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NOVITATES    ZOOLOGICAE. 
Vol.   VIII.,  1901. 


NOVITATES    ZOOLOGICAE 


H  Joiu'iial  of  ZooloG^ 

IN    CONNECTION     WITH     THE     TRING     MUSEUM. 


EDITED    BY 


The  Hon.  WALTER  ROTHSCHILD,  Ph.D., 
ERNST    HARTERT,    and    Dr.    K.    JORDAN. 

Vol.   VIII.,   1001. 

(WITH     TWENTY    PLATES.) 


Issued   at   the   ZooLOf:irAL   Museum,   Tring. 


PHINTED    BY    HAZELL,    WATSON    i-    VINEY,    Ld.,    LONDON    AND    AYLEf-BURY, 

1901. 


CONTENTS   OF    VOLUME   VIII. 


GENERAL    SUBJECTS. 

PAGMS 

1.  Alls  den  Wandei'jahren  eines  Naturforscber.'!.      Bknst  Hartebt,      I.  Absclmitt, 

Kapitel  I.— X.     (Plates  XII.— XVII.)       ....  221—355,  383—393 

2.  William  Doherty.     Obituary.     Ernst  IIartert 494 — 506 

(Of.  also  introductory  remarks,  pp.   1,  38.  53— G2,  1G3,   180.) 

MAMMALIA. 

1.  The  Monkeys  on  Plate  1 88 

2.  Notes   upon  tlie  I'.r.iin  anil  other  Structures  of  Cenletes  (Plate  VIII.).      F.   E. 

Beddard 89—92 

3.  Note.s  on  BubalLs.     Walter  Rothschild 17  V — 178 

1.  On  certain  points  in  the  An.itomy  of  CuUithrix  torqnatu   (Plate   XL).      V.  E. 

Beddard 362— 36G 

t^.  On  some  Kangaroos  and  Bandicoots  from  Barrow  Island,  North-west  Australia, 

and  the  adjoining  mainland.     Oi.dfield  Thomas  ....    394 — 396 

6.  List   of    .Mammals   collected   by  N.  <J.  Rothschild  and   A.   F.   P..  Wollnston   on 

the  Upper  Nile  (Plate  XX.).     W.  E.  de  Winton      ....    397—401 


(  vi  ) 


AVES. 

PAGES 

1.  On  the  Birds  of  the  Key  and  South-East  Islands  and  of  Ceram-Lant.     I.,  II. 

Ernst  Hartert 1 — 5,  93 — 101 

2.  Verzeichniss  der  Brehmschen  Sammlung.     Introduction.     Ernst  Hartert  .38 — 39 
I.  Die  Formeii  \on  Corriis  cwax.     Ernst  Hartert  and  ().  Kleinschmidt  40 — 48 

3.  Some  Notes  on  Java  Birds,     Ernst  Hartert 49— Dl 

4.  Fiu-ther  Additions  to  the  Birds  of  Southprn  Araljia.     W.  R.  Ogilvie-Grant  .       .52 

.').  Notes  on  Papuan  Birds.     Walter  RoTHSfnii.D  .Tud  Ernst  ItARTERT.      I.,  II. 

(Plates  II.,  III.,  IV.) 53—88,  102— 1G2 

6.  A  Correction.     Ernst  Hartert 88 

7.  On  a  Collection  of  Bh-ds  from  the  Tiraorlaut  Islands.     Ernst  Hartert    .    103 170 

8.  Li.st  of  a  Collection  of   Bii-ds   from  Kulambangra   and   Florida   Islands   in    the 

Solomons  Group.     Walter  Rothschild  and  Ernst  Hartert  .    179 — 189 

9.  Die  Fauna  der  Ganarischen   luseln  (Chapter  V.  of  Aus  d.   Waiiderjahren ,  etc.) 

Ernst  Hartert 304 .335 

10.  Die  Ornis  der  Ix)S  Inseln  (Chapter  VI.  of  Aus  d.   Wamleijahren,  etc.).     Ern.st 

Hartert 335— 33G 

11.  Verzeichniss     der     bisher     bekannten     Vbgel     des     eigentlicheu     Haussalandes 

(Chapter  VIII.  of  Aus  <>■    Wanderjahren,  etc.).     Ernst  Hartert        .    338 — 355 

li'.   '/aiv  Revision  der  CJattung  Polioptila,     C.  E.  Hell.mayr    ....    350 — 361 

13.  On  some  Birds  from  N.  W.   Ecu:idor.      Krnst  Hartert  (I'latc  V.)  .         .    309-371 

14.  List  of  a  Collection   til'   I'.iids   from  Giiadalcamir  Island.      Walter  RoTiisctiiLn 

and  E.   IIarteht .373 — 382 

ITi.  On  the  Birds  on   I'lalc  \'n.      Ernst  Hartert   .......     425 

It'i.  (tn   Two   New   Tlirushcs   from  Western  Colombia.     Ernst   Hartert   and  C.   E. 

Hellmayh 492-493 


HEPTILIA. 
1.  On  a  New   Land  Tortoi.se  from  the  Galapago.s  Islands.     Walter  Kothschii-D  .     37: 


(   vii   ) 

PISCES. 

PAGES 

1.  Second  Noticp  of  New  fipecies  of  Fishes  from  Morocco  (Plates  XVIII.,  XIX.). 

A.  GuNTHER 367 — 368 


COLEOPTERA. 

1.  A  New  .Species  of  Goliathid  Coleoptera.     Karl  Jordan     .....     iOH 

LEPIDOPTERA. 

1.  New    Thip'ididite,  Epiplemidae,  and    Geometrklae   from    the   Aethiopian    Region. 

W.  Warren 6—20 

2.  New  (/raniidrte,  Epiplemidae,  and  Geomel/ridae  from  the  Oriental  and  Palaearctic 

Regions.     W.  Warren 21--37 

3.  Drepmmlidae,    Uraniidae,    Epiplemidae,   and   Geonietridae   from    the   Palaearctic 

and  Inilo-Australian  Regions.     W.  Warren        ....    191) — 2Ul 

i.   Drepaiiulidae,   Thijrididae,    Epiplemidae,    and   Geoinetridae    from    the    .Vethiopian 

Region.     W.  Warren 202—217 

.5.  Some  New  Butterflies  and  Moths.     Walter  Rothschild  ....    218 — 220 

G.  On    some    Lepidoptera.       Walter     Rothschild     and    Karl    Jordan    (Plates 

IX.,  X.) 401—407 

7.  On  some  new  or  rare  Oriental   Lithosiinae.      Walter   Rothschild   and    Karl 

Jordan 409—424 

8    Lepidoptera  from  Egypt  and  the  Soudan.     N.  C  Rothschild.         .         .     426 — 434 

9.  New  American  Moths.     W.  Warren 435 — 492 


LIST     OF     PLATES     IN     VOLUME     VIII. 


Plate  I.     Two    African    Monkeys,    Cercocehujt    lui/jenbecki    and    fiemiujceh(is    albiyena 

rothschildi.     (By  J.  Smit,  coloured  by  hand.) 

„  II.     Map   of    New   Guinea,   showing    the   distribution   of    Lorius   Iwy   and    its 

<  subspecies. 

.,  III.     Map  of  New  Guinea,  showing  the  distribution  of  the  genus  XasUti'iM. 

„  IV.     Columba  madu.     (By  .J.  G.  Keulemans,  coloured  by  hand.) 

,,  V.     New  Ecuadorian   Birds,  Dacnis   hcrhpschi   and  (Jrallaria  pannnhue.      (By 

J.  G.  Keidemans,  coloured  by  hand.) 

,,  VI.     Uamitieria    henrici,    .Siplda    hanyuiiuis    banyunms    and    Sijihia    banijitiiuix 

rujiyastra.     (By  J.  G.  Keulemans,  coloured  by  hand.) 

,,         VII.     C/uietiira  tliomeims,  Miaveca  pajnut>m  and  Orateroscetin  peclwalw.     (By  J. 
G.  Keulemans,  coloured  bj-  band  ) 

„       VIII.     Brain  and  Skull  of  CeiOetes.     (By  W.  S.  Berridge.) 

,1  i-S-  ^Coloured   Lepidoptera,  photographed  by  the    "  thi-ee-colour  pi-ocess."      (By 

X,  J        Hentschel  in  London.)     (See  pp.  401 — 4(l7). 

„  XI.     Liver  and  Brain  of  Callithrix.     (By  W.  S.  Berridge.) 

„         XII.     Scenery  on  the  Lower  Niger.      (From   photographs  taken  by  Dr.  W.  H. 
Crosse.) 

XIII.  Groups  of  Natives  on   the   Lower   Niger.      (From    photographs  taken   by 

Dr.  W.  H.  Urosse.) 

XIV.  1  Maps  of  routes  travelled  in  Hausaland  by  E.   Hartert.     (By  E.  Haitert, 
^^    I        from   the   map   by   Erman   in    Vol.   V.   of   the   Mitth.   d.  Aj'nk.    Ges., 

I        which    Is    constructed   from   the    notes    and   ob.servations    of     Hartert 
XVI.  ]        and  Stavidinger.) 

XVII.     Shore  at  Sierra  Leone.     (From  a   photograph  by  Dr.  \V.  G.  Clements.) 

■^    m-  IFislies  caught  in  Jlorocco  by  E.  llarlert.     (linrhns  rolhscliildi,  It.  hnrterti. 
XIX.  J        ^-  ««*"«.     By  J.  Green.) 

XX.     New  Gerbil  discovered  on  the  Upper  Nile  by  N.  C.  Rothschild  and   F.  K. 
Wollaston  (Gerbillus  loalersi).     (By  .1.  Smit,  coloured  by  baud.) 


NOVITATES     ZOOLOGICAE. 

Vol.  VIII.  FEBRUARY,     1901.  No.  1. 


ON   THE    BIRDS  OF  THE  KEY  AND  SOUTH-EAST  ISLANDS, 
AND  OF  CERAM-LAUT. 

By  ERNST  HARTERT. 

INTRODUCTION. 

THE  Key,  Kei,  K^,  or  Evar  Islands  are  a  well-known  group  of  islands  between 
.5°  11'  and  6°  6'  sonthern  latitude  and  132°  38'  and  133°  18'  eastern  longitude, 
north-west  of  the  Aru  Island.s.  The  Key  Islands  may  be  regarded  as  the  last 
portion  of  the  chain  of  smaller  islands  extending  in  a  south-easterly  direction 
from  Ceram.  This  chain  of  islands  between  Key  and  Ceram  is  here  called  the 
"  South-East  Islands."  This  name  has  formerly  been  used  for  all  the  islands  to  the 
south-east  of  Ceram,  including  the  Key  and  Am  Islands  (see  Rosenberg,  Reis  naar 
Zuidoostereilanden,  1867)  ;  but  it  is  now  applied  by  the  Dutch,  to  whom  this 
whole  archipelago  belongs,  only  to  the  islands  between  Ceram-laut  (an  outlying 
island  of  Ceram)  and  the  Key  group,  and  this  nomenclature  is  here  adopted.  (See 
Kaart  van  Nederlamhch-Indii' ,  by  H.  Ph.  Th.  Witkamp,  de  Bnssy,  Amsterdam.) 

We  have  received,  during  more  than  three  years,  numerous  collections  from  all 
these  islands  by  onr  correspondent  Mr.  Heinrich  Kiihn,  of  Toeal,  on  Little  Key. 
Most  of  these  collections  are  from  Toeal,  but  also  some  of  the  outlying  little  islets  were 
repeatedly  visited  by  Mr.  Kiihn  or  his  native  collectors.  From  the  large  mountainous 
island  of  Elat  or  Great  Key  we  have  also  received  some  skins.  It  is  thus  certain 
that  the  ornis  of  the  Key  group  is  now  well  represented  in  the  Tring  Museum  ;  and 
no  other  museum-  has  a  similarly  complete  material  of  bird-skins  from  the  Key 
group,  although  it  must  be  admitted  that  Great  Key  is  not  yet  by  any  means 
completely  explored.  Great  Key  is  high  and  mountainous,  of  geologically  older 
formation,  covered  with  luxuriant  forest  ;  while  Little  Key  is  coralline,  more  recent, 
and  low,  though  almost  equally  well  wooded.  Godan  and  Soa  are  two  small  islets 
of  the  Little  Key  group — Soa  to  the  north,  Godan  to  the  west  of  Toeal. 

The  Tiandoe  Islands  are  entirely  cultivated.  They  are  low  and  flat,  covered 
with  cocoanut  palms,  and,  where  the  ground  for  these  is  less  suitable,  with 
plantations  of  maize  or  deserted  fields,  on  which  thin  scrub  has  grown  up.  Taam, 
the  largest  island  of  this  group,  is  not  better  for  collecting  than  the  rest.  Walking 
on  these  islands  was  found  very  trying,  as  they  consist  of  elevated,  sharp  and 
rugged  coral-reef.  The  western  portion  of  Koer  and  Taam  is  so  uneven  that  it  is 
almost  impossible  to  get  along  there,  high  peri)endicular  stone  walls  barring  the 
way  in  numerous  places.  The  natives,  who  are  apparently  well  acquainted  with 
their  birds,  told  Mr.  Kiihn  that  he  obtained  all  the  birds  which  inhabited  these 
islands,  with  the  exception  of  the  common  Chalcojthaps.  To  the  west  of  the 
Tiandoe  Islands  are  the  "  Tliree  Brothers,"  one  of  which,  Manggoer  or  SSangni,  was 
visited  by  Mr.  Kiihn. 

b.  1 


(  2  ) 

Koer  is  almost  entirely  jilanted  with  Kanari-nnt  and  breadfruit  trees.  Virgin 
forest  no  longer  exists  on  Koer.     Kilsoein  is  in  the  Koer  gronp. 

Teoor  is  the  sonthernmnst  island  of  the  Watoebela  group. 

The  Watoebela  gronp  consists  of  several  islands,  the  largest  of  which  is  called 
Watoebela  proper,  though  generally  misspelt  Watabela  or  Matabella.  This  ishiud 
is  hilly,  and  well  planted  with  cocoanut  trees  and  partly  covered  with  scrub.  Eisoei 
is  one  of  tlie  smalliT  islands  of  the  group. 

The  Manawoka  or  Coram  gronp  consists  principally  of  the  islands  of 
Manawoka,  Goram  (Gorom  or  Gorong),  and  Goram-lant.  The  island  of 
tVanawoka  is  mountainous,  covered  with  a  thin  layer  of  soil  only,  but  luxuriantly 
clad  in  green. 

Ceram-lant  (and  Kisser  or  Gisser)  is  an  outlyer  of  Ceram.  The  Malay  word 
"  laut,"  which  occurs  iu  so  many  names  of  islands  (Timorlaut,  Goramlaut)  means  sea  ; 
and  thus  an  island  with  the  appendix  "  laut  "  is  an  island  which  lies  oflF  in  the  sea — 
Ceram-laut  being  the  Ceram  outlying  in  the  sea,  in  opposition  to  the  great  Ceram. 

Zoologically  the  Key  Islands  belong  to  the  Moluccas,  with  which  they  are 
connected  by  the  long  row  of  what  I  call  the  South-East  or  "  Zuidooster " 
Islands.  Though  only  sixty  miles  westward  of  Dobbo  in  tlie  Arn  group,  and  just  as 
near  to  New  Guinea  as  the  Arn  Islands,  the  Key  Islands  have  only  very  few  specially 
Papuan  bird-forms.  They  are  separated  from  Aru  and  New  Guinea  by  deep  sea. 
The  number  of  species  peculiar  to  the  Key  Islands  is  by  no  means  small.  A  few 
forms  extend  their  range  over  both  the  Key  and  Aru  groups,  but  it  is  uncertain  if 
they  spread  from  Arn  to  Key,  or  from  Key  to  Aru.  More  about  this  will  be  said 
under  the  species. 

While  the  Key  Islands  have  a  rich  avifauna,  the  South-East  Islands  are  com- 
paratively poor,  as  might  be  supposed  from  their  smaller  size,  general  want  of 
primeval  forest,  and  their  mostly  recent  coralline  nature.  Nevertheless  their  ornis, 
with  its  interesting  relations  to  that  of  Ceram  in  the  north  and  that  of  the  Key 
Islands  in  the  south,  is  most  interesting. 

We  are,  on  the  whole,  well  acijuaintod  with  the  birds  of  the  Key  group,  where 
Baron  von  Rosenberg  and  other  Dutch  travellers,  Beccari  and  Wallace,  have 
collected.  From  the  South-East  Islands,  however,  there  are  hardly  any  collections 
known,  except  tliose  in  the  Leyden  Museum.  The  series  which  we  received  from 
Mr.  Kiihn  were  therefore  very  welcome  to  the  Tring  Museum. 

From  Toeal,  on  Little  Key,  we  have,  besides  the  collections  from  Kiihn,  some 
skins  brought  home  from  Captain  Cayley  Webster's  voyage,  and  from  Elat  or  Great 
Key  a  few  bad  skins  collected  by  Mr.  William  Doherty's  natives. 

For  the  various  islands  readers  are  referred  to  the  maps  accompanying  the 
articles  on  Papuan  Birds  iu  the  present  volume  of  Novitates  Zoologicak. 

I.-PITTIDAE. 
1.  Pitta  vigorsi  Gould. 
Mr.  KiUin's  collections  have  greatly  extended  the  distribution  of  this  fine  Pitta, 
which  formerly  was  hardly  known  from  any  other  places  but  Banda,  Uammer  and 
Timorlaut. 

We  have  received  a  series  from  Kisoei  Island  (Watoebela  group),  one  from 
Teoor,  two  from  Taam,  and  a  tine  series  from  Kilsoein,  one  of  the  Koer  Islands.  It 
is,  however,  surprising  to  find  this  species  also  near  Toeal,  Little  Key  Islands. 
From  there  we  received  an  adult  male,  shot  on  June  6th,  and  also  a  nestling  killed 


(3) 

on  April  4th.  The  latter  is  olive-brown  above,  wing-coverts  and  secondaries  olive- 
green,  chin  and  throat  whitish,  breast  brown,  abdomen  lighter  and  pale  rosy  red  in 
the  middle.  The  superciliary  stripes  are  pale  brown,  becoming  lighter  and  very 
faintly  tinged  with  bluish  beyoad  the  eyes.  The  iris  of  the  nestliug  is  a  "  dark 
brown,  the  feet  reddish  and  brown,  bill  black  with  a  red  tip."  This  nestling  shows 
that  the  species,  although  it  may  be  rare,  breeds  on  Little  Key.  The  adult  bird  has 
the  iris  "  coffee-brown,  the  feet  of  a  brownish  flesh-colour,  the  bill  blackish  brown 
or  pure  black,"  often  with  the  base  of  the  under  mandible  pale  brown. 

2.  Pitta  mackloti  kuehni  Rothsch. 
For  a  long  time  the  red-bellied  Fitta  from  the  Key  Islands  has  been  united 
with  P.  mackloti  of  New  Guinea,  until  Mr.  Rothschild  separated  the  form  from  Key 
and  the  islands  between  Key  and  Ceram  as  P.  kuehni.     It  is  true  that  this  form 
is  closely  allied  to  P.  mackloti,  and  that  they  are— like  several  other  forms  of  Pitta 
— only  subspecies,  but  it  differs  obviously  from  P.  mackloti  in  the  following  points  : 
In  typical  P.  kuehni  the  blue  jugular  band  extends  all  over  the  jugular  pteryla 
right  on  to  the  bare  tract  along  the  side  of  the  neck,  and  even  across  this  tract,  so 
as  to  form  a  more  or  less  distinct  blue  collar  on  the  hind-neck,  while  in  mackloti 
there  is  an  oil-green  patch  on  the  sides  of  the  jugular  pteryla,  in  front  of  the 
lateral  bare  tract.     The  feathers  of  the  blue  jugular  area  are  of  a  different  shape. 
They  are  more  equal  in  width  in  P.  mackloti,  but  somewhat  wider  in  the  middle 
and  rather  more  tapering  at  the  tip  in  kuehni.     While  mackloti  has  no  blue  on  the 
upper  surface,  except  on  the  lower  rump  and  upper  tail-coverts,  the  entire  upper 
surface  is  blue  in  some  (though  not  many)  specimens  of  kuehni,  and  mixed  blue 
and  green  in  others — mostly  with  a  very  distinct  blue  band  ;  there  are  only  three 
evidently  immature  individuals  from  Kisoei  and  Teoor  in  which  the  blue  does  not 
extend  quite  to  the  bare  tract  and  not  on  to  the  hind-neck.     These  three  birds  are 
hardly  distinguishable   from  mackloti.     Generally  the  ear-coverts  are  also  lighter 
and  more  violet-bluish  in  kuehni.      The  wings  measure  luO  to  lUo  mm. — that  is, 
a  little  smaller  than  in  P.  mackloti. 

We  have  received  Kuhn's  Pitta  from  Add,  north  of  Great  Key,  2  ;  Little 
Key  (Toeal),  a  large  series  ;  Elat,  Great  Key,  1;  Kisoei  (Watoebela),  3  ;  Teoor, 
a  series  ;  Kilsoein  (Koer),  a  series.  The  bird  from  Elat,  Great  Key,  is  also  not 
typical,  not  showing  the  blue  above.  It  is,  however,  not  evident  that  the  Elat 
specimen  is  young. 

Three  specimens  from  My  sol  (collected  by  Kiihu)  agree  perfectly  with  the  most 
typical  kuehni.  Two  others,  collected  by  Guillemard  on  Mysol,  can  also  be  united 
with  kuehni,  while  another  from  N.  Guillemard's  collection,  said  to  come  from  Mysol, 
is  insej)arable  from  typical  mackloti. 

II.  PSITTACI. 

3.  Trichoglossus  haematodus  nigrigularis  Gray. 
It  is  very  strange  that  a  form  hitherto  only  known  from  Aru  and  the  Fly 
River  region  in  New  Guinea  extends  its  distribution  to  the  Key  Islands.  This, 
however,  is  an  undeniable  fact  in  the  present  case.  The  T.  h.  nigrigularis  is  the 
commoner  form  of  Parrakeet  on  the  Key  Islands,  although  by  no  means  frequent 
on  Little  Kej'.  Tlie  immigration  of  niqrigidarin  of  Aru  into  the  Moluccau  fauna  of 
the  Key  Islands  is  probably  of  recent  date.  This  form  is  ver}'  common  on  the  Aru 
Islands.     We  have  received  it  from  Little  Key  and  Add,  Great  Key. 


(4) 

4.  Trichogflossus  haematodus  cyanogrammus  Wagl. 
We  have  received  two  examples,  labelled  "  Key  Islands  "  March  and  April,  1900, 
which  belong  doubtless  to  cyanogrammus.     The  occnrrence  ou  the  Key  Islands  is 
not  strange,  as  ci/anogrammus  extends  all  along  the  Sonth-Eastern  Islands,  whence 
we  received  a  large  series  from  Teoor,  Koer,  Kisoei,  Goram-laut,  and  Manawoka. 

o.  Hypocharmosyna  placentis  placentis  (Temm.). 

Not  rare  near  Toeal,  Little  Key,  ou  Add,  near  Great  Key,  on  the  Koer  Islands, 
ou  Manggoer,  and  at  Goram-Iant. 

The  young  male  resembles  the  adult  female,  but  the  blue  patch  on  the 
nropygium  is  only  indicated  or  absent  in  young  birds. 

6.  Geoffiroyus  personatus  rhodops  (Schleg.). 

A  small  series  from  C'eram-laut  only.  "  Iris  (cJ)  whitish  yellow,  or  yellowish 
white,  feet  olive-grey.     Bill  coral-red  with  white  tip,  under  mandible  black." 

These  birds  agree  with  those  from  Burn,  Amboina  and  Ceram,  but  the  colour 
of  the  under  mandible  seems  to  vary  in  birds  from  those  islands.  Ou  the  Soutli- 
East  Islands  this  form  is  replaced  by  explorator. 

7.  Geoflfroyus  personatus  explorator,  subsp.  no  v. 

Differs  from  rhodops  in  its  much  smaller  size,  the  wing  of  the  males  measuring 
only  175 — 178  mm.,  against  189 — 195  in  rhodops,  in  the  under  mandible  being 
apparently  always  pale,  aud  in  the  green  colour  being  as  a  rule  more  yellowish. 
The  crown  of  the  female  seems  to  be  lighter  brown. 

We  have  a  small  series  of  six  specimens  from  Manawoka,  Goram  (or  Gorom 
Islands).  Type  :  S  Goram  Islands  (Manawoka),  14.  xi.  1899.  "  Iris  yellowish 
white  with  a  transparent  amber-like  ring.  Feet  olive-green  or  olive-grey.  Mandible 
dirty  white  or  pale  brown." 

Replaced  on  the  Key  Islands  by  capistratus. 

8.  GeofFroyus  personatus  capistratus  (Gray). 

We  have  received  a  tine  series  from  Toeal  aud  Koemadan  (Little  Key),  from 
Add  and  Elat  (Great  Key),  from  Messrs.  H.  Kiihn,  Doherty  and  Gayley  Webster. 
"  Iris  yellowish  white  or  whitish  yellow,  feet  olive-grey,  maxilla  red,  mandible 
black."     (Kiihn.) 

There  is  no  reason  to  reject  Gray's  name  of  Psittacus  caj/istratus  (P.Z.S.  1858, 
p.  183),  ou  account  of  the  existence  of  a  Fsittacus  capistratus  of  Bechstein,  as  the 
latter  belongs  to  a  widely  different  genus  of  Parrots. 

9.  Eos  bornea  (L.). 
(With  regard  to  the  name  of  this  species  see  Rothschild,  Nov.  Zool.  1898, 
p.  509.) 

Mr.  Kiihn  sent  us  : 

5  adults  aud  3  young  birds  from  Toeal,  Little  Key. 
1  adult,  Verkikoer,  Key  Islands  West. 

1  S  adult.  Add,  Great  Key. 

4  adults,  Goram,  Manawoka  Islands. 

2  adults,  Teuiai  Island,  Taam  Group. 

1  ?  adult,  Maar,  ('eram-laut. 

2  adults,  Kisoei  Island,  Watoebela. 
C  adults  aud  1  juv.,  Teoor  Island. 


(  5  ) 

The  birds  from  these  various  islands  agree  perfectly  with  each  other,  but  I  am 
inclined  to  think  that  a  good  material  wonld  show  that  the  (typical)  birds  from 
Amboina  and  Ceram  are  generally  smaller  and  of  a  darker  red. 

We  can  at  present  distinguish  the  following  forms  of  Eos  bornea  : 

Eos  bornea  bornea  :  Ceram  and  Amboina. 

Eos  bornea?  subsp.?  :  Ceram-lant,  Goram,  Manawoka,  Taam,  Kisoei  to  the 
Key  Islands.     (Said  to  have  occurred  on  Banda,  but  Kiihn  did  not  find  it  there.) 

Eos  bornea  cyanonotus  :  Burn  (Nov.  Zool.  vii.  p.  228). 

10.  Eos  reticulata  (S.  Miiller). 

This  beautiful  species  has  hitherto  only  been  known  from  the  Tenimber  Islands, 
but  Mr.  Kiihn  sent  ns  two  from  Dammer  Island  in  the  Banda  Sea  (Nov.  Zool. 
VII.  p.  19),  and  two  from  Toeal,  Little  Key.  He  marks  the  iris  as  "  roe-brown, 
feet  black,  bill  bright  vermilion."  The  occurrence  at  Toeal  is  nne.xpected.  See 
note  under  Cacatua  goffini .' 

Eos  reticulata,  as  well  as  bornea,  have  even  in  skins  which  are  several  years 
old  that  most  peculiar  smell  with  which  every  visitor  of  parrot-houses  in  Zoological 
Gardens  all  over  the  world  is  only  too  familiar.  This  smell  is  a  peculiarity  of  the 
Loriidae  (?  and  other  Eastern  Parrots)  like  the  Petrel-  and  Cormorant-smell  is  of 
their  bearers. 

11.  Eclectus  pectoralis  pectoralis  (P.  L.  S.  Miill.). 
Evidently  not  rare  on  Little  Key  (Toeal),  and  also  from  Koer  and  Goram- 
lant.     I  cannot  separate  these  specimens  from  the  New  Guinea  ones. 

12.  Cacatua  goffini  Finsch. 

Mr.  Kuhn  sent  two  "males"  shot  on  18.6.1898  and  18.8.1899  near  Toeal, 
Little  Key.  These  agree  perfectly  with  typical  goffini  from  the  Tenimber  Islands. 
Mr.  Kiihn  marked  the  "  iris  as  dark  brown,  feet  black,  bill  white." 

It  is  remarkable  that  this  cockatoo  has  never  before  been  found  on  the  Key 
Islands.  Mr.  Kiihn  also  shot  Eos  reticulata  on  Toeal.  This  lory  was  also  only 
known  from  Tenimber,  though  Kiihn  also  obtained  it  on  Dammer,  in  the  Banda 
Sea.  It  might  be  suspected  that  these  parrots  were  brought  alive  by  men  to  Toeal, 
but  we  have  no  proof  of  this. 

13.  Cacatua  triton  triton  (Temm.) 
Mr.  Kiihn  sent  three  from  Goram-laut,  and  two  from  Ceram-lant.     These  birds 
agree  in  every  way  with  our  series  from  New  Guinea.     This  is  most  peculiar,  as  we 
find  smaller   forms  (C.  t.  macrolopha)   on   the  Aru  Islands,  and  on  the  Western 
Papuan  Islands  (Mysol,  Waigiu  and  Salwatty). 

14.  Nasiterna  keiensis  Salvad. 

We  have  a  good  series  from  Toeal,  Little  Key,  and  one  from  Doellah,  Key 
Islands.     The  iris  is  marked  as  "coffee-brown,  feet  and  bill  dark  grey." 

This  bird  is  to  ns  only  known  from  the  Key  Islands,  but  according  to  Salvador! 
it  occurs  also  along  the  Fly  River  and  on  the  Aru  Islands,  where,  however,  neither 
Kiihn  nor  Webster  came  across  it. 

(To  he  t'orifiinied.) 


(  6  ) 


NEW  THYBIBIDAE,  EFIFLEMIBAE,  AND  GEOMETRIBAE 
FROM  THE  AETHIOPIAN  REGION. 

By  W.  warren,  M.A.,  F.E.S. 

Family  THYRIDIDAE. 
1.  Dysodia  angulata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  deep  red,  with  blackish  reticulations  and  dull  brown  markings  ;  a 
donble  line  near  base,  anj^led  ontwards  jnst  below  middle  ;  a  broad  funnel-shaped 
postmedian  fascia,  much  constricted  just  below  middle,  and  widening  somewhat 
towards  inner  margin  ;  a  marginal  shade  ;  the  costa  marked  with  an  ochreous 
yellow  spot  before,  beyond,  and  in  the  middle  of  it ;  fringe  pale  yellow  beyond  cell 
and  below  middle,  red-brown  at  apex  and  on  the  middle  jirojeetion. 

Himlicinys :  with  the  costa  broadly  brown  and  a  narrow  dark  streak  along 
margin  from  anal  angle  to  middle  ;  two  minute  white  black-edged  specks  at  end  of 
cell  ;  fringe  pinkish  white,  with  a  black  mark  beyond  middle  angle. 

Underside  with  the  dark  markings  deeper  brown,  the  paler  portions  grey-brown, 
not  red  ;  the  basal  half  of  forewings  glossy  grey  from  costa  to  vein  2,  traversed  by 
obliiiue  brown  lines  and  shades.  Head  and  prothorax  dark  brown-black ;  thorax 
and  abdomen  deep  red,  the  latter  with  a  diffuse  dark  ring  towards  end  ;  legs 
externally  dark  brown,  reddish  internally. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  27  mm. 

One  S  from  Sierra  Leone,  June  1898  (Captain  Stevens). 

The  species  is  distingnishable  from  all  others  by  the  contour  of  its  wings.  The 
costa  of  forewings  is  notched  just  beyond  the  middle,  while  the  hindmargin  of  the 
hindwings  is  bluntly  angled  at  vein  3,  convex  above  from  apex  and  concave  below 
to  vein  1.  The  antennae  are  quite  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  forewings,  thin  and 
perfectly  simple. 

2.  Tridesmodes  ansorgei  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  white,  snbhyaline,  tbe  lines  and  reticulations  consisting  of 
ferruginous  and  black  scales  ;  costal  edge  for  two-thirds  thickly  mottled  with 
fuscous  ;  5  more  or  less  connected  lines  are  visible,  2  antemediau,  waved,  2  post- 
median,  more  strongly  sinuous,  and  a  distinct  sinuous  submarginal  line,  endiug  in 
anal  angle  and  emitting  two  spurs  to  hindmargin  at  veins  4  and  2  respectively  ;  the 
spaces  between  the  lines  with  short  transverse  ripples,  running  mainly  parallel 
to  the  lines  ;  one  round  black  dot  below  apex  ;  marginal  line  runnd  ajiex  as  far  as 
middle  of  hiiuhuargin  fine,  deep  black  ;  below  middle  interrupted  ;  fringe  silky  white, 
with  faint  brown  mottliugs  in  the  basal  half  beyond  veins,  the  whole  basal  half 
round  apex  pale  brown  ;  cell-spot  linear. 

Hindwings :  like  forewings,  but  the  lines  less  distinct  from  the  reticulation. 

Underside  the  same.     Head,  thorax  and  abdomen  whitish. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  24  mm. 

One  6  from  Mondo,  Uganda,  March  11th,  1899  (Dr.  Ansorge). 


(  7  ) 

Distinguished  from  the  type  species  ramiculata  Warr.  by  the  much  less  pro- 
duced apex  and  more  rounded  hindmargin  of  wings  ;  the  antennae  are  broken,  but 
the  basal  joint  appears  much  swolleu  ;  at  base  of  forewings  beneath  are  two  tufts 
of  white  scales. 

Family  EPIPLEMIDAE. 

3.  Gathynia  auratiplaga  sp.  nov. 

Foreivings :  ashy  grey,  dusted  with  darker,  and  with  very  indistinct  dark  lines  ; 
the  costa  darker  grey  ;  faint  traces  of  darker  lines  at  one-quarter  aud  one-half ;  a 
crenulated  line  at  two-thirds  is  more  distinct,  and  another,  indistinctly  double, 
beyond  it  ;  a  fine  black,  reddish-tinged  submarginal  line  from  just  before  apex  along 
hindmargin  ;  all  these  lines  are  iuterrnpted  in  the  middle  of  the  wing  along  a 
wedge-shaped  area  from  near  base  to  hindmargin,  extending  there  from  vein  3  to  5  ; 
fringe  concolorous,  with  two  darker  lines. 

Hindwinffs  :  with  the  inner  marginal  area  as  far  as  the  submedian  fold,  as 
well  as  a  similar  wedge-shaped  space  to  that  of  the  forewings,  pale  and  devoid  of 
markings  ;  in  the  grey  area  between  are  three  black  lines,  one  antemedian,  short, 
a  postmedian,  longer,  and  a  very  fine  submarginal  one  ;  the  costal  area  grey,  with 
darker  grey  freckling  ;  beneath  the  pale  hairs  of  the  inner  marginal  fold  can  be  seen 
a  tnft  of  reddish  hairs  before  the  anal  angle  ;  beyond  the  cell  the  upper  pale  space 
bears  a  patch  of  pale  gilded  ochreous  scales. 

Underside  of  forewings  cinereous,  of  hindwings  much  paler,  with  tlie  costal 
shoulder,  the  apex  and  a  tuft  at  anal  angle  speckled  with  black.  Head,  thorax,  and 
abdomen  dull  grey  ;  palpi  darker. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  23  mm. 

One  cJ  from  Fort  Johnston,  Nyassaland,  February  and  March  1896  (Dr.  P. 
Kendall). 

Hindmargin  of  forewings  evenly  curved  ;  of  hindwings  with  slight  teeth 
at  end  of  veins  4  and  6,  the  latter  more  distinct ;  costal  shoulder  fringed  with 
hairs. 

Family  GEOMETRIDAE. 
Subfamily   GEOMETRINAE. 

4.  Chlorodrepana  angustimargo  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  deep  green  ;  a  costal  stripe  and  a  somewhat  broader  marginal 
border  bone-colonr  speckled  with  grey  ;  the  latter  with  some  green  patches  at 
apex  and  middle,  and  separated  from  the  green  ground-colour  by  a  blackish  line  ; 
a  row  of  large  black  triangular  marks  along  hindmargin  between  the  veins  ;  fringe 
bone-colonr. 

lUiulwings  :  similar,  but  the  mottling  of  the  ma,rginal  border  is  denser  and 
darker:  the  costal  area  broadly  dull  red. 

Underside  dull  rosy,  becoming  dull  fuscous  in  the  forewings  before  the  fuscous 
dividing  line  ;  this  is  thicker  in  both  wings  than  above,  and  composed  of  luuules  ; 
the  marginal  triangles  are  also  swollen  into  a  thick  lunulate  line  ;  the  marginal 
border  dull  white,  nnspeckled,  with  the  veins  across  it  ditt'nsely  fuscous.  Face 
blackish  ;  palpi  ochreous  mixed  with  fuscous  ;  vertex  and  collar  white  ;  thorax, 
patagia,  and  two  first  segments  of  abdomen  dark  green  ;  rest  of  abdomen  bone- 


(  8  ) 

colonr,  thickly  speckled  with  grey  and  olive-green  ;  the  crests  dull  olive  ;  lateral 
lines  reddish. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  32  mm. 

One  ?  from  Sierra  Leone. 

Chloroteras  gen.  nov. 

Closely  allied  to  the  Indian  genus  Chlorostrota  Warr. 

Foretcings :  with  costa  straight,  slightly  curved  at  base  and  apex  ;  apex 
minutely  pointed  ;  hindmargin  crenulate,  strongly  angled  at  vein  4. 

Hind  wings  :  truncate  at  apex,  but  with  the  anal  angle  strongly  expressed  ; 
hindmargin  crenulate,  nearly  straight  from  anal  angle  to  vein  4,  and  strongly 
excised  between  4  and  6,  the  teeth  at  4  and  6  very  prominent.  Antennae  bipectinate 
in  the  ?  ;  palpi  very  short. 

Neuration :  forewings,  cell  half  as  long  as  wing ;  discooellnlar  strongly 
inaugnlated  ;  first  median  nervule  at  five-eighths,  second  and  third  stalked  ;  lower 
radial  from  above  centre  of  discocellnlar,  upper  from  top  angle  of  cell  ;  veins  10,  7, 
8,  9  stalked,  1 1  free.     Hindwings  with  3,  4,  and  6,  7  stalked. 

Type  :  Chloroteras  detoliita  Wlk.  (Comibaena). 

In  nenration  it  agrees  with  Archichlora  Warr.,  also  an  African  genus,  but  the 
shape  of  wings  is  entirely  different. 

5.  Victoria  ansorgei  sp.  nov. 

Forewinqs :  yellowish  green;  costa  bone-coloured,  broadly  pale  at  base,  more 
narrowly  towards  apex,  speckled  with  red-brown  atoms,  which  are  denser  before 
apex  ;  basal  line  ill-defined,  except  below  median  vein,  where  it  is  angled  on  the 
fold  and  curved  to  inner  margin  ;  cell-spot  oval,  with  dark  scales  at  centre  ;  outer 
line  represented  by  a  crescentic  mark  from  vein  4  to  6,  bone-colonred  with  brown 
edges,  ending  on  inner  margin  in  a  large  irregular  loaf-shaped  blotch  edged  with 
brown-red,  which  reaches  only  to  vein  2  ;  a  large  bone-colonred  apical  blotch 
extending  from  apex  to  vein  4,  its  edge  brown-red  and  thrice  curved  ;  interspaces 
on  margin  between  veins  4  and  1,  with  bone-coloured  brown-edged  lunules,  the  lowest 
•  double  and  larger  ;  marginal  line  brown-red,  not  thickened  ;  fringe  bone-colour, 
chequered  finely  with  brown-red  beyond  veins  above  middle,  more  broadly  below 
middle,  their  apices  throughout  darker. 

Ilindivings  :  with  cell-spot  oval,  browu-red  ;  outer  line  shown  by  a  crescent- 
shaped  mark  towards  inner  margin,  as  well  as  beyond  cell  :  a  semicircular  bone- 
coloured  marginal  blotch  between  veins  4  and  6  ;  inner  margin  with  a  long  narrow 
bone-coloured  blotch  edged  with  reddish  ;  the  rest  as  in  forewings. 

Underside  whitish  green  ;  the  marginal  line  red-brown.  Face,  shoulders,  and 
patagia  green  ;  shoulders  edged  in  front  with  reddish  :  vertex  and  autenual  shaft 
bone-colonred  ;  abdomen  bone-coloured,  mixed  above  with  reddish. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  42  mm. 

One  ?  from  Nakabimba,  Torn,  April  2ud,  1899  (Dr.  Ansorge). 

Closely  related  to  V.  pulreriplnga  Warr.  from  Warri  (described  wrongly  as  an 
Oospila),  from  which  it  is  distinguished  by  the  more  restricted  whitish  markings 
and  the  unthickened  marginal  line.  The  hindmargin  of  forewings  is  sinuous,  not 
elbowed  at  vein  4, 


( '■> ) 

Subfamily  STERRHINAE. 

6.  Craspedia  impunctulata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  white,  with  a  few  black  speckles;  the  Hues  uchreons  ;  first, 
iadistinct,  at  oue-third,  curved  ontwards  towards  the  cell-spot ;  outer  line  at  three- 
fourths,  bluntly  dentate  ;  median  halfway  between  the  two,  curved  parallel  to  first 
line-;  subterminal  and  submarginal  very  indistinct  except  towards  inner  margin  ; 
cell-spot  small,  but  distinct,  black  ;  uo  trace  of  marginal  dots  or  line  ;  fringe 
ochreous. 

Hindwings  :  without  first  line. 

Underside  wholly  white,  without  markings  ;  costa  of  forewings  narrowly 
ochreous.     Face,  vertex,  and  palpi  dark  brown  ;  thorax  and  abdomen  white. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   35  mm. 

1  (J  from  Sierra  Leone,  1898  (Capt.  Stevens). 

Nearest  to  C.  stibperlaria  Warr.,  but  larger  ;  characterised  by  the  entire 
absence  of  marginal  markings. 

7.  Craspedia  ocellicincta  sp.  nov. 

Forewings:  chalk-white,  slightly  black-speckled,  tinged  in  parts  with  olive 
ochreous  ;  lines  dark  grey  ;  first  ill-defined,  curved  from  one-third  of  costa  to  one- 
fourth  of  inner  margin  ;  median  from  two-thirds  of  costa  to  middle  of  inner  margin, 
fine,  lunulate-dentate,  outcurved  above  ;  outer  line  at  four-fifths,  dentate-lunulate, 
insinuate  beyond  cell  and  on  submedian  fold  ;  submarginal  line  waved,  indistinct, 
between  two  darker  shades,  the  inner  of  which  forms  dark  greenish  fuscous  blotches 
beyond  the  sinuses  of  the  outer  line  ;  the  median  line  is  followed  by  a  greenish 
shade  ;  cell-spot  black,  placed  in  an  olive  ochreous  or  olive  brownish  ring. 

Hindwings :  similar,  without  first  line  ;  the  median  line  forming  a  deep  sinus 
inside  the  black  triangular  cell-spot. 

Underside  ochreous-white,  speckled  in  the  forewings  with  green  towards  base  ; 
the  cell-spots  and  outer  line  expressed.  Face  and  palpi  black-brown  ;  vertex, 
thorax,  and  abdomen  white. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  26  mm. 

1  (?  from  Athi-ya-Mawe,  British  East  Africa,  April  1899  (Legros). 

Allied  to  what  I  believe  to  be  nemorivagata  Wlngrn,  and  possibly  the  other 
sex  of  that  species. 

The  single  example  is  too  much  worn  for  the  margins  and  fringes  to  be  made 
out  ;  it  is  almost  certain  that  in  fresh  specimens  the  green  and  ochreous  tints  are 
more  developed. 

8.  Craspedia  umbratilinea  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  dull  rufous  grey,  with  darker  dusting  ;  the  lines  obscure,  olive- 
rufous,  all  more  or  less  geminate,  or  followed  by  deeper  shading  ;  first  very  indistinct 
at  one-fourth  ;  median  from  two-thirds  of  costa,  oblique  and  slightly  undulating,  to 
middle  of  inner  margin  ;  outer  line  at  five-sixths,  obscurely  luuulate-dentate,  sinuate 
inwards  beyond  cell  and  on  submedian  fold,  closely  followed  by  a  thickened  olive 
shade ;  submarginal  line  hardly  expressed ;  cell-spot  and  marginal  spots  small, 
blackish  ;  fringe  concolorous. 


(   10) 

Hindwings :  without  first  line  ;  cell-spot  larger,  beyond  middle  line  and  placed 
in  a  darker  shade. 

Underside  pale  greyish  ochreons,  finely  dusted  with  fuscons  ;  cell-spots,  outer 
line,  and  marginal  spots  distinct ;  median  line  obscure.  Face  and  palpi  brown  ; 
vertex  ochreons  ;  thorax  and  abdomen  concolorous  with  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  35  mm. 

]   ?  from  Mamba,  Kilimanjaro,  March  to  October  1897. 

Apex  of  forewings  prominent,  hindmargin  sinuous;  hindwings  with  hindmargin 
bluntly  bent  at  middle. 

Allied  to  C.  cinerascens  Butler. 

9.  Phyletis  sticticata  sp.  no  v. 

Forewings :  pale  ochreons,  suffused  and  dusted  with  darker;  the  lines  brownish; 
traces  of  two  obliiiue  antemedian  lines  becoming  obsolete  above  middle  ;  a  broad 
brownish  oblique  median  shade  from  middle  of  inner  margin  to  below  three-fourths 
of  costa,  diffuse  outwardly  ;  outer  line  from  two-thirds  of  inner  margin,  marked  by 
brown  dashes  on  veins  ;  two  snbmarginal  brownish  lines,  the  inner  joining  the 
exterior  line  towards  costa  :  fringe  concolorons  ;  cell-spot  minute,  blackish  ;  all  the 
lines  parallel  to  hindmargin,  which  is  very  oblique. 

Hindwings :  with  two  brown  parallel  lines,  a  median  from  middle  of  inner 
margin  to  apex,  the  postmedian  from  three-fourths  of  inner  margin  to  below  apex  ; 
traces  of  two  snbmarginal  lines  on  inner  margin  ;  a  black  cell-spot. 

Underside  with  the  two  lines,  median  and  postmedian,  marked  on  both  wings. 
Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  like  wings  ;  the  face  rufous-tinged. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  28  mm. 

1  (J  from  Kaboa  (Bueknlla),  Uganda,  April  1st,  1899  (Dr.  Ansorge). 

10.  Problepsis  ochripicta  sp.  nov. 

Differs  from  latonaria  Guen.,  which  it  otherwise  resembles,  in  having  a  silvery 
bracket-shaped  mark  on  the  discocellular  of  forewings,  and  an  ear-shaped  mark  on 
that  of  the  hindwings.     The  antennae  and  forelegs  are  rufous  ochraceous. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  40  mm. 

1  S  from  the  Island  of  S.  Thom6,  Bay  of  Guinea,  October  and  November  1899 
(Mocquerys)  ;  and  1  S  from  Sierra  Leone. 

Gnen6e's  latonaria  was  from  S.  Africa. 

11.  Problepsis  subviridata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  ;  dull  bone-colour,  the  costa  brownish  grey  at  base  ;  the  lines  and 
shades  dingy  grey-green  ;  first  line  fine,  somewhat  indistinct,  from  one-fourth  of 
costa  to  one-third  of  inner  margin,  angled  in  cell,  then  vertical ;  a  central  fascia, 
narrow  below  bnt  broader  at  costa,  containing  the  dark  cell- spot,  its  outer  edge 
angled  at  veins  0  and  4  ;  an  outer  snbdentate  line  at  five-sixths,  followed  by 
snbmarginal  and  subterminal  shades,  these  all  more  intense  beyond  cell ;  fringe 
concolorons. 

Hindwings  :  without  first  line  ;  the  cell-spot  white,  the  central  fascia  of  uniform 
width. 

Underside  without  markings  ;  the  costa  of  forewings  yellowish  ;  head  deep 
brown  ;  thorax  and  abdomen  like  wings,  the  abdomen  somewhat  greyer. 


( 11 ) 

Expanse  of  wings  :  35  mm. 

S  from  Sierra  Leone. 
Related  to  P.  latonaria  Gnen.,  from  wliich  it  is  distinguished  by  the  green 
tinge  of  the  markings  and  by  the  brown  face. 

12.  Ptychopoda  rufulata  sp.  nov. 

Forewinqs :  rnfons  ochreons,  with  darlver  speckling  ;  the  lines  slightly  darker  ; 
basal  at  one-fourth,  slightly  curved  ;  median  a  little  outcurved  above  and  approach- 
ing the  basal  at  inner  margin  ;  outer  at  three-fourths,  marked  with  grey  and  with 
slight  points  on  the  veins,  denticulate  and  slightly  waved  ;  submarginal  pale  between 
darker  shades  ;  fringe  concolorons  ;  a  row  of  distinct  dark  spots  at  base  of  fringe  ; 
cell-spot  minute,  close  to  median  line. 

Hindicings  :  like  forewings,  but  without  basal  line. 

Underside  greyish  ochreons,  without  the  rufous  fringe.  Head,  thorax,  and 
abdomen  like  wings  ;  face  black-brown. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  17  mm. 

Five  ?  ?  from  the  island  of  S.  Thome,  Oct.— Nov.  1899  (Moc(|uerys). 

Belongs  to  the  actiosaria  group,  but  the  forewings  are  narrower,  with  more 
pointed  apex. 

Subfamily  ASTHBNINAE. 

13.  Asthenotricha  semidivisa  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  pale  straw-colonr,  slightly  tinged  with  darker  ;  the  lines  purplish 
brown  ;  first  line  near  base  ;  second  from  one-third  of  costa  to  one-third  of  inner 
margin,  bent  below  costa,  then  straight  ;  outer  line  from  two-thirds  of  costa  to 
near  middle  of  inner  margin,  bluntly  angled  on  vein  4,  preceded  by  another  similar 
lin^ ;  space  between  the  second  and  outer  lines  filled  in  with  purplish  brown  ; 
cell-spot  blackish,  in  a  paler  space  ;  three  submarginal  interrupted  lunulate  lines  ; 
a  slight  dark  marginal  line,  somewhat  interrupted  at  the  veins  ;  fringe  straw-colour, 
varied  with  darker ;  a  horizontal  brown  streak  above  vein  4  from  angle  of  outer 
line  to  hindmargin. 

Hi/ulirings  :  with  two  antemedian  lines  ;  the  submarginal  lines  more  strongly 
marked,  the  marginal  area  dusted  with  darker  ;  the  costal  tuft  blackish. 

Underside  duller,  dusted  with  fnscous,  especially  within  the  outer  lines.  Head, 
thorax,  and  abdomen  straw-colour  ;  face  brownish. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  26  mm. 

One  c?  from  Kiwalogoma,  Uganda,  March  12th,  1899  (Dr.  Ansorge). 

Subfamily  TEPHROOLYSTIINAE. 
14.  Calluga  consobrina  sp.  nov. 
Very  close  to  Calliiga  modesta  Warr.,  from  India  and  Burma  ;  dull  greenish 
grey,  finely  dusted  with  black  atoms  ;  the  outer  edge  of  central  fascia  blackish,  and 
marked  with  blacker  on  the  veins,  not  so  deeply  indented  beyond  cell  as  in  modesta, 
followed  by  a  pale  band  with  central  dark  line  ;  submarginal  line  waved,  with  a 
darker  shade  on  each  side,  the  inner  one  the  broader  ;  markings  of  basal  area 
indistinct  ;  marginal  line  black  ;  fringe  grey. 

Jlindwings :  with  the  outer  edge  of  central  fascia  angled  on  vein  4  ;  the  rest 


(   12  ) 

as  in  forewings  ;  both  wings  crossed  by  unmeruus  cnrved  grey  lines,  variable  in 
intensity. 

Underside  dnil  cinereous  ;  basal  two-thirds  generally  darker.  Head,  thorax, 
and  abdomen  coucolorous. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  16  mm. 

One  (?,  two  ?  ?,  from  the  island  of  S.  Thome,  Oct.  and  Nov.  1899  (Mocqnerys). 

Mesocolpia  gen.  nov. 

An  offshoot  of  Chloroclystis,  with  which  it  agrees  in  the  neuration  of  the 
forewings;  distingnished  by  several  peculiarities  in  the  S.  The  costa  of  fore  wing 
is  swollen  at  two-thirds,  and  bears  a  slight  fringe  of  hairs  ;  the  inner  margin  is 
concave.  The  hiudmargin  of  both  wings  is  broadly  bilobed,  containing  a  strong 
rounded  sinus  in  the  middle.  The  underside  of  both  wings  towards  the  hindmargin 
below  the  middle  bears  tufts  of  black  hair,  which  are  especially  developed  in  the 
hindwings,  where  the  abdominal  margin  is  also  fringed,  and  the  cell  is  somewhat 
puckered  and  distorted,  and  clothed  with  spots  of  opalescent  scales.  The  abdomen 
beneath  and  the  anal  segments  are  likewise  tnfted  with  hair.  In  the  hindwings 
of  the  S  the  cell  is  broad  and  shorter  than  half  the  wing  ;  the  discocellular 
concave  ;  veins  6,  7  on  a  long  stalk  ;  .5  from  above  the  middle  of  discocellular  ; 
3  and  4  short-stalked,  and  2  close  before  end  of  cell.  The  mouth  parts  and  legs  of 
the  only  S  are  too  much  damaged  to  be  described. 

Type  :  Mesocolpia  subcomosa  sp.  nov. 

15.  Mesocolpia  subcomosa  sp.  nov. 

Forewings:  pale  greenish,  with  slightly  darker  green  waved  cross-lines  ;  the 
edges  of  central  fascia  dentate,  and  marked  with  black  ;  the  shades  on  each  side 
of  the  submarginal  line  also  blackened  at  costa  and  bej'ond  cell  ;  a  marginal  line 
of  plain  black  spots  ;  fringe  greenish. 

Hindwings  :  suffused  with  grey  ;  a  lilack  spot  on  inner  margin  near  base, 
denoting  inner  edge  of  central  fascia  ;  the  outer  edge  curved  and  blackish  ; 
marginal  area  darker  ;  a  blackish  blotch  on  submarginal  line  before  the  sinus. 

Underside  dull  greenish  ;  the  hair  tufts  blackish  and  green.  Head,  thorax, 
and  abdomen  dull  olive-green. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   c?  18  mm.  ;   ?  16  mm. 

One  c?,  seven  ?  ?,  Island  of  St.  Thom<$,  Oct.  and  Nov.  1899  (Mocqnerys). 

16.  Tephroclystia  vermiculata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  trown-grey  ;  crossed  by  a  succession  of  very  fine  pale  aeqnidistant 
rippled  lines,  widened  and  most  distinct  on  the  costa  :  a  small  Idackish  cell-spot ; 
marginal  line  blackish,  distinctly  interruj)ted  by  a  pale  dot  at  the  vein  ends  ;  fringe 
concolorous. 

Hindwings  :  similar,  but  the  whole  costal  half  of  wing  whitish,  unmarked. 

Underside  the  same,  but  with  the  markings  more  confused.  Head,  thorax,  and 
abdomen  concolorous  with  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   18  mm. 

One  ?  from  Nakabimba,  Torn,  April  2nd,  1899  (Dr.  Ansorge). 


(   13   ) 

Subfamily  HYDRIOMENINAE. 
17.  CoUix  flavipuncta  sp.  uov. 

Forewings :  brownish  fuscous,  all  the  markings  very  obscure  ;  the  dark 
cross-lines,  edging  and  traversing  the  basal  patch  and  central  fascia,  are  indicated 
by  dark  dashes  on  the  veins,  and  the  paler  lines  which  accompany  them  form 
yellowish  dashes  contiguous  to  the  dark  ones,  both  series  being  more  strongly  marked 
towards  costa  and  inner  margin  ;  the  band  beyond  central  fascia  is  marked  between 
veins  3  and  4  by  a  quadrate  yellow  blotch,  aud  the  lunulate  submarginal  line  by 
a  series  of  yellow  points,  the  lunule  beyond  the  yellow  blotch  being  filled  up  with 
blackish  ;  marginal  line  fine,  interrupted  by  yellow  dots  at  the  vein  ends  ;  fringe 
brownish  fuscous  ;  cell-spot  black,  of  raised  scales. 

Hinclivings  :  like  forewings. 

Underside  uniform  brownish  cinereous,  with  darker  curved  postmediau  and 
submarginal  bands  ;  cell-spots  brown.     Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  concolorous. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  39  mm. 

One  S  from  Bourbon  Island  (Maillard)  from  the  Felder  Collection.  The 
hindmargin  of  hindwings  is  strongly  dentate,  the  teeth  at  veins  4  and  6  especially 
prominent. 

18.  Epirrhoe  prasinaria  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  dull  dark  green  dusted  with  blackish  and  paler  scales  ;  the  lines 
blackish-green  ;  basal  patch  small,  edged  by  two  dark  waved  lines  filled  up  with 
dark  green  ;  central  fascia  broad,  its  inner  edge  from  one-third  of  costa  to  two-fifths 
of  inner  margin,  slightly  bent  in  middle,  its  outer  edge  from  two-thirds  of  costa  to 
three-fourths  of  inner  margin,  bluntly  angled  outwards  on  vein  4,  the  inner  edge 
followed  by  one,  and  the  outer  preceded  by  two  blackish  lines,  the  whole  space 
rather  deeper  green  ;  cell-spot  blackish  ;  the  pale  green  band  following  traversed 
by  a  darker  thread  and  whitish  green  between  veins  4  and  6  ;  submarginal  line 
obscure,  pale  and  wavy,  preceded  and  followed  by  irregular  blackish  lunules,  which 
are  most  conspicuous  beyond  cell ;  marginal  sjjots  blackish  green  ;  fringe  pale  green, 
chequered  with  darker. 

Hindwings :  greyish  ochreous,  with  a  slight  reddish  tinge  ;  cell-spot  small, 
black  ;  an  obscure  central  and  postmedian  line  ;  a  dark  grey  marginal  border 
including  some  paler  spots  denoting  the  submarginal  line  ;  fringe  pale  greyish 
ochreous,  with  fine  blackish  streaks  beyond  the  dark  marginal  spots  between 
the  veins. 

Underside  ochreous,  dark  sjieckled,  the  lines  all  marked  with  fuscous  black  ; 
both  wings  with  broad  dark  marginal  border,  that  in  the  forewings  interrupted 
between  veins  3  and  4.  Face,  thorax,  and  abdomen  dark  green  ;  palpi,  fillet,  and 
shaft  of  antennae  ochreous  ;  collar  brown. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  26  mm. 

1   ¥  from  Mamba,  Kilimanjaro,  March  to  October  1897. 

Evidently  allied  to  F.  siHarugdinata  VV'Ik.  from  S.  Africa,  but  much  more 
obscurely  marked  and  without  the  strong  pale  edges  to  the  lines. 

19.  Grlaucopteryx  discolorata  sp.  nov. 
Foreicings  :   dull  greenish  grey,  tinged,  more  especially  towards  hindmargin, 
with   rufous   ochreous  ;   the  lines  greyish  fuscous  ;    basal  patch  aud  central   fascia 


( l-l ) 

snffnsed  with  darker  grey  ;  basal  pittuli  [irojecting  in  middle,  witli  three  dark  lines, 
and  a  bhiokish  spot  near  base  ;  central  fascia  with  the  edges  crenulate,  the  inner 
edge  indented  in  cell,  the  outer  projecting  ou  veins  6  and  4,  each  accompanied  by 
two  dark  lines  ;  cell-spot  elongate,  somewhat  annular  ;  two  darker  lunulate-dentate 
snbterminal  lines,  the  exterior  followed  by  the  jialer  but  obscure  submarginal  line  ; 
marginal  area  narrowly  darker  ;  j)airs  of  marginal  blackish  si)ots  at  the  ends  of  the 
veins  ;  fringe  rufous  ochreous. 

Hinilwings  :  dingy  dark  greyish  fuscous. 

Underside  of  both  wings  like  the  hindwiugs  above.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen 
concolorous  with  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  29  mm. 

!(?,!?  from  Cape  Town,  October  1864  (Felder  Coll.). 


Mimoclystia  gen.  nov. 

Forewiiigs  :  elongate  ;  the  costa  nearly  straight  ;  hindmargin  oblique,  slightly 
curved  towards  anal  angle. 

Hinrlwings :  somewhat  elongate,  with  the  angles  and  hindmargin  rounded. 

Antennae  of  6  simple,  lamellate  ;  palpi  jrorrect,  shortly  rostriform ;  tongue  and 
frenulum  present ;  hind-tibiae  with  four  spurs. 

Neuration  :  forewings,  cell  half  as  long  as  wing  ;  discocellular  vertical  above, 
oblique  below  ;  first  median  nervule  at  three-fourths,  second  close  to  third  ;  radials 
normal  ;  7,  8,  9  stalked  from  end  of  cell ;  10  and  11  stalked,  10  anastomosing  with 
7,  8,  9,  forming  a  single  areole  ;  hindwings  with  discocellular  oblique  below  ;  costal 
anastomosing  with  subcostal  for  three-fourths  of  cell  ;  6  aud  7  stalked. 

Type  Mimoeh/Mia  umlitlosata  sp.  nov. 

I  cannot  refer  this  species  to  any  of  the  existing  genera  of  which  the  species  are 
characterised  by  the  possession  of  a  single  areole. 

20.  Mimoclystia  undalosata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings:  whitish,  the  lines  and  shading  fuscous  mixed  with  dull  reddish 
scales  ;  all  the  lines  strongly  lunnlate  dentate  and  distinct ;  the  basal  patch,  central 
fascia,  and  band  before  submarginal  line  darkest,  being  suffused  with  fuscous  scales  ; 
basal  patch  with  three  dark  lines  ;  central  fascia  with  four,  the  two  inner  coalescing 
below  the  median  vein  to  form  anuuli ;  the  submarginal  band  with  two  lines,  of 
which  the  inner  is  blackish  and  concise  ;  the  pale  bands  on  each  side  of  central 
fascia  with  a  dark  transverse  line  ;  the  basal  patch,  both  edges  of  central  fascia,  and 
the  submarginal  baud  finely  and  clearly  edged  with  white  ;  the  reddish  scales 
scattered  alike  over  the  dark  fasciae  and  pale  bands  ;  cell-spot  blackish  ;  marginal 
line  formed  of  pairs  of  thick  black  dashes  at  the  vein  ends  ;  fringe  whitish,  with  a 
pinkish  grey  middle  and  apical  line,  and  darker  beyond  veins. 

IJimlwiiigs  :  pale  dull  grey,  with  all  the  lines  darker  grey  and  denticulate. 

Underside  speckled  with  black  and  sutiused  with  brighter  rufous,  especially 
along  hindmargius  ;  all  the  lines  blackish  ;  the  submarginal  shade  conspicuous. 
Head  and  thorax  a  mixture  of  grey  and  reddish  scales  ;  abdomen  without  the  red. 

Exj)anse  of  wings  :  20  mm. 

1  6  I'rum  Kn^sua,  S.  Africa  (Felder  Coll.). 


(  15  ) 

Subfamily  DEILINIINAE. 
21.  Heterostegane  pleninotata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  pale  yellowish  ochreous,  the  costal  aud  hindmarginal  areas  deeper 
yellow  ;  the  whole  wing  spangled  with  shining  scales  ;  all  the  markings  deep 
ferrnginons  ;  two  curved  lines  near  base,  the  outer  closely  followed  by  the  rather 
large  cell-spot,  beyond  which  comes  a  thick  nearly  straight  line  from  costa  just 
before  middle  to  before  middle  of  inner  margin  ;  beyond  the  middle  a  slightly 
curved  exterior  line,  lunulate-dentate,  the  teeth  large  and  plain  ;  the  veins  in  the 
preceding  space  all  ferruginous  ;  immediately  beyond  is  a  double  submarginal  line, 
the  inner  arm  dentate-lunulate,  the  outer  thick,  slightly  indented  at  vein  4  and  on 
submedian  fold  ;  a  diti'use  marginal  line,  joined  by  ferruginous  dashes  between  the 
veins  ;  fringe  yellow,  slenderly  mottled  with  fuscous. 

Hindwings :   similar. 

Underside  yellowish  ochreous,  with  the  cell- spots,  the  two  straight  and  thicker 
lines  and  some  marginal  blotches  dark  brown.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  ochreous 
spotted  with  ferruginous. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  21  mm. 

1   ?  from  Sierra  Leone. 

Subfamily  ASCOTlNAE. 
22.  Alcis  ansorgei  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  pale  grey,  speckled  with  darker,  and  tinged  in  parts  with  brownish  ; 
the  lines  thick,  brown-black  ;  the  first  near  base  from  one-fifth  of  costa  to  one-fourth 
of  inner  margin,  hardly  curved,  but  toothed  outwards  on  median  and  submedian 
veins  ;  outer  line  from  nearly  three-fourths  of  costa  to  two-thirds  of  inner  margin, 
oblique  inwards  parallel  to  hindmargin  as  far  as  vein  6,  then  bent  outwards  to 
vein  5,  and  again  obliquely  curved  inwards,  thickened  at  base  of  veins  3  and  4, 
where  it  touches  an  augulated  cell-mark,  and  toothed  ontwards  on  the  veins, 
especially  on  the  submedian.  This  line  is  followed,  as  the  first  is  preceded,  by  a 
thick  umber-brown  shade,  most  marked  at  costa  ;  a  faintly  indicated  median  line 
starting  from  a  conspicuous  central  costal  spot,  and  traversing  the  upper  jiart  of  the 
black  angulated  cell-spot;  sulimarginal  line  pale,  lunulate,  the  lunnles  beyond  cell 
and  beneath  costa  more  filled  up  with  dark  scales  ;  a  marginal  row  of  black  spots  ; 
fringe  grey,  irregularly  tinged  with  darker.  The  central  area,  especially  the  outer 
upper  portion,  is  paler  than  either  the  basal  or  marginal  area. 

Himhriugs  :  with  an  antemeJian  shade,  distinct  only  towards  inner  margin,  a 
blackish  dentate  postmedian  line,  followed,  as  in  forewings,  by  a  brown  shade  ;  the 
submarginal  line  obscure  ;  a  dark  diffuse  cell-spot. 

Underside  ochreous  grey,  speckled  with  fuscous,  the  markings  showing 
through.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  coucolorous  with  wings  ;  face  and  paljii 
brown. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  42  mm. 

One  cJ  taken  fifteen  days'  journey  from  Fort  Beni,  Congo  Free  State,  May 
19th,  1899  (Dr.  Ausorge). 

The  discocellular  is  peculiar  in  sha])e,  being  curved  ubli([uely  inwards  and 
concave  outwards  in  its  upper  half,  strongly   iuangulated  and   with   the  lower  arm 


(  16  ) 

oblique  outwards  in  the  lower  half;  veins   ID  and  11   are  lioth   free,  from  cell; 
the  thorax  aud  pectus  are  both  hirsute,  the  patajria  .strongly  developed. 

There  appears  also  to  be  a  furrow  or  thickening  along  the  submedian  fold  of 
the  hindwings  ;  but  as  these  are  damaged,  its  character  caunot  clearly  be  made  out. 

23.  Alois  argillacea  Warr.,  Nov.  Zool.  VII.  p.  95  d. 
Since  the  description  of  the  S  was  published,  a  specimen  of  the  ?  has  been 
received,  taken  four  days'  journey  from  Fort  Beni,  Congo  Free  State,  May  8th,  1899, 
by  Dr.  Ansorge.  The  ¥  has  the  antennae  pectinated  almo.st  as  strongly  as  the  c?, 
as  is  the  case  also  in  Pseiu/alcis  pecfinata  'Wmt.  from  Warri  ;  but  in  Pseudalcis 
vein  11  of  the  forewings  rises  from  12,  as  in  Medasina. 

24.  Alcis  remotata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  wood-brown,  densely  striated  with  fuscous  ;  the  costa  strongly 
marked  with  black  ;  lines  black  ;  first  from  one-fourth  of  costa  to  one- fifth  of  inner 
margin,  bent  on  the  median  vein  ;  outer  line  from  five-sixths  of  costa  to  two-thirds 
of  inner  margin,  obli(^ue  inwards  to  vein  6,  bluntly  angled  outwards  on  vein  5, 
then  sinuous  and  thickened  ;  submarginal  line  hardly  paler,  but  denoted  by  dark 
lunules  before  it  beneath  costa,  opposite  cell,  and  above  inner  margin  ;  a  row  of 
black  marginal  spots;  fringe  concolorous  ;  cell- mark  blackish,  indistinct. 

IJindwinffs :  with  an  antemedian  line  very  obscure,  and  a  sinuous  postmedian 
line  less  acutely  angled  than  in  forewings. 

Underside  pale  whitish  ochreous,  coarsely  speckled  with  fuscous  ;  cell-spots 
and  outer  lines  marked.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  concolorous  with  wings  ;  the 
segments  of  the  abdomen  with  black  spots. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  3.5  mm. 

One  (J  from  Nakabimba,  Torn,  April  1899  (Dr.  Ansorge). 

Very  much  like  A.  simulatrix  from  Kampala,  but  distinguished  by  the  different 
position  of  the  lines  ;  the  first  is  not  angled  prominently  in  the  cell,  and  the  second 
starts  from  much  nearer  the  apex. 

25.  Chogada  aubcincta  sp.  nov. 

Exceedingly  like  ('.  suhipurcata  Warr.,  the  markings  as  a  rule  not  so  strongly 
developed  ;  it  is,  however,  only  two-thirds  the  size,  and  in  the  hindwings  the  inner 
line  runs  quite  clear  of  the  discal  spot,  while  in  subspurcata  these  always  touch. 
On  the  underside  the  whole  surface  is  dingy  grey,  except  a  whitish  space  before 
and  beyond  the  discal  spot,  and  at  apex  of  forewing ;  the  hindmargin  is  dilfusely 
smoky  black  towards  apex  only,  never  with  the  distinct  black  marginal  fascia 
of  siihspurcuta. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   34  mm. 

Five  ?  ?  from  the  island  of  St.  Thom6,  October  and  November  1899 
(Mocquerys). 

Subfamily  FIDONIINJJ]. 

20.  Fidonia  ansorgei  sp.  uov. 

Forewings  :  sulphur-colour  ;  the  costal  margin  narrowly  and  the  inner  margin 

broadly   studded    with   irregular   black   spots  and  striae  more   or  less  confluent  ; 

beyond   the  middle   these  spots  become  black   blotches   connected   with  the  black 


(   17   ) 

hindmargin,  an  additional  black  blotch  running  basewards  towards  end  of  cell, 
where  it  also  becomes  somewhat  liroken  np  into  spots  ;  fringe  black. 

Hindwinga :  deeper  yellow  ;  a  series  of  irregular  black  spots  along  inner 
margin,  and  a  broad  black  marginal  border  from  before  apex  to  anal  angle  ;  fringe 
black,  irregularly  mottled  with  yellowish. 

Underside  the  same  as  upper.  Head,  thorax,  and  legs  black  ;  face,  front  of 
shoulders,  and  abdomen  yellow  ;  the  abdomen  with  black  segmental  rings,  which  on 
the  dorsum  towards  base  become  confluent ;  antennae  black. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  32  mm. 

One   ?   from  Wemi  River,  Torn,  April  21st,  1899  (Dr.  Ansorge). 

Subfamily  SELIDOSEMINAE. 
27.  Thysanopyga  subalba  sp.  nov. 

(?  ? .  Foreimngs  :  greyish  red-brown,  with  numerous  short  and  fine  black  striae  ; 
the  lines  obscure,  red-brown  ;  first  curved  at  one-fifth  ;  second  before  middle, 
concave  outwards  to  median  vein,  then  vertical  ;  outer  line  at  two-thirds,  irregularly 
curved  to  three-fourths  of  inner  margin  ;  cell-spot  small,  black,  with  greyish  white 
scales  round  it ;  small  black  marginal  dots  from  apex  to  middle  ;  fringe  concolorous. 

Binclwings  :  with  two  lines  only,  inner  and  central ;  cell-spot  minute,  whitish. 

Underside  dull  chalk-white,  finely  but  thickly  dusted  with  fuscous  ;  forewings 
with  broad  diffusely  edged  marginal  band ;  hindwings  with  the  band  narrower  and 
nearly  obsolete  except  at  apex.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  all  concolorous  with 
wings  in  both  sexes  ;  antennal  shaft  black  and  white. 

The  form  above  described  is  the  least  marked,  and  probably  the  more  common. 
In  two  more  strongly  marked  ?  ?  the  ground  colour  is  more  reddish  ;  there  are 
clear  traces  of  a  dentate  subniarginal  line,  the  teeth  of  which  are  in  places  filled 
up  with  darker  and  edged  with  paler  ;  in  one  of  these  examples  the  cell-spot  of 
forewing  is  large,  diamond-shaped,  with  black  edge  and  grey  centre  containing 
a  black  point,  of  hindwing  snow-white  with  black  ring  ;  in  the  other  that  of 
forewing  is  large,  snow-white,  without  edge,  of  hindwing  white  and  smaller.  This 
variation  in  the  cell-spots  is  not  unusual  in  allied  species. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  30  mm. 

One  (?,  three  j  j  from  the  island  of  S.  Thom^,  October  and  November  1899 
(Mocquerys). 

In  the  forewiugs  vein  11  anastomoses  with  12,  instead  of  running  free 
throughout  as  in  Petelia  H.  S  ;  I  have  therefore  placed  the  species  in  Thysanopyga 
which  otherwise  contains  only  American  species. 

The  species  next  described,  in  the  subfamily  Eniwminae,  seems  likewise 
referable  to  another  American  genus  Arschropteryx.  In  this  connection  it  may  be 
mentioned  that  Dr.  Jordan  found  among  the  Coleoptera  from  St.  Thome  some  species 
imported  from  America. 

Subfamily  ENNOMINAE. 

28.  Aeschropteryx  (?)ansorgei  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  yellow,  sparsely  dusted  with  blackish  atoms,  towards  the  anal  angle 
flushed  with  rufous  ;  first  line  hardly  visible,  waved,  at  one-fourth ;  outer  line  very 
fine,  rufous,  externally  edged  with  paler,  from  two-thirds  of  iiuier  margin  towards 

2 


(   18  ) 

apex,  before  which  it  is  sliarpl y  angled  and  retracted  as  a  curved  dark  brown  mark 
to  costa,  forming  the  edge  of  a  semicircular  pale  ochreous  costal  blotch,  which  is 
limited  b}'  a  brown  spot  close  before  apex  :  fringe  yellow  above,  becoming  rufous 
towards  anal  angle  ;  cell-spot  black,  minute. 

Hindwinqi  :  with  the  liue  antemedian,  the  area  beyond  it  strongly  suffused 
with  rufous  fulvous,  deepening  towards  the  margin  ;  ,the  tail  with  two  unequal 
black  spots  separated  by  the  pale  vein  4  ;  fringe  rnfous  throughout. 

Underside  wholly  yellow,  speckled  slightly  with  rnfons  ;  fringe  rufous,  and 
a  short  curved  rufous  streak  on  costa  of  forewing  before  apex.  Head,  thorax,  and 
abdomen  yellow  ;  face  above  brown. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  44  mm. 

One  (?  two  days  from  Fort  Beni,  Congo  Free  State,  May  6th,  1899  (Dr.  Ansorge). 
Veins  7,  8,  9,  of  forewings  stalked  from  before  eud  of  cell  ;  10  and  11  coincident 
and  anastomosing  with  12.  Hindmargin  of  forewings  oblique  and  straight ;  of 
hindwings  toothed  at  middle. 

Dasymacaria  gen.  nov. 

Forewings  :  narrow ;  costa  straight  from  base,  strongly  arched  before  apex  ; 
hindmargin  irregularly  excised  in  upper  half,  elbowed  at  vein  3,  then  oblique  to 
anal  angle. 

HiiKlwings  :  with  irregular  hindmargin  ;  the  apex  truncate  ;  margin  crenulate, 
more  deeply  excised^  between  veins  4  and  6. 

Antennae  of  S  plumose  to  four-fifths ;  iialj)i  porrect,  thick,  globose,  the 
terminal  joint  invisible  ;  frenulum  strong  ;  tongue  not  visible  (?  absent) ;  thorax, 
pectus,  and  legs  hairy  ;  no  fovea  in  forewing  of  (J. 

Neio-ation  :  forewing,  cell  longer  than  half  of  wing  ;  discocellular  with  upper 
half  obliquely  curved  inwards  and  concave  outwards  ;  the  lower  half  strongly 
inangulated,  its  lower  arm  oblique  and  straight  outwards  ;  first  median  nervule 
at  five-eighths,  second  shortly  before  third  ;  lower  radial  from  above  the  middle  of 
discocellular,  upper  from  upper  angle  of  cell  ;  veins  7,  8,  9  long-stalked  from 
angle  ;  10  and  11  stalked  ;  hindwings  with  cell  nearly  two-thirds  of  wing  ;  vein  7 
from  before  upper  angle  ;  medians  as  in  forewings. 

Type  :  Dasymacaria  ansorgei  sp.  nov. 

29.  Dasymacaria  ansorgei  sp.  nov. 

Forewings:  dingy  ochreous,  dappled  with  coarse  olive  ochreous  or  brownish 
speckles  ;  first  line  double,  black-brown,  from  one-fourth  of  costa  to  one-fifth  of 
inner  margin,  bent  on  subcostal,  median,  and  submedian  veins ;  outer  line  from 
nearly  three-fourths  of  costa  to  two-thirds  of  inner  margin,  fine,  dark  brown,  angled 
uutwards  at  vein  5,  then  oblique  inwards  and  dentate  on  all  the  veins,  preceded  in 
upper  half  of  wing  by  a  brownish  olive  line,  and  followed  and  preceded  on  inner 
margin  by  a  similar  coloured  erect  shade  ;  a  triangular  olive-brown  blotch  on  costa 
beyond  the  line  ;  submarginal  line  marked  only  by  a  few  brown  clouds  ;  discocellular 
with  an  augulateJ  olive-brown  mark  touching  a  brown  costal  spot  ;  marginal  line 
olive-brown  ;  fringe  coucolorous  with  wing. 

Hindwings:  with  dentate  antemedian  and  postmedian  brownish  lines,  the 
latter  finely  edged  with  dark  brown  ;  cell-spot  large,  triaugnlar,  lihickish. 


(  19-) 

Underside  similar  ;  the  markings  darker  ;  the  veins  brownish.  Head,  thorax, 
and  abdomen  like  wings  ;  face  and  palpi  brownish  ;  shaft  of  antennae  pale  ochreous  ; 
the  pectinations  blackish. 

E.xpanse  of  wings  :  44  mm. 

One  (?  taken  fonr  days'  march  from  Beni,  Congo  Free  State,  May  8th,  1899 
(Dr.  Ansorge). 

30.  Epigynopteryx  abbreviata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings:  ochreous,  with  slight  blackish  dusting  ;  the  lines  fine,  black;  first 
from  below  one-third  of  costa  to  quite  one-third  of  innner  margin,  bent  on  the 
median  vein,  preceded  by  a  grey  shade  ;  second  from  three-fifths  of  inner  margin 
straight  towards  apex,  angled  on  vein  7  and  shortly  retracted  towards  costa,  which 
it  does  not  reach,  followed  by  a  grey  shade  which  broadens  towards  inner  margin  ; 
three  black  spots  below  apex  between  the  veins,  two,  one  beyond  the  other,  between 
veins  3  and  4,  and  some  black  scales  below  them  ;  fringe  concolorous  ;  cell-spot 
black,  minute. 

Hindwings :  with  the  line  and  shade  central,  curved  ;  the  black  spots  towards 
anal  angle  partially  double  ;  cell-spot  black,  before  the  line. 

Underside  duller,  but  more  speckled  ;  cell-spots  and  a  spot  below  costa  of 
forewing  on  outer  line  black  ;  the  rest  obscure  ;  the  fringe  dark-spotted  beyond 
veins.     Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  ochreous. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  29  mm. 

One  S  from  St.  Emina,  Bnsiro,  March  23rd,  1899  (Dr.  Ansorge). 

31.  Epigynopteryx  tabitha  sp,  nov. 

Forewings :  dull  ochreous  drab,  covered  with  fine  transverse  fuscous  striae  ; 
first  line  obscure,  formed  by  an  aggregsitiou  of  the  striae,  at  one-third,  bent  below 
costa,  then  vertical  ;  outer  line  blackish,  from  three-fifths  of  inner  margin  towards 
apex  before  which  it  is  acutely  angled  and  retracted  to  costa,  where  it  becomes 
black  and  is  followed  by  a  curved  white  streak  ;  a  smaller  whitish  spot  close  before 
apex  ;  between  these  spots  the  apical  area  is  more  densely  marked  with  fuscous 
atoms  ;  a  slightly  darker  cloud  beyond  outer  line  between  veins  3  and  4  ;  cell-spot 
black  ;  fringe  concolorous. 

