easily

torn apart; we could see that the elasticity of the lung had been -

destroyed; the lung will float out, not on top of the water like the healthy
one; in the latter part of the 2nd stage the lung would go almost to the
bottom, and when it reached the third stage it would sink. This stage is

called the Red Hepatization; in this the air is all squeezed out of the air —

vesicles. In the third stage the effusion and exudate have become quite __

anor
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ye aay
o os
4 RY

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 31

solid on account of the fibrin in it, and the lung no longer crepitates, as
there is no air left in the vesicles. In the horse in this stage there is a
further softening, in cattle it is sometimes hardening, and in this stage
the lung substance is of a dark red color, but becomes scarlet on exposure
to the air and light. Inthe ox this stage does not develop evenly as in
the horse, but in patches; it will always be found mottled, as some lobu-
las are effected and others not so yet. The time it takes to run from the
3rd to the qth is indefinite, but as the color in the 3rd fades it runs into
the 4th stage, that is the only difference you get, from red to gray
hepatization; this has a tendency to degenerate into a soft mass and liqui-
fies more or less. ‘The horse never runs to this stage. In the ox in this
there is a further hardening. If only about one-half or one-third of a
lung is effected there is some chance of recovery, but if all of one lung is
affected the chances are small. The fourth stage is sometimes spoken of
as suppuration stage; usually the horse dies in the second stage from a
filling up of the interlobular tissue and pressure on the air vesicles. If
both lungs are effected in the 2nd he will surely die, and if only one lung
and runs on to the other stage he may die from gangrene; this gangrene
may exist from two to five days and becomes soft and very fcetid and is of
a dirty green color in autopsy.

Location.—In one lung called right or left lateral pneumonia; in
both lungs called double pneumonia. We find the greatest tendency to
be to choose the right lateral. A German physician made an average
from 6666 cases in humans that he saw affected and gave 53.7% right
- lateral, 38.23% left lateral and 8.08% double, and this average will
about suit the horse also. In case of recovery from pneumonia in a good
case the inflammation terminates by resolution; this occurs by softening
of the exudate and of course along with it the consolidation and absorp-
tion. In some cases this does not take place nicely and leaves the lung
with some chronic inflammation which injures the wind of the horse.

Etiology.—Most common cause is exposure, especially in a damp,
cold stable, when exhausted and sweaty; inhalation of hot air or smoke,
foreign bodies getting into the bronchi; wounding of the lung from any
_ cause, as broken rib, shaft splinter, bad ventilation, etc. It may be
caused in one lung by a @hrombus where there is no free arterial anasto-
mosis.

Semeiology.—There is a chill which lasts generally several hours
and is well marked. Soon after the chill, when pneumonia is developing,
we find there is labored breathing, elbows more or less turned out, and
increased working of the ribs, heaving of the flanks, and the expired air
is hot, pulse is increased in frequency, is full, loud and a little shade
softer than normal; but in a bad case the pulse is rapidly increased,
smaller and weaker. In uncomplicated cases of pneumonia usually there
is no cough, but if the bronchial tubes are involved there will be a cough;
when there is a cough it is not painful. In the first case by auscultation
we hear crepitation; in the second stage we hear the same with a greater
rasping in the bronchial tubes, and as this develops inflammation the
breathing is more and more rapid; corresponding to the distress in breath-
ing the pulse becomes weaker and weaker. The expired air in the
second stage is cold as it approaches the third. When the third is
developing the breathing becomes shallow; is tubular. In a hepatized
lung we can often hear tubular breathing; this proves the occulation of

32 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

the bronchi, as the difficulty in breathing increases we find that the
nostrils are dilated as he labors for air to breathe and the false nostrils
flap, the pulse by this time may be 80 or go and weak, the visible ~
mucous membrane gets darker and darker, and is livid when it gets to
the third stage, in this the dyspnoea is very marked, in his efforts to get
air he will move about with an anxious countenance, he will sigh, and
there is an accumulation of mucous in the corner of the eyes, the
extremities get cold, the horse will stand to the last, but the ox
similarly affected will lie down. Temperature in the early part might
not be above 103, where it only involves one-third or one-half of a lung, —
immediately following a chill it will be up to 106, and hang around that,
and in case of consolidation it will be increased as long as it lasts, till
the exudate softens and is absorbed. In this case it is not well to try
to reduce the temperature too soon, as it may have a bad effect on the
heart, so reduce it gradually. Where the temperature starts in at 106
it is likely to hang on from four to six days. The horse is liable to die
in the second stage oftener than to run into the third or fourth, that is
where both lungs are affected in the second he dies from cedema, third
stage from pressure on the air vesicles, or he may run on to fourth and
die of poisoning that is gangrene, this is death from pyzeinia. In favor-
able cases the absorption takes place by softening process, and as it
softens the breathing becomes easier, pulse and temperature improves at
the same time. Anvzemia is one of the effects of any debilitating disease.
particularly pneumonia.

Treatment.—The rigor is treated the same as in any other case, we
do not usually find out that pneumonia is developing till the case is from
two to six hours advanced after the rigor, but in some cases the breathing
is labored from the start. Immediately following the rigor give
medicines such as aconite or veratrum to quiet the heart, and bella-
donna to limit the congestion, give diffusive stimulants to keep up
strong circulation. Counter irritants are invaluable in the early part to~
draw the blood to the surface from the affected parts. We believe that
those given early will often save the patient. If mild irritants do not
suffice in a short time, say eight or ten hours r@peat, and continue their
use night and morning until the temperature is reduced. Ammoniacal
liniment is the best in this case. Mustard may do just as well where it
is difficult to get the other, and mustard has the advantage that it will
not cause a blemish on the skin, we can tell when it has blistered by
drawing it up with our fingers. Hot fomentations are good, if every-
thing is convenient to apply properly, poultices are even good, after you
take off the poultices grease the parts with oleaginous substances and
pad with cotton. ‘Treatment medicinally does not differ from bronchitis,
only more stimulants, and oftener applied. Give acetanilide 1 dram, and
whisky with it, if this fails to have the desired effect, I use quinine and
whisky from u to 1 dram, every 4 hours, till temperature goes down.
It is best to alternate the quinine and whisky with the fever mixture
every 2 hours, till the fever is down to to2, and even then keep up the »
whisky, giving about 2 ounces of whisky at a dose diluted % with water.
If the pulse grows very weak at any time give digitalis, but be careful
and you should see your patient 3 times a day. If during convalescence
there is an anaemic condition give tonic RX. TR. Ferri Ammon, Mur.,

4
VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 33

Spe pEether Nit..aa1oz. Aquaad. QO: S. 1 pint. Dose 2:0z. every 4
hours.

Hygiene.— Treatment the same asin other lung troubles. In the
fourth stage, when the horse is coughing up parts of lung, the proper thing
to give is 1 dram carbolic acid ina linseed bolus 3 times a day, and give
whisky to stimulate. Stimulants and diuretics should be given to ward
off accumulations in the kidneys, as potash; but stop the use of the pot-
ash in about 3 days, when there is much diuresis.

_ PLEuURISY.—Technical name Pleuritis; this is an inflammation of the
pleura or lining of the chest; its cause in some cases may be traced to the
extension of the inflammation in Pneumonia, and may affect either- parts
of the pulmonary or costal.

Etiology.—First, extension of inflammation from parts contiguous
to, or in connection with the pleura; second, direct irritation from
injuries, as from broken ribs, any kind of punctured wound, or the
adventitious growth of certain kinds in connection with the pleura; third,
the action of a rapidly lowered temperature or other meteorological influ-
ences; fourth, blood contamination as appears in constitutional and spe-
cific diseases. It may develop from Diathetic, Dietetic, Infective, En-
zootic or Epizootic.

We recognize Pleurisy as running through 4 stages. First, that of
congestion; second, dry stage of inflammation; third, effusion; fourth,

absorption. Pleurisy in the first stage is the period of engorgement or
congestion; we find that the pleural surface is spotted red in patches,
which grow larger rapidly till they become confluent, till in the second stage
there is a generally diffused red surface. The first stage is very short,
only afew hours, and runs rapidly into the second, in which we have a dry
pleural surface and the two dry surfaces rubbing together produce a fric-
tion sound; this stage is also very short, about from 19 to 24 hours; in
this stage there may be two inflamed surfaces,—the costal and pulmon-
ary, and then adhesion is possible and very liable to take place. The
third stage is long; the first part is that in which the plastic exudate is
thrown out on the surface of the pleura; this coagulates and forms the
false membrane. Resolution may take place at any time, and in most
favorable cases takes place after the development of the false membrane.
If it does not, it runs on to complete the third stage by the serum run-
ning into and filling the pleural cavity, forming what is called Hydro-
thorax or water in the chest; as soon as effusion begins, friction sound
stops, for the serum then lubricates the surfaces. ‘This effusion in horses
is usually very severe, filling the cavity with water, pressing the lungs
so closely against the upper part of the thorax that the animal cannot
breathe, and dies from Apnoea and nervous prostration. Death always
takes place from this stage, though some say it may from the second stage,
from excessive fever, but I do not think it possible. If the chest does
not fill more than 13, the fourth stage may take place, and this may be
absorbed by resolution; but when more than % full, absorption will not
_take place and the animal dies. The way resolution takes place after the
formation of the false membrane, is by the process of fatty degeneration.
In adhesion in the second stage it is the two false membranes that unite;
this condition we often find in autopsy, but instead of the false mem-
branes growing together they will become absorbed. About 95 per cent

34 . THEORY AND PRACTICE.

recovers in this way, the other 5 per cent is in Hydrothorax. Theextent —
of the Hydothorax depends on the amount of surface involved, and also the —
severity of the inflammation; in many cases there is an cedemic condition
in the walls of the chest, and in many cases it oozes out through the pores of
the tissues and accumulates on the outside of the chest, resulting in a drop- —
sical condition of the parts. This is seen more in cattle, and not so often
inhorses. In Pleuro Pneumonia (contagious) the cedemic condition is of-
ten enormous; there is invariably more or less edema. Pleurisy, the same
as Pneumonia, may be single or double, or may come under the fourth stage ©
—blood contamination; it may affect every square inch of the pleural sur-
face.

Semeiology.—It is usually: ushered in with a shivering fit; there
would be a little staring of the coat; often comes‘on with a heavy rigor
attended with labored breathing. During rigor the pulse and the tem-
perature rise and remain, as it runs into the Pleurisy so quickly; tem-
perature will then be about 104, not so high as it runs in Pneumonia.
The pulse is quite characteristic, is small and hard from the start of the
disease and gets smaller as it progresses, and more rapid, from 55 to 60,
but before the rigor is over may be 80, next day go. ‘This hard pulse is
often called vibrating pulse; the ribs are usually thick, and the breathing ~
with the abdominal muscles; the pain in the early stage of the disease. is
sharp, the animal will look around at the side, will lie down and roll, get —
up, kick, and other symptoms that much resemble those of Colic, and in
the early stage is sometimes mistaken for Colic. Inthe early stage we
often have depression on the side, along the ribs, and well marked, due
to the contraction of the muscles of the chest, that is, the pleuritic lining;
the elbows are usually turned out; by auscultation we hear distinct friction
sound. Percussion reveals great soreness, particularly if you press your
fingers into the intercostal space it may cause him to grunt. In Pleurisy
there is a disinclination to move, sometimes due to rheumatic inflamma-
tion of the chest muscles, and is called Pleurodynia. Diagnostic symp-
toms lie in the pulse. In Pleurisy there is an increase in the pulse, while
in Pleurodynia there is not much change; in either case you will often
see a quivering of the muscles of the shoulder and chest, and in 9 out of ro
cases indicate a fatal case. In Pneumonia this is often seen; in Pleurisy
it occurs in the early stage, but in Pulmonary Apoplexy or Bronchitis it
would not occur until the last stage of the disease. If Hydrothorax
develops, this quivering will stop; during this there is a loss of appetite
and scanty feeces, and there are symptoms of high fever. Pleurisy may
terminate in resolution in from 4 to 5 days; if it does not it will run into
the third stage following the end of the second stage; following Hydro-
thorax the false membrane is in existence; this is a coagulation of plastic
lymph. As soon as the effusion begins the severe colicky pains stop, and
then the animal may lie down after standing 9g or 10 days, eat a little and
breathe easier; these are favorable appearing signs but do not always
indicate that the animal is better, as unfavorable symptoms may develop
in 2 or 3 days, with more Dyspncea. In Hydrothorax there may be dila-
tion of the nostrils, flapping of the false nostrils, flanks will heave, and
the ribs being no longer thick, the expired air is colder, percussion
reveals a dull sound below the collar line, so youcan easily tell the water —
line; auscultation reveals increased respiratory murmur above the line and —

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 35

none below. In Pneumonia you can’t tell this line as well as you can in
Hydrothorax. When Hydrothorax is well developed we find the visi-
ble mucous membrane gets livid and extremities get cold. In favorable.
cases, when the case recovers in the third stage, the water is absorbed
and the inflammation is subsided. Pleural adhesion after recovery
always depreciates the value of the horse, as he is liable to have stitches.
in his side and run his nose into any place, and may run you into a ditch,

trying to get his nose around to the sore spot.

Diagnosis. —Symptoms may be rapid breathing, rapid, hard pulse and
fever. In Colic there is no hardness of pulse, no fever. In Pleurisy the
pain is continuous; in Colic it is intermitting.

_ Prognosis. —In favorable cases if the effusion i is Sight aad fever slight,
appetite g ‘good, no blood contamination, prognosis would be favorable.
under reversed conditions the prognosis ‘would be reversed. Pleurisy in
any animal is serious; Hydrothorax is almost always fatal; you can form
some idea by the effusion; if it is very purulent, fcetid and offensive
the prognosis is unfavorable; if it is amber-colored, odorless, and not too
great an amount, the prognosis would be favorable.

Treatment. Hygiene does not differ from other diseases of the tho-
tax; fresh air and good quarters; temperature from 60 to 66.

If the case is only in the rigor, treat same as any other rigor;
toward the latter part of the rigor, you will be able to tell by the increased
breathing, elevation of temperature, how progressing. In this stage,
just as soon as the Pleurisy can be recognized, apply counter-irritants,
such as will produce great irritation; give diffuse stimulants combined, as
aconite and belladona. ‘Then after a few doses of this, give fever mix-
tures, including the belladona, potash, and liq. ammonia acet.; repeat
counter-irritants after an hour or two; internal treatment need not differ
from that prescribed for Pneumonia; feed on sloppy food, and here will
say, bandage the legs and clothe warmly during the rigor. Most cases,
if you get them early, will yield readily to treatment; and if Pleurisy is
mistaken for Colic, there is no harm done by this treatment, but great
harm may be done by delaying counter-irritants; hence a correct diagno-
sis during the early stage of the disease is very important, but if treat-
ment is delayed 10, 15, or 24 hours, we are sure to have a serious case of
_ Pleurisy or Hydrothorax. When we havea serious case of Hydrothorax
_ it would be well to give digitalis. Remember the secret of -success in
_ treating Pleurisy is to stop it early by good strong treatment.

. During Hydrothorax give digitalis, ammonia, fl. ext. gentian and
nux vomica; during third stage give diuretics quite liberally; also give
quinine. It is necessary to keep up a strong heart, then the effusion is
more likely to be absorbed, while if the heart is weak the effusion is
likely to go on increasing, and absorption not take place. ‘The use of
potash right along is good, and if the action of the heart is not strong
enough to suit, give whisky or digitalis. The temperature in Hydro-
rax runs about 103 to 104, and will stay up till after the effusion is ab-
sorbed, even after the inflammation has stopped; so pay close attention
to the pulse and see that the kidneys are in good condition. Frequently
if we can reduce the inflammation when the cavity is only ™% full, we
may get absorption and terminate favorably. We usually let Hydro-
thorax run 4 or 5 days or a week, and if not improved we tap; this is

36 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

called Paracentesis Thoracis. This tapping is usually done between the —
7th and 8th or between the 8th and oth ribs; I prefer between the 8th
and oth, for the reason that the elbows are apt to come back and inter-
fere with you while you are operating. First locate where you are go-
ing to operate; cut off the hair and press your two fingers slowly but
forcibly between the ribs, then draw back the skin a little so that when
cut it will be about the center of the rib when you let go; cut through
the hide with your scalpel, close tothe anterior border of the gth rib;
don’t go near the posterior border, as you will rupture the intercostal
artery; then introduce your trocar about half its length, then pull out the
trocar, leaving the cannula in soas to drain. When the chest is near
full and there is great weakness, it is often necessary to tap both sides;
when you do this remember the heart is inclined a little and you might
lacerate the cardiac sack, so go a little lower, tap only one side at a time,
and the other the next day, as it would be too great a shock to do both
at one time; always give whisky to keep up the strength of the animal,
and about one hour before tapping give him about 1% pint. The chest
may fill again and it will be necessary to tap a second time in about a
week; don’t tap in the same place though, or you may have to tap 3 or —
4 times: it is apt to be always fatal when you have to tap more than once.
When there is only about 6 gallons drawn and it does not refill there is a
good chance of recovery, otherwise there is very little chance. On ac-
count of the cedemic condition of the intercostal muscles there is little —
pain attending the operation; but always warn the owner that there is
danger of the horse dying from nervous prostration before you ever
operate. Best to put a twitch on the horse’s ear so as to draw his atten-
tion away from what you are doing. After drawing off the water always
give stimulants; give tincture of iron quite liberally: see that he gets lots
of nourishment, and drench with linseed meal tea. If the serum coming
through the cannula is amber- colored, odorless and not in too large quan-
tities the chances are favorable, but if red, fcetid and offensive, —unfavor-
able. Dr. Baker in 1892 before the class tapped a horse that held 18
gallons. In human practice they often tap in different places, then
drench out with antiseptic, wash and drain out, and have quite a number
of recoveries; but this is impracticable in the horse. You must be careful
not to tap a hepatized lung in Pneumonia, as you will likely produce a
fatal hemorrhage. In tapping, I go about four inches from the floor cf
the thorax. In the wash used in the human they put in one five-thou-
sandth part of bichloride of mercury. .
Digestive System, or Alimentary Canal.—Begins at the mouth or
muzzle. The prehensile power inthe horse lies in the lips, in the ox in
thetongue. ‘The lining of the mouthis called the buccal membrane; the
velum inthe horse is the soft palate which prevents any food that is
swallowed (or attempted to be swallowed) from returning back in the
mouth, compelling it to pass out through the nostrils. The food is
mixed with the salivary fluid,—this is insalivation: in the stomach it is
mixed with the gastric juice and passes out of the stomach as chyme;
after chymification it passes into the duodenum, where it is: mixed with
the bile and pancreatic juice, and thereby, by the process of chylification,
becomes chyle and is then ready for absorption by the absorbents, the
refuse part of the food passing out of the body per rectum. ‘The intes-

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 20

tines in the horse are about 90 feet long. The food is carried through
the intestines by a peculiar worm-like motion called vermicular or per-
istaltic motion and contraction of the muscular coat of the bowels.

We conclude that most of the diseases of the digestive system are
due to errors in feeding, or defective nutrition and digestion, and the
whole can be classed under Dietetic. Generally, feeding is too bulky,
too concentrated, too rich, too poor, too wet or too dry, too much digesti-
ble food, or too much indigestible; or the time of feeding is too irregular;
this last often causes disease because it upsets the nervous system, caus-
ing many troubles. There is a great difference between animals that
have a single stomach, as the horse, dog, mule, etc., and those having a
double stomach, as the ox, sheep, deer, and all animals that remasticate
their food. On account of the long time that the food remains in the
stomach of these animals, they often have disease of the stomach from

Indigestion, and seldom ever have diseases of the intestines, while in the
horse the food remains but a short time in the stomach, and so the horse
does not often suffer from Indigestion as the ox, but has more diseases of
the intestines. Many physicians recognize the fact that too rich or too
concentrated food causes disease of the stomach and small intestines,
while food having too digestible matter in it will produce disease of the
large intestines, as of the horse fed on too ripe straw or too ripe timothy.
On this account Prof. Williams claims that food artificially prepared by
being cooked is productive of disease; but from experience we know that

_ he is entirely wrong, and though he may be right theoretically, he is not
practically. It should not be applied to cooked food, as we know that
cooking renders a large amount of food digestible, that would not be di-
gestible unless cooked. You will find that too concentrated food will not
work its way out of the stomach because it has not enough indigestible
matter in it to cause the stomach to become stimulated to action; this is
also true of purely digestible food. Wholly indigestible food will pass
through the small intestines all right, but will lodge in the large ones,
causing Paralysis, Enteritis, and death caused by the gases that arise from
the fermentation of the food lodged in the alimentary canal. So in case
of Flatulence we know that digestion is impaired or wholly destroyed.

Congestion of the buccal membrane is ordinarily known as Lampas,
and is simply a hyperamic condition of the lining of the mouth; this is
accompanied by more or less tumefaction, noticed more particularly in
the bars of the mouth.

Etiology.—The inflammation attending the cutting of the teeth often
causes it. In children and colts it is often caused by the milk teeth cut-
ting through the buccal membrane, which may be very tough; while in
puppies it is the permanent teeth that cause the trouble. Cauterization
by irritating substances or medicines also causes it.

Semeiology.—Salvering in the mouth, where the salivary glands are
stimulated and cause a constant flow of saliva from the mouth; on ex-
amining the mouth we find the buccal very painful to the touch, though
a fresh case may not be; the bars of the mouth will be swollen and the buc-
cal membrane all through greatly cedemic, and often in these cases the
breath is very feetid. Turning up of upper lip is sign of Indigestion.

Treatment.—Ascertain the cause and remove it; foreign bodies, such
as corncobs and pieces of wood are lodged in the molars, or their edges

Wy
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a OES eS se a " 7 |

38 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

may be so sharp as to scarify the cheek or tongue; this is all classed
under irritative substances. If from Indigestion, give a laxative; in bad
cases give acetate of potash in the drinking water; give soft food. Own-
ers often think their horses have Lampas because they are off their food;
they notice that the first few bars are swollen and often have them bnrned
or cut when it may be due to natural causes. This is barbarous, and
when the bars are destroyed in the mouth the tongue cannot force the
food back in the mouth in a natural way, as the bars are designed for
that purpose; hence there is a constant dribble out of the mouth of the
food, while trying to eat. If you find an owner who must have those
bars treated, just lightly scarify the first two or three and give some
medicine that has no effect any way. Charge him a dollar for the cutting
and 50 cents for the medicine, and you will satisfy him and not hurt the
animal. If an artery should happen to be cut, take a little wad of oakum,
dip in Munsell’s solution and tie over nose.

STOMATITIS.—Soreness of the mouth, and is hard to separate from
Lampas with STOMATITIS, and with Lampas we have some of the causes
of Stomatitis. We find in some a predisposition to this, as in the case of
foals, and is often called thrush in little children and in lambs and foals.
It is really Catarrhal Stomatitis.

Semeiology.—It starts in a little red sack, about the size of a pea,
and there are many of them. ‘They break into raw sores in the mouth,
and are covered with a gray, mealy substance; this is due to the exfolia-
tion of the epithelium and to exudation. ‘There is a foetid smell from
them, and in most cases there is more or less derangement of the bowels
and stomach. In the older animals we have the vesicular form filled
with water; ina day or two they rupture, and the water escapes and
may cause ulceration, but usually they heal rapidly and readily after
suppuration. Then there is the pustular form, which is more severe
and deeper-seated; they are formed in the same way, and the water often
turns to pus. ‘This pustular form often follows the vesicular form, and
instead of rupturing turns to pus and then ruptures. The skin is thick
and rots off over the pus, and this pus often ulcerates and leaves little
pits. It is little seen except in contagious forms, or when caused by
cauterization, as with blue vitriol, etc.

Treatment.—Remove the cause, give mild laxatives, followed by ~
vegetable bitters, and then anti-acids, as bicarbonate of soda, one ounce
to pint of water, creta preparation and water or calcis sulphate. Give a
local application of a saturated solution of borax, 2 per cent solution of
carbolic acid, glycerine, tannic acid, solution of permanganate potash
10 grs. to the ounce water. Use this once or twice a day. Borax may
be used in saturated solution as strong as the water will take up, hot or
cold. ‘Tannic acid 1 dr., glycerine 2 oz., water to make a pint; apply
3 or 4 times a day, and don’t forget to attend to the proper hygiene at
the same time. If sores are obstinate in healing, touch with lunar caustic
once or twice a day.

Guossitis—Is inflammation of the tongue, and usually the interlin-
gualtissue. It is usually caused by some accidental injury, or the attack
of some specific disease, as Anthrax, etc. In any case there is much
swelling, oftentimes filling the mouth and protruding when the mouth
is held open, and the tongue is apt to be dry, and in this case gets a

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 39

dark brown color; deglutition is interfered’ with, the tongue feels hard,
and is often very painful. Wounds in the tongue from chain halters
often cause it.

Treatment.—Give laxatives if you get the case in time, or an aqua.

_ solution of aloes if the tongue is very bad; give this per rectum. When
the tongue is very bad, scarify deeply and bathe with tepid water and
encourage hemorrhage; after fomenting it for some little time, bathe
with some antiseptic, as permanganate potash, chlo. potash, borax,
New Orleans molasses, etc. ‘Treat the same as sore mouth.

Prognosis.—Is usually favorable.

In case the tongue is lacerated, almost cutting it off, and if less
than an inch holds it, it is better to amputate it. The operation is very
simple, the hemorrhage usually very slight. In such case I would just
take off with scissors; in case the hemorrhage would bother you, use a

little of the mustard solution of iron, etc. In examining the horse for

- soundness always see that the tongue is all right; a horse with ampu-.
tated tongue always has some trouble in eating, and eats in a peculiar
way; he must have a deep, narrow feed box, and throw up his head to
get the food back into the mouth. Bleeding between the third and
fourth bars by inexperienced persons sometimes cuts the palatine artery.
To stop the bleeding, in a small fissure, press the thumb against the
opening for a little while, but if this does not stop the hemorrhage, use a
wad of absorbent cotton about the size of a hen’s egg, dip in mustard
solution of iron, then place on the cut, and tie tightly with-a bandage
around the part, and leave until the hemorrhage has stopped.

/ Parotiris.—Is inflammation of the membrane of the parotid glands.

_ There are two forms—Acute and Subacute. In the acute it is usually
associated with some other fever, as Catarrhal sore throat. ‘There is
suppuration as in Strangles, Tumefaction, usually liberal and considerable
soreness, and is prone to run into. abscesses—may be one large or a
number of small ones; these, when ruptured, discharge considerable pus
on the outside.

Semeiology.—Swelling, pain on pressure, nose pointed out, neck
stiff and disinclination to bend it, more or less fever. If the inflamma-
tion is confined to the parotid there will not be much fever, but where

_ there is Catarrh you will get all the fever that comes with Catarrh. ‘The
inflammation often terminates by resolution. When an abscess is form-
ing in the parotid, the point is very hard and painful, and will often be
seen to sweat. When the abscess breaks internally it breaks into the
guttural pouch, and the fluids then come out of the nose.

_ Treatment.—Hot fomentations and poultices are indicated; continue
this right along till the abscesses break or terminate by resolution, and if
suppuration is inevitable, hurry the poultices. After poulticing 4 or 5
days use stimulants—tr. cantharides, or ina mild case, the unguentum
of cantharides. When there is a tendency to develop into a fibrous
tumor by induration, etc., use as a local stimulant—a blister, mustard
sometimes with it as a mild stimulant, then poultice over that. When
the abscesses point so you can locate them, cut them, making only a
small incision for fear of cutting through more of the salivary glands. |
We often have SaALIvary FisruLas. To treat them, syringe the pus sack
out with an antiseptic—as a mild solution of carbolic acid, then the full

40 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

strength of tinct. iodine, and, if necessary, use the iodine several times; —
if that does not suffice, apply a cantharides plaster, and if they become ~
indurated we can soften by applying it once a day for several weeks,
then use an unguentum of potassium iodide 1 dr. to 1 oz. lard—apply —
once a day; give soft food, and during convalescence give a tonic of iron,
if you think there is sufficient anaemia to warrant it.

PTYALISM OR SALIVATION.—This is an unnaturally increased flow of —
saliva.

Etiology.—Very variable, very extensive; anything that unnaturally
stimulates the tissues surrounding the glands. We find common causes
are: Tetanus, Rabies, Strangles, Laryngitis, Catarrh, ete., and all
diseases of the mouth. Wecan bring them all under the head of irri- ©
tants or stimulants; that is, of the salivary glands. We recognize the ~
disease by the mouth always being full of saliva; but is usually due to
other troubles, so in determining the cause of this disease you must use
* your wits well to locate it.

SALIVARY FistTuLa.—Is an opening in one of the ducts leading into |
the mouth, through which the saliva flows into the mouth. It may be any
of the ducts, but the Stenos duct is the one usually affected; it enters the
mouth about the third molar tooth. An accident on the side of the face —
may sever it, and in disease of it there is a continual flow of saliva from
it. A predisposition to the disease may be a calculus in the duct, in
which case the duct becomes distended, the walls thinner and more easily
ruptured.. These calctli usually have their origin in a foreign body,
such as a wheat or barley grain getting into the duct and se matter
forming around it.

Treatment. —Usually a case of this kind is chronic before i doctor
gets hold of it; the wounds not being very large, generally they get little
attention till they become chronic fistula openings, and are then very
dificult to treat. We often find that the natural channel is closed from
disuse, and has become obliterated. The first thing to do is to open up
this part of the duct, and the best way to do it is with a metal sounder,
taking the smaller size first, and as you increase the opening use a larger
size, until you have an opening as large as a pencil. In starting the
opening, push the sounder very gently and work carefully, so as not to ©
break through the side. If you have ruptured the duct, it is usual to”
insert a seton for from 2 to 5 days, put a leather button on the end in
the mouth, and also one on the opening on the side of the cheek and
draw tight; clean once a day after you remove it; make a fresh wound of ~
the fistula, then draw together with sutures; follow with antiseptic
treatment, then coat over with collodion, which, as it dries, will contract —
and help to draw the lips of the wound closer. This usually cures it, but
if you find in about ro days that saliva is oozing out and the collodion
breaking away, apply actual cautery all around the opening, about one-
half inch from the opening, and, if necessary, make 2 rows of points, the
inner one lightly, the other some deeper; then apply cantharides blister.
Repeat this treatment if necessary. The text book says where this fails,
destroy the gland by injecting forcibly into the gland the following:

R Argentum Nit. Didi
Nit. Acid 1 dr.
Aqua I Oz,

Mix.

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 4I

For my part, I would rather dissect the gland; so take my advice,
and never do as the book says in this case. Best to feed the horse liquid
food, so he will not have to masticate it, and keep the head tied up for
awhile. You will get a cure if you have patience and continue this
_ treatment. ay
SALIVARY CaLcuLus.—Is a stone forming in one of the Salivary ducts;
they are composed usually of phosphate of lime, but Prof. Williams also
says they are formed of vegetable and animal matter as well. It is usually
found in the Steno, and occasionally in Wharton’s duct.

Treatment.—Remove them, but in a peculiar way; remove always
in the mouth, no matter how much you must cut to do this, unless it be
under the jaw, when you will have to open on the outside.

PHARYNGITIS.—This is acute inflammation of the pharynx. Fauces,
or back part of the mouth, are usually involved, as well as the pharynx.
This inflammation is a Catarrhal inflammation, and closely resembles
that of Laryngitis, and is usually associated with it.

Etiology.—Same causes that produce Laryngitis—exposure in damp,
cold stables, generally after the horse has been sweating or exhausted,
ete. It is often caused by caustic substances, or foreign bodies.

Semeiology.—Great difficulty in swallowing feed and water, and after
passing the velum often comes back through the nose; there may or may not
be swelling on the outside. It follows the same stages as Laryngitis; when
severe and the surrounding tissues are involved, abscesses form in the
throat, usually on both sides, sometimes on one, sometimes above, some-
_times posterior to the pharynx. When the fauces are involved there will

be a cough, appetite usually unimpaired, but on account of the great
soreness will often refuse food, will slobber in his drinking water; usually
_ more or less fever; in an uncomplicated case there will be no Dyspneea.

Treatment.—Apply counter-irritants early, and well up to the base
of the ears, medicated steaming, medicate with iodine, carbolic acid, etc.
Use for a gargle, tr. iron and chlorate potash. If the abscesses form and
the soreness continues, an electuary containing camphor is indicated; use
instead of the iron. ‘These abscesses sometimes form in the guttural
pouch, and if the pus cannot escape it amounts to the same thing as an
abscess, and if not opened becomes inspissated. Where both sides of the
throat are affected, there will be hard breathing. After Pharyngitis has
been treated, if the pus is forming, as before stated, use poultices early,
as it tends to soften, swell and relax the parts, and cause to work to the
surface, and after a week or ten days you can open without hesitancy.
For the abscesses that form above the pharynx in the center, the best
way is probably to open in the mouth, on account of the blood vessels on
the outside, and it is best to use a concealed bistoury; those on the side
open on the outside. After opening an abscess in the mouth, lower
the animal’s head so as to prevent the pus from running down the
trachea, which, according to Dr. Billings, may produce local Pneumonia.
When pus forms in the guttural pouch, it will often run out of the nos-
trils when the horse lowers his head. When opening an abscess, always -
cut longitudinally with the blood vessels, so that if you cut one, it will
not be as serious as if you severed it transversally. If you do cut a
blood vessel, and it continues to bleed, it is best to stitch a little plug in,

42 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

and leave it in about 24 hours; and if it still bleeds when this is taken
out, repeat the operation till it does stop.

CHsoPpHAGITIS.—Inflammation of the structures composing the cesoph- —
agus tube, which is very strong, muscular, and quite vascular, and is —
subject to inflammation from surrounding tissues. z

Etiology.—Oftentimes from extension of inflammation from the
approximate tissues, from scalding drenches or caustic substances in the
feed or water; this cause is often seen in little children, from the fact
that they put everything into the mouth that they pick up; in horses
often caused from kicks and from other sources.

Semeiology.—Great difficulty in swallowing. [If it is in the cervical
region there will be great soreness on pressure; in a bad case there may
be some febrile conditions. If the tube becomes ruptured, the food pass-
ing out will break down the intercellular tissues, eee much pain and
swelling.

Treatment.—Soft, sloppy food, linseed meal, ton of slippery elm
bark, a local injection of morphia. When the food passes out, showing
a rupture of the tube, it generally proves fatal; but you ‘might try to
catch the ends and sew them, and bathe with ‘healing applications, as
solution of borax, bicarbonate soda, weak solution of carbolic acid, ete.
These may be passed down the tube. We have Cfsophagismus, which is
a functional derangement, due to an irritable condition of the nerves. In
this, the food passing down irritates and causes the muscles to contract,
causing spasms; sometimes it contracts on a bolus of food, in which case,
if the object is above the constriction, it will be thrown up; but if in the
center of the constriction, it will hold on and the food will fill ap to the
mouth.

Semeiology continued.—Horse manifests considerable distress, if
choking; will be nauseated, and will draw up the upper lip, often sweats,
is restless, and if the object is thrown up, it is often streaked with blood.

TREATMENT OF C#SOPHAGISMUS.—Give local antiseptics in the form
of morphine, cocaine, ete. Give drench, like slippery elm tea, also nux
vomica or arsenic.

CHOKING.—Is obstructed deglutition.

Etiology.—In all cases of choking there is an interrupted passage to
the stomach, and anything that isinterrupted between the mouth and the —
stomach is called a choke. It often occurs by animals bolting their food;
this is a common cause in the horse. Cattle usually choke from swallow-
ing large substances, such as apples, turnips, roots, bones, ete.; and in
milk cows chewing clothes will often let a piece go down the tube.
Dogs choke from such articles as coal, spools, fish and chicken bones, ete.
Chickens, by swallowing their food too fast.

Semeiology.—Horse will stop eating, appear uneasy, back up, make
efforts to swallow; after a little, Gjsophagitis will develop and lead to
chronic spasms, contractions of the muscles of the neck and shoulders,
often so strong as to pull the head to the knees: will often scream with
pain; sometimes you get Gastric Flatulency. Food and water swallowed
may be returned through the nose; usually there is a cough. If the
choke is in the cervical part there will be much sw elling, and but little if
it is in the thoracic part. In cattle Tympanitis sometimes occurs; in most
cases breathing is labored, and slavering fromthe mouth. In dogs there

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. A3

will be a continual coughing and retching and slavering.. Poultry crane
their necks and give a sort of shriek.

There are certain conditions, functional or organic, that cause chok-
ing.—tIst, anything that favors spasmodic contraction of the cesophagus
on the object; 2d, inflammation and ulceration of the throat and gullet;
3d, organic diseases of the gullet, as seen in contraction of that organ;
Ath, any disease of the salivary glands interrupting the flow ofthe saliva;
5th, voracious appetite in any animal, diseased tooth, or anything that
causes the horse to bolt his food. In the horse there will be anxiety of
countenance, eyes bulging; but the spasmodic contraction of the muscles
of the neck does not always prove that it is a choke, for it is also present
in some troubles of the stomach.

‘Treatment.—If the choke isin the upper third, remove the object
if possible through the mouth; this is done by using a mouth speculum to
hold the mouth open while your assistant with his hands on both sides
of the gullet presses the object upward. ‘This is particularly the way
when cattle choke on roots; you can often move them one or several
inches upward, and then the operator can run his arm downward and
get the obstruction out. This can almost always be done in cattle when

the choke is above the center. In horses when due to Gsophagismus, if
you can move an inch even, you can stop the spasm and the stuff will
‘pass down. Ifind that this manipulation is the best way to give relief,
that is, getting the object to move an inch or so either way, and then
pouring down the cesophagus cottonseed oil, sweet oil, or some such ole-
aginous substance, say a few ounces at a time; it is best to pour it down
the nostrils, because as a liquid passes over the posterior nares it causes
a spasmodic and involuntary attempt at swallowing, and besides the
animal sometimes will make no attempt to swallow anything you pour
into the mouth. Stand on the left side while working the choke, which
may be 4 or 5 inches of accumulated food, and every 5 minutes or so,
pour some oil down the throat; always work gently for fear of bruising
the cesophagus and causing inflammation, so be gentle and don’t hurry;
‘be careful.

Suppose these means do not answer; then get the history of the case,
‘or get it first. What did he eat? If a solid body, use a probang; if it
was soft food, then the probang will only make the choke worse if you
force it too much. Use a smaller probang in the horse than for cattle.
The probang should be about 8 feet long, else in case the obstruction
being close to the stomach, you will not be able to reach it. Remember
the epiglottis fits down closer in the horse than in cattle, so do not keep
the probang in very long at a time, but in cattle may keep it in an hour
and do no harm. When you reach the object press gently with the pro-
bang and a continuous pressure until the object moves,—have patience.
You will often find that chokes in the horse when in the region of the

thorax will prove fatal in spite of all you may do. For use in man and
dog, there is a good probang made of horse hairs (tail). There is a
practice among farmers in case of choke, of making the animal leap over
something,—as a hurdle. I never saw where it was successful of any
good results. In case you try all these remedies without success, don’t
give up without one more attempt for the horse’s life, but let it be the
last always; that is cesophagotomy. Clip the hair around the part

44 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

closely, then wash thoroughly with antiseptic; bear in mind the anat
of the parts; don’t touch the jugular vein or carotid artery; also wat
for the nerves. Have an assistant go on the right side of the horse an
push the cesophagus over towards the left side; locate the spot and make
an incision on the side up high on the tube, go very carefully and od
don’t cut clear down at one cut, but by a number of them till you reach —
the tube; now pull the skin upward so as to get as near the upper part, :
that is upper side of it, as much as possible, then make just as small an
opening as will do to remove the object. Remove the object, then wash
well with antiseptic; then with a fine needle and silk sew up the cut in
the tube, making the stitches about 1% inch apart, and about 4% incl
back in the tube itself; get the knots all on the inside so that when they ~
slough off the food will carry them into the stomach. Always wash your
hands well in antiseptic before operating to avoid the greatest of dangers -
in such operations. After sewing up the tube, then sew up the skin with ~
good strong stitches about 34 inches apart, then dress with antiseptic, q
as iodoform, ete. After treatment keep the animal standing for some-
time and feed on a liquid diet, as milk, so as to give the cesophagus arest
for a week or so until it heals. Where a voracious appetite is the cause
of the choke, fix a feed box for him so that he can’t eat voraciously or —
too much at a time; 3 or 4 cobble stones about the size of the hand does
very well in the feed box, where you have nothing better. -

ORGANIC DISEASES oF THE CEsopHaGus.—This includes all the |
changes that might be due to some other disease; usually we find a dilata-
tion just anterior to it, and sometimes there isa polypus or other tumor on —
the outside; these may be either on the inside or on the outside; when 7
outside they press severely on the tube.

Semeiology.—Where the disease is an organic one the symptoms .
are very slow in their development; first would be slowness in eating, —
slow swallowing, swallowing painful, occasionally stops eating. These ©
go on until choking takes place, but is limited to the trachae at first, and _
the chances are he will vomit up the matter which may show streaks of.
blood on it; or this runs on from bad to worse, until it ends in the or-
ganic disease.

Treatment.—Is usually quite unsatisfactory, because it is thorougtilga
chronic before it is known to exist. If the constriction could be antici- —
pated, the use of the probang, well oiled, would give relief. Healing
and soothing administrations of linseed tea, or solution of alum may be
given in small doses; or borax ‘in solution sometimes—in small doses; —
but this latter is not the proper treatment in this kind of a case, as it has
a tendency to arrest secretions of the gastric juice, and will also spoil
gastric juice: mucilage is good; give nourishing and very sloppy food. —

DISEASES OF THE StomMAcH.—The first condition we think of in con-
nection with it is Emesis—the act of vomiting. It has been said that the |
horse cannot vomit, but from experience we know that, although the
horse does not vomit very easily or as much as some animals, under.
peculiar circumstances he can vomit. Vomiting is the forcible expulsion
of the contents of the stomach through the cesophagus, in response to
the direct or reflex action of the streak running through the medulla
oblongata. Some think that vomiting is due to some cause in the stom-_

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Pw de LP > a

Py me : = Show
TC tAG Syn pe ad

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——- ~*~

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 45

ach, but it has been proven that the stomach has nothing to do with it; that
is due to the reflex action of the medulla oblongata.
Physical action.—First, you must have a reflex action; next thing,
a contraction that is a spasmodic one of the abdominal muscles, produc-
ing nausea, and added to this there is a full, deep inspiration; this forces
the diaphragm down on the stomach, and as the stomach is pressed by
_the muscles the contents of the stomach are forced out. Before this
occurs, as stated above, there is a spasmodic contraction of the stomach
_ and also of the intestines, so that in the expelled contents of the stomach
_ there is often seen the bile product of the bowels; as this is all being
forced up, the circular muscles of the cesophagus dilate and the longi-
tudinal ones contract, so that it is really then shorter and wider. At the
same time the food is expelled there is a rush of air outward, which
_ prevents any of the matter going down the larynx. Cattle seldom ever
vomit, but in man, dog and pig it is not all uncommon; they are easier
to vomit, especially the dog. The reason it is easy for human, dog or
pig to vomit, is that the cesophagus dilates as it enters the stomach,
which is not the case in the horse; also the stomach of the horse is so.
small that the food does not remain long init, but passes rapidly out
into the intestines. Canines and felines vomit on the slightest occasion;
omnivorous animals are the next easiest, and herbivorous the hardest to
cause to vomit.

Circumstances that cause vomiting in the horse.—First, when the
stomach is distended with food, mostly solid, or distended with gas as
the result of fermentation; 2d, where dilatation of the cesophagus existed
at the cardiac end of it, thus rendering the region of the stomach and
esophagus irritable and weak, or Hyperesthesis of the nerves which con-
vey it to the medulla oblongata and then back to the abdominal muscles,
-and nausea is produced; ad, rupture of any of the coats of the stomach,
either serous, muscular or the mucous, will produce vomiting, and it
takes place after the rupture, although it may take place prior to the
Tupture; 4th, closing of the pyloric opening: this occurs from impaction,
from eating wholly indigestible food, or not enough indigestible matter;

this impaction prevents the food passing into the duodenum.
DyspEpsiA.—This is Indigestion, Acute or Chronic, and is simply
the functional derangement of the stomach. In connection with the
acute we have two conditions. Gastric Flatulence and Stomach Staggers,
or as better known, Blind Staggers. This Acute Indigestion is the sudden
cessation of digession whether partial or complete, and just assoon as you
get suspended digestion, fermentation and decomposition take place at
once; evolution of gas is inevitable and unless relieved, serious results will
follow. It is often fatal in from 20 minutes to 60 hours, but if the animal
lives 24 hours, he will likely recover. Most of the deaths occur in the first
© or 7 hours.
tiology.—Overloading the stomach or eating too fast; eating
when physically exhausted: then the animal will often bolt his food.
Gastric Flatulence is often due to improper feeding.
‘Semeiology. —Restlessness, more or less molicley pains, though
“the pain is not acute; horse will paw much, move around, le‘down and
get up soon; as fermentation takes place, the body will be found to grow
f larger. In Gastric Flatulency the ribs will bulge more, while the flanks

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an
ea

*

will be less than in the Intestinal Flatulency; he sweats more or less, erup- —
tions of gas come from the stomach, and ineffectual attempts to vomit, —
spasmodic contractions of the neck and shoulders, same as in choke; :
breathing becomes labored, pulse not at first affected, but rapid and small —
as the disease progresses. The contraction of the neck and shoulders is —
an unfavorable sign, and is often followed in % hour by death; death
from Asphyxia may take place at any time. As Flatulency holds on, the
brain often gets stupid by the pressure on the diaphragm interfering with —
respiration, and then venous blood is sent to the brain and the horse will —
often show blindness and stagger; this is when the stomach is full of solid
food. ° ,
Treatment.—Or AcuTE INDIGESTION.—These cases are always ur-
gent, and as soon as the doctor is called he should get to work at oncé
and administer such drugs as arrest fermentation; this will stop the for- —
mation of gas. If it is a bad case we prefer hyposulphate soda, and if a
mild case, bicarbonate soda. Old-fashioned treatment used to prescribe
bicarbonate soda for every case and every time; we believe this to be a
great error, for the contents of the stomach in these cases are always sour; ©
there is an acid formed by fermentation, and as the bicarbonate soda is
an alkali, there is great danger of producing an effervescence and forming —
new gas. By the old treatment, about 75 per cent of these cases died, now
about 10 per cent die; that is, using hyposulphate soda instead in some —
cases. ‘Turpentine is also a good remedy, being an antiseptic; sulphate —
soda or lime is good, so is boracic or carbolic acid, also sulphuric or sulphu- —
rousether. Then afterwards give a mild laxative or purgative, as aloes, ete.
During the trouble keep the animal quiet. Hot fomentations to the belly —
will do no harm, or rubbing in mustard paste. Warm water and soap
injections are good; they increase the peristaltic motion. Hyposulphate
soda may be given in solution or may be given in bolus, which acts as well
but slower than the solution; may give of this 4 to 8 oz. to a large horse,
but we find that if about 2 oz. does not do good in about 15 minutes, —
giving another dose of the same amout gives better results than the large ©
dose all at once. Bicarbonate soda will cause vomiting, and may be the —
cause of rupturing the stomach, in a few minutes after giving, and may lead
to Gastritis; yet most of the text books recommend it. Suppose the stom-
ach is full of solid food, as when he gets into an oat bin; drench with hy-
posulphate soda and linseed tea; it is good to add to this or give after, nux
vomica, whisky or strychnine; always dilute the whisky., Also give ano- —
dynes in liberal doses, as sulphuric ether; we have 1 oz. of it in our Colic —
drench; it is antispasmodic also. ‘The next best to sulphuric ether is ©
chloral hydrate; give of it % dr. to 2 oz. water. We generally object to —
the use of landanum: morphine (4 gr.) may be given hypodermically.
In this trouble there is likely to be a closure of the pylorus, and after
giving an anodyne you will notice a gas coming from the anus; but if
the impaction is from solid food no need to give anodynes,—chem-
icals are the things you want. If Flatulency begins you will need chem- —
icals; hyposulphate soda, 6 to 8 oz. to the quart, or 1 and % quarts of —
water, is good. Always dilute hyposulphate soda largely. As a purga-—
tive give sulphate of magnesia. In case the horse has become too stupid
to swallow, then use a hose; if he is in coma, then inject atropine or
strychnine. The old authors believed in bleeding; we know in this dis-—

46 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

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47

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY.

_ ease there is an anzemic condition of the brain instead of a congestion, so

_ think that bleeding is the wrong treatment. Anzemia produces or rather
_ induces sleep, and Congestion of the brain produces delirium.

Prophylactic Treatment.—Prevention.—We find that where there isa
repetition of these troubles, each time it is worse, so when called, attend
to the hygiene; feed every 6 hours regularly; arrange it so the horse can-
not eat too fast or too much; give him from % tor hour to eat. Most
_ of the cases we have occur in the night after a hard day’s work and ex-
haustion, and the horse eats voraciously or does not masticate his food
properly, etc.

CHRONIC INDIGESTION.—Known as Dyspepsia in man; is a funct-
ional derangement of the stomach; this comes on slowly and requires a long
time to cure. During its existence it is not serious or dangerous; that is,
- in the ordinary case.

. Etiology. —There are three influences that operate to produce it.
First, errors in feeding; second, changes in the gastric and other secre-
tions; these are more faulty physiological developments as to anzemia, etc.;
third, abnormalities affecting the movements of the stomach, such as

_ cancerous and other growths.

Semeiology.—Usually a capricious appetite, sometimes hungry,
_ sometimes no appetite; an unnatural thirst, unnatural hunger for alkalies,
will eat the mortar from between the bricks, lick the walls, eat the bed-
ding he has urinated upon, eat clay in large quantities, even at times eat
their own dung; all shows a tendency to Indigestion, hence the animals
_ desire to obtain alkali. ‘The limit to their thirst is their capacity; will
often turn up their upper lip, in bad cases. ‘The excessive drinking
induces Diabetes Insipidus. As the disease runs on, the coat becomes
_ staring and rough, the animal thin and pot-bellied; sweats; there is pal-
_ pitation of the heart.
re Treatment.—Give complete change of food,—grass is the best of all;
limit the quantity of water to % pail four or five times a day. You can
assist nature by adding or dissolving 1 dr. bicarbonate soda in a bucket of
drinking water ; good to give Fowler’s solution of arsenic or arsenicum,
2 gr. first, then 3, then 4 twice a day; add to it 1 dr. nux vomicato each
dose; also 1 dr. gentian root pulv. and 1 dr. powdered hydrastis, and 1
_ dr. powdered wood charcoal; continue 2 or 3 months if necessary; pre-
_ scribe more bran and less oats; more exercise and a generous amount of
salt. In old horses with chronic Indigestion, give mineral acids, as nitric
or hydrochloric; I prefer sulphuric acid; in the following prescription:
acid sulph. 1 dr., tr. gentian 4 0z., aquaad. to make pint, Dose: 2 0z. night
and morning, or twice aday. ‘This active tonic stimulates the liver and acts
very nicely on the stomach; where gastric secretions are faulty, we some-
times add ro gr. quinine to this dose, especially following a debilitating dis-
ease; glycerine may be added also. If you make a fluid preparation, add
glycerine in 4% to1oz. doses. Good idea to examine the teeth to see if they
“may beacause. In dogs we find chronic Indigestion with constant vom-
_ iting and increased thirst, it is benefited by giving 5 to 10 grs. sub nitrate
of bismuth. We take the English setter as the type; this is the size dose
_ we give, according to the age and size of the dog. A little bicarbonate
. soda in drinking water is good and will not produce diabetes as in the
horse. If the dog is run down, give as tonic preparation of U. S. P.—

ASre re rEN THEORY AND PRACTICE.

elixir cal. iron and bismuth 2 0z., glycerine 1 oz., aqua ad to eae ya

_oz. Dose: dessert spoonfull 3 or 4 times a day. This is good for Baia ct
tion and the bismuth quiets the stomach.
GASTRITIS.—Inflammation of the stomach, is usually seen in the acute
form, and has a tendency to cause death in a few hours; but when it is-
in the mild form it may run on to chronic, then tends to a softening and

other changes, particularly in the pyloric tract, also other portions of the
stomach. The actite is comparatively uncommon, and when in the horse, —

tends to Enteritis. The dog is more - able to Enteritis because so suscep-
tible to poisoning.

Etiology.—Generally follows an acute attack of Indigestion; next —

cause is poisoning, as from caustics, also from wounding of the lining of
the stomach as by foreign bodies.

Semeiology.—Following an acute attack of Indigestion there are —

colicky pains, and in case of Gastritis there is a tendency to grow
worse, in spite of all you may do; the animal sweats, grows weak, pre-
sents a very depressed countenance; Flatulency from acute Indigestion
continues; sour eruptions, breathing increases, pulse hard and rapid, —
temperature high; next day may find the pulse wiry, a loathing for food;

after running for several hours there is an acute thirst. Sivas follows |

poisoning, the mucous membranes are injeccted, the mouth often filled —

with a ropy saliva, due to irritation of the salivary glands by the gas:

stomach and bowels usually inactive, great weakness develops rapidly, —

and in this case dies in from 2 to 6 hours; he drops and dies suddenly.
‘The course this disease runs is according to the cause that induces it.
In poisoning, as from caustic potash or blue vitriol, will run a compara-

tively short | time and shows much thirst. In the dog, in this case there —

is severe retching, elevation of temperature, and will vomit up everything.

Treatment.—In the horse we find it almost invariabpy fatal; all you
can do is to give rational treatment according to the symptoms presented;
gum opium in liberal doses is recommended. Remember that in such
troubles of the stomach and bowels, you can give large doses of opium
without much effect; give antiseptics. If the trouble is from poisoning,
try to find out the kind of poison and apply the antidote; give raw eggs
beaten up in milk, give olive or cottonseed oil and apply counter irritation
over the stomach in every case. If he does not die in a few hours give

lime water, and if you can’t get lime water, then sub nitrate of bis- —

muth 1 dr. 3 or 4 times a day will do the horse good; give in drench or
bolus. For dog, give from 5 to 10 grs; also very small doses of bella-

donna; also anodynes, as hyosciamus, laudanum, etc. Restrict to milk |
diet; then after a few days, mutton broth; give lime water or a solution of

bicarbonate of soda in water, just enough to make it slightly anti-acid.
In autopsy on the horse in gastric poisoning, you will find patches of
erosions and inflammation; from arsenic poisoning, all the surface will be
inflamed; in case it follows acute Indigestion, we usually find a diffused
inflammation, more particularly of the pyloric tract. Chronic Gastritis
often succeeds an acute attack, and seems to come on very slowly; in

such a case it is the result of long continued errors in feeding. Usually —

we learn that there has been frequent occurring attacks of Indigestion;

second, Flatulency; third, textural changes in the glands themselves, due _
to the errors in feeding; fourth, malignant disease of the stomach, in the —

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 49)

form of cancer or degeneration of the mucous of the stomach; fifth,
mechanical injury, through the equine larvee or bots.

Semeiology.—Symptoms are mild as compared to the acute form;
capricious appetite, great thirst, more or less fever, may run into the
acute form in from 6 to Io days.

Treatment.—Pay particular attention to the diet; give hell doses
and long continued, what we think the case requires; run on grass if pos-
sible; give belladona, hydrastis, gentian, arsenic. Where there are gas-
tric pains, sometimes as a result in the stomach there is a rupture of “the
walls—may be partial or complete; may be either the serous, muscu-
lar or mucous coat, or all of them. The muscular usually ruptures first,
then the serous, and last the mucous; it frequently occurs in horses when
tossing about in suffering from Gastritis. Sometimes the rupture occurs
when the animal falls to die, so bear this in mind when making an autopsy.
If it occurs during Flatulency, it is usually small; if from the fall, may be
from a foot to 1 and % feet long. We find that draft horses are more liable
than others; they eat more, and are more prone to Gastric Flatulency.

ETIOoLOGY OF GASTRIC FLATULENCY.—The cause that produces it
may be put down as the only cause; after the rupture inflammation begins ©
at once, so you can often tell about the time the rupture took place by the
appearance of the edges.

Semeiology.—Vomiting almost invariable, but not infallible, yet it
is not a diagnostic symptom. ‘There is sudden and severe prostration,
cold, wet surface, nausea, inclination to sit on the haunches and attempts
of vomiting; weak, hard, small pulse; often after the rupture, if there
_ had been severe pain previous, there may be a sudden cessation, then it
is nearly safe to say that rupture has taken place. As death approaches
the mouth and extremities grow cold, black mucous membrane, accord-
_ ing to the size of the rupture, death may come in from a few minutes up
to 60 hours; that depends on the violence of the Gastric Flatulency before
the rupture. Animal may even live quite a while, say from 3 to 4 days
_aiter the food has passed into the abdominal cavity, then usually dies of
Peritonitis.

Treatment.—There is no treatment for rupture of the stomach, only
treat rationally on account of our inability to tell that the stomach has
ruptured. Treat right along as the case may call for; the only proof
positive is autopsy, so be in no hurry to make a positive diagnosis.
When the horse dies suddenly from any cause—say in the country
horse, autopsy made after 5 or 6 hours shows that digestion has been
eoing on the same as in life, for when ante-mortem digestion ceases, post-
mortem goes on until the gastric juice is all used up, for it acts as well aéter
death as before. Little points of inflammation start, and people say the
bots caused it by eating those holes, but bots are fastened by their tails to
the stomach and cannot eat the walls, hence are not the cause at all.

CONSTIPATION.—This is a condition of the bowels in which the
feeces are unnaturally retained, or if discharged, are hard, dry and scanty.
It is a simple matter, but occasionally gives rise to other troubles that
may prove fatal. ‘The large bowels are the ones usually affected, chiefly
the colon, spoken of in this case as impaction of the colon, which is very
serious, especially in heavy horses. In cattle it is usually spoken of as
impaction of the omasum.

GOR. Uy THEORY AND PRACTICE.

Etiology.—As a primary lesion it is the result of feeding on bulky,
innutritious food, especially that of woody fibres, as straw fed in farm-
yards in Winter; and this cause may be ag eravated by a short supply of | .
water; second, by deficient peristaltic motion, due to impaired nerve force; Fa
third, ‘deficient secretion of the mucous in the bowels, or excessive absorp- Bes
tion of the fluids into the food. oes

_ Semeiology.—Comes on gradually, usually associated with an un- —
thrifty condition, and in such condition are usually pot-bellied, have a — ;
long rough coat, thin in flesh, not strong, but lazy and stupid; feces
passed with difficulty, and in small quantities. As the Constipation
develops, the lining of the rectum is injected a deep red color, the animal |
gets uneasy and stretches out the legs, this is more so in: sheep, mouth
often soapy to the feel, and with a fetid smell; the horse will strain occa-
sionally as though trying to have a passage. ‘As the faeces becomes con=5.voe
stipated the bowels become congested, and this leads to colicky pains,
and if not relieved will ultimately end in inflammation of the bowels; this
may develop in from 4 to 5 days; the colon in this case becomes over-
loaded, then paralyzed, and if it be not relieved in from 24 hours to 5 or ~
6 days, may run into Enteritis and death. By placing your ear to the ©
side you will find an absence of the peristaltic sounds; thisis a positive —
proof of the impaction of the colon. Another proof is the way the —
animal backs up against the wall or a post, and rubs and pushes back- —
wards. We often see young animals when born, suffering from the —
meconium, that is, unable to have the first operation, and runs into Con-
stipation; this is usually attributed to the dry condition of the mother,
noticed particularly when the mare has been worked too hard and up to ~
within a few days of the birth; and on high feed, and also doing more or ~
less sweating. os,

Treatment.—In impaction of the colon, naturally a purgative is indi-
cated; what to give is largely a matter of taste. In very mild form an
aloes ball does very well, and soft food; but if it is a bad case, we con-
sider that oleaginous substances are the best and may be given in com-
paratively large doses, say a quart at a time, or rather to start with, and
we usually repeat it twice a day; so in the course of a few days he has a
large quantity of oil down, but that will not hurt him. We give oil be-
cause there is an indication of inflammation of the bowels and the oil will.

. not tend to increase it as aloes might. Sulphate magnesia is a popular
remedy for cattle; for swine give castor oil, same to dogs: ‘buck-horn for
cats; cascara may be given to any animal; in addition to : this, injections of
water and soap (castile) are invaluable, poured into the rectum gently;
where you have ne} syringe use a piece of hose. Another injection ‘is
glycerine diluted 1% with water. If you need to repeat the water and
soap, each time lessen the amount of soap as it may have a tendency to —
inflame the bowels. If the case does not improve after you give the aloes,
then you may pour down on the top of it ™% tb. of magnesia in solution, —
or one pint of oil and repeat in 12 hours. Never repeat a dose of aloesin
less than 4 days, but the oil is harmless; and bear in mind that if the im- .~
paction is not relieved the animal will die. Some practitioners give some
stimulant to the bowels, as solution of strychnine, fl. ext. of calabar bean,
sulph. ether, aromatic spts. ammonia, or whisky.

The alkaloids of calabar bean, Eserine. and Calabarine, are ©

y » \ .
- ‘ > ‘ ; , _~ Se Ce
aati las LOL Oe Py a ck Ae

, UN Gl ry Poe Fe

a ae % aa ale
ree yt peeeaiae

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 51

becoming very popular. Calabar bean in all its preparations acts as a
stimulant to the nerve fibers of the spinal cord, especially those over the
bowels, and particularly the colon. serine is usually disolved in alco-
hol and administered either hypodermically or into the trachea; dose
varies from ¥ to 2 grs., I think that from % to % gr. is best. Eserine
may be dissolved in alcohol and carried around in the pocket; it does not
lose its force then, as it does when dissolved in water,—the proportion is
about 1 gr. to 1 dr. of alcohol. If administered by injecting into the
trachea, one half the dose used hypodermically will do, and if into the
jugular, then one half that for the trachea. You will find that in any
ease where alkaloids are used, the pain is increased; but if the drug is
administered éarly, that need not be noticed. Suppose we have a case
running four or five days, repeat the oil every twelve or fifteen hours; in
addition to this, bear in mind that the pulse is increased to sixty or sixty
five; temperature elevated—may be 103: begins to sweat; we recognize
that the horse is in a dangerous condition; pulse may run up to 80 or 85,
temperature from 104 upward; usually death then soon occurs. In addi-
tion to purgative, give small doses of aconite, and rather liberal doses of
belladonna combined with some stimulant and anodyne.

R Aconite rd. fl. ext. 40 drops,
Belladonna fi. ext. TeOZe
Hyosciamus fl. ext. 2 OZ.,
Spts. nit. ether BOZ.

Aqua ad. to make one pint. Give 2 ozs. every four hours. Keep horse
quiet, and give in addition to this, from % to1 oz. of cannabis indica.
_ Water precipitates this, so if you want to combine it in the prescription
you will have to use simple syrup instead of water. Counter-irritants
are almost invaluable; we use mustard and repeat in from every two to
ten hours, according to the severity of the case. If mustard, etc. don’t
give relief in three or four days, apply croton liniment, such as croton
oil one part, linseed seven parts, but don’t repeat this. Eserine is also
dangerous to repeat if given in large doses, but if in less than 1 gr. repeat
half the dose in one hour if not relieved. In little animals, injections do
very well, as glycerine diluted one half with water; for adult, 2 oz. gly-
cerine, aqua 2 oz.; for little animals 1 or 2 oz., or inject olive oil; linseed
or water, and if this does not suffice, give olive oil 4 ozs. to foal, or 2 oz.
New Orleans molasses. Don’t use the hand to remove the feces. Dogs
you can dose with castor oil and repeat in large quantities same as in the
horse; if the stomach won't retain it, give a little bismuth. Sometimes
on account of the feeces getting so hard and in such a large mass, it must
_ be taken out with the use of the forceps—first locate the mass, and be
careful not to injure the lining of the intestines. If pain is not severe,
exercise animal.

DIaARRH@A.—This is an unnatural fluid condition of the feeces; it is
either a peculiar functional disturbance, or a symptom of some other
trouble; the latter is Superpurgation. We find that Diarrhoea is quite a
symptom of other diseases, as Rinderpest, and contagious Pleuro-Pneu-
monia in cattle. ;

Etiology.—As a disease in itself, it is a peculiar increased peristaltic
motion, and in addition to this, asa result of the irritation, we get a
vastly increased amount of water into the bowels, and there is a rapid

* PO EE LEP ae eT GPa eee TES OE be na Ie

52 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

. . . 4 S| e
evacuation of water from the system. It is generally some local irrita~
tion in the bowels that causes the trouble, as indigestible food and para-

sites, mechanical and chemical irritations, laxative food in too large quan-

tities; ice water in hot weather is a cause in man. Cold water of itself —

in large quantities often causes a Diarrhcea that may run a rapid course

and terminate fatally in a short time. Local tissue changes in the stom-

ach or bowels is a functional derangement of the liver, due to some ex-
_cessive stimulant, causing the bile to flow. Foul stagnant water is
among the causes, and all these causes work more severely when the ani-

mal is exhausted or overheated, or when in a plethoric condition. If the ©

horse is overheated, will cause a mild form of Diarr hoea. Chronic Diar-
rhcea is known as Scours.

Semeiology.—In this watery condition of the faeces they are usually
gray or y Etiowe the gray may run into a dirty brown, and usually indicates
that there is an insufficient quantity of bile, which is caused by allowing
too great activity in the bowels. This gray may be fetid; the bright yel-
low is due to excessive bile; this latter kind of feeces usually scalds the
anus as it passes out, causing considerable pain. In the early stage there
is no constitutional disturbance, but as the disease increases the pulse
increases and the temperature falls below normal; as it runs on, the lin-
ing of the rectum becomes a darker red and the appetite is usually lost.
As it runs on to a fatal termination, the pulse becomes wiry, hard and

weak, finally imperceptible, and as the water runs through the bowels-

the thirst increases; the animal becomes emaciated very rapidly; as death
approaches the mouth becomes cold and clammy, ears, nose and extrem-
ities get cold, and a clammy sweat breaks over the body; the mouth may
be offensive, there is an anxious expression of countenance, the horse be-
comes weaker, and finally dies of collapse—syncope.

Chronic Form.—Usually seen in the horse when out a little time; he
was all right in the stable, but when driven an hour or so may begin to
scour. Sometimes this chronic form stops of itself, at other times may be
incurable. Parasites that cause Diarrhoea are Ascarides, Teres Lumbrici,
and Strongylus Tetracanthus—which are the worst of them all, and often
exist by the millions; the others are larger but exist in less numbers.
This one killed more colts last year than all the other diseases, that is in
the state of Illinois. It seems to come like the locust pest—periodically.
It is usually found in the colon and rectum.

SUPERPURGATION.—Does not differ very materially from Diarrhcea,
but is more severe and is caused by the injudicious repetition of a purg-
ing dose; it is more rapid and more sure of a fatal termination. About
the only cause of Diarrhoea in small animals, we might say, is Indigestion,
from eating too much or going too long without food, then overloading
their stomachs when they get their meals, then there is an insufficiency
of the gastric juice. Another fact is, that the mare may be overworked
while the colt is left in the stable, then the milk becomes heated and

causes Diarrhoea in the colt. A nursing animal should not go longer

than two hours at a time without feeding. The character of the food
also affects the colt; this is also the same in the human family,—the
mother’s milk may ‘become changed and the baby is affected. In Diar-
rheea in the young, there is considerable straining, cramp and colicky
pains. Where it is a mild case and does not run on to a fatal termina-

;
bs
;
_

VETHRINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 53

tion, the colt is not lively, coat long and rough, pot-bellied, thin, and is
unthrifty in general. In long continued Diarrhcea, in autopsy we find
there is a dark-colored fluid in the peritoneum cavity. In Diarrhcea,
where it has run three or four days, you will find in.autopsy, patches of
ecchymosis over the peritoneum, showing an excessively prostrated con-
dition. The glands are often brown, softened and enlarged; these are the
lymphatics. The bowels are contracted, and their lining has a catarrhal
coating over them. Caustic substances often cause Diarrhoea, and then
erosion of the bowels is seen, as in arsenic poisoning; the arsenic being
administered slowly, that is, for 2 or 3 days. Diarrhoea in young ani-
mals often run a rapid course, and if not relieved they may die in a few
hours.

Treatment.—Put in good, comfortable stall, clothe warmly, and if
necessary give artificial heat; keep perfectly quiet; ascertain the cause if
possible and remove it. On account of excessive thirst restrict the water
supply; put anti-acids in his drinking water, as lime water or bicarbonate
soda, 1 dram to the gallon of water. Then give linseed tea, or gruel, or
starch gruel; they are soothing to the mucous membranes. Give the ani-
mal boiled oats if he eats, and in moderately bad cases, give dry bran;
but over all, drench with starch gruel or flour, or give wheat flour, 1
pound in a gallon of water. In addition to this, it is well to give pre-
pared chalk or lime water, for remember the stomach is acid in all these
eases. If there is cramp and straining, give anodynes; opium is the
best remedy, either in the gum, powder, or tincture. The pain in the
rectum is often excessive; laudanum, opium, or starch gruel may be given
—I quart of the gruel and 1 oz. laudanum; this is particularly good for
the young, and is to be injected. In the adult animal use 2 ozs. of the
laudanum; often a single injection gives relief. To young pigs you can

give from % to 1 teaspoonful and it would be harmless. If the prostra-

tion is very great, give stimulants, as sulphuric ether, whisky or brandy,
in doses according to the size of the animal, and repeat according to the
amount of prostration. Dogs we treat much the same, but we find sub.
nit. bismuth is the best; the dose for a 4o fb. setter, one year old, would
be 10 gr. repeated three times a day; the same dose is for the human.

In case of excessive pain, counter-irritants are the thing; soap lini-
ment is good; hypodermic injections of morphia, if the cramp is severe.

- Where indigestible food is the cause, it is often necessary to give a laxa-

tive before we can effect a cure; in such a case give oil,—linseed oil is
very good for cattle and sheep; castor oil for human, dogs and pigs.
Sometimes we add stimulants, as nux vomica, gentian, cascara, etc.;
stomachic in the form of ginger, camphor, whisky. If it runs on three
or four days, astringents may do good; spirits of camphor given alone

’ often gives good Pesnits, or

R ‘ Tr. Opii 1), (Oya:
Tr. Catechu I Oz.
Spirits Camphor I oz.
Ether Sulph. I 02.

Add starch gruel to make 1 pint,—this is one dose for the horse; repeat
in five or six hours. Or give

R Creta Prep. I OZ.
Zingiber Puly. I Oz.
Gum Camphor i dr.

54 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

Gruel to make one pint; this is one dose. These may be repeated three
times a day or more. ‘Tinct. rhubarb is usually given to regulate the
oe —this is only necessary with young animals living on milk; doser

2 drams: can combine catechu tr. with it, as for foals about one month M4

ae ees).
R Tr. Rhubarb rt. I dr. ae

Tr. Catechu Tein : Py.

Tr. Opii see ubs oe

Camphor Lat: 2 ia KY

Missura creta 2 to 4 drams; this is one dose and can be repeated 20r3
times a day. This missura creta is good in human practice; often alone © %
itis fine. We find that strong coffee may be given to adults where the 7
prostration is great; give in liberal quantities; for the young, give port
wine and whisky. Don’t stop the Diarrhcea too quick, or it may cause a %
reflex action of the stomach, so give small doses and repeat it as meces-
sary.

CHRONIC DIARRHG@A TREATMENT.—The first thing is regulation eo i
‘the diet; give concentrated food, good hay and oats to draw up the belly, ;
and by civing small amount of hay and liberal quantities of oats will be a
benefited. Limit the amount of water to half bucket at atime, four
or five times a day. Tonics are indicated; sulph. iron, add a little AURA
vomica or geritian,—continue this two or three months. Charcoal, :
arsenic, but ‘the i iron is the most important. We find astringents to be oy
very good, powdered white oak bark, from half to one tea- cupful twice 4
a day; also give anti-acids. Bicarbonate of soda is very good; iron is very” ;
good, given night and morning.

Spasmopic Cor1ic.—Colic is a powerful effort of the bowels, a spas-
modic effort, by which nature tries to remove some irritant, and is unac-
companied with fever or inflammation. There are two kinds—Spasmodic . —
and Flatulent. Spasmodic Colic is a violent chronic spasm of the mus-
cular coat of the bowels; the irritant that produces the spasm is applied
to the muscular coat, and so irritates it that it produces Hyperesthesia,
due to over stimulation. The spasm is sharp and excessively painful,
and subsides after a minute or two, but only to return again with greater
force; this characterizes the disease as Spasmodic Colic. It usually ter-
minates favorably by resolution, and by removal of the cause; the whole
trouble often disappears as suddenly as it came. If the cause is not re-_
moved it may run on to chronic, then resulting in inflammation and death.

Etiology.—Errors in dieting are the most prolific causes, as improper
food, improper quantities, improper time, irregular feeding, inferior food,
bolting the food without proper salivation, drinking large draughts of water
after eating, thus washing the food out of the stomach into the bowels.
before the gastric juice has acted upon it; this cause is irritating to the
bowels; eating when much exhausted, as in Gastric Flatulency; drinking
large draughts of very cold water. ‘Then other causes are calculi; a cal-—
culus is sometimes lodged in pockets in the bowels, and becoming loos-
ened, causes very severe pains and is very irritating. Calculi seem to
do no harm while they are fixed, and not till they are loosened do they
cause the trouble. Sometimes these balls are composed of dust; these do
less harm than other kinds, yet they are irritating. Parasitic elements _
are also quite productive of this trouble, such as the Teres Lumbriccales, ig

~My

A ee, ee UsPat Leta he ree

a
e.
E

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 55

Strongylus Tetracanthus, Ascarides, and most particular, the Strong ylus
Armatus, which have sword-like arms with which they can bore their
way through the tissues; they*originate in the bowels, and find their way
into the colic and mesenteric arteries. Often they are in great numbers,
and sometimes when tapping the intestinal cavity in Ascites, they come
out in the serum in great numbers. ‘They may be from 1s of an inch to
2 and % inches long; that is 1’. inchindiameter. When this worm gets into
the blood vessels it causes severe pains, and the animal usually dies from
Thrombosis. Organic disorder of the glands of the intestines may cause
Colic; exposure and cold drenching, or showering horses’ bellies may
cause colicky pains. *
Semeiology.—It may come on suddenly, especially if due to heavy
draughts of cold water, as that chills the bowels suddenly; but if due to
the food, it may be several days coming on, and as soon as it begins there
will be uneasiness on the part of the horse; he will look back at the side,
move forward and back, paw a little, lie down and roll, get up quickly,
will make efforts to lie on his back while down; in bad cases will sweat,
throw himself violently on the floor, or drop recklessly, drop in a heap,
roll and kick furiously; the bowels will become accelerated, due to these
active exertions. The spasm will naturally subside; then the pulse and
respiration, which were increased only by the exertions, will return to
the normal, and the animal will be quite comfortable until the next cramp
comes on. Another sign when caused by the food, the horse will turn
up the upper lip as though in nausea. _ Under favorable circumstances or
cases, the spasms subside and the horse gets well, but if the cause of the
irritation is not removed then it will run into Enteritis. There is no
marked elevation in temperature. When pain increases pulse get hard.
Another cause is retention of the urine for a long time, due to the spas-
modie contraction of the neck of the bladder; this is a very rare cause.
It often comes on from some peculiarity of the horse, such as will not
urinate on the bare floor, some will not while in harness, so they carry
their urine until it becomes irritating. The feeces are sometimes hard,
small and scant in these cases, and the pulse is usually irritable. ‘There
is a difference between the trouble in the large and the small intestines;
if in the large they will be more like those seen in impaction of the colon,
but if in the small intestines, the symptoms will be as those just given.
Pain in small bowels is more severe than in large ones, therefore symp-

_ toms in large ones are very much less violent. He will stretch and back
“up against objects.

Treatment.—Bear in mind that bowel troubles are always serious;

_Colic is peculiarly urgent because it is so painful, and also because the

disease may get well of itself if you don’t hurry, as it sometimes does, so
lose no time when you are called to treat a Colic case. About 75 per
cent of Spasmodic Colic cases will get well if left to themselves; the first
thing to do is to give the horse plenty of room; if no other way, take out
of doors; then administer such drugs as will relieve pain and act as a
diffusive liniment; give diffusive stimulants, as ether, alcohol, spts. am-
monia, whisky. Anodynes that are useful are chloral, most important,
sulph. ether, cannabis indica, and in extreme cases morphia. Aconite is
looked upon as a fairly good remedy; it is antispasmodic. The old-fashion-
ed way was to give opium, but we think it is contra indicated because it

I ae OE A De ee
eat iT + } = ee, wa

56 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

has a tendency to allay the cramp and spasmodic contraction of the bowels,
and this should not be done because it is by this action of the bowels that

nature is endeavoring to throw off the irritating substance, so we wantthe

vermicular motion to go on instead of being stopped. We think that 75
per cent of the cases that-die treated with opium, would recover if it was
not given in this trouble. The drench that we use is

R ' Belladonna Fl. Ext. % dr.
Physostigma Fl. Ext. I dr.
Sod. Hyposulphate I Oz.
Ether KOZ. nai

Aqua ad. qs. to make one half pint. Give this as one dose, and if necessary
repeat in from fifteen minutes to half hour. Give large dose of oil; tobac-

co per rectumis good. Belladonna regulates the circulation, contracts the.

arteries, strengthens the beats of the heart and prevents congestion. Cala-

babean acts on the spinal cord, especially that portion which presides over

the bowels; it has much the same effect as its alkaloid—eserine; it helps

peristaltic ‘motion, especially of the large intestines. Soda hyposulph.
prevents fermentation and sweetens the bowels, and is slightly laxative;
sulph. ether is a stimulant and an anodyne; Dr. McKachran’s is tinct.
opium and spts. nit. ether, 2 ozs. of each, add water tomake % pint; this

is one dose. This isirrational. Hypodermic injections of eserine or mor- —

phine may be used; socotrine aloes may be given. Our drench will not
decompose; chloral hydrate will decompose if left long made; the spts.
nit. ether and hyposulph. sodium form a caustic substance. There is al-
ways danger when using the hypodermic needle, from some germ being
on it if not thoroughly cleaned. It is a good idea to give freely of ano-
dynes to keep the animal from rolling and throwing himself, so give
freely; when the case is not too severe, exercise will often assist in remoy-
ing the cause, but it is cruel when the horse is suffering severely. Dur-
ing recovery, give rest and change of food. If you are caught in a place
where you cannot get anything in drugs that you need, then you will find
that a piece of tobacco tied to the bit so the horse will swallow the juice,
.will prove a good remedy.