Himlwirtys  :  with  the  line  slightly  antemedian,  just  beyond  the  black  cell-spot. 

Underside  paler,  with  the  same  markings.  Thorax  and  abdomen  like  wings ; 
shoulders  and  vertex  ochreous  whitish  ;  face  and  palpi  dull  brown. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  39  mm. 

One  c?  from  Mondo,  Uganda,  March  lltli,  ls'.i9  (Dr.  Ansorge). 

Forewings  with  costa  well  arched,  hindmargin  faintly  sinuous  ;  no  fovea. 
Veins  lU  and  11  coincident,  anastomosing  with  12;  7,  8,  9,  stalked  from  before 
the  end  of  cell  ;  the  subcostal  nervure  bent  down  at  extremity. 

32.  Neuropolodes  fulvata  sji.  nov. 

Forewings :  fawn-colonr,  more  or  less  overrun  with  fulvous  ;  the  costal  region, 
a  narrow  shade  before  first  line,  and  a  broader  space  be3ond  lower  half  of  outer  line 
remaining  fawn-colour  and  glossy  ;  lines  dark  brown  ;  first  from  one-third  of  costa 
to  one-third  of  inner  margin,  oblique  outwards  and  thick  to  subcostal  vein,  there 
angled,  finely  and  irregularly  waved  ;  outer  line  straight  and  obliijui'  from  three- 


(  20  ) 

fonrths  of  inner  margin  to  five-sixths  of  costa,  before  which  it  is  shortl}'  retracted, 
and  followed  on  costa  by  a  pale  pinkish  ^rey  triangnlar  blotch;  an  olive-fnlvons 
dentated  snbmarginal  shade,  only  definite  at  costa  and  above  anal  angle  ;  a  curved 
diffuse  cloudy  median  shade,  approximated  to  the  outer  line  below  middle,  the  space 
between  them  deo]ier  fulvous  ;  cell-spot  obsc'ure,  blackish  ;  fringe  olive-fulvous  with 
the  tips  pale. 

Hindwings :  the  same,  without  first  line  ;  the  cell-spot  a  very  fine  biangnlated 
hyaline  mark. 

Underside  with  the  straight  outer  line  dark  and  well  marked  ;  the  pale  fawn- 
coloured  inner  area  with  a  ditfuse  olive-fulvous  cloud  beyond  middle  ;  forewings 
with  an  olive-fulvous  cloud  touching  the  outer  line  ;  the  hindwings  almost  wholly 
falvous.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  fulvous  fawn-colour,  the  abdomen  somewhat 
paler. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  40  mm. 

Two  ?  ?  from  Sierra  Leone. 

33.  Paracrocota  semirufa  sp.  uov. 

Forewings:  pale  rufous-grey,  sparsely  black-speckled,  and  with  fine  rufons 
striae  ;  first  line  very  indistinct,  curved,  from  one-fifth  of  costa  to  one-fourth  of 
inner  margin,  rufous  edged  inwardly  with  paler  ;  outer  line  straight,  from  apex  to 
three-fifths  of  inner  margin,  rufous  edged  outwardly  with  whitish  ;  marginal  area 
beyond  this  line  paler,  less  rufous  than  the  rest  of  wing  ;  the  fringe  concolorous  ; 
a  black  cell -spot ;  costa  pale,  like  marginal  area. 

Hiiuluings :  with  the  line  central  ;  the  area  within  it,  as  in  forewings,  more 
rufous  than  the  outer  half. 

Underside  dull  greyish  white,  with  fine  black  atoms  and  olive-fuscous  striae  ; 
the  lines  olive-fuscons,  the  outer  in  forewings  marked  witli  darker  dashes  on  veins, 
which  above  the  middle  diverge  from  the  line  and  are  retracted  to  the  costa  before 
apex.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  whitish,  patagia  and  dorsum  slightly  rufous- 
tinged. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  44  mm. 

One  cJ  taken  three  days  from  Fort  Beni,  Congo  Free  State,  May  7th,  1899 
(Dr.  Ausorge). 

The  submedian  vein  of  forewings  is  swollen  at  base  and  followed  by  a  small  but 
distinct  hyaline  fovea  ;  veins  10  and  11  are  stalked,  11  anastomosing  with  12,  and 
10  osculating  with  9.  Mabille  describes  a  Caberodes  insidaria  from  Madagascar 
(C.  R.  Soc.  Ent.  Belg.  188U,  p.  xxii),  which  must  be  near  this  species  ;  his  type 
was  a  ? . 


(  21  ) 


NEW    UBANIIDAE,  EFIPLE3IIDAE,  AND   GE03IETEIDAE 
FEOM   THE    ORIENTAL   AND    PALAEARCTIC   REGIONS. 

By  W.  warren,  M.A.,  F.E.S. 

Family  URANIIDAE. 
1.  Stesichora  puellaria  multiguttata  subsp.  nov. 

This  form  from  Arn  is  interesting  as  having  the  marginal  spots  in  the  hindwings 
still  more  nnmerons  than  in  the  tj'pe  form  from  Timor.  There  are  three  large  spots 
at  the  ends  of  veins  4,  6,  7,  that  on  vein  4  followed  by  a  small  dot  in  the  extreme 
apex  of  the  tooth,  and  three  smaller  ones  on  veins  2,  3,  and  5,  while  one  hindwiug 
even  shows  a  smaller  spot  on  vein  8  ;  the  forewings  have  fonr  largish  spots  on  basal 
half  of  costa,  one  in  middle,  and  two  towards  apex,  and  the  two  on  hindmargin 
below  apex  large,  with  an  additional  spot  in  the  right  wing  on  vein  6.  On  the 
underside  the  whole  apex  of  forewing  is  smoky  black. 

One  <?  from  Aru. 

Family  EPIPLEMIDAE. 
2.  Epiplema  flavistriga  sp.  nov. 

Foreivinqs :  pale  greyish  ochreons,  densely  varied  with  darker  ochreons  wavy 
strigae,  mixed  in  parts  with  black  scales  ;  towards  the  hindmargin  the  ground 
colour  is  tinged  with  darker  ochreons  ;  first  line  at  one-fourth,  indistinct,  indicated 
by  black  dots  on  the  veins  and  folds  ;  outer  line  double,  pale  brownish,  waved 
between  the  veins,  and  outwardly  curved,  from  three-fifths  of  costa  to  outer  third  of 
inner  margin  ;  from  above  vein  2  to  inner  margin  this  line  is  preceded  by  a  curved 
velvety  black,  irregularly  triangular  blotch,  across  which  veins  1  and  2  and  the 
submediaa  fold  are  marked  in  pale  ;  an  indistinctly  outlined  cloudy  grey  discal  spot ; 
hindmargin  more  thickly  and  coarsely  black-speckled,  but  without  a  distinct  limiting 
line,  except  between  veins  4  and  (j,  where  a  thin  black  crescent  edges  a  chestnut- 
brown  blotch  ;  anal  angle  below  vein  2  occupied  by  a  dull  smoky  grey  blotch  ; 
fringe  ochreons  with  a  grey  base. 

Hindwings :  whiter,  the  basal  two-tliirds  traversed  by  curved  strigae  of  black 
scales  ;  an  oblique  black  dash  ou  discocellular,  with  a  black  spot  above  it  ;  outer 
line  slightly  flexuous,  bluntly  angled  on  vein  4,  brown,  edged  on  each  side,  first  by 
an  ochreous,  then  by  a  dark  brown  line  ;  from  the  base  of  the  wing  to  the  angle  of 
the  line  runs,  just  above  the  median  vein,  a  broad  yellow  streak  ;  below  which  to 
the  anal  angle  the  inner  edge  of  the  outer  line  swells  out  into  a  broad  velvety  black 
blotch,!  across  which  veins  2  and  3  are  marked  in  yellow  ;  on  the  costa  the  line 
is  preceded  by  a  large  black  blotch  ;  beyond  the  angle  is  a  pale  lustrous  streak 
merging  in  a  chestnut  patch  before  the  lower  tooth,  containing  two  indistinct  black 
spots,  and  joined  by  two  dark  lunules  from  the  upper  tooth  ;  the  apical  area  of  the 
wing  is  yellower  ochreons. 

Underside  pale  ochreous,  densely  mottled  with  black  speckles,  which  form  two 
more  or  less  complete  curved  shades  towards  hindmargin  ;  forewings  more  tinged 


^  (  22  ) 

with  brownish,  aud  with  a  dark  ch>iid  at  aual  angle.  Face  and  palpi  brown-black 
above,  qchreotis  below  ;  vertex,  thorax,  and  abdomen  pale  ochreons,  nnspeckled  ; 
legs  ochreons,  nnspeckled  ;  forelegs  fuscous  in  front. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  32  mm. 

One  (?  from  the  Khasia  Hills. 

Forewiugs  with  a  tooth  at  veins  4  and  6,  evenly  excised  between  them  and 
between  (i  aud  the  apex  ;  inner  margin  sinuous,  the  anal  angle  lobed  ;  hindwings 
toothed  at  veins  4  and  6. 

Family  GEOMETRIDAE. 

Subfamily  STERRHINAE. 

3.  Brachycola  paucinotata  sp.  nov. 

Forewiiiqs :  greyish  stone-colour,  very  minutely  but  densely  strigulated  or 
dusted  with  dark  specks ;  lines  very  indistinct ;  first  denoted  by  three  black  dots, 
on  subcostal,  median,  and  submedian  veins  respectively  ;  outer  line  shown  by  fine 
black  dashes  on  veins,  at  five-sixths  ;  cell-spot  dull ;  minute  dark  dots  on  margin  at 
end  of  and  between  the  veins  ;  fringe  concolorous. 

Hindwings  :  similar,  but  the  cell-spot  oval,  formed  of  shining  white,  somewhat 
raised  scales. 

Underside  very  pale  ochreons,  suffused  in  the  forewings  with  faint  rosy  ;  outer 
line  of  both  wings  marked  with  rosy  points.  Face  and  palpi  deep  vinous  red  above, 
ochreons  below  ;  thorax,  abdomen,  vertex,  and  antennae  concolorous  with  wings  ; 
third  and  fourth  segments  of  abdomen  with  a  red  lateral  blotch  ;  tuft  of  the 
hind-tibiae  pnrplish. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  37  mm. 

One  tJ  from  S.  Celebes  (type),  August  and  September  1891  (W.  Doherty). 
A  ?  marked  simply  Australia  (without  abdomen),  agrees  in  every  particular  with 
this  (?,  but  shows  an  obscure  grey  dentate  median  shade  parallel  to  exterior  line. 

4.  Craspedia  ignobilis  sp.  nov. 

Forewim/s:  dull  whitish  ochreons,  with  a  faint  flesh-coloured  tinge,  speckled 
with  fuscous  ;  the  lines  ochreons,  sinuous,  indistinct  ;  first  hardly  visible  ;  median 
outcnrved  round  the  faint  cell-spot  ;  postmedian  bent  on  vein  6,  then  dentate 
lunulate  ;  two  submarginal  waved  shades  embracing  the  submarginal  line  ;  small 
black  marginal  dots,  distinct  ouly  on  upper  half ;  fringe  concolorous. 

Hindwings :  like  forewings,  but  without  first  line;  the  median  of  forewings 
becoming  antemedian. 

Underside  clearer,  with  little  or  no  speckling;  cell-spots  distinct ;  the  outer  line 
only  visible.  Face  aud  palpi  externally  dark  brownish  fuscous  ;  collar  brown  ; 
vertex  and  antennae  pale  ochreons  ;  thorax  and  abdomen  concolorous  with  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  28 — 30  mm. 

Two  ?  ?  from  Japan.     A  very  inconspicuous  insect. 

5.  Craspedia  imbella  sp.  nov. 

Forewings:  dull  white,  thickly  speckled  with  ochreons  grey  scales;  lines 
pchreous   grey,  indistinct ;   all  oblique,  parallel    to   hindmargin  ;   inner    line   from 


(  23  ) 

one-third  of  inner  margin  towards  middle  of  costa,  before  which  it  becomes 
obsolete  ;  median  shade  from  just  beyond  middle  of  inner  margin  towards  three- 
fourths  of  costa,  slightly  bent  below  median  vein  ;  outer  line  finer  and  more 
distinct,  irregularly  waved  and  indented  beyond  cell,  from  three-fourths  of  inner 
margin  to  five-sixths  of  costa  ;  subraarginal  very  faint,  indicated  by  darker  clouds  ; 
a  marginal  row  of  black  dots,  which  are  sometimes  expanded  into  dashes  ;  fringe 
concolorous  ;  cell-spot  minute. 

Ilimhvings :  without  first  line  ;  the  submarginal  distinctly  ochreous  ;  cell-spot 
larger. 

Underside  speckled  with  greyish  fuscous  ;  outer  line  and  cell-spots  of  both 
wings  and  median  shade  of  forewings  strongly  marked ;  costaofforewings  yellowish; 
disc  suffused  with  grey  ;  marginal  line  continuous.  Face  and  palpi  dark  brown  ; 
verte.x  white  ;  collar  ochraceous  ;  thorax  and  abdomen  like  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  24 — 27  mm. 

Three  ?  ?  marked  merely  Japan. 

The  hindwings  are  faintly  elbowed  at  middle  of  hindmargin. 


6.  Craspedia  parallelaria  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  pale  grey,  with  a  faint  ochreous  tinge  and  very  finely  and  thickly 
dusted  with  dark  specks  ;  three  oblit^ue  diffuse  slightly  darker  lines  ;  one  postmedian, 
from  two-thirds  of  costa  to  middle  of  inner  margin,  and  two  submarginal  ;  the  paler 
marginal  area  with  a  faint  shade  along  it ;  marginal  line  fine,  black  ;  fringe 
concolorous  ;  cell-spot  faint. 

Hindwinffs :  with  the  three  lines  carved  ;  the  cell-spot  on  the  median  line. 

Underside  greyer  ;  the  lines  a  little  plainer,  the  second  appearing  subdenticulate. 
Face  and  palpi  brown  ;  vertex  white  ;  collar  ochraceous  ;  thorax  and  abdomen 
like  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  22  mm. 

Two  <S  (S  from  West  China. 


Genus  Emmiltis  Hiib.,   Verz.  p.  309. 

Hiibner  placed  six  species  under  Emmiltis. 

2973.  rubricnria  =  ruhricata  Schift'.,  =  rubiginata  Hufn. 

2974.  ochrearia  —  ochrenta  Schiff. 
2976.  circuitaria  Hiib.  Geo.  499. 

2976.  mttaria  Hiib.  Geo.  429. 

2977.  panularia  =  pi/gmaearia  Hiib.  Geo.  335,  336. 

2978.  nexaria  =  nexata  Hiib.  Geo.  401,  421. 
His  brief  description  runs  : — 

"  Die  Fliigel  gerothet,  streifweise  schattig  angelegt." 

The  proper  type  of  the  genus  is  the  first  mentioned  species,  rubiginata  Hufh., 
which  at  the  same  time  best  agrees  with  the  description.  Mr.  Meyrick,  Tr.  E.  S. 
1892,  p.  86,  appears  to  have  taken  pijgmaearia  as  type,  and  refers  rubiginata  to 
Leptomeris  Htib.,  which  genus  is  only  put  forward  on  page  310.  Does  not  the  law 
of  priority  require  that  for  rubiginata  and  all  the  species  congeneric  with  it  the 
name  Emmiltis  should  be  used  rather  than  Leptomeris  or  Craspedia  ? 


(  24  ) 

T.  Phrissosceles  rufidorsata. 

Perixera  rufidorsata  Warr.  Nov.  ZooL.  III.  p.  312.     Kbasias. 

Perixera  rii/annidaria  Warr.  Nov.  ZooL.  IV.  p.  221.     Apia,  Upoln. 

This  species  must  be  transferred  to  Phrissosceles.  The  cell-spot  of  the 
hiudwiugs  is  variable  ;  besides  the  large  smok)'  black  form  with  paler  centre  and 
the  ronnd  white  dark-edged  form,  there  occur  large  round  spots  filled  up  with 
ochreous  and  smaller  spots  with  dark  edges  ;  the  red-tinged  dorsum  will  always, 
however,  distinguish  the  species.  In  the  original  description  of  rufidorsata  an  error 
occurs  with  regard  to  the  marginal  spots  ;  the  larger  spots  are  between  the  vein  ends, 
the  smaller  at  the  ends.  The  species  subsequently  described  from  Apia  as  riiJ'nnnK- 
laria  cannot  be  looked  u])on  as  distinct,  when  the  variability  of  the  cell-marks  is 
taken  into  consideration.  Besides  Apia,  it  occurs  in  Tugela,  Solomon  Islands  ; 
Milne  Bay,  New  Guinea  ;  Laiwni,  Obi ;  and  Woodlark  Island. 

8.  Pisoraca  variospila  sp.  nov. 

I  propose  this  name  for  the  insect  hitherto,  I  think,  wrongly  identified  in  the 
British  Museum  Collection  as  monetar'ia  Guen.,  and  so  called  by  Hampson  in 
the  Fauna  of  British  India,  Moths,  Vol.  III.  p.  450. 

Gnen^e's  short  description  of  monetaria  runs  :  "  Ailes  a  peine  dentees,  d'un 
rouge-testae^  clair,  sans  atomes,  points,  ni  dessins  autres  qu'nne  large  tache 
cellulaire  d'un  blanc  d'argent  cerclee  de  gris  au.x  ailes  inferieures.  Dessous  d'un 
carn6-rose  clair,  avec  cette  tache  en  transparence.  Front  et  palpes  concolores,  a 
vertex  blanc.  C'uisses  post^rieures  garnies  int^rieurement  de  poils  cotonneux. 
Borneo.     1  cj.     36  mm." 

The  last  sentence  cannot  certainly  refer  to  Pisoraca,  in  which  the  hindlegs  of 
the  c?  are  armed  only  with  three  spurs,  but  in  which  genus  the  Indian  insect  is 
rightly  placed  by  Hampson.  Before  I  observed  the  discrepancy  between  this  insect 
and  Guenee's  account,  I  had  described  (Nov.  Zool.  IV^  p.  304,  1897)  a  Perixera? 
pleniiinia  from  a  ?  from  Penang.  This  is  manifestly  identical  with  Gueniie's  species, 
agreeing  in  every  particular.  I  have  seen  another  specimen,  also  a  ?,  from  the 
island  of  iSaparoea,  but  at  present  no  3  S. 

The  true  monetaria  probably  does  not  occur  in  India  at  all.  What  evidently 
led  to  the  misidentification  is  the  fact  that  one  of  the  forms  of  the  Indian  insect  has 
a  round  white  dark-edged  cell-spot  in  the  hindwings,  like  monetaria,  instead  of  the 
more  usual  cloudy  black  one  with  pale  centre.  The  description  given  of  it  by 
Hampson  {loc.  cit.)  renders  re-description  unnecessary.  The  ground  colour  is  always 
yellowish  ochreous,  with  the  usual  markings  fairly  well  expressed ;  monetaria  Guen., 
on  the  other  hand,  is  dull  reddish  without  markings. 

9.  Ptychopoda  delicatula  sj).  nov. 

Forewings:  semi-transparent  bone-colour,  tinged  towards  base  with  greyish 
ochreous  ;  the  lines  greyish  ochreous  ;  first  curved,  very  obscure  ;  second,  in  middle, 
sinuous,  the  small  black  cell-spot  on  its  outer  edge  ;  third  at  two-thirds,  fine, 
lunulate  ;  submarginal  pale,  preceded  by  an  ochreous  grey  shade,  which  forms  a 
deep  sinus  beyond  cell,  and  a  less  conspicuous  one  above  inner  margin  ;  fringe 
bone-colonr,  with  minute  dark  dots  at  base  beyond  the  veins. 

Hindwings :  similar,  without  first  line. 


(  25  ) 

Underside  like  upper.     Thorax  and  abdomen  like  wings  ;  bead  damaged. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  22  mm. 

One  ?,  Dalhonsie,  N.-W.  India,  July  1891. 

Superficially  not  nnlike  Crasjjedia  proiiinq/idria  Leech  from  (Jhina. 


10.  Ptychopoda  indeterminata  sp.  nov. 

Foreiritu/s :  dingy  greyish  ocbreons,  with  darker  grey  lines,  all  parallel  to 
hindmargin  ;  the  inner  and  median  indistinct,  the  outer  more  definite,  subJentate- 
lunulate  ;  submarginal  line  pale,  obscure,  between  darker  shades  ;  fringe  pale,  with 
faint  grey  dots  at  the  base  beyond  the  veins  ;  cell-spot  minute,  just  before  the 
median  line. 

Iliixhcinys  :   similar,  without  first  line. 

Underside  very  like  upper.  Face,  palpi,  and  collar  dark  brown;  verte.x,  thorax, 
and  abdomen  like  wings,  but  the  abdomen  more  dusted  with  grey. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  2.5  mm. 

One  ?  from  Simla,  August  1889. 

Belongs  to  the  actiosaria  group. 


11.  Ptychopoda  lauta  sp.  nov. 

Forewinqs :  pale  stone-colour,  powdered  finely  with  dark  atoms  ;  lines  repre- 
sented by  distinct  black  vein-dots  ;  first  at  one-third,  slightly  angled  below  costa  ; 
outer  at  three-fourths,  angled  on  vein  6,  then  curved  slightly  to  submedian  fold, 
theuce  vertical,  the  spots  on  the  subcostal  and  submedian  veins  more  conspicuous 
than  the  rest ;  a  very  faint  median  shade,  incurved  below  middle  ;  a  row  of  distinct 
black  dots  on  the  base  of  the  fringe,  which  is  concolorous  ;  a  black  cell-spot ; 
submarginal  line  very  faint,  and  only  to  be  observed  in  certain  lights. 

Ilindwiitys :  like  forewings,  without  first  line ;  the  hindmargin  strongly 
rounded. 

Underside  without  speckles  ;  the  outer  line  on  forewings  strongly  marked  ; 
base  of  costa  of  forewings  narrowly  Idackish.  Face  and  palpi  dark  brown  ;  thorax 
and  abdomen  like  wings  ;  tuft  of  hind-tibiae  large,  pale  ochreous. 

Exi)anse  of  wings  :  24  mm. 

One  c?  marked  Japan  only. 


12.  Ptychopoda  punctatissima  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  stone-grey,  covered  with  darker  grey  slightly  pink-tinged  scales  ; 
the  Hues  all  marked  by  distinct  black  spots  on  the  veins,  except  the  submarginal, 
which  is  pale  and  waved  ;  cell-spot  and  marginal  spots  black  ;  costa  blackish. 

ll/ndwings  :  similar. 

Underside  dingy  grey,  with  the  spots  mucli  less  distinct.  Head  and  collar 
black-brown  ;  thorax  and  abdomen  grey,  the  latter  with  a  large  black  spot  on  eacli 
segment. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  18  mm. 

Two  examples  from  Queensland. 


(  26  ) 

Subfamily  HYDRIOMENINAE. 
Amoebotricha  gen.  nov. 

Agrees  with  Amoehe  Hiib.  in  strncture  and  appearance,  but  the  antennae  of  the 
$  are  fnlly  bipectiuate.  In  the  forewings  the  areole  is  double,  10  anastomosing 
with  11  and  again  with  8,  9  ;  6  stalked  with  7,  8,  9.  In  the  hiudwiugs  the 
discocellular  is  angled  below,  the  radial  from  the  angulation. 

Type  Amoebotricha  yrataria  Leech  {Auticlea). 

13.  Amoebotricha  correlata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  Whitish  grey,  suffused  with  dull  rufous  ;  the  chief  lines  fine  and 
black  ;  the  rest  dull  rufous  ;  all  in  the  main  oblique  and  parallel  to  hindmargin  ; 
basal  patch  small,  brown,  edged  with  a  black  line  angled  on  subcostal  vein,  and 
with  a  paler  space  in  middle  ;  the  pale  band  following  it  mnch  broader  on  costa 
than  at  inner  margin,  with  two  pale  brown  lines  through  it  ;  inner  edge  of  central 
fascia  from  nearly  one-third  of  costa  to  one-fourth  of  inner  margin,  more  or  less 
ontcnrved  between  subcostal  and  median  veins,  followed  by  a  brownish  band, 
containing  two  darker  lines  ;  outer  edge  from  two-thirds  of  costa  to  two-thirds  of 
inner  margin  irregularly  dentate  and  crinkled,  preceded  l)y  a  brown  band  with  two 
darker  lines  ;  the  central  space  pale  grey,  not  suffused  with  rufous,  and  containing 
a  distinct  brown  cell-spot  ;  band  beyond  pale  rufous  with  a  dark  line  near 
edge  of  central  fascia  ;  marginal  area  brownish  rufous,  containing  three  crenulate 
darker  brown  lines,  the  outermost  of  which  is  blackish  and  edged  by  the  paler 
submarginal  line,  which  between  veins  3  and  4  forms  a  whitish  V-shaped  mark  ; 
an  oblique  black  apical  streak  ;  a  dark  marginal  line  interrupted  by  the  veins  ; 
fringe  rufous  grey. 

Hindwings :  dull  whitish,  suffused  with  rufous  grey  towards  inner  margin, 
witli  traces  of  lines  on  inner  margin  above  anal  angle  ;  an  obscure  cell-spot. 

Underside  dull  pale  grey,  speckled  with  darker,  the  markings  of  the  forewings 
showing  through  ;  hindwings  with  the  cross-lines  marked  by  dark  spots  on  the 
veins  ;  cell-spots  distinct.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  rnfous,  the  abdomen  greyer 
and  paler. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  37  mm. 

One  c?,  one  ?,  from  Gifn. 

The  antennae  of  the  S  have  shorter  pectinations  than  the  type  species  grataria 
and  the  hindwings  are  more  produced  at  apex,  as  in  Plerocymia,  but  the  neuration 
is  typical.  The  insect  bears  great  resemblance  to  -4.  hatliata  Hiib.,  under  which 
name  I  believe  it  has  been  recorded  by  Mr.  Leech,  ^1.  if  M.  1807.  I.  p.  659. 

14.  Cidaria  niveonotata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  with  all  the  dark  markings  olive-brown,  all  the  pale  markings 
snow-white  ;  there  is  not  a  trace  of  any  shade  of  yellow  ;  in  arrangement  of 
markiugs  the  insect  agrees  exactly  with  C.  perpiilclira  Butler. 

Ilinrhriiigs :  white,  somewhat  suffused  with  greyish  ochreous  towards  the 
hindmargin,  and  with  traces  of  postmedian  and  submarginal  curved  lines. 

Underside  agreeing  with  perpulckra. 


(  27   ) 

Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  snow-white  ;  palpi  externally  tinged  with  brown  ; 
base  of  shonlders  and  of  jiatagia  dark  brown  ;  sides  of  abdomen  spotted  and  dusted 
with  brown. 

One  d,  one  ?,  from  Sikkim.     The  ?  from  the  Feld.  Coll. 

15.  Epirrhoe  clathrata  sp.  uov. 

Fori'ivings :  like  E.  catenaria  Moore,  with  the  following  points  of  difference  : 
no  red  subcostal  streak  ;  the  whole  marginal  area  beyond  outer  pale  band  suffused 
with  dull  brown,  leaving  a  narrow  bluish  grey  patch  at  middle  of  hindmargin,  and 
a  small  spot  at  anal  angle  ;  beyond  the  cell  the  brown  tint  spreads  over  the  pale 
band  and  touches  the  black-brown  central  costal  blotch  ;  the  whole  of  the  white 
central  area  between  basal  patch  and  outer  band  is  traversed  by  thick  diffuse  wavy 
black  lines,  which  often  interlace  and  form  annuli ;  fringe  brown  thronghout. 

Hhu/iciiigs :  dirty  whitish,  tinged  with  brownish  grey,  darker  towards  hind- 
margin,  forming  waved  bands,  three  central,  one  submarginal,  and  one  marginal  ; 
fringe  brownish. 

On  the  underside  the  outer  line  of  central  fascia  is  strongly  dentate-lunulate, 
and  in  the  forewings  runs  quite  straight,  not  curved  or  notched.  Abdomen  dull 
grey,  especially  at  the  margin  of  the  segments. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  34  mm.,  always  smaller  than  catenaria  Moore.  Moore's 
type  of  catenaria  was  a  S. 

One  c?  from  the  Khasia  Hills. 

10.  Kvildscha  cometifera  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  dull  greyish  brown  ;  the  basal  patch  and  bands  of  the  central 
fascia  and  generally  the  marginal  area  darker  ;  basal  patch  edged  by  a  curved 
whitish  line  ;  central  fascia  edged  on  each  side  by  an  irregularly  waved  white  line, 
the  inner  angled  outwards  on  subcostal  and  median  veins,  with  a  wide  sinus  base- 
wards  above  and  below  median,  the  outer  bluntly  projecting  on  vein  6  ;  submarginal 
line  whitish,  hardly  lunulate  ;  apex  whitish  grey,  edged  below  by  an  oblique  brown 
cloud  ;  space  between  basal  patch  and  central  fascia  paler  brownish  with  a  darker 
central  line  ;  space  beyond  central  fascia  darker  brown  with  two  or  three  irregularly 
waved  lines  ;  middle  of  central  fascia  with  a  pale  grey  curved  space,  narrowed 
towards  inner  margin,  between  two  darker  lines,  on  the  inner  of  which  stands  the 
black  cell- spot  ;  fringe  brownish  grey. 

Hiiidwings :  whitish  grey  with  a  brownish  tinge,  which  deepens  towards 
hindmargin,  where  a  pale  submarginal  band  is  visible  ;  marginal  line  black, 
interrupted. 

Underside  brownish  grey,  with  the  apex  of  forewings  darker.  Head  and  thorax 
like  forewings  ;  abdomen  like  hindwings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  44  mm. 

1  6  from  the  Amur  region. 

17.  Larentia  cheimatobiata. 

Camjjfogra/nma?  cheimntohiata  Guen.  Phal.  II.  p.  428   Tasmania. 
In  the  Proceedings  of  the  Linnaean  Society  of  New  South  Wales,  1890,  p.  870, 
Mr.  Meyrick  refers  to  this  species  of  Guen^e  as  one  which  he  had  up  till  then  been 
unable  to  recognise.     Until  lately  I  thought  that  extemata  AVlk.  (of  which,  though 


(  28  ) 

Walker  gave  35  mm.,  Meyrick  says  the  expanse  is  23—25  mm.)  might  be  identical  ; 
bnt  1  have  now  been  able  to  examine  a  specimen  from  Parkside,  S.  Australia,  which 
answers  in  every  detail  to  Guenee's  description,  and  proves  to  be  quite  distinct.  I 
refer  it  for  the  present  to  Larentia  Tr.,  as  it  agrees  in  neuration  and  structure, 
thongh  I  doubt  its  being  really  congeneric  with  typical  European  species  of  the 
genus.  lu  the  forewiugs  vein  6  is  stalked  with  7,  8,  9  ;  10  from  just  before  end  of 
cell  anastomoses  with  11,  and  again  with  8,  9  ;  in  tlie  hindwings  tlie  discocellular 
is  augulated  below,  and  the  radial  rises  from  below  the  centre  ;  the  antennae  of  the 
cJ  are  bipectinated. 

Monochyria  gen.  no  v. 

Forewings :  elongate ;  costa  straight,  but  shouldered  at  base  ;  apex  bluntly 
rounded  ;  hindraargiu  strongly  curved. 

Ilintlwings :  narrow  ;  both  angles  and  hindmargin  rounded. 

Antennae  of  S  armed  with  fascicles  of  cilia  ;  face  produced  below  ;  paljii 
porrect,  scjuamons,  the  tliird  joint  deflexed  ;  tongue  and  frenulum  present  ;  abdomen 
with  the  hind  segments  laterally  tufted. 

Neuration:  forewings,  cell  half  the  length  of  wing;  discocellular  vertical 
above,  oblique  below  ;  first  median  nervule  at  three-fourths,  second  shortly  before 
third,  the  median  vein  itself  abruptly  upturned  at  the  end  ;  radials  normal  ;  7,  8,  9, 
stalked  from  end  of  cell  ;  10  and  11  stalked,  10  anastomosing  with  7,  8,  9,  forming 
a  single  areole  ;  hindwings  with  discocellular  oblique  below  ;  costal  anastomosing 
with  subcostal  for  nearly  three-fourths  of  cell  ;  veins  6  and  7  hardly  stalked  ;  second 
median  well  before  third. 

Type  :  Monochyria  mi-idicinctata  Guen.  (?  =:■  poseata  Hiib.). 

Agreeing  in  neuration  with  Tepkroclystia  Hiib.,  to  which,  however,  it  cannot 
well  be  referred. 

18.  Perizoma  constricta  sp.  no  v. 

Forewings  :  grey,  snffused  with  fawn-colour  ;  basal  patch  very  small,  limited 
by  a  thick  vertical  blackish  line  ;  central  fascia  narrow,  darker,  edged  with  irregularly 
crenulate  lines  starting  from  blackish  costal  spots  :  inner  edge  from  shortly  before 
middle  of  costa  to  beyond  middle  of  inner  margin,  bent  slightly  above  median  vein  ; 
outer  edge  from  two-thirds  of  costa  to  two-thirds  of  inner  margin,  straight  ;  a  central 
waved  dark  line;  a  black  linear  cell-spot ;  all  the  veins  marked  in  black  across  the 
fascia  ;  the  usual  {)ale  bauds,  traversed  by  a  dark  line,  on  each  side  of  the  central 
fascia  are  in  this  insect  nearly  of  the  ground  colour  ;  space  between  outer  band  and 
submarginal  line  brown  above  the  median  vein ;  submarginal  line  pale  grey, 
Innnlate,  the  lunules  below  costa,  beyond  cell,  and  above  inner  margin  followed  by 
black  wedge-shaped  markings  ;  submarginal  area  below  median  vein  diffusely  paler, 
edged  above  by  a  blackish  horizontal  streak  above  the  median  ;  marginal  line 
formed  of  pairs  of  black  spots  ;  fringe  pale  grey,  chequered  with  darker,  and  with  a 
dark  grey  dividing  line. 

Ilindicingx  :  j)ale  grey,  with  dark  cell-sjiot,  a  curved  postmedian  line,  marked 
with  darker  on  the  veins,  followed  by  a  slightly  paler  grey  fascia  before  the  darker 
grey  marginal  border. 

Underside  of  forewings  dark  grey,  of  hindwings  lighter,  with  the  markings 
showing  through.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  grey,  sometimes  tinged  with  fawn- 
colour,  the  thorax  darker  ;  basal  segment  of  abdomen  with  a  black  ring. 


(  29) 

lu  the  single  ?  the  fawn-coloured  tinge  is  qnite  absent  ;  the  tints  being  pale 
and  dark  gre}'  or  dark  fuscous  only  ;  but  this  is  probably  not  a  constant  difference. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  26 — 27  mm. 

One  ?,  2  SS,  from  Dalhousie,  May  181)1. 

Easily  distinguished  by  the  narrow  central  fascia  with  its  blackish  veins  ;  and 
in  particular  by  the  oblique,  not  curved,  hindmargin  of  the  forewings. 

If).  Perizoma  verticata  sp.  uov. 

Forewings :  pale  grey,  dusted  with  darker  ;  the  basal  patch  and  central  fascia 
brownish  black  ;  edge  of  the  former  and  inner  edge  of  the  latter  nearly  vertical, 
slightly  curved  at  costa,  each  margined  by  a  very  fine  white  line  :  the  intervening 
fascia  with  a  rather  darker  grey  centre  ;  outer  edge  of  central  fascia  bluntly 
prominent  at  veins  6  and  4,  then  incurved,  and  in  lower  third  vertical  ;  margined 
also  by  a  fine  white  line ;  snbmarginal  line  pale,  waved,  most  distinct  near  costa, 
preceded  and  followed  by  darker  shades,  especially  at  costa  where  they  are  somewhat 
reddish  tinged  ;  a  small  dark  blotch  on  hindmargin  below  apex  ;  au  irregular  dark 
marginal  line  ;  fringe  grey  ;  cell-spot  large,  blackish. 

Hindwini]s  :  pale  grey,  with  faint  traces  of  curved  lines  ;  cell-spot  dark. 

Underside  pale,  with  the  markings  indistinctly  shown.  Head,  thorax,  and 
abdomen  cinereous  ;  metathorax  and  abdominal  rings  darker  ;  anal  tuft  ochreous. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  22  mm. 

One  3  from  West  China.  In  appearance  nearest  to  P.  unij'asciata  of  Europe. 
The  angulation  in  the  discocellular  of  hindwings  is  very  slight,  and  may  easily  be 
overlooked. 

20.  Pseudocollix  olivata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings:  dull  olive,  finely  speckled  with  darker  ;  costa  black,  from  base  to 
end  of  basal  patch,  the  cross-lines  of  the  patch,  themselves  very  faint,  commencing 
in  black  spots  which  coalesce  ;  a  rufous  streak  along  costal  vein  to  the  middle  of 
wing,  the  basal  patch  also  slightly  rufous-tinged  ;  inner  edge  of  central  fascia  from 
two-fifths  of  costa  vertical  to  one-third  of  inner  margin,  wavy,  starting  from  a  black 
spot  on  costa,  and  marked  by  smaller  black  spots  on  veins  and  inner  margin  ;  outer 
edge  from  two-thirds  of  costa  to  two-thirds  of  inner  margin,  starting  from  a  large 
black  costal  spot,  angled  on  veins  6  and  4,  inwardly  dentate  on  all  the  veins,  the 
teeth  black  ;  preceded  by  a  fuscous-olive  band,  edged  internally  by  a  similar  line  ; 
a  large  black  cell-spot ;  snbmarginal  line  pale,  lunulate-dentate,  preceded  and  followed 
by  fuscous-olive  shades,  the  inner  shade  wholly  interrupted  between  veins  0  and  7, 
and  again  between  3  and  4 ;  black  marginal  dashes  interrupted  by  the  veins  ; 
fringe  olive. 

llirnlwinqs  :  the  same,  but  the  markings  less  distinct,  the  cell-spot  small  ;  a 
slight  rufous  cloud  in  the  costal  half  of  central  fascia. 

Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  olive,  the  vertex,  thorax,  and  abdomen  tinged  with 
rufous.  Underside  shining  whitish,  flushed  with  flesh-colour  ;  base  of  costa  of 
forewings,  cell-spots,  a  sinuous  postmedian  line,  macular  interrupted  snbmarginal 
line,  and  fine  marginal  line  black. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  26  mm. 

One  i  from  the  Khasias,  June  IS'J'J. 


(  30  ) 

21.  Xanthorhoe  castanea  sp.  no  v. 

Foreioingx :  dull  whitisli,  suffused  in  parts  with  brownish  grey  ;  basal  jiatcli 
rather  large,  pale  brownish,  its  enter  edge  darker  and  gently  cnrved  ;  crossed  by  a 
paler  curved  band  ;  central  fascia  dull  chestnut-brown,  darker  along  its  edges,  twice 
as  wide  ou  costa  as  on  inner  margin  ;  the  inner  edge  cnrved  parallel  to  the  basal 
l)atch,  from  whicli  it  is  sejjarated  by  a  narrow  j>ale  band,  with  a  dark  line  through 
it  close  to  the  fascia  :  its  outer  edge  bluntly  rounded  below  costa,  and  angularly 
projecting  at  vein  4,  marked  by  brown  dashes  on  veins,  projecting  inwards  ;  cell-spot 
blackish,  in  a  jialer  space  ;  beyond  the  fascia  is  a  broad  pale  band,  traversed  by  a 
dark  line  close  to  fascia,  and  edged  outwardly  by  a  lunulate-dentate  line,  marked 
by  dark  teeth  on  tlie  veins  projecting  inwardly  ;  snbmarginal  line  regularly  lunnlate, 
paler  than  the  brownish  grey  external  area,  preceded  on  costa  by  a  brown  blotch  ; 
pairs  of  black  spots  on  margin  on  each  side  of  the  veins  ;  fringe  brownish  grey. 

Hindwings  :  whitish,  suffused  with  grey  at  base  and  along  inner  margin,  where 
are  seen  the  beginnings  of  waved  dark  lines,  three  central  and  two  submarginal. 

Underside  dirty  whitish,  sprinkled  with  grey,  with  the  lines  obscurely  marked 
in  grey  ;  cell-spots  black.     Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  dark  grey. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  30  mm. 

One  S  from  the  (iourais  Valley,  Kashmir. 

Superficially  mnch  like  £.  subangulata  Kollar,  which,  however,  is  placed  by 
Hampson  in  his  section  of  Cidaria  with  simple  antennae ;  vein  6  is  stalked 
with  7,  8,  9. 

Subfamily  TEPHROCLYSTIINAE. 
22.  Gymnoscelis  picta  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  with  gronnd-colunr  pinkish  ochreous,  which  is  almost  obliterated 
by  suffusion  of  fuscous  and  olive-brown  ;  basal  area  brownish  fuscous,  edged  by  a 
distinct  whitish  ochreous  line  from  two-fifths  of  costa,  angled  bluntly  outwards  in 
cell,  then  running  oblii|uely  waved  inwards  to  one-third  of  inner  margin  ;  the  dark 
area  crossed  in  the  middle  by  a  slightly  paler  curved  line  ;  outer  line  whitish, 
regularly  crenulate,  from  two-thirds  of  costa  to  two-thirds  of  inner  margin,  outcurved 
in  middle  ;  the  central  fascia  included  more  brownish  than  fuscous,  the  veins  across 
it  minutely  dotted  with  white  and  black  ;  marginal  area  beyond  wholly  filled  up 
with  dark  fuscous,  the  submarginal  line  being  very  obscure,  and  indicated  by  a  slight 
pale  patch  on  costa  and  at  middle  of  outer  margin  ;  a  large  pinkish  ochreous  patch 
of  ground-colour  from  costa  to  vein  6  beyond  central  fascia ;  marginal  line  and  fringe 
dark,  both  interrupted  by  a  distinct  pale  dash  at  the  vein  ends. 

Hindwings :  ochreous  with  slight  traces  of  darker  ochreous  or  pale  brownish 
curved  lines  ;  cell-spot  black,  distinct  ;  the  veins  pale,  speckled  with  black  ;  fringe 
ochreous. 

Underside  blackish;  a  cnrved  whitish  fascia  beyond  central  band,  joined  to 
the  pale  spot  at  middle  of  outer  margin,  and  a  pale  space  below  costa  round  the 
cell-spots,  which  are  both  distinct.  Head  fuscous  ;  thorax  and  patagia  fuscous 
mixed  with  ochreous ;  abdomen  ochreous,  with  a  subdorsal  row  of  small  black  spots, 
the  second  and  anal  segments  partially  ringed  with  brown. 

Exi)ause  of  wings  :  17  mm. 

One  6  from  the  Khasia  Hills. 


(  31   ) 

Readih'  distinguished  by  the  ochreous  costal  patch  of  forewings  and  wholl}- 
ochreous  hindwiugs,  as  well  as  by  the  dark  underside,  which  is  like  that  of 
infrazebrina  Hmpsn.  The  $  antennae  are  subserrate  with  rather  long  ciliations. 
The  hind  legs  are  broken  off. 

23.  Megatheca  dentosa  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  ochreous  suffused  with  grey  ;  basal  area  crossed  by  several  obli(|uel y 
curved  indefinite  grey  lines  ;  central  fascia  dark  grey,  its  edges  obliquely  curved, 
the  outer  becoming  blackish  and  strongly  denticulate,  especially  in  the  excurved 
portion  below  costa ;  submarginal  line  ochreous,  uniformly  dentate,  preceded  and 
followed  by  a  blackish  shade  ;  the  pale  band  between  central  fascia  and  submarginal 
shade  is  darkened  beyond  cell,  and  unspeckled  ochreous  between  veins  3  and  4, 
thus  forming  a  pale  spot ;  cell-spot  black,  distinct ;  marginal  line  black,  interrupted 
by  a  pale  ochreous  dot  at  the  vein  ends  ;  fringe  grey,  with  ochreous  dashes  beyond 
the  veins. 

Hindu'ings :  similar. 

Underside  smooth,  glossy,  ochreous  suffused  with  grey  ;  darker  grey  ante- 
median,  postmedian,  and  submarginal  curved  shades ;  submarginal  line  broad, 
curved,  pale  ochreous  ;  cell-spots  black.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  ochreous  ; 
patagia,  and  base  and  sides  of  abdomen  much  speckled  with  black  :  legs  ochreous. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   17  mm. 

One  ?  from  Mackay,  Queensland. 

The  hind-tibiae  have  the  single  long  median  spur  characteristic  of  the  genus, 
but  the  forehead  is  flat,  not  protuberant. 

24.  Micrulia  crassitibia  sp.  uov. 

Forewings :  dull  greyish  ochreous,  with  a  faint  greenish  tinge,  the  lines  and 
shades  brownish  fuscous  ;  inner  edge  of  central  fascia  from  costa  at  two-fifths  to 
inner  margin  at  two-fifths,  bent  in  cell,  then  oblique  inwards  ;  outer  edge  from 
two-thirds  of  costa  to  two-thirds  of  inner  margin,  bluntly  angled  on  vein  6,  then 
oblique,  slightly  crenulate  throughout ;  tlie  fascia  itself  is  brownish  fuscous,  edged 
and  traversed  by  darker  lines,  and  is  preceded  and  followed  by  a  narrow  band  of 
ground-colour  with  a  dark  central  line  ;  basal  and  marginal  areas  also  brownish 
fuscous,  but  rather  lighter  than  central  fascia;  submarginal  line  pale,  waved; 
marginal  line  blackish,  interrujjted  by  distinct  pale  dots  at  the  vein  ends  ;  fringe 
fuscous. 

Him/wings :  similar,  but  the  basal  space  paler. 

Underside  dull  fuscous  ochreous,  with  the  markings  darker ;  fringe  of  hair 
along  the  median  vein  of  hindwings  and  at  anal  angle  ochreous-yellow.  Head, 
thorax,  and  abdomen  fuscous. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   17  mm. 

One  (?  from  Dammer  Island,  December  1898  (H.  Kiihu). 

This  species  does  not  agree  entirely  with  J/,  teimilineu,  the  type  of  the  genus, 
but  may  be  placed  here  for  the  present :  the  hindwings  are  rounded,  not  triangular, 
with  a  slight  lobe  at  the  anal  angle,  which  is  fringed  with  hair,  and  the  median  vein 
and  vein  2  bear  a  thick  fringe  of  hairs  ;  the  hind-tibiae  are  thickly  and  coarsely 
tufted  with  hair,  and  have  a  single  long  median  sjiur  above  the  apical  pair.  The 
antennae  are  thick,  lamellate,  subserrate,  and  slightly  ijubesuent. 


(  32  ) 

In  Nov.  ZooL.  III.  ]i.  391, 1  proposed  to  refer  recensitaria  Wlk.  and  emarginaria 
Hiiipsa.  to  Mirndia  ;  they  are,  however,  better  placed  in  Dnsimatia,  in  which  the 
whole  underside  of  the  hindwin£fs  is  clothed  with  roujj;h  hairs. 

2.').  Tephroclystia  foedatipennis  sp.  nov. 

Foretcings  ;  dingy  fnscous,  with  the  usual  markings  slightly  darker,  but  very 
obscure  ;  the  edges  of  the  central  fascia,  especially  the  outer  which  is  angled  at 
veins  4  and  6,  are  inwardly  preceded  by  a  dark  shade ;  the  usual  paler  bands  on 
each  side  of  it,  and  the  submargiual  line  are  slightly  paler  ;  marginal  line  black, 
interrupted  by  j)ale  dots  at  the  vein  ends  :  fringe  fuscous  ;  cell-spot  black. 

Hindiriiigx  :  the  same. 

Underside  whitish,  smeared  with  grey  ;  the  base  of  forewings,  the  cell-spots, 
postmedian  bands,  and  marginal  fasciae  dark  fuscous  or  blackish.  Head,  thorax, 
and  abdomen  all  fuscous. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  22  mm. 

One  ?  from  Padang  Kengas,  Malay  Peninsula. 

This  very  inconspicuous  species  is  something  of  the  same  tint  as  T.  nijata, 
but  more  fnscous  :  besides  the  great  difference  of  the  underside,  it  may  be  dis- 
tinguished by  the  much  shorter  and  broader  wings  as  in  T.  pggmaeata.  The  single 
remaining  hind-tibia  appears  to  have  only  one,  long,  middle  spur,  but  this  is 
probably  accidental. 

Subfamily  BRACCINAE. 
26.  Bursada  percurrens  sp.  nov. 

Like  qnndri partita  Wlk.,  but  with  the  following  difference  :  the  projection 
from  the  anal  angle,  which  in  that  species  reaches  half  across  the  hindwing  and 
ends  in  a  point,  is  here  developed  into  a  complete  black  curved  band,  dividing  the 
yellow  area  into  two  parts,  one  basal,  the  other  postmedian,  and  oblunate  in  shape. 

One  ?  from  Teoor,  October  1899  (H.  Kiihu). 

Subfamily  ASCOTINAE. 

27.  Alcis  invenustaria  ab.  suffosaria  nov. 

Mr.  Leech,  in  Ann.  and  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  1897,  i.  p.  324,  describes  a  form  from 
China,  in  which  the  black  markings  and  brown  bands  are  darker  and  more 
prominent  ;  this  form,  sinicaria,  is  exactly  the  opposite  of  that  to  which  I  jiro|iose 
to  give  the  name  si/Jf'usai-ia.  Among  eleven  cJ  6  from  Yokohama,  whence  probably 
came  the  original  type-specimen  of  invenustaria  in  Fryer's  Collection,  occurs  one 
in  which  all  black  markings  are  absent,  and  the  upper  surface  of  both  wings  sufl'used 
with  dull  grey  in  which  even  the  brown  markings  are  almost  lost.  The  species  must 
be  transferred  to  A/cis,  the  forewings  of  the  cJ  having  a  well-develojied  fovea,  and 
the  tongue  being  present  though  comparatively  small;  veins  lu  and  11  are 
coincident  throughout. 

28.  Alcis  molata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  greyish  white  with  an  ochreous  tiuge,  covered  with  dense 
transverse  blackish  fuscous  striae  ;  the  lines  lilack,  starting  from  costal  blotclies  ; 


(  33  ) 

first  from  one-fonrtli  of  costa  cnrved  to  base  of  inner  margin  ;  outer  line  from 
three-fouvths  of  costa,  dentate-Innnlate,  much  incurved  below  middle  and  joining 
median  sliade  at  middle  of  inner  margin  ;  snbmarginal  line  pale,  Innnlate,  the 
Innnles  filled  in  with  black  forming  a  distinct  line  ;  marginal  spots  and  cell-spot 
black. 

Uindivings :  with  antemedian  diffuse  darlc  shade  ;  postmedian  strongly  marked 
black  dentate-lunnlate  line,  and  a  black  snbmarginal  line  bent  beyond  cell  ;  cell-sj)ot 
black  ;  the  postmedian  line  is  followed  by  a  distinct  broad  fnlvons  tint. 

Underside  dingy  whitish  grey  without  speckling  ;  the  cell-spots,  outer  lines 
and  snbmarginal  shade  indicated.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  like  wings  ;  second 
joint  of  jialpi  blackish,  the  tips  ochrcous. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  46  mm. 

One  (?  from  Yokohama,  June  1896. 

The  species  bears  much  resemblance  to  Serraca  infixaria  Wlk.,  but  it  has  no 
series  of  hairs  on  the  underside  of  hiudwings  along  the  submedian  fold,  and  the 
cell-spots  are  simple,  not  annular  ;  a  characteristic  whicli  also  distinguishes  it  from 
A.  ratotaria  Swinh.  Tiie  palpi  are  laterally  flattened  and  upcurved  in  front  of  face; 
veins  10  and  11  of  forewings  coincident  throughout. 

Didymoctenia  gen.  nov. 

Distingnished  by  the  antennae  of  tlie  <S  which  are  armed  with  a  pair  of  closely 
contiguous  fine  and  long  ciliations  on  each  side  of  each  joint,  the  ciliations  them- 
selves finely  ciliated  both  laterally  and  apically.  In  the  forewings  veins  10  and  11 
are  coincident  ;  and  a  fovea  is  i)resent.  The  scaling  of  the  underside  is  smooth  and 
glossy,  as  in  Myrioblephara,  to  which  genus  it  seems  allied. 

Type  :  D.  exmperata  "Wlk.  (Boarmiu). 

29.  Ectropis  (?)  praepicta  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  whitish,  thickly  peppered  with  fine  black  atoms  ;  costal  edge 
finely  ochreous  ;  lines  olive-fulvous,  marked  by  black  dashes  on  the  veins,  and 
starting  from  large  black  costal  spots  ;  first  from  nearly  one-third  of  costa  to 
one-fifth  of  inner  margin,  bent  below  costa,  preceded  by  a  similarly  curved  and 
broader  fulvous  band  ;  median  from  two-fifths  of  costa  etnbracing  the  cell-spot, 
bent  inwards  on  the  median  vein,  then  vertical  ;  outer  line  from  two-thirds  of  costa 
to  two-thirds  of  inner  margin,  denticulate  and  outcnrved  in  middle,  followed  by  a 
fulvous  band  ;  submarginal  line  whitish,  irregularly  lunulate,  the  lunules  filled  up 
with  Vilack,  that  between  veins  3  and  4  forming  an  oblong  black  blotch  reaching 
outer  line  ;  marginal  area  fulvous-tinged,  except  between  veins  3  and  4  ;  a  row  of 
black  marginal  lunulas  ;  fringe  grey,  with  a  reddish  tinge  ;  the  cell-spot  consists  of 
raised  velvety  black  scales. 

Hiruhcings:  with  single  antemedian  and  double  postmedian  lines  ;  the  lunules 
of  the  submarginal  filled  in  with  olive-fulvous  ;  cell-spot  small,  black. 

Underside  blurred  cinereous,  with  the  cell-spot  and  outer  lines  dark,  blackish 
on  the  veins  ;  darker  submarginal  shades  on  both  wings  ;  apex  of  forewings  pale  ; 
costa  of  forewing  yellowish  with  black  striae  and  spots  ;  fringe  white  with  black 
base.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  wliitish  dusted  with  grey,  the  thorax  rather 
darker  ;  metathorax  with  black  ring  ;  face  white  with  a  black  bar  at  top  and  across 
the  middle  ;  palpi  externally  blackish,  white  underneath. 

3 


(  34  ) 

Expanse  of  wings  :  48  mm. 

One   ?   from  Yokohama,  June  1800. 

Keferred  to  Ectropis  provisional!}' :  the  palpi  are  porrect  and  acutely  rostri- 
form,  rough-haired  above  and  beneath.  In  the  forewings  veins  10  and  11  are 
shortly  stalked,  11  almost  immediately  anastomosing  with  12. 

Subfamily  SCOTOPTERYGINAE. 
30.  Scotopterix  (?)  subnigrata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  grey,  thickly  sjieckled  with  darker  ;  all  the  lines  dark  grey,  first 
at  one-fourth,  curved  ;  second  (median)  curved  and  indistinct,  touching  the  dark 
cell-spot,  outer  line  at  two-thirds,  double,  regularly  dentate-luuulate,  somewhat 
excnrved  between  veins  7  and  2  ;  submarginal  jiale  and  waved,  interrupted  by  a 
slight  pale  spot  below  middle  and  preceded  by  a  darker  shade  ;  dark  marginal 
lunules  between  the  veins ;  fringe  grey,  with  dark  grey  mottlings  beyond  veins. 

Ilindwings :  similar. 

Underside  with  a  broad  blackish  marginal  border,  separated  by  a  narrow  pale 
grey  interval  from  the  dark  dentated  outer  line,  which  is  thickened  on  inner  margin  ; 
median  line  and  cell-spots  blackish  and  well  defined  ;  fringe  as  above ;  costa  of  fore- 
wing  ochreous,  with  fuscons  speckles.     Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  grey. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  28  mm. 

One   ?   from  C'achar. 

In  forewings  veins  lO  and  11  are  coincident,  short  stalked  with  7,  8,  0,  and 
anastomosing  at  a  point  with  12. 

Subfamily  FIDONIINAE. 
31.  Chiasmia  connexa  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  cream  white,  scarcely  sjjeckled  with  dark  ;  costa  blackish  at  base  ; 
first  line  near  base,  sometimes  obsolete,  sometimes  marked  by  a  small  black  spot  on 
inner  margin  ;  a  bent  black  bar  just  before  middle,  iuclnding  the  black  cell-spot  ;  a 
small  black  spot  on  costa  at  three-fourths,  from  which  a  curved  yellowish  line,  as 
in  C.  striqata,  runs  to  the  inner  margin  beyond  or  touching  the  black  bar  ;  a 
triangular  black  blotch  before  apex,  connected  by  a  curved  streak  with  a  concise 
black  line  along  margin  from  apex  to  vein  4,  which  reappears,  equally  concise,  at 
anal  angle;  fringe  concolorous  at  apex  and  between  veins  2  and  4,  elsewhere  black. 

Himlicings  :  with  a  straight  antemediau  dark  line  from  inner  margin,  and  fine 
short  black  streaks  at  apex  and  anal  angle,  and  along  margin  beyond  cell  ;  a  faint 
black  cell-spot  ;  central  area  of  wing  beyond  antemedian  line  suffused  with 
yellowish. 

Underside  densely  striated,  and  in  the  forewings  partially  snifused  with  iron- 
grey  ;  the  apex  and  costal  intervals  of  forewings  yellow.  Head,  thorax,  and 
abdomen  cream-colour  ;  face  sprinkled  with  dark  scales ;  a  black  dot  on  fillet 
at  base  of  each  antenna. 

Expanse  of  wings  :    ?   24  mm.  ;    S  22  mm. 

One  ?,  one  <S,  Khasia  Hills  June  1899. 

Closely  related  to  C.  strignta  Warr.,  also  from  the  Khasias  ;  in  that  species, 
however,  the  hindmarginal  markings  are  at  once  broader  and  more  diffuse,  showing 
traces  of  a  waved  sniimarginal  line  ;    the  snbapical  costal   spot   consists    of  two 


(  35  ) 

contignons  Innnles,  unconnected  with  the  dark  marginal  patch.  Moreover,  the 
elbow  in  the  hindmargin  of  forewings  be3'ond  vein  3,  and  the  excision  lieyond  cell 
in  the  hindmargin  of  the  hindwings  are  much  more  marked  in  strignta.  Still  it 
is  possible  the  two  may  be  seasonal  forms  of  the  same  insect. 

Subfamily  SELIDOSEMINAE. 
Scionomia  gen.  nov. 

Forewings  :  elongate  ;  costa  straight,  convex  at  base,  and  before  apex  ;  apex 
prominent,  not  acute  ;  hindmargin  curved,  and  somewhat  sinnons,  being  faintly 
concave  just  beneath  apex  and  bulging  in  the  middle. 

I  Unci  wings  :  narrow,  with  hindmargin  rounded  and  subcrenulate. 

Forewings  of  S  with  round,  quite  transparent  fovea.  Abdomen  of  S  long  and 
slender  ;  antennae  simple,  lamellate  ;  tongae  jH-esent ;  palpi  obliquely  upcnrved, 
reaching  top  of  head ;  second  joint  hairy,  third  small  and  smooth  ;  hind-tibiae 
dilated,  with  four  spurs. 

Neuration  :  forewings,  cell  decidedly  more  than  half  as  long  as  wing,  broad  ; 
discocellular  vertical,  slightly  concave  ;  first  median  at  two-thirds,  second  close 
before  lower  angle  ;  radials  normal  ;  first  subcostal  anastomosing  and  becoming 
coincident  with  the  costal ;  second  free  ;  third  and  fourth  stalked  from  near  end  of 
cell,  fourtli  into  apex  ;  fifth  absent.  Hindwings  with  first  subcostal  and  second 
median  each  before  the  end  of  cell. 

Type  :  Scionomia  mendica  Butler  {Cidaria). 

Subfamily  SEMIOTHISINAE. 
32.  Gubaria  biflava  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  dark  purple  slate-colour,  with  a  broad  white  central  band  edged  on 
both  sides  by  a  black  line,  the  inner  attached  to  the  black  cell-mark  at  the  subcostal 
vein,  the  outer  angled  below  costa,  the  angle  filled  up  with  dark,  and  the  black  line 
itself  mixed  with  orange  scales  ;  costa  grey  mixed  with  orange  scales  ;  a  black  costal 
blotch  before  apex  margined  with  orange,  with  a  minute  pale  spot  at  its  lower  edge ; 
marginal  line  black,  slightly  swollen  between  the  veins  ;  fringe  pnrjilish  grey,  paler 
just  at  apex  and  below  middle  ;  a  fine  black  acutely  angled  basal  line. 

Hindwings :  with  the  white  band  narrowed  at  each  end,  the  inner  black  line 
straight,  the  outer  curved  in  towards  it  at  costa  and  inner  margin,  and  mixed  with 
orange  scales  ;  veins  beyond  finely  orange  ;  a  small  white  triangular  space  along 
margin  from  vein  2  to  4,  preceded  between  veins  3  and  4  by  a  long  black  blotch, 
the  space  between  4  and  7  irregularly  blotched  with  black  ;  fringe  white  at  apex, 
below  vein  7,  and  from  vein  2  to  4,  the  rest  purplish  grey  ;  inner  margin  and 
fringe  yellowish. 

Underside  :  basal  area  of  both  wings  orange,  this  colour  extending  along  costa 
and  forming  a  large  square  blotch  beyond  second  line,  with  a  small  white  dot  at  its 
lower  end ;  the  rest  as  above.  Thorax  and  basal  half  of  abdomen  above  j)urplish 
cinereous  ;  face  and  palpi,  anal  segments  of  abdomen  above,  the  whole  body  beneath, 
and  the  legs  orange. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  44  mm. 

One  S  from  Great  P.anda,  October  1808  (H.  Kiihn). 


(  36  ) 

Uistingnished  from  the  allied  forms  b}-   the   orange   costal   blotch   beneath. 

In  both  fore-  and  hind-wings  tlie  whitish  fovea  is  very  distinct,  being  edged  on 
both  sides  with  dark  scales. 


SuBFAMiLT  ENNOMINAE. 

33.  Eurytaphria  lilacina  sp.  nov. 

Foreicings :  \isAe  pinkish  grey,  speckled  with  ochrcous  and  fuscous  atoms  ;  the 
basal  and  marginal  areas  and  the  costal  margin  snffased  with  brownish  olive  ;  first 
line  ferrngiiions,  formed  of  distinct  internenral  Innnles,  from  two-fifths  of  costa  to 
one-third  of  inner  margin,  angled  on  the  subcostal  vein,  then  straight  and  oldiqne, 
preceded  by  a  broad  olive-grey  shade  from  inner  margin  ;  outer  line  from  four-fifths 
of  costa  to  three-fourths  of  inner  margin,  parallel  to  hindmargin,  lunnlate  and 
ferruginous,  obscurely  marked  below  middle,  but  the  two  lunules  below  costa  and 
those  beyond  cell  distinctly  marked  in  dark  brown,  followed  by  a  narrow  olive-grey 
shade  ;  both  the  line  and  shade  are  interrupted  by  the  pale  ground-colour  from 
vein  7  to  below  vein  6  ;  a  slight  linear  cell-mark  ;  fringe  very  narrow,  pale,  with 
minute  dark  dots  beyond  the  veins. 

Ilinihruigs  :  with  only  the  outer  line,  which  is  brown  and  distinct  from 
vein  6  to  inner  margin  ;  base  of  wing  sliglitly  brownish. 

Underside  yellowish,  shading  into  pinkish  and  grey,  much  speckled  with  grey 
in  forewings,  clearer  yellow  in  the  hindwings  ;  the  dark  marginal  fasciae  and  outer 
line,  as  well  as  cell-spot  of  forewings  marked.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  like 
wings  ;  thorax  and  face  tinged  with  darker. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  28  mm. 

One  ?  from  Kuching,  Borneo. 

The  insect  agrees  with  Euri/taphria  except  in  the  pectinations  of  the  antennae  ; 
these,  instead  of  being  weak  and  distant,  are  ipiite  as  strongly  built  as  in  the  ?  ? 
of  Omiza,  Hypochrosis,  and  their  allies  ;  in  the  forewings  vein  11  anastomoses  with 
12,  and  vein  10  is  free. 

34.  Prionia  fulvifusa  sp.  nov. 

Forrwinys :  with  ground-colour  greenish  ochreous,  except  along  costa  and 
hindmargin,  overlaid  with  deep  fulvous,  which  along  inner  marginal  half  obscures 
the  outline  of  the  markings  ;  a  fulvous  blotch  at  base  of  costa,  another  just  bej-ond, 
and  two  olive-fulvous  triangular  spots,  one  at  middle  and  the  other  at  three-fourths ; 
all  darkest  on  costal  edge  ;  from  the  second  an  obscure  fulvous  shade  runs  obliquely 
to  near  base  of  inner  margin,  and  from  the  middle  one  an  irregularly  edged  fulvous 
fascia  runs  similarly  oblique  ;  from  the  last  a  sinuous  deeper  fulvous  line  runs, 
obscure  below  the  middle  ;  from  costa  before  apex  a  broad  fulvous  fascia,  widening 
to  inner  margin ;  and  there  is  a  narrower  more  obscure  fascia  from  anal  angle 
njiwards  ;  fringe  mottled  dark  and  lighter  fulvous. 

Ilindwiiigs :  wholly  dark  fulvous,  obscuring  the  markings;  a  darker  brown 
median  line,  deeper  on  the  veins,  and  traces  of  a  slightly  paler  submarginal  i'ascia. 

Underside  uniform  dark  leaden  grey,  fulvous-tinged  along  hindmargin,  and 
ochreous  along  costa,  where  the  edges  of  the  costal  spots  show  dark  ;  fringes 
rich  fulvous  ;  face  and  palpi  fulvous  grey  ;  vertex  greenish  ochreous  ;  thorax  and 


(  37  ) 

abdomen  rich  fulvous  ;  shaft  of  antennae  rufous-grey  above,  whitisli  beneath  ; 
pectinations  black. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  22  mm. 

One  ?  from  Kuchiug,  Borneo  (type) ;  also  a  c?  from  Penang. 

Like  P.  contractai-ia  "\Vlk.  =  intexta  Swinh.,  but  distinguished  at  once  by  its 
rich  fulvous  coloration  ;  hindwings  notched  beyond  cell. 

35.  Zanclopera  subusta  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  oehreons,  speckled  and  suffused  with  different  shades  of  brown  ; 
all  the  lines  starting  from  olive-brown  costal  marks  ;  first  from  one-fourth  of  cost  a 
to  near  base  of  inner  margin,  passing  through  a  cloudy  brown  blotch  between  costa 
and  median  vein  ;  exterior  line  from  two-thirds  of  costa  to  near  middle  of  inner 
margin,  irregularly  dentate-lnnulate,  and  projecting  outwards  beyond  cell  ;  sub- 
marginal  line  pale,  waved,  preceded  on  costa  by  a  large  brown  blotch  which  touches 
exterior  line,  interrupted  between  veins  0  and  7,  and  marked  below  7  by  a  dark 
brown  outward  edging,  which  is  continued  through  to  the  fringe  ;  a  faint  olive- 
brown  median  line,  bent  round  the  brown  cell-spot,  and  approaching  inner  line  at 
inner  margin  ;  fringe  oehreons  above  vein  7,  dark  brown  below. 

Hindwings :  with  the  extreme  base  pale,  without  speckling  ;  two  dark  brown 
straight  antemedian  lines,  the  inner  thick  and  diffuse,  the  second  fine  ;  two  dark- 
brown  postmedian  lines  in  a  brownish  shade,  the  first  distinctly  and  strongly 
dentate ;  a  faint  submarginal  line,  and  interrupted  dark  brown  marginal  line ;  fringe 
oehreons  throughout ;  cell-spot  linear. 

Underside  of  forewings  with  the  lower  half  of  outer  marginal  border  black- 
brown  ;  the  rest  ochrcous  freckled  with  chestnut-brown  ;  a  chestuut-browu  diffused 
fascia  near  base  ;  hindwings  with  whole  outer  half  black-brown,  except  the  extreme 
margin  which  is  oehreons,  tinged  with  chestnut  towards  apex  ;  the  basal  area  pale 
oehreons  with  a  dark  inner  band. 

Face  and  palpi  dark  ,brown  ;  lower  edge  of  face  ochreous  ;  vertex,  thorax,  and 
abdomen  ochreous  mixed  with  brown  scales. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  28  mm. 

One  c?  from  Nias  Island. 


(  38  ) 


THE   BREHM   COLLECTION. 

INTRODUCTION. 
By   EENST   HARTERT. 

ORNITHOLOGICAL  studies  begau  in  Europe,  and  niitil  ipiite  recently  the 
majority  of  ornitbologists  were  Europeans.  No  wonder,  therefore,  that  the 
ornithology  of  Europe  has  been  studied  very  much.  Numerous  are  the  works 
treating  of  European  birds,  and  we  may  be  proud  of  many  a  great  work,  proud 
indeed  of  Dresser's  Birds  of  Europe,  proud  of  works  like  Naumann's,  Macgillivray's, 
and  of  books  of  Sharpe,  Secbohm,  Newton,  and  numerous  other  authors.  But, 
while  in  America  the  study  of  subspecies  has  advanced  very  far,  the  majority  of 
the  authors  on  European  birds  used  to  study  only  the  species,  neglecting  the 
interesting  local  forms  "because  they  did  not  deserve  specihc  rank."  However, 
long  ago  there  was  a  country  clergyman  in  the  small  village  of  Renthendorf,  in 
the  Thuringian  mountains,  in  Germany,  who,  I  believe,  made  the  first  general 
attempt  to  recognise  and  to  distinguish  more  than  what  we  may  call  the  broad 
basis  of  onr  work — i.e.  the  so-called  "  good  species."  I  need  hardly  say  that  the 
man  was  Christian  Ludwig  Brehm,  and  that  his  attempts  were  not  very  fortunate 
nor  successful.  The  reason  for  the  latter  fact  was  that  "  father  Brehm,"  as  he 
is  called  in  Germany,  shot  far  over  the  mark.  He  stood  evidently  alone  in  his 
experience  and  ability  of  noticing  the  "  slightest "  differences  between  the  various 
individuals,  and  almost  alone  in  making  and  naming  finer  divisions  than  what 
others  recognised  as  valid  species.  Unfortunately  his  very  isolation — both  in  the 
manner  of  his  studies  and  in  his  dominion,  long  before  the  time  of  railways — 
caused  him  to  go  on  unchecked  in  his  own  line.  It  must  also  not  be  forgotten 
that  he  had  no  ornithological  journals  in  which  to  publish  at  convenient  length 
accurate  descriptions  ;  and  often,  as  in  his  notorious  "  Vogelfang,"  he  tried  to  cram 
systematic  matter  in  a  most  abbreviated  form  into  a  popular  work.  The  neglect 
of  Brehm's  work  has  been  a  fault  of  the  majority  of  European  ornithologists,  and 
connected  with  it  has  been  the  neglect  of  the  study  of  subspecific  forms.  These 
neglects,  however,  were  very  excusable,  because  C.  L.  Brehm,  going,  as  he  doubtless 
did,  too  fiir,  frightened  other  ornithologists  out  of  his  own  footsteps.  It  became, 
indeed,  difficult  to  name  any  subspecies,  with  so  many  names  of  C  L.  Brehm  in 
print,  and,  unfortunately,  often  insufiiciently  described.  Our  American  brethren 
had  a  better  chance,  for  in  America  there  was  no  prejudice  against  subspecies, 
and  wherever  they  studied  local  forms  they  found  uncultivated  ground,  and  much 
open  field  for  satisfactory  original  research.  As  it  is,  however,  C.  L.  Brehm's 
names  cannot  be  neglected  if  European  ornithology  is  studied  from  a  modern 
standpoint — /./■.  with  a  view  towards  discriminating  the  local  forms.  They  must 
be  critically  examined  and  troubled  about  a  good  deal,  like  Linnaeus'  names,  if 
species  and  subspecies  are  to  be  correctly  named. 


(  39  ) 

Fortunately  tliere  is  sometliiug  more  to  go  by  than  C.  L.  Brelim's  i)ubIiciitions, 
because  he  left  at  the  time  of  his  death,  in  1804,  a  heritage  which  by  some  is 
considered  more  valuable  than  his  writings,  in  the  form  of  the  then  richest  collection 
of  European  birds.  Already  before  his  death  this  collection  was  offered  for  sale 
in  a  footnote  in  the  "  Naumaunia,"  and  afterwards  his  son,  Alfred  Brehm,  published 
a  rough  catalogue  of  it,  and  offered  it  for  sale  to  the  world  at  large.  All  the  time 
since  then  the  collection  was  inadequately  keirt,  beetles,  moths,  and  mildew  had 
their  little  jtrey  on  it,  and  it  must  be  considered  a  blame  to  ornithologists  that  this 
state  of  things  was  allowed  to  continue,  especially  as  general  attention  had  been 
called  to  Alfred  Brehm's  catalogue  of  his  father's  collection  by  Dresser,  who  quoted 
most  of  the  subspecific  terms  (among  them  many  "  nomina  nuda '')  mentioned  in 
that  pamphlet,  under  the  head  of  the  species  to  which  they  seemed  to  belong. 
Quite  recently  Kleinschmidt,  Rothschild  and  Hartert  became  interested  in  the 
fate  of  the  Brehm  collection.  The  former  went  to  Renthendorf  in  1896,  mipacked 
and  repacked  the  fifty  odd  large  boxes  in  which  it  was  tightly  stored  away,  and 
thns  checked  the  destruction  for  a  time,  while  making  a  careful  statement  of  its 
present  condition.  In  1S!_»7  Dr.  Walter  Rothschild,  with  his  usual  warm  interest 
for  all  that  is  of  scientific  value,  purchased  the  collection.  Hartert  and  Kleinschmidt 
went  to  Renthendorf,  overhauled,  packed  and  despatched  the  collection,  which  is 
now  in  safety  and  accessible  in  the  Museum  at  Triug.  The  damage  done  to  it  is 
comparatively  small,  for  there  are  still  about  10,1)00  well  labelled  specimens  in 
a  generally  satisfactory  condition,  and  we  have  not  yet  found  much  of  great 
importance  missing,  except  the  Great  Auk,  which  was  long  ago  exchanged  for 
some  rare  old  "  Dresden,"  and  some  Rapaces. 

The  valae  of  the  Brehm  collection  is  threefold  : — ■ 

1.  It  represents  in  a  wonderful  way  the  ornis  of  Central  Germany.  The  series 
are  large,  and  often  showing  all  stages  of  age.  The  subspecies  inhabiting  Thuringia 
and  other  parts  of  Germany  cannot  be  better  studied  than  from  this  collection, 
although  the  colours  of  some  of  the  species  are  occasionally  faded  or  obscured. 

2.  It  forces  us — if  we  wish  to  criticise  Brehm's  so-called  subspecies— to  work 
out  the  geograjihical  forms  of  almost  every  species  throughout  its  range. 

3.  It  gives  an  idea  of  the  individual  variation  of  the  various  species. 

By  Dr.  Rothschild's  special  desire,  every  specimen  with  a  label,  no  matter 
whether  in  fine  condition,  whether  rare  or  common,  has  been  saved,  and  is  kept 
in  the  Tring  Museum. 

A  great  number  of  unlabelled  individuals  and  fragments  of  labels  have  been 
presented  to  Herr  Pfarrer  Kleinschmidt,  who,  with  Dr.  Alfred  Brehm's  manuscript 
diaries  from  his  various  travels,  investigates  every  specimen  before  it  is  eventually 
destroyed,  and  who  has  in  several  cases  found  out  the  origin  of  important 
specimens. 

Herr  Kleinschmidt  and  I  shall  now,  mostly  as  joint  authors,  sometimes  one 
or  the  other  alone,  give  a  critical  catalogue  of  all  the  Brehm  specimens  in  the 
Tring  Museum,  and  those  few  preserved  in  Kleinschmidt's  collection,  which  are 
of  value. 

These  articles  will  be  written  in  German,  because  they  necessitate  many 
German  quotations,  because  they  are  of  special  interest  also  to  German  ornitho- 
logists, and  because  the  Brehm  labels  are  mostly  in  German. 


(  40  ) 

VERZEICHNISS    DER   BREHM'SCHEN   SAMMLUNG. 

I. 

Die  Formeii  von  Corvus  corax  L. 
Von  K.  HARTERT  und  O.  KLEINSCHMIDT. 
In  der  Brehmschen  Sammlung  siud  vorhauden  : 


la. 
(Typus)." 


Angnbsn  axd  Etikett. 


2fl. 

(Typus).  *. 

c. 

3n. 

(Typus).  h. 


ia. 

(Typus).§ 


tJ  art.    15.5.1817.     Ecnthen- 

durf.  Par  unicum  regionis. 

^'ere    cum    femina    con- 

juiictus. 
?  ad.    10.B.1818.     Kenthen- 

dorf.  Par  unicum  regionis. 

Vere  cum  mare  conjuncta. 
(J  juv.     (pull.)       28.5.1818. 

Vallis  orlana  (Orlathal). 
9  pull.      28.5.1818.      ValUs 

orlana.    Cum  fratre  occUa. 
J  pull.       4.B.18I8.       Vallis 

rodana.J 
(J  pull.       4.5.1818.       Vallis 

rodana. 
S  ad.    20.1.1826.     Ruguu. 


?  ad.  27.12.1S20.  Riigen. 
(j  ad.  28.12.1826.  Riigen. 
?  ad.      auct.J;        8.10.1859. 

Freiburg  in  Helvetia  (von 

Olphe  Galliard). 
?  Annua;    vere.    10.5.1827. 

Tirol. 

(Ohne    Etikett,    aber   nach 

I'rjiparation  zweifellos  von 

Olphe  Galliard,  also  wohl 

yon  Freiburg  oder  Bulle. 

Ahnelt  3fl  u.6  ausserordent- 

lich.) 
J  ad.    10.1.1818.     Renthen- 

dorf.    In  decipula  vulpium 

ferrea  captus. 
(J  ad.     4.5.1822.      Ahlsdorf. 

Apud        cornicum       casa 

occisus. 
?  pull.    28.4.1817.       Vallis 

rodana. 


Beuannt  roD  C.L.  Brehm  aiif 
dem  Etikett.* 


Cora.r  commvnh  nylvestriit 
(Handb.Nat.V.  Deutschl. 
163.  1831). 


Corax  comvvunis  littoralis 
{I.C.,  p.  164). 


Cora.i:  commutth  montanus 
{I.e.  p.  1(J5). 


Corax  ciniunnnh  2>crcgrinus 
{I.e.,  p.  164). 


Anj^tgebone  Chaniktere 

der  bet r.  Fonuon,  kurz 

resumiert. 


Breitcr  Schnabel,  mehr 
kcilf(5rmigerSchwanz, 
kurze  Fliigclspitze. 


Fliigeliangc 
in  mm. 


Schmalcr  Schuabel, 
mehr  abgerundeter 
Schwaiiz,  lange  Flii- 
gelspitze. 


Gcstreckter,  nJedriger 
u.  scbmaler  Schnabel, 
Kopf  form,  Aufenthalt 


Niedrigcr  u.  scbmaler 
Schnabel,  niedi-iger 
Scheitel. 


425 


423 


450. 


400. 

420. 
415  und 

noch 
wacbsend  I 
410,    abcr 
sehr     abge- 
stossen. 


440. 


435. 


*  In  sehr  vick-n  Fiillen  anderte  Brehm  seine  Bezeichnungen.  Wo  dies  gescliah,  werden  die  friihereu 
gestrichenen  Beneunungen  stets  mit  angefuhrt  werden,  da  sic  oft  fiir  Ermittelung  der  Typen  wichtig  sind 
Namcn,  die  mir  '*  nomina  nuda  "  sind.  werden  als  solche  gekennzeichnet.  ?Cic  vorher  veroffentlichte  Namen 
werden  nicht  in  die  Nonicnklatur  eingefiihrt,  sondern  durch  deutsche  Erkliirungen  ersetzt.  Die  Maassc 
sind  gegeben,  wo  es  wichtig  erschien.     Sie  sind  in  mm.  :  a.  bcdeutet  Flugel,  c.  Schwanz,  u.s.w. 

*•  Die  mit  "  Typus "  bezeichneten  .Stiicke  miissen  als  Typen  der  bctrcffendcn  Formeu  angcschen 
werden.  Wodie  Kameu  niu-  *' nomina  mida"  warcn,  werden  die  Typen  nicht  ermittcll.  "Wo  an  nicht  sicher 
erscheint,  wird  kein  Stiick  als  Typus  bezciehnet. 

X  Orlathal  und  Eodathal  sind  unweit  Renthendorf. 

§  Dies  Exemplar  diirfte  als  der  "  Typus  "  zu  betrachten  sein,  da  Brehm  angiebt,  dass  cr  sich  nur  im 
Winter  zuwcilen  nach  Deutschland  verirre,  das  Ablsdorfer  Stiick  aber  im  Mai  erlegt  ist.  Da  Brehm  nuch 
das  Nestjunge  aus  dem  Rodathale  als  '■■  pcregrlnm"  bezeichnete,  so  zeigt  schon  dies  an,  wic  wcnig  cr  sich 
iiber  diese  vcrmeintlicheu  Formen  klar  war. 


(41   ) 


6a. 


la. 


8«. 


9fl. 


Angabon  auf  Etikett. 


cJ  ad.  hieme,  (J. 2. 1855.  Gera. 


?  acl.  aest.  transitu  ad  ves- 
tem  auctumn. ;  captivus 
19.8.1847.     Chemnitz. 

?  pall.      5.5.1818.      .  Vallis 

rodana. 
?  ad.  auct.  24.8.1848.    Dar- 

sin,     Poraaria    posteriorc. 

(e.  F.  V.  Homeyer  coll.  !) 

^  Chemorra  le  25  Mars 
1856.  Province  de  Con- 
stantine,  Algerie,  Dr.  L. 
Buvry  (Grig.  Etik.). 

$  ad.  Abu  Hamed,  Nubien. 
29  Aug.  1851.  A.E.Brehm. 

?  ad.  Ibsambal,  Nubien. 
29.9.1851.     A.  E.  Brehm. 


BeDannt  vod  C.  L.  Brehm  auf 
liem  Etikett.* 


10^.  ^  annuus,  vere,  Nubian. 
(Orig.  Bt.  verloren,  aber 
ofEenbar  A.  E.  Br.  coll.) 


lU. 


12a. 


13a. 


cj  ?  gepaartes  Paar,  29.S. 

1851.        Abu        Hamed. 

Nubien.        A.    E.      Br. 

(Beide  mausernd.) 
$  ad.    1851    Assuan,    Ober 
Egypten. 


(^  ad,    1851.        Petraeisches 
Arabien.     A.  E.  Brebm. 


(J  S.    Nubien.       25.10.18- 
J.  W.  V.  MUUer. 


Cora.r  ci>>unitin.i.f  jfif>/o- 
corax:  ( Verzeichniss  dcr 
Sammlung  No.  329.  u. 
nudum  I) 

Corax  conimiitbijt  pityo- 
corax.  (Verzeichniss  der 
Sammlung  No.  329.  u. 
nudum  !) 


Cora.c  oommunis  planioeps 
(/.f.,No.  330.  n.  nudum  I) 


Corax  vommnnis  minor 
(Vorher:  C.  si/lvestris), 
(i.e.,  No.331.  n.  nudum !) 

( 'oi'a.i'  iimhrliiiis  fascicolliH 

(Verz.  d.  8amml.  No.  333, 

nora.  nudum  I) 
Corax  uvihrinus  m^rieollin 

{I.e.,     No.     334,      nom. 

nudum  !) 
Cora,r     mnbrinus     crassU 

rostris  (^.£t.,No.335,  nom. 

nudum  1)      (Vorher:     C. 

urn.  /I'scieoUW). 
Cora.c  iiinhrinufi vitnor  (I.e., 

No.  330.  nom.  nudum  I) 


(Von    A.    E.    Brehm    ww- 
brint/.s  bez.) 


(Von  C.  L.  Brehm  als  Corax 
hrachyuriis  bestimmt, 
was  aber  eiii  Irrthum.) 


Khevenhiiller's  Rabe  in  von 
Miiller's  Haiidsrhrift. 


Angegebene  Chaiuktere 

der  betr.     Form  en,  kurz 

resiimiei't. 


(Keinc  angegeben.  Es 
ist  ein  grosses,  starkes 
Paar.) 


( Keinc  angegeben. 
Schcin  glanzendes, 
starkschnabliges 
Stiick.) 

(Keiuc  angegeben. — 
Der  Vogel  ist  was 
wir  jetzt  tlngitanus 
nennen.) 

(Keine  Angabcn). 


Flugell.inge 
in  mm. 


430. 


(Stark 
mausernd). 


405. 


(Stark 
mausernd). 

Ca.  385. 


416. 


(Mausernd). 


(Nicht  von  C.  L.  B. 
etikettiert,  aber  ziem- 
lich  klein,  daher  hier 
angefiihrt.) 

(Ist  ein  auf  f  .allend 
kleiner  umhriiiiii< 
mit  stark  abgestos- 
senen  Fliigeln  und 
Schwauz.) 

(Keine  Beschreibung. 
Ist  ein  grosser  nm- 
hriniift  mit  abnor- 
mern  Schnabel.) 


(etwa  350). 


420. 


BEMERKUNGEN. 

la  und  2b  scheinen  etwas  jiingere  Vogel  zn  sein,  die  noch  nicht  die  voile 
Liinge  der  Schwingen,  wie  wir  sie  bei  ganz  alten  Vogeln  finden,  haben.  Die 
Spitzen  der  Stenerfedern  sind  bei  beiden  beschadigt.  Dies  ist  meist  ein  Zeicheu 
geringen  Alters.  Wenn  wir  dies  annehmen,  gleichen  sich  die  Grossenuuter- 
scbiede  zwischeu  1.  uud  2.  aus. 

Besonderes  Interesse  nimmt  der  vou  Brehm  behanptete  Unterschied  zwischen 
dem  Raben  der  deutscheu  Seekuste  (C.  littoralis  Brehm)  nnd  dem  Rabeu  Mittel- 
deutscLlands  {C.  s)/lvestri.s  Brehm)  iu  Ansprucb.  Die  Uebereiustimmmig  des 
augebhch  gepaarteu  Paares  la  und  \b  in  Schnabelfiirm  und  Schwanzform,  und 
die  Aehnlichkeit  der  StUcke  vou  Rugen  ist  iu  der  That  anffallend.  Da  jedoch  die 
beiden  Vcigel  \a  und  14  aus  verschiedenen  Jahren  herrtihren,  ist  die  Anuahnie 
wahrscheinlicher,  dass  einer  vou  dem  andern  abstammt  und  aufftillende  iudividni'llo 
Eigeuthiimlichkeiten   geerbt  hat.      Wir   haben   aus   den    Biilgen    \a    und   2a   die 


(  42  ) 

Unterarmknochen  heransgenomnieu  imd  vergliclieu.  Dabei  ergab  sich  class  2« 
(Jittoralis  Brebm)  einen  nm  kamu  4  mm.  kiirzeren  Uuterarm  hat  als  la  (s>/lvestris 
Brehm).  Ein  als  c?  etikettierter  Friihliugsvogel  ans  Laiiplauil  im  Tring  Museum 
bat  denselbeu  Knocbeu  nnr  1\  mm.  kiirzer  als  la,  bei  einer  Fliigellaiige  von  42  cm. 
Ein  ganz  altes  <?  aus  Hessen  im  Museum  Kleinscbmidt  bat  eiue  FlUgellange  vou 
45cm.  und  8  mm.  liingere  Uuterarmknocben  als  2a.  Der  Vogel  von  Karesuando  in 
Lapjjland  bat  anch  einen  genau  so  schlauken  Scbnabel  wie  Brebm's  C.  liftoralis 
von  Riigeu.  Es  ist  nach  alle  diesom  immerbiu  nocb  ferneres  Material  aus 
Skandinavien  und  von  Eiigen  zu  nntersucben,  ebe  entscbieden  werden  kanu,  ob  es 
sicb  um  eiue  kleinere  baltiscb-skandinavische  Form  handelt.  Diese  wiirde  dann 
der  ecbte  corax  von  Linn^  sein,  die  mittelenropiiiscbe  Form  aber  si/lcestris 
Brebm  genannt  werden  miissen.  Es  ist  jedoch  nicbt  wabrscbeiulich,  dass  diese 
Uuterschiede  konstant  genng  sind,  nm  die  beiden  Formen  zu  trennen.  Deutscbe 
Eaben  sind  nicbt  immer  gleicb.  Kein  anderes  Stlick  bat  den  breiten  Scbnabel  von 
1«  und  \b,  wiihrend  sicb  andre  Unterscbiede  in  der  etwas  variablen  Fliigellange 
zeigen.  Britische  Raben,  aus  England,  der  Isle  of  Man  und  den  Hebriden,  baben 
grosse  dicke  Scbnabel  wie  die  von  ud.s  uutersucbten  Farijer-Stiicke  und  die  grossen 
Exemplare  aus  Mitteldeutscbland,  bei  einer  Fliigelliiugo  von  405  bis  435  mm. 

Der  Name  C.  littoralis  ist  sebr  gemissbraucht  worden.  Von  Vater  Brebm  bei 
der  ersten  Bescbreibung  zweifellos  auf  den  Eaben  von  Riigen  bezogen,  wie  die 
Sammlnng  ergiebt,  wnrde  er  von  dem  Autor  selbst  1855,  in  der  Erklilruug  zu 
Tafel  34  des  Badekerscben  Eierwerkes  auf  den  Raben  angewandt  der  "  vorzugsweise 
Gronland,  aber  aucb  den  hoben  Norden  vou  Lapplaud"  bewobnt,  ibm  aber  die 
Unterscbiede  von  dem  Vogel  Riigens  zugescbrieben.  Nun  aber  ist  der  Vogel  von 
Lapplaud  nicbt  derselbe  wie  der  aus  Gronland,  und  Reinbardt's  und  Holbblls  "  car. 
littoralis^^  ist  nicbt  Brebm's  littoralis  ! 

Von  unetikettierten  Stiicken  der  Brebm'scben  Sammlung  befinden  sich  noch 
in  Kleinschmidt's  Besitz  : 

1.  Ein  Kopf  mit  typischem  syfoesi/'w-Scbnabel,  anscbeinend  von  einem  bei 
Rentbendorf  ausgenommenen  und  anfgezogenen  Jungen. 

2.  Ein  junger  Vogel,  mit  bochster  Wabrscheinlicbkeit  zu  einem  Etikett 
gehorend,  das  lautet :  "  Corax  communis  montanus,  S  juv.  transitu  ad  vestem 
perfectam,  2U.7.1826.  Gastein." 

3.  Ein  alter  Vogel,  nach  A.  E.  Brebm's  handscbriftlicheu  Reisenotizen  3  ad. 
Murcia,  September  1856,  Fitticbliinge  43  cm. 

Exemplar  12a  wiirde  nach  A.  E.  Brebm's  Sammlungsvcrzeicbniss  von  1800 
Corvus  affinis  {Rhinocorax  affinis,  Cat.  B.  III.,  p.  40)  sein,  hat  aber  nicbts  mit 
dieser  merkwiirdigen,  zwar  nicbt  nothwendigerweise  eine  besondere  Gattnng  (!), 
aber  eiue  von  der  (?om.»Gruppe  ganz  getrennte  Art  repriisentiereuden  Rabenform 
zu  tbun.  Uas  Stiick  ist  von  A.  E.  Brehm  richtig  als  Corvus  umbrinus  bezeichnet, 
dies  aber  von  C.  L.  Brebm  in  Corax  brachijuros  geandert.  Es  ist  ein  sebr  kleiner, 
wohl  nicbt  sebr  alter  umbrinus,  aber  Schwanz  und  Flttgel  sind  sebr  abgestossen, 
sodass  die  Maasse  nicbt  ganz  sicber  sind. 

Von  Corpus  affinis  Riipp.  ist  nur  ein  am  12.10.1851  zu  Luxor  in  Egypteu 
erlegtes  i  ad.  in  der  Sammlung.  Dies  ist  der  Typus  von  A.  E.  Brebm's  C.  brachj- 
urus,  Journ.  f.  Orn.  1854,  p.  75.  Es  ist  dort  ausdriicklich  gesagt,  dass  auf  der 
ganzen  Reisc  nur  ein  einziges  Stiick  erlegt  wurde.  (!.  L.  Brebm  bat  dies  Stlick 
im  Vogelfang  p.  414  als  C.  brachyrhynchos  angefiihrt,  mit  der  bei  ibm  im  Vogel- 
faug  sebr  beliebten  Bemcrkuiig  "  wird  sicb  aus  Afrika  nach   Europa  verfliegen." 


(  43  ) 

Diese  Vermutbuug  entbehrt  liier  wie  meistens  jedeu  Grniides  uuil  sollte  vermnth- 
lich  nur  dazn  dieuen  auf  solche  weuig  bekannte  Formeu  aufmerksain  zu  maoliea 
mid  das  luteresse  neu  zu  beleben,  aucb  wobl  die  Aufuahme  ia  den  Vogelfang  dem 
Verleger*  mebr  mimdgerecht  zn  macben.  Dei-  Name  hraclii/rliyiwkos  auf  p.  414 
diirfte  iibrigens  ein  Druckfebler  oder  lapsus  calami  seiu,  deuu  scbiiu  anf  p.  57  nenut 
der  Verf.  den  amerikanischen  Raben  bi-achijrkynchos,  und  auf  dem  Etikett  des 
C.  qffinis  bat  er  selbst  vermerkt :    Cormts  hrachynros  species  distincta. 

Die  kritiscbe  Untersucbnug  der  Brebm'schen  Raben  veranlasste  nns  zu  eiiiem 
Studinm  iiber  die  geograpbischeu  Formen  von  Corras  cora.c  iiud  wir  tbeilen  nach- 
stebeud  in  Kiirze  die  Resultate  uuserer  Arbeiteu  mit.  AVir  waren  genotbigt,  mebrere 
bisber  als  gut  getrennte  Arten  betracbtete  Formeu  als  Formen  der  co?'aa;-Grappe 
aufzufassen. 

Einige  Liicken  iu  der  Uebersicbt  babeu  wir  mit  Absicbt  offen  gelassen,  bis 
grOsseres  Material  vorliegt. 

Uritersucbt  wurde  ausser  fliicbtig  besehenen  Stiickeu  verscbiedener  Sammlungen, 
und  ansser  deu  obenangefabrten  Stiickeu  der  Brebm'scbeu  Sammlung  das  gesammte 
iibrige  Material  des  Triug  Museums  und  das  des  Britisb  Museum  in  Loudon,  ferner 
die  Stiicke  der  Kleiuscbmidtscbeuund  der  Dresserschen  Sammlung,  sowie  ein  Tbeil 
der  Raben  im  Liverpool  Museum. 

1.  GrOnland  (und  Tbeile  von  Nordamerika). 

Maximum  der  Fliigelliinge  46  cm.  (0  Exemplare  der  Museeu  zu  Triug  mid 
Volkmaritz  messen  43'5  bis  46  cm.). 

Schnabel  sehr  lang,  aber  nicht  sehr  hoch.  Fiisse  relativ  klein.  Riickenfedeni 
langstrablig  wie  bei  2.  Federbasis  meist  licbt,  Ferse  lang  befiedert.  Fiisse  verbillt- 
nissmassig  klein,  was  beim  Vergleicb  gleicbgescblechtlicber  und  gleicbaltriger  Stiicke 
auffallt.     Federsaumspitzeu  sebr  lang. 

Gruiiliindische  Raben  sind  biiufig  als  littoralis  bezeicbuet  wordeu,  dieser  Name 
aber  ist,  wie  oben  auseiuandergesetzt,  nicbt  dafiir  verwendbar.  Ridgway  bat 
{Man.  i\".  Amer.  B.  p.  361)  fiir  den  von  "  GrOulaud  Ijis  Alaska,  siidlicb  bis  Britisb 
Columbia,  Canada,  Neu  Braunschweig,  u.s.w."  verbreiteten  Rabeu  deu  Namen 
Corvus  corax  principalis  eingefiibrt,  leider  aber  obne  die  topotypiscbe  Lokalitiit 
anzugebeu.  Es  scbeiiit  allerdings,  dass  die  Raben  von  Canada  mit  denen  von 
GrOnland  iibereiustimmen,  abwobl  die  letzteren  in  ibrer  Scbuabelliinge  und  Form 
weniger  variabel  zu  sein  scbeiuen,  es  ist  aber  docb  nicbt  sicber,  dass  die  Rabeu  des 
oben  angegebenen  Gebietes  alle  iibereiustimmen.  Wir  iiberlassen  es  Ridgway,  die 
nordamerikaniscb-grOnlaudiscbeu  Raben  in  seinem  scbon  im  Drucke  befiudlicben 
grossen  Werke  iiber  die  VOgel  Nordamerikas  weiter  aufzutbeileu.  Nacb  dem  uns 
vorliegeuden  Material  ktinnen  wir  in  Nordamerika  mit  einiger  Sicherbeit  vorliiufig 
nur  unterscbeiden  : 

a.  GrOnland  (ob  bis  Canada  ?)  ! 

Grosse   Form,  mit   sebr   langem   aber   iiicbt   sebr   boliem   Scbnabel,  lang 
befiederter  Ferse,  grosser  Fliigelliiuge.     (Ridgway's  principalis.) 

b.  Westlicbe  vereinigte  Staaten  ! 

Mit  kleinerem  Schnabel  mid  scblankerem  Lanf.     (Ridgway's  sinuatus.) 

*  Mit  dieser  Klasse  von  Menschen  schien  aicli  Vater  Brebm  nicht  immer  allzugut  zu  vertragen.  Man 
lesc  das  Vorwort  zum  dritten  Hefte  von  lirebm's  "  Ornis,"  1826,  und  es  diirfte  aucli  in  der  Vorrede  zum 
Vogelfang  etwas  "  zwisclien  deu  Zeilen  "  zu  linden  sein. 


(  44  ) 

c.  Alaska ! 

Das  Triiig  Museum  erhielt  mebrere  sehr  alte  Stiicke,  die  sich  (lurch  kiirzeu, 
knvz  uud  stark  gebogeneu  Schnabel,  schmalc  Kehlfeileni,  etwas  abgeruudetere 
Hiickenledern  nnd  vielleicht  mehr  griluliche  Federfiirbnng  wesentlich  von 
alien  Raben  vou  Gronland,  Canada,  nnd  den  Vereinigteu  Staaten  nuter- 
scbeiden.  Den  von  Taczanowski  augegebenen  Maassen  nach  stimmen  sie 
auch  nicht  mit  dem  grosseren  behri/Hiianus  uberein.  Sie  baben  anf  dem 
Etikett  einen  Namen,  den  wir  in  der  Litteratur  nocb  nicbt  fanden. 

Der    Corvus   cri/jjtoleiicus   ist   wohl   auch   zur  eoraor-Gruppe  zu  ziehen,  doch 
kommeu  wir  hierauf  mOglicherweise  spiiter  nocb  einmal  zuriick. 


2.  FarOer-Inseln.    Corvus  corax  varius  Briinn. 

Grosste  Fliigelliinge  dei-  von  una  gemessenen  Stiieke  etwa  44  cm.,  dock  ist 
unser  Material  nicht  reich.  F'isse  grosser  als  hei  1.  Sehr  lichte,  tveissUche  Gefieder- 
basis,   weitstrahlige  Fedeni,  Schnabel  vielleicht   etwas   kiirzer  und  in  der  Regel 


Albinistic  variety  o£  Corvus  cora.c  rariue. 


breiter  als  bei  1.  Neigung  zu  partiellem  Albinismus,  der  sich  in  ziemlich  regel- 
massiger  Vertheilung  au  Kopf,  Unterbrust,  Fliigeln  nnd  Schwanz  zeigt,  wobei 
auch  die  Haut  schwiicher  pigmentiert  erscheint.  Es  waren  solche  albinistischc 
Exemplare,  denen  der  Name  carius  und  spjiter  der  bekanntere  Name  Irucophaeus 
beigelegt  wurde.  Der  alte  Brehm  hattc  ganz  recht  weun  er  sagte  {Vogelfang, 
pp.  36  uud  414),  dass  diese  Vogel  "  eine  besondero  Art,  obgleich  cine  Ansartung  " 
wiiren,  denn  das  Weiss  sei  zwar  "  bei  einem  Vogel  anders  als  bei  dem  andern," 
aber  das  Gefieder  sei  weitstrahliger — seine  Angabe  von  der  grosseren  Lauge  des 
Schwanzes  ist  dagegen  nicht  aufrecht  zu  erhalteu. 


(  45  ) 

Das  Museum  zn  Triug  besitzt  nunmehr  folgende  Stiicke  von  den  FavOer. 

(?  ad.    21.10.18G7,  Thorshavn.        1  .11    j    •    lu-  •  .•    i    i       i-       1      1 -i  1  . 
r     1     10-0  -c     ■  Alia  drei  albmistisch.dem  hier  abfirebikletcn 

c?  ad.    18 <2,  Farmer.  1         t-  1      o.--      ■■  .  -i    i-  1 

c?  juv.  Mylinghead,  21  Jnni,  I860  j         Liverpooler  Stnclc  ausserst  ahnhch. 

Alle  drei  von  Benzon  in  Copenhagen  an  die  Gebriider  Wiebcke  in  Hamburg, 
uiul  mit  deren  Sammlnng  zn  nns  gelangt. 

Ansserdem  zwei  in  uormalem  Gefieder  von  Nolso,  im  Tansch  von  Kleinschmidt. 
Im  Musenm  Kleinschmidt  befinden  sich  ein  altes  schwarzes  ¥  nnd  ein  einmal 
vermanserter  Vogel.  Wir  nntersuchten  ferner  fast  gleiche  Exemplare  wie  die 
albinistischen  in  Tring  in  den  Sammlnngen  der  Mnseen  zu  Liverpool,  Dresden  und 
London  und  des  Herru  Dresser.  Das  Textbild  wurde  von  Kleinschmidt  nach  dem 
Liverpooler  Exemplar  gezeichnet. 

3.  Nord-  und  Mitteleuropa.    Corvus  corax  corax  L. 

Grosste  Fliigelliinge  45  cm.  Schnabel  nicht  so  lang,  aber  relativ  hriher,  als  bei 
no.  1.  Das  Gefieder  steht  nach  Strnktnr,  Farbe  und  Glanz  zwischen  dem  der  Vogel 
von  Gronland  und  den  Farciern  einerseits  und  Spanieu-Marokko  andererseits  in 
der  Mitte. 

Wir  haben  die  Verbreitung  wie  oben  angegeben,  da  wir  noch  nicht  ermittoln 
konnten,  wie  weit  diese  Form  nach  Siideuropa  und  nach  Oston  reicht.  Anf  die 
sudostenroi)ilischen  Eaben  kommen  wir  vielleicht  spater  zuriick. 

In  der  Kleinschmidtschen  Sammlnng  sind  drei  Stiicke,  in  der  Rothschildschen 

1  aus  Lappland,  3  aus  England,  2  Isle  of  Man,  1  Hebriden,  1  Borstel  bei  Hamburg, 

2  Schweiz,  ansser  einigen    Farbenvarietaten,  Nestjnngen  nnd  den  Sudeuropiiern, 
deren  Verwandtschaft  noch  nicht  feststeht. 

4.  Canarische  Inseln.    Corvus    corax  canariensis  nom.  nov. 

Geringe  Grdsse.  Scloiabel  icie  bei  G.  corax  corax,  niir  etwas  hleiner. 
Flugelliiuge  390 — 415  mm.,  Schwanz  240—250  mm. 

Typus  :  c?  Palma,  Scott  Wilson  coll.,  Mus.  Rothschild. 

Der  kanarische  Rabe  ist  nenerdings  mit  tingitanns  identificiert  worden,  unter- 
scheidet  sich  von  letzterem  aber  durch  liingeres  Gefieder,  namentlich  dnrch  liingere 
und  mehr  zugespitzte  Kehlfedern,  und  meist  gestreckteren,  liingeren  Schnabel. 

Hartert  untersuchte  noch  4  StUck  des  Liverpool  Mnseums. 

Peale's  Name  leptonyx  (von  Madeira,  wo  keine  Raben  nisten  sollen  !)  ist  nicht 
sicher,  da  ebensognt  ein  Spanier  oder  umhriiius  wie  einer  von  den  Canaren  sich  nach 
Madeira  verflogen  haben  kann. 

5.  Spanien.    Corvus  corax  hispanus  snbsp.  nov. 

Grosser,  holier,  an  der  Schncidc  stark  gcbogener  Schnabel,  har^es,  engstrahliges 
Gefieder,  was  am  Ferseugelenke  besonders  anflallt.  Der  Vogel  steht  zwischen 
C.  corax  corax  und  C.  c.  tingitanus  in  der  Mitte,  unterscheidet  sich  aber  von  beiden 
dnrch  den  im  Verhaltniss  zu  seiner  geringen  Grosse  sehr  kriiftigen  Schnabel. 
Maximum  der  Flugelliinge  43  cm. 

Typns  :  cJ  ad.  2.5.1898,  Agnilas  bei  Mnrcia,  Gray  coll.,  Mus.  Rothschild,  wo 
sich  ferner  noch  3  alte  nnd  ein  junges  befinden. 


(46) 


Ci.  Atlaslander.    C.  corax  tingitanus  Irbv. 

Griisste  Fliitrelliinge  43  cm.  Starligliimendes  (kylct/er  mit  danlder  odei-  sehr 
ilunldcr  Hosts.  Kleiner,  ahcr  holier,  gehrilmmter  Schnahel.  Obcrscbnabel  oft  mit 
anffallend  seitlich  vorstebouden  Scbneiden.  Keblfedem  sebr  kurz.  Ueborbanpt 
ist  das  gauze  Gefieder  kurz,  welches  daher  die  Ferse  zierulicb  weit  nackt  liisst. 

Anffallende  nnd  koustante  Uiiterschiede  zwischen  Marokkanem  und  Tuneson 
scbeineu  uicbt  vorbandeu  zn  sein,  docb  ist  bei  der  grossen  individuellcn  Vartabilitiit 
der  meisten  und  besonders  dieser  Raben  die  Frage,  ob  die  Atlasliiuder  melir  als  eine 
Form  beherbergen,  sehr  schwer  zu  losen. 

Zn  Tring  liegen  zur  Zeit  vor :  1  aus  Algier,  3  aus  Tunis,  8  aus  Marokko. 
Kleinschmidt  liat  eine  Serie  aus  Nord-  und  Siid-Marokko  und  cin  sehr  grosses  Stiick 
aus  Tunis. 


f»<(  TCt.-^'jo. 

Interscapularieclem. 


y-J-Cil 


AV^CO^, 


7.  Himalaya.    C.  corax  thibetanus  Hodg.s. 

Grosste  Fliigellange  bis  497  mm. !  Bedeutende  Grnsse,  besonders  Fliigellange, 
nnd  grosser, besonders  in  der  Mitte  sehrhoch  gewolbter  Schuabel.  Fiisse  verhiiltniss- 
miissig  klein. 

3  in  Tring,  eine  schone  Serie  im  British  Museum. 

Lebt  in  Holion  von  liber  13,000  Fuss. 

In  der  Gesamterscheinnng  und  in  seinem  Betragen  ist  dieser  Rabe  unserem 
C.  c.  corax  ganz  ahnlicU. 


8.  Nordwestindien  bis  zum  Euphratthal,  Palaestina  (?  Griechenland). 
Corvus  corax  lawrencei  Hume. 

Zwischen  3.  {C.  c.  corax)  beziehungsweise  7.  (C  c.  thibctayuts)  und  9.  (C.  c. 
mnbrinns)  stehend  und  von  beiden  oft  kaum  zu  unterscheiden  in  der  Regel  aber 
grosser  als  umbrimcs.     Miiglicherweise  ist  die  Form  von  Paliistina  durchschnittjich 


(  47  ) 

etwas  grosser,  als  die  von  N.W.  Indien,  wo  sic  vom  Sambhar  See,  Jodhpore  uiid 
Jeyporc  dnrcli  don  Punjab  bis  Bickaucer  vorliommt  nnd  nacL  Hnme  eine  kriihenartige 
Lebensweisc  fiihrt,  was  beachtenswerth  ist,  aber  auch  von  anderen  Rabenformen 
lieban])tet  wird,  wo  dieselben  haufig  sind,  in  Fliigen  ihrer  Nahrung  naclagehen  nnd 
nidit  verfolgt  warden. 

Die  gewaltige  GrOsse  von  tkibetanus  erreiclit  diese  Form  uicbt. 

Flligelliiuge  42  (Indien),  44  (Jernsalem),  41,  42'5,  44  nud  45  cm.  (Kandahar), 
44-T  (Qnetta).     Maximum  also  bis  450  mm.  ! 

Hat  die  Neigung  vor  der  Mauser  am  Hinterbalse  stark  zn  verbleichen,  oder 
vielmebr  brann  zu  werden,  wo  er  dann  der  folgenden  Form  stark  iibnelt. 

Im  Museum  zu  Tring  sind  Stiicke  aus  Paliistina  und  vom  Sambbar  See,  wir 
nntersucbtcn  aber  ausserdem  gemeinschaftlicb  die  prachtvolle  Serie  im  British 
Museum.  Im  Museum  Kleinschmidt  befindet  sich  ein  auscheinend  hierher 
zurechnendes  S  von  Ost-Griechenland  (Hymettos),  im  Tring  Musenm  3  ?  ?  vom 
Hymettos  und  Pentelikon,  die  aber  alle  jung  zu  seiii  scheinen. 

9.  Saharagebiet.    C.  corax  umbrinus  Snnd. 

Gekennzeichnet  durch  geringe  Grosse,  schlanken  Schnabel,  chokoladenfarbenen 
Ton  im  Gefieder,  der  am  Halse  und  im  Nacken  am  starksten  ist,  wo  auch  andre 
siidliche  Rabenformen  vor  der  Manser  briiuulich  werden.  Diese  branne  Fiirbimg  der 
Halsparthien  ist  am  frisch  vermanserten  Vogel  nicht  dentlich,  denn  die  frisch 
gewaclisenen  Federa  sind  glanzeiid  schwarz,  sie  wird  aber  vor  der  Mauser  ausser- 
ordentlich  aufflillend.     Die  Federbasis  ist  ziemlich  hell. 

Moglicherweise  variieren  die  hier  nnter  umbrinus  zusammengefassten  Formon, 
die  durch  das  gauze  grosse  AVilstengebiet  von  der  Seuke  des  todten  Meeres  im 
sudlichen  Paliistina  durch  Arabien,  Sokotra  und  Egypten  bis  nach  Siidtnnis  nnd 
zu  den  capverdischen  Inseln  vorzukommen  scheinen,  geographisch  etwas  nach  der 
Grosse.  Zwei  arabische  Stiicke  (eins  vom  Petraeischen  Arabien,  12a.  der  Brehm 
Sammhmg,  und  eins  von  Siidarabien,  bei  Lahej — cf.  Nov.  Zool.  1900,  p.  245) 
erlegtes,  wohl  nicht  sehr  altes  Stiick,  messen  nicht  ilber  357  mm.  Fliigelmass,  ein 
etwas  siidlich  vom  todten  Meere  erlegtes  Stiick  380,  eins  von  Sokotra  395,  egyptische 
380—420,  fiinf  von  den  Capverden  nur  370—390  mm. 

Sollten  sich  die  westlichen  V<igel  (?  Siid  Tunis  bis  Caiiverden)  von  denen  von 
Egypten  trennen  lassen,  so  wiirden  sie  als  C.  corax  ruficoUis  Less,  zu  bezeichnen 
sein. 

Im  Museum  zu  Tring  befinden  sich  Stiicke  von  siidlich  des  todteu  Meeres  (1), 
Sokotra  (1),  Arabieu  (2),  Egypten  (die  der  Brehm  Sammlung  nud  eins  von  A.  E. 
Brehm  I'iir  Baron  von  Miiller  gesammeltes)  und  den  Capverden  (4). 

10.  Somaliland.     C.  corax  edithae  (Phillips). 

Aehnelt  C.  c.  umbrinus,  ist  aber  rid  /dciner  und  hat  viel  hellere,  zuweilen  rein 
u'cisse  Gejiederbasis,  kurze  Kehlfedern.     Fliigel  30  cm. 

Wir  glauben  auch  diesen  Raben,  den  wir  im  British  Museum  untersnchten 
(Typus  von  Lort  Phillipps  gesammelt),  mit  zur  corax  Gruppe  ziehen  zu  miissen. 

Eine  Reihe  von  sibirischen  nnd  andern  nordlichen  Formen  (sibiricus,  tissurianus, 
kamtschaticus  nnd  bchringiamis)  konnen  wir  wegen  Mangel  an  Material  nicht  in  den 


(  4S   ) 

Ivreis  dieser  vorliiufigen  Betrachtnngen  zielien.  Es  kann  wohl  mit  Sichorheit 
angonommen  werdeii,  class  aiu-Ii  damit  die  geographischeu  Formen  von  C.  corax 
uoch  niclit  erscln»pft  sind.  Von  diesen  Formen  goben  wir  nnr  eine  knrze 
Znsammenstellung  der  von  Taczanowski  anfgestellten  Unterschiede  : 


(\  c.  xibiricng  (Ost-Sibirien  bis         44.7 
Ussuri  und  vermutlich  nicht 
auf  dies  Gebiet  besehriinkt). 

C.  r.  vAxv}'ia7tits  (russ.    Mand-         44.5 
schurei,     hauptsiichlich     im 
SUden). 

C    c.    hamtschath'iis    (Kamt- 
schatka). 

C.   c.    behrintfiamis   (Inseln   d.  !     44  —  4(1 
Bering-Sec).  i 


Flngellange 
ID  cm. 


Scbwingen- 

verbHltniss 

(<  — kleineralfl). 


1   <  VII 


I>  VII 


I=VII 


Liingen  -Differen  z 

der  eraten  und 

zweiteQ  ScbwiDge 

in  cm. 


ir--i=s.(i 


ri— 1  =  8.0—9.0 


11-1  =  102 


i<vri         11—1=9-, 


Breite  der  ersttjii 

Sobwiiice  1  cm. 

Yor  der  .Spitze 

in  mm. 


10 

6 
10 


LiiDgen-Differenz 
der  niitteUten 

8chwaDzfe(tern 
in  cm. 


7.0 

fi.4 
Co 


Inwieweit  diese  z.  T.  geringen  Unterschiede  coustaut  sind,  vermocbten  wir 
nicht  nachznpriifen.  Es  sei  unr  bemerkt,  dass  die  Schwingenvorhiiltnisse  nnd  die 
Gestalt  der  ersten  Schwinge  au  der  Spitze  bei  einer  nnd  derselben  Form  {■/..  B. 
Form  1 .)  am  selben  Fnndort  schon  erheblieh  variieren  nnd  deshalb  bei  der  Charakteri- 
siernng  der  von  nns  anerkannten  Formen  bei  Seite  gelassen  wnrden.  Die 
wichtigste  Frage  wird  sein,  ob  C.  c.  kmntschaticiis  von  thibctanus,  mit  dem  er 
gleiehe  Fliigellange  nnd  anscheinend  anch  gleiche  Schuabelgri'isse  nnd  Form  bat, 
verschieden  ist  und  ob  wirklich  zwischen  beiden  eiiue  oder  mehrere  kleiuere  Formen 
wohnen.  Vielleicht  ist  unr  das  Griissenmaximnm  der  sibirischen  Raben  noch 
nnbekannt.  Die  von  uns  nntersnchten  Stiicke  von  Ostsibirien  nnd  vom  Jeniscy 
massen  nicht  iiber  44.5  cm. 


EXPLANATION    OF   PLATE   VI. 


liart. 

S  ad. 

^  iu  the  Banda  .Sea.     CI                  </ 
;.!..   14,  15.     (The  tigi:                 /h 
1  biU  very  well !) 

•t.>  cJ  a«l 

Java.    See  u 

nttdk,  p.  5:1. 

:.)  <?ad. 

urm  ir^ 

IX.  »..f 

Malay  Peninsnla 

Snmatra,  and  Borneo. 

See 


NoviTATES  ZooLOGic^  Vol. Vni. 1901. 


PI  .VI. 


ja.KeulemaiUi  del  Btlith,  MjntrrnBros-imp. 

1<?,2JDAMMER:a    HENRICT  Hart.  3c?,SIPHlA  BANYUMAS   BANYUMASlHorsf.) 

4.?,  SIPHIA  BANYUMAS    RITPIGASTRA  (Raffl.) 


.<;j(.^ 


..^ 


(  49) 


SOME    NOTES    ON    JAVA    BIRDS. 
By  ERNST  HARTERT. 

THE  most  interesting  ornis  of  Java  has  recently  not  received  mnch  special 
attention  in  Europe,  althougli  it  is  well  worth  any  amount  of  study.  It  is 
true,  that  very  fine  collections  have  been  made  there,  and  that  no  island  of  the 
Eastern  archipelago  has  been,  until  quite  recently,  similarly  well  worked.  We  are 
indebted  especially  to  Dr.  Th.  Horsfield  (1824),  Reinwardt,  Kuhl  and  van  Hasselt, 
Boie,  Bernstein,  and  Wallace,  for  making  us  acquainted  with  the  birds  of  Java.  In 
spite  of  all  their  works,  however,  our  knowledge  of  the  exact  distribution  of  the 
birds  on  Java,  and  the  ornis  of  some  of  the  highest  peaks,  is  by  no  means  complete. 
It  is  thus  very  welcome,  that  a  resident  on  the  island,  Dr.  A.  G.  Vorderman,  has 
taken  up  the  study  of  Javan  birds  for  some  time,  and  that  he  has  now  presented  the 
scientific  world  with  an  excellent  list  of  all  birds  known  from  Java.  This  moj-t 
opportune  work  appeared  in  the  Natiuirhuulig  Tijdschrij't  poor  Ned.-Indie,  LX. 
(1900),  under  the  title  "  Syste;natisch  Overzicht  der  Vogels  welke  op  Java 
inheemsch  zijn,"  and  it  has  been  looked  over  and  with  "  aantekeningen  voorzieu  " 
by  Dr.  0.  Finsch. 

The  writer  of  these  "  notes  "  has  been  very  much  interested  in  .Java  Birds  for 
a  number  of  years,  and  he  has  had  two  opportunities  of  adding  a  little  to  the 
knowledge  of  Javan  birds,  as  he  published  two  articles  on  the  latter,  one  in  Ornis, 
VII.  p.  113,  and  another  in  Nov.  Zool.  1896,  p.  537. 

Dr.  Walter  Rothschild  has  been  au.xious  to  complete  his  collection  of  Java 
Birds,  especially  since  he  recognised  the  value  of  them  on  account  of  the  fact  that 
such  an  enormous  proportion  of  Eastern  birds  have  first  been  described  from  Java, 
80  that  the  Java  birds  are  the  "  typical  "  ones,  and  thus  indispensable  for  all 
scientific  ornithological  work  on  Oriental  birds.  Besides  some  minor  contributions, 
we  have  recently  received  many  birds  from  our  correspondent,  Mr.  E.  I'rillwitz, 
mostly  from  Mount  Gedeh  and  from  various  other  places  in  Western  Java. 

These  give  me  the  opportunity  for  the  following  remarks. 

1.  Falco  peregrinus  Tnnst. 

Messrs.  Vorderman  and  Finsch  did  not  mention  this  species  as  occurring  on 
Java,  supposing  that  all  the  Peregrines  from  the  Sunda  Islands  belonged  to  .Sharpe's 
F.  ernesfi.  This  is  probably  due  to  the  new  "  Hand-list,"  I.  p.  273,  where  the 
distribution  of  F.peregrinus  is  given  as,  "  Europe,  Asia,  N.  America,  Africa  (winter), 
Indian  Peninsula  (winter),"  while  that  of  F.  ernesti  is  said  to  be  "  Greater  Sunda 
Islands,  Philippines,  New  Guinea,  Fiji  Islands." 

This  does  not  seem  to  be  quite  correct,  and  it  should  be  borne  in  mind,  that 
in  a  general  "  List "  like  that  the  distribution  cannot  be  given  exhaustively  in  all 
its  details. 

Falco  ernesti  is  a  beautiful  dark  bird,  which  is  mnch  nearer  to  F.  tnelanogenya 
than  to  F.  peregrinus.  I  have  not  seen  an  example  from  Java,  but  Mr.  E.  Prillwicz 
sent    us  two  Peregrines,  one    c?  ad.  shot  near  Sukabumi,   without   date,   and   an 

4 


(  50  ) 

immature  male  shot  at  2:")iio  feet  elevation  on  December  27th,  1898,  on  Mount 
Gedeh.  Neither  of  these  birds  has  anything  to  do  with  Falco  erm^sti.  They  are 
F.  pere(/rinus,  or  rather  an  eastern  form  of  the  latter  (/'.  leiicocicm/s  Brehm),  if  such 
an  eastern  subspecies  can  be  distinguished,  a  question  which  1  hope  soon  to  be  able 
to  study. 


2.  Falco  severus  Horsf. 

Dr.  Fiusch  is  apparently  responsible  for  the  error  that  the  Javau  F.  severus  is 
called  Falco  papuanusia  the  List  of  Javan  Birds,  for  he  has  added  a  footnote,  saying 
that  the  birds  from  Java,  the  Snnda  Islands,  and  New  Guinea  have  been  separated 
as  F.  pnpuanus.  This  is  an  evident  error,  as  tlie  ty])e  of  /'.  xfKcnis  is  from  Java 
(Horsf.  Trans  Linn.  Soc.  XIII.  p.  135),  so  that  the  Javan  bird  can  only  be  called 
F.  severus,  or  F.  severus  severus.  Meyer  it  Wiglesworth  (Birds  Celebes  I.  pj).  83,  84), 
distinctly  say  repeatedly  that  the  birds  from  the  Snnda  Islands,  the  typical  severus, 
are  intermediate  between  the  Papuan  and  Indian  extremes,  which  they  name  Falco 
severus  pnpuanus  and  /'.  severus  indicus. 

I  have  no  Javan  birds  before  me,  but,  except  in  having  a  darker  rump  and  tail, 
onr  New  Guinea  birds  do  not  differ  from  those  from  India.  If  the  three  forms, 
F.  severus  indicus  from  India,  F.  secerns  severus  from  the  Snnda  Islands,  and 
F.  severus  papuonus  from  New  Guinea  can  be  separated,  they  can  only  be  regarded 
as  subspecies  (see  Mey.  &  Wigl.  I.e.),  and  it  is  not  desirable  to  confer  on  them 
binomial  names,  thus  regarding  them  as  "good  species." 

The  distribution  in  the  "  Hand-List  "  (I.  p.  274)  is  not  right,  as  severus  is  said  to 
spread  over  India  to  New  Guinea,  while  papuanus  and  indicus  are  given  as  separate 
species  from  "  S.E.  New  Guinea  "  and  •'  Calcutta."  If  these  forms  are  recognised, 
then  F.  severus  must  in  every  case  be  restricted  to  the  Simda  Islands  ! 


3.  Tiga  javanensis  (Ljung.). 

Although  first  described  from  Java  and  bearing  the  name  of  that  island,  this 
Woodpecker  does  not  seem  to  be  very  common  there,  as  among  all  the  skins 
received  from  Herr  Prillwitz  there  has  not  yet  been  one  specimen. 

I  cannot  understand  why  the  birds  from  Burmah,  Pegu  and  India  are  not  kejit 
separate  !  Their  wings  are  1  to  2  cm.  longer,  their  bills  larger,  and  they  have  two 
names  to  choose  from  ! 

On  the  other  hand,  I  cannot  recognise  Dubois'  T.  borneonensis,  as  individuals 
like  the  type  are  not  rare,  and  occur,  with  intermediate  colourations,  in  various 
parts  of  Borneo  and  Java. 

More  interest  is  attached  to  the  Bali  birds.  The  four  before  me  are  all  widely 
cross-barred  below,  each  feather  having  tu-o  black  cross-bands,  evidently  more 
develojied  than  in  7'.  borneone/i.^is.  The  two  females  have  besides  a  red  jiatch  on 
the  nape  !  This  is  not  found  in  any  females  from  Borneo  and  other  places.  1 
have  seen  about  two  dozen.  Moreover,  the  bill  is  wider  in  the  four  Bali  birds. 
It  is  most  (mzzling  that  some  birds  from  Borneo  (Labuan)  are  nearly  as  well  barred 
as  my  Bali  birds,  and  that  some  Javan  ones  show  a  certain  amount  of  cross-barring. 
The  Bali  bird  can  therefore  only  be  called  a  subspecies.     I  propose  for  it  the  name  : 


( '-^l ) 

Tiga  javanensis  exsul  snbsp.  uov. 
We  might  then  distinguish  : 

Java,  Borneo,  Sumatra,  Malay  Peninsula  :     Tiga  javanensis  javanensis, 
Tenasserim  to  Bengal  and  South  India  :    Tiga  javanensis  intermedia. 
Bali  (and  possibly  East  Java  ?)  :    Tiga  javanensis  exsul. 

4.  Sasia  abnormis  (Temm.). 

Dr.  Finsch  adds  a  note  saying  that  there  is  no  proof  for  the  occurrence  of 
this  bird  on  Java.  Temminck,  however,  says  distinctly  that  he  has  received  the 
type  from  Java,  where  it  was  collected  by  Messrs.  Kuhl  and  Hasselt. 

Mr.  Prillwitz  sent  us  a  female  shot  on  Mount  Gedeh,  on  February  4th,  1899. 
He  marked  the  iris  as  "  brownish,  the  feet  yellow,  bill  black,  mandible  yellowish." 
We  must  therefore  accept  Java  as  the  true  original  locality  of  Temminck's 
"  Picumnus  abnormis." 

Comiiaring  our  Java  example  with  a  series  of  five  Bornean  specimens,  I  find 
that  the  bill  of  the  Java  bird  is  shorter  and  narrower  towards  the  tip  than  in  the 
majority  of  those  from  Borneo,  and  that  the  wing  is  barely  as  long  as  in  the 
smallest  Bornean  e.xample.  It  is  probable  that  a  series  of  Javan  individuals  will 
show  enough  differences  to  separate  the  Bornean  and  Javan  forms.  In  this  ease 
the  name  Sasia  everetti,  based  on  a  young  bird  from  Lumbidan,  Borneo,  might  be 
used  for  the  Bornean  form  (cf.   Orn.  Monatsher.,  1898,  jj.  91). 

An  adult  and  young  individual  from  Nias  (Raap  coll.)  have  their  bills  so 
high,  thick  and  long,  that  this  form  requires  a  name.  I  have  no  series  from 
Sumatra  for  comjiarison.     The  Nias  bird  may  be  named 

Sasia  abnormis  magnirostris  suljsp.  nov. 

We  have  thus  the  following  distribution  in  the  Malay  archipelago  : 

Java :  S.  abnormis  abiinrmis.  (No  white  stripe  backwards  from  the  eye. 
Upperside  from  middle  of  crown  olive,  slightly  more  golden  on  rump.  Bill  at  base 
4  mm.  high.) 

Borneo  :  5.  abnormis  everetti.  (Like  the  former,  liut  the  liill  apparently  larger, 
at  base  5  mm.  high.     Doubtfully  separable  !) 

Nias  :  S.  abnormis  mngnirostris.  (Bill  considerably  larger,  at  base  about 
6  mm.  high.) 

Sumatran  and  Malaccan  birds  to  be  compared  1 

5.  Arachnothera  longirostris  prillwitzi  subsp.  nov. 

There  are  now  in  Mr.  Rothschild's  collection  36  specimens  of  A.  longirostris, 
i.e.,  6  from  Java,  12  from  the  Natuna  Islands,  2  from  the  Lingga  Islands,  9  from 
Borneo,  1  from  Si  Oban,  1  from  Malacca,  and  5  from  Burmah  and  India. 

This  fine  series  shows  at  a  glance  that  the  Javan  birds  are  much  more  golden 
yellow  on  the  breast  and  abdomen,  and  have  longer  and  stronger  beaks.  The  latter 
measure,  in  a  straight  line  from  end  of  feathering  on  forehead  to  tip,  38  to  43  mm., 
against  32  to  38  mm.  in  e.xamples  from  Borneo,  the  Bunguran  group,  and  Malacca. 
It  is  possible  that  a  larger  series  may  prove  that  the  birds  from  Assam,  Tenasserim, 


(  52  ) 

and  South  India  are  smaller  than  those  from  Borneo.  At  present,  however,  I  can 
only  separate  the  Javan  form  with  satisfaction.  I  name  it  in  honour  of  Herr  Ernst 
Prillwitz.     Type  from  Mount  GeJeh,  Java,  E.  Prillwitz  coll. 

With  regard  to  typical  Arachnothera  a/finis,  it  may  be  mentioned  that  it  occurs 
in  Java  only,  while  in  the  Malay  Peninsula  it  is  replaced  by  ^1.  ajfinis  modesta,  and 
in  Borneo  by  A.  aflinis  eceretti. 

6.  Arachnothera  robusta  uropygialis  Gray. 

There  is  also  a  constant  local  differentiation  in  .1.  robusta.  Examples  from 
Borneo  and  Sumatra  are  much  brighter  below,  the  abdomen  being  of  a  brighter 
yellow,  the  foreneck  and  chest  more  green,  while  the  latter  have  a  greyish  tinge  in 
those  from  Java.  The  bill  is  much  longer  in  birds  from  Borneo  and  Sumatra,  being 
about  55  mm.  in  birds  from  Borneo,  about  43  mm.  in  Javan  birds. 

Gray's  name  uroju/qialis  is  available  for  the  Java  form,  as  his  plate  distinctly 
shows  the  greyish  tinge  on  the  foreneck  ;  and,  besides,  Mr.  Walter  Rotlischild  and 
I  have  examined  the  type  of  uropi/pialis  in  the  British  Museum,  and  there  is  no 
doubt  that  it  is  the  Java  form. 

The  Java  bird  must  thus  be  called  Arachnothera  robusta  uropygialis. 

7.  Dicaeum  sollicitans  sp.  nov. 

In  the  first  little  sample-collection  made  for  us  by  Mr.  Prillwitz  on  Mount 
Gedeh  between  October  1897  and  January  1898,  at  elevations  of  from  3000  to 
5000  feet,  there  was  a  small  Dicaeum,  which  caused  me  not  a  small  amount  of 
trouble.  It  is  not  se.xed.  It  is  therefore  not  imjiossible,  as  Mr.  Rothschild  pointed 
out  to  me,  especially  after  having  examined  Dicaeum  pijqmaeum  from  the  Philipjiines, 
that  our  specimen  is  \h^  female  of  some  species  with  a  bright-coloured  male.  It  is, 
however,  certainly  not  the  female  of  any  of  the  known  Javanese  Dicaei,  and  I  am 
inclined  to  think  that  it  belongs  to  the  plain-coloured  group  comprising  iJicaeam 
concolor,  olicaceum,virescens,  and  en/t//ror/iyHc/ium,iii  which  the  sexes  are  similar  in 
colouriition.  It  does,  however,  uot  fully  agree  with  either  of  them,  as  one  might 
expect  from  its  new  locality.  From  IK  erythrorhijnchum  it  differs  at  a  glance  in  its 
black  liill.  D.  concolor  is  considerably  larger.  D.  oliraceum  and  D.  rirescens  are 
nearest.  Of  these  the  latter  (^1).  viresce/is)  is  more  greenish  above,  more  yellowish 
on  the  abdomen,  and  darker  on  the  lores.  Thus  D.  oliraceum,  which  ranges  from 
Nepal,  Sikkim  and  Bhutan  through  the  Assamese  hill  regions  to  Tenasserim, 
Malacca  and  Sumatra,  remains  as  the  nearest  ally.  From  this  form,  D.  olivaceum 
(I),  inornatum  of  the  Catalogue  of  Birds  X.  p.  45),  the  Java  bird  differs  in  having  a 
large,  more  defined  and  distinct  bull'  patch  on  the  lores,  filling  the  space  from  the 
bill  to  the  eye,  in  having  the  bill  slightly  wider  at  base  and  perhaps  in  a  somewhat 
shorter  wing,  the  specimens  of  D.  olicaceum  which  I  measured  having  the  wing 
45  to  47  mm.,  the  Java  bird  only  445  mm. 

It  is  most  desirable  to  obtain  a  series  of  this  bird  from  Java  to  establisji  its 
validity,  but  I  believe  it  w'\\\  eventually  be  a  subspecies  of  D.  oliraceum. 

8.  Pitta  cucuUata  Hartl. 

Tliis  Pitta  is  known  to  extend  from  India  to  the  Malay  Peninsula  and  Hangka. 
Mr.  Prillwitz  sent  us  a  skin  labelled  as  follows:  "  Djampang,  Java  1501)  Fuss. 
Marz  1898.  Geschlecht  nicht  siclier.  Fiisse  gran.  Schnabel  schwarz.  Name  der 
eingeboreuen  Kukup." 


(  .•'53  ) 

It  remains  to  be  seen  whether  this  bird  is  a  resident  ou  Java,  or  only  an 
occasional  straggler. 

9.  Timelia  pileata  Horsf. 

The  typical  Timelia  pileata  is  restricted  to  Java  !  Javanese  Itirds  have  the 
abdomen  pale  bnff,  the  sides  of  breast  aud  flanks  butfy  olive,  the  crown  rather  lighter 
rufous,  the  whole  back,  rump  and  upper  tail-coverts  much  paler  aad  more  buffy,  the 
tail  much  paler  and  less  distinctly  barred.  Wiug  6T  to  73  mm.,  the  males  being 
larger  than  the  females  (seven  specimens  measured,  which  were  collected  by 
Prillwitz  and  Whitehead). 

Specimens  from  Tenasserim  are  intermediate  between  those  from  Java  and 
Northern  India.  They  have  the  abdomen  much  more  rufous,  the  U()perside  browner, 
the  crown  slightly  darker,  aud  the  sides  of  breast  and  flanks  darker  and  more  olive 
than  the  Java  birds.     Wing  about  67  mm.  (two  specimens  measured). 

The  form  from  the  Himalayas  and  Assam  is  considerably  smaller,  much  darker 
above,  the  tail  much  darker  and  more  distinctly  barred.  The  abdomen  is  of  a  dirty 
buff',  the  sides  of  breast  and  flanks  are  deep  brownish  olive.  This  colour  extends 
much  further  towards  the  middle  of  the  breast  and  abdomen,  so  that  the  pale  area 
is  much  more  restricted.     Wings  59  to  61  mm.  (four  specimens  measured). 

These  three  races  are  very  conspicuous,  and  are  distributed  as  follows  :— 
Java   ......      Timelia  pileata  pileata  Horsf. 

Tenasserim  and  Burmah      .         .     T.  pileata  jerdoni  Walden. 
Himalayas,  Assam  and  (Jachar    .      T.  pileata  bengalensis  Godw.  Austen. 

I  have  not  examined  specimens  from  Malacca  or  Cochin  China.  They  may 
constitute  further  races ! 

10.  Siphia  banyumas  (Horsf). 

A  study  of  S.  banyumas  and  its  allies  has  shown  that  S.  banyumas  banyumas 
is  entirely  confined  to  Java.  The  males  of  the  supposed  .S'.  banyumas  from  the 
Malay  Peninsula  and  Sumatra  are  of  a  much  deeper  blue  above,  the  whitish  blue 
forehead  of  Javanese  banyumas  is  replaced  by  a  dark  blue,  only  a  shade  lighter  than 
the  crown  and  back,  and  at  the  base  is  a  narrow  black  line.  Tlie  wing-coverts  are 
also  much  darker  than  in  the  true  banyumas,  aud  the  bill  is  smaller.  The  form  of 
Sumatra  (type),  the  Malay  Peuinsula  and  Lingga  is  to  be  named  Siphia  rufigastra 
(Rafll.). 

The  blue  Siphiae  of  this  group  in  the  Malayan  regions  must  be  regarded  as 
subspecies.    We  have  thus  :-- 


Malay  Peninsula,  Borneo,  Lingga 

Java  . 

Celebes 

Philippines 

Djampea    . 

Kalao 


<S'.  bani/umas  rufigastra. 
S.  banyumas  banyumas. 
S.  banyumas  omissa. 
S.  banyumas  pkilippinensis. 
S.  banyumas  djampeana. 
S.  banyumas  kalaoensis. 


(54  ) 


FUETHER   ADDITIONS   TO   THE   LIST   OF   BIRDS   OF 
SOUTHERN   ARABIA. 

By  W.  E.  OGILVIE-GRANT. 

[See  Nov.  ZooL.  190U,  pp.  243-73,  and  p.  591.] 

4a.  Amydrus  tristrami  Sclat. 

Hngiopsar  tristrami  Sharpe,  Cut.  B.  Jirit.  Mas.  XIII,  p.  108  (Ifs'.tO). 

A  7nale  and  J'emale  were  obtained  by  Mr.  G.  W.  Bury  at  Yeshbun,  Hadramut 
(150  miles  N.W.  of  Aden),  South  Arabia,  on  December  26th,  1899,  and  January  6th, 
1900,  respectively. 

This  is  an  interesting  extension  of  the  range  of  this  starling,  hitherto  only 
known  to  occur  in  South  Palestine  and  Sinai. 

10a.  Rhynchostruthus  percivali. 

Rkynchostruthus  percirali  Grant,  Bull.  B.O.C.  XI.  No.  l.x.w.  p.  30  (1900). 

Adult  male.  Most  nearly  allied  to  R.  socotranus  Sclat.  k  Hartl.,  but  only  the 
mask  of  the  face  is  black.  The  crown  of  the  head  and  nape  are  earth-brown,  only 
the  forehead  in  front  of  the  eyes  being  black.  The  chin  and  middle  of  the  throat 
are  black  ;  the  sides  of  the  throat,  foreneck,  sides  of  the  neck  beliiud  the  white 
cheek-spot,  and  the  chest  are  light  sandy  brown.  The  rest  of  the  plumage  is  very 
similar  to  that  of  the  malf  of  7?.  socotranus.  Total  length  6  in.,  wing  3-0,  tail  2-2, 
tarsus  0'T5. 

The  type  of  this  most  interesting  new  species  was  obtained  by  Mr.  G.  W.  Hurv 
at  Yeshbun,  Hadramut  (150  miles  N.W.  of  Aden),  South  Arabia,  January  17th, 
1900,  and  forwarded  to  Mr.  A.  B.  Percival,  by  whom  it  was  presented  to  the  British 
Museimi. 


(  55  ) 


NOTES   ON    PAPUAN    BIRDS. 

By   the    HON.    WALTER   ROTHSCHILD,    Ph.D.,   and   ERNST   HARTERT. 

(Plates  II„  in.) 

INTRODUCTION. 

WE  have,  at  the  Tring  Mnsenm,  within  the  last  years,  received  a  number  of 
more  or  less  important  collections  from  different  places  in  New  Guinea  and 
from  the  adjacent  islands,  and  we  intend  to  work  them  ont  in  families,  beginning 
with  the  Pittirlai'  and  Parrots.     In  some  cases  we  shall  review  the  whole  geinis, 
when  of  special  interest,  and  when  enough  material  is  to  hand.     Where  we  seem  to 
know  enough  of  a  genus  we  shall  try  to  work  out  the  actual  affinities  and  relations 
of  the  various  forms  to  each  other.    In  doing  so  we  shall  often  be  obliged  to  reduce  to 
subspeciKc  rank  many  forms  hitherto  named  binomially  as  "  good  species."     When 
certain  allied  forms  replace  each  other  geogra])hically,  and  when  the  characters  of 
any  of  them  are  indicated  in  any  of  the  others,  they  must,  in  our  opinion,  be  treated 
as  subspecies,  even  if  all  connecting  links  are  not  seen  in  our  scanty  material. 
The   largest   material   is   generally   very   scanty   in    comparison  to  the  wide  area 
inhabited  by  the   birds  and  to  the  number  of  individuals  in   existence,    and    we 
cannot,  therefore,  expect  too  much  of  what  represents  a  species  or  subspecies  in 
our  drawers.     Also  when  the  diiferences  are  no  other  than  a  larger  bill,  or  slightly 
larger  size,  snch  forms  must  be   called   by  three   names,   even   if  the   differences 
are  not   bridged   over.      We   often  find  in  ornithological  works  notes  saying  that 
specimens  from,  say  the  Aru  Islands,  ar^  smaller  (wing  3  or  4  mm.  shorter)  than 
those  from,  say  New  Guinea,  but  that  they  do  not  constitute  a  separate  species. 
On  the  other  hand,  nobody  hesitated  to  separate  specifically  a  bird  which  is  twice 
the  size  of  another.     But  this  is  theorising  most  arliitrarily.      Our  principal  object 
is,   or  at  least  should  be,  to  recognise  the   differences    seen  iu   individuals  from 
varions  localities,  uot  to  attach  names  to  the  specimens  before  us  I     If,  however, 
we  find  that  the  specimens  from  a  certain  country  differ  from  those  of  another 
country,  we  must  give  them  a  name,  in  order  to  be  able  to  speak  about  them  and 
to  call  attention  to  their  existence.      It  does  not  in  the  least  matter  whether  we 
are  able  to  classify  one  or  two  single  individnals,  as  long  as  we  discover  the  fact 
that  there  are  two  fairly  constant  forms  of  a  certain  species.     It  is  of  much  greater 
advantage   to   show  the  affinity  of  the   birds  of  a  genus   by  uniting   into   species 
the  closely  allied   representative  forms — for  example,  to  have  only  9  species  with 
19  subspecies  of  the  genus  Cyclopsitta,  than  to  have  19  species.     The  mere  list  of 
names  shows  that  there  are  19  groups  of  allied  forms,  while  those  in  one  gronp 
are  more  or  less  alike;   but  the  list  of  19  binomially  named  "  species  "  gives  no 
idea  of  their  affinities  at  all.     We  believe,  therefore,  that  our  nomenclature  will 
advance  our  knowledge,  tliough  it  will  not  be  accepted  or  applauded  by  many  of 
our  ornithological  friends. 

The  maps  of  distribution    will    not   only   show  our   present   knowledge,  but, 
what  is  more  important,  what  a  vast  area  of  New  Guinea  is  still  unexplored. 


(  56  ; 

The  most  important  collections  we  have  received  are  the  followiDg  ones  : — 

Mysol.  Besides  some  few  specimens  collected  on  Mjsol  (or  Misol)  by  Messrs. 
Gnillemard  and  Powell,  and  some  from  Bruijn's  hunters,  we  have  a  fairl}*  good 
collection  made  on  Mysol  by  Mr.  Heinrich  Kiihn.  Althongh  at  almost  equal 
distance  from  Ceram  and  New  Guinea,  Mysol  belongs  faunistically  entirely  to 
New  Guinea,  and  this  is  easily  explained  by  the  number  of  smaller  islets  stretching 
in  a  northern  and  north-eastern  direction  from  Mysol  towards  Salwatty  and  New 
Guinea,  and  the  shallow  sea  surrounding  Mysol  and  New  Guinea,  while  deep  sea 
of  more  than  two  hundred  fathoms  separates  Mysol  from  the  Molnccan  Islands. 
Most  of  the  birds  are  quite  similar  to  those  of  New  Guinea,  others  subspecifically 
allied  to  tlie  latter.     Molnccan  intluence  is  scarcely  ])erceptible. 

Mysol  with  Salwatty,  Waigiu,  Batanta  and  some  other  small  islands  in  their 
vicinity,  are  appropriately  termed  "  Western  Papuan  Islands,"  New  Guinea  itself 
being  Papna,  the  D'Entrecasteaux  Group,  Trobriand,  Woodlark,  Louisiades — and 
the  Bismarck  Archipelago  being  the  "Eastern  Papuan  Islands." 

Etna  Bay  and  Triton  Bay.  These  two  gnHs  in  the  south  of  North-western 
New  Guinea  are  of  special  interest,  as  being  among  the  former  hunting  grounds 
of  Salomon  Miiller,  one  of  the  best  collectors  and  travellers  who  ever  explored  the 
Eastern  Archipelago.  Cajitain  ('ayley  Webster  made  some  small  collections  at 
both  places.  He  visited  Etna  B.ay  with  the  object  of  making  a  trip  to  the  Charles 
Lonis  mountains,  but  in  this  he  failed  altogether,  as  might  have  been  expected. 
His  men  were  attacked  and  several  killed,  as  described  in  his  book,  which  appeared 
under  the  somewhat  fantastic  and  unfortunate  title,  "  Through  New  Guinea  and  the 
Cannibal  Countries."  In  the  appendix  to  this  book,  pp.  300-0,  Mr.  Hartert  has 
given  a  list  of  species  received  from  Triton  and  Etna  Bay.  This  collection,  however, 
is  very  small,  and  can  only  be  looked  upon  as  samples  of  the  oruis  of  these  districts. 

At  Eapaur,  about  2-1  southern  latitiide,  south  of  McCluer's  Inlet,  William 
Doherty  made  large  collections  in  1896,  mostly  in  the  surrounding  hills.  Collecting 
here  is  described  as  very  difficult  in  Doherty's  letters.  The  hills  are  thickly  wooded, 
and  awful  to  walk  on.  The  natives  are  very  hostile.  Almost  every  man  has  a  gun, 
principally  used  in  slave-hunting,  but  also  in  shooting  every  edible  bird,  except 
the  "  sacred  "  ones,  which  are  very  numerous.  The  following  extracts  of  some  of 
Doherty's  letters  from  and  about  Kapaur  may  be  of  interest. 

"  The  hills  above  Kapaur  do  not  look  from  the  sea  so  high  as  they  are,  on  account 
of  the  enormous  height  of  the  trees  on  the  shore.  Our  collections  are  made  from  the 
sea-level  up  to  2000  feet,  and  partly  to  at  least  3000  feet ;  but  different  elevations 
being  often  gone  over  on  the  same  day,  and  my  men  often  having  gone  out  alone, 
the  specimens  are  not  labelled  with  the  exact  elevations  they  are  caught  at.  We 
extended  our  excursions  some  10  or  18  miles  to  the  north-east,  on  the  hills  beyond 
the  sources  of  the  Sekertemping  River.  Of  the  Parrots  we  got  only  common 
species,  besides  f.oniis  cri/throtkorax  and  Nagiterna  hruijni,  which  were  numerous. 
The  latter  were  ()l>tained  above  2000  feet.  The  jiarrots  are  extremely  shy  here, 
flying  like  sky-rockets  and  alighting  only  on  the  toj)s  of  the  tallest  trees.  Pigeons 
are  amazingly  rare;  even  Macropygia  and  Chalcophaps  are  scarce  here.  Kingfishers 
were  rarely  seen.  I  have  been  told  of  the  existence  here  of  a  Seleucides  with  black 
side-plumes  instead  of  yellow  ones.  We  did  not  come  across  it,  and  if  we  had 
done  so  we  could  hardly  have  shot  it,  as  it  is  "  fomali,"  which  means  taboo  !  In 
small  birds  we  did  better.  In  the  hills  we  got  Lamprococcyx  meyeri,  Myzomela 
cruentata,  and  many  others.     The  natives  were  very  suspicious  and  unkind  at  first, 


(  57  ) 

but  now  they  are  quite  well-disposed,  though  they  worry  ns  a  great  deal  with 
their  taboos !  The  male  of  Paradisea  minor,  Microglossus  aterrimus  and  Corvux 
orru  are  '  fomali '  or  '  pohen,'  as  the  natives  say  at  Kapaur.  The  most  sacred 
bird,  however,  is  the  '  lusi,'  which  was  described  to  me  as  being  white,  very  large, 
and  feeding  on  fish.  I  thought  they  meant  a  sea-bird  ;  but  by  great  ill  luck 
Earn  Persad,  having  done  very  badly  one  day,  shot  a  huge  Haliaetus  leueoqaster, 
though  he  knew  I  did  not  want  it,  and  it  turned  out  that  it  was  the  'lusi ' !  At 
first  they  wanted  to  kill  him,  but  eventually  we  came  to  terms.  I  lost  two  days, 
for  myself  and  my  men,  going  over  to  Skru  (Sekrou)  in  order  to  get  the  particular 
things  I  had  to  pay  for  blood-money  :  a  gun,  certain  cloths  and  knives,  altogether 
to  the  amount  of  over  £3,*  and  for  some  time  after  the  natives  were  very 
disagreeable." 

"  We  can  only  make  short  excursions.  Coolies  for  luggage  are  not  to  be  had, 
and  we  would  undoubtedly  be  killed  if  we  took  any  goods  with  us.  The  natives  are 
wholly  without  fear  of  Europeans  ;  in  fact,  the  only  reason  that  the  coast-people 
do  not  loot  Skru  is  because  they  are  afraid  of  the  much  stronger  mountain  tribes, 
who  wouM  kill  them  all  in  revenge  for  losing  the  market  for  their  nutmegs.  Here 
at  Ka])aur  1  see  liundreds  of  the  mountaineers — the  biggest  and  strongest  race  of 
men  I  have  ever  seen,  I  think.  They  are  neither  cannibals  nor  head-hunters,  but 
fight  nearly  always  for  the  fun  of  it  !  Last  winter  they  made  an  expedition  to  the 
large  island  of  Adi,  a  hundred  miles  soutli,  and  killed  off  the  whole  population,  not 
a  soul  being  now  left  there.  We  are  very  badly  off  for  food.  The  mainstays  of  life  in 
these  countries  are  rice,  cocoa-nuts,  and  fowls — all  unobtainable  at  Kapaur.  I  brought 
with  me  rice  and  rotten  potatoes.  A  hundred  pounds  of  beans  from  Europe  turned 
out  too  old.  Four  days'  cooking  did  not  soften  them.  As  for  tins,  there  did  not 
seem  to  be  a  single  eatable  thing  at  Amboina.  How  I  did  want  some  oatmeal,  now 
that  1  }Mce  got  sugarless  tinned  milk  ;  how  I  longed  for  the  dear  tinned  tomatoes 
and  green  corn  of  America  !  I  have  tinned  corn  beef  and  similar  dreadful  things, 
but  no  soups.  I  live  principally  on  tea  and  biscuits  with  the  hoj)e  of  getting  a 
pigeon  now  and  then.  My  cook  is  certainly  the  worst  in  the  world  !  Quite  a 
change  from  the  Dutch  steamers,  where  the  food  is  extraordinarily  good — the 
best,  I  think,  of  ship  food  in  the  world  ;  but,  as  you  know,  Dutch  East  Indian 
cookery  is  immensely  complicated  and  expensive,  and  utterly  unsuited  for  the  jungle." 

Collections  from  Kajtaur  have  apparently  never  before  reached  Europe,  but 
close  by,  at  .Skru  (iSekru)  Mr.  Karl  Schiidler  made  a  collection  about  the  same  time 
as  Doherty's  was  made  at  Kapaur,  and  Dr.  Fiusch  has  given  a  list  of  the  seventy-six 
species  collected  by  him.  ("Notes,  Leyden  Museum,  vol.  xxii.  pp.  49-69,  July,  1900.) 
The  author  refers  all  tlie  birds  to  known  species. 

Andai  and  Dorey.  Besides  numerous  specimens  from  Bruiju's  hunters  and 
trom  the  cruise  of  the  Maixkesa,  we  have  some  skins  collected  by  Doherty  at  Dorey. 
Doherty  could  not  enter  the  interior  and  high  mountains  of  Arfak.  Small-pox, 
cholera,  and  beri-beri  were  dejiopnlatiug  the  country,  and  it  was  impossible  to  get 
one  coolie  or  other  man  to  accompany  one.  Ordinarily  it  is  not  considered  by 
Doherty  particularly  ditficnlt  to  go  to  the  Arfak,  except  that  it  is  a  most 
inconvenient  place  on  account  of  constant  rain,  fearful  steepness  of  the  slopes,  and 
"  scarcity  of  butterflies." 

Kon  Island.  From  this  little  island  in  the  southern  part  of  Geelvink  Bay  we 
have  a  small  collection  from   Doherty.     He  fouud  bird-life  unusually  poor  on   Ron. 

*  Mark  the  value  of  ttie  "guD." 


(  S8   ) 

Except  a  few  old  women,  the  people  of  Ron  were,  at  the  time  of  Doherty's  visit, 
all  dead  of  cholera  or  run  away. 

"  Ron  is  the  largest  island  in  the  sonth  of  Geelviuk  Bay,  thongh  its  area  is  not 
over  sixty  or  seventy  sqnare  miles.  It  is  practically  a  part  of  Wandammen,  the  long 
narrow  strait  being  less  than  a  mile  wide,  though  fairly  deep.  Ron  is  exceedingly 
steep  and  rugged,  the  coast  generally  rising  almost  precipitonsly,  but  the  hills  seem 
nowhere  to  reach  2000  feet.  The  island  seems  composed  of  ancient  stratified  rocks. 
There  are  many  streams  and  waterfalls.  The  forest  is  not  so  fine  as  in  many  other 
places,  the  soil  being  rather  thin.  The  population  is  generally  considerable.  It  is 
mixed  of  the  Wandammen-Wandesi  tribe  and  Maforese  immigrants,  and  slaves 
from  the  east  coast  of  the  bay."     (Written  1890.) 

Schoaten  Islands.*  This  is  the  name  for  the  two  islands  Eorrido  and  Biak, 
which  on  older  raa{)s  are  generally  shown  as  one  continuous  island  under  the  name 
of  Misory  or  Misori.  Biak  and  Korrido  together  have  an  area  of  over  120(1  square 
miles.  The  two  islands  are  separated  by  a  shallow  winding  strait.  Biak  itself  is 
sometimes  called  Bosnek.  Korrido  is  exceedingly  mountainons,  the  hills  reaching 
4000  feet. 

Doherty  sent  collections  from  both  islands. 

Mafor  or  Mefor.  This  island  in  the  Geelvink  Bay  is  also  variously  called 
Mambarri,  Remand,  Niimfnr,  Nufor,  Mef6r  and  M'f6r.  Doherty  writes: — "The 
area,  according  to  the  chart,  is  rather  over  100  sqnare  miles,  but  it  is  said  to 
be  much  larger.  It  is  entirely  coralline,  so  far  as  I  am  aware,  the  height  never 
exceeding  300  feet.  The  coasts  are  precipitous  and  generally  greatly  overhanging, 
which  gives  them  a  very  curious  aspect.  The  coral  is  the  sharpest  and  most 
difficnlt  to  walk  on  I  have  ever  seen,  far  worse  than  that  of  Sumba  (cf.  Nov. 
ZooL.  III.  p.  .577).  The  population  is  considerable,  the  coasts  being  generally 
held  by  the  fierce  Biakers,  who  cultivate  next  to  nothing,  but  live  by  the  sea  ; 
the  tnie  Maforese,  the  original  colonisers  of  Dorey  Bay,  who  have  been  obliged 
to  retire  into  the  interior,  to  live  on  vegetables.  Their  long  houses  in  the  sea,  like 
boats  upside  down,  as  Wallace  says,  were  all  burnt,  but  they  have  built  very  similar 
ones  at  the  toj)  of  the  clitfs  in  three  places  on  the  south-west  coast,  at  one  of  which, 
Su^r,  1  made  my  headquarters.  The  Maforese  are  among  the  most  lirutal  and 
reiralsive  savages  that  I  have  ever  seen,  but  they  have  not  the  reputation  for 
treachery  and  pure  love  of  murder  which  the  Biakers  and  Ansusis  possess  in  so 
high  a  degree.  Dutch  intlnenee  there  is  none.  Thanks  to  the  guns  given  to  the 
natives  to  shoot  birds  with,  you  hear  of  nothing  bnt  massacre  after  massacre,  and 
island  after  island  left  uninhabited."     (Written  1896.) 

Doherty  sent  a  good  number  of  skins  from  Mafor. 

Jobi  or  Jappen  Island.  We  have,  besides,  some  skins  from  Dr.  Gnillemard 
of  the  M<irchi'xa,  some  bought  from  milliners,  evidently  re])rcsenting  Jobi  forms, 
and  some  from  Bruijn's  hunters,  a  good  collection  from  Jobi  made  by  William 
Doherty. 

Jobi  is  a  large  island  of  about  luOO  square  miles.  Quite  a  surprising  numljer 
of  separate  forms  have  rightly  been  described  from  Jobi  (Salvadori,  A.  B.  Meyer, 
etc.),  though  some  of  them  have  recently  been  discovered  also  along  the  north  coast 
of  New  Guinea  to  western  Kaiser  Wilhelm's  Land.     The  following  extracts  from 

*  There  is  also  a  group  of  small  islets  along  the  coast  of  Kaiser  Wilhelm's  Land,  opposite  the  Kaiserin 
Augusta  River,  which  on  some  maps  are  called  Hchouten  Islands,  and  must  not  be  confounded  with 
those  in  the  Geelvink  Bay. 


(  59  ) 

one  of  Doherty's  letters  ex])lam  these  pecnliarities  to  some  extent.  "  In  regard 
to  the  Geelvink  Bay,  I  may  remark  that  in  the  east  the  name  is  applied  only  to 
the  area  south  of  Jobi  and  Miosnom.  Mafor  and  Biak  are  spoken  of  as  being  in  the 
Pacifie.  The  Geelvink  Bay  is  of  immense  depth,  being  probably  but  little  under 
lUdil  fathoms'  depth  as  far  south  as  Wandammen  and  Yaur.  It  is  true  that 
soundings  have  not  been  taken,  but  the  thing  is  obvious  from  the  difficulty  of 
finding  anchorage,  the  bottom  generally  descending  almost  sheer  from  the  shore, 
just  as  in  the  Banda  Sea,  the  deepest  enclosed  water  in  the  world.  The  sounding 
4800  fathoms  is  not  given  in  the  latest  charts,  but  4200  is  exceeding  any  part  of 
the  Atlantic,  except  a  small  tract  near  the  Bahamas.  This  is  important,  as  Wallace 
made  the  error  of  putting  everything  south  of  Mafor  and  Biak  within  the  100- 
fathom  line.  The  small  Meosauri  Islands  between  Ron  and  Jobi  (I  do  not  mean 
Meoswar  north-east  of  Ron  !)  also  rise  from  deep  sea,  and  on  the  north  and  south 
coasts  of  Jobi  the  sea  is  also  deep.  To  the  east  of  Jobi,  the  great  river  Mambirarau, 
Ciilled  "  Ambernoh "  on  tlie  ma])s,  has  in  modern  times  filled  np  the  sea  so  as  to 
place  the  small  island  of  Eurudu  and  the  eastern  end  of  Jobi  in  shallow  water 
and  entirely  to  surround  with  a  marshy  delta  at  least  one  ancient  island  which  I 
saw  east  of  Knrndn.  I  do  not  think  it  has  any  name,  and  this  district  is  wholly 
unexplored.  (.)wing  to  the  great  differences  between  the  Jobi  and  the  Waropen 
fauna,  it  is  obvious  that  there  was  once  deep  sea  over  all  the  delta  of  the 
Mambiramu  or  Amb(5rnoh.  The  whole  of  the  Waropen  coast  is  fairly  shallow 
for  some  distance  from  the  shore,  no  doubt  owing  to  the  outflow  of  the  rivers. 
The  sea  between  Mafor  and  Biak  seems  also  deep,  so  that  the  remarkable 
resemblance  of  their  fauna  is  a  curious  fact.* 

"  The  people  of  Jobi  are  unusually  handsome  and,  for  Papuans,  almost  polite  ; 
but  Ansns  in  j)articular  is  known  for  its  continual  massacres  of  foreigners.  The 
people  have  a  hearty  contempt  for  the  Dutch.  There  is,  as  you  are  aware,  no 
government  whatever  in  Dutch  New  Guinea — not  a  single  Dutch  official,  white  or 
brown.  Sorong,  however,  belongs  to  the  Mohammedan  Rajah  of  Salwatty,  and  the 
Dorey  Bay  has  been  rendered  safe  by  the  missionaries,  though  the  natural  brutality 
of  the  j)eople  has  not  been  altered,  and,  I  believe,  no  converts  have  been  made 
except  among  the  slaves  bought  when  children  by  the  missionaries.  All  the  time 
I  was  on  Jobi  the  natives  were  fighting  gaily  near  Dorey." 

On  Jobi  Mr.  Doherty  had  the  great  misfortune  to  lose  Pambu,  a  Lepcha,  whom 
he  calls  his  right-hand  man,  who  was  with  him  since  1889,  and  of  whom  he  speaks 
in  the  highest  terms.  Poor  Pamba  was  murdered  by  the  savages  of  Jobi,  either 
by  the  Ansus  people  or  the  hill-tribes.  The  day  after  this  murder  two  other  of 
Doherty's  men,  Ram  Persad  and  Haidar  Ali,  were  shot  at,  but  escaped.  Mr. 
Doherty  himself,  however,  was  not  attacked,  though  collecting  alone  and  unarmed 
in  the  jungle.  All  the  Ansus  men  volunteered  to  undergo  the  boiling-water  ordeal 
to  prove  their  innocence.  When  Doherty  went  to  the  hill-villages  with  a  Ternate 
trader  and  his  armed  slaves,  accompanied  by  hundreds  of  armed  Ansnsers,  he  found 
the  places  deserted,  and  the  Aususers  offered  successively  one,  two  and  three  slaves 
to  keep  the  murder  quiet. 

The  climate  of  Jobi  is  very  deadly,  and  it  rained  all  the  time  of  Doherty's  stay 
at  Ansus. 

The  southern  shores  of  Geelvink   Bay  are  interesting  to  ornithiilogists,  but  we 

*  It  will  be  seen  in  the  course  of  our  articles  that,  at  least  among  the  birds,  there  are  not  a  few 
differences  between  the  forms  from  .Mafor  and  Biak  (Sohouten  Islands).     (W.  K.  and  K.  H.) 