FLATULENT CoLIc—INTESTINAL FLATULENCE.—This is much ise

same as Spasmodic Colic, and in addition to the pain, the bowels are —

distended with gas. This is due to the fermentation of the undigested ~

food, also the Flatulency that accompanies Enteritis; also that accom-—

panying impaction of the colon, but in these last two it is not so distress- —

ing usually. We are also inclined to think that Intestinal Flatulency is
not so painful as Spasmodic Colic, and is caused more by the distension
of the bowels than by cramp; but the danger is greater—nearly as great
as from Gastric Flatulency, or, perhaps more so, because in this case
there is no chance for the gas to escape, consequently there is great
pressure upon the diaphragm, causing Asphyxia and death; in excessive
distension, rupture of diaphragm. In some cases we find the rectum
protruding from two to eight inches out of the anus.

Diagnosis.—We find the flanks distended and drum-like between the
flanks and the last rib, and this will show in different animals according
to the length between the hip and the last rib; the longer they are the
plainer will show the drum-like appearance. The long ones are the

fortunate ones, because the length allows space for the swelling; while in

i

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VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. Sy

the shorter coupled horses the swelling may press against the diaphragm,

suffocating them much easier than it would those of the other conforma-

tion. So in looking over a case, we are often led astray in the short

horse by the swelling not being apparent, and at the same time the
Dyspncea is always greater in the short than in the long horse. We find
there is danger of rupture of the intestines or intestinal walls; also of the

diaphragm. ‘Then, if neither of these occurs, the horse may still die
from great prostration.

‘Treatment—Is more or less difficult, because we cannot reach the
seat of the trouble with medicine. Chemical agents are held in variable
estimation by different practitioners, but we use hyposulph. soda, also
bicarbonate soda—this one when it reaches the place of the trouble, has
been robbed of its alkaloid. Carbonate ammonia, wood charcoal, carbolic
acid, or any other antiseptic may be used. The best thing for the trouble
zs oul of turpentine, as it is quickly taken up by the blood vessels; it is
said that in r5 minutes after giving you can detect it in the urine; it is
an anti-ferment and anti-acid. Usually we give’in ounce doses in half
pint of oil, then itis always advisable to give anodynes and liberally;
this is to relieve pain and to relax the parts, but the passage to the place
is so obstructed by the bowels pressing upon themselves that it is often
impossible to reach the point needed; this pressure also prevents the
escape of the gas. ‘Turpentine stimulates the heart—don’t forget the

- anodynes. Lobelia is highly esteemed; also chloroform, chloral hydrate,
_ sulphuric acid and tobacco, especially tobacco smoke. Stimulating injec-
_ tions are often very beneficial; we often give 2 ozs. of glycerine in 2 ozs.
of water, per rectum; soap and water injections are also good when the
rectum is not protruding too far. Always be careful in injecting that
_ you do not puncture the rectum—hbe very gentle in passing in your tube.
_ serine is very good in this case; many try it with nothing else, but I
think it had better be given in small doses, as it produces the greatest
- pain. It increases the pain about ten times after about 15 minutes, and
_ for about 15 minutes; this is due to the sudden firm contraction of the
bowels, and if there is no congestion or inflammation it will do no harm,
but if there is any it may prove fatal. So I think it should be given
early, and I would rather give in % gr. doses than in 1 or 1% grs.
Don’t think that pylocarpine is any good; the trocar is the most reliable
of all, and we always carry one in our pocket, as at the time you need it
__ there will be no time to go for one. A horse may often be saved when
_ he is about dying, by tapping, and we know from experience that there
— isno danger from it. You may tap when there is great Dyspncea, but if
there is none I would not tap; but when the horse is suffering greatly
from Dyspncea, do not hesitate too long—that is, until great prostration
has set in, when it may not do much good. You may tap on either side,
but the best results are from the right side, about two inches back from
the last rib, and about its middle, or even at the lower third. Clip off
the hair from a spot about the size of your finger nail; then, with a
scalpel, cut through the skin about 34 of an inch deep and 34 of an inch
long; then point your trocar zzward, downward and forward. Stand at
_ arm’s length for fear of kicks, push the trocar in as far as the ferule,
pull out, and leave the cannula in.
‘There are two kinds of gas formed in these cases; one is carburetted

ogee Tee re mE

58 THEORY ae PRACTICE.

a

hydrogen, which will burn, and the carbon dioxide, which will ae ‘anes
If you do not enter the bowel, then draw out the trocar, all but an inch ©
of it, and then push it in in another direction, but never straight i in. Ihave.
had to tap.as often as seven times before the horse was cured. Immedi- —
ately after tapping use your medicine. Nine out of ten times tapping —
will give relief, but your work is not done after it, so continue your
treatment. Never leave the cannula in longer than a few minutes, for if —
left in, maybe for only five minutes, nature begins to throw out an —
exudate around the punctured edges, and this will fasten around the
cannula and may cause a fistula in the intestines; or some of the contents
of the bowel may drop into the abdominal cavity and cause Enteritis.
Also always place your finger over the opening of the cannula when with-
drawing it; this prevents the contents dropping out into the abdominal
cavity. Alway s use the small trocar for the horse and the large one for —
cattle, because you tap into the bowel of thehorse, and into the rumen
in cattle; also the horse is more vascular, and the nerve supply is greater.
If you have to repeat the tapping, never tap in the same opening; you
avoid striking the kidneys by not.going in straight, and the bladder by
not going in backwards. You are apt ‘to strike the colic or mesenteric —
arteries, but there is no way to be sure how to avoid them; if you strike ©
one the blood will flow out of the cannula; don’t get scared, but draw —
out the cannula part way and insert the trocar in another direction; I~
have struck them and never had any bad result follow, as blood does not —
cause inflammation in the cavity. The untoward results that may follow
are, Peritonitis, Tetanus, abscess in the mesentery, or in the walls outside —
of the peritoneum, and Intestinal Fistula. Peritonitis, by the contents —
of the bowel passing out into the abdominal cavity; this can be told by ©
the juice coming out of the cannula; Tetanus, on account of the Tetanus —
germ getting into the wound; put lard on outside of hole, if you think —
horse i is liable to get tetanic; abscesses in the mesenteric by the trocar
going into it. %
SEMETOLOGY oF ABSCESS.—Back arched, belly drawn up, pulse in-
creased. Four to six days after tapping, make a rectal examination with |

<

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- io” e*.

the hand; if the abscess is near the surface it can be felt by the hana
easily; it should be tapped. The abscess outside may be caused by a
dirty trocar, or by hair passing in with the cannula, or the intestinal —
juice may drop off into the cavity; these are unfortunately too common;.
with this there is pain on pressure. Cut down through the original —
opening, locate the abscess and bear it downward, then tap in the bottom —
—one, two or three times, no harm; then insert a piece of oakum into the ©
opening, the large one, first dusting it with iodoform. These abscesses
may work down as far as the stifle, “if let run long; in this case you can —
cut quite boldly. 4

The Intestinal Fistula is recognized by the offensive and unsightly —
discharge through the opening. The best treatment we have for this is —
cauterizing; if less than three weeks old, I would try peroxide of ©
hydrogen, and close the external opening; if running long enough to ~
form a pipe, we cauterize by shooting down sulphate copper, 1 oz. to the
pint of water—say 1 dr. at atime, and close the opening with a plug;
after four or five days take out the plug and see if stopped; if not, ©
repeat with a little weaker solution, and close as before. On account of

i” alanine ie
WV So tatotese

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 59

the possibility of these bad results, many or some do not like to have

their horses tapped, so only fall back on it as a last resort; some pour

hyposulphate soda down the cannula to prevent a return of the Flatulency.

_ Tapping is the best treatment in the case of the ox. In their case always
tap on the left side, and always a little lower down than in the horse, and
in the same direction as in the horse.

INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTIONS.—Ist, Calculi; 2d, Hernia and Stran-
gulation; 3d, Stricture; 4th, Alteration of the Position; 5th, Lntussiscep-
tion. Disturbances which these obstructions produce; sometimes the
obstructions themselves are the result of some previous deranged condi-

tion. Calculz are recognized of two kinds—the hard and the soft; the
soft are formed with dust, hair, ete. Calcwlz are usually harmless as
long as they remain in their pockets, but as soon as one loosens it will
cause a bagging of the part; as it grows heavy it will bag the more, and
_as the walls increase in thickness they decrease in sensibility. When a
calculus rolls from its pocket it proves a very serious thing, and does
great harm, often causing death. The solid ones are composed of lime
and magnesia, mostly lime, the calcareous matter in the food forming
around the nuclei: .
: HERNIA AND STRANGULATION.—This is defined as a protrusion of
_the bowels through an improperly closed umbilical, causing Umbilical
Hernia. It always occurs in young animals; it is sometimes the omen-
tum, other times the bowel itself. Sometimes it passes through the
abdominal ring, then we have Inguinal Hernia; this is usually seen only
in entire males. When the bowel passes through a rupture of the
abdominal wall, we call it Ventral Hernia, in which case the skin alone
holds it from falling to the ground. It is usually caused by kicks from
_ other horses, getting horned, or from falls on the ice. In case of rupture
of the diaphragm, the bowels may pass into the chest, called Diaphrag-
matic Hernia, and is generally a rupture of the muscular portion of the
diaphragm. When the bowel in Inguinal Hernia passes clear down into
the scrotum, then it is Scrotal Hernia; this can only occur in the male.

Etiology.—If the bowel in protruding is placed so there is no chance
for free passage of the feces and free circulation of the blood, Strangula-
tion takes place with the results, first, the bowel swells, due to the con-

gestion induced by the interference of the circulation; if very severe, the
bowel will turn black and die in a few hours—then it is only a question
of time till the animal dies. This rupture may have occurred a year be-
tore, but not so that there was any interference to the feecal matter or the
Circulation. If it comes from hardening of the feces or from pressure on
the outside, it may take it from ten to fifteen days to do any harm. Um-
bilical Hernia is very common in colts, lambs, sheep and in babies, not
so often in calves. Ventral Hernia is generally seen in cattle, seldom
ever in horses. Diaphragmatic from itsnature, is necessarily fatal, but
horses may die showing the peculiar signs or symptoms of Enteritis. In-
guinal Hernia occurs in wholly males, and if in geldings then the inguinal
canal is not obliterated. In the stallion this canalis kept large by the
_ working of the spermatozoon cord. All Hernia can be seen by the outside
enlargement, except the Diaphragmatic. "The symptoms attending Stran-
_ gulation of the Bowel are much the same as seen in Spasmodic Colic, but is
_ very rapid in Hernia of the Inguinal Hernia; the pain is terribly severe

60 THEORY AND PRACTICE. Bienes.

and may come on in an hour; the others come on more slowly.
leads to Strangulation quickly, ‘then gangrene may take place.
called upon to treat stallions for Colic, szspect Hernia—always, —
autopsy, find protruded portion black. :

Treatment.—For Hernia, depends upon the location of it. Umbilie :
you are usually called upon to treat this in little animals, from a day up
to several months old. It is very common among puppies, especially the
Pug. In some cases the omentum alone protrudes, in fact, ina majority
of cases. Depending upon the size of the animal, we adopt—first thing,
to close the opening, of course first reducing the Hernia; if it is easy to”
put back, then it is the bowel, but if difficult, then it is the omentum.
Always lay the animal on its back to close the opening; one way being
close with clamps on the skin, another is to ligate; another is to open the
skin and sew up the rupture. Always be sure there is none of the bowel
left out, gather as much of the skin as was in the swelling, then ligate
all this skin, or put several skewers through, and ligate below them. —
This is followed by the inflammation that will be set up and which causes”
an exudate, tumefaction, adhesion, and consequent organization of t
exudate and healing of the parts. Remember all these surgical opera-
tions are to be performed antiseptically, If in twenty-four hours, with
the clamps, the parts begin to swell; in forty-eight very large, and i in
sixty hours it may be enormous. Don’t be frightened, that is what you
want; in a week or ten days this skin will die and drop off; if not, in”
twelve days you can cut it off. Always tie moderately tight —never so”
much as to cause death by Strangulation. <4

VENTRAL HERNIA. Treatment of this depends upon the size of it;
if three inches in diameter, there is no use to treat it, but if two inches,
it is easy to handle; this is usually found high up on ‘horses, due to kicks, |
but low down on cattle, due to horning. If less than two inches, or ever
two inches, treat asin the Umbilical, only it causes a pucker in the healing;
but you can draw the edges together and keep on restricted food diet for
about ten days, when it will heal. If it is necessary, clip off the hair, but
you can clean the hair niceiy and use it as gauze to sprinkle in the iodoform.
Another way to close this is by the use of the hypodermic needle, injecting
with some irritating substance, as solution of common salt, filtered; inject
about one dram about an inch apart, in several or more circles around the
opening, say over a space of four inches. Or instead of this, ina fresh case,
put on a strong blister; a truss would be good, but impossible to keep it on.
I would prefer the injections of salt for a valuable horse, as it will not
pucker; or you can open the skin perpendicularly over the opening and use
fine silk or catgut to sew up the rupture; when the sutures rot out, there
may be an exudate of lymph from the external opening, and the sutures
are often absorbed or come out in little pimples. Sew up the external
opening with number twelve silk, and take good strong hold on the skin;
treat antiseptically and bandage. -

INGUINAL ScroTar, HERNIA IN SraLtions.—This is difficult t
handle. Lay him down, something like for castration; if it has not beeil
in existence very long it is easy to put back; if down into the scrotum, I
find we get the best results by inserting ‘the hand in the rectum, first
giving him 2 ozs. of chloroform or 1 and yA ozs. of chloral, then in abou t
fifteen minutes he will be quiet and oa can go to work; it may be well

VETERINARY Se AND SURGERY. 61

Bien to produce entire anzesthesia, as it will help you by causing a com-
‘plete relaxation of the parts. With the hand in the rectum you can
easily find the abdominal ring, then with the help of the hand on the out-
side you can force back the bowel ; be very gentle with the hand that is
‘in the rectum. It may be necessary to open up the skin; use a probe-
pointed bistoury to enlarge the ring, this only when all other ways are
useless, but the Hernia must be reduced. After operating for this, put
the horse in a narrow, single stall, and have the hind parts elevated until
it heals. Give dry brand and very little hay. It is sometimes necessary
for him to lose a testicle in this case; warn owner that it may not be suc-
cessful.
STRICTURE IN THE INTESTINES.—Occurs much the same as any-
stricture in, any other part; some local irritation exists and is continued
for an indefinite length of time, setting up chronic inflammation; the result
of this being proliferation and cicatrization. Stricture occurs by a thick-
ening of the intestinal walls, and by constriction reducing the calibre of
the intestines. We find that the walls instead of being large and dilata-

ble are very thick and inelastic; sometimes this occurs on the outside of
‘the bowel, but usually in the body of the wall. Sometimes following

stricture we have a degeneration of the Neoplastic tissues, and as a rule
‘it organizes and becomes white fibrous tissue and remains with the ani-
‘mal, interferes with free passage of the feeces, and leads to Enteritis and

death; this could not probably be diagnosed during life, but it would do
no good if we could. In the human they have cut out this constriction;
the operation is called Enterectomy, or as now they call all operations on
the belly— Laparotomy.

Alteration of Position of the Bowels.—Under this head comes Tw TSU.

Gut Tie or Enlargement. This usually occurs consequent to and depend-
ent upon rupture ‘ot the mesentery, spoken of by some authors as Mesen-
‘teric Hernia. In this we find a rupture of the mesentery, and the bowel

passing through this rupture gets the twist, etc., and interferes with the

passagé of the feces. This must have occurred while rolling, etc., but

‘itis a conundrum how. I think there must have been some degenera-
tion of tissues before this could occur—these twists, etc. They generally
occur in the small intestines, but can in the large ones by the bowel fall-
ing across the other. It is almost impossible to diagnose during life.

INTUSSUSCEPTION— V OLVULIES—INVAGINATION.—Or the passage of

a portion of an intestine into another portion of the same one. ‘This isa
comparatively common accident and can occur only as the result of some
textural change in the bowel—one portion of the bowel being unhealthy,
and the healthy part anterior to it, slips into it.

Etiology.—Some violently increased peristaltic, generally after some
‘severe purgative has been given. ‘The most common is the ileum into
the ileo czecal valve, or into itself.

, Semeiology.—Symptoms are the same as Colic and Enteritis; they are
‘TMTuch the same in all the cases—there is nausea, profuse perspiration,

violent and increasing pains similar to Colic. By inserting the hand into
he rectum you can often tell the trouble, where the colon falls over it-
elf; but where the ileum passes into itself, I don’t think you could feel
t. In the latter stages of this trouble there will be considerable Flatu-

ACS Sg TL), ee Pe

62 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

lency and persistent pain present. The animal usually dies. stupid, :
the horse also becomes apparently blind. a
Treatment.—Of this, must depend upon the circumstances. ey
can’t practice Enterectomy, because the animal must lie on its b
after the operation, in order to insure success; this is why it can be pr
ticed in the human. Eserine used subcutaneously may overcome alter
tions in position. Anodynes, diffusive stimulants, fomentations, ole
inous laxatives, are indicated. "There is a pectiliar phenomenon
cattle—where a portion of the ileum passes into the colon and then
comes stopped, and Strangulation and sloughing take place of the p
that is passed the ileo ceecal valve, the remaining healthy portion
hered to the valve and the sloughed part has passed out, making a good |
recovery. Cattle have been known to pass six feet of intestines this way —
and recover; in human, from one or three inches to a foot, and make a
nice recovery. After the sloughing off, there is an exudate that. causes .
the joining or adhesion. In all these cases, where it is a valuable horse, —
it is well to make an autopsy when they die, to prove to the owner ee ~
you were right. .
PROLAPSUS OF THE RECTUM.—Spoken of as Fduzses. This is
protrusion of the rectum out through the anus; it may be only an inch |
two, as in the horse, or may be a foot or fifteen inches in pigs or dogs;
in cattle, accompanying calving, from two to four feet is not uncommon.
It may occur in any of the animals, and asaruleis dueto either)
Constipation, Diarrhcea, or straining accompanying parturition. In horses, —
cattle and pigs, mostly due to Constipation; in dogs, to Diarrhcea; cattle
also in Parturition. If it is not excessive there is no danger, but if ex-
cessive and left out an hour or so, then comes Strangulation at the anus;
the cause of this is the contraction of the sphincter ani upon the protrud-—
ing bowel—this is followed by gangrene and sloughing off of the part.
One of the most common causes of this trouble in the horse, is soap in-|
jected by stablemen and some left in, during Colic; also in ee
animals when the pasture is dry and they cannot get water:
Treatment.—Wash the protruded part with some antiseptic and L
soothing lotion, as olive oil with a little carbolic acid, and add to this a
little opium : with this always give a good anodyne, then carefully and
gently replace the protruding bowel.’ After the bowel has been replaced, ~
nature feels the eee and acts as if it was feecal matter, and there is”
spasmodic straining; so to prevent this give anzesthetics, as chloral hy-—
drate, and repeat; this to be given in the mouth. The straining makes:
it difficult to keep the bowel ‘back, so along with the above give rectal in-~
jections of opium; after the gut is replaced, oil your hand and insert an
remove all the faeces that you can; good to use a little soap and water,
but not enough so stimulate the ‘bowels; then after a while it would be
well to give a “laxative. Remember that it is an easy matter to run you
finger through the gut while in this state, so in placing the gut back, use
an ointment of tannic acid and opium aa, rubbed up with vaseline « or
lard, and use your palms. Next day give a stimulant, as sulphur and
lard; sulphur 2 dr., lard 1 oz.; apply this. Give the animal plenty of
water and soft feed; never give aloes, instead, give oleaginous laxatives;
melted lard is good for laxative of bovine. When it comes from Diar-
- rhoea, as in the puppy, give anti-acids and anodynes; in the dog, after

by

ad

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VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 63

e. replacing, injection of starch is good; then afterward sew up the opening

of the anus and leave in two or three days. In case the protruded bowel
_ becomes gangrened and sloughs off, you can interfere with a little sur-
me sery, ficert your finger into the out and cut the outside skin about an
-fnch from the anus and above the eangrene,then draw out the inner part
_ and cut off the remaining part. Sew these two parts together, then care-

fully push back into the anus; that is sewing the healthy part of the

_ bowel to the sphincter ani. Make the sutures about half inch apart, or

leave the part on after sewing and it will slough off at that place; this
will work good in dogs.

PILES—HEMORRHOIDS.—These are bleeding piles; they are little
congested parts of the mucous membrane lining the rectum; they may be

in afoot or fifteen inches: ‘They are very troublesome in the human,

and the same cause produces them that produces prolapsus—as Consti-
_ pation, ete. The hard feecal matter irritates the mucous membrane and —
- causes a little local inflammation that finally becomes chronic.

Symptoms.—When the horse goes to dung, will switch his tail from

_ side to side, or up and down between his legs; as the faeces comes out he

shows the itching by rubbing his tail against something, and there is a

_ general uneasiness; the dog will sit down on his anus and slide around
> that way.

Treatment.—Laxative food, a great deal of water, few handfuls of

_ bran along with his oats—this to stimulate the secretions. We find an
- ointment of sulphur and lard, 1 to 8 or 1 to 4, introduced liberally is

pet

beneficial, also very good in human,—beats nut galls. For the human,

_ the best thing to do is to relax the bowels with apples, night ‘and morn-
_ ing, or some such fruit and plenty of water and exercise. In case these
_ piles are old and won’t give way to treatment, then excise them; dilate
_ the anus with a speculum and remove with an ecraseur, cauterizing them
- afterwards with electric needle heated white hot; this isthe way it is
performed i in the human.

-IMPERFORATED ANUS. This | is found in little animals after birth;

_ there is no opening; it is seen more in little pigs than in other animals,

but it occurs in babies, foals, and calves. "This must be attended to in

‘not more than two days, or you can do no good. Cut in with scalpel,

if necessary insert a plug of oakum to kéep the place open. Where the

rectum terminates in a blind pouch, but the opening of the anus is all

right, insert your finger and draw back the rectum to the ring of the
anus, then cut an opening and stitch the edgesto the anus. You can

easily find the rectum, as it will be filled with the feces. ‘These are

— common occurrences.

RUPTURE OF INTESTINAL WALIS.—This occurs the same as rupture
of the stomach, and is always the result of some other intestinal disturb-
ance—a most common cause is the reckless violence used in evacuation;
this occurs in the rectum, when from other causes it will be in the colon.

It is always fatal, and the animal will die from collapse or syncope.

Sometimes the food passes out of the rupture into the abdominal cavity,

then the animal dies from Peritonitis, which is set up; this is rare.

‘Semeiology.—There is no absolute diagnosis, the symptoms being

, much the same as the others. You will notice after a violent pain
and other symptoms, that the animal gets quiet; to an ordinary observer

:
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64 THEORY AND PRACTICE. he

it might be thought that this was an evidence of relief, but you ca
the dejected, haggard countenance, begins to sweat, gets weak, lies do
gets up and sits on his haunches, makes effort to vomit; ‘respirati
becomes weaker, frequently the expired air is cold; there is violen
straining without any apparent cause, the pulse grows ‘rapid rapidly, and —
smaller and harder; as death approaches, will lie down, get up, brace the —
legs and finally drop. In case the rupture is small and the feecal matter .
passed out into the abdominal cavity, the animal will die in from two to
three days from Peritonitis, but usually in from one to six hours from x
syncope. The only positive proof as to the cause of death in these cases —
that we have, isin autopsy. Ifthe owner wants it done, with a law d
suit in view, charge him $25.00, but if for his own satisfaction, then —
$5.00. In human practice there are various operations performed | for.
these troubles, that are impracticable in veterinary. In cattle, more a
liberty can be taken i in operating on the belly than in the horse, aes ¥
horse being so vascular and having such a great nerve supply. vot
Enrerrris.—Is inflammation of the bowels, and is the most serious —
inflammatory trouble the horse is subject to. It most often affects the —
large intestines in the horse; when the small bowels are affected you ~
may come to the conclusion that it is due every time to poisoning; when —
due to any other cause, you will find it in the large bowels. It starts —
usually in a circumscribed tract, but this would depend upon the catise. |
When Enteritis follows impaction of the colon it is large; if from Intus- —
susceptions or Calculi, it would be circumscribed, ‘but would spread —
rapidly. In the pathogenesis there is considerable difference of opinion; —
some say it starts in the muscular coat, and some say in the mucous; the —
probability is, that it starts in the mucous and involves the rest. It ©
comes on very suddenly, runs a rapid course, and invariably tern aoe 4
fatally. It runs its course in from six to eight hours; in some cases it —
may run on twenty or more, but we frequently see the horse dead after
the first six hours.
Prof. Williams is inclined to look upon Enteritis as Apoplexy Bed
the Bowel, and there are some sy mptoms the same. Apoplexy aookesal
to congestion and hemorrhage, that is why we get such strong Blame
alike. Symptoms in common,—-we find the bowels more or less filled —
with blood, indicating hemorrhage; it is possible that there are ruptures —
of small blood vessels, but there is always inflammation present, so if ta
starts in Apoplexy it terminates in Enteritis in such acase. Suppose ©
the cause is congestion—wwe have violent active congestion, and possibly —
rupture of some “of the capillaries; this occurs in the mucous coat and ex
tends to and involves the muscular and parts of the serous; the Hernia i is
so severe we get considerable congestion, but not enough to cause gan-
grene; but inflammation runs its course and results in gangrene, and as
said, the horse is agreat deal more liable to it than any other animal— ©
many times more so thas the ox, dog, or human, and with the other —
causes, the stomach of the horse is so small and the intestines large. Cat- a
tle and pigs frequently recover; horses—very seldom, may say never.
Etiology.—Causes are very obscure, the disease coming on when the |
animal appears in the best of health, so can only say it must be due to or ~
from indigestible matter in the food. It might be that the horse coming —

in during dirty, muddy weather has had the. hose turned on his belly, the
ei

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VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. | 65

water ice cold—followed by Enteritis in afew hours. We also find that
if horses are kept too long on the same kind of food; or putting the horse
to hard work too soon after eating may cause Colic, followed by Enteri-
tis; or there may be mechanical injuries or parasites—as the Strongylus
Tetracanthus; so all causes that produce Colic, we may say, produce also
Enteritis. Why ?—Can’t tell.

Semeiology.—First, while congestion is taking place, there is con-
siderable dullness; the horse hangs his head, refuses his food, and there
is nervous depression that operates on the mind, we believe, as in the hu-

‘man; pain comes on gradually, in the course of a few hours comes on rapidly;

begins to kick and paw, walks around, turns nose to flank, switches the tail;
pain is continuous and grows worse; quick pulse, increases in frequency,
is quick and irritable, becomes hard; temperature may be from 103 to 105
in the course of an hour; as the pain increases, the breathing increases

and keeps it up; the ears and extremities get cold; friction on the stomach

causes pain; lies down gently; the continuous character of the pain is in-
variable when he passes feeces; the visible mucous lining is very red; the
pulse as it runs on may get up to 60 or 80; there is a terribly haggard
expression of the countenance. ‘Towards the end of the disease the mind
is affected and the animal becomes stupid, blind, deaf, and walks around
with his nose to the floor, becomes delirious, crazy as a loon; sometimes
stops, takes long sighs; the surface of the body becomes bathed with

- sweat, mouth gets cold, visible mucous membranes are livid, and towards

the last half hour, havea bluish pallor. Just before death the pain may

_ cease and the horse remain quiet till death, which soon comes. When

this has occurred we conclude gangrene has taken place; if you take his

pulse it is slow.

Post-Mortem.—On opening, the outer coat will be red in patches;
you can usually determine the bowel by the color, may be the colon, and
from four to six feet of it. Sometimes it may also involve the cecum;
the mesentery is also injected; the omentum often is quite black. You

will find the red bowel much thickened, and mucous coat black as tar;

bowel is partly filled with bloody fluid; on the surface of the mucous

_ membrane there is usually a coagulation, a jelly-like accumulation—this

is proof that inflammation existed. Cows often get Enteritis from licking
the paint off newly-painted pipes, etc., or they get the poison from the
yew tree or poison ivy.

Treatment.—This is very difficult to treat in the horse, for we think

‘itincurable. But give rational treatment as the case calls for; purgatives

or laxatives are contra indicated; opium is indicated in large doses to stop
the peristaltic, and if you can keep it so for three or four days, may effect
acute. ‘This gives inflammation time to subside. Belladonna is also indi-
cated; give % oz. powdered opium the first dose, and 1 dr. in each dose

_ after; give mucilaginous drinks for several days. When he is picking up,

in case of recovery, give 1 pint of linseed oil; establish the peristaltic very

f gradually; the first passage may be in ten or fifteen days. Make appli-
- cations of hot water and blanket and mustard. If the opium does not

suffice, give hypodermic injections 5 to 10 grs.; morphine and aconite

' may be given from the start—fl. ext. 5 to 7 drops. Givea little acetate

potash to keep the kidneys in good condition. In case of recovery, give
stimulants, alcohol, ale, etc. Wherever there is much tendency to con-

ey aA

Hh SPL VM eee RIE Cee Ra

66 THEORY AND PRACTICE. Cie ae

gestion, bleeding might be good; also gentian and camphor are very go
in all bowel troubles.

PERITONITIS.—Inflammation of the peritoneum; the serous me
brane of the mesentery occasionally becomes involved in the inflamma-
tion, much the same as in Pleurisy. Associated with Peritonitis in the ~
third stage is dropsy of the abdominal cavity; this is called Ascites;
this disease exists in both the acute and chronic forms. In Peritonitis —
there are pains as in Enteritis, but not so severe. Ascites resembles _ 4
Hydrothorax.

Etiology.—Wounds of sone kind, particularly those that punch
the bowels, or by septic poisoning, as this part of the body is more liable
to development of germs than any other part. If there is a wound in the ©
abdominal cavity, the introduction of a single germ may result fatally; —
so we find that wounds in the abdominal cavity are almost always fatal,
especially in the horse. Simple castration is often a cause, and often it ©
follows tapping for Flatulency, though in my case, all that died from tap- —
ping, died from Enteritis or some other cause than Peritonitis. The Stron-
gy lus Armatus is the worst germ we have in this case; there is an infect-_
tious form associated with Parturition and with Metritis, which frequently
follows Parturition... This form is called Metra- Peritonitis, and is |
very common in the human and lower animals. My opinion is, that 3
there is often too much interference with the vagina when uncalled for, |
in woman, which causes this disease by the introduction of some germ. :,
Gastric and intestinal ruptures, with passage of food into the abdominal —
cavity, cause it. Then we find the chronic form caused from starvation,
especially in old animals turned out to grass, or from chronic liver troubles; |
in dogs, from kicks in the belly, or from lying out at night—lies. on his 4
belly on the ice or snow; also in the horse, from heart and liver troub-—
les: these often cause the Ascites, but before you can have the acute, you
must have some disorganized condition of the peritoneum.

Semeiology.—The horse manifests abdominal pains, not so severe as
in Enteritis—it resembles the Colic more. ‘The pain is more subacute, —
the horse will lie down quietly, gently, not roll or sweat, but will try to ~
get on his back if he can, and against the partition; will often lie thus 4
for half an hour at a time.: “There i is pain on pressure of the belly, .
appetite not affected at first, but as the disease runs on the appetite is —
lost; pulse is increased in frequency, is rapid, small and hard, isirritable, ~
quick. In the course of from two to ten days, according to the rapidity,
Ascites develops. As the Ascites develops the pain diminishes; he is-
easier, but we can see he is getting weaker; the pulse becomes wiry, veryg
wiry, ‘and he dies from collapse, syncope, heart failure; this is why he
may live longer than in Pleurisy. Ascites is recognized by the disten-
sion of the abdomen, due to the amount of water secreted—this is some-_
times enormous. In slowly developing Ascites, as in the case of Stron-_
gylus Armatus, it may run on for a month with very little suffering. |
You can diagnose by having an assistant percuss on the opposite side of
the abdomen: you can hear ‘the sound much plainer, andif he punches the
abdomen on his side youcan see the other side fluctuate, or you ca D
test with the trocar. The horse usually falls off in flesh while Ascites is
developing when caused by the Strongylus Armatus, but when from any,

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 67

_ other cause, there is a general running down of the condition, starry
- coat, visible mucous membrane anemic, eyes sunken, etc.

4 Prognosis.—lf the inflammation is circumscribed and of the mild
form, may be favorable, and vice versa if diffused and severe.

Post-Mortem.—You will find the bowels full of amber-colored fluid
(serous), resembles the water found in the chest; of course the amount
of color depends upon the amount of hemorrhage; if the Ascites devel-
oped very fast, will be red; but if as usual, slowly, then it will be serous
colored. You will find a certain amount of coagulation of this wa-
ter; the omentum is apt to be filled with coagulated serum. Inall cases
the peritoneum will be thickened and softened.

Treatment.—On general principles, treat the same as Enteritis; per-
fect quiet, soft food, no purgatives or laxatives; give opium and diffusive:
stimulants, as nit. ether, linseed tea, oatmeal gruel, etc. If the heart is
weak and will not respond to these, give digitalis; also give vegetable
_ bitters, as gentian, cinchona, also mineral tonies, iron, camphor; camphor

‘is good alone or with any of the others. Acetate potash or nit. ether
keeps the kidneys in shape; nux vomica and iodide potash with iron
during convalescence. When the amount of fluid in the belly is large,
draw off; this operation is called Paracentesis Abdomenis, and often
only palliates the trouble, and it may refill. Tap through the median
line posterior to the umbilical; always use a good-sized trocar. Some-
times the omentum or the Strongylus Armatus will bother you by clos-
_ ing the opening of the instrument, so you must use your ingenuity to

work it around. These worms are often found here three sixteenths of an
- inchin diameter and three incheslong. Incase of Ascites we often get good
_ tesults from pumping in an aqua solution of iodine; this is good in small
animals also; 1 to 2 drams to the pint of tepid water—have the water the
_ same temperature as the body.

DYSENTERY.—Sometimes called Bloody Flux; this is an inflammatory
disease and affects the large intestines, particularly the rectum. ‘The
fever with it is of a low order or form, spoken of as Typhoid, is accom-
panied with a fluid discharge from the bowels, characterized by large
quantities of mucous streaked with blood, and Tenesmus (spasmodic
contraction) of the Rectum, and straining—violent fits of straining.
This is closely allied to Diarrhoea; it may run into Diarrhcea, but differs
from it in that there is fever and local inflammatory action, attended by
serious tissue changes; or rather specific changes.

Etiology.—In some there is a predisposition to it; Prof. McEchran
_ Says that cattle of a light red, blue or black color, knees close, narrow
chest, tucked-in flanks, etc., are predisposed. Dr. Baker thinks the col-
OF depends upon the health, not the health upon color; may be caused by
unfit grass from low-lands or from hard work and poor food. ‘The horse
seldom has it. Cattle are generally weakened by some other disease be-
fore, such as contagious Pleuro- Pneumonia, Malarial Fever, Typhoid,
Tuberculosis, etc. ipeweieeee often ends the case of any of these diseases.
Another way they may get it is from the germs on the grass in low
ground that was overflowed. Hemorrhage is a prominent feature of
Dysentery.

Semeiology.—It starts out in most cases as a case of Diarrhcea, but
_ that is in the early stage before the bleeding or bloody appearance of the

68 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

feeces; soon after the starting of the Diarrhoea there is a fever with rigors
and great prostration; the pulse is quick and irritable, more or less rapid
the coat is dry, hard and starry; loss of appetite, great thirst, frequent pain-_
ful evacuation, increasing in violence; Tenesmus of the rectum, proven by
the actions of the animal—the cow will stand with all her feet in a bunch, |
back arched and straining, spasmodic cramps of the rectum, discharges m
a fluid feecal matter. In the early stage this matter is mostly mucous,
slightly red, and may have some jelly-like matter and thread-like tissue _
through it; this is very offensive, it comes from the gangrene of little cir-

cumscribed parts, supposedly of the folicles. There issome hemorrhage, __
and the Tenesmus has a tendency to rupture the capillaries, hence the
streaks of blood in the discharge—sometimes it is very bloody. The dis-
ease has as great a tendency to Y be fatal as any disease we might have, and
is common both to man and the lower animals. It is usually the evi- » 4
dence of the breaking down of the whole system from some other disease.
After it has been running 6n for some time, there is much evacuation of
water; there is a tremendous thirst; we find that some of the discharge
is gluey. After it has run on three or four days, there is Mae and
the animal dies from collapse. .

Post-Mortem.—There is a swollen hyperzemic membrane at the 75
bowels; the glands of the mucous membrane may be ulcerated as well as #9
some of the surrounding tissues. In cattle we usually find Tuberculosis
in different parts of the body, often quite general; we find it in the liver,
mesentery, udder, ete. In little animals where it follows Diarrhcea, we ~
see extreme pallor. oe

Treatment.—Good nursing is the best of all; warm clothing and warm
bandages to the legs; give bland fluid drinks, small doses of oil; give
diuretics in small doses, quinine and vegetable bitters: opium to arrest
the cramps, especially opium and starch gruel injected; give mineral as-
tringents, sulph. iron and copper, acetate lead, nitrate silver—these act
as tonics to the blood, and are all antiseptic. Ipecac and opium mixed
are good. :

Prognosis.—This is almost always unfavorable; there may be re-
covery, but as we see it in the lower animals as being the ending or break-
ing down of some other disease, there is little room to be favorable. ae

DISEASES THAT CATTLE ALONE ARE SUBJECT TO.

IMPACTION OF THE RUMEN.—This is almost always followed by
Rumenotomy. ‘This impaction occurs when an animal gets at oats
and fills up, or sometimes this trouble happens on the first grass as it is -
just shooting up, and the animal eats so much dry, indigestible chaff get- _
ting at the grass; but usually it is the grain, and the only way to get rid
of Impaction of the Rumen is to cut into and dip it out. You can recog-
nize this impaction by the peculiar swelling, and you can feelit solid and ~
dents on pressure; the animal gets stupid, and in a bad case, as said, you
‘must operate to relieve it. In a mild case, drench the animal with hypo- —
sulphate soda and give stimulants—as aromatic spts. of ammonia, ete. If —
you have to operate, secure the animal with ropes, then cutin onthe
left side, make a perpendicular opening about six inches long, about the ~
center of the last rib and downward. Clip off the hair first, cut through
the skin and tissues till you reach the rumen, then cut into this, but make &

vee

¥

;

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 69

the opening a few inches less than the other one; draw out the lips of the
wound in the rumen, and after placing a napkin to prevent the matter
dropping into the abdominal cavity, empty the rumen of all but about a
gallon, pour in large quantities of water, a bucketful with a pound of Ep-
som salts, then sew up the rumen withthe knots on the inside, spraying
occasionally while operating, with antiseptic; then sew up the other open-
ing with strong silk or wire. These operations are almost always favora-
ble. If they get into a clover field they will eat so much that they will soon
begin to bloat; Tympanites will take place, then you will have to tap
with the trocar and cannula, and you must hurry more than in Impaction
of the Rumen, because of the pressure on the diaphragm, andthe danger
of Asphyxia. Another peculiarity of cattle is to eat everything in
sight—as bones, wood, linen clothing; sometimes swallow large objects
like rake teeth, iron bolts, etc.; these may pass out through the rumen
and be removed from the side of the animal. The second stomach seems
to never have any such troubles, but the third stomach, called the omas-
um, has. Impaction in this has been given some provincial names, as
Fardle bound, Impaction of the Manifolds, etc. Impaction of the omas- °
um is very common, and other names givenit are, Dry Murrain and
Bake of Manyplies. Then we have also inflammation of the fourth
stomach, called Abdomasitis, and it is invariably present in impaction
of the omasum and often involves from four to six feet of the ileum; there
‘is always a certain amount of Enteritis in those parts.

Etiology.—Sudden and radical changes in feeding, severe errors in
dieting. In Canada, where they used to grind the corn, cob and all, we
often saw this trouble of the omasum. It is hard to tell just what is
the cause, but we think that the leaves of the omasum become partly
paralyzed as a result of overwork; the duodenum is usually involved.

Semeiology.—Bowels are often noticeably loose preceding the trouble
for several days, then followed by Constipation that lasts as long as the
disease, and the animal may die in five or six days. *There is a loss of
appetite and rumination is suspended; more or less fever, may be from
103 to 107—in bovines it doesn’t usually run high; respiration is in-
creased, and with the respiration there is a grunt; in this case you can
usually feel the omasum at the right flank low down. Pressure to the
belly will cause pain; sometimes the brain is affected and the animal
becomes stupid.

_ Treatment.—The contents of the stomach must be softened, so large
quantities of bland fluid is rational treatment, as linseed tea, and with it
- oleaginous laxatives—as a quart of melted lard; it acts better than any
_ other oil; or give from one to two qts. of linseed tea with a little calomel;
_ ux vomica and gentian are good; quinine may also be added to this; bicar-
_ bonate soda is highly recommended. Prof. Strangeway says salts are no
good; dose with oil and with a sedative, 8to12 ozs. sulph. magnesia, and
combined with the remedies 15 gr. doses of quinine, with a few drops of
sulph. acid; then give soft food.
Prognosis.—Unfavorable.

SURGERY.

a The first account we have of surgery as practiced on the lower ani-
_ mals, was 3500 years before Christ.

oy ee

1

dhs ad i age et alan Dl ae a
. wae T a . .

Sete Se atin mo Sy ite

it is also taken from ihe Greek.

Surgery as a science inquires into the nature, existence ahd seat of 4
disease; as an art, relates to the removal and suppressing, constitutin ay
cure.

Anatomical Surgery relates to that part where the operation is to be
performed.
In order to be a successful surgeon, it is necessary to have a three

ay
Operations are spoken of as aide eine or Complex, Bloodless or
Sanguinary. There is always more or less danger attending operations,
from shock or unexpected hemorrhage, etc., and it is always well to in-
form the owner against all possible dangers before operating. Oe
For the best methods of restraining the animal while operating, is
refer you to Fleming’s Operative Surgery. ye
The time of day as regards light, and the time of year as regards
the temperature, etc., cut some figure in all operations. te
A horse should be perfectly quiet before operation; if he has been
laid up, give exercise a day before the operation. a
_ Always have instruments to suit the animal and the operation you —
are to perform. Have your instruments, sponges, antiseptics, anzesthet- sh
ics, etc., always ready before beginning. ee
Minor Surgery is a term sometimes used instead of Simple Surgery. oi
Plastic Surgery applies to surgery on the soft tissues. .
A Wound is a solution of continuity. ae
Incised Wound is one made with a sharpinstrument—a cut.
A Punctured Wound is one made with a pointed instrument. (Stab. De a
A Lacerated Wound is one that is torn. Ks f
A Contused Wound is one that is bruised. ¥3
A Gunshot Wound is one made with a bullet or shot.
A. Poisonous Wound is one produced by poison.
The principal feature is what becomes of a wound; of course there is —
likely to be a hemorrhage; next is danger from septic poisoning by septic —
germs getting into the wound; these often run on to produce violent in-—
flammation, gangrene and death. If septic poisoning does not occur,
nature begins at once to heal the wound. f
Healing a wound is an inflammatory process—inflammation and pro-
liferation. “W e say wounds heal by first or second intention; first is by —
an intention; second by any other cause—it heals by granulation. The —
only difference between the first and the second is in the amount, as in
the first it is imperceptible to the naked eye, in the second it is very. well
marked and very perceptible. In the first the surfaces come together, in
contact with each other, and seem to stick together without granulation —
and suppuration, while in the second there is a gaping wound that fills”
up by granulation and proliferation and the forming of new tissues; this
is called Hyperplasia; or rather there is a condition ‘of Hyperplasia when
inflammation and proliferation take place; this newly formed tissue is”
nowadays called Neoplastic tissue; ae times it was called scar tissue, ete.

*

TON,
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VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 71

“HyPERTROPHY.—Means simple enlargement without forming any
- nhewtissue. In healing of wounds there is always Hyperplasia; in the
é second kind of healing there is often suppuration; in the first intention
there is none. ‘The suppuration from a wound is the union of leucocyte
: of the blood on the surface with the exudate of lymph from granular
. surface, and the pieces of broken down cells; this forms the pus that is
seen upon the surface of wounds. ‘This excess is an effort of nature to
prevent the introduction of the septic germ, they being caught Hse a fly
in molasses and carried away with the flow.

In this process by second intention of healing, after 24 dre the
bottom of the wound will be seen to be one red and somewhat
swollen, with some thread-like loose tissue among the normal ones; these
are the cells that have died, and all cells that are cut or injured, when

the wound occurred, die and break loose. The second day after, there
isa gelatinous appearance over the wound, a grayish red fluid; this is the
lymph; after this little red nodules, or granulations, will be seen on the
surface until finally the whole surface is covered with them, a mass of
little red piles; after two or three days these begin to proliferate. ‘This
surface is called the granulating surface. While this is going on the sur-
face is covered with a gelatinous creamy discharge. As the wound fills
up by granulation, nature fills the cavity; all this new tissue is called
_ granulating tissue, and is always white fibrous tissue and not of the
same nature of the part that the wound occurred in; the bone is partly
an exception, for after a time the tissue in the bone becomes ossified,
although not having all the nature of true bone; this explains the white
sear left after a wound has healed; this white scar is called a cicatrix.
Antiseptic Surgery.—Often a wound has become poisoned by the septic
germ before a surgeon sees it, so he iscalled on to treat it antiseptically,
that is against the septic poison. Proud Flesh, spoken of as exuberant
granulation, is usually poisoning of wound, composed of large weak
celis, soft to feel, frequently break down from suppuration; also bleeds
easily.
Sternberg’s table of antiseptics in use is as follows:

4

Be DESTROYS PREVENTS
; Cee Sublimate or Corrosive Chloride Mercury - 0.005 0.003
a) Todine - - - - - - - - 0.02 0.025
fee Carbolic Acid = - -. - - - - - 0 03 0.02
are oalicylic Acid - - - - - - Bille 0.05
+ Boracic Acid - - - - - - - 4. 0.05
Alcohol - - - - - - - 20. 20.

Dr. Billings says tannic acid is s the best of all, usually used in equal
parts with sugar of milk, rubbed together. Todoform is an elegant
a antiseptic, as iodoform, starch powder, boracic acid powdered, of each
_ equal parts. ‘This is now used in human practice. Dip gauze into it,
also sprinkle well with it, and place the gauze over the wound; this is
now called dry dressing. The iodoform alone is too irritating, and
boracic acid is very non-irritating. Now suppose we have a simple
wound—clip off the hair, wash well with warm water and soap, then
sponge over with clear alcohol or a weak solution of bichloride mercury,
“strength of .002 to .003, or 3 per cent carbolic acid, or 4 per cent sol.
boracic acid. If the wound is large it must be sewed up. We have
different kind of sutures: First, we have interrupted sutures, in which

eo Eee, a tae rd ‘ it 3
a KWAN finn, nOrk vi ‘a

72

terrupted suture is where the sutures pass in and out the whole ae
of the wound. The pin suture is for small wounds; you insert a pin
through the wound, and cross the silk over and back in a figure 8 style. —
In the twisted suture there are a number of pins, and the silk is twisted — “
in and out all along the wound to all the pins. The looped suture isc
where there is no care about a pucker; in this the suture is passed in —
and out a number of times, then all tied.in a bunch. Dossell is where
the ends are all separate and fastened on each side by some object, as
oakum. Quilled suture is where a quill or stick is placed on each side,
and the suture passed in and out of the wound, passing around the stick
or quill each time. Then there is the Crucial, the T, the Zigzag, oe v
the X suture.
The material used in sutures is usually silk, though silver wire ane “q
catgut also, according to the requirement. New one, kangaroo tendon. —
Needles are Straight, Curved, Medium Curved, Full Curved, Double
Curved or S-shaped.
Incisions are various in practice; they are either simple or composite. —
Simple is a simple straight cut. Composite ones are the T-shaped, —
V-shaped, Crucial, Crescentic, Elliptical, Circular, Rectangular and :
X-shaped. f
All incisions or punctures are made with a scalpel or with curved a.
or probe-pointed bistoury. ee
In opening deep abscesses, we usually use a scalpel; where it is not —
deep, we tsea curved bistoury; the trocar and cannula is sometimes used; —
also sometimes an exploring needle, but this is seldom used now, humane
physicians are discouraging its use. In all delicate operations, hold your
knife as you would a pen.
The next thing after incisions is hemorrhage—bleeding.
Hemostatic is the powder or anything used to stop the bleeding, and
Hemostasia is the stopping of the bleeding.
Hemostasia is of two kinds—Preventing and Arresting. Prevention —
first by external pressure; this may be applied by ligature placed around
the limb above the point of operation. , me
Tournique.—A binder put around the limb and twisted. If opera- —
tion, while bandage is on, should last more than ten minutes, take it off
and then re-apply; or by Esmarch’s bandage, by winding a bandage —
from the toe or finger up the limb to a distance above the point of opera-
tion, when the part below is taken off, then the blood is nearly all driven ~
out of the limb, making a nearly bloodless operation. ‘Then, instead of —
pressure, we sometimes freeze the Deen wort contracts the tissues anne

spraying, or with carbolic acid; then the seton and actual cautery are used
in stopping hemorrhage. ie

Next is to arrest. This is done by three means—physical, chemical - y
and surgical. ‘The physical are first, refrigerants; they produce cold—__
ice is one, the principal one. By stimulants, the principal one is hot —
water; this i is a TY, admirable remedy when the hemorrhage is profuse

Fahr. Next is creosote, ail turpentine and Beene The next are the
absorbents. These are anything that will take up the blood ang hole

Pee see ee

\

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. mae

they induce coagulation, as oakum, tow, lint, white flour, sponges, punk,
cobwebs, fuzzy side of sole leather, etc. In deep wounds these absorb-
ents can be pushed down into the wound—this is called plugging; in this
you have both physical and surgical. Charpie is a finely prepared lint
or tow. Chemical means are those we get to produce coagulation, chem-
ically. It includes first, all the astringents, all the caustics, and actual
cautery; these astringents and caustics are often spoken of as styptics—

they coagulate the albuminoid in the blood and the tissues as well as the

blood, by forming a clot by the coagulation of the albuminoid; for this
reason the chemical means are very objectionable, and are only resorted
to when other means fail. It is impossible to get healing by first inten-
tion after the use of caustics, as they destroy the tissues in the immediate
vicinity; so we prefer astringents instead, as alum, ete. Caustics are the
different preparations of iron, nit. silver, caustic potash, etc. They are
often applied by soaking tow or oakum in them, and placing them on the
wound. Vinegar is often used with a sponge to stop hemorrhage. Next
comes actual cautery with a heated iron; it cooks the flesh and contracts
the openings; necessarily the tissue is destroyed.

Surgical means are five in number—tst, compression; 2d, ligature;
3d, torsion; 4th, acupression; 5th, uncipressure. Compressure means
pressure in two ways—provisional and permanent. Provisional means
impromptu, or on the spur of the moment, as with the thumb or finger

-when first cut; permanent, that which is left on for some time; compres-

sion is applied directly to the wound, as tow or lint, and held in place by
a bandage. Lateral pressure is applied to the side of an artery, and may
be three, four or more inches from the point of injury; if an artery, it is
applied above the cut; if a vein, then applied below the cut or wound.
You can tell when it is an artery and when a vein, by the color—arterial
blood being bright scarlet, and venous dark red; also by the way they
bleed—the artery spurts in jets, while the vein flows in a steady stream.

Ligature.—This is tying of the vessel; this is done immediately,
when applied directly to the end of the vessel, and mediately
when tied some distance from the wound in the continuity of the vessel.
This is the best means. Where you have large vessels to attend to, do it
with silk.

Torsion.—This means twisting the vessel; it is necessary to have
two forceps to perform it right.

Acupressure.—Means pressure with a needle or sharp piece of steel;
the pressure is applied by passing the needle through the tissues on each

_side of the vessel, either above or under the blood vessel.

Uncipressure.—Is to draw out and hold or twist the artery in a bent or
crooked position. We also plug with oakum, in joint, dipped in antiseptic.

Actual Cautery.—This is firing, spoken of as potential cautery, used
to produce an excessive amount of inflammation, local, with a view of
increasing the local physiological action, and sometimes with the idea of
counter-irritation; we get the benefit by the increased blood circulation to
the part, and hence increased nutrition. There are two ways—by feather
or by pointed firing; one is done with the feathering iron, the other with
the budding iron or point. In firing we see three colors—lemon color,
which is the one we want to see in light firing; orange we want in heavy
firing, and brown when we want very heavy firing—as in a bad case of

ee ce eee eee Pe eae eee ae tee by’ :
FAA oe hy ae it ai 7 betel bal WIPO eats ee ee ee CS
Pe A Re ety i ee Me

7A THEORY AND PRACTICE. .

Spavin. If you are going to fire heavy, draw the lines farther apart t
when you intend to fire light. Never make your lines in light f
closer than one half inch apart, and with a light iron. For the orange
color, make about three fourths of aninch apart; for the brown, make —
about seven eighths or one inch apart and after firing you may put on AN
mild blister. rae
OPEN JOINT. —T hat is when the skin, binding ligament, ‘capsular lig-
ament and synovial membrane are ruptured, and there is communication —
with the outer surface, with the escape of synovia. Any joint may be
opened, but the most common ones are the knees from falls, fetlock ae e
shoe calks of other horses, pitchfork wounds, etc.; hock, elbow or shoul- 5 iat
der from kicks from other horses or from any cause: navicular jnine fre-
quently from nail prick.
Certain series of changes take place, differing in degree aceon
to the temperament of the animal, but mainly to the amount of septic —
poisoning that has taken place. We find that very soon after the acci- —
dent irritative fever sets in, temperature may run up to 103 Or 106, ,
pulse from 50 to 120; at first the pulse is full and strong, but later, as ’
the pain increases, gets smaller and harder and quicker, finally gets wiry a
and imperceptible, and the hotse dies from exhaustion. Pulse becuse ay
runs higher in well-bred animals than in others. a
The stages it runs through on to a fatal end pe se immediopeel 2
after the joint is punctured, there is a flow of synovia hmited in quan- —
tity—it is clear. As it runs on, septic germs get in and cause Septicaeemia,
and by the irritating effects of the septic germ and the introduction of
air start an acute inflammation called Synovitis; this is not confined toes
the synovial membrane, but involves surrounding tissue also. The artic- |
ular cartilage may be involved, then we have tumefaction, an increased —
flow of synovia accompanied with pus; high fever develops in the —
course of four or five days; great pain is evinced by the animal being very
restless, and is not inclined to stand on the sore leg. In many cases,
especially where the hock is affected, the horse is inclined to keep moving — i
with quick spasmodic jerks, and with all this, there is greatly increased —
respiration, may be from 20 to 25. This synovia that is exudated, often co- 4 .
agulates on the outside much the same as blood, so there is no need to ever
mistake it for anything else, as pus will not coagulate like it; it will bea —
rather firm, gelatinous, amber-colored clot, and of itself is odorless, so if | 7
there is any odor present it will be due to the presence of pus in it. We
will suppose this runs on for a long time; it usually lasts from two to four “i
days, but may run on that many w veeks instead. a
In the third stage the articular cartilage is involved in the inflamma- a
tion, leading to abrasion of it; ulceration develops, the articular cartilage —
gradually breaks down and flows out with the synovia and pus. It does |
-not stop here, goes on and involves the cancellated tissue of the bone; the
discharge in this stage is very offensive, and when this occurs you ca
make up your mind that itis a very serious case. Occasionally the discha:
in this stage is bloody—this indicates the malignaht condition of the ca
and will require an unfavorable prognosis, because it will terminate ¢
fatally or end in the joint becoming anchylosed. Next, it runs on to’
fourth stage, in which Anchylosis is produced; the articular cartilag
being destroyed, the exudate on the bony surfaces coagulates, orga

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 75

and forms living tissue; later, the whole exudate ossifies; it may be not
only between the opposing ends of bone, but also around them, like a
band. Now in case it terminatés fatally, as the inflammation is kept up
we find there is proliferation taking place rapidly in the surrounding tis-
sues; if in the hock, it becomes very large, and new tissue forming, it
becomes hard and fibrous and circulation becomes stopped here and there;
we find as a result, little abscesses forming; these rot and break out and
new ones form, and all this time the joint is growing larger and harder,
horse grows thin rapidly, and in the course of four weeks he is askeleton.
Hunger seems to be a feature in this case, from the fever; the flanks be-
come roughened, eyes sunken and the back arched, and the animal shows
great suffering; with the sloughing of these little abscesses there is an
_ offensive odor, and the horse dies from exhaustion. Some horses will
stand, others lie down before they die, but in the majority of cases they
"prefer to stand. The two extremes in which these cases may terminate is
_ from three days up to three weeks. Occasionally, we get rupture of the
_ synovial sheath, which is very serious, but not so much so as the open
joint; but when it gets well it is apt to leave a permanent thickness.

a Treatment.—It is good practice to clip off the hair and wash it, but
“never to probe the wound of open joint; if large enough, you may ex-
‘plore with the finger, but be careful even in this of septic germs—best
‘to leave it alone. .Put horse in slings in bad cases. Wash with some
antiseptic strong enough to destroy the germ but not strong enough te
' Cauterize,the tissues—alcohol clear is a favorite for this; anything from a
sixty to a ninety per cent, or a weak solution of iodine, or carbolic acid, or
_ bichloride mercury strength of one to three thousand, then apply dry
dressing as iodoform, boracic acid, starch, equal parts, used freely. If
_ there is much suppuration, pack it, if not, there is no need to do so, but
in all cases place your packing so there will be free drainage. Never plug
_ any wound so there is no drainage for the discharge. Sometimes where
the opening is very small, it is advisable to make the opening larger to
give free chance for the discharge, put in your antiseptic, well powdered
on the gauze, then your absorbent cotton or oakum, then bandage. Re-
member, if you can keep.out the septic germ you will get along all right;
_ this germ seems to thrive in this synovia and in lymph particularly. If
_ you apply dry dressing, it is well to have an attendant dust the anti-
septic on often during the day. If itis necessary to clean, use hot water
_ and clean cotton; irrigate it off, never trust a sponge—it may contain dirt.
bin putting on dry pack, use unbleached muslin dipped in very hot water,
then wrung out and dipped in antiseptic. The wet pack is much more
in favor fen the dry one.

: BROKEN KNEES.—From falls; this is a common sort of a case; the
_ washing in this must be done very carefully, and be certain you remove
all foreign bodies that may be in the wound; sometimes they are very
deep; do no probing; use antiseptic dressing, as belladonna fl. ext. % 0z.,
tannic acid 1 dr., carbolic acid 1 dr., wheat flour 2 ozs., water enough to
make a soft paste, but stiff enough not torun. Push a little down into
the opening so that some of it will fill up and spread over the surface a
little on top of this; any mixture—say linseed poultice made with hot
water and let cool, put it on and pack it with ice; no septic germ can

a ee A

IC Wee.
uum

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To. THEORY AND PRACTICE. Sake

grow where it is ice cold, they must have heat.
as necessary, the poultice several times a day.
Where there is a wound of any joint, there should be some spptia

and the pain lessened. The ‘best way is to put ona shoe that icy
from the foot, and have a bar turned up across this extension with a hol
in the center; then have an upright bar of iron to which is riveted a bam
of sheet steel or iron about two inches wide, and in the shape of the lim|
—these are left with plenty of room to pack to prevent rubbing | or fr
tion, then you can strap the limb to this upright bar. Ifitis an injury
to a tendon that you are treating, you can have the bar placed on the ¢
front part of the shoe in the same way. ae
In case of Open Navicular Joint there_is more difficulty thant; in id
treating any other joint. The proper treatment is to have the hoo i
pared out thin; make your opening large enough to treat antiseptic-—
ally. There is so great danger of the septic g germ "getting out of the filth
in the stable into the foot so much quicker than into any other part, that —
we must wash out thoroughly with the antiseptic and use great care in q
keeping it clean. a
DISEASE OF THE BONE.—All the lower animals are subject to these
but the horse more so than any of the others, because of high feeding and |
the rapid gait they travel—some are looked upon as being hereditary. a
‘The bone in health is insensible, but in disease is very sensitive.
Osritis.—Is inflammation of the bone substance.
PrrRiIostiris.—Is inflammation of the bone covering.
OsTEOMYELITIS.—Is inflammation of the marrow. ;
‘These three are very difficult to separate, because they inate each
other more or less, and we don’t try to separate them here.
Etiology. Usually the result of some external injury; concision in
many cases, and also a predisposition, as hereditary would be. Inflam-—
mation of the bone has the phenomena as in connective tissue, and —
is attended by very many of the same changes, but on account of the
peculiar dense basement substance we find peculiar results. We have as
a result of inflammation in the bone, serum, fibrin and pus the same as
in other inflammations, but in a less amount. We find first, change in
the basement substance, absorption of the hard basement substance to a ~
greater or less extent, and the animal matter in excess, due to a replace- —
ment of the hard substance by soft tissue; hence we have then a defi- —
ciency of the earthy or mineral substance. Second, this newly-formed —
tissue after a time becomes ossified, but is a different sort from the nor-
mal bone; there is an increased vascularity of the bone, sometimes a
decrease in the vascularity. This newly-formed marrow or substance is -
called granulating tissue; it finally becomes hard and dense and the bone -
is much enlarged, but much lighter than originally. This is called Osteo- —
porosis, and is the most common form—this is the rarifying process. 4
OSTEO SCLEROSIS.—Is the condensing process; in this there is newly-—
formed tissue also, but the original bone is not absorbed as in Osteoporo-
sis, but the marrow canals grow smaller and are more filled up by this
new tissue, so we have a more dense bone substance, but at the expense

of the marrow spaces, and the bone becomes much heavier than the nor-
mal. A

ABSORPTION OF BONE.—That is the earthy matter; occurs genera

As

Hy)
hagas

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. OM

through certain large cells, called osteoclasts. We find these cells grouped
around the nutrient blood vessels; the lacuneze and the canalicula often
coalesce, and the matter is replaced by the soft new tissue. When a
bone is cut across, it appears to be of a red gelatinous appearance, espe-
cially the marrow, and is often a soft mass of granulating tissue; this is
often seen in Synovitis. In Bone Spavin we get Anchylosis without any
break in the skin. Ostitis is set up and runs through these different
stages, and the rarifying does not confine itself to the bone, but involves.
the articular cartilage; bony spicula are shot out into the joint and per-
haps into the surface of the cartilage, absorption takes place, new tissue
is formed, and Anchylosis follows.

Sometimes this inflammation extends from the cancellated bone tis-
sue to the compact and softens it, and several layers may be laid on be-
tween the periosteum and the bone surface in concentric layers, and the

bone becomes larger. Osteo Sclerosis also develops from another kind of
cells that group around the blood vessels, called osteoblasts; these both
ate always present, and the one that predominates the result is in accord-
ance; either of these may exist in the same bone, or both may exist at
the same time in different parts of the same bone, or even in the same
_ place.
SORE SHINS.—In young race horsesis a common form of Ostitis,
predisposed by high living to develop fast and too much galloping.
_ Prof. Mc Eachran says that too much hand rubbing also causes this trou-
ble in race horses—they get too much care.
PERIOSTITIS.—The effusion occurs both above and below the peri-
osteum, and may harden on the inside or on the outside.

OsTEOPHYTE. —Is bony enlargement on the surface of the true bone,
caused by the hardening of the exudate.

Symptoms. IHS sometimes very much so, moves with difficulty,
arches the back, etc.

Treatment.—Cold applications applied early is the best; this is true

in all diseases of the bone, even to the extent of refrigerants. This
arrests the vitality of the part, and should be kept up until the acute
symptoms disappear, which often takes place in about ten days, then let
the animal go for a while to see if the symptoms return. If they do,
_Yrepeat the treatment; you may apply a mild blister, as iodide mercury
and lard 1 to 7 or 8 parts; fly blister, and lard 1 to 3 parts, mix the two
together and apply them in equal parts. Knuckling and Knee Sprung
are usually the result of Sore Shins, but there are also many other causes
i for them.
— CartES.—Is leet. of the bone; in other words, it is molecular
death: Osteoporosis is often. associated with it, and may involve Perios-
titis; it usually occurs in the cancellated bone tissue, generally caused by
external injuries, such as broken ribs, etc., also often seen in fistulous
withers, caused by the pus burroughing down to the bone. When there
is Caries, the depressed surface has a peculiar feel; they have bony spic-
_ulee sticking up, and between these there is a velvety feel; this is often
seen in Poll-evil, and may involve the axis or even the dentata—decayed
teeth are an example. With it there is usually an offensive discharge.
Semeiology.—Always more or less swelling of the part, with fistu-
lous opening, and particles of bone are found floating in the pus; this

pus is called sanies pus, and is acrid, will blacken a silver pro
bone is soft. Foot Rot in sheep and cattle is often followed by |

out all the diseased portion of the bone and a little of the healthy: fuen
well; treat antiseptically and the bone will granulate the same as ot Se
tissues; fill up the cavities with antiseptic and pack over—this prevents:
suppuration and allows granulation to take place. To stimulate the 4
growth of bone, touch once or twice a day with hydrochloric acid diluted |
with water, one to sixteen, direct to the bone with a swab; don’t touch ©
the soft tissues. After a few days use the hydrochloric acid diluted one
half.
NECROSIS OF THE BONE.—Is death of the part, caused by t
nutrition being shut off external to the bone; this is usually caused as the
result of injury to the periosteum and diseases of the marrow, shutting | off
the supply of nutrition; in that way it resembles dry gangrene. We ee.
Necrosis sometimes suddenly develop from external injuries to the bone, ;
as seen in the bars in the mouth by the bit; the bone necroses, and large
chunks drop out by sloughing—it takes about ten days for this to slough
off, and the part of the bone that sloughs off is called the sequestrum. —
When the shaft of long bones dies this way, it usually softens and liqui- —
fies and flows out through a fistulous opening; sometimes itista large © ;
opening in the bone and several in the soft tissues, or it may be one open- —
ing in the soft tissues and several in the bone. The discharge is ichor-
ous while the shaft of bone is running out—this way there is new bone —
forming under the periosteum. T his disease occurs more in the human ~
than in the lower animals; the new bone is lacking in the characteristics |
of the normal bone, but does very well. .g
Treatment.—If on the limb, it is good to use slings, except where
the horse shows an inclination to lie down; soon as pus can be located, —
open up and let it escape, and if practical, also remove all the dead bone. —
In Necrosis of the bars of the jaw (lower one) it is not always necessary
to operate except where very sore and swollen, then with your scalpel —
cut several openings down to the bone; this will allow the escape of pus
and quicken the suppuration of the part if necrosed, and if it has not’
yet started to necrose, it may prevent it. Always cut down through thes
periosteum, then let alone until the pieces come out; don’t force them out
or use forceps. . After they are removed, wash out with antiseptic, sponge |
with a mild solution of carbolic acid, say one per cent, or boracie acid
three or four per cent, three or four times a day. They usually make a —
nice recovery. In case it is the lower bars of the mouth, when getting ~
well, use the common link bit or rubber covered one. If the shafts of long
bones are affected, make a large dependent opening by trephining, re-
move the sequestrum and wash out the cavity twice a day with antiseptic.
INTERSTITIAL ABSORPTION.—Is in reality atrophy of the bone,
which wastes away and is absorbed; this usually takes place only in the
cancellated portion, sometimes it extends to the compact tissue; this be-
comes transformed in cancellated tissue or is much softened. It isnot an
inflammatory process, though it might start as an inflammatory diseas
from some injury; in this case the bone becomes diminished in size and
weight, and when this happens in the bicipital groove it allows the
patella to become dislocated very easily. This trouble is nc a

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 79

though interna! treatment would be rational—such as iron, arsenic, etc.
It usually occurs in old animals.

ExostTosis.—Is enlargement on a bone, or bony tumor; develops as
result of inflammation and phenomena attending it. Ossification of exu-
dates.

ConsrrrurroNn AL OSTEOPOROSIS OR. BIG HeEAD.—This is one of the
most peculiar diseases we meet with, and know the least about; there are
a great variety of opinions on the etiology of it, but we know that patho-
logical changes take place identical with localized Osteoporosis. Some
think it is rheumatic, others that it is due to a parasite, and consequently
infectuous. Dr. Baker thinks it to be a specific disease due to infection,
also distinctly a blood disease, as it affects all parts of the body. It is
oiten found on breeding farms, and often affects a large number of horses,
but it never affects any other animal but them, under all circumstances.
No idea what the cause is, but we frequently find it following some other
disease; it is more common in driving horses than in running. In this
trouble we usually find the urine thick and mucilaginous, horse chuffed up
in the flanks, arched back, and inclined to lie down a great deal—the af-
Prected bone is probably painful; the appetite keeps eood, but the horse
grows thin rapidly. Often the first sign is a peculiar lameness—this is
-intermitting and usually across the loins, but cannot be located, and is
often taken for rheumatism. ‘This disease is not confined to the head
alone, any bone of the body may be affected, and when the bones of the
head are affected those of the limbs are usually affected, somewhat soft-
ened, and often the horse will go to pieces all at once. ‘This disease is
much more common in the South than in the North. Some of our grad-
tates in the South claim to get good results from using iodide potash,
_and trephining into the enlargement, and injecting antiseptics, or by ap-
plying biniodide mercury and iodide potash internally. We find this treat-
“ment to be a total failure here. In autopsy we find the face bones so soft
that you can run your finger into them; they are red and vascular, more
like granulating tissue. When i in the maxillary bones the teeth become
joosened.

In acute cases death takes place in two to three months, others run
for two to three years. Hyposulphite of soda and calcii precip. phosph.
in equal parts three times a day, is good, also a complete change of diet

is recommended, and a change of location.

z OSTEOMALACIA OR MOLLITIES Osstum.—Is a softening of the

bones by degeneration, and then absorption of the earthy salts. It exists
to a certain extent in females in pregnancy, especially in the last two
‘months. It is rather common in the human, but rare in the lower ani-
mals. Cause is unknown, and treatment seems to be useless, but what-
ever it is it seems to be malignant. Origin—in the nutrient cells at the
periphery of the Haversian canals.

FRAGILITIS Osstum.—This is a hardening to the extent of brittle-
ness, and only occurs in old animals; due to absorption of the animal
matter, and inflammatory troubles; this matter is deficient and repair is
“difficult. In this condition fractures are very easy to occur. ‘There is
-an excess of earthy salts over the animal.

EBURNATION OR PORCELANEOUS CHARACTER.—This usually affects
Bie articular surface of bones, and the articular cartilage becomes involved ©

a

WA els cA

SW accede hi nec EP

80 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

in the inflammation and is destroyed; the cancellated tissue of the fe:
may be affected with it. We believe that in incurable cases of bot
Spavin, this porcellaneous condition takes place. ‘There is no vascularity —
in the part; this condition of the bone causes a permanent lameness. .
RACHITIS OR RICKETS.—This is a degenerate soem of the bone as
or softened condition of it, and is found only i inthe young; it is due to —
some disturbance that prevents ossification of the bone. Tt really is a
constitutional disease; there is a condition of mal-nutrition that affects —
only bone. It is the same in human as in the lower animals, and in
autopsy we find the bones very porous, or will become so on boiling, proy- —
ing too much animal matter. It may developat any time; animal may —
be well up to two, three or six years, then be affected. Usually seen in |
little animals three or four months old. It is very common in puppies 4
fed on starchy food; the first intimation of it is a peculiar lassitude, and 4
in play is not liv ely: the long bones of the legs begin to bow, especially
in the front legs. ‘Foals and puppies are very apt. to have it. :
Treatment.—A complete change of food; in the foal, wean him and 4
feed on cow’s milk liberally, say a gallon three times a day, and more as
he grows older. Skim milk, even if it is sour, is better than fresh milk,
because it contains less fatty matter; in addition, give bone dust, oatmeal,
but no corn or anything that tends to fat. In puppies, change the food;
give boiled meat with oatmeal, make strong stew of it. If you notice
that the legs in foals don’t get strong, apply splints and bandages applied — ;
loosely; make them light and strong, and see that they don’t chafe the —
legs. Lime water is good to give to foals, also to puppies. Cod liver —
oil is good for puppies. 4
FRACTURES OF BONES.—This is a solution of continuity of a bone.
It is affected in three ways—first, by direct violence to the point of frac- —
ture; second, violence applied at some distance from the point of fracture; —
third, by inordinate action or contraction of the muscles—we see this last i
in cases where the spine is anchylosed, as it sometimes is in the lumbar —
region, the animal being cast, the inordinate action of the muscles on that —
part causes a fracture of the part. There are certain bones that are more ~
liable to fracture than others; these are, first, the pelvis, usually caused ©
by falling, and not being a very strong bone is easy of fracture; cannon ~
bone, usually from falling, then the radius and tibia, from kicks of other ©
horses; ribs quite often from kicks and collisions; os suffragines and os
corona from violence of some kind; humerus or femur do not often get —
fractured. In dog we usually find it is the tibia, radius or ulna that get —
fractured. ‘The facial bones of the horse are liable from kicks and col-
lisions. We may say any bone in the body is liable to become fractured; }
those of old animals ten times more so than those of the young.
The directions of fractures are—transverse, or broken square off; a
obliquely, or in an oblique manner; longitudinal, or split in different di-
rections—this happens more in hunters, and to the os suffragines, due
to jumping. a
SIMPLE FRACTURE.—Is when there is no other i injury to the sur-
rounding tissues; complicated, when there is a severe injury to the sur-—
rounding tissues in the form of contusion, lacerated blood vessels, or
joint opened; compound, when there is an open wound communicating
with the fracture—it matters not whether the wound was produced at the

i

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. Sr

time of the fracture or from the points of the broken bone, it matters not
what the cause may be; comminuted, when the bone is broken into several
or more pieces—shattered; impacted fracture is where the broken ends
are driven into each other; partial fracture or Greenstick fracture is where
the bone is partially fractured but there is no displacement, or it is where
a bone is only cracked.

Semeiology.—Usually great lameness suddenly develops, even if the
fracture be only partial; this lameness may not show at first, but after
the inflammation sets in, which may be in twenty-four or forty-eight hours,
it is often hard to’locate the lameness. It usually takes from four to six
weeks for a bone to unite. In case the fracture is in the femur or hu-
merus, it may not be visible, but can be told by the preternatural mobil-
ity. Wherever there is a break there will be crepitation on manipulation;
total inability to bear weight on the limb. In transverse fracture with-
out displacement, the horse may be able to bear his weight until it gets
sore.
Bones unite if given a chance; all we can do is to set them, and

nature must dothe balance. This placing in position is also called in situ.
There is intense inflammation set up and the bone becomes extremely
painful and sensitive; there is a constant ache and great soreness often
on pressure. ‘This inflammation is a rarifying ostitis and extends up into
_the bone one or two inches; there is an extensive exudation of plastic
_coagulative lymph thrown out into the fracture and into the bone; this
_coagulates and organizes and forms callus, and this exudate ossifies. A
bone is stronger at the point it was fractured after healing than it was
before, due to the bony bandage around the part. It is a popular idea that
horses’ bones will not unite, but they will if they can be kept in position
long enough. Dogs, sheep and young steers take care of themselves and
assist us, but the horse never does—that is why we have such poor suc-
cess with them. When the bones fail to keep in position they become
intensely inflamed, and es is kept up until gangrene terminates the life
of the animal.

Treatment.—In case of Greenstick fracture, or partial fracture, cold
applications with bandages are sufficient. This sort of fracture generally
occurs in young animals, If the fracture is complete, get the horse into

_a stall and put in slings, then set the bone; this must not be delayed. If
‘it is ten or fifteen hours before you see the case, and there is inflam-
mation, don’t stop to reduce the inflammation, but set the bone first. If
‘the pain is great, then give anodynes or anesthetics, but 1 or 2 ozs. of
chloral hydrate as a drench is the best of all. Nowthat the horse is in
slings and the bone set, you want to keep it in place with splints and
bandages: these are best made of wood, or, for the horse, also of sole
leather soaked first in w ater; paste- board will do for dogs. Have your
splints strong and light; a good way is to spread plaster paris on your.
_ bandages as you are wrapping them on, or have it spread on the bandages
; first; pad the leg well to keep the splints from chafing, also the ends of
_ the splints. Keep weight of the animal off the lame leg; a good way is
_ to build a platform about four inches high and level, cut a hole for the
lame-leg and tie so the leg will be held about the middle of the opening.
Horse requires about six ‘weeks, in the young, for the bone to unite, but
the old it may take twelve weeks. When well, let the animal dewn

A en ead

82 THEORY AND. PRACTICE.

gradually, say in the day, and put in the slings at night until strong. :
compound fracture in the horse is very unfavorable and as a rule is. al- i
ways fatal. om wh
FALSE JornTs.—Often follow fracture, through no fault of the surt9
geon, but a peculiarity of the animal. T he exudate fails to ossify and —
becomes fibrous tissue instead of bone, and the animal has a false joint —
through life; this occurs in dogs and in the human. 5
Hipprep.—A horse is said to be Hipped when the shaft of the ilium ,
breaks and drops, or allows the part to drop down, or the anterior or ex- —
ternal point of the ilium breaks off; this causes great lameness, but it —
gradually wears away andthe horse gets used to it in two or three months, :
and may be useful for all ordinary purposes. Sometimes a small piece is —
fractured from the point of the ilium and drops down and causes an ab- —
scess; this must be cut-down to and removed. When the fracture oceurs ;
in the acetabulum, it often causes permanent lameness. In bandaging .
the leg of dogs you can use rosin or pitch as well as plaster paris; where ©
there was much swelling before you bandaged, you will probably have to —
remove the bandage in order to tighten it when the swelling goes down, ~
or where the limb swells afterwards it will have to be loosened, or where ©
the part below the bandage gets cold, then the circulation has been inter- j
fered with and you must ‘loosen to allow circulation. 4
DISsLOCATIONS.—A joint is said to Pe dislocated when the articular i
end of one bone is displaced from another. When wholly displaced it is
said to be complete; when not completely ae laced it is said to be partial, —
and is often spoken of as Luxation. Dislocations are simple when no exter- —
nal wound communicates with them, and compound when there is such
a wound. With all cases of Dislocations except the patella, there is severe
laceration of ligaments, the capsular in particular. In Dislocations of the”
patella there is usually severe stretching or a previous relaxing of the ©
internal ligaments—alowing the displacement: this always goes to the ;
outside of the limb. Other ¢ causes of Dislocation of the patella are, when
the internal lateral ligament becomes relaxed and the muscles on the ex-
ternal contract, also San nes the external eminence of the femur becomes —
absorbed, allowing the patella to slip off. There is often a partial Dislo- —
cation in young animals, due to the lack of balance of the muscles; the —
outside ones being stronger than the inside ones—this oceurs when the
leg is severely straightened out. Straight-legged animals are more liable ~
to it than those more angling; floors sloping downward and backward
are bad for this same reason. The Dislocation of the patella is about the ©
only kind we meet with, but any joint is liable to it. Prof. Williams
records a Dislocation of the shoulder joint, and Prof. McEachran a Dis-
location of the hip. Knuckling of the fetlock from flexion of the tendon
is a kind of partial Luxation, and is thrown back by tenotomy. Dogs
are liable to-Dislocations much like the human. With the exception of
the patella, these Dislocations are always the result of violence. Rupture
of the ligaments at the time of the Dislocation causes great inflammation, i
swelling and lameness. Dislocations are not necessarily fatal, but
they are not reduced, False Joints will be formed and the animal be u e-
ful, at least for eee “oy

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So dirt, Na gu ite (02s A a
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VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 83

extend the limb and use traction in the direction it should go, and hold
on for a time till itis replaced. After reducing the Dislocation, keep in
place by the use of splints and bandages, same as in fracture. Always
have the joint straight in the splints; never allow a joint to be flexed, as
the muscles may contract while in that position and remain so when
taken off; this is true in using the splints in any case.

Symptoms.—The patella being dislocated allows the muscles to
relax, and the leg straightens and stretches backward, the foot is usually
drawn backwards and bent upward by the flexion of the tendon. Tie a
rope or strap around the pastern of the affected limb, have an assistant
draw the leg forward and close to the floor; have assistant sit down, now
with your paims push the patella in and backwards, try to get the angle
straight and the patella will go on easy; after you get the patella on, it
may be difficult to keep it there, especially if the ligaments are ruptured.
Place the horse on a level floor, or higher behind; put on high-heeled
shoes, say two inches high, and projecting backwards about two inches;
have heels wide apart, and broad, low toe. Sometimes we find it neces-
sary to tie the leg forward, then also have the horse fastened behind; ora
good way is to fasten the rope to the collar to keep drawn forward, then
all you can do is give time to get well. You may use anodyne liniments;
after five weeks it is good to put on fly blister. Let the shoe down by

degrees.

vi Prognosis.—Should always be modified by saying, a joint once dis-
_ located is predisposed to repetition. It iswell to keep in slings four or
five days. Where Luxation occurs in young animals by the difference in
the muscles, it is done without any violence whatever, and seems to be
spontaneous. One cause in horses is the relaxing of the tendons by hav-
ing the animal standing lower behind. Sometimes it is very hard to
replace Dislocation of the patella, and you may require extra assistance,
but other times it is very easy, especially in young animals. There is no
inflammation and little lameness in this partial Luxation in the young.
After you get the patella back, it is well to bathe with hot water for a
time to relax the muscles on the outside, then apply soap liniment on
the outside; repeat three times a day to prevent irritation. It is best to
dilute the soap liniment one half, and apply with a great deal of friction.
If the Dislocation has run long you will find considerable trouble in re-
ducing it, as there will be swelling, and the ligaments stretched. In the
symptoms there will also be a bulging of the part.

Wry Nerck.—We think is generally caused by Luxation; the liga-
ments on one side being relaxed or ruptured; this may occur from falls.
‘In fresh cases we try to help them; put two wide boards on the sides of
the neck and pad the bulging side, use some pressure, and the ligaments
coming together will grow together.

Tumors.—These are defined to be any prominence or growth, un-
natural, on the body, or on any organ, or ina gland. A Tumor may be
composed of the same tissue as where it grows; it is then said to be
_ homologous; but it may be entirely dissimilar, then it is called hetero-
_ geneous; heterologous. _As.a rule, Tumors are of the latter class; they are
_ very seldom composed of the same tissue as where they grow. ‘Tumors
grow by self-proliferation the same as other parts of the body; new blood
vessels and lymphatics extend into the growth, and as it grows they fur-

84 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

nish nutriment for the new growth. The nutrient blood vessels are
usually, in these Tumors, very much enlarged. If it starts in a pre-ex- —
isting blood vessel, as the Tumor grows the blood vessel enlarges to sup-_
ply it; occasionally, but rarely, nerve fibres extend into it. Asarule, —
Tumors are insensible and are subject to all the changes that take place”
in any other tissue, such as fatty degeneration, suppuration, ulceration, —
gangrene, pigmented, or may become fatty or calcified. Occasionally .
Necrosis takes place, often to such extent as to almost entirely destroy —
them, but never completely. Oftentimes when Necrosis stops, it will —
heal over and remain so for a long time, then will start to grow again ~
without any cause. ‘Tumors from some cause or other, probably from —
disturbed circulation, suppurate as a rule, but in all, pus and little ab-
cesses form in the Tumor; then these abcesses discharge, granulate, and —
heal over, and others crop out. ‘Tumors take various shapes and forms,
usually described as resembling some object. Tumors are nodular when ~
they resemble nodules; tuberous, when thay resemble a tuber. Fungoid ~
is cauliflower-shaped, but takes the name from the way it springs up. —
Polypoid, resembling a polyple; those forming especially on the mucous —
membrane. Papillary, when they are shaped like the crater of a volcano.
Dentritic when they have roots or branches, and the origin of these is ~
in their primary cells at the bottom of the roots. Tumors are single or
multiple; this is particularly so in Black Cancer, as seen around the tails
of white horses. These are Melanotic Tumors.
A Tumor may be circumscribed, having no connection with the loose ~
cellular tissues of the body; other times it seems to be intimately mixed —
with the growth. ‘Tumors are sometimes capsulated—these don’t do any
harm except by their unsightly appearance; other times they produce —
great harm by pressure on the surrounding parts, often causing displace-
ment of other organs, or atrophy of the parts pressed upon; as also Ne- ©
crosis from shutting off of the circulation, or pressure on blood vessels, —
causing oedema, varicose, or thrombus; sometimes on joints, causing —
more or less Luxation, or on the bones, causing absorption or Caries.
They sometimes grow on the inside by increase of cell element and ex- —
pansion, then they are said to have central growth or concentric; other
times they grow on the outside, then they are said to be peripheral or ©
eccentric growth. Tumors are either malignant or innocent. Malig-
nancy of Tumors is shown by the following phenomena: First, invasion
of adjacent tissues by eccentric or peripheral growth; second, when they
have a tendency to local recurrence after removal; third, formation of ~
metastasis—that is, when removed from one place, they grow in some ~
other part; fourth, a tendency to interfere with the nutrition and well- —
being of the body, causing a condition known as cachexia. This is the
condition in which there is. anemia, loss of flesh, lassitude, emaciation, —
running on to miasma, faulty nutrition, blood poisoning, and death from
collapse—this usually occurs from absorption of putrefactive matter, caus-
ing Septiczemia. q
Etiology.—Causes of Tumors are very obscure, as a rule; oftentimes”
entirely unknown, but other times quite perceptible; for instance, Det :
ceptible cause may lie in mechanical injuries—as kicks from horses, and
blows, unnatural pressure, as shoe boils, collar boils, etc.; also Scirrhus
of the Cord, caused by invasion of the botryo mycosis following castra-

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 85

tion. Heredity plays an important part, but how, we don’t know. Con-
_ heim’s theory is that most Tumors, or all true Tumors, that have no
mechanical origin, have their origin in a faulty embryonal development,
due either to misplaced cells or to superfluous cells, and may occur in any
tissue; but the Tumors do not develop immediately, but only when favor-
able circumstances permit them to; what this might be is not known.
They are not often developed till late in life, usually about adult age.
In horses, as Black Cancer, they develop about the age of ten or fifteen
years—hardly ever in the young. Some authors claim that the charac-
ter of the Tumor can be recognized by the shape of the cells, others say
it cannot be, consequently we come to the conclusion that to diagnose the
Tumor, we must see the character of the surrounding tissue, as well as
the condition of the animal. A Tumor should be viewed as a whole by
cutting into it, also from the effect it has on the well-being of the animal.

Classification of Tumors is regulated according to the tissues in which
they grow. They are divided into six large classes, and each classis subdi-
vided:

First Class.—Histoid or connective tissue Tumors; these are composed
of the same tissue as that in which they grow. ‘Then there are eight in
this. First, fibroma—fibrillar connective tissue; second, myxoma, com-
posed of mucous tissue; third, sarcoma, composed of embryonal tissue;
fourth, endothelioma, composed of endothelial cells; fifth, lipoma, com-
_ posed of fat; sixth, chondroma, composed of cartilage; seventh, osteoma,
- composed of bone; eighth, glioma, has its origin in the neuroglia, that is,
_ the fibrous interstitial net-work that supports the central nerve centers,
as the brain and spinal cord; also the nerve expansion of the retina.
Second Class.—Myomata are those which grow out and are composed

of mucular tissue. There are two classes in this—one from the smooth
or unstriated, called leiomyoma; the other from the striated, called rhab-
domyoma.

Third Class.—Neuromata, which are composed of nerve tissues.

Fourth Class. —Angiomata, this is a vascular tissue Tumor —first,
angioma (cavernous); grows in the blood vessels or from the blood vessels;
second, lymph. angioma—growing in the lymphatics.

Fifth Class.—Epithelioma, composed of epithelial cells—first, adeno-
_ ma—growing in the gland tissues; second, cones eee belal cells pure
- and simple.
Sixth Class.—Teratomata; are the mixed anor those that are com-
_ posed of tissues of more or less of allthe others. ‘The mixed Tumors are
complex; they are of course congenital, and may be composed of two or
more kinds of tissue. The theory is, that in early embryonal development
the stronger envelops the weaker or smaller; fceetus, as we often find in
different parts of the body, or in different organs, are this sort of Tu-
mors. Cysts are also counted as Tumors. ‘Teeth are often found in dif-
ferent partsof the body, and also hair, but oftener around the genital
organs.
CANCERS (CARCINOMA ).—In the lower animals, are divided into four
_ kinds—hard, soft, epithelial and black. ‘The hard is sometimes called
ocitrhus, especially by the old writers; it is very malignant. These are
very hard and dense, and of white tissue: when cut through, sometimes
it is of an even hardness, other times it has hard projections extending

Te eS ee Ob ae ee ee

86 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

from the Tumor into the organ to which it is attached. "These Tumors
cut something like cartilage, and when cut through the center, the sur-
faces contract and become concave. When cut into, hemorrhage is very
free and even, as it is not from any large vessel, but from the capillaries;
this feature alone sometimes makes it difficult and dangerous to operate
on them, it being hard to arrest the hemorrhage. "These hard ‘Tumors
have a tendency to break through the organ in which they are growing,
and invade surrounding tissues. They seem to have a special liking for |
the lymphatic glands. If such Tumors do not interfere with mastication
or some other functional action (vital), they produce little or no harm
until they ulcerate, then as the ulceration increases, fungus growth
springs up, hemorrhage occurs easily, sometimes spontaneously; Septi-
czemia occurs and produces irritating fever, which produces exhaustion
and finally collapse and death.

Treatment.—Early removal with the knife is the only treatment,
otherwise removal isa failure. Prof. Williams quotes Prof. Bennet, —
that these Tumors may be destroyed by injecting a weak acetic acid, in
that way destroying the cancerous cells. .

Sorr CANCERS.—These are.seen in two different kinds—medullary
and colloid. "The medullary develops in circumscribed forms; this one is
very common in the human, and is divided into a number of classes,
according to the idea of the writers.

FunGus Heematorps.—Are those seen growing in the eyes of cattle
—cephaloma in the brain. Then there are the encephaloma, encepha- —
loid, medullary fungus, etc., all meaning the same Tumor. This may
be found in any of the tissues, but mostly in the glands; often seen in
the horse on the penis, and may, if let alone, extend to the testicles; also
on the vulva of amare. It sometimes affects bones, as also seen in the ~
submaxillary space and in the submaxillary glands; sometimes arises —
primarily in the periosteum. It may present itself as one Tumor, or as a
bundle, that is single or multiple, usually enclosed in a capsule, but when
broken down they are separate bodies. This kind of Cancer to the touch
has a slow feel of fluctuation, as if the pus was in the cavity, but there is
no pus there; but you will get a profuse hemorrhage by cutting into them.
Around these Cancers you will see a net-work of veins, sometimes
ten times their usual size; this feature alone makes it difficult to operate;
often seen in the mammary glands of bitches, and it is not uncommon to
lose a pint of blood in the operation, no matter how careful you may be.
In the course of time, these Tumors suppurate and then go on to ulceration;
then we have tuber granulation in every case, as seen inthe eye. The ~
medullary matter of this kind of Cancer (the contents) is soft and can be ©
spread and mashed; it resembles brain matter, but is a reddish color. —
When this cut surface is scraped there is a free flow of juice; this juice is —
very malignant and will affect any wound it may get into. This Cancer —
often has for its origin a simple amount of violence, but we believe there

will be no Cancer unless there is a predisposition, or it has a pre- -exist-_
ence; in other words, it is in the infant at time of birth. 4

Connor CANcER.—Is composed of fibrous tissue. It arranges and ~
makes a net-work of little cavities, varying in size; they contain a soft —
matter nearly liquid, resembling melted butter; sometimes it is amber-_

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VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 87

glue in consistency. The density of the Tumor as a whole depends as
follows: If the fibrous net-work predominates it will be hard; if the
matter predominates it will be correspondingly soft.

EPITHELIAL CANCER.—This is quite common, and is composed of
epithelial cells, very mild, spoken of as cancroid or mildly cancerous.
This consists of the fibrous stroma, in which the papilla and epithelium
are greatly enlarged and multiplied. The cells of this growth differ very
little from the natural condition; the minute forms deviate least from the
tissues. Its history shows but little malignancy; its favorite site is in the
mucous membrane—around the vulva of the mare, and in bitches around
the anus, lips, ete. They are not so common in the lower animals as in
the human. ‘They are easily transplanted, as from the lips, and may
transfer the cause also.

BLACK oR MELANOTIC CANCER.—This is very commonly spoken of as
Melanosis. ‘These like most other Tumors, are sarcomatic in their origin.

‘The cells in all these retain their embryotic shape; they are round, fusi-
_ form and melanoid, and we find that those having the most round cells
are the most malignant; they resemble leucocytesin the blood. Each cell
contains an abundance of pigment, giving a black color to the Tumor.
We find these Black Tumors have every feature of malignancy, contrary
to the opinion of some authors (English). Sometimes they develop very
suddenly, acutely, growing very rapidly, and when they affect the loco-
motive organs they produce great lameness. ‘They usually develop in
gray horses when they are whitening from age, which is about seven or
eight years, when these Black Cancers are quite common. No tissue of
the body is exempt from them, and they are liable to recurrence. We find
their favorite site is the vulva of the mare, the anus, and the bare part
under the tail, and often when removed they develop in some other place—
that is metastatic. They suppurate, granulate, and also ulcerate first, the
same as other Tumors, but the absorption takes place slower, and Sep-
ticzemia slower. Removal is the only treatment, if on the outside and
small.

Non MALIGNANT OR BENIGN TumorsS.—The ordinary fibrous Tu-
mors, as a rule, belong to the sarcomata, and are situated where fibrous
tissue is plentiful, but not necessarily. Typical fibrous Tumors arise from
a local irritation attending an injury, and are composed of white fibrous
tissue blended with a little yellow elastic tissue.

PoLypus.—Is a typical illustration, developing in the nose, although

"it may develop in any of the cavities. ‘his Polypus is attached by a
_ pedicle; when in the nose it usually projects downward through the nose, .
sometimes backward. In the horse it is sometimes so long as to intefere
with the epiglottis, followed by great difficulty in breathing; produces ~
usually, when in this condition, a sort of snoring or snuffling, same as
heard in the pug dog; usually produces a discharge streaked with blood.
When dissected, a cavity is usually found containing a limpid fluid.

Treatment.—The nicest way to remove these is with the wire ecra-
seur, even if it is tuberous in form. Sometimes where the neck of the
Polypus is small you can twist it off with forceps. After removing, wash
out with per chloride iron—one dr. to a pint of water—twice a day.

Fisrous Tumors.—Sometimes arise in the dura mater, causing a
bulging out of the cranium, instead of pressing on the brain.

*

/ Lear: ey, reve dah siiath ba 3

¢ 88). THEORY AND PRACTICE.

‘Treatment.—Best removed by trephining, removing the bone, Shey :

removing the Tumor. An interesting polypus 1 is often seen in the uterus | :
of the mare, but cannot be seen in the vagina except when the mare is —
lying down, as it usually goes back when the mare is standing. These —

sometimes grow to a large size. They are often caused by hard pulling.
It requires particular attention to diagnose one of these from a case of
everted bladder, which it resembles almost identically, but there is a dif-
ference in the mucous membranes; that in the bladder being more velvety,
and in the everted bladder, on the neck you will find two openings, and
by noticing closely you can see the urine trickling down. If it isa Poly-
pus, insert a catheter until you remove the Tumor. In case of ImpER-
vious HyMEN in filleys, might not be noticed till the animal was two or
two and one half years old; it looks like a Tumor.

Treatment.—Cast the animal with the rump a little down hill, insert

your hand and catch a fold of the hymen, insert your ecraseur and re- —

move quite a good piece of it; it is quite vascular, but that will not hurt.
There will be a discharge of the accumulated matter that was pent up in-
side,

NOTES ON OBSTETRICS.

RETENTION OF PLACENTA.—Placenta is sometimes retained within

uterus, and the fatty degeneration of it does not take place completely, for

uterus contracts very rapidly on it after delivery, holding it mechanically.

Some take away placenta by tearing it away, and poets severe hemor-_

rhage in cows as well as in mares.

Cause of Retention.—Depends on health of female; a thin half-
starved cow will retain her placenta, while a very fat cow will also retain
it.

Prevention.—If cow is a little thin, feed her a little meal for at least
three weeks before parturition. If fat, give a purgative two weeks be-
fore parturition, and short rations for a week, and during last week feed
her up a little: Placenta if retained should not be allowed to remain more
than from four to eight hours in cow, and from two to three hours in mare.

Treatment.—In mare, introduce hand and use a little friction on the
inside of uterus. In mare it usually comes away in from two to three
minutes after foaling; in women, from five to thirty minutes. In cow, on
account of its attachment to the cotyledons, which are very vascular and
placenta is attached over them, put one hand in and the other outside,
and by manipulation get up to it and pinch cotyledon on the outside and
pull away placenta. You may find from three to four cotyledons; when
they are all unbuttoned, flush uterus out with carbolic acid solution one
half of one per cent, four or five degrees warmer than temperature of body.
In human, two per cent solution of boracic acid. Some use bichloride of

mercury, but Dr. Baker does not recommend it, as it is liable to produce ~

Dermatitis.

Post-PARTUM HEMORRHAGE.—Is bleeding after parturition, as a i

result of too rapid detachment of placenta from uterus before blood-vessels

have had time to be contracted upon, or may be due to rupture of some
of the ea not Scere severe in the lower animals.

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. | 8g

warm water into uterus at a temperature of 125° to 150°, and dash cold
water over loins.
INVERSION OF UTERUS.—Is turning uterus inside out.

Causes.—Failure of uterus to contract properly, or after-pains keep-
ing up abnormally strong and long.

Treatment.—Wash uterus and have assistant hold tail up or out of
way. Wash in tepid water and put laudanum in, or put powdered opium
in uterus after washing, and put on warm milk or mucilage or linseed tea
after lotion; then have cow standing. If inclined to strain, give chl.
hydrate, sulphuric ether, or chloroform enough to stop straining.

TUMORS CONTINUED.

TuMoR IN THE LEVATOR HuMERI.—Just above the point of the
shoulder generally. This is really an Abscess oftentimes less in size
than a walnut, often much smaller, but the inflammation in the muscles
around the Tumor is great and intense, with swelling and great lameness.

Cause.—Some think it due to the pus germ, but Dr. Baker believes it
is due to local injury. We usually see itin draft horses and in the season
when the roads are rough, and hauling heavy loads; from jerking of the

collar, the part often gets pinched or bruised. These Tumors are deep
seated.
; Treatment.—There is a great variety of opinion as to how they
_ should be treated. Best treated by treating as simple Abscesses and re-
_ moving them with a knife. Usually when called they are a couple of
_ days old; there is swelling and considerable soreness; recommend poultices
_ or hot fomentations, continued for a week or nine days, to allow the pus.
_ to form, then remove the poultices, clip off the hair, cut the skin about
_ two inches long over the Tumor, then insert a long-bladed scalpel in the
_ center, insert slowly; you will find it hard and resisting until you reach
_ the cavity, when the resistance will lessen; that is the way to know that
_ you have reached the cavity. You may have to insert the knife from
two to four inches in order to reach it. If you don’t strike, as it is often
very small, withdraw the knife a little way and change the direction a
little; then it is well to enlarge the opening. Always insert the knife
parallel with the direction of the muscular fibre, than evacuate the pus
and wash out with some lotion, as tinct. iodine or strong solution of chlor.
zine, or bichlo. mercury—anything that will cauterize mildly to destroy
the pus germ but not destroy the tissues; this will set up a healthy in-
_flammation, and granulation and healing. I usually use a poultice, ster-
ilizing it with bot water and a little carbolic acid; keep the poultice on ten
or fifteen days. It will require about six weeks’ rest for the draft horse,
but a horse driving in collar might do in four weeks. If you are called
early to a case, the chances are favorable for recovery. The average
doctor takes these for fibrous Tumors and wants to cut them out; in doing
_ so they remove considerable of the muscle, which is never replaced, and
heals, leaving a hollow in the muscle. This might be necessary in a very
_ old case, yet I find I can cut into ‘them and remove the inspissated pus,
_ if present, and by poulticing and ‘afterwards using cantharides blister
_ two.or three times, get good restilts. Prof. Liautard punctures with a hot
iron instead of a knife; I prefer tovuse the knife where it does as well,

gO THEORY AND PRACTICE.

blacksmith’s way. In chronic cases open up the Tumor, cauterize : a little
first, then treat as a simple wound.

Sir Fasts AND CoLLAR Borrs.—Are fibrous Tumors, produced by
long-continued pressure, not strong enough to cause Necrosis, but a
moderate amount—sufficient to form a Tumor.

Treatment.—Removal of these with the knife is the only treatment.
Sit Fasts are often found as a hard leathery skin; gangrene takes place
so slowly as to allow it tomummify. It must be cut off with the knife or
scissors, deep enough to reach the healthy tissue. Always make your
incision perpendicular, wash out with antiseptic and treat as a simple
wound; usually makes a nice recovery; requires about three months’ rest.

Warrs.—Are little Tumors; they are the most peculiar of all the ©
Tumors on account of their sudden coming and often as sudden going
away. ‘They are simple Epithelial Tumors. In special pathology there —
is a thickening of the epidermis by an accumulation of desquamated
epithelial, and enlarged by hypertrophy of the true skin.

Treatment.—Cut them out, though when they are very numerous
it is impracticable to do this. ‘They may be removed by the application
of dilute acetic acid, lemon juice, or other mild acids; it is useless to
cauterize or cut them off with silk. We find warts most common in the
mouths of dogs; sometimes they are so numerous as to cover the buccal
membrane, and when in such numbers it is impossible to cut them out.
Oftentimes the removal of a few of the large ones will cause them all to
disappear.

LIPpoMA, OR Farry Tumors.—These are simply accumulations of
fatty cells; sometimes they grow to an enormous size; they are liable to
develop in any animal, and in any part. Vaginal Tumors are some-
times fatty Tumors. Fatty Tumors are easily removed—they are non-
vascular; apply a little cocaine while operating. 7

NEUROMA.—This is a nerve Tumor, and about the only place this
is seen is in following neurotomy, by not cutting off enough of the nerve,
or rather not pulling it down and cutting off, then allowing the end to
draw up into the limb as it should do. ‘This is not common in the lower —
animals, but is more soin the human. As seen after neurotomy in the
horse, it is very painful, intense and constant, and pressure on it makes
the horse lame.

Treatment.—Give the horse chloroform, or inject cocaine and then
remove the Tumor.. You will often find that when the horse is not bene-
fited by neurotomy, it is generally due to the forming of one of these —
‘Tumors. .

CONDROMATIC OR ENCONDROMATIC.—Are cartilaginous Tumors ©
developed commonly in two cases, one on the sternum of the horse or ox ©
from external injury—as collisions, injuring the sternum, setting up in- ~
flammation, which is followed by this Tumor. Sometimes they develop —
in cattle from lying down on the sternum. Inthe horse we find them ~
developing in and around the trachea, from tracheotomy, or from kicks ~
from other horses, etc.

Treatment.—If they are limited in size they can be removed with —
the knife, but when very large that would be impracticable. External
‘cartilaginous Tumors can be removed. In the early stage of these

ee ee eS ee

Ne se es

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. OI

Tumors you will find on cutting into them that they are largely fibrous;
later, these fibres become changed into the cartilaginous.

OSTEOMA OR BONE Tumor.—These are bone Tumors, no matter
what the cause may be—as Splint, Spavin, ete.; they come from inflam-
mation every time. ¢

Cystic Tumors.—These are very important, because we run on to
_ them so often, as Capped Hock, Capped Knee, Wind Galls, etc. They

may grow on any part of the body, inside or outside; they often contain
hair, and are often lined with skin on the inside as well as on the outside.

These Tumors, and especially Capped Hock, always come from injuries,

usually from kicks, or injuries in a box stall: Capped Knee, from falling,
or when on the side, from speedy cuts from the other foot; Capped Elbow,

from lying on the foot or on a hard bare floor ; this may occur in some
cases in a single night, as big as your fist. ‘These Cysts when produced
so rapidly are always filled with serum. ‘There is acute inflammation
from twelve to forty hours, and it is during this inflammation that the
serum is developed, and it is hot and sore.

‘Treatment.—For Cystic Tumors on the horse’s legs, the first general
principle you can maintain in the treatment, if they are a good size, I
think, is to puncture them, no matter where they exist. In Capped Hock
or Knee, it has been proven by experience they can be opened with safety,
if you go about it carefully, and it is the only satisfactory treatment.
Treat carefully after puncturing; often where other doctors have failed

_to effect a cure by other treatment, some of our graduates effected a cure
by puncturing. Ifthe Tumor is not tapped, in the course of time the
serum will coagulate, organize and form fibrous Tumors, which must be
removed with the knife; and in some places these would be unsafe to re-
‘move, so it is important to get them early.

Method of Operation.—Be careful of your diagnosis; find where the
point of injury is—take the knee, which is caused by speedy cuts; these
_ are made when the horse is tired after long driving, as the speed is con-

tinued and the horse struggles, the point of striking is changed, and he
_ nay pound over a large surface. Locate by the amount of fluctuation,
then open with a probe-pointed bistoury, never a scalpel, as near the
"bottom as you can get; put on twitch, have assistant lift opposite foot,
_ eatch your knife, leaving about an inch to cut with, cutting point up;
insert slowly at the ocean inward, upward, and outward, till the point
of the knife is about an inch from the insertion, then cut through; some-
times you will not cut deep enough, then the serum will not flow, then
cut deeper. If you cut off any veins don’t be alarmed, but stop the
bleeding. After cutting the Tumor, syringe out with a caustic solution
that will cauterize the sack enough to prevent reforming—as tinct. iodine
full strength, a couple of drachms or more. After this treatment there
will be a littie discharge for some time, so we usually dip a wad of
oakum in antiseptic and insert in the opening. Bathe an hour ata time
with hot water; take out oakum while bathing and afterward insert a
_ new piece. Never syringe after the first time; put on a big poultice
sterilized with hot water and strongly carbolized; keep up for ten to
twenty days, by that time the cavity will be filled up and the opening
healed, and you will have usually a hard Tumor left, of inflammation;
now bathe and use anodynes, as witch hazel and soap, equal parts, and

}

ARES eR Te ey for) al SRE UE ae CS TN MN Se RS

92 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

the other half water; use this freely and wrap with flannel, give a little
walking exercise. The inflammation will gradually subside, and the ~
animal will be all right soon—in about six to eight weeks. ‘

If an old case is brought to you, open and make a new wound of it, —
poultice, and after about a month put on mild blister—as cantharides, —
once amonth. In treating these cases, if after three months a thickness _
is left, hand rubbing will benefit very much. Hock can be treated in ~
the same way, but in tapping the Capped Hock the incision is made be- i
hind. Remember the anatomy of the part, and you can cut without any —
danger. For old chronic cases you can’t do much good; may try iodide
merc., one to eight of lard, fly blister, one to three of lard, mix these ~
two in equal parts and apply. In the elbow, you can make a good lib- ~
eral opening and keep the horse standing afterwards from one to three ~
weeks; don’t allow to lie down, as that may have been the cause in the
first place. Give a little walking exercise to relieve the standing: if a
bad case, bathe three or four times a day freely , and wash out. If the ©
Tumor on the elbow becomes fibrous and the owner wants it removed, —
you can do so; make an incision through the center and dissect it out in

two parts. After you get this kind of a case well, find out the cause, s “a
possible, and remove or remedy.

SEROUS CysTS ON KNEES OF CATTLE.—If just begun, open and treat.
as any other Tumor. If chronic, Veterinarian cannot afford to touch it.
Only thing to do in chronic case, is to cut elliptical piece out of Tumor.
Build manger that suits purpose.

Cysts.—Where they form in other parts of the body from kicks na a
other injuries, can be opened freely at the bottom; you may inject, but
not enough to cauterize. Use hot applications an ‘hour at a time three —
times a day, and regulate diet; may give a laxative. In Capped Elbow,
where the Tumor is small and bagging, some remove them by ligating; tie
a cord around it tightly, and in three or four days tie another one and much ~
tighter; after three or four days cut off and sear with hot iron, and then treat —
asa simple wound. The trouble with this way of removing them is, that
there is a considerable amount of inflammation. Only in the case] men- —
tion would I use this means; I prefer the knife in all cases. Prof. Wil- —
liams punctures with hot iron, and then eats them out with corrosive
sublimate or arsenic inserted; this is a timid way of treating. After ope-
rating give a little walking exercise, but don’t work for some time.

OVARIAN Cyst.—This is very common in all females—women, cows —
’ and cats, particularly; not so common in mares or bitches. It isa drop-_
sical condition of the ovary, or part of it, as the Cyst may not involve the
whole of the ovary, part being left healthy. This is usually produced
by, or produces, a subacute inflammation of the ovary, and more or less —
desire for the male, called Nymphomania. In large animals—as the cow
and mare, you can recognize this by inserting the hand in the vagina, and —
if large you can find them easily; when the ovary is normal in size you ~
cannot feel it in either the vagina or the anus; and in diseases it is lumpy ©
and very elastic.

Treatment.—Sometimes these Cysts can be treated heroically by in-~
serting one hand in the vagina and the other in the anus, and rupturing”
them by crushing them with your hand; the serum escapes into the

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 93

abdominal cavity and does no harm. Give soft feed and rest, and the
animal will recover in a day or two.

_ Mucous Cysts.—Are those that develop in the mucous membrane
and fill with mucous instead of serum; they develop in the mouth; some-
times called Ranula; they develop in oblong tuberous forms. It is usu-
ally not necessary to dissect them carefully, but just slit them up full
length, and wash out with alum or boracic acid.

CysTs IN THE THYROID GLANDS.—These are BRONCHOCELE when they
are filled with water, and Gorrr® when they are solid. They are common
in horses and cattle in limestone regions; certain sections of every coun-
‘try seem to be affected. The most noted place is Derbyshire, England,
and the St. Lawrence valley in Canada.

‘Treatment.—Different kinds, with more or less success, usually less.
If you think it is due to the part of the pasture, remove to some other
part; and in fresh cases, paint them with iodine once a day, and give
iodide potash internally. Iftheskin gets sore from the painting, cease for
a time and oil them, then continue again. If you think there is serum,
tap with trocar, if you are doubtful, use the hypodermic needle first.
In such a case make the opening larger, but remember this is a dangerous
place to cut, but the trocar is good; then inject one dram of iodine, and
_ paint on the outside with the iodine—it may swella little, but that will do
no harm; sometimes when we tap them we find blood instead of serum,
due to rupture of blood vessels. You can’t dissect them out on account
_of the organs there; if it is an aneurism, you can’t cure it, so close open-
ing and let alone. If you find it growing and pressing on the cesophagus,
trachea, or large arteries, you may dissect it out, but this has met with
poor success in human, and the lower animals may die on the table; it is
the last resort. I think the external applications are the only safe ones,
or treatment, forthis kind. GorrRE is more common in the stallion than
in any other animal, and is often an eyesore.
Treatment.—Give mild purgative, diminish his feed, increase his ex-
-ercise; give one dram iodide potash, night and morning, in his feed for a
week or ten days; then repeat, but don’t continue too long at a time, as
it may affect his testicles and destroy sexual desires. Clip off the hair,
and rub well in with friction, iodide potash in lard, 1 to 8, night and
morning for six weeks.
CuTANEous Cyst.—Is a Cyst in the skin; all that these require is
to open as a Ranula.
: CompounpD Cysts.—Are multiple Cysts, when two or more exist.
_ These Cysts sometimes develop in the sinuses of the head, causing a
bulging of the bones; in the submaxillary, often the whole length of the
sinus. In that case you can trephine at both ends, and cut out the sec-
tion of bone between. In addition to the bulging there may be a dis-
charge from the nose, often streaked with blood and often mistaken for
catarrh; but if it is, there will be no harm in the treatment. "These Cysts
sometimes, instead of bulging, bear downward, causing great trouble by
Dyspneea.

TEETH-BEARING Cysts or T'umMoRS.—Called Dentigerous. Tumor
_ teeth may be found most anywhere; most common place is at the base of
_ the ear, sometimes seen in the maxillary sinuses, or frontal sinus, or in
the testicles or ovaries. When they develop at the base of the ear, there

94. THEORY AND PRACTICE.

will be a little swelling there, then it may start to grow suddenly, and —
cause pain and trouble; sometimes will rupture. When you cut you will —
find a molar tooth there, which seems to grow without a matrix. When
in the testicles, they don’t seem to cause any bother. When dissecting —
at the ear, be careful of the organs there; but as they are generally be-—
_ tween these organs and the skin, there is little danger. . ;
OsTEOSARCOMA.—As recognized by the old authors. In these Cysts
the solid portions of the bone were invaded, destroying it, mostly in the —
cancellated bone tissue, causing it to swell and form open framework, |
and the spaces are filled with a grayish white matter, often vascular or
bloody, and often hot and painful; loosens the molar teeth, the surface of —
it softens in spots, skin ruptures, and the discharge is of a purulent and
gelatinous consistency.
Post Mortem.—Cutting through abe Tumor, the bone seems to be —
disorganized; seems to be a Colloid Tumor of soft tissue. Gangee says itis |
a fibro-plastic degeneration of bone; Williams, that it is Tuberculosis;
McEchran, that it is cancerous. Actinomycosis, Dr. Baker says, is what
_ the above (Osteosarcoma) has been proven to be, beyond a doubt, herein ~
Illinois, and that it is infectuous and can be transmitted from one animal
to another, no matter where its origin may have been. This is Lumpy —
Jaw. =
Treatment.—It is well to recognize it early and remove all the dis-~
eased bone, even taking a little of the healthy bone with it; make a simple ~
wound of it, and treat as such. |
Treatment of Large Tumors.—These should be taken out in sections
and in quarters, and for this purpose the male and female needles should —
be used; then after removing, sear or cauterize with hot iron, lunar ~
caustic, nitric acid, etc. :
CasTRATION.—Technically known as orchidotomy or orchotomy. —
This is the operation of removing the testicles of the male; it is done as a ~
rule to render him more docile, tractable, and useful, that is, as it applies —
to the horse. As it applies to flesh-producing animals, it improves the —
quality of the meat, fattens more rapidly, grows larger, that is, in cattle,
also sheep and hogs. Horses may grow taller, but as a rule do not grow ~
heavier; it makes the males of all animals lighter in the forward part. 4
By being castrated young, the male grows heavier in the front and ~
lighter behind, as the buffalo for instance. Mares grow more even front —
and back, and males when cut grow more like the mare. There are dif- —
ferent names applied to the different males when they are castrated—
stallion is called a gelding; to geld a colt, means to castrate him; bulls, as —
steers or oxen; a ram is called a wether; a boar is called a barrow; cocks
are called capons, and ahuman,a eunuch. Emasculation is a term some-
times used to denote castration; this word means, to deprive of aggres- -
siveness. In speaking of castrating a rooster, it is called caponizing him.
Age At Which It Should Be Done.—In the lower animals, as a rule, ©
the younger it is done the better; it is invariably so in all cases except
with the “horse, for various reasons—the growth will be larger and more
uninterrupted, and the feeling less. In the horse, the longer the colt is. |}
left an entire male, the heavier will be the crest and shoulders, and the
lighter the behind. If castrated young he will be heavier behind and
lighter in front, so the time should be regulated as to how we want the

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. OS

animal to grow; colts as a rule are castrated at about one year old; many
prefer at six or nine months old. Thoroughbreds have a tendency to
grow lighter in front, even to grow U shaped in the neck, so it is best to
leave until two years old before castrating. In blooded animals it is best
to cut them early, as the age applies to the horse; it depends also on the
tendency of the animal as to how it grows; the older a stallion is before
being cut, the bolder he grows; I think many of these would be better if
left till four years old, to prevent the U shaped appearance. If an ant-
mal is left to be an adult before being cut, he has acquired all the charac-
teristics of the entire male, and then he is known as a stag; this applies
in horses and cattle, and may be to other animals, but is well marked in
horses and cattle. By the well-developed head, neck and shoulders, and
short head, and light behind, you can make up your mind when you see
an animal that i is castrated, and with these characteristics, that he was an
adult when cut.

Best Season to Castrate.—It can be done at any time, provided you
have a proper place to keep them, but we prefer to choose mild. weather;
avoid extremes as to heat and cold, and also to fly time.

Preparations. —It is well always, especialy if the colt has been fed
on grain, to diet him, or best to fast him for twenty-four hours, on gen-
eral principles.

Restraint.—Every castrator has his own pet way of ee the
animal for this; it doesn’t matter how it is done, so it works well. It is
considered a simple operation nowadays, and it really is a simple one,

but must be properly done, or serious troubles and death may result.
The old side line is used much, as itis simple and works well. ‘The ques-
tion as to do it standing or to cast, I don’t know if there is any choice,
but if there is, it must be in favor of casting, because the colt may be-
‘have unexpectedly bad, may cut up, then you are unable to finish the
operation, unless you cast, which makes the operation dangerous.. An-
other reason is, there is less danger, or no danger, to the operator; another
reason is, when you get the scrotum cut and the testicle out, the animal
may kick, etc.; you may pull down the cord too hard, and from this a
malignant inflammation may set in, which may cause death. If you
operate standing, put on a neck strap and tie up tightly. When they are
first cut or feel the knife they sometimes kick, but generally are surprised
and squat down, then remain quiet; but be sure to have plenty of room,
So in case he cuts up you will have room to save yourself injury. Ifyou
lay colts down it is perfectly safe; in old horses, over five years, there is
very likely to be an Anchylosis of the lumbar vertebrae, and this be-
comes fractured when cast, and if so, presses on the cord and causes
paralysis of the hind parts, and the animal never gets up; so when you
go to cast an old stallion, always warn the owner as to what may happen.

Methods.—There are various methods in all countries, of castrating;
the ones most common nowadays are, clamp, torsion, ligature, actual
cautery, scraping, and the ecraseur. Before you cast the animal you
want to examine to see if there is any rupture of the inguinal, and

_whether he has any testicles down in the scrotum; if he has one, he is
called monorchid; if he has none, a cryptorchid. Then lay down, sup-
pose two testicles down, no Hernia; best to lay on his back, though some

lay on the side. Wash the scrotum with hot water and soap, and have

96 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

hands and instruments thoroughly clean; locate yourself behind the colt,
catch the testicles up, then cut through the skin dartos and tunica
vaginalis; always make an opening at least three inches in length. After
the testicle i is out, insert your knife between the spermatic cord and tunica
vaginalis and cut the epididymis. The hooked knife is much used in —
this operation, to let the testicle out; now put on the clamp from before, ©
back, about two inches below the testicle; fasten the clamp, and then cut 4
off the testicle about a quarter of an inch from the clamp. ‘These clamps —
are left on a variable length of time—from twenty-four hours to three
days; others think they should slough off; it is simply to prevent hem-
orrhage; twenty-four to thirty hours might do all right, but for fear of —
secondary hemorrhage, best to leave on for two days, or to the second - ;
day, then push up the cord. a ,

Torsion.—You want two pairs of forceps, the ones used in human > ;
. practice do very well; catch the cord with the forceps and fasten them, —
then take another pair, catch hold about an inch from the first clamp and

twist off the testicles. .

Ligature.—This is applied either to the cord entire or not entire.
Put on temporary clamp, cut off the testicle, pick up the artery and li- —
gate; it is the spermatic artery which is very long and in convolutions, —
and you may cut off a number of branches, so you will have to pull these —
out till you get the main artery and ligate it, as the others are only cut-off —
sections.

Cautery.—Take the cord in the temporary clamp, cut off the testicle |
and cauterize the end of the cord with the red-hot iron;—this is a Pop-
ular English way. ‘That is sufficient in young animals, or rather colts,
but in old, in addition to this cautery of the cord, Prof. McEchran used
to locate the artery and ligate. q

Scraping. —Take out the testicle and scrape with the knife instead —
of cutting; this is the method used in most small animals—sheep, dogs,
cats, pigs, etc.

Ecraseur.—The word means a crusher; the French originated this —
method and-instrument. Place the chain around the cord and cut off
slowly by crushing it; there is less danger of hemorrhage when cut off
slowly, than when done quickly.

There is another method that is used in Russia, that seems. to us
barbarous; they lay the testicle on a board and pound it with a-
wooden mallet, believing this leaves the animal with more of its aggress-
iveness. As to choice of methods, the question of hemorrhage is the main
point; the clamp is good, but it has the fault of crushing the nerve, ;
which is very sensitive in this region; this causes intense pain, often ace
companied with rolling, and kicking, and colicy pains. In many case
the ligature would do the same, unless the temporary clamp was used,
and only the artery ligated. Another fault with the clamp is, that it
holds the cord down, and when the clamp is removed the cord will often
hang down an inch out of the scrotum, and this may ‘take up germs—
especially the Botryo Mycosis; this produces Scirrhus of the Cord; it may
grow to the lips of the w ound, and an abscess form in the scrotum, poisell 1
ing the blood often, and inducing inflammation of the chord also.

Torsion is applied to small animals; the objection to this is that it

i

”y)) Ae
wii iNies

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. _ 97

leaves a ragged end on the cord, and more sloughing. Ligature, when

applied to the artery alone, is the most surgical way.

Cautery is very effectual, but there is always trouble in getting irons
heated, etc., and then sloughing afterwards; but that doesn’t hurt any.

Ecraseur is the most popular way in this country, and as a rule is
quite effectual; by crushing the artery it allows the blood to clot.

After Treatment.—We look upon this as being important in one
-particular—it keeps the opening open, as it is liable to heal by first inten-
tion. The proper way to do, is to dip the finger into fresh lard, then in-
sert into the opening; germs wont grow in lard, and as it is an antisep-

tic, with lard on the edges union will not take place. After removal of the

clamp, push up the cord and hold there for a little while to allow it to
contract. Confinement of the pus in the scrotum is often a cause of Per-
_itonitis, that is, when there is a union with the lips of the wound; Septi-
czemia often follows. Give colt plenty of exercise; of course, there will
be some swelling and local inflammation, but you can remove these by
exercise; give soft food. A work horse can be castrated and go to work
at once, but it doesn’t seem humane to do so—they ought to have a few
days’ rest and plenty of exercise. If the scrotum swells much, it is due
to the lack of exercise; if it is due to Septiceemia, it will be hard and hot
_—then bathe with hot water, introducing your sponge into the wound;
afterwards use antiseptics; that is, into the inguinal canal—as carbolic
acid.
Mortality.—Some deaths will occur, and there will be more some
seasons than others; can’t say why this is. In France and Germany,
castration is all done by the government Veterinarians, because the studs
_ are all under the control of the government; there the mortality some
seasons is as high as thirty-three and one third per cent, other seasons
_ five per cent, and the average about ten per cent. I don’t think the
mortality in this country is anywhere near so high.

Cause of Death.—First, secondary hemorrhage; second, blood poison-
ing—Septiczemia; third, Hernia; fourth, Tetanus, and in addition to these
we have Fistula of the Scrotum, Gangrene of the Cord, and Scirrhus of
rhe Cord.

SECOND HEMORRHAGE.—Is that which occurs some little time after
_ the operation, say in the course of fifteen to thirty minutes; it begins then
_ and increases; this usually occurs in colts in a poor unthrifty condition,
and where there is a lack of fibrin in the blood, and will not coagulate
_ well or quickly. You may be called to treat a case that some other per-
son had castrated; the first thing you should do is to try the administra-
tion of ergot; the fluid extract of ergot one ounce. ‘Then in fifteen min-
utes if the hemorrhage does not stop, give another dose; if this fails, don’t
_ give any more ergot, “but try to catch the cord of the one that is bleeding

or both, if they are both bleeding; if you can find it, then ligate. That
_ is the one advantage with the clamp—this never occurs; with ‘the ecraseur
mat micht, If death does not occur, it may run on till it causes a separa-
tion of the retina from the choroid membrane of the eye, and cause
partial blindness, which may remain through life; this is from the blood
: getting so thin, and new blood forming, it is so thin sometimes as to ooze
out of the vessels into the surrounding tissues. This trouble which is
produced is known as Grass Eve, and the eye appears healthy and full,

98 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

aa is insensible to light, which is a case you should always foske Otte, for
in examining for soundness; the pupil is always dilated in this condition.
Sometimes from castrating by other means than the clamp, the cord i:
drawn up into the belly and internal hemorrhage takes place, no loge
being seen on the outside, and the colt may bleed to death; in this case
use ergot, and you may dash cold water on the stern. ag
SEPTICHMIA.—We avoid this first, by adopting cleanliness; aonae
by refraining from operating when the ‘animal is sick with Strangles or
Influenza; it is almost certain to kill him if we do. If you do operate on ~
one of these animals, be sure to wash your hands antiseptically before —
operating on another colt, or you may infect him. Suppose Septicaemia
does occur; the sy mptoms will be quite extensive, swelling of the scrotum, —
it will be hot and painful, and will pit on pressure; temperature increased,
may be 104 and 5 or 6; loss of appetite, rapid emaciation, and may die. f
in five or six days, or may run on for five or six weeks; if it runs on that. 4
long, there will be Marasmus. ,
Treatment. —Hot fomentations; you may rely almost entirely on thea! a
and keep up almost continually, g vetting it up into the inguinal canal; also
use antiseptics with it, as external—tinct. of i iron, quinine; alcoholic stim-
ulants in generous quantity. The tinct. of iron acts on the red-blood cor-
puscles, and it is these that Septiceemia destroys. Quinine is indicated
in all cases of Septiczemia; a little gentian may be added to it. Y
PERITONITIS.—This usually comes from the inflammation extending
up the cord into the abdominal cavity, and affects the peritoneum. Symp-
toms are the same as in any other Peritonitis, only they roll less and
kick less, and when they die with it, are usually quiet, often wont move
a bit, except may pick up foot and let down again. Cae
Post-Mortem.—Same as the ordinary; it is due toagerm. After ae
inflammation extends up into the belly it is nearly always fatal. If you
are notified before it extends up far, you may be able to give relief; give
hyposulphite soda along with opium and whisky.
HERNIA.—This may occur during operation, by the colt taking on
an involuntary straining, and will force the bowels out into the inguinal
canal, or it may take place after-he gets up, especially with the clamp.
Sometimes only the omentum passes down, when it is called Epiplocele,
when all down, Enterocele. The Hernia must be reduced; give anesthetic,
1oz. or % oz. chloral hydrate, or 2 ozs. sulph. ether, or 1 oz. chloroform. |
After you get the Hernia reduced, pick up the tunica vaginalis and cord,
if you can, catch with clamp and give a turn upon itself, then insert a
wad of absorbent cotton or clean towel into the inguinal canal, and sew
up. Stand colt high behind, feed on bran slop, no hay; next day, cut
open the suture and remove the cotton, then the swelling will be sufficient
to prevent further Hernia. In case the bowels come out in large quanti:
ties, the proper thing to do is to tie up, with a sheet held over the loud ns
till you can lay the animal.
Teranus.—This doesn’t differ from any other; caused alike fro
the germ, and is infectuous, but not from animal to animal. Thes
germs are numerous in the horse dung. Treat the same as any othe
case of Septiczemia; give a little morphia hypodermically. u
FISTULA OF THE SCROTUM.—This occurs from the introduction inte
the scrotum of some foreign body, but eNabear from the lips growing t tc

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VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 99

_ the lips of the wound; abscesses are formed, and there may be a chronic
_ discharge.

Treatment.—First, enlarge your opening with a probe-pointed bis-
toury, explore if there is any foreign body there; if you find a rose-like
enlargement, pinch it off. Inject into this Fistula a strong solution of
sulph. copper I oz. toa pint of water, about twice a week. In some
eases you will have to lay down and remove part of the cord same as in
Scirrhus of the Cord.

GANGRENE OF THE CorD.—Is incurable, as it is never discovered
until it is too late.

ScrrRHUS CoRD (Champignon).—Is a Tumor growing on end of
cord, following Castration. Billings says it is invariably due to Botryo
Mycosis. Thisis a fungus growth following Castration, unquestionably
-dueto a germ in most cases; but I am not prepared to say it is always
this particular germ. It is a dumb-bell shaped worm that gets into the

wound after the operation, either from dirty hands, or from the soil, or
indifferent ways. It would bestrange if this did not occur in many cases,
on account of the great number of germs, and thisis one of the worst
_ places, because the wound leads direct to the peritoneal membrane in the
abdominal cavity. Some authors describe it as a fibro-vascular fungus
enlargement. It follows the clamp generally, because it holds the cord
down, and when the clamp is removed the cord is not pushed up as it
should be, and from the dirty hand that may touch it. This Scirrhus
_ Cord sometimes grows to a great size; Dr. Baker exhibited one taken from
_ a ii-year old horse, that weighed twenty-eight pounds, supposed to have
_ been in existence since the animal, as a colt, was castrated. Usually it
_ grows to the size of a man’s fist, or double that. In the early stage the
_ horse will be stiff, sometimes very stiff and lame; sometimes only one side
is affected. When very acute, it produces constitutional disturbances;

there will be fever, puffed-up flanks, arched back. This is sometimes so
extensive as to extend up the cord to the loins. This cord has been found
to be as large asa man’s arm up to the loins, and with abscesses; this
leads to blood poisoning, emaciation takes place rapidly, fever keeps up,
animal gets weak, Marasmus sets in, then collapse and death. Usually a
Veterinary will be asked to find out what i is the matter with the colt; this
_ may be many weeks after the operation of Castration has been performed.
_ The wound in the scrotum will be healed up nicely, and when you feel
_ up the inguinal ring you will find an enlargement, which presses’ on the
parts and gives great pain.

Treatment. —Removal with the knife is the only treatment; to do
this successfully and properly, lay down and confine the same as for Cas-
tration; turn him on his back, lay open the scrotum over the Tumor,
about the same place you would cut to castrate. It is not necessary to
take off more than the large part of it; the neck may be absorbed, or it
may grow again. You will find it is very vascular and will bleed very
much with every cut of the knife, so go about it carefully; the veins are _
meamich enlarsed, and if cut will bleed a stream, so be prepared to tie
_upifnecessary. Skin back and lacerate the attachment, not with the
_ knife, but with your finger; this will expose the cord. If it is small you
can cut it off with the ecraseur; if very large, you will have to take off
in sections; insert your knife perpendicularly, then put the chain around

100 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

Sets
and cut off the section, and repeat till you cut it all off. Hurry the oper- ;
ation on account of the hemorrhage; hot water is good, with a big sponge, —
temperature of the water about 175. Just as soon as you get the Tumor — ,
removed, put in the sponge and sew up and leave for twenty-four hours,
or hold for a time and then take out the sponge and pack with bakina
or absorbent cotton for twenty-four hours, then take out and cauterize —
with chlor. mercury I in 100, or tinct. of iodine ; then treat the same as a
simple wound; give clean bedding and tie up the tail. Some use a clamp —
for this purpose, then they have them curved, but I don’t think the clamp —
is good in this case—the ecraseur is the best. Sometimes a Veterinarian —
will make more by not castrating at all, but let others do it and he will —
be called upon to treat bad results. He will have patients that others |
castrated for fifty cents or a dollar, that may pay him ten or fifteen dol-—
lars, for Tumors will often develop, no matter how well the operation is ¥
performed. The best preventive is to follow the after treatment given, —
and the use of lard, or you may use an antiseptic lotion. q

IRREGULARITIES FouND IN CoL_ts.—First, Inguinal Scrotal Hernia
at the time of operating, first see if this exists. Make up your mind as to —
the mode you are going to follow, lay the colt down, turn him on his —
back and reduce the Hernia by manipulation on the outside; for larger |
ones insert your hand into the anus to assist you. }

Covered Operation.—Make an incision through the skin and dartos, 3
then you come to the tunica vaginalis that you don’t cut, so dissect away .
the cellular tissue, letting the testicle out and the tunica vaginalis will come
out also; put on your clamp, enclosing also the tunica vaginalis, put the
clamp on extra tight and closer to the body than usual, then cut off the’
testicle as if the tunica vaginalis was not enclosed. If only one side is
affected, operate on the side that is affected first, then on the other in the
usual way. ‘The great danger is when you let him up; if he strains, give |
anzesthetic; then feed on “soft light diet. If the animal is affected
with Hernia before you operate, have him fasted; after the operation
have him stand high behind in stall for about three days, then the swell-_
ing will prevent any further Hernia. If the Hernia is unusually large, as
in hogs, this method alone will not be sufficient, so when you let the
tunica vaginalis out with the testicle, give it a turn upon itself, then put —
on the clamp. In the case of hogs, have your assistant hold them up by
the hind legs—that will move the bowels forward. Sometimes we just
cut out in the regular way, then pack with absorbent cotton and leave in
about three days till it swells enough to prevent further trouble.

SPAYING THE FEMALE.—Spaying, technically, is Ovariotomy—
removal of the ovaries. All kinds of females, especially in the lower
animals, that are not wanted for breeding purposes are better off spayed, —
especially meat-producing animals— as cattle; they grow fatter, and faster,
and better, and the younger it is done the better. In the case of bitches, J
it makes them more docile, and as for house dogs, they stay at home
better and do not have company running through the kitchen after the m1, 1
or linked together. As arule, women are only spayed as the result of
some disease of the ovaries, and are often spayed when they are ba Ss.
It is no more uncommon to find spayed women than castrated men, but
there is one peculiar difference between the human and lower animale” .
the lower animals, when spayed, they lose all sexual desire, while

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VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. IOI

woman spayed still enjoys the embraces of the male. Old bitches that

have been bred before’spaying may from habit take the male when her

- time of heat should come. ‘The lower animals will only take the male

_ during heat, while in woman it is different. Itis thought that spayed
bitches get fatter and lazy, but I think it is due to their old age, and
that a young bitch will not get any fatter, but may when she gets older.
But they get brighter and more docile, and some hunters say they are
better, and their scent just as good.

Preparation.—It depends on what kind of an animal you are going
to operate on, but it is best to fast them all; if a bitch, fast forty-eight
hours if she is fat; heifer, twenty-four hours will do. In the bitch the
ovary lies away forward near the diaphragm; in the cow it is near the

broad ligament. Bitches are hung up by the hind legs on an inclined
plane; be careful as to cleanliness, as you will have to come in contact
With the peritoneum, otherwise it is a simple operation. You will have
to educate the touch as well as the sight in finding the ovary in the bitch;
best place to learn it is in the dissecting room. In bitches the horns of
the uterus run away down to the diaphragm. In bitches we don’t con-
sider it well to make the incision at the umbilicus, but run up near to it
and not very large; insert the finger and dilate down towards the spine; the
_ ovary will be recognized by its firmness, and when you see, by its dense
fibrous appearance. If fasted, the omentum will not bother you, but may
if full. Usually you can pinch off the ovary, or else cut off with scissors.
_ Heifers are usually spayed through the median line, either on the right
or left side; make an incision large enough to insert the hand. If on the
left side, you go posterior to the rumen; on the right side, you don’t go
near the rumen. Cows may be spayed through the vagina.
Aiter Treatment in Spaying.—Neither the vagina nor the flank re-
_ quires any particular attention; when in the flank, it is usually sewed up
and the animal turred out, and no further notice taken of her. The
wound in the vagina requires no further treatment, not even sewing up.
The sow is operated on through the flank or median line; they are usu-
ally laid on an inclined plane with the head downward, and operated up-
on the same as you doon bitches. If you operate through the flank,
either side will do—whichever is the handiest to you. ‘The peculiarity
in the bitch is the ovary lying so far forward. ‘The after treatment does
not amount to anything, except to give soft feed. In bitches we usually
_ take pains to keep clean, and give soft feed. With other animals, it is
painful for a little time. If the fever should run high, give a little qui-
nine and iodide potash. As to the right age, the same rule as in colts
will apply—the younger the better; there will be less danger of Hernia
ae less feeling. It is difficult to spay a bitch before she is six months
old.

Females should not be spayed during. pregnancy or heat: during
pregnancy the shock might cause an abortion, and in heat the blood
vessels are so enlaged there is danger of great hemorrhage. If possible,
the spaying should be done before the first heat, then the blood vessels

_ never have been enlarged, no congestion. If there should be any great
_ hemorrhage, give them the fl. ext. ergot internally; for a bitch weighing
_ about 25 pounds, give 1 dr. and repeat in fifteen minutes if necessary.
Occasionally abscesses will form in the cavity; this seems more likely to

102 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

occur in cows than in other females. Cows can be operated on throu
the vagina; in doing this you will require a distender (repeller), and then —
insert the knife and cut upwards through the wall, being careful not ‘to :

cut the rectum.

CaPONIZING Fow1s.—For the same renee as in other meat-pro-
ducing animals, they make better meat, grow faster and larger, and their — v
meat is far better than that of the ordinary fowl, and they bring a better
price and are much sought for. They are handled to the best advantage —
by laying them on a “barrel and tying a brick to the legs and let hang ~
down, then another one to the wings—that holds them in position. Lo- —
cate the last rib in the flank; if there are any feathers there remove them; —
cut down through the costal muscles between the last two ribs, then with ©
spreaders part the ribs and hold them apart. When the ribs are parted, zs
you will find the ovary close up to the back near the kidney; you will see —
a small white body usually from 36 to % inch in size, this is the testicle; —
catch hold of it with your instrument and twist off, then through the —
same opening go in and get the other one, and take this out the same way. —

The mortality i is very small.

RIDGELINGS.—Such horses, although the testicles are not in sight, 4
are entire males and they can get foals. They are just as aggressive, —
vicious, and in all respects like the ordinary stallion, except the testicles —
being out of sight. Their testicles are usually not so large as in the —
ordinary. We had a bull with but one testicle down, and he was just as
reliable, and did not have one like himself. Ridgeling stallions are ob-
jectionable as foal getters, because they are liable to produce ridgeling —
colts, for it is a law in nature that like begets like. It seems that stal- —
lions get more ridgelings than any other animal, or rather some stallions. —
There seems to be a faulty development, and it is a sort of deformity. ©
The cause of being a ridgeling seems to be that the testicle is too light to —
descend into the scrotum; they are usually found in the belly near the
abdominal ring, may be half way through the ring or entirely through,
or they may not descend at all, and be found near the kidneys. When
it stops just inside the belly, he is called a true ridgeling; when half way
through the ring, the animal is called a high flanker, when it is low”
down in the inguinal canal, he is called a low flanker. Always examine
to see that the colt has not been castrated before, when you are asked to
operate on these, as sometimes some castrator may have tried it and did
not get both out, so if you cannot learn from the owner for certain which
one was left in, then you will only have to try both sides. Sometimes
you can locate the side by feeling in the rectum. If it isa stallion with”
only one testicle down, then it is always advisable to operate on the hid-
den one first. 4

Preparation.—I was always led to believe that it was proper to die |
for twenty-four hours before in the horse; for some reasons it would
best on general principles. Some castrators say it is an advantage to
have the viscera ft ull, as you have to go inside the belly, and when they a: are

and get it out better, than if he was fasted. In nuehie up the ridgeli:
proceed the same as in the eee? stallions, but you must spree

hips to have the flank exposed. “When you ‘get him tied, Bes turn

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VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 103

his back. Farmer Miles does not care how he has him, but usually lays
- him on his side and makes no fuss over the job, but still he sometimes
loses some colts. You should study the anatomy of the parts well in the
dissecting room, for you will never make a good operator till you know
_ the parts ; thoroughly. When you are ready, catch hold of the scrotum
and pull. forward, make your incision downwards and backwards; make
this incision where you would to castrate the ordinary the colt; ood plan
to have carbolized oil handy, dip your hand in the oil and then worm the
fingers through the inguinal canal into and through the ring; usually you
will find a little testicle there, then break down the tissues and draw down
and use either the ecraseur or the emasculator having the corrugated side
of the emasculator next the body. This is soune nies better than the
ecraseur, as you can’t always get the testicle clear out, and youcan reach
in with the emasculator. Suppose the testicle isin the belly, you go in the
ring, and if you don’t find it, go through the ring, some will pass
their finger through the peritoneum; others go through Poupart’s lig-
ament. Ninety-nine times out of a hundred it will be found on the floor of
the belly posterior to the ring. You can recognize it by the feel—nothing
else there feels like it except it might be dung g, and you can tell even
between that. Catch it between the fingers, bring out and remove. If
_you have made an opening push back the cord, which will adhere to the
lips of the wound, and it will heal all right.
“ After Treatment.—Much the same as in the other cases, but be more
careful, give exercise, and use hot fomentations if there is much swelling;
_ of course there is more danger of Peritonitis, as you come in direct con:
tact with the peritoneum. The preference, I think, in these cases is to
make fresh opening rather than enlarging the ring, and if you do go
through the ring, make as small an opening as possible. Following this
operation, Hernia will sometimes occur in the best of operations, when the
colt gets up the bowels come out; use same treatment as in the other
eases. Other than horses are liable to be ridgelings—as the bull, boar,
ete. Bull and boar are usually castrated through the flank, same as we
spay the bitch instead of through the inguinal canal; the horse could be
done the same way, but the peritoneum in the horse seems more liable to
. bad effects than in other animals. Wespay all animals but the mare;
' I never saw a case of the mare getting over the operation, while ali other
_ animals take it very mildly; that i is serlisy it is dangerous to castrate the
_ridgeling through the peritoneum.
« DISEASES OF THE LIVER.—These are rare compared to the human,
and are rare also as compared to diseases of other organs of the lower ani-
mals, but the liver does become diseased sometimes in a well-marked
way. When it does occur it is always serious. The phenomena of dis-
eases of the liver are few, the principal one being the yellowness of the
visible mucous membrane and white skin; sometimes there is lameness of
the right fore quarter, all on account of disease of the liver. There are
sometimes colicky pains, and the liver is sometimes excessively active
and increases a great deal of bile, which often causes Bile Diarrhoea; this
_ is seen by the unnatural yellowness of the feeces, and deficiency of bile
_ catses a gray feecal matter and an excess of gray mucous matter.
i CONGESTION OF THE LIVER.—This is simply an engorgement of the
_ glands with blood; it is seen in two forms—Active and Passive.

104 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

ActivE Concrstion.—Is due to overfeeding on stimulating food, —
or on highly concentr ated food, and the exciting cause is the want of ex-
ercise. It is more likely to occur in hot w eather than in the cold. In
this Congestion the hepatic circulation is involved, the hepatic arteries ©
and capillaries, but more particularly the arteries. There is simply an ‘
increased flow of blood. Active Congestion, 70 a certain extent, is always —
present during digestion, but this Congestion is harmless. Active Cr
gestion as a rule is always serious, more so than the Passive. |

PASSIVE CONGESTION. —Oeccurs in the portal vein, and is due to 4
obstruction of some sort, or a faulty propelling power. We find that
with Passive Congestion we frequently have valvular insufficiency of the
heart; there are other causes also. We get it from Hepatization of the
Lungs, due to faulty circulation of the blood through the heart. Em-
physema also tends to prodtce it; in such a case, there is not the usual
quantity of blood sent to the lungs, circulation is obstructed, and this —
causes, in a reflex way, Passive Congestion and of the portal system.
Asa result of this we get two kinds of Congestion, and sometimes a —
third, which arises from. a form of biliary duct which becomes surcharged
with biliary matter. ‘These congestions, and we speak of them usually
together, either or both will cause the third or Biliary, and if they last —
very long we get biliary poisoning of the blood as a result; also may be ~
done by serious Inflammation of the Liver; or Abdominal Ascites may —
result. ;

Post-MortTEM.—The liver shows an enlarged organ with patches of
dark streaks showing also brown, and with lighter ones here and there, —
giving to the organ a mottled appearance. ‘This kindof liver corresponds —
to the Nutmeg Liver of the human. ‘The dark patches in this case are —
the enlarged hepatic veins, the lighter ones correspond to the ramifica~- ~
tions of the portal; the lighter patches where the portal is concerned, the
liver is anzemic. The passage of the portal vein is obstructed and the —
hepatic enlarged, and being congested produces the dark streaks. The —
brown is probably due to pressure, or may be due to fat cells in the cell —
structure—fat in the hepatic lobula. The pressure, other than the fat,
is on account of the increase in the interlobular connective tissue, 7

ETIoLoGy.—The most common cause is previous pulmonary or car-
diac diseases; sudden chills from exposure to storms while in a heated
condition will often cause severe chill, which will result in Congestion of
the Liver. An animal suffering from Influenza often has Congestion of —
the Liver, that is probably due to weak circulation during Influenza. In
Influenza we see the yellow color spoken of. Errors in diet, particularly —
over-feeding, and particularly in hot weather; faulty digestion is often
the cause or accompanies it; sudden overexertion especially in hot
weather when not in a condition to accept such, and also strong exercise ©
after eating.

SEMEIOLOGY.—The symptoms are not very diagnostic, as many of ~
them are common to other diseases. ‘The most prominent feature is dull- —
ness, listlessness, languor—this is liable to be the case in over-fat animals,
as the result of Congestion of the Liver. In sudden severe attacks there RK
will be colicky pains, not severe but quite well-marked; will look around to —
his right side instead of to his left; pressure over the region of the liver —
will cause pain. After this has been running on about twenty-four hours, —

A

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one VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. IO5

the yellow color of the mucous membrane will be noticed, urine will be

_ brown, feeces gray in the course of three or four days, and very offen-
sive in smell. If this condition is continued three or four days the animal
will grind his teeth, his mouth is soapy to the feel, and offensive smell;
he licks the wall as though hungry for lime salts, has an unnatural
appetite, seems to want alkalies and will eat clay; this is especially so where
they are kept long on hay or grain. Insevere cases there will be lameness
of the shoulder; sometimes it 1s associated with Infiuenza, possibly with
some other infectuous disease, as Purpura Hemorrhagica and Valvular Dis-
ease of the Heart. Sometimes the appetite is completely lost, but usually
is not interfered with very much. Usually it runs a benign course, and
may only exist for a number of hours; but sometimes you get rupture of
the capsules, which will result in a fatal hemorrhage.

Treatment.—Considering that the whole trouble is hyperemic in
Active Congestion, blood letting would be the most sensible treatment,
and would be indicated; but if it is Passive Congestion and due to ob-
struction of the portal vein, it would do no good to bleed. But we don’t
bleed now even when good, but instead give a purgative, as magnesia 34
pound. In case of Passive Congestion there can’t be very much done for
it, because you cannot remove the cause; but if it is caused by lung
trouble, try to remove that; if valvular of the heart, treat with stimtlants
—as digitalis. But the trouble is, that Passive Congestion is not known
to us, or we are not called until Ascites has taken place, and then there

is an anzemic condition of the system. Iron is indicated; digitalis for the
heart, and good diet. ‘The great trouble is that Passive Congestion has
become chronic before it is brought to our attention. In case of Active
Congestion, reduce his feed and increase his work, thereby reducing the
cause. In addition to the purgative, if you think it necessary, give a diu-
retic, and after either one of the Congestions produces the third give
mineral acids internally after the purgative—either hydrochloric and
nitric mixed, or sulphuric acid; I prefer the sulphuric. In this kind of
case their appetite is weak; we usually give acid tonic as—tinct. gentian
4 ozs. sulphuric acid 1 dr., aqua ad. to make one pint. Dose, 1 oz. three
times a day, that is a dose for a driver about 1000 tbs.; toa horse that
weighs more, you can give’2 ozs. ‘This trouble is seen more in the draft
and heavy horse than in the driver.

Hepatitis.—Inflammation of the Liver. This occurs in two forms
—Acute and Chronic. In some cases it locates itself in the capsule,
having extended to it from some adjacent tissue. We find it in severe
eases of Pleurisy, especially the Pleurisy that occurs as a complication in
Influenza; it may alsoextend to it from Peritonitis. _In most we find
the capsule is immensely thickened, indurated, and enlarged, and
evidences of extensive proliferation. In other cases the intimate gland
structure suffers; in others, only the framework of the fibrous tissue is
involved. Inflammation of the Liver can’t be very well diagnosed during
life, because it usually exists with some other complication, and some-
times abscesses form from this trouble. This inflammation of the liver
is common in cattle, and the abscesses that often form vary in size from
a walnut to turkey egg, particularly in old cows, and there may be from

4 one to a dozen. ‘The liver in old cows is invariably affected in some way.
Treatment—Can only be applied on general principles; if young and

Dui ix AR ae ae ie hip ult 2 os

106 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

strong, bleed; if old and weak, give stimulants and rational treatmenee
CHronic HEPArItis. —There are two kinds—Cirrhosis or Hardens
ing and Fatty Degeneration, or softening; ; accompanying fatty is rupture, —
and usually fatal termination. Cirrhosis you can have in any gland; it ©
means simply a hardening of the body as a result of the chronic inflam-
mation. ‘This is more common in the horse than acute, and there are —
many complications; as a result, there is a distinct granular condition of
the tumefactive structures, and great increase of fibrous tissue in the —
covering and sheaths of the organ. ms,
Post-Mortem. —Feels hard and solid. There is a condensing inflam- —
mation of the fibrous structures; the edges are very much thickened, the —
fibres in the organ are increased and indurated, the hepatic lobula suffer
from pressure; “the portal vein is anzemic; surface of the liver is apt to be’
covered with little nodula; the obstructed portal vein prevents free exit —
of the blood from the abdominal viscera. "The bowels and mesenteric —
suffer most, and, as a result, get Abdominal Dropsy and Ascites; in a
bad case the organ will be covered with brown spots.
Err1oLoGy.—Usually find in horses that have been starved to death,
hard worked on scanty feed, great exposure suffered, mostly seen in ad 4
animals. It is looked upon as due to faulty nutrition of the system.
SEMEIOLOGY.—There may be Ascites; horse may be pot-bellied,
yellow mucous membrane, and anzemia or pallor, sometimes stupor; often ;
mouth has a sour smell and soapy, long starring coat, oftentimes tender ©
on pressure over the liver. a
Treatment.—If it can be diagnosed early, remove the cause; often
irregularity of the teeth will be a cause. If from lack of nutrition, give ~
iron, nux vomica or gentian; if constipated, give sulphate soda in small ~
doses, and improve the hygiene. Potassium bitartrate (cream tartar) 2 —
r 3 drachms to the dose, is good to remove the biliary congestion. The
horse or animal may die, in Inflammation of the Liver, frdém Septiceemia —
also. Bring the feeding down to that of the ordinary animal, increase —
his exercise, reduce any artificial heat, give coarser and less of the nitrog- —
enous food. In the sheep we find the cause generally just the opposite
of that in the horse—they do not get enough nitrogenous food, and the ~
liver develops a Fatty Degeneration, and so the treatment should be just —
the paryite of that prescribed for the horse. Give nitrogenous food, as ©
bean-meal, 1% pint once a day, with plenty of other food.
Occasionally we run onto two other kinds of inflammation—AMYLOID
and LARDACEOUS. ‘The causes are obscure, and they are seldom seen in ~
the horse or any of the lower animals, though the Amyloid is sometimes —
seen in the horse; it is harder than the F atty, and softer than the
Cirrhosis; it resembles wax, but is a result of any of those degenerations, —
but more probably of the Cirrhosis. We get a general wasting of the
body, Marasmus, collapse and death; w hile in the Fatty Degeneration
they get fat, as in sheep; they may appear in the best of health a week
before they show the effect of this. The horse gets yellowness of the
mucous membrane, and if they die it is generally from hemorrhage.
Dogs eating too. much meat without exercise become affected; they must
have exercise; it tends to the elimination of the nitrogenous through the
production of urea. a
JAUNDICE.—Sometimes called Yellows. This is a name given to 2

mise ‘
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VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 107

__ yellowness of the whole system, due to one of two conditions: First, is
non-secretion or suppression of bile, non-elimination. Second, re- absorb-
tion of the bile, taken back into the organ, and is poisonous. In the
urine in these cases there are two acids—taurocholic and glycocholic
acids, tested for in the urine in the following way: ‘Take 1 dr. of the
urine in test tube, and add a little cane sugar, very little, then pour 1 dr.
sulphuric acid into the tube, slanting the tube and, pouring in very
slowly to allow the acid to run to the bottom. If biliary acids are
present in the urine, a deep, purple band will develop between the acid
and the urine; if none are present, a brown band will form instead of the
purple tint. The presence of the bile acids in the urine is a positive
proot of re-absorption of the bile. In case of suppression there will be
no acids, If there is obstruction there will be bile in the acids. In both
cases you get blood poisoning and death. ‘The suppression or non-
elimination is due to the following causés: Enervation, this is probably
the cause of most of it in the human; often seen in connection with other

_ diseases. Disordered hepatic circulation; if this is interfered with, the

- secretion of bile will, of course, be interfered with. Then the absence of
secreting substances, as seen in Atrophy, seen in interruption of the
hepatic artery; also destruction of the liver as a secreting gland, or |

_ Tuberculosis, and several other degenerations. Then Jaundice from

re-absorption is due to the following causes: Biliary Calculi, most com-
mon, and quite so in the human, uot so much so in the lower animals,
and is most prevalent among high livers. Second, inflammatory tume-

_ faction of the duodenum, or lining of the duct that empties into it. The
flow of bile is easily obstructed, and when it begins to stop, like the
blood, it becomes thicker, so these calculi are generally accumulations of

' imspissated bile. Third, stricture or obliteration of the duct. Fourth,

_ by tumors cutting in the duct, or at its mouth. Fifth, by pressure on

’ the duct from without. Sixth, parasites—as Strongylus Armatus are
often found.