(  60  ) 

have  no  good  material  from  there,  tli(iii<rli  Bniijn's  hunters  collected  at  Wandammen 
skins  were  often  received  by  the  Dutch  New  (Juiuea  ('onipiui}'  from  Taur;  A.  B. 
Meyer  collected  at  Snbi,  and  we  received  some  skins  bought  by  Doherty  farther 
north  on  the  Waropen  coast.     Doherty  writes  : 

"Northern  Wandammen  is  very  thinly  poimlated,  and  is  quite  without  paths, 
the  mountains  rising  directly  from  the  sea,  and  attaining,  towards  the  south-east, 
nearly  tlie  height  of  the  Arfaks.  They  are  uninhabited.  In  the  south-west  of 
Wandammen,  and  again  in  the  district  called  Waropen  at  the  head  of  the  Wand- 
ammen Inlet  (not  to  be  confounded  with  the  great  Waropen  east  of  Geelvink  Bay  !), 
there  are  extensive  marshy,  forest-covered  plains  along  the  sea,  very  well  suited  to 
sago  cultivation,  and  consequently  well  inhabited,  but  I  have  no  doubt  very  poor 
places  for  a  naturalist — like  Takar,  in  fact.  The  Wandammen  birds  are  all,  I 
am  told,  the  same  as  the  Arfak  species,  but  east  of  Yaur  another  fauna  is  said 
to  begin." 

From  the  Ambemoh  River  we  have  a  few  skins  collected  by  Dumas,  the  late 
Mr.  Everett's  former  companion.  They  were  sent  to  us  bv  Mr.  van  Renesse  van 
Dnibenbode.  Dnmas  also  sent  a  number  of  skins  from  near  Humboldt  Bay  on  the 
north  coast. 

Mr.  AVilliam  Doherty  again  had  the  opportunity  to  collect  at  Takar.  He  made 
large  collections  there  in  ls9T,  but  a  whole  bo.x  full  of  bird-skins  was  lost  in  the 
surf,  another  got  so  wet  that  the  contents  suffered  considerably.  Doherty  calls  the 
Takar  trip  a  very  trying  one.  They  had  three  weeks'  sea-voyage,  his  men  sea-sick 
all  the  time,  three  weeks'  hard  work  at  Takar,  and  three  weeks'  voyage  again,  the 
men  again  sea-sick  as  usual.     At  Takar  it  rained  nearly  all  the  time. 

Doherty  made  the  trip  to  Takar  in  the  Zee  Meeiiio  (Captain  Meyer),  in  company 
of  the  Resident  of  Ternate,  Mr.  Horst.  The  Zee  Meeuw,  writes  Dohertj^  "  is  a  little 
man-of-war.  She  rolls  worse  than  any  vessel  I  ever  saw.  My  men  had  a  perfect 
horror  of  her.  Otlierwise  the  triji  was  most  pleasant,  the  Resident  giving  me  all 
possible  help,  and  allowing  the  ship  to  he  turned  into  a  naturalist's  laboratory.  We 
visited  the  little  islands  of  Masi  Masi,  Mapia,  Yamna,  and  Anus,  near  Takar,  bat 
found  them  wretched  places  for  birds.  At  Kurudu  illness  prevented  us  from  doing 
much  work.  We  also  surveyed  Tana  Mera.  The  chief  of  Masi  Masi  and  his 
brother  came  with  me  to  Takar,  and  were  of  great  help  :  but  for  their  wonderful 
skill  as  canoe-men  we  should  all  be  still  at  Takar,  prisoners  of  the  surf.  The  whole 
of  this  coast  is  almost  unapproachable  on  account  of  the  Pacific  swell,  and  I  feel 
that  I  got  away  very  cheaply  with  the  sacrifice  of  about  the  third  of  our  catch, 
including  the  only  crown-pigeon.  There  were  plenty,  but  we  had  no  shot  big 
enongh  to  kill  them  on  the  high  trees.  At  Tana  Mera  I  would  have  done  better, 
but  there  was  no  chance  of  my  getting  away  again  if  I  had  stopped.  The  Birds  of 
Paradise  being  mountain  birds,  we  did  very  badly  in  them.  We  only  got  one 
l>iph]illo(h's,  a  stray  bird  from  the  Wensudu  mountains.  Wensudu,  being  hUly, 
would  be  a  better  place  than  Takar.  I  bought  three  birds  from  a  native  from 
Wensudu,  who  had  brought  them  to  Yamna  for  sale." 

From  Kaiser  Wilhelm's  Laud  we  have  a  number  of  birds  from  Konstantin- 
hafen,  collected  by  tiie  lafc  Mr.  Knbary  and  the  late  Dr.  Erik  Nyman.  Others 
from  Stephansort,  Finschhafen,  Simbang,  and  the  Sattelberg,  from  Dr.  Nyman 
and  Captains  Webster  and  Cotton. 

It  is  most  interesting  to  see  how  considerably  the  fauna  of  the  shore  of  the 
Huon  Gulf  (Simbang,  Sattelberg,  Finschhafen)  differs  from  that  of  the  Astrolabe 


(  61   ) 

Baj'  (Konstantinhafen,  Stephansort).  Either  the  Finisterre  Mountains  or  the 
Rawliiison  Range  seem  to  effect  a  bonndary.  From  ITew  Britain  (Neu  Pommern) 
and  New  Ireland  (Neu  Mecklenburg)  we  have  only  odds  and  ends,  dnplicates  from 
the  late  Herr  Th.  Kleinschmidt,  from  an  orchid-hunter,  and  so  on.  From  New 
Hanover  we  received  a  small  collection  from  Captain  Cayley  Webster,  which 
Hartert  has  described  in  the  Appendix  to  Captain  Webster's  book,  "  Through 
New  Guinea."  This  collection  contained  some  interesting  new  forms,  such  as 
a  remarkable  Kingfisher  and  a  NuMtrrna.  From  the  northern  coasts  of  British 
New  Guinea  we  have  an  interesting  collection  from  Mr.  Albert  S.  Meek,  from 
Collingwood  Bay  and  Milne  Bay.  The  fauna  of  these  places  resembles  that  of  the 
shores  of  Hnon  (inlf.  Mr.  Albert  S.  Meek  sent  us  also  large  collections  from 
Trobriand,  Egum,  Goodeuongh,  :uid  Fergusson  (the  two  northern  islands  of  the 
D'Fntrecasteanx  group),  Woodlark  and  the  Louisiade  Islands. 

From  the  mountains  of  British  New  Guinea  we  have  received  a  considerable 
number  of  important  contributions.  Tlie  more  important  ones  are  the  collections 
made  by  a  half-caste  gentleman,  named  Anthony,  in  the  SEailu  district,  inland  of 
Orangery  Bay;  in  the  Bafa  district,  between  Mounts  Ale.xander  and  Bellamy,  at 
elevations  of  from  5UUU  to  (JOUU  ft.  ;  the  Oriori  and  Moroka  districts,  on  Mount 
Scratchley  and  in  other  places  of  the  Owen  Stanley  Range.  Others  have  been 
received  from  the  London  merchant  firm  of  Mcllwraith  &  McEcharn,  which  were 
collected  by  various  Europeans  and  natives;  others  were  gathered  by  Emil  Weiske 
and  his  brother  on  the  Upper  Brown  River  and  Area  River  ;  others  by  Mr.  Lix, 
at  Nicura,  near  Redscar  Bay. 

Single  specimens  were  jiurchased  from  various  sources,  especially  some  collected 
by  Dr.  H.  0.  Forbes,  and  by  Goldie  and  Hunstein  in  British  New  Guinea. 

Thanks  to  D'Abertis's  energy  and  industry  in  the  field,  and  the  standard  works 
on  his  collections  by  our  friend  Count  Salvadori,  we  are  well  acquainted  with  the 
birds  of  the  Ply  River ;  but  Fly  River  birds  are  sadly  absent  from  the  Tring 
collections. 

No  collector,  nor,  in  fact,  any  traveller  has  even  touched  the  C'harles  Louis 
Mountains,  or  the  wide  country  between  the  lower  Araberuoh  and  Fly  River  I  The 
extent  of  the  Fly  River  fauna  is  therefore  unknown. 

The  birds  from  the  Am  Islands  are  fairly  well  known.  Besides  some  smaller  col- 
lections made  by  William  Doherty  and  Captain  Cayley  Webster  (cf.  Nov.  Zool.  1890, 
p.  534),  we  have  quite  recently  received  a  good  Aru  collection  from  Mr.  Heinrich  Kiihn. 
The  Aru  fauna  is  exceedingly  similar  to  that  of  New  Guinea,  esj)ecially  that  of  the 
Fly  River  plains.  Though  not  nearer  to  New  Guinea  than  the  Key  Islands,  Aru  is 
not  separated  from  New  Guinea  by  deej)  sea,  the  sea  being  very  shallow,  while  there 
is  deep  sea  between  Aru  and  Key.  There  are,  nevertheless,  a  considerable  number 
of  forms  which  are  quite  restricted  to  the  Aru  group,  though  generally  represented 
by  very  closely  allied  ones  in  New  Guinea.  The  following  notes  of  interest  are 
extracted  from   K^iihn's  letters:  — 

"  I  have  collected  at  Dobbo,  on  the  small  island  of  Wammar  (or  Wammer),  on 
the  west  side  of  Wokam  (or  Vokan),  on  the  north  and  south  coast  of  Kobroor,  on 
Pulo  Babi,  and  in  the  middle  of  Trangan.  The  shooting  season  for  the  Great  Bird 
of  Paradise  was  unfortunately  over.  I  was  told  that  no  birds  ha<l  been  shot  this 
year  on  Trangan,  so  there  I  went,  though  the  men  were  much  afraid  on  account  of 
some  recent  murders  and  quarrels  on  Trangan.  As  you  {jrobabiy  know,  the  single 
shooting  districts  and  trees,  where  the  Paradise  Birds  come  in  the  pairing  season  to 


(  62  ) 

perfVirm  tlieir  tini)tial  dances,  are  l.-t  by  the  natives.  Although  the  Trangan  people 
bad  never  seen  a  white  niau  before  on  their  island  (only  the  Arnnese  trade  in 
Trangan),  they  would  not  let  me  have  a  true  for  an  aoitcptable  price.  They  asked 
two  elephant  tnsks  of  a  cubit  in  length,  and  30  kapala — i.e.  30  gongs,  worth 
lU  to  25  guilders.  Three  diiferent  owners  asked  the  same  price,  saying  that  it 
was  done  by  order  of  their  king.  The  natives  also  twice  showed  hostility  to  my 
men,  which  forced  me  to  leave  Trangan  sooner  than  I  inteu<led.  Trangan  is  a  sandy 
island,  to  a  great  extent  covered  with  tracts  of  high  gras.s,  alternating  with  medium- 
sized  forest,  and  has  some  fresh-water  rivers.  There  are  a  few  small  hills  of 
sandstone  and  coral-limestone.  Only  two  or  three  salt-water  creeks  extend  deeply 
into  the  land,  the  largest  of  which,  Soengi  Sarmatoe,  I  went  up,  sailing  and  j)addling. 
Even  Chinese  were  only  known  by  name  on  Trangan,  and  my  interpreter  was 
repeatedly  asked  if  1  was  a  Chinese  I  In  Dobbo  I  complained  to  the  Rajah  about 
the  outrageous  jirice  asked  for  shooting  stations  on  Trangan,  and  he  said  it  was 
true  that  he  had  given  orders  to  ask  these  prices  to  prevent  theft  and  trouble,  but 
they  were  not  meant  for  Europeans.  If  he  had  known  that  I  was  going  to  Trangan 
he  would  have  given  me  a  man,  to  prevent  trouble.  This  was  very  kind,  but  too 
late  now  !  I  have,  however,  left  a  man  on  the  Aru  Islands  with  instructions  to 
collect  those  birds  which  we  did  not  obtain  this  time." 

The  birds  from  the  Key  and  South-East  Islands  are  discussed  by  Mr.  Hartert 
in  another  series  of  articles. 


I.— PITTIDAE. 

1.  Pitta  atricapilla  atricapilla  Quoy  et  Gaim. 

The  tyi)ical  utricapHla,  generally  called  P.  nooaequinme,  seems  to  be  distributed 
all  over  New  Guinea.  We  have  specimens  from  various  places  in  British  New 
Guinea— where  it  seems  to  be  an  inhabitant  of  the  plains  rather  than  of  the 
mountains — especially  a  fine  series  collected  by  Meek  at  Milne  Bay  and  CoUingwood 
Bay,  from  Mt.  Cameron,  ^OUil  ft.  above  the  sea,  from  Kapaur  and  Etna  Bay  in 
Dutch  New  Guinea,  and  from  Konstantinhafen  and  Simbang  in  Kaiser  Wilhelm's 
Land.  We  have  not  been  able  to  find  differences  between  the  birds  from  the 
various  parts  of  New  Guinea,  nor  can  we  distinguish  tiiose  from  BIysol,  whence 
Mr.  Kiihn  sent  us  a  good  series.  Mr.  Kiihn  sent  it  also  from  Wokan,  Kobroor, 
Trangan,  and  Dobbo,  Aru  Islands,  and  we  cannot  separate  these  either  from  New 
Guinea  sjiecimens.  They  are  not  smaller,  nor  do  they  differ  in  colour.  The  nudes 
o{  F.  utricapilla  are  larger  and  more  highly  coloureil  than  the/emak's. 

2.  Pitta  atricapilla  mefoorana  Schleg. 

The  black-headed  FMa  of  Mefoor,  or  Mafor,  difiers  from  P.  atricainlhi 
atricapilla  in  several  important  characters.  Tiie  feathers  of  the  lower  rump  are 
of  a  beautiful  silvery  blue  ;  the  tail  is  black,  with  green  tips  of  a  few  millimetres 
to  1  cm.  in  extent  only  ;  the  blue  of  the  abdomen  is  deeper,  finer,  and  slightly 
more  extended ;  there  is  a  narrow  silvery  bluish  glossy  line  separating  the  black 
throat  from  the  green  breast.  There  is  never  any  white  speculum  on  the  wing. 
This  speculum,  however,  is  often  very  restricted,  and  sometimes,  though  very  rarely, 
absent  in  P.  atiicapilla  atricapilla.  We  have  a  series  of  nine  collected  by  Doherty 
in  IMiT. 


(  63  ) 

3.  Pitta  atricapilla  rosenbergi  Schleg. 

Known  only  from  Misori  Island.  Differs  from  mifoorana  in  the  following 
characters.  The  breast  is  devoid  of  the  fine  metcallic  gloss  ;  the  red  of  the  abdomen 
extends  to  the  breast,  which  has  no  black  patch  ;  the  tail  is  quite  black,  with  onl}' 
an  indicated  or  very  narrow  greenish  tip  to  the  rectrices.  We  have  nine  skins 
collected  by  A.  B.  Meyer's  and  Bruijn's  hunters. 

4.  Pitta  mackloti  mackloti  Temm. 

This  Pitta  is  evidently  distributed  over  the  greater  part  of  New  Guinea  and 
several  of  the  adjacent  Papuan  Islands.  We  have  received  specimens  from 
Mt.  Cameron,  3000  ft.  ;  Eafa  District,  between  Mts.  Ale.xander  and  Bellamy,  5000 
to  6000  ft.  ;  Dorey,  Kapaur  (Doherty)  ;  Mysol  (Kiihn,  Guillemard).  Altogether 
47  specimens. 

The  shade  and  intensity  of  the  red  nuchal  area  varies  much.  It  is  much  more 
beautiful  in  freshly  moulted  individuals,  while  it  fades  a  great  deal  before  the  moult. 

Individuals  from  Mysol  agree  with  Pitta  mackloti  kuelini,  except  one  labelled 
Mysol,  from  Dr.  Guillemard's  collection,  which  cannot  be  separated  from  typical 
mttckloti. 

5.  Pitta  mackloti  aruensis  subsp.  nov. 

We  have  received  four  adult  individuals  from  Wokau,  Aru  group,  from  H. 
Kiihn.  They  are  distinctly  smaller  than  typical  mackloti,  the  wing  measuring  only 
97  to  102  mm.,  averaging  about  100  ;  while  the  wing  of  typical  mackloti  is  104 
to  112  mm.  long,  averaging  about  lO(i.  Salvadori  found  six  Aru  specimens  with 
wings  only  97  to  100  mm.  long  {Orn.  Pap.,  ii.  p.  398),  and  also  the  Aru  birds  in 
the  British  Museum  are  small.  It  is  therefore  desirable  to  separate  the  Aru  form 
subspecitically  on  account  of  its  smaller  dimensions.  Bill  19  to  20'5  mm.  ; 
metatarsus  35  to  36  mm.  It  is  also  remarkable  that  Aru  birds  sometimes  have 
a  strong  blue  wash  on  the  back.  We  have  one  such  individual  from  Wokan. 
Among  30  adult  P.  mackloti  mackloti  which  we  examined  we  found  none  with  any 
blue  shade  above. 

Type  of  P.  m.  aruensis:  6  Wokan  4.10.1900.  "Iris  coffee-browu,  feet 
plumbeous,  bill  blackish."     Heinrich  Kiihn  coll. 

6.  Pitta  mackloti  loriae  Salvad. 

This  interesting  form  of  Pitta  was  for  the  first  time  described  from  .Su-a-u 
Island,  off  the  South-East  (.lape  of  New  Guinea.  Mr.  Meek  has  also  sent  a  fine 
series  from  Milne  Bay,  and  one  from  Chads  Bay.  He  marks  the  iris  as  brown,  feet 
slate-colour  and  bluish  slate,  bill  black.  This  form,  however,  must  also  occur  m 
other  localities,  for  we  have  several  individuals  collected  by  Goldie,  and  one  by 
Weiske,  without  exact  locality. 

P.  loriae  is  a  subspecies  of  the  mackloti  group,  which  differs  from  mackloti  in 
the  top  of  the  head  and  hind-neck  being  dark  chestnut.  There  are  generally  more 
or  less  reddish  tips  to  the  feathers  on  the  forehead  and  hind-neck,  but  the  latter 
is  not  so  pale  reddish  as  in  mackloti.  The  feathers  of  the  crown  are  darker — 
almost  black — in   the    centre,  and   have   sometimes  faint  bluish   edges.     There  is 


(  64  ) 

often  a  distinct,  thongii  narrow,  blue  line  between  the  ebestnnt  colour  of  the 
hind-ne.'k  and  tlje  green  back  ;  otherwise  this  form  is  like  mar/i/o/i,  and  those  with 
wider  reddish  tips  to  the  feathers  of  the  hind-neck  difter  very  little  from  the  latter. 

7.  Pitta  mackloti  finschi  Ramsay. 

This  interesting  Pitta  is  common  on  the  D'Entrecasteanx  Islands,  Fergnsson 
and  Goodenough.  We  have  ten  skins  collected  by  Meek.  It  was  originally 
described  from  New  Guinea,  but  we  doubt  the  correctness  of  that  statement. 
P.f7ischi  agrees  perfectly  with  P.  loriae  in  the  colouration  of  the  head  and  neck, 
but  differs  from  the  latter  form  in  the  uniform  blue  upper  surface  from  the  neck 
backwards.  Specimens  said  to  have  come  from  the  same  locality,  and  being 
perfectly  similar,  except  in  having  an  oil-green  back,  were  identified  by  Ramsay 
&i  females  of  his  P.  finschi,  while  Dr.  Finsch  declared  them  to  be  mackloti.  From 
Dr.  Ramsay's  words  it  is  evident  that  these  individuals  were  P.  loriae.  Females 
of  P.  finschi  have  the  back  just  as  blue  as  the  males.  Mr.  Elliott  (Monograph 
Pittidae,  1S95)  unites  P.  finschi  with  P.  ci/anonota,  which  is  a  Moluccan"  form. 
This  statement  is  quite  erroneous,  as  P.  cijanonota  is  much  smaller,  has  the 
fore-ueck,  head  and  nape  lighter  and  more  red,  and  a  much  narrower  black  line 
separating  the  blue  chest  from  the  red  abdomen. 

II.— PSITTACI. 

1.  Chalcopsittacus  ater  ater  (Scop.). 

The  typical  ater  is  api)arently  confined  to  the  islands  of  Salwatty  and  Batanta, 
and  to  the  opposite  coast  of  New  Guinea— Dorei  Hum,  Has,  Sorong.  We  have 
never  seen  an  authentic  specimen  from  the  northern  coast  of  the  Beran  Peninsula, 
from  Dorei,  Andai,  Mansinam,  nor  from  Kapaur  and  Etna  Bay.  Our  nine 
specimens  are  partly  from  Salwatty,  partly  without  exact  locality.  The  statement 
that  it  occurs  on  Waigiu  is  probably  erroneous. 

2.  Chalcopsittacus  ater  bernsteini  Rosenb. 

Differs  from  typical  ater  generally  in  the  following  three  characters  :  The 
feathers  of  the  tibiae  are  more  regularly  and  brighter  red,  especially  on  the  inside. 
The  forehead  is  more  or  less  tinged  with  red  on  its  foremost  edge.  The  i)rimaries 
have  often  a  large  bright  red  patch,  from  total  absence  or  a  mere  indication  to 
three  centimetres  in  length.  This  last  peculiarity  is  conspicuous  in  six  out  of  nine 
examples  from  Mysol,  while  we  cannot  find  it  in  one  of  our  Salwatty  series. 

Ch.  ater  bernsteini  is  only  known  from  Mysol,  whence  we  have  a  series  of  nine. 

3.  Chalcopsittacus  scintillatus  scintillatus  (Temm.). 

Doherty  bought  a  yonng  bird  with  black  head  at  Waropen,  on  the  east  coast 
of  Geelvink  Bay. 

We  have  a  very  tine  series  from  Dobbo,  Trangan,  and  Kobroor  (Aru  Islands), 
but  our  scries  from  New  Guinea  is  very  poor. 

We  cannot,  therefore,  at  present  decide  whether  the  Arn  form  {rif/jri/ron.s  of 
Gray)  can  be  separated  from  true  scintillatus.  We  may,  however,  remark  that 
young  individuals  have    little  or  no  red  on  the  forehead,  and  that  the  colour  of 


(  65  ) 

the  shaft-stripes  on  the  feathers  of  the  neck  and  breast  varies  very  much,  according 
to  age  and  freshness  of  plumage,  and  perhaps  to  sex  in  specimens  from  the  same 
localities. 

4.  Chalcopsittacus  scintillatus  chloropterus  Salvad. 
This   form    inhabits    British   New   Guinea,   and    meets   with    C.   scintillatus 
scintillatus   along  the  Fly  River.     We   have   three   fine   skins   of  C.   scintillatus 
chloropterus  from  the   Brown  River,  collected  by  Weiske. 

5.  Chalcopsittacus  duivenbodei  Dubois. 

Besides  three  skins  purchased  from  various  persons,  we  have  three  others 
with  indications  of  locality.  One  of  these  was  purchased  from  Mr.  van  Renesse  van 
Daivenbode,  with  the  distinct  statement  that  it  was  killed  at  Tana  Mera,  140i°,  on 
the  north  coast  of  Dutch  New  Guinea,  near  Humboldt  Bay.  From  the  evidence 
of  other  skins  that  came  with  this  Parrot,  we  are  confident  that  this  statement  is 
correct.  Another  was  shot  and  skinned  (poorly  enough)  by  Captains  Cotton  and 
Webster,  on  November  18th,  1893,  at  Stejjhansort,  and  an  adult  male  collected  by 
Doherty  in  October  1897,  at  Takar,  between  Humboldt  Bay  and  the  Ambernoh 
River.  Doherty  marked  the  feet  and  bill  as  black,  the  iris  as  vermilion,  with  a 
black  outer  ring  and  inwardly  yellow,  the  bare  skin  round  the  eyes,  cere  and  chin 
blackish. 

We  have  thus  now  a  distribution  of  this  singular  and  rare  Parrot  along  the 
north  coast  from  Takar  to  Stephansort  in  Kaiser  Wilhelm's  Land. 

The  specimen  from  Stephansort  is  more  bluish  on  the  hiud-neck,  and  smaller 
than  the  others.     The  comparison  of  a  series  is  therefore  desirable. 

6.  Eos  fuscata  Blyth. 

This  well-known  Parrot  is  only  known  from  New  Guinea  and  Salwatty,  and 
the  islands  in  the  Geelvink  Bay. 

Dr.  Meyer  {Zeitschr.  f.  ges.  Orn.  1886,  p.  6,  Taf.  1)  described  specimens  from 
S.  E.  New  Guinea  as  a  different  species,  "  Eos  inconditu,"  but  we  find  that  none 
of  his  characters  hold  good,  and  we  are  not  able  to  separate  any  forms  at  present. 
It  is  true  that  specimens  from  Jobi  and  Ron  are  generally  largest  and  finest,  but 
they  are  matched  by  many  others  from  the  Berau  Peninsula,  Kaiser  Willielm's 
Land  and  British  New  Guinea. 

Eos  fuscata  is  found  in  the  plains,  but  it  reaches  to  more  than  C-'iOO  feet 
in  the  mountains  of  British  New  Guinea. 

It  is  dimorphic,  a  red  and  a  yellow  phase,  with  intermediate  colourations, 
being  known.  The  yellow  birds  are  neither  the  females  nor  the  males,  as  our 
se-xed  material,  especially  that  from  Doherty  and  Dr.  Erik  Nyman,  shows.  Nor 
are  they  young,  as  we  have  a  youngish  bird  with  brownish-blackish  bill  and  very 
small  wings,  which  is  red,  though  not  so  bright  as  adults. 

We  have  before  us  45  individuals. 

T.  Eos  cyanogenia  Bp. 
Mr.  Doherty  sent  us  ten  from  Mefor  (Mafor)  Island,  two  from  Biak  and  one 
from  Korrido  (Schouten  Islands).     "  Iris  orange,  feet  blackish,  bill  vermilion,  cere 
black."     A  young  male  differs  only  from  the  adult  birds  in  having  blackish  edges 
to  the  feathers  of  the  neck  and  underside. 

5 


(  66  ) 

8.  Lorius  hypoenochrous  devittatus  Hartert. 

One  from  the  Browu  River,  collected  by  Emil  Weiske,  and  six  from  Woodlark 
are  quite  alike,  and  agree  with  the  type  of  this  subspecies  from  Fergnsson. 
We  have  it  also  from  New  Hanover  and  New  Ireland. 

9.  Lorius  hypoenochrous  hypoenochrous  Gray. 

The  typical  h>/poenochrous  is  only  known  from  the  Louisiade  group,  whence 
we  received  it  from  Rossell  and  Sndest  Islands. 

10.  Lorius  lory  lory  (L.) 

The  distribution  is  remarkable.  It  inhabits  North- Western  New  Guinea  and 
the  islands  near  it. 

We  have  a  large  series  collected  by  Doherty  at  Dorey,  others  from  Andai, 
and,  as  far  as  we  can  make  out  from  the  material  now  in  the  Tring  Museum, 
the  typical  lory  is  only  found  along  the  north  coast  of  the  Berau  Peninsula. 

In  L.  lory  lori/  the  under  wing-coverts  are  red,  but  in  young  individuals  the 
greater  under  wing-coverts  are  yellow  with  black  tips,  and  the  median  and  smaller 
ones  are  mingled  red  and  blue,  occasionally  also  with  green.  A  red  band  below 
the  occiput,  which  however  is  absent  or  only  indicated  in  young  birds.  The  deep 
blue  colour  of  the  breast  is  joined  with  the  blue  of  the  nape,  but  only  in  adult 
birds.  The  whole  breast  is  red  in  young  birds.  A  red  band  across  the  inter- 
scapular region  is  indicated,  generally  quite  concealed,  but  sometimes  apparent. 
Doherty  marks  the  iris  as  "  pale  orange,  feet  black,  bill  orange,  cere  blackish." 

Wing  of  adults  :  ICO  {mostly  females)  to  165  (mostly  marked  <J),  and  168  mm. 
in  one  old  7nale. 

11.  Lorius  lory  major  subsp.  nov. 

Exactly  like  Lorius  lory  lory,  but  the  wing  shorter,  the  bill  on  the  average 
larger,  the  blue  of  the  hind-neck  generally  lighter. 

Wing  167  (?)  to  175  and  even  179  mm. 

We  have  a  series  collected  by  H.  Guillemard  on  Waigiu.  The  difference  from 
L.  I.  lory  is  not  obvious  at  a  glance,  but  perhaps  more  important  for  the  birds 
than  the  colour-ditferences  on  which  some  of  the  other  forms  have  been  founded. 

12.  Lorius  lory  erythrothorax  Salvad. 

Differs  from  Lorius  lory  lory  in  the  lesser  extension  of  the  blue  colour  on 
the  underside,  the  breast  being  uniform  red,  and  no  blue-black  line  running  from 
the  breast  to  the  hind-neck.  The  red  band  across  the  upper  interscapular  region 
is  as  a  rule  more  obvious. 

We  have  a  fine  series  from  Kapaur,  on  the  western  coast  of  New  Guinea, 
south  of  the  Gulf  of  Berau  or  M'Cluer's  Inlet,  from  Doherty  ;  several  from  Etna 
and  Triton  Bay  (Webster)  ;  a  series  from  Ron  Island  in  the  southern  part  of 
Geelviuk  Bay  ;  a  small  series  from  various  localities  in  British  New  Guinea 
(Mt.  Cameron,  Oriori,  Gaivara,  between  the  Rivers  Laroki  and  Vanapa,  and  from 
Nicura),  three  from  Simbang,  and  one  from  the  Sattelberg  in  Kaiser  Wilhelm's 
Land. 


(  07  ) 

We  are  not  able  to  separate  any  of  these  from  the  material  now  before  us. 
At  first  sight  it  would  appear  as  if  the  individuals  from  farther  east  have  a  larger 
blue  area  on  the  undersnrface,  but  this  apparent  difference  seems  to  be  due  to  the 
different  preparation  of  the  skins.  There  are  considerable  differences  in  size, 
but  they  cannot  serve  to  distinguish  any  more  races,  as  they  vary  too  much  in 
specimens  from  the  same  places.  We  are  quite  unable  to  separate  the  skins 
from  Ron  Island  from  any  of  the  others. 

We  have  no  specimens  from  Rubi,  in  the  extreme  south  of  the  Geelvink  Bay, 
where  birds  seem  to  be  smaller,  and  are  termed  "  rubiensis  "  by  A.  B.  Meyer. 

13.  Lorius  lory  jobiensis  Meyer. 

We  know  this  form  in  typical  specimens  only  from  Jobi  Island,  whence  we 
have  15  adult  examples  before  ns.  It  differs  from  lory  major  and  erytkrothorax 
principally  in  its  deep  blue  under  wing-coverts.  The  breast  is  bright  red  with 
a  rosy  tinge,  the  hind-neck  blue,  the  bill  large  and  powerful  ;  the  red  band  across 
the  interscapular  region  is  generally  well  defined.  Wing  of  adult  7nales  about 
175  mm. 

14.  Lorius  lory  subsp.  ? 

Two  7nales  and  a  female  from  Takar  have  the  same  rosy  tinge  on  the  breast 
as  jobiensis,  the  hiud-neck  is  blue,  but  the  bill  is  smaller,  the  wings  shorter,  the 
same  as  in  salvaciorii. 

We  Ijelieve  that  this  form  stands  in  the  middle  between  jobiensis  and 
salvaciorii,  agreeing  more  with  the  former  in  its  colours,  with  the  latter  in  its 
dimensions.  We  do  not,  however,  consider  our  series  of  three  large  enough  to 
name  this  form  without  further  research.     Wing  about  160  mm.  only. 

15.  Lorius  lory  salvadorii  Meyer. 

Differs  from  jobiensis  principally  in  its  much  smaller  size,  especially  the  bill 
and  wings.  The  latter  measure  only  about  160  mm.  Besides  the  smaller  size 
the  red  of  the  breast  is  somewhat  more  scarlet,  without  a  rosy  tiuge,  the  hind-neck 
and  upper  back  is  deeper,  almost  black,  also  the  upper  abdomen  is  generally 
darker,  the  under  tail-coverts  generally,  but  not  always,  deeper  blue.  The  smaller 
size  is  the  most  constant  character  of  this  form. 

It  is  common  near  Konstantinhafen  and  Astrolabe  Bay  in  German  New 
Guinea,  whence  we  have  eight  specimens.  The  specimen  mentioned  as  coming 
from  Simbang  in  Nov.  Zool.  III.  p.  254  is  also  from  Konstantinhafen. 

16.  Lorius  lory  cyanauchen  (S.  Miill.) 

This  remarkable  subspecies  differs  from  all  the  rest  of  this  group  in  the  total 
absence  of  the  red  nuchal  band  in  the  adult  bird. 

It  is  only  known  from  the  Schouten  Islands  or  Misory.  We  have  received 
it  from  Mr.  Doherty  from  Biak  and  Korrido,  three  in  all.  One  of  these  was 
bought  alive,  and  was  the  most  perfect  mimic  Doherty  had  ever  heard.  "  Iris  : 
orange,  with  an  inner  and  outer  dark  line,  the  former  defined  inwardly  with  a 
silvery  ring  ;  feet  black  ;  bill  dull  orange,  ochreous  at  tip  ;  cere  and  skiu  round 
eyes  black." 


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The  Gents  TRICHOGLOSSIJS. 

IT   Trichoglossus  haematodus  haematodus  (L.). 

We  nuite  a  number  of  forms  of  Lories  into  one  specific  group,  because  they 
all  agree  in  having  a  dark  mask,  a  greenish  ring  ronnd  the  neck,  reddish  breast 
with  dark  borders  to  the  feathers,  dark  green  or  bluish  abdominal  patch  and  a 
large  yellow  area  in  the  central  portion  of  the  quills.  All  characters  found  in  any 
of  these  forms  are  represented  or  indicated  in  one  or  more  of  the  others. 

Trichoglossus  novaehoUandiae,  septentrionalis  and  ruhritorques  from  Australia 
might  also  be  associated  with  this  group,  but  T.  oruatns  from  Celebes,  with  its 
wholly  black  quills,  presents  the  most  aberrant  and  singular  characters,  and  is 
therefore  best  considered  as  specifically  different  from  the  haematodus  group. 

The  typical  haematodus  has  the  forehead  blue,  the  hind-neck  and  lower  end 
of  throat  green,  the  breast  yellow,  more  or  less  tinged  with  orange-red,  very  rarely 
quite  orange-red,  wnth  vanishing  blackish  green  edges  to  the  feathers.  Not  very 
large.     Timor,  7  specimens  before  us.     (Nov.  Zool.  V.  p.  119,  1898.) 

18.  Trichoglossus  haematodus  fortis  Hart. 
Perfectly  like  typical  haematodus,  only  (bill  and  wings)  larger,  besides  some 
minor  differences  in  colouration.     Snmba,  11    skins   before  us.     (Nov.  Zool.  V. 
p.  120,  1898.) 

19.  Trichoglossus  haematodus  forsteni  (Temm.). 
The  adult  bird  has  the  head  brownish  purple,  with  the  forehead  bluish,  an 
indication  of  a  purple-blue  patch  behind  the  light  green  collar,  the  breast  uniform 
bright  red,  middle  of  abdomen  purple.  These  adult  birds  appear  very  widely 
different  from  kaonatodus,  but  the  young  ones  are  on  the  upperside  exactly  like 
haematodus  and  fortis,  having  the  nape  and  area  behind  the  collar  quite  green. 
The  red  breast-feathers  have  in  the  j'ouug  birds  a  yellow  tinge  and  dark  oreen 
edges,  and  the  abdomen  is  green,  not  purple.  It  is  thus  clearly  shown  that  there 
is  no  new  character  in  forsteni,  and  that  it  can  therefore  be  treated  as  a  representative 
of  the  haematodus  group.  Sumbawa,  8  specimens.  (Nov.  Zool.  Ill  p.  572, 
1896.) 

2(1.  Trichoglossus  haematodus  djampeanus  Hart. 
In  every  way  like  forsteni,  from  which  it  differs  only  in  having  a  slightly 
longer  wing  and  larger  bill,  the  forehead  deeper  blue,  and  a  large  and  conspicuous 
puriile  patch  behind  the  light  green  collar.    (Cf.  Nov.  Zool.  IV.  p.  172,  1897.) 
Djampea  Island,  six  specimens. 

21.  Trichoglossus  haematodus  mitchelli  Gray. 
Hardly  differs  from  forsteni  except  in  the  colour  of  the  head.  The  forehead 
is  greenish,  not  bluish,  the  nape  dark  cherry-red.  The  fully  adult  bird  has  not 
the  slightest  tinge  of  yellow  on  the  deep  red  breast-feathers  ;  the  "  Key  to  the 
species "  of  the  genus  Trichoglossus  in  Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mus.  XX.  p.  49  is  therefore 
misleading.  Younger  individuals,  however,  have  greenish-blackish  edges  to  the 
red  breast-feathers,  and  generally  a  lot  of  yellow  towards  the  dark  grey  bases  and 
in  front  of  the  dark  tip  as  well.     The  up])er  jjart  of  the  abdomeu  is  purple  in  fully 


(  (59  ) 

adult  individuals,  dark  green   in   young   birds.     Very   young    birds    liave   also  a 
blackish  bill.     (Cf.  Nov.  Zool.  1896,  pp.  265,  296,  297.) 

Lombok.  A  series  of  20  in  the  Tring  Museum,  all  collected  by  Doherty  and 
Everett. 

22.  Trichoglossus  haematodus  nigrogularis  Gray. 

Differs  from  T.  h.  cyanogrammus  in  the  following  peculiarities  :  the  chest  is 
of  a  lighter  red  with  a  distinct  orange-yellow  shade  in  front  of  the  black  edges, 
which  are  much  narrower.  The  middle  of  the  abdomen  is  more  pronouncedly  and 
much  more  frequently,  in  fact  nearly  always,  tinged  with  a  purplish  blue-black. 
Wings  aud  tail  are  generally  a  little  longer.  The  head  is  exactly  as  in 
T.  h.  cyanogrammus. 

We  know  nigroqidaris  only  from  the  Arn  Islands  aud  Southern  New  Guinea 
along  the  lower  Fly  River,  as  well  as  from  the  Key  group.  Its  occurrence  in  Kaiser 
Wilhelm's  Land  is  reported  by  Dr.  von  Madarasz,  but  this  is  doubtless  erroneous. 

On  the  Key  Islands  we  should  expect  T.  h.  cyanogrammus,  which  we  have 
also  received  from  there,  but  T.  h.  nigrogularis  seems  to  be  more  regularly 
met  with.     We  have  at  present  18  skins. 

23.  Trichoglossus  haematodus  cyanogrammus  Wagl. 

Feathers  round  the  face  stiff  and  blue,  occiput  purplish  black  with  blue-grey 
central  streaks.  Interscapular  feathers  with  wide  red  concealed  bands.  Lower 
throat  and  upper  breast  bright  red  without  an  orange  tinge  near  the  black  edges, 
which  are  rather  wide,  from  1 — 3  mm. 

The  distribution  of  this  form  is  peculiar.  It  extends  over  the  Southern 
Moluccas  (Amboina,  Ceram,  Burn),  southwards  along  the  South-East  Islands, 
or  Zuid-Ooster  Eilanden  (Ceram-laut,  Goram-laut,  Goram,  Manawoka,  Watoebela, 
Kisoei,  Koer,  and  Tiandoe  Islands).  Those  from  the  South-East  Islands,  Amboina 
and  Ceram,  are  apparently  the  most  typical  examples,  although  some  few  of  them 
show  greenish  stripes  on  the  centre  of  the  crown,  and  a  stronger  tinge  of  purple 
on  the  nape.  Nevertheless  we  can  consider  all  the  examples  from  the  above 
mentioned  islands  as  belonging  to  typical  cyanogrammus. 

We  have  received  also  (from  Mr.  Kiihu)  two  specimens  labelled  "  Key 
Islands,"  March  and  April  1900,  which  are  doubtless  of  the  form  cyanogrammus. 
These  were  among  a  lot  of  Key  Island  birds  collected  for  a  dealer  for  sale,  while 
among  the  birds  specially  collected  for  the  Tring  Museum  we  received  only 
nigrogularis. 

Considering  the  distribution  of  cyanogrammus  along  the  South-East  Islands 
■we  should  expect  this  latter  form  on  the  Key  Islands,  and  we  see  no  reason  why 
it  should  not  occasionally  occur  there  ;  while  the  usual  Key  form  seems,  curiously 
enough  to  be  the  same  as  that  of  Aru,  namely  nigrogularis. 

The  cyanogrammus  extends  also  to  Mysol,  where  it  is  common,  but  a  large 
proportion  of  Mysol  examples  have  the  blue-black  edges  to  the  red  breast-feathers 
unusually  wide. 

The  cyanogrammus  is  spread  also  over  Batanta,  Salwatti,  Waigin,  and  over 
the  Berau  Peninsula — or  its  coastal  regions  at  least — as  well  as  to  Rubi,  Jobi,  Ron, 
and  Kapaur.  But  the  examples  from  these  localities  (Salwatti,  Waigiu,  Jobi  and 
Western  New  Guinea)  show,  almost  without  an  exception,  the  green  stripes  in  the 


(   '0) 

Centre  of  the  crown  more  developed,  the  uape  deep  purple  or  cherry-brown,  and 
thus  are  nearer  to  our  intermeditis,  than  to  ci/anogrammus.  There  are  in  the  Tring 
Museum  at  present  C3  skins. 

24.  Trichoglossus  haematodus  intermedius  snbsp.  nov. 

A  series  of  eight  specimens  of  Lories  from  Kaiser  Wilhelm's  Land  stand 
somewhat  between  cijanogrammus  and  massena.  They  agree  with  cyanogrammus 
in  the  broad  edges  to  the  red  breast-feathers,  and  with  massena  in  the  colouration 
of  the  head,  the  ear-coverts  not  being  blue,  but  with  a  greenish  tinge,  the  centre 
of  the  crown  with  green  streaks,  the  nape  dark  cherry -brown  or  reddish. 

The  type  of  interniedius  is  an  adult  male  collected  at  Stephausort  by  the  late 
botanist.  Dr.  Erik  Nyman,  in  December  1899.  A  larger  series  will  perhaps  enable 
us  to  separate  even  two  forms,  instead  of  only  one,  as  we  do  at  present  within 
German  New  Guinea.  Our  five  specimens  from  the  Huon  Gulf  (iSattelberg  and 
Simbang,  Erik  Nyman  coll.)  have  the  collar  on  the  hind-neck  ajiparently  a  little 
more  yellowish,  and  are  smaller  (wing  only  132 — 142  mm.)  and  have  smaller  bills, 
while  our  three  from  the  Astrolabe  Bay  (Stephansort  and  Bongu)  have  the  collar 
rather  greenish  and  larger  bills  and  wings  (140 — 152  mm.).  The  former  agree  in 
size  with  massena,  the  latter  more  with  the  majority  of  cyanogrammus.  The 
Astrolabe  Bay  specimens  are  most  similar  to  the  series  from  Dutch  New  Guinea 
(Kapaur,  Jobi,  Hon,  Berau  Peninsula,  Waigiu,  Batanta),  though  the  western  birds 
are  partly  more  the  typical  cyanogrammus,  some  being  indistinguishable  from  the 
latter,  some  not  separable  from  our  interme/lius.  Generally  the  ear-coverts  are 
greener  than  in  intermedius,  the  najse  less  reddish.  The  greenish  collar  is  more 
yellowish  in  the  western  birds,  and  perhaps  also  in  those  from  the  Astrolabe  Bay. 
We  have,  unfortunately,  not  received  any  examjiles  from  Takar,  but  according  to 
Count  Salvadori  cyanogrammus  extends  to  the  upper  Fly  River,  while  the  lower 
Fly  River  region  is  inhabited  by  nigrogularis.  The  reported  occurrence  of  the 
latter  in  German  New  Guinea  cannot  be  credited. 

25.  Trichoglossus  haematodus  massena  Bp. 

Differs  from  cyanogrammus  in  the  narrower  blackish  edges  to  the  red  breast- 
feathers,  the  different  colouration  of  the  head  (ear-coverts  not  bluish,  but  with 
slightly  greenish  stripes,  centre  of  crown  with  greenish  stripes,  occiput  deep 
cherry-red  or  brown),  and  generally  smaller  size.  Generally  the  collar  is  slightly 
more  greenish. 

The  original  locality  being  "  Insulae  Polynesiae  "  {Rev.  et  Mag.  Zool.  2  ser.  6, 
1854,  p.  157),  the  birds  from  the  New  Hebrides  and  New  Caledonia  must  be  con- 
sidered as  the  typical  massena.  We  have  four  skins  from  the  New  Hebrides,  and 
it  seems  that  the  blackish  edges  to  the  red  breast-feathers  are  narrowest  in  these, 
but  they  are  equally  narrow  in  some  specimens  from  the  LouisiaJe  grouj).  The 
apparently  greater  extent  of  the  red  colour  in  the  New  Hebrides  birds  and  the 
lighter  shade  of  the  same  is  perhaps  due  to  preparation  and  the  treatment  of  the 
skins.  We  are  therefore  at  present  not  able  to  make  further  divisions  of  massena, 
though  New  Guinea  specimens  have  apparently  the  widest,  New  Hebrides  examples 
the  narrowest,  dark  edges  on  the  breast. 

We  have  massena  only  from  the  New  Hebrides,  Louisiade  group,  Guadalcanar, 
Rnbiana,  and  British  New  Guinea.  From  the  last  locality  we  have  only  one  from  Hall 
Bay  (D'Albertis'  coll.),  two  from  Nicnra  (Lix  coll.),  one  from  Oriori  (Anthony  coll.). 


(71  ) 

26.  Trichoglossus  haematodus  flavicans  Cab.  &  Rcliw. 

Like  massena,  but  generall}-  of  a  slight!}'  more  j-ellowish  green,  a  little  larger, 
and  the  breast-feathers  light  and  with  very  narrow  edges. 

We  have  two  from  New  Hanover  (Capt.  Webster  coll.).  It  is  also  known  from 
the  Admiralty  and  Echiquier  Islands. 

27.  Trichoglossus  haematodus  rosenbergi  Schleg. 

A  most  remarkable  form  characterised  by  the  enormous  e.xtent  of  the  greenish 
yellow  band  on  the  nape,  which  covers  the  whole  hind-neck,  th'e  dark  blue  head,  the 
quite  blue-black  abdomen,  and  very  wide  deep  blue  edges  to  the  red  breast-feathers. 

Known  only  from  Korrido  and  Biak,  in  the  Geelvink  Bay,  whence  we  have 
six  skins  from  Doherty.  "  Iris  orange  ;  feet  blackish  ;  bill  orange-scarlet." 
(Doherty.) 

28.  Trichoglossus  haematodus  caeruleiceps  Allj.  &  Salvad. 

Differs  from  7iigrogidaris  in  having  the  whole  head  blue.  Only  the  type  is 
known  from  the  Kataw  River.  It  may  be  an  abnormity  of  nigrogularis,  but  if  the 
observation  is  true,  that  it  was  flying  with  other  blue-headed  individuals  when  shot, 
it  must  be  a  local  form  of  the  same  group. 

[We  are  convinced  that  neither  T.  coccineifrons,  nor  T.  verreaiuius,  are  valid 
species  or  subspecies,  but  that  they  are  abnormally  coloured  examples  or  hybrids.] 

29.  Glossopsittacus  goldiei  (Sharpe). 

The  female  does  not  differ  from  the  inale  except  in  being  slightly  smaller — 
wing  about  5  mm.  shorter.  The  birds  in  which  the  crown  is  purplish  brown  and  the 
red  confined  to  the  forehead  are  immature.  The  purjilish  strijjed  occipita  band  is 
more  or  less  developed  in  the  series  before  us,  irrespective  of  sex. 

We  have  received  this  beautiful  little  Lory  from  4000  and  5000  ft.,  on  the  Area 
River  (Emil  Weiske  coll.),  from  Mt.  Gaivara  and  the  Moroka  District,  3000  to 
6000  ft.,  in  the  Owen  Stanley  Range  (Anthony  coll.). 

30.  Hypocharmosjma  wilhelminae  (Meyer). 
Of  this  apparently  rare  little  Parrot  we  have  only  three  bad  Arfak  trade-skins 
and  one  male,  without  exact  locality,  collected  by  Emil  Weiske  in   British  New 
Guinea.     An  apparent  female  wants  the  red  patch  on  the  back,  and  the  purple  of 
the  rump  extends  further  upwards. 

31.  Hypocharmosyna  placentis  placentis  (Temm.). 

This  common  form  from  the  Western  Papuan  region  is  before  us  from  Goram- 
laut,  Manggoer  (Kuhn),  Mysol,  Koer  and  Key  Islands.     Altogether  41  specimens. 

It  differs  from  subplacens  in  having  a  little  blue  patch  on  the  uropygium, 
generally  deeper  blue  ear-coverts,  and  as  a  rule  a  darker  greenish  and  less  defined 
yellowish  cap.  The  blue  uropygial  patch  is  only  developed  with  age,  as  it  is  only 
indicated  or  absent  in  very  young  birds. 

32.  Hjrpocharmosyna  placentis  subplacens  (Scl.). 
Mount  Gayata,  Richardson  Range,  2000  to  4000  ft.,  Brown  River  (Weiske  coll.), 
Milne  Bay  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.),  Woodlark  Island  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.),  Sattelbcrg  (Erik 
Nj-man  coll.).     We  have  38  in  all. 


(  72  ) 

It  may,  with  a  very  large  material,  be  possible  to  subdivide  siibplacens  again, 
as  it  seems  as  if  iiidividnals  from  the  higher  mountains  are  finer,  having  larger  bills 
and  a  larger  blue  auricular  patch,  and  that  the  Woodlark  birds  have  slightl}'  smaller 
bills  than  those  from  British  and  German  New  Guinea,  and  the  auricular  patch 
generally  paler  and  more  lilac  ;  but  at  present  we  could  not  speak  with  certainty 
about  the  constancy  of  any  of  these  features. 

33.  Charmosynopsis  pulchella  (Gray). 
Besides  a  series  of  13  skins  from  the  Beran  Peninsula,  we  have  : 

One  male  (not  sexed),  collected  by  H.  0.  Forbes  at  Moroka,  5000  ft.,  in 
November  1885. 

One  male  (not  sexed)  from  Moroka,  3000  to  6000  ft.  (Anthony  coll.). 

One  female  (not  sexed),  Mt.  Gaivara,  British  New  Guinea,  2000  to  9000  ft., 
1898  (collector  unknown). 

One  male  (not  sexed),  Eafa  District  (Anthony  coll.). 

34.  Charmosyna  stellae  A.  B.  Meyer. 
We  have  before  us  : 

Seven  adults  and  one  immature  bird  from  Mt.  Cameron,  Owen  Stanley  Range, 
5000  and  6500  ft.  (Anthony  coll.).     "  Jris  yellow,  feet  orange,  bill  red." 

Om/emale,  Mt.  Gaivara,  2000  to  9000  ft.  (native  collector). 

Four  from  between  Mts.  Alexander  and  Bellamy,  about  5000  to  6000  ft., 
October  1895  (Authony  coll.). 

One  ?  ad.,  Owen  Stanley  Range,  about  7000  ft.  (Hunsteiu  coll.). 

Two  without  definite  locality  (H.  0.  Forbes  coll.). 

Two  without  definite  locality  (collector  unknown). 

Two  immature  birds  from  the  Upper  Aroa  River,  3000  to  7000  ft.  (Emil 
Weiske  coll.). 

Oae/emale,  with  no  locality,  labelled  by  A.  Boucard  (according  to  handwriting) 
as  being  brought  home  by  Mons.  Laglaize  ;  looks  exactly  like  a  female  of  stellae, 
but  is  smaller  (wing  only  132  mm.),  as  ojiposed  to  142  to  145  mm.  in  ?  stellae. 

Mivart  figures  the  female  of  josejj/iinae  with  a  green  tail.  Our  specimen, 
however,  is  a  little  larger  than  our  two  7n,ales  otjosepkinae. 

If  this  bird  is  josephinae,  it  would  go  to  prove  that  the  latter  form  is  only 
a  subspecies  of  stellae. 

35.  Oreopsittacus  grandis  Grant. 

We  have  now  before  ns  eight  specimens  of  this  large  form  of  Oreopsittacus 
from  the  following  places  : 

Mt.  Scratchley,  Moroka  District,  Mt.  Knntsford,  (11,000  ft.,  Anthony  coll.), 
Mt.  Owen  Stanley,  5000  to  7000  ft. 

The  Genus  CYCLOPSITTA. 

36.  Cyclopsitta  edwardsi  Oust. 

We  have  before  ns  a  large  series  from  Konstantinhafen  (Knbary),  Simbang 
(Cotton  and  Webster,  Nyman),  and  Stephausort  (Nymau),  in  Kaiser  Wilhelm's 
Land.  The  iris  is  red  in  both  sexes.  The  adult  male  has  the  breast  red,  i\K  female 
and  young  male  green.     The  very  young  bird  has  the  cheeks  covered  with  shorter 


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feathers  of  a  yellowish  colour  with  red  spots,  the  ear-coverts  narrower  and  greenish 
yellow. 

37.  Cyclopsitta  desmaresti  desmaresti  (Gam.). 
A  large  series  from  Kapanr  and  Dorey. 

38.  Cyclopsitta  desmaresti  occidentalis  Salvad. 

This  form  is  obviously  only  a  subspecies  of  the  former.  We  have  two  typical 
specimens,  examined  and  named  by  Count  Salvadori.  They  differ  from  typical 
desmaresti  as  follows  : 

There  is  no  blue  spot  on  the  occiput. 

The  blue  subocular  spot  is  smaller,  being  merely  a  narrow  line,  and  much 
lighter  and  more  greenish. 

The  whole  head,  including  the  cheeks,  ear-coverts  and  upper  throat,  are 
golden  yellow. 

These  diiferences  are,  however,  more  or  less  variable.  We  have  several 
desmai-esti  in  which  the  blue  occipital  spot  is  not  visible.  The  blue  subocular  spot 
is  lighter  than  usual,  but  not  less  extended  in  three  skins  from  uncertain  locality, 
but  of  the  usual  Arfak  make.  These  three  skins  have  the  sides  of  the  head  orange- 
yellow.  They  stand  thus  intermediate  between  desmaresti  and  occidentalis,  possibly 
forming  an  intermediate,  third  subspecies.  This,  however,  cannot  be  decided  before 
we  know  their  exact  distribution. 

39.  Cyclopsitta  desmaresti  blythi  Wall. 

Differs  from  Cyclopsitta  desmaresti  occidentalis  in  the  absence  of  the  blue 
subocular  spot. 

We  have,  nevertheless,  a  male,  shot  on  Mysol  in  December  1883  (Powell  coll.), 
which  has  this  spot  indicated,  showing  as  it  does  two  or  three  greenish  blue 
feathers  under  the  eyes. 

This  subspecies  is  only  known  from  Mysol,  whence  we  have  two  from  the 
Marchesa  voyage  and  one  from  H.  Kiihu. 

40.  Cyclopsitta  cervicalis  Salvad.  &  D'Alb. 

We  have  received  two  specimens  from  the  Upper  Brown  River,  collected  by 
E.  Weiske,  which  agree  with  Salvadori's  and  D'Albertis'  descriptions  of  the  young 
bird.  These  being  the  only  individuals  of  cervicalis  in  the  Tring  Museum,  we  are 
unable  from  personal  experience  to  confirm  the  descriptions  of  the  extraordinary 
changes  of  plumage  between  the  young  and  old  of  this  species.  If  these  changes 
are  correct,  they  are  unicjue  in  the  genus  Cyclopsitta,  and  also  indicate  that  cervicalis 
is  only  an  extreme  form  of  desmaresti. 

41.  Cyclopsitta  diophthalmus  diophthalmus  (Hombr.  &  Jacq.). 

Berau  Peninsula  to  Mysol  (in  Tring  from  Kuhn),  Waigiu,  Salvatty  and  Koflfiao, 
along  the  northern  coast  of  New  Guinea  to  Kaiser  Wilhelm's  Land  and  to  Mt. 
Astrolabe  (Goldie).  Specimens  from  Mt.  Astrolabe  and  Kaiser  Wilhelm's  Land 
have  been  separated  as 


(  74  ) 

42.  Cyclopsitta  diophthalmus  coccineifrons  Sharpe. 
Salvador!  nnited  the  two  former.  Reicheuow  (./.  /  0.  1897,  p.  208)  saj's  that 
his  coccineifrons  (1  J  and  2  ?  ?)  have  the  yellow  crown-hand  wider  and  purer,  the 
green  of  the  npperside  lighter,  the  red  on  the  cheeks  and  forehead  of  a  different 
shade.  A.  B.  Meyer  {J.  f.  0.  1892,  p.  256,  and  Abh.  Ber.  Dresden  Mus.  1893) 
quotes  similar  differences.  We  have  only  one  male  from  Simbang  (Nyman  coll.)  and 
three  h&dj'emales  from  Koustautinhafen  (Kubary  coll.).  These  seem  to  show  that 
the  red  colour  of  the  head  is  not  different  from  that  of  C.diophtliahnus  diophthalmus, 
and  that  the  red  colour  on  the  forehead  is  not  less  extended,  but  that  the  green  is 
apparently  more  yellowish,  especially  on  the  breast.  The  red  on  the  head  is  perhaps 
a  faint  shade  deeper.  A  female  from  the  Amberuoh  River  seems  to  agree  with 
those  from  Konstautinhafen.  C.  d.  coccineij'rons  cannot  yet  be  regarded  as  a 
well-established  form. 

43.  Cyclopsitta  diophthalmus  aruensis  (Schleg.). 

This  is  clearly  only  to  be  considered  as  a  subspecies  of  diophthalmus.  The 
males  of  the  two  forms  are  very  much  alike.  The  red  colour  of  the  head  of  aruensis 
is  not  always  lighter,  but  of  a  somewhat  more  scarlet  tinge,  the  yellow  line  behind 
the  red  on  the  crown  is  ill-defined,  the  blue  line  under  the  cheeks  reaches  the  chin, 
while  it  is  separated  from  the  latter  by  a  few  green  feathers  in  the  typical 
diophthalmus.     The  spot  before  the  eye  is  smaller  and  less  bluish. 

The  female  of  aruensis  dift'ers  very  much  from  that  of  typical  diophthalmus. 
The  forehead  is  pale  blue  instead  of  red,  but  there  are  sometimes  red  bases  to 
the  feathers  of  the  forehead  ;  the  buff  area  on  the  sides  of  head  is  less  extended 
and  less  orange  ;  the  red  line  under  the  eye  is  absent  in  onr  two  specimens. 

This  form  is  found  on  the  Aru  Islands,  along  the  Fly  River  and  parts  of  the 
adjacent  country,  which  is  shown  by  our  jjossessiug  a  tn.ale  from  the  Brown  River, 
collected  by  Emil  Weiske.  It  is,  however,  possible  that  a  greater  material  may 
necessitate  the  separating  of  the  Aru  individuals  from  those  of  New  Guinea. 
Our  one  7nale  from  the  Fly  River  (D'Albertis'  coll.)  and  the  one  from  the  Brown 
are  evidently  identical,  and  seem  to  exhibit  a  darker  red  colour  on  the  head,  and 
a  more  distinct  yellow  line  on  the  sinciput.     We  have  nine  before  us. 

44.  Cyclopsitta  melanogenia  melanogenia  (Schleg.). 

We  know  this  bird  only  from  the  Aru  Islands,  whence  Heiurich  Kiihn  and 
Captain  Webster  sent  us  four  7nales  and  three  females.  According  to  Count 
Salvadori  it  occurs  also  along  the  Fly  River,  but  we  have  no  specimens  from 
there,  and  cannot  therefore  compare  them  with  birds  from  the  typical  locality. 

This  and  the  following  form  have  wide  yellow  borders  to  the  inner  webs 
of  the  secondaries. 

45.  Cyclopsitta  melanogenia  suavissima  Scl. 

Differs  in  both  sexes  from  C.  m.  melanogenia  in  having  the  forehead  dark  blue 
instead  of  dull  black. 

Hab :  South-Eastern  New  Guinea.  We  have  the  following  specimens  :— 
3  (?(J,  Brown  River  (Weiske)  ;  1  cJ,  Mount  Gayata,  Richardson  Range,  2-4000 
feet  (Weiske);  1  cj,  Oriori  district  (Anthony);  I  ?,  Eafa  district,  50OO  feet 
(collector  unknown);  1  ?,  Sogere,  2000  feet,  16.12.1885  (H.  0.  Forbes);  1  ?, 
Popo  Inlet  (Anthony) ;  1  cJ  and  4  ?  ?  without  exact  localities  (Goldie). 


(  75  ) 

Mr.  De  Vis  has  described  {Report  New  Guinea,  1896-97,  Appendix  AA,  p.  81) 
as  a  new  species  a  C.  nanus.  From  his  description  it  appears  to  us  that  it  is 
only  a  slightly  aberrant  specimen  of  saacissimas,  which  has  the  wing  about 
2^  mm.  shorter  than  our  smallest  male. 

46.  Cyclopsitta  nigrifrons  nigrifrons  Rchw. 
This  bird  is  only  known  from  the  Augusta  River  in  northern  German  New 
Guinea.     We  have  at  present  no  specimen  before  us,  but  Mr.  Hartert  has  seen 
the  types  in  Berlin.     Wing  90  mm.  (Rchw.)  ;  forehead  black. 

47.  Cyclopsitta  nigrifrons  macilwraithi  Rothsch. 

When  Mr.  Rothschild  described  this  bird  as  a  new  species  we  did  not  know 
the  sexual  diiierences  in  the  various  forms  of  nigrifrons.  The  only  tangible 
difference  between  this  form  and  typical  nigrifrons  is  the  slightly  smaller  size. 
The  forehead  is  also  more  bluish.  We  have  before  us  in  the  Tring  Museum  one 
male  from  British  New  Guinea  (without  exact  locality)  and  the  female  type.  For 
the  latter,  in  the  original  description  {Ball.  B.  0.  C.  vol.  vii.  p.  21),  the  locality 
was  stated  to  be  the  north  coast  of  British  New  Guinea,  but  we  have  now  reason 
to  believe  that  this  is  erroneous,  as  Anthony  appears  not  lately  to  have  collected 
north  of  the  Owen  Stanley  Range.     Wiug  c?  and  ?  87  mm. 

More  material  is  required  in  order  to  confirm  the  distinctness  of  this  form 
from  the  former,  and  to  explain  its  distribution ! 

48.  Cyclopsitta  nigrifrons  amabilis  Rchw. 

This  form  was  described  from  the  Hnou  Gulf.  We  have  a  good  series  from 
Milne  Bay  and  Collingwood  Bay,  and  one  from  the  Sattelberg  (A.  S.  Meek  and 
E.  Nyman  coll.),  which  agree  with  Professor  Reichenow's  diagnosis.  The  principal 
difference  between  this  and  the  other  two  forms  of  C.  nigrifrons  is  the  much 
smaller  size.  Our  series  have  the  wings  80  to  82  mm.  It  consists  of  5  adult 
males,  3  young  males  and  Z  females. 

The  forehead  is  dull  dark  bine,  in  colour  between  the  blue  on  the  head  of 
suavissima  and  the  black  of  C.  m.  melanogenia. 

A^'e  have  kept  the  nigrifrons  group  specifically  distinct  from  the  melanogenia 
group,  because  the  females  of  these  two  groups  oflfer  such  very  striking  differences, 
while  the  males  can  always  be  distinguished  by  the  absence  or  presence  respectively 
of  the  yellow  edges  to  the  secondaries  and  of  the  pale  yellow  band  on  the  throat. 
We  must,  however,  remark  here  that  Ci/clopsitta  guglielmi  III.,  although  in 
other  respects  resembling  the  melanogenia  group,  lacks  the  yellow  bases  to  the 
secondaries  like  the  nigrifrons  group.  We  have  unfortunately  no  specimens  yet 
of  this  rare  Salwatty  species. 

According  to  our  present  belief  the  genus  Cyclopsitta  consists  now  of  the 
following  forms  :  — 

1.  Cyclopsitta  salvadorii  Oust. 

North  coast  of  New  Guinea,  east  of  Geelvink  Bay. 
Evidently  a  very  distinct  species. 

2.  C.  edwardsi  Oust. 
Kaiser  Wilhelm's  Land. 

Very  distinct  species. 


(  76  ) 

3.  C.  desmaresti  desmaresti  (Gam.). 
Beran  Peninsula,  -near  Dorey,  numerous. 

Connected  with  occidentalis  by  intermediate  formsi,  which  may  be  separable 
again  as  an  intermediate  subspecies,  though  this  is  not  probable,  considering  the 
close  neighbourhood  of  the  countries  inhabited  by  these  two  forms.  See  anted, 
p.  73. 

4.  C.  desmaresti  occidentalis  Salvad. 

Salwatty,  Batauta,  and  western  coast  of  the  Beran  Peninsula.    SeertMte';,p.  73. 

5.  C.  desmaresti  blythi  Wall. 
Mysol.     See  a7ited,  p.  73. 

6.  C.  cervicalis  Salvad.  and  D'Alb. 

South-Eastern  New  Guinea  from  the  Brown  River  to  the  Fly  River.  See 
anted,  p.  73. 

7.  C.  diophthalmus  diophthalmus  (Hombr.  &  Jacq.) 
Salwatty,  Mysol,  Koffiao,  Waigin,  and  Beran  Peninsula, 

8.  C.  diophthalmus  coccineifrons  Sharpe. 

Replaces  No.  7  in  parts  of  British  New  Guinea  and  in  Kaiser  Wilhelm"s 
Land,  but  more  material  must  be  studied  to  confirm  its  validity  and  distribution. 
See  anted,  p.  74. 

9.  C.  diophthalmus  aruensis  (Schleg.). 

Am  Islands.  The  specimens  from  South-Eastern  New  Guinea  are  perhaps 
separable  !     See  anted,  p.  74. 

10.  C.  diophthalmus  virago  Hart. 

Fergnsson  and  Goodenough  Islands,  D'Entrecasteanx  group. 

The  male  is  very  much  like  that  of  C.  d.  ariu'nsis,  but  the  female  has  a 
large  red  patch  on  the  forehead.  See  Nov.  Zool.  II.  p.  61  (1895),  Nov.  Zool.  VI. 
pi.  IV.  (1899). 

11.  C.  diophthalmus  inseparabilis  Hart. 

Sudest  Island,  Louisiade  group. 

In  this  remarkable  form  the  sexes  are  alike,  and  resemble  th^  female  of  virago. 
Nov.  Zool.  V.  p.  530  (1898),  Nov.  Zool.  VI.  pi.  IV.  (1899). 

12.  C.  diophthalmus  macleayana  Rams. 

North  Queensland. 

The  female  closely  resembles  that  of  virago,  the  male  those  of  virago  and 
aruensis.  The  female  differs  chiefly  from  that  of  virago  in  having  the  red  frontal 
patch  surrounded  with  blue,  and  the  lores  more  blue.  The  male  differs  from 
those  of  both  virago  and  aruensis  in  its  blue  loral  patch  and  line  on  the  forehead, 
and  some  other  minor  differences.    Cf.  Nov.  Zool.  II.  p.  Gl,  V.  p.  530,  VI.  pi.  IV. 

13.  C.  coxeni  Gould. 

This  large  form  of  Eastern  Australia,  from  Southern  Queensland  to  New  South 
Wales,  is  so  large,  and  the  forehead  has  practically  no  red  in  both  sexes  (which 
differ  but  slightly),  that  it  seems  right  to  keep  coxeni  specifically  separate. 

14.  C.  melanogenia  melanogenia  (Schleg.) 
Am  Islands. 


(  77  ) 

15.  C.  melanogenia  suavissima  Scl. 
Smith-Eastern  New  Guinea.     See  antea,  p.  74. 

16.  C.  nigrifrons  nigrifrons  Rchw. 
Augusta  River  in  northern  German  New  Guinea. 

17.  C.  nigrifrons  macilwraithi  Rothsch. 

Exact  distribution  not  known.  Part  of  British  New  Guinea.  DifTer.s  from 
V.  n.  nigrifrons  in  its  shorter  wing  and  more  binish  forehead.     See  anted,  p.  75. 

18.  C.  nigrifrons  amabilis  Rchw. 

Huon  Gulf  to  Milne  Bay  and  Collingwood  Bay.  Differs  in  being  smaller. 
The  forehead  dark  blackish  blue.     See  anted,  p.  75. 

19.  C.  guglielmi  III.  (Schleg.). 
Salwatty  and  opposite  coast  of  New  Guinea. 

We  have  thus  at  present  10  species  in  19  forms.  The  Hand-list  of  Dr.  Sharpe 
(1900)  enumerates  19  species,  Salvadori,  Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mus.  XX.  (1891),  15  species. 

49.  Microglossus  aterrimus  aterrimus  (Gm.). 

The  typical  Microglossus  aterrimus  is  evidently  distributed  all  over  New 
Guinea.     We  have  the  following  specimens  : — 

Two  Beran  Peninsula,  from  Bruijn's  hunters. 

One  Dorey  (Guillemard  coll.). 

One  (J  Takar  (Doherty  coll.). 

One  Stephansort,  Dec.  1899  (E.  Nyman  coll.). 

One  Konstantinhafen  (Kubary  coll.). 

One  German  New  Guinea  (Cotton  and  Webster). 

One  Nicura,  British  New  Guinea  (Lix  coll.). 

Two  Brown  River  (E.  Weiske  coll.). 

These  are  all  very  large  birds  with  huge  beaks,  and  measure  as  follows  :- 

Cnlmen  over  the  ciwve  from  end  of  feathering  to  tip. 

Two  Berau  Peninsula,  133,  131  mm.  ;  wings,  375,  400  mm. 

One  Dorey,  110  mm.  ;  wing,  350  mm. 

One  S  Takar,  144  mm.  ;  wing,  400  mm. 

One  Stephansort  (?  tj),  148  mm.  ;  wing,  395  mm. 

One  Konstantinhafen,  109  mm.  ;  wing,  370  ?  (moulting). 

One  German  New  Guinea,  105  mm.  ;  wing,  360  mm. 

One  Nicura,  136  mm.  ;  wing,  400  mm. 

Two  Brown  River,  122,  113  mm.  ;  wings,  395,  385  mm. 

Cnlmen,  105  to  144  mm.  ;  wing,  351)  to  400  mm.  Males  are  evidently  larger 
ihwa  females. 

At  Kapaur  and  Onin  the  black  cockatoo  is  sacred,  and  it  means,  according  to 
Doherty,  certain  death  to  kill  one.     The  bird  is  frequent  and  very  tame  at  Kapaur. 

50.  Microglossus  aterrimus  alecto  (Less.). 

Individuals  from  the  Western  Papuan  Islands  and  from  the  Am  gronp  are 
so  much  smaller  than  tliose  from  New  Guinea,  that  they  must  be  recognised  as 
a  subspecies. 

<f  Salwatty  (Doherty),  culmen,  91  mm.  ;  wing,  340  mm. 

%  Mysol  (Kilhn),  culmen,  95  mm. ;  wing,  341  mm. 


(   78  ) 

?  Vokaii,  Am  Islands  (Beccari),  cnlmen,  85  mm.  ;  wiug,  310  mm. 

?  Vokan,  Arn  Islands  (Kiihn),  83  mm. ;  wing  in  moult. 

d  Vokan,  Aru  Islands  (Beccari),  culmen,  95  mm.  ;  wing,  325  mm, 

?  Vokan,  Am  Islands  (Kiihn),  cnlmen,  86  mm. ;  wing  monlting. 

One  Wanoembai  (Webster),  culmen,  95  mm.  ;  wing,  334  mm. 

?  Trangan  (Kiihn),  cnlmen,  85  mm. ;  wing,  315  mm. 

One  no  locality,  but  evidently  Western  Papuan  Islands  (Bruijn),  culmen, 
86  mm. ;  wing,  320  mm. 

One  no  locality,  but  evidently  Western  Papuan  Islands  (Bruijn;,  cnlmen, 
85  mm.  ;  wing,  350  mm. 

Cnlmen,  85 — 95  mm.  ;  wing,  310 — 350  mm.  Males  are  evidently  larger  than 
females. 

The  fact  that  both  Aru  and  the  Western  Papuan  Islands  have  a  smaller  race 
in  common  is  an  interesting  parallel  to  the  distribution  of  Cacatua  triton  triton 
and  Cacatua  triton  macrolopha.  Kiihn  describes  the  iris  as  coffee-brown,  bare  skin 
of  face  carmine-red,  bill  and  feet  black. 

61.  Cacatua  triton  triton  (Temm.). 

The  only  white  Cockatoo  we  know  from  New  Guinea  proper  is  the  typical 
triton.     We  have  received  the  following  specimens  : — 

(J?  Ron,  July  1S9T  (the  labels  are  perhaps  by  mistake  interchanged,  as  the 
bird  labelled  ?  is  larger  than  the  supposed  S). 

¥  ad.  Kapaur  (Doherty). 

$  ad.  Takar  (Doherty).     "  Iris  dark  brown,  feet  black,  eyelids  bluish  white," 

One  Hatam  (Bruijn's  hunters). 

One  Dorey  (Bruijn's  hunters). 

Two  Ansus,  Jobi  (Doherty).  S  iris  "  bright  crimson "  (sic  I),  ?  "  rich 
chestnut"  (I)  ;  bill  and  feet  "blackish." 

One  Stephansort,  ?  13.12.1899  (N3'man).     A  very  large  bird. 

One  German  New  Guinea  (Cotton  &  Webster). 

One  $  Konstantinhafen  (Kubary  coll.). 

One  Aroa  River,  British  New  Guinea  (Weiske  coll.). 

Three  Goram-laut  (Kiihn  coll.). 

Two  Ceram-laut  (Kiihn  coll.). 

All  these  birds  agree  in  being  very  large,  with  powerful  beaks  and  long  wings. 
It  is  most  peculiar  to  find  typical  triton  on  the  South-East  Islands. 

C.  galerita  of  Australia  differs  at  first  sight  from  triton  by  the  more  pointed, 
strongly  laterally  incurved  and  more  recurved  feathers  of  the  crest.  This  is  a  much 
better  character  to  distinguish  dried  skins  by,  than  the  colour  of  the  naked  skin 
round  the  eyes,  which  vanishes  when  the  bird  dries. 

52.  Cacatua  triton  macrolopha  (Roseub.). 

Four  adnlt  birds  from  Mysol  (3  Kiihn,  1  Guillemard  coll,),  and  three  from 
Aru  (Dobbo  and  Kobroor,  Kiihn  coll.),  agree  with  each  other  and  differ  from 
typical  triton,  in  being  smaller,  the  wings  being  at  least  an  inch  shorter,  the  bills 
less  powerfal.  Kiihn  has  marked  the  iris  of  four  specimens  as  dark  brown,  that 
of  two  as  red. 

This  form,  which  inhabits  also  Salwatty  and  Waigiu,  must  certainly  be 
recognised,  although  Count  Salvadori  and  other  authorities  have  denied  its  validity. 


(79) 

53.  Cacatua  triton  trobriandi  Finsch. 
Althongli  this  form  is  somewhat  larger  than  C.  t.  mao-olopha,  it  is  so  much 
smaller  than  typical  triton  that  it  mnst  rank  as  a  well  defined  subspecies,  being 
moreover  confined  to  the  island  sonth-east  of  New  Guinea.  See  Nov.  ZooL.  III. 
p.  240,  V.  p.  531.  We  have  now  before  us  fifteen  specimens  from  Fergnsson, 
Trobriand,  Woodlark,  Sudest,  Rossel,  and  St.  Aignan  Islands. 

The  Genus  NASITERNA. 

Eleven  forms  of  this  genus  have  hitherto  been  recognised,  a  twelfth  has  been 
described  by  De  Vis,  the  validity  of  which  we  cannot  confirm,  and  a  new  one  is 
before  ns,  which  will  be  described  hereafter.  The  actual  relation  of  these  forms 
to  each  other  is  perhaps  not  very  easy  to  understand.  N.  bruij7ii  and  N.  pygmaea 
live  in  the  same  places  and  are  doubtless  totally  different  species.  N.  maforensis 
and  N.  misoriensis  are  evidently  subspecifically  allied,  and  separable  specifically 
from  all  other  forms.  It  would  be  quite  hazardous  to  connect  them  with  either 
N.  bruijni  or  N.  pygmaea.  N.  jMsio,  N.  salvadorii  (our  new  form)  and  N.  heccarii 
seem  to  be  geographical  representatives  of  one  species.  N.  viridifrons  seems  to 
stand  alone  in  some  respects,  though  it  may  be  a  representative  of  N.  maforensis. 
N.  keiensis  seems  to  be  representing  N.  pygmaea.  The  Solomon  Islands  forms 
are  not  j'et  well  represented  in  the  Triug  Museum,  and  we  cannot  therefore  venture 
to  have  even  an  idea  about  their  affinities,  though  N.  nanina  seems  to  be  very 
much  like  the/etnale  oi  N.finscki. 

54.  Nasiterna  bruijni  Salvad. 
We  have  both  sexes  from  Arfak  (Bruijn's  hunters),  Kapaur  (Doherty),  Mt. 
Owen  Stanley,  5000 — 7000  feet  (collector  unknown),  Eafa  district,  British  New 
Guinea  (collector  unknown) — altogether  five  specimens  from  Dutch  and  five  from 
British  New  Guinea.  The  latter  are  perhaps  subspecifically  separable,  their  outer 
rectrices  having  apparently  more  often  bright  orange  tips,  instead  of  pale  yellow 
ones.  If  this  or  any  other  character  should  be  found  constant  enough,  the  form 
from  British  New  Guinea  would  probably  have  to  be  called  Nasiterna  bruijni 
orientaUs.  It  was  described  as  Nasiterna  orientalis  n.  s.  by  De  Vis  in  the 
Appendix  to  the  Report  on  New  Guinea  for  1896  and  1897  (p.  81).  At  least  we 
believe  that  with  his  creating  this  N.  oi-icntalis  he  meant  to  separate  the  British 
New  Guinea  form  from  the  typical  one  from  the  Berau  Peninsula.  His  description, 
however,  does  not,  if  we  understand  it  right,  state  any  real  constant  distinguishing 
characters  between  the  two  supposed  forms. 

55.  Nasiterna  pygmaea  (Quoy  et  Gaim.). 

We  have  before  us  six  specimens  without  exact  localities,  but  mostly  from 
Bruijn's  hunters. 

One  Andai,  purchased  from  a  dealer. 

One  Dorey  (W.  Doherty). 

Two  Mysol  (Powell  coll.,  H.  Kiihn  coll.). 

Three  Kapaur  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 

This  species  is  only  known  from  the  Beran  Peninsula  to  Ka2)aur,  and  from 
the  Western  Papuan  Islands,  namely  Mysol,  Salwatty,  Waigiu,  Guebeh,  and 
Koffiao. 


( «<' ) 

56.  Nasitema  viridifrons  Rothsch.  &  Hart. 

(?  ad.  Forehead  green,  crown  dark  blue.  Sides  of  head  greenish  bine  or 
bluish  green.  Quills  blackish,  outer  webs  with  green,  inner  webs  towards  the 
base  with  j-ellowish  edges.  Rectrices  with  very  (4  mm.)  long  bare  tips  of  shafts 
("  spines").  Middle  rectrices  blue,  the  remainder  of  them  black  with  bluish  green 
outer  edges,  the  three  lateral  ones  with  wide  dark  yellow  tips  to  the  outer  webs. 
Underside  yellowish  green,  middle  of  abdomen  orange-red,  sides  of  belly  and  the 
under  tail-coverts  bright  yellow.     Wing  66  or  67  mm. 

?   Without  the  orange-red  patch  to  the  middle  of  the  abdomen. 

One  pair  from  spirits  from  New  Hanover  (Webster  coll.). 

57.  Nasitema  finschi  Rams,  and  N.  nanina  Tristr. 

Both  inhabitants  of  various  islands  of  the  Solomon  group,  and  both  as  yet 
unrepresented  in  the  Tring  Museum. 

58.  Nasitema  keiensis  Salvad. 
Eleven  specimens  in  the  Tring  Museum  from  the  Key  Islands. 

Nasitema  aolae  Grant. 

We  have  one  of  the  co-types,  a  male  collected  by  Mr.  Woodford  on  Gnadalcanar 
5.6.1887.  The  iris  is  marked  as  "orange."  Another  specimen,  shot  on  Tulagi, 
1.8.1898,  not  sesed,  but  marked  a  "junior,"  appears  to  be  a  young  m(de  of 
N.  aolae,  though  adult  birds  may  show  some  differences  from  typical  iV.  aolae. 

59.  Nasitema  geelwinkiana  Schleg. 

Schlegel  described  {Ned.  Tijdschr.  Dierft.  IV.  p.  7,  1871)  the  Nasiternae 
from  Mafor  and  Misori  together  under  the  name  of  geelwinkiana.  He  duly  stated 
the  differences  between  the  specimens  from  Mafor  and  Misori,  but  he  did  not 
separate  them  from  each  other.  Count  Salvadori  renamed  both  forms  under  the 
names  of  misorieims  and  maforensis,  because  Schlegel's  name  referred  to  two 
separate  forms.  We,  however,  do  not  approve  of  this  system,  but  follow  the  usual 
custom  in  such  cases,  namely,  restricting  the  first  name  to  one  of  the  two  forms 
to  which  it  was  given.  The  first  locality  being  Mafor,  we  restrict  the  name  of 
geelwinkiana  to  the  Mafor  bird,  accejrting,  of  course,  misoriensis  for  the  Misori 
form. 