SEMEIOLOGY.—General yellowness of all the parts, urine of a red-
dish yellow, natural temperature, feecal matter in the course of three or
four days becomes gray, and continuing such passage we get either

_ Diarrhcea or Constipation—more likely to get Constipation in these cases.

~ In this urine you will see in the glass all the colors of the rainbow, if

held to the light; mouth has a pasty, soapy feel, sour smell, sometimes
loss of appetite; other times will not be. Where there is no fever the
appetite usually remains good. Some people think this is so sure a sign
that they need not take their temperature, but we know this is not so.
~ sure athing. Oftentimes for three or four days there will be no derange-
ment, but the animal is languid. When it has reached its height, in
three or four days, they get a dry itching of the skin, which becomes.
scaly and glistening, and the more it is scratched the more it itches. In
some cases there is lameness in the right shoulder; if not relieved, death
follows from blood poisoning in a rather indefinite time—depends on the
severity of the cause. If the liver does not secrete bile at all, it would
not be very long until the animal would die.
TREATMENT.—Ascertain first if Jaundice is due to non-secretion or
obstruction and re-absorption. If due to re-absorption, give oleaginous
laxatives; they work mechanically, without stimulating the liver, and by

108 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

moving the bowels freely, have a tendency to carry off the obstruction. ©
If it is due to non-secretion, stimulate the liver by giving saline laxatives;
give a cholagogue—give aloes, calomel, podophyllin, sodium sulph.,
rhubarb, “magnesium. We consider in moderate case best to give % pint ©
oil and }4 dr. calomel; follow up with 4 ozs. sulphate soda in water, night —
and morning, for three or four. days. If there is an over-secretion of —
bile it can often be regulated by tincture of iron internally, and quinine,

in all cases rather liberally. Keep the animal quiet, give proper diet—

if fat, give laxatives and coarser food; if thin and weak, give nutritious
food. If Diarrhoea is present, give anti-acids to sweeten the bowels—as
lime water, bicarbonate soda, prepared chalk, etc. Following the use of
cholagogues, if they don’t act properly, you can stimulate by hydrochloric
and sulph. acid diluted properly—-they are powerful, and care must be
used. Ox-gallis an old-fashioned remedy, and a good one. Arom.
spts. of ammonia is best stimulant to prevent nervous prostration.

GALL STONES—Are very peculiar; they usually begin to form by
partial obstruction of the bile. They are accumulations of inspissated
bile, and are most often found in cattle; also in sheep, but not found in
the horse.

CACHEXIA AQUOSA, or WATER CACHEXIA of the sheep.—Due to
the interference of the liver by the Liver Flukes, known as Fasciola
Hepatica—Rot. We find that sheep having this were fattened on low, damp
ground, almost wholly due to the lack of drainage; they usually get pot-
bellied from Ascites, the liver swells and interferes with the portal cireu-
lation, Diarrhoea in the last stages, and dropsical swelling on the outside
of the belly, or in the submaxillary space; difficulty in getting up when
they lie down, wool gets dry and crisp and falls out.

Treatment—Should be prophylactic. Nothing can be given to
destroy the Flukes that would not kill the sheep .as well, so the only
thing to do is to remove the sheep to higher ground. If that can’t be
done, then drain the low-land well. Chemicals and lime, salt and carbolic
acid have been tried, but drainage did the only good.

PANCREAS AND SPLEEN.—Only have to say to deny the assertion of
some authors calling Lymphadenoma of the spleen; this means a Tumor
growing in a lymphatic gland, and the spleen is not a lymphatic gland;
as described, it is a series of, or a lot of fibrous Tumors due to Chronic
Inflammation. In addition to this we find the spleen is liable to many —
diseases—as Atrophy, Hypertrophy, Thrombosis, Cancer, Hydatides, —
Lymphadenoma, etc., also Ossification, Congestion, and Inflammation. —
Any or all these may form in almost any animal. Causes are obscure;
the draft stallion seems most liable to it; I think it is due to long over- 4
feeding. The use of the spleen is not known. It is a reservoir for blood, —
but if it is destroyed or badly affected the animal wont live long; and a —
stallion will get so he will not notice a mare. The spleen is also liable to ~
pt uberculosis, Melanosis, and Chronic Inflammation, but they can’t be —
diagnosed during life, or any of the other diseases, so treat on general 7
principles—as stimulants, and out-door exercise.

oe. —Is still more obscure. Its function is to secrete a

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VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 10G

digested bits of fat that were eaten, and there will be found sugar in the
urine; this trouble in the dog often follows long feeding on liver.

DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM (HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS).

DISEASE OF THE HEART.—Is not common in the horse, but when it
occurs it is very serious; this is soin the human as well as in the lower an-
imals, and usually terminates fatally. When it comes it is always sud-
den; chronic may linger a long time, but when death comes it is sud-
den.
We examine for heart disease in three ways, much as in lung troubles—
Inspection, Palpation, and Oscultation. By inspection we detect any
change in the position, and the force of the beat can be often detected—
you can see it in the jugular; and as to the character and rhythm, you
get that by palpation to see if regular. ‘The observation we get by
oscultation is for sound; there-is a characteristic sound when normal,
that there may not be in disease. The phenomena of heart diseases are
as follows: Languor, though not specific; Lassitude, impeded respiration
during action or existence of disease; this often amounts to actual dis-
tressing Dyspncea, as seen in most cases of heart disease during exercise.
Unless you are posted on pathology you might easily mistake this for
troubles of the lungs, when they are impaired with disease; there is Con-
gestionin them. But the cause looked on as existing only in the heart,
is defective cardiac power; this causes Passive Congestion of the lungs.
‘These cases of chronic heart troubles caused by exercise are often per-
fectly well only when taking exercise.

Diseases of the heart are divided into two classes—Functional and
Organic. The organic is sometimes known as structural. Functional
diseases of the heart are three in number—Palpitation, Cyanosis, and Syn-
cope. PALPITATION OF THE HEART is tumultuous action, due to the follow-
ing causes:disturbance of the rhythmical action of the heart by any disease
or trouble that upsets the equilibrium of the sympathetic nerve system;
diseases of the lungs; changes in the quality and quantity of blood—seen
when animals suffer from anzemia, which is a typical illustration. Influ-
ences causing Palpitation through the nerves are divided into three classes
—Intrinsic, Centric, and Reflex. Hard work often brings it on, and
especially on ahot day. THumPs isatumultuous action, seen when caused
by exertion and the animal is exhausted—that taxes the heart more than
any other thing; this is often produced by too much exercise, especially
when the animal is not fit to take it.

Semeiology.—Increased force and frequency of the action of the

~ heart; sometimes this is regular in this disturbance, but usually it is ir-

regular, sometimes intermittent, and the beats sometimes come piling in
on each other so fast that you cannot count them, then they drop below
the normal number. Heart troubles are often caused by Indigestion.
May get all the different irregularities of the beat in the course of two
minutes; it may be continuous or paroxysmal; there is no actual pain, but
there is distress, so you can see, anxiety depicted on the countenance,
and the horse will stand, he can’t lie down. Respiration will be mate-
tially increased; at this time you can see regurgitation of the blood in the
jugular, and the beat may be so strong as to shake the whole body.
Treatment. —Therapeutical treatment would depend largely on the

IIO THEORY AND PRACTICE.

cause, but there are a few general principles that must be observed in ae
cases —perfect quiet; if it comes from organic Disease of the Heart,
strong stimulants are indicated—as alcoholic spirits, whisky, digitalis —
- (which is the most important of all), and nitro-glycerine is often resorted
to when the others fail. Tincture of cactus—cactus grande flores, is
good in human where it is due to Indigestion. If the Palpitation is due
to disturbance in any other organ, the Palpitation in that case would be
reflex, so you treat the organ. Incase of debility, anamia, treat the
blood. In case of Plethora and too fat, give purgative, reduce feed, and
give more exercise. In the case of trotters or livery horses, usually it —
is only temporary, and usually a sign of nervous weakness. For Thumps,
in addition to the quiet and stimulants, something should be given to
quiet the excited condition of the heart—it must be allayed; aconite is
the best thing in moderate doses, it allays without depressing the heart,
and a little whisky with it is good, usually five to seven drops of the ex-
tract, and about ten of the tincture. Whisky should be given one-half
pint first dose, then if necessary to repeat, 2 ozs. every fifteen minutes —
till relieved. After the attack is over then treat the cause. If suffering
from nervous exhaustion, give tonics—as digitalis, ete. Powdered dig-
italis and solid ext. belladonna are prescribed, 20 grs. each, night and morn- .
ing. If the blood is faulty give iron; ahorse is liable to organic disease

if worked too hard under any heart disturbance, or the heart being weak. __

CYANOSIS OR BLUE DIsEASE.— This occurs only in little animals and
is seen after birth, due to faulty neglect of nature in not closing the
openings—Foramen ovale or the ductus arteriosa, which allow the venous
blood to mix with the arterial blood; this is often seen in babies, and —
they sometimes recover, due to the nursing they get; but young animals
seldom do, and if they did they would grow up weak and delicate. Itis
recognized by the mucous surface being blue, and a lack of normal heat —
in the body; temperature is low. If babies can be kept alive for,eight or
ten days they will get well.

SyncopE.—lIs fainting; when applied to the heart, means a fainting
fit. Syncope may be fatal simply by fainting when in a severe form by
the heart losing its irritability. Dependent entirely upon the failure of
the heart action, followed by lack of blood to the nerve centers—as lack |
of blood supply to the brain.

Etiology.—As seen in the human, is from uterine hemorrhage, that
is acommon cause. Rapid bleeding from the jugular produces it; rapid
accidental hemorrhage, also introducing air into the circulation; in that
case it is very variable. That which can cause death might not cause Syn-
cope. In Syncope in the human, they generally drop in a heap, may be
from crowding, lack of air, etc. You should be able to tell the differ-
ence between it and apoplexy; Apoplexy is caused by Congestion of the —
Brain, usually a rupture of a blood vessel there; can be told by the pur-
ple appearance; in this case elevate the head and loosen the neck clothing; |
usually fatal, if from a rupture: good to put ice on the head also. Syn-_
cope is recognized by the extreme pallor; in this there is anzemia, give
plenty of fresh air, loosen the clothing, particularly if it is a woman, ©
lay on the floor with the head down. ‘The shock of dashing cold water —
on the face is often good; let the person inhale aqua ammonia, but be care- —
ful in using; if they can swallow give whisky or brandy, hypodermic in-_

P
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VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. III

jections of alcoholic stimulants, friction to body, and mustard plasters
on soles of feet are indicated.

AcutTE INFLAMMATORY DISEASES.—These are three in number—
first, is PERICARDITIS, inflammation of the pericardium, the serous sack
containing the heart. This runs through about the same course as Acute
Pleurisy, ‘and terminates the same way—with serous effusion—into the
pericardium, constituting the Hydropericardia, the same as Hydrothorax.

Etiology.—The most common cause is blood contamination—may be
stated as the one cause. Diseases that usually exist as complications, are
Influenza, Strangles, Purpura Hemorrhagica, Pyzemia, Septiczemia, etc.,
also Rheumatism, and probably the most common of all is Rheumatic
Fever. But we notice the inflammation extends to the pericardium from
inflamed surrounding tissues, as the lungs in Pneumonia, and Pleura in
Pleurisy. But I think they would not cause it if the blood was not in a
poisonous condition; but the ordinary sporadic diseases would not extend
to the pericardium. Cancerous growths sometimes locate there, by
broken ribs or foreign bodies accidentally piercing it.

Semeiology.— When arising, as it ordinarily does, from some pre-
viously existing fever, the original disease will be the most prominent,
with considerable constitutional trouble, with the complication of Per-
icarditis coming with it. Asthe Pericarditis develops you notice the

heart gets weaker, irregular in rhythm and in strength, and occasionally

so weak as to interfere with it and cause distressing Dyspncea, as seen
in Influenza and Rheumatic Fever; without any disease of the lungs but

the Passive Congestion that comes with it, is not recognized. If the Per-

icarditis is not severe, and if inflammation doesn’t involve the, whole of
the pericardium, the effusion and effect will be small. It will run
through the same course as Pleurisy: first, engorgement; second, inflam-
matory; third, effusion. It never arises from simple exposure. In case
of extensive effusion, the effusion often coagulates so that it is often
found coating the heart inside the pericardium, from one-fourth to one-
half inch thick, and this.causes the muscles of the heart to soften and
weaken: the pulse gets weak, small and fluttering, and there is always
considerable fever, say about one-hundred and four; with this weak
pulse there is a Dyspnoea that increases as the watery effusion increases
into the sack. This Dyspneea is due entirely to faulty thoracic circula-
tion. In consequence of the altered circulation and the Passive Conges-
tion there is more or less exudation, and the lungs become sufficiently
involved as to get a considerable cough connected with it. There is weak
cardiac power, and consequently Passive Congestion of the lungs, effu-
sion and disturbances of the nervous system, and with the increasing
weakness of the heart there is'coldness of the extremities, cedemic en-
largements, loss of strength, and final collapse and death. Even where
the trouble is moderately severe and the effusion is absorbed, it leaves a
chronic lesion and affects the horse afterwards. We find it often forms
an ante-mortem clot, especially if it goes to the posterior aorta, and es-
pecially in the iliac bifurcation, and may shut off the blood from the iliac
artery. This clot sometimes causes sudden death.

Treatment.—If the condition of the animal is induced by primary
lesion, (but it usually comes as a secondary lesion), and if ‘vith Influenza,
you must deplete him; but if with Strangles, to deplete him would hasten

Ty Le THEORY AND PRACTICE.

his death, so you must treat according to indications. But if it can te a
diagnosed i in the first stage, depletion is indicated; you may give diuret-_
ics and quinine. Then | after the first stage is passed, stimulants are in-
dicated,-milder at first but increasing as the development of the weakness _ s
goeson. If you let the heart get weak, the effusion will be greater, so
always keep up the heart strength with anything. Good nursing, ‘and
by one who can take the pulse, is essential and horse may recover. The
heart in this condition is very susceptible, so you cannot use digitalis in
mixture, but must be given once every three hours alone, as the case re-
quires. As the heart increases in strength it diminishes in frequency,
and with digitalis it will increase in frequency, especially if the digitalis —
is carried to extremes. If Pericarditis can be diagnosed, counter-irritants _
to the left chest, or hot fomentations are good; heat is particularly indi-
cated, for it seems to partake of the nature of Rheumatism, and heat
allays that pain, while cold aggravates it. Inthe third stage, canthari- —
des as vesicant can be applied to the side. Give iron and stimulants to
maintain a strong heart; salol and quinine or salol and tenacitine. The
salol is usually given in dram doses evey three to six hours; acetanilide ©
may be given with it—it may be passed back into the mouth and the
horse will chew and swallow it. May give iron internally along with the
potassium salts; digitalis, whisky and quinine may be used to good effect,
but salol is the best drug of them all; it is antiseptic and does not depress
the heart. But unfortunately, in spite of all you may do, the animal
dies. Autopsy shows serum in the pericardium sack, and accumulations
around the heart.

ENDOCARDITIS.—This is inflammation of the endocardiac lining of
the heart and the lining of the cavities of the heart, and associated with
it usually is VALVULITIS, or inflammation of the valves, that would
naturally follow. They are very seldom seen except as the result of ©
Septiczemia, or septic of any kind is liable to produce Endocarditis; and ~
as the lining membrane is probably the most delicate ands ensitive mem-
brane in the body, it would be easily affected with poisonous blood. ‘

Symptoms.—Are the same as in Pericarditis; heart loses its strength, —
flutters more and more, apt to be spasmodic and irregular; Dyspnoea very
great, regurgitation seen in the jugular.

‘Treatment.—Depends on the septic condition found more than to the
heart trouble, and if you can purify the blood the heart may recover.
Blood letting is contra-indicated. Give antiseptics—as salol, hyposul- ~
hate soda, bicarbonate potash or soda, ete. If in case of recovery their
condition will admit of it, give iodide of potash; see to the hygiene—good ~
nourishing food, warm quarters. This disease is also usually fatal. In —
the autopsy there are black patches on the lining of the heart, and may be ~
.from the size of a pin-head up to the size of your hand; these patches ~

may extend over the valve and around it. 4

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\

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Myocarpitis.—Spoken of as Carditis; this is inflammation of the ~
muscular structure of the heart. This disease is also due to Pyeemia and —
Septiczemia, sometimes can be traced to foreign bodies, especially in cattle |
—often things are swallowed and pass through the walls of the stomach ~
and the walls ef the heart; often from Strangles, in the horse. — It usually | ;
terminates fatally, and sometimes in autopsy there is found three or fou “&

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VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 113

abscesses in different parts of the body. In cattle we find it in Tuber-

culosis and Actinomycosis.

CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES OF THE HEART.

HyYPERTROPHY.—Means enlargement; may indicate new growth.
As applied to the heart, always means enlargement of the organ; this
occurs by the thickening of the walls with or without dilatation of the
cavities. This unnatural development may be general or local over one
ventricle or over both, or only a part of one. It often alters the shape of
the heart; may have a round appearance. ‘The left ventricle is the most
liable to this development, probably due to the greater amount of work it
has todo. We notice that sometimes this enlargement is by new cell
growth; the cavities becoming enlarged, the heart is enlarged very much,
but without increasing the thickness of the walls, or may be possibly thin-
ner; they usually remain the same, when this is the case it is known as
Simple Dilatation. On the other hand, we have immense thickening of the

walls without dilatation, then it is known as Simple Hypertrophy; but in

draft horses we find thickening of the walls and dilatation of the cavities
come together; that is, they seem to keep pace with each other, then it is
known as Eccentric Hypertrophy, and is seen chiefly in trotters. The
horse may maintain his health on account of the two changes keeping
pace with each other. When the walls thicken, as in the Simple Dilata-
tion, there is less blood in the body than in either of the other two cases.
Occasionally we find that the increase in the thickness of the walls
of the heart is so great and so quick as to encroach on the cavities; -it is
then known as Concentric Hypertrophy, and in it there is a diminution

- in the quantity of blood in the body. ‘This kind is rare in the lower ani-
‘mals, and may say Heart Disease is rare in them.

Etiology.—Is usually long-continued, severe exertion; dilatation of
the cavities without thickening of the walls is liable to occur in or with
valvular weakness of the heart. The way that occurs, in systole action
the blood is not all pumped out, then diastole follows, the blcod rushes
into the ventricle; there being an increased quantity of blood there, the
ventricle gets dilated; as also where there is valvular weakness there may
be regurgitation of the blood back into the ventricle, and the dilatation oc-
curs same asin the last case. Mild inflammation is liable to produce Simple
Dilatation, or Simple Hypertrophy, or Eccentric Hypertrophy, but the
Concentric is early, long-continued exertion; in this trouble the horse
usually dies from some other disease than this. In Post-Mortem you will

_ find the heart changed—usually the left ventricle is the most enlarged.

Semeiology.—Pulse full and strong; in these cases, except in the
Simple Dilatation, when it is more or less weak, you will find by osculta-
tion that the sounds are muffled, pulse runs on from slow, steady to irreg-
ular, intermittent, weak, and as that increases Dyspncea gets worse,
also the coldness increases. Character of the pulse will indicate the con-
dition of the heart.

Treatment.—Search for causes of trouble and lessen their effects.
Keep animal from excitement. Digitalis, iodide of potassium, and in cer-
tain cases caffein, and in circulatory troubles stimulants are indicated.

ATROPHY OF THE HEART.—Means a contracting or wasting of the
muscular substances of the heart; it grows smaller and harder, the hard-

114 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

ening being so extensive sometimes as to amount almost to calcification,
The chief feature of it is weakness of the pulse; in the horse you could ©
not take the pulse at the jaw; as a result of this extra weakness, changes | ‘
are apt to take place in any part of the body.

Farry DEGENERATION.—Is transformation in the heart; there are
two kinds, or rather two ways. First, Fatty Infiltration, that is de- —
posits of fat between the fibres of the heart. Second, Fatty Transforma-
tion; the muscular cells become transformed into fat cells; as a result of —
this kind of change the heart becomes very weak, the muscular fibres
become flabby. x

Post-Mortem.—Shows the heart is usually larger, the muscular fibres" ‘,
softened and pale and easily punctured; the muscular cells often retain
their nuclei even after the change to fat cells.

OBESITY OF THE HEART. ig a fatty condition of the heart, or an
immense deposition of fat around it, more than the normal amount. The
result of this is a weak heart, shortness of breath, which runs on to Dysp-
noea; the animal may be all right when standing still, but on exercise
the trouble shows.

POLYPUS OR TUMOR OF THE HEART.—Develops on the inside of the
heart or on the outside; they are more likely to take the form of Polypus
on the inside. They are usually found to be composed of organized —
lymph, perhaps floated there from some other part of the body, and be- t
come attached to the base of the heart, rather the base of the valve; some-
times it is a regular fibrous growth—is seen following the inflammation.
They are more often found on the lining of the auricle than on the ven- —
tricle, due to the difference in the action of them. ‘They are usually
polypoid in form, vascular, and when attached to the base of the valve
often extend through the opening of the valve, interfering with the circu- —
lation, and often cause Thrombus. These often float through the large
vessels and lodge in the brain, where they produce coma and finally ~
death. When this lymph forms a Tumor around the valve, it can be dis-
tinctly heard, by auscultation, as a rasping sound. Vascular Tumors
are often found on the outside—these are usually on the apex.

RUPTURES.—May occur from sudden and violent exertion, or falls,
collisions, etc., and generally the heart is predisposed by some of the
other troubles mentioned; the heart substance becomes weak and the ~
rupture generally occurs in the left ventricle, still it may occur in the 4
auricles; jumping often causes it. ;

VALVULAR DISEASES OF THE HEART, OR VALVULITIS.—There are
two kinds—Valvular Obstruction and Valvular Insufficiency. These are
very common in heart diseases of the human, and not uncommon in the —
horse. It is chronic inflammation of the valves. The Valvular Obstruc- —
tion produces a thickening and corrugation of the basis of the valve, so —
great as to obstruct the flow of blood through the opening, very ma- ©
terially. Valvular Insufficiency is where the effect of the inflammation —
seems to be to contract the base of the valve, thereby drawing the fibrous ©
tendons of the valve downward, tensing them, this leaves the opening
insufficiently ae and as a result of that after ventricle systole dure

a

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. II5

uneven and small. ‘The vital partsof the body suffer from innutrition,
and soon or later there is a wasting of the body. ‘The two conditions
may exist in different valves at the same time, or you may find one valve
affected in one way, or on one side with one, and the other side the other
way. In Valvular Insufficiency the Dyspneea is well marked on exercise;
the Palpitation is more frequent, and the jugular pulse is often seen.
There are often enlargements on different parts of the body and legs;
cedemic condition under the belly, Ascites, Hydrothorax, etc.; these may
occur in any weakness of the heart. Passive Congestion of the lungs
oiten takes place, and to such an extent as to run on to exudation, Dysp-
noea and coughing; or hemorrhage from slight wounds. Vertigo or
Apoplexy is liable to take place from ante-mortem clot; these are more
likely to form in the horizontal arteries in the horse, in the posterior aorta
midway between the diaphragm and the iliac bifurcation, but are liable
to be in any of the arteries. These ante-mortem clots are of a grayish
white color, and when old are quite firm and hard, when first taken out
they feel hard as a liver. Asa result of this weak circulation there is a
paleness of the mucous membranes.

Treatment.—As a rule can only palliate the trouble—can’t be diag-
nosed during life; must treat according to the conditions. It will prove
fatal; will die of Asthenia; but there are symptoms of approaching death
or predisposition to fatal termination, but the time is indefinite. The
real causes are incurable except it be in the case of obesity; you must treat
the symptoms, and may ward off the time by stimulants that apply di-
rectly to the heart—as digitalis, nux vomica, iron, mineral acids. The
true nature of this disease can only be known by autopsy.

Ecropia Carpis.—Is a congenital displacement of the heart; may
be found on the right side, or other place, or even outside of the thorax
and in the abdominal cavity, and yet not interfere with the health of the
animal; but it usually interferes with the circulation, and they don’t live
‘long. ‘This may be seen in still-born animals sometimes.

ARTERITIS.—Is inflammation of the walls of the arteries, and is
often followed by Aneurism. It often occurs by wounds or by pressure, as
in cows; the iliac is injured in parturition by the use of instruments, and
often caused by parasites, as the Strongylus Armatus, which are often
found right under the coat of the artery, and set up more or less inflam-
mation and obstruction. Death usually follows an attack of Arteritis.
Death is inevitable when the cause is parasites. Often seen in the mes-
enteric and colic arteries.

Treatment.—Apply cold to the parts, if possible; if not practicable,
as in the arteries named, treat on general principles—give quinine, ace-
tanilide, belladonna. .

ANEURISM.—As a result of the first, is apt to cause stricture and get
an increase of the substance of the walls of the artery by proliferation,
thereby diminishing the caliber of the artery. When it occurs on the
inside it obstructs the blood and there is pressure and dilatation. If there
is complete stoppage, it is not Aneurism, but only where there is a partial
stoppage, and this occurs most often in the abdominal cavity or region in
‘the posterior and iliac arteries. The indication which leads us to suspect
Aneurism is a peculiar lameness that subsides on rest, and only shows
during exercise; he may get suddenly lame and sweat, and may get so

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I16 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

bad will refuse to move at all—Passive Congestion has taken place, due
to Thrombus, and causes the pain. If you then examine, per rectum, —
you may find the pultating Tumor. Sometimes may not cause a
trouble till there is a rupture, then it will be-fatal. a

Treatment.—If you can get at it, try to reduce the pressure Be ag
truss; if not, then ligate above or anterior to the point of stoppage; but
on an important artery you can’t do that.

PHLEBITIS.—Inflammation of a vein; there are two forms, Traumatic,
which comes from a wound, and Idiopathic, which is the most common ~
form in man, but not in horses; may be seen in parturition fever; in that
case it is due to lymph getting into the vein and plugging it. sn

Semeiology.—If it bein the jugular, say from bleeding , suppose from yy
unclean instruments; in the course of a few hours after the operation, the
wound swells, also the vein, gets painful and hot, the neck gets stiff,
edges of the wound turn out like a cauliflower or mushroom, due to the
granulation. The Thrombus forms around the opening, enlarges quite
rapidly till the vein is plugged; then all the blood in the vein coagulates
to the heart, sloughing around the wound occurs, ulceration, the clot some-— h:
times breaks down and leaves an opening in the upper part of the vein, 9
and there will bea liberal hemorrhage which if not noticed soon will prove
fatal. The animal is inclined to hang his head.

Treatment.—Elevate the head and keep it up—suspend it in some
way. ‘Treat antiseptically, generally strong at first, then milder. Some-
times the vein becomes this way on account of a pin being run through
in operating; remove if so, andif the blood lies between the vein and
the skin, cut down and expose the vein and remove the blood. Some-
times it runs on to suppuration, and if resolution does not take
place in four or five days the vein becomes obliterated and remains
as a rope-like enlargement; should watch out for this in examining
for soundness. Horses with obliterated veins do not suffer much ex- —
cept when turned out to pasture; hangs his head for a long time, andthe
veins on the other side swell, and the “head swells.

VARICOSE VEINS. —This i is a disturbance of a vein; the only fistaneee
we ever see it in is in the saphena major, from pressure by Bone Spavin;
horsemen call it Blood Spavin. Varicosity would of course occur below
the pressure. It is idiopathic in its nature; the causes are not well
known. ; 43
Treatment.—Pressure is about the only treatment; in the human
they use the elastic stocking and elastic bands. In case of Bone Spavin
you will find the saphena major will be enlarged, soin firing you must
be careful not to press your iron too heavy when over it.

DISEASES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM.

THE KipNEys.—The chief office of these organs is the secretion of —
urea—removal of the surplus water in the body and the surplus nitrogen, in
the form of urea. The kidneys are about the first organs affected by these —
diseases, and the study of the urine in case of disease gives us valuable in-
formation. Bear in mind that the urine of the herbivorous animals has.
an alkaline reaction, that of the carnivorous has acid, and the omnivorous —
is neutral, or may be either. ‘There are two acids in the urine—Uric and ~
Hippuric. Hippuric is more common in the lower animals, and the Uric

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inthe human. The composition of the urea is C N2 H4O—which
makes it highly nitrogenous, and by the retention of this too long in the
body it becomes poisonous by decomposition, and results fatally. Inthe
human the urea is about 3% grams per day, per pound of the weight
of the body; in a horse weighing tooo pounds, about 7% ozs. per day,
so you can see how serious it would be in poisoning the bloood if
not removed; this is seen in Azoturia. The ingredients in the
urine in these diseases are: sugar, albumen, biliary coloring mat-
ter, biliary acid, pus, blood, spermatozoa, lactic acid, and oxalic acid.
‘Then there may be deficiency or an excess in the secretion of urine; in
man, in normal, secretes about 52% ozs.; for 1000 tbh. horse; about twenty
pints per day; and if there are only ten or less secreted, it indicates dis-
ease also—as in Purpura Hemorrhagica, where they often run forty-eight
hours without urinating. In such a case there is retention of the pois-
onous matter in the body. Specific gravity of urine in the human is
about 1005 to 1025—1018 average; horse, 1030 to 1050. Urinometer is the
instrument we measure the specific gravity with. The more solid con-
stituents the urine contains, the higher the specific gravity will be. In
K Diabetes the specific gravity is away down—1002 to 1003; while in the
' human it runs up from 1030 to 1050; at 1002 it is about clear water.

Diseases recognized as being due to abnormal ingredients in the urine
are, first, Albuminuria; second, Heematuria, or Bloody Urine; third, Dia-
betes Insipidus; fourth, Diabetes Mellitus; fifth, Albuminuria in Cattle,
or Red Water; sixth, Oxaluria, when it contains oxalic acid.

ibs ALBUMINURIA.— In the horse this can be safely called the Equine
Brights. It occurs in two forms—Acute and Chronic. Inthe horse it
. is mostly due to Indigestion—to Chronic Indigestion. When there is
- emaciation going on we are almost certain to see albumen in the urine,
and also seen in Strangury, which may be from the applying of canthar-
ides over the surface of the body, and especially over the kidneys. In
Bright's Disease, the chief thing is the presence of the albumen in the
urine; but sometimes there may be none present, so in examining the
urine ‘for it you should make two or three tests a day, and for several
days—you can’t rely on a single test. Albumen Nephritis in the horse
resembles Bright’s Disease in ‘the human. In Azoturia the presence of
albumen is variable in the urine, sometimes init, other times absent. In
most all diseases of the kidneys, as in Albuminuria, there are thread-like
cylinders, composed of fibrous coagulum called cast tubes or tube casts;
this coagulation takes place in the tubuli uriniferi. These tubes termi-
nate in the malpighian tufts. The tube casts do not always indicate a
serious condition; unless present with disease it is simply a corroboration
that some disease exists. In the process of Fatty Degeneration you
will find with those casts, globules of fat and oil in the kidneys, which
show there is Fatty Degeneration. There are two kinds of degeneration
—the large white kidney, which when cut across shows the white in-
creased in size, and particularly the cortical portion is increased in quan-
tity. But the medullary doesn’t seem to be altered; the whole of it is soft
ana smooth, and Glisson’s capsule is easily stripped off; it looks and feels
like wax, and when completely degenerated is useless as an organ. The
small red i is the other extreme; while degenerating it becomes email, red,

118 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

hard, and rough on the surface, by little nodules,
membrane. Glisson’s capsule cannot be removed.

TESTS FOR ALBUMEN IN THE URINE.—Put some of the affected
urine in a test tube and boil it; if there is any albumen in it a white coag-
ulum will form; phosphate will do the same, but if you add a little nitric
acid the phosphate will be dissolved, and if there is any albumen init, it
will remain clouded, unless you add too much nitric acid, in which case —
the albumen would also dissolve. If it is strongly alkaline it will also co-
agulate, or an excess of urea will without the albumen, soto test for these,
take some urine in a test tube and dip into it litmus paper; if it is alka-
line the paper will turn blue, if acid, it will turn red; if it does not change,
then it is neutral. If too alkaline you can weaken by adding a little
acetic acid; if too acid add a little ammonia. This paper comes in three —
kinds—alkaline, acid, and neutral; best to test more than once always.
When you test by boiling, if the coagulum is alkaline and no albumen, —
adding a little nitric acid will clear it up; if there is albumen it will remain
clouded. Another test is simply pouring the nitric acid into the urine—
if there is albumen in it, it will coagulate. Billing’s test: take an equal
quantity of urine and saturated solution of sulphate soda—the water you
dissolve the soda in must be pure, mix and boil, and the slight trace of
albumen will show.

Semeiology.—The first indication in the horse is stiffness in the gait
onthe hind part. In old confirmed cases they step about eight or ten
inches to a step; they are stiff in turning, and are inclined to stretch—as
in staling; after a while he begins to suffer constitutionally, will get hide-
bound, long coat, stiffer and stiffer in the hind parts, finally gets down —
and is unable to get up, the hind parts are paralyzed, followed by delirium,
uric poisoning and death.

‘Treatment.—If it can be discovered in time, may be able to give re-
lief, but it is generally too late when made known to us. Give a com-
plete change of food; ninety-nine times out of a hundred it comes from
the mal condition of the food. Treat the digestive organs; give arsenic,
charcoal, etc.; also sulphate of soda, night and morning. Carbonate or
citrate of lithium, with the view of neutralizing nitrogen, in one dram
doses, night and morning, is indicated. Give lots of bran, little nitrogen-
ous food: give him a vacation, protect from colds and stormy weather—
in this he will be predisposed to Rheumatism. Hydrochloric acid is good,
say alternating a week about with bicarbonate soda.

HAIMATURIA (BLOODY URINE).—Due to Acute Congestion of the
Kidneys, or different degenerations that occur; invasion of the kidneys
by Cancers, Melanosis particularly; calculi in the kidneys or in the bladder;
blows across the loins, parasites, especially the Eustrongylus Gigas, these _
seem partial to the kidneys, and develop enormously. (A male ten
inches long, and a female fourteen inches long were taken from the kid-
ney of a dog that died in the college. )

Treatment.—That depends upon the cause; if from blows across the
loins, apply cold, also anodynes, per rectum,—as opium, belladonna, ete. ; a
give fluid extract ergot internally if necessary, but bear in mind it is ~
often the indication of some other disease, so look for that.

DIABETES InsiPiIpuS (PoLyuRIA).—Is excessive urination; this is —
produced wholly by Indigestion; the chief characteristic of this disease is

and the investing —

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VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. : II9

excessive urinating, and amount of water and its clearness—stable men
call it flooding. . The specific gravity is the same as clear water, about
1002 or 1003. Clear urine is always abnormal; there is a deficiency of
the salines in the urine. We find in horses it is often premonitory sign
of blood poisoning—as Glanders.

Etiology.—There are Intrinsic and Extrinsic causes; Intrinsic is some
faulty condition or mal assimilation on the inside, and Extrinsic, that
arising from outside the body—as improper food, musty oats or hay, or
kiln-dried oats, or from the free use of diuretics, or badly harvested hay;
this is proven by it becoming Enzootic in some parts of the country that
harvested during wet weather.

Semeiology.—Profuse staling, floods the barn, in bad cases, especial-
ly in the mare, will pass a gallon every half hour, and as clear as water.
Thirst increases; this excessive thirst may have existed before the Pol-
yuria, that was induced by Indigestion; appetite capricious, will eat dirt,
his own dung or bedding; this is an indication of Indigestion. In cases of
this kind the horse becomes rapidly debilitated, long staring coat, mucous
membrane pale and anzemic, mouth sour and pasty to the feel; if allowed
to run on will die. The kidneys of dogs seem more liable to disease than
other animals, and are easily diseased.

Post-Mortem.—Pallor of the kidneys, soft and easily torn; kidney
substance as well as Glisson’s capsule is easily removed.

: Treatment.—lIodine is an elegant remedy, often a single dose will do;
it will arrest the thirst and relieve the disease—this is usually given in
doses of 1 dr. in the crystal or in linseed ball, repeated once or twice a
day. Be careful not to give enough to produce iodism, and in the dog too
“much may produce Atrophy of the testicles; may follow with tincture of
iron. Often in the horse a table-spoonful of starch, night and morning,
in the early stage may arrest the disease. If due to overfeeding, giv

purgative, and bran for food for three or four days.

DIABETES MELLITIS.—This is a disease of the kidneys in which we
find sugar in the urine, often known by two other names—Melituria and
Glycosuria. Prof. Williams says he never saw these in the horse or her-
bivorous animals, but Prof. Robertson claims he did; Williams saw it in
a dog that was fed on liver: There are two other abnormal ingredients
in the urine besides the sugar—pus and mucous. Mucous is a constant
ingredient of the urine, but occasionally there is an increase from some
diseased cause, especially when the bladder is irritated. This mucous
may be seen in a floccular cloud, and is easily shaken up when the urine is
in a bottle; it never settles. Pus is often found, but unless very plentiful
need give no alarm; it settles on the bottom of the bottle in a yellow
opaque deposit, and is easily shaken up; it makes the urine cloudy.

Treatment.—For these three, avoid all irritating substances, both in
food and water; this will also apply to all irritating diseases of the kid-
neys; a change of food or water, or both; bland drinks—as of linseed tea;
starch will often relieve; bicarbonate of soda is very good. If the in-
crease of mucous is due to the irritability of the urinary organs, then bi-
carbonate soda is indicated; after giving for a few days, give tr. iron.

Hamo ALBUMINURIA IN CATTLE, OR RED WaTER.—Is an albumi-
nous disease of the kidneys, with bloody urine; there is no blood in it
but it looks like blood. In this case the urine varies in color from alight

120 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

red to a black, due to the coloring matter of the blood, but there are no
corpuscles in it. This disease is confined to cattle, and there is nothing
like it seen in other animals. It is really a constitutional disease, and is
very rare in this country, common in England and Scotland, and may
occur at any time of the year, in either sex or at any age, but is seen
most in milk cows after calving, due to the drain on the cows secreting
milk. ;
Special Pathology.—The most prominent symptom is change in the
color of the urine; first begins to get red, and grows darker and darker till
it becomes almost place an some cases it is black, but there are no clots in
it at any time. This urine contains albumen in large quantities, and some-
times considerable iron; that indicates a disease metamorphosis in the
body. You will find large quantities of tube casts, epithelial cell§ also;
this may come from the ducts in the kidneys or from the blood. The
blood we find becomes changed, the corpuscles become changed in size, ~
the red ones break down and the protoplasm becomes scattered and dis-
solved, and often the white corpuscles become ruptured, letting the con-
tents escape; we find the walls of them, but they are empty. The spe-
cific gravity of the urine becomes lighter on account of the escape of albu-
men, or rather the blood instead of the urine. The albumen escapes into
the urine.
Post-Mortem.—There is an anzemic condition; there appears to be
an absence of blood in the heart—it is empty; the animal looks as if he
had been bled to death. Ecchymosis is seen in the serous membrane.
There are indications of the watery condition of the blood asseen in Pur-
pura Hemorrhagica, or of rupture of the capillaries. In this case it
settles in spots without rupture; on the under side of the kidney, between ~
the capsules, is ecchymosis; the uterus is also congested some. The kid-
neys are pale; the uriniferous tubes are filled with coagulated mucous or
lymph, but that doesn’t interfere with urinating. The liver is darker,
softer, and larger, and is engorged with venous blood ,comparatively, to
other parts of the body; bladder is full, even to considerable distention.
Etiology.—It originates in the impoverished condition of the blood.
Anzemia develops as a result of this inpoverished condition; thisisduein
most cases to want of proper food. ‘The albumen of the system becomes
degraded and broken down on account of improper support; this usually
occurs in cattle pastured on low grounds, particularly if they are swampy.
We find it also in animals fed over abundantly on roots without grain;
the roots are watery and contain considerable sugar and little albumen
—forming material in them. When due to swampy pastures, the disease
leaves when the pasture is well drained. This disease is never seen in
stall-fed animals. ; .
Semeiology.—When it occurs in milk-cows after calving, may devel-
op in from fourteen to fifteen days, that is when the strongest drainon
the system is going on. There is debility; diarrhoea, loss of milk. As —
they suffer the pulse rises, itis weak and fluttering, defective cardiac —
power, Diarrhoea is attended with arching of the back, pain; Constipation —
usually follows, this is due to Paralysis of the bowels; faeces becomes dark,
probably due to the poor quality of food; Palpitation of the heart is seen
when the animal exercises; the animal grows weaker and weaker, emaci- _
ation comes rapidly until the climax is reached, about the third day, —

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VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. I2I

-when the urine is then thick. Polyuria greatly increases, dark in color;
it runs on to general debility, collapse and death.

_ ‘Treatment.—The main part isin prophylactic treatment; this lies
in changing the food; change the cattle to higher ground, or feed on
more nitrogenous food, and as for the thickening of the urine, put on
oats and beans—they are richer than corn in the properties you need.
Prophylactic treatment is to let cows come to calving-time strong and
well-fed, not thin and weak, when they will be predisposed to this troub-
le; so give nitrogenous food a couple of days before they calve. Thera-
peutical treatment doesn’t amount to much; chief hygienic treatment is
in removing the cause. When it is caused by the food, it is good to give
oleaginous laxative; tincture of iron may be given internally.

Prognosis.—Is liable to be unfavorable, depending on the stage in
which you get to see it. If you don’t get it early you need not treat it.

OXALURIA.—This is a condition of the system in which there is
oxylate of lime, of urea, and sometimes free oxalic acid in the urine;
they are abnormal ingredients. Oxalic acid is supposed to result from 1m-
perfect digestion; we find it in plethoric animals and in overfed ones,
and where there is insufficient exercise. In most cases of Indigestion
there is acidity of the bowels; this is particularly so in Oxaluria. It may
be said Oxaluria only exists where there is an acid condition of the
bowels; roots, etc., rich in saccharine matter, sometimes cause it; some-
times where there is an albuminous condition of the whole body or system.

Semeiology.—Duliness, loss of flesh, even with good appetite;
capricious appetite, stiffness of the loins, hide-bound, and there is a pro-
fuse exfoliation of a bran-like scurf from the skin. These symptoms
will arouse your suspicions and you will test the urine; you will find all
the symptoms of Indigestion—as licking the walls, eating his dung, bed-
ding, etc. There seems to be pain in passing the urine, both before and
after, switching their tails, picking up their feet, moving around, etc.;
mouth has a sour smell, pasty feel. The whole trouble is faulty diges-
tion and mal assimilation. ‘The urine may be acid if it contains oxalic
acid, or neutral if it contains lime. If the urine is not retained long in
the bladder, the oxalic acid soon develops on exposure to the air; this is
in octohedron shape in the human, and is soluble in nitric acid without
effervescing; insoluble in water and unaffected by boiling; that is in acetic
acid or liquor potassee.

Treatment.—Regulate the diet; withhold all roots and all sugar; give
good exercise; it is often good to change the water unless you are water-
ing on river or rain water. I have seen cases where it was impossible to
do anything without changing the water, particularly for fine bred stallions,
as in them it is a result of idleness and high feeding. This may develop
in the mare season, and he will not notice the mare when brought out.
I find it is due in many cases to well water, so give attention to the
water; and on account of the exfoliation from the skin, groom well with
a sharp currycomb. A mild laxative or purgative is indicated—a moder-
ate dose of aloes,.followed with mineral acids and vegetable bitters.
Occasionally the irritation of the bladder is so severe that it is necessary

0 give local injection—in the male in the anus, in the female in the va-
gina, as a mild solution of boracic acid. The acid phosphate of soda and

C22 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

bicarbonate potash are good; also injection of warm water with belladonna
or tincture of opium in it. '

RENAL CONGESTION.—This is simply a hyperzemic condition of the —
kidneys; from some reason or other this is not very common in the horse
compared to other animals, but is seen occasionally; sometimes seen in
connéction with some specific fever, sometimes as a result of irritating
substances in the food or drinking water, or from too large doses of can-
tharides or turpentine used as vesicants over too large a surface, or too
liberally applied. Exposure to cold and dampness causes a sudden rush
of blood from the surface to the internal organs, so the kidneys suffe
this way sometimes; also from accidental injuries, or from anything that
produces bloody urine. We sometimes get an acute form starting in
the malpighian tufts as a result of blood contamination.

Post-Mortem. If the kidney is cut across youcan see it is height-
ened in color, especially the malpighian tufts; dark red-like patches of
ecchymosis—these can be seen showing through the capsule before it is
cut.

Semeiology.—The symptoms occurring are complications of other —
diseases; the urine is lessened in quantity, and that which is passed is ~
darker in color and the specific gravity is increased; often blood and the —
coloring matter of the blood are found in the urine. Oftentimes the
Congestion in the kidneys will recover if the original trouble subsides.
This Nephritis in the acute form exists in two forms or ways, and in two
distinct circumstances; the etiology and symptoms are quite different,
as seen in the urine secreted; the first is

ALBUMINOUS NEPHRITIS.—It occurs as a sequel to some other debil-
itating disease, or some acute fever in which the combustion was in-
creased, the malpighian tufts became congested and blocked up with
debris, also the uriniferous tubules became blackened, and this runs on to —
Nephritis. This kind of Nephritis is very common in the dog and cat, —
also in the human, but rare in the horse and cattle. In pigs itis gen-
erally associated with Hog Cholera, to a greater or less extent.

Special Pathology.—As a result of the fever the broken down tissues —
are gotten rid of through the kidneys; this debris blocks up the kidneys.

In the capillaries the nutrition of the part as well as the functional part —
of the kidneys is interfered with; this Congestion produces exudation
into the cellular tissues, as well as into the uriniferous tubules; the
tissue around the malpighian tufts become infiltrated and hardened;
this produces pressure on the tufts, and interferes with their action. A
mild acute inflammation follows, which is liable to be largely interstitial
and partly parenchymatous. ‘This interstitial or albuminous Nephritis is
known in the human as Bright’s Disease, and is seen in the lower —
animals. There are two forms of this—Acute and Chronic (Bright’s).
The Acute comes on the same asin the dog and cat, but the Chronic —
comes on without any apparent cause, and comes on gradually; probably
it is due to mal assimilation of the food and the increase of tissue waste. —
This produces a blocking up of the glomerules and the pressure on the ©
spots of the malpighian tufts; may attack one or more, or one kidney or
both. You might test the urine every day for a week and not find any
albumen, and another day find it in large quantity; but in the Acute it is -

Sa

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 123

present all the time. The Acute runs its course quite rapidly and is
- usually fatal; Chronic may run for years and then prove fatal.
Semeiology.—The urine becomes scanty and seems to be cut off; the
3 urine is passed in pain, and what is passed is thick and heavy, and highly
a colored; in it are tube casts in great numbers, and more or less albumen,
also sometimes blood in it. If very Acute it runs on to a fatal end ina
few days, but it is usually Subacute, and while running on emaciation
takes place, great languor, coat staring, and may get Ascites. The heart
gets weak, due to diminished cardiac power or poverty of the blood; this
last leads to weak mind. ‘There is usually dropsical swellings, and as the
disease progresses the kidneys degenerate—to the large white, or small
red. Inthe Subacute, leading on to degeneration, there is little or no
pain, no constitutional disturbances. There is great stiffness of the
loins.
Treatment.—It wont do to stimulate the kidneys in this case, so if
well developed try to get rid of the debris through the skin and bowels;
* give liquor ammonia acetatis; keep up your laxatives—sulphate magnesia
and sulphate soda are good. Nitric ether in small doses acts as a fusible
stimulant, and a mild diuretic; feed laxative food, see that it is easily di-
gestible; give gentle exercise. If treated early the kidneys will recover,
but if not, degeneration follows invariably and leads on to Chronic
Bright’s and death.
| NEPHRITIS PARENCHYMATOUS.—(Acute)—This is inflammation of
the kidneys, corresponding to Pneumonia in the lungs and not depending
on ally previous existing disease; it arises as an original lesion. ‘There
is no albumen in the urine at any time, no dropsy; almost invariably fatal.
‘ Semeiology.—Accidents to the lumbar region; over-exertion often
causes it by rupture in the capillaries, falls on the floor, lacerating the
psoas muscles, which are so close to the kidneys that the inflammation
extends to them; exposure to cold rains, or where horse is left in the rain
_ with the loins unprotected, often follows this in a few hours. Often see
it from calculi in the pelvis of the kidney, and in the uriniferous tubules.
It comes on suddenly always; severe colicky pains with high fever; may
be distinguished from Colic by being continuous and with high fever—-
_ may be 105 or 6, and in this case there are frequent attempts to urinate;
every few minutes will try, and pass only a few tablespoonfils at a time,
and this is very red. Constant sweating, and uneasiness usually, but
not always. In the first six or eight hours is disinclined to move, and if
forced to, will straddle and take short stops, will look back at the flanks.
Put your hand into the rectum and turn upward, may feel soreness; or
on pushing the fingers under the transverse processes of the lumbar ver-
tebree, will show pain. ‘There is complete loss of appetite; abscesses are
_ liable to form in the kidneys; these develop as a result of faulty nutri-
_ tion. There may be one large one, or a number of small ones. They
sometimes break through the uriniferous tubules and pass out in the
_ urine; sometimes they destroy the tubules. This disease usually termi-
_ nates fatally in from three to five days; animal dies partly from exhaus-
tion, partly from uric poisoning, and partly from general distress and pain.
_ Treatment.—Old authors recommend blood letting in the early stage;
may be beneficial, but if you don’t do that, give generous laxatives—oil
in liberal doses, 1 quart. If there is no response in twenty-four hours,

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124 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

give a pint more oil; follow up with saline. Give linseed tea to drink |
and no water—make the tea with cistern or river water. Give aconite, q
belladonna, acetanilide, etc. Diuretics are contra-indicated. Work the —
bowels, but let the kidneys alone. Hot cloths across the loins are good; I ~
prefer them wrung out in hot water and covered with a blanket; hypo- —
dermic injections of morphine to allay the pain; must be kept quiet. Ti
the heart gets weak, give liquor ammonia acetatis, or digitalis; also ver- _
atrum or calomel, and a little opium in dram doses of each, two or three |
times a day, but don’t overdo the laxatives ; if you give the calomel, then |
don’t give as much oil, or give less calomel. If he is going to recover, ~
will pass the crisis in about three days, if not he will die in four, or four q
and one half, or five days. “

RENAL CALCULI.—Sometimes form in the pelvis of the kictreoeee
these are little uriniferous stones, sometimes one or may be one hundred ~
little ones while forming, about the size of a pea, will float out in the
urine, through the ureter, causing spasm of the ureter, which will con- —
tract on the calculi, and so becomes plugged; if it remains so, inflamma- —
tion sets up, the urine sets back and produces urzemic poisoning.

Semeiology,—Colicky pains at irregular intervals, especially on ex:
ercise. In the urine in this case there is a predisposition; thereisa —
superabundance of alkali in the urine, and this often leads on to the form-
ing of these stones; so if you suspect their presence test the urine; you —
will find great quantities of this earthy matter, and the urine may be ~
bloody. When blood is seen you can determine that the stones are al-
ready formed; if you examine the bladder you can find them there, per —
rectum, you will find the ureter distended as large as aman’s wrist. If ©
they are in the pelvis of the kidneys you can produce pain by pressing J
against the kidneys. Abscesses sometimes form as a result of the calculi;
there is rapid degeneration of the kidneys where the ureter is blocked,
or through pain of these abscesses, and the animal dies.

‘Treatment.—Change the food, especially the drinking water—give
rain orriver water. Avoid food rich in salines; give laxative food; change ©
from corn and oats to roots, etc. Give remedies that have a tendency to —
dissolve these, as hy drochloric acid, 1 dr. to horse, freely diluted, once a —
day. ’These calculi are very common in dogs in this country, and as ay
rule yield readily to treatment; hydrochloric acid, dose 1 to 5 drops twice —
a day in sweetened water, is good.

CysTITIs.—This is inflammation of the lining of the bladder; it is —
not so common in the lower animals as in the human, because in the hu- —
man there is a contagious disease (Gonorrhcea) that affects the urethra;
it runs up and affects the bladder. It is very doubtful if this exists in the —
lower animals, hence diseases of the bladder are rare in the lower animals;
but diseases of the bladder do occur from the following causes; irritat-—
ing substances, either in the food or water; croton oil for instance, can-—
tharides, and turpentine applied to the surface. Calculi and foreign”
bodies, these are liable to occur in any animal—as gravel for instance;
the catheter is inserted, and a piece becomes broken off and remains in -
the bladder—this finally causes a fatal Cystitis. ee

Semeiology.—First, if Acute, there is considerable excitement of the
system, and later, nervous prostration. During the existence of the
prostration there is great pain, but not constant; at times it is very

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 1A

‘severe, and the distress is great; the urine is voided in small quantites at
atime, and is hot and red. Incase of calculi the urine is occasionally
~ ploody, and is passed with pain—that is the time of contraction of the
3 bladder on the urine to expel it. In this case the muscular contraction
_ is very severe, it amounts to a regular spasm and is known as TENES-
- mus of the bladder—it is awfully painful. A person doesn’t usually suf-
_ fer when in a recumbant position, but when he stands up the desire to
- yoid comes on, and there is pain in the passage. In the lower animals
this is not experienced; I think this is due to the animal being in a_hor-
izontal position. But we have every reason to believe that Tenesmus is
very severe in the animal. The bowels are usually constipated, and what
is passed is coated with slime and coagulated mucous, showing evidences
of fever. If the irritant producing it be taken into the mouth, there is
more or less inflammation of the whole mucous tract, but of the: urogen-
ital organs more particularly; but if absorbed it does not hurt the mucous
tract, except the urogenital. Sometimes the inflammation is severe
enough to produce death in three or four days; other times will run on
three or four weeks, and finally die from collapse. This may occur
especially in the case of foreign bodies.

‘Treatment.—Remove the cause. General anodyne treatment is in-
dicated. If produced by absorption from the surface of the skin, wash
with antiseptic wash at the point of application of the cause; examine the

_ bladder for foreign bodies and stones, give laxatives to the bowels; opium
and hyoscyamus may be combined to allay sensibility; emulsion of olive
_ oil and eggs beaten up together; diluents of linseed tea, or slippery elm
_ bark effusions, or milk; avoid all diuretics; washing out of the bladder is
- good treatment, with-a three or four per cent solution of boracic acid
twice a day; in the male a catheter can be used; in the female it is easy
to use, let it gravitate in, using a fountain syringe; while applying, if
the bladder contracts, allow the wash to come out—don’t try to force to
hold it at the time. Keepthe animal perfectly quiet. These Cystitis
_ troubles may be produced with dirty catheters. During convalescence
anti-acids are useful, as bicarbonate soda in very small doses.
Dysuria.—Means painful passage of the urine, and on account of
the pain there is little passed at a time; the cause usually is some ob-
_struction—it may be a calculus (a small one) that lies at the bottom of
the bladder, and when urinating floats up with the urine and often ob-
structs the passage; this is particularly soin old men. Stallions as, they
grow old suffer from enlargement of the prostate gland, which horsemen
_ call the bean; this sometimes is so great as to press on the urethra, form-
ing a clay-like collection which closes it. Other causes are thickening of
the neck of the bladder from Cystitis or other inflammations, or of the bul-
bus portion of the urethra, Cancer of the penis, Tumor of the glands penis;
foulness of the sheath often produces swelling and pressure on the penis,
and so interrupts the flow of the urine; males may suffer from all these,
but females not so often. In females, prolapsus of the uterus causes
_ pressure and stops the flow; hardened feeces may press down on the
vagina. ‘The urethra in the female is short and large; in the male it is
i long and small. Many of these disorders can be recognized by examina-
tion per rectum, but they are easily recognized by their symptoms.
Treatment.—Locate the cause; oftentimes that is the most difficult

126 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

part, the treatment will then depend upon the cause. Rational tre
ment is to remove the cause. In case of enlargement of the prostate.
gland in the stallion or dog, the old treatment was tincture of iodine to —
the peritoneum, and iodide potash long continued internally, given ins
small doses; but this is more or less injurious to the reproductive power
of the stallion. Pass the catheter occasionally, and see that it is smooth,
and clean, and well lubricated; it acts also as a sound; in bad cases it
might be passed three times a day. In the human they often have toe
remove part of the prostate gland, which is a very serious operation. In ~
case of the thickening of the neck of the bladder, give external treatment —
that will allay the irritability of the lining of the bladder—which is often —
due to the acid condition of the urine, from eating too much meat; in this
case alkalies overcome the acid condition and relieve. Retire from stud —
work, according to the severity*of the case. In foulness of sheath, wash —
with soap and water, and introduce wad of absorbent cotton dipped —
in carbolized oil—one- sixteenth oil; swab out once a day, and at each» j
dressing bring penis down, pulling gently and slowly. ?
IsCHURIA. —Is suppression of the urine, or when there is none se-
creted, or inability to pass it when it is present. When the latter is the
case, it is usually from Paralysis of the muscular coat of the bladder; they
usually exist together. This condition usually exists when the horse i is
kept too long without giving a chance to urinate; some horses are pe-
culiar as to how and ‘when. they do this, so never fail to humor them in
their peculiarities in this respect; therefore when you notice colicky pains, —
switching the tail and restlessness, you can suspect the cause. Many a
horses dislike to urinate while down, so in case of Azoturia and horses in
sling, the water should be drawn from them. When a horse i is going to |
be swung, never forget to draw the water from him, or you may cause -
rupture of the bladder. When there is none secreted, as in Pusiee z
Hemorrhagica, then it is the kidneys that are in fault. 4
Treatment.—If there is no urine secreted, diuretics and diffusible
stimulants are indicated. If there is spasmodic contraction of the blad-—
der, then anodynes are indicated—as hot water and belladonna. Try —
passing the catheter, smeared with the solid extract of belladonna, this
will often reduce the constriction. If you are sure of it being Paralysis, if
give 1 dr. powdered nux vomica in the feed, night and morning, for a
few days.
ENURESIS.—Incontinence of the urine, when the animal cannot re- —
tain the urine in the bladder; it dribbles away as it forms; usually due to ©
Paralysis of the neck of the bladder; the sphincter muscle fails to contract, —
and the result of this is sometimes very painful, particularly in the mare
—it scalds the legs as it dribbles down. In the male, the penis becomes
paralyzed and hangs down. Enuresis means wetting the bed at night.
Treatment.—There is defective nervous power in the neck of the
bladder, may say of all the bladder; hence nervous tonics are indicated,
with local shocking, as dashing cold water on the peritoneum; this often”
resuscitates the waning power; often a gallon of cold water by the rec -
tum produces a nervous shock; also electricity is good—this to the perito-
neum. Nux vomica used continuously fora month, or two or three months,
promotes the general health. :
STRANGURY.—Indicates the passage of urine in drops, on account of i

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VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 127

the terrible irritability of the lining of the bladder, of the muscular coat,
and less of the mucous. ‘The urine comes away every few minutes in
drops, or in very small quantities. Apparently there is a hypereesthesis
of the lining of the bladder. ‘T’he retention of the urine causes inflam-
mation of the bladder, and this is generally irritated by some substance
in the feed or in the medicine.

Treatment.—Must be towards allaying the ae ite sO give ato-
dynes—opium, belladonna, etc., and laxatives, oil with linseed tea to
drink. Remove the cause.

URETHRITIS.—Inflammation of the lining of the urethra; may be
from any of the causes that produced the inflammation in the bladder.
‘There is an infectious disease of the urethra, which resembles Gonorrhcea
in the human, but this is denied by some authors. If stallion copulates
with mare suffering from Leucorrheea, it is apt to produce Urethritis.

Treatment.—Is mild, soothing diuretics and stimulants in the form
of copaiba, 1 drachm doses three times a day, or oil of sandalwood, same
size doses, and suspend the horse’s stud work. Of local injections would
be very chary of using them, still you might, but they must be very
mild; that is in case the trouble is very purulent. Rinse out first with a
solution of bichloride mercury I to 2000; twenty-four hours after, with
another solution 1 to 6000; this you can use once or twice a day for two
or three days. ‘That along with the internal treatment usually cures in
from three to ten days. In all these cases relax the bowels with the
medicines. It does not as a rule affect them further up than from 3 to 6
inches. If it does, it is due to irritating effect of gravel in bladder. If
in stallion ascertain cause; retire fora week or two: Clean parts with
soap and water three times aday, and at the same time syringe mild anti-
septic into urethra gently, about 1% oz. at a time. Solution of sulphate
of zinc 2 grs. to aqua (blood heat) 1 oz., is best. Do not manipulate
penis after injection.

RUPTURE OF THE BLADDER.—This occurs occasionally, but is very
rare; more likely to occur in the human than in the lower animals, on
account of holding their water too long. It is seen in cases of Azoturia,
or in strain of the psoas muscles. Remember when you go to sling an
animal to draw his water first, to avoid rupture of the bladder. In the
human female this is more likely to occur than with a man, as they are

more modest about this, and often when in company will hold their
water all the time they are out—say boat riding, buggy riding, etc., so
use commonsense, and if with a lady see that she is not kept over four
hours without giving her some opportunity to urinate—you can find some
_ excuse to leave her alone for a few minutes. It is always fatal.

EVERSION OF THE BLADDER.—This often protrudes through the
vulva, appearing like a case of prolapsus or a polypus, and isoften mis-
taken for these ; can be told by the difference in the tissue. The lining
of the bladder is covered with villi, and is velvety like; two openings can
be seen, one of which is the ureter, from which the urine trickles.

TREATMENT.—With a round-headed probang about 34 of an inch
large, return the bladder to its proper position, using care not to punct-
ure it. After you get it back, use anodynes—as chloral, or hyoscyamus,
or opium to prevent straining: give a quart of linseed oil and anodyne

' injection (tr. opii diluted with carbolized oil). If necessary relax the

128 ' WEHRORY AND PRACTICE.

parts with chloroform, or anzesthetise the animal to complete insensibility

; Cystic CaLcuLi.—Stones in the bladder are formed mostly of car- —
bonate of lime, some phosphate, and carbonate of other minerals. Due —
to bad drinking water, or as a result of hereditary tendency. They
are often of enormous size; you recognize this by sudden interruption in
the flow while urinating, and the horse is inclined to urinate more. fre-
quently than normal; will stand long time after urinating; he seems to-

dread the operation. In the mare it shows by hide-bound, staring coat;
occasionally blood is passed. On testing the urine will find superabund-
ance of carbonate; rectal and vaginal examinations will detect stones in
the bladder.

Cystic CALCcuLUS.—Is when there is’ one well-formed stone; wher 7
there are a number of small stones it is called gravel; they indicate an
alkaline condition of the urine. These stones irritate the bladder very
much, and are likely to produce quite characteristic symptoms. Makea ~
rectal or vaginal examination and you can find them readily. The symp-_—
toms that arouse your suspicion of their presence are—the horse making —
water too often; makes it every half hour or so; after he gets through ~
he will strain, and remain in that position for some time. The mare —
squirts the urine out and dirties her tail; sometimes at the end of urinat- —
ing will pass a little blood. At times the horse will be urinating VEL
freely, when suddenly the flow will stop, due to the stone floating into —
the neck of the bladder—this is a good indication of the presence of these —
stones. Then in some very bad cases there is Sub Acute Cystitis, and
the inflammation keeps on increasing tillit amounts to a severe Acute
Cystitis. The animal gets weak, there is languor, long staring coat, is —
unthrifty, great depression, finally fever, collapse and death. In dogs —
we have the most trouble from gravel; it floats down till it reaches the —
bone in the penis, where it becomes lodged, and the urethra expands on :
either end of the bone. If it remains there long it will cause suppura- —
tion and ulceration, and finally the stone will contact the bone, setting
up Periostitis, and will become firmly adherent to the bone. In dogs, the
black and tan fox terriers, and the Yorkshires seem the most liable to j
this trouble; sometimes the gravel shuts off the passage entirely. I have ©
seen cases where the animal did not urinate for two weeks. The only
treatment is to pass the catheter; this is often very difficult to do on ac-
count of the stone filling up the passage and becoming adherent to the
bone. In cattle, males have a sigmoid flexure, and eravel often stops at —
that point and plugs up the urethra, and it becomes dilated above the
stoppage. )

Treatment.—Treat gravel therapeutically; use hydrochloric acid—
it has a tendency to dissolve them; give the horse 1 dr. two or three times
a day, freely diluted; the more freely the better the effect. It renders ©
urine that was alkaline either neutral or acid. Acids dissolve alkalies, so
carry far enough to make the urine acid; you can tell that by the use of —
litmus paper to test.

LirHoTromy.—lIs the removing of these stones by incision be the 4
bladder. ;

LitHorrity.—Is breaking up the stones in the bladder, as they.
must be broken when they are very large, in order to remove them. In

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VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 129

' the mare the operation is very easy—locate the stone per vagina, in-
' troduce the forceps into the vagina, then with the left hand in the
2 vagina lift the bladder so you can catch the stone in the forceps, being
% careful not to include any of the mucous lining; turn your forceps around
_ so as to tell if you have any included or not; draw out slowly, carefully,
- but strongly.

. In the horse you must insert the catheter, and then clip off the hair
and cut down onto the catheter; then withdraw, and with a probe-pointed
bistoury make the opening about one and one-half inches long; introduce
your forceps, and with the left handin the rectum manipulate till you catch
the stone and withdraw; when through with operation syringe out part
with bichloride of mercury 1 to 1000. In the bull or ox cut down onto the
place where the stone plugs up at the sigmoid flexure, that is about an
inch or two from the scrotum. ‘Treat these wounds in the urethra the
same as simple wounds, and only stitch up the skin. The urine will
drip out for two or three days, but do no harm; put on wet or dry anti-
septic pack or iodoform gauze; good idea to change this when it becomes
soaked; occasionally pass the catheter, smearing the end with belladonna
—this allays the sensibility. After removing the stone it is good to rinse
with a four per cent solution of boracic acid at blood heat, with a little
tincture of opium added; this is to rinse out the bladder. Best to always
cast in these operations, though it might do as well standing, in the mare.

DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Diseases of the brain and nervous system are not socommon in the
lower animals asin the human. ‘The lower animals are less liable to fatal
results from shocks, as from fright or operations; though these dis-
_ eases are not entirely absent. They are divided into three classes—Cer-

ebral, when applied to the brain; Spinal, to the cord; Peripheral, to the

- tierves; and there are certain phenomena peculiar to each. We recog-

_ fiize that the brain is affected when perception, volition, and the special
' sensations are altered; also when there is Paralysis of one whole side of -

the body; this is called Hemiplegia. When it exists in a transverse man-

» ner it is called Paraplegia. Retention or Incontinency of the urine de-

- notes spinal diseases. The phenomenon due to the peripheral is when a

circumscribed portion is affected—as a muscle or a group of muscles.

We find on careful dissection of the medulla oblongata, that most of the

_ netve fibres cross over at this point; they originate at one side and cross

_ over to the other, called decussation, but some run straight. On this

_ account there is a peculiar phenomenon—injuries on one side of the brain

_ produce Paralysis on the other side of the body. Injury to the gray sub-

stance affects the voluntary movement, that is of the motor nerves; in-

jury to the medullary portion interferes with the automatic portion, that

is sudden injuries particularly. The effects of sudden injuries are very

: noticeable, but slowly encroaching injuries are very puzzling in the

_ effects they produce. The injury to the white substance of the brain in-

_ terferes with the automatic functions, especially of the heart and blood

_ vessels; injury to the base of the brain means death. Another phenom-

_ enon of diseases of this system is, that every affection produces either an

increased functional activity or depression; in other words, any derange-

ment of the brain and nervous system has a tendency to produce either

130 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

an increased functional activity or a depression. In fact, any demanen '
' ment of the brain and nervous system has a tendency to produce either
Hypereesthesis or Paralysis. Injury to the cord we find interferes with —
the motor power, because the motor nerves run along through the outer —
part of the cord, while the sensory run through the “ center—this is ithe
gray matter in the cord. Another phenomenon is that which is well
marked—you may have extraordinary changes in the function and little ©
or no morbid anatomy.

CEREBRAL CONGESTION—VERTIGO—MEGRIMS—STAGGERS—BLIND _
STAGGERS.—This is alteration or disturbance of the circulation. WVer-
tigo means a hypereemic condition of the brain, more or less sudden in
its attacks, and is usually due to pressure on the large veins of the neck
by iil-fitting harness; this interferes with the circulation of the blood, to
the brain. In some cases it may occur when the horse is not in harness,
then it is usually due to plethoric condition of the animal, and is associ- —
ated with torpidity of the liver and hepatic circulation, also derangement ~
of the liver, and with the stomach in suspension of digestion, and with |
partial Paralysis of the pneumogastric nerve.

Semeiology.—These attacks of the brain are due to the peculiarity of
the blood or to pressure on the neck; the horse will often stop, shake his
head, ears will drop, becomes temporarily blind, twitching of the mus-
cles of the head and neck, eyes protrude, breathing stertorous; often a
few minutes’ stop relieves, and the horse will goon; but in other cases he
becomes excited, blind, will rear and plunge, the blood vessels of the head
and neck will show dilated, eyes staring insensibly, nostrils dilated, and —
stertorous breathing. Sometimes the rearing and plunging remove the :
cause; other times he loses co-ordination and goes down in a heap, is in-
sensible and may keep up’ a running or trotting motion involuntarily. —
The shock to the nervous system causes some sweating, and while down —
he will often froth at the mouth, but the fall usually removes the cause —
and he gradually recovers. Under these circumstances the old idea (the ;
one nearly every one will suggest) is to bleed, but blood will not flow
until after they begin to recover, and at the time of the fit the vieeding |
would be useless and there might be serious results from it; while lying —
down dash cold water in the face, that will produce a shock; but if there
is none handy let him take his time; take off the harness and give plenty —
of air. After the fit is over, try to learn the cause of it. If vlethora—
lessen the feed and give purgatives. These attacks often come from ~
stomach and liver troubles. j

CEREBRAL ANAMIA.—Is a bloodless condition of the brain, but™
doesn’t apply particularly to the brain, which is never anzemic of itself.
Anzemia is seen in ordinary fainting fits i in the human; there is loss of
motor and sensory power, and the face shows it by the pallor; in animals
the mucous membrane is pallid. When there is Cerebral. aneemia there
will be a weak mind, as seen in nervous prostration from debility; that is
from fevers, etc.

Treatment.—Should be rational; treat the general symptonis,
build up; nutrition for the body, and iron for the blood. | x

CEREBRAL EHMBOLUS.—Is a clot inthe brain or blood vessels 6}
the brain; they become plugged by a clot which usually floats there and
produces a Thrombosic condition of the vessel and Paralysis of all

A

sates

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. - 131

ie of the brain supplied by that vessel. This is called Thrombosic
Paralysis; this clot is usually formed from weak cardiac power or valvu-
lar insufficiency. Valvular diseases of the heart are particularly liable to
produce ante-mortem clots.

Semeiology.—Stupor, weak-minded; pallor of mucous membrane;
the stupor often runs into coma and death. This ‘Thrombosis partly re-
seimbles softening of the brain.

ApopLExy.—As applied to the brain means Cerebral hemorrhage.
This is a disease known by the sudden loss of power, both sensory and
motor. Hemorrhage occurs in one of three ways—first, in rupture of
the blood vessel in the brain; second, we get the same result from a
serous collection in the ventricle of the brain; the causes are either sto-
matic or idiopathic; as we see it in the horse the hemorrhage may occur

in three ways or in three different parts of the brain, first, in the cerebral

substance; second, in the ventricles of the brain, ‘third, in the arach-
noid space. The cause is usually Stomatitis in the horse; so the first and
third are usually the forms.

Semeiology.—lIt acts suddenly always; he falls to the ground, froths
at the mouth, the special senses are suspended, can’t hear, taste, smell,
or see. In severe cases death will result in from an hour up to eight or
ten days; sometimes when the case is not severe the clot is absorbed and
the horse recovers; but it is very slowly, and not desirable in the
horse, as he is liable to go mad in any future disturbance.

‘Treatment.—It is not considered safe to bleed, as bleeding increases

_ the local hemorrhage. Where the rupture has taken place, elevate the

head, pack the head in ice, keep the rest of the body warm by cloth-
- ing and friction, give stimulating enema, and inhalations of ammonia,

_ , hypodermic injections of atropine, alcohol, etc. Never give medicine

by the mouth in this condition; it is able to cause death by suffocation,

- by getting into the lungs.

: PHRENITIS (CEREBRAL MENINGITIS ).—Inflammation of the covering
of thebrain, also called Mad Staggers, Cephalitis, or Encephalitis. Cere-
britis is inflammation of the brain substance. This exists in two forms—
Acute and Chronic. ‘Both forms are seen in the horse. It is not pos-
sible to draw the line between Meningitis and Cerebritis as in the human.
_ Meningitis is usually due to idiopathic or traumatic influences. ‘The

idiopathic are, exposure, exhaustion, unhealthy influences, as the rays

_ of the sun when very hot and long exposed, therefore it is more common
in hot weather than in cold. There are various other causes that arise
within the body, and no definite reason for them can be given. Both

_~ forms are sometimes due to Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis. The traumatic
are those produced by blows on the head, either fracture or not; though of

course the fracture would be liable by pressure on the brain substance,
which is usually the case.

: Semeiology.—There is marked Congestion of the:‘mucous membrane

where it is visible, especially the eye; this is due probably to its immediate

connection with the brain, and also due toits size, being the second largest
nerveinthebody. There is muscular twitching and excitement of the ani-
mal; the twitching sometimes amounts to a spasm of the limb or of two
limbs. ‘These spasms sometimes involve the whole body, producing Cere-
bral Convulsions. ‘This period of excitement is usually followed up by

132 THEORY AND’ PRACTICE.

depression, and it is greater than the normal condition, that is, thereis
an abnormal inactivity. In some cases it amounts to stupor or coma; .
but in Meningitis this stupor per iod is comparatively short, and the ex-
citement returns. As it progresses the attacks come on oftener. There —
is a well-marked constitutional disturbance, the fever may be as high as —
104 or 104%, pulse accelerated and inclined to be hard; animal is mark- 3S
edly delirious, even in the periods of stupor, therefore it is dangerous 465
get near him, and it is impossible to handle him in the ordinary way.
‘After the fever has been running for a day or two the pupils of the eye”
are contracted, the eyes are bloodshot and staring; respiration is acceler-
ated, he is restless and uneasy, and as the disease progresses the periods ©
of excitement become more frequent, and he becomes wildly delirious,
climbing over the manger. This desire to climb sometimes comes on
during the first twenty-four hours. If from traumatic, usually it doesn’t —
occur till the second or third day. Sometimes during the periods rey ae
climbing he may be attacked with convulsions. Spasms take place in the _ a
hind legs and throw him down, but he gets up and goes to climbing —
again. During stupor will often hang his head; almost inclined to fall,
will stand w ith his face pressed against the wall, but this is less marked A
than in Cerebritis. >
' ‘The symptoms of Meningitis are more violent than those of Cerebritis.
When the period of excitement is subsiding and just as stupor comes on,
he will be inclined to eat and will take a few mouthfuls and hold in
his mouth till the stupor is on, when he will drop it all from his mouth.
This period between the excitement and the stupor may last ten or twelve
minutes. ~The form of death in these cases is Convulsions, finally oe i
lapse, and will lose the power of co-ordination, gets down and pounds
himself terribly. Among the idiopathic. causes there may be some dis- <4
turbance of the cerebral circulation. The characteristics of Cerebritis are,
that there is less fever, less excitement, the periods of stupor are more |
complete and longer continued, stillthere are Convulsions and delirium,
but nothing like as severe as in Meningitis. This is because Meningitis a
is located in the gray matter, and Cerebritis in the white. In Cerebritis —
the animal will stand a good part of the time with the head braced against —
the wall or manger; appetite is usually lost, partly due to the fever and ~
partly to the loss of Sense..” sAlrber 2 while, particularly in Meningitis, —
will lose power of co-ordination, goes down and is unable to get up, and
the animal will lie prone and keep the legs going. During the comatose ~
condition, especially of Cerebritis, the stupor can be broken by moving _
the legs in an unnatural position—as crossing them. Put your finger in
the ear or eye and no resistance is offered. Death usually takes place in ~
from forty-eight to one hundred hours, usually about the third day. It ~
runs avery rapid course compared to the human; sometimes as quickly —
as forty-eight hours, but might be prolonged to five, six or ten days. The ~
differential diagnosis between Stomach Staggers and Mad Staggers is —
quite simple—in Stomach Staggers there is no fever, no Congestion of the |
visible mucous membrane; eyes are not bloodshot, the stupor is contin: — ;
uous till the fermentation arouses him; this disease usually yields to treat
ment; while in Mad Staggers there is fever, Congestion of the visible mu-
cous membrane, eyes bloodshot, (whichis an important feature of the dis:
ease, ) and there are alternating periods of stupor and of excitement; this 2

ents: VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. * 133

disease seldom yields to treatment. In regard to the differential symp-
toms between Cerebritis and Meningitis, in Meningitis there would be
greater excitement and less stupor than in Cerebritis. In Meningitis
there is an increase in functional activity, irritability and excitement as
the inflammation extends more or less to the cortical portion, and then
comes the stupor—before that there was only delirium. On the other
hand, we see that in any trouble to the cortical portion there would be
stupor, as in Cerebritis.

: Treatment.—The fever is high, pulse strong; when not complicated
with specific fevers, blood-letting is indicated—from agood size horse,
four to six quarts is better than any other treatment; but if you have a
specific fever, Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis, it would not be safe to bleed.
It is good to purge whether you bleed or not; and in addition to aloes
give diuretics—as potassium salts; allay the nervous sensibility, or rather
the irritability, and of the heart also, by gelsemium, which is the best of
all; or aconite, or belladonna, etc. Give the gelsemium freely, or you
can give gelsemium and belladonna, or aconite and belladonna; and in~
bad cases with any other treatment, bromide of potash in liberal quantities
with any of the other drugs, but if you give much of it give a smaller dose
of the gelsemium. Belladonna is particularly indicated on account of its
contracting the arterioles. Ice poultice is the proper thing for local treat-
ment; keep packed in ice. It is very difficult to do much for the horse in
this disease because he is irresponsibly dangerous, so don’t get caught in
a corner or in a narrow stall; but if you can get up to him apply the ice.

'. Recovery is very rare, though the disease is ‘hot so rare; the causes are
_ ‘very obscure. In case of recovery, say after three weeks, you can apply
- cantharides blister to the head. Give three or four moon rest; don’t
work at all. Really, recoveries from this disease are not very desirable,
because the animal is always liable to fits of delirium under any -disturb-
ance, and is dangerous.

You can’t “diagnose this disease with any doers of certainty. In
autopsy the meninges are thickened, with adhesion here and there. You
will find coagulated and organized exudate in the ventricles, particularly
in the lateral, also in the sulci and other parts of the brain. In CERE-

_ BRAL SOFTENING it is just the reverse; there is Softening of thé brain;
and the brain substance is altered in color, is softer, sometimes quite
liquid, and is softened always, especially in spots; it looks like abscesses;
_ the color varies from a pink to a dirty white. There have been cases
where in autopsy nine-tenths of the brain was softened; that was from a
_long-continued disease. Many cases have been seen where the Cerebrum
was partly destroyed, looked like pus. Causes of chronic Cerebritis are -
usually Acute or Subacute forms or attacks of Cerebritis, and the soften-
ing develops gradually without any previous attacks. Cerebral Soften-
ing is known among. horsemen as dummy; they are all cases of Cerebral
softening and are quite common. It is hard to assign any cause, but we
think it comes from the acute or subacute attacks of Cerebritis, or from
interrupted circulation in the brain; there may be some local Thrombus,
and when softening begins from this cause it extends and finally ter-
minates fatally. In the human it is frequently caused by long-continued
use of alcoholic drinks.
Semeiology.—The symptoms are very marked, but require close

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134. vee THEORY AND PRACTICE. : eae

: . : eA a ae
observation to detect them. The horse is more or less stupid, he seems
to lack ambition and often staggers, is unsteady in his gate. You must
look out for this in examining for soundness; mild excitement will rouse
him for atime, and horse dealers take advantage of this and exercise
him, using the whip, before he is to be examined. He looks stupid, is)
unsteady when backed out of the stall, will stub his toe and make false |
steps, especially in turning; his ears may be moving forward and back,
and there is often an absence of expression in the countenance. Whisky -
or the whip will exercise him for the time being. To test dummy, see him —
_ backing out of stall or turn in stall. Lacks complete power of co-ordina-—
tion. Staggers and wabbles a little. Put finger in ear and he wont ~
mind it, others horses will. Put one foot across the other, andifhe —
leaves it, it is another symptom. oe oe
Treatment. — Is useless. abl
INFLAMMATION OF THE SPINAL CorpD.—This is divided into three ~
classes or three heads, that is for description: i Sako
Myelitis or Spinitis, when’ the substance of the cord is affected. —
Spinal Meningitis, when the cord and coverings are complicated with —
cerebral troubles.—Myelitis and Spinal Meningitis are nearly inseparable,
in the lower animals at least, and also less common than in the human,
as they are less liable to syphilitic disease. ASUS tse
Etiology (of Myelitis).—Violence in the form of external injuries,
disease of the bones of the vertebrze, and the inflammation extending to a
the cord; exposure to dampness and the extremes of temperature, espe-
cially when exhausted from overwork. In the majority of cases it arises
from no assignable cause, it is very obscure; it comes on without any as-
signable or appreciable cause. , 0 ae
Semeiology.—When the meninges of the cord are first affected the —
first symptoms will be Tonic spasms of the limbs, usually the hind ones; a
this is probably because it affects the loins first, then extends forward. —
These spasms are often so severe as to jerk the horse off his feet and
throw him down; he stamps spasmodically and involuntarily; when the g
spinal cord itself is first affected there is an absence of these Tonic —
spasms, and instead there is a loss of motor power. ‘The first thing you ~
will notice the hocks dip into each other, the toes turn out after about —
ten or fifteen hours; finally grows worse, will wabble in his gait, there is —
no spasm, no delirium. ‘The inflammation in this case starts in the cord,"
while in Spinal Meningitis it comes on with spasms. During the prog- &
ress of the Myelitis, motor Paralysis increases and finally becomes S08
bad that if you move him he will fall down, but if not moved will stand —
braced from twenty-four to forty-eight hours. In the case of Spinal —
Meningitis it only requires from twenty-four to forty-eight hours for the —
inflammation to extend to the cord, followed by a loss of motor power; SO
also in Myelitis, it takes about the same time for the inflammation to reach —
the covering, when there are muscular spasms. As the disease goes on
the spasms become almost continuous, and the animal finally dies in from zs,
three to ten days; general average, five days. The pulse is hard and ~
rapid, temperature usually from 102 to ro4, respiration accelerated, more
on account of the exercise due to the spasms; bowels irregular, mostly —
constipated, and sometimes paralyzed; urine scanty and what is passed
contains abnormal ingredients, as albumen, ete. While lying and w

tt Se ea dace RB EAS Cus oes ES Be a ad ERO er ey ee

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY, 135

_ able to rise, the expression is haggard and he is probably in great distress.

There are chronic forms of both of these diseases, but especially in Spi-
nitis (loss of motor power). In Chronic Meningitis they are excita-
ble, the least bit of excitement affects them; there will be nervous twitch-
ing; some ascribe Stringhalt to it. 5

CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS.—It resembles the other two very
much, with the exception that there are cerebral symptoms from the
start. It is looked upon as being due to a germ, as a specific disease; it

_ is some form of specific blood poisoning, but what the character is we

don’t know; we know that it occurs in badly ventilated, badly drained,
badly crowded stables, most often found in street car stables where the
air becomes vitiated, and causes various forms of diseases. In 1877, in
the winter, it existed on the Atlantic sea coast as an Epizootic, especially
in the large cities and as far north as Montreal. The mortality was very
heavy; it ran a very definite course, with a period of incubation of from
ten days to two weeks. ‘The specific character of it was proven by intro-
ducing fresh horses among them and they at once became affected.

Etiology.—The poison has not yet been defined, but it floats in the
air; it may be confined to a single stable, probably then due to some local
cause, as from the water or drainage; it exists in low marshy districts.
The blood poisoning produces serious pathological changes, which seem
to be confined to the medulla oblongata.

Semeiology.—It takes two forms or degrees of severity—the mild form
comes on something like Spinitis; languor, dullness, stupor, and paralysis
of the hind parts. In course of from one to three days it creeps forward
and involves the base of the brain; then there is often coma; of course
before it reaches there the horse has gone down from Paralysis. Often
the sensations remain after the motor power is lost; after a horse gets
down with this trouble he may die in a few hours, or he may last a few

days, according to the severity of the case.. Many of these cases would

yield to treatment, but the more severe ones, where the covering is af-
fected, come on with delirium, Mad Staggers, Paralysis of the hind parts,
and in severe cases there are spasms of the neck, and back, and loins,
often followed by excessive relaxation, and then they go down and die
in a comatose condition. ‘There are Tonic spasms after volition has
been lost. In the delirious stage they are frantic; they pound and bruise
themselves, and keep up a trotting or running motion; the pulse is not
much affected at first, but later gets strong and hard; temperature is
sometimes raised, sometimes lowered, sometimes below 95 and 2, and
as high as 105, but more often 102 to 2%. As the disease progresses the
temperature falls below the normal, due to the nervous system being par-
tially paralyzed. In this case the bowels are partly paralyzed and con-
stipated, though in the early stage may be very loose, and the feeces
passed involuntarily, due to the relaxing of the sphincter muscle of the
anus. Urine is dark-colored and ropy from excessive mucous. ‘The
sphincter of the bladder often relaxes and urine is passed involuntarily,
particularly in the mare; breathing is stertorous.

Prognosis.—Mild forms often terminate favorably; severe forms are
usually fatal.

Post-Mortem.—Very little morbid anatomy, but the main of what

136 THEORY AND PRACTICE. :

there is, isin the medulla oblongata; it is redder and cone and .
sottened, but it takes an expert to see it. ie
Treatment.—Remove the animal to healthy quarters, give good ven-
tilation and drainage, and good drinking water. Give full dose purgative;
McEchran gave one I oz. of aloes; sometimes it wont work where the |
bowels are paraly zed; followed up with salines in the feed. Good wane to
to put in slings. In jocal treatment cold water along the spine is rational; —
some use hot water, others dry heat. This. local treatment is doubtful,
as it is a specific disease and the treatment should be for the blood. Solid
or fluid extractof bell adonna is good, also arsenic, quinine, or salol;andto
reduce the supply of blood to the cord, give small repeated doses of ergot,
belladonna solid ext., dose 1 dr. three to four times a day; atropine % to
¥y gr. three or four times a day, hypodermically. Quinine can be given
quite freely in dram doses every four hours; vegetable bitters can be
given with it. If there is coma, give stimulating enema; Prof. McEach- —
ran gives potassium bromide, which allays nervous irritability; all de-
pressants are contra-indicated. During the Epizootic in the East, T. S.
Berry of Boston gave atropine 3 grs., arsenic 2 grs., mixed together, on
the tongue three times a day, and no external applications. He claimed —
unexceptional success, while a doctor in Brooklyn tried all known reme-
dies and the mortality with him was heavy. During the comatose condi-
tion give small doses of stimulating tonic, as iron; if they will eat, give
soft food. Prof. Robertson recommends, after the acute symptoms have
subsided, actual cautery and blisters along the superior spinal processes.
Aiter convalescence is well begun give potassium iodide with a stimulant.
Where you have one horse affected in a stable, give prophylactic treat-
ment separate from the other horses, and follow the hygienic rules
spoken of. .
EPILEPSY OR Fits.—The term fits is applied to a number of different _
troubles—as fits of Indigestion, Hysteria, etc.; but fits without modifica-~
tion mean Epileptic ; these are convulsions of the system with delirium,
and in bad cases, complete coma. It is liable to occur in any animal,
none are exempt, but it is seen less often in the horse than in other animals.
Probably the one most subject among the lower animals is the dog, be-
cause its nervous system is much more highly developed than any of the
others; therefore next to the human comes the dog in these cases.
Etiology. —We find that anything that will seriously irritate the
nervous system is liable to produce these fits—as inflammation of the
cerebral structure, Tumors in the cranial cavity or in the brain, abscesses
in the brain or on the surface of it, or lesion of the cranial bones, and
reflected irritation from other parts of the body; for instance, worms in —
the intestines, dentition in all animals, particularly in children and pup- —
pies, sudden fright or sudden noises that cause fright, severe exposure to —
the sun, and often a brain complication, as Specific Fever, especially in
the dog in canine Distemper. Fits exist in many cases without any local ~
reason or morbid anatomy; in many cases there is a total absence of mor- 4
bid anatomy, and the majority of epileptic fits occur without any visible —
disease of the brain or spinal cord. ;
Semeiology.—When the disease is not complicated with a Specific —
Fever, the first thing is the wild staring expression of the eyes. The ~
dog, if standing or lying, will run; if running he will stop, throw up the

Mei)
4 aa

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 137

head, champ the jaws, froth at the mouth, will often yelp, and as inseni-
bility comes over him he will throw himself or fall over backwards or to
the side; jaws may champ for one half minute after; a chronic muscular
spasm comes over the body. In the early part of this insensibility there
is motion of the legs, which subsides as the Tonic spasm develops; then
complete coma. takes place. During the coma the sphincter muscles re-
lax and there is an involuntary passage of faeces and of urine; this lasts a
variable length of time, from one half to two or three minutes: then the
fit and spasms subside}, and consciousness slowly returns. In the course
of three cr four minutes more the animal is the same as before, but very
depressed. Hunting dogs are often affected, but it. lasts only a short
time and seldom afiects them; theirs is probably due to excitement.
Where these fits are rapid and death occurs, it is usually while in the fit.
In horses it is more often due to specific cause, as Tumor or Abscess
on the brain; some special cause rather than that in the dog; the symp-
as in the horse are the same as in the dog, with the addition of profuse
sweating, and with the saine results as in the dog. In man the face be-
comes purple, and there is hypereemic condition of the head.
Treatment.—During the fit, treatment is useless, but if it lasts more
than a minute or two—dash cold water in the face or use electricity to
the back—anything that will produce a nervous shock, then cover up
and let them be quiet. If in children, cold water does no good, give
a hot bath quickly; after the fit is over study the cause and treat it; if
from worms give vermifuge; if from teeth, as in puppies and children,
instant relief is given by lancing the gums over the teeth. Your success
will depend on the removal of thecause. Bromide potash given liberally
may control the fit; if a setter pup six months old, give ten grs. in a little
sweetened water three times aday. Leave a bottle with directions to give
a teaspoonful three times a day, but if the fits come on, give one after
each fit. Occasionally the potash loses its power to act, then change to
_ bromide soda; belladonna is a very good remedy except in the dog, who
_ is very easy to kill with this drug. After the fever subsides give tonics
—iron, arsenic, etc., internally.
Prognosis. Depends entirely on the cause; if simple and can be
- built up, will be favorable; but in bad cases it is unfavorable. ‘The sus-
Ppicious symptom in the horse is the inclination to shake his head as if
bees were around him, and he may go down; this may be caused by in-
creased circulation from exercise. If possible in such a case bathe his
head in cold water; a short stop will be good also. Where predisposed
from Tumors or Abscesses on the brain, looks half excited, stupid, and

_ may work his ears like a jackass.

PARALYSIS OR PARESIS.—Is loss of power, bom of motion and sen-
sation, but one may occur without the other. It is spoken of as Sensory
Paralysis when the sensations are paralyzed, and as Motor Paralysis when
the power of motion is lost. It is divided into Hemiplegia and Para-
legia, according to the part involved. Paraplegia is the most common.
it means paralysis of the body transversely of points, back of a certain
point.

Etiology.—There are two varieties of causes—Centric and Reflex.
Centric is what might be called direct, due to external injuries, perhaps

severing of the: cord, or anything that will produce pressure on the:

re

TOON Sa Be Ran

138 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

cotd—as fracture of the vertebre, effusion on the cord as a result of ae a
external injury. Reflex arises ‘primarily from some other part of thee a
body periphery to some of the nerves, and often follows as a sequel to —
some other disease, especially of blood contamination. Asa result of the —
reflex class, Paraplegia develops in the late stages of Distemper in cee
and after they have been making an apparently mice recovery, and in
Nephritis in all kinds of females, especially in the bitch. This form of —
Paraplegia resists treatment very much: may occur from Indigestion, es- _
pecially when due to over-feeding. Impaction of the rumen in cattle, and
some forms of Colic in the horse, produced by Gastritis and different
kinds of poison, are frequently accompanied by Paraplegia. gy
Semeiology.—There is partial or complete loss of power, usually of —
the motor power; whether it is complete loss of motor and sensory is ac- ~
cording to the cause. If of Centric, there is loss of motor; if from the
Reflex, there is loss also of the sensory, especially where there is blood ~
contamination. ‘This loss of power will be diagnostic in itself. There
are few other symptoms; Constipation is usually present, as bowels may
be paralyzed; urine may flow involuntarily; the animal may be perfectly
rational, showing that many of the actions are not dependent upon the
cord; and we see in these paralyzed cases that the circulation goes on
just the same. a
HEMIPLEGIA.—Is paralysis of one side of the body longitudinally;
this division is often so complete as to include one side of the face; the
other side remains healthy; this is common in the human, very rare in ©
the lower animals. It develops from severe injuries and severe Pre a
on one side of the brain. ge
Treatment of all kinds of Paralysis.—Study the cause and remove
it; treat the cause; there is no special treatment for Paralysis; give nerve
stimulants. If from external injury, either hot or cold fomentations.
Paraplegia following Distemper yields to treatment. If cause is direct
use electricity, strychnine or atropine. Following Distemper in the dog —
give iron, and in addition to the strychnine give bromide potash two or —
three times a day; give nux vomica and bromide potash two or three —
times a day. Local counter-irritants are good in certain cases, but wait
till the acute symptoms leave; may be done with cantharides, or for the
dog, lunar caustic; for cattle, mustard; for the horse, actual cautery and
cantharides. Hemiplegia—same treatment except applied to the head.
HyYDROCEPHALUS.—As it applies to the adult, is a rather rare occur-
ence, but it does occur occasionally; it is frequently seen in the fetus, ren-
dering parturition difficult or impossible till the head is crushed. As it oc- —
cursin the adult it is from an accumulation of serum in the lateral ventri-
cles, usually the result of some local irritation or mild inflammation—this
inflammation taking a subacute rather than an acute form, yet acute
enough to have effusion.
Semeiology.—The symptoms are very similar to those of Cerebees a
but rather milder in character, the animal is more stupid, little or no ex- —
citement, and in that respect it shows its proof of pressure on the brain; —
but in the early stage there are fever and little irritability; these last a few —
days and are then followed by diminished sensibility; the stupor and in- —
sensibility keep on increasing with occasional epileptic ne until it ter-—
minates in coma, then convulsions and death. c

e*

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 139

Special Pathology.—In autopsy, on opening the cranial cavity we
‘notice the brain is altered in form; instead of there being a deep fissure
between the hemispheres, this fissure is almost obliterated. In cutting
down through the corpus callosum you find water in the ventricles, vary-
ing in quantity from 1 to 8 ozs., and on emptying the water out we find
the septum lucidum broken down, making one cavity; the arachnoid is
thickened and opaque, particularly over the cerebellum, and often studded
with spots of inflammation or inflammatory deposit. The fluid in the ven-
ticles is usually pale, thin, and watery, but sometimes quite turbid; the
result is blood poisoning and death. You are apt to find effusion in the
lateral ventricles, also between the cord and its covering.

Treatment.—Is usually unsatisfactory. In mild cases it may give
way to iodide potash, iron, vegetable bitters, or mild counter-irrita-
tion externally; keep quiet, soft diet and long rest.

Locomotor ATaxta.—This is technically described in the text
books as Tables Spinalis, or Tabes Dorsalis; in some as Sclerosis of the
Cord; Dr. Hughes says it is also known as Crick Back; the English call
it German horses, and Partial Paralysis. It is one of the most singular
diseases ever met with, In its nature we find that it is an induration or
Atrophy, or the two combined; at any rate it is a contraction and hard-

ening of the columns of the cord. Usually in the horse it is the supero-
lateral column; in the man postero-lateral; and occasionally in the antero-
lateral, but that is rare. Inthe horse the infero-lateral is combined with
the supero-lateral, but not often. Atrophy is usually applied to the cord,

but I think it incorrect; there is a contraction of it, so Sclerosis is a bet-

ter term. Sometimes it originates in the cerebellum and extends down

the cord, but it usually starts in the loins in all animals—man and _ beast;
but as far as we know it is confined to the horse and man. ‘The columns

of the cord that seem to be affected are those portions of the cord that
convey the motor power, so it is the motor power that is affected, with
little of the sensory. ‘The cord when you examine it, is indurated.

Etiology.—The old theory was, that it occurred in old hard-worked

_ horses that were neglected and abtsed—that being the predisposing cause;
the exciting cause would be exposure, and was also looked upon as being
hereditary. A stallion wabbling in his.gait should’ never be used with
the mare, as something out of the healthy will be transferred to the off-
spring. ‘The more we study and the more experience we have, we come
to the conclusion that these causes have no connection with it, but new
ones don’t seem to present themselves. In the human ninety per cent of
it is thought to be due to Syphilis; some say it is all due to that, but the
more liberal say different; we know it develops in some people who have not
-atrace of Syphilis. Undoubtedly it is acause in many cases, but some of
the cases are assignable to other causes. Horses and geldings have it as
well as stallions; some have it that never covered a mare, and some mares
have it that have never been bred—dquite frequently this is so. In the hu-
man, women seldom have it; it seems to be confined to men entirely. In an
autopsy on a mare, sections of the cord were sent to Dr. Billings and he
found that the lesions were identical with those in the human—Tabes

_ Dorsalis. He found Thrombosis of the nutrient blood vessels of the
_ cord, and assigns as a cause in the horse, this Thrombosic Paralysis. If
_ anembolism takes place in any blood vessel that supplies nutriment to the

I40 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

cord, Atrophy and hardening of the eral would naturally follone ;

find the Cope t in the center of the cord are minute, and they become >

dilated and ruptured, and the gray matter in the cord becomes lacerated

and torn, and at the same time contraction of the cord takes place.

Billings’ theory is very plausible and in all probability it arises from de-

fective cardiac power, and an ante-mortem clot forming in the aorta,

some particles might float into some nutrient vessel. When it starts’ in

the cord at all it invariably progresses; Dr. Hughes says it is a _progress-— 4
ive disease, and continues until it produces death. If it can be due to

Thrombosis in the horse, then it can be in the human, instead of Syphilis; :

though admitting some cases due to Syphilis. Where the stallion and —

Seg

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e

a

f

mee

mare have Sy philis they are invariably affected With this disease.
Semeiology.—It comes on slowly, especially in the horse; we notice
the first thing the unsteady gait behind, and especially in turning’ quickly
acts as if not ‘having full control of the hind parts. If it originates in
the cord in the loins, as it usually does, only the hind parts are affected at
first, but it often starts in the cerebellum, then they wabble before and
behind, that is when it-starts in the cerebellum and medulla oblongata;
there is also a squinting of the eyes, particularly as an evidence -of Scle- ‘
rosis of the cerebellum. In the horse \ we can’t ascribe it to overwork, as
the worst case I had occurred in an animal that had never worked at all; :
nor do I think exposure to storms a cause; I think Thrombosis the most _
possible. When the cerebellum is affected one side is more affected than
the other, and the animal will walk in a circle, the size of the circle show-
ing the severity of the case—the smaller the circle the more severe the —
case. The Paralysis increases continually, and usually there is an in-
crease in the symptoms; as the disease progresses there ‘is a wasting — .
of the muscles of the hind parts, especially in an acute case. As the —
Paralysis goes forward there is an inclination to throw the weight on b
the fore legs, then the hind parts waste more rapidly. In bad cases —
there is more destruction of motor than of sensory power. In the horse
we have no evidence of acute pain; in the human, they say at times”
there are shooting pains in the legs, also in the back; in the ae
in be antero-lateral ae can’t advance their legs. “i

ae deal of brain matter, also of the cord.

Treatment.—No encouragement; incurable; treatment useless so far 3
as curing goes, and the prognosis must be unfavorable: but we give. :
strychnine, electricity, bromine, iodine, iron or arsenic, and liberal diet
with gentle exercise; this retards the disease, prolongs life, and adds to.
the comfort of the animal. Dr. Hughes agrees with Dr. Baker that firing
in acutual cautery along the back is recommended, but in his expe
it did no good.

Treranus (LockjAw).—This disease is described as a continonee
rigid spasm of the muscles of the body, both voluntary and iivolumta
a Tonic spasm that is continuous. he

Etiology.—Dr. Baker refers you to page 144 of Dr. Senn’s book on
‘‘Surgical Bacteriology,’’ to prove that the disease is due to the Tetanus
germ. This germ is drumstick shaped, with the spore in one end; it is
found in some kinds of soil in gardens; in Hurope it can be found ina
garden soil; is found in street dust almost everywhere. This same :

meee et

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. IAT

s found in discharges from the wound ina tetanic patient; also found
_ im the nerve leading from the wound; they get in between the filaments,
~ and in bad cases in the substance of the cord. ‘This germ is anaerobic;
the fact of this disease being due to a germ and its. being anaerobic, ex-
plains why it was so difficult heretofore to understand it. It is found
that Tetanus may follow even an abrasion, or a microscopical wound,
while in very large, wide-open wounds exposed to the air, we seldom
ever have it. The germ wont grow where there is free access for
oxygen; itis more liable in the small wound that closes and excludes
the air. More than one-half the cases of Tetanus come from slight nail
pricks that hardly lame the animal. WNicolaier, 1884, was the first to
discover the exogenous character of the disease; he found the germ in
the earth, introduced it into the animal and produced Tetanus. Rosen-
baugh found it in the discharge of wounds of tetanic patients. The
identity of the two germs was demonstrated in Koch’s laboratory, April
tenth, 1887; they found the period of incubation to be from twenty-four
hours to several weeks, very indefinite. If the wound doesn’t appear on
the outside it may be on the inside, so there are only traumatic causes
recognized now—no idiopathic causes. All animals are subject to it,
_ but it is more common in the horse than in all the other genii put together
Different parts of the body are affected. When the whole body is affected.
it is called a case of ORTHOTONOS; when only the masseter muscles are
' affected, TRismuSs; when one side of the body is affected most, it is called
_ TETANUS LATERALIS or PLEUROTHOTONOS; when the upper side is most af-
_ fected, OPISTHOTONOS; when other parts of the body are affected it is called
_ EMPROSTHOTONOS. TRISMUS is probably the most common when any ex-
ists alone, but ORTHOTONOS is the most common. ‘There are some forms
_ Teranus that used to come under the head of idiopathic—as stiffness
_ from colds, sore throat, etc., that cause stiffness, are known to have been
from rheumatics. Parasites in the irritation they set up, assist in pro-
ducing the disease, the germ getting into the tissue; the germs in the
- wound increase in numbers—then during a chemical process which they
cause they are killed and also poison the animal as well; so when they
don’t exist in large numbers and the animal is strong and can stand it
_ for several weeks, there is a chance for him to recover.
Be Semeiology.—The symptoms are clearly diagnostic from start to
finish; the first thing that will be noticed is the contraction of the masseter
- muscles, they will be drawn around the mouth; he seems to have a little
_ difficulty in eating, and while eating there is an enormous amount of
- Saliva secreted, which flows out of the mouth. After afew hours the horse
_ becomes excitable, nose is extended, facial muscles twitch, any little dis-
turbance excites him; this will subside in a few minutes; the eyeballs
seem to be retracted in the orbit, and look small. The membrana con-
junctiva is liable to be raised constantly over the eyeball and makes
jumps over it, and when the head is raised will cover the eyeball. An
_ intelligent horseman will notice him getting stiff in his gait; he spraddles
_ more behind. Trismus is usually well marked: after twenty-four or
forty-eight hours the. development seems to be quite gradual, other
times violent, in which the case develops rapidly and dies. The spasms
that were only in the masseter finally affect the whole body, that is the
‘muscular tissues; muscles become hard to the touch, the dorsal, cervical

2
:
¥

142 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

and gluteal muscles are most affected, tail elevated, it maintains ‘that
sition and trembles, respiration hard drawn, nostrils dilated, ears st
like sticks, limbs stiff and straddled, locomotion very difficult, no elastic- |
ity of the joints, flanks tucked up, ribs are tightly drawn, due to the con-
traction of the intercostals, head is more elevated, neck often so contacted |
that it appears U shaped. As the pain becomes excruciating he sweats |
profusely, is very excitable, the spasms come on from time to time, and 4
between times they relax, but not enough to cause much hope; the action
is spasmodic; during this exasperation of the spasms the gluteal muscles, >
which are so strong at the hind legs, often shoot out behind like a goose ~
flying, throws him off the floor and often he is unable to rise unless the ~
muscles relax; but they generally never rise after going down, yet some —
may get up three or four times before finally staying down. A rat, loud
talking, or strangers may excite the spasms; there is ropy saliva from ;
the mouth, pulse at first is very little affected, but grows harder and
smaller; the desire for food and water remains good, bowels inactive, .
peristaltic motion is interfered with, goes on in a very imperfect manner. —
The horse as a rule persistently stands, and where he can get up after |
being down it is a favorable sign; the spasms increase in frequency and —
cevenity: as he goes down, as he will long before he dies, he les and
struggles and finally dies. Death comes through one of two channels—_
first is contraction of the heart, causing syncope; second is contraction of ©
the muscles of the throat, and he dies from Asphyxia. Death usually :
occurs in from two to ten days; severe cases in from four to five days;
less severe in from five to six days, and mild cases in from eight to ten
days. Mild cases are those in which the severe symptoms are absent, or
in a milder form. Pulse at first is not affected, but grows hard and
small as the spasms increase. When a spasm throws the horse down, or
when he sweats profusely, there is little hope.
PRoGNosIs.—Where there is a little Trismus and they can eat a
little, get up when they go down, and respiration is not affected, then it
may be favorable, but if all the severe symptoms are present, then it” is
unfavorable. We find by experience that if he lives fifteen days he i
liable to recover; if twenty days he is sure to get well. The French and
Germans say if he lives thirteen days he will recover; if ten days he is’
liable to recover. The cases that used to be said were due to idiopathic,
usually recovered; those due to traumatic died, but we know now they

cover now from nail pricks causing it. Among the cattses are—tail
docking, castration, and amputation of the penis. Those cases that had:
tetanic oe were not Tetanus, as from sunstroke, shorn oe exposed

thesia.

Tpcatment. —From the nature of the case it is easy to see here is

er, and if three weeks, he is sure to recover. Give hygienic treatment
pure air, quiet, moderately dark place, (the sunlight irritates, ) al rlone

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. ¥ 143

tee from the torment of other horses; if cold, clothe warmly; if hot
weather, keep cool; no one but the doctor and attendant should see him—
no loud talking, no clubbing, no spectators, can’t lay too much stress on
this. Give nourishment to keep up the strength; make linseed meal
gruel (the round full seed) with boiling water— 4 lbs. meal to a bucket
_ of water, or about 2 gallons; keep this before him all the time, give noth-
ing else to drink, and elevate it totheright height—he can’t stoop down.
~ Let him drink all he will of this—two or three buckets full if he wants
it; salt a little to make it agreeable. This nourishes, relieves thirst, and
- also tends to loosen the bowels; purgatives are useless; it he needs any-
thing else, give oats and bran mixed with boiling water. Itis good
practice to put the horse in slings, as it gives him one more chance of
recovery; do it early so he will get used to it before the spasms get se-
vere, when it will cause them at the start. Bear in mind that a horse
can’t recover on his side. ©

Medicinal Treatment.—Use such drugs as have a tendency to quiet
the nervous system, as belladonna, prussic acid, morphine, ether, chloral
hydrate, lobelia, gelsemium. The mixture we use is as follows:

R Gelsemium fl. ex. I oz.
Lobelia fi. ex. I OZ.
Beiladonna fl. ex. I oz.
Aqua ad. Q. S. 8 ozs.

Dose 1 oz. every three or four hours. If there is no Trismus, or only a
little, give by the mouth, but if considerable Trismus, give per rectum
—wili do as well; if administered that way, have it about blood heat;
‘cannabis indica is sometimes given, also carbolic acid. Recovery is very
slow if at all; it takes from six to eight or ten weeks to get back to the
- normal condition. Give soft food, gentle exercise, good shelter, Hypo-
_ dermic injections of morphine may be given two or three times a day,
- about 3 grs. to the dose. But don’t pin your faith to any one drug; if |
_ one fails try another. One old time Vet. claimed good success from
_ hypodermic injections of fl. ext. lobelia in 1 dr. doses under the skin as

often as every three or four hours, but usually three or four times a day.

The per cent of mortality is less in the horse than in man—about ninety
_ per cent in the horse and about ninety-five per cent in the human die.
_ Give local treatment and thorough antiseptic treatment. Another old
_ Vet. cured many horses with prussic acid, 1 oz. to start with, diluted,
-and to drench with; after three or four hours another ounce, then anoth-
er, if that doesn’t fetch him, double the dose, and if that doesn’t, double
504 that: that is, if not in twenty-four hours, or till you bring him to his knees,
“then diminish the doses, probably to relax the spasm; often give 3 lbs. of

the acid, this was ordinary Soe ea prussic acid, the strensth of which

is variable.

Post-Mortem.—To the close observer there is Congestion of the
neurilemma of the nerve leading from the wound; the vessels of the ‘spi-
nal cord and brain are congested: usually there is an effusion in the
arachnoid space. Bacteriologists say they find the germ in the nerve fila-
ments and sometimes in the spinal cord.

: Theory of Transfusion or Inoculation.—It has been proven that blood
serum of a recovered case of Lockjaw will cure the most acute case of
Lockjaw in its acute stage; this must be administered in doses of from four

a thes’
ele

I44 THEORY AND PRACTICE. 9

to sixteenozs. Some inject in small doses into the jugular; Dr. Billin:
says, into the peritoneal cavity. In regard to the length of time this —
must be obtained after recovery to be effected, some say it retains the
quality indefinitely—I hardly think that long. The blood is drawn and ~
let coagulate, the serum is drawn off, then warm that and inject tse,
the peritoneal cavity. 3
CHOREA.—As usually seen it is an automatic convulsive inna of B:
the muscles, usually confined to the voluntary muscles. It may occur in
any animal, but we see it most common in the dog, next in the human,
then the horse; in the dog it occurs oftener in the legs, while in the horse
it occurs oftener in the neck and hind quarters, also in the shoulders.
In the horse it arises as an original lesion, doesn’t seem to followed a
any other disease, but this is probably more apparent than real. —
In the’ human and dog it almost invariably follows some other
trouble; in the horse it occurs in an acute form that comes on suddenly, —
may be from Indigestion, particularly that which arises from over-feed- ~
ing. In the dog it more often occurs as a complication of canine Dis-4
temper. Both in children and dogs it often cccurs as the result of worms ~
in the intestines. In children it sometimes develops on account of the ©
mal nutrition of the body and inherited Syphilis; also in children and
dogs from Indigestion. Prof. Robertson says there is an hereditary pre- —
disposition in many cases. In all these cases there is an excited condi- —
tion of the peripheral nerve; we believe in some cases it-is reflex, as —
when due to worms, or Indigestion. Where it occurs from some specific
blood poisoning it is probably due to irritability of the whole nervous | ;
system. a
Semeiology.—Usually it comes on rather suddenly, especially in
Distemper, that is in the dog; sometimes it attacks them in a very acute
form, more often in one fore leg; we notice he is lame for a day or two —
before any jerking takes place; he will carry it in front of himself in a —
curled-up manner. If you make him step on it by taking the other leg
up, he will go down, but when there is jerking in it he can’t bear any
weight on it at all; then if it spreads it will do so rapidly to the other |
legs, then finally involves the whole. body, and goes on till he dies from ~
exhaustion. During these severe attacks the dog will whine, particularly ©
if alone, as if in fear. Judging from the human there is no sharp acute
pain, but there is general distress; jerking of the legs or other parts of —
the body isrhythmic, the animals lose control of the muscles involved.
In bad cases this jerking is continuous night and day, asleep or awake;
in mild cases it subsides during sleep. The mild cases don’t seem to pro- .
duce much constitutional disturbance. In the severe cases the animal
becomes emaciated, especially the dog, and gets weak very rapidly. :
Some think the disease i is transmissible, others think differently, but our
experience in the dog is that it doesn’t ‘affect them for either field or stud
work, they are as good as ever; Setters seem to be most liable to it. In
the horse most of the best authors seem to be of the opinion that it is
transmissible, so much so that they are condemned for breeding purposes
The offspring of Choreic stallions are liable to develop the disease.
Horsemen call it Shivers, as the shoulders, neck and other muscles twitch.
In the stall he will sometimes show the affection by moving to one side,
when he will lift the leg and put it out to the side in a peculiar manner,

a

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 145

or may be in backing out he may take a few steps all right, then can’t
get back any farther; there may be a shivering of the tail as well. In
man or beast, Chorea is liable to become chronic, and all chronic cases
are without exception incurable; some will only show symptoms while
eating their oats, and on hanging the head the neck will twitch. The
acute case, especially in the dog from Distemper, is usually unfavorable.
If more than one leg is affected it generally proves fatal, as all the muscles
become affected. Inthe horse, in the acute form with Indigestion from
over-feeding and but little exercise, it 1s unfavorable. It is often no-
ticed that there is a spasmodic jerking of one of the hind legs. A
favorite place is the inferior and pectoral muscles in the neck.

Morbid Anatomy.—In most cases, post-mortem discloses no morbid
anatomy that we can detect, but in long-standing and severe fatal cases
-we find there are many nerve lesions, as thickening of the arachnoid,

effusion into the arachnoid space, etc., also hardening of the outer layer
of the cord, and almost invariably vascular injection of the cord, also
the central ganglia of the brain. In acute cases in the dog, due to
specific blood poisoning, there is softening of the medulla oblongata.
Treatment.—Very unsatisfactory to treat, very difficult to do
much forit, and in very severe cases it is absolutely incurable so far as
we know. Mild cases in the dog and human do yield to treatment; in
the horse in acute case accompanying surfeit, aloes are indicated, and it
yields nicely to simple purgatives. After recovery increase the work and
diminish the food, and give nerve tonics. Where due to worms in any
young animal, it will yield to treatment; give vermifuges; get rid of the
worms and then give tonics. When it occurs in Distemper in the violent
_ form accompanying fever in dogs, it is almost invariably fatal; but if the
Distemper yields to treatment, and the fever subsides and Chorea comes
on afterwards, it takes a mild form and will yield to treatment, or it may
become chronic and remain with the animal all the time; in such a case
_ constitutional tonic treatment is about all that can be given to do any
- good, also liberal diet, correct hygiene, and avoid fatigue. For drugs,
give iron, arsenic, zinc, copper, and in some cases very small doses of
strychnine sometimes, other times it does harm, so you must experiment
with small doses first. You can combine with these, vegetable bitters—
as cinchona, gentian, etc., but of all drugs give arsenic in small doses to
_ start with, and increase as continued; give it a long time—three or four
- months. Dr. Ellingwood claims he hashad much success with exalgine
inthehuman. Give three times a day—1 grain dose first day, two grain
_dose next day, three grain dose third day. In all cases in the dog where
_ they whine, you can relieve that a good deal by combining a mineral
tonic with a vegetable. Setters, say puppies six months’ old, give 2 grs.
valerianate zinc every three or four hours; for one year old give 4 grs.
every four hours, and in addition to this, if valuable puppy suffering from
Distemper and getting the Chorea, there is great depression and prostra-
tion—they need a stimulant: give valerianate of ammonia in about the
same size doses, but you can give a little larger dose than of the zinc.
Nitrate of silver in bread pills. is very good, give for a week, then alter-
_ nate with sulph. copper or arsenic tonic; also doses of electricity gently,
not in shocks.

TUMORS OF THE BRAIN IN HorsEs.—On account of the prevalence,

146 THEORY AND PRACTICE. Ss a

and troubles in court, you are liable to be called into court as an expert.
We find in post-mortem on the horse that died suddenly, that he has ar?
Tumor in the brain; it is usually caseous, but is sometimes osseous, some-
times cartilagenous. The caseous formation we suppose arises from co-
agulation of the effusion into the lateral ventricles, where they are usually
found, probably due to some mild attack of Cerebritis. In the choroid
plexus where they seem more liable to originate, they sometimes grow
as serge as a hen’s egg, may be one in each ventricle, or may be confined -
to one ; sometimes they produce pressure on the brain, and the animal
may be taken with Epileptic fit any time. Sometimes they are osseous;
they grow down from the cranial bones—and also produce pressure on —
the brain with the same results; caseous Tumors may sometimes become
osseous. Horse may be unsteady in gait, become afraid, stop, appear
wild and insensible for a minute or two; in the stable he may stand with —
the head hanging, or to one side as if with headache. Osseous Tu-* ~
mors occur on the outside of the dura mater; when the Tumors are —
forming they press down into the convolutions. ‘The pia mater is liable
to be affected as well as the dura mater. Sometimes these Tumors
are hard and ivory-like. The point is, they can’t be diagnosed during —
life,and are usually slow in growing, so when you make an autopsy you
are to judge the time they took in forming, so as to be able to give tes- —
timony; the caseous might take from six months to two years to form,
the osseous from four to six or eight weeks to develop; the harder they
are the longer time in forming. There may be a softening around these —
Tumors.

LOUPING-ILL OR TREMBLING.—Is a form of inflammation of the 4
spinal cord, and doesn’t differ very much from Spinitis in the horse; it —
usually follows shearing of sheep and being exposed to storms. In sheep —
it is a T rembling—probably one form of Chorea.

Symptoms.—Trembling of the hind parts, rapid pulse, grinding of
teeth, twitching of the muscles at intervals; often become emaciated rap-
idly; is generally fatal.

Treatment.—Bromide of potash and nux vomica; give good shelter.

DISEASES OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.

In the male the organs of the system are penis, prostate glands and
testicles; in the female, vulva, vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries.
The diseases of this class are not so common in the lower animals as in ~
the human, because there is not as much prostitution. As a rule the ~
lower animals never copulate except for the purpose of reproduction, but —
that is not the case with the human; over indulgence is a cause of diseases.
Prof. Williams says the diseases of this system in the lower animals are —
due to inflammation of the mucous membrane, Catarrh, general debility, —
and Tumors.

Pox.—lIs divided into two classes—Simple and Malignant. Simple |
Pox is characterized by little phlyctenular eruptions. Malignant (Viru-—

lent) Pox seldom or never occurs; this is known as Equine Syphilis, and —
because of its originating in Arabia it is often called Dourine. Simple—
Pox is frequently seen with Urethritis, which resembles Gonorrhcea in
the human and is contagious. a
Etiology.—From too frequent copulation i in the male, and shows it

Pee eee men
ay i oe

oy

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 147

self in little blisters on the glans penis and on the body of the penis;
sometimes there is swelling of the glans penis and of the sheath. It
would never occur in the female from too frequent copulation, because
one heat would not last long enough, but it may in the stallion, though
not until he had been serving five or six times a day for some weeks, then
he may get it from a mare having Leucorrhceea. ‘The catarrhal discharge

in the vagina of the mare may produce Simple Pox inthe male. In the

- female it usually arises from having been served by a stallion that had it,

proving that it is an infectious disease. It usually manifests itself in the
mare by considerable tumefaction in the vulva; little vessels crop out and
discharge fluid and heal, and fresh ones appear and go through
the same course, each crop lasting two or three days. ‘This blis-
ter is most common on the inside of the lip, extending in a few
inches, sometimes deeply in the vagina. It seems to poison the

mare more than the male; vulva swells four or five times natural

size, but it runs a benign course; that is true in both sexes. It will
terminate in resolution spontaneously, that is without treatment; it takes
about two or three weeks if copulation is suspended, but if copulation is
continued it may be continued indefinitely and grow worse, with an un-
favorable termination; but usually from two to three weeks are all that is
necessary to cure it. In this there is no Chancre, but in’ the Malignant
Pox there are Chancres, which are of two kinds—the soft and the hard,
and resemble those of the human. The same germ in the hard is the
Micrococci, in the soft is Bacilli. There is no choice in the diseases pro-
duced by either of these; the disease is infectious, but 1s probably only
gotten by copulation; it may be given by the stallion to the mare, or by
the mare tothe stallion. In the human these Chancres are not confined
to the genital organs, but may be found in the mouth, under the eyelids,
or in almost any mucous membrane, usually brought there by the hands in
dirty habits. It may be transferred to others when on the lip by kissing.

Treatment.—Retire for about two weeks; give dose of purgative
medicines followed with salines and diuretics. Hyposulphite of soda,

acetate or nitrate of potash, give soft feed.

Local Treatment.—Soap and water and antiseptic lotion, such as
acetate of lead % oz. to 1 pint of water, and sulphate of zinc 1 dram to
pint of water. Use one of these a couple of days, then switch off and use
the other. Apply three times daily.

History of Dourine Malignant Pox.—First history of its being
recognized was in the stud of an Eastern magnate in 1796; next record
Was in Hanover in 1817, and in Poland also about that time or soon
after; records of great losses by it in Poland between 1830 and 1840.
In 1821 it entered Austria, particularly Hungary and Bohemia; from
1859 to 1862 they prescribed sanitary measures against it there, and in
1840 the Prussian government did the same. It entered Switzerland in
1330, Italy in 1836, Russia in 1843, and a year or so later it entered Al-
giers and Syria. England and Belgium are the only European countries

that have been exempt from it. It entered France between 1820 and

1840. In May 1886 it was discovered by Dr. W. L. Williams in DeWitt
county, Illinois. He was a Vet. of Bloomington, this State, and he re-
ported to the State Live Stock Commissioners that it was infectious. In

_ 1887 they took hold of it, and a party (of whom Dr. Baker was one) dis-

TAS Gh. THEORY AND PRACTICE.

covered that it had probably come from an imported French percheron,
which was branded under the mane with the French government stamp
for this disease—the letter D showing it had been condemned for breed- —
ing by that government. Means were taken to stamp it out; the State
gave horse owners the choice to have any horse so affected destroyed and =.
receive the value of it, or to keep it in perpetual quarantine as far as breed-
ing was concerned. It finally got out of the State, and is now in the, :
We est and Northwest, known to be in Nebraska and Montana. =

This disease, tradition tells us, originated from copulation of syphilitic —
Arabs with the female ass. Tanhoffer, after making thorough examina-_
tion, says the virus lies in the Micrococci; these germs may be found in
the vaginal secretions and semen, in the spinal liquid and in the roots of
the peripheral nerves, especially the ischiatic, and in bad cases in the
blood. Some authorities say the disease is hereditary. Some scientists
disbelieve the facts as related from tradition, that it came from the hu- —
man originally, but everything seems to point to that as the most sure
cause.

Semeiology.—According to the virulence of the attack, it may or
may not present external lesions, and in a well-marked case—one that
will cause death—it would first produce swelling of the vulva and mam- —
mary glands, and constitutional disturbances with considerable swelling ~
and fever and rapid emaciation; in three or four days you will notice a
wabble in the hind parts; this wabble, which is found to bea progressive
Paralysis, increases andthe legs of the horse swell very large and be-
come weak; there is a purulent discharge from the nose and eyes, and
finally a general Marasmus sets in and he dies. A severe acute case
runs this course in from two to six months, or may hang on two or three
yeats. In acutecases animal loses appetite; in subacute he does not.
We find in both male and female in an acute case, and to a limited ex-
tent ina subacute case, patches of depigmentation of the skin, which
leave a white spot after—in the male on the penis, in the female on the
flanks, escutcheon, under the tail, over the elbow, and in the male on
the testicles; this occurs more in the mare, in the cases we see. ‘The
coat during this time becomes long and staring; patches of Ecchymosis
appear on the visible mucous membrane. In mild cases where they ap-
pear to recover when off stud work, they must be looked upon with sus-
picion, but in France and Germany it reappeared again when copulation
took place, after two or three years’ rest from stud work. It is a
well-known fact that mares affected with it will usually fail to conceive, —
or if they do conceive they are likely to abort in perhaps from three to —
six weeks or three months. If she does by good luck carry to the full —
time the young will probably be delivered dead; if not will soon die after- —
wards. Foals of affected mares seldom ever grow up; this is different in —
the human, as children grow up with all the troubles of syphilitic par- —
ents. A syphilitic stallion is usually no good, will get no colts, though —
he can serve a mare. Diseases of the genital organs don’t usually interfere —
with copulation—in fact, it seems to increase the desire for it, especially, .
in the human. “

Treatment.—In bad cases it is well to destroy the animal; in mild
cases suspend stud work and give strong tonics. Stallions should be
castrated as they are not fit for stud work any more; the mare may be kept ©

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VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 149

in quarantine. Give iron and arsenic. Acute cases are helped by meat
fibrin, which you can get by whipping fresh blood, or by making soup
of it and drenching, but it is not worth the trouble for these animals.
_ This is a general case of Locomotor Ataxia, and the lesion is exactly the
same as in the human when due to Syphilis. There is seldom or never
any discharge from the male, also true inthe human. Simple Pox pro-
duces great local irritation. Inthe mare, sponge out the parts with a
four per cent solution of boracic acid and 1 dr. fl. ext. hydrastis to one
pint of water; the same may be applied in the male to the glans penis.
If severe, syringe with bichloride mercury 1 to 2000, next day 1 to 4000,
next day 1 to 8000; continue this three or four days, then itis well to use
an astringent—as sulphate zinc 1 gr. to 1 oz. water—twice a day if the dis-
charge is profuse; after three or four days make it 2 grs. to the ounce,
and in addition give oil of sandalwood, dose 1 dr. three times a day, for
_ from three to ten days; the same will do for Gonorrhcea in the human.
For Pox in the human give iodide of potash in doses of from five to six grs.
as done at Hot Springs; the usual dose ordinarily is from two to ten grs.

URETHRITIS.—As a disease of the reproductive organs instead of
the urinary as known, resembles Gonorrhoea in the human. We are in-
clined to believe that it is a rare disease in the lower animals, but if there
is enough poison in the vagina of the female to produce Simple Pox,
then there must be enough to produce Urethritis. But if there is a germ
it has never been isolated; the germ of infectious Urethritis in the human
has been; it was discovered by Neisser, he found that the germ was a
Micrococci, and on account of it having formed in the disease he called it
Gonococcus because it produced Gonorrhcea. Associated with Simple
Pox we quite frequently have a catarrhal discharge from the stallion the
same as we have from the vagina in the mare, but it seems to stop if stud
work is stopped, while Gonorrhcea will not. It doesn’t seem to become
cured spontaneously, but runs on from week to week. Urethritis as a
disease of the urinary organs may occur in any animal, may be from the
- too free use of cantharides, ete., which produces inflammation in the lin-
ing of the urethra. In Urethritis there is an acid condition of the urine
that scalds the urethra, or there is some catarrhal discharge in the mare
_ that contains some irritating germ, or else it is a specific disease. The
fact that it terminates spontaneously if stud word is suspended, is no
_ proof that it is not infectious, for the same thing will occur in Simple

- Pox. Inthe human, Urethritis or Gonorrhcea is usually malignant, that

is, it is inclined to keep on indefinitely and produce serious constitutional
_ disturbances, and if let run on it may extend up the urethra to the bladder
and cause Acute Cystitis.

Semeiology, —We find in Acute Urethritis, particularly in the stal-
lion, there is painful micturition; we notice the horse passes his urine
frequently and with pain; there may be a catarrhal discharge from the
urethra, and there is tumefaction and Congestion of the visible mucous
membrane at the end of the penis. In females we frequently see tume-
faction of the vulva and lining of the vagina, also Congestion in the male
on the glans penis as well as in the end of the urethra; frequently in

both cases it extends to the bladder and causes Acute Cystitis. In the

human this corresponding disease is very infectious, and is not confined
to the urethra, but may be transferred to any part of the body, producing

150 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

serious lesion; may be in the mouth, eyes, etc., and have catarrhal dis- —
charge from them. It isso infectious that copulation is not the only way _
it can be taken; the mucous membrane coming in contact with any of the ©
germs may be inoculated with the disease; children often get it from
sleeping with parents having it; may be seen in their eyes or mouths,
where they carry it with their fingers. In the human it always starts in
the end of the penis, on the mucous membrane; if it runs on to Cystitis —
and is then let run on, the poison may become absorbed and produce
serious results.

BuLL BurN?t.—Is similar to Urethritis, but affects the covering of
the penis rather than the urethra. It is usually gotten by too frequent
copulation; of course if the cow has catarrhal discharges it is more likely
for the bull to get it.

BurNtT Doc.—Dogs frequently get foulness of the sheath from an
accumulation of natural secretion under the sheath same as under the
foreskin in man; the lining of the sheath and a portion of the penis be-
come inflamed, which produces a catarrhal discharge that can be seen on
the end of the penis; there is no Urethritis, but inflammation of the —
mucous membrane lining the sheath and the penis.

Treatment For Urethritis.—In the horse very mild treatment and
stopping stud word are often all that is necessary; give soft food and a —
liftle bicarbonate of soda in the drinking water; or prepared chalk or lime
- water; it is an acid condition, and alkalies cure it; acids increase it.
Give linseed tea to drink, and if you wish to do more, give 1 dr. sandal-
wood three times a day, usually for three or four days. If it is persist-
ent give local injection; if you suspect any specific character, use bichlo-
ride mercury, or carbolate or sulphate of zinc; if you use these don’t
drive up far—about four inches, as this is too strong to go to the bladder
(it would cause Cystitis of itself); in the human two inches is far enough
back. In man an ulceration often occurs in the urethra; about the size
of a pea, it is Tumor like; in such a case use a stronger wash, as bichlo-
ride mercury I to 2000, four, five, or six times, then change to sulphate
zinc I gr. to the ounce, then 2 grs. to the oz. If very painful add a little
cocaine, and at the same time give oil of sandalwood in from five to ~
twenty drops three times a day—usual dose is ten drops. In mares the ~
vagina may be sponged out, using absorbent cotton or gauze. Never
tie a cloth over the head of the penis, but instead put some absorbent
cotton under the foreskin and change this two or three times a day; —
never tie anything around the penis, as it is liable to cause gangrene. —
A good internal remedy is hydrastis canadensis, and if combined with —
sulphate zinc makes a good local application. al

Treatment.—For Bull Burnt, also Burnt Dog, use acetate of lead —
two, three, or four drs. to the pint, and shoot up into the sheath, hold —
there for a while and work it all around, first washing out the parts
with castile soap. Usually one injection is sufficient to cure a dog, but —
for a bull a few injections are nécessary, and retire him from stud work. ~

STRICTURE.—Some think this is due totoo strong lotions or medi-
cine, but it is produced in the urethra the same as the others—by inflam- —
mation of the urethra. Inflammation has atendency to produce prolif-—
eration and thickening of the parts, so as a result we get stricture; of
course if you use a caustic it assists in causing severe inflammatio:

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VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. I51I

This disease (Urethritis) can’t be cured in four or five days, it is more
likely to run ten or fifteen days; but as too severe treatment may cause
stricture, mild treatment is the best.

Puimosis.—Is inability of the male to extend the penis.

Etiology.—It may be from a contraction of the prepuce, swelling of
the sheath obstructing the passage; this may be produced in various
ways—kicks from other horses, kicks from a groom; by a germ; accidental
wounds of any kind; stings of insects, cedema of the sheath, or follow-
ing Castration; then there are other obstructions—warts and other Tu-
mors, or Cancers; sometimes they occur on the glans penis, sometimes
in the form of Polypus.

Treatment.—Find the cause and remove it; about the only special
treatment is in the contraction of the prepuce; ifit is congenital, introduce
a probe-pointed bistoury and slit down about % or 34 inch; in case of
swelling of the sheath bathe freely with hot water. If from anzemia
give iron. Some horses urinate in the sheath without extending the
penis, producing a scalding of the skin; they probably don’t know that
they can extend it. Wash out the sheath, oilit and work the penis
down for a few days, then he will usually do it all right.

PARAPHIMOSIS.—Is the reverse of Phimosis; the penis is out and-
can’t be retracted.

Etiology.—It may come from a weakened condition of .the animal

in general, or from a weakened condition of the penis; may be caused by

accidental injuries while serving the mare, often by the mare kicking the
stallion on the penis—as some mares get very Vicious; or it may be he
injures the penis with his own feet; may be from swelling of the glans
penis from some cause, and asthe sheath swells the penis is forced out—
this sometimes follows Castration; anything that prevents him with-
drawing the penis, and the longer it is out the more it swells, sometimes
it becomes an enormous size, may be six, seven, or nine inchesin diam-
eter. Swells mostly on the dorsal side, the covering becomes tense and
glistening, sometimes gangrenous; such asevere case is usually due to
some local irritation. Paralysis of the penis may be a cause; the penis
hangs pendulous and limp, and will not swell if there is no other disease
of it; micturition is not interfered with in any case, no matter how bad.

Treatment,—It is usually considered good practice, when there is
great tumefaction, to scarify it and then use hot water, which causes
hemorrhage to be free; if very acute, scarify freely and bathe liberally;

after bleeding freely increase the heat of the water, then suspend the

penis quite firmly against the belly with quite hard pressure; best to put
a piece of shingle or pasteboard underneath so as to be smooth under the
penis. Considerable hand rubbing and manipulation will do it good.
Diuretics are indicated, internally. According to the cause there may be
special treatment required. Ifthere seems to be Paralysis, give to a
horse of about 1100 lbs. 1 dr. of nux vomica, night and morning—the
powdered drug. In case of Paralysis of the penis, that cannot be
overcome—amputation must be resorted to. Bear in mind that the
tissues of the penis are spongy, no well-defined blood vessels, but bleeds
from the capillaries; that is the only difficult part—to prevent hemor-
rhage, and the more so if the penis is cedemic. The usual plan is to

bandage so tight as to prevent hemorrhage, then cut off the penis

152 THEORY AND PRACTICE. i BL. a

parts thoroughly with actual een more than any other part of t e
body would have to be seared. The bandage usually comes off in fifteen
or eighteen hours, but if it doesn’t, I take it off then; by that time the
parts have swollen enough to prevent hemorrhage. Tn case of hemor- —
rhage you can’t draw down the penis, so insert into the sheath a Spouae a
with a solution of iron or other .styptic.
After ‘Treatment.—The same as for a simple wound. If it isa wealeg 3
lion castrate him at the same time, and if the irritation should cause an
erection have a man to dash cold water on it, that is usually sufficient; —
give a mild laxative and soft feed; when thie scab comes off and the i.
penis is healing, use white lotion. :
Dropsy OF THE OVARIES.—Associated with it there is Congestion
of the ovaries, at least in most cases, So you can assume that associated
with the Dropsy there is chronic Congestion probably due to some dis-.
turbance in the circulation of the ovaries. It is comparatively rare in
the females of the lower animals as compared to the human, stili it is
very common in old cows. Whenthe dropsy is extensive they cannot
breed from the ovary affected; but it may be that only a portion of the
ovary is affected, or it may be one or both of them, but they breed from
the unaffected portions; in case they are both affected then they will not a
breed.
Symptoms.—Where we suppose there is chronic Congestene the
female is nearly always in heat to a limited extent, that is a cow will 7
ride others, racing and bellowing, sometimes will take the bull, but in ~
most cases will not; but if she’ does tal@e the bull-she wont breed, as y
it is not a natural heat. These animals seem to change their form in —
time and become more masculine in looks; they don’t make good breed-
ers or good feeders, that is if you wish to fatten them; in that case they
must be spayed. If you wish to breed.them shut them up and give a
purgative, and when she comes in heat let her be served with a young
bull. These conditions are seen mostly in fancy well-bred, pampered
animals; they are known as Bullers. 4
HyproMETRA (DRopSY OF THE WomB),—The mixture that fis the 9
womb is a mixture of serum, lymph, and broken-down pus. It is the
result of subacute, long-continued inflammation. Acute inflammation ~
may produce it; but ismore likely to cause death before that occurs. It ~
may follow parturition, or may occur without any assignable catse. ‘
Semeiology.—There is more or less staggering gait; it seems to pro- ~
duce pressure on the spinal cord. Inthe bitch, the hind parts seem to ~
be paralyzed; in the cow, she staggers and can’t turn or back, and they —
get very large as if pregnant; the os uteri is found to be closed asin preg- —
nancy, but by rectal examination you fail to find any foetus, and ontades
you fail to hear the foetal heart. e
Treatment.—Ifi you are sure of your diagnosis, open the os uteri
with one finger, then two, and so on till you get your hand in, then =
empty the w -omb; wash out with a solution of boracic acid—a three or
four per cent solution, may add a little hydrastin. If you can pump in
and out again, as with an Allen pump, it is well to use carbolic acid or
zinc; they must be pumped out, but the boracic acid need not, it w

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 153.

stay till it flows out. In additionsgive tonics and liberal diet; arsenic,
iron, oats, bran, etc.
HYDROCELE, ORCHITIS, WATER SEED, DROPSY OF THE TESTICLES.—

This is seen more in stallions than in bulls, dogs, rams, or goats. The

cause is often very obscure; no assignable cause can be Siete Ton Mite
Other times it is due to exposure, to storms, or to external violence.

Symptoms.—The testicle swells, it may be one or both; it may be
in the body of it or in the outside between the two; sometimes it seems.
to run down the scrotum from the belly, dilating the sack. When it

occurs in the body of the testicle, it is usually fatal to that testicle; in
that case it is more likely due to external violence, and the testicle must
be lost if severe. When it is outside of the testicle and the testicle not
injured, the serum can be drawn off with trocar and cannula. If the

effusion is slight you can often cause it to be absorbed; never use sur-
gery where there is no need of it. ‘To cause to absorb, give small doses”

of iodide of potash about % to 1 dr. night and morning, fora week or 10
days, but don’t give too much, as it is liable to injure the testicles.
Give soft food and gentle exercise, and put scrotum in a suspensory to

do away with the pressure of its own weight. When it is in the testicle
itself, bathe with warm water for an hour, then use a solution of acetate ~

lead % oz. to the pint. Give iodide potash and quinine, and put in sus-
pensory. If the hot water doesn’t do good, then try cold instead; some

use the hot water first, then change to the cold, or use a freezing lotion—
as muriate ammonia I oz., nitrate potash 1 oz., to quart of water. You

can apply this two or three times a day, and use a suspensory. In case
this fails and the testicle is very large, and you are certain it is the testi-
cle itself that 1s affected, insert your trocar and cannula right into the body

of the testicle and drain off. The best thing to do is to remove the testi-

cle, but for the sake of looks in stud work it is well to try to save it,
though it will only be for looks. But if this fails, then castrate him; he
will still be good with the one left.

Mreatment. iat treating, it will be necessary to lay the stallion up
for a time, so give him a purgative and lessen his food. Wherever there

isa tendency to this trouble, the best thing to prevent itis the use of a
suspensory; and especially if they are very “large naturally. Dr. Withers
says all men should wear them, and that many who have weak backs
would be relieved by their use. When anything is wrong with the testi-
cles, always use a suspensory.

NYMPHOMANIA (CHRONIC CONGESTION OF CLITORIS ).—Means an
excess of animal passion in the female.

ao of animal passion in the male; ancient myth-
ology has it that Satyrs used to frequent streams or the banks rather,
and wait until the nymphs, which were half women and half fish,
-eame out of the water, and then rape them; the Satyr was half man
-and half beast; they were also called the Woodland-bucks. ‘This dis-
ease is more common in the human malethan in the lower animals,
_though males of all animals are always ready on opportunity. I heard
on good authority, at least professed truth, that a man had been there
fifteen times in one night.
Females suffering | from Ny mphomania are the same; they are in heat
- all the time, and a cow will take the bull at any time when this way, so

154 ; THEORY AND PRACTICE.

will the mare, but as a rule they don’t breed. They differ from the baled
lers, which don’t want the bull though riding other cows. This disease,
is more common in the cow than in the mare or in bitches, but in the —
human female it is about the same as the cow.

Etiology.—Due to luxurious living, and is worse if they have gentle
exercise; it is more common in the human among the higher class because
of less work and high living, but as a rule they don’t breed. It is an
old saying, that a poor man’s cow and a poor man’s wife will conceive —
and won’t abort, while a rich man’s cow and a rich man’s wife won’t —
conceive, and if they do will abort. Fact is, that a poor man’s wife may —
hang over a tub all day, and then conceive if he gets within gunshot dis-
tance of her. :

Treatment.—Change the hygiene; sometimes it is due to disease of —
the clitoris, it may be cancerous; this may be cured by amputation of the ©
clitoris, which will often control the passions; do not keep in too warm
stables. Males should be put to harder. work—there is nothing so good
for this as fatiguing work; many a stallion has been ruined by leaving ~
him in the stable idle when the owner thought he was taking good ~
care of him; he had better have been working, as he may have erections
constantly and finally practice masturbation. ‘There is no medicine re-
quired except purgatives.

HySsTERIA.—This is an excessively nervous condition, seen in females
only; the whole body is in an hyperzesthetic condition. It usually sets
in with the period of cestrum, sometimes continues with it, other times
it subsides, unless they die, as some young heifers do; old cows seldom die —
from it. In the mare it is seen when about five or six years old; they —
develop spasms similar to those of Tetanus, but not continous; they re-
lax, then Clonic spasm comes on again. They often become wildly de: 4
lirious, striking and biting; the spasms are often so bad as to throw them ~
off their feet. Still the spasm can be called tetanic, and along with it is
delirium. This is well marked, particularly in women advanced in years, —
and especially about the period of the stoppage of menstruation. This
Hysteria sometimes proves fatal; in young girls, if they catch cold
during the menstrual period, at about the age of fifteen or sixteen, they
may become temporarily insane and continue so for two or three months.
This disease is common among women; mares are likely to die during ~
this disease, from syncope; the heart contracts and they die before it re-
laxes. During these attacks the temperature runs very high; we hada ©
case here in the school a few years ago in which the temperature could ©
not be taken—it ran up as high as the thermometer registered. It wasa
heifer, and she died in one of the spasms. Women under these condi- —
tions often lose their senses for a time and make unreasonable demands, ~
so men should be kind and not find fault with them,'as they are irrespon-_ ;
sible for their acts.

Treatment.—It is considered good practice to bleed a little—that re-
duces the congestion of the genital organs. If this won’t work, then
give gelsemium or bromide potash; if very nervous, give in very small ©
doses; best to give them together. Give a purgative—nitrate of potash;
give soft feed; keep cool and quiet. Morphine, chloroform, etc. increase
the excitement. i

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 155

~amuco-purulent discharge usually of a whitish or yellowish-white color,
_ sometimes from the vagina, sometimes from the uterus.
Ktiology.—Is probably due to injuries inflicted during parturition,
especially in cases of difficult labor where force must be used to assist the
mother, and more particularly when there is mal presentation; great care
should then be taken not to wound the parts with the instruments, also
not to poison the parts with dirty hands. Then again there may be a
‘retention of the whole or a portion of the placenta for a time—this will
poison the parts.
Semeiology.—The mare is usually unthrifty in any case, Ae the
females of other animals, but is probably more common inthecow. They
become thin in flesh, staring coat, the discharge is more or less offensive,
continuous, and usually profuse, though at times may be slight.
‘Treatment.—Wash out the parts with a pump. Allen’s isthe best,
because you can pump in then out again, but an injection or stomach
pump willdo. After cleaning it out, make a careful examination. As-
certain the cause of the trouble; often it is ulceration of a portion of
the mucous membrane—either of the vagina or the uterus; in such a
case use prophylactic treatment. Local application—pulv. boracic acid
applied directly to the ulcerating surface; give iron, arsenic, vegetable
bitters, liberal diet.
BARRENNESS IN FEMALES (STERILITY, FAILURE TO CONCEIVE).—
This is quite common in well-bred cows, and is often curable. A local
examination may be made, first with instruments, using the dilators. If
anything is wrong that cannot be seen when using these, then take the
_ vaginal spectilum, and if necessary to examine the uterus, use the uterine
speculum, first lubricating the hand; then go in and see if the os uteri is
open, using olive oil on the hand; if ‘closed, try to open with one finger,
- if you can’t open it, then use the dilator. If it is yet difficult, then
smear the end of the dilator with belladonna or cocaine. If the Leucor-
thoea comes from ulceration, the membrane will be darker in the ulcera-
tions than on the normal membrane; in that case use the curette, scrape
all the diseased mucous membrane well, and then dust on with a powder
blower, some impalpable powder of boracic acid. In case you find a Tu-
e TOT, catch hold of it with the uterine forceps, and if attached by a pedi-
_ cle use the scissors instead of the ecraseur. While you are operating
eatch hold of the os with an instrument for that purpose, and you can
draw it back from two to six inches without any danger, as the os is not
‘ sensitive. The instruments shown by Dr. Baker were designed by Dr.
Knowles, formerly of Terre Haute, Ind., who said the secret of his success
in treating for Barrenness was to treat the diseases the animal had in
the genitals. This ulceration of the vagina and uterus is the most com-
mon one; another trouble is, the placenta often hangs on several days or
weeks, and if not removed by artificial means might hang on for several
months, and this rotting poisons the parts and causes an ichorous dis-
charge that inflames the vagina and uterus. Leucorrhcea has a tendency
to render the secretions of the genitals acid instead of being slightly alka-
line or neutral, as they should be. If even feebly acid it will destroy the
spermatozoa and prevent fecundation, so you will often find nothing ap-
parently wrong, particularly in the mare. In this case better examine

the secretions with litmus paper. Obesity is also a cause of Barrenness.

DOU NUT SS Bayt eee eh etd Vc Raa dia TOR hal hUREt Oe? ORME WS OF Mua

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156 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

ae.
Reduce animal; give plenty of exercise. Tuberculosis is frequently a
cause of this trouble, and is very common; or it may be from Cancers, or
any kind of Tumors, or ulcerations in the parts. Sometimes a cause is Bre.
firm contraction of the os uteri, and it fails to relax; in that case it often
causes a serious disease of the uterus, due to the shutting up of the se-
cretions that are still going on and which should be discharged. In such a ~ a
case it is best to put the mare under treatment for ten or fifteen days to get
the uterus membrane in healthy condition, then wash out with mild anti-
septic; boracic acid is the best when you can get it chemically pure, hoe
if not, use alcohol or a weak solution of iodine, which is very good.
Sometimes it is necessary to cauterize with iodine, so use the long forceps
with the cotton—it wont hurt if you do touch ‘the healthy part; and —
where you find the whole surface of the os affected and indurated, it is
well to use the iodine over the whole surface, in its full strength, first
mopping out the parts clean; do this for some days. Sometimes mares
are injured during copulation, may be by the male’s penis being too long; —
this is true in heifers—they are often severely injured; not very common :
in mares. Remember, there is no specific to cure Barrenness. 1
In case of hy perzesthesia of the genital organs during copulaligHie
the female organs undergo a state of erection as well as in the male, and —
this often amounts to a disease of the uterus; during copulation the
spasm of the uterus is often excessive and lasting afterwards, so that the ©
os and cervix don’t relax and the semen can’t be introduced. Sometimes —
the passage to the uterus is plugged with a firm lymph; this plug must —
be removed; this is what is termed opening a mare; the organs may be ©
in health every other way. You can usually open with the finger, and ©
especially by using belladonna, vaseline, etc.; if not, then use the dila- A
tor. Incase the secretion of the genital organs is acid, itis a good plan ©
to rinse out with boracic acid, and put on alkaline course of medicine— —
as bicarbonate soda, lime water, or prepared chalk; this changes the char- —
acter of the secretions to alkaline. Nowadays they are introducing the —
spermatozoa into the uterus artificially and with good results, both in the —
human and lower animals. Let the stallion cover the mare, then when ~
he comes off insert the hand and catch the semen and put into a syringe
that is heated blood-heat, then introduce it into the uterus. It may be ©
carried some distance, and it is said it can be shipped and will work a
kept at the tashal temperature.
Impo
in the female; fea in the ‘male i is often due to pep and is a very
common practice in the lower animals as well as in the human. It is alow
spoken of as onanism; some suppose the dog doesn’t masturbate, but ~
they are wrong. Tey take different ways to accomplish it; the dog —
lies down and takes it in his mouth, or by arching the back rubs it |
against his belly till he goes off. ‘The bull and the stallion also follow —
this last way. Itis common in the stallion, due to high-feeding and
idleness. ‘The best thing to do is to give fatiguing labor; it is better than ~
medicine, and avoid over-feeding, unless he is run down by the practice,
then feed and give work accordingly, and use a shield. A colt or other”
young animals will not masturbate without erection, but older animals
will, even without the erection, but they will discharge in the sheath.
Sometimes it is spontaneous, as in the case of the boy that does so in his

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 157

sleep; this is often caused by idleness and high living, also by masturba-

tion; boys are worse between the ages of fifteen and twenty; fathers

should warn their boys against it. It shows in young stallions in their

speed and flesh; they sweat easily and are unthrifty, and the spermatozoa
- is often found in the urine. He is often barren. Disease of the testicle

is also a cause of Barrenness, also Tuberculosis, and other forms of blood
poisoning; sometimes the only trouble is Atrophy of the testicles from a
faulty blood supply or mal formation, which may be congenital. tal-
lions that have done much work are liable to get enlargement of the pros-
tate glands. Some stallions come off the mare proud, had no ejection; then
it is recognized by all practitioners that copulation was a failure, but I
knew of one case that was not a failure, but the animal got colts—it was
a French percheron. It isacase of Satyria. Give rational treatment—
as purgatives, light diet, and more exercise; always look to the hygiene
in these cases. Keep on tonics three or four months. Last resort, Cas-
tration.

NOTES ON. OBSTETRICS CONTINUED.

MISCARRIAGE (ABORTION), AND PREMATURE LABOR.—Abortion,
when there is expulsion of fecundated ovum or fcetus before it can live
outside the body of mother. A premature labor isa fcetus born ahead of
its time, but coming alive and living a greater or less length of time after
birth. Abortion implies that the foetus becomes dead or dies as soon as it
strikes the air, while premature birth does live. Cows have more ten-

dency to abort than other animals; women are next in frequency.

Etiology.—Causes of Abortion, not counting those produced by
operations, are, Accidental, Habitual, and Infectious.

Accidental are caused by violence, falling, kicks from other horses

or ill-tempered men; Acute Indigestion in form of Intestinal or Gastric

Flatulence, spasmodic Colic (severe), febrile diseases when fever runs

_ high; large draughts of cold water when not severe enough to produce

_ Colic, interfere with foetal circulation, eating of frozen or musty food,

_ powerful drugs in large doses producing shock to system, ergotized grain

-

or grass, drastic purgatives—as aloes, sudden and severe exertion, espe-
cially if not accustomed to it, obesity, plethora, poverty and anzmia,

nervous disesases, as Neurosis (when severe), Tetanus, diseases of the

uterus, Glanders in mare, contagious Pleuro-Pneumonia in cattle, Influ-

-enza, Strangles, shocks to nervous system, fear, undue excitement, ex-

cessive bleeding, sometimes copulation during pregnancy, operations with
or without castings, heavy thunder, especially when it lasts long, sight of
‘blood on other animals, smell of decomposing animal or vegetable matter;
dogs worrying sheep, often cause ewes to abort; ecbolics given for any
other purpose, or it may be produced intentionally by the use of ergot,
rue, and savin; diseases of foetus, feebleness of spermatozoan from over-
work in the stud, etc.

Habitual Abortion is apt to occur in those that have aborted once
from accidental cause, probably due to weakened condition of uterus.

Infectious Abortions are due to presence of a germ that gets into the

ye vagina and sets up irritation, with the effect apparently of opening the os
_ uteri and extension over wall of uterus of this irritation produced in the
_ vagina. Some claim itis a Micrococcus, but the generally accepted

158 . THEORY AND PRACTICE. ©

opinion is, that it is the Penicillium Glaucum, or ordinary blue mi that
is supposed to be the most common cause of it. Cows seem to be the
only ones suffering from this cause of Abortion. We find that it rages as
anEntozootic or Epizootic in the wet season, when moles flourish. o.
Semeiology of Abortion—Usually occurs without any premonitory
symptoms; comes away easily, depending on stage of gestation; generally
occurs in from six weeks to three months. Foetus is usually found on the
floor in the morning. When it occurs after four or five months, it has
many signs of normal parturition—as dullness, uneasiness, abdomen |
' drops, mammee become congested, vulva swells, labor pains are those of
normal parturition; the membranes may be all expelled with the fcetus,
especially if the Abortion occurs in the early stage of gestation. In some
cases they become ruptured and fcetus is expelled naked, and the placenta ~
comes along later. Sometimes we find that fcetus, after entering uterus, —
stays there and decomposes, producing constitutional disturbance—as_
Septicaemia, Ulceration of womb, Leucorrhcea, occasionally death. Abor-
tion if occurring extensively in dairy, causes great losses in supply of :
milk. Conception may take place as soon after Abortion as after a nor-
mal delivery, but occasionally it is delayed for weeks and even months,
according to the amount of disturbance the Abortion produces. Any
uneasiness of a pregnant female should be considered suspicious of pos-—
sible occurring Abortion, and she should be watched with a view of dif-—
ferentiating between Colic and Abortion. Where the premonitory symp-
toms are recognized early enough, Abortion may be prevented. oer
Treatment.—Prevention is the main thing; do this by removing a
if possible. Case should receive very careful examination. For Habit-—
ual Abortion we recommend hemp seed; give one half pint once a day to.
those that are not over-fed. Habitual Abortion occurs about the fifth
month. Begin feeding hemp seed three or four months up to within a.
few weeks of parturition. FI. ext. viburnum prunufolium is looked upon
as the best remedy; give rather freely. To human female, 1 dram of the:
fl. ext. can be given once a day as a preventitive. Give every hour or”
two if there are any premonitory symptoms. In cases of accidental in-
jury, Abortion can be averted by giving this and other remedies—such ~
as chloroform, opium, camphor, asafetida, chloral, etc. Chloroform,
two to three dram doses every hour until danger is passed; Camphor 20 |
to 30 grs.; opium, 1 dram night and morning until dangeris passed. If —
female is in anzemic condition, iron and other tonics are indicated. If
rupture of water-bag takes place, Abortion is inevitable, but rupture can ~
be averted. In case of such rupture fcetus perishes and becomes a~
foreign body; fatty degeneration of placenta takes place, and Abortion is
the result. Occasionally in late stage of gestation, delivery is hard and
help is needed. When from ergot, stimulants and tonics are indicated;
when due to infection, remove aborting cow as soon as discovered and re-
move everthing connected with abortion—placenta, foetus, and juices, and
burn them. In case Abortion is repeated without any apparent cause,
always suspect infection; clean out stable, wash out manger, clean out
cobwebs, sprinkle floors with disinfectant—such as crude carbolie acid or
emulsion of kerosene (eight per cent) and water, with enough carbonate
of lime to make emulsion, and shoot in the cracks with force pump.
When this is done, whitewash the cow that has aborted. If it is due to

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 159

infection, she will carry seed of this germ for a long time. Remove her
as soon as discovered, and don’t put her back for at least five weeks.
RUPTURE OF UTERUS.—May occur before or after parturition, as a
result of external violence.
Treatment.—Is useless; destroy the animal.
RUPTURE OF VAGINA.—In mare is fatal; in cow it can be sewed up,
or if there was not too much laceration, will heal itself.
RUPTURE OF PERINEUM.—Is liable to occur in any animal, called

Jill Flirts by horsemen. May be partial or complete, may be lacerated,

making continuous opening between anus and vulva, and feecal matter

passes down into the vulva before it passes out, and gas does not escape.