We  have  a  series  of  fourteen,  unfortunately  all  very  bad  skins  (Doherty  coll.), 
from  Mafor.     Several  have  a  yellow  patch  behind  the  blue  crown. 

60.  Nasitema  misoriensis  Salvad. 

Known  from  Schouten  Islands  (Biak  and  Korido  =  Misori)  only.  Doherty 
failed  to  obtain  specimens,  and  so  it  still  remains  unrepresented  in  the  Tring 
Museum.  It  is  said  to  differ  from  the  former  by  the  absence  of  blue  on  the  crown, 
which  is  brown,  and  has  the  yellow  patch  on  the  hinder  parts  of  the  crown  well 
developed — but  this  is  also  found  in  geelwinkiana. 


(  81   ) 

fil.  Nasiterna  pusio  Scl. 

Duke  of  York  Islands,  New  Britain,  New  Ireland,  St.  Aignan  and  Sudest 
Islands,  Fergusson,  South-East  New  Guinea,  Milue  Bay,  German  New  Guinea 
to  Konstantinhafen. 

We  have  specimens  from  all  tliese  localities— altogether  25.  The  sides  of 
the  head  are  ochraceons.  One  from  the  Kotoi  District  (Anthony  coll.)  has  the 
sides  of  the  head  very  bright  orange,  the  blue  of  the  crown  less  extended  laterally 
than  usual,  the  underside  more  yellowish  and  with  an  orange  tinge  on  the  middle 
of  the  abdomen.  This  specimen  is,  however,  very  closely  approached  by  others, 
and  we  are  not,  at  present,  able  to  make  any  subdivisions  of  iV.  pusio. 

(The  original  locality  "  Solomon  Islands  "  was  erroneous  !) 

62.  Nasiterna  beccarii  Salvad. 

Differs  from  N.  pusio  in  its  much  deeper  brown  cheeks  and  sides  of  the  head 
and  a  deeper  blue  crown. 

Only  two  specimens  are  known  from  the  western  coast  of  Geelvink  Bay 
between  Dorey  and  Wandammen.     One  is  in  Genoa,  the  other  in  Milan. 

63.  Nasiterna  salvadorii  forma  nov. 

Differs  from  N.  pusio  in  the  sides  of  the  crown  being  dull  yellow  instead  of 
ochraceons.  The  blue  on  the  crown  is  less  bright  and  more  greenish  blue,  the  size 
smaller  than  that  of  N.  pusio. 

Wing  :  58—63  mm. 

W^e  have  a  pair  from  Takar  (the  femaU  has  the  crown  dnller,  sides  of  crown 
more  greenish),  October  1890  (W.  Doherty  coll.).  "  Iris  dark  brown,  feet  bluish 
grey,  bill  bluish  grey  with  darker  tip." 

One  "  ?  "  (?)  from  the  north  coast  between  136°  and  137°  long.  (Bruijn's  hunters), 
four  from  near  Humboldt  Bay  (Dumas  coll.),  two  from  the  lower  Ambernoh  River 
(Dumas  coll.). 

Tijpe  :  Ambernoh  River. 

Named  in  honour  of  our  friend  Conte  Tommaso  Salvadori,  whose  merits  on 
Papuan  ornithology  will  always  remain  unrivalled. 

Both  iV.  salvadorii  and  N.  beccarii  are  probably  subspecific  forms  of  N.  pusio. 

64.  Dasyptilus  pesqueti  (Less.). 

This  remarkable  Parrot  is  aj)parently  not  uncommon  all  over  New  Guinea. 
We  have  21  examples  from  Dorey,  Waropen  and  Wensudu,  east  of  Geelvink  Bay, 
Konstantinhafen  and  various  places  in  British  New  Guinea — Mailn  district,  and 
Mt.  Cameron  to  6OU0  ft.  high. 

65.  Eclectus  pectoralis  pectoralis  (P.  L.  S.  Miill.). 

This  is  the  form  of  Eclectus  inhabiting  New  Guinea.  It  is  apparently  fonnd 
all  over  the  island,  and  also  on  the  islands  of  Waigiu,  Gebeh,  Batanta,  Salwatty, 
Mysol,  the  islands  in  Geelvink  Bay,  the  Key  Islands,  and  the  islands  stretching 
along  from  Key  to  Goram-laut ;  also  on  New  Ireland,  New  Hanover,  New  Britain, 

6 


(  82) 

Fergnsson  and  Sndest.  Between  specimens  from  all  these  localities  we  cannot 
distinguish,  thongh  there  is  a  certain  amonnt  of  variation.  The  most  striking 
variation  is  shown  in  the  colonr  of  the  abdomen  of  the  femnlcs,  which  is  sometimes 
purplish  violet  (somewhat  like  that  of  the  females  of  E.  rnrutus),  while  generally 
bright  lilne.  One  female  from  Biak  (Dohertv)  is  ([nite  small,  and  has  the  nnder 
wing-coverts  sjiotted  with  red.  We  believe  it  to  be  immature.  Unfortunately  we 
have  no  series  from  Biak. 

We  have  before  2U  males  and  3il  females  from  tlie  following  places  : — Mysol 
(H.  Kilhn),  Dorey,  Kapaur,  Takar  (Doherty),  Mefor  and  Jobi  (Beccari,  Doherty), 
Biak  (1  ?  Doherty),  Ron  (Doherty),  Stophausort,  Simbang,  Sattelberg  (E.  Nymau), 
New  Britain  (Knbary),  New  Ireland,  Fergnsson  (A.  S.  Meek),  Trobriaud  (Meek), 
Sndest  (Meek),  Nicnra  (Lix),  Brown  River  (Weiske),  Little  Key  (Kiihn),  Goram- 
laut  (Kiihn),  Koer  (Kiihn). 

GO.  Eclectus  pectoralis  aruensis  Gray. 

Hartert  has  already  (Nov.  Zool.  1896,  p.  .jiiS)  shown  that  the  Aru  Eclerfiis  has 
been  united  erroneously  with  typical  pectoralis.  We  have  before  us  8  males  and 
'i females  from  Kobroor,  Wokan,  Dobbo  and  Giabu-Lengan  (Beccari,  Guillemard, 
Webster,  Kilhn),  and  they  show  the  following  differences  :  They  are  larger  ;  the 
wing  from  1  to  3  cm  longer.  The  yellow  tips  to  the  tails  are  wider,  and  sometimes 
tinged  with  red  in  the  male.  The  width  of  the  yellow  tips  is  very  conspicuous  in 
freshly  moulted  specimens,  but  naturally  not  in  much  abraded  individuals.  The 
tail  of  the  female  is  brighter  red,  and  less  blackish  towards  the  base. 

67.  Eclectus  pectoralis  solomonensis  subsp.  nov. 

We  have  2  c?  cJ  from  Fauro,  Shortland  group,  20.11.1893  (Wahnes  and  Ribbe 
coll.),  1  S  Guadaleanar,  1.6.1887  (Woodford  coll.),  I  S  Rnljiana  (Cotton  and 
Webster  coll.),  1  ?  Guadaleanar,  1.6.1886  (Woodford),  1  ?  Rubiana  (Cotton  and 
Webster).  All  these  agree  in  being  smaller  than  our  59  specimens  of  E.  pectoralis 
pectoralis.  The  bills  are  less  bulky  and  less  long,  the  wings  1  to  3  cm.  shorter. 
The  largest  Solomon  Islands  specimen  is  still  smaller  than  the  smallest  of 
E.  pectoralis  j)ectoralis. 

Type  oi  E.  pectoralis  solomonensis  :  S  Fauro,  20.11.1893. 

The  Genus  GEOFFROYUS. 

A  study  of  a  material  of  230  specimens  in  the  Tring  Museum  has  convinced  us 
that  it  is  far  more  natural  to  accept  only  four  s[iecies  of  the  genus  Geofny/us,  with 
15  subspecies  of  one  of  these  species,  instead  of  recognising  15  species,  as  has  been 
done  in  the  Catalogue  of  Birds. 

Geojfroyus  persoiiatits  is  the  name  to  be  used  for  the  widespread  species  with 
its  great  number  of  forms,  that  name  being  established  as  long  ago  as  1811. 

At  present  we  can  recognise  the  following  19  forms  :  — 

68.  GeoflFroyus  personatus  personatus  (Shaw). 
One  of  the  smallest  forms.     Bill  rather  small.     Wing  about  150—153  mm. 
The  plum-blue  of  the  crown  very  pale,  reaching  only  about  15  mm.  beyond  the  eyes, 


(  83  ) 

and  not  extending  to  the  hind-neck.  The  general  colour  is  light  yellowish  green,  a 
large  red-brown  and  golden  hrown  patch  on  the  lesser  upper  wing-coverts  near  the 
shoulder,  under  wing-coverts  of  a  very  light  blue.  Crown  oi female  greenish  brown. 
Timor,  Semao,  and  said  to  be  found  in  Wetter,  but  we  have  not  examined 
examples  from  the  latter  island.     Six  in  Tring  Museum. 

69.  Geoffroyus  personatus  floresianus  Salvad. 

Differs  from  G.  p.  personatus  as  follows  :  Slightly  larger,  with  a  larger  bill  ; 
wing  158 — 163  mm.  The  plum-bine  of  the  crown  deeper  and  extending  farther 
down.  General  colour  much  darker  green,  the  brown  shoulder-patch  also  darker, 
under  wing-coverts  deeper  blue.     Crown  o^ female  darker  brown. 

Flores  8  examined. 


70.  Geofiroyus  personatus  sumbavensis  Salvad. 

Of  the  size  of  G.  p.  floresianus,  or  even  larger  :  wing  161 — 172  mm.,  the  green 
general  colour  a  little  lighter  than  in  fioresianus,  sometimes  nearly  as  light  as  in 
G.  p.  persona.tus  ;  under  wing-coverts  lighter  than  m  floresianus,  but  slightly  deeper 
blue  than  in  G.  p.  personatus.     Extent  of  plum-blue  as  in /fo/-('s/«/»/.?. 

We  have  not  the  slightest  doubt  that  lamlshergii  of  Finsch  is  only  an  aberration 
of  sumbavensis  ! 

Snmbawa  and  Lombok,  28  before  us. 

(This  is  the  most  western  home  of  a  Geojfroi/us.) 

71.  Geofiroyus  personatus  tjindanae  Meyer. 
Quite    like   sumbaeensis,   but   slightly   larger.      Wing   about    170 — 177   mm. 
Under  wing-coverts  perhaps  a  shade  lighter. 
Snmba  or  Sandalwood  Island,  1 1  specimens. 

72.  Geofirojrus  personatus  rhodops  TSchleg.). 

Very  large.  Green  colour  rather  dark.  Under  wing-coverts  and  axillaries  deeji 
blue.  Shoulder-patch  rather  dark  brownish  red.  Red  of  the  face  of  the  male  sharply 
separated  from  tiie  blue  crown,  while  in  the  forms  a,  b,  c,  d  the  ear-coverts  and  region 
behind  the  eye  is  more  or  less  washed  witli  lilac.  Crown  of  adult  />//«^/e  very  dark 
chestnut-brown.  Under-mandible  of  males  from  Ceram-laut  blackish  (marked 
"  black  "  on  three  labels  by  Mr.  Kiihn).  (In  males  from  Ceram  and  Amboina  the 
mandible  is  not  always  black.) 

Wing  of  male  about  189—195  mm. 

Southern  Moluccas  :  Burn,  Amboina,  Ceram,  Ceram-laut,  16  specimens. 

73.  Geoffroyus  personatus  explorator  Hart. 

Differs  only  from  rliodops  in  the  following  points  :  It  is  smaller,  wing  oi  male 
only  175— 178  mm.  The  under  mandible  of  the  male  is  apparently  always  pale 
(marked  dirty  white,  yellowish  white,  jiale  brown  on  four  labels  by  Mr.  Kiihn). 
The  crown  of  t\i&  female  is  apparently  much  lighter. 

Goram  and  Manawoko  Islands,  between  Ceram  and  Key,  6  specimens. 


(  84  ) 

74.  Geoffroyus  personatus  capistratus  (Gray). 

(This  is  the  form  geuerally  called  kei/ensis.)  Plnm-bliie  crown-feathers  red 
towards  the  bases.  Very  large,  very  yellowish  green,  esjiecially  the  tail  very 
yellowish ;  the  middle  rectrices  greenish  golden  yellow  with  bright  light-green 
margins.     Ear-coverts  with  a  lilac  wash.     Under  wing-coverts  light  blue. 

Wing  oi  mail's  about  188 — 192  mm. 

Head  o^ female  rather  pale. 

Only  known  from  the  Key  Islands,  whence  we  have  1.3  skins. 

7.5.  Geoflfroyus  personatus  timorlaoensis  Meyer. 

Differs   from   capistratus   in   being   smaller.      AVing  of  adnlt   male   (marked 
"  Typns  "  by  the  author)  iu  Triiig  Museum  183  mm. 
Tenimber  or  Timor-laut  Islands. 

76.  Geoffroyus  personatus  aruensis  (Gray). 

Smaller,  and  of  a  darker  green  than  eapistratus  and  timorlaoensis,  blue  crown- 
feathers  greyish  (not  red  !)  towards  the  bases. 

Wing  of  males  about  163 — 168  mm. 

Am  Islands,  South-Eastern  New  Guinea,  and  Fergusson  Island  in  the 
D'Entrecasteaux  group.  We  are  not  able  to  separate  specimens  from  Aru,  British 
New  Guinea  (Brown  River,  collected  by  Emil  Weiske  ;  Milne  Bay,  collected  by 
A.  S.  Meek)  and  Fergusson  Island.     We  have  now  29  skins. 

77.  (?)  GeoSroyus  personatus  orientalis  Meyer. 

We  are  somewhat  iu  doubt  if  this  supposed  subspecies  can  be  satisfactorily 
separated.  It  seems  to  us  that  it  is  like  aruensis  in  both  se.xes,  e.xcejit  that  the 
blue  of  the  under  wing-coverts  is  generally  a  shade  lighter,  the  red  of  the  face  a 
shade  lighter,  and  the  wing  often  2  or  3  mm.  shorter. 

In  the  original  description  the  male  has  been  compared  with  the  widely  different 
rliodops,  and  XXm: Jemale  originally  described  was  probably  not  quite  adult,  thongh 
perhaps  the  crown  does  uot  become  so  deep  chocolate-brown  as  in  typical  aruensis. 

Geoffroyus  personatus  orientalis  inhabits  the  coasts  round  Huon  Gulf  in  Kaiser 
Wilhelm's  Laud.  We  have  five  skins,  collected  at  Simliang  and  on  the  Sattelberg 
by  the  late  Dr.  Erik  Nymau. 

78.  Geoffroyus  personatus  sudestiensis  Vis. 

Closely  allied  to  aruensis,  but  dift'ering  in  the  total  absence  of  a  reddish  brown 
spot  near  the  shoulders. 

This  form  is  only  known  from  Sudest  and  St.  Aignau  Islands,  in  the  Louisiade 
group.     ((Jf.  Nov.  ZooL.  1898,  p.  551.) 

79.  Geoffroyus  personatus  cyanicarpus  Hart. 

Agrees  with  sudestiensis  in  the  total  absence  of  the  reddish  brown  sjKit  on  the 
wings,  but  differs  as  follows  ;  The  whole  edge  of  the  wing,  from  the  bend  to 
the  begiimiug  of  the  outmost  jiriinary  blue  like  the  under  wing-covc^ts,  instead  of 


(  «5) 

light  green,  as  in  the  allies.  The  sides  of  the  head  are  strongly  washed  with 
lilac-bine.  The  green  colour  is  darker  and  less  tinged  with  yellow,  and  the  whole 
bird  is  larger  ;  wing  5 — 10  mm.  longer. 

Only  known  from  Rossel  Island,  in  the  Louisiade  Archipelago  ;  7  si)ecimens 
before  us. 

80.  Geoffroyus  personatus  jobiensis  (Salvad.). 

Differs  from  all  the  former  subspecies  by  the  large  red  patch  on  the  rump. 
The  red  on  the  forehead  is  rather  wide  and  very  gradually  merging  into  the  violet 
of  the  crown.  We  do  not  consider  the  red  rnnip  as  a  specific  character,  as  it 
is  frequently  present  or  absent  in  the  Gfo/>m/«,s  of  the  Northern  Moluccas.  The 
interscapular  region  is  more  or  less  tinged  with  golden  brown.  The  wing-coverts 
have  sometimes,  though  seldom,  a  red-brown  spot. 

We  have  a  good  series  from  Konstantinhafen  (Kubary),  Stephansort  (Dr.  Erik 
Nyman),  and  Jobi  Island  (Gnillemard,  Doherty). 

This  form  is  distributed  from  Jobi,  along  the  north  coast  of  New  Guinea,  to 
the  Astrolabe  Bay,  while  in  the  Huou  Gulf  district  it  is  replaced  by  the  G.  personatus 
orientalis  of  Meyer. 

81.  Geofiroyus  personatus  mysoriensis  Meyer. 

Differs  from  jolfiensis  in  the  m'l/r  sex  in  the  wide  extent  of  the  blue  of  the 
crown,  which  extends  all  over  the  hind-neck,  and  the  equally  wide  extent  of  the  red 
in  front,  which  covers  the  whole  foreneck  !  In  the  frmale  the  brown  reaches  down 
over  the  hind-neck.  The  green  colour  is  very  dark,  the  interscapulium  has  no 
brownish  tinge.     The  rump  is  darker  red  than  in  jobiensis,  the  same  as  in  pucherani. 

Only  known  from  Biak  and  Korrido  (Misori).     We  received  only  2  from  Biak. 

82.  Geofiroyus  personatus  pucherani  Bp. 

Differs  from  jobiensis  in  having  the  uropygium  darker  and  of  a  more  brownish 
red,  the  forehead  narrower  red,  the  axillaries  and  under  wing-coverts  of  a  much 
darker  blue,  and  less  often  a  brownish  tinge  on  the  interscapulium.  The  wing- 
coverts  have  no  red-brown  patch. 

G.  dorsalis  {Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mus.  xx.  j).  410)  is  evidently  an  aberration  of 
pucherani,  for  a  similar  reddish  brown  saddle  is  sometimes  indicated  as  jobiensis 
(See  Reichenow,  J.  f.  0.  1897,  p.  209.  G.  dorsalis  does  not,  however,  belong  to 
jobiensis,  but  to  pucherani,  as  shown  by  the  deep  brown-red  rump.) 

This  form  seems  to  be  found  in  the  Berau  Peninsula,  at  Kapaur  (Doherty), 
Lobo  (Miiller),  Rubi  (Meyer),  Sorong,  Salwatty  (H.  Kuhn),  Batanta,  Waigiu, 
Mysol,  and  KoflSao.    The  locality  Gebe  is  most  likely  erroneous.    We  have  1.5  skins. 

S;3.  Geofiroyus  cyanicoUis  cyanicoUis  (S.  Miill.). 
This  form  we  have  kept  specifically  different  from  the  personatus  grouj), 
because  we  find  no  intergradation  between  it  and  the  latter,  nor  the  light  greeni>h 
blue  collar  indicated  in  the  per.w/Hitus  group  ;  and,  moreover,  a  collared  species 
(G.  simplex),  which  is  apparently  more  closely  related  to  the  ci/anicollis  group  than 
to  jiersoniitiix  and  its  allies,  occurs  in  New  Guinea,  apjiarently  in  the  same  country 
which  is  frec[Uented  by  pucherani  and  aruensis. 


(86) 

The  narrow  light  orreecisli  blue  (•iili,-ir  on  the  nape  reaohins:  ronnd  the  red  face, 
hut  becoming  less  distinct  on  the  fore-neck,  distinguishes  lya/iicollis.  The  inter- 
scajinlinin  is  more  or  less  strongly  washed  with  golden  brown,  or  with  au  olive  tinge, 
the  sides  of  the  chest  slightl_v  so.  The  lilac-bine  feathers  of  the  crown  are  distinctly 
light  green  towards  the  bases.  The  feathers  of  the  rnmp  have  often  reddish  brown 
edges,  and  sometimes  the  whole  nimp  deep  brown-red. 

This  form  inhabits  Batjan,  Halmahera,  and  Morty  ;  21  specimens  before  us. 

84.  Geofiroyus  cyanicollis  obiensis  Finsch. 

The  Obi  firm  of  the  collared  Geq/f'roi/its  has  hitherto  not  received  proj)er 
attention.  Finsch  and  Salvadori  separated  it  ou  account  of  the  constant  presence 
of  a  large  brown-red  patch  on  the  rump,  and  Salvadori  went  so  far  as  to  include 
Batjan  in  the  area  of  distribution  of  obiensis.  We  have  seen  that  cyanicollis,  in 
Halmahera  as  well  as  in  Batjan,  has  sometimes  the  same  brown-red  rumj)  which 
seems  to  be  a  constant  character  of  obiensis,  but  there  are  other  dift'erences  between 
the  birds  from  Batjan,  Halmahera,  and  Morty,  and  those  from  the  Obi  group  of 
islands.  In  tlie  latter  the  light  nape-band  is  in  both  sexes  wider  than  in  the 
birds  from  Halmahera,  Batjan,  and  Morty,  the  greenish  blue  colour  of  the  nape-band 
extending  nearly  or  quite  up  to  the  hiudmargin  of  the  eye,  while  in  tyjiical  cyani- 
collis it  is  widely  separated  from  the  eye.  The  lilac-blue  crown  of  the  male  of 
obiensis,  as  well  as  the  brownish  blue  one  of  t\i& female,  never  extends  on  to  the 
occiput,  while  in  typical  ci/aniro/lis  it  occurs  in  the  occiput  and  reaches  the  nape. 

This  form  inhabits  the  Obi  grouj>  of  islands,  whence  we  have  received  9 
specimens. 

85.  Geofiroyus  simplex  (Meyer). 

This  is  a  somewhat  rare  species,  which  is  not  yet  represented  in  the  Tring 
Museum,  although  it  inhabits  the  Berau  Peninsula  and  parts  of  British  New  Guinea. 

The  head  of  both  sexes  is  green,  and  the  male  has  a  bluish  collar,  which  is 
absent  in  the /emale.     Tiie  rump  is  said  to  be  blackish. 

86.  Geoffroyus  heteroclitus  (Hombr.  &  Jacq.). 

This  species  stands  much  further  apart  from  the  rest  of  the  genus  than  any 
other  in  the  male  sex.     Tlie  male  has  a  yellow  head  and  a  French-grey  collar. 

It  inhabits  the  Solomon  Islands,  New  Ireland,  New  Britain,  and  New  Hanover. 
We  have  13  specimens. 

87.  Tanygnathus  megalorhynchus  (Bodd.). 

This  Parrot  is  evidently  very  rare  on  the  coast  of  the  Berau  Peninsula, 
(ijiposite  to  Salwatty.  We  have  uo  antlieutic  specimen  from  New  Guinea,  but  one 
Irom  Waigiu  (Gnillemard),  one  from  Batanta  (ex  Laglaize  ?),  and  two  from  Mysol 
(H.  Kiihn).  S])ecimens  from  the  Western  Papuan  Islands  have  apparently  the  wing 
slightly  lunger  and  tlie  under  wing-coverts  brighter  and  purer  yellow  than  those 
from  Flores,  wiiich  point  somewhat  to  T.  w.  sumbrnsis.  The  specimens  from  the 
L'elebensiau  subregion  agree  with  those  from  the  Moluccas  and  Western  I'apuuii 
Islands. 


(87  ) 

88.  Aprosmictus  cMoropterus  Earns. 

Mr.  A.  S.  Meek  seat  two  beantifiil  adult  mali'^  and  two  females  from  Milne 
Bay,  February  1899.  He  found  tlie  iris  yellow  in  both  sexes,  I'eet  black  ;  the  adult 
male  has  the  bill  red,  with  a  black  tip  and  black  nnder-mandible  ;  the  bill  of  the 
female  is  brown.  Mr.  Anthony  collected  two  adult  and  two  young  males  on 
Mt.  Cameron,  Owen  Stanley  Range,  at  elevations  of  from  3000  to  5000  ft.  ;  and 
Mr.  Weiske  sent  two  females  from  between  the  Rivers  Laroki  and  Bauspa.  Besides 
these  we  have  one  young  male  and  two  females  collected  Ijy  H.  0.  Forbes,  and  one 
female  by  Goldie,  in  British  New  Guinea. 

89.  Aprosmictus  callopterus  D'Alb.  &  Salvad. 

(?  ad.  Tana  Mera,  October  isOO.  "  Iris  orange,  eyelids  black,  feet  blackish, 
bill  blackish,  upper  mandible  basally  red"  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 

<S  ad.  Takar,  November  189G  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 

(S  juv.  Northern  coast  of  New  Guinea,  between  i;36-3u°  and  137°  long,  from 
Bruijn,  1879. 


90.  Aprosmictus  dorsalis  (Quoy  &  Gaim.). 

?  Kapanr  (W.  Doherty,  December  1896)  and  Dorey  (W.  Doherty,  June  1897). 
"Feet  blackish,  bill  black,  with  orange  rouml  the  nostrils  "  (W.  D.). 

Besides  these  we  have  1 1  males  and  2  females  from  various  localities  in  the 
Berau  Peninsula. 


91  to  94.  Genus  PSITTACELLA. 

One  of  us  (Hartert)  gave  a  review  of  this  pretty  little  genus  in  the  Ihis, 
January  1897.     We  have  nothing  of  importance  to  add  to  that  review. 

Of  Psittacella  madarani  we  have  both  se.xes.  The  male  (Oriori  district,  Owen 
Stanley  Mountains,  about  3000  ft.)  agrees  with  the  original  description  and  figure 
{Zeitschr.  ges.  Orn.  iJ^iSG,  pi.  1.),  though  the  latter  is  not  very  good.  The  forehead 
and  crown  are  olive-brown,  the  latter  with  yellow  centres  to  the  feathers  ;  feathers 
of  occiput  and  hind-neck  bright  yellow  with  olive  edges.  Upperside  green,  rump 
only  greenish  yellow  with  black  bars.  Underside  green,  with  an  olive  tinge  on  the 
throat;  abdomen  with  a  yellow  tinge  ;  under  tail-coverts  red.  T\\&  female  {coWnct^A 
by  Weiske,  but  without  label  or  indication  of  locality)  has  the  forehead  strongly 
washed  with  blue,  the  nape  and  uj)per  jiart  of  hind-ueck  with  black  and  orange  bars. 

Some  additional  specimens  of  Psittacella  brehmi  pallida  confirm  the  differences 
stated  to  exist  between  this  subspecies  and  P.  brehmi  hrekmi  by  Mr.  Hartert  in 
Nov.  ZooL.  III.  pp.  18  and  255,  Ihis  1897,  pp.  59,  6U. 

Of  the  beautiful  Psittacella  jjicta  we  have  now  7  c?  ad.,  1  c?  juv.,  and  5  ?  ad. 
from  Mt.  Knutsford  (11,000  ft.,  Anthony  coll.),  between  Mts.  Musgrave  and 
Scratchley  (oUOO  to  6000  ft),  and  Mt.  Victoria  (500u  to  6000  ft).  The  young  male 
resembles  the  old  female,  but  the  head  is  not  brownish  red,  but  brown  with  greeuigh 
edges  to  the  feathers. 


( «« ) 


95.  Loricnlus  aar&ntiifroni  meeki  Hart. 

Pincp  oue  s[)PcimenR  procnred  by  Meek 

on  FergiiKson  I-  from  Saraarai,  and  an  adult 

and  a  yoniig /«'/  Milue  Bay.     All  th"*e  have  the  wing  more  than  70  mm. 

long,  and  th  i  liases  to  the  f    ■'  '    '  ,    *'      V  ;,,1  ;  while  specimens 

from  thf"  1'"  •  are  smaller  (  ■  A  the  females  have 

red  l>a  isoftlie  forehead.     Mftk  iiwi  forni  '    Nuv.  Zool.   II. 

p.  fj"-.',  i  ..    1  the  iris  of  all   his  specimen:* -from    :      .  ..     .n  as  "white"; 

DOW  he,  or  his  taxidermist,  has  marked  the  iris  of  the  yonng  male  as  "  pale 
straw-yellow,"  that  of  the  females  as  "  brown,"  the  feet '"  dirt.y  sage-green,"  bill 
"  black." 


\     ' ' '  >  I'  H  E  C  T  I  O  N. 


RT 


In  Nov.  Zool.  VII.  p 
aud-white  Asiatic  Kiugi 
naming  it  Ceryle  luguhri  ^ 
reference  is  not   given    in   ilu-    /, 
Stejneger  has  alrpadr  iinnicil  thV 


■at,  Rlack- 

■  ..N  ;  / .')  of  Japan, 

vever — thongh  this 

tot    low— that   Dr.  Leon  hard 


Ceryle  guttalata 

in  the  fjxt  on  {  er^jte.  iu^ubris  (T. )  on  p.  294,  vol.  xv.  of  the  Proceed.   Li.  S.  Nat. 
Mus.  (15(92). 


THE   MONKEYS   ON    PLATE   I. 


The  two  fignrea  on  Plate  I.  represent  the  two  monkeys  now  living  in  the 
Zoological  Society's  Gard'^"-'  "'  i... •!.•!.  wl.iiJi  ,.r,  .i,  .■  ■  Lnl  ii.  \',.\  VII.  of  this 
joarnal  (pp.  593 — 696)  aK  'm  rutlimchildi. 


NoVITATES  ZoOLOGIC^VoL.'^/nr.  1301. 


Pl.I. 


J  Smit  del  etlith.  MirLternBros  izzvp. 

l.CEHCOCEBUS    HAGENBECKI.  Lyd  .  2  SEMNOCEBUS  Al-BIGENA  ROTHSCHILDI  T-yd  . 


NOVITATES     ZOOLOGICAE. 

Vol.  VIII.  JULY,    1901.  No.  2. 

SOME    NOTES    UPON    THE    BRAIN    AND    OTHER 
STRUCTURES    OE    CENTETES. 

By  frank  E.  BEDDARD,  M.A.,  F.B.S. 

(Plate  VIII.). 

THROUGH  the  kinduess  of  the  Hon.  Walter  Rothschild,  M.P.,  D.Sc,  I  have 
had  the  opportunity  of  examiuing  several  point.s  in  the  anatomy  of  two 
examples  of  Centetes  ecaiulatus  belonging  to  him,  which  died  recently  in  the 
Zoological  Society's  Gardens.  As  may  well  be  imagined,  I  have  not  a  great 
deal  to  add  to  the  nearly  exhaustive  account  given  by  the  late  Dr.  Dobson  in 
bis  Monograph  of  the  InsecHvora*  and  indeed  I  have  refrained  from  troubling 
myself  to  confirm  his  careful  details  of  the  myology  of  this  insectivore,  and  from 
examining  in  more  than  a  cursory  fashion  the  other  organs  and  systems  with  which 
he  deals  in  that  memoir.  There  are,  however,  a  few  points  with  which  Dr.  Dobson 
was  not  able  to  deal ;  and  to  these  points  I  have  directed  my  attention  in  one  or 
other  or  in  both  of  the  two  specimens  which  I  have  examined.  The  principal 
lacuna  in  Dr.  Dobson's  descrijition  concerns  the  brain  ;  of  this  organ  in  the  genus 
Centetes  there  appears  to  be  no  account.  As  it  presents  several  features  of  interest, 
and  as  I  had  at  my  disposal  a  very  well  preserved  brain,  I  have  thought  it  worth 
while  to  direct  attention  to  the  principal  facts  in  the  cerebral  anatomy  of  the 
genus.  One  or  two  other  points  in  the  visceral  anatomy  and  osteology  of  Centetes 
I  shall  call  attention  to  after  dealing  with — 

The  Brain. 

The  measurements  of  the  brain,  after  preservation  in  alcohol,  were  as  follows  : 
Extreme  length,  28  mm.  ;  length  of  olfactory  bulbs,  7  mm.  ;  length  of  hemispheres, 
IT)  mm.  ;  length  of  the  same  along  the  median  aiiposed  faces,  10  mm. ;  greatest 
breadth  of  hemispheres,  16  mm. 

The  olfactory  lobes  are  therefore  enormously  large,  even  for  an  Insectivore, 
in  which  group  they  are  generally  excessively  long  as  compared  to  many  other 
groups  of  mammals.  They  are  in  the  present  genus  exactly  one-fourth  of  the 
total  length  of  the  brain,  measured  to  the  end  of  the  cerebellum. 

The  total  length  of  the  brain  presents  some  matter  for  consideration  not 
without  interest  if  its  length  be  compared  with  that  of  the  skull.  The  extreme 
length  of  the  skull  from  which  the  brain  was  extracted — of  the  dried  skull,  that 

*  G.  E.  DobsoD,  A  Alo/icgyajih  of  thi-  InM-ctirora,  Systematic  and  Anatomical.     London  :  Van  Voorst, 
1883. 

7 


(  90  ) 

is  to  say,  minus  the  terminal  nasal  cartilages — was  96  mm.  Tlie  brain  is  therefore 
rather  less  than  one-third  of  the  length  of  sknll.  These  measnrements  are  not  far 
ofFtliosc  exhibited  by  some  of  the  early  and  small-brained  Ungnlates  of  the  Eoeeno. 
They  are,  indeed,  almost  exactly  those  of  Tillotkcriuin  fodiens  as  reproduced  in  the 
text-books,  and  not  far  off  those  of  Conjphodon,  while  in  other  cases  the  brain  is 
between  one-third  and  one-fourth  of  the  length  of  the  skull.  The  proportions 
contrast  markedly  with  those  oi  Erinaceus,  which  has  a  brain  (jnite  half  the  Imgth 
of  the  sknll.  Moreover,  the  size  of  the  hemispheres  of  Centctes  is  unusually  small  as 
compared  with  the  rest  of  the  brain,  another  feature  in  which  this  lowly  insectivorous 
creature  comes  near  to  some  of  the  early  eutherian  mammals.  Seen  laterally 
(PI.,  fig.  2)  the  latter  are  seen  to  be  ou  a  level  with  the  rest  of  the  brain ;  there 
is  no  strongly  ])rojectiug  temjwral  lobe  projecting  downwards  below  the  level 
of  the  rest  of  the  hemispheres,  and  of  the  brain  generally  ;  this  is  again  a  feature 
that  is  worthy  of  note  in  connection  with  the  comparisons  here  made. 

As  may  be  seen  from  the  drawing,  which  represents  the  upper  aspect 
of  the  brain  (fig.  1),  the  two  hemispheres,  closely  ajiplied  to  each  other  in  the 
middle  line,  diverge  from  each  other  posteriorly ;  one-third  of  their  total  length 
is  thus  deilected,  for  the  median  part  of  the  hemispheres  which  are  in  contact 
measure  only  10  mm.  along  the  line  of  contact,  while  the  total  length  of  each 
hemis]ihere  measured  in  a  straight  line  is  15  mm.  From  this  there  results  a 
complex  ex]iosure  of  the  corjiora  ipiadrigemiua.  It  is  stated  by  Huxley  *  that  in 
ICrinaccus  the  hemispheres  sometimes  "  hardly  cover  the  corpora  quadrigemina." 
I  interpolate  the  word  "  sometimes,"  since  Dr.  Uobsou  figures  a  brain  of  that 
animal  in  which  the  optic  lobes  most  clearly  and  entirely  covered  by  the  cerebrum. f 
The  same  is  the  case  with  Tupnia,  whose  brain  has  been  figured  by  Garrod  :  %  tl'e 
latter  observes  that  even  the  cerebellum  is  just  covered  at  its  anterior  border  by 
the  hemispheres,  and  the  optic  lobes  are  therefore  entirely  concealed  ;  but  then 
Tiipaia,  with  its  many  Lemur-like  characteristics,  is  plainly  a  more  specialised 
insectivore  than  is  Centetes.  I  believe  that  there  is  no  mammal  whose  corjiora 
ijuadrigemina  are  so  fully  exposed  as  they  are  in  this  Madagascar  insectivore 
Centetes.  The  corpora  quadrigemina  are  largely  exposed  in  some  other  genera, 
in  Rbjnchocyon,  Petrodromus  and  Macroscelides  ;  §  and  also  in  rodents,  particularly 
in  Coelngeni/s  paca  ;  but  here,  as  in  other  genera  of  rodents,  at  least  part  of  the 
four  convexities  are  overlapjied  by  the  otherwise  divergent  hemispheres.  ||  In 
Centefrs  not  one  scrap  of  the  coi'pora  quadrigemina  are  hidden  when  the  brain  is 
viewed  from  aliove  ;  and  I  may  add  that  my  brain,  though  preserved  in  alcohol, 
has  retained  the  appearances  that  it  presented  when  in  the  skull,  and  in  a  fresh 
condition.  The  cerebral  hemispheres  of  Centetes  are  not  absolutely  smooth,  as 
are  those  of  TtipaUi,  according  to  Garrod.  There  is  a  rounded  furrow  on  the 
outer  part  of  each  hemisjjhere,  of  which  the  concavity  is  turned  towards  the 
middle  line  of  the  cerebrum.  This  rudimentary  fissure — it  is  indeed  hardly  more 
than  a  faint  de{)ression — is  curiously  like  a  similar  furrow  which  is  figured  and 
described  in   the  brain  of  the  common  Hedgehog.     There  is,  moreover,  a  distinct, 

*  A  Manual  af  the  Anatomy  of  Vertvhrated  Animalu,  p.  447.     Loinlon  ;  Churchill,  1871. 

f  On  the  othnr  hand  T.cche  figures  a  br.iin  (_Svensk  Vctennlt.  Ak.  JIaiidl.  21,  No.  11,  PI.  IV.,  li.,'.  J'.l) 
in  whicli  the  corpora  are  partly  expo.scit. 

X  "  .Votes  on  the  Visceral  .Vnatomy  of  the  Tupaia  o£  Burmah  (Tupaia  bclangeri),"  P.X.S.  18711  p.  'M\. 

%  Peters,  lieinv  luich  Mosmmhlqnr,  1858,  PI.  XXIV.,  figs.  10,  12,  13. 

II  lieddard,  "  On  the  Cerebral  Convolutions  of  the  Cerebral  Hemispheres  in  certain  Uudonte,"  Ihhl. 
1832,  p.  .-,96. 


(  91   ) 

short,  and  somewhat  faint  sylvian  fissure  visible  lateral!}'.  The  four  ojitic  lobes 
are  placed  in  exactly  the  same  plane  with  regard  to  each  other,  and  the  anterior 
pair  are  divided  by  a  somewhat  obscure  and  diagonal  fissure  from  the  posterior  pair. 
The  fact  that  these  lobes  are  on  the  same  level  is  worth  noting,  since  it  is  often  the 
case  that  the  anterior  pair  are  above  the  level  of  the  posterior  pair.  But  in  such 
cases  it  is  not  at  least  always  a  question  of  ordinal  distinction  ;  for  while  in 
Dolichotis  the  four  pairs  of  (juadrigemina  corpora  are  npon  the  same  level,  those 
of  Sciurtis  are  so  disposed  that  the  anterior  pair  are  above  the  posterior  jmir.  It  is 
also  perhaps  noteworthy  that  the  line  of  division  between  the  anterior  and  posterior 
pairs  of  the  corjiura  quadrigemina  are  so  slight  ;  the  furrow  is  not  well  marked, 
and,  moreover,  the  distinctness  of  the  two  pairs  of  lobes  is  still  furtlier  obscured  by 
the  fact  that  they  do  not  rise  in  so  conve.x  a  fashion  in  front  of  and  behind  the 
furrow  as  in  the  brains  of  some  other  mammals. 

Intestinal  Canal. 

Beyond  stating  that  there  is  no  caecum,  Dr.  Dobson  gives  no  account  of  the 
intestinal  canal  of  Ceiitctes.  I  found  that  in  the  smaller  specimen  the  whole  canal 
measured  4  ft.  3  in.  Fifteen  inches  from  the  anus  tliere  was  a  sudden  diminution 
of  calibre,  the  latter  jiart  of  the  intestine  being  narrower.  I  place  provisionally 
this  point  as  marking  the  commencement  of  the  "  large "  intestine.  I  say 
"  provisionally,"  because  in  the  second  and  larger  individual  which  I  dissected 
I  could  find  no  such  break  at  a  corresponding  point.  On  the  other  hand,  I  did 
find  such  a  lireak  at  a  distance  of  only  eight  inches  from  the  anus.  The  latter 
individual  had  a  much  longer  gut,  of  which  the  total  length  was  seven  feet  all  but 
one  inch  (i.e.  S3  in.). 

Corresiwnding  to  the  absence  of  complication  in  the  gut  itself,  the  arrangement 
of  the  mesentery  supj)orting  it  was  found  to  be  very  simjile,  more  so  than  in  a 
Genet  which  I  dissected  for  the  purposes  of  comparison.  The  entire  alimentary 
tract  was  supported  and  tied  to  the  middle  dorsal  line  by  a  perfectly  contiuuons 
mesentery,  which  commenced  with  the  commencement  of  the  small  intestine.  The 
only  complication  in  the  mesentery  that  I  could  discover  was  the  presence  of  a 
second  mesentery  attaclied  to  the  o])posite  side  of  the  gut  to  that  which  bore  the 
chief  mesentery,  and  which  was  independently  attached  to  the  mid-dorsal  line  of 
the  body  wall  ;  this  second  mesentery  only  existed  for  the  space  of  about  three 
inches.  There  was  no  break  at  the  commencement  of  the  large  intestine,  one 
continuous  mesentery  forbidding  any  demarcation  between  the  two  sections  of  the 
gut.  Now  the  conditions  which  obtain  in  the  Genet  are  slightly  different.  This 
animal  has  a  small  caecum  which  has  its  own  mesenteries,  with  the  description  of 
which  I  am  not  concerned  at  present.  But  in  addition  to  this  the  duodenum,  where 
it  begins  to  bend  upwards  to  the  left,  has  a  secondary  mesenterial  attachment  to  the 
main  mesentery,  which  supports  it  and  the  large  intestine.  For  a  space  of  about 
two  to  three  inches  the  duodenum  is  jirovided  with  two  mesenteries,  of  which  the 
secondary  one  is  inserted,  not  independently  on  to  the  dorsal  body  wall,  but  on  to 
the  main  mesentery  ;  this  region  is  exactly  opposite  to  the  caecum  and  the  com- 
mencement of  the  large  intestine.  At  this  point  the  small  intestine  crosses  over 
the  large.  The  condition  which  characterises  Centetes  seems  to  be  obviously  a  more 
simple  condition  than  that  which  distinguishes  the  Genet.  This  is  naturally  in 
accord  with  the  relative  jrosition  in  the  system  of  the  two  groups,  lusectivores  and 
Carnivores. 


(  92  ) 

PosTEEioR  Cardinal  Vkin. 

Dr.  Dobson  does  not  mention  the  condition  of  the  azygos  or  posterior  cardinal 
veins  in  Centetes.  It  may,  therefore,  be  worth  while  to  note  that  in  this  Insectivore 
there  is  bnt  one  azygos,  the  right,  instead  of  two  as  in  the  Hedgehog.  This  vein 
is  large,  and  extends  back  as  far  as  the  diaphragm,  and  farther  ;  bnt  unfortunately 
I  was  nnable  to  detect  its  connection,  if  any,  with  the  vena  cava  posterior. 

The  Skull. 

After  the  exhaustive  descriptions  of  Mivart,*  Dobson, f  and  Parker, t  I  have 
not,  as  might  be  expected,  much  to  add  to  our  knowledge  of  the  skull  of  Centetes. 
There  is,  however,  one  point  to  which  attention  does  not  appear  to  have  been 
directed  by  any  one  of  the  authors  quoted. 

The  single  nasal  bone  is  described  by  Dobson  in  the  following  words  :  "  The 
nasals  are  united,  even  at  birth,  but  slightly  separated  in  front,  extending  backwards 
as  a  narrow  process  between  the  froutals  as  far  as  a  line  connecting  the  anterior 
margins  of  the  orbits."  This  description  agrees  accurately  with  what  I  have  seen  ; 
bnt  it  is  not  quite  suflScient  to  describe  all  that  is  visible  when  the  skull  is  further 
dissected.  The  posterior  extremity  of  the  nasal  appears  in  the  uninjured  skull  to 
die  away  at  the  point  mentioned  by  Dr.  Dobson,  where  the  two  froutals  come  into 
contact  in  the  middle  line.  These  bones,  I  may  observe  in  passing,  are  a  little 
asymmetrical,  the  left  frontal  slightly  overtop])ing  the  right.  When  the  froutals 
are  divided  by  a  vertical  cut,  the  bones  (fig.  3)  are  seen  to  lie  above  a  triangular- 
shaped  piece  of  bone  {i.e.  triangular  in  transverse  section),  and  thus  not  to  roof  in 
of  themselves  the  olfactory  region.  The  piece  of  bone  which  underlies  them  is  the 
apparent  continuation  of  the  nasal,  and  can  be  traced  ibr  a  considerable  way  back, 
lining  the  roof  of  the  skull.  I  am  inclined  to  think,  however,  that  this  tract  of  bone 
is  not  merely  the  nasal  overlapped  by  the  froutals.  It  is  impossible,  with  the 
material  at  my  disposal,  to  be  positive  n]ion  the  point  :  but  I  am  rather  disposed  to 
regard  it,  and  perhaps  the  posterior  jiart  of  the  nasal  which  is  exposed  on  the  upper 
surface  of  the  skull,  to  be  an  ossified  portion  of  the  mesethmoid,  which  in  this 
animal,  as  in  the  whales  and  in  certain  struthious  birds,  comes  to  lie  partly  upon 
the  surface  of  the  skull. 

The  accompanying  sketches  (Figs.  3,  4)  will  show  the  arrangement  of  the  bones 
which  obtains,  and  it  explains  itself. 

»  Joim.  Anat.  Phyn.  ii.  (1868),  p.  117,  and  P.Z.S.  1871,  p.  72. 

f  Loc.  cit.  p.  72. 

X  Phil.  Trmu.  1885,  p.  218. 


EXPLANATION  OF   PLATE  VIII. 


Fig.  1.     Braiii  of  Centetes  ecaudatus  represented  In  situ,  and  of  niitural  size,  from 
above. 
C  H,  Cerebral  hemispheres. 
C  Q,  Corpora  qnadrigemina. 
C  B,  Cerebellum. 

Fig.  'Z.     Brain  of  the  same  :  lateral  aspect. 
Letters  as  iu  Fig.  1. 

Fig.   3.     Section  through  sknll  of  Centetes  ecawlntas  iu  frontal  region  x  2. 
F,  frontal  bone. 
N,  nasal  or  ossified  mesethmoid  (?) 

Fig.  4.     A  portion  of  the  roof  of  the  sknll  in  the  frontal  region. 
F',  frontal  bone. 

N,  nasal.   The  posterior  part  of  the  nasal,  closely  embraced  by  the  frontals, 
seems  to  be  distinct  from  the  anterior  part. 


NoVlTATES   ZoOLOGIC/E.  VoL.  VJil  1901. 


PL.vnr. 


-CH 

-ca 

-CB 


rfemd^e  del 


7.<t  :.eip2ig. 


BRAIN    AND    SKULL    OF    CENTETES. 


-6  JUL  ,901 


X 


(  93  ) 


ON  THE  BIEDS   OE  THE  KEY  AND  SOUTH-EAST  ISLANDS, 
AND  OE  CERAM-LAUT. 

By  ERNST  HARTERT. 

(Contimiet?  from  }'■  5.) 

III.  COLUMBAE. 

15.  Ptilinopus  xanthogaster  OVa.al.). 

Elat,  Great  Key,  Toeal,  Little  Key.     Evidently  freiinent. 

Teoor  (4),  Manggoer  (2),  Kilsoeiu,  Koer  Islands  (.5),  Taam  (5).  Also  common 
on  Dammer  Island  in  the  Banda  Sea,  and  on  Banda.     (Cf.  Nov.  Zool.  1900,  p.  21.) 

1(3.  Ptilinopus  superbus  (Temm.  &  Knip). 

Tliis  well-known  pigeon,  though  sjjread  from  Queensland  to  the  Moluccas,  is 
absent  from  the  Key  and  South-East  Islands.  From  Ceram-laut  BIr.  Kiihn  sent 
us  a  number  of  specimens. 

IT.  Ptilinopus  wallacei  G.  R.  Gray. 

Key  Islands  and  South-East  Islands  :  Bacer  (Ruin)  and  Toeal,  Little  Key 
gronp.  Koer  group  (Komeer,  Kilsoeiu,  Koer),  Taam,  Blanggoer.  Inhabits  also 
Banda,  Timorlant,  and  the  Aru  Islands. 

18.  Ptilinopus  rivolii  prasinorrhous  Gray. 

Add,  north  of  Great  Key,  Toeal  on  Little  Key  ;  Teoor,  Goram-laut,  Kisoei, 
Kilsoein,  aud  Koer  in  the  Koer  group. 

19.  Ptilinopus  viridis  (L.). 

This  pigeon  does  not  extend  as  far  south  as  the  Key  Islands  ;  but  we  have 
received  four  males  from  Maar  Island,  near  Ceram-laut,  seven  mali's  and  two 
females  from  Manawoka,  Goram  group. 

20.  Carpophaga  rosacea  (Temm.). 

Not  rare  on  the  Key  Islauds.  AVe  have  received  half  a  dozen  from  Toeal. 
"  Iris  dark  carmine.     Eyelids  and  nostrils  carmine.    Bill  dark  grey.    Feet  carmine." 

21.  Carpophaga  concinna  concinna  Wall. 

Goram-laut,  Manawoka,  Taam,  Koer,  Kilsoeiu  in  the  Koer  group,  Manggoer, 
Kisoei,  Teoor. 

All  these  specimens,  18  in  all,  must  be  taken  as  typical  conciium,  though  some 
are  very  white  and  approach  C.  concinna  separata.  These  18  specimens  lorm  part 
of  a  series  of  44  in  the  Tring  Museum. 


(  M  ) 

22.  Carpophaga  concinna  separata  Hart. 

Spi'cimeus  from  the  Key  Islands  are  generally  whiter,  and  often  larger.  The 
underside,  neck,  and  head  are  much  less  greyish,  but  mnch  more  creamy  whitish. 
This  can  especially  be  seen  when  the  feathers  of  the  neck  and  breast  are  lifted  np. 
The  bases  then  look  distinctly  greyish  in  typical  roi/riuna,  bnt  almost  white  in 
separata.     Single  specimens  nevertheless  are  sometimes  hardly  distinguishable. 

23.  Myristicivora  melanura  (Gray). 

This  Molnccan  species  was  found  on  Goram-laut  only. 

~'4.  Myristicivora  bicolor  (Scop.). 

Mr.  Kiihn  sent  specimens  from  Ceratu-laut,  Kisoei  in  the  Watoebela  gron]i, 
Teoor,  and  from  Little  Key. 

25.  Macropygia  amboinensis  keyensis  Salvad. 

Wo  know  tliis  form  from  the  Key  Islands  only.  Mr.  Kiihn  sent  it  from  Tooal 
and  from  Add  Island,  north  of  Great  Key. 

This  form  ilififers  from  amboinensis  in  the  colour  of  the  crown,  and  in  the 
continuation  of  tlie  bars  on  tlie  underside  down  to  tlie  vent  and  under  tail-coverts. 
The  tail  is  also  shorter,  and  the  bars  on  the  under  surface  slightly  wider. 

20.  Macropyg'ia  amboinensis  amboinensis  (L.). 

This  form  inhabits  some  (if  not  all)  of  the  South-East  Islands,  though  I  cannot 
find  that  this  was  known  before  Mr.  Kuhn's  visit  to  them.  We  have  received  it 
from  Manawoka,  Goram  group,  from  Ondor,  Goram-laut,  and  also  from  Ceram-laut. 

Specimens  from  these  islands  do  not  seem  to  differ  from  typical  amboinensis. 
They  differ  from  heye.mis  in  their  longer  tails,  the  unbarred  under  tail-coverts 
(merely  indications  being  visible  sometimes),  and  in  the  barrings  becoming  obsolete 
and  evanescent  on  the  abdomen.  The  top  of  the  head  is  also  of  a  dift'ereut  colour, 
being  more  or  less  cinnamon,  instead  of  ashy  greyish. 

27.  Reinwardtoena  reinwardtsi  reinwardtsi  (Temm.). 

Tlie  genus  Reinwnrdtorna  is  apparently  absent  from  the  Key  and  Soutli-East 
Islands,  Imt  Mr.  Kiilin  sent  us  two  skins  from  Ceram-laut.  These  have  the  abdomen 
pale  lavender  grey  and  the  breast  white,  the  wing  about  225  mm.  long.  They  seem 
to  be  indistinguishable  fVoni  what  I  consider  typical  reinioardti  from  the  northern 
Moluccas.  They  do  not  seem  to  have  the  long  wing,  very  jiale  head  and  j)aler, 
somewhat  creaiiiy  underside  of  the  Burn  birds  which  I  have,  I  tliink  rightly, 
separated  as  R.  r.  albida. 

28.  Caloenas  nicobarica  (L.). 

llerr  Kiihn  sent  this  liinl  only  from  Toeal,  from  Soa  near  Little  Key,  and  one 
from  Teuiai  in  tlie  Taaiii  group. 


(  95  ) 

29.  Geopelia  maugeus  (Temm.  &  Knip.). 

Evidently  not  rare  on  the  Key  Islands.  Mr.  Kiilin  sent  a  sories  from  Toeal, 
Little  Key.  It  occnrs  also  on  the  South-East  Islands.  We  have  three  from 
Kilsoein,  in  the  Koer  gronp,  one  from  Fathol,  Manggoer  gronp,  two  from  Taam. 

30.  Columba  albigularis  (Bp.). 

We  have  not  received  this  species  from  Toeal,  where  Mr.  Kiihn  resides  ;  bnt 
he  sent  a  series  of  adnlt  birds  and  a  nestling  from  Soa  Island,  near  Little  Key 
Island,  and  one  from  Maar,  near  Ceram-lant. 

31.  Chalcophaps  stephani  Rchb. 

Known  from  the  Key  Islands,  bat  not  from  the  South-East  Islands  or  Moluccas. 
The  distribution  is  thus  a  most  remarkable  one,  as  it  embraces  (Celebes  and  the 
whole  of  New  Guinea  to  the  Bismarck  Archipelago,  bnt  misses  the  Moluccas  entirely. 

Mr.  Kiihn  sent  us  two  adult  males  from  Toeal,  where  Captain  Webster  also 
procured  one. 

32.  Chalcophaps  chrysochlora  (Wagl.). 

Found  on  the  Key  and  South-East  Islands.  Mr.  Kiihu  sent  it  from  Toeal, 
Koer,  and  Manggoer. 

The  relations  of  this  bird  to  Chalcophaps  iiulica  are  not  quite  clear.  It  would 
seem  that  it  replaces  it  geographically  in  most  places,  and  may  be  only  a  subsi)ecie8 
of  the  latter,  especially  as  it  seems  to  be  connected  with  it  through  sanghireiisis, 
which  stands  somewhat  between  chn/sochlora  and  indica  ;  at  the  same  time  we  are 
not  quite  sure  that  they  do  not  occur  together  in  some  places. 

33.  Chalcophaps  indica  (Linn.). 

While  we  have  received  Gh.  chrysochlora  from  Koer  and  Manggoer,  we  got 
typical  indica  from  Manawoka  in  the  Goram  group,  from  Teoor  and  ( 'eram-Iaut. 

IV.   MEGAPODIIDAE. 
34.  Megapodius  duperreyi  duperreyi  Less,  et  Garn. 

This  is  the  only  Megapodius  known  from  the  Key  and  South-East  Islands. 
Mr.  Kiihn  sent  it  from  Toeal,  Little  Key,  Teoor,  Kilsoein  in  the  Koer  group,  and 
Kisoei. 

These  specimens  agree  entirely  with  those  from  other  countries  of  the  range  of 
typical  duperrci/i. 

V.   TURNICIDAE. 

35.  Turnix  maculosa  (Temm.). 

A  single /ma^e,  Eer  Island,  Little  Key  group,  west,  14.  xii.  1900.  "Iris 
white;  feet  yellow  ochreons  ;  bill  greenish  yellow." 


(  96  ) 

VI.    RALLIDAE. 
3(1  Poliolimnas  cinereus  (Vieill.). 

We  received  one  nude  of  this  widespread  littli^  rail,  shot  by  Mr.  Klilin  on 
Ohoitil,  Little  Key  Islands,  on  February  5th,  ISUS. 

37.  Porzana  tabuensis  (fim.). 
One /ma&,  Teoor,  30.  1.  Lsit'.).     "Iris  bright  chocolate-brown,  eyelid  bright 
vermilion.     Feet   blackish   red-brown.     Bill    black."     The   locality   is   quite   new. 
Although  this  bird  is  very  widely  spread,  it  is  evidently  new  to  the  Moluccau 
subregion. 

38.  Hypotaenidia  philippensis  (L.). 
(J  Toeal,  Little  Key,  16.  U.  1897. 

39.  Rallina  tricolor  Gray. 

We  have  received  one  male  from  Koer  and  two  females  from  Kilsoein.  These, 
as  well  as  one  from  Dammer  in  the  Banda  >Sea  (see  Nov.  Zool.  1900,  p.  22),  are 
very  small,  and  very  little  barred  on  the  abdomen.  I  am  inclined  to  think  that 
they  form  a  new  subspecies,  but  one  from  North  Queensland  in  the  Tring  Museum 
is  almost  similar,  and  others  vary  individually.  The  question  of  the  possible 
distinctness  of  the  South-East  Islands  and  Dammer  form  must  therefore  for  the 
present  remain  undecided. 

VI.   ALCEDINIDAE. 
40.  Alcedo  ispida  ispidoides  Less. 

This  form  is  absent  from  the  Key  Islands,  according  to  our  present  knowledge ; 
but  Kiihu  sent  a.  female  from  Teoor  and  a  series  from  Ondor,  Goram-laut,  where 
he  found  it  common.  He  describes  the  iris  as  dark  brown,  the  feet  bright  scarlet, 
bill  black,  sometimes  red  at  the  base  of  the  under  bill.  These  latter  individuals  are 
evidently  the  females. 

This  is  the  form  which  I  formerly  called  Alcedo  ispida  moluccana,  but  moluccatm 
being  a  "  nomen  nudum,"  the  name  is/ddoides  must  be  used. 

41.  Ceyx  lepida  lepida  Temm. 

The  true  lepida  was  found  by  Sir.  Kiihu  in\  Maar,  near  Ceram-laut,  Manawoka  in 
the  Goram  group,  and  on  Kisoei.  The  iris  is  described  on  the  labels  as  dark  brown, 
the  bill  and  feet  as  Ijrigbt  vermilion. 

All  these  birds  agree  with  Amboina  specimens,  and  arc  therefore  t3'pical  lepida, 
this  form  having  originally  been  described  from  Amboina.  .Specimens  from  the 
northern  Moluccas,  of  which  I  have  before  me  fifteen  skins  from  Obi  Major,  Teruate, 
Batjan,  and  Morty,  differ  in  the  following  points  :  — 

The  bill  is  generally  slenderer,  not  so  deep,  the  wing  slightly  shorter,  the  light 
tips  to  the  feathers  of  the  pileum  less  cousj)icuous  ;  being  not  so  light,  the  under- 
surface  inclines  to  be  deejier  rusty  and  the  back  is  sometimes  less  bright.     This  form 


(  !'7   ) 

was  formerly  separated  by  Dr.  Sharpe  iu  his  Monograph  of  the  Kingfishers  (1869) 
as  a  species,  nnder  Gray's  name  uropt/giuUs,  which  refers  to  Batjan  and  Ternate 
specimens;  bnt  later  on,  in  the  Gat.  B.  Brit.  .Uus.  XVII.  p.  183  (1S92),  the  two 
forms  were  united  without  any  remarks.  It  is  again  the  old  system,  the  question 
having  evidently  been  put :  "  Species  or  not  ?  "  while  the  idea  of  a  species  separable 
into  several  subspecies  was  not  entertained.  According  to  my  understanding,  Ceyx 
lepiJa  must  be  separated  into  four  subspecies  : 

Geyx  lepida  Upirla  :  Southern  Moluccas  (Amboina,  (Jeram,  and  South-East 
Islands). 

Ceyx  lepida  uropygialis  :  Northern  Moluccas  (Morty,  Batjan,  Ternate,  Obi). 

Geyx  lepida  cajeli :   Burn. 

Ceyx  lepida  tvallacei :   Snla  Islands. 

42.  Alcyone  pusilla  (Temm.). 
One  ?  ,  Toeal  Little  Key. 

43.  Halcyon  macleayi  Jard.  &  Selby. 

Mr.  Kiihn  sent  a  male  and  a  female  from  Ibrah,  Little  Key  group,  shot  on 
May  lUth,  190U.  They  seem  to  be  typical  macleayi,  a  large  series  of  which  I  have 
been  able  to  compare.     This  locality  is  quite  new  for  //.  macleayi. 

44.   Halcyon  sancta  Vig.  &  ^orsf. 

This  species  does  not  seem  to  be  very  common  in  the  South-East  Islands.  We 
have  only  received  single  specimens  from  Manawoka  (Goram  group),  Teoor,  and 
Kisoei.  From  the  Key  group  Mr.  Ktihn  sent  it  from  Toeal,  Elat  on  Great  Key, 
and  Add,  north  of  Great  Key.  //.  sancta  is  very  widely  spread,  extending  its  range 
from  Australia,  New  Caledonia,  and  the  New  Hebrides,  over  the  Papuan  and 
Molnccan  Islands,  along  the  Sunda  Islands  to  Bali  and  Java. 

45.  Halcyon  chloris  Bodd. 

This  widespread  species  is   evidently  common   on   the  South-East   and   Key 
Islands.     We  have  the  following  specimens  : 
A  good  series  from  Toeal,  Little  Key. 
2  (J  Manowaka,  Goram  group. 
1  (?,  2  ?  Kilsoeiu,  Koer  group. 
1  ?  Kisoei. 

1  c?,  2  ?  Taam. 

c?  ?  Ondor,  Goram-laut. 

2  c?,  2  ?  Maar,  Ceram-laut. 

4().  Tanysiptera  dea  dea  (L.). 

[t  is  an  extraordinary  fact  that  no  Tanysiptera  is  known  from  the  Key  Islands, 
nor  from  Mysol.  On  some  of  the  South-East  Islands,  however,  we  find  typical 
dea,  which  also  inhabits  C'eram  and  Amboina.  Mr.  Kiihn  sent  a  fine  series  from 
Manowoka  in  tlie  Goram  group,  and  two  from  Goram  Island. 


Ll^ 


(  98  ) 

LARIDAE. 

47.  Sterna  bergii  Licht. 

Tot'.al,  Little  Key,  winter  jilnmage. 
Ngilgof,  Little  Key  group,  ¥  aud  jnv. 
Maar,  Ceram-lant  Islands,  ?  ad. 

48.  Sterna  melanauchen  Temiu. 

Breeds  on  small  outlying  coral  islands.  Mr.  Klihn  sent  it  from  Oeboer  Island 
in  the  Little  Key  group,  and  from  Ree  (or  Noes  Ree)  near  Tiaudoe.  "  Iris  dark 
brown.     Feet  with  a  reddish  tinge.     Bill  jet-black." 

On  Ree,  a  little  island  south  of  Walis  in  the  Tiaudoe  group,  Mr.  Kiihn  found 
this  and  the  following  two  terns  breeding  on  stony  ground  on  .July  20th  and  21st. 
Although  it  was  impossible  to  shoot  the  birds  on  tlie  nests,  the  eggs  of  the  three 
species  could  as  easily  be  distinguished  as  the  birds.  It  took,  however,  a  long  time 
to  identify  the  first  clutch  of  each  species,  and  the  observations  were  made  sitting 
and  walking  on  fearfully  rugged,  sharp-pointed,  coral  ground. 

Sterna  tmlanaucken  had  clutches  of  two  eggs  ;  only  one  nest  was  found 
containing  three. 

The  eggs  vary  very  much,  like  all  terns'  eggs,  but  a  dozen  before  me  are  all 
very  light,  either  greenish-white  or  creamy-white.  They  measure  39 ;  28,  42  ; 
2T-8,  39  :  28,  30  ;  3U,  41  ;  28-8,  39-.5 ;  28-2,'  38  ;  29,  42 ;  27-0,  39  ;  29,  47  ;  42-5, 
and  39-(i  ;  27-7  mm. 

49.  Sterna  dougalli  Mont. 

This  tern  was  also  found  breeding  on  Ree  Island.  Two  adult  birds  sent  had 
the  bills  coral  red  (-Tuly  20tli).  They  belong  evidently  to  the  (usual)  large  form, 
while  in  the  Andaman  Islands  a  remarkably  small  form  occurs,  which  must  be 
called  Sterna  dougalli  Itorustes  Hume.  This  form  may,  however,  occur  elsewhere. 
A  bird  from  Woodlark  Island  in  the  Tring  Museum  is  remarkably  small,  but  not 
so  small  as  the  Andaman  Islands  form.  This  species  was  breeding  much  less 
numerously  on  Ree  Island  than  Sterna  melanauchen  and  Sterna  sinensis.  Their 
clutches  were  of  one  egg  each  only.  They  were  quite  fresh.  The  four  sent  are  very 
different  from  each  other. 

50.  Sterna  sinensis  Gm. 

This  species  bred  also  in  numbers  on  Ree  Island.  The  eggs  were  always  two 
in  number,  and  all  were  very  hard  set.  The  four  eggs  sent  are  indistinguishable 
from  the  common  brownish  varieties  of  Sterna  miniita  eggs. 

PODICIPIDAE. 

51.  Podiceps  tricolor  G.  R.  Gray. 

Mr.  Kiihn  sent  a  very  fine  series  from  Ohoitil,  Little  Key  gronp,  all  collected 
in  February  l.s9.s.  He  marks  the  iris  as  dark  vermilion,  the  feet  as  black 
marmorated  with  grey,  bill  black  with  a  yellowish-white  oblique   mark  covering 


(   !»!'  ) 

the  base  of  the  mandible,  and  reaching  across  the  lores  to  the  eye.  A  large  pallns 
was  obtained  at  the  same  time  on  Ohoitil.  The  down  of  the  breast  and  abdomen 
is  pure  white  ;  chest,  sides  of  body  and  belly  ashy-grey  ;  bill  yellowish-white, 
with  some  black  markings,  a  black  line  encircles  the  base  of  the  bill  all  round 
the  top  of  the  head  black,  tlie  down  rufous  at  base,  above  the  eyes  a  whitish-grey 
patch,  the  neck  deep  brown  with  white  stripes,  one  of  which  forms  a  triangle  on 
the  back  of  the  neck.  Upperside  greyish-brown,  with  small  pale  spots. 
Mr.  Dnmas  obtained  P.  tricolor  on  Morty  Island. 


IBIDAE. 
52.  Ibis  molucca  <  'uv.  i  , 

6  jun..  Add,  north  of  Great  fcrey,  27.  ii.  lUUD. 

PLATALEIDAE. 

53.  Platalea  regia  Gould. 

We  have  received  three  skins  from  Elat  (Great  Key)  and  Oen  (close  to  Toeal). 
Two  are  se.xed  "  ? ,"'  the  third  is  not  se.xed.  All  three  are  alike.  The  bills  are 
rather  smooth  on  the  top,  and  much  shorter  than  in  an  Australian  specimen  from 
N.W.  Australia,  which  is  sexed  "  i."  The  spots  over  the  eye  and  on  the  crown 
were  "vermilion"  in  one,  and  apparently  orange  in  another,  while  they  are  absent 
in  the  third,  which  is,  by  its  black-shafted  i)rimaries,  characterised  as  immature. 
Probably  the  smooth  and  small  bill  are  sexual,  but  a  series  from  various  localities 
should  be  compared. 

54.  Esacus  magnirostris  (Vieill.). 

This    wide-spread  true   shore-bird,    which   is   found    from    Australia   to    the 
Andamans,  was  sent  from  the  following  places  : 
Godan,  Little  Key  group. 
Noes  Reejanat  and  Walir,  Tiandoe  Islands. 
Teoor  and  Manggoer. 
I    cannot    accept    the    genus    Orthorhamphus.       Esacus    rccurvirostris    and 
magnirostris  are  just  diiferent  enough  to  separate  them  into  two  "  good  "  species, 
but  it  is  much  more  natural  to  have  them  in  one  genus,  than  in  two. 

55.  Stiltia  Isabella  (VieilL). 
Sent  from  the  Key  Islands  only. 

56.  Hydralector  gallinaceus  novaeguineae  (Rams.). 

A  good  series  was  procured  on  the  little  island  of  Ohoitil,  Little  Key  group, 
in  January  and  February  1898.  "  Iris  yellowish-white.  Comb  blood-red  Bill 
black,  base  from  the  nostrils  backwards  like  the  comb.  Feet  bright  grey."  It  is 
a  curious  fact  that  the  female  is  considerably  larger  than  the  male.  There  can  be 
no  doubt  that  N.  fialli naceus  and  nomeguineae  are  merely  subsjiecies.     In  fact. 


( 1"" ) 

some  of  the  Key  Islands  specimens  api)roach  Australian  ones,  but  1  believe  that 
this  is  not  a  racial  character,  but  merely  due  to  the  age  of  the  plumage. 

It  may  be  said  here  that  Australian  specimens  of  //.  yaUitmceus  galUmiceus 
are  not  larger  than  those  from  Celebes.  Probably  this  statement  was  made  when 
males  from  Celebes  &nA./emales  from  Australia  were  compared. 

57.  Lobivanellus  miles  (Bodd.). 
A  good  series  from  Toeal  to  hand. 

58.  Charadrius  dominicus  fulvus  Gm. 

The  "  Eastern  Golden  Plover  "  is  before  me  from  the  following  places  : 
Toeal,  Little  Key,  one  skin,  November  14th. 
Teoor,  four  skins,  November  1st  to  4th. 
Ondor,  Goram-laut,  six  skins,  February  24tli  to  28th. 

59.  Ochthodromus  geofiroyi  (Wagl.). 

Only  represented  from  Maar  (Ceram-laut)  and  from  Teoor,  but  most  occasionally 
on  the  Key  Islands  as  well.  The  wings  of  these  examples  are  very  long.  They 
are  winter  birds,  shot  in  November  and  December.  Western  specimens  have 
perhaps  always  shorter  wings,  but  I  cannot  settle  this  ijuestiou  now. 

(30.  Ochthodromus  veredus  (Gould). 

Mr.  Klihn  repeatedly  obtained  this  bird  near  Toeal  from  September  to 
November. 

61.  Himantopus  leucocephalus  Gonld. 

Mr.  Klihn  sent  two  males  from  Toeal,  shot  in  September  and  October.  He 
marks  the  iris  as  vermilion,  feet  pink,  bill  black.  Doherty  obtained  it  on  Batjan, 
in  August. 

62.  Numenius  cyanopus  Vieill. 

A  beautiful  large  male  was  shot  at  Trangau  Island,  liittle  Key  group,  on 
April  9th,  l.s98.     The  stripes  on  the  under  surface  are  rather  heavy. 

63.  Numenius  phaeopus  variegatus  (Scop.). 
Toeal,  not  rare,  and  Maar,  Ceram-laut. 

64.  Numenius  minutus  Gould. 

Three  specimens  were  shot  in  October  1897  on  Little  Key,  near  Toeal.  "  Iris 
black  ;  feet  bright  grey  ;  bill  brownish-black." 

65.  Heteractitis  brevipes  Vicill. 
Toeal,  Teoor,  Maar  (Ceram-laut). 


(   101   ) 

66.  Tringoides  hypoleucus  (L.). 

This  nbiqnitons  shore-bird  was  obtained  near  Toeal,  on  Teoor  and  on  Maar, 
in  the  C!eram-lant  gronp. 

67.  Glottis  nebularius  (Gtinn.). 

Sent  several  times  from  Toeal.  The  specimens  were  obtained  in  January  and 
March. 

68.  Limicola  platyrhyncha  (Temm.). 

On^ female,  Toeal,  Little  Key,  27.  x.  1807.  "Iris  black  ;  feet  greenish-grey; 
bill  black."  On  the  greater  part  of  the  njiperside  the  grey  wintor-plnmage  has 
already  made  its  appearance,  bnt  a  good  many  feathers  of  the  dark  rnsty-edged 
former  plumage  are  still  consjiicnons.  This  species  is  new  to  these  islands.  The 
occnrrence  there  extends  the  winter  range  of  L.  plutyrki/ncha. 

69.  Haematopus  longirostris  Vieill. 

Beantifnl  adult  birds  were  obtained  at  Ohoitil,  Little  Key  Islands,  in  May  ; 
on  Teniai,  in  the  Koer  grouji,  in  August ;  on  Ree,  Walir,  and  Heniar,  in  the  Tiandoe 
gronp,  in  July.     An  egg  was  obMlined  on  Ree  Island  on  July  21st,  1899. 

It  looks  exactly  like  eggs  of  Hai'matopus  ostralcgus,  and  measures  o9-41  mm. 
The  "nest"  was  a  very  shallow  hollow  in  the  sand.  The  egg  was  fresh.  There 
was  onlv  one  in  the  nest. 


( i«^ ; 


NOTES  ON   PAPUAN   BIRDS. 

By    the   HON.    WALTER   ROTHSCHILD,   Ph.D.,   and   ERNST  HARTERT. 

{C'lrJitiimlfrnm  p.  88.) 

(Plate  IV.) 
III.  COLUMBAE. 

The  Genus  PTILINOPUS. 

1.  Ptilinopus  superbus  (Toium.  k  Knip). 

Of  this  widesjiread  pigeon  we  have  specimens  from  tlie  fdllowing  localities  : — 
Queensland  :  "Wanaiubai  (Webster),  Kobroor  (Kiihn),  Trangan  (Kiihu),  Aru 
Islands  ;  between  the  rivers  Laroki  and  Vanapa  (Wciske),  Sogeri  (Forbes),  British 
New  Guinea  ;  Simbang,  Kaiser  Wilhelm's  Land  (N_\  man)  ;  Anday  (Braijn)  ;  Takar 
(Doherty) ;  Kapaur  (Doherty)  ;  Ynle  Island  ;  Dorey  (Doherty)  ;  Yamna  Island 
(Doherty)  ;  Jobi  (Doherty)  ;  Ron  Island  (Doherty)  ;  Mysol  (Klihn)  ;  Ternate 
(Guillemard)  ;  New  Ireland,  New  Hanover,  Duke  of  York  Islands;  Halmahera 
(Doherty)  :  Goodenongh,  Woodlark,  Fergusson,  trobriand,  and  Louisiade  Islands 
(Meek).     Altogether  75  skins. 

We  are  unable  to  separate  any  subspecies  of  tliis  species.  There  seem  to  be 
no  constant  differences  in  size,  markings,  or  colouration. 

'■I.  Ptilinopus  pulchellus  (Temm.). 

AVe  liave  this  pretty  bird  from  Oriori  (Anthony),  Milne  Bay  (Meek),  between 
rivers  Laroki  and  Vanajia,  and  other  places  in  South-Eastern  New  Guinea;  Etna 
Bay  (Webster)  ;  Fly  River  (D'Albertis),  Amberbaki,  Arfak,  Kapaur,  Takar,  Ron 
Island  (Doherty) ;  Waigiu  (Guillemard)  ;  Konstautinhafen  (Kubary).  Tiiere  are 
considerable  dilTereuces  in  size  and  in  the  colouration  of  the  under  tail-coverts  ; 
but  they  seem  to  occur  in  all  localities,  so  that  we  cannot  at  present  separate  any 
subspecies. 

The  "  Ptilopodisciis  group '"  of  the  genus  rtilinopiis  consists  of  one  species, 
whicli  is  separable  into  five  subspecies. 

3.  Ptilinopus  coronulatus  coronulatus  Gray. 

ficneral  colour  dark  green  with  a  faint  golden  sliine.  Pileum  rosy-lilac. 
Abiloniun  with  a  lilac-violet  patch,  which  is  sometimes  slightly  tinged  witli  saffron- 
colour  towards  the  vent.     Vent  and  under  tail-coverts  bright  lemon-yellow. 

Aru  Islands  and  Soutli-East  New  Guinea.     AVe  have  : — 

2  6  Trangan,  Aru  Islands  (H.  Kiihn  coll.).  "  Iris  orange-red.  Feet  bluisli- 
carmine.     Bill  pale  green." 

1  S  Kobroor,  Aru  Islands  (H.  Kiiliu  coll.). 

1  S  Wokau,  Aru  Islands  (H.  Kiihn  coll.). 

2  6  (?)  Dobbo,  Aru  Islands  (('a]it.  ('.  Webster  coll.). 


(  io:5  ) 

?  Naiabui,  Sonth-Eastern  New  Guinea  (D'Albertis  and  Tomasinelli  coll.). 

2  Brown  River,  South-East  New  Guinea  (E.  Weiske  coll.). 

1  (J  Kabadi,  Sunth-East  New  Guinea  (E.  Weiske  coll.). 

It  seems  that  tlie  specimens  from  South-Easteru  New  Guinea  have  as  a  rule 
the  under  tail-coverts  and  vent  slightl)'  brighter  yellow,  the  green  a  slight  bit  more 
yellowish.  If  a  larger  series  should  prove  that  this  is  correct,  the  form  would 
require  a  new  subspecific  name. 

4.  Ptilinopus  coronulatus  huonensis  A.  B.  Meyer. 

Like  P.  coronulatus  coronulatus,  but  the  lilac  abdominal  patch  slightly  larger 
and  deeper  in  colour,  vent  and  under  tail-coverts  darker,  more  orange-3'ellow,  the 
crown  a  little  darker. 

Huon  Gulf  to  Collingwood  Bay  and  Milne  Bay.  We  have  the  following  five 
specimens  :  — 

?   Simbang,  Kaiser  Wilhelm's  Land  (E.  Nyman  coll.). 

i  ?  Collingwood  Bay  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 

$  %  Milne  Bay  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 

5.  Ptilinopus  coronulatus  trigeminus  Salvad. 

Diifers  from  the  former  two  iu  having  the  pileum  much  paler,  and  the  purple 
abdominal  patch  largely  surrounded  by  an  orange  or  saffron  colour.  Nortb-West 
New  Guinea  and  Salwatty  Island.     We  have  no  specimen  of  this  form. 

6.  Ptilinopus  coronulatus  geminus  .Salvad. 

Like  P.  c.  triycminus  ;   liut  the  crown  is  still  lighter,  almost  whitisii. 
Jobi    Island   and    north    coast   of    New   Guinea.       We    have    the    following 
specimens  : — 

3  without  labels,  but  probably  obtained  by  Bruijn's  hunters  on  Jobi. 
J  S  Jobi  (Bruijn  coll.). 

2  ?  Marai,  Jobi  (W.  Doherty  coll.).  "  Iris  orange  ;  feet  beet-red  ;  claws  dull 
grey  ;  bill  all  olive-green." 

?,  "  Cote  est,  136."     (From  Bruijn"s  hunters.) 
One  bought  by  Doherty  at  Waropen. 

3  Takar  (W' .  Doherty  coll.). 

7.  Ptilinopus  coronulatus  quadrigeminus  A.  B.  Meyer. 

Said  to  differ  from  P.  c.  (/e minus  in  having  the  sides  of  the  head  and  throat 
more  grey,  the  latter  showing  hardly  a  hue  of  yellowish  in  tlie  middle,  in  tlie 
jiurple  line  bordering  the  crown  in  front  of  the  yellow  line  being  absent,  and  the 
under  tail-coverts  being  more  intensely  yellow.  Shores  of  Astrolabe  I'.ay,  Kaiser 
Willielm's  Land. 

We  Lave  now  before  us,  through  the  kindness  of  Count  Berlepsch,  four 
specimens  from  Konstantinshafen  and  Stephansort,  and  we  find  that  the  only  good 
distingnishing  character  is  the  greyish  throat  and  sides  of  head,  the  yellow  line  iu 
the  middle  of  the  throat  being  almost  (^uite  absent.  The  purjjle  line  on  the  hinder 
crown  is  not  absent,  but  slightly  narrower.  Tlie  under  tail-coverts  are  not 
perceptibly  darker  or  more  intense  than  in  t/eminus. 


(  104  ) 

8.  Ptilinopus  iozonus  iozonus  Gray. 

Am  Islands  and  South-Easterii  New  Guiuca.  We  have  a  series  of  16  skins 
rrum  the  foUowinj^  places  : — 

2  from  Dobbo,  Aru  (Captain  C.  Webster  coll.). 

1  ?  Trangan,  1  t?  Wokan,  1  S  Kobroor,  Arn  Islands  (Heinricb  Klihn  coll.). 

4  specimens  Brown  River,  British  New  Guinea  (Emil  Weiskc  coll.). 

1  c?  Milne  Bay  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 

1   ?  Collingwood  Bay  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 

1  (J  Naiabui  (D'Albertis  coll.). 
4  specimens  of  uncertain  origin. 