Whenever this occurs it should be attended to at once, in case it occurs

when you are present. It may occur on account of overstretching of
parts. As soon as delivery is effected, sterilize wound with antiseptic.
_and sew it up. May rupture from without inwards, and in sewing up

begin on inside letting the knots come in vagina and work down. If
rupture has extended into the rectum, stitch this first, then the vagina;
use fine silk and needle, and put stitches close together; then hold part
in place and put in the vagina a lump of oakum or cotton; dress two or
three times a day. For internal dressing in rectum, sulphur ointment is
very good; blow on iodoform, starch, and boracic acid; before powder
is applied the wound should be dried thoroughly. Incase the stitches
rupture, scarify wound afresh and sew up again. Give soft feed.
METRITIS METROPERITONITIS AND PARTURIENT FEVER.—AImost
invariably septic, might be Traumatic, and is usually fatal, especially in
mares and women; cows are not so susceptible to it. Sepsis may occur
_ through several channels—first, acute infection, infect themselves from
germs and filth in their own tail, so that a case of this kind may develop
_ after you have assisted in delivery. Organ becomes swollen is of reddish
color, is always infectious, and almost invariably fatal. Tail of mare should
be washed out after parturition, and put the animal in aclean stall with
plenty of bedding. May come from dirty ropes and instruments. Cot-
ton ropes are the best. Second specific method of infection by practition-
er going to a case of parturition from a case of Erysipelas or Strangles.
Treatment.—As soon as we are convinced that she is suffering from
Sepsis, sterilize all the genital organs with antiseptic. The best is a two.
per three per cent solution of boracic acid at a temperature of 110°
_ Fahrenheit, used in large quantity, leaving it in at least five minutes.
_ Give quinine and alcoholic stimulants internally, also hyposulphite of
soda and mild laxatives.
_ ParturtntT Ecrampsia.—Is convulsion of body due to nervous
results following parturition, and may result in slight or complete con-
vulsions; not common in lower animals.

_ Htiology.—Rather obscure. When due to an hysterical condition,
simple hypereesthesia is a cause, isclosely allied to hysteria. May be
seen in mares, cows, and bitches. Mares show it more often the first
three or four days, cows not so susceptible to it; bitches usually show it
during second and sometimes third week, when nursing puppy after
parturition. ‘They are panting very hard, and are in great distress. It

a much resembles strychnine poisoning, and is frequently mistaken
Om At.

LCE pe PETE TEN eee TEN Aen Ra RE TER a BE OU TE a a

160 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

Treatment.—For bitches give chloral hydrate; take puppies off for
twenty-four hours; give gelsemium and bromide of potash, or fl. ext.
cannabis indica and hyoscyamus in a mixture. As soon as cramps are —
relieved repeat the doses until you get relaxation; give a dose of oil as ~
soon as cramps are over, and feed liberally after recovery. In mares
give saine medicines in larger doses; if not sufficient, give chloral hydrate
in addition, and give laxatives as soon as cramps are subdued.

PARTURIENT LAMINITIS.—In mares it is common, due to sympa-_
thetic condition existing between genital organs and tsethy

Treatment. — Liberal doses of nitrate “of potash internally. Local
treatment, same as ordinary Laminitis. ;

NOTES ON THEORY AND PRACTICE CONTINUED.

URTICARIA, SURFEIT (IN HUMAN, NETTLERASH ).—Is prickly heat.
Skin diseases in the lower animals are rare as compared to the human,
nor are they so complicated or severe. There are a great many varieties”
in the human due to inherited taints; that isin the blood. ‘The lower
animals are liable to nearly all the acute forms. Many of the diseases of —
the skin are sympathetic, that is with other organs of the body, and do 1
not arise as a primary but asa secondary affection. This exists in two 4
forms in the horse— Acute and Chronic. It is an eruptive disease; in the ~
acute form it comes up suddenly in blotches, varying from the size of a
little finger nail to the size of a hand, and they are sharply circumscribed; —
they are irregular in form—some are round, others oval, others irregu-—
larly round; usually raise up about one eighth to one fourth of an inch
in thickness, sometimes more than that; sometimes they go away as
quickly as they come; other times they remain for hours, days, months,
or may become chronic and remain for years.

Etiology.—Predisposing cause is over-feeding and idleness; horses
fed on corn are more liable than those fed on oats; there are more heat
and starch in the corn, and it makes more adipose tissue. But it may
occur with any kind of strong feeding, particularly if kept up, and more
especially if one kind of food is kept up, without change of the kind. It —
is mostly due to the stomach by Indigestion, so that the horse is pleth-
oric in every case, though he may look thin in flesh. The exciting cause
is the sudden heating up; it usually develops in warm weather, especially q
after a little exercise. Giving little or much grass may produce it,
especially if having been fed on grain; runners are more liable in this re.
spect than thoroughbreds. Sometimes this disease covers every part of —
the body, other times is confined to the neck and shoulders. This erup-
tion itches furiously, other times not at all; sometimes they are mad with —
the itching. The blotches are not sore in the acute stage, and there is no
discharge.

Treatment.—Depletion is indicated, so give purgatives—either aloes
or salines, then fast except to give bran ( (bran slop) for twenty-four
hours, then followi ing the purgative action purify the blood, deplete, and
give diuretics for three or four days after. When it comes on from eat-
ing grass, as in the case of the runners, it often does so spontaneously
and is always in the acute form. In such a case don’t deplete, don’t
give purgatives, don’t need anything; will get well himself, but you must
make some show before the owner, so give mild diuretics, as % oz. nitrate

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VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. I61

4 potash, either in the drinking water or in bolus, and give a little bitter
- tonic—nux yomica or gentian. When the itching is severe, a local ano-
_ dyne wash may be used—as dilute acetic acid; sponge all over with warm
water with a little common salt in it; adda little hydrocyanic acid to the
wash, or sulphuric acid 1 dr. to quart of water, is found good; he will
steam from this, and then cool off. If that doesn’t do, then try lotion of
bicarbonate soda; remember the skin is sensitive and will absorb readily
any strong lotion, therefore you can’t use sugar of lead.
Chronic Form.—In this the blotches remain permanently; it is very
difficult to cure as these blotches are often very sore, and with a little
fever in them; the hair occasionally drops off. These patches are apt to
spread slowly, and don’t usually occur close together, compared to the
acute; but in portions of the body—as hip, shoulders, etc., they are in-
clined to spread. Give alterative tonics —arsenic, sulphur, iodide potash
are indicated; keep the bowels loose; give grass diet if possible; sulphate
‘soda occasionally, and keep on with the iodide potash and arsenic for
_ several weeks, or longer if necessary. Give charcoal, gentian, or nux
“yomica, or ginger. Let up on the soda for a week, then go on again; in
- this way you treat the digestive organs as well as the blood, for the blood
has become poisoned. Acute cases may run into the chronic and require
long treatment; may take a year or two to cure. In many cases can be
cured. in from five to six months. The first three or four weeks after
beginning treatment may make it worse, but the blotches will gradually
_ disappear. Frequent bathing in cold water is good, just cold enough to
get cooled off, and make it a little alkaline with bicarbonate soda.

PSORIASIS (MALANDERS AND SALLENDERS).—Malanders may oc-
eur back of the knees, and Sallenders in front of the hocks. It comes in
flexors of joints, described as squamos skin disease. It is subacute and
aud runs into chronic inflammation of the derma; as a result of this the
_ skin becomes thickened, dry, and cracks transversally, sometimes from
one half to three fourths of an inch deep, and they discharge a bloody
serum, and unless treated in the early stages are very hard to cure. The
first thing noticed is a sweaty discharge, probably from the same cause
as Grease Heel. If it is vigorously treated in the early stage it will yield
to treatment, but in the chronic the treatment must be almost contin-
- uous. Generally seen in plethoric draft horses, seldom seen in the run-
mers. The large surface sores that develop on the body of the draft stal-
lion are about the same as those of Urticaria, but deeper-seated, and have
not the abrupt edge; often come up as large as two hands, the skin gets
thick and cracks, the discharge is purulent, and part often sloughs off.
_ The part itches intensely, the horse will bite and rub it, and that causes
more itching. It is very difficult to cure, especially when’ on the limbs,
but they occur more often around the trunk, though may at any place.
Treatment.—For all these diseases treat about the same; deplete,
but give moderate doses of purgative and repeat; too large are liable to
produce superpurgation. ‘To draft stallions of 1,800 tbs. give 1 oz. aloes
or 1 lb. sulphate of soda; you can’t cure without depleting. Give altera-
tives, then diuretics,—arsenic, sulphur, green corn (stalk and all), but

_ little oats or corn.
Local Treatment.—Anodyne washes—some mild form of mercury,
use it as an antiseptic. Mix a little blue ointment, or wash with alkaline

bee: ete) TT BY rrr ee ee ae ee ea OO ee . J
ptt 2 PE es ey Sot ane Ot, SPR ae ae

162 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

wash—hbicarbonate of soda or potash. Sulphur and lard are good, one
to three parts; add a few drops of carbolic acid to allay the itching. ifn
they granulate too much under this treatment, Tumors may form. Try :
to reduce with ointment of iodide potash and ‘lard, one to eight parts, |
and give iodide potash internally, then change occasionally to white lo- |
tion; some use sulph. copper in lard, one to eight, or acetate copper in
lard, one to eight. For the cracks in the joints use castile soap anal
water; keep animal quiet. If they are inclined to granulate too much,
touch with lunar caustic, and dry up with white lotion. A wet pack
for a few days is good, a two per cent solution of carbolic acid, then
follow with bicarbonate potash or soda.

Prryriasis.—Is a more or less. chronic skin disease, with a general
thickening of it; is associated with poverty every time; whether it is the ©
lice that cause it, or it causes the lice, is not known.
. Symptoms. —The skin is thickened and scaly, may be one eighth to

three quarters of an inch large, under these scales the lice burrow and — .
reproduce.

Treatment.—Bathe with soap and water, soften the scales, destroy the’
lice, and remove the cause. Feed them better; kill the lice with kerosene 3
used in two ways—an ointment of one part kerosene to three of lard, oran |
emulsion of eight per cent kerosene and water; add a little carbonate —
potash so that the oil will mix. This should be also used with a force
pump and shot into all the cracks and every place where the lice could ©
be. This disease more often exists in cattle. ‘This emulsion is also used —
to sponge over the cattle, but never apply keroseneclear. This is a good
remedy if the horse is affected with any kind of lice; where the coat is
heavy, best to clip off if surroundings will permit. Tobacco juice is also —
good; make an effusion of 1 tb. tobacco to 3 gals. of water and only ap-—
ply to about one third of the body at a time, as animals are easily made
sick if applied all over; repeat the wash. In cattle you may sponge them
all over with it freely, and repeat in a week or ten days, as nits will hatch. ~

AcneE.—Little isolated eruptions—pustules. In cattle there may be
grubs; there are none in the horse. These pustules itch very much, and
usually occur on the neck and shoulders, or under the saddle. ‘They of-
ten become chronic and must be cut out, but in the acute stage may be
cured. Give alteratives and wash with soap and water and common salt;
arsenic and sulphur internally are good. If under the saddle, use whit
lotion. agen cengiirses rr arr: Pa ies sy ti Mast ot e

PRURIGO. Saat intensely itching disease of the skin, due to a dis-
ordered or deranged peripheral. sensibility ; the cause usually is Indiges-
tion, most likely from over-feeding. There is no morbid anatomy, no
eruptions, no thickening of the skin, no inflammation—simply itching. — q

Treatment.—It invariably occurs with plethora; give purgative, fol-
low with diuretics; bathe with alkaline wash or common salt. One form
of this is anitching around the hock; sometimes the attack comes on sud-
denly and the animal rubs off the hair and the flesh in his suffering, but
it only aggravates the trouble. a

Special Treatment.—In addition to alteratives use sugar of lead. It
may be due sometimes to Ascarides in the rectum. If you think so, gi
injection of turpentine 1 oz. to % pint oil, or salt and water.

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VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 163

ally rather freely. If that doesn’t cure, then put on arsenic treatment.
Arsenic is the best skin remedy, sulphur next, and iodide potash next.

_ ERyYTHEMA.—Simple inflammation of the skin, superficial, not deep-
seated; there is a redness, and it often goeson to desquamation, leaving
a raw surface. This covers the most ground of all skin diseases, as it
includes stings or bites of insects, frost bites, chilblains, scalding by fire
or water, chafe from harness, scalding of the skin by urine, or ichorous
pus; sore teats in the cows, ewes, bitches; Scratches, Cracked Heels, Mud
Fever in horses and cattle.

Etiology.—Anything that produces simple superficial and Iocal in-_
flammation would be sufficient to cause this trouble; SCRATCHES and Mup
FEVER in the horse especially, are due to exposure to mud and slush, and
improper care of the legs, too much washing or hand rubbing or soaking.
Using the hose to wash off mud; white legs that are often washed are
very susceptible to it. In trotters the cause is generally too much soak-
ing or tubbing; this causes too much softening of the skin, then when
taken out of the water it dries, and fever takes place form the drying,
this causes inflammation of the parts, the function of the sebaceous
glands is arrested, and the sebum is not present to protect from macera-
tion the skin of the legs.

Semeiology.—Mup FEVER, swelling of the legs; in severe acute case

legs get hot, the whole animal is more or less feverish, legs from knees
and hocks down are sore to touch; they are stiff and lame. In a few

days the skin gets scabby, feels as if it had been blistered, these scabs
become exfoliated, and often the hair comes off with them and.legs may
be bare up to the knees; if it is a white skin it will become purplish red.
Ii neglected and not treated it may run on to chronic Big Leg, or to con-
tinual stocking of the legs if left standing long. In milder cases it simply
breaks out in the hollow of the pastern and is then called Scratches. Some-
times this is very sore, with considerable swelling of the skin and transverse
cracks at the flexor of the joint, sometimes quite deep. In chronic cases,

_ as seen in trotters and typical forms, there is a gradual destruction of the
_ normal skin, considerable granulation and raw surface; and when this

heals after long treatment it leaves a cicatrical skin, and thickened. In

- cows, ewes, and bitches the teats get sore and chafed from being wet too

much; in cows from a habit some have of wetting the teat with the milk

_ when milking; the proper way is to squeeze the teat; or the offspring

sucking so much may be a cause; scalding by the urine is a frequent

cause. In males it may be ejaculating the urine forcibly so as to spray

the fore feet or legs; this is often recognized by passing your hand over

_ them,then smelling your hand; or from urinating on bare floor it splashes

onthem; another form is urinating in the sheath, may cause the sheath to
become raw and swollen, and a milky discharge to flow from it; another
form is where they throw the urine up against the belly.

Treatment.—In Mud Fever you have constitutional disturbances with
local inflammation, so treat both; give laxatives—aloes, and potash; put
on soft diet, don’t let go out in the mud. Remove the cause the first
thing, if showering, washing, or tubbing. For local treatment, the best
way to reduce the inflammation is to use hot linseed poultice with a little
carbolic acid added; it acts as an antiphlogistic; use about three per cent

ss solution; change the poultice twice a day. Give diuretics with the laxa-

at

164 THEORY AND PRACTICE, Sa

tives. After four or five days stop poulticing; then the fever.i is Gee
the inflammation gone, soreness gone, still the swelling remains; wash —
the leg clean, then dry, then apply sugar of lead lotion % oz. to pint ¢ of
water, or powdered borax 1 oz. to pint, or boracic acid; the lead is the ©
best of all. Sometimes the fever returns after about twenty-four hours; — 4
then repeat the poultices, alternate with the lead lotion, say for a week.
Glycerine, and a little carbolic acid in water is good to apply—one_ third a
glycerine two thirds water; or any anodyne or astringent after the inflam-_
mation is reduced, is indicated. Maintain the diuretics for ten or fifteen
days; usually they Tequire a tonic—give gentian, iron, quinine or arsenic,
together or alone; iron is indispensable. “In bad case give arsenic, nux,
and gentian. Give quinine in tonic doses—t1o to 20 gts. three times a GAYS od
If thin give a little iron. In chronic case use fly blister. nd
ScraTcHES.—The same treatment; usually don’t need the constitu.
tional, still will do no harm; give purgative and soft feed. After none
ticing three or four days, and: after the inflammation is reduced, oxide of
zinc ‘and lard, one to eight, or better—sulphur and lard one to two, ora.
good plan is to change them. White lotion is very good. We prescribe | ‘
sugar of lead, one part petrolatum, eight parts. Inthe ‘chronic form, as seen —
in trotters, the first thing to do is to remove the eause. If the feet are sore
and must have tubbing or soaking, let him stand in an inch of water in-
stead or more than that. You must not be too wise with trotting hase
owners, but handle them with soft gloves—they think they know all ©
about a horse. If the horse is to race next day, poultice all night, and —
in the morning wipe off nice and clean and put on petroleum and sugar :
of lead, then go out. Stallions often get this way tied up in stall; idle-
ness and high Tiving,and other causes, and taken out a little; exercise causes —
transverse cracks. Give purgative and diuretics, and change: the food; —
put on the poultice with carbolic acid. In case you find a thickening — ,
that wont yield to this treatment, use a cantharides blister—that will
stimulate the absorbents and circulation, then return to former treatment.
Frost Brres.—Cold. applications are the best, gradually applied. ~
‘In very bad case treat on general principles; reduce the inflammation, 4
give laxative and. diuretics.
Burns.—Use some oily substance to keep out the air—oil, rendered
alkaline by adding lime water, is the best; oil one part, water four parts;
apply to the part and cover with absorbent cotton. If the pain is great,
give hypodermic injection of morphine; dress the burn twice a day. After
the inflammation is reduced and theskin destroyed, the white lotion. is
good, or oxide zinc and lard. be
SORE TEATS AND SCALDS FROM THE Gace —If the horse urinates
in the sheath, teach him to extend it. Ifthe sheath is inflamed use ace-
tate lead and ‘carbolized oil on his yard. If he urinates on the belly, tie
shield or leather apron in front of the sheath. .In bad ‘cases it is often
necessary to clip the hair, but unless absolutely necessary would not do
oe ag
Preventative Treatment.—The less the legs are washed the better.
If he comes in with dirty legsin Fall, Winter, or Spring, let him dry, or
rub off gently with wisp of “straw, in the direction of the hair, ne
against it. Then dry, and brush off. If the barn is cold wrap a lig
fold of flannel around till the leg dries. I never allow washing fro €

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VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 165

first of Nov. to May in any stable where I treat,.and never have any of
these cases.

Eczema, (or I boil out, I effervesce) HERPES, and ImpETIGO.—This

Includes all the skin diseases that are accompanied with eruption, with

pimples filled with water, pus or other contents. The different kinds

under this head are Simple, Papule, Pustular, and Rubrin. ‘Thisis the
most common skin disease in any animal; best characterized by the erup-
tion with a discharge, or else it isnot Eczema. ‘This discharge may vary
in quality, quantity, etc., in the different stages of the diseases, but it is
always present.

; SIMPLE.—This comes on suddenly and is usually confined in the
horse to the neck and shoulders; sometimes where the skin is thin inside
the thigh. ‘There is intense itching, and the horse will sometimes rub
the skin off; little pimples and vesicles will be found there, crop after
erop will come up, discharge a thin watery fluid, then dry up and be fol--
lowed by anew crop. ‘There is not a bit of contagion connected with it.

The cause is usually a deranged condition of digestion, usually due to
ovet-feeding, very heating food, highly nitrogenous, or on one kind of
food Jong continued.

PapuLat.—This is characterized by little elevations on the skin, re-
sembling the papules or teats, and with more or less fever around the
basis of the papules; sometimes there is a pimple in the center, but not
always. Asia result of the fever at the basis of these, the hair falls out
and usually remains hanging to the end of the papules, making it look

' like a rat-tail, as it is sometimes called. This form is inclined to become
chronic and remain with the animal. It is seen more often on the legs
of heavy draft horses and oxen, especially when working in the mud.

‘This form is usually confined to the legs, and is probably due to the cold

mud and water, or on account of some caustic in the mud, as we see in
limestone roads; the lime becomes slacked and that scalds the legs of the
animals.

PUSTULAR.—Is somewhat similar tothe Papulee form, but differs in

the discharge—it is continuous and profuse, and the contents of the pim-
_pleis purulent. It is watery at first, but after twenty-four to thirty-six
hours becomes pus. The most common manifestation of thisin the horse
is GREASE HEEL; occasionally in the discharge you will find parasites, ac-

cording to Prof. Herring, Sarcoptes Hippodus, but it has been proven
' that their presence is simply accidental. In Grease Heel it is seen on

_ the back of the leg. In addition to the Pustular, we find there is a sup-

fe

_ purative inflammation of the sebaceous follicles.

Ktiology.—lIt is a constitutional disease in most cases, almost invari-

ably due to some humor in the blood, probably due to faulty excretion

of the effete matter; this acts at least as a predisposing cause, and the
exciting cause is usually exposure to mud, slush, and cold water, but
not always. Sometimes occurs in warm dry weather, but the rule is in

Fall, Winter, and Spring, oftenest in Spring because the blood then is

iY

thicker, and there is an accumulation of effete material in it; then cold
water, as from snows, sets up a. mild inflammation and causes the disease.

It is usually associated with plethora, though sometimes we see it in thin

animals.
Semeiology.—There is acute inflammation with swelling of the back

166 : THEORY AND PRACTICE.

of the legs, usually of the fetlock, or extending down to the heel, and BS
may be up ‘half way to the hocks; there is great soreness on pressure, ©
and itching; may stand on one foot and scratch the place with the other. —
In course of from twenty-four to thirty-six hours a discharge develops, —
_ so that the leg usually looks wet, feels greasy, and smells horridly fetid;
this odor is characteristic to Grease Heel. The discharge is colorless or —
slightly amber-colored; sometimes it is so profuse as to run down the
legs and drip off. If two legs are affected at one time then he is a cripple.
On account of the drying up of the sebum, in a short time the leg will —
begin to crack, usually in the back of the fetlock, may be in two, oe
or four places. In some cases the pustules run together, becoming con-
fluent, and on account of the continued inflammation, is probably due to _
the animal parasite. The vesicles often crop up like grapes, and are
called GRAPES among horsemen; they are nothing more or less than
fungus growth, and being so they come up quickly and are of a purplish —
red color; they bleed easily and discharge pus continually, and the leg —
during this time swells to four or five times its normal size, and is in- —
clined to remain so; being chronic then, is usually called BiG LEG, known —
technically as ELEPHANTIASIS. Sometimes the grapes on Big Legs are so
large, sensitive and vascular that they bleed on the least friction; are
sore and make the horse lame, and finally become a chronic condition.
The transverse fissures on the back of the leg become deeper, there are
more of them, and they of themselves set up inflammation and more enlarge-
ment. These great Big Legs are often due to Lymphangitis. One at- —
tack of Grease ‘Heel leaves the animal predisposed to recurrence on‘slight —
cause, and each time leaves it larger than before. -

IMPETIGO LABIALIS OR CRusTA LABIALIS.—Is another form occur-
ring on the face and around the mouth; this is in little animals, fre- 3
quently seen in little babies; of the lower animals, perhaps the pig is most —
liable to it; it is probably due to the wetting of the mouth in sucking, —
and saliva. There is a similar form in the adult, due to grazing when ~
the dew is heavy on the grass on a cold morning after a frosty night— ~
especially the horse; the mouth, lips and side of the face get very sore; .
often they must be taken up, they get so bad. The form existing in pigs —
is almost malignant; it starts at the mouth, and spreads sometimes over
the whole body, and produces so much wasting as to cause death, the | ;
body being a mass of sores; is usually associated also with high feeding
on corn. a

Treatment (In general, particularly as it relates to the horse).—It ©
arises from causes within the body, usually something connected with —
digestion; as a rule there is torpidity of the liver, so first remove the
cause, clean out the sewers of the body, clean out the debris through the
natural channels, not through the skin. Give purgatives that pass” :
through the blood before acting on the bowels—aloes and salines are in-_
dicated; follow with alteratives and diuretics, iodide potash, or sulphate
soda. For local treatment, in the acute stage clip off the hair and poul-_
tice; add a little carbolic acid; charcoal is good; change the poultice twice”
a day and use soap and water freely. In bad cases change three times a
day, and keep up until the discharge is stopped and inflammation sub-
sides—that will be about four to ten days. ‘Then give tonics internally— =
as arsenic in tonic doses; alternate with Pane) et give sulph. soda occa-

Beas)
i ee
: an

1)

SCA gue
tN ae Sy

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 167

sionally, afterwards treat the heel as a simple inflammation, with lead or
solution of bicarbonate soda or borax. If the fever returns repeat the
poulticing and other treatment; as the swelling leaves give little exercise,
- but ifit hurts, stopit. Ifthe grapes crop up, elip them off with scissors
close to the skin, and burn with sulphate copper, Prof. Williams’ recipe:

R Sulphur 8 ozs.
Acid carbolic Ioz. —
Potass. carb. 4ozs.
Adeps 32 OZS.
Oil olivee 32 ozs.

3

Mix and plaster on ttvo or three days, then wash off. For simple case

muriate ammonia I oz. to pint of water, and acetate of lead where there
is not too much eruption. For bad cases, sour solution of arsenic, as the
potash in that is valuable, from % to 1 oz. two or three times a day.
Powdered arsenious acid 2 to 5 grs., two or three times a day is good.
For the pig, wash off scabs with soap and water and apply saturated
solution of borax, or boracic acid dry.

Treatment for Bic Lec from Grease Heel.—Get the condition in
good shape; give mild purgative, follow with diuretics—iodide or acetate
potash; then give arsenic, iron, and little nux vomica. Give horse regu-
lar exercise; if a valuable horse, morning and night, and from four to
eight miles at atime, but slow and gentle. When he comes in, shower
the leg with cold water (if in hot weather) below the hock, then do up
with dry derby bandage over the wet skin and hair, leave on several
hours, then rub generously with the hand. In cold weather put on the
bandage without showering; change the food—keep the stomach in good
condition.

In the dog there are two forms of Eczema; Rubrum only in the
dog and human; then a pustular form which is a form of Canker in the ears
of dogs; it breaks out as a result of surfeit—humor in the blood. ‘The
etiology is precisely the same as in Grease Heel, but confines itself to the
external auditory canal. ‘There is swelling and eruption of pimples, and
a discharge of black gummy fcetid pus, followed by granulation of the
pustules, and in bad cases the complete filling up of the canal; complete
deafness follows; sometimes the granulations heal, filling the canal solid,
and remain so ever after. One early and continuous symptom is the
soreness of the ear.

Treatment.—Much the same as in Grease Heel; epsom salts or mag-
nesia; follow with iodide potash and arsenic.

: Local Treatment.—Wash out the ear with soap and water, use a
syringe; tap the cyst, rinse out with saturated solution of bicarbonate soda,
then pour in caustic solution lunar caustic (nitrate silver), strength 40 grs.
to oz. water; cauterize with this once every two days, for about three or
four times, that is for an old case; wash once or twice a day, then reduce
the strength of the silver to 10 grs., apply once a day for three days, then
change to white lotion. But for dog’s ears, usually make it % strength; use
this for from four to six days two or three times a day, and wash out once
a day with soap and water; then after using this lotion for about six
days, change to saturated solution of borax and keep up till well. Reg-
ulate the diet. Ina very mild case wash out with soap and water and
use white lotion and solution of borax. Rubrum usually occurs on the

eee Ay OE eT NOC ed, +e Fe iste a “J ay - a
ie Ce ae ee Ly
ON pe et Oe PE

_the legs; the swelling usually has an abrupt line of demarkation; that is.

—it resembles the smell of mice, or some say of burnt hair or of Small —

168 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

belly and down the sides, and the hair gets rusty. Itisa constitute 4
disease—used to be called RED MANGE. Treat with purgative and follow |
up with tonics—especially arsenic. This is not contagious. :

ERYSIPELAS.—Is a very peculiar kind of inflammation of the skin, 4
and is recognized by all as being contagious or infectious at times, but —
not always. It is recognized as being malignant, that is it is inclined to."
spread, and through any kind of tissue. It can be carried from one to
the other by actual contact, and pregnant females will abort if exposed
to the poison of Erysipelas: and following parturition, fatal Metritis —
may be taken by any female by coming in contact with the poison; this —
is particularly so in women, also in dogs. This seems to be due to a 7
peculiar condition of the blood primarily, that isin the animal in which —
the disease starts—an unhealthy condition. It usually attacks animals —
either very thin or very fat, but more so in the lean; probably that is ~
from debility; it is also more prevalent in some seasons than in others, ~
especially when the air is filled with electricity. It starts often im
wounds under causes which don’t seem to be understood, but is probably —
due to the unhealthy condition of the blood, and with that an atonic con-
dition of the nervous system. ‘The wound prior to Erysipelas setting in 4
is sluggish, showing a ‘tendency to ulcerate and be unhealthy; AC es
heal benignly. ;

Semeiology. It is characterized by a peculiar glistening of thes a
swelling; it is an indurated and tense condition, doesn’t pit on pressure, ~
not cedematous. If it occurs with a wound it is generally on the one .
the granulation becomes a purplish red fungus and bleeds easily; is com-—
paratively insensible, and is called PRouD FLESH. On the outer part 6fs
the wound the inflammation in the surrounding tissue is dense, glisten- —
ing with swelling, but it doesn’t always occur with a wound; it may show
no place on the body. In the human it is generally in the head and face,
but may be in any part of the body. Horses are most often affected in

well marked also in the human, and the whole case has a peculiar smell —

Pox. It has a tendency to spread, and often quite rapidly; it may be
two inches one day, the next, four inches in diameter, but it usually in- —
creases from about one half to three fourths of an inch in twenty-four ‘-
hours. The hard tense glistening condition is probably due to the infil- ~
tration of exudate into the surrounding tissues. E
Treatment.—Apply hot fomentations diligently, and between times ©
apply sugar of lead lotion, freely and strong, three times a day; the satu- ©
rated solution is the best; in most cases this will control it. In all mild ~
cases this is the usual treatment; in the human, especially where the 7
skin is not broken, but if malignant, or if with a wound, or malignant where |
the skin is not broken, the best treatment is tinct. iron full strength, Six, 4
eight, or ten times a day. In the human it isa very dangerous disease, | :
often where it starts about the nose and involves the whole head and often —
causes death. In such case shave the head and paint with tinct. iron or
tinct. iodine full strength. © It is good practice to cauterize the healthy ~
skin just outside the inflammation, usually with tinct. iodine full strength F
or nitrate silver. Animals usually réquire constitutional treatment as well.
Iron internally is invariably indicated, evenif the animal is fat, ne Slee

ce

‘ P >
, ace “2 Ap i og
M iat oe “Fees ot ne ee eer

dist Ba ta BBs a SORA » i iN SR SE cate ald
a pra ei

Rahs ce. VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 169

_ may be in an impoverished condition. In fat animals a laxative is indicated —
on general principles. After recovery is advanced, give iodide potash in
smali doses to purify the blood; give this in connection with the -iron.
Isolate the animal and use separate stable implements around him; be
careful not to carry it on your hands or person to other animals, espec-
ially if going to treat a wound. Inthe Spring of ’75, Dr. Howard in
Montreal in the course of two months caused the death of twenty-five
women in childbirth from Puerperal Metritis, by carrying the disease
tothem. If you gotoacase, then fumigate yourself after. Itis not
looked upon as dangerous unless it attacks the head, then it may attack
the brain; in old people it is looked upon as dangerous in any part of the
body, because it is an indication of waning vitality, especially if in
connection with some previous disease. In old persons, as in the case of
an ulceration, Erysipelas starts in and finally terminatesin death from
- gangrene.
CELLULITIS.—Is where the inflammation extends to the cellular tis-
"sue underneath the skin, so severe as to interfere with the circulation,
-and forms an Abscess; this occurring in such a way is called
PHLEGMON.—That is, a suppuration of acute Cellulitis, usually the
_ result of some blood poisoning. It often succeeds or is the result of Ery-
_ sipelas. The skin over the Abscess in this Cellulitis, from the circulation
_ being shut off, often sloughs off, that is the skin over the Phlegmon.

a

neal

_ The most common illustration of this is in the last stage of canine Dis-
- temper. It usually occurs around the animal’s neck, breast and throat;
- it comes up with a tense, hard swelling, is painful, suppurates, and forms
Abscess in the cellular tissue underneath the skin. It contains a black
offensive pus. In Influenzain horses, known as PINK Ey, the eye
- closes up by inflammation around the lid; it is acute Cellulitis, but doesn’t
suppurate.
Treatment.—Iron, quinine and Fowler’s solution of arsenic internally.
Open the Abscess as early as you can locate it; use an antiseptic strong
enough at first to cauterize, then antiseptic after. Poultices are good
after opening the Abscess; sterilize them, or use hot fomentations.
FERUNCULUS (Feruncle).— Disease around the feet of horses; it is
_ practically what might be called a boil, due to an acute localized inflam-
_tmation in the skin and cellular tissue underneath, involving of course
_ the sebaceous glands. It usually occurs around the pastern of the horse,
‘either before or behind, and any place on the fetlock, even above the
fetlock, and sometimes it spreads two thirds around the part, or may be
confined to a single spot, from the size of the thumb-nail to the size of
the hand. It is inclined usually to run a benign course and terminate
favorably, but other times it is malignant and is inclined to extend deeply,
and in the course of the sloughing expose ligaments and tendons, often
below the ligament, as the capsular, causing Open Joint and death from
irritative fever when it extends under the corona and affects so many blood
vessels, the blood becoming poisoned. A characteristic of this Feruncle
is a central core—this is invariable, probably a part of necrosed tissue
that has separated from the living tissue, thus forming the core. In the
human it is the Boil. It is different from the Abscess, in that the Ab-
_ scess never has a core; the same distinguishes it from the Carbuncle—
the Carbuncle also is anthracoid.

oe" ee

170 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

Etiology.—It depends upon the impoverished condition of the blood.
We fancy the cause is a bruise of some sort, or frost bite, etc., as the ex-
citing cause. In the Spring of ’81 or ’82, there was on epidemic « of this.
in Chicago; it was thought by some to be due to the salt thrown on the street
car tracks to melt the snow, but Dr. Baker did not think so, as the street
car horses were not affected, but that it was due rather to standing in the
cold mud and slash. Sometimes it affects one leg or may affect all; it is
also predisposed by the torpidity of the liver. It sometimes occurs in dry
hot weather.

Semeiology.—In the first stage there i is acute swelling of the leg, in-
tense pain, lameness, heat and soreness; that is where there is swelling;
often the swelling is so even it is hard to locate the spot where it is going
to break. ‘There is always severe constitutional disturbance, elevation
of the pulse, pulse increased in frequency and diminished in size, hard
and small; the breathing is accelerated, often double; complete loss of
appetite, Constipation, and high colored urine; hangs the head and
droops the ears. In the second stage, little places of the skin will become
rough and corrugated, about the size of a twenty-five cent piece, and
after a day or two break inthe center and a little hole is left, which
discharges pus; in a few hours more the roughened skin breaks and will
slough off; this occurs in from six to twenty-four hours after the rupture,
though it may hold on for forty-eight hours. When this skin sloughs off
the core usually comes with it; this leaves a circumscribed hole; the fever
subsides, pain ceases, appetite and other normal functions return, and
makes a rapid recovery. The wound begins to granulate, that is the
third stage; this occurs quite rapidly, and not only fills up the cavity, but
may ferm a large Tumor above by self-proliferation; the Tumor is coy-
ered by a thick | cicatricial horny skin.

Treatment.—We are usually called in the first stage, because the
horse is then very sick; a purgative is indicated, full dose, say of aloes,
then give diuretic and while that is working give fever mixture—aconite,
belladonna, spts. nit. ether, nitrate potash and muriate ammonia, in
liberal doses and repeat every hour for about ten hours.

Local Treatment.—Hot linseed poultices; soon as you can lovate the
Abscess open it; McEchran used to open them with a hot iron in the sec-
ond stage, quite deep; but the knife is just as good, except that it limits.
the amount of sloughing; then use antiseptic; change poultices night and
morning. When the cavity is about three quarters filled, discontinue
the poultice and use white lotion; this hardens the cells and it fills over
about level with the skin and Pues tc Abscesses.

- MAN also called Scab in the
human, sane ies the IrcH. This disease while strictly a skin disease
is entirely due tothe PARASITIC DERMATOZOA, spoken of as Entozoa and
Ectozoa; the Ectozoa being on the outside of the skin. A parasite is a liv-
ing thing that lives off other animals, and nearly all are animals, though
there are few vegetable parasites, of which the mistletoe is the most noted. —
It isa notorious fact that no animal is free from parasites, no matter how —
large or small. ‘The Dermatozoa thus living on or under the skin, pro-
duce skin diseases; and every genii has its own parasites—horses, dogs, —
cattle, ete., that is they wont thrive off one specie, when put on a different
specie. It is very contagious from one animal to another of the same

Bee, VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. sp

'specie—the Only exception is the Mange of cats and rats; they will run
over a cat and kill in a comparatively short time. The chief feature of
this Mange is the intense itching that the ravages of the parasite produce.
Wedel discovered the Ascari of the cat in 1672, Kenting those of the horse
in 1789, Walz those of the sheep in 1809, Gohier of the ox and dog
in 1812, Spinola those of the hog in 1846. ‘These Dermatozoa also are
called Ascarus or (plural) Ascari. ‘There are three principal classes of
_Dermatozoa or Mange as follows:

SARCOPTES.—Most important, those that burrow under the skin or
epidermis.

PsoROPrEes.—Those that are on the surface.
SyMBIoTES EKour.—Those on the limbs and in the horses’ tails.

There are many sub classes to these. The Symbiotes often cause
the horse to lose his tail, making him rat tailed. These parasites usually
go in groups or colonies; they sometimes exist on the legs, and there
cause the hair to fall off also, and cause considerable swelling; they are
not common in this country, but are most common in Europe. Sarcoptes.
‘are the worst, as they work under the skin, or in the body of the true

skin; they also get into the roots of the hair. They produce a swelling

of the skin; they are seldom seen in horses, but are common in the dog.
Psoroptes are comparatively harmless, except that they cause loss of
hair, and cause great distress, but to offset this they work much faster
‘than the Sarcoptes, and probably kill faster. The varieties of Mange are
_as follows:

_ Horse.—Sarcoptes.—Sarcoptes SABIE Psoroptes.—Com. Sym-
biotes.—Equi. Of these the Sarcoptic Mange is the worst.

Ox.—Psoroptes Communis.

Symbiotes Bovis.—The Psoroptes Com. is the worst.

Sheep.—Scarcoptes Squamiferous, that raise the skin up in the
scales. Psoroptes Com., known among sheepmen as Scabies Symbiotes
Ovis,.

Dog.—Sarcoptes Squamiferous is the principal Mange of the. dog.

~Symbiotes Canis.

Cat.—Sarcoptes Minor, because they are so small they require a
magnifying glass to see them— must be a strong glass. It is the princi-
pal Mange. Symbiotes Felis.

. Hog.—Sarcoptes Squamiferous, only one.
Man.—Sarcoptes Scabiei or Itch.
The Scab in sheep produces dropping off of the wool by causing such
an itching that they rub off the wool, and it is a source of enormous loss
when it gets into sheep herds. Other animals much the same way; first,
there is an itching, then eruptions on the skin; for instance, Psoroptes
produce a scaly, scurfy condition of the skin like dandruff. ‘The Sarcop-
tes working under the skin produce severe swelling and intense itching
especially in the dog. In the human the most common place seems to
be between the fingers, but it will soon spread all over if not cured. The
eat develops a thick squamos skin under which the nits burrow, finally -
the cat wastes away and dies. In cattle it seems to be most common
around the eyes, and it spreads. German authors say it is more common

in horses and dogs, but not so in Canada. Here as in Europe, it is seen

a ab se vat er “Er valet SPE Va Ce MOET d ie Ne
Spe Ys ee STAN’ 9,
ari rh ie P ;
‘i
172 THEORY AND PRACTICE: ie

oftener in horses and dogs. In Canada it used to be common am
school children. <5.
Treatment.—Some remedy must be teed to deste the p
and as that is pretty hard to do, look out you don’t kill the anim:
doing. Isolate the animal; if the hair is long, clip it, especially in do
then : give a bath with strong soap and water till you get the seabs a
seurf ‘cleaned off; that will take a long-time washing; use a scrubbi a
brush or curry comb. After you get through the, animal will be -
may be raw, but that will be all right; in an hour it will be about dr
rub well and apply all over the “surface (every part, for you mus
in contact with the parasite) some Mange mixture. We find th
specific for the Mange and Itch is sulphur. All you need if Psoro op
or Symbiotes, is ointment of sulphur and lard, but for professi
reasons we don’t give anything so simple; we use something that Wo
as well, and for the Sarcoptes it works better. :

R Acid Carbol. % 02.
Oil Terebinth. I OZ.
Oil Picis Liq. 1 and % oz.
Sulphur 2 OZS.

Oil Lini. ad to ee O I (1 pint).

horses, aks ‘Crom sate to ioe fetren ) cattle, ete., it may eae 4 ;
freely, and rub it wellin. If your first washing is thorough one do
ought to be sufficient, but it is best to repeat the application once a day,
after the first wash, for four days, then friction without the mixture fo
four more, then wash off; if not cured then, repeat the mixture. A more
common and cheaper one is kerosene and lard one to three parts, or
phur, lard, tar and turpentine, and may or may not add carbolic
After curing the animal treat the places where they had been sore, then
clean stables, dog houses, etc., good; wash out with boiling water and
corrosive sublimate, or carbolic acid with the water, then whitewash the
place, clean the harness and oil it. In Baker’s Mange cure, you may 1
use instead of the sulphur, if you are going to ship, sulphurus acid so-
lution, say an ounce of it. Tobacco juice is very good also as a wash
for Mange, especially for sheep. Arsenic dips “would be the best for
sheep if you turn them out on a bare place where the arsenic can’t drip
on what ‘they willeat. Refer to: Finley Dunn for the arsenic dip for
sheep. A good sheep dip is as follows: common salt and tobacco 1 ft
each, boil for one hour in gallon of water; then add 2 drams of corrosi
sublimate, and add aqua to make three gallons i in all. Apply to seabby part
once, and repeat in a few days if necessary. Forcats or pet dogs ose 5
iod. cal. brom. comp. 1 0z.; add aqua to make four ounces. tg
DEMODEX FOLLICULORUM.—Knownas Follicular Mange, found in
the dog mostly, but sometimes in the cat, sheep, horse, pig, goat, a
deer, fox, rats, and mice. Is almost impossible to cure, becatse ig = c
not get at it.’ ot ae
Semeiology. —Great itching; animals will scratch and bite; in some
cases in horses and cattle, a scurvy accumulation comes on skin, hi
falls out more or less; in long- standing cases skin becomes. thickened
wrinkles. ‘There is a peculiar offensive odor. Use creoline pretty stro
Rincworm.— This is due to the presence of a vegetable para:
known as Dermatophite, it flourishes luxuriantly. The diseare if

:
re
x

rea;
—o
pee

=

2
+

tf < .
ie

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 173
narily known as Favus. This vegetable is Cryptogenic, discovered
by Nolmsten in 1845; it is usually in the skin and attacks the hair fol-
icles. Its ceils are oval, transparent, and v0.00 inch in diameter; it bur-
rows under the skin as well as the hair follicles—gets into the roots of
the hair. It causes intense itching, and forms acrust on the skin; it is
very contagious. It starts in a little spot and spreads in a circle, and as
it grows larger it lessens on the inside and leaves a healthy part in
place. In the horse this starts about two inches in diameter; in the hu-
man this zone is about an inch.
Symptoms. —The circular form shows the growth of the disease; it
itches, burns and pains.
Treatment.—Wash the part with soap and water, en apply some-
thing that will cauterize the part—as tinct. iodine clear; 1 to 8 iodine
‘Ointment. Sometimes a strong solution of corrosive sublimate is effectual,
but it cauterizes; kerosene, turpentine or any kind of oil works well and
doesn’t burn. Oil of Indian Corn is good; place the corn on some cold flat
‘iron: surface in a single layer, heat a shovel and lay on the corn for a little
while, then take away the shovel; the corn adheres to the shovel and the

‘black oil is left.on the cold surface: apply this oil to the Ringworm, it
will sting but cure.

CONSTITUTIONAL DISEASES.

Are those that have their seat primarily in the blood; if they locate
in any particular organ, then they become so secondarily. Every constitu-
‘tional disease locates itself in some particular part of the body which is
best suited for itsdevelopment. The constitutional diseases are divided

into two. classes—Contagious and Non-contagious. In both of these

grave changes take place in the blood, as the particular feature of the
‘ease. In contagious diseases the cause is introduced from without the
“body. This is spoken of as Contagium, as a generic term; this includes all
the germs, no matter how introduced. In Non- contagious diseases the
morbid condition artses within the body.

Diseases are contagious, infectious or specific when the disease-
producing agent inoculated into a healthy animal will produce the same
disease. Those agents are known as CONTAGION, sometimes spoken of

as specific virus, or materies morbi. Contagious is the popular term,
and is used in the generic sense to convey the idea that the disease is
catching, it doesn’t make any difference whether from germs floating in
_ the ait or from actual contact. Infectious has more of a ‘specific meaning
and is used more among scientific men, seldom by the public; they
“really mean the same thing, and are used indiscriminately; some of the
best authors say they are synonymous. It has become quite popular to
speak of all diseases as EXOGENOUS (as Tuberculosis) when introduced
from without; and as ENpoGENoUs when from within (as Hog Cholera).

‘Jats contagious are usually classified as Exogenous, and non-contagious
as Endogenous. Bacteriological research has gone far in proving there
isa specific gerin present in one infectious disease; though there may be

_ other germs present the disease is due to one alone; that is, every

infectious, or contagious, or specific disease has a specific germ, which

: when introduced into the healthy animal will produce that “disease and

no other.

174 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

BACTERIUM (BACTERIA).—Is the generic term now applied to all
kinds of germs, and BacrERioLoGcy relates to germs in general, with f
out speaking of any particular germ. ‘These Bacteria’ are divided into
three large classes, and they have many subdivisions—MICROCOCCUS, 1.,
BACILLUS, i., SPIRILLUM, a. ‘The Micrococci are often spoken of now
by medical men as Cocci; they are either round and small, or oval and
larger. Bacilli are rod shaped. Spirilla are spiral or corkskrew. like.
These germs may occur singly or in chains, glued together with proto-—
plasm. ‘They are all equal in the severity of the disease they produce,
as in the Bacilli whichis found in ‘Tuberculosis, Anthrax, etc.; Micro-— 4
cocci in Yellow Fever, Texas Fever, etc.; . Spirilla i in Asiatic Cholera, eft
The Spirilla are much larger than the other two; they are often found in
stagnant water. When these germs are introduced into the body they |
go on reproducing; these Bacilli all have spores, and when the Bacilli_
become matured they break up into sections of spores and go on in that |
way, increasing in numbers. After they have been in the blood twenty-
four, forty-eig ht, or more hours, they begin to produce a chemical prod-
uct called PTOMAINES, and as a rule, or invariably, this destroys the |
germ itself—they can’t live intheirown ptomaines. Inmany casesif the
ptomaines could be eliminated from the blood the animal would recover.
In Texas Fever they locate in the red corpuscles, and their presence kills.
In Tetanus it is the ptomaines that produce the trouble and death, and
not the germ itself. In Anthrax itis by their great numbers; they are”
so numerous the blood is thickened and the ptomaines cut no figure.

As regards the placing of these Bacteria in the vegetable world, and.
the way we classify them as vegetables, should be understood. The
earlier naturalists looked upon this germ as being animal, but now all,
naturalists recognize it as vegetable,—micro-organism, and differing
from Infusoria, which are the single cell life; the vegetable is single — cell
vegetable life. They appear the same under the microscope; they are
the lowest order of living things. Animal cells receive their food parti-
cles into the interior of the body, assimilate the nutritious portion, and
subsequently exude the non-nutritious residue. They have an opening
at each end, from mouth to anus. Vegetable organism is nourished
through its cell walls, which inclose protoplasm, by organic or inorganic
substances held in solution; it takes in nothing but what it needs, so_
there is nothing to exude. When these germs are introduced into the
body, if they find suitable soil they reproduce themselves and will con-
tinue to do so and finally kill the animal; but if they don’t find suitable
soil they reproduce but little and soon die. Immunity from these dis-
eases is when the germ does not find suitable soil to grow in. In the
Infusoria there are no ptomaines. In all specific diseases it takes a little
time after the introduction of the worm to have the disease manifest
itself; this period is called the period of incubation; the time varies very
much, depending on the conditions surrounding the animal and the con-
dition of the blood as we see in Tetanus. If the germ gets imto the
wound and the wound closes and excludes the air, the disease will soon
show; but if the wound remains open and the air gets into it, it takes
about six weeks, where in the other case it may show in from. one to

three days. They will thrive in a temperature of from 98 to 107 Fa h-
renheit.

id
if

ir

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. . 75

: TUBERCULOSIS.—Ordinarily known as Consumption, especially in
‘the human. It is very commonin cattle and in sheep; it may exist in
any animal, but the horse very rarely has it. It is most common in the
human and in cattle. It is thought by some to have originally arisen
among cattle, and from them spread to other animals. As proof of this
theory—where there are no cows used in some parts of the world there is
‘no Consumption, and where cattle are most plentiful Consumption is —
greater. ‘Tuberculosis is an infectious disease; it is communicable from
one animal to another in many ways, but the specific virusis the Bacilli
Tuberculosis, discovered by Koch in 1882. He found it in the sputa of
a Tuberculosis patient, and inoculation with it produced the disease
wherever inoculated. The period of inoculation is very variable; accord-
ing to the researches of Koch, in case of inoculation, from twelve days
to several weeks; but when gotten in the natural way, may exist a very
long time. It is inclined to run a mild course and terminate favorably.
Koch discovered that these Bacilli would grow in any part of the body
where they were planted. In the natural way they most always affect
the lungs, as they are taken in by respiration, but they do not always
affect the lungs even when gotten that way. Hamilton mentioned many
parts of the body where he had found them, evenin the iris of the eye
and in the aqueous humor, and in the bones; but the choice of places is
in the lungs; next place the pleura, then peritoneum, pia mater, arach-
noid. Muscular tissue has almost complete immunity from them, that
ds in the natural way. Where they occur in the muscles it is the result
of direct inoculation. The organs most affected are the lungs; second,
the spleen, then kidneys, liver, then the brain. When they exist in one
part of the body they are apt to spread to other parts; we often find
them exist in a dozen different places in the body. In the lower ani-
mals they don’t affect the bones very often, but do in the human.
Scrofula is often nothing but Tuberculosis.

Etiology.—The Bacilli are most often found in the sputa of patients;
the most prolific way of getting it is from the sputa that is thrown on
the floors or ground; in drying itis ground up and the germ floats in
the air and is inhaled. The disease can’t be had without the germ;

sometimes it is found in the feeces and in the milk from females, partic-
ularly from the cow, as the mammary glands are then affected with the
disease. Antoher way is through the food—eating infected meats and
, milk.
Special Pathology.—This would come more under the head of Path-
ogeny. The first step is the discovery of the germ that is introduced
into the stomach in the food; the tissues of the stomach are rarely affected
so they pass into the intestines, which are also rarely affected, thence
pass into the blood and are then lodged in some part of the body. Ham-
ilton says they go in colonies of three, five, nine, usually five; they
locate in some place and begin reproducing themselves. ‘This sets up
a little localized inflammation that is slight in extent, the result of this
_ is degeneration of the little spot; usually this degeneration is caseous,
_ May say it is a phenomenon of the disease. Sometimes this degenera-
tion is fibrous, sometimes hyaline; this spot is the tubercle, and usually
_ Starts in little isolated spots or circumscribed tubercles, from the size of

a millet seed up to .318 of an inch in diameter; probably all are of the

Be yds THEORY AND PRACTICE.

size of the millet seed in the start, but as they involve ote tissues they
grow. ‘There is a little exudation and slight formation of neoplastic.
tissue asa result. ‘This tissue is nearly always fibrous at first, then in
the course of a few weeks or months, if the germ is not too active in the
tubercle, a deposition of calcareous salts takes place in this fibrous cap-
sule that has been forming. This you might say incloses the tubereule
in a stone wall perfectly impervious, which renders the tubercle inocu-
‘lated forever. This is the course of a mild case that terminates favora-
bly. or
The reason that the germs we often inhale don’t cause Consumption :
is due to this calcification. This feature of calcification is very impor-
tant—it is another phenomenon of the disease, and is diagnostic; some-
times we say taking another form of the disease. The Bacilli remain very
active, increase in numbers very fast, and other colonies start; the tuber-
cles spread rapidly, and before death may be in ten or a dozen places.
In case the Bacilli take on such great activity, we get inflammation of
the spot, followed by ulceration rapidly: this differs from calcareous
formation around the capsule; there is no end to this ulceration except
death. It spreads very rapidly—sometimes Quick Consumption may
be in six weeks, other times will hang on for years. ‘The tissues of the
lungs are destroyed and blood vessels are eaten in two, and this causes
the “hemorrhage of Consumption; the sputa is degenerated caseous mat-
ter, it has no nuclei. In very extensive cases, if the caseous matter is
not inclosed in the calcareous matter, may become softened and liquify; .
cases have been where the whole contents of the sacks or capsules were
liquid. This disease is usually divided into several stages—first, is the
caseous, no inflammatory process, only caseous; second, exudative stage,
and forming of the fibrous capsule; third, stage of ulceration; fourth, is
the cretaceous when the lime salts are deposited around the caseous mat-
ter. When this exists to a great extent, inclosing the miliary, it give
the lung a peculiar look—as little lumps of chalk. The cachexia that
accompanies the putrefactive matter is absorbed and distributed through
the blood poisoning it. When it attacks the skin in the form of Tapasa
it produces a circumscribed swelling on the surface.
Diagnosis in Autopsy.—Suppose you never saw the animal in life.
There are six or seven diagnostic features; first, the presence of the
miliary tubercles or nodules, usually multiple, either running in lines,
arranged in groups, or evenly distributed through the organ affected;
second, the little nodules are a general eruption of very even size, usually
about that of the millet seed; third, these nodules or eruptions are
round in shape, with border sharply defined. Fourth, they have am
almost cartilagenous lustre and hardness; fifth, they can be easily dis-
sected out from the tissue; sixth, the color is usually gray, but We
caseated is more of a creamy y ellow,—this may refer to the cut surfac Te
or the outside. Then in bad cases it takes three forms—first, caseous
second, fibrous; third, hyaline; this is the order in which they most fre
quently occur. 4
Semeiology (say a cow).—The first thing is a husky cough; osculta

tion and percussion in bad cases will reveal a semi-solid sound; a dulln
can be located if not too fat. In amild case, or in the early stag
there is little or no constitutional disturbance, but when the system be

;
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oe ats ER re Rg Re POD ee weit e Rigi

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 177

- gins to suffer from the cachexia the appetite becomes capricious, some-
_ times completely lost; emaciation takes place, sometimes very extensive.
In this stage Lupus sometimes develops, often suddenly; large tubercle
patches often occur broadside, on the ribs and skin; Hy drothorax is a
common complication, tow ards the last general debility and death; this
takes place as the immediate result of an exhausting Diarrhea. Hogs,
_ also people, develop about the same.

Treatment.—Generous feeding of very nutritious food, oleaginous

as possible and fat-producing, and “fat itself, so give linseed meal in the
shape of ground oil cake. Inthe human, cod liver oil and fat meats,
good nursing and correct hygiene.
Prophylactic Treatment.—We believe it is infectious, and if the meat
is eaten will produce the disease; this in the human produces Phthisis
Tuberculosis, particularly from drinking the milk of an affected cow. -
Try to stamp out the disease by destroying the affected animal. In
doubtful cases they are using Tuberculine to prove if an animal has Tuber-
culosis, by injecting this under the skin; if there is any Tuberculosis
_ present it will set up a severe Systemic Fever that will last several days

and cause 4 fresh attack by the Bacilli. You can get this only from the
_ Veterinarian in charge of some experimental station; they get it from Wash-
_ ington, from the Bureau of Animal Industry: If there is no Tubercu-
- losis present there may be some fever set up with this, but it wont be
severe, and will soon pass away. If you inspect meats and see any ulcer-
ation from this disease—condemzn it; if there 1s calcification and no ulcer-
_ ation to be found, then it may pass. But beware of the milk or meat of
acoughing cow.

RINDERPEST.—This is an infectious disease, andisexclusively a bovine
disease; it originated in Russia and spread to the other European coun-
tries except England; it has never been in this country. The mortality

of the disease is forty per cent and upwards. ‘The period of incubation is
_ about two days; that probably accounts for its not having spread more, as
it develops so quickly. At the end of two days a high fever sets in, the
mouth is studded with pustules, mucous membranes of the body are con-
gested, skin becomes affected by the formation of epithelial concretions,
and desquamation of these occurs in about twenty-four hours, leaving a
pink erosion, almost raw surface, the skin in other places becomes greasy;
_ the appetite is lost, rumination is suspended, milk dries up, the urine is
_ scanty and high colored; there is a fceted Diarrhcea, and accompanying it
_ there is painful straining; saliva dribbles from the mouth, the back is
arched, the head droops, eyes are watery, mucous membrane (particu-
larly the rectum) gets purple, respiration is performed with a grunt,
whistling is heard inthe chest, by oscultation, and on percussion the
chest is abnormally drum-like; there is sudden lowering of the tempera-
ture, and death takes place usually i in from seven to eicht days.

"Treatment. —Is useless and should not be attempted. Stamp. it out
by destroying all infected animals and quarantining all the exposed ones;
burn the carcasses and everything used around them, and fumigate the
stables.

PLEURO-PNEUMONIA CONTAGIOSA, (ees Pleuro-Pneumonia).
—This is the most insiduous, stealthy disease we have anything to do
with, and the period of incubation is so long it makes it dangerous, as-it

xf \s we . .
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npn De iene tench Mia Eo ra ia ee ak)

178 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

can be carried so far before breaking out. ‘The history of it was that |
wherever it started or got in, it never was gotten rid of except in this”
country. It is a disease of the chest, lungs and pleura. It has existed
in Europe from time immemorial, in England i in 1840, and it is there yet. —
It came to this country in 1843, by importation of cattle from ‘Engiand —
and other parts of Europe. In the early summer of 1884 it was brought —
to Ohio from Baltimore by a Jersey cow, and from there it came to Illi- ©
nois and to other states, among them Kentucky and Missouri. In the ©
fall of 1884 Dr. Baker, witht tie State Veterinarian, ran down the last 7
one, as they thought, and had them destroyed; but two years after they 7
discovered some again, thousands were found affected and destroyed.
The period of incubation, according to their experiments, is a minimum of q
seventeen days, and on the last may be fully developed; then from that up —
to several months, known repeatedly to be two months. Up to ’83 it had
never been enown west of the Allegheny mountains, but before that it —
_had been in the new England States. It is not always fatal; in some ~
herds there may be a mortality of 90 per cent, in others as low as 20 per —
cent, but 60 per cent is about the average. Some authors think itisa ~
non-recurring disease, but Dr. Baker and others in this state found suf- —
ficient proofs that it would recur; he found cases that showed proofs in ~
autopsy that the animal had had the disease before, and recovered; in
fact he found all the different stages of the disease in some cases in the ©
one animal. Dr. Gaskins, a retired Vet. of Philadelphia, believes asdoes ~
‘Dr. Baker; he has come to the conclusion that many of the spontaneous ~
outbreaks in Europe were chronic cases; that is cases that were called re- —
covered ones, but the disease had only broken out afresh in them and was ~
communicated to the rest of the herd. In chronic cases the contents of —
the capsules liquify and get thinner and thinner, and finally rupture the |
capsule and allow the contents to get out and ‘the animal is attacked
afresh with the same disease it had recovered from. In England
they don’t destroy exposed cases, only quarantine them; hence they keep —
the disease among them. There is none of it in this country now, that ~
is known, but it is liable to be imported. Breeding stock has to be quar-~
antined for ninety days, and in Canada before entering. 4

Semeiology.—Is divided into two stages; the first lasts from two to
six weeks; it comes on with an assiduous fever, varying from 102 upwards; ©
usually starts out at a slight elevation of one degree, but may run up to”
107. Among the animals Dr. Baker experimented with, they took the”
temperature every day; at 1o2 the animal was considered sound,
but at 103 affected. As the fever increases the appetite will be™
lost, but in very mild cases they never lose their appetite. There is a
short husky cough. If they are running at large, the affected anima i
will isolate fHemsclves from the rest of the herd, with back arched, droop-
ing head, unthrifty appearance, and staring coat. Rumination and se=
cretion of milk are suspended, but that will happen from any fever; the
breathing presents all the symptoms of sporadic Pleuro-Pneumonia—
nothing diagnostic in it; in a typical case the expiration is performed with”
a grunt; they are constipated, from impaction of the omasum; nose
dry, nostrils dilated, pulse rapid and weak; horns hot at the head and
cold at the tips; oscultation and percussion disclose all the symptoms 0:
the sporadic disease. Prof. McEachran said the left lung was oftene st

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 179

affected where only one was affected, but Dr. Baker and other authors
say oftener in the right lung, and their theory has been proven to be bet-
ter than McHachran’s. During the acute stage the disease is most in-
fectious. ‘The second stage is char acterized by an aggravation of all the
symptoms, marked particularly by the hepatization a the affected lung,
and Hydrothorax in the cavity. The pulse during this time may work
up to 80 or higher, and follows the same rule as in the sporadic disease;
breathing is harder and cough aggravated, and mucous rales are heard in
the bronchial tubes. When Hydrothorax takes place rapidly, as from
twenty-four hours or a little more, there would be no cedemic swellings
or enlargements; but in most all cases you will see cedemic enlargement
outside of the chest. In many of these cases there was only Pleurisy, in
others only Pneumonia. In some of these cases of Hydrothorax the
swelling would reach to the head and neck and down the sides; there is
erinding of the teeth, and towards the last Tympanites (acute) seems to
set in and may be the immediate cause of death. We conclude this
‘Tympanites is degeneration of undigested food. Often there is a foetid
discharge from the nose, and sometimes Diarrhcea; but in most cases
Constipation existed. The absence of diagnostic features during life
throws us back on history of the case; no expert could diagnose a single
_ isolated case; we don’t think there is one single diagnostic symptom, but
the history will usually arouse our suspicions, and autopsy will show the
lesions, so when you see this disease breaking out, as it sometimes does
“in warm weather (without any cause), you will suspect the disease, and
autopsy on one that dies will show you.

Post-Mortem.—On opening the chest we find more or less serum,
though that is not diagnostic of the contagious Pleuro-Pneumonia, as it
is in the sporadic disease. You will usually find adhering to the costal
and pulmonary pleura a coating of coagulated serum, the quantity and
hardness of which depend upon the time the animal was sick; say the
animal was sick four, five or six weeks, you will find the coating is all
the way from a quarter to an inch thick. When it is an inch thick it is

clearly serum coagulated; but when it is quarter of an inch thick, you
will notice it has taken on a considerable amount of organization, which
is mostly coagulated lymph instead of serum; it forms a sort of a false
membrane. ‘This is looked upon as quite an important fact, because the
_ false membrane in the sporadic disease differs from it—it is not so firm,
and the animal does not live so long. In many acute and some chronic
cases, adhesion between the lungs and the ribs will be found to a greater
or less extent; it may also be found in the sporadic case, but is not so ex-
tensive, and is not always found. Inthe contagious form, where in its
acute stage it was mostly Pleurisy and not enough to kill the animal, we
found very extensive adhesion, in some cases the w hole of one side, and
without much Pneumonia being present. In the contagious form there

is often adhesion between the lungs and the diaphragm, while almost
never in the sporadic form. Asarule when you find an adhesion be-
ween the lungs and parts, you will find hepatized Pneumonia in the

_ third stage in the lungs at that point. You will also notice that the in-
_ tercostal spaces are darker red than in the sporadic cases. Lungs may be
larger or smaller, heavier or lighter, according to the amount of Pneu-
monia, but where there is only one lung affected, and in an exceedingly

180 THEORY AND PRACTICE.
severe case, the weight of a single lung, say of a 1100 or 1200 pound ~
cow, would be 50 pounds; that shows the amount of consolidation that
can take place in these cases. Then again the lungs may appear healthy —
when you take them out, but on manipulation you will find little hard
spots. We'll say the animal dies in the acute stage of Pneumonia. In
the third stage there is a complete hepatization; cut this lumg across —
and it is solid, more so than liver; the cut surface is extremely
well mottled. In the sporadic kind it issomewhat mottled in the cow.
This mottled condition is due to extensive exudation of lymph into the
interlobular connective tissues, and forming the yellowish white bands
which are about 54 of an inch wide; this exudate infiltrates into the inter- —
lobular tissues and organizes, say in a case of three weeks. These interlobu-
lar bands in a recent acute case are whitish-yellow, while in an old case, say
of six weeks, the bands show a creamy white—they seem to grow whiter
with age, while the lobules are very dark, some are absolutely black, arid
the color will vary from that to red—the red is from hepatization. This
makes the lung very beautifully mottled. In the other part of the ~
same lung in the second stage you diagnose that by dropsical or
cedemic condition; the swelling pits on pressure, while the hepa-
tization is solid as a brick. Cut this swollen part and you willfind —
it loaded with serum, more so than is ever found in the sporadic
case. It is somewhat cedemic in the second stage of the sporadic —
case; perhaps a little farther in the same lung you may, find it in ©
the first stage, sothat these are some of the conditions you may si in
this contagious disease. ;
This is diagnostic—finding the different stages in the same lung at 9
the same time. When the Pneumonia i 1s limited in extent the termina- —
tion of it is very abrupt, except that a little hyperezemia may extend into ©
the sound tissues, say about 34 of an inch, while in the sporadic case the ~
inflammation fades imperceptibly into the healthy tissue of the lung and ~
is more diffused. In the contagious form the white lines become enor- —
mously thickened both ways, so that the lobules in this case are smaller —
than in the sporadic case—they are encroached upon by the fibrous ~
bands. There is proliferation going on of the interlobular connective ©
tissue and organization of the exudate. You may find the black spots —
among the red, but you don’t find the red among the black. If there is —
not enough Pneumonia to kill the animal, this localizes or is localized
Pneumonia: it will become inclosed in a fibrous capsule; the capsule is —
formed by a localized inflammation, exudation and organization; the ~
capsule is on an average 4 inch thick.. ‘This capsule is peculiarly diag- 4
nostic; it is never seen in the sporadic case, because the abrupt line’so ©
well marked in the contagious is not that way in the sporadic. If more
than 1%3 of the lung is involved i in this capsule it is liable to kill the ani- ~
mal, in theacutestage. Thereisa capsule that forms in Tuberculosis, but ~
no need to mistake it for one of this kind. In Tuberculosis you never
get Pneumonia in any form, consequentiy never get hepatization; but in-—
stead get the caseous matter. In Tuberculosis the capsule has more or
less calcification (calcareous deposit) in it, and never in contagious Pneu-
monia. In contagious Pneumonia the lymph glands throughout the
body are more or less swollen—not so in the sporadic. ‘The contents of
this capsule liquify after a while, sometimes 13, % or % of its contents

3

oP ote.

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. I8I

is liquified in the course of a year. Still you may find complete con-
solidation in the fourth stage, without a particle of liquification after
three years; but in the average case over a year old, the contents of the
capsule begins to liquify. There is no limit to the size of these localiza-
tions of Pneumonia, we often find only one lobule affected. These
spots or places are inclosed in the capsule, and may be from the size of a
hen’s egg to that of a man’s fist.

There is an immunity from the disease rendered by the fever, but
God only knows how long that immunity may last; but we know inocu-
lation does render it so for an indefinite time. In some cases that Dr.
Baker and the state authorities had destroyed, they found capsules that
_ were apparently a year old, and at the time they were killed they had a
fresh attack, which proved that the disease could be taken a second time.
But it must be admitted that inoculation of cattle with the serum of dis-
eased cattle will cause Systemic Fever, and will render the animal free
from danger for a year probably; but immunity has been strongly believed
in in Great Britain, and as a result they still have the disease among
them. They inoculateand don’t destroy recovered cases, as they call
them. The way to inoculate is to kill an acute case. at such a time as
you expect they arein the second stage, that is some portion of the lung;
_ then puncture this lung, get some of the serum from it (a single drop
will do), get hold of the tail you wish to inoculate, part the hair, cut the
skin, and witha stick put a drop in the cut—this will produce Systemic

_ Fever and insure immunity for three or six months anyhow. This will

not produce any lung lesion. this serum is so poisonous that a drop in
any other place in the body will kill, or even if put in atthe base of the
tail; and the tail inoculated will become gangrened and drop off; so if
you see a lot of stub-tailed cattle you will know the cause. The danger
of inoculation is in allowing cattle to go out with a little hepatization as
sound meat; this risks causing an outbreak in some place. ‘That would
be by the contents of the capsule becoming so liquid, and finally the cap-
sule rupture allowing the contents to escape may get into the bronchial
tubes or lungs and cause a fresh attack. This explains spontaneous
outbreaks. A severe case dies; a moderate case that got well, McEachran
said, was useless, though Dr. Baker saw cases that seemed to recover
and were bred after and dropped a calf, and were good milkers and fat-
tened well, and their calves were healthy and strong. This disease is
- not communicable to man or other animals than the bovine; Dr. Baker
said, they handled the serum without the least danger.

,. Treatment.—Is useless; quarantine the herd. Illinois law places
the distance, when outside, at 300 feet between herds, but inside, 1500
would not be enough; good plan to destroy everything that had been
exposed. If the state has no law governing these cases, the U. S. gov-
ernment steps in and takes charge; but where the state has its own law
the U. S. takes a second place in the matter. The meat of a chronic
case where the capsule is small and the animal healthy otherwise, is
allowed to go upon the market; the meat is tagged and when sold, the
money is turned over to the owner; but where an animal is destroyed
and the meat condemned, the owner was paid one third the value of the
animal. ‘The hides were saved, salted, allowed to dry, put in a semi-air
tight box wagon and taken to the tannery. If a herd is quarantined,

182 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

say fon a month, it is well then to inoculate them—that | may save many é
of them. ‘This disease is very infectious, but it will require a living, \
diseased animal to convey the disease to healthy stock; it can’t be given —
by parts of a diseased carcass, as proven by experiments. Dr. Salmon ~
believes it can be got by placing a healthy animal in the place where a ~
case had died from it. So far no germ has been discovered for it. 8
Epizootic APHTH# (Foot and Mouth Disease). —This is an infec-
tious, eruptive fever called Aphthee, because it affects the mouth partic-
ularly. It is a form of contagious pustular Eczema. As we see it, it ~
affects cattle ; but not confined to cattle alond; sheep, pigs, dogs, cats, ¥.
chickens, and rats can have it, and occasionally the human; but it is ~
of no consequence to us except in cattle. It has been in Europe for —
over 2000 years; was introduced into England in 1839, into Canada ~
in 1841, and from there to the United States; but as the number of —
cattle was small, it was soon stamped out. The seat of the disease
is in the mouth, in the dental pad, tongue, or any of the mu- cous
membranes of the mouth; but it seems to require direct inoculation to —
be in any particular part or place. The foot becomes affected in the ~
interdigital spaces; also the udder becomes affected, presumably from the —
hind feet when the cow is lying down. ‘This disease has never been in —
the West, but has been in Maine and Mass., and in Canada one half —
dozen times, but it was always quickly recognized and never allowed to A
spread.
Etiology.—Lies in some Contagium, which seems to exist in the ©
saliva mainly, and also in the feeces and urine; but there has been no ©
germ yet found for it. The period of incubation is from 24 hours ~
to three, four, or six days; the virus is very active. Thedisease usually ~
runs a benign course and terminates favorably, but is sometimes malig- —
nant; in that case there is eruption, ulceration, gangrene—causing ex- —
tensive sloughing; this around the joints sometimes causes opening of
the joint, sometimes sloughing off of the digits, sometimes sloughing at |
the fetlock, or in the joint below.
Semeiology. —This disease is divided into four stages; first, is Fever;
with it will be found staring coat, rigor, elevated temperature, often seen
as high as 107; dullness, nose dry, horns hot, milk diminished, urine | 2
scanty and high colored; all these are ordinary signs of fever, but there
is a special symptom—the mouth is full of saliva. This stage lasts from
twenty-four hours to two days. Second stage is eruption; the feet —
swell, and are hot and painful to the touch; animal is very lame, and ~
where the four feet are affected he goes like a foundered horse. Vesicles |
appear on the dental pad and other mucous membranes in the mouth,
sometimes extending over the face; may be on the vulva, escutcheon, ©
over the udder, etc. As soon as eruption takes place the temperature - ’
falls, comes down as low as 102 or 3; the saliva in this case dribbles from
the mouth, so the animal keeps up a peculiar mopping or sucking sound. ©
The appetite, if lost in the first stage, now returns, but the animal —
grows thin— he is unable to eat because of his sore mout fe
Third stage is Ulceration; the vesicles fill up, rupture aud discharge,
and in a severe case, if the vesicles are close together, they will become
confluent, then do great harm as these confluent ulcers form large open
sores, often very deep, causing gangrene and sloughing, sometimes

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VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 183

sloughing off of the hoofs. Fourth stage is that of Desiccation, when the
- ulcers dry up and heal, usually leaving the animal as well as ever; but
_ this takes a long time, if you get flesh on him. As to the length of time
necessary to keep a herd in quarantine, all agree on at least three months,
and at the outside, to be safe, six months. Prof. McKachran said he had
~ known it to break out after a Winter’s exposure in Scotland, soit is very
difficult to say how long to hold them. The means of transportation of
the disease from one herd to another may be on the attendant’s clothing
or utensils, or by blankets; or rats, dogs, or poultry may carry it from
one herd to another. One redeeming feature of the disease is, that it
requires actual inoculation to produce it; soa healthy animal five or six
feet from a diseased animal may not be affected. ‘The disease is first in
the saliva, then by dripping on the ground the feet become affected; that
is secondarily.

Treatment.—Inoculation is practiced in some countries, particularly
in England; it is simply to have them all affected at the same time and
be treated at the same time, and not have them lingering one at a
time; but it does not lessen the severity of the disease. Treatment
doesn’t affect it much, but keep clean, and use antiseptics on the ulcers;
that may lessen the ulceration and sloughing; use soap and water
also. Salicylic acid or powdered boracic acid, applied dry to the ulcers,
-is good. Borax, glycerine, and honey make a good wash for the
- mouth. Iftheulcers are indolent, touch up with lunar caustic, or
_ tinct. of iron; feed sloppy food, and disinfect everything connected with
the place. After the disease has disappeared keep the animal in quaran-
tine several months. Some say it renders them safe from another at-

tack; it may for a good while, a few months, or a year, and after that
they are liable to a new attack,
The mortality is small, but the loss is heavy—in dairy, from loss of
- milk; in feeding-cattle, from loss of flesh, and inpregnant animals, from
Abortion. To prove a doubtful case, as to its being this disease, draw
a wisp of straw through the mouth of a diseased animal, then through
the mouth of a healthy one, and inthe course of 24 hours it will show
proof. In an outbreak in Kansas supposed to be this disease, the strong
_ features of it were that a lot of cattle were affected witha disease of the
_ mouth and feet; there were vesicles and ulcerations, feet got sore,
_ and in many cases there was extensive sloughing and consequent loss
_ of hoofs; but statistics proved that often one third of a herd was affected,
_ the others not affected; poultry did not get it, adjoining herds were not
_ affected, and the strong ones only had it, or at least in a severe way,
compared to the weak or puny. It was proved to be Ergotism, from
feeding on hay that contained ergot, and the strong ones fought the
weaker ones to the edges of the place where they fed, and so these got less
toeat. This hay was made on bottom lands. At the same time there were
cases of Ergotism in Illinois, aggravated also by the wet, freezing mud
the animals had to stand in. A new cattle disease sprang up in the State
of Illinois a few years ago, suspected to be a Foot and Mouth disease.
Dr. Casewell, State Veterinarian, Dr. Williams, of Bloomington, and
Dr. Baker were appointed by the Live Stock Board to investigate, and
they concluded it was a disease due to some poisoning they got while on
pasture, from the hay or grass they hadeaten. ‘They had many of the

- of incubation to be from eight to twelve days. Dr. Salmon says that —

184 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

symptoms common to the Foot and Mouth disease, and on autopsy they —
found the internal organs—as colon, duodenum, etc., very much cauter-
ized in patches, and also the stomach. The outer part of the udder —
would be affected in such a way, showing that it was from contact with
the ground while lying down. McEachrans lotion for Foot and Mouth
disease is sulphate zinc, alum, glycerine and a little carbolic acid; but
don’t use carbolic acid on the udder.