Dr.  V.  Madarasz  *  has  described  as  a  new  species,  from  Kaiser  Wilhelm's 
Land,  a  specimen  which  he  names  Ptil.  biroi.  He  has  compared  it  with  specimens 
from  the  same  locality  which  he  called  P.  humeralis  jobiensis.  His  reason  for 
doing  so  appears  to  be  that  these  birds  showed  traces  of  the  lilac  shonlder-j>atch 
of /«/w(('/7///s,  while  otherwise  they  agreed  with  ./oi/ewsz's  of  Schlegel.  It  is  evident 
from  this  that  Dr.  v.  Madarasz  cannot  have  compared  either  of  his  specimens 
with  iozoitus  of  Gray.  From  his  description  and  figure  his  biroi  appears  to  be 
identical  with  iozonus ;  and  we  believe  that  the  so-called  P.  humeralis  jobiensis  from 
Friedrich  Wilhelmshafen  are  also  old  males  of  iozoims. 

'■•.  Ptilinopus  iozonus  jobiensis  Schleg. 

Jobi  and  northern  coast  of  New  (jlninea,  east  of  the  Ambernoh  River. 
We  have  six  specimens:  three  females  from  Ansus,  Jobi  (W.  Doherty  coll.), 
and  three  of  unknown  origin. 

10.  Ptilinopus  iozonus  humeralis  ^Vall. 

Salwatty,  Waigin,  and  North- West  New  Gninea  to  the  Fly  River. 
We  have  only  two  specimens  :  one  from  Beccari's  collections,  one  sent  home 
by  Brnijn. 

11.  Ptilinopus  insolitus  Schleg. 

New  Ireland,  New  Britain,  Dnke  of  York,  and  New  Hanover  Islands.  We 
have  15  specimens  : — r 

3  New  Hanover  (Captain  C.  Webster  coll.). 

2  New  Britain  (Knbary  coll.). 
2  New  Ireland  (?). 

8  Duke  of  York  Island  (Th.  Kleinschmidt  coll.). 

12.  Ptilinopus  aurantiifrons  G.  R.  Gray. 

Arn,  New  Guinea,  Jobi,  Batanta,  Salwatty,  and  Mysol.  IS  specimens  are 
before  ns  from  :  — 

Collingwood  Bay  (Meek  coll.),  3  cJ,  3  ? . 
Sorong,  Dutch  New  Gninea,  1  ?  (Bruijn  coll.). 
Etna  Bay,  1  (Captain  C.  Webster  coll.). 
Serai,  Jobi,  1  (Doherty,  bought  from  natives). 

*   'I'erm,  IVzitrk,  xx.  pt.  I.  p.  47.  jil.  i.  1S97. 


(  105  ) 

Waropen,  1  (Doherty,  bought  from  natives). 
Dobbo,  Am,  4  (Captain  C.  Webster  coll.). 
Wokan,  Arn,  3  (H.  Kubn  coll.),  <S,  ? ,  1  ?. 
Yule  Island,  1  S  (D'Albertis  coll.). 

1:5.  Ptilinopus  wallacei  d.  R.  Gray. 

This  is  one  of  the  most  widely  spread  species  of  the  genus.  It  occurs  in 
Timorlant,  Babber,  Banda,  South-East  Islands,  Key,  and  Aru.  We  have  26 
specimens,  as  follows  : — 

7  Toeal,  Little  Key  (H.  Kiihn  coll.),  6  <?,  1  ?. 

1  "  Key  "  (Captain  C.  Webster  coll.). 

7  from  the  Koer  Islands,  South-East  Islands  (H.  Kiihn  coll.). 

1  Taam  Island  (H.  Kiihn  coll.),  d. 

1  Manggoer  (H.  Kiihn  coll.),  ?. 

6  Great  Banda  (H.  Kuhn  coll.),  4(J,  2  ?. 

2  Larat,  Timorlant  (H.  0.  Forbes  coll.),  c?  ?. 
1  Timorlant,  from  Dr.  RiedeFs  hunters. 

14.  Ptilinopus  ornatus  Schleg. 

North-West  New  Guinea.  We  have  only  one  specimen  from  Hatam,  Arfak 
(Bruijn  coll.). 

15.  Ptilinopus  gestroi  gestroi  D'Alb.  and  8alvad. 

South-Eastern  New  Guinea  to  Kaiser  Wilhelm's  Laud. 

We  have  4  specimens  (3  ?,  1  S)  : — 1  (?,  1  ?,  Mt.  Gayata,  Richardson  Range 
(?  Weiske  coll.);  1  ?,  Kotoi  district  (Anthony  coll.);  1  ?,  Konstantinhafen 
(Kubary  coll.). 

16.  Ptilinopus  gestroi  kaporensis  subsp.  nov. 

This  is  a  most  distinct  form,  and  most  ornithologists  would  call  it  a  good 
species.  We  unfortunately  have  only  one  ?  specimen  from  Kapaur,  collected  by 
William  Doherty  in  February  1892.  It  differs  from  P.  yestroi  gestroi  in  having 
the  forehead  and  sincipnt  to  beyond  the  eyes  brownish-orange  instead  of  a  greenish 
olive-yellow  ;  the  remainder  of  crown  and  occiput  and  sides  of  head  greenish-orange, 
instead  of  greenish  olive-yellow.  The  grey  nuchal  band  is  considerably  darker, 
the  mantle  is  deep  orange-brown,  instead  of  green  washed  with  olivaceous-orange. 
The  greater  wing-coverts  are  much  more  grey,  and  the  inner  secondaries  have  their 
centres  grey  instead  of  being  uniform  green.  The  whitish  grey  of  the  chin  seems 
to  extend  further  on  to  the  throat,  the  rest  of  the  throat  is  brownish-orange  instead 
of  orange-yellow.  Breast  of  a  deeper  orauge-brown,  which  colour  extends  almost 
to  the  centre  of  the  abdomen.  The  edges  of  the  under  tail-coverts  are  whiter,  being 
less  washed  with  sulphur-yellow. 

17.  Ptilinopus  perlatus  perlatus  (Temm.). 

"West  New  Guinea,  Jobi,  Salwatty." 

6  ?  Marai,  Jobi,  April  1897  (W.  Doherty). 

4  withoiit  locality  (from  Bruijn's  hunters). 


(  i"c  ) 

18.  Ptilinopus  perlatus  zonurus  Salvad. 

Am  Islands,  British  New  Guinea,  and  Fly  lliver.     Also  Fergiissoii  and  Good- 
enough  Islands. 

1  (S  Kobroor,  Aru  (H.  Kiiliu). 

2  Aru  Islands  (bought  from  Whitely). 

4  Fergusson  (Albert  S.  Meek),  1  t?,  3  sex  not  ascertained. 
1  ?  Goodenough  Islands,  D'Entrecasteanx  grouj)  (Meek). 
1  S  Milne  Bay  (A.  S.  Meek). 

1  Brown  River  (Emil  Weiske),  not  sexed. 

2  (?  ?  Mt.  Gayata,  Itichardson  Range  (Weiske  coll.). 

10.  Ptilinopus  perlatus  plumbeicollis  A.  B.  Meyer. 

Known  only  from  Kaiser  Wilhelm's  Land. 

1   ¥  Kunstautiuhafen,  April  l!S94  (Kubary  coll.). 

20.  Ptilinopus  rivolii  rivolii  (Prev.  &  Knip.). 

New  Ireland,  New  Hanover,  and  Duke  of  York  Island. 

We  have  7  specimens:  3  cJ,  1   ?,  New  Hanover  (Webster  coll.);   2  S,  1   ¥, 
New  Ireland. 


21.  Ptilinopus  rivolii  prasinorrhous  Gray. 

The  distrilintion  of  this  form  is  very  wide  and  peculiar.  It  is  found  on  the 
Key  Islands,  extends  along  the  South-East  Islands  to  the  Moluccas,  thence  to  the 
Western  Pajinan  Ishmds,  and  from  there  to  the  islands  in  Geelvink  Bay,  as  far 
south  as  Ron,  according  to  a  specimen  bought  by  Doherty  on  Ron.  We  have  48 
.specimens  : 

2  cJ,  1  ?  Add,  north  of  Great  Key  (Kiihn). 

9  <?,  2  ¥  Toeal,  Little  Key  (Webster  and  Kiihn). 

2  c?  Teoor,  Stiuth-East  Islands  (Kiihn).  "Iris  dark  brown,  feet  carmine,  bill 
sulphur-yellow." 

4  c?,  1   ?  Goram-laut  (Kiihn). 

3  c?,  4  ¥  Kisoei  Island  (Kiihn). 

5  c?  Kilsoein,  Kocr  grouii  (Kiihn). 

2  cJ  Koer  Island  (Kiihnj. 

3  c?,  1  ¥  Kayeli,  Bnru  (Doherty). 
1  S  Mt.  Mada,  Burn  (Dnmas). 

1  (i  AVecda  Islamls,  near  Halmahera  rGniik'mavd  coll.).  "Iris  orange:  bill 
chrome-yellow  ;  feet  dull  coral  red." 

2  <?,  1  ¥  Jobi  Island  (Bruiju). 

3  c?  Traitor's  Island  (Bruijn,  per  Guillemard)» 
1  c?  Ron  (bought  liy  Doherty  from  natives). 

AVe  see  no  material  ditfereuces  in  our  large  series,  though  it  appears  to 
Mr.  Hartert  that  the  mules  from  the  Geelvink  Bay  have  the  purjile  abdominal  patch 
brighter  in  colour. 


( IW ) 

22.  Ptilinopus  rivolii  bellus  Scl. 

Apparently  the  whole  of  New  Guinea.  We  have  14  specimens  with  exact 
localities. 

1  c?  Hatam,  Arfak  (Beccari  coll.). 

6  S  ad.,  1  i  jnv.,  and  2  ?  Arfak  (Brnijn  coll.). 

1  ?  Sattelberg  (Erik  Nyman  coll.). 

2  cf  ?  monntaius  between  Laroki  and  Vanapa  Rivers  (Weiske  coll.). 
1  S  Aroa  River,  4000  feet  (Weiske  coll.). 

2:5.  Ptilinopus  rivolii  strophium  (iould. 

Louisiade  Islands  to  Sonth-Eastern  New  Guinea. 

At  first  sight  7'.  rieolii  strophium  and  P.  ricoUi  miqitcU  ajtpear  very  different 
from  the  other  three  subspecies  of  rivolii,  because  of  the  apparent  absence  of  the 
purple  abdominal  patch  ;  but  we  find  old  males,  chiefly  from  Rossel  and  St.  Aignan 
Islands,  and  from  near  Port  Moresby,  showing  every  gradation  from  a  few  purple 
spots  to  a  patch  even  larger  than  in  F.  rivolii  rieolii.  We  examined  16  sjiecimens, 
as  follows  :  — 

1  typical  6,  said  to  be  from  near  Port  Moresby  (Goldie  coll.). 

1  tyi)ical  t?  Egum  Island  (A.  S.  Meek  coll ). 

1  typical  ?  and  1  tyjjical  S  Sudest  Island  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 

3  typical  J,  1  ?,  1  J"  with  small,  and  1  S  with  a  very  large,  jmrjile  jiatch, 
Rossel  Island  (A.  .S.  Meek  coll.). 

2  typical  S,  2  ?,  and  2  S  with  small  purple  patches,  St.  Aignan 
(A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 

24.  Ptilinopus  rivolii  miqueli  Schleg. 

Jobi  and  Miosnom  Islands,  in  the  (Jeelviuk  Bay. 

We  have  the  following  specimens  :  — 

1  c?  Miosnom  (Beccari  coll.). 

1  S  Miosnom  (l)ought  by  Doherty). 

1  c?  no  locality  (Brnijn  coll.). 

1  c?  Marai,  Jobi  (Doherty  coll.). 

1  S  Jobi  (Brnijn  coll.). 

25.  Ptilinopus  solomonensis  solomonensis  Gray. 

Breast-band  entirely  yellow  ;  lilac  of  abdomen  pale,  of  forehead  dark  ;  Solomon 
Islands. 

We  have  at  present  one  male  (wrongly  sexed  "  female  '")  collected  by  Mr.  C.  M. 
Woodford  on  Ugi,  1.  Lx.  1896. 

2U.  Ptilinopus  solomonensis  johannis  Scl. 

Breast-liand  entirely  yellow,  apparently  wider  than  in  the  former;  lilac  of 
abdomen  dark,  of  tlie  same  colour  as  the  crown. 

Admiralty  Islands  and  New  Hanover. 

We  have  six  skins,  four  moles  and  two  females,  fi'om  New  Hanover,  collected 
by  Captain  Webster. 


(  108  ) 


27.  Ptilinopus  solomonensis  speciosus  Schleg. 

Upper  part  of  breast-baud  yellow,  lower  white,  forehead  green,  but  lores 
purple  ;  abdomeu  ])ale  lilac-mauve. 

Northern  islands  of  Geelviuk  Bay,  Mafor,  Jobi,  and  Traitor's  Island. 

Besides  four  tmiles  and  a  young  bird,  without  locality,  we  have  before  us  the 
following'  !'.»  specimens  : — 

12  c?  Mafor  (Doherty  coll.). 

2  ?  Mafor  (Doherty  coll.). 

1  ?  Marai,  Jobi  (Doherty  coll.). 

!(?,!?  Traitor's  Island  (Bruiju's  hunters,  per  Guillemard). 

1  J,  1   ?  Korrido  (Bruijn  coll.). 


ON  THE  "lONOTRERON"  GROUP  OF  PTILINOPUS. 

The  next  section  of  Ptilinopus  we  have  to  deal  with  has  been  termed  by  Count 
.Salvadori,  in  Vol.  XXI.  of  the  Oat.  B.  Brit.  Mm.,  the  Imiotreron  group,  but  has 
been  raised  to  generic  rank  in  Dr.  Sharpe's  new  Iluml-list.  It  consists  of  the 
following  forms  : — 

P.  hyogaster  (Temm.).    Northern  Moluccas. 

P.  granuli/rons  Hart.     Obi  Major. 

P.  nanus  (Temm.).     New  Guinea  and  West  Papuan  Islands. 

P.  pectoralis  (Wagl.).     AVest  New  Guinea  and  adjoining  islands. 

P.  salvadorii  Rothsch.     Jobi. 

P.  viridis  (L.).     Southern  Moluccas  and  South-East  Islands. 

P.  musschenbroeki  Schl.  Islands  in  Geelviuk  Bay,  and  perhaps  parts  of 
AVestern  New  Guinea. 

P.  lewisi'R.&mn.     Solomou  Islands  (Guadalcauar  ?Shortlands). 

P.  vicina  Hart.     D'Entrecasteaux  group. 

P.  eugeniac  (Gould).     Solomon  Islands  (Ugi), 

Before  giving  our  enumeration  of  specimens,  we  think  it  necessary  to  e.xjilain 
our  great  apparent  inconsistency  in  treating  all  the  forms  of  the  lonotreron  group 
binomially,  while  we  have  named  forms  seemingly  much  more  distinct  trinomially. 
The  reason  for  this  is  that,  although  Count  Salvadori  has  assigned  very  succinctly 
separated  localities  to  each  of  these  forms,  we  have  more  than  a  suspicion  that  at 
least  two  forms  occur  together  on  Jobi,  and  perhaps  elsewhere  also.  If  this  is 
the  case,  some  of  the  forms  in  question  would  have  to  be  treated  as  good  species. 
However,  our  knowledge  is  still  too  imperfect  to  warrant  a  definite  statement  as 
to  which  forms  are  good  species,  and  which  subsjiecies.  Therefore  we  are  forced 
to  defer  our  final  judgment  about  the  affinities  of  these  forms  for  the  present. 


28.  Ptilinopus  nanus  (Temm.). 

We  have  six  specimens  of  this  very  distinct  species  from  Mt.  Gayata,  the  Aroa 
River,  and  the  highlands  between  the  rivers  Laroki  and  Vauapa,  all  collected  by 
Weiske.    Three  are  males  and  X\^m(i  females. 


(  109  ) 

29.  Ptilinopus  pectoralis  Wagl. 
We  have  20  specimens  : 

8  c?  with  no  locality. 

1  S   Kajiaur  (Doherty  coll.).     "Iris  orange-scarlet  with   an  internal  ring  of 
yellow  ;  feet  carmine  ;  bill  orange  Vith  yellow  tip." 

2  (?,  1   ?  Mansinam  (Brnijn  coll.). 
1   ?  Dorey  (Brnijn  coll.). 

1  ?  Waigin  (Powell  coll.). 

4  c?,  2  ?  Mysol  (Ktihn  coll.). 

3o.  Ptilinopus  salvadorii  Rothsch. 
AVe  have  still  only  the  three  specimens  mentioned  in  the  Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mus. 
XXI.  p.  151  : 

2  (?  "  Snrui,  Johi  Island  fBrnijn  coll.),  Jannary  1st,  1883." 

One  specimen  without  label,  but  of  exactly  the  same  preparation  as  the  other  two. 

31.  Ptilinopus  viridis  (L.). 

We  have  at  present  18  skins  : 

5  S  Bnru  (Doherty  coll.). 

4  S  Maar  Island,  Ceram-lant  group  (Kiihn  coll.). 

7  (J,  2  ?  Manawoka,  Goram  group  (Kiihn  coll.). 

32.  Ptilinopus  musschenbroeki  Schl. 

We  have  17  specimens  : 

8  (?,  6  9  Mafor  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 

5  ?  without  locality  (Brnijn  coll.). 

2  (?,  Marai,  Jolii  Island  (Doherty  coll.). 

On  the  label :  "April  1897  ;  i  ;  iris  outwardly  orange-red,  inwardly  yellow  ; 
feet  bright  red  ;  claws  greyish-brown  ;  bill  olive-yellow  ;  base  of  upper  mandible 
rich  ochre." 

The  last  two  specimens  point  to  the  occurrence  on  Jobi  of  P.  salvadorii  as  well 
as  P.  musschenbroeki,  for,  while  there  may  bo  some  slight  doubt  as  to  Brnijn's 
localities,  there  can  be  no  donbt  that  Doherty's  specimens  are  really  from  Jobi. 

33.  Ptilinopus  lewisi  Rams. 

We  have  one  c?  and  one  ¥  from  Guadalcanar  (Woodford  coll.),  which  are  quite 
typical.  We  also  have  a  i  (marked  ?)  from  Fauro,  Shortland  Islands,  which 
differs  from  the  Guadalcanar  <?  in  having  the  chin  green  instead  of  grey. 

34.  Ptilinopus  vicinus  Hart. 

We  have  four  males,  including  the  type  from  Fergusson  (Meek  coll.).  Also 
three  younger  birds  marked  "  ? ,"  but  evidently  immature  males.  Two  males, 
Goodenough  Island  (Meek  coll.). 

This  is  of  course  only  a  subspecies  of  lewisi ;  but  we  do  not  yet  understand 
the  affinities  of  the  rest,  and  as  we  have  provisionally  employed  binomials  for  the 
rest  of  these  forms  we  have  done  so  also  in  this  case.  (Cf.  Nov.  Zool.  1895,  p.  62  ; 
1896,  p.  249.) 


(110) 

35.  Ptilinopus  eugeniae  (Gonldj. 

We  have  two  males  from  Ugi,  collected  by  Mr.  C.  M.  Woodford. 

The  white  head  makes  this  form  appear  at  first  sight  very  distinct  from 
P.  lewisi,  bnt  it  is  possible  that  this  also  in  the  end  will  prove  to  be  only  a 
subspecies  of  the  latter. 

The  two  forms  standing  at  the  head  of  onr  enumeration  {hi/ogastrr  and 
grnnulifrons)  are  most  cnrions  ;  bnt  as  tliey  inhabit  areas  quite  outside  the  regions 
we  are  dealing  with  in  this  article,  we  will  not  discuss  them  here. 

The  Genus  MEGALOPREPIA. 

This  genus,  according  to  our  view,  contains  only  two  species  :  Mcgaloprepia 
formom.  G.  R.  Gray,  from  the  Northern  Moluccas  to  Obi,  and  M.  magitip'ca  (Temm.), 
which  consists  of  five  subspecies,  and  extends  from  the  Western  Papuan  Islands  to 
Australia.     We  have  here  only  to  deal  with  the  second  species. 

30.  Megaloprepia  magnifica  magnifica  (Temm.). 

Eastern  Australia  from  Rockingham  Bay,  south  to  New  South  Wales.  We 
have  5  specimens  : 

One  without  locality,  one  marked  Queensland,  one  marked  S  "  South 
Australia"  (Jide  Whitely),  1  c?  1  ?  Richmond  River,  South  Queensland,  1874 
(Cockerell  coll.),  per  Baron  A.  von  Hiigel. 

37.  Mcgaloprepia  magnifica  assimilis  (J.  Gouldj. 
Similar  to  the  former,  but  smaller.     The  females  are  smaller  than  the  males,  as 
in  the  former. 

North  of  Rockingham  Bay  to  Cape  York. 

We  have  the  following  7  specimens  : — 

1  cJ,  2  ?  Cedar  Bay  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 

1  <?,  1  ?  Breeza,  North  Queensland  (Olive  coll.,  per  H.  C.  Robinson). 

1  S  Bellenden  Ker  Range,  North  Queensland  (Olive  coll.,  per  H.  C.  Robinson). 

1  S  Mt.  Saphiri,  Cairns,  North  Queensland  i'(  >live  coll.,  per  H.  C.  Robinson). 

38.  Megaloprepia  magnifica  puella  (Less.). 
Much  smaller,  the  purple  of  the  underside  much  more  reddish,  the  yellow  band 
on  the  wing  more  dissolved  into  spots. 

Western  Papuan  Islands  and  Berau  Peninsula  south  to  Etna  Bay. 

We  have  at  present  18  specimens  : — 

3  Etna  Bay  (Captain  Cayley  Webster  coll.). 

I  Triton  Bay  (Captain  Cayley  Webster  coll.). 

1  ?  Mysol  (Powell  coll.). 

1  Mysol  (Powell  coll.). 

1  cJ,  1  ?  Mysol  (Heinr.  Kuhn  coll.). 

1  c?,  1   ?  Batanta  fPowell  coll.). 

1  S  Waigiu  ((inillemard  coll.). 

1  ?  Waigiu  (Powell  coll.). 

2  J,  1  ?  Ka]iaur  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 
1  ?  i)ull.,  Kapaur  (\V.  Doherty  coll.j. 
1   (?,  1    ?,  Dorey  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 


( 111 ) 

39.  Megaloprepia  magnifica  septentrionalis  A.  B.  Meyer. 

Differs  only  from  puella  in  having  the  nndersnrface  of  the  tail  less  blackish 
and  more  brownish -gre}'. 

Jobi  Island  and  north  coast  of  New  Guinea  from  Takar  to  Kafu  and  Humboldt 
Bay. 

Wo  have  the  following  18  specimens: — 

3  Jobi  (Braijn  coll.). 

2  (?,  4  ?  Marai,  Jolii  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 
1  ?  Serui,  Jobi,  (Bruijn's  hunters  coll.). 

3  cJ,  3  ? ,  1  sex  doubtful,  Takar  (W.  Doherty  coll.) 
1   ?  Tana  Mera  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 

40.  Megaloprepia  magnifica  poliura  Salvad. 

Differs  from  sepfentrionalis  in  having  the  nndersnrface  of  the  tail  still  paler 
and  more  greyish.  Replaces  the  former  in  Eastern  New  Guinea,  extending  from 
the  Huon  Gulf,  round  by  Colliugwood  and  Milne  Bays  to  British  New  Guinea. 

We  have  the  following  14  specimens  : — 

1  S  Konstantinhafen  (Knbary  coll.). 

1  (?,  2  S  Sattelberg  (Erik  Nyman  coll.). 

2  Simbang  (Cotton  &  Webster  coll.). 

1  t?  Collingwood  Bay  (A.  S.  Meek,  coll.). 

1  c?  Chado  Bay  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 

1  (J,  2  ¥  Milne  Bay  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 

1  Brown  River  (E.  Weiske  coll.). 

1  British  New  Guiaea  (Goldie  coll.). 

1  Dora,  British  New  Guinea  (Lix  coll.). 

Dr.  A.  B.  Meyer  includes  under  his  septentrionalis  specimens  from  Konstantin- 
hafen. Our  specimen  from  that  place,  with  Kubary's  original  label,  however,  is 
identical  with  the  most  typical  poliura,  both  from  Huon  Gulf  and  British  New 
Guinea. 

The  Genus  CARPOPHAGA. 
41.  Carpophaga  myristicivora  (Scop.). 
We  are  sorry  to  say  that  we  are  unable  to  acknowledge  the  genus  Globicera.     If 
Globicera  were  upheld  we  should  also  have  to  make  separate  genera  for  PtiUnopiis 
insolitus  Schleg.  and  Ptilinopiis  (jranulifrons  Hart.,  which  to  our  mind  would  be 
absurd ;  for,  with  the  exception  of  the  frontal  excrescences,  these  two  species  are 
almost  identical  with  Ftilinopus  iozonus  and  Ptilinopus  hjogaster  respectively  ! 
We  have  at  present  14  specimens  of  Carpophaga  mijristicivora  :— 

4  Mysol  (H.  Kiihn  coll.). 
1  Batanta  (Powell  coll.). 
1  Sorong  (Bruijn  coll.). 

1  Halmahera  (Bruijn  coll.). 

7  Weeda  Islands,  near  Halmahera  ((Juillemard  coll.). 

Count  Salvadori  doubts  Bruijn's  locality  "  Halmahera,"  and  therefore  does  not 
include  the  Northern  Moluccas  in  the  localities  quoted  in  the  Catalogue  of  Birds; 
but,  as  onr  seven  specimens  from  the  Weeda  Islands  undonbtedly  came  from  there, 
there  is  no  great  reason  to  doubt  Bruijn's  accuracy  in  this  case. 


(  n'2  ) 

42.  Carpophaga  rubricera  Gray. 

This  species  inhabits  the  Bismarck  Archipelago.  We  have  the  following 
specimens  : — 

4  New  Ireland  (collector  nnkaown). 

1  New  Britain  (Th.  Kleinschmidt  coll.). 

2  Duke  of  York  Islands  (Brown  &  Hiibner  coll.). 

3  New  Hanover  (Captain  Cayley  Webster  coll.). 

43.  Carpophaga  concinna  AVall. 

This  widely-spread  species  only  just  touches  the  Pajjuan  region  on  the  Aru 
Islands,  where  it  seems  to  be  rare,  as  we  received  only  one  single  specimen  from 
Pulu  Babi  (=  Pig  Island),  Aru  Islands,  collected  by  Heinrich  Kiihn.  It  extends 
from  the  Northern  Islands  of  the  Celebes  group  (including  the  Talaut  and  Sangir 
Islands)  to  the  Tenimber  Islands,  Babber,  Damraer,  Tifore,  the  Soiith-East  Islands, 
to  Banda  and  the  Arn  group. 

44.  Carpophaga  geelvinkiana  Schleg. 
This  form  is  evidently  restricted  to  the  Northern  Islands  in  the  Geelvink  Bay. 
We  have  11  skins:   7  from   Mafor  (W.  Doherty  coll.),  1  from  Biak  and  1  from 
Korrido,  Schouten  Islands  (from  Doherty),  1  from  Miosnom  (also  Doherty),  and 
1  without  locality. 

4.J.  Carpophaga  van-wycki  Cass. 

Bismarck  Archipelago,  Eastern  Pajinau  Islands,  and  Kaiser  Wilhelm's  Land. 
We  have  the  following  seven  specimens  : — 

1  Duke  of  York  Islands. 

2  New  Ireland. 

1  St.  Aignan  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 

2  Egnm  group  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 

1  c?  Konstautinhafen,  December  1893  (J.  Kubary  coll.). 

This  last  specimen  appears  to  have  paler  chestnut  under  tail-coverts,  and  the 
green  of  the  back  seems  to  run  farther  np  the  back  ;  bat  we  cannot  separate  this 
form  on  the  evidence  of  one  inferior  skin. 

40.  Carpophaga  zoeae  (Less.) 

With  a  series  of  twenty-four  in  the  Tring  Museum,  and  after  having  examined 
a  dozen  in  the  British  Museum,  we  are  unable  to  separate  Dr.  A.  B.  Meyer's  C.  zoeae 
orientalis,  or  any  other  subspecies.  Althongli  some  sjiecimens  have  the  chin  and 
throat  of  a  purer  white  than  others,  this  character  is  not  confined  to  specimens  from 
German  New  Guinea,  and  there  also  occur  individuals  with  less  white  throats.  The 
metallic  green  gloss  to  the  feathers  of  the  pectoral  band  is  apparent  in  all  freshly 
moulted  individuals,  and  the  green  metallic  band  on  the  back  is  developed  more  or 
less  in  all  specimens.  There  is  no  local  difference  in  the  shape  of  the  grey  breast. 
Our  series  consists  of  the  following  specimens  :  — 

1  from  Beccari's  expedition,  locality  doubtful. 

1  i  Kapaur  (W.  Doherty  coll.).  "  Iris  whitish,  feet  carmine,  claws  brown,  bill 
blackish." 


(   113   ) 

1  ?  Marai,  Jobi  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 

4  ?  Ron  Island,  Southern  Geelvink  Bay  (W.  Doherty  coll.).  The  iris  of  one  is 
marked  as  "  white  "  ;  in  two  others  as  "  blue-black,  with  an  obscure  inner  grey  line, 
and  a  broad  outer  white  line." 

2  c?  Takar  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 

1  <?,  2  ?  Konstantiuhafen  (J.  Kubary  coll.). 
1,  not  sexed,  Simbang  (Web.ster  &  Cotton  coll.). 
1  <?,  1  ?  Sattelberg  (Erik  Nyman  coll.). 
1,  not  sexed,  British  New  Guinea  (Goldie  coll.). 
1  c?  Sogere,  2000  ft.  (H.  0.  Forbes  coll.). 

1  Brown  River  (E.  Weiske  coll.). 

2  c?  Fergusson  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 

1  Basilisk  Island,  British  New  Guinea  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 

1  c?  Wammer,  Am  (R.  Powell  coll.). 

1  Dobbo  (C.  Webster  coll). 

1   ?  Kobroor,  Aru  (H.  Kiihn  coll.). 

1  (J  Trangan,  Am  (H.  Kilhn  coll.). 

4".  Carpophaga  chalconota  Salvad. 

We  have  only  six  skins  of  this  somewhat  rare  species.  Four  of  these  have  no 
exact  localities,  but  are  evidently  from  Dutch  New  Guinea,  probably  from  the 
Arfak  Mountains.  The  others  are  collected  on  Mt.  Cameron,  in  the  Owen  Stanley 
Range,  at  an  elevation  of  about  650(J  ft.  The  iris  is  marked  as  red,  feet  pink,  bill 
black. 

The  .latter  two  specimens  are  considerably  larger  than  the  other  four.  It  is 
therefore  probable  that  a  larger  race  can  be  separated,  if  more  material  is  available 
for  comparison. 

48.  Carpophaga  rufigaster  (Quoy  et  Gaim.). 

(Generally  called  rujicentris,  but  originally  named  as  above  !) 

We  have  23  sjjecimens,  and  we  are  unable  to  sejiarate  any  races.  We  have 
only  one  example  from  .Jobi,  but  that  does  not  differ  in  the  colour  of  the  neck  and 
head  (cf.  Gut.  B.  Brit.  Mus.  XXI.  p.  213). 

1  Salwatty  (Beccari  coll.). 

1  Batanta  (Powell  coll.). 

3  Waigiu  (Guillemard  &  Brnijn  coll.). 
.5  Mysol  (Ktihu  &  Guillemard  coll.). 

1  Serni,  .Jobi  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 

1  Geelvink  Bay  (  ?  ). 

1  Andai  (Powell  coll.). 

1  Kapaur  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 

1  Etna  Bay  (Cayley  Webster  coll.). 

1  Stephansort  (Erik  Nyman  coll.). 

1  Konstantiuhafen  (Kubary  coll.). 

2  Fly  River  (D'Alberti's  coll.). 
2  Milne  Bay  (A.  S.  Meek  coll). 

2  Brown  River  (E.  Weiske  coll.). 


(   U4  ) 


The  Forms  of  Carpophaga  pinon. 

In  the  Catalogue  of  Binh,  vol.  XXI.  pp.  221-4,  the  "subgenus  Zonoenas" 
contains  the  following  Papuan  forms  :  C^irpophaga  muelleri,  pinon,  westermanni, 
astrolabiensis,  rubiensis,  salcadorii,  and  melanocltroa,a\\  treated  as  species.  C.  ?nuelleri 
and  C.  melanochroa  stand  by  themselves.  The  princijial  differences  between  the 
various  other  forms  are  the  presence,  absence,  or  indication  of  light-coloured  borders 
to  the  wing-coverts.  We  find,  however,  a  perfect  bridge  from  the  entirely  uubordered 
coverts  in  pinon,  through  the  faintly-bordered  ruhicnsis  to  westermanni  and 
astrolabiensis  ;  and  all  the  other  differences  are  of  the  slightest  nature,  being  merely 
various  shades  of  colour.  We  can,  therefore,  only  recognise  as  species  (\  pinon 
C.  muelleri  and  C.  melanochroa,  while  we  regard  C.  astrolabiensis,  rubiensis,  and 
westermanni  as  subspecies  ot pinon,  the  latter  name  having  been  created  first. 


49.  Carpophaga  pinon  pinon  (Qnoy  et  Gaim.). 

This  form  is  principally  an  iuhabitaut  of  the  Southern  and  Western  Papuan 
Islands — Am,  Rawak,  Batanta,  Salwatty,  and  Mysol.  It  also  enters  Papua  itself, 
being  found  in  the  Berau  Peninsula  and  on  the  coasts  of  British  New  Guinea. 

We  have  : — 

1  c?,  1  ?  Wammer,  Aru  group  (Powell  coll.). 

1  ?  Traugan,  Aru  group  (H.  Kiihn  coll.). 

1  ?  Wanambai,  Aru  group  (H.  Kiihn  coll.)  "  Iris  dark  blood-red,  eyelids 
blood-red,  feet  carmine,  bill  slaty  grey  with  whitish  tip." 

3  Dobbo,  Am  (C.  Webster  coll.). 

1  Dobbo,  Am  (Guillemard  coll.). 

2  (?,  2  ?  BIysol  (H.  Kiihn  coll.). 

The  wing-coverts  in  those  specimens  are  more  or  less  distinctly  edged  with  pale 
grey,  so  that  they  are  hardly  distinguishable  from  some  rubiensis. 
"  1  (?,  1  ?  mVsoI  (Powell  coll.). 
1  c?,  1   ?  Waigiu  (Powell  coll.). 
1  ?  Batauta  (Guillemard  coll.). 
I  <?  Sorong,  from  Braijn's  hunters. 

1,  not  sexed,  mainland  of  Xew  Guinea,  east  of  Yule  Island  (Goldie  coll.). 
1  t?  Xicura  (Lix  coll.). 


51).  Carpophaga  pinon  rubiensis  Meyer. 

We  take  it  that  this  form  is  distributed  from  Ron  and  the  southern  shore  of 
Geelvink  Bay  (Rubi)  to  the  hills  of  British  New  Guinea.  We  have  the  following 
specimejis  : — 

2  J,  3  ?  Ron  Island  (W.  Dolierty  coll.). 

1,  without  indication  of  sex,  Brown  River  (Weiske  coll.). 

1       „  ,,  ,,     ,,    Moroka  District,  Owen  Stanley  Mountains. 

These  birds  are  jierfcctly  similar  to  each  other,  and  differ  from  C.  pinon  pinon 
ill  the  very  conspicuous  light  grey  edges  to  tlie  upper  and  under  wing-coverts  and 
slightly  larger  size.     The  wing  is  1  to  2  cm.  longer. 


(  115  ) 

51.  Carpophaga  pinon  salvadorii  Tristr. 

Differs  from  C.  pinoii  pinon  in  having  the  crown  of  the  head  not  French  grey, 
but  strongly  washed  with  a  rosy  vinons  tinge.  This  rosy  tinge  is  also  strongly 
develoj)ed  on  the  mantle,  which  is  lighter  and  not  so  greyish.  The  chestnnt  colour 
of  the  breast  terminates  more  abrnptly  towards  the  chest. 

This  form  extends  from  the  Lonisiade  Islands  to  the  D'Entrecasteau.x  group. 
We  have  : — 

1  from  Goodenongh  Island.  "  Iris  bright  red  with  a  dark  yellow  inner  ring  ; 
feet  crimson  ;  bill  darker  grey  with  light  tip  "  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 

4  from  Fergnsson  Island  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 
3  from  St.  Aignan  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 

5  from  liossel  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 

52.  Carpophaga  pinon  westermanni  Schleg. 

Wing-coverts  slaty  black  with  whitish-grey  edges.     Jobi  Island. 
We  have  received  2  from  AnsQS  and  3  from  Marai,  Jobi  Island,  from  William 
Doherty  ;  and  have  also  one  from  Ansus,  from  Brnijn's  hunters. 

53.  Carpophaga  pinon  astrolabiensis  Meyer. 

Perfectly  similar  to  C.  pinon  westermanni,  but  the  mantle  is  slightly  more 
vinous,  and  the  whitish-grey  borders  to  the  upper  wing-coverts  extend  almost 
equally  wide  over  all  the  series  of  wing-coverts,  except  the  longest.  Some  specimens 
are  hardly  distingnishable  from  westermanni.  North  coast  of  New  Gniuea  from 
Takar  to  Huon  Gulf.     We  have  : — 

3  Takar  (Doherty  coll.).  "  Iris  crimson,  with  a  more  scarlet  inner  line,  eyelids 
dark  red  ;  feet  carmine,  claws  bluish  ;  bill  dull  slaty." 

3  Konstantinhafen  (J.  Kubary  coll.). 
1  Sattelberg  (Erik  Nyman  coll.). 

54.  Carpophaga  muUeri  mtilleri  (Temm.). 

Aru  Islands  and  Southern  New  Guinea. 

We  have  before  us  the  following  seven  specimens  : — 

4  Trangan,  Aru  Islands  (H.  Klihn  coll.).  "  Iris  greyish-brown  ;  feet  i)ale  bluish 
or  violet ;  bill  slaty-black." 

1  Naiabui  (D'Albertis  and  Tomasiuelli  coll.). 

2  Brown  River  (E.  Weiske  coll.). 

55.  Carpophaga  mtilleri  aurantia  Meyer. 

This  form  from  Kaiser  Wilhelm's  Land  differs  from  C.  miilleri  mulleri  in  the 
lighter,  brighter,  and  more  reddish  tinge  of  fore  and  hindaeck.  Dr.  A.  B.  Meyer  has 
{Abh.  Ber.  Dresden  Museum  1892-3)  already  observed  that  some  specimens  from 
the  "  Geelvinkbay  "  belonged  to  his  auranii't,  thongh  they  differed  slightly  in  some 
tinge  of  colour.  We  have  four  wretched  skins  bought  by  Doherty  on  the  Waropen 
coast,  which  also  agree  with  aurantia,  though  the  neck  seems  to  be  slightly  darker. 


(  116  ) 

More  material    is   required   to   find   ont   whether  there   is  another  Geelvink  Bay 
subspecies  or  not. 

We  have  two  typical  C.  m.  aurantia  from  Konstautinhat'eu,  collected  by  the  late 
Mr.  J.  Kubary. 


The  Genus  MYRISTICIVORA. 

Here  again  our  readers  may  be  surprised  tliat  we  have  treated  such  apparently 
very  closely  allied  forms  as  species,  with  binomial  nomenclature,  but  we  think 
the  following  facts  will  explain  our  reasons  for  doing  so. 

First  of  all,  we  find  in  some  localities  at  least  two  species  occurring  together  : 
for  instance,  we  have  before  us  specimens  of  Mi/risticiwra  bicolor  and  melanura 
from  Halmahera,  specimens  of  JA  bicolor  and  M.  spilorrhoa  from  Arn,  and 
M.  luctuosn  and  bicolor  from  Menado,  Celebes.  Then,  however  big  a  series  has 
been  examined,  iutermediate  specimens  between  the  various  forms  have  hitherto 
not  been  found.  Our  knowledge  of  the  habits  and  nesting  areas  is  very  meagre, 
being  almost  confined  to  the  two  species  at  the  extreme  ends  of  the  area  of 
distribution  of  the  genus — namely,  to  M.  bicolor  and  M.  spilorrhoa. 

Our  series  of  just  one  hundred  specimens  is  as  follows  : — 


56.  Mjrristicivora  bicolor  (Scop.). 

3  <J  Car  Nicobar  (A.  L.  Butler  coll.). 

1  c?,  1  (?)  Camorta,  Nicobars  (Wimberley  coll.). 

1  ?  Si  Oban,  west  of  Sumatra  (Modigliaui  coll.). 

2  ?  Lago  (Raap  coll.). 

1  Pulu-lant,  north  of  Borneo  (C.  Hose  coll.). 

1  c?  Fnln  Paujang  (C.  Hose  coll.). 

2  cJ,  1  ?  Pulu  Tega,  north  of  Borneo  (J.  Whitehead  coll.). 
1  S  Marindnque,  Philippines  (Steere  coll.). 

1  S  Guimaras,  Philippines  (Steere  coll.). 
1  S  Suln  Islands  (Dr.  Platen  coll.). 

3  Menado,  Celebes  (Cursham  coll.). 

1  Kabruang,  2  Tagulaudang,  2  Pulu  Api  (Cursham  coll.;. 
1  Mantehage,  1  Siao,  1  Great  Sangir  (Cursham  coll.). 
3  Lirung,  Talaut  (from  Waterstradt's  natives). 
1  S  Djampea  Island  (Everett  coll.). 
1  (?  jnv.  Batjan  (Platen  coll.).| 
1  6  Batjan  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 

1  (J  Weeda  Islands,  near  Halmahera  (Guillemard  coll.). 

2  (?,  1  ?   Ceram-laut  <H.  Kuhn  coll.). 

1  cJ,  1  ?  Kisoei,  Watoebela  (H.  Kuhn  coll.). 

3  cJ,  2  ?  Teoor  (H.  Kiihn  coll.). 

1  <?,  1   ?  Toeal,  Little  Key  (H.  Kiihn  coll.). 
1  Toeal,  Little  Key  ((!.  Webster  coll.). 
1  Dobbo,  Aru  (C.  Webster  coll.). 

This  bird  is  also  recorded  from  the   coasts  of  the  Malay   Peninsula,  Cochin 
China,  Billiton,  Java,  and  the  Tenimber  Islands. 


NOVITATES  ZoOLOCIC^  VoL.VIII.1301 


J.G.  Keul  emajvs  del  etlitK. 


COLUMBA  MADA  Hart.  a.d. and  jinr. 


Mmtevn. Bros  imp. 


(  117') 

57.  Myristicivora  spilorrhoa  (G.  R.  Gray). 

1  c?  Cedar  Bay,  Queeusland  (A.  S.  Bleek  coll.). 
1  (?,  1  ¥  Baruard  Islands,  Queensland. 
1  Queensland. 

1  <?  Mount  Islet,  Torres  Strait. 

2  ?  Woodlark  Island  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 
1  ?  Sndest  Island  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 

1  c?,  1  ?  St.  Aignan  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 

1  t?  Rossel  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 

2  ?  Nicura,  British  New  Guinea  (D'Albertis  and  Lix  coll.). 
1  <S  KonstantiuLafen  (J.  Kubary  coll.). 

1  6,  Takar,  1   ?,  Yamna,  1  i,  Anus  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 

2  ?  Trangan,  Aru  Group  (H.  Kiihn  coll.). 
-    1  c?  Soengi,  Aru  Group  (H.  Kuhn  coll.). 

58.  Myristicivora  subflavescens  (Finscli)- 

3  New  Ireland  (collector  unknown). 

2  New  Hanover  (Cayley  Webster  coll.). 

59.  Myristicivora  melanura  (G.  R.  Gray). 

1  (?  Halmahera  (Powell  coll.). 

1  ?  Bara,  Burn  (Dumas  coll.). 

2  cJ,  1   ?  Cayeli,  Burn  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 

1  <S  Cayeli,  Burn  (Bruijn  coll.). 

2  ?  Goram-laut  (H.  Ktihn  coll.). 

1  juv.,  without  locality. 

This  species  is  only  known  from  the  Moluccau  Islands  proper,  and  Goram-Iant, 
while  on  the  other  South-East  Islands  Kiihn  found  only  M.  hicolor. 

(30.  Myristicivora  luctuosa  (Temm.). 

2  Bangka,  Celebes  (Cursham  coll.). 

3  Menado,  Celebes  (Cursham  coll.). 

1  S  Tawaya,  Celebes  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 
1  ¥  Dongala,  Celebes  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 

1  ¥  Kema,  North  Celebes  (Powell  coll.). 

2  Lambeh  (Cursham  coll.). 
1  Peling  (Cursham  coll.). 

3  Banggai  (Cursham  coll.). 

1  <?,  1  ¥  Sula  Mangoli  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 

This  species  is  evidently  confined  to  the  Celebes  and  .Sula  Groups,  though  not 
on  record  from  Djampea. 

61.  Columba  albertisii  (Salvad.). 

We  fully  agree  that  this  pigeon  had  better  not  be  placed  in  a  separate  genus, 
as  has  hitherto  universally  been  done.     See  Nov.  Zool.  VII.  p.  241. 

Plate  IV.  shows  the  allied    Columha  mada  Hart.,  from  Buru,  which  differs 


(  118  ) 

from  C.  albertisii  as  follows  :  the  large  bare  space  round  the  e3'es,  which  doubtless 
was  the  reason  for  the  creation  of  the  genus  GijmnojiIi(i/ig,  is  replaced  by  a  very 
small  bare  patch  ;  the  throat  and  sides  of  head  are  whitish  instead  of  dee])  purj)lish- 
chestnut,  the  abdomen  is  much  lighter — rather  bufi'y  than  chestnnt  ;  the  upperside, 
and  especially  the  head  and  neck,  are  very  much  lighter  ;  the  tail  wants  the  wide 
grey  tip. 

We  have  of  ('.  albirtisii  the  following  specimens  : — 

1  Serui,  Jobi  (Uoherty  coll.). 

3  Arfak  (from  Brnijn's  hunters). 
3  Konstantinhafen  (J.  Knbary  coll.). 
3  ?  Sattelberg  (Erik  Ny  man  "coll.). 

2  Moroka  district,  British  Xew  Guinea  (H.  0.  Forbes  coll.). 

3  Goodeuough  Island  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.) 

02.  Columba  albigularis  (Bp.). 

This  pigeon  belongs  doubtless  to  the  same  species  as  C  mrtallicu,  griseigidaris, 
leopoldi,  and  several  others.  They  are  all  the  same  bird  in  differently  attired 
forms,  representing  each  other  on  the  various  islands  which  they  inhabit.  The 
white  throat  of  C.  alhiyidavii  is  rejjlaced  by  a  pale  grey  one  in  C.  grisi'igularis, 
and  by  a  dark  slaty-grey  one  in  G.  leopoldi,  which  may  be  descriljed  as  a 
somewhat  smaller  albigularis  with  rufous  abdomen.  Probably  ('.  castaneiwjjs, 
vitiensis,  hypoenochroa,  nitens,  janthina,  and  perhaps  still  more,  belong  to  this  same 
group  ;  the  oldest  S]iecific  name  wonld  then  probably  be  me/allica.  For  a  full 
discussion  we  have  not  at  present  sufficient  material.  Of  albigulai-is  we  have  the 
following  19  skins  : — 

4  adults,  1  pull.     Soa  Island,  Little  Key  group  (H.  Kiihn  coll.). 
cf  ad.  Maar,  Ceram-lant  (H.  Kiihn  coll.). 

5  Mysol  (H.  Kiihn  coll.). 

cJ  Mansinam  (from  Brnijn's  hunters). 

2  pull.,  Dutch  New  Guinea  (from  feather-dealers). 

?   Konstantinhafen  (Knbary  coll.). 

¥  Milne  Bay,  S.E.  Xew  (juinea  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.).  "  Iris  light  yellowish-red  ; 
feet  purple-red  ;  bill  purple-red  with  lavender-grey  tip." 

2  c?  Mt.  Cameron,  Owen  Stanley  range  (A.  S.  Anthony  coll.). 

?  St.  Aignan,  Loiiisiade  group  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 

2  Tagnlandang,  collected  by  Cursham's  natives.  (Cf.  Meyer  and  "Wiglesw. 
Birds  of  Celebes,  11.  p.  634.) 

1  Gnnoiig  Api,  collected  by  Cursham's  natives.     (Ibid.) 

?  Snla  Mangoli,  W.  Dohert)'.  (Cf  Nov.  Zool.  V.  p.  13(i,  where  Mr.  Hartert 
has  discussed  this  specimen  at  length.) 

A  series  from  Sula  Mangoli  would  be  most  desirable  Cor  comjiarison  with 
specimens  from  other  countries. 

The  Genus  MACROPYGIA. 

Being  much  interested  in  this  genus,  we  have  ventured  to  review  it  entirely, 
as  far  as  we  are  acipiaiuted  with  its  members.  Also  here,  like  everywliere,  we 
find  a  number  of  well-defined  grou])s  which  we  consider  to  deserve  full  specific 
rank,  while  a  great  many  others  are  merely  representative  forms  of  each  other. 


(   119  ) 

Following  the  arrangement  of  the  Catalogue  of  Birds,  we  have  first  a  species 
with  barred  npperside  and  middle  rectrices,  grey  outer  tail  feathers,  with  a  Idack 
snbterminal  bar  and  uarrowl}-  barred  metallic  chest,  of  which  we  Iniow  three 
geographical  forms.     This  species  must  be  called  M.  unckall. 

03.  Macropygia  unchall  unchall  (Wagl.). 

Wagler's  description  is  a  most  excellent  one,  and  we  believe  that  it  must  have 
been  only  the  utterly  barbaric  word  that  led  our  friend  Count  Salvador!  to  cast  aside 
the  name  unchall.  Of  the  three  Macropygiae  occurring  on  Java,  none  can  be  meant 
but  what  is  generally  called  leptoijrammica.  That  it  is  not  emiliana  is  admitted 
by  Count  Salvador!  {Cat.  B.  XXI.  p.  347). 

This  form  inhabits  the  hills  of  Java,  Lombok,  Sumatra  and  the  Malay 
Peninsula.     We  have  the  following  specimens  before  us  : — 

2  ?  ad.,  2  juv.  Mt.  Gedeh,  Java  (Ernst  Prillwitz  coll.). 

2  cJ  ¥  Mt.  Gedeh  (Kaap  coll.). 

1  ?  Tosari,  East  Java  (John  Whitehead  coll.).    • 

3  S  Lombok  (Doherty  coll.). 

(J4.  Macropygia  unchall  minor  Swinh. 

Smaller,  the  bars  on  the  middle  rectrices  generally  less  distinct.  Inhabits 
Hainan. 

We  have  only  two  females,  both  from  R.  Swiuhoe's  collection,  evidently 
co-types. 

The  name  of  this  form  must  be  minor,  as  it  is  characterised  (7i/.s,  1870,  p.  355), 
and  the  exact  locality  given. 

05.  Macropygia  unchall  tusalia  (Hodys.). 

The  largest  form,  upperside  very  dark  cliestnut,  the  metallic  gloss  on  the  neck 
very  glossy. 

Northern  India  to  Western  China.     We  have  before  us  :  — 

1  cJ,  1  ?  Sikkim  (H.  J.  Elwes  coll.). 

1   ?   Sikkim  (from  Moller's  hunters). 

1  c?,  2  ?  N.  Cachar  (E.  C.  Stuart  Baker  coll.). 

1  c?  Salween  Hills  (Bingham  coll.). 

The  second  species  is  M.  magna.  It  has  a  totally  unbarred  somewhat  pale 
tail  and,  when  adult,  a  somewhat  jiowdered  hindueck,  and  must  also  be  divided  into 
three  subspecies. 

00.  Macropygia  magna  magna  Wall. 
Known  from  the  Timor  group  only,  whence  we  have  3  J",  2  ?,  collected  by 
A.  Everett  on  Alor. 

07.  Macropygia  magna  timorlaoensis  Bleyer. 

Known  from  Timorlaut  only.  We  have  no  specimens,  but  have  examined 
those  in  the  British  Museum. 

Although  belonging  to  a  distinct  subspecies,  tiiis  form  evidently  belongs  to  the 
magna  group. 


(  120) 

68.  Macropygia  magna  macassariensis  A\'all. 

South  Celebes  and  islands  to  the  south  of  it.  The  head  is  differently  coloured 
than  in  ^f.  imupia  maqna  and  ttmovlaoensis. 

We  have  funr  from  Djampea  and  one  from  Saleyer. 

The  next  group  which  we  nnite  into  one  species  consists  of  large  plain  red- 
brown  birds  with  a  strong  metallic  sheen  on  the  hindneck,  a  slight  metallic  gloss 
on  the  chest,  which  is  with  or  without  indications  (but  never  more  in  the  adult 
bird)  of  cross-bars.  The  wing  coverts  have  lighter,  more  or  less  punctulated  edges, 
the  tail  is  rafons,  the  onter  rectrices  each  with  a  wide  blackish  band.  The  oldest 
aviiilable  name  for  any  member  of  this  group  is  Temminck's  Cohanba  pliasianelta, 
and  the  species  must  therefore  be  called  Macrop^/yia  i>hasiandla.  It  consists,  as 
far  as  we  are  aware,  of  the  following  forms  : — 

69.  Macropygia  phasianella  phasianella  (iould. 

South  Australia,  Victoria,  New  South  "Wales,  and  at  least  to  Southern 
Queensland.  Large,  hindneck  with  greenish,  seldom  reddish,  metallic  gloss,  general 
colour  paler  and  duller  than  in  the  non-Australian  forms,  but  otherwise  very  much 
alike.  We  have  five  specimens,  probably  from  New  South  Wales,  and  one  from 
Richmond  River,  South  Queensland,  (Jockerell  coll. 

70.  Macropygia  phasianella  subsp.  (?) 

Examples  from  Northern  Qneensland  seem  to  be  remarkably  smaller,  as 
already  mentioned  by  Mr.  Robinson,  Ibis^  1900,  p.  647.  As,  however,  our  series  is 
very  poor,  especially  in  old  birds,  so  that  we  find  it  difficult  to  fix  a  specimen  which 
deserves  that  honour  as  the  type,  we  refrain  for  the  mjment  from  creating  a  name 
for  the  northern  small  form,  although  we  are  convinced  that  it  is  separable.  We 
Ijelieve  that  our  following  specimens  belong  to  this  form  : — 

2  Cooktown  (Olive  coll.). 

2  Bellenden  Ker  Range  (Olive  coll.). 

1  "  Russell  "  (Day  coll.). 

71.  Macropygia  phasianella  emiliana  Bp. 

Hills  of  Java,  North  Borneo,  Bali,  Lombok  (?  Sumbawa),  Flores.  Deeper  and 
brighter  rufous,  smaller.  The  Kina  Balu  examples  are  a  shade  lighter  on  the 
abdomen,  but  one  is  hardly  separable  from  Lombok  specimens.  We  have  the 
fdllowing  skins  : — ■ 

3  Kina  Balu  f.Tohn  "Whitehead  coll.). 

2  i  ad.  Bali  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 
S  ?  ,  Lombok  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 

3  ?  and  jnv.  Lombok  (Alfred  Everett  coll.). 

1  S  ad.,  1  jnv.,  S.  Flores  (A.  Everett  coll.). 

2  from  Si  Oban  (west  of  Sumatra),  seem  to  belong  to  this  form  also. 

72.  Macropygia  phauianella  modigliani  Salvad. 

Generally  slightly  larger  ;  wing  about  15  to  20  mm.  longer  than  emiliana.  In 
every  other  resjicct  jierfectly  similar  to  emiliana. 


(   121    ) 

Only  known  from  Nias,  wlience  we  have  one  verj'  fine  adnlt  male  (erroneously 
marked  "  ?  "),  collected  b}'  Eaap. 

Two  from  Si  Obau,  marked  J/,  ynodiijliani  by  Count  Salvador!,  are  as  small  as 
typical  emiliana.     (Cf.  Orn.  Monatsbei:  1898,  p.  93.) 

73.  Macropygia  pliasiauella  cinnamomea  Salvad. 
Engano,  west  of  Sumatra. 

We  have  no  specimens  of  this  interesting  form,  but  we  have  no  doubt  that  it 
belongs  to  the  pliasianella  group. 

74.  Macropygia  phasianella  tenuirostris  Bp. 

Very  similar  to  emilianu,  but  distinguishable  by  the  deeper  chestnut  colour  of 
the  tail  and  lower  rump. 

Philijipines  to  Palawan. 

We  have  the  following  skins  : — 

3  (?,  1   ?  North  Luzon  (J.  Whitehead  coll.). 

1  <?  Mindoro  (J.  Whitehead  coll.). 

1  (?  Leite  (J.  Whitehead  coll.). 

1  S  Negros  (J.  Whitehead  coll.). 

1   ?  Davao,  Mindanao  (Dr.  C.  Platen  coll.). 

1  juv.  Ayala,  Mindanao  (Steere  coll.). 

2  <?  ad.  Tagnso,  Palawan  (John  Whitehead  coll.). 
2  juv.  Puerto  Priucesa,  Palawan  (Dr.  Platen  coll.) 
1  S  ad.  Bongao  (Alfred  Everett  coll.). 

There  are  some  variations  in  the  size  and  in  the  amount  of  amethyst  sheeu 
on  the  chest,  but  our  material  does  not  seem  to  show  that  these  differences  can 
be  localised. 

75.  Macropygia  rufipennis  Blyth. 

Inhabits  the  Andaman  and  Nicobar  Islands.  The  always  freckled  hindneck 
and  mantle  and  the  great  extent  of  cinnamon  on  the  quills  separate  this  species 
from  all  its  nearer  allies. 

We  have  2  specimens  : — 

1  S  ad.  Mt.  Harriet,  Andamans  (W.  Davison  coll.). 

1  (?  ad.  Bajajagda,  S.  Andaman  (A.  L.  Butler  coll.). 

We  come  now  to  a  species  which  consists  of  a  good  many  forms  which  are  all 
closely  allied  or  connected.  They  are  all,  for  the  genus  Macropi/gia,  of  medium  size  ; 
on  the  upperside,  with  the  e.xceptiou  of  the  head  and  neck,  nearly  uniform  dark 
chestnut  or  rufous-chestnut  of  a  darker  or  lighter  rnsty-rufons  on  the  under  tail- 
coverts  ;  below  of  a  light  huffish  or  vinous  colour,  and  more  or  less  barred  on  the 
breast.  These  bars  are  less  conspicuous,  and  even  absent  in  some  of  the  eastern 
as  well  as  in  some  of  the  western  representatives. 

The  hindneck  is  always  metallic,  the  forehead  light,  pale,  sometimes  whitish. 
The  first  of  these  that  received  a  scientific  name  is  the  Columba  amboineusis  of 
Linnaeus,  and  our  species  must  therefore  be  called  Macrojujgia  amboinensis. 

We  are  acquaiuted  with  the  following  forms  : — 


(  122  ) 

TO.  Macropygia  amboinensis  amboinensis  (L.). 

Strongly  barrcil  bt'low,  but  the  barring  becomes  obsolete  and  evanescent  on 
the  abdomen.  Under  tail-coverts  qnite  nubarred,  or  with  mere  indications  of  bars. 
Top  of  head  cinnamon,  not  grey.     Tips  of  the  breast  feathers  whitish  in  adult  males. 

Amboina,  Ceram,  Bnrn,  and  Sonth-East  Islands. 

Tlie  following  specimens  are  at  present  in  the  Tring  Museum : — 

2  c?,  1  ?  Bnrn  (Dumas  coll.). 

3  c?,  2  ?  1  pull.  Buru  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 

4  (?,  1  ? ,  1  jnv.  Ceram-lant  (H.  Kiihn  coll.  S).  "  Iris  orange-red,  feet  carmine, 
bill  black." 

7  6  Ondor,  Goram-lant  (H.  Kiihn  coll.). 

1  ?  Manawoka,  Goram-gronp  (H.  Kiihn  coll.). 

77.  Macropyg'ia  amboinensis  keyensis    Salvad. 

Very  similar  to  typical  amhoiiVHsis,  but  differing  in  the  colour  of  the  crown, 
which  is  greyish-vinous,  jialest  on  the  forehead,  in  the  barring  of  the  underside 
being  continued  all  over  the  abdomen,  and  even  the  under  tail-coverts  never  being 
quite  without  bars  (generally  well  barred),  the  .somewhat  wider  blackish  bars  on 
the  nndersurface  and  the  shorter  tail. 

Known  from  the  Key  Islands  only.  Mr.  Kiihn  sent  us  2  c?,  1  ?  from  Toeal, 
Little  Key,  4  c?  ad.  and  1  6  juv.  from  Add  Island,  north  of  Great  Key. 

78.  Macropygia  amboinensis  doreya  Bji. 

Differs  from  the  former  principally  in  the  colonr  of  the  foreneck  and  chest 
which  is  distinctly  vinous,  and  of  the  crown  which  is  vinous-greyish,  with  a  pale 
rusty  forehead.  The  chin  also  is  not  so  reddish,  but  more  whitish.  The  abdomen 
is  not  or  very  little  barred,  the  under  tail-coverts  unbarred. 

Distribution  :  Dntch  New  Guinea,  Western  Papuan  Islands,  Jobi  and  Schouteu 
Islands,  and  Aru  group. 

We  have  before  us  the  following  specimens : — 

3  c?,  1   ?  Dorey  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 

2  c?  Hatam,  Arfak  (from  Brnijn's  hunters). 

4  (?,  3  ?  Kapanr  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 

2  juv.  Korrido  (from  Bruijn's  hunters). 

cj  ?  Biak  (Doherty  coll.).  "Iris  dull  crimson  with  an  inner  bluish  ring  ;  feet 
dusky  reddish  ;  bill  fuscous." 

1  (?  ad.  Ansns,  Jobi  (from  Bruijn's  hunters). 

1  ?  jnv.  Salwatty  (collector  unknown). 

2  (?,  2  ?  Dobbo  and  Wannambai,  Aru  (Captain  A\'ebster  coll.). 

1  (?  Wannambai,  Aru  (II.  Kiihn  coll.). 

2  S  without  labels. 

In  spite  of  our  former  doubts  with  regard  to  the  Arn  birds  (see  Nov.  ZooL.  III. 
p.  .530),  we  cannot  confidently  sejiarate  them  from  true  dorcy/i,  nor  can  wc  discover 
differences  to  distinguish  those  from  Jobi  and  tSchouten  Islands.  This  is  most 
pecnliiir,  as  Mafor  has  another  very  distinct  form. 


(  123  ) 

79.  Macropygia  amboinensis  kerstingi  Rchw. 

We  have  no  specimens  of  this  form  from  Kaiser  Wilhelm's  Land,  but  Professor 
Reichcnow's  carofnl  descrii)tion  leaves  no  doubt  to  ns  that  it  is  a  form  of  the 
amboinensis  group,  and  we  thinlc  it  will  prove  to  be  nearest  to  doreya.  No  series 
is  available,  and  the  specimen  described  by  Reichenow  may  not  be  fnlly  adult. 

SO.  Macropygia  amboinensis  maforensis  Salvad. 

The  breast  much  more  whitisli  tliau  in  doreijiu  abdomen  and  under  tail-coverts 
much  lighter,  hind-necii  and  crown  cinereous,  the  neck  with  wide  green  metallic 
borders,  the  tail  less  reddish. 

Island  of  Blafor  only.  Doherty  sent  us  5  J,  .5  ¥,  3  juv.,  unfortunately  mostly 
poor  skins. 

81.  Macropygia  amboinensis  griseinucha  Salvad. 

We  do  not  have  specimens  of  this  form,  which  inhabits  Miosnom  only. 
Originally  it  was  described  from  JoV)i  and  Miosnom.  The  specimen  of  tlorei/a, 
mentioned  above  in  tlie  list  of  specimens  of  that  form,  is  marked  by  (Jount  Salvadori 
himself— a  Macropygia  doreya  var.  griseinucha  Salvad.  "  Typus  !  "  However,  it 
is  not  at  all  griseinucha,  as  Count  Salvadori  has  now  restricted  that  name  to  the 
Miosnom  birds,  while  he  rightly  considers  the  Jobi  specimens  to  belong  to  doreya. 
This  instance  shows  how  misleading  is  the  system  of  marking  more  than  one 
specimen  of  a  species  or  subspecies  as  "typns,"  a  system  still  much  in  vogue  among 
the  French  and  some  German  zoologists  ;  for  e.-cample,  in  the  Dresden  Museum, 
whence  several  museums  have  received  "ty]ies"of  forms  from  the  Celebes  region 
and  Timorlaut. 

There  seems  to  lie  no  doubt  that  yriseiniicha  belongs  to  the  amhoinenS'S-doreya 
group. 

82.  Macropygia  amboinensis  albicapilla  Bp. 

Differs  at  a  glance  from  all  the  Ibrmer  representatives  by  its  white  or  whitish 
fdrehead  and  very  wide  white  tips  to  the  breast  feathers,  as  well  as  the  pale  bulf 
underside. 

M.  a.  albicapilla  inhabits  the  Celelies  region  only,  where  it  is  found  on 
Celebes  itself,  on  Peling,  Banggai,  and  in  the  Sula  grouji.  We  liave  not  seen 
sufficient  adult  specimens  from  the  latter  group,  but  it  seems  to  ns  that  the  Sula 
birds  incline  to  being  smaller,  and  that  they  have  a  darker  luidersurface. 

We  have  before  us  the  following  specimens  : — 

2  c?,  2  ?  collected  between  Menado  and  Arrakan  by  ( 'nrsham's  natives. 

1  S  iSikoepang,  North  Celebes  (Powi-ll  coll.). 

2  juv.  Dongala  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 

1  cJ  Menado  Toca  (Cursham's  natives  coll.)  . 

2  ?  Lembeh  (Cursham's  natives  coll.). 
2  S  Banka  (Cursham's  natives  coll.). 

1  cj,  1   ?  Mantehage  (Cursham's  natives  coll.). 

1  c?,  1   ?,  1  juv.  Banggai. 

1  juv.  Maros,  23.8.1883  (Powell  coll.). 


(   lii4  ) 

1  cJ,  1  ?  ludrulamau^  South  Celebes  (A.  Everett  coll.). 

1  <?,  1  ?  Makassar  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 

1  c?,  1  ¥  Peliug  Island  (Clarsham's  natives  coll.). 

1  <J,  1  ?  Snla  Besi  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 

83.  Macropygia  amboinensis  sangirensis  Salvail. 

This  form  is  as  a  rule  easily  distinguishable  from  albicapilla  by  its  larger  size 
and  darker  nppersnrface,  but  intermediate  specimens  are  not  rare,  and  especially 
those  from  the  islands  between  Sangi  and  Celebes,  such  as  Rnang  and  Tagulandang, 
seem  to  be  more  or  less  intermediate. 

Our  following  specimens  must  be  regarded  as  sangirensis: — 

3  cf  Tagulandang  (Cursham's  natives  coll.). 

1  <J,  1  ?  Gunong  Api  (Cnrsham's  natives  coll.). 

1  ?  Lirung,  Talaut  Islands  (Cursham's  natives  coll.). 

2  c?  Siao  (Cursham's  natives  coll.). 

1  c?  Siao  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 

2  S  Karkelang,  Talaut  Islands  (Cursham's  natives  coll.). 
2  c??  Great  Sangi  (Cursham's  natives  coll.). 

84.  Macropygia  amboinensis  batchianensis  A\'all. 

Head  and  throat  rusty-rnfous,  lower  throat  and  chest  vinous,  with  more  or  less 
distinct  indications  of  cross-bars.  Distinguished  from  all  the  former  subspecies  by 
the  evanescent  or  absent  bars  on  the  chest.     Tail  somewhat  pale. 

Northern  Moluccas.     We  have  the  following  specimens  : — 

1  <?  Ternate  (Beccari  coll.). 

2  cJ,  1  ?  Ternate  (Powell  &  Guillemard  coll.). 
1  (?,  1   ?  Ternate  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 

1  ?  juv.  Gani,  Halmahera  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 
7  (?,  3  ?  Batjan,  4000  ft.  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 
5  J,  2  ¥  Obi  Major  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 
1  juv.  Morty  (Dumas  coll.). 

The  specimens  from  Obi  Major  do  not  seem  to  be  separable  from  typical 
batchianensis. 

85.  Macropygia  amboinensis  carteretia  Bp. 

Breast  and  chest  nnbarred,  head  rufous-vinous,  paling  on  the  ibrehead,  cheeks 
and  throat. 

Bismarck  Archipelago,  but  wc  are  in  doubt  about  the  Xew  Hanover  specimens. 

We  have  before  us  : — 

1  (?  Duke  of  York  Island  (Th.  Kleinschmidt  coll.). 

1  c?  New-Britain  (Th.  Kleinschmidt  coll.). 

1  <J,  1  ¥,1  juv.  Now  Ireland,  from  an  orchid  hunter. 

t'aptain  Webster  sent  also  three  adult  males,  one. /hnale  and  a  young  bird  from 
New  Hanover.  The  males  have  more  or  less  distinct  bars  on  the  chest,  and  we 
believe  the  New  Hanover  form  will  bo  separable.  Our  material,  however,  being  so 
scanty,  the  bars  being  more  or  less  devcloi)ed,  and  indicated  in  one  of  our  other 
specimens,  we  hesitate  at  present  to  separate  them.  Our  New  Britain  male  has 
the  wing  considerably  longer  than  any  of  the  other  specimens. 


(   125  ) 

86.  Macropygia  amboinensis  cinereiceps  Tristr. 

D'Entrecasteaux  Islands  and  British  New  Gninea. 

The  bars  on  the  chest  are  very  little  marked,  or  quite  obsolete  ;  the  forehead  iu 
the  adult  males  pale  ashy-grey  or  whitish,  in  yonuger  ones  rusty  Iraff. 

We  have  at  present  the  following  specimens  : — 

1  S  fully  ad.  Fergussou  Island  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.)  (Nov.  Zool.  III.  p.  249). 

1  S  not  fully  ad.,  crown  moulting,  Goodenough  Island  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 
"  Iris  with  an  inner  pale  blue  ring,  a  median  black  and  an  outer  light  red  ring  ;  feet 
dark  smoky  red,  bill  dark  brown." 

1  S  ad.  Milne  Bay  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 

1  ?  ad.,  1  ?  juv.  Fergnsson  Island  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 

We  have,  besides  these  specimens,  examined  the  types  (several  of  them  are 
marked  as  types)  of  (Jonnt  Salvadori's  Macropygia  (johliei  in  the  British  Museum, 
and  we  found  the  males  to  be  less  mature  birds  than  what  is  called  M.  cinereiceps  in 
the  same  Museum.  We  have  a  specimen  moulting  from  the  rnsty-buff  forehead 
of  the  so-called  '■'■  yohhei"  into  the  greyish  one  of  cinereiceps  ;  therefore  M.  goldiei 
is  clearly  a  synonym  of  J/,  amboinensis  cinereicejis. 

87.  Macropygia  amboinensis  cunctata  Hart. 

Differs  from  M.  amboinensis  cinereiceps  in  having  the  chest  much  darker,  more 
brownish  and  distinctly  barred  ;  the  wing  is  longer  (cf.  Nov.  Zool.  VI.,  pp.  83,  214). 
Louisiade  Islands.     We  have  : — 

1  $  ad.,  1  ? ,  2  juv.  Rossell  Island  (tyi)e)  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 
1  S  Sudest  Island  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 
3  fairly  adult  males,  (S/emales  and  young  birds  from  St.  Aignan  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 

88.  Macropygia  ruficeps  ruficeps  Gray. 

With  this  form  we  have  come  to  a  small  group  which  we  regard  as  one  species 
separable  into  three  subspecies. 

The  typical  ruficeps  inhabits  the  Greater  Sunda  Islands  (Java,  Sumatra, 
Borneo),  and  the  Malay  Peninsula. 

We  have  the  following  specimens  : — 

3  c?,  5  ?,  1  S  pull.  Kina  Balu,  Borneo  (John  Whitehead  and  A.  Everett  coll.). 

4  ? ,  2  (?  jun.  Padangsche  Bovenlanden,  Sumatra. 

1  S  immature,  Gunong  Ijau,  Perak,  4000  feet  (A.  L.  Butler  coll.). 
We  are  sadly  in  want  of  perfectly  adult  males,  and  our  series  is  not  snfficient 
to  say  if  those  from  the  various  islands  differ. 

89.  Macropygia  ruficeps  assimilis  Hume. 

This  is  a  mucji  larger  race,  which  replaces  the  typical  rnfircjis  iu  Tenasserim 
and  Burma. 

We  have  1  S  ad.,  Thoungyeen  Valley,  Tenasserim  (Col.  Bingham  coll.). 
?  ad.,  Salwcen  Hills,  2000  ft.  (Col.  Bingham  coll.). 

9n.  Macropygia  ruficeps  orientalis  Hart. 
Also  larger,  mncii  darker  below,  especially  on  the  under  tail-cororts,  and  the 
females  and  young  birds  almost  without  black  spots  on  the  chest.      Heiilaces  the 


(  126  ; 

other  subspecies  on  the  Lesser  Samla  Islands,  uamely,  Bali,  Loinbok,  Sumbawa 
(type),  Flores,  and  Pantav. 

AVe  have  the  following  specimens  : — 

1  c?  ad.  Bali  (W.  Doherty  coll.).  We  consider  this  bird  most  certainly  to 
belong  to  orioilnUs,  although  it  is  rather  small. 

1  c?  ad.  Lomliok  (A.  Everett  coll.). 

I  S  ad.,  1  ?  ad.,  1  juv.  Snmbawa,  3000  ft.  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 

3  c?,  3  ?  and  juD.  Sonth  Flores  (A.  Everett  coll.). 

1  ?  Pantar  (A.  Everett  coll.) 

'•U.  Macropyg^ia  uigrirostris  Salvad. 

This  small,  very  deep,  almost  uniform  chestnut  pigeon  with  a  barred  tail  in  all 
ages  and  sexes,  stands  ^uite  by  itself  It  is  distributed  all  over  New  Guinea  and 
the  Bismarck  Archipelago. 

AVe  have  the  following  specimens  : — 

2  ?  Hatam,  Arfak  (from  Bruijn's  liuuters). 
2  (?  ad.  Dorey  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 

•i  S  ad.  Kapaur,  above  20U0  ft.  (W.  Doherty  coll.).     "  Iris  orange,  black  and 
whitish  ;  feet  carmine  with  black  claws  ;  bill  black." 
1   ?  Lower  Ambernoh  River  (Dumas  coll.). 
1  S  ad.  Bongu,  Kaiser  AVilhelm's  Land  (Erik  Nyman  coll.). 
1   ?  jnv.  Duke  of  York  Island,  23.  ii.  1881  (Th.  Kleinschmidt  coll.). 
1  c?  ad.  Mt.  Gayata,  Richardson  Range,  2000  to  4000  ft.  (E.  Weiske  coll.). 
c?  ad.  Fergusson  Island  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 
?  Goodeuough  Island  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 
1  S  immat.  British  New  Guinea  (Goldie  coll.),  without  label. 

'*2.  Macropygia  rufa  Rams. 

We  have  only  one  specimen  from  the  New  Hebrides  (exact  island  and  collector 
unknown,  purchased  in  Loudon). 

This  stands  evidently  (|iiite  ajiart  from  the  other  groujjs  of  the  genus.  The 
bifurcated  chest-feathers  are  peculiar,  and  only  to  be  found  again  in  M.  rufocastanea, 
from  the  (Solomon  Islands.  We  consider  these  two  forms  subspecies  of  each  other, 
and  should  call  them — 

Macrojii/gia  rufa  rufa  ;  and 
Macro})ijijia  rufa  rufocastanea. 

(About  M.  mackinlai/i  Rams,  see  Salvadori's  footnote  in  Cat.  B.  XXI.  p.  304. 
From  the  description  (bis  liird  would  seem  to  be  quite  distinct.) 

The  Genus  REINWARDTOENA. 
We  can  distinguish  the  following  forms  (cf.  Nov.  Zool.  VII.  p.  240,  lUUO). 

03.  Reinwardtoena  reinwardtsi  reinwardtsi  (Temm.). 

Abdomen  lavender-grey  ;  breast  white.    Wing  about  21.5— 230  nun.    Moluccas. 
We  l}avc  it  from  Batjan,  Obi,  and  Ceram-laut. 
2  Batjan  (Powell  and  (juillemard  c(dl.). 
1  Batjan  HVom  W'atcrstradf's  natives). 


(  127  ) 

3  said  to  be  from  Bat  Jan. 

2  said  to  be  from  Halmahera. 

4  Obi  Major  (Doherty  and  Lucas  coll.). 
2  (Jeram-laut  (Kiihn  coll.). 

04.  R.  reinwardtsi  albida  Hart. 

Abdomen  whitish,  with  a  creamy  tinge,  only  sides  of  abdomen  very  pale 
grey,  neck  and  head  above  paler  grey  than  in  typical  reinwardtsi.  \ViMg  about 
226—235  mm. 

Burn.     Two  specimens  in  the  Tring  Museum. 

95.  R.  reinwardtsi  minor  (Schleg.). 

Abdomen  whitish,  with  a  creamy  tinge,  only  sides  of  abdomen  jiale  grey, 
neck  and  head  above  almost  white.     Wing  only  about  21()  mm. 

Biak  and  Korrido  (Schonten  Islands). 

We  have  1  3  Biak  (W.  Doherty  coll.).  "  Iris  dull  red,  edged  with  black,  and 
with  an  inner  narrow  riog  of  yellow  ;  feet  bright  beet-red,  claws  black  ;  beak  and 
bare  patch  under  the  eyes  dark  red,  tip  of  beak  pale  horn-colour." 

96.  R.  reinwardtsi  griseotincta  Hart. 

Underside  to  the  throat  dark  lavender-grey.  Wing  about  228 — 248  mm. 
Upperside  of  neck  and  head  dark  grey. 

New  Guinea,  Waigin,  Salwatty,  Jobi,  Blafor  and  Miosnom.  We  have  the 
following  18  specimens  : — • 

1  ?  Waigiu  (Powell  coll.). 

1  ¥  Sorong  (D'Albertis  coll.). 

2  ?  Kapanr  (Doherty  coll.). 

1,  not  sexed,  Ansus,  Jobi  (Doherty  coll.). 

1,  not  se.xed,  Serui,  Jobi  (Doherty  coll.). 

I  i  Ron  Island  (Doherty  coll.). 

1  c?  Anday  (Bruiju's  hunters). 

1,  not  sexed,  Etna  Bay  (Webster  coll.) 

1,  not  sexed,  Konstantinhafen  (Kubary  coll.). 

1   ?  .Sattelberg  (Nymau  coll.j. 

1  c?  Simbang  (Webster  and  C'otton  coll.). 

1  ?  Milne  Bay  (Meek  coll.). 

1  i  Fergusson  (Meek  coll.). 

1  S  Goodeuough  (Jloek  coll.). 

1  ?  Mailu  district  (Anthony  coll.). 

1  c?  Mt.  Cameron,  Owen  Stanley  Range  (Anthony  coll.). 

1  ?  Fly  River  (bought  from  Whitely). 

97.  R.  browni  (ScL). 
This  species  inhabits  the  Duke  of  York,  New  Britain,  and  New  Ireland  group. 
We  have  seven  skins  : — 

3  New  Britain  (Th.  Kleinschmidt  coll.). 
3  New  Ireland  (purchased  in  London). 

1  Duke  of  York  (Rev.  G.  Brown  coll.). 


(   1^8  ) 


98.  Chalcophaps  indica  (Linn.). 

Onr  series  consists  at  present  of  the  following  material  : — 

2  (?  ad.,  1  ?  ad.  Sikldm  (Nat.  coll.). 

2  (?,  1  ?  ad.  North  Cachar  Hills  (E.  C.  S.  Baker  coll.). 

1  ?  ad.  Ceylon,  4500  ft.  (8.  Blytli  coll.). 

2  (?  ad.  1  (?  ?  jnv.  South  Andamaus  (A.  L.  Butler  coll.). 
1  c?  ad.  Nagoya,  Jajian  (Nat.  coll.). 

1  ?  ad.  Formosa  (Swinhoe  coll.). 

2  S  ad.,  1  juv.  North  Luzon  (J.  Whitehead  coll.). 
1  juv.  South  Luzon  (J.  Whitehead  coll.). 

1  S  ad.  Ayala,  Mindanao  (from  an  on^hid  hunter). 

1  (S  ad.  Zamboauga,  Mindanao  (A.  Everett  coll.). 

2  (J  ad.  Davas,  Mindanao  (Dr.  C.  Platen  coll.). 
1   ?  ad.  Negros  (J.  AYhitehead  coll.). 

1  S  ad.  Miudoro  (J.  Whitehead  coll.). 

1  c?  ad.  Puerto  Princesa,  Palawan  (Dr.  (_'.  Platen  coll.). 