TEXAS FEVER, or SPLENIC FEVER.—This is indigenous to the states, —
and particularly counties bordering on the gulf of Mexico; all that low
country is affected with it all the time. There are certain lines that may
be drawn abruptly; as it recedes back from the Gulf, might say at the ©
foot hills. We find on examination that it is an infectious fever, peculiar
to cattle. It can be communicated to Northern cattle by Texas cattle
being brought Northduring the summer months, and by cattle passing over
the same ground that Texas cattle had passed over. It is sometimes
started among cattle in this state by buyers getting a Texas animal among
the stock they buy, and not being aware of the Texas steer among —
them. The period of incubation is from eight to sixty-four days. We
find the source of communication to bein the lines of commerce; the
Northern cattle get it if they go wherever the Texan has been—in cars,
boats, stock pens, pastures, etc. Sucking calves have been noticed to ~
have immunity from the disease, so the milk must not be affected; Dr.
Baker thinks they do have it, but probably in a very mild form. Dr. —
Billings claimed to be the first discoverer of its origin being in the tick, and ~
though Dr. Salmon says to the contrary, proof is in favorof Dr. Billings.
You can get the full report of the disease in the Government Report
Bulletin number one. Dr. Salmon claims that the tick is the only means ~
of communication; heretofore it was supposed that the saliva dripping —
from the mouth of the Texas cattle fell on the grass, and that the north- —
ern cattle became affected by eating it. Old stockmen said it came from ©
eating green fodder, but Dr. Baker, with Dr. Casewell, proved that —
cattle that came in contact with Texas cattle, or the place where they had ~
been, took the fever; and in their experiments they found the period —

by inoculation it will develop i in six days, and from that time up. We
found in the outbreak in this state that some would run sixty-four days, ©
and made thirty-one days as about the correct average, as fully nine-—
tenths of them took it between twenty-eight and thirty-five days. The
name of the tick is Boopuiius Bovis; it is a blood-sucker, and lives by “4
piercing the skin and sucking the blood, and it becomes thoroughly in-
fected with the disease—even its feces and ova become infected; then
the female drops to the ground, lays her eggs and hatches out young:
ticks, and as the cattle lie down they get on ‘them, or the feeces on the
ground from them may affect the cattle. As an argument about the tick
being the only means of communicating it—the tick is affected, hence
the blood is affected, the faeces is affected if the tick gets into it so the
animal must have its blood affected, and why not the faeces of the bovine, ©
the urine also, for that is always bloody, that is in the acute cases; so fro nm
this I hardly think Dr. Salmon is right in saying the tick is the only
way it can De communicated. It has been found on investigation Be

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 185

stroys them. The corpuscles when invaded by the germ show little

black spots seen under the microscope; it may bein the center, or any
other part of the corpuscle, and there may be two or three of these spots
in the same corpuscle.

Semeiology.—There is nothing very peculiar about it; there is high
fever, anywhere from 104 to 110, but where we found it 110 the animal

was exposed to the hot sun without any shelter; they are dull, the ears.

droop, the back is arched, and the feet drawn close together, cough more
or less, but not cay ly- there is trembling of the aaiadles of the
flanks, sometimes of the neck and shoulders; horns hot at the base, cold

-at the ends, appetite and rumination completely suspended, emaciation

and weakness come on rapidly—if in pasture will lie down in the water;
feeces lessened in quantity and often streaked with blood or covered with

slime, urine often nearly suspended, and what is passed isa very dark |

red; it contains albumen and the coloring matter of the blood, but not
blood. The mucous membranes become congested and dark, and towards
the last become a yellowish brown, finally animal gets weaker and weak-

r, goes down and can’t get up, and when down he dies, being in con-
vulsions five or ten hours; they die in from four to fourteen days, mostly
on the fifth. The mortality is very heavy; in the ordinary cases the
mortality would be sixty per cent.

Treatment.—Like other specific diseases, treatment is merely to-
wards amelioration; the only way a specific fever can be cured is by its
being limited and the poison dying out. If the Ptomaines that kill the germ
are limited, the case will be mild and chances for recovery good. If large
and severe the animal will die. In this fever antiseptic drenches are use-
ful, such as a solution of hyposulphite soda or sulphite calcium, and as
demulcent, for the kidneys give linseed tea; give green food, especially
green corn; it has been found that more cases recover when turned into a
field of green corn than otherwise. Watch the symptoms, and if needed
give stimulants.

Preventive Measures.—Separate the healthy from the diseased ones,

don’t take a Texas steer with them, leave him with the others; you can

often tell them by their coats when not by the horns. Texas cattle
should not be allowed North between frosts, that is during the Summer
months. Frost destroys the germs or Contagium, so there is then no

danger, that is of infection; in the Summer time it is liable to break out
any place along the trunk lines carrying the Texas cattle, by the dung

4

‘4 being kicked out of the cars while passing and the germs getting on
the grass. ‘Texas cattle now have their own place in the stock- yards,

_where no other cattle are placed; they are never mixed, and they must be
carried there direct by the railroads before getting out of the cars.

Post-Mortem.—Is quite characteristic, no danger of making a mis-
take. On opening the abdomen the mucous membrane is studded with

cachexia, little red spots about the size of a pin head; in this it may dif-

fer from Ecchy mosis; these little spots sometimes become confluent and
form Ecchymosis. You will find the spleen immensely enlarged—from
four to ten times its usual size. Its normal weight is about 1 u tbs., but
in this disease it sometimes weighs from 6 to 10 “ibs.—this is invariable:
it may be seen in Anthrax also; it is easily punctured and broken down,
liver is enlarged and softened, kidneys enlarged, congested, and ina state

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186 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

of interstitial Nephritis; omasum is always impacted, abomasum and dtio= |
denum is always more or less inflamed; gall bladder is distended with a
thick gall, urine in the bladder looks black, as if bloody, but this is due
to the ] pigment of the blood. There is more or less Enteritis all through ~
the small intestines; the adipose tissue, especially around the kidneys, is
a reddish yellow; blood is dark and thin. Any one of these symptoms
would not be enough, but they are nearly all present always, and the ©
strong features are the enlarged spleen, Nephritis, and bloody urine; they
others go to corroborate it as ; Texas Fever.

VARIOLA. —According to the genii to which it belongs, it is named
EQUINIA, VACCINIA, and OvINIA, and in the human, SMALLPOX; there is
the Chicken-Pox also, which is communicable to the human. All kinds ©
of Variola are related—all are of the same nature. They are all infec-
tious, eruptive fevers. The Contagium is both fixed and volatile, either
floating in the air or by actual contact. The germ is a Micrococcus, except ~
in the Variola of the sheep, which is a Bacilla. The Variola of one genii
is communicable to animals of another kind by inoculation, also more or —
less through the air—the Smallpox of the human particularly. The Va-—
riola of the lower animals seems to require actual contact is order to com- —
municate it; yet Cowpox is recognized as being communicable through ~
the air also. One attack of any of the Variola, except the Chicken-Pox, —
will render the animal exempt from another attack; and even Chicken- ©
Pox may to acertain degree. It is through this phenomenon that vac- ~
cination is practiced; its value was first discovered by Dr. Jenner in Eng- —
land in 1775, by noticing that milkmaids during an epidemic of Smallpox ~
were free from the disease, and on inquiry he learned they had had attacks —
of Cowpox while milking. Civilized countries have practiced it more or less"
since then, and the more civilized ones have laws that make it compulsory —
to be vaccinated. It was said by some authors that this disease orig- —
inated in the Grease Heel of the horse, but this has been proven as ab-
surd. In mild climates Variola runs a mild course, except that of the ~
sheep, which is nearly as severe as that of the human Smallpox, but we
have never seen it in this country. Variola runs a definite course; first,
is Simple; second, is Vesicular; third, is Pustular; fourth, Scab. In cattled
it usually appears on the teats, udder, sides of the belly, escutcheon, vulva, @
and on the flanks. In the horse, usually on the head, face, lips, neck ~
and legs. The Sromariris PustuLosa that Williams describes, we
have no doubt is Variola of the Equine. Sheep usually have it on the
inside of the thigh, vagina, and anus, and it is the same in the cow. :

Human Smallpox : seems to attack the face particularly, though it ©
attacks the body also—there is no part exempt. In hot climates the Va-
riola of the sheep is very malignant, but the Variola of other animals is—
very benign. The three degrees of severity in the human are: Small-~
pox, the light Varioloid; then the every-day Smallpox, and the Hemor-
rhagica or Black Pox, in which the blood settles in patches under the
skin; this is fatal ninety-nine times out of a hundred. The Varioloid is
very mild. The Sheep-Pox often takes this Hemorrhagic form, and is usu-—
ally seen in hot climates. The horse Variola is more severe the farther
north it goes. It seems that Smallpox oftenest attacks those filthy in
habits or places, and seldom affects those who bathe regularly and keep
their clothes and themselves clean. It is supposed Variola originated with

*

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 187

one animal and was communicated to others, and took the form common

to each specie. If there iseanything in it, I would think it arose with

the cow. It seems to arise spontaneously, especially in cattle, but as its
origin is a germ, it could not be spontaneous; itis absurdto say that any
specific disease due to a germ can arise spontaneously. In many cases
Variola from the Chicken-Pox to the Smallpox of the human takes an
epidemic or epizootic form, and in some particular seasons; why, is not
known, but some, Dr. Baker particularly, think it due to some meteoro-
logical disturbance.

Semeiology.—Variola of the cow, as a typical.illustration, is a sim-
ple one that arises.on the base of the teat; first arises as a little red pimple,
and around this pimple for a day there is more or less swelling, may be
_ anywhere from one half to one inch in diameter, about an average of

three fourths of aninch. It is usually round onthe udder, belly and
other parts, except on the teat, where it is oblong parallel with the teat;
it is purple and of the size of apea. In the course of three or four days
_ the swelling at the base gets large, and in the center of the pimple a ves-
_ icle forms and fills with a clear limpid fluid; this vesicular stage lasts a
_ couple of days, possibly three, but after about twenty-four hours the fluid
in the vesicle gets turbid, becomes thick, and turns to pus; this constitutes
the pustular stage. Where the vesicle is not ruptured by any violence it
turns to a pustule in from forty-eight to sixty hours, then it ruptures
of itself and the pus escapes; other times it dries down and forms a scab
without any pus escaping. ‘The last five or six days of the pustular
stage, with the three or four first days, make about nine or eleven days,
_then you have a more or less heavy scab according to the severity of the
_ case—the milder the more thin it is and smaller. This scab drops off
any time between fourteen and twenty-one days, and each scab leaves a
shallow, smooth, oval pit, sometimes it is round. It is quite red in
- color at first, then this color gradually bleaches out, so that a person
after recovery from Sinallpox often remains a bright red color for months.
‘The base of the pimple in the disease is first red, then gets yellowish as
the disease progresses. Cows very frequently have this disease, and it
is carried from one to another by milking during the vesicular form; the
vesicle is ruptured and the fluid flows over the hand, and the milker is
inoculated.
ie The period of incubation of all kinds of Variola is from seven to
fine days, usually nine, but by inoculation may be as short as three
days. It is during the vesicular stage of Varioloid vaccine that the ivory
points are charged; the fluid in the vesicle being limpid for twenty-four
- hours, after that time has passed it is not safe to use for the contents be-
come turbid, then turn to pus, and is lable to cause blood poisoning; so
the points should never be dipped after twenty-four hours have passed from
the time of the formation of the vesicle. The way itis done is to take a six
or nine months’-old calf, inoculate it in four or five different places, then
as soon as the vesicles form, tap them and dip in the points. As the
fluid becomes turbid it seems to be absorbed, the vesicle caves in, the
skin rots and pustules form, and then the scab forms.
The symptoms in the horse are nearly the same as in the cow, except
_ that the pimples, vesicles, and pits are smaller, but it runs the same
_ course and terminates the same way. It may be carried to them by

» (ee ae

188 THEORY AND PRACTICE. Dea.

and it spreads rapidly; ‘usually you can set, under the lip and in “the
mouth, a large crop of vesicles. In the human it doesn’t differ at all fron m
Cowpox. There is more or less fever in all Variola, considerable 1 in
many cases. In the first stage in the horse the fever may be 103 or
104; in cattle not so much. In the human the fever subsides as the
eruption takes place. This eruption itches very much usually. In
Smallpox they aim to keep the patient cool, as that relieves the itching i
there is less tearing off of the scabs then, and less pitting. :

Treatment. —Being specific, it has a specific course to run, and the t
‘course is invariable through the four stages or degrees; but treatment to
lessen the irritation is proper, so cooling antiseptic lotions are the thin; x.
Black Smallpox is not susceptible to treatment; ninety-nine out of a
hundred die. In cows the only treatment needed where the teats are
sore and can’t be milked, draw off the milk with a milk syphon, then use
petrolatum or acetate lead; or the best thing is a preparation called
Campho Phenique; it is a regular preparation in the U. S. P., and is an
elegant remedy, both anodyne and antiseptic. It may be applied clear
once aday. In very bad case on the cow’s bag and teats, bathe with
warm water; in horses, to lessen the local inflammation, wash out the
mouth with borax, or camphor and honey, or chlorate potash, or boracic
or salicylic acid. To prevent its spread, isolate the animal, keep every=
thing separate for him; make attendant wash before going to another ani-
mal, and clean stalls with boiling water and a little carbolic acid. In Sheep-
Pox, follow the same rule asin the others. In severe cases the eyes 2
sometimes burst, and blindness follows; the wool drops out, skin gets
thick, and fissures break in it. If they recover, the wool never grov S
again in the pits. The benign case is the same as in other animals, but
the wool will not grow in these pits either. Ovination is practiced ‘in
some parts of Europe instead of vaccination, but that being a Bacillus, it
is not desirable.

RABIES (from Rabio, I rave, ) in the Lower Animals; in the Hamaal
It Is HypROPHOBIA (which means a dread of water).—This term seems
appropriate to the disease in the human, because the sight, and more
particularly the sound, of running water seems to excite or aggravate the
symptoms very much. ‘This is not soin the lower animals, but it is a
well-known fact that Rabies in the lower animals and Hydrophobia im
the human are identical. Rabies is a peculiar specific disease, producing
an excessively nervous condition; it is contagious by inoculation only.
This inoculation usually takes place through a wound or an abrasion, but
it may occur by absorption from the cuticle, or from the mucous miemi-
branes. It was formerly supposed to arise spontaneously, especially
in the dog or cat; it was supposed also to have originated in these species;
but although so far no germ has been discovered, it is known to be a
specific disease, and the idea of its arising spontaneously has been aban-
doned. It is very common among the canine and feline races; we know
it is common in foxes and wolves, also among lions and tigers. It has
been known from the earliest writings, and in some of the older countries
it has existed at times as an Epizootic. 7

Etiology.—Though no germ has been discovered as yet, it is known
to be specific, especially as inoculation produces it, and with it a spe ific

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 189

fever. It is usually the result of the bite of a rabid animal, usually of a
dog or cat, and is communicable to other animals, both man and beast.
‘The bite produces the wound, andthe saliva is introduced into it at the
‘same time, and whatever germ it is, the saliva is heavily charged with it,
‘or with the poison. This has been proven by the fact that a person
bitten through the clothing never suffers from Hydrophobia, as the saliva
is wiped off the teeth, while it is common where bitten on the bare flesh.
Scientists all say it is in the saliva. We may say that the bite of all
animals is poisonous, becatise the mouth at all times is filled with hun-
dreds of different germs; this is especially true of carnivorous animals,
for they eat dead bodies that are filled with germs. We have noticed
that dogs that are kept chained often get symptoms of Rabies and have
‘to be destroyed, but I do:not remember a case where Hydrophobia
occurred from the bite of a chained dog. It is wrong to keep dogs tied
up; I think it makes them cross. I never fear a loose dog, no matter
how big or cross he may appear, but I fairly dread going near a dog that
‘has been chained up till he is savage, for fear he will get loose some way.
‘It has been a common opinion that during the months of June, July, and
August is the time when Rabies is most common, because of the scarcity
f water; that is why they are muzzled during dog days. ‘That is another
“shame; it has been found that kicks and blows, hunger, thirst, or heat
ste., do not cause Rabies.
_ ‘To upset the old theory of dog days, Rabies is most prevalent in the
Spring, next in Winter, next in the Summer, and least inthe Fall. The
‘bite of any rabid person or animal will produce it; and when once the
disease has developed it is always fatal, either in man or beast. It is
estimated that only 1 in 5 bitten by a rabid animal gets Rabies; probably
because they are bitten through the clothing. ‘The period of incubation
“is very indefinite; it may be as short as 3 days in the human, and from
that any time thereafter; some medical men say from 9 months, or even
as long as 10 years—there is no limit known. I found in most cases
“where a horse was bitten that it ran about 33 days,.and the shortest time
ever known in a dog was 7 days. -About a general average of the time
in the dog - the shortest, 7 days, longest, 155 days; man—shortest, 3 days,
longest, 9 months; horse—shortest, 15 days, longest, 3 months; sheep—
“shortest, 14 days, longest, 3 months; pig—shortest, 8 days, longest, 9
“months;—with a general average for all of from 30 to 35 days.
sr Semeiology.— In the dog, about the first thing you will notice is a
“peculiar, timid, frightened condition; will growl, run and hide in the
dark, and it is difficult to get him out; he comes out and crouches down
near you as if in fear of something, sometimes will jump up and run
away yelping. It is thought they never sleep, are restless, and look as
if going into a fit; anxious expression of the countenance; at night
when alone they will howl, not the kind of a howl that is common to
_ dogs that howl at the moon, etc., but a hoarse, lonesome, unnatural tone.
About the second day he will be inclined to howl this way in the daytime,
_ even when with his master, starts off howling, gets more nervous, and excess-
ively thirsty; he will lay two thirds of -his time in the water, tries to
_ drink, but now his tongue will not curl so he can throw the water back
into the mouth. In the latter part of the second stage he can’t pick up
anything but solids—can’t swallow. On the third day there is complete

| 190 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

Paralysis of the organs of deglutition; mouth always partly open, ton
lolling out; sometimes during this time a large amount of saliva drips
from the mouth in ropy strings; occasionally a little froth at the corners
of the mouth but not much; there is much more in an Epileptic fit, which.
is often mistaken for Rabies, but is harmless. Up to this time the animal
has had adepraved appetite, is nervous and delirious, will eat anything—
licks stones, etc. After the third day he can’t eat, so will keep up a
constant enawing at anything; and the more delirious he becomes the
more he will gnaw—often makes the mouth sore, and bites pieces out of |
it; if he can’t get anything else he will even gnaw his own feet. He gets
weaker and weaker, and now in the fourth stage is nearly insensible, but
wants to be in motion all the time, lays down, gets up, and walks till
tired out—that is why they say a mad dog rambles over the country;
some say he goes in a straight line and won’t turn aside, but will bite
whatever comes in the way, and will sometimes chase animals. On the
fourth day nervous Paroxysms occur, but not Epileptic fits; they come
on oftener, and usually the animal dies on the fifth day. During the
latter part of the fourth day the throat becomes much congested and dark
in color. A rabid dog never vomits. Then there is a sort of Rabies”
called the Dumb Rabies, in which the throat is paralyzed; this takes
place during the early part of the disease; they can’t howl. Death in”
some of these cases may not take place till the eighth day, though I
never saw one run over five days. ‘The idea that a rabid dog foams at
the mouth is erroneous. In the horse there are some peculiarities, the
first thing you notice (say he was bitten) is that the wound seems to get”
itchy; he will bite at it, or try to rub against something, and acts as if
there was something there he was trying to bite off; it gets so bad that on
the third day he will even bite the flesh off the leg. iT have seen a case
where the horse was insensible, but at times would start up and bite at
the wound. Otherwise the symptoms are the same as in the dog. The
horse is never still, but on the move all the time; if a person or another
animal goes near he will look surprised, then make a dive at them, mouth
open. He will also slobber in the water, finally goes down, becomes
comatose, and dies in Convulsions, usually the night of the fourth, or on
the fifth day. In other animals the symptoms are about the same as in
the dog. 4
Treatment.—It is well to give the owner and the public the benefit”
of any doubt you have, and then have the animal confined; best to put
the dog in a box stall or large box, and see that the horse has a neck-
strap strong enough to hang ‘him by. Curative treatment is entirely use-
less after the development of the disease, but in case of a bite, if you get
hold of the case early, (say within an hour, for if there is free bleeding the
germ can’t be absorbed as the flow of blood outward prevents ne
make a free application of some liquid antiseptic deeply into the wound;
but if longer than an hour, remember the absorbents are at work and the
poison is in the uninjured vessels, so the best thing is to cut a piece of the
flesh right out around the part, making a new wound, and then soaking
freely with liquid antiseptic, and soaking absorbent cotton and apply 5
deeply so it will go to every part of the wound. Don’t use caustics as
cauterization used to be practiced; that is now condemned as it doesn’t
affect deeply enough, and forms an eschar under which the poison |

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. IgI

ork without any outside interference. Any good antiseptic will do.

Dr. Lagorio, who has the Pasteur Treatment i in Chicago, uses creo-
line: he keeps the wound soaking in it, using antiseptic cotton. The
“next thing is the Pasteur preventative treatment. This is on the theory

of inoculation, but in so mild a form as to produce a specific fever in a
very mild form; this insures the animal or person immunity from the
disease. He takes the brain of a rabid dog, makes an emulsion and then
inoculates a rabbit; then from that rabbit he inoculates a second one, from

that one another rabbit, and so on down to the fiftieth rabbit, when it is
said the effect does not differ after that. When a person is bitten he is
inoculated over the abdominal cavity twice a day for three or four days,

with the weakest virus, and after that for three or four days with a
stronger virus, then once a day with a still stronger virus for four or five

days, and so on for about two weeks. But if the disease has developed

nothing will save the person. We are believers in the Pasteur Treatment.

As arule, dogs with Rabies do not vomit. In some cases of Indigestion

dogs get cross and snappish, but there is no fever, as is always present in

Rabies; there is no Paralysis of the throat, as in Rabies. If a person is
bitten by a dog, do not killthe animal, that is wrong; confine him, and

if he has Rabics he will die in a few days: Lh Ot, whee you can judge if

the animal was affected with the disease or something else, and you will
know what to tell the physician in order that he may know how to treat
‘the wound—as a simple wound, or as a preventative against the disease.

_ In 1892 Fizzoni and Schwartz Jisanweeed that qntitoxin, that is from the

blood serum of an immuned animal (rabbit), gotten so by the Pasteur

‘inoculation, was a preventative to the disease, either in a test tube or in

the body of inoculated animals. ‘The emulsion must be made from nerve

-substances—the brain or the base of it.

GLANDERS AND FAarcy.—These undoubtedly had their origin in the
equine race, and from that it is communicable to man, sheep, goat, dog
and cat; but cattle, pigs and poultry, have animmunity from it. It is

always fatal in all animals, and in man as well. In the human it almost
invariably runs the acute course and terminates fatally in from ten to
twenty-two days, with a usual average of thirteen days. In the horse it

Tuns both the acute and the chronic. It seems in many cases to arise

“spontaneously, that is we can’t place the origin of it. There are two

forms of these diseases, or two manifestations of the same blood poison-

ng—the virus is the same, only there is a difference in the local mani-
festations. Glanders affects the Schneiderian and mucous membranes of
the throat, larynx, and trachea; while Farcy attacks the lymphatic glands
and ducts, and in different parts of the body. ‘They both run either an
acute or chronic form; acute usually terminates fatally in from four to

‘six weeks. Acute Farcy runs into Glanders in the course of a few
weeks, usually the acute form. Chronic Glanders may exist for years
and the animal apparently be healthy and feeding good, and in good flesh,

vigorous, and able for work. It depends upon the climate how long it

Imay run without manifesting itself; in this climate it is about three or
four years, then the horse begins to yield; it takes on a more active form,

becomes acute, and the animal soon dies; but in high altitudes it runs

longer, as in some of the more northern parts; ii may fan five or ‘six
eats, but even up there they will usually show it in five years or less.

192 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

This disease is of antiquated origin; the earliest writers have referre
it inadvertently—it was spoken of in Aristotle’s works. In 1618 <
Frenchman wrote a long article on it, but in 1840 another Frenchman
described it more fully as lesions of the mucous membrane, and prescribe d
injections for treatment. Since then it has received a great deal of
attention. It seems to be adisease of the Temperate zone, as it is alnioss
unknown in either the Torrid or Frigid zones. q
Etiology.—Old authors believed it often arose spontaneenaaa and
old army men will tell you the same thing—that it occtirred during the
Civil War, especially in Tennessee and Louisiana. It seems to break
out spontaneously on shipboard sometimes, especially during storms, and
in the acute form; but asit isdue toa specific germ, it can’t be spontaneous,
and the case that arose under these circumstances must have been lying
latent, and the circumstances were favorable for the disease to make
itself manifest—as crowding, which will cause disease to break out among
animals; if any disease is lying dormant this will cause it to show itself.
The poison of Glanders seems to be in the discharge from the nose or
other purulent discharges from the body; but as the virus is of heavy
specific gravity it doesn’t float in the air; we believe it requires actual in-
oculation, and this is very fortunate in view of the fact that it is invaria-—
bly fatal. The active principle of the Contagium was discovered by
Loffler and Schultz of the German Board of Health in 1882. The germ
is a Bacillus, and they say it resembles the Bacilli of Tuberculosis, except
that methyl blue will color it. Some say it exists in the system in very
limited numbers, that making it very hard to find; and also that there is
a Micrococcus init very plentiful, but that it is inoculate, that is the poison
is all in the Bacillus. Before the discovery of the germ the disease wa
classed as a granuloma disease. .
Semeiology .—Very often the acute form of Glanders and Farcy is is
preceded by Diabetes Insipidus. In all probability if the temperature
were taken every day from the start, it would be found that its rise was
first from 103 to 104 or 4%, then comes on the Diabetes Insipidus, which’
is quite prominent for three or four days. The next symptom is the
limpid reddish discharge from the nose, and this is so thin that it drops”
from the nose like water, sometimes from one, sometimes from both nos-
trils. If you feel of this discharge it feels sticky, not so much in the
first stage, but it seem to grow more so in two or three days—more glu-
tinous. It sticks around the nostrils, and dirt and sticks adhere to it,
making a dirty looking sight. In from two or four days the discharge
Hecumes lighter in ES lorantats colored, or much like melted butter.
While this is going on the submaxillary glands (lymphatics) swell: this
“is almost invariable, and while swelling, are sore to the touch, and asa
rule do not suppurate. Some Vets. say if there is suppuration it is not
Glanders, but there is no reason why. You can’t go very much eithe or
way on this. In Farcy the rest of the lymphatics of the body do sup-
purate, so there is no reason why the submaxillary should not al; a
During this time in some cases there is more or less Osteoporosis going
on, sometimes to such an extent that you may suppose the horse is
developing Big Head; so you must be careful in your diagnosis. B?
You may find a peculiar rheumatic lameness in the earlier stage of
acute Glanders—in the hind quarters, or loins and other places; many of

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 193

ese things exist in the first stage of Glanders. The pulse becomes
ecelerated, may be fifty-five, the temperature also increased—103 or 104.
f the case is brought to you in this condition you can’t tell just how it
“is; you may suspect Glanders, so it is best to watch it closely till it mani-
fests itself. The discharge from the nose grows thicker and has more
_ mucous with it, and becomes a muco- purulent discharge, so you can’t
mistake very well in the color, because it comes from inflammation and
- uleeration, and if it could now be separated, the early discharge would
be buttter-colored; as a rule the discharge is a whitish-yellow; it
differs from a catarrhal discharge in that respect. It is often quite
_ profuse; often it is quite or nearly colorless, but glutinous. The animal
frequently sneezes or blows his nose, so that the. stall will be smeared
with this discharge, and filthy all around him; he does this because the
pers is irritating. Heis inclined to rub his nose against anything, and
shakes his head often; it is often due to this rubbing against posts and
» watering troughs that other horses get the disease. I never tie my horse
q to a wagon wheel or to a post for this reason, but alwayscarry a weight,
also keep head checked up. As the disease progresses the pustules in “the
‘Schneiderian membrane rupture and the discharge is purulent and some-
‘times streaked with blood. ‘The pustules have raised, indurated edges and
/ are depressed in the centers—resembling the soft Chancre in the human.
) As these ulcers rupture, blood vessels are also ruptured, so the blood that is
Seen in the discharge is almost constantly present in the last stage of the
‘disease. While this is going on emaciation is taking place “rapidly: ;
often a cough accompanies the disease; the appetite usually remains good;
/as it runs on to a fatal termination the animal pines to skin and bones:
legs swell, he staggers, nose is a mass of eruptions, and the discharge

fe

epjects fe oy offeusive—stinks; then till death he is a stinking, loathsome

4

From be tine of Glanders up to necrosis of bones, discharge is odorless;
. after necrosis of turbinated bones has taken place, it is very offensive.
In acute Farcy little Abscesses occur on different paar of the body;

Biers break out. These Noe Baan we more often seen on the
pec a the fet or arm, but not always; I have seen them attack the

ere is no discharge ke the nose. In acute case of sas Gland-
srs may develop in from two to six weeks, so the horse never dies from
_ acute Farcy without running into Glanders, when he dies the usual way.
_ A particular symptom in Glanders is, that as the disease develops the
‘inflammation causes swelling of the mucous membrane, and the calibre
of the passages is so diminished that it produces a sort of a snoring sound,
nd more or less labored breathing. This helps much in diagnosis.
Chronic form of Glanders often has a continuous but slight discharge:
from the nose,—nosé is always dirty; animal keeps in good health, but
here will invariably be a peculiar enlargement of the submaxillary lym-

Quik iia ‘h qe: eS ed Hib bia bi fe

iy ba ‘i di ty bata i ies } ) ‘i Pb)

it Hi vanatanis ie a hie a

} ] 194 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

phatics; it is lumpy, while that in the acute is smooth; the nodules a are
hard, but not sore; in the acute they are sore to the touch. In most
cases after chronic Glanders, sub-acute Farcy will usually develop; it
may be that one hind leg will swell, etc., often producing chronic Big P
Leg, and this can be diagnosed from Big Legs from other causes by |
having scars, for when the ulcers heal they leave cicatrices. Hair never ~
grows in these cicatrices. Mild cases of chronic Farcy from exposure to
storms, starvation, etc., may break out in acute Glanders in time, and
may run on for years, carrying the disease wherever they go. I think
either form of this disease may occur for a long time, but before death -
they both must be present. Farcy never terminates without Glanders.
The period of incubation is indefinite. It is supposed it may be as short
as twenty-four hours, or may be indefinitely delayed, even for years; but —
the usual average is about a month. ‘The vitality of the germ is very
great, probably - no other specific germ has such vitality; it will remain —
alive if dry, for years, but freezing will kill it if it be in the wet. The
meat of a glandered animal is very poisonous; will produce the disease
i in dogs, lions, etc., that may eat it. a
‘Treatment. —Therapeutical treatment is no good, but there are

ee doubtful cases; may give general tonics to such, till you are cer-

tain of the disease. Glandered animals are always destroyed; there is no

use in trying to save blankets, harness, etc.; burn all and thoroughly

clean the stable, tearing out the stall he used; burn sulphur in the stable, —

then whitewash. Quarantine exposed animals for ninety days. Illinois |

law pays one-third of the value of a sound horse for every glandered”

animal destroyed; where an exposed one is killed, two-thirds of the value

is paid. Through Dr. Baker's efforts the law permits a quarantined

animal to be worked in a safe way, with the understanding that the

horse must be examined once a week at the expense of the owner. |
Punishment for breaking the law is fine or jail, or both. When examin~

ing a horse for Glanders never approach him from the front, but either

from the rear or from the side; be careful not to allow him to sneeze in)

your face. ‘There are a number of cases on record of persons dying from

this disease, even nurses that had their patients sneeze in their faces.

Hold the horse firmly by the halter while examining, and after examin-

ing wash your hands well with soap and water with a little antiseptic in

it. To decide a doubtful case, get Mallein from the experiment station:

in your state; it is a culture made from the Bacilli Mallei, and an album-

inose made. Inject one cubic centimetre, about fifteen drops, under

the skin of broadside of neck; take temperature two or three times for

two or three days before injecting, then three or four times after for
forty-eight hours—say every four hours. Make injection at night; take
temperature next morning. If they have Glanders the temperature wi ’

run up to 104, 105, 106, “and often never returns to normal again, bur

causes the disease to develop. In other cases it may lessen ina few

days; there will be suppurating and swelling at the point of inoculation, if

the horse has the disease. If no Glanders, this will not be the case, but

the temperature may run up one or two. The Tumor will be from three

to five inches in diameter, with suppuration in the center. i}

Post Mortem.—We find ulcers in the throat, larynx, trachea,

bronchial tubes, sometimes pharynx, and in the chest; interstitial Pne 1-

DAL Ee

Ray

Me

Cae Aula Sis Ces en RR RGR

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 195

“amonia in many cases; lymphatics in other parts of the body will be
enlarged. Mules and asses seem to have the disease more acute than
_ horses.

; STRANGLES, Familiarly known as Horse DiIsteMPER.—This is a
pyogenic, infectious fever peculiar to the horse; there is nothing like it in
other animals. It is attended by the formation of Abscesses in every
case. Itis usually seen in the form of a colt disease, especially in the
country, but in the city we see it in all ages. Colts mostly get it when
two or three years old, and one attack of this disease renders immunity
from another attack, asarule, but there are exceptions to this. It is
considered actively infectious. If introduced into a herd of horses it will
tun through it. Ifina stable in the city, it will soon attack a dozen or
more of them; say two or a dozen out of fifty. It runs a definite course
every time; first, fever; second, formation of the Abscess and pus; third,
Tupture and discharge, and if they don’t die in the fourth, they recover.
Some say that it is not a specific or infectious disease; because it does
not always produce the disease by inoculation, but in every other respect

it is specific, and a few failures do not prove that it is not specific. ‘The
period of incubation is from one to two weeks.

Etiology.—We believe it is a specific disease, but that the germ has
not yet been found. We find that during the cold storms of Fall and

Spring, colts are most apt to have it.

Semeiology.—lIt may occur at any time of the year; it begins with
a high fever, pulse rapid and soft, gets weaker in the course of two or
Ethie days; mouth is hot and dry in the first stage; in the second it is full
of ropy saliva; a very sore throat develops, filling up on the inside as well
as swelling on the outside, which makes it very difficult to swallow.
there ; is a . troublesome, painful cough-sand considerable Dyspncea, some-

times so bad as to require the insertion of a tracheotomy tube; this is
particularly so when having fits of coughing, after the fitis over. The
_Abscesses usually form in the submaxillary space, may be in the throat,
or the guttural pouch, or may affect the lymphatic glands. Usually one
/or two Abscesses form, or there may be a dozen small ones; these are
usually from an inch to aninch and a half apart; usually the pus is all in
one, or in two large ones—may be one half pint in one. It takes a week
Ms this to form, and it will discharge in a week or ten days. Colts
“Tecover in about two weeks, but in bad cases may be five or six weeks;
“during this time there is fever, and it is difficult for them to eat, so they
become emaciated, and often die from exhaustion and collapse. Where
takes so long, the pus begins to be absorbed, causing pyzemia, and they
die from exhaustion and collapse. Irregular form of strangles, or as
orsemen call it, Bastard Strangles, has the same fever but longer;
bscesses form, but not in the same places; they are often seen in the
eural cavity, seemingly in some of the lymphatic glands, other times
“in the walls of the pericardial, and may rupture into it. They may
develop anywhere—in the liver or in the brain, etc., but are more often
seen in the peritoneal, pericardial, and pleural cavities. They may not
form on the inside, but may on the outside—on the vagina, or-any place
on the outside of the body. When they develop on the inside it is almost
nvatiably fatal; when on the outside, sometimes fatal, sometimes they
cover; it depends on how large they are and how long in breaking.

formation of pus: the ee. then may be 104-5, or ‘eit vedas * Ri
103. It will frequently jump from 103% to 105, and will then fall Ges) ‘
same way, but you can’t stop it entirely till pus has stopped forming,
all we can do is to hurry up the process and assist nature to get rid
the pus or poison. Try to reduce the fever, and give good hy-
gienic treatment—soft food and a little febrifuge; to assist formation of —
‘Abscess, apply hot poultice, which also lessens: pain. Usually apply —
first, mild counter-irritant, as ammoniacal liniment—one application will —
usually do, then poultice; we prefer linseed meal.. As soon as you can
locate the developed Abscess so as to be positive of its location, tap it,
don’t wait for it to soften. We find it safe to goin and hunt for pus—_
say, after four or five days, never let it go more than a week; make a lib- ~
eral opening, syringe it out with antiseptic and add antiseptic to the
poultice; poultice till the inflammation subsides. If it is impraticable to
poultice, bathe with warm water. If the cough is troublesome, camphor ~
electuary will relieve; give in addition to the febrifuge. Often the fever —
will remain high five or six days; watch closely and carry your tra> ©
cheotomy tube in your pocket ready for use, don’t let him go down be-~
fore using it. Steaming will relieve; medicate the water with carbolic
acid; it is a local anodyne as well as antiseptic. Sometimes the Ab-
scesses break into the guttural pouch; may last for weeks, then get
unthrifty, though no swelling is seen on the outside. Lay your horse ©
down, use the mouth speculum, and insert your arm and try to locate ~
the Abscess. In death you will find the Abscesses somewhere in the ~
body. Good plan isto take affected animal from among the others, and
fumigate and whitewash the stable inside. During convalescence give —
tonics, as tinct. iron, as soon as you tap the Abscess, or may even give it —
before; don’t matter if you use it all through, but it would do harm in™
a sporadic case. Never deplete, but purify the blood. Give iron where
there is Dyspncea and Strangles not bad; but if Strangles and tumefac-—
tion are bad, iron would make nN worse, as it contracts the parte
“so give camphor electuary in that cas q

ANTHRAX.—Is a peculiar eiiea infectious disease. It is knowns |
by different names, according to its manifestations and the country it is
in. ‘The French call it Charbon Anthrax; this is the generic term, and
covers the list of malignant diseases under this form. Charbon applies”
more directly to where it is located. In the tongue is called Glosso-
Anthrax; in Scotland, Blaine. When in the fore or hind legs, it is called”
Black Leg. Inthe spieen it is called Splenic Apoplexy; also called”
Braxy in sheep; in human often called CHARBON. It starts in pimple
sometimes, then pustules—sometimes called MALIGNANT PusTULE, some-
times CONTAGIOUS CARBUNCLE. ‘There are various conditions and de-
grees of severity in this disease, and they are all of the same nature.

ANTHRACOID.—Is a very mild form of Anthrax; all warm-blooded
animals are subject to it. Prof. Williams says it is peculiar to herbiv-
orous animals and birds; Dr. Baker agrees with Pasteur that fowls are
not often attacked because of their high normal temperature, but we find
that 1f fowls eat Anthrax meat they get Anthrax, but not so surely as
animals. It requires inoculation for ‘it to develop, but it matters not h
that is done, or how taken into the body—either in a wound, or with t he

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. ‘ 197

food into the alimentary canal. It may appear any time at any season
_ of the year, under any circumstances, but we find it is most prevalent in
August and September; no animal is exempt. It caused an epidemic
during the Siege of Troy among horses, cattle and people, from eating
Anthrax meat, and in 1617 in Naples it caused an epidemic from which
60,000 people died in one year.
Etiology.—The specific cause is the Bacillus Anchrocis, discovered
in 1850 by two Frenchmen (Rayer and Devaine). ‘They say it is a very
easy germ to find; the rod is long, about three micromillimetres, and from 1
to 1 and 1% in width; the end of the rod is square or slightly concave.
Vollinger said decomposition of the tissues kills the germ; Prof. Koch
denies that, and J think he is right. The number of germs in the blood
_ increases wonderfully as death approaches, and they continue to develop
_ after death while the carcass is warm. In the first stage there are only a
_ few germs in the blood, but in a few hours after death the blood is loaded
with them. Koch says the alimentary canal is the natural channel for
_ its introduction; Pasteur says inoculation with mild virus will give im-
i munity from severe inoculation; Koch says it will not give immunity
from its introduction into the alimentary canal. We think Pasteur
is right and Koch wrong. It may be introduced through micro-
_ scopic wounds, but the alimentary canal is the most common. It may
_ be introduced through any abrasion that will bring the juice to the
_ surface, or from the bite of a house fly poisoned by feeding on an An-
_ thrax carcass; and the same way by stings of bees and other insects. The
_ germ will freeze and thaw and still live; it is the strongest germ known.
_ Period of incubation is variable, depends first on number of Bacilli taken
_ in; second, on the vitality of the Bacilli; third, on the condition of the blood
a of the host. We find that intravenus inoculation produces well-marked
_ symptoms in from four to six hours after eating Anthrax meat, but from
_ bites, may be from twelve to eighteen hours. Sheep fed on grass with this
_ germ may not develop symptoms for three or four days. -In horse, from
_ inoculation, from four to eighteen hours; alimentary canal from two to
- four days; Pasteur says a mild attack will render immunity from a severe
attack ever after. Sometimes animals recover from Anthrax, but if they
a the recovery is slow, and the animal is often wabbly in gait after-

wards. One most prolific cause is throwing an Anthrax carcass on
‘bottom lands, and the high water floats the germ down and leaves it on
_ meadow lands or lowlands, where it gets on the grass. You must be
_ careful in autopsy not to get the germs into a wound; a good idea is to
_ use rubber gloves, and rub carbolized oil over all exposed parts to keep
dies from biting you after being on the carcass.

Immunity from Black Leg and Brachia is obtained by inoculation.
Pasteur performed it very extensively in France among the sheep. He
cultivated the germ in chicken broth. The strength of the culture
lessens with age; he kept this broth at a temperature of forty-two to
forty-three degrees centigrade, equal to 107 and 3-5 to rog and 2-5 Fahr.
This high temperature lessens the vitality of the germ. At this temper-
ature, he says it will die in a month, so the culture is then inoculated,
hence the germ must be gradually dying during thistime. He inoculates
sheep first, with this culture that is twenty-four days old, then in twelve
days repeats with a virus twelve days old; this in most cases will produce

ANG Walger egthe 1 CUS En CP A RNS ten ORY
a WRU Iran. Ar enter te,
hyp, YBN at ea aval Ws i,

_ disease except fever. In the second, this swelling begins first, or thell

198 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

lia death; but is usually very Hilal ad the fever renders immuni y
ever afterwar ds. Koch said Pasteur’s ‘inoculation hypodermically, was —
not proof against the germ taken into the stomach; that is absurd and ~
has been proven so. The disease is often produced by eating hay from — a
bottom lands, because the germ was on the grass,—thus it is often a_ q
mystery where the disease originated. Death often occurs during the
night with no sign of a struggle. Autopsy will show Splenic Apoplexy. —
It seems that Anthrax taken the usual way, more often attacks the ;
strong, healthy animals and the fattest, probably because they are the ‘
best feeders and eat more of the germs than the delicate ones. |
Biack LEeG.—Used to be considered as a result of changing ceed
poor to very nutritious pasture—turned into meadows. Why they get
it, is a question. Sudden change used to be thought a cause; changing ~
from cold to very warm, crowded stables is apt to bring it on in the form ~
of Splenic Apoplexy. In Black Leg the conditions seem to be exactly ©
the same, that is of the same nature as inSplenic Apoplexy. In Splenic —
Apoplexy the animal dies from gangrene of the spleen; in Black Lee
from gangrene of the quarter.
Semeiology.—In horses and cattle there are two forms that are —
recognized; first, Anthrax with no visible outward enlargement, and — .
animal dies from internal morbid anatomy. ‘The second is that with —
swelling, spoken of as Tumor when the animal dies from external morbid -
anatomy. When he dies from the first, there is no symptom of the

lameness may begin first. Cases of this trouble in “the ‘quarter seem to
lie in the blood being so thick it can’t circulate through the part, through
the capillaries; hence there is capillary congestion; this produces a
sloughing of the quarter, and then lameness; as it swells there will be
exudation into the surrounding tissues. If from any cause the circulation —
is renewed in the part, the animal may recover; otherwise he will die. It
is said that cowboys recognize this fact, and if they notice an animal
down and suspect the cause, they force it to rise and run, with the idea
that exertion may start anew the circulation. In Black Leg the tongag
will be swollen a little; the swelling may not start in the leg, but in 2
single set of muscles and then spread; but it usually affects the wholes
quarter. ‘Theres high fever, he becomes listless, the parts will get
tender, the pulse will “be feeble and rapid. The fever starts in soon after |
inoculation, and as the quarter swells it gets cold and insensible, and in~
from two to twelve hours after the sw elling, the skin will crepitate on
pressure. This is due to the sulphuretted hydrogen gas formed, which
is positive evidence of gangrene; death soon follows. Horses are seldom
ever attacked with Black Leg; it takes the form of Splenic Apoplexy, |
and the animal does not die. so fast—in from four to seven days, or
several weeks. One of the first symptoms is, they isolate themselves
from the rest of the herd; temperature may be 105, 6, or 7; there is loss 6
appetite in most cases. It is said that 9 out of ro will recover if they
tain their appetite, while it is the reverse with those that lose it; this may
from the fact that with good appetites they keep up their strength, he
their chances are better. Inthe horse the temperature may drop down
104 1n a few days. About the second day the visible mucous membr

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 199

show cachexia, that runs into patches of Ecchymosis, say about the third

- or fourth day. Animal staggers about, finally goes down, lies from 4 to
24 hours and then dies. ‘There is no symptom in some cases except the
fever; in others there is swelling also.

Post-Mortem.—The cachexia and Ecchymosis on the visible mucous
membranes, while not diagnostic are invariably present; some say more
extensive in this disease than in others. In the human there may be
such a thing as Typhus Fever, but 99 times out of too it is Anthrax.
On opening these cases the first thing you will notice as you cut the
blood vessel, is that the blood is not coagulated, but is black and thick, will
scarcely run, and resembles tar; tliis is nearly diagnostic, and is invaria-
bly the condition of the blood. As you open the abdominal cavity you
will find cachexia spots covering the serous membrane, sometimes very
large. The spleen will be tremendously enlarged,and full of black blood;
the congestion seems to have broken down the trabecule, and the blood
will gravitate from end to end by turning up or down. ‘The adipose tis-
sue around the kidneys and other places is congested, and blood infil-
trates into it, so that it looks reddish. That is about all you will find—
the condition of the blood is the main feature. In Black Leg, when
the crepitating sound is heard, you will know that gangrene has taken
place and the quarter is dead long before the animal dies. If the animal
is down and you force him to get up he will be very lame and will soon
lie down again, and in five or six hours will be dead. Usually with these
cases there is congestion, and the urine is scant and high colored. An-
- imal usually dies in a comatose condition.

BRAXY IN SHEEP.—Has two forms—Splenic Apoplexy, and the one
_ with the swelling on the outside, same as in cattle. You will find ex-
- travasated blood in the intestinal canal. In young lambs there is what
BN nerds eall NAvEL ILL in the form of a Tumor around the umbilicus.
‘Williams .calls this Charbon.

Dogs seem to have some immunity from this disease; they may eat
the meat of Anthrax carcass and not get the disease, but the germs
_ will be in their mouth, and a bite from them will imoenlate,

a In the Pig it is the same as in other animals, they can get it from
eating Anthrax carcass.

ANTHRAX IN PoutTRy.—As the disease develops in them they get
listless, have feetid Diarrhoea, wings drop, combs and bills get black,
Ptumors form between the disits, especially in geese and ducks; they
wont perch to roost, but will stay on the ground. -

ANTHRAX IN THE HuUMAN.—From bite Obey stay VEO TOby CAkeasse

there is first, a red pimple which in a few hours will enlarge and turn
black and spread; pustules form in the center, and soon you “have a gen-
‘Wine case of Anthrax; death sometimes occurs in 6 hours, or may be pro-
_ longed 24 to 48 hours, or some days.

Treatment.—For the human, soon as you see the pimple the only
treatment is to excise; take out a ‘good big chunk and be quick about it,

then stop the hemorrhage and treat with antiseptic— creoline and campho
' phenique are probably he best. As a rule, treatment is useless when
_ Anthrax sets in, though it is possible something could be done to coun-
teract the poison; might try hyposulphate soda or carbolic acid. Tinct.
iron and alcoholic stimulants are strongly indicated. In convalescence

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200 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

+
give iron and vegetable bitters. If you can anticipate Black Leg, give Me
exercise, as it may cause the circulation to improve. Ammoniacal stimu-
lants are not indicated.
Preventative Treatment.—Is important; try to find the cause ane resi
move. Always burn a carcass from this disease, there is no other way to e
dispose of it, but if you must bury, then cover it with lime. For Black a
Leg and Braxy, if epidemic, you should try inoculation. .
Hoc CHOLERA.—Given the name of Swine Plague by Prof. Detmers —
of Columbus, Ohio, who was one of the first to do anything in the way —
of investigating as to the pathology of the disease. He found the disease i
to be due to a Micrococcus. Hog Cholera is supposed. to be a disease of —
the bowels, but it is not always so, and for that reason Detmers objected —
to the name and called it Swine Plague. But Cholera applies in many ~
cases very well, because in autopsy there is ulceration of the bowels; this —
we always have in choleric conditions, that is we must have choleric con- 4
ditions to have ulceration of the bowels. Often we find lung, spinal cord
and other complications present; lungs being affected with Bronchial or —
Pneumonic Catarrh. In other cases we get Spinitis with Paralysis, and — .
in most cases more or less skin complications. There is a Specific Fever :
that runs a tolerable definite course. In some seasons the mortality may
run as high as go per cent, other seasons be down as low as 40 per cent;
so there is a difference in the seasons, without any apparent reason. This
disease is no respecter of age, sex, conditions, etc. Hogs that wallow in ~
mud, filth, and their own dirt are no more liable to it than those under —
different circumstances. The germ will grow in any soil. The lym- —
phatic glands in many cases are much affected. ig
Etiology.—The specific germ is a belted Micrococcus. It seems to —
have its habitat in the ground, or in the fcecal matter of hogs. A par- —
ticularly good soil for them is where bedding is mixéd with the ex-
crement of the hogs. Detmers says the most virulent form is among hogs —
around hay stacks. q
Semeiology.—It begins with a rigor, followed by coughing and —
sneezing, and other evidences of a catarrhal condition; elevation of tem- —
perature, languor, loss of appetite, staring coat, drooping ears, and alter- —
ation of the secretions. Hogs will try to hide in the bedding. In the ©
course of two or three days eruptions will come on the skin, generally on
the ears first, a kind of red pimple; this is inclined to spread; there is |
often considerable breaking out in the way of cedemic conditions; some-—
times the skin doesn’t break, but takes on a purplish color. Sometimes — a
the brain seems affected, and ‘they stagger. As the lungs are affected ©
there will be evidences of labored breathing; usually, rapid emaciation, —
sometimes Constipation, but mostly Diarrhoea: sometimes they have a ca-—
pricious appetite; usually an accumulation of muco-purulent matter im
the corners of the eyes, and a copious discharge from the nose; pecul-—
iarly offensive feces. When there is costiveness the excrement is usu-—
ally gray, or may be black and hard; they may also have Diarrhoea, as
there is inflammation of the mucous lining of the bowels; sometime
there is blood with the feces; wounds ulcerate, ulcers are seen on the
lips and tongue sometimes; jaw-bones often necrose; sometimes they di 8)
in convulsions, other times they will pine and die. In mild cases none
of the symptoms are aggravated and they often recover; in some cases,

ae ek aaa is Bae ba) 7

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 201

after recovery, it leaves them with a chronic cough for a long time; again,
it may leave them worthless; they wont fatten.

Post-Mortem.— You will find more or less hepatization of the lungs,

and often great numbers of Bacilli that are supposed to cause Pneumonia;

_ but it is in the blood serum that the specific germis found. In the ab- _

dominal cavity will be found cachexia spots on the serous membrane and
the mesenteric glands, and the lymphatics are very much swollen, some-
times strawberry-colored. Billings thinks this color diagnostic, but it
is not invariably present; there is ulceration of the ileo-cecal valve, and
more or less ulceration in the cecum and colon; this ulceration is diag-

nostic of the disease. Period of incubation is from 5 to 15 days—aver-’

age, 7 days.

Treatment.—Therapeutical treatment is useless; give prophylactic,
treatment to save the remainder. Quarantine the farm, prevent them
from being shipped, then take the well ones from among the sick and put
them in a ditferent place; don’t take out the sick ones and leave the well

ones in the place. Give good hygienic treatment; burn the carcasses, bed--

ding, etc. It is said the Contagium lasts an indefinite time. If there are

wounds on the body, dress antiseptically. Prof. Detmers recommended

10 drops carbolic acid to every 100 pounds weight of the hog, given in the

drinking water; repeat two or three times a day, until animal is convales-

cent. The Government Inspectors condemn hogs with this disease at the
stock-yards. Though not communicable to man it is, on general princi-
ples, diseased meat.

CoRN-STALK DISEASE.—This is a peculiar disease of the West; there
has been a little of it in Dlinois, Iowa, Kansas, and See See. It
seems to be a disease of the corn due to some fungus, and horses and cat-
tle eating the stalk get the disease. The origin of this disease was dis-
covered by Pi Billings i in Nebraska, with the assistance of Dr. Burrows
of Champaign, Ill. Iti is so well known now that you can pick out the
diseased patches in the corn-field; it doesn’t spread all over the field. It
interferes with the growth of the corn, and breaks out usually at the
junction of the leaf and the stalk; there may be little cachexial spots up
the whole stalk. They turn brown, spread out on the leaf and down
‘the stalk. It is due to a vegetable parasite. When animals are
affected, in the course of a few days the brain becomes affected, they get

delirious, become pugnacious, and want to fight everything—even im-

_aginary objects, like a man in the Delirium Tremens. If anything comes

ban sight they go at it with open mouth, so they are very dangerous to

handle. The | temperature increases very much; the trouble keeps on in-

_ creasing till they lose the power of co- ordination, stagger and go down,

and die in convulsions. The symptoms, with the history, will help you

to diagnose. It usually occursin the Fail and Winter; never in the
"Spring or Summer.

Treatment.—Ifi the disease has developed, treatment is useless.
_ Prophylactic treatment is to turn the animals out into the field. Many
Beeteons pick out the diseased corn and destroy it; some farmers now cut
corn when the corn is full in the milk; in this way there is a saving of

; 40 per cent in the quality of the fodder. Alw ays burn diseased corn, for

the parasites go’into the ground and when the young corn comes up they

attack it. It is the worst about the middle of June.

=

202 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

Actinomycosis.—This is 4 peculiar disease which seems to deve
mostly in cattle, some in the horse, and is comparatively common ins aitty
human. It produces local lesions wherever it happens to develop. ¥
The peculiarity is in Tumors that resemble Culloid Tumors very muce
they have honeycombed cells distributed through them, filled with
gelatinous pus, in some cases so thick it will not. run, in others it will
run, but is very thick. There is nothing cancerous in them, as in the
Culloid; they are due to a ravenous germ, which isa star-shaped fungus © iy
known as Actinomyces. ‘This germ is large, and when full grown looks
like a sponge with club- rapes prolongations: it resembles a cactus plant,
‘and when mature is too large to float through the capillaries. The ~
clubs are full of spores, and these all break apart and each one forms a —
new germ; these are small enough to pass through the capillaries and —
find their way to all parts of the “body, even in the bones of the vertebrae;
the large ones seem to stay in the place they locate in, and don’t get anid
out of the way places. The most common place for them isin the jaw-
bones, tongue, lymphatic glands, and in the submaxillary space. They
are also found in the small intestines, liver, pancreas, spleen and lungs, :
and have been found attached to the walls of the heart. In the lungs:
they produce a soft caseation easily broken down, which usually becomes
liquid, with hard particles in it; these hard particles are gray hepatiza- —
tion, in which the germ is found. J

When the large vegetable, star-shaped fungus breaks up, or the
spores detach, they are then not morethan % the size of a red blood —
corpuscle. In the liver, bowels, etc., the disease appears as little Tu-
mors. ‘The pus that escapes from these Tumors is a grayish-lavender —
color, with the yellow lumps floating in it; these can easily be dis- |
tinguished, and may be from the size of a pin head to ¥% inch in diameter. »
To examine the single germ, use acidulated glycerine to clear it, thin it. —
It doesn’t require to be colored, but you may if you choose use ‘bishere 7
brown or methyl blue. If there isa Tumor on the jaw, it works into
the jaw-bone, don’t know how it does, but it is supposed to be through {
decayed teeth or from mucous membrane, and causes a rarifying Ostitis, -
making it honeycombed like, and it continues to grow. ‘This disease i
spreading rapidly throughout this country. We believe that the dis-
charge from a suppurating Tumor drops on the grass, and that other ©
animals eat this grass and get the disease. It has been proven that the —
disease can be produced 1 in any part of the body by inoculation, so no
matter how it is taken in, the germ will produce the disease. fe

But how people get ‘this disease is still a ‘my stery; it is getting to :
be more common in the human. ‘The pus of Tumors in the human and ~
that from one in a bovine have been found to be exactly the same.
In Germany every slaughter-house has a veterinary inspector, and they |
mark the meat according toits quality as fit for market—1r, 2,9 Oem
and they class this kind of meat as number 4. It has been found in the
human to be the most common in pauper hospitals, but not so much so-
in this country. Dr. Billings thinks it is harmless to eat this meat, but |
some of our best doctors think differ ently; Dr. Billings bases his belief on
it not being contagious, because he saw a cow suffering from a seve re
attack of this disease, among a herd for a long time, and the disease
never developed in any of ‘them. Dr. Baker tells of a bull pnt w jas

cory
Bis

ed

‘f

brought from Kentucky into a county in Illinois where the disease had
never been; this bull had a small Tumor that broke and discharged 6
weeks after, andin 6 months after 13 of his herd had the disease.
‘There has been a number of such cases, and they go toshow against Dr.
Billings’sidea. ‘These Tumors may be in the jaw or throat in the hu-
man, and may cause death in from three months to several years.
Semeiology.—The first thing you will notice will be an enlarge-
ment wherever the diseaset is developing. This keeps on increasing,
and sometimes interferes with their feeding, other times does not. It
may afiect the tongue, causing what is called Wooden Tongue; this is
not so common in this country, but in Germany it covered about twenty-
five per cent of the cases of this disease. Here we frequently find the soft
Tumor in the throat, then in the upper jaw, then in the lower jaw,
and about sixty per cent, the greater part, in the mouth, which
proves it is taken in with the food, passes through the stomach and is
not digested, and so it passes to the .bowels, where you will find sixty,
seventy, or more Tumors. About five or ten per cent of the disease
locates in the liver, and about five per cent inthe lungs. In the human
it attacks the bones ofthe spinal column, or any part of the body or
bony structure. Incattle, unless it interferes with some vital function,
it does not affect the general healthof the animal. In the human it is
more violent, and usually fatal in from three months to three years.
It was found at one time that 300 out of 2000 cattle in the feeding sheds
at the Peoria distilleries had the disease; it was not known that they had
it before they came there, but it looked much as if it was due to the
germs dropping into the meal, and others eating it affected them also.
‘Treatment.—The old-fashioned treatment was opening and syringing
out with antiseptic; that may do for outside Tumors, but even then it is
hardly satisfactory, as the antiseptic doesn’t always get, to the place
where the germ is, or there may be Tumors farther in that will not be
affected, no matter how strong the antiseptic. Some pack the opening
with sulphate of copper, or such like strong caustics, but even that is
not satisfactory. The next best thing todo is to dissect the whole body,
if no vital organ or part isaffected. In Germany for the treatment of
Woody Tongue they started the use of iodide of potash, which proved
to be pretty good, so now it is used in this country. For a2™% to 3
year old animal weighing about 1200 to 1300 ibs., give internally
1 to 2 drs., well diluted, three times a day, and remember that the
' more you dilute it the more good it will do; put the dose in a pint or
even a bucketful of water, and continue this till iodism is produced.
It usually takes from a week toten days in cattle to produce iodism;
_ they are far more susceptible to iodide potash than the human. The
» first symptom of iodism is acute Coryza (a watery flow from the eyes and
a watery discharge from the nose), loss of appetite, and in the course of
_ a few days the skin takes ona bran-like scurf. If iodism has set in,
- stop for eight or ten days, then repeat till the symptoms of iodism show
_ again. We recommend this treatment, and with this it is well to open the
' Tumors to allow them to discharge pus. In human it is well to dissect.
BOTRYOMYCOSIS.—This invades a wound; in some respects it re-
sembles Actinomycosis. It isa Tumor that develops on account of the
invasion of a wound by a drumstick-shaped germ called Botryomyces;

' puration to cause proliferation. An example of this disease is Scirrhus —

204 . THEORY AND PRACTICE.

the Tumor may or may not suppurate, but usually there is enough ‘sup A

cord, after Castration generally.
Treatment.—Excision. a
BURSAUTEE.—Sores on horses due to exposure to rains; this is” an ‘a
East Indian disease, but there is a somewhat similar one in the South of ©
this country; as seen in East India it is a peculiar disease. There is no —
clear proof of it being contagious, or of its inoculability. Itis character-
ized by certain structural changes in the skin, and sometimes in the ex- —
ternal organs in wounds. ‘The changes that take place in the structure ©
are slow, and the Tumors that form in the skin are inclined to return at —
some other more favorable time. In these sores there isa peculiar kind of —
thickening, it seems soft and spongy. East Indians call it Kunkur.
A characteristic of the disease is a peculiar Tumor with an ulcerating —
top. The disease is not fatal, but produces extreme weakness and ©
causes the animal to scratch and rub so much and so long that the owner ~
gets tired and kills him. The disease seems to flourish more during the —
rainy seasons. ‘There is an idea that it is contagious, but this is not posi- —
tively known. Some think it hereditary, and that it is not considered i
advisable to breed them.
Etiology.—lIt is supposed to be associated with filth, bad care, ete. —
Semeiology.—Tumors form in the skin or under it; there is con-
siderable itching and general distress accompanying the sore. The ani-
mal will bite and rub the sore till it is raw, which then ulcerates, this —
is liable to spread and ulcerate, tillit may be either the size of a hen’s ©
egg or about 15 inches in diameter. These Tumors feel and look like ~
sponge; this is characteristic of the disease, but there is no liquid in the |
‘Tumor; sometimes they become firmly attached to the healthy structures —
lying beneath them. It seems that these Tumors are inclinedto form
where the harness rubs; this often appears to be the cause. The ulcer
has the appearance of any ulcer—edges raised, with a depressed center, —
or it may have a papillated appearance; it discharges a thin puriform
matter. The Tumors sometimes become confluent, and occasionally -
heal spontaneously, but not asa rule; they grow worse, but the horse
doésn’t seem to suffer much. Different parts of the body may be affected —
at the same time. A”
Treatment. — Excision or extirpation of these sores with the knife, z
and removing all the diseased tissue; treat the wound as a simple
wound—antiseptically, ete. Give tonics internally and liberally; iron and —
arsenic particularly. Keep off the harness until well. ;
INFLUENZA.—In the horse is almost identical with Influenza in the -
human; that is the Grip, which is a form of Influenza. In the horse
this is a distinctly catarrhal affection of the air passages, particularly of
the head and throat. It is usually Epizootic—may be Enzootic, but the ~
difference between the two names is in the amount of country covered;
both being due to the same cause. Influenza usually covers a large
tract of country; it used to be thought due to some alteration in the
character of the atmosphere; that now is obsolete. It is recognized as
being a distinctly specific germ disease, and by the course it runs, par-
ticularly in the horse, we are thoroughly satisfied that it is infectious.
Country horses brought into sale stables seem to suffer generally from this

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VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 205.

disease, becattse once the disease gets into these stables it remains there,
and fresh horses coming in get the germ, which is the specific virus,
and does not require inoculation. It often runs a very malignant course,
- and .in many cases proves fatal. ‘The period of incubation, on an aver-
' age, is about one week, and a horse having it will leave the disease be-
hind him wherever he may go. It does not confine itself to the head
and throat, but often runs down to the lungs, producing a fatal Pneu-
monia or Pleurisy and Hydrothorax. | In case of Pleurisy, you will find
every part of the pleural surface involved, and the water in Hydrothorax
has a foetid odor; sometimes Carditis is associated with it, and we often
find hepatization in Pneumonia with it. Ifit confines itself to the head
and throat there mtay be Abscesses formed, resembling Strangles.

_ Scientists believe the germ floats in the air. ‘In 18 72 there was an Epi-
zootic of this disease all over the world; it started on the Pacific coast
of this country, reached the Atlantic and crossed over, attacking all the

affected the human is not very much, and vice versa. It has no respect to
| sex, age, or condition. Death usually occurs from thoracic complica-
‘tions, either Pneumonia, Pleurisy, etc., sometimes in the form of Enteritis,
_ or in the kidneys, as acute Bright’s, but with proper early treatment they
will recover.
Semeiology.—Great nervous prostration 1s the first symptom; often
_ the disease is not noticed till the horse is so weak that he staggers; this
prostration we believe develops in the early part of the disease. During
_ the period of incubation a high fever develops, temperature may be 106,
107, or even 108, usually 106; we conclude it isnot developed suddenly,
, but is not noticed at first. Breathing is accelerated; will often find this
_ breathing characterized by a snoring sound, like that in.a chill, though
_ there is no shaking or shivering in this. Pulse is hard, quick and irrita-
- ble; the rigors are ‘liable to take place from time totime. There is hang-
‘ ing of the head, drooping of the ears, hot mouth, red eyes, and in the
corners a muco- purulent matter; sometimes there is a swelling of the lids.
hese feattires of the eye lead some to call it PINK EYE; it is only a
form of Influenza. It is usually applied to that form or part of acute
Cellulitis around the eye. There is a profuse discharge from the nose,
often of a muco-puruient nature. The per cent of deaths depends on the
amount of complications with the disease. One feature particularly, is.
that every part of mucous membrane is affected with a mild catarrhal
affection; the effect of this is to increase its secretions; in the bowels
this causes more or less Diarrhoea, sometimes well marked; where the
‘bowels are not so affected you will find the feeces covered with a slimy
mucous. Any mistake in treatment may cause death—may run into
Purpura Heemorrhagica, which is frequently a termination of the disease.
If the animal recovers he is often left with a chronic Catarrh that may
ender him useless for months, or for a year or more, or may make him
bsolutely useless.

Treatment.—Good hygienic treatment is Do ecdetad of the highest
importance; put the horse in good quarters—can’t move him far; give
good ventilation, no drafts, pure air, and soft, digestible (very little in-
igestible) food. For this purpose we use oatmeal and linseed meal,
nd boiled barley or hay tea. Bear in mind that the lining of the bowels.

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Pent PRN A WORE STAN Be We AUER OMY Ee Se ENGUNT OLR Cy DENI (tb

civilized world; this was among horses. It seems that when horses are -

206 THEORY AND PRACTICE. Sea

is in an irritable condition and may run into Enteritis. In Grip th
find the micro-organism attacks the red blood corpuscle and destroys”
leaving the blood in an impoverished condition, and as a result great
nervous prostration follows. Stimulants are indicated, depletion is . COT
tra-indicated; whisky is indispensable; never do anything to deplete the |
system. Aconite, tartar emetic, calomel, etc., are contra-indicated, also
blood-letting. To the whisky you may add strychnine, atropine, etc. Re
but in this case never use the amumoniacal salts, as they thin the baie ‘
WuISsky is the sheet anchor; quinine can be given in liberal doses, as_
reduces the temperature without depressing the heart. Antipyrin ‘Ba
acetanilid may be given in small doses; they are coal-tar preparations —
and depress the heart some. ‘Try to reduce the temperature from 106 to-
about 103; in that way you will lessen the danger of complications.
When confined to the head and throat, blanket warmly laxatives are —
dangerous, and may cause fatal Enteritis; leave the bowels alone; treat
the heart mainly, and give good hygiene, and let nature do the rest.

In Gri the latest treatment is hypodermic injections of strychnine,
that is in the human. Strychnine and atropine are excellent remedies as
stimulants, so if you can’t get whisky use them. Give long rest; ‘te-
covery, as we said, is very slow.

MALIGNANT CATARRH OF THE Ox.—This is looked upon by many s
as an infectious disease, but does not seem to be communicated by either
contact or inoculation: it is probably like Malaria in the human; i
dosen’t seem to be contagious, but is rather ‘due to some miasmatic in-—
fluence that the cattle are laboring under, so that though many ina her
may have it, they all get it from a common source, which is probabl
miasmatic or Malarial. We find the disease is of a ‘malignant catarrhal ,
nature, affecting the mucous lining of the upper air passages, including
the sinuses of the head; as the frontal sinus opens into the horn, it may be —
affected also. The disease occurs mostly in cattle pasturing on low lands,
and more particularly in cold, damp weather. It resembles Rinderpest _
or Russian Cattle Plague. The germ has not yet been discovered. The —
disease is so severe in some cases that the ox pines away and dies; and
is so malignant as to be called by some, Cattle Glanders—but that is
rather amisnomer. It is distinctly Ty phoid in its nature. 4

Semeiology.—Rigors, high fever, dejection, nervous prostration, in-
jection of the mucous ‘membranes i in the early stage; in the latter they be-
come darker. Later on there is a thin mucous discharge from the mu-
cous surfaces, the nose particularly; eyes are watery, horns usually very
hot; a rap on the horn causes pain, also percussion over the sinuses. In-
the early stage there is Constipation, in the latter approaching death,
there will be a fceted Diarrhoea; the discharge that was mucous now be-
comes: muco-purulent, that is from the nose. Eruptions occur in the
nostrils, often there is ulceration of the nose and lips; they differ from
Chancre in Glanders, but resemble malignant pustular Eczema. Swell-
ing often suppurates, develops between the rami of the lower jaw, and in
Other parts of the body;—a good deal like Strangles in the horse. The™
inflammation in the sinuses is sometimes so severe as to cause the horns t i
slough off; that is in an excessively severe case. Sometimes in malignan on
cases there is sloughing off of the skin in patches, on different parts of
the body, particularly on the legs. This disease in that respect resembles

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VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. _ 207

e foot and mouth disease. Death occurs in from three to ten days if it
proves fatal; but where they don’t die, they are sick for a long time; re-
- covery is slow. .
oe Treatment.—Remove the cause; put the cattle on high ground;
night and early morning is the worst time, so put in at night and don’t
let out till about middle of the morning. Treat fever same as any other
fever; don’t deplete. Aconite and belladonna may be all right in the
early stage. During convalescence antl throughout, give quinine; tonics
‘are now indicated. If the discharge from the nose is profuse and very
- ichorous, steam with medicated water, using carbolic acid or iodine
_ several times a day.
PURPURA H&MORRHAGICA.—This has heretofore been considered as
_ a non-contagious disease, but in 1889 two Italians, Fizzoni and Giovan-
_ mini, discovered the specific Bacillus which now classifies the disease as _
infectious. This discovery was corroborated in 1890 by a Frenchman
named Babes, and in 1891 by a German named Kolb; so it is now ac-
cepted by all as an infectious disease. The Bacillushas round ends. As
regards its nature, it is classified as a blood disease with extensive swell-
ing of the legs, under the abdomen, muzzle and other parts of the body;
‘there are eruptions and Ecchymosis. We often see it following some
debilitating disease previously existing as Influenza or acute Catarrh, or
it may arise as an original lesion, in which case we usually see it more
) severe and oftener fatal than in other cases. Of late years it has been
' seen more as an original lesion, without any predisposition whatever and
is often fatal.
Etiology.—The Bacillus is the prime cause. In the majority of cases
it arises in basement stables where there is bad drainage and ventilation,
'and a crowded condition; under such circumstances the disease is
: common. We find as. regards the pathogenesis, that the main feature is
_ the extraordinary change taking place in the blood; it becomes deficient
- in red blood corpuscles and albumen, and nearly as thin as water, and
light in color. ‘This thin condition of the blood is naturally accompanied
' with an atonic condition of the walls of the blood vessels; this comes
_ from a lack of proper nutrition. The atonic condition of the walls of the
» blood vessels and the thinness of the blood allow a transudation into the
‘surrounding tissues, and this gravitates to the most dependent part,
producing a swelling. | ‘
Semeiology.—The symptoms are quite characteristic; it is quite easy
o diagnose a case. In the earlier stage of the disease there is high
' fever, usually from 104 to 106, but in general about 104. If the animal
_ dies towards the last, the fever will be from 105 to 106; this fever is apt
(oO be intermittent, coming and going up and down. ‘The next thing we
otice is swelling in some parts of the body, more often in the legs, from
the hocks up to the knees, or around the mouth; perhaps one lip may be
swollen and hard, but when it arises as an original lesion we will find the
Whole muzzle swollen. The legs swell from the hock up, and the
welling gets higher up as the disease progresses, and also gets
wider as it gets tothe top, and always has an abrupt termination. It
may be about 34 of an inch at the hock, and from two to three
nches at the knee. When the swelling reaches the body it usually runs
along the under side of the body, along the belly; the sheath swells, and

208 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

in the mare the skin around the mammary glands becomes filled. Dui
all this time the muzzle is swelling, and also has the abrupt lin yf
termination. But soon after the fever sets in, and before the swellin
you will find cachexia spots on the mucous membranes, especially on
Schneiderian, and buccal, also on the vagina, rectum, ete. These at first are =|
cachexia spots, but in a day or two get larger and finally become patches
of Ecchymosis. ‘They are local extravasations, actual hemorrhages inte ut
the cellular tissue. In the course of two or three days there isa
offensive discharge from the nose, which is very foetid; the saliva fro
the mouth is alsa! foetid. About two or three days after the disease sets in,
an offensive, foetid discharge seems to ooze from the skin of the legs
and belly and trickles down in a gummy amber-colored fluid. The
appetite may remain good, but animal can’t eat on account of the swoll 7
muzzle. Sometimes the tongue swells so much it will protrude fro
the mouth.
A very prominent feature of this disease is the cessation of se
tions from the bowles and kidneys; they become very inactive—will oft
go four or five days without passing water from the bladder; this is
remarkable symptom in this case, and is probably due to lack of nutrition. —
As death approaches we find the breathing becomes very labored, partly
due to the swollen condition of the nose, the cavity or calibre being |
diminished. ‘This causes great Dyspneea, and when the swelling gets to”
the eyes the breathing is very labored; the horse can’t hold up his head,
and the swelling often reaches the pole; he becomes blind, presistently
stands,. and finally goes down exhausted, and soon dies. They often die
suddenly from the infiltration reaching the brain; this may happen in a~
mild attack, but the cause of death then is Embolism, as the circulation
during this disease is very weak; the pulse is weak, irregular and flutter-
ing; ante-mortem clots are liable to form, and then Embolism. As the
hind legs swell the horse can’t move, and instead of Constipation in the
last stages, there may be a bloody Diarrhcea, due to the extravasation of
blood into ‘the bowels. of
Treatment.—Give good hygienic treatment, that is of the highest
importance; pure air—don’t leave in Beet te soft food, warm clolaaat
and keep quiet.
Therapeutical Treatment. syiitiaaas recommends chlorate potash, 4
but we find they all die when so treated—potash has a tendency to
destroy plasma in the blood. Others prescribe turpentine; this is usefu 1
in three ways—first, as a diuretic, and they need that; second, as a stimu-
lant, and they need that: third, as a germicide; so you see turpentine — Sa
very good. Some use fl. ext. of ergot and claim much benefit from Mite E
contracts the walls of the blood vessels, hence it is rational. But we
rely on three drugs—iron, spirits of nitre, and-quinine. ‘Tinct. of i iron is
the sheet anchor; give in drachm doses in bad cases, every hour for two,
three, or four days: give in two ounces of water. Spts. of nitre may

the iron. between a tonic and. a febrifu ;
dose—say in one half dr. digas every tee or four hours. In less severe
cases give the iron and spts. of nitre every two, three, or four hours,
according to the severity of the case. We usually mix them all together.

In addition to this, bathe the muzzle with hot water contin.

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VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. - 209

drive the swelling to other parts of the body; bathe night and day; if the
‘internal treatment doesn’t reduce the swelling, don’t pay any attention to
the swelling in other parts of the body except the head. It may be that
sometimes the swelling may affect the pleural cavity; that is the exudation
into it may cause suffocation, but we must take the chances. Let him
eat if he will, and give him good strong feed. Under this treatment only
about twenty-five per cent die: under the old, ninety-five per cent died.
Don’t use cold water, astringents, nor by any means scarify, as it does no
good, and will cause inflammation and sloughing of the skin. Always
elevate the head so he will not hang it. In case the swelling of the
muzzle doesn’t go down, then as a “last. resort perform tracheotomy, it
_ gives the horse one more chance; but their chances are poor when they
2 Pen that condition, as they seldom recover. In autopsy you will find
" a bloodless condition—the blood in the blood vessels will not be coagu-
lated; it is too thin, and there is a general infiltration.