1  ?  ad.  Palawan  (J.  Whitehead  coll.). 

1  J  ad.  Sulu  (Dr.  C.  Platen  coll.). 

1  t?  ad.  Malacca  (Nat.  coll.). 

2  (?,  2  ?  ad.  Labnan,  North  Borneo  (J.  Whitehead  coll.). 
1  jun.  Kina  Bain,  Borneo. 

1  pull.  Mt.  Dulit,  Borneo,  4500  ft.  (C.  Hose  coll.). 

1  (?,  1  ?  juv.  Rakoetak,  Java,  3500  ft.  (Prillwitz  coll.). 

2  S  ad.,  1   ?  jnn.  Bali  (Doherty  coll.). 

1  <S  juv.,  1   ?  ad.  Lombok  (Everett  coll.). 

1  c?  ad.  Lombok  (Doherty  coll.). 

1  (?  ad.  Tambora,  Sumbawa  (Doherty  coll). 

1  (?  ad.  Gunong  Api,  Sumbawa  (Powell  coll.). 

2  6  ad.  Sumba  (Everett  coll.). 

1  ?  ad.   1  (?  ?  JQv.  Sumba  (Doherty  coll.). 

1  (?  ?  ad.  South  Flores,  3.500  ft.  (Everett  coll.). 

1  c?  ad.,  1  c?  juv.  Alor  or  Ombay  (Everett  coll.). 

1  ?  ad.  Indrnlaman,  South  Celebes  (Everett  coll.). 

1  ?  ad.  Tagnlandang,  Celebes  (Cursham's  natives  coll.). 

1  ?  ad.  and  jnv.  Banka  (Cursham's  natives  coll.). 

1  ?  ad.  Gunong  Api,  Celebes  (Cursham's  natives  coll.). 

2  S  ad.  Between  Menado  and  Arakau  (Nat.  coll.). 

1  (S  ad.  Dongala,  ('elebes  (Doherty  coll.). 

2  ?  Karkellang,  Talant  (Cursham  coll.). 

1   ?  ad.  Lirung  (Nat.  coll.,  J.  Waterstrad). 

1   ?  ad.  Sula  Bcsi  (Doherty  coll.). 

1   ?  juv.  Sula  Mangoli  (Doherty  coll.). 

1  ?  jnv.  Manawoka,  Gorom  Island  (Kuhu  coll.). 

1  (S  ad.,  1  ?  juv.  Maar  Island,  Ceram-laut  (Kiihu  coll.). 

1  d  ad.  Teoor  Island  (Kiihu  coll.). 

2  cJ  ad.,  1  ?  juv.  Batjan  (Doherty  coll.). 
1  d  ad.  Mefor  (Doherty  coll.). 


(  129  ) 

1  (?  ad.  and  jnv.  Biak  (Doherty  coll.). 

74  specimens  in  all. 

A  cnrions  fact  in  the  distribntion  of  this  bird  is  the  extent  of  its  range  to 
the  northern  islands  in  Geelvink  Bay,  while  we  have  no  record  whatever  of  the 
occurrence  in  New  Guinea. 

Our  specimens  from  Mefor  and  Biak  are  remarkably  dark  on  the  nudersurface, 
but  our  material  is  too  scanty  to  admit  of  their  separation  as  a  subspecies,  especially 
since  they  are  matched  by  some  specimens  from  other  countries. 

Dr.  A.  B.  Meyer  and  Wiglesworth  in  their  grand  work  on  the  Birds  of 
Celebes  doubt  somewhat  the  possibility  of  separating  Chalcophaps  imiica 
sangkircnsis  Bias.,  but  the  absence  of  the  grey  colour  from  the  crown  and  mere 
indication — instead  of  strong  development — of  the  white  superciliary  line  seem  to 
be  peculiar  to  sanghirensis,  and  we  therefore  consider  the  latter  well  worthy  to  be 
admitted  as  a  subspecies. 

The  form  from  Christmas  Island  (north  of  Java),  known  as  Chalcophaps 
natalis  Lister,  is  evidently  only  a  subspecies  of  Ch.  imiica,,  as  the  red  rump  and 
central  rectrices  which  are  so  remarkable  in  the  female,  are  sometimes  strongly 
indicated  in  specimens  from  other  countries  as  well. 

We  have  one  male  and  iy^o  females  collected  by  C.  W.  Andrews. 

99.  Chalcophaps  chrysochlora  (Wagl.). 

Of  this  wide-spread  pigeon — it  extends  from  Timor  over  the  South-East  and 
Key  Islands,  and  Southern  New  Guinea  to  the  New  Hebrides  and  Australia — we 
have  the  following  specimens  before  us  : — 

1  (J  ad.,  2  i  juv.  Atapupu,  Timor  (A.  Everett  coll.). 

1  ¥  ad.  Timor-Laut  (H.  0.  Forbes  coll.). 

1  <?  ad.,  2  i  ad.,  1   ?  juv.  Koer  Island  (H.  Klihn  coll.). 

2  c?  ad.,  1  ¥  juv.  Manggoer  Island  (H.  Kuhn  coll.). 

1  c?  ad.,  12  S  juv.,  1  ?  ad.  Toeal,  Little  Key  Island  (H.  Klihn  coll.). 

2  S  ad.,  2  juv.  Woeloer,  Dammer  Island  (H.  Kiihn  coll.). 

3  c?  ad.,  2  ?  ad.,  1  juv.  Great  Bauda  (H.  Kuhn  coll.). 

4  New  Hebrides. 

1  Vate,  New  Hebrides  (Layard  coll.). 

5  ?  Naiabui,  New  Guinea  (D'Albertis  coll.). 

2  ?  juv.  Rossel  Island  (A.  Meek  coll.). 

2  c?,  4  ?  ad.  St.  Aignau  (A.  Meek  coll.). 

<?  ?  ad.  Woodlark  (A.  Meek  coll.). 

S  ?  ad.  Trobriand  Island,  Kiriwini  Group  (A.  Meek  coll.) 

1  cJ  ad.  Fergusson  Island  (A.  Meek  coll.). 

1  (?  ad.  Australia  (from  Sale-room). 

1  ?  ad.  New  South  Wales  (Hugel  coll.). 

1   ?  ad.  Richmond  River,  Queensland  (Cockercll  coll.). 

1  ?  juv.  Cooktown  (Olive  coll.). 

1  Norfolk  Island  (purchased  from  H.  Travers). 

lOH.  Chalcophaps  stephani  Ueichenbach. 

We  have  at  present  37  specimens  : — 
1  juv.  Menado,  Celebes  (Nat.  coll.). 
1  ?  Macassar  (Doherty  coll.). 


(  130  ) 

2  d  Tawa3'a,  Celebes  (Doherty  coll.)- 

3  <S  juv.  Dorey  (Doherty  coll.). 

1  ?  Andai  (from  Bmijn's  hunters). 
1  ?  Ron  Island  (Doherty  coll.). 
1  c?  jnv.  Kafn  (from  Bruijn's  hunters). 
1  t?,  1  j«v.,  1  ?  Kai><anr  (Doherty  coll.). 

1  ?  (?)  Djamma. 

2  c?,  1  ¥  Takar  (Doherty  coll.). 

1  S  juv.  Dobbo,  Aru  Islands  (Captain  C.  Webster  coll.). 

1  c?,  1  ¥  Jobi  Island  (Doherty  coll.). 

1  (?  ad.  Fergnsson  Island  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 

1  ¥  ad.  Mioko  (T.  H.  Kleiuschmidt  coll.). 

1  (?  ad.  New  Britain  (Kubary  coll.). 

1  S  ad.  Blanche  Bay,  New  Britain. 

1  ¥  ad.  Duke  of  York  Island  (Kleiuschmidt  coll.). 

1  ¥  ad,  New  Ireland. 

2  S  New  Hanover  (Cajitain  C.  Webster  coU.). 

1  ?,  2  c?  jnv.  Mysol  (Kuhn  coll.). 

3  (?  ad.  Toeal,  Key  Islands  (Kiihn  &  Webster  coll.). 

2  <J  ad.  Brown  River  (Weiske  coll.). 

1  c?  ad.  Goodenough  Island  (Meek  coll.). 

If  Chalcophaps  mortoni  is  separable  at  all,  it  is  only  slightly  larger.  We  have 
one  $  ad.  collected  by  Woodford  on  Guadalcanar  whose  wing  measurement  is 
153  mm.,  while  the  average  of  the  true  Ch.  stepkani  is  145  mm.  W^e  have, 
however,  specimens  reaching  149,  150,  and  151  mm.,  so  that  we  think  it  possible 
that  the  Solomon  form  will  not  be  separable. 


mi.  Henicophaps  albifrons  G.  R.  Gray. 

Inhabits  New  Guinea,  tlie  Western  Papuan,  and  Am  Islands.  AVe  have  the 
following  IT  specimens  :  — 

2  ad.,  3  juv.  without  labels,  Itut  evidently  from  North-Western  New  Guinea, 
purchased  from  feather-dealers. 

1  ad.  without  locality,  purchased  from  Gerrard,  probably  from  British  New 
Guinea  (?  Goldie  coll.). 

1  (J  ad.  Waigiu  (from  Bruijn's  hunters). 

2  3  Sogere,  Owen  Stanley  Mountains  1200  and  2000  ft.  (H.  0.  Forbes  coll.). 
2  Brown  River,  British  New  Guinea  (E.  Weiske  coll.). 

1  Mt.  Cameron,  British  New  Guinea  (A.  S.  Anthony  coll.). 

1  ?  Fly  River  (D'Albertis  coll.). 

2  ?  Milne  Bay  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 

1  c?  Wokan,  Aru  Islands  (Hch.  Kiihn  coll.). 

1  ¥  Kobroor,  Aru  Islands  ("Hch.  Kiihn  coll.). 

The  last  two  specimens  from  Aru  are  darker  on  the  hiudueck  and  underside, 
but  almost  matched  by  specimens  from  South-East  New  Guinea,  and  not  quite  like 
each  other.  Should  further  material  prove  the  possibility  of  separating  the  Aru 
birds  from  those  of  New  Guinea,  then  the  former  would  have  to  be  culled  llcnicophapa 
albifrons  achlegeli  Rosenb. 


( l:^l ) 

102.  Phlegoenas  margaritae  (D'Alk  &  Salvad.). 

Onr  series  of  this  most  beautiful  bird  is  not  very  good.  We  have  at  jiresent 
only  the  following  12  specimens  : — 

1  c?,  1   ?,  (?)  1  jnv.  from  Dutch  New  Guinea  bought  from  plumassiers. 

1  ?  (?)  Kafu  (from  Brnijn's  hunters). 

2  ?  Mt.  Gayata,  Richardson  Range  (E.  Weisko  coll.). 

1  c?  (?)  Mullins  Harbour,  British  New  Guinea  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 

0  immature  birds  from  New  Ireland  (from  an  orchid  hunter). 

Iit3.  Phlegoenas  johannae  Scl. 
One  adult  and  one  nestling  from  New  Hanover  (Oapt.  U.  Webster  coll.). 

1U4.  Phlegoenas  beccarii  (Salvad.). 

Of  this  rare  pigeon  we  have  only  two  young  birds  collected  by  Emil  Weiske  on 
the  Upper  Aroa  River,  between  3tJiJ0  and  TOUU  ft.  above  the  sea.  A  series  of  adult 
individuals  from  the  Berau  Peninsula  should  be  compared  with  a  series  from  British 
New  Guinea.     There  are  probably  differences  enough  for  a  subspecific  separation. 

105.  Phlegoenas  rufigula  Bp. 

Ornithologists  have  separated  two  species,  one  called  rufigida,  from  New 
Guinea  and  the  Western  Papuan  Islands,  and  another  called  helciveiitris  from  the 
Aru  Islands  and  the  Fly  River  region  in  Southern  New  Guinea.  These  two  forms 
are  very  closely  allied,  and  cannot  be  anything  else  than  subspecies,  the  only 
differences  that  can  be  relied  on  apparently  being  the  more  developed  grey  area  at 
the  sides  of  the  occiput  in  true  vufgula.  It  seems  to  us  that  specimens  from  the 
Berau  Peninsula  and  Triton  Bay  have  this  grey  band  still  more  developed  than 
those  from  British  New  Guinea.     In  this  case  three  forms  might  be  distinguishable. 

We  have  at  present  the  following  specimens  : — 

1.  What  we  should  call  P.  rujiyula  rufigula  :  $  ad.  Dorey  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 
"  Iris  dull  ])ur]]le  with  an  inner  reddish  line;  feet  purple;  soles  nearly  white;  bill 
blackish,  tinged  with  red  ;  tip  paler." 

c?  (?)  ad.  Triton  Bay  (Capt.  C.  Webster  coll.). 

$  ad.  Arfak  (from  Bruiju's  hunters). 

?  immat.  Mansinam  (from  Brnijn's  hunters). 

2.  Typical  P.  rufigula  hehimrdris. 

2  $  ad.  Wokan,  Aru  Islands  (H.  Kiihu  coll.). 

3.  Six  skins  which  seem  to  be  intermediate  between  typical  rufiguki  and 
kelijiventris,  the  grey  band  on  the  sides  of  the  occiput,  which  is  quite  absent  in 
kelmventrin,  being  jiresent,  but  apparently  less  extended  than  in  the  typical  rufigula. 

1  ad.  near  Humboldt  Bay  (Dumas  coll.). 

2  ad.  Upper  Brown  River  (E.  Weiske  coll.). 

1  S  ad.,  1  jnv.  Mt.  Cameron,  5000  to  6000  ft.  (Anthony  coll.). 

2  S  ad.,  1  juv.  Milne  Bay  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.).  "  Iris  brown,  feet  inirplo,  bill 
light  purplish-brown." 


(  132  ) 

106.  Trugon  terrestris  terrestris  G.  Jl.  Gray. 

We  have  the  following  S  skius  :  — 
1   Salawatti  (Brnijn's  hunters). 

1  Andai  (Brnijn's  hnnters). 

2  Dutch  New  Guinea  (Brnijn's  hnnters). 
1  Mansinani  (Brnijn's  hunters). 

1  Etna  Bay  (Captain  C.  Webster  coll.). 

2  Humboldt  Bay  (Dumas  coll.). 

luT.  Trugon  terrestris  leucopareia  (Meyer). 

This  form  differs  friim  the  preceding  only  by  the  whiter  sides  of  the  face  and 
neck,  and  the  wing-coverts  are  more  washed  with  bronzy  brown.  We  have 
8  specimens  : — 

2  South-Eastern  New  Guinea  (Goldie  coll.). 

1  <?,  3  ?  Milne  Bay  (Meek  coll.).  Iris  briglit  red,  feet  transjiarent,  and  bill 
fleshy-white. 

1  Brown  River  (Weiske  coll.). 
1  Port  Moresby  (Weiske  coll.). 

The  Genus  OTIDIPHAPS. 

The  genus  Otidiphaps  comprises  three  forms,  which  inhabit  New  Guinea  and 
Fergusson  Island.  They  replace  each  other  geographically  and  are  undonlitedly 
close  allies,  but  as  their  characters  are  very  clear  and  constant  and  no  intermediate 
specimens  known,  Mr.  Rothschild  is  of  opinion  that  it  is  more  advisable  to  treat 
them  as  species,  binomially  named,  instead  of  as  subspecies,  although  they  are 
closely  allied.     We  do  not  know  the  young  Ijirds. 

108.  Otidiphaps  nobilis  Gould. 

Hindneck  with  a  large  bronzy-green  patch  ;  chest  deep  purple  ;  rump  purple  ; 
back  and  wings  purplish-chestnut.     Western  New  Guinea  and  Batauta. 

We  have  six  skins  witliout  labels,  liut  all,  as  shown  by  their  preparation, 
undoubtedly  from  N.W.  New  Guinea. 

1  purchased  by  Doherty  at  Waropen,  not  far  from  Knrudn. 

1  bought  by  Doherty  at  Serni,  Jolii,  and  said  tu  have  been  killed  there  (?). 

3  Arfak  (from  Brnijn's  hunters). 

1  lalielled  "  Arfak  "  by  A.  Boucard. 

1  Dorey,  from  Powell  (evidently  bought). 

2  Etna  Bay  (Capt.  C.  Webster  coll.).  One  of  these  seems  to  be  less  mature, 
and  has  the  breast  and  chest  more  metallic  green,  less  purple. 

100.  Otidiphaps  cervicalis  Rams. 

Differs  from  (I.  itohilis  in  a  greyish-white,  not  green,  jiatch  on  the  hindneck, 
deep  dull  green  rump  and  upper  tail-coverts  and  deep  greenish  breast.  It  is  only 
known  from  British  New  Guinea. 

We  have  five  skins,  namely,  two  without  label,  two  from  between  the  rivers 
Laroki  and  Vanapa,  apparently  collected  by  E.  Weiske,  and  one  shot  near  Milne 
Bay  by  A.  S.  Meek.     "  Iris  bldod-red,  feet  reddish-yellow,  bill  purple." 


(   133  ) 


110.  Otidiphaps  insularis  Salvin  &  Godm. 

Hindueck  blue-black  withont  a  light  patch.  Underside  dull  purple,  washed 
with  greenish  across  the  chest.  Back  and  wings  cinnamon  instead  of  purplish- 
chestnut,  lower  back  and  rump  dull  green,  changing  into  purjile  towards  the  upper 
tail  coverts. 

Only  known  from  Fergusson  IsLiud.  Mr.  Albert  S.  Meek  seut  us  one 
specimen  marked  female^  with  the  "  iris  dark  red,  feet  greeuish-yellow,  bill  dark 
crimson." 

111.  Caloenas  nicobarica  (L.). 

Of  this  emphatically  insular  pigeon  we  have  at  present  forty  specimens  : — 
S  ad.,  ?  ad.,  S  juv.  Car  Xicobar  (A.  L.  Butler  coll.). 

2  Palawan  (Dr.  Platen  coll.). 
1  Luzon  (Blarche  coll.). 

?   ad.  Sibntu  (A.  Everett  coll.). 

3  (?,  3  ?  Pulo  Tega,  North  Borneo  (John  Whitehead  coll.). 
1  Karamon  Island,  near  Labuan  (A.  Everett  coll.). 

¥   Toeal,  Little  Key  (H.  Kilhn  coll.). 

?   8oa  Island,  near  Little  Key  (H.  Kiihu  coll.). 

S  Teniai,  Taam  Islands  (H.  Kiihn  coll.). 

¥  Bisa,  near  Obi,  Moluccas  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 

$  ¥  Satonda,  near  Sumbawa  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 

1  juv.  Ansus,  Jobi  (from  Bruiju's  hunters).] 
tj  Ansus,  Jobi  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 

¥  Mafor  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 

2  pull.  Dutch  New  Guinea  (native  coll.). 
¥  Troliriand  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 

S  Egum  group  (A.  S.  Meek  coll). 

2  cJ ,  1  ¥  St.  Aignan,  Louisiades  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 

1  t?,  2  ¥  Rossel  Island,  Louisiades  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 

3  New  Hanover  (Cai)t.  C.  Webster  coll.). 

2  $  Fauro,  Shortland  Islands  (Wahues  &  Ribbe  coll.). 

"In  all  this  series,  from  so  many  different  localities,  we  are,  in  accordance  with 
all  ornithologists,  not  able  to  discover  any  characters  for  the  separation  of  different 
local  forms. 

The  Caloenas  pelewensis  of  the  Catalogue  of  Birds  we  consider  a  subspecies  of 
nicobarica. 

The  most  peculiar  Caloenas  maculata—covTectly  identified  as  a  Caloenas  by 
Wagler— is  certainly  not  the  young  of  C.  nicobarica,  as  the  young  are  almost  quite 
like  the  adults,  and  not  sj)otted.  It  is  extraordinary  that  the  home  of  this  bird  is 
not  yet  discovered,  and  we  suggest  the  possibility—although  there  were  two 
specimens — that  it  is  an  abnormity.  This  bird  is  well  figured  in  the  first  volume 
of  the  Bulletin  of  the  Liverpool  Museums,  where  the  type  is  preserved. 


(  134) 

The  Genus  GOURA. 

112.  GrOTira  coronata  (L.)- 

Western  New  Guinea  (Beran  Peninsula,  shores  of  Geelvink  Bay  to  Etna  Bay, 
Waigin,  Batanta,  Salwatty  and  Mysol). 

We  have  Ifi  specimens,  12  of  which  are  more  or  less  typical,  while  4  are 
albinistic  varieties. 

2  Etna  Bay,  1  Triton  Bay  (Cay ley  Webster  coll.). 

These  three  specimens  appear  rather  large,  wings  abont  385  mm.,  crests  about 
180  mm. 

1  (J,  1  ?  ,  1  not  sexed  Dorey  (Gnillemard  ^  Powell  coll.). 

1  c?,  1  ?  Mysol  (Powell  coll.). 

2  (J,  1  ?  1  not  sexed  Waigin  (Gnillemard  &  Powell  coll.). 

Of  the  four  albinistic  varieties,  one  is  the  type  of  G.  cinerea  Hart.  (Nov.  Zool. 
1895  p.  67). 

We  are  now,  however,  convinced  that  this  bird  is  only  a  curious  pale  aberration 
of  G.  coronata,  because  a  considerable  nnmber  of  the  wing-feathers  are  not  uniform, 
but  particoloured,  being  of  a  somewhat  irregular  mixture  of  yellowish-white  and 
dirty  grey,  and  because  some  of  the  others  approach  this  bird  in  more  than  one 
particular. 

113.  Goura  scheepmakeri  Fiusch. 

We  are  convinced  that  this  name  must  be  used  to  embrace  the  three  birds 
called  Ooiu-a  sdateri,  G.  albertisi,  and  G.  scheepmakeri  in  the  Cat'dogue  of  Bii-ds. 
Moreover,  from  the  tendency  to  variation  exhibited  by  most  of  the  members  of  the 
genus  Goura,  we  consider  that  G.  scheepmakeri,  only  being  known  from  a  single 
specimen,  is  more  than  likely  to  be  only  an  alierraut  specimen,*  and  so,  for  the 
present,  we  treat  these  three  supposed  forms  as  two  subspecies  only,  as  follows  : — 

114.  Goura  scheepmakeri  scheepmakeri  Finsch. 

(Synonym  :   Goura  albertisii  Salvad.). 
Hah.  South-Eastern  New  Guinea. 
We  have  nine  specimens  : 

3  Brown  lliver  (E.  ^Veiskc  coll.). 

4  Nicura  (Lix  coll.). 

2  Mailu  district  (Anthony  coll.). 

115.  Goura  scheepmakeri  sclateri  Salvail. 
Fly  and  Kataw  Eivers. 
We  have  3  specimens  : — 
2  (?,  Fly  River  (D'All)ertis  coll.). 
1  without  locality. 

This  form  difiers  from  the  former  in  having  a  whiter  s]H'cnlum  and  chestnut 
tips  to  the  upjier  wing  coverts. 

*  Since  we  wrote  the  above  1  have  examined  the  type  of  Ginira  nrhcfpmahrri  in  the  Milan  Museum. 
It  is  a  young  bird  with  a  small  crest,  altogether  different  from  the  fitrurc  in  tlie  Prop.  Xnol.  Sor.  Ltmtl. 
It  differs  from  the  forms  known  as  Q.  gfintfri  and  G.  alhrrtijti  in  the  absence  of  the  maroon  tips  to  the 
feathers  forming  the  alar  speculum  an<l  in  the  paler  and  less  extended  maroon  colour  below,  which  has  a 
yellowish  tinge.  It  agrees  with  G.  nlbrrtiii  in  the  absence  of  the  maroon  upper  wing-coverts.  Although 
the  alar  speculum  is  decidedly  greyer  than  in  normal  G,  :<rlatfri  and  G.  atbcftisi,  I  am  convinced,  from 
examining  this  specimen,  that  it  is  only  a  rather  abnorm.al  immature  specimen  of  G.  allertini,  especially 
as  the  two  anterior  feathers  nf  the  siieculnm  show  decidecl  traces  of  chestnut  tips. — W.  II. 


(   135  ) 

110.  Goura  victoria  victoria  Fras. 

Jobi  and  Scliouten  Islands  in  Gc'elvink  Baj',  and  perhaps  coasts  of  Geelvink 
Bay. 

We  have  before  ns  seven  skins  : 

1  albinistic  variety,  withont  locality. 

1  l)onght  at  Waropen  by  William  Doherty. 

1  Biak  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 

1  Serni,  Jobi,  bonght  by  AV.  A.  Doherty. 

2  ( c?  ?  )  Jobi  (Gnillemard  coll.). 
1  (J  Ansus,  Jobi  (Powell  coll.). 

117.  Goura  victoria  beccarii  Salvad. 

This  subspecies  only  differs  from  typical  G.  victoria  in  its  larger  size  and  paler, 
more  blue-grey  colour  of  tlie  upper-surface.  The  white  tips  to  tlie  crest-feathers  are 
also  generally  wider. 

We  have  iive  specimens  : — 

1  f?)  Humboldt  Bay  (purchased  from  a  dealer). 

2  Konstantinhafen  (Kubary  coll.). 
2  Stephansort  (Kubary  coll.). 

Ib^.  Goura  victoria  huonensis  A.  B.  Meyer. 

Dr.  A.  B.  Meyer  has,  under  the  nnme  of  Goura  hoccurii  huonensis,  separated 
a  third  form  of  the  rictorin  group,*  which  he  describes  as  differing  from  beccarii  by 
its  larger  size  and  more  bluish'colonr  above.  This  would  then  be  a  further  development 
in  the  same  direction  in  which  heccarii  differs  from  victoria.  We  have,  un- 
fortunately, no  specimens  from  Huon  Gulf  or  from  farther  south-east.  The 
statement  of  the  larger  size  of  huonensis  is  not  borne  out  by  the  author's  measure- 
ments ;  in  fact,  we  have  a  specimen  of  still  greater  measurements. 

The  colour-difi'erences  mentioned  by  Dr.  Meyer  are  unimportant,  as  oar 
specimens  vary  somewhat  inter  se,  but  quite  what  one  might  expect  from  the  Huon 
Gulf  district,  where  many  forms  differ  from  those  found  on  the  nortliern  coast  from 
Humboldt  Bay  to  Astrolabe  Bay. 

IV.  MEGAPODIIDAE. 
1.  Megapodius  duperreyi  duperreyi  Less.  &  Garn. 

Mr.  Ogilvie-Grant,  in  Vol.  XXII.  of  Cat.  D.  Brit.  Mas.,  has  enumerated  seven 
species  wliicli  come  within  our  area.  He  unites  Megapodius  affinis  Meyer  with 
M.forsteni.  From  the  examination  of  our  material  we  have  come  to  the  conclusion 
that  there  are  two  species  and  a  number  of  subspecies  in  the  Papuan  subregion,  and 
that  ajjinis  is  separable  as  a  subspecies.  The  typical  duperreyi  has  a  very  wide  area. 
It  was  originally  described  from  Dorey,  and  ranges  from  the  Lesser  Suiida  Islands 
to  the  Torres  Straits.  Mr.  Ogilvie-Graut  unites  with  it  the  M.  tamtdus  from  North 
Australia,  couteuding  that,  although  the  majority  of  duperreyi  were  widely  different 
from  typical  tumulus,  every  intermediate  colouration  was  foniul.     We  concur  in  tliis 

*   Orn.  Mimatxbcr.  1S!)3,  p.  G5. 


(   130  ) 

opinion  in  so  far  that  we  ncito  M.  tumulus  as  a  siil.si)ccies  with  M.  dupcrrcyi, 
because  of  these  intermediate  specimens  :  bnt  we  cannot  see  the  force  of  ignoring 
the  fact  that  the  majority  of  Anstralian  specimens  are  easily  separable  by  their 
darker  and  more  rnfous  upper-surface.  They  also  appear  to  be  larger,  the  wings 
averaging  from  lioo  to  :;!70  mm.  in  tumulus,  and  from  :i;5i)  to  255  mm.  in  duperreyi. 

We  have  the  following  60  specimens  of  typical  duperrcjji  before  us  : — 

2  ?  North  Lombok,  3000  ft.  (Alfred  Everett  coll.). 

1  <J,  1  pull.  Tambora,  Sumbawa  (\V.  Duherty  coll.). 

2  S  Sumba  (A.  Everett  coll.). 

2  i  Djampea  (A.  Everett  coll.). 
2  ?  Alor  (A.  Everett  coll.). 

2  S  Flores  (A.  Everett  coll.). 

1  c?,  2  ? ,  1  (sex  ?)  Dammer  in  the  Banda  Sea  (H.  Kiilin  coll.) 

1  <?,  2  ?  Great  Banda  (H.  Kiihn  coll.). 

4  ?,  1  juv.,  1  pull.  Toeal,  Key  (H.  Kiihn  coll.). 
4  c?,  2  ?  Teoor  (H.  Kiihn  coll.). 

3  i,  1  sex  ?  Kilsoein,  Koer  Islands  (H.  Kiihn  coll.). 

2  ?  Kisoei  (H.  Kuhn  coll.). 

2  Dobbo,  Aru  (C.  Webster  coll.). 

1  ?  Dobbo,  Am  (H.  Kiihn  coll.). 

2  juv.  Dobbo,  Aru  (Kiihn  &  Webster  coll.). 

1  ?  Trangan,  Aru  (H.  Kiihn  coll.). 

2  »?  Giabu-lengau,  Aru  (Beccari  coll.). 

1  Dorey,  New  Guinea  (Powell  coll.). 

4  Arfak  (from  Bruijn's  hunters). 

2  Amberbaki  (Laglaize  coll.). 
1  Mansinam  (Beccari  coll.). 

1  ?  Has  (Beccari  coll.). 

1  $  Kapaur  (AV.  Doherty  coll.). 

2  Nicura,  British  New  Guinea  (Lix  coll.). 

1  juv.  Sogeri  district  (British  New  Guinea  ;  nat.  coll.). 

1  "  Torres  Straits  "  (purchased  from  Gerrard). 

1  said  to  be  from  Moroka  district,  3000  to  6000  ft.  (purchased  in  London). 

This  last  specimen  appears  to  differ  from  all  the  rest  of  our  M.  dupcrrcyi  by 
having  an  almost  naked  throat  and  blackish  feet  and  legs.  It  probably  will  prove 
to  be  an  undescribed  mountain  subspecies,  but  we  dare  not  describe  it  from  one 
individual  only. 


2.  Megapodius  duperreyi  tumulus  (ioukl. 

Differs  from  M.  duperreyi  duperreyi  by  its  darker  and  more  rufous  upper- 
surface.     It  inhabits  North-Eastern  Australia. 
We  have  the  following  lu  specimens  : — 
1  Cape  York  (Cockerell  coll.,  j)er  A.  von  Htigel). 
1  Somerset,  Cajie  York  (D'Albertis  coll.). 

1  cf,  1   ?,  2  pull.  Cedar  Bay,  North  Queensland  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 
I  S  Mount  Sapphiri,  Cairns  (Olive  coll.). 
3  without  exact  locality. 


(  137  ) 

3.  Megapodius  duperreyi  forsteni  Gray. 

Differs  from  M.  duperrei/i  duperreyi  iu  its  dark  olive-brown  and  not  reddish 
legs.  The  upperside  is  also  darker,  the  under  tail-coverts  are  not  so  rufous,  but 
more  deep  brown,  the  abdomen  less  greyish.  This  form  is  confined  to  the  Southern 
Moluccas,  Coram,  Amboina,  lUirn,  and  Haraku. 

We  have  the  skins  of  si.\  adults  from  Burn,  collected  by  Doherty,  Dumas,  and 
Bruijn's  hunters. 

4.  Megapodius  duperreyi  affinis  Meyer. 

Very  similar  to  M.  duperreyi  forsteni,  but  smaller,  and  the  abdomen  generally 
more  washed  with  rufons,  as  a  rule  somewhat  lighter,  more  like  M.  duperreyi  duperre.i/i 
in  colour,  but  with  dark  legs,  Wka forsteni!  Doherty  notes  ;  "  Iris  chestnut,  feet 
almost  black,  bill  dull  olive-brown,  darker  at  base." 

We  have  before  us  10  adults  and  one  chick  collected  on  Jobi  Island  by  William 
Doherty  and  Bruijn's  hunters. 

It  must  be  remarked  that  the  name  affinis  was  given  to  specimens  from  llubi, 
but  we  have  not  seen  any  from  New  Guinea,  and  it  is  therefore  quite  possible  that 
those  from  New  Guinea  again  differ  from  the  Jobi  Island  ones,  in  which  case  the 
latter  would  require  a  new  name. 

Specimens  from  d'Urville  Island  or  Tarawai,  M.  decoUatus  Oust.,  1878,  should 
also  be  re-examined.  It  seems  to  us  somewhat  hazardous  to  unite  decoUatus 
with  the  Jobi  Island  birds  without  actual  comparison.  According  to  Oustalct 
himself  (1881)  his  decoUatus  does  not  differ  from  the  Rubi  examples,  the  types  of 
aj/inis  ;  but  actual  comparison  with  Jobi  ones  does  not  seem  to  have  been  effected. 
From  the  locality  one  might  come  to  think  that  decoUatus  would  be  the  same  as 
brunneirentris  rather  than  affinis. 

5.  Megapodius  duperreyi  brunneiventris  Meyer. 

We  are  fortunate  iu  having  one  skin  (sex  not  stated)  from  the  original  locality, 
Stephansort,  Astrolabe  Bay,  Kaiser  Wilhelm's  Land,  collected  by  the  late  Dr.  Erik 
Nyman.  This  specimen  is  quite  like  our  "  affinis "  from  Jobi  Island,  except  that 
the  abdomen  and  outer  aspect  of  the  wings  are  a  shade  more  rufous,  and  the  wing 
measures  about  1  cm.  more  than  those  of  our  Jobi  examples,  which  we  provisionally 
called  affinis.  It  is  quite  possible  that  this  form,  if  it  is  well  separable,  may  have 
to  be  called  decoUatus. 

6.  Megapodius  duperreyi  eremita  Hartl. 

Differs  from  the  previous  forms  by  its  almost  bare  reddish  forehead  and  perhaps 
smaller  skull.  The  feathers  of  the  crown  are  rather  short,  not  forming  a  distinct 
crest.  Mr.  Grant  has  united  (Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mus.  XXII.  p.  453)  the  forms  from 
the  Bismarck  Archijielago  and  the  Solomon  Islands  under  the  name  of  eremita. 
The  type  of  eremita  came  from  the  Echiquier  Islands,  west-north-west  from  the 
Admiralty  grciup,  and  not  from  "  Bougainville  Island,"  as  stated  by  Mr.  Grant.  It 
is  true  that  Hartlaub  says  the  Echiquier  Islands  were  also  called  Bougainville 
Islands,  but  that  is  not  Bougainville  Island  !  The  Echiquier  bird  is  .>iaid  to  be  the 
same   as    those  from   tlie  Admiralty  group  and  the  Bismarck  Archipelago,  where 

10 


(   138  ) 

the  same  fi}rm  seems  tn  occnr.  We  are  not  sure,  however,  that  the  Solomon 
Islands  form  is  quite  identical,  our  specimens  being  apparently  slightly  less  rnfous 
on  the  hack  and  wings  ;  but  this  reqnires  confirmation. 

Our  material  consists  at  present  of  the  following  eight  specimens  : — 

?  ad.  New  Hanover  (C.  Webster  coll.). 

1  New  Ireland  (from  an  orchid  hunter). 

2  New  Britain  (J.  Kubary  coll.). 

1  New  Britain,  purchased  through  the  Linnaea. 

2  8hortland  Islands,  Solomon  gronji  (Wahiu's  &  Ribbe  coll.). 
1  ?  Aola,  Guadalcanar  (( '.  M.  Woodford  coll.). 

7.  Megapodius  duperreyi  macgillivrayi  Gray. 

In  the  colouration  of  its  plumage  almost  exatly  like  J/,  d.forsteni,  but  nearer 
to  M.  d.  cremita  in  having  a  bare  forehead.  The  skin  of  the  forehead,  however,  is 
blackish,  not  reddish,  and  the  legs  are  bright  yeUow,  not  blackish.  The  head 
feathers  are  somewhat  elongated,  almost  forming  a  short  thick  crest,  as  mforsti-iu. 

We  have  14  skins  collected  by  Albert  S.  Meek  on  Woodlark  Island,  Trobriand, 
and  on  Rossel  and  St.  Aignan  in  the  Louisiades  group. 

8.  Megapodius  freycinet  freycinet  Quoy  et  Gaim. 

Meyapoilius  frei/cinet  must  evidently  be  kept  specifically  separate  from  the 
duperreyi  group.  its  plumage  is  black,  the  forehead  and  throat  but  scantily 
feathered,  and  it  occnrs  in  several  places  together  with  duperreyi.  The  typical 
frci/cinet  inhabits  the  Northern  Moluccas,  Western  Papuan  Islands,  and  N.W.  New 
Guinea. 

We  have  the  following  21  specimens  : — 

1  S  Ternate  (W.  Doherty  coll.).     "  Feet  blackish." 

2  Halmahera  (from  Bruiju's  hunters). 

4  Batjan,  from  Doherty,  Gnillemard  &  Waterstradt's  natives. 
1  Morty  (Dumas  coll.). 

1  Bisa,  Obi  group  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 

2  Obi  Major  (W.  Doherty).     "  Feet  dull  l.la.kish." 
1         „  (W.  Lucas  coll.). 

4  Waigiu  (from  Bruiju's  hunters). 

1        „       (Gnillemard  coll.). 

4  ad.  Mysol  (H.  Kiihn  coll.).     "  Feet  brownish  black." 

1  juv.      „     (Wallace  coll.). 

Also  seven  witlmut  localities. 

9.  Megapodius  freycinet  geelvinkiauus  Meyer. 

Diflers  irom  J/,  freycinet  freycinet  in  having  the  logs  mostly  reddish,  and  the 
skin  of  the  scantily  feathered  throat  and  head  bright  red,  instead  of  dull  and  i)ale 
reddish.  It  is  known  to  occur  on  Mafor,  Miosnom,  and  Jobi.  We  have  only  three 
fnim  J\Iafor,  collected  by  W.  Doherty.  "  Iris  deep  chestnut  ;  feet  mostly  red,  toes 
(lark  :  Ijill  blackish,  gape  and  tip  dull  orange." 


(   139  ) 

111.   Talegallus  cuvieri  cuvieri  Less. 

Western  New  Guinea  (Berau  Peninsnla),  (Salwatty,  aud  Mysol,  but  never 
in  the  Moluccas.  The  locality  "  Gilolo,"  which  is  given  in  the  Cat.  B.  Brit.  Miis. 
XXII.  J).  4(1.5,  on  the  evidence  of  a  purcliased  skin  without  history,  is  erroneous. 

Pileum  covered  with  thin,  hair-lilce  feathers,  which  are  recumbent  on  the 
forehead.     Bill  red. 

We  liave  : 

3  c?,  Mysol  (H.  Kiihn  coll.).  "  Iris  pale  brown  or  yellowish  ;  feet  pule 
chromeous  ;  bill  blood-red." 

1  Sorong  (from  Bruijn's  hunters). 

1  Andai  (D'Albertis  coll.). 

1  Mt.  Arfak  (from  Bruijn's  hunters). 

1  Mansinam  (Guillemard  coll.). 

1  Salwatty,  collector  unknown. 
3  without  locality. 

11.  Talegallus  cuvieri  fuscirostris  Salvad. 

Pileum  covered  as  that  of  1\  cacieri  cuvieri,  from  wliich  it  differs  merely  in  its 
dark  brown  bill.     The  skin  of  the  neck  seems  also  to  be  darker. 

Aru  Islands  and  South-Eastern  New  Guinea.  Mr.  Kiihn  sent  us  four  skins 
from  Wokan,  Trangan  and  Sungi  Earkai  in  the  Aru  Islands,  and  we  have  two  from 
Nicura,  aud  one  from  the  Aroa  River  in  British  New  Guinea.  The  latter  three 
seem  to  have  the  feathers  on  the  forehead  longer.  More  material  must  be  compared 
in  order  to  say  if  this  is  an  individual  or  racial  character. 

1~.  Talegallus  jobiensis  jobiensis  Meyer. 

Pileum  with  wider  feathers  with  well-developed  webs.  It  seems  tliat  jobiensis 
must  be  separated  specifically  from  curieri.  Its  pileum  is  very  dilferently  covered  ; 
there  seems  to  be  an  inclination  or  a  well-develojted  rufous  area  on  the  neck,  and  a 
form  of  it  apparently  occurs  together  with  a  form  of  the  cu fieri  group  in  S.E.  New 
Guinea. 

Of  the  tyitical  Jobie//.<iis  we  have  the  following  specimens  :  — 

0  ad.,  1  juv.  Jobi  (from  Bruijn's  liunters). 

2  "  Talaudjang  "  (from  Bruijn's  hunters). 

1  Kaririri,  Jobi,  bought  by  Doherty. 
1  Serni,  .Jobi  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 

1  Marai,  Jobi  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 

1  Takar  (W.  Doherty  coll.).  "  Iris  chestnut  ;  feet  pale  coral,  claws  corneous  ; 
bill  dusky  reddish,  base  of  culmen  dark." 

It  is  very  doubtful  whether  this  bird  from  Takar  belongs  to  t\]i\ca,\  jol/iensis 
or  to  lonyicaudu.i.     Its  tail  is  moulting  and  most  of  it  missing. 

13.  Talegallus  jobiensis  longicaudus  Sleyer. 

Differs  only  from  T.  jobiensis  jobicnsi.f  in  having  a  longer  tail,  wiiich  is 
180 — 100  mm.  long  in  our  specimens,  but  100 — 175  in  our  trne  jobiensis.  The 
alleged  more  lilackish  colour  is   not  ai)parcnt,  but  it  seems  tliat  tlic  rufous  colour 


(  1-to  ) 

on  the  ueuk  is  more  developed  and  extended,  while  it  is  merely  indicated  or  absent 
in  T.jobiemis  jobiensis.  This  is  a  rather  poor  form,  but  should  not  be  cast  aside. 
To  it  belong  the  specimens  from  Kaiser  Wilhelm's  Laud  as  well  as  those  from 
British  New  Guinea. 

The  sjjecimen  enumerated  xmdi&v  jobiensis  in  the  Cut.  B.  Brit.  Mus.  XXII. 
p.  467  is  therefore  longicaudus.     We  have  : — 

1  ad.  8tephansort  (E.  Nyman  coll.). 

1  German  New  Guinea  (Webster  &  Ootton  coll.). 

1  ad.  1  pull.  Aroa  River  (E.  Weiske  coll.).  "  Iris,  feet  and  skin  of  head  and 
neck  red." 

14.  Aepypodius  bruijni  Oust. 

Differs  from  Ae.  arfakianus  m  many  important  points.  The  colour  above  is 
brownish-black,  instead  of  jet-black.  The  rump  is  dark  chestnut  instead  of  rufous. 
Chest  and  breast  variegated  with  chestnut  and  dark  grey,  instead  of  entirely 
lilackish.  Head  covered  with  rough  granulations,  but  without  a  comb.  The 
hindneck  is  bare  of  feathers,  and  has  in  the  adult  bird  two  distinct  wattles,  while 
Ae.  arfakianus  has  the  hindneck  feathered  and  no  wattles.  Only  known  from 
Waigiu. 

We  have  seven  specimens  from  Waigiu,  collected  by  Bruijn's  hunters. 

15.  Aepypodius  arfakianus  Salvad. 

Ae.  arfakianus  was  described  from  chicks  from  Arfak,  and  it  was  Schlegel  who 
two  years  later  described  the  first  adult  Aepi/podius  under  the  name  oi  pyrrhopygius 
from  the  west  coast  of  Geelvink  Bay.  We  agree  with  Mr.  Ogilvie  Grant  that  the 
practice  of  naming  chicks  is  most  undesirable,  but  as  there  is  no  definite  evidence 
to  prove  that  Salvadori's  chicks  belong  to  another  species  of  AepijpotHtis,  we  think 
it  best  to  retain  his  name  for  the  present.  Ae.  arfakianus  is  known  from  the  Berau 
Peninsula  and  from  British  New  Guinea,  and  we  have  a  specimen  bought  by 
Mr.  Doherty  on  Jobi. 

We  have  the  following  specimens  before  us  : — • 

2  Berau  Peninsula  (from  Bruijn's  hunters). 

1  Dutch  New  Guinea,  bought  from  Mr.  Van  Renesse  van  Duiveubode. 
1  ?  Mt.  Cameron,  Owen  Stanley  Mts.,  6500  ft.  (A.  S.  Anthony  coll.). 
1  Mt.  Victoria,  Owen  Stanley  Range,  5  to  7000  ft.  (native  coll.). 
1  shot  between  rivers  Laroki  and  Vanapa  (Weiske  coll.  1897). 

1  "  Kariri,  Jobi,  May  1897.  Feet  blackish,  comb  and  wattles  bright  red,  rest 
of  head  dull  red.     Bought."     (W.  Doherty  coll.) 

V.  RALLWAE. 
1.  Rallina  tricolor  Gray. 

This  species  seems  to  occur  all  over  New  Guinea  and  the  adjacent  islands.  We 
have  not  been  able  to  separate  any  races,  but  it  will  probably,  with  more  material 
available,  possible  to  separate  the  examples  from  the  Sonth-East  and  Damiuer 
Islands.     Those  from  New  Hanover  require  also  attention. 

Our  material  consists  of  the  following  specimens  : — 

2  without  locality,  purchased  from  Boucard. 


(  141  ) 

1  said  to  be  from  Jobi,  purchased  from  Boncard.  This  bird  has  no  original 
label,  but  the  prejjaration  is  that  of  Brniju's  hnuters. 

1  said  to  be  from  the  Am  Islands,  pnrchased  from  Whitelj. 

1  said  to  be  from  Cape  Yorlv,  purchased  from  Schneider, 
t?  Waigiu  (from  Bruijn's  hnnters.). 

(?  ?  Dorey  (W.  Dohert}'  coll.).  ''  Iris  and  eyelids  scarlet  ;  feet  blackish- 
brown  ;  bill  pea-green,  darker  on  the  cnlmen  and  tip." 

2  New  Hanover  (V.  Webster  coll.). 

?  North  Queensland  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 

?  Dammer  Island  in  the  Banda  Sea  (H.  Kiihn  coll.). 

1  c?,  2  ?  Koer  Island  (H.  Ktihu  coll.). 

2.  Amaurornis  moluccana  Wall. 

From  the  Moluccas  over  the  Papuan  Islamls  to  Australia.     We  have  a  female 
shot  by  Anthony  in  the  Kotoi  district  in  British  New  Guinea. 
1  from  Halmahera. 

1  from  Sula  Mangoli  (Doherty). 

2  Batjan. 

2  from  New  Britain  (Brown). 

2  New  Hanover  (Webster). 

1  from  the  Bellenden  Ker  Mountains  in  Queensland  (Olive). 

3.  Eulabeornis  castaneiventris  Gould. 

?  ad.  Wokan,  Aru  Islands  (H.  Kilhn  coll.),  (J. 10.1900.  "Iris  brownish-red, 
feet  pale  ochreous-yellow,  bill  bright  yellowish-green  with  whitish  tip." 

It  is  by  no  means  certain  that  the  form  from  the  Am  Islands  is  the  same  as 
that  from  Australia,  nor  that  the  one  from  Wokan  is  the  same  as  those  from 
other  islands  of  the  group.  Without,  however,  examining  a  series  from  the  various 
countries,  it  is  not  possible  to  determine  whether  certain  differences  in  colouration 
are  sexual,  individual,  or  peculiar  to  specimens  from  certain  localities  only. 

A  series  is  much  desired.  Onr  sjiecimen  differs  from  those  collected  by  Wallace 
and  Cockerel!,  and  now  in  the  British  Museum,  in  having  the  upperside  quite  rufous 
without  any  olive  tinge  whatever. 

The  Genus  EALLICULA. 

The  three  forms  of  this  genus  must  be  kept  as  separate  species.  Ji.  rubra  and 
leucospila  occur  together.  R.forbcsi  seems  to  represent  leucospilv,  but  its  sexual 
differentiation  is  different,  and  we  know  of  no  intermediate  links. 

4.  Rallicula  rubra  Schleg. 
Arfak. 
We  have  2  from  Arfak  (Brnijn  coll.). 

■5.  Rallicula  leucospila  (Salvad.). 

Arfak  to  north  coast. 

We  have  a  fine  7nale  a,nd female  from  Mt.  Maori,  3000  ft.,  near  Humboldt  Bay. 
This  form  extends  most  likely  to  Kaiser  Wilhelm's  Land. 


(  141^  ) 

0.  Rallicula  forbesi  Sliarjie. 

Sonth-Eastern  New  Guinea. 

We  have  12  specimens  : — 

3  ?  Aroa  River,  40Ui)  to  TOno  ft.  (E.  Weiske  coll.). 

2  cJ  between  Rivers  Laroki  and  Vanapa  (E.  Weiske  coll.). 

3  c?,  1   ?  Owen  Stanley  Mountains  (native  coll.). 

1  (?  "  north  coast  of  British  Xew  Giiinea"  (?)  (Anthony  coll.). 
1  cf  Mt.  Scratchley  (collector  unknown). 
1  c?  Mt.  Cameron  (collector  unknown). 

T.  Porphyrio  melanotus  Teram. 

S   ad.  Tranjran,  x\ru   Islands.      "  Iris  brownish-red,  feet  flesh-colour,  frontal 
shield  bright  red,  bill  more  of  a  blackish  bluish-red." 


LIMI(!OLAE. 
1.  Ochthodromus  geoflfroyi  (Wagl.). 

On^  female  was  shot  by  Mr.  Kiihn  on  November  23rd  on  Mariri  Island,  Aru 
group.     It  has  tlie  wing  (rather  worn)  about  l-tT  mm.  long. 

We  have  before  us  41  skins  from  various  localities,  but  our  series  consists  only 
of  migrants,  so  that  we  cannot  yet  answer  the  question  of  the  existence  of  a  larger 
(eastern)  and  smaller  (western)  race. 

2.  Aegialitis  dubius  (Scop.). 

One  female  sent  by  Dr.  Erik  Nyman  from  Stephansort  in  Kaiser  Wiihelm's 
Land.     It  is  a  very  dark  and  short-winged  specimen. 

AVe  have  before  us  not  less  than  71  specimens,  but  the  series  of  birds  from  the 
breeding-places  and  collected  during  the  nesting  season  is  not  rich,  so  that  we  are 
not  ready  to  discuss  the  various  subspecies  that  may  possibly  be  comi)rised  under 
the  above  name. 

3.  Tringoides  hypoleucus  (L). 

This  bird  fre([uents  also  the  shores  of  the  Paimau  Islands,  thougii  we  have  only 
received  it  from  Simltang  in  German  New  Guinea  (Dr.  E.  Nyman  coll.  3 1.8.1 »',)'.»), 
and  from  Mysol,  where  Kiihn  obtained  it  in  January. 

We  liavc  now  107  specimens  of  this  ubiipiitous  bird  Ijefore  us. 

4.  Limonites  ruficoUis  (Pall.). 

One  male,  Simbanp:,  4.0.1809  (Erik  Nyman  coll.). 
We  iiave  43  specimens  before  us. 

Mr.  Albert  Meek  procured  it  for  us  on  St.  Aignan,  Gnillemard  and  I'Dwell  on 
Weeda  Island,  near  Halmahera. 


(  143  ) 

5.  Scolopax  saturata  Horsf. 

1  Arfak  (Brnijn  coll.). 

1  probably  Arfak  (native  coll.). 

1  Moroka  district,  3U00  to  OiHMt  ft.  (purchased  from  Messrs.  Mcll wraith, 
McEacharu  &  Co.,  London). 

(S  ?  mountains  of  the  Kotoi  district,  11,000  ft.,  Owen  Stanle}'  Range  (A.  S. 
Anthony  coll.).  "  Ej'es  brownish-bliick,  bill  brown,  feet  dark  grey."  The  collector 
puts  on  one  of  the  labels  "  winter  height,"  probably  meaning  that  the  climate  was 
very  winterly  at  that  altitude. 

6.  Phalaropus  lobatus  (L.)  (1758). 

Fonr  specimens  in  pure  grey-backed  winter  plumage  were  picked  up  at  sea 
near  the  New  Guinea  coast  on  December  4th,  1809,  by  Mr.  Kiihu,  when  he  sailed 
to  Mysol. 

VI.   ALCEDINIDAE. 

1.  Alcedo  ispida  ispidoides  Less. 

This  form  replaces  A.  ispida  floresiana  in  the  Moluccas  and  Pajiuan  Islands. 
In  addition  to  39  skins  from  various  Moluccan  islands  and  from  the  Louisiades,  we 
have  the  following  specimens  from  New  Guinea  and  the  Eastern  Papuan  Islands  : — 

1   ?  Colling  wood  Bay  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 

1   ?  Milne  Bay  (A.  8.  Meek  coll.). 

1  6  Fergusson  Island  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 

2  cJ,  1  ?  Woodlark  Island  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 

2  S  Duke  of  York  Islands  (Th.  Kleinschmidt  coll.). 

1  said  to  be  from  New  Ireland. 

The  specimens  from  Collingwood  and  Milne  Bays,  Fergnssou  ,n,nd  Woodlark 
Islands,  seem  on  an  average  to  be  smaller  than  those  from  the  Moluccas,  Sonth-East 
Islands,  and  the  Bismarck  Archijjelago,  but  more  material  must  be  studied  to 
confirm  this  ;  besides,  there  is  some  individual  variation. 

Genus  ALCYONE. 

2.  Alcyone  azurea  azurea  (Lath.). 

The  typical  azurea  inhabits  parts  of  Australia  and  Tasmania,  but  is  replaced 
in  Northern  Queensland  by  A.  azurea  pidchra. 

3.  Alcyone  azurea  pulchra  Gould. 

Smaller  and  brighter  in  colour,  especially  the  sides  of  the  body  more  or  less 
ultramarine.  (See  Nov.  Zool.  1899,  p.  427.)  We  have  a  fine  series  from  Cape 
York,  collected  by  A.  S.  Meek's  men,  and  three  collected  by  Mr.  Olive  on  Mount 
Sapphiri,  near  Cairns,  and  on  the  Bellenden  Ivor  Mountains. 

4.  Alcyone  azurea  lessoni  Cassin. 

This  form  seems  to  inhabit  'the  whole  of  New  Guinea  with  the  adjacent  Papuan 
Islands.     It  is  most  closely  allied  to  A.  a.  pulchra,  from  which  it  differs  merely  by 


(  144  ) 

its  higher  and  stronger  bill,  ami  the  want  of  the  nltraraarine  wash  along  the  sides 
of  the  body.  The  more  or  less  developed  white  tip  to  the  bill  is  probabl.v  a  sign 
of  age. 

We  have  the  following  series  : — 

1  c?,  Mysol  (H.  Klthn  coll.).  "  Iris  coffee-brown.  Feet  bright  coral-red.  Bill 
black."  ' 

3  Anday  (from  Brnijn's  collectors). 

4  Kordo  (from  Brnijn's  collectors). 
1  ?  Dorey  (Will.  Doherty  coll.). 

1  c?  Kapanr  (Will.  Doherty  coll.). 

1  near  Port  Moresby  (E.  Weiske  coll.). 

2  c?  Fergnsson  Island  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 

2  c?,  2  ?  MUne  Bay  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.).  "  Iris  dark  brown.  Feet  yellowish- 
red.     Bill  black." 

1  ?  Collingwood  Bay  (A.  8.  Meek  coll.). 

5.  Alcyone  azurea  aflBnis  Gray. 

This  form  inhabits  only  the  Northern  Moluccas — Batjan,  Halmahera,  and  also 
Morty.  It  differs  from  A.  a.  lessoni  in  having  a  couspicnons  red  (not  whitish)  tip 
to  the  bill  of  abont  a  centimetre  in  length,  in  being  slightly  larger  and  deeper 
rnsty  chestnut  on  the  chest,  flanks,  and  under  wing-coverts. 

We  have  4  specimens  : — 

2  Morty  (J.  Dnmas  coll.). 

1  ?  Batjan  (Dr.  Platen  coll).  "  Iris  brown.  Bill  blackish  with  light  red  tip. 
Feet  red." 

1  without  locality. 

0.  Alcyone  websteri  Hart. 

This  remarkable  species  from  New  Hanover  is  figured  in  the  Ibis  for  1899, 
PI.  III.  It  is  still  unique  in  the  Tring  Museum.  This  bird  is  very  much  like 
A.  pmilla  in  colouration,  but  of  a  paler  blue,  and  abont  three  times  as  large. 

7.  Alcyone  pusilla  (Tenim.). 

This  bird  is  widely  spread,  namely,  from  Northern  Queensland  over  New 
Guinea,  and  the  adjacent  islands  to  the  Moluccas. 

The  bill  varies  much  in  size,  but  we  cannot  from  our  material  localise  these 
variations,  though  two  specimens  from  Milne  Bay  have  remarkably  small   bills. 

We  have  the  following  specimens  before  ns  : — - 

t?  Weeda  Island,  near  Gilolo  (Dr.  H.  Guillemard  coll.). 

1  East  end  of  Batanta  ((!.  T.  Kettlewell  coll.). 
?  Toeal  (H.  Kiihn  coll.). 

1  Dobbo,  Am  Islands  (Capt.  C.  Webster  coll.). 
3  ?  Wokan,  Arn  Islands  fll.  Kuhn  coll.). 

6  ?  Trangan,  Am  Islands  (H.  Kiihn  coll.). 

2  ?  Milne  Bay  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 
c?  Cape  York  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 

(?  Hinchinbrook  Island  (collector  unknown). 

3  Geraldtown  (A.  8.  Meek  coll.). 


(   145  ) 

8.  Ceyx  solitaria  Temra. 
We  have  the  following  skins  : — 

?  Salwatty  (Powell  coll.).     Bill  from  forehead  35.5  mm.,  wing  59  mm.     Bill 
the  largest  of  all,  except  the  specimen  from  New  Hanover. 
1  cj  Waigiu  (from  Brnijn's  hunters). 
1  c?  Kobroor,  Arn  Islands  fH.  Ktihn  coll.). 
1  S  Trangan,  Arn  Islands  (H.  Klthn  coll.). 
1  <?  Wokau,  Arn  Islands  (H.  Kiihn  coll.). 
1  M}-sol,  Aru  Islands  (H.  Ktihn  coll.). 
1  Triton  Bay,  New  Gninea  ((!apt.  0.  Webster  cull). 

1  S  Ansns,  Jobi  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 

2  c?  Dorey  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 

1  ?  Kapaur  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 

1  "  Arfak  Monntains  "  (purchased  from  Gerrard). 

1  with  a  label  in  Arab  characters  (probably  from  Taua  Mera  ?). 

2  (J  Simbang  (E.  Nyman  coll.). 

1  "  Fly  Kiver"  (?)  (purchased  from  Whitely). 

1  c?  Koni  District,  British  New  Guinea  (A.  Anthony  coll.). 

2  Brown  River  (E.  Weiske  coll.). 

1  6  Samarai  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 

2  c?,  2  ?  Milne  Bay  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 
2  c?  Fergnsson  Island  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 

1  New  Hanover  (Capt.  Cayley  Webster  coll.).  Bill  36  mm.,  widest  of  all, 
rusty  patches  ou  lores  bigger  than  in  any  other  specimen,  wing  rather  worn,  at 
least  6U  mm.  Apparently  a  larger  subspecies,  but  it  would  be  too  risky  to  bestow 
a  name  on  this  single  specimen.  The  colours  seem  to  be  the  same  as  those  of 
tyjjical  solitaria,  but  this  cannot  be  asserted  with  absolute  certainty,  as  the  specimen 
has  been  in  spirits  I 

Syma  torotoro  Less. 

This  essentially  Papuan  kingfisher  can  be  divided  into  a  number  of  subspecies. 
Dr.  Sharpe  (Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mas.  XVII.  pp.  196,  197)  recognises  two  forms: 
S.  torotoro  in  New  Guinea,  Aru,  and  the  Western  Papuan  Islands,  and  S.J^aeirostris 
from  North  Qneensland.  Hartert  separated  tlie  Arn  form  as  S.  torotoro  tentelare 
(Nov.  ZooL.  III.  p.  534,  1896),  and  suspected  a  new  subspecies  in  the  l)ird  from 
Fergnsson  (Nov.  Zool.  III.  p.  244,  1896). 

With  the  very  large  material  recently  received  from  Fergnsson  and  other 
localities,  we  are  now  able  not  only  to  confirm  tlie  opinion  about  the  Fergnsson 
bird,  but  also  to  separate  another  form.  We  can  thus  recognise  the  following 
subspecies  of  S//ma  torotoro  : — 

9.  Syma  torotoro  torotoro  Less. 

North- Western  New  Guinea,  Mysol,  Batanta,  Waigiu,  Jobi  to  north  coast,  from 
Humboldt  Bay  to  the  Astrolabe  Bay. — This  distribution  seems  to  us  correct  and 
natural.  Our  two  certain  Waigin  skins,  liowever,  are  deeper  ochraceous  below,  and 
we  have  no  series  from  the  north  coast ;  but  only  one  skin  from  near  Humboldt 
Bay,  and  one  from  Kaiser  Wilhelra's  Laud  belonging  to  this  form.     This  last  skin 


(   140  ) 

is  labelled  "  Simbang,"  but  we  are  afraid  the  label  is  wrong,  because  we  have  from 
Simbang  also  three  skins  of  onr  S>ima  torotoro  meeki,  a  form  which  differs  conspicnonsly. 
These  skins  are  coHpcted  by  the  late  Dr.  Erik  Nyman.  They  were  packed  in  paper 
cylinders,  on  which  the  locality,  date,  and  sex  were  written.  These  cylinders, 
however,  slij>ped  off  sometimes,  and  an  exchange  between  several  of  them  might 
easily  have  liappeued  beforr  they  reached  the  Tring  Mnsenm,  where  the  writing  on 
the  cylinders  was  cnt  ont  and  tied  on  to  the  legs.  The  practice  of  writing  on  the 
cylinders  is  a  very  bad  one,  and  we  know  many  instances  of  labels  having  been 
exchanged  by  that  method.'  As  Dr.  Nyman  collected  as  many  birds  on  the  shores 
of  the  Astrolabe  Bay  as  he  did  on  the  Hnon  Gnlf,  and  in  view  of  tlio  many  striking 
differences  between  the  ornis  of  these  two  districts,  we  believe  that  the  questionable 
skin — which  resembles  most  closely  the  specimen  from  Humboldt  Bay,  except  in  a 
rather  long  wing — came  from  Konstantinhafen  or  Stephansort. 

The  nnderside  of  this  form  is  pale  ochraceous,  darkest  across  the  chest,  paler 
on  the  throat  and  abdomen.     Under  wing-coverts  pale  ochraceous. 

The  tyi)e  of  S;/ma  torotoro  came  from  Dorey.     We  have  the  following  skins 
of  what  we  must  now  consider  typical  torotoro  : — 

?  Andai  (from  Bruijn's  hunters).     Wing,  82  mm. 

?  Andai  (from  Bruijn's  hunters).     Wing,  80  mm. 

?  Mount  Arfak  (from  Bruijn's  hunters).     Wing,  82  mm. 

S  Dorey  (W.  Doherty  coll.).     Wing,  abont  80  mm. 

?  Dorey  (W.  Doherty  coll.).     Wing,  81  ram. 

"Iris   very   deep   brown;   feet    ochreons ;    claws   blackish    above;    bill   j)ale 
orange-ochreous." 

S  Kapaur  (W.  Doherty  coll.).     Wing,  82  mm. 

2  S  Marai,  Jobi  (AV.  Doherty).     Wings,  81  to  about  83  mm. 

This  Jobi  specimen  differs  in  no  way  from  typical  torotoro.     Owing  to  the  l)ad 
skinning  of  some  of  Doherty's  birds,  the  wings  are  sometimes  not  well  measurable. 

¥  "  Mt.  Maori,"  near  Humboldt  Bay  (Dumas  coll.).     Wings  moulting. 

?  (?)  Astrolabe  Bay  (E.  Nyman  coll.).     Wing,  80  mm. 

S  Mysol  (H.  Klilni  coll.).     Wing,  77  mm. 

?       ,,  „  „  „      78  mm. 

S       „  „  „  „      81  mm. 

S       „  „  „  „      77  mm. 

?        „  „  „  „      81  mm. 

"  Iris  dark  coffee-brown  ;  feet  and  bill  bright  chromeous." 

i  Salwatty  (Powell  coll.).     Wing,  82  mm. 

?  Waigiu  (Guillemard  coll.).     Wing,  80  mm. 

?  "Waigiu  ((Tuillemard  coll.)  Wing  short;  but  i\\K  femah:  is  a  very  young 
bird,  with  the  upper  bill  mostly  brownish-black,  and  the  black  patch  on  the  crown 
only  indicated. 

S  "  Waigiu,  mars  84"  (probably  from  Bruijn's  hunters).     Wing,  81  mm. 

8  without  localities  (evidently  mostly  from  Bruijn's  hunters).  Wings,  8tl  to 
86  mm. 

1".  Syma  tortoro  tentelare  Hart. 
Arn  Islands  only!     Most  closely  allied  to  ,S'.  torotoro  torotoro  in  colouration; 
but  the  black  patch  on  the  pileum  of  the  Jhnalc,  which  in  S.  torotoro  torotoro  quite 
or  nearly  reaches  the  base  of  the  culmen,  does  not  extend  nearer  to  the  bill  than 


(  147  ) 

a  centimetre  or  more  above  the  bill.  It  is  also  generally  less  large  than  in 
S.  forotoro  torotoro.     The  wing  of  S.  torotoro  tenlelare  is  as  a  rule  shorter. 

We  have  the  following  examples  of  this  form  :  — 

S  Wanarnbai,  Am  Islands  (C.  Webster  coll.).     Wing,  77  mm. 

?  Wanambai,  Aru  Islands  (C.  Webster  coll.).  Wing,  Sii  mm.  (Type  of  this 
subspecies). 

?  Kobroor  (H.  Ktihn  coll.).  Wing,  74  mm.  "  Iris  dark  brown  ;  feet  and  bill 
chromeous." 

?  Kobroor  (H.  Klihn  coll.).     Wing,  70  mm. 

¥  Kobroor  (H.  Kiihn  coll.).     Wing,  77  mm. 

?  Wanambai  (H.  Kiihn  coll.).     Wing,  74  mm. 

S  Kobroor  (H.  Kiihn  coll.).  Wing,  70  mm.  (Of.  Salvadori,  Ont.  Pap.  I. 
p.  485  ;  Hartert,  Nov.  Zool.  1890,  ]>.  534.) 


11.  Syma  torotoro  meeki  subsp.  nov. 

This  new  form  differs  at  a  glance  from  .S'.  torotoro  torotoro  and  trntdare  by  its 
small  size,  esi)ecially  smaller  bill  and  wings  and  its  paler  npper  and  under  surfaces. 
There  is  a  distinct  ochreons  area  across  the  chest,  the  abdomen  is  paler,  the  throat 
white  The  black  patch  on  the  crown  of  the  /«m  ji«  is  still  farther  away  from  the 
base  of  the  culmen  than  in  tentelare,  namely  about  ID  to  18  mm.,  and  generally 
very  small.  Count  Salvadori  {Orn.  Paji.  I.  p.  48."))  had  already  noticed  the- 
position  of  the  black  patch  in  t\xe  females  from  Naiabui,  but  he  had  not  commented 
on  the  other  differences  from  torotoro.  In  our  series  of  15  individuals  of  this  form 
is  one  in  which  the  tip  of  the  culmen  is  black  for  about  15  mm.,  while  all  the  other 
14  have  the  bill  entirely  yellow.  The  one  specimen  with  the  black  tip  of  the 
culmen  is  evidently  somewhat  immature,  the  black  crown-patch  being  tinged  with 
green  and  somewhat  irregular  in  shape.  There  is  also  a  large  wliite,  black-tipped 
nuchal  patch.  There  is  no  doubt  that  young  birds  of  all  these  forms  have  the  bill 
more  or  less  black,  and  the  white  nuchal  patch  is  also  more  or  less  a  sign  of 
immaturity. 

We  have  the  following  specimens  of  <S'.  t.  meeki :  - 

?  Milne  Bay  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.).     "  Iris  dark  brown;  bill  and   feet  orange." 
Type  of  this  subspecies.     Wing,  76  mm. 

?  Milne  Bay  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.).     Wing,  74  mm. 

?  Milne  Bay  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.).     Wing,  73  mm. 

S  Milne  Bay  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.).     Wing,  73  mm. 

i  Milne  Bay  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.).     Wing,  74  mm. 

?  Low  country  near  Port  Moresby  (E.  Weiske  coll.).     Wing,  74  mm. 

c?  Brown  River  (E.  Weiske  coll.).     Wing,  74  mm. 

i   Upper  Moriari   River,   Owen    Stanley  Mountains  (purchased  from  dealer). 
Wing  moulting. 

i  British  New  Guinea  (A.  Goldie  coll.).     Wing,  76  mm. 

S  Naiabui  (D'Albertis  coll.).     Wing,  77  mm. 

?  Simbang  (E.  Nyman  coll.).     Wing,  78  mm. 

?  Simbang  (E.  Nyman  coll.).     Wing,  78  mm. 

cf  Simbang  (E.  Nyman  coll.).     Wing,  70  mm. 

The  distribution  of  S.  t.  meeki  would  thus  be  from  the  Hnou  Gulf  along  the 


(  148  ) 

coast  round  the  East  ('ape,  and  on  the  sonth  coast  to  the  Brown  River.  This  form 
is  named  in  honour  of  Mr.  Albert  ,S.  Meek,  to  whose  energy  the  richness  of  onr 
series  of  Sytna  is  chiefly  dne. 

1~.  Syma  torotoro  flavirostris  Gould. 

Agrees  in  its  pale  colouration  above  and  below  with  -S'.  torotoro  mcch',  but  diflcrs 
in  the  foremost  half  of  the  culmen  being  black  and  in  the  extent  of  the  black  patch 
on  the  crown.  This  latter  extends  nearly  to  the  base  of  the  culmen,  and  is 
apparently  wider  in  extent.  The  black  on  the  culmen  is  evidently  never  quite 
absent  in  Australian  specimens. 

At  present  we  have  the  i'oUowiug  J/anrostris  : — 

<S  Cape  York  (collector  unknown).     Wing,  TT-o  mm: 

(S  without  exact  locality,  from  the  Blarshall  collection,  uamed  "  Syma 
Jlwcirostris."     Wing,  76  mm. 

$  Somerset  (DAlbertis  e  Tomasiuelli  coll.).     Wing,  75  mm. 

?  Cape  York  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.).  Wing,  78  mm.  "  Iris  dark  brown,  feet  pale 
cadmium,  bill  pale  cadmium  "  (Eichliorn). 

S  Cape  York  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.).     Wing,  75  mm. 

?  „  „  „  „       77  mm. 

i  ij  ,,  „  „       76-5  mm. 

?  „  „  „  „       75  mm. 

$  Somerset  (D'Albertis  e  Tomasiuelli  coll.).  Wing,  76  mm.  Nearly  the  whole 
upper  bill  black,  white  nuchal  patch  very  large. 

?  juv.  withont  label,  but  evidently  from  Australia.  Entire  upjierand  under  bill 
black,  entire  crown  from  forehead  to  nape  black  with  a  faint  greenish  gloss  on  the 
forehead,  leaving  the  lores  and  a  wide  sujjerciliary  line  ochraceous  ;  feathers  of 
cheeks  and  sides  of  breast  narrowly  fringed  with  black  ;  large  white  nuchal  patch. 

S.  t.jlacirostris  seems  to  inhabit  the  Cape  York  Peninsula  only  ! 

13.  Syma  torotoro  ochracea  subsp.  nov. 

Inhabits  the  D'Eutrecasteaux  group,  namely,  Fergusson  and  Goodenough 
Islands.  Characterised  by  its  uniform  ochraceous  undersurface,  which  is  only  some- 
what jialer  on  the  ujiper  throat,  but  not  white !  Bill  rather  wide  and  fairly  long, 
yellow  without  black  in  the  adult  bird.  Wing  rather  long.  The  black  i)atch  on 
the  crown  extends  nearly  or  quite  to  the  base  of  the  culmen. 

There  is  a  wide  difference  between  this  form  and  7Heeki  or  Jkmrostris,  but 
typical  torotoro  and  tentelare  bridge  the  chasm  over.  In  ochracea  ih&Tt  is  no  distinct 
darker  area  across  the  chest,  the  al)di)iHcn  is  as  dark  as  the  breast,  and  the  throat  is 
pale  ochraceous,  not  at  all  white.  The  under  wing-coverts  are  also  darker  ochraceous 
than  in  any  of  the  other  forms.  In  Jiavirostris  and  meeki  they  are  nearly  white. 
The  bill  is  6  to  10  mm.  longer  than  in  S.  t.  ineeki  a,nd_^avirostris. 

We  have  the  following  specimens  of  .S'.  t.  ochracea,  all  collected  by  Albert  S. 
Meek  and  his  assistants  :  — 

S  Goodenough  Island,  U.lii.Lsyo.  Wing,  )i'.i  mm.  Type  of  this  subspecies. 
"  Iris  dark  brown,  feet  and  bill  orange." 

?  Goodenough  Island.     Wing,  81  mm, 

?  „  „  „      82  mm. 

<S  „  „  „     82  mm. 


(   141*  ) 

?  Fergusson  Island.  Wing,  84  mm. 

?          „               „  „      82  mm. 

c?         „                „  „      8:5  mm. 

?          „                ,,  „      62  mm. 

S         „              „  „      «3  mm. 

c?         „              „  „      83  mm. 

<?         „               ,,  ,,      84  mm. 

?          „               „  „      81  mm. 

cJ         „               „  »      84  mm. 

?         „               „  „      82-5  mm. 

?          „               „  „      83  mm. 


(? 


84  mm. 


14.  Syma  megarhyncha  Salvad. 

In  Ann.  Mits.  Cie.  Genoca  iSiJO,  \>.  TO,  Count  Salvador!  described  this  large 
Syma  for  the  first  time.  The  type  is  a  male.  We  have  received  a  male  (marked 
female  by  its  ignorant  collector)  shot  in  the  Kotoi  district,  SOiHi  feet  high,  in  Angnst 
1898,  by  Mr.  Anthony.  The  iris  is  marked  as  dark  brown,  bill  yellow  (though  the 
upper  bill  has  a  black  tip  for  nearly  2  cm.),  feet  yellow.  We  have  i^o  females,  one 
from  British  New  Guinea,  without  e.xact  locality,  purchased  long  ago  from  a  dealer, 
and  another  from  Mt.  Scratchley,  and  we  have  seen  another  in  the  British  Museum. 
The  females  have  the  crown  black,  younger  individuals  the  upper  bill  entirely  black, 
older  ones  only  a  black  line  along  the  culmen.  Older  individuals  have  no  white  nuchal 
patch,  younger  ones  a  large  one.  Prof.  Reichenow  has  described  an  i\,dx\\t  female  as 
Syma  ici'iskei  (Orn.  Mouatsber.  1900,  p.  180).  We  have  examined  his  type,  which 
is  now  in  the  British  Museum.  There  is  no  doubt  that  Syma  weiskel  is  \h%  female 
of  megarhyncha,  although  the  type  has  erroneously  been  marked  "  S  "  by  the  collector. 
Having  examined  over  a  hundred  and  fifty  examples  of  Syma,  we  have  enough 
experience  to  tell  at  a  glance  whether  any  known  Syma  is  a  male  or  sifemalc.  The 
"  manche  Fiirbungseigenthiimlichkeiten,"  vrhich,  as  Prof.  Reichenow  thinks,  show 
that  it  is  a  distinct  species  and  nut  the.  female  of  iS.  megarhyncha,  are  those  separating 
the  sexes  in  this  genus.  About  the  white  nuchal  patch  see  under  No.  11,  Syma 
torotoro  meeld, 

Melidora  macrorliina  (Less.). 

Messrs.  Salvador!  {Orn.  Pup.  1.  pp.  .JOO  to  5o2),  and  Sharpe  {Cat.  B.  Brit 
Mus.  XVII.  pp.  201  to  203),  distinguish  two  so-called  species,  one  from  New  Guinea, 
Salwatty,  Waigiu  and  Mysol — i.e.  M.  macrorliina — and  another  from  Jobi, 
M.  jobiensis,  of  which  no  specimens  seem  to  be  known  except  the  two  female  types 
in  Italy.  The  latter  are  distinguished  from  M.  macrorhina  only  by  the  want  of  the 
olive-ochreous  margins  to  the  feathers  of  the  crown.  If  this  form  is  distinct  it  is 
merely  a  representative  subsjiecies,  and  extends  from  Jobi  along  the  north  coast  to 
the  Astrolabe  Bay  in  Kaiser  Wiliielm's  Land,  as  shown  by  2  females  from  Konstautin- 
hafen,  which  lack  the  olive-ochreous  tips  to  the  .feathers  of  the  crown,  and  which 
we  therefore  take  to  he  jobiensis.  It  is,  however,  interesting  to  note  that  we  have 
a  7nale  from  "  Mt.  Maori,  3000  ft.,  near  Humboldt  Bay,"  collected  in  January  1899 
by  J.  M.  Dumas,  which  does  not  seem  to  difi'er  in  any  way  from  males  of  macrorhina 
from  the  Berau  Peninsula  and  South-Easteru  New  Guinea.  We  also  liave  a.  female 
collected  somewhere  in  German  New  Guinea  by  Captains  Cotton  and  Webster, 


(   150  ) 

which  shows  the  olive-oehreons  tii)s  to  the  feathers  of  the  crown  well  ;  but  it  is 
probaLly  from  the  shores  of  the  Huon  Gulf,  where  more  siiecimens  of  birds  were 
collected  b}"  these  geutleiueu  than  on  the  Astrolabe  Bay. 

We  have  a  specimen,  with  a  very  nniform  rufous  ochre  underside,  from  Arfak. 
This  would  be  a  young  bird,  but  it  lias  not  dusky  fringes  to  all  the  feathers  below, 
those  of  the  abdomen  having  faint  whitish  tips.  A  young  bird  from  Mysol,  however, 
only  about  three-fourths  grown,  has  the  underside  to  the  breast  rufons-ochreous  with 
dusky  fringes,  but  the  abdomen  whitish.  What  stage,  then,  is  the  Arfak  bird 
mentioned  just  now,  or  is  it  another  form  ? 

As  it  is,  we  must  for  the  present  accept  two  subspecies  : — 

15.  Melidora  macrorhina  macrorhina  (Less.). 

Greater  part  of  New  Guinea,  .Salwatty,  Waigiu,  Mysol.     Of  this  we  have  :  — 

1  c?,  2  ?  Brown  River  (E.  Weiske  coll.). 

2  ¥  between  Rivers  Laroki  and  Vauapa  (nat.  coll.). 

?  juv.  Upper  Moriari  River,  British  New  Guinea,  .3iJi)  to  250(J  ft.  (This  bird 
is  also  dark  ochreous-rufous  below  with  dusky  fringes,  but  the  brown  is  not  of  the 
same  shade  as  in  the  bird  from  Arfak  mentioned  above,  and  some  sprouting  feathers 
show  that  it  is  assuming  the  white  underside  of  the  adult  birds.) 

?  German  New  Guinea  (Capts.  Cotton  &  Webster  coll.). 

?  (marked  S)  Simbaug  (E.  Nyman  coll.). 

2  ?  Dorey  (typical  locality)  (\V.  Uoherty  coll.). 

?  juv.  Dorey  (Guillemard  coll.). 

2  S  Arfak  (from  Bruijn's  hnnters). 

¥  Arfak  (from  Bruijn's  hunters).     (Brown  below  !  see  above). 

(?  2  juv.  (pull.)  My.sol  (H.  Kiihn  coll.). 

16.  Melidora  macrorhina  jobiensis  (Salvad.). 

2  ¥  Konstantinhaion  (.1.  Kubary  coll.). 

(J  ad.  Mt.  Maori,  near  Humboldt  Bay  (J.  M.  Dumas  coll.).  (This  is  su]ij)0sed 
to  be  the  indistinguishable  male  oi  jobiensis  merely  on  account  of  the  localit}',  where 
it  was  shot.     This  form  jod/'e/isis  requires  more  study.) 

IT.  Clytoceyx  rex  Sharpe. 

This  extraordinary  bird  is  said,  in  the  Cat.  13.  Brit.  Mas.  XVII.  p.  203,  1892,  to 
be  "  confined  to  Sonth-Eastern  New  Guinea."  This  is,  however,  not  the  case,  for 
it  extends  northwards  to  Northern  Kaiser  Wilhelm's  Land,  and  probably  from 
there  along  the  north  coast  to  the  Ambernoh  River.  We  have  the  following 
specimens  : — 

(J  ¥  without  definite  localities  (bought  from  A.  Boucard). 

S  British  New  Guinea  (A.  Goldie  coll.). 

¥  Mt.  Cameron,  5WM)  to  OU(X)  ft.  (bought  from  Mcllwraith  &  Co.). 