SCARLATINA.—This very closely resembles Scarlet Fever in the

human, and also Purpura Heemorrhagica; but there are many distinct
features. It usually arises from deficient hygiene, but must be infectious,
as an affected animal put into a stable full,of horses will communicate
it to all. The characteristic features differentiating it from Purpura
Heemorrhagica are in the first place, the cachexia spots are smaller and
remain so, while in Purpura Hzeemorrhagica they become Ecchymosis;
sometimes in Scarlatina they form patches by coalescing, but not by
extravasation. In Scarlatina these spots are scarlet, in Purpura
Heemorrhagica they are purple. In Scarlatina there is sore throat—

never in the other. In Purpura Heemorrhagica the swelling is smooth,
with abrupt termination; in Scarlatina it isin patches and lumps, over
the head and neck. In Scarlatina the lymphatic glands frequently sup-
purate, they never do in Purpura Heemorrhagica.

Treatment.—The fever seems to run the same as in Purpura
_Heemorrhagica, but not so high. If it was a sporadic case iron would
_ageravate it, but in a specific case it is indicated; so the same treatment
will apply to this as to Purpura Heemorrhagica. Apply mild counter-
irritants to the throat, or poultices; keep up strength; give boiled eggs,
and milk and barley. Some recommend swabbing ihe throat rae Bl
solution of nitrate silver—ten grs. tothe oz. If an Abscess forms, open
and syringe out with antiseptic. In fatal cases, as it approaches death it
seems to run into Purpura Heemorrhagica, so the termination is the same
in both cases; may be the same from about twelve hours before death.
In Post-Mortem it is about the same as in Purpura Heemorrhagica except
_ that there is not so general, but a more localinfiltration than in Purpura
_ Heemorrhagica.
re The Dos is subject to nearly all the diseases common to man;
pathology is “much the same. The dog is the most sensible, and sensitive
' as well, of all the lower animals, and medicine has a greater effect on
him; so you must be careful in treating not to give anything that will
cause him to vomit, as you will then find it very difficult to treat him.
A dog’s stomach is very sensitive to the action of drugs. They have
strong expression in their countenances, atid show many of the same feel-
gs as the human, in their expression. We may say the same rule that
governs the application of medicine in the horse applies to the dog, only

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210 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

you must remember the size, and the effect of drugs upon the dase
find that the doses laid down for the dog i in Finley Dunn, are as a tule | q
much too large; in many cases the minimum dose would suit better than ia
the maximum one. a
CANINE DISTEMPER.—Is purely a canine disease, and resembles _
measles in the human very closely. It is an infectious catarrhal fare cay
and seems to arise spontaneously in some cases, but as we believe ita
specific disease we scout the idea, though can’t explain. It has a varia- —
ble period of incubation—from a week to a month, with a general —
average of eight or ten days. Itisa specific blood poison. In the un- —
complicated form it is very mild, but it is prone to develop complications
very frequently—such as will prove fatal. The parts invariably attacked —
are the upper air passages and eyes; that is in the simple uncomplicated
form. It is considered a puppyhood disease; as a rule it occurs between —
three and nine months though I have seen it in dogs four years old. —
‘The disease resembles measles in children so closely, that many physi- 4
cians say that it will give measles to children by having a dog with canine ~
Distemper in the house. Others say it will also cause Typhoid Fever, —
_ but there are some differences between the symptoms of it and Typhoid —
Fever. Canine Distemper in the complicated form may attack the brain —
and cause Epileptic fits; or it may attack the peripheral nerves and cause 4
Chorea; then the spinal cord and covering may be attacked aud cause
either partial or complete Paraplegia; or the bowels may be attacked and
cause fatal Diarrhoea or Dysentery; or the lungs may be attacked and |
cause Catarrhal or Bronchial Pneumonia whiet is the most common —
conplication. ‘This disease is no respecter of age, sex or condition, —
though well-bred dogs seem to suffer more than curs, especially those —
inbred; they take it oftenest in the malignant form. The mortality among ~
well-bred dogs is terrible, and the disease seems to be increasing. About —
nine tenths of the deaths of Welland setters is due to this disease. One ~
attack renders immunity from a second one, as a rule; that proves the —
specific character of it. ‘The germ has not yet been discovered. Some %
think it resembles Scarlet Fever in the human, but we know it resembles
Measles more than anything else. The mild form runs a mild course and
terminates favorably; in this there are eruptions similar to those in = .
measles. 4
Er1oLocy.—The cause lies in some specific poison not yet isolated.
SEMEIOLOGY.—Rigors, the first thing; first severe, then minor; for ~

the first four or five days they have shivering fits, then are burning up; —
temperature from normal runs up to about 104, pulse rapid, may run ome
120 up to 175, or may run so high you can’t count it; mucous mem-—
brane of the eyes is very red, nose hot and dry in the early stage; rest |
less at first, then this passes off and they are languid, which increases;
usually there is complete loss of appetite, and thirst is ‘increased, that is”
after twenty-four hours; emaciation is rapid in all cases; urine is scant and
high colored, bowels at first constipated, later there is Diarrhcea; faeces -
is horribly fetid, black and tarry—that is almost characteristic; it may —
stay black, or may run into a watery Diarrhcea. Usually from the start |
there is sneezing and coughing; after twenty-four hours the mucous dis-
charge coagulates in the corner of the eyes. In three or four days this’
discharge becomes muco-purulent, both from the eyes and nose; this

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VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 211

glues the lids of the eyes together and confines the pus, and if not
allowed to escape may cause Corneitis; often causes the cornea to rupture, —
allowing the escape of the aqueous humor. Where the inflammation is
inclined to run down the cough will become hoarse and deeper; in the
second stage respiration increases; animal will hug up around the stove.
“We will hear all the ordinary sounds of Pneumonia by percussion, when
it takes that complication. Inthe difficult breathing they act the same as
the human in inspiration—they draw the air through their teeth and the
lips are drawn back; in expiration they puff out the cheeks; they don’t
usually pant or show the abdominal symptoms seen in the horse; the
breathing doesn’t increase much in frequency,. but is labored, and the
countenance is anxious. It takes from about five days to three weeks for
acasetorunitscourse. The fits, when Epilepsy is present with it, may be
continuous—that is recurring, or they may come on three or four times a
day, asarule about one half dozen in twenty-four hours. If the skin
complications in bad cases are caused by bad circulation, we have slough-
ing off of the skin in patches, forming ulcerating sores; these usually
indicate death, though they sometimes recover. If there are any com-
plications, never give favorable prognosis; if there are none you may.
‘TREATMENT.—If taken early, a mild laxative is indicated—oil of
caseara, or buckhorn, is good, but give no drastic purgative; some give
mercurial laxatives: Aconite in the early stage is good in small doses,

_. though it would seem to be contra-indicated; as a rule heart depressants

are not indicated in specific cases or diseases, but rather stimulants.
Belladonna is good, but remember that the dog is very susceptible to
poisons, and this is rather dangerous. Quinine from the start is an
excellent remedy; to a Llewellyn puppy six months old, give two grains
quinine every two or three hours, in an ordinary case; then as he re-
covers drop off, first on the frequency, then on the dose. Nitric ether is
good in the early stage; some say hyposulphate soda is good, but I have
not been able to do much withit. I find that tonics and stimulants work
the best, with a little iron, even in fever it does no harm.

Iron is contra-indicated in sporadic cases, but is good in Specific
Fevers. In dosing a dog with any drug, be very careful of upsetting his
stomach, and if you find a dog vomiting and can’t keep anything down,
for instance a setter, give ten grains of subnitrate bismuth, and repeat
every two, three or four hours for a few doses; this is one of the best
remedies I know of for this. The receipt for canine Distemper that we
use is:

R Flix. Cal.Per. Bis. 1 0z.
‘Pot. Acet. 1¥%4 dts.
Spts. Nit. Ether 2 drs.
Aqua I OZ,
Syr. Tolu, ad to make 4 ozs.
Dose, dessertspoonful every two or three hours, or three or four times a
day, and prescribe quinine in separate mixture; mix it with glycyrrhiza
to hide the taste; in case of great weakness give sherry wine—one half
to one teasponful doses, well diluted; to a setter puppy carry this out till

- convalescent, then you may give elix. cal. and strych.

In case of lung complications use linseed poultice with a little mus-
_ tard init, that is if the animal is kept in the house; if in the barn, rub

212 THEORY AND PRACTICE. a

mustard plaster into the hair and wrap with flannel. If it goes to the
brain and causes Epileptic fits, give bromide potash 10 grs. to the dose, —
three, four or ten times a day—three times for a mild « case, and give a ;
dose after each fit; continue the other treatment just the same. In case
of Chorea, valerianate of zinc alternated wtih valerianate of ammonia
small doses, or nitrate silver in pills, is good. If the bowels are affec
they require little or no special treatment, except good hygiene as to diet
it is well to break a raw egg in the mouth three times a day for a six
months old puppy, to keep up his strength; that will also loosen the
bowels; if it purges give beef tea or broth with rice, bread and milk, ete. —
Paralysis in the dog usually yields to treatment, but for some reason, I
can’t explain why, I can’t do anything for bitches. Strychnine aut
iodide potash is rational treatment; give six months old puppy ¢o gr.
strychnine three times a day; may increase to so, ao or 2 Of a gr., ‘bow
watch closely till you get the effect: in case of poisonous dose, give large
dose of bromide potash. Of the iodide potash, start with 1 gr., then run
up to 5 grs. then back to 3 grs.; it takes from one to three months to get
them all. right. In convalescence after Chorea, give arsenic (Fowler’ 8x
solution ), about a drop three times a day for three days, then increase a
drop a day till you get to ten drops, then drop down for a month to five =
drops, and alternate.
The vitality of the specific poison is great, so scrub, out the kennel @
with hot water and corrosive sublimate, then fumigate and whitewash.
RHEUMATISM.—This is a constitutional blood disease of a very De-iag
culiar kind, being neither contagious nor infectious, but one that is not —
well understood as to the cause. “After experimenting, we have come tei
the conclusion it is due to an accumulation in the system of some unnat- q
ural acid. This in the human is thought to be lactic acid; in the lower ~
animals it may be the same acid, or hippuric acid, or both; that is in the —
herbivora, the omnivora and carnivora, it may be lactic acid. As a rule |
it is an inflammatory disease, and may be very acute, or it may be ry, hs
and cause no inflammation, but considerable pain. When it attacks a
certain part and produces swelling,’ it is then known as Inflammatory ™
Rheumatism. But when there is no enlargement with the pain, the —
name inflammatory is not used; it is simply spoken of as Rheumatism. —
This inflammation is sometimes very acute, but the peculiarity of it is, itis —
not suppurative, so is not inclined to form Abscesses. In cattle, especially
in the young, they will lie down in pain, sometimes on hard floors, and —
so bruise the part as to cause suppuration, often around the fetlocks; the —
joints become bruised and form Abscesses and then there is suppuration.
Horses will not lie down, so we don’t see this in tiem. One peculiarit
of the disease is that it seems to locate along the sheaths of tendons, in
the tendons, synovial membranes, or their fringes, and in ligaments, or. f
in a muscle, or set of them. It may attack the | periosteum, and from that .
extend into the bone, sometimes in the pericardium, causing. Pericarditis; ’
or in the endocardium, causing sudden death. Sometimes ‘it affects the
intercostal muscles, causing Pleurodynia, and then you may have many
of the symptoms of Pleurisy; sometimes it attacks the trunk nerves, more
particularly the Sciatic; it is ‘then called Sciatica; sometimes it attacks a
set of nerves and extends all over their distribution, then it is called
Neuralgia. 4

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VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 213

Etiology.—Sir Richard Critcherson found by injecting an infusion
of lactic acid into a dog, that he could* produce Rheumatic Fever with

_characteristic lesions of Endocarditis, etc., also of the aorta valves: When

the disease is general throughout the system, with pains everywhere and

fever; it is spoken of as Rheumatic Fever; and if the heart is not affected

it is liable to be so at any time and prove fatal. A predisposing cause
of this disease might be due to a faulty assimilation or faulty character
of the food, as we see in dogs fed exclusively on meat diet. They are
very prone to the disease; it is so in people, while vegetarians seldom
have this disease. It is almost invariable with people “who use much
meats and sour wines; particularly in those of sedentary habits. The
next predisposing cause is ‘a Rheumatic diathesis, or commonly speaking,
hereditary. Another cause is the presence of effete material in the sys-

tem, causing an unnatural acid. ‘This effete material may be the result

of some previous debilitating disease, as Influenza, that should have been

eliminated from the system. ‘This debris predisposes to acute Rheuma-

tism; we find this in the disease following Influenza in from two to six
weeks; it usually locates in the sheaths of tendons of the fore legs par-
ticularly, and from the knee to the fetlock; it may be swollen, then in
three or four days it may leave this place and locate in another leg in the
same place, or in another place, or it may stay in the first place as well;

or the swelling may remain and the soreness leave. Another predispos-

ing cause is the condition of the system that leads to over-production of
fibrin i in the blood; the normal amount is about 2 in 1000; in this you will
find sometimes.10 in 1000. ‘Then it is due to the changes produced by
the Rheumatism; the urine is altered; in the herbivora the urine should
be slightly alkaline, in the carnivora and omnivora it should be either
neutral or slightly alkaline. In the herbivora in this disease it becomes

acid; in the carnivora and omnivora it becomes exceedingly acid. ‘This

is looked upon as a proof of mal assimilation. There may be predisposi-
tion for a long time in the body, but requires an exciting cause to develop
it. This is usually exposure to severe cold and damp.
Semeiology.—We find it among cattle poorly kept,—as without shel-
ter, etc.; in such case the first thing is acute lameness; there may or may
not be swelling; with swelling there is more or less fever. In case of
Rheumatic Fever there are flying pains in different parts of the body.
‘Taking the hock joint as a case, the poison attacks the synovial mem-
brane and its fringe, or the ligament or tendon; there is great pain and

soreness on pressure, lameness and constitutional disturbance; pulse

rapid, hard and small, or instead of rapid, may be quick; mouth hot and
dry; there is fever—may be 104 or 5; pulse may be small and hard; blood
drawn will coagulate quickly and hard—this is due to increase in fibrin.
Affected parts are hot and sore to the touch; swelling is hard, due to the
infiltration of the exudate into the cellular tissues, and being near a joint

. there are osteoblasts surrounding, so the result may be that the enlarge-
ment becomes partly ossified, even causing Anchylosis. Where it at-

tacks the periosteum it attacks the bone, “and bony spicula shoot out

‘through the articular cartilage; the cartilage is often destroyed, and the

exudate becomes ossified, or rather becomes like porcelain, as it really is
aporcelaneous deposit. In case of acute inflammation and sloughing in
cattle, it often opens the joint. In case of Rheumatism in the joint,

sea Shs Mi MaMa Lal
pase ee ue

204 THEORY AND PRACTICE. yt

where it attacks the synovial membrane, it causes a deposi of bon
deposit in the fringe of the membrane; this is often the cause of a peculie
lameness in old horses, where they suddenly go lame and as suddenly get
well; it is due to the bony deposit of the membrane working in between
the articular joints, and as quickly working out again, leaving no lame-
ness. Sometimes where Rheumatism affects the heart and is not severe
enough to kill, it produces ossification of the walls. In mild cases in the
horse, he may be lame for atime and get well, and then get lame again;
in such a case he is not always lame in the same foot, it moves around ©
and may be in different parts ofthe body; this is called Metastasis or Ei % ;
ing Rheumatism. Acute Rheumatism is liable to run into chronic cd
time; the chronic often develops from subacute attacks.

Treatment.—Put animal in comfortable quarters and clothe warmly. ,
If he has had Influenza and got well and this has developed, give mild lax-
atives—never purgatives; give moderate dose of aloes, little over % dose.
Put dry flannel loosely around the affected part; use anodyne liniment if
he is very bad—as aconite, laudanum, and water; you may add carbolic —
acid to this. Put the liniment on hot, then give something to change ~ e
the character of the blood—salol is the best now, it isthe popular remedy. _
Salicylic acid (salicylate soda), iodide potash, and colchicum are good, |
both in human and veterinary practice. If you wish to give any eae
internal treatment, give stimulants—salol in 1 dr. doses 3 times a day,
and if very bad give 1 dr. every hour, and if no good results in 48 ea .
change to one of the others; then if no good results in 48 hours, apply (
cantharides blister to the parts: this will often relieve when the animal is —
suffering intense pain. In case of excessive pain, you may allay with ~
hypodermic injection of morphine. You may increase the action of the ~
blister with a linseed poultice. In cattle, if there is sloughing, treat the —
part affected as a simple wound. During convalescence from acute 7
Rheumatism give tonics—nux vomica, gentian, etc., and digestible food.
If it attacks the pericardium, apply couniter- irritants to the side. In the ©
case of Neuralgia, quinine is good, and also the compounds of coal-tar— q
as acetanilid, antipyrin, etc. In acute Neuralgia, give combination of —
bromide potash and gelsemium, that is almost a specific. ‘Then atters
giving that a few hours, follow with quinine, and follow that with tonic —
doses « of nux vomica or gentian. ‘There is akind of Rheumatism that —
horsemen call Corb, in w vhich the muscles of the neck get stiff and con- S
tract, causing Wry Neck. a

LyMPHANGITIS.—Is inflammation of the lymphatics. It is known
by various common names, but mostly in this country as MONDAY Morn-
ING DisEAsE. It usually occurs in draft horses on Monday morning, —
due to the Sunday rest, and with full heavy feed kept up. We find in|
most cases that it follows high feeding during periods of idleness. It
often occurs in the hind limbs, but not always; it may attack the fore leg.
In the hind leg it usually makes its < appearance in the chain of lymphat-—
ics running down the inguinal canal, along down the tibial region.
When the fore leg is affected, the brachials are usually affected, attended
with great soreness, fever, swelling, and lameness. It is more often seen
in draft horses, probably because they are phlegmatic and have not such
high temperament as the thoroughbreds, so we find about 99 out of 100

ere “Pee 2) naa es NS ais Sind ies
at Ts Ee Paes Cg Se, i ee ie i cai SR ae any

“ait ba Se leuk i Altacte it dy cout Aa Ge eM
op Ry ee Ve ae ODT He DES IN de
1 naib Ptoy te ie Hastie

a

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 205

eases affected are draft horses. I hey are much heavier feeders, and in

the stable are more quiet, not restless like the thoroughbreds.
Etiology.—It is supposed that the cause lies in the excessively rich

condition of the blood. It is hard to realize the pathogenesis as the im-

mediate cause of the inflammation, but there istoo much chyle poured into
the blood; this loads it with nutrition, and as a result the blood becomes
plethoric; then as a result of this the lymphatics become congested with
lymph and chyle, the same as other parts become congested Sait blood;

there is a stoppage in the circulation, and as a result ‘there is ean
tion. ‘This is the common cause. Occasionally (but rarely) we have

another form that occurs in debilitated horses; the conbustion in that

case is caused by the lymphatics becoming plugged with debris, the-re-
sult of rapid tissue metamorphosis, particularly when the system is liv-
ing upon itself, without any food being taken into the body, and with
combustion going on just the same. In such a case the fibrin is greatly
increased, so that it interferes with the circulation of the blood. In the
first case it is mechanical plugging, in the other it is plugging with the

- debris from tissue waste.

*Semeiology.—Almost invariably a chill, either visible or not; this
may be very severe or very slight, but as a rule in plethora it comes on
with a chill lasting from 4 to ro hours, and long before the chill stops we
have a high fever. developed; the height of the “fever i is usually in direct
proportion to the length and severity of the chill. Then following the
rigor (in the early part of the fever) there is restlessness; lameness de-
velops in the affected limb very soon after the fever subsides. The ant-
mal now becomes quiet because it pains him to move. As a result of the
fever we have an accelerated pulse—rapid, full, strong and bounding,

_ with a tinge of hardness; the respirations are much accelerated, so much so

that you may think it a case of thoracic trouble; this is probably due to
the pain; respirations are often from 20 to 25 per minute. The mucous
membranes are injected; sometimes from the pain, they sweat at the
flanks. Colicky pains are sometimes quite prominent, probably due to

the mesenteric lymphatics being affected; the bowels will naturally be con-

stipated, urine scant and high colored, and if tested, an excess of urea will
be found; hippuria in cattle particularly. The local manifestation is a
line of swelling along down through the inguinal canal, down the inside
of the thigh, a ropy-like enlargement from ‘the size of the finger to that
of the wrist; this swelling is extremely sensitive to the touch. It usually

starts in the inguinal ring and extends down gradually; it takes about

24 hours to reach the hock. ‘This swelling is attended with rapid exuda-

1 a tion that infiltrates into the surrounding tissues, so that in the course of
from 24 to 36 hours there is a Big Leg from the body to the ground. If

- you cause him to move, which he is disinclined to do, he will be very
lame; appetite is completely lost. If left to himself the inflammation

subsides, but it leaves more or less enlargement of the leg, due to the
partial organization of the exudate. ‘This enlargement is known as ELE-

_ PHANTIASIS, and in this case we get a typical form of it. We don't get
Pamideh: swelling i in the first attack, but if left to himself, particularly if “he

is compelled to work, this will cause it; but if left in ‘ine stable he has no
appetite, and as the liner causes ances he will drink much, the blood will

thin out, the kidneys will be cleaned out, and he will make a nice recov-

216 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

ery.. One attack predisposes to a Hate Or and | every success atta
leaves the leg a little larger than it was before; soin about three at
the horse has chronic Big Leg; this is due to the exudate organizing
becoming largely fibrous. ie mi
Treatment.—The first thing we usually dois to give full puede ¥
dose of aloes; then put up mixture of aconite, nitrate potash, and (with —
a view of preventing any unfavorable results from the aconite) we include J
a little spirits of nit. ether; we usually give maximum dose the ra ‘12 r
hours. Receipt is: 4
R Aconite fl. ext. 1% drs.
Potash Nit. 2 OZS.
Spts. Nit. Ether 2 OZS.
Aqua ad to make one pint. — ; }

Dose, 2 ozs. every hour; that will last eight hours, then your ball will
have begun to act. Give the ball first, een this right after it; with this —
you can “control the fever and get the kidneys working. Next thing
to bathe the fore and hind parts with hot water vigorously, an hour ; he
time, three times a day; after bathing wrap up warmly; tie the end ofa
blanket at the pastern and wrap upward and around the body; blanket :
should be dry. Give nothing to eat, but all he wants to drink; keep —
quiet, no exercise for from three to six days; by that time the inflamma- ye
tion has subsided, much of the swelling will be gone, the kidneys and ~
bowels working good, and as the swelling goes out “without exercise, keep _
quiet. After swelling is gone, appetite good, and animal feels good, —
give Io minutes’ gentle exercise three times a day for a few days, th
increase to fifteen minutes and so on. ‘The trouble is that horses are p
to work as soon as the swelling is gone, and the next night it is bac
again in the leg, and this will be repeated till the horse gets chronic Big 4
Leg. If good 1 treatment is followed there will be no predisposition to a
second attack: that is if good prophylactic treatment is carried out by the ‘
owner—for instance, feed horse lightly through the holidays; on Satur 4

day night no grain, but large sloppy mash: instead; Sunday morning
and noon, half rations of grain and dry bran; Sunday night, full feed of
grain. In acute case, if it occurs in cold weather and * you have no-
warm stable for your patient, it is then impracticable to bathe with hot
water, so don’t use water at all; give internal treatment just the same,
but for local treatment use mercurial ointment diluted with equal par ‘
of lard; you will have to write a prescription for this:

tL
=F,

i

R Unguentum } .
ei Bt ZS.
Hydrargeri J
Adeps 2 OZS.

Rub this well in with friction over the affected parts, three times a day;
use it quite freely, not thick, but with considerable of friction. In that
way you can reduce the local inflammation and increase the absorption n
of the exudate. We prefer the hot water where practicable, but this
makes a good substitute, especially in cold countries.

AzoTURIA.—This is a non- -contagious blood disease of the plethoiil
type, almost if not entirely peculiar to horses, though some say it exists
sometimes in the human. It is characterized by sudden prostration; usu-
ally there is anability to rise when the horse is down. It invariably — fol-
lows exercise after a period of enforced idleness and continued high fe ec

Rte FORT. Se epee ee

A Re RT eee Cele ree

“ VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 217

ing, especially on highly nitrogenous food, as oats. Insuch a case there
is an excess of nitrogen developed + in the system as a result of the exer-
cise, and there is more nitrogen and other waste material than the excret-
ing organs can take care of. It occursin all ages and breeds, in both
sexes, but we find it among the half-breed draft horses more than in the
full-blooded horses, probably because the half-breed is more violent than
the other in ae exercise after a period of idleness.

2)
after; in this condition ( plethoric) the animal often ae itchy, sd some-

times in his struggles he gets down and becomes caught in some way, and
in violent attempts to get up he brings on the disease. Another cause is
when Indigestion causes colicky pains, and in his suffering his struggles
cause the disease, that is in Indigestion from idleness, etc. Another
cause is, if a horse is brought to you that must be cast for an operation,
and has not been prepared by dieting, in his struggles when he is cast he
may bring it on. In idleness with high feeding, the animal gets very
plethoric; the blood gets rich in solids | at the expense of the watery con-
stituents, then in pddition to this rich condition of the blood, idleness
tends to a faulty activity of all the organs; they do their work in a lazy |
manner, and this interferes with the circulation. When idleness is at
an end, the horse goes out and the exercise increases the circulation; the
pulse in some cases may run up to 38, to 50, or 60, and he is feeling
good, takes very active exercise, and asa result of this muscular exertion
there is tissue metamorphosis; the debris produced in the system by ac-
tivity is nitrogen, and every contraction of the muscles produces nitro-
> gen, or separates it from the tissues. As we get nitrogen in the food, it
feeds the muscles and makes them strong. Ones Coan hydro-carbon,
and the horse will get Azoturia from them; corn contains carbo-hydrate,
and will not cause Azoturia. This surplus nitrogen must be eliminated
from the system by the kidneys, or it will poison the blood. The kid-
neys excrete it in the form of urea, so they must be kept-~in good con-
dition; the salts and water can be gotten rid of by other ways than the
kidneys, but not so the nitrogen. As the blood is rich in solids and de-
ficient in water, so when the “heart begins to increase in activity as a re-
sult of the exercise, this thick blood cannot circulate freely through the
organs, and we get a capillary stasis; the kidneys become congested, and
there is an impaction of the capillaries with blood; this interferes with
_ the action of the kidneys, and the pressure on the capillaries of the kid-
neys is so strong that the coloring matter of the blood is forced out and
passes into the urine, giving it the dark color we see when we draw
off the urine.

If the action of the kidneys is so interfered w ae as to cause total
suppression of the urine, horse may die in two hours; but if the action of
the kidneys is partially carried on, the life of the animal may be pro-
longed. If he recovers it will be due to the restoration of the kidneys to
their functions; if he dies, it is due to the inability of the kidneys to
eliminate urea, and ureemia, or ureemic blood poisoning takes place; this is
the immediate cause of death. The urine is retarded, but the only danger
in that is that the urea contained the nitrogen in it. As the kidneys are
congested the other organs are similarly congested, the lungs more par-
ticularly; as the animal goes down he is unable to rise, and a peculiar

.
218 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

motor Paralysis takes place, due to the local, muscular Congestion,
the same as in the kidneys; this produces local pressure on the | ink
nerves, which produces the Paralysis, and the muscles most generally aff ccd

region. The congestion of these muscles is sometimes so severe as 1
nearly interrupt the circulation; this often leads to serious results; it
often causes cessation of the functions of the muscles, and as a con se a
quence, a condition of wasting or atrophy follows. Sometimes it causes Bis,
local gangrene and sloughing, and in some cases the formation of Ab #
scesses, and consequently degeneration. Some of the Abscesses found ia
the gluteal region may contain 2 quarts of pus. Sometimes the swelling .
of these muscles relieves them of the capillary congestion, and sometimes
will puff out or up 3 or 4 inches, particularly in the gluteal and dorsal.
Where the congestion is very intense with little swelling, the muscles
hard, and the pressure on the nerve is then. very severe, often fatal
Usually, but not invariably, the hind parts are affected, sometimes. —
the fore, or perhaps only a set or section of se but more often it BRE: dl
the left hind quarter. re is
Post-Mortem.—Where death sets in soon after congestion, we will
find the muscles, particularly the affected ones, darker colored than nor- 8
mal; the heart is usually filled with black clots of blood—in this it differs
from Anthrax; the kidneys and liver are soft; the kidneys, according t
the length of time affected, may become eangrened, Where the conges-
tion is not severe enough to produce gangrene, there may be Abscesses-
found in the kidneys. You will find congestion of the cerebral meninges
(Cerebral Meningitis), with more or less effusion into the arachnoid space,
also into the spinal canal, and as a rule you will find the animal fat in-
side, though he may be lean outside. If the blood is plethoric, theanimal
doesn’t need to be fat tobe liable to the disease. Animals that are hard
worked usually get an abundance of oats, and they are the ones most lia- ;
ble to the disease, though the work may keep down the fat. y
Semeiology. —When the horse is taken out after a period of idlentaeel
he feels good, and dances and prances around full of life; the distance he —
will then go depends on the amount of nitrogen created from the exer-_
cise of the muscles; he may go 4% mile, or may go from 3 to 20 miles. 9
We will say he goes 14 mile; as ne prances along he soon begins to sweat —
and blow; the last is due to the congestion of the lungs, the other to the
congestion of the skin; he soon slows up, looks around, - countenance is anx- au
ious, gets lame in hind quarter, and the fetlock soon knuckles; that is the f
first symptom of Paralysis. He is soon dragging the leg, can’t bear any —
weight on it; then the other fetlock knuckles, and that leg soon becomes —
helpless, and he goes down. During this time the muscles of the back |
and loins often swell, hard as a board: he may lie quiet a little time, but —
soon gets restless, has colicky pains, the nerves become intensely excited,
pulse tumultuous, weak, uneven, then dicrotic, and there is a convulsive
motion of the limb. If you draw his urine in the early stage you might ~
not find any abnormal condition, but in an hour you will find it a dark,
coffee color, and thick—the color is due to the coloring matter from ithe
blood; the thickness to the amount of mucous in it. Sometimes it is _
thick that it wont flow through the catheter; you can assist it by putti
your hand in the rectum. Some fever develops, may be 103 oF 4; |

Pg ee

ea

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 219:

pain and nervousness cause him to make attempts to rise; he can get on
his front feet, but his hind parts are helpless, so he walks on his front
legs and drags the hind parts some distance.

As the disease progresses and urzemic poisoning takes place, delirium
sets in; that is the first effect of ureemia; delirium runs on to comatose
condition and finally death, which usually occurs in convulsions. The
mortality in the city under favorable circumstances would be 60 per cent,
though it may run to 95 per cent; a general average would be 70 per cent.
Death usually occurs in from 48 to 72 hours, though the disease often
runs on to 4 or 6 days, or to 5 or 6 weeks. Sometimes the urine contains
tube casts, heematin and hemoglobin; the tube casts indicate Nephritis.
In case of Abscess there will be pus in it; in case of gangrene, gas will
bubble out through the catheter. In mild cases the symptoms are. par-
tially developed; he may go down and get up again, but there will be
pain and lameness in one quarter; this is different from Colic in that re-
spect. The animal often gets well after lying down an hour or two. It
seems that a 3 days’ stay in the stable is worse than a 3 weeks’ period of
idleness, because apparently the animal loses the good appetite he has the
first day; eats less oats, and the system gradually becomes used to the
change; then the capillaries have time to become enlarged so as to accom-
modate the increased quantity of blood.

Treatment.—If on the street or anywhere, draw off the urine;
if you attempt to move without doing so you are in danger of rupturing

_ the bladder; then get him home. If he is very nervous, give to about a
1400 fb. horse, 1 oz. fl. ext. gelsemium for the first dose, then if needed,

give about % oz. or less, the second dose. It is doubtful if a pur-
gative is indicated, as there is already a lack of water in the system and

a purgative would still further reduce it; but the favorable point is that

the animal is plethoric and needs depletion. I never got any good from
Cleeding, and little from purgatives; usually give average dose of aloes.
Diuretics are dangerous; if the congestion is severe, diuretics will surely
kill, but if Congestion of the Liver is mild, it will make sure of recovery;
still it is dangerous to give them, especially the potassium diuretics—
acetate and nitrate potash. Give amild stimulant:
R Gelsemium fl. ext. 2 ozs.

Potas. Bromide. 2 OZS.

Aqua to make one pint.
Dose 2 ozs. on an average of about every 3 hours. In addition to
this Dr. Ellingwood suggests lith. citrate 1 dr. in water every two or
three hours for the first 48 or 60 hours, then drop to 3 times a day; the
other receipt is about the same. Williams advises chlorate potash—this
will kill every time.

Local Treatment.—Use hot Renee, wring out rug in hot wa-
ter and apply over the loins, cover with water proof, then cover with dry
blankets; this keeps the steam in. During convalescence give nux vomica;
in human, they use ethereal tinct. of juniper. Make it yourself; take 4
0ZS. juniper berries, let them macerate ina ozs. nitrous ether for 24
hours, then drain off the ether, add 4 ozs. of more the ether and leave
24 hours longer; then squeeze them, add 4 ozs. more of ether and a
little alcohol—that makes your preparation. Remember that a horse’s
chances are much better standing, but if he can’t bear about 2% of his.

220 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

own weight he can be put in a sling. Following Azoturia it
Laminitis sometimes develops; if so, treat as ordinary case of
If the muscles waste on the hind quarter, treat by stimulating
setons; put in three setons, about 2 inches apart, and leave them in ab
6 weeks: then send to pasture or give good long rest. It often
‘from 3 3 to 6 months for the muscles to become strengthened ag
necessary you can medicate the setons with cantharides, Da
be sure to give gentle exercise.
SIMPLE OPHTHALMIA. —Inflammation of the conjunctiva. pal
Etiology.—Is usually the introduction of some foreign body into t] »
eye, or the extension of some inflammation to the eye, as from ~
lachry mal ducts in Catarrh or Glanders. It is often caused by. facing
cold wind in long drives, this causing Conjunctivitis; or from eat
substances getting into the eye. A very common cause is driving beh
a lime wagon age the wind blowing the dust into the horse’s eyes, pro-—
ducing Con; unctivitis, or in fact from any foreign body. iss
Semeiology. —Hy elids swollen more or less: the extreme sensiti 5
ness of the eye causes him to keep the lids partly closed; there is more ¢ a
less pain, conjunctiva swollen, copious discharge of tears from the eyes;
as they can’t run down the lachrymal duct, they flow over the cheek. —
this is continued more than a day, the inflammation extends more or le
to the cornea, with more or less infiltration into the tissues, with a corr
sponding degree of opacity of the cornea. Some say this ‘opacity is di
to interrupted nutrition, but it seems there must be an increase rat
at any rate we say the eye is cloudy; the cornea, which is normally tr L
parent, becomes clouded: this varies in degree. : é
Treatment.—Examine the eye for the foreign body and remo
this is best done with curved forceps, holding the curved side towar
the eye so as not to risk injuring it. Foreign bodies often become imbedd
in the mucous membrane, and | swelling of the conjunctiva closes aroun
them, so look carefully; you will recognize their presence, as there wi ’
likely be a little local swelling where the body is; you can often, as
were, break down the mucous ‘membrane to get atit. A silk handk
chief is good to remove such things as grain, chaff, dust, ete. After
have removed the foreign body treat with anodyne and mucilaging
substances. Common salt and distilled water are good to allay Con-
junctivitis - strength, % oz. to pint of water. The white of an egg intro-
duced into the eye is a good,—it lubricatessthe surface and so relieves b,
the irritation; linseed tea or a grain of linseed introduced into the eye. Si
also good. Ina very bad case, keep animal in the dark, and apply a littl ’
cocaine occasionally; give laxatives, saline diuretics, and sloppy food.
H#MATODES FunGus.—A bleeding fungus; this i is a medullary — oft
Cancer, almost exclusively confined to cattle. It usually starts in sma Ne i
purplish spots on the conjunctiva; it is malignant and spreads, workit
into the eye and destroying it; and it even “works back and attacks
bone. The putrefactive matter from the ulceration causes cachexia,
the animal dies from blood poisoning. This fungus bulges out of #
orbit in a suppurating Tumor that bleeds easily.
Treatment.—The only hope is in the early stage, by removing W ’
the knife; if the eye is involved, extirpate it and cauterize; when gran a
tion takes place and fills up the Orbit about one half, use waits loti

oy 2
els
ack

Pte

tae

PLU

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. P27oi0

prevent further granulation; then get rid of the animal, as the disease is
malignant and may break out again.
ENTROPIUM.—This is turning in of one eyelid, or both; they turn in
‘so the eyelashes come in contact with the eyeball and cause great distress
and swelling of the lids; cornea is more or less cloudy, and there is a dis-
charge of muco-purulent matter from the eyes; it gives the animal a very
objectionable appearance; the eyes are almost always closed.
Treatment.—Is surgical; an elliptical section of the skin of the eye-
lid must be removed, and the edges drawn together; this shortens the
lids; you remove a section the size that the case requires, according to
the amount turning in. Prepare the animal with laxatives twenty-four
hours ahead; wash off the spot and remove the hair, then with short
scissors remove a section of the skin; first run a needle and silk within
about 36 of an inch from the eyelashes, then remove the piece; .usually
take three fine stitches about an equal distafice apart. Where it is the
upper lid you operate on, it is well to put a few stitches up through the
“eyebrow to hold the lid for three or four days, to allow the palpebral
muscles to contract; then treat the wound as a simple wound. ‘The re-
sult of this operation is asarule pleasing. You will find this trouble
very common in dogs. +
CTROPIUM. wae where the eyelids are too short, turning the lashes
out and exposing the conjunctiva; this is not so painful as the last dis-
ease, but it is very unsightly. The same operation may be performed,
except that it is performed on the conjunctiva instead of the skin. In
very mild cases we try first, very mild astringents—solution of sulphate
zine 2 gers. to the oz., or a saturated solution of borax or cold tea, es-
pecially green tea; do this three or four times a day; then if that fails,
we sometimes sew the lids together, the same as in dislocations of the
eye; this usually works very satisfactorily ; so it is not very often in these
eases that we are required to take out the elliptical section; the zinc may
sometimes be used as strong as 5 gers. to the oz. of water.
| WOUNDS IN THE Eve.—These are usually from accidents; the most
serious is the one that cuts the cornea, allowing the aqueous humor to
escape; it is sometimes so severe as to cause dislocation of the lens, so
that it tips over out of position: In many cases you can take hold of it
and replace it, then apply some antiseptic solution to the wound; it is
good to bind on an ice poultice; put the ice in a rubber bag with sawdust
or bran. Apply antiseptic once or twice a day, and ice * poultices con-
-tinually. The wound will often heal by first intention.
; LeucoMA.—An opaque cornea; it means a whitish condition of the
cornea. It may sometimes be produced by blows, though not severe
‘ enough to break the cornea, and if they are not treated properly and in
time they will remain permanently cloudy. ‘The more dense and organ-
; ized the exudate, the more whitish willbe the opacity; and the w hiter
_ the more likely to be incurable. While it is blue, especially pale blue,
_ there is hope of removing it, but as it gets whiter the chance diminishes.
4 Sometimes there is a white patch on the cornea at the point of injury that
; may remain permanently, but if the contusion is mild the exudation will
be mild, and absorption will take place, followed by recovery.
Treatment. —For local treatment, warm fomentations and anodynes,
nd later, stimulants; put salt or borax in the water. After using three

or four days, use distilled or fluid extract of witch hazel—the

wound, but usually in canine Distemper when the eyelids become |

222 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

can be used clear; the fl. ext. dilute 75 per cent; after using these”
or four days, use an astringent—sulphate zinc 5 grs. to the 02.
silver 3 to 5 grs. to the oz. In old cases, we usually use it stronge eo,
10 grs. to the oz. Always use distilled water. fee RIE

ULCERATION OF THE CORNEA.—Is liable to occur in case of ny

together, and pus accumulates inside and spreads, and poisons the corne y
or it may set up ulceration in three or four places and become confluen te 3
Unless the lids are softened and the pus let out, the ulceration may ea ig
through the cornea, allowing the aqueous humor to escape. By
Treatment.—Remove the cause; reduce the Conjunctivitis,
touch the ulcer as lightly as possible with lunar caustic. In case the:
nea is not ruptured, granulations may occur in patches on the cot
and be red as beefsteak; in this case, cauterize once every three days wi th
lunar-caustic. My cases made good recovery. Ysa
KERATITIS.—This is inflammation of the cornea. In the oa of
the cornea we get more or less Keratitis; it is a constitutional disease,
peculiar to cattle: it is very common, and often runs through a whole ©
herd. Though we believe it is infectious, we have no proof of it, *K
wont say that it is; but it is constitutional, and runs a regular course, y
usually benign. x
Semeiology.—Tears run down the cheeks; bright li ight causes Be, s
eyelids swell more or less; there is ulceration of the cornea, with con- |
siderable opacity of the cornea. The main feature of the disease seems _
to be in the cornea, with acute Cellulitis. It usually runs four to twelve —
days, with recovery,but in some cases the cornea becomes punctured, |
the aqueous humor escapes and the eye is destroyed; usually one, some- —
times both. - ae
Treatment.—Constitutional; laxatives and soft food; keep in the
dark; use warm fomentations, with salt and water, and don’t let the iris)
remain in one position too long; give or rather introduce a little atropine —
to dilate the pupil, then if it doesn’t contract in a few days, use calabar -
bean to cause it to contract. After the inflammation runs its course a
astringent can be applied to the eye—use zinc sulph. ete.
FILARIA OcuLl.—A little thread-like worm which lives in ‘thes
aqueous humor of the eye, in the anterior chamber; but how it gets there,
God only knows. ‘This is common in Canada, I never saw a case here.
This worm is about the size of number 60 spool cotton, from % to 1 inch
long, and looks like cotton. Sometimes it lies quietly, other times |
flashes around in the humor; this stimulates the secreting glands and |
causes an increase of aqueous humor, producing great distress and bulg-
ing out of the part. ,
Treatment.—lLay the horse on his back, turn the head on the poll, ig
treat the eye with cocaine, and fasten the upper eyelid back; don’t trt
to speculum, sew them back with a few stitches. Some give chloroform,
I think it unnecessary; take an ordinary scalpel, introduce it at th e
junction of the sclerotic and cornea, that is on the upper side of the eye;
usually make the incision 34 inch long, then with a little pressure on the
cornea force out the aqueous humor and the worm will usually come
out with it, but if it doesn’t, then use forceps to get it. This operatio

a
ere :

VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 223

is called Sclero-Cornea operation. ‘The wound will heal by first inten-

tion; the aqueous humor will be renewed, and the eye will be all right.
Never make the incision on the lower side, or the humor will run out as
it is secreted. Before operation, pass the blade of your knife through a
flame to make it thoroughly clean. ‘Treat the wound as a simple one;
use cold applications, but they are not really necessary.

AMAUROSIS.—This is sometimes called GurTa SERENA, or Glass
Eye. It is one of the most peculiar of the eye diseases; the eye is in-
sensible, and there is total blindness. "The cause of this is Paralysis of
the optic nerve; it is quite common in people and horses, but rare in
cattle and dogs.

Semicioloy. — The eye looks full, large and natural, thatis to a casual
observer; but close examination shows that the pupil is large and round,
instead of being oval as it naturally is. Itis dilated; you will find
hhim blind, and the eye insensible, that is to hght. You might look at it
in the dark and not suspect anything wrong, as the eye naturally dilates
in the dark, but you will see the difference “when taken into the hght.

» Excessive hemorrhage is sometimes put down as the cause of this.

DETACHMENT OF THE RETINA.—In case of excessive hemorrhage, it
sometimes occurs between the choroid and the retina; this produces a
loss of fuctional activity of the retina, and may run to Amaurosis, though
in Amaurosis it is the optic nerve that is affected. The cause of this de-
tachment may be due to blows on the head, severe fits of coughing, there-
by causing hemorrhage between the choroid and the retina. This is

“quite common in people, horses, and dogs, but is never seen in cattle.

It often occurs in horses from severe hemorrhage, as from Castration,
euts from barbed wire fences, etc. It differs from Amaurosis in that it
sometimes gets well; Amaurosis seldom does.

Treatment for AMAUROSIS.—Only rational treatment, as nux vomi-
ca and a little iodide potash; but treatment is unsatisfactory.

Treatment for DETACHMENT OF THE RETINA.—A prominent
- oculist in human practice gives purgative of calomel first, then after the
_ action of that passes off gives iodide potash. I know one case he treated

this way (a dog), and he only got worse. Another good oculist treated

the dog afterward with very sood results; the sight was pretty well re-
_ stored. He said that purgatives and iodide potash’ increased the hemor-
; rhage; his treatment was tinct. iron and nux vomica internally, and a
Ep few drops of distilled extract witch hazel into the eye three times a day.
} If the horse doesn’t recover from this trouble it will run into a case of
; Gutta Serena.

» Graucoma.—This is a disease in which the vitreous humor, which
in health is transparent, becomes cloudy. In this case, with the aid of
the ophthalmoscope, the retina in the horse can be seen to be of a green-
ish, almost yellowish cast, while in health it isa peacock blue. ‘This
disease occasionally follows or accompanies Amaurosis, but that would

ing the optic nerve. Cataracts often succeed this Glaucoma.
: Treatment.—Would depend entirely upon the cause of the disease,
which you should treat, but usually it is an incurable disease.
STAPHYLOMA.—Is so called from its resemblance to a grape; it isa
Tumor on the cornea. ‘The cornea in this case becomes solidly ,opaque

_ probably be because of some other disease extending to the eye and affect-

gts

sion of the anterior chamber by the bulging of the cornea; and this

inflammation into it, usually from Catarrh, Glanders, Big Head, decayed —

partial obliteration of the duct, and the tears will flow out over the

224 THEORY AND PRACTICE.

6"

Ke
and bulges out beyond its position—often sticks out beyond the
The cornea covering the Tumor is usually white. This disease is con
in the human and dogs, but is rare in horses and cattle. It occurs i n ty
forms—in one case the Tumor is solid, in the other it is simply a disten

due to an irritation of the lining of the chamber, thereby causing i
creased secretion and quantity of the aqueous humor. But ino
cases it may be from blows on the eye, which set up KERATITIS
Tumor then becomes fibrous tissue and solid. The bulging kind | is”
most common; it also grows larees than the solid kind. ~
Treatment. if it be detected soon enough
puncture and liberate some of the aqueous humor; this may save the €y
and prevent the disease. But if it goes too long and you are asked t a
treat it, it must be removed, but the sight will be destroyed—you can’
replace the cornea. The operation is as simple as it is interesting. Anzs-
thetize the animal, and insert a thread from side to side, putting it about —
¥% inch apart; then with a sharp scalpel remove the Tumor outside of th
threads, bring the edges together with the threads and ligate; apply cold
applications after. The union of the edges usually takes place by first
intention, then you may put in a glass or rubber eye for appearance. | In|
these operations always run your knife blade through an alcohol flame,
for safety.as to germs. NG
Tacrievan at FistuLA.—lIs where the lachrymal duct becomes pune
tured by violence, fracture of the bone, rupturing the duct, or closin:
the duct below, thus causing the tears to flow out of the opening inste (
of into the nose.
Treatment.—Must be according to the morbid anatomy. No aa
can be laid down as to treatment, because of the different causes; usuall:
in the case of bone fracture, trephining is indicated. ‘Treat antisep
tically; open up the duct in some way. me
STRICTURE OF THE LACHRYMAL Duct.—Occurs from extension 0 a

teeth, etc. It may occur in two ways —by formation of ‘neoplastic tissue
by self. proliferation, or by outside pressure from some cause. In either |
case we get stricture or obstruction; this may cause either complete « 0

cheeks, causing what horsemen call WATERY EYE. “a
Treatment. —If the cause is acute or chronic Catarrh, operate on the |
primary lesion; if that does not cure the trouble, then try to pass a bougie-
through, or syringe it out both from the opening at the eye and i in th 7
nose.. It often resists treatment. Ae
RETINITIS.—Inflammation of the retina; this is usually a purely
nervous disease, and needs to be treated as such. If treated early de-.
pletor motos are indicated, or depressor motos; as gelsemium and bro-
mide potash, with laxatives: keep in a dark place, and following t the
acute stage, nux vomica, arsenic, and iron may be given. Animal may
make a good recovery, but unfortunately the trouble is not noticed in
time. By examining the retina you will findit a greenish yellow cast,
especially plain with the use of the ophthalmoscope. Retinitis leads on
to cloudiness of the vitreous humor, to Glaucoma, and from that to cata ;
acts on the posterior surface of the lens.

disease. ‘The word Specific refers to it in this respect as being
editary, but not infectious. We find it runs in certain families; Moon
nd mares are not so apt to have offspring as Moon Blind stallions:
will go blind any time from six tiont He: to six years; on an average,

een four and six years.

itreous humor. The inflammation on the inside of the anterior chamber
roduces in this case, an increase of aqueous humor, which produces great
' pressure from the inside and causes a great deal of pain. ‘The next re-

udge the te of intra-ocular pressure. Nest. follows organization of
exudate, and the formation of a white deposit at the omer point of
: sclero-cornea junction; it willbe in. the form of a little unnatural
line; often the deposit of the first attack is slight, but the second
be euonee to notice it. Next isa ragged condition of the soee of

ke ositive evidence of a previously existing Iritis; this is caused ‘by the
exudate taking place into itself, and then adhesion with itself takes place;
that is in places, giving it the uney en appearance, and each succeeding
ack makes it more ragged Icoking. The next peculiar feature is, that
ollowing the first attack it often clears up, then after a variable period of
m four weeks to four or five months, the inflammation will reoccur and
mtinue to do so from time to time till cataracts form, causing total
b! olinduess, then the attacks cease. These attacks as a rule come about
once a month. The name Moon Blindness was given it because many
‘thought the moon had some influence in the recurrence of the attacks.
aD e cataracts that form are coagulated deposits of lymph from the exu-
date; also from the inflammation organizing and forming a dense fibrous
“Capsule; it is then called Capsular ‘CATARACT, or when in the body of
the lens is called LENTICULAR CATARACT.

Semeiology. — Swelling of the eyelids is needy the first symptom;
n Closing of the eye; there is a profuse flow of tears; eye retracts into

rbit, making it appear very small—this often lasts for life. After
the inflammation has been in the eye for from twenty-four to forty-eight
irs a deposit of whitish-yellow matter will be in the bottom of the an-
or chamber; this looks like pus, but is the coagulated lymph; it occurs
every case. The inflammation lasts from two to ten days, then gradu-
ally subsides and has a tendency to clear up, and the deposit to become
so bed, and the Eye apparently gets all right, then it reoccurs, and

a. ‘of the ee oe is exudate. In order to test this, put a little |

Wee ye eT oe: Ne oA?
ah Crete iis ") EMO Ya f
; j

226 THEORY AND PRACTICE. . i Dit

or three ease or in as many years.
Treatment.—We look upon it as incurable; but treat the iatleea
‘tion;—give purgatives, then follow with diuretics and cold applicatio ns
to the eye. To cause dilatation of the pupil, inject a solution of atropin
2% ers. to the oz., three or four times a day, then if it does not con-
tract after a few days, use calabar bean. Give soft feed, keep the anime
a dark place, and let him rest; this will ward off the cataract for a time. ee
During convalescence iodide potash may help to absorb the deposit, but
he will inevitably go blind in time.. Dr. Harrison, of Atchison, Kas i (
says the only treatment is surgical, which is as follows:
Apply cocaine to the eye, “dilate the lids with a speculum and put
twitch on the nose—there is no sensation; take a fine-bladed knife (ama
for the purpose) about 7 inch wide, introduce the blade at the lov
sclero-cornea junction; leave the knife in for an instant, then turn t
blade a little and cutee some of the aqueous humor out alongside
the knife blade, about 1% of the humor, or till it becomes soft. Nothing
more is needed except in case inflammation occurs, then use cold appl
cations. ‘There is no danger of Fistula in this case, it heals by first in-~
tention. ‘The trouble doesn’t often re- occur, but in case it should, t
again. The above operation, by removing some of the aqueous humor
relieves the intra-orbital pressure.
DockInGc.—There are two ways of doing this—one with the doc
ing shears, the other by laying open the tail ina V-shaped cut, with the
point of the V up, then cut off the bone at the upper part, slightly sear the
ends with hot iron to arrest hemorrhage, fold the cut ends, pack with ‘
-oakum, fasten it with some of the hair of “the tail, then tie the tail up
with the rest of the hair, so that the tail will be held up; remember th i
the lighter you sear it the sooner it will heal. The rule for a horse
from goo to a 1100 pounds weight, is to leave 8 inches of dock; in a hors
of from 1100 to 1200 pounds weight, or more, leave 10 inches; but you
will have to be governed by the length and size of the horse, the shorter
the horse the shorter the tail. Where you use the shears, tie a string
around the tail, evenly and fairly tight, and with a quick, strong cut re-_
move the tail, fen remove the string ad sear the ends and treat as in|
the other case. If you wish to set the position of the tail before doc
ing, suspend it in the shape you want it for ten or twenty days. There
is a state law in Illinois against docking, but with the clause that unl
it be a benefit to the animal it is forbidden; that will let you out.
SuNnstRoKE.—Also called Heat Stroke by medical men, because
often occurs when the patient has not been exposed to the sun, but
overcome by the heat. It is alsocalled INSoLATION, but this only » at
plies to the trouble due to the influence of the sun. Anhydreemia,
based upon the pathology existing in this case, means an absence of
water in the blood, which becomes thick and dark. Sunstroke is simp
prostration from heat, usually in very hot weather, especially when th
are thunder showers and a low barometer. It occurs more often in J
and August.
Semeiology.—The animal may be going along all right but will
denly get dizzy and weak; after sweating profusely this. suddenly sto]
and dries up; he begins to pant, nostrils dilate, hangs the head,

(

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eye
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VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 2B]

finally goes down. In some cases he will become completely prostrated,

will lie flat on the broadside; occasionally there are convulsive move-
ments of the limbs, which are insensible as in the human, then they go
down, and may die in half an hour. The temperature may run up to
109, IO, Or 12; 10g is common in these cases, but as a rule when it reach-
es or goes over 108, the prognosis is unfavorable. Humid conditions
make it more likely to occur, as we see New York has more cases than
Chicago, Boston more than New York, and all of them more than inland

cities; so it must be that the amount of water around has some influence.

Treatment.—If the temperature stays at 105 or above for any length
of time, it is sure to be followed by serious results; so the first thing to
be done is to reduce the temperature as quickly as possible; the best way
to do this is by showering, which is better than the old system of pack-
ing in ice, which reduces - temperature but is often followed by softening
of the brain in the human, and they are never able to stand the effects of
the sun afterwards; so shower the animal with alight spray, and cool off
slowly; then he will make a nice recovery, far better than to cool off in a
hurry with ice. For internal treatment give stimulants—alcohol is the
remedy; you can give % pint whisky the first dose, then 2 or 4 0z. doses
every few hours. The principle is to cool off and give stimulants. Whisky
is better than injections of strychnine or atropine. In autopsy you will
find the blood thick, black, and tarry.

Pot, Evi, AND FistuLous WiTHERS.—The cause usually is violence
of some sort. Fistula is often caused in the country by one horse catch-
ing another with his teeth and holding on till he bruises the withers.
Poll Evil is often caused by jamming the head against the ceiling, or
tumbling over backwards, etc. In both cases there are pockets formed.

Treatment.—Make a dependent opening where it is possible; don’t
be afraid to use the knife—tfree use of the knife and a dependent opening
is the secret of success in these cases. "Then wash out and treat antisep-
tically as a simple wound, packing the opening with oakum for drainage;
in this way it permits the wound to heal up from the bottom, and keeps
the outer opening open till it heals up to it. Often in Fistulous Withers
there is necrosed tissue found; sometimes the dorsal spines are affected
and must be removed—that is the affected parts. For antiseptic in this
treatment, use carbolized oil, 1 to 16 of cotton seed, linseed, or olive oil;
and instead of sponging, irrigate the wound, sop out with cotton, then fill
up with the carbolized oil and cover over; dress once or twice a day, and
don’t irrigate too much.

CLrvPrNe. —Where a horse has light and fast work, a w arm stable
and blankets, in short, good care, the best thing is to clip him; he comes
in wet with perspiration, and as he is hard to ) clean, he may go out wet
again. But the horse that has slow work or is standing much while out,
or in cold stables, should not be clipped. The horse that is driven much
and sweats, risks going out wet, is predisposed to Pneumonia,
Pleurisy, ete., but after he is clipped always give him good bedding, so
as to not interfere with the circulation. November is the time horses are
usually clipped, except where it is done to avoid the flying of hair when
he is shedding, which is the case when clipping is done the last week in
March. We have often seen cases where horses have been unthrifty,
and medicine failed to ‘help them, that clipping did them good, and

228 THEORY AND PRACTICE. — eae

the horses became better in every way and more thrifty.
FISTULA AT THE BASE OF THE EAR.—Cause is not know
think it is due to the pressure of the band on the bridle; a pen
pocket from two to three inches deep. 4
Treatment.—Dissect out, slitting down with a probe-point
toury; then with the forceps draw inside out as you would oh
dissect out with your scalpel, and treat as a simple wound. : eae
Loco Porsoninc.—Is due to the loco weed, which grows on ‘so
our Western plains. i
Symptoms.—Horse or cattle gets fits of Actes aie mild at sr
they increase until the animal becomes wild and unmanageable; he
plunges, and becomes crazy, finally goes down and dies in conv:
Treatment.—Only thing to do is to treat rationally ; might give v wl
and gelsemium mixed, and bromide potash.
BURNS AND FRosT BrrEs.—Are identical; -there’ is the same)
anatomy in both. y
Treatment.—Use oleaginous applications and antiseptics: « carro
that is lime water and linseed oil mixed, is good, or use carbolized
I in 16; after covering the surface with the oil then cover with cot
If it sloushs, dress once aday. Incase the skin is destroyed, or wl
it granulates, don’t let the granulation go too far—apply white lotio:
begin it a week after the injury. If You “get hold of Frost Bite early
draw the frost slowly so as to re-establish the circulation gradually; 1
gives a better result. In case there is inflammation following, use
tice.
Foot Rot or Four rm Carrie. —This usually occurs in low
grounds; many claim it is oe but we ‘think the reason it

cause heehee or in some eee nes the cake are Tie worn, pe
,soft ground, they grow and curl in like ram’s horns and the mud gets
‘there. This is never seen in hilly countries.
Treatment.—Pare off the hoof, clean, pe use a burnt
or boracic acid, then treat antiseptically,
sort to amputate the foot.
SNAKE Brres.—Symptoms, part swells, and according to”
venom of the snake, the person or animal will in time become deliri
insensible, and die from blood poisoning in a sorta condition,
Treatment. —Give Seni ; ec for hor Se; 2 pie every two ’

eee to cauterize.

DROOPING HArs.—Is where the top of the ear ie over, us
from frost bite while a colt or foal, the part not yet being dry. Tt |
eye sore, and is easily remedied. :

Treatment.—Raise the flap, make an incision on the under
straight across through the skin and. about 33 through the cart
straighten the ear, put on dry iodoform or boracit acid, then put on
splints, one on each side, straight up and down,.and sew through
whole thing with silver wire. Ww atch it, and ifit suppurates, wash
with cold water and dust with dry dressing; Seas fills up. t
and straightens the ear. Paes

le ee ek eae a dressing.
EN | Ears. Sioa both to suit appearances.

FINIs.

1 PEELE A=» - slater ne atin. AA Cra 117
mentary C(O Feira RS ae eee LO

Bladder, oe GIES Ee eo apes eras Ne
As AES Lan ee Dey

“Absorption of... ae ee ees (AS)

ini Atrophy OE er ees eee Bante’
as Ghirachures Gib ie(.2 2. s.0. <0 80

PNeErosisiof ei ere.).)) 0). ie ae ea Ne .78
( Heeratiow ares Mee 0.
omyCosis........... aie Bie alee AS)

INDEX.

Bowels
EnilAro em Sm bil Olsens cle eeeenee 61
iUauilshaaudavenimonamoyyary pur Weored Basia 5 6 64
ER Wel Stix @ Mielec s arate alec dey shane UMA oeeen atta
Bra NayeMU SMe Csi er erste Peed Gt,
BRCOGESRe crtie rah plaka eens coat MST cemetT 78 227
Bronehitis. 2 see: EC Dams ias Sen LAY MS
@hronie, yl ey heen OC
PES USS I i eee eta oe ea .150
AL BATU N Esa SHO BS ao ap eae naa ec ig AU UN nai .. 164-228
Barn t Does is es ele yo ue yet)
BUTSAULER Lf. eos eit k >. see

Cachexia, Water (of Sheep)........108 —

(CaM Mis pec ateiarel aici eee aa Sue Rae)
© Sitl Cee Le hs cra eee - 128
Calculus, Salivary.. BP APB roe ese 41
Gancer... .-.- asec EY eee ee ane 85
IBID CIES Ane em GD giao ata: SAL kon
Gowlordiys fake! aie eR ies Nae 86
Epithelial... 2.2.7: Bae alee 87
Welanotie: ae Sie nae ear Ol
Caponit7mMe WH OWS G2 e/are alqtnyeles -re .102
Carbuncle, Contagious........... AIG)
Garermmomanenrcc sic HE MBEH SN Menai et AAO
Gam UTES Cor see uae (5 ons Are es Meret ale:
Garres creeps PROCES RIe oy tA te poet tt
Castration..... 2 fo rate hee RE ey noe:
Cataract
Capsular: jo. .2-- SHS Bah ee lane 225

Renthicwlar es Uae

JOP inno El eck ae ema mS aanyee sonic cr
Gaile Mommies aye cise te 4 ope Uererice7-10:
Eom aM baits Oey) eiaeee siete . 206
MCAATIG CNV GE UUs eteca so ois es spe eh a oars latagy 73
Cellulitis...... EU ste cach ad £9 ss Sa eLOD
Cephalitis......... Restore eter eee!
Cerebral, Softening...... BW a ieee al eae

Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis.........135
Character, Porcelaneous. .
Cha ORR ee ie2 te
Clivoulaaves «ao ie Mina aa rania wins ee

.. 196

RRR

eos

st
pene
By
ae
i,
;

2g

Cholera, Hog

CHONG AGENT wate eles hoe via. eo ie oka aoh smn ene
MODINE RD SH cues ties, behav Ate sl orotate PEON ART)
“Colic
LEAL) 71292 FP NE INU B OY 2a ..06
SASL OMG 2 sm ale Pa iuiey Neve eval opener 54
Coton, Pim pachion' Of sie. Ne 00
GONSESHLON ti ae ny UAT AETS anya el 130
of Buccal Membrane. oo. 2.2.5.0 37
Mere praia dels cls tteWalnene pa pinenmns .130
(Chronic) of Clitoris... 2.0.05... 153
Foniyd Ds yeu geeelbate ests EAM Ate Fatalls Cooke gediian eteks 103
RO TMS Ache Rast ac lneut nein chav ehaneeie Ss 29
AY eU REIL ANE AE erst Pay aia ives SPR i 122
(CROTAYS | ia O}37 HiyO} CIARA Oia Relay EEN git ia i ae 49
ASO ELST apie Gailey shite) drm So amar RNR alata sooty 16
Clan eros alaichynlaiey WMAa ean Atal abelent pied alae 21
GOS CLOW ee.) fee avs evel sels pas 3)
Cord
CANOTOME LOL au aun Setar ene 99
NRG Lie] CU DEAE AM mal SENN ea A a ea Nn et 99
HClELOSIs Ot They Miele. sone Me 139
Cornea, Ulceration of the.......... 222
SEN PUUGDEOT Se sicis ates, Hates cay te eee 16
OEIC G1 aie K el ATA aa aap Uda ie ST Bae PARE PU 139
CACO] ONS A hat Ny ar nla I S(atersueaetitiedia Biche 21
COGANIMO SIS We evra s sualloid M cieln Sniveenaaus 110
Meee. ce Cee Uiuk Bae 124
GivSUSE OS RUT ON le Ty Bee EIN Mee bahia 24
Gomyponnd Selene Eee KHAN Lg ce 93
CHUPAMEOUS tie Asia echile eal eee ee 93
TERI ONS ies NOUNS sa Re cele 93
OGRE ENTD eae eVaNs oy), onan : wae
NELOUS. ache oes PUP SAIN SE Set 92
MecthBearine |) Alc be woes 93
Thyroid Glands..... BHA SS ey tats AS}
D
Degeneration, Fatty.......... bias ove LA
Demodex, Folliculorum,........... 172
Dermatozoa, Parasitic.............. 170
Diabetes,
Insipidus.. Giasht ear dstoda, vel aah kes
USN Nh ISP oA CM TE NCIS Boe Be 119
Diarrhoea, .2 23.4 oO Bat ae ney bce atest 51
CB OM Ne ae uel ates le Bie, See ieee 54
DAS SDLY.C. SHMSLCIN sya nici. one Sika oO
Diphtheria...... aa Me arena a ri SyetentedintoPoatene 22
Disease
ESE TOFENG 1S Stier ate aoe chart I alee 117-122
NE ABD SWUM Ouest aie ar SEA fee! aE)

Constitutional ..... B ee
Corn-Stalk {sue aa
of the Foot and Mou
of the iivety ose eae
of the Nervous System.
of the Gsophagus, Organic...
of the Reproductive System Re
Himioceens A aie Alen
Patella.
Distemper

Canine. eee

heduetes of the (Hydrocele) ....
Womb, of the (Hy@rometra) ioe

DY SENDER oR teots oSige ene

Dy SPO PSMA: ol cise e mien Bars
Dyspuca...:.... rie

Dy SUNDA Gi. Iye este ts nee

Ears
Bitten: en Le aleg ene
Canker’ in «the. (i.e
Droo piney, Seisnz.
Splits. vate

Eburnationy :. ccc. 1st ee
HIDUPBOS. ate ia bieiote che
Ectopia Cardis....

eee

Eezema....

Elephantiasis........ Ate ee tee
Embolus, Cerebral..........-- ee

Emphysema, ba ve Aa
Sieh sires Ry ya a ae
Encephalitis.........
Bndocarditise arscx eee
BPnteri tipi weetsws coe ee .
PEN GY OPIUM eis lens scree
BNULeSPSR eo kae. <>
Epilepsy.
Epizootic Aphthie......
DOO oh ms the toe ee apr
Erysipelas’. 2.2.5.
BiryollemBayisis. 0.0 sus

_ Obesity of the......
Palpitation of the......
Tumor of they he. 6.29.
Valvular Diseases of the.
BIE INIE Sa Gonocaes dios
emilee sven eats
Hemorrhage.
Cerebral
Post-Partum.
DEComad\ a:
Eemionriordls) ysis
IBLSFOR UMTS ae OM}
Chronic.

Renan sce seas Moco ena tac ane ete
Inguinal (Scrotal)
[Chan ori hyce Nhe rs Rescleigia diac
Ventral .
Horse, Hipped
German....
Ey inO Celene «fs 5
Hydrocephalus.......
ED CRONE LGA EL ocierae Mena ence
Hydrophobia (Rabies)....
Tay GI © LINO We Rae ee eee iol
ASS Hyperemia ..
Ge stick. pe on He Eon hats
Mysteria......

sero. 08)
: 86-220

Impetigo.......
Labialis. .
Impotence......
ILNG IMSS THON, Sa a ois ch ated
ING WERSS oe ek
Chronic......
Inflammation..........
Of BOwelse nay, as)
Tee. Ores he Of (Cords, Spinal a.
4 p ‘ eoccep pat ariaie ofgiiwen) Amyloid tack oe) L0G
Grease leds. vena _ of Liver, Lardaceous...........106
of Membrane of Parotid Glands. .39
Ot SLOMMAIGHY cerqe aoe
Nae (OE “ALCON aySTTKES Go AWiaiy bas
ie vatur a (Bloody HUcirve)is une alley) ulate eI SOek le at a.
Homo ia (Red Water) ..119 Intussusception...........
: Iain VE NaNO KOO Mea Amin Can Soe bIe ais
os tue Irregularities found in Colts...
Se se Ne eMC ATOM akin aa oie ear wey RAR ae
AIS SSS cS A aR Mt a i aaial aN
AUK Date Ha ATEN aN kag OUR en aie aIDRE AA,

, noah) crite Min cdc!
‘ 1 ii hie | #
234 INDEX ay a
J GHP SS AURRN SM, OS) Ws DLE NaN a Gbagenes hee ey eee ETD)
J Nepbhritis Albuminous
ee eal rae Wi igimnesee Ae ree
Dement hh Lyre hans NEALE Aaa
TEATS NM ta ta Al goth) evens (Nerve Tumor) .
Onenee ed as Re ae kya Ae Re 74 Ny phomants 7 came
Open Nay iculavi oan welts aston O
Keratitis........ SA eRe Uhr 222 Obstetrics, Notes on...
Kidneys, Diseases of the........... 116 CQsophagitis........
Bright’s Disease of the..... 117-122 (Msophagismus...........+.+-+
Oculi Filaria....... cee
es K Operation Covered 5; ee
ag ae Ophthalmia, Simple........ . .
1/2 cE A fe Specifies yeu aan
By au et ad feta Sh Ree Pariodie ara
L Opisthotonos.........----
MME Sy OTILS GAs. 312/- fadenn. 2 shah Oe a clas 166 DR ane Cases
Nevo) rer ahaa... seve sd wiles ccistants 157 stiemunua pede
MEDEINTOAS tee itrasd hte Grea epee Whe Sale) wai 37 Osteophyte sian
Bea Mareawonny | oh) asad pends we Wieksepa cee 61 Osteo! SCLerOstS > +51 aan
duammeatie hao cyt I Nie ion anuimnpianine ;
Hee erocmriioean |) 6.04 Hee ah ie sled ae 154 Cones aes, (ois aaa
1A NGO ARS, SOREN) Cet! Ait 991 Osteoporosis, Constitutional... 5
LPTs AL ITT Meese eva hs Mec fal tle d Bakr oyatelitien at 96 Nehari eo orn: sot
Lipoma (Fatty Tumor).......... dee OU) pune ye te ears Dia |
DLV eco aa ea ADR SP a 4050) OFM Er tee ia cae
ESTAS te OO eR ENA ace eR 189! Oe os ear
TOCOMVOLOLG VA TARTA i cid) elspeiesbs sees . 139
Mero POISONING Ho. i 0c here ee gag Papulee.....-----.+.+00:
MRAP EMMA Date at NS eau ole Dam a ae 149 ©-Palpation........-.
Brapry eveneegs Gf AGAR RED ep NOL So ert 146 Pancreas.....---..----
Tish aE MRA OO AL SA ATE eG 202). PRAY BAS seat eae
Hippie Menor ail's2)4,/%, abo cy atengce eras 108 Partial........-. leg
iva Hameo bis 1/27 Ueda aaly Sue ee eae 944 Paraphimosis.....---
(PON OBIS hie ty noe fea ae
M IPATOUIUGIB). ch o,cl\ots al aed ree
AVI ATUCE RS! hau. Wala Leaner leyatere seit iaca vets 161 Parturient Eclampsia..... - Not
MVE HE ne Sy ol wh et sane Mare eS CRIS nk at 170 Parturient Laminitis..........
Hobwedlar )i2'. oan. wie eae 172 PatholOgy...+++seeceereecceeeten vie
7215 2 AAC AG SAIC JPR a 168 Percussion.....+.+se+++ree reese:
Megrims...... Oe cae anne Ehek atts ogy 130. Pericarditis......... eae
Menineitis, Cerebral). 20.0317 )0% 131 Periostitis...........--
WHEL beet RAee TN Ota REN OS TOPO 119 Peritonitis..........--
ENTS UTA TOM store ets aloha sctsts eames 15 Pharyngitis......-.-...
A Welty eal if an es Uae BD he Al elias MaenES se 159 Phimosig.........--)
MEET OPETIGOMIUISS oe \e1c)- <ie's) <! 0, eunrois nt ..159 Philebitis.............-
MGS GAT TIA OS Oia dative nae « ts/sl ade aeons 157 Phlegmon............
MOUMitTE SY O SST UI si erie eele\eyo ata ee oagiiels 79.” (PIVOTS 5.50%, in, )0) -i-tel ts
IVE SLUDIS) aut peniaivanmmneitens sy dletalaalulate 4s MNOS PA tere oso ena seo let ree
Myocarditis....... aA eR aKS Meninke SLLDee PIV TIASIS: . qe ste see
ih ib u
WE POUR Nie OP ave Per Tera rye) ae ers

oldies
Gey

sey
Ae ais

cee aranis

- ee ee eee eee oe

n, Impaction of

f Biden
_of Intestinal walls...
of Perineum......
Ol Wier eae ae
ot Vagina...

nders . ieee a
TABIS 04:0"... 63

ees ecw ae

Seanilarhisie acetyl ele laieiecns ec sueoa OO

foNCHHE OUMMLER HG Cosco A on oO UDB
SeCLAChestye roe iar: Lea ees
Sey UMCRAIONIE, Woe wk edi oana ce oue be este
Sit Fasts (Collar Boils)...........

cone ale bill by XO a eas aly Hee HLA RUM fee
SNESZIMNGS ie yee ae aus ais acre OU Be

SMOTUN Oy anny ieee EE SRE

Some nSiamnmiss anne pieneae Roevo Maar ali
Sores Weat sears hws on Ae ANN Hey Gee

Spaying the Female.-............-

poy] Oat MS eee eee Aaa) can iat a) apogee ee ry
IS OMeKanas ase ae SARA Si Pe SEA Se es

UCIRONETS) Teal Sha be co 6 Ae casa
Staoioener Maid Sita Nees Nee ee
Staplylominy cacy seve eee etna

SiGe ued lliibiyiarn ssc state csuny ree ea ras chee Oat

Stomach, Disease of...... ean naeae
S COMME IGS ete es eleveylelete eal ote enacts

Stomatitis Pustulosa...............
SUV AMOS Ne el eerie SE Wiis ans tees
PAS OE LN UNTAV Papa taneia| hae yehtiats Peaeuuats

Suwa Cmla brome seis avast mere
SUMTO LIMES A aaa eie eyes eet oatene
of the Lachrymal Duct.....
of the Paucet nee: Bion

SUOCUISSMOMUS Hy msiy meee Gane selclalo:c aoc
SUM StLOK ers Gee cane dae woman tne Bee
SU OSI HUNKS MOMI ONE Ske oe Ane 6 BS
SIMU Ae ee on ial SAA hah beep ede SLR

SUMS 6 O65 boule oo IRE RS We ea Ga a

f)) AOUS EO ENC wee eis oc: mh eaetieee Rav i

SHUN GENE coerigty heme eins Loe eases Sos

SN VOUal| OHOUES AE Gladociaahiae s onde eRoienaes
Svar operaisu sua eae leeieelaees ne
SS aVaMO Wei biliSpievets Citee ie ately anki Mica relent aire
Syphilis, Equine........ Pe SEES

MAO CSO RSS Ee aeons His ool okeue
Vi Rallies: Sip umes vane snes cranes erga ce a
Test for Albumen in Urine........118
Temperature of Various Animals.....7
Meh amie eye iis are Waa yt. valet me eaves OOO

aber alas see Ne Aa ea ae

Thermometer, the..... Wine Oh Gr Ns sui eU!
AVON STO ENC acai chavs) «Ob a shes Sieh teten tO
HD aii OS eeben sens URL eee SR ae eye OO)
AN onPnUalCo(tulrel Ave SIN CANIM SINE Hy NE 9S

Hire rm amo Cla Oi eee etc ben ae

> ‘ ‘ fev rae) r 7 Live +N 4 ¢F er i.
{ 7 4 ) oie * ie | evn tiie on i fe
3 7 kr en eee ene
236 | INDEX. CON ae

4° Ps

¢: MNTISMVUSGs Gere ieee s+ vs cx tls eel peel MAL a OE DCRR Ag un oa tek ane

TALMOLS i.e cvs sca da leek Le tea LOO eo > UU berus, - 1 Version one
SOUL ireberere) ALC syiarh wiacceteanen een ete OAL

t Bc Ae 1 a RS ae RS Py) Pc | RS

. MBM ITT (5 oi op, boon a oft ey oslo e wyelale ae PED be UN ECCT TE oy conees itn

Condromatic ..... 2.4 ./as 2.2. 5490, i Velvalitiay. 4. on ska

OF, 10k EMO a) stan Ete ee Re ii Ya: 2) De

HPNCONATOMAIC.L os oe

DEE OUS ais tea setae Me onstehine oe en ete

y} Hearts tyes lee eb ese vanced), MOLE es > 42 ao ea

in the Levator Humeri..........89 W

PDS TCULOSIS, «00% \ it Slee ade ae NTE

ys . U
MPI PASR TAB 8. A at Ee ale bem
PURETEDE MAR, oa Git a2 34. e sik Bae 4

#,

Urine Withers, Fistulous........ rete

Veins, Varicose...” sagen
Vertigo. :\.0.. 4 2s

“Warts..0..4> 4: ).o er
Wheezing)... ste. eeeae

HMO OMY od hye Sania. .-- 118 ¢ Wounds... 04... t/t

Incontinence of... 2...... 4. 1,126. Wind, Broken. 3. (ya,
Painful Passage of.............125
Passage in Drops of............126
Suppression of.) 2 .).3)52.5 «Peed BE
CHGS: ALON As cal stated ins. Home Oe YellOWS «0.0.0. eee cece cece sees

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