2  S  Mt.  Cameron,  3()0U  and  6oU0  ft,  Owen  Stanley  Range  (S.  Anthony  coll.). 

¥  juv.  Samarai,  British  New  Guinea  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.).  "  Iris  dark  brown  ; 
feet  brownish  flesh-colour  ;  bill  dark  brown,  lower  part  brownish-yellow." 

¥  juv.,  2  J  fere  ad.  Milne  Bay  (A.  ,S.  Meek  coll.).  "  Iris  dark  brown  ;  feet 
light  greenish  slate-colour  ;  bill  as  above." 

2  cJ  Konstantinhafen,  Astrolabe  Bay  (.J.  Kuliary  coll.). 


(  151  ; 

1  ?  labelled  as  follows  : — "Genus  alcedo  nov.  spec.  Cyclotyx  rex  Sharjie  (sic) 
(?  (sic).     Nonv.  Guin6o." 

This  skiu  is  in  the  typical  preparation  of  tlie  Dutch  New  Guinea  liird-liuiiters, 
and  agrees  most  with  skins  from  Tana  Mera  on  the  north  coast.  As  tiiese  hunters 
never  collect  in  the  British  or  German  possessions,  we  have  little  doubt  that  this 
bird  came  from  the  north  coast  between  the  Ambernoh  River  and  Humboldt  Bay. 

18.  Dacelo  leachii  intermedia  Salvad. 

Of  this  form,  whicli  is  very  close  to  D.  I.  cerrina,  we  have  only  one  female, 
collected  by  Lix  at  Nicura  in  Southern  British  New  Guinea.  It  is  almost  devoid  of 
dark  bars  below,  very  dark  brown  on  the  back,  and  bright  pale  blue  on  the  rump 
and  wing  coverts.  The  longitudinal  blackish  streaks  on  the  pileum  are  very  broad 
and  conspicuous.  The  bill  in  this  specimen  is  gigantic  and  bigger  than  in  any  of 
our  Australian  specimens,  and  than  the  measurements  of  the  specimens  in  the 
British  Museum.  The  culmen  from  the  forehead  is  SO  mm.  long,  while  Dr.  Sharpe 
gives  only  77  mm. 

19.  Sauromarptis  gaudichaud  (Qnoy  et  Gaim.). 

Cf.  Nov.  ZooL.  III.  (1890)  pp.  17,  535. 

This  remarkable  Kingfisher  is  evidently  very  common  all  over  New  Guinea. 
We  have  now  before  us  a  good  series  of  88  skins.  We  have  tried  very  hard  to 
separate  them  into  local  forms,  but  without  success.  We  have  come  to  the  following 
conclusions  : — 

1.  The  contention.s  of  Dr.  Sharjie  tliat  the  adult  male  has  a  blue  tail,  the  female 
a  chestnut  rufous  tail,  are  quite  correct.  Although  Count  Salvadori  had  before  him 
a  larger  series  (98  specimens),  when  he  wrote  his  Oi-n.  Pap.,  a  great  number  of  his 
specimens  were  sexed  by  Bruijn's  native  hunters,  who  are  not  reliable  with  regard 
to  the  determination  of  the  sex — a  thing  in  which,  unfortunately,  even  many 
European  collectors  are  unrelialile. 

2.  The  young  birds  differ  from  the  adults  in  having  the  u])])er  bill  black,  the 
collar  and  sides  of  the  neck  darker  rusty  buff,  the  blue  on  the  wings  a  shade  paler. 
The  young  female  has  the  tail  chestnut  rufous  like  the  adult  female,  lint  the  young 
male  has  the  tail  blue  at  base,  more  or  less  widely  tipped  with  chestnut.  The 
dusky  margins  to  the  feathers  of  the  hindneck  and  chest  are  not  evident  on  all 
young  birds.  Although  consjiicuous  in  all  the  rest,  they  are  alisent  in  the  youngest 
of  all. 

3.  We  have  observed  the  following  variations,  none  of  which  a])2)ear8  to  be 
sufficiently  localised  to  justify  the  separation  of  subspecies. 

The  bill  varies  much  in  size.  The  majority  of  the  Am  liirds  liave  rather 
large  bills,  but  some  of  them  have  very  small  ones,  while  tlie  largest  bill  in  our 
series  is  that  of  a  Ron  Island  male. 

The  white  patch  behind  the  eye  varies  much  in  extent  ;  sometimes  it  is  almost 
concealed,  sometimes  well  developed.  The  white  spots  on  the  nape  also  are 
sometimes  quite  obsolete,  sometimes  very  conspicuous. 

The  whitish  collar  is  sometimes  pnre  white,  sometimes  rather  dark  rusty  buff. 
Tiie  latter  tint  is  as  a  rule  due  to  immaturity,  l)Ut  it  is  also  coiLspicuoiis  in  some  old 
birds  in  fresh  plumage. 

There  is  sometimes  a  shade  or  some  very  small  spots  of  blue  behind  the  eye, 


(   15:^  ) 

bnt  in  one  male  from  Waigiii,  and  in  two  from  the  Arn  Islands,  there  is  a  broad 
bine  streak  behind  the  eyes,  and  in  one  of  the  last  two  a  bine  broken  line  encircles 
the  crown  behind. 

The  bine  on  the  wings  varies  in  extent. 

The  light  blue  of  the  back  and  rnmp  varies  iu  shade.  It  is  sometimes  dee])er, 
sometimes  lighter.  In  many  of  the  specimens  from  German  and  British  New 
Guinea,  and  from  Aru,  it  is  lighter,  bnt  the  percentage  is  not  sufficient  to  say  that 
this  is  anything  like  a  local  character. 

There  is  in  the  majority  of  specimens  from  the  eastern  parts  of  New  Guinea 
and  from  the  Am  Islands  a  very  conspicnous  (though  concealed  when  the  wings 
are  shut)  white  patch  on  the  njiper  back,  but  tiiis  is  sometimes  wanting  in  specimens 
from  the  same  countries,  and  ecjnally  develojied  in  others  from  North- Western  New 
Guinea  and  the  Western  Pajiuan  Islands. 

We  are  thus  not  able  to  recognise  Meyer's  aruensis  and  kuharyi. 

Our  material  is  as  follows  : — 

*  5  c?  'Waigiu  (Guillemard  and  Powell  coll."). 

3  ?  Waigiu  (Guillemard  and  Powell  coll.). 
i  jnv.  Batanta  (Guillemard  coll.). 

¥  ad.  Batanta  (Gnillemard  coll.). 
2  (J,  2  ?  Mysol  (Guillemard  coll.). 

1  $  Mysol  (Wallace  coll.). 

4  c?  ad.,  1  S  juv.,  I   ?  juv.  Mysol  (H   Kiihn  coll.). 

2  Wananiliai,  Aru  Islands  ((Japt.  C.  Webster  coll.). 
1  Mikroor,  Aru  Islands  (Capt.  C.  Webster  coll.). 

1  $  Vokan,  Aru  (Beccari  coll ). 

1  $  jnv.  Giabu-lengan,  Aru  (Beccari  coll.). 

2  ?  Dobbo,  Aru  Islands  (H.  Kilhn  coll.). 

2  S  Trangan,  Aru  Islands  (H.  Ktihu  coll.). 
2  (J  ?  Kobroor,  Aru  Islands  (H.  Kiihn  coll.). 

5  Marai,  Jobi  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 
?  Ansus,  Jobi  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 

2  $  ad.,  2  ?  ad.,  1  c?  juv.  Ron  Island  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 
2  c?,  2  ¥  Dorey  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 

i  Tana  Mera,  N.  coast  of  New  Guinea  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 
(?  ¥  Takar  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 

4  S  ad.,  4  ¥,  ad.  1  juv.  Kapaur  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 
¥  Fly  Eiver  (D'Albertis  coll.). 

5  Naiabui  (D'Albertis  coll.). 
1  Nicura  (Lix  coll.). 

4  Brown  River  (E.  Weiske  coll.). 

1  $  Mailu  district  (Anthony  coll.). 

2  West  of  Port  Moresby  (Anthony  coll.). 

3  cJ,  2  ¥  Collingwood  Bay  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 
2  cJ,  1   ¥  Milne  Bay  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 

1  $  juv.  Gape  Vogel,  N.E.  coast  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 

2  British  New  (Juiiiea  (Goklie  coll.). 
i  Konstantiuhai'en  (Kubary  coll.). 

♦  The  sex  is  onlj  stated  where  the  collector  has  markeil  it  on   the  i.iigiual  label.     In  all  eases  those 
marked  i  have  blue  tails,  those  marked  ¥  chestnut  tails. 


(  153  ) 

2  Koustautinbafen  (Kubaiy  coll.) 

1  cJ  ad.,  1  cJ  jnv.,  1  ?  Stei)liansort  (E.  Nymau  coll.). 
cJ  ?  Simbaug  (E.  Nyman  coll.). 

2i).  Sauromarptis  tyro  Gray. 

Evidently  restricted  to  the  Am  group  of  islands.  We  liave  received  six  skins 
collected  at  Dobbo,  Wanambai,  and  on  Trangan,  Aru  Islands,  by  H.  Kiibn  and 
C.  Webster.  Kiihu  describes  the  iris  as  coffee-brown  ;  feet  dirty  greenish-white  ; 
the  npper  bill  black,  lower  bill  whitish  "colourless." 

21.  Halcyon  macleayi  Jard.  &  Selby. 

The  distrilmtion  of  this  bird  is  from  Northern  Australia  to  South-Eastern  New 
Guinea,  and  we  have  also  now  received  it  from  the  Key  Islands,  where  its  occurrence 
is  rather  unexpected.  Hhi.'  female  differs  from  the  7/iale  in  wanting  the  white  collar 
round  the  hiudueck.  Young  birds  have  the  collar  above  and  the  white  loral 
patches  more  or  less  rusty,  blackish  borders  to  the  feathers  of  the  breast,  and  the 
feathers  of  the  npperside  with  rusty  margins.  The  flanks  are  either  pure  white  or 
more  or  less  tinged  with  rust-colour.  We  are  not  sure  that  the  amount  of  rust- 
colour  on  the  flanks  is  always  a  sign  of  immaturity,  as  it  seems  to  occur  also  in 
apparently  adult  individuals. 

We  have  before  us  the  following  specimens  of  typical  macleayi : — 

3  ?  North  Queensland  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 
3  «  Queensland." 

2  ?  Cooktown,  Queensland  (Olive  coll.)  (ex  Robinson). 

2  (J  ad.,  2  ?  ad.,  1  cj  juv.  Cape  York  (A.  S.  Meek's  assistant  coll.)."' 
c?  Naiabui,  Southern  New  Guinea  (D'Albertis  coll.). 

(S  ?  Ibrah,  Little  Key  group,  10.5.1000.  "Iris  dark  coffee-brown,  feet  black, 
bill  black,  mandible  with  white  base." 

2  c?,  2  ?  St.  Aignan,  Lonisiades  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 

3  c?,  1  ?  Fergusson,  D'Entrecasteaux  group  (A.  8.  Meek  coll.). 
¥  Trobriand  Islands  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 

1  Woodlark  Island  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 
?  Collingwood  Bay  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.) 

2  ?  Simbaug,  Huon  Gulf  (Erik  Nyman  coll.). 

22.  Halcyon  elisabeth  (Heine). 

This  rare  bird  is  iprobably  a  northern  representative  of  macleayi.  It  agrees 
with  the  latter  in  the  differences  between  the  sexes  and  the  white  base  of  the  lower 
bill,  as  well  as  in  the  general  colouration.  It  differs  in  being  larger,  in  having  the 
ni)perside  all  blue,  not  merging  into  greenish  cobalt,  and  the  white  occipital  patch 
apparently  more  concealed.  11.  elisabeth  stands  here  with  a  binomial  name  as  a 
species,  as,  according  to  Madarasz  (Term.  FUzetek  1890,  j)p.  4(j8,  400),  both  maeleayi 
and  elisabeth  were  obtained  at  Erima  by  L.  Biro. 

This  rare  form  is  only  known  from  Kaiser  Wilhelm's  Land,  and  we  are  inclined  to 
think  that  it  does  represent  wariff'^j/i  there  during  the  breeding  time,  notwithstanding 
the  occurrence  of  both  at  Erima,  and  that  it  will  ultimately  rank  as  a  subspecies  of 
macleayi.     It  was  originally  described  without  definite  locality  (see  Heine,  J.J'.O. 

11 


(  154  ) 

1883,  p.  222  ;  Salvad.,  Orn.  Pap.  Aggiunte  I.  p.  5(i  ;  Berlepsch,  J.f.O.  1897,  p.  90 
Madarasz,  Term.  Fiixctck  1809,  p.  409,  PI.  XVIL,  <?).     This  bird  is  not  mcutioned 
in  tbe  Catnlogw.  of  Birds  ;  bnt  see  Sliaqie's  llanil  List  II.  p.  58. 

■\\'e   have  before  ns   two  females  collected   liy   Kubary  at  Konstantinhafcu, 
received  from  Count  Berlepsch. 

23.  Halcyon  diops  (Temm.). 

This  very  distinct  species  inhabits  the  Northern  Jlolnocas  from  Morty  to  Obi. 
We  have  before  ns  35  specimens  from  Morty  (J.  Dumas  coll.),  Batjan  (Doherty, 
Guillemard),  Ternate  (Doherty,  Powell),  Halmahera  (Brnijn),  and  Obi  (Doherty). 

24.  Halcyon  nigrocyanea  A\all. 

In  addition  to  four  without  labels  (bought  from  plumassiers),  we  have  :— 

S  ad.  Etna  Bay  (Capt.  C.  Webster  coll.). 

?  ad.  Auday  (Brnijn  coll.). 

1  jnv.  Arfak  (Brnijn  coll.). 

1  Jobi  Island  (purchased  by  Guillemard). 

If  //.  quadricolor  Oust,  from  the  north  coast  to  Kaiser  Wilhelm's  Land  (cf. 
Berlepsch,  J.f.O.  1897,  p.  90),  is  really  different,  it  will  have  to  rank  as  a  sub- 
species 0^  xigroci/anea,  the  females  of  the  two  forms  being  apparently  almost  alike, 
and  the  adnlt  male  of  (juadricolor  very  similar  to  the  young  of  uigrocijanea. 

25.  Halcyon  stictolaema  (Salvad.). 

This  rare  species  is  so  far  apparently  only  known  from  the  Fly  River. 
We  have  one  obtained  by  A.  S.  Anthony,  abont  2000  ft.  high,  on  Mt.  Cameron, 
Owen  Stanley  Range,  August  20th,  1896. 

20.  Halcyon  sancta  Vig.  &  Horsf 

In  addition  to  56  specimens  from  outside  the  Pajjuan  region,  coming  from  Bali 
(Doherty),  Lombok  (Everett),  Sumbuwa  (Doherty),  Savu  (Everett),  South  Flores 
(Everett),  Timor  (Everett),  Alor  (Everett),  Batjan  (Dolierty),  Ternate  (Guillemard, 
Powell),  Burn  (Dumas),  Halmahera  (Guillemard),  Talaut  Islands,  Banggai,  Sanghi, 
Siao,  Sula  Islands  (Doherty),  Key  Islands  (Kiihu),  Goram  Islands  (Kiihn),  Teoor 
(Kiihn),  Kisoei  (Kiihn),  Solomon  Islands  (Webster  &  Kibbe),  Australia  (Queens- 
land :  Meek,  Olive  ;  Victoria  :  Billiughiirst),  we  have  the  following  individuals  from 
the  Papuan  region  : — 

1  Salwatty  (native  coll.). 

1  W^aigiu  (from  Bruijn's  hunters). 

1  S  Wokan,  Aru  Islands  (Kiihn  coll.). 

1  ?  Dorey  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 

1   ?  Mafor  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 

1  ?  Korido  (Beccari  coll.). 

1  S  Aiiday  (Beccari  coll.). 

1  i  Mansinam  (Brnijn  coll.). 

1  ?  Ansns,  Jobi  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 

1  S  Marai,  Jobi  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 


(  155  ) 

1  c?  Pnnah  or  Bras,  Mapia  or  St.  David's  gronii,  north  of  the  l^eran  Peninsula 
(W.  Doherty  coll.). 

1   ¥  Pigen,  Mapia  or  St.  David's  group  (W.  Doberty  coll.). 
3  c?,  2  ?  Simbang,  Kaiser  Wilhelm's  Land  (E.  Nyman  coll.). 
1   ?  Milne  Bay  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 
1  c?,  1  ?  Trobriand  Islands  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 

1  c?,  1  ?  Fergusson  Island  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 

2  c?,  4  ?  Sude.st  Island  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 

3  ?  Rossel  Island  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 

4  c?,  2  ?  St.  Aignan  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 

4  c?,  4  ¥  Woodlark  Island  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 

1  (?,  4  ¥  Dnke  of  York  Island  (Tb.  Kleinschmidt  coll.). 

1  Ralum,  New  Britain  (C.  Webster  coll.). 

1  New  Ireland  (collector  unknown). 


27.  Halcyon  sordidus  sordidus  Gonld. 

This  species  is  easily  divisible  into  two  races.  Tlie  large  one  has  a  very  strange 
distrilmtion,  being  found  on  the  Arn  Islands  in  the  west  and  in  Queensland  iu  the 
east,  and  has  never  been  fonnd  in  New  Guinea,  while  in  Egnm  and  the  Louisiades 
it  is  replaced  by  a  very  much  smaller  form. 

We  have  the  following  seven  specimens  of  the  large  sordidus  : — 

1  without  label.     Wing,  113  mm.  ;  culmen,  .58  mm. 

1  ¥  month  of  Mulgrave  liiver,  four  miles  below  the  Bellenden  Ker  Range  (Olive 
coll.)  (ex  Robinson).     Wing,  114  mm.  ;  culmen,  55  mm. 

1  ¥  Wokan,  Aru  (H.  Kiihn  coll.).     Wing,  105  mm.  ;  culmen,  52  mm. 

1  S  Barkai  Island,  Aru  (H.  Klibn  coll.).     Wing,  11  (J  mm.  :  culmen,  57  mm. 

1  cJ  Dobbo,  Arn  (H.  Klihn  coll.).     Wing,  112  mm.  ;  culmen,  54  mm. 

1  Dobbo,  Aru  (Capt.  Caley  Webster  coll.).     Wing,  110  mm.  ;  culmen,  53  mm. 

1  said  to  be  Arn  Islands  (bought  from  H.  Whitely).  Wing,  loO  mm.  ;  culmen 
57  mm. 


28.  Halcyon  sordidus  colonus  Hart. 

S  ¥  Egum  Island  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.)  (J  type  of  colonus.     AVings,  93,  95  mm.; 
culmen,  44,  42  mm. 

cJ  St.  Aignan  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.).     AVing,  91  mm. ;  culmen,  40  mm. 
o  „  „  „  „     J3     „  „         4/      ,, 

o  ,,  ,,  ,,  ,,     ''O     ,,  ,,         4.J     ,, 

cJ  (jnv. !)  St.  Aignan  (A.  S.  Jleck  coll.).     Wing,  8S  mm.  ;  culmen,  37  mm. 

¥  St.  Aignan  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.).     Wing,  92  mm.  ;  culmen,  43  mm. 

¥  ,,  „  ,,  »      •'•'      ))  ))  ''4      „ 

¥  (juv.)  St.  Aignan  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.).     Wing,  87  mm. ;  culmen,  44  ram. 

i  Rossel  Island  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.).     AVing,  80  mm.  ;  culmen,  45  mm. 


(   150  ) 

20.  Halcyon  saurophaga  (lould. 

f^pread  from  the  Moluccas  over  New  Guiuea  to  tlie  Solomon  Islamls.  We 
have  not  been  able  to  make  out  any  local  races.  Onr  material  consists  of  the 
following  20  specimens  :  — 

1  "  Halmahcra  "  (bought  from  Boucard). 

1  cJ,  2  ?  Batjau  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 

2  Morty  (J.  Dumas  coll.). 

2  Weeda  Islands,  near  Gilolo  (II.  Guillemard  coll.). 

1  S  juv.  Mysol  (H.  Guillemard  coll.). 

1  i  ad.  Mysol  (H.  Guillemard  coll.). 

1  i  ad.  Efbe  Islands,  near  Mysol  (H.  Guillemard  coll.) 

1  ?  Jobi  (from  Bruijn's  hunters). 

2  S  Ansus,  Jobi  (W.  Doherty  coll.). 

1  ?  Dorey  (Powell  coll.). 

2  S  Yamua  (\V.  Doherty  coll.). 

3  c?,  3  ?  St.  Aignan,  Louisiades  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 

2  cJ  ?  Egum  group,  East  Papuan  Islands  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 

1  said  to  be  from  New  Ireland. 

1  Rubiana,  Solomons  (('.  M.  Woodford  coll.). 

1  Munia,  Shortland  grouji  (Wahncs  &  Ribbe  coll.). 


The  Genus  TANYSIPTEUA. 

In  examining  the  sjiecimeus  of  this  genus  from  our  region  we  found  so 
many  connecting  links,  and  so  many  characters  in  common  with  the  few  species 
that  occur  outside  the  Papuan  area,  that  we  prefer  to  give  a  short  review  of  the 
whole  genus. 

There  have  been  described  as  distinct  species  21  forms,  of  which  we  are 
nnable  to  recognise  Tani/siptera  microrhyncha  Sharpe,  and  T.  galatea  rubiensis 
A.  B.  Meyer,  thus  leaving  19  forms,  which  we  consider  to  form  seven  species,  of 
which  T.  (lea  has  ten  snbsjiecies,  T.  sabrina  three,  and  T.  si/ln'a  two. 

3(1.  Tauysiptera  nympha  Gray. 

This  and  T.  tianaf  have  the  under-surface  vermilion.  T.  jit/mpliii  has  the 
])ili'um  blue,  sides  of  head  and  mantle  black.  It  inhabits  North-Western  New 
Guinea. 

We  have  five  unlabelled  skins,  collected  by  nntives,  j)urchased  from  Jlr.  v;ui 
Renesse  van  Duivcnbode,  two  of  which  are  said  to  come  from  Sorong,  two  frnni 
Arfak,  and  one  tine  adult  bird  collected  by  ( 'ajitain  Webster  at  Etna  Bay. 

31.  Tauysiptera  danae  Sharpe. 

Diflfers  widely  froxu  T.  hi/m/ilin  in  its  oclireous  brown  crown  and  mantle,  and 
cinnamon  sides  of  head.  It  evidently  rej)laces  T.  mjinpha  in  South-Easterii  New 
Guinea,  but  must  be  regarded  as  a  different  species,  as  there  are,  to  our  knowledge, 
no  intermediate  forms,  or  any  traces  of  such  known. 


(  157  ) 

We  have  the  following  specimens  : — 

4  ad.,  1  juv.  "  British  New  Guinea,"  without  locality. 

1  ad.  Eafa  district  (bought  from  Mcllwraith  and  McEacharn). 
1  ad.  Aroa  River  (Emil  Weiske  coll.). 

1  juv.,  2  ad.  "  near  Port  BTorcsby  "  (bought  from  Mcllwraith  and  McEacharn). 

2  c?  ad.,  1  ?  ad.,  1  ?  juv.  Milne  Bay  (A.  S.  Meek  coll).  "Iris  dark  brown  ; 
feet  dirty  red  ;  bill  dark  red." 

1  S  ad.  Samarai  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 

32.  Tanysiptera  sylvia  sylvia  Gould. 

Restricted  to  N.  E.  Australia.  The  species  T.  si/lda  differs  from  all  the  rest 
by  its  cinnamon  under-surface,  and  has  a  white  patch  on  the  mantle  like  T.  sahrina. 
The  bill  is  in  this  form  slightly  turned  upward.  This  seems  to  be  less  the  case  in 
salvadoriana,  judging  from  our  scanty  material. 

We  have  14  specimens  of  the  typical  sylvia,  namely  : — 

7  without  definite  localities,  bought  as  "Australian"  in  a  London  sale-room. 

1  ad.  Somerset,  Cape  York  (.J.  F.  Cockerell  and  Thorpe  coll.). 

2  ad!,  1  immature,  Somerset,  Cape  York  (D'Albertis  and  Tomasinelli  coll.). 

5  ad.  CJedar  Bay,  Queensland  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 

2  ?  ad.  Bellenden  Ker  Mountains,  near  Cairns  (Olive  coll.). 

33i  Tanysiptera  sylvia  salvadoriana  Rams. 

Replaces  T.  sijlvia  s'/lvia  in  South-Eastern  New  Guinea.  It  differs  from  the 
former  by  its  more  uniform,  lighter  and  more  cobalt-blue  pileum  and  wings  and 
somewhat  paler  cinnamon  under-surface.  It  is  not  a  common  bird,  and  we  have 
only  four  specimens  : — 

Two  without  definite  localities,  one  (or  both?)  apparently  from  Goldie's 
collections. 

1  (?  ad.  Mt.  Cameron,  Owen  Stanley  Range  (A.  S.  Anthony  coll.). 

I  fere  ad.  Aroa  River  (Emil  Weiske  coll.). 

34.  Tanysiptera  nigriceps  Scl. 

Nearest  allied  to  T.  syhia,  of  which  it  might  be  a  subspecies,  differing  only  in 
its  black  (instead  of  blue)  crown  of  head  and  scapulars,  and  rather  pale  underside. 
It  is  described  as  coming  from  the  Duke  of  York  Island.  We  have  only  one  bad 
skin,  said  to  be  from  New  Ireland. 

35.  Tanysiptera  sabrina  sabrina  Gray. 

This  bird  is,  as  far  as  we  know,  confined  to  the  small  Moluccau  island  of 
Kaioa.     We  have  no  specimen  of  if. 

36.  Tanysiptera  sabrina  emiliae  Sharpe. 

Differs  from  the  typical  mhrivn  in  having  a  paler  blue  crown,  narrow  blue 
borders  to  the  rectrices",  and  a  more  blue  hindneck.      Known  from  the  island  of 


(   158  ) 

Raon,  or  Rjui,  between  Morty  ami  the  north  point  of  HalmaUera.      We  have  no 
specimen  of  this  either. 


37.  Tanysiptera  sabrina  doris  Wall. 

Differs  from  the  other  two  forms  of  T.  sabrina  by  its  almost  entirely  bine  tail, 
brownisli-black  wings  and  scapulars,  and  the  bine-black  hindneck.  The  colour  of 
the  crown  apjiears  to  be  intermediate  between  that  of  the  other  two  forms. 
T.  s.  doris  inhabits  Morty,  the  northernmost  island  of  the  Moluccas. 

We  have  the  following  six  specimens  :— 

4  adults  (Dnmas  coll.). 

1  jnv.  (Dnmas  coll.). 

1  adult  (Wallace  coll.). 

The  reason  for  which  we  have  separated  the  three  forms  of  7'.  sabrina  from 
the  T.  (lea  group  of  forms,  is  the  conspicuous  white  u])per  back  found  in  all  three. 
Professor  Schlegel,  it  is  true,  asserted  that  among  his  l(i  specimens  of  T.  sabrina 
sabrina  there  were  some  which  showed  little  trace  of  this  white  patch,  and  one 
where  it  was  entirely  absent.  These,  however,  have  been  examined  by  Dr.  Sbarpe; 
and  the  specimen  in  which  the  white  i)atch  was  quite  absent,  was  found  to  have 
had  the  feathers  of  the  middle  back  wholly  removed,  either  by  shot  or  otherwise; 
those  with  only  traces  of  the  white  are  young  birds.  Our  young  bird  of  doris  has 
no  white  upper  back,  Imt  a  patch  of  buff  spots. 


38.  Tanysiptera  dea  dea  (L.). 

This  form  is  fonud  on  Amboina  and  Ceram,  and  on  some  of  the  South-East 
Islands.  It  is  characterised  by  the  blue  hind-neck  and  back,  formed  by  the  tips  of 
the  feathers,  of  which  the  basal  two-thirds  are  of  a  blackish  blue. 

AVe  have  the  following  11  specimens  :  — 

1  Amboina,  1883  (from  Dr.  GuUlemard's  coll.). 

5  c?,  2  ?  ad.  Manawoka,  Goram  Group  (H.  Kiihn  coll.). 

2  S  jun.  nnderside  buff,  Goram  Island  (H.  Kiihn  coll.). 
1  sex  doubtful,  Manawoka  (11.  Kiihn  coll.). 

BIr.  Kiihn  describes  the  iris  as  dark  coffee-brown,  the  feet  as  ochreous  (appear 
black  in  skin),  the  bill  as  coral-red. 


39.  Tanysiptera  dea  riedeli  Verr. 

This  lovely  form  is  evidently  the  nearest  in  colouration  to  T.  dea  dea,  although  its 
"  habitat"  is  far  away  from  that  of  the  latter.  It  inhabits  the  Schouten  Islands  in 
Geelvink  Bay.  The  chief  difference  is  that  the  crown,  nape,  hindneck  and  upper 
back  are  all  of  a  beautiful,  very  light,  almost  silvery  blue,  the  basal  two-thirds  of 
these  feathers  being  bla(-kish  blue.  This  silvery  blue  colour  extcuids  also  on  to  the 
wing-covcrts.     The  remainder  of  the  npiierside  is  brighter  blue  than  in  dcu. 

We  have  8  specimens,  namely,  4  c?,  3  ?,  from  Biak  (W.  Doherty  coll.),  and 
1  (J  from  Korrido  (W.  Doherty  coll.).  "  Iris  deep  brown  ;  feet  pale  brownish  ; 
claws  darker;  bill  scarlet. 


(  I'-^o  ) 

40.  Tanysiptera  dea  ellioti  Sharpe. 

Differs  from  T.  dea  dea  and  T.  dea  riedeli  by  the  absence  of  tlie  pale  apices  to 
the  feathers  of  the  mantle,  which  in  this  and  all  the  following  subspecies  of  T.  dea 
is  uniform  dark  blue  or  black. 

T.  dea  ellioti  differs  from  all  other  forms  of  T.  dea  in  having  the  elongated 
jiortion  of  the  central  rectrices  much  broader  and  much  less  developed  spatulae. 
The  rest  of  the  tail  is  also  proportionately  longer,  which  character  it  shares  with 
rosscliana.  The  perfectly  adult  male  seems  to  have  a  pure  white  tail.  This  form 
also  differs  from  rosseliana  by  the  much  paler  crown.  The  tail  of  the  young  is 
blue  in  both  ellioti  and  rosseliana. 

Inhabits  the  island  of  Koffiao,  near  Mysol.  It  was  formerly  erroneously  said 
to  come  from  Mysol,  but  it  appears  to  be  a  fact  that  no  species  of  Tanysiptera 
occurs  on  that  island,  which  circumstance  is  also  confirmed  by  the  absence  of  any 
Tanysiptera  in  the  large  collection  Blr.  Kiihn  sent  from  Mysol.  We  have  at  present 
no  specimen  of  ellioti. 

41.  Tanysiptera  dea  rosseliana  Tristr. 

This  beautiful  form,  when  adult.  Las  the  tail  entirely  white  with  the  exception 
of  the  attenuated  portion  of  the  central  rectrices.  It  differs  from  all  others  in  the 
intense  deep  blue  of  the  whole  upper  surface,  whieh  is  palest  and  brightest  on  the 
crown  and  ui)per  wing-coverts.  It  occurs  on  the  island  of  Rossel,  in  the  Louisiades, 
whence  Mr.  Albert  Meek  sent  us  seven  specimens,  namely,  three  fully  adult  males, 
ovlb  female  in  perfect  plumage,  two  &A\\\t  females  in  moult  and  one  young  bird 
with  an  almost  entirely  blue  tail,  and  rusty  margins  to  some  of  the  feathers  of  the 
upper  surface. 

42.  Tanysiptera  dea  margarethae  Heine. 

drown  purplish  blue  with  a  much  lighter,  almost  silvery-blue  border.  Ear- 
coverts  l)right  deep  blue.  Upperside  black  with  a  purplish-blue  wash.  Central 
rectrices  blue  with  white  spatulae.  Inhabits  the  northern  Moluccas,  namely  Batjan, 
Halmahera  and  Morty.  Si)ecimens  from  the  latter  island  have  very  dark  crowns, 
but  we  are  alile  to  match  them  with  a  specimen  from  Halmahera. 

We  have  the  following  25  specimens  :  — 

1  c?  Batjan  (Powell  coll.). 

4  cJ  ad.,  3  ?  Batjan  (Doherty  coll.). 

1  ¥  Batjan  (from  Waterstradt's  natives). 

3  c?,  1  ?,  1  sex?,  juv.  Batjan  (Uoherty  coll.). 

1  ad.  Halmahera  (from  Bruijn's  hunters). 

2  ad.  Halmahera  (from  Bruijn's  hunters,  per  Boucard). 
1  juv.  Halmahera  (from  Bruijn's  hunters,  per  Boncard). 
1  ad.  without  locality. 

3  ad.,  3  juv.  Morty  (Dumas  coll.). 

Since  writing  the  details  of  the  T.  sabrina  group,  we  found  that  six  specimens 
collected  on  Morty  were  taken  at  the  same  time  as  the  five  doris.  This  confirms 
our  contention  that  the  white-backed  sabrina  group 'forms  a  distinct  species  from 
the  dark-backed  T.  dea  group. 


(   160  ) 

43.  Tanysiptera  dea  acis  AVall. 

This  is  tlie  racket-tailed  kingfisher  (if  the  island  of  Burn.  Connt  Salvadori 
has  nuited  this  form  most  wrongly  with  T.  dea  den,  from  which  it  differs  very 
much,  as  described  by  one  of  lis  in  Nov.  Zool.  19t>0,  p.  233.  It  is  much  nearer 
related  to  T.  dea  margarethae,  from  which  it  differs  merely  by  its  black  (not  bine) 
ear-coverts  and  sides  of  the  head,  slightly  larger  size,  somewhat  less  purplish 
crown,  and  mure  rusty  buff  underside  when  immature.  The  bufi'  on  the  underside 
seems  oidy  to  be  absent  in  fnlly  adult  birds.  We  have  received  two  fully  adult, 
one  immature,  and  one  ipiite  young  bird  from  Burn  (Nov.  Zool.  I'JOO,  p.  233). 
Dr.  Sharpe  {('at.  B.  Brit.  Miis.  XVII.  p.  305)  has  rightly  kept  this  form  separated, 
but  he  did  not  place  it  in  a  natural  jiosition,  because  it  is  most  closely  allied  to 
margarethae ,  and  not  to  hydrochari.<i  or  ellioti,  between  which  two  it  stands  in  the 
Catalogue  of  Birds. 

44.  Tanysiptera  dea  obiensis  Salvad. 

Evidently  nearest  allied  to  T.  d.  mnrgaretliae,  but  easily  distinguishable  by  its 
brilliant  glossy  cobalt-blue  crown  without  a  distinct  lighter  border  and  lesser  npper 
wing-coverts,  these  feathers  having  a  lighter  blue  mesial  line.  Bill  strong  and  long. 
Back  dull  blue-black.  Rectrices  white,  with  a  more  or  less  wide,  dull  blue  border 
to  the  outer  webs,  and  sometimes  a  very  narrow  border  to  the  tips  of  the  inner 
webs,  central  rectrices  blue  with  white  rackets  and  generally  more  or  less  white, 
in  form  of  very  variable,  irregular  patches,  on  the  basal  third  or  half  Only  known 
from  the  Obi  group,  central  Moluccas. 

We  have  a  fine  series,  namely  : — 

9  S  ad.,  4  ?  ad.,  4  jnv.  Obi  Major  (W.  Doherty  coll.).  "  Iris  deep  brown.  Feet 
brownish-green.     Bill  deep  vermilion." 

4  c?  ad.,  3  ?  ad.,  1  S  juv.  Obi  Major  (H.  Guillemard  and  Powell  coll.). 

2  c??  Bisa  Island  (H.  Guillemard  coll.). 

45.  Tanysiptera  dea  hydrocharis  Gray. 

Although  easily  distinguishable  from  all  its  allies,  we  consider  that  hydrocharis 
is  also  a  subspecies  of  dea.  There  is  no  new  or  remarkable  feature  to  separate  it 
by.  It  agrees  most  with  acis  .and  margarethae,  but  differs  in  its  dwarfed  size,  very 
deep  bine  lesser  upper  wing-coverts,  and  blue-black  lateral  rectrices  without  any 
white.  The  crown  is  very  deep  blue,  encircled  with  a  lighter  blue  line.  This  form 
is  only  known  from  the  Aru  Islands. 

We  have  the  following  skins  :  — 

2  ad.,  1  juv.  Wanambai,  Am  Islands  (Capt.  Cayley  Webster  coll.). 

iS  ad.  Wokan,  Aru  (H.  Kiihn  coll.).  ''  Iris  coffee-brown.  Feet  jmle  greenish- 
grey.     Bill  coral-red." 

4(i.  Tanysiptera  dea  galatea  Gray. 

This  form  has  the  crown  and  nape  brilliant  ultramarine-blue  without  distinct 
lighter  bine  edges.  Sides  of  head  and  ear-coverts  deep  blackish-blue,  not  black. 
Back  deep  blue.     Central  rectrices  blue,  rackets  white. 


(   161   ) 

The  top  of  the  head  varies  much  in  colonr,  being  sometimes  much  lighter, 
sometimes  deeper,  and  also  the  shade  of  the  back  differs  more  or  less.  The  bkie 
of  the  middle  rectrices  is  often  more  or  less  speckled  with  white,  thus  pointing 
towards  T.  >lea  metjeri.  The  bill  differs  much  in  size,  length  as  well  as  width.  In 
view  of  the  great  differences  in  the  shade  of  the  crown  and  back,  we  cannot  at 
present  recognise  T.  d.  rubiensis  A.  B.  ]\Ie.yer.  On  account  of  the  variations  of  the 
bill  we  cannot  recognise  T.  d.  microrhijncha  Sharpe,  not  even  as  a  subspecies.  It 
is  true  that  there  is  a  tendency  in  specimens  from  Sonth-Eastern  New  Guinea  to 
have  small  bills,  and  to  be  smaller  generally  ;  but  some  are  as  large  as  average 
specimens  from  North-Western  New  Guinea,  while  some  of  the  latter  are  fully  as 
small  as  what  Dr.  Sharpe  calls  microrhyncha,  and  our  specimens  from  Triton  Bay 
and  one  from  Dorey  have  about  the  smallest  bills  of  all.  We  must  therefore  agree 
with  Count  Salvadori,  that  it  is  impossible  to  separate  microrlojmha  satisfactorily. 

We  have  the  following  specimens  of  galatea  before  us  : — 

2  (?  ?  ad.  Anday,  Arfak  (Gnillemard  coll.). 

1  jnv.  Anday,  Arfak  (from  Bruijn's  hunters). 

2  cJ,  1  ?  ad.  Dorey  (W.  Doherty  coll.).  "  Iris  deep  brown.  Feet  annulated, 
olive  and  yellow-brown.     Bill  scarlet." 

1  "  c?  "  said  to  be  from  Kaimani  in  Kaawai,  south  coast,  New  Guinea,  between 
Argnni  and  Triton  Bay.     Bought  by  Doherty. 

2  c?,  1  ?  Waigiu  (Powell  coll.). 
1  Salwatty  (native  coll.). 

5  ad.,  3  juv.  without  localities,  but  evidently  from  Dutch  New  Guinea  hunters. 

3  ad.  Triton  Bay  (Capt.  Cayley  Webster  coll.). 

1  ad.  Mt.  Maori  near  Humboldt  Bay  (J.  Dumas  coll.).* 
8  ad.  Brown  River,  British  New  Guinea  (E.  Weiske  coll.). 
3  ad.  Port  Moresby,  British  New  Guinea  (Anthony  coll.). 

1  jnv.  Upper  Moriari  River,  British  New  Guinea  (purchased  from  Messrs. 
Mcllwraith  and  McEacharn). 

1  ad.  Mt.  Cameron  (A.  S.  Anthony  coll.). 

2  ad.  Mt.  Victoria,  Owen  Stanley  Range  (A.  S.  Anthony  coll.). 

2  S  ad.,  1   ?  ad.,  1  S  jnv.  Milne  Bay  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 

3  6  ad.  Colliugwood  Bay  (A.  S.  Meek  coll.). 

4  ad.  British  New  Guinea,  mostly  or  all  from  Goldie. 

W^e  have  thus  a  distribution  of  T.  d.  galatea,  all  over  New  Guinea,  with  the 
exception  of  the  northern  coast  from  Takar  and  Kafu  to  Astrolabe  Bay,  and  in 
AVaigiu  and  Salwatty.     No  Tatvjsiptera  as  yet  found  on  Mysol , 


47.  Tanysiptera  dea  meyeri  Salvad. 

This  subspecies  was  described  from  Kafu  and  extends  evidently  along  the  north 
coast  to  at  least  Astrolabe  Bay.  It  is  most  closely  allied  to  T.  dea  galatea,  but 
differs  from  the  latter  in  the  following  points  :— 

The  pileum  is  lighter  and  more  of  a  silvery  blue  ;  the  two  central  rectrices 
have  nearly  always  a  greater  amount  of  white  on  their  basal  portion,  while  in 
T.  de  galatea  there  is  seldom   much  white,  generally  none  at  all,  or  only  some 

*  This  skin  is  a  most  typical  galatea.  at  which  we  are  veiy  much  astonished,  as  from  Takar  and  Kafu 
the  form  meyeri  is  known,  which  is  merely  a  representative  race  of  galatea. 


(  Ifi-' ) 

speckles  ;  llie  buck  and  scaj)uliii'  arc  mnrc  juiriili.sli-blue,  not  so  deej)  blackish-bliif  ; 
the  bills  vary  in  size. 

We  have  the  following  individuals  before  us : — 

1  ad.  without  localit}'. 

1  ad.  "  Talaudjang"  (from  Bruijn's  hunters). 

5  ?  ad.  Takar  (W.  Doherty  coll.).  November  IsDO.  "  Iris  very  deep  brown  ; 
feet  olive-brown,  claws  black ;  bill  orange-scarlet."  These  birds  are,  like  the 
former  two,  typical  tmyeri. 

2  ad.  "  German  New  Guinea "  (Capts.  Cotton  and  Webster  coll.).  One  of 
these  has  the  central  vectrices  nearly  (piite  white,  with  the  exception  of  the  attenuated 
portions. 

6  ad.  Konstautinhafen  (J.  Kubary  coll.).  One  of  these  has  the  crown 
exceptionally  dark,  so  that  it  most  closely  approaches  T.  d.  galatea. 

3  c?  ad.  Stcphaiisort  (Dr.  Erik  Nyman  coll.).  All  three  have  a  great  amount 
of  white  on  the  central  rectrices. 


48.  Tanysiptera  caroliuae  Schleg. 

This  most  beautiful  bird  differs  from  all  the  other  forms  of  Tanysiptera  in 
having  the  under-surface  from  the  bill  to  the  vent  deep  nltramariue-blue.  No  trace 
of  this  is  found  in  any  of  the  other  forms  of  the  genus.  Lower  back,  rump,  upper 
and  under  tail-coverts,  and  the  entire  tail  with  the  exception  of  the  blue  attenuated 
portion  of  the  two  central  rectrices  pure  white.  Only  known  from  the  island  of 
Mafor  in  Geelvink  Bay.  Mr.  William  Doherty  sent  us  a  large  series,  from  which 
we  selected  thirteen  adult  and  five  young  individuals  for  the  collection. 


(  103  ) 


ON  A  COLLECTION-^  OF  BIRDS   FROM  THE   TIMORLAUT 

ISLANDS. 

By    ERNST    HARTERT. 

THE  absence  of  most  of  the  birds  from  the  Tcnimber  or  Timorlant  Islands  was 
often  felt  when  BIr.  Rothschild  and  I  were  studying  the  various  forms  from 
the  Eastern  Archipelago,  and  therefore  it  was  suggested  to  Mr.  Heinrich  Kiihn  that 
he  shonld  visit  these  islands  to  collect  birds  and  Icpidoptera.  He  accordingly  spent 
the  end  of  the  year  1900  and  the  first  two  months  of  1901  on  the  islands,  mostly 
on  the  island  of  Larat,  and  collected  four  hundred  birdskins  and  three  nests  with 
eggs.     The  following  notes  from  one  of  his  letters  may  be  of  interest : — 

"  The  Teniml)er  Islands  are  very  thickly  populated,  and  accordingly  very  much 
of  the  soil  is  under  culture.  Especially  Yamdena,  the  large  central  island,  where 
I  travelled  as  far  as  Aroe,  in  the  middle  of  the  south  side,  is  planted  with  cocoanut 
palms  until  far  into  the  interior,  while  the  rest  is  mostly  covered  with  plantations 
of  maize  and  red  rice,  and  some  places  with  indigo  and  cotton  wool  for  home  use. 
The  natives  are  of  a  very  light  chocolate-brown  colour,  and  unfortunately  very  fond 
of  fighting.  There  are  nearly  always  some  petty  wars  between  the  various  villages 
and  islands.  The  natives  are  rather  unfriendly  towards  any  strangers.  In  Yamdena 
I  was  not  able  to  go  into  the  interior.  The  posthonder  declined  all  responsibility. 
I  was,  however,  busy  collecting  insects  on  Yamdena  whenever  I  landed,  and  was 
always  on  the  look-out  for  birds.  Of  the  latter  I  found  only  two  which  I  did  not 
get  on  Larat,  i.e.  a  Kingfisher  *  in  the  swamps  on  the  north  side,  and  Mrs.  Forbes' 
Honey-eater  {Myzomela  annabellae),  which  I  saw  only  there.  I  must  have  obtained 
most  of  the  birds  occurring  on  the  islands.  On  some  of  the  outlying  islands, 
however,  the  white  Pigeon  {Mi/risticivora),  and  a  black  Pigeon  with  white 
annulations  are  said  to  occur.  Occasionally,  as  on  the  Key  Islands,  a  Pelican 
appears,  probably  as  a  straggler  from  Australia.  I  saw  myself,  but  could  not  get 
a  shot  at,  the  following  species:  The  two  usual  .Sea-Eagles  {Cuncuma  leucogaster 
and  Paiu/ion  kaliactus  leucoceplwlm),  Ilaliastur  iiidus  girrenera,  a  Swallow,  a  huge 
black  Heron,  a  white  Heron,  and  Ardea  sacra.  Graucalus  melanops,  called  '  burnng 
barat '  by  the  natives,  is  also  said  to  occur." 

It  will  be  seen  from  the  following  list  that  Mr.  Kiihn  obtained  nearly  all  the 
birds  which  are  peculiar  to  the  Tenimber  group.  He  only  missed  Strix  sororcula, 
Hhipidura  hamadrijas,  and  Graucalus  timorlaoensis.  The  alisence  of  the  first  is 
a  great  i)ity  ;  the  second,  however,  is  fortnnately  represented  in  the  Tring  Museum 
by  a  skin  obtained  l)y  Doherty  during  a  few  days'  stay  in  1897.  With  regard  to  the 
last  I  think  it  must  be  a  local  form  of  G.  In/poleucns.  A  scries  of  it  wouhl  lie 
most  desirable. 

Of  nearly  all  the  resident  birds  Mr.  Kiihn  sent  good  series,  although, 
unfortunately,  the  majority  of  the  birds  were  in  very  worn  plumage  or  moulting 

*  Alcymte  azurva  tjamdcuac  Kothsch. 


(  iw  ) 

dnring  the  time  Mr.  Kiihn  collected  oii  the  islands.  Several  species  sent  by  Kiihn 
gave  opportunities  for  diseiissiou  and  characterising  of  the  varions  subspecies. 
Mr.  Kothscliiid  described  as  a  new  form  the  little  Kingfisher  from  Yamdeua, 
I  separated  the  Dicrurus,  which  had  hitherto  been  mistaken  for  D.  bracteatus,  and 
the  western  form  of  Fallhia  tricolor.  The  Cornis  necessitated  a  lengthy  discussion, 
as  it  had  hitherto  been  mostly  mistaken  for  allied  forms.  Of  GeoriMa  machiki 
only  one  was  obtained,  but  of  Geocichla  schiMacea  a  series  of  five  came.  A  few 
well-known  forms  are  now  sent  for  the  first  time  from  the  islands. 

The  following  literature  ou  the  birds  of  the  group  should  be  consulted  :— 
1S83  :  Sclater,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  pp.  48—58,  pi.  XI— XIV.     (List  of  fifty-four 
species,  descripition  of  fifteen  new  forms,  five  of  which  are  figured.) 

1883:  Sclater,  t.c.  pp.  194— :.'n(i,  pi.  XXVL— XXVIII.  (Five  new  forms 
described.) 

1883  :  Forbes,  t.c,  pp.  588,  589,  ]il.  LII.,  LIII.  (Description  of  Qeocichla 
mackild.) 

1884:  A.  B.  Meyer,  Zcitsckr.  yes.  Orii.  I.  pp.  193—218,  pi.  VIII.,  IX. 
(Description  of  "  Sauropatis  australasiae  var.  minor,'"  Graucalus  timorlaoensis, 
Cornis  latirosiris,  Geoc/c/tla  schistacea,  Macropygia  timorlaoi'/is/s,  "  Stigmatops 
sahadorii.") 

1884  :  A.  B.  Meyer,  Ahh.  Isis,  Dresden,  pp.  5—64.  (Five  forms  described 
as  new.) 

1884  :  Forbes,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Land.  pp.  425—434.  (Remarks  on  Dr.  Meyer's 
last-named  paper  and  list  of  Tenimber  Birds.) 

1886 :  Biittikofer,  Note.'t  Leyden  Mas.  VIII.  pp.  58—68.  (Description  of 
Erytkromyias  riedcli,  discussion  on  Corvus,  etc.) 

1885 :  Forbes,  Katurah'st's  Wanderings  in  the  Eastern  Archipelago,  pp.  355 — 368, 
plate.     (List  of  eighty  species  from  the  Tenimber  Islands.) 

lu  order  to  facilitate  comjiarison  I  have  in  the  main  followed  the  arrangement 
of  this  last  list,  though  I  do  not  much  approve  it. 

To  Dr.  H.  0.  Forbes  is  due  the  first  ornithological  exploration  of  the  group, 
and  most  of  the  forms  peculiar  to  it  have  been  discovered  liy  him  and  his  men. 
The  collections  discussed  by  Dr.  A.  B.  Meyer  and  Mr.  Biittikofer  were  sent  liome 
by  Dr.  Kiedel,  formerly  Resident  of  Amboiua.  They  were  made  by  well-trained 
natives  in  Dr.  Riedel's  employ,  and  have  added  considerably  to  our  knowledge  of 
the  avifauna  of  these  islands. 

The  present  collections  made  by  Mr.  KCihn  add  again  a  little  to  our  knowledge, 
and  it  is  probable  that  a  few  more  novelties  may  yet  be  picked  uj)  in  the  interior  of 
Yamdena  and  Selarn. 

A  good  map  of  the  islands  is  to  be  found  opposite  page  415  in  Dr.  Forbes'  book. 


1.  Astur  polionotus  Salvad. 

One  femnle  (erroneously  marked  male')  from  Larat.  It  agrees  with  the  skins 
from  Dammer  and  Banda  (cf.  Nov.  Zooi..  1900,  pp.  20  and  551).  A  very  good 
character  to  distinguish  this  form  from  its  very  near  ally  aUiicentris  from  the  Key 
Islands,  is  the  very  conspicuous  barring  to  the  median  rectriccs.  These  bars  are 
hardly  ever  indicated  in  albiventris.]  "  Iris  chromeous,  feet  ochreous,  bill  tilack 
with  chromeous  cere." 


(  165  ) 

2.  Cerchneis  moluccensis  occidentalis  Mey.  &  Wigl. 

Three  males  from  Larat  belong  to  the  western  subspecies  of  the  Moliiccan 
Kestrel.  Meyer  and  Wiglesworth,  in  their  Birds  of  Cdehes,  snspect  that  the 
Tenimber  form  may  be  a  hidden  subspecies.  It  is  true  that  the  spots  on  the 
upperside  are  somewhat  small,  but  specimens  from  Flores  and  Djampea  are 
perfectly  similar. 

3.  Ninox  forbesi  Scl. 

Six  fine  skins  from  Larat.  The  sexes  are  perfectly  alike,  if  the  sexing  is 
correct.  "  Iris  sulphureous  or  chromeons,  feet  bright  or  jiale  chromeous,  bill 
light  grey." 

This  owl  is  closely  allied  to  JS'iiiox  lauita  and  Ninox  natulis.  The  former 
differs  in  the  less  white  abdomen  and  less  distinctly  barred  remiges,  the  latter 
in  the  bars  of  the  uuder-surface  being  continued  up  to  the  throat. 

4.  Eos  reticulata  (S.  Milll.). 

A  beautiful  series  from  Larat.  "  Bill  blood-red,  more  yellowish  on  the  tip  ; 
iris  brown  in  various  shades  ;  feet  black."  The  young  bird,  which  does  not  seem  to 
be  described  yet,  differs  from  the  adult  as  follows  :  The  feathers  of  the  breast  have 
more  or  less  wide  black-blue  tips  ;  most  of  the  wing-coverts  have  black  margins  or 
tips  ;  the  blue  on  the  mantle  and  nape  appears  less  in  stripes,  but  more  like  spots, 
the  feathers  there  being  shorter  and  less  attenuated  ;  and  their  bases  are  also  more 
blackish  grey  than  in  the  adult  birds. 

In  former  numbers  of  Novitates  Zoologicae  I  have  stated  that  Eos  reticulata 
was  sent  by  Mr.  Klihn  from  Toeal  on  Little  Key,  and  from  Dammer  in  the  Banda 
Sea.  Mr.  Kiihn  now  writes  that  it  was  apparently  introduced  to  both  Dammer  and 
the  Key  group,  and  that  the  Tenimber  Islands  are  its  sole  natural  home.  The  sexes 
of  this  Lory  are  alike. 

5.  Cacatua  goflSni  Finsch. 

A  beautiful  series  from  Larat.  The  iris  is  marked  on  all  the  labels  as  "  dark 
coflfee-brown,"  not  as  red  (cf.  Cat.  B.  XX.  p.  ]-.'9).l 

0.  Tanyguathus  subaffinis  Scl. 

This  form  differs  from  ajfinis,  which  looks  much  like  it  at  a  glance,  as  follows  : 
The  mantle  has  only  faintly  indicated,  if  any,  blue  edges  to  the  feathers  ;  the  rump 
is  only  tinged  with  very  pale  blue,  instead  of  bright  blue  ;  the  middle  row  of  wiiig- 
coverts  is  not  so  bright  and  blackish;  the  yellow  edges  to  the  rest  of  the  wing-coverts 
are  less  golden-yellow.     "  The  iris  is  yellowish  white,  feet  blackish,  bill  red." 

There  is  a  series  from  Larat,  and  one  male  from  Yamdena  Island. 

T.  Eclectus  riedeli  A.  B.  Meyer. 

Four  males  and  two  Jemnks  from  various  parts  of  Larat  (Ridool  and  central 
portion).    TheJ'cmalcs  have  the  tips  to  the  rectrices  very  wide  (about  3.3  mm.),  and  of 


(   ICG  ) 

a  briglit  yellow  ;  tlie  nnder  tail-coverts  are  bright  yollow.  Above,  the  head  aud  ueck 
are  of  a  mndi  lighter  red  thau  the  back,  rnmp,  wing-coverts  and  scapniars.  Ontcr 
webs  and  iuljoiiiing  portiims  of  inner  webs  dec])  bhu^  from  above  ;  inner  portion  of 
inner  webs  bluclc  from  above  ;  primaries  entirely  lilaek  from  below.  The  secondaries 
have  a  distinct  greeu  area  between  the  red  aud  the  blue  tips  ;  the  innermost  long 
secondaries  are  not  entirely  red,bnt  have  a  large  amount  of  green  on  the  inner  webs. 
"  Iris  whitish  yellow,  bill  and  feet  blackish."  The  males  are  so  well  described  in 
Cot.  B.  Brit.  Mas.  XX.  p.  30(i,  that  I  have  nothing  to  add. 

With  this  species  the  genus  Eclectus  is  completed  in  the  Tring  Museum,  all  the 
known  forms  being  represented  by  good  series.  Of  Eclectus  cornelia  we  have  made 
known  the  "  habitat,"  but  of  E.  icestermanni  we  have  so  far  only  specimens  which 
came  to  Europe  alive,  and  the  home  of  this  form  is  still  unknown  ! 


8.  Geoffroyus  personatus  timorlaoensis  A.  B.  Meyer. 

A  large  series  from  Larat.  The  wings  of  the  three  adult  males  not  in  moult 
measure  173  to  178  mm.  This  form  is  thus  considerably  smaller  than  Ge.  pers. 
capistratt(S  =  Iceyensis,  which  it  resembles  most  (cf.  anted  p.  84). 


9.  Halcyon  chloris  Bodd. 
A  large  form  witli  large  beak  was  found  in  numbers  at  Larat. 

10.  Halcyon  australasiae  minor  A.  B.  Meyer. 

Two  from  Larat,  one  from  Yamdena.  This  form  difiers  from  //.  australasiae 
australasiae  in  its  much  smaller  size  and  paler  under-surface.  In  adult  birds  the 
abdomen  is  not  white,  but  of  a  pale  rust-colour.  The  wings  of  the  specimens  before 
me  measure  as  follow  :  S  7.5,  c?  78,  ?  75  mm.     Bill  from  nostril  20  to  32  mm. 

Ilalci/on  australasiae  is  thus  known  to  us  in  three  races  : 

//.  australasiae  australasiae  :  Lombok  to  Timor  and  Wetter. 

11.  australasiae  dammeriuna  :  Dammer  in  the  15anda  Sea. 

//.  australasiae  7ninor  :  Timorlaut  Islands. 

I  have  seen  no  Wetter  specimens. 

11.  Alcyone  azui'ea  yamdenae  Rothsch. 

One  male  of  an  Alcijone  was  obtained  on  Yamdena  Island  on  January  30th,  1001. 
It  belongs  to  the  azurea  grou]),  and  is  evidently  nearest  to  Alci/one  azurea  pulchra 
from  North  Queensland.  The  purplish-blue  colour  of  the  sides  of  the  chest  extends 
down  to  the  flanks,  and  the  ultramarine-blue  of  the  npperside  is  of  the  same  tint  as 
in  pulchra.  The  wing  is  still  shorter  than  in  pulchra;  the  bill  has  a  distinctly 
reddish-brown  tip.  In  this  latter  character  this  form  resembles  A.  azurea  affinis, 
which,  however,  has  a  much  stronger  bill  with  a  brighter  red  tij),  is  larger  and  more 
blue  above.  Mr.  Weaker  Rothschild  descril)ed  the  Tenimber  form  as  .1.  azurea 
yamdenae  at  the  May  meeting  of  the  Brit.  Orn.  Club,  10i)l.  Mr.  Kiihn  marks  the 
iris  as  "  brownish-blaek,  feet  bright  coral-red,  bill  lilaek  with  a  brownish  tip."'  The 
wing  is  71  mm.,  tail  3U  mm.,  bill  from  base  at  forehead  48  mm. 


(  ifiv  ) 
1~.  Eurystomus  orientalis  australis  Hw, 


cJ,  ?,  Larat. 


13.  Scythrops  novaehoUandiae  Lath. 
One  male  from  Larat. 

14.  Chalcococcyx  crassirostris  Salvad. 

One  adnlt  imle  from  Larat,  shot  on  February  18th,  1901,  in  moult,  agrees 
perfectly  with  specimens  from  the  Key  Islands,  which  seem  to  be  the  same  as  the 
Amboina  form,  and  which  are  Salvadori's  crassirostris. 

15.  Caprimulgus  macrurus  Horsf. 
One/emale  from  Yamdena,  S.l.lOUl. 


16.  Heteranax  mundus  (Sol.). 

See  Nov.  Zool.  VIL  p.  14,  where  the  sexes  are  described.  We  have  now 
received  a  series  from  Larat,  and  one  from  Selaru.  They  confirm  my  description  of 
the  adult  male  a,xid/emale  and  yonng. 


17.  Monarcha  castus  Scl. 

The  male  is  described  and  figured  liy  Sclaterin  P.Z.S.  1883,  pp.  .01,  53,  PI.  XII. 
The  apparently  adnlt /('wrr/t'  differs  in  having  the  throat  white,  with  black  bases  to  the 
feathers  ;  the  blaclc  forehead  is  connected  by  a  blaclv  line  with  the  black  nape  ;  the 
back  is  deep  brownish  black  instead  of  pure  black  ;  the  wing  is  about  3  or  4  mm. 
shorter.  What  appears  to  be  the  young  in  lioth  sexes  has  the  head  and  neck  above 
slaty  grey,  lores  utmost,  forehead,  feathers  round  eyes  whitish,  rest  of  upperside  dark 
brown,  tips  to  tail-coverts  rusty  brown,  remiges  with  rufous  edges,  under-surface 
white,  washed  with  a  brownish  rust-colour. 

The  nearest  known  ally  to  M.  castus  seems  to  be  M.  buruoisis,  the  malr  of 
which  differs  in  less  wide  white  tips  to  the  rectrices,  longer  and  more  widely  white 
feathers  in  the  centre  of  the  throat,  and  some  other  minor  difieronces. 

We  received  skins  from  Larat  (Ktihn)  and  Selarn  (Doherty). 


18.  Monarcha  nitidus  (Gould). 

A  series  oiinales  w.\d  females  from  Larat.     "  Iris  blackisli-brown." 
It  would  be  snri)rising  to  find  on  the  Tenimber  Islands  the  same  form  as  in 
Australia.     Our  Australian  material  of  nitidus  being  rather  poor  at  present,  I  do  not 
like  to  bestow  a  name  on  the  Tenimber  form  already  ;  but  it  seems  that  it  has  a 
longer  bill,  and  that  the  back  of  tha/emalc  is  of  a  darker  rufous. 


(  108  ) 

!'••.  Monarcha  inornatus  kissereusis  A.  B.  Meyer. 

A  series  from  Larat  (Kilhu),  Yamdeua  (Kubu),  aud  Selara  (Doberty)  agrees 
with  those  from  Dammer,  which  are  all  very  deep  rufous  and  paler  grey  on  the  head, 
chest  and  njiiior-siirface  than  nsnal,  and  seem  to  he  the  same  as  Meyer's  kisserensis. 
See  Nov.  ZooL.  VII.  p.  14. 

20.  Rhipidura  fuscorufa  Scl. 

We  have  a  number  from  Larat  (Kiilin)  and  from  Selaru  (Doherty),  also  one 
from  Babbor  (8cbiidler),  which  are  perfectly  similar.  The  young  has  the  mandible 
light,  the  legs  pale,  the  whole  tail  rufous,  breast,  chest  and  throat  rusty  buflf.  It  is 
spotted  on  the  bade,  and  has  a  wide  superciliary  line  of  buff  spots. 


21.  Rhipidura  hainadryas  i^cl. 
We  have  received  only  one  skin  from  Larat,  from  Doherty. 

22.  Rhipidura  opistherythra  Scl. 

We  received  a  good  series  of  six  from  Larat.  The  iris  is  brown.  A  nest  was 
found  on  January  13th.  The  two  eggs  are  cream-coloured,  with  a  ring  of  rusty 
brown  and  pale  ashy  grey  spots  near  the  thick  end,  and  a  few  small  scattered  spots 
elsewhere.     They  measure  18-5  :  14-2  and  19  :  14"5. 

This  species  is  rather  peculiarly  placed  and  diagnosed  in  Dr.  BUttikofer's  most 
useful  review  of  the  genus  Rhipidura  iu  vol.  XV.  of  the  Notes  of  the  Leyden 
Maseani.  It  has  nothing  to  do  jvith  phorniciira.  It  is  more  allied  to  the  rufidorsa 
group  and  to  my  superjiua  from  Burn,  but  it  has  no  black  pectoral  patch,  and 
the  tail  is  entirely  dull  cinnamon  with  bright  crimson  edges,  without  light  ajiical 
patches. 

23.  Myiagra  fulviventris  Scl. 

This  very  distinct  form  has  been  sent  from  Larat,  Yamdena  and  Selaru.     The 
female  does  not  differ  obviously  from  the  male,  but  its  wing  is  2  or  3  mm.  shorter 
■  aud  the  uuder-surface  a  shade  paler.     "  Iris  blackish-brown,  feet  greyish-black,  bill 
dark  bhiish-grcy  with  black  tip. 

24.  Erythromyias  dumetoria  riedeli  Buttik. 

This  bird  lias  been  received  from  Larat  only. 

The  description  of  Dr.  Buttikofer  {Not.  Leijd.  Mm.  VIII.  p.  C2)  has  been  taken 
from  an  immature  male,  for  the  entire  nii])er-surface  of  the  adult  male  is  above  pure 
black,  and  the  tail  is  black,  the  two  centre  rectrices  entirely,  the  rest  white  for  the 
basal  hair.  The  markings  on  the  wing  are  pure  white.  There  is  thus  hardly  any 
difference  from  dumetoria. 

We  have  eleven  males,  but,  curiously  enough,  no  female.  "  Iris  of  the  darkest 
brown,  feet  jiale  idumbeons,  bill  black."     Wing  about  CO  to  08  mm.     This  form  is 


(  ifio  ) 

very  closely  allied  to  Erythr.  dumetoria  (himetofia,  from  wliicli  it  may  perhaps 
differ  by  a  generally  lighter  upper  throat,  slightly  narrower  white  line  on  the 
forehead,  and  apparently  darker  feet  and  legs.  The  two  first  peculiarities  are, 
however,  perhaps  due  to  the  abraded  state  of  the  plumage  of  all  our  Timorlaut 
specimens  ;  while  our  typical  dumetoria  from  Lombok,  Flores  and  Sumbawa  are 
in  fresh  plumage.  It  remains  thus  somewhat  doubtful  whether  "  riedeli "  can  be 
separated  even  as  a  subspecies  ! 


25.  Microeca  hemixantha  Scl. 

From   Larat   only.     "Iris   blackish   brown;   feet   blackish;   bill   lilack,  lower 
mandible  pale." 


26.  Gerygone  dorsalis  Scl. 
Larat,  Yamdena,  and  Selarn.    "  Iris  dark  grey,  feet  ashy  grey,  bill  black." 

27.  Graucalus  melanops  (Lath.). 

This  bird  has  been  mentioned  as  occurring  iu  Timorlaut  by  Sclater,  Forbes  and 
Biittikofer  ;  and  Mr.  Kiihu,  in  one  of  his  letters,  says  that  it  occurs  in  Larat, 
although  he  procured  no  specimens. 

Dr.  A.  B.  Meyer  has  (Zeitschr.  ges.  Orn.  I.  p.  199,  pi.  IX.  fig.  I)  described 
and  figured  a  Graucalus  timorlaocnsis,  which  seems  to  be  a  form  of  G.  hjpoleucus. 
We  have  not  received  specimens  of  Dr.  Meyer's  form,  which  is  apparently  unique  in 
the  Dresden  Museum. 

28.  Graucalus  unimodus  Scl. 

One  adult  male,  two  a,<\.n\t  females,  and  two  immature  males  from  Larat.  "  Iris 
in  both  sexes  of  a  very  deep  brown,  bill  and  feet  black." 

This  form  of  Graucalus  (I  do  not  separate  the  genera  Graucalus  and  Artamidcs) 
is  as  diflerent  from  Grauc.  caeruleogriseus,  with  which  Dr.  Sclater  compared  it  when 
describing  it,  as  any  Graucalus  can  be  from  another.  Its  nearest  ally  is  Graucalus 
pollens  Salvad.  from  the  Key  Islands,  of  which  it  may  be  considered  a  subspecies. 
It  differs  from  G.  pollens,  besides  some  minor,  very  slight  differences  in  shades  of 
colour,  in  having  grey,  not  black,  under  tail-coverts  in  both  sexes.  The  black  under 
tail-coverts  iu  both  sexes  of  G.  pollens  are  very  characteristic,  although,  I  believe, 
not  mentioned  in  any  description  before. 

29.  Lalage  moesta  Scl. 

Nine  skins  from  Larat.  This  species  is  nearest  to  L.  atrorirens,  from  which  it 
differs,  besides  some  minor  characters,  in  having  a  white  superciliary  line  from  the 
forehead  to  the  eye.  There  are  also  generally  indications  of  a  continuation  of  tliis 
white  line  behind  the  eye.     "  Iris  dark  brown,  bill  and  feet  black." 

If  our  specimens  are  correctly  "  sexed,"  there  is  no  difference  between  the  sexes. 

12 


(  1-0  ) 

30.  Edolioaoma  dispar  Salrad. 
One  male  from  Larat.     Agrees  with  specimens  from  Key,  Dammer  and  l?anda. 

31.  Artamus  leucorhynchus  musschenbroeki  A.  i'.  Moycr. 

I  am  not  proj)ared  to  unite  the  Timorlant  Artamus  straightway  with  A.  leuco- 
rhynchus. It  is  true  that  the  alleged  white  tips  to  the  rcctrices  are  not  a  distin- 
tingnishing  feature.  They  are  found  in  many  iutlividnals  from  other  countries,  and 
most  regular  and  constant  in  the  typical  leiicorhijiichus  from  tlic  Philijipines.  The 
darker  colour  of  musschenbroeki  is  evident  in  all  Timorlaut  examples,  though  it  can 
occasionally,  after  much  search,  be  matched  in  specimens  from  other  places — for 
example  from  the  Moluccas.  The  rather  large,  high  bill,  however,  seems  a  good 
distinguishing  character.  It  is  developed  in  the  whole  series  (ten  from  Larat) 
before  me,  and  there  are  only  a  few  from  other  places  (Alor  and  South  Flores)  that 
have  equally  high  bills.  Altogether  the  size  of  the  bill  varies  considerably  in  all 
localities  ;  but  it  is  quite  possible  that  there  is  a  large-billed  race  on  some  of  the 
eastern  islands.     In  that  case  there  would  be  three  races,  namely  : 

Artamus  leucorhynchus  leucorhynchus  :  Philippines  and  must  of  the  eastern 
islands.     (Bill  median.) 

Artamus  leucorhynchus  musschenbroeki :  Tenimber  Islands,  and  perhaps  some 
other  islands.     (Bill  large,  higher.) 

Artamus  leucorhynchus  Icucopygialis  :  North  Australia,  and  perhaps  parts  of 
Southern  New  Guinea.  (Bill  smaller.)  This  is  the  form  wliich  I  named  ,1.  leuc. 
parvirostris,  but  I  think  Gould's  name  leucopygialis  should  be  used  for  it.  (<  'f.  also 
Zeitschr.f.  ges.  Orn.  III.  p.  IS,  1880.) 

32.  Dicrurus  ktlhni  nov. 

The  Timorlaut  Drongo  has  been  hitherto  erroneously  united  with  Dicrurus 
bracteatus  of  New  Guinea  and  Australia.  It  differs  widely  from  bractentus,  having 
a  much  more  curved  and  less  ridged  bill,  longer  tail,  and  no  large,  dull,  glossless 
black  unspotted  area  on  the  mantle.  D.  kilhni,  as  I  name  the  Tenimber  form,  is, 
in  fact,  more  closely  allied  to  the  Key  form  {D.  megalornis),  from  whicli  it  differs 
merely  by  its  more  curved,  less  thick  and  high  beak,  and  smaller  size.  Its  iris  is 
red,  feet  and  bill  black.  The  wing  measures  in  the  males  155  to  103  mm.,  in  the 
females  140  to  145  mm.  ;  the  tail  about  105  mm.,  ciilraen  (over  the  curve)  about 
143  mm.,  metatarsus  20  to  28  mm. 

Mr.  H.  Kiihn  sent  us  six  skins  from  Larat,  most  of  them,  unfortunately, 
much  worn. 

This  form  and  a  number  of  others  will,  of  course,  better  be  treated  as  subspecies 
of  one  species  ;  but  I  have  not  time  at  present  to  work  out  the  relations  of  these 
forms  to  each  other. 

33.  Pachycephala  fuscoflava  Scl. 

A  beautiful  series  from  Larat  and  Yanidena.  Sclater  at  first  figured  and  described 
only  a  young  uwle  und  female.     The  adult  male  is  below  entirely  yellow,  with  a 


(  in  ) 

black  pectoral  crescent,  and  has  been  described  by  A.  B.  Meyer  {Sitzhcr.  fsis  lss4, 
]).  3.1)  ;  but  already  in  the  year  before  it  was  beautifully  fij,oired  iu  the  F.Z.S. 
Mr.  Kuhii  marks  the  iris  of  the  male  as  "  a  dark  brownish  red,'"  that  of  the  female 
as  "  blackish  brown."     The  feet  are  "  blackish  plumboons,  the  bill  black." 

34.  Pachycephala  arctitorquis  Scl. 

Sclater  and  Forbes  were  correct  in  describing  and  figuring  the  sexes  of  this 
species.  What  Dr.  Meyer  described  as  tha  female  oi  arctitorquis  is  evidently  an 
immature  male,  while  his  riedeli  is  the  a.An\tfomale  of  arctitorquis.  Mr.  Kiihn  sent 
us  twenty-fonr  skius  in  all  stages  from  Larat  and  Yamdeua,  Doherty  a  pair  from 
Selaru.  The  young  bird  in  first  plumage  is  the  most  rufous  one,  being  almost  dull 
cinnamon  above  ;  tlic  wing-coverts  and  edges  to  the  remiges  brightest  ;  the  bill  not 
black,  but  brownish.  ^Vhether  Meyer's  kcbirensis  is  also  identical  with  arctitorquis 
is  not  yet  certain,  but  most  probable,  judging  from  the  author's  description  and  the 
distribution  of  arctitorquis  to  Dammer. 

35.  Dicaeum  fulgidum  Scl. 

A  beautiful  series  from  Larat.  "  Iris  very  deep  Ijrovvn."  This  form  is  a  close 
ally  of  1>.  heicnse,  from  which  it  dilfers  in  the  colour  of  the  flanks,  longer  wing  and 
larger  bill.     B.  fulgidum,  keiense  and  others  can  only  be  regarded  as  subspecies. 

36.  Myzomela  annabellae  Scl. 

One  ;«ff A- from  Yamdena  (H.  Klihu).  "Iris  black,  feet  brownish,  bill  black." 
One  male,  Selaru  (Doherty). 

37.  Stigmatops  squamata  salvadorii  A.  B.  Meyer. 

There  is  not  the  slightest  doubt  that  the  Tenimber  form  is  considerably  smaller 
than  typical  squamata  from  Koer  (Khor),  its  original  locality,  and  other  islands.  It 
is  true  that  the  supposed  dift'erences  iu  colour  (Meyer  iu  Zeitschr.  gcs.  Orii.  p.  217) 
do  not  e.xist,  but  the  wings  are  about  5  mm.  shorter  and  the  bill  is  more  gracile. 
Btittikofer  (iVofrs  Lojden  Mus.  VIII.  p.  65)  has  well  shown  the  smaller  size  of 
salvadorii,  although  he  does  not  admit  its  value.  He  did  not,  however,  grasj)  the 
fact  that  the  females  of  these  birds  are  much  smaller  than  the  males,  and  that 
therefore  specimens  of  the  same  sex  must  be  compared  with  each  other.  He 
measures  the  wings  of  his  Koer  skins  65  to  75  mm.,  while  Meyer  measures  his 
Tenimber  ones  61  to  68  mm.  These  figures  agree  fairly  well  with  those  taken  by 
myself;  the  smaller  ones,  65  and  61,  being  those  oi  females,  the  larger  ones,  75  and 
68,  those  of  males.    The  bills  also  differ  in  bulk. 

38.  Philemon  moluccensis  timorlaoensis  A.  B.  Meyer. 

It  is  with  some  hesitation  that  I  name  the  Philemon  from  the  Timorlaut 
Islands.  Sclater  and  Sharpe  {P.Z.S.  1883  and  Gould's  Birds  of  New  Guinea) 
united  it  with  plumiijcnis,  though  the  latter  not  without  hesitation.  A.  B.  Meyer 
described   it   as   a   new   species.      His    distinguishing    characters,    however,    are 


(  17:^  ) 

erroneous.  Tlio  shafts  of  the  romiges  anil  rectrices  are  not  Jift'L'i'pnt  in  colour  fnnu 
those  of  jilnmiiicnis.  Tlicy  arc  quite  as  dark  when  freshly  moulted,  but  become 
equally  liglit  brown  when  old.  The  light  rust-colour  on  the  underside  of  the 
wings  is  the  same  as  in  jdumigenis,  the  npperside  is  certainly  not  "  obscure 
fnlvescens,"  but  rather  "  brunneo-griseus,"  or  "  obscure  griseus  "  as  Salvadori  says. 
Salvadori  accf'j>ts  fimorhtocnsis  as  a  species,  but  says  that  he  cannot  make  Meyer's 
description  agree,  and  finds  that  tiierc  are  no  differences  from  plumi(/cnis  except 
the  paler  head  and  more  gracile  beak.  The  paler  head  is  not  correct,  as  it  varies 
according  to  age  and  freshness  of  plnmage.  All  I  can  see  is  that  timorlaoensis  is 
in  the  mean  slightly  smaller  and  has  a  more  gracile  beak.  There  is  no  doubt  that 
molticcc lists,  jjli(m/i/c/i/s,  and  timorhiocnsis  are  snbsjjecifically  allied,  and  perhaps 
several  other  forms  belong  to  the  same  group.  We  received  a  good  series 
from  Larat. 

39.  Zosterops  griseiventris  Scl. 

A  series  from  Larat  (Kiihn),  one  from  Selaru  (Doherty).  "  Iris  bright 
chocolate-brown  ;  bill  deep  brown,  lower  mandible  flesh-colonr,  dark  near  tip  ; 
feet  bright  plumbeous-grey." 

Two  nests  with  two  and  three  eggs  were  found  on  January  13th  and  14th- 
The  nests  are  the  usual  sort  of  Zosterops-nests,  rather  thin  and  loosely  woven,  and 
lined  with  horsehair.  The  eggs  are  of  the  i)alest  blue,  and  measure  16'6  :  12*8, 
10-4  :  13,  and  10-6  :  13  mm. 

40.  Oriolus  decipiens  (Scl.) 

The  imitating  Oriole  from  Timorlant  is  very  closely  allied  to  Oriolns  (or 
Mimeta')  burucnsis,  from  which  it  merely  differs  Iiy  its  longer  wing,  darker,  some- 
what more  brown  under-surface,  and  less  developed,  less  circumscribed  black  patch 
on  the  auricular  region.  The  differences  stated  to  distinguish  it  from  buruensis 
by  Sclater  and  Sliarpe  do  not  exist  in  our  series,  nor  in  those  sent  to  Dresden  by 
Riedel.  Dr.  Sclater's  type  is  evidently  a  young  bird.  We  have  received  a  fine 
series  from  Larat.     The  iris  is  dark  blood-red  ;  feet  and  bill  black. 


41.  Geocichla  machiki  Forbes. 

One  single  specimen,  of  doubtful  sex,  from   Larat,    IT,  l.lOiil.     "  Iris  dark 
brown  ;  feet  pale  ochreous  ;  bill  blackish,  base  of  mandible  widely  pale  yellowish." 


42.  Geocichla  schistacea  A.  B.  Meyer. 

This  excellent  species  has  been  sent  in  five  sj)ecimens,  three  females  and 
two  males,  from  Larat.  The  iris  is  of  a  deep  coffee-brown,  the  bill  black,  and  tlie 
feet  pale  flesh-colour.     The  female  is  perfectly  similar  to  the  male. 

In  Part  III.  of  Seebohm's  Monograph  of  the  T/nr/ir/ae  this  Thrush  is  jilaced 
in  a  very  wrong  position.  I'roliably  on  account  of  the  black  and  white  colours  found 
in  all  these  various  forms,  it  is  Tpnt  among  the  wardi,  sibirica,  and  piiiicola  gronj), 
but  its  real  relatioushipK  arc  with  the  widely  different  intcrprcs  group.    It  resembles. 


(  173  ) 

in  fact,  Geocickla  doherbji  very  closely,  except  that  all  the  chcstnnt  colour  is 
replaced  by  ashy  grey.  The  sexes  in  this  group  are  always  alike,  while  in  the 
sibirka  group  they  are  widely  different.     G.  diimasi  is  a  close  ally  of  schistacea. 

43.  Erythrura  tricolor  forbesi  Sharp  e. 

A  fine  series  from  Larat.  In  quite  old  males  the  hinder  head  and  neck  is 
blue,  only  this  colour  does  not  extend  over  the  mantle  as  it  does  in  K.  tricolor 
tricolor  from  Timor.  The  female  o^  forbesi  is  much  lighter  blue  on  the  under- 
surface.     The  yonng  is  greenish  buff  below. 

44.  Munia  punctulata  nisoria  (Temm.) 

Four  males  from  Larat.  All  four  are  remarkably  small,  the  wings  reaching 
from  47  to  49  mm.  only.  I  have,  however,  specimens  from  Flores  of  very 
different  sizes. 

45.  Calornis  crassa  Scl. 

Seven  from  Larat.  The  adult  female  is  like  the  adult  male.  What  Sharpe 
described  {Cut.  B.  Brit.  Mas.  XIII.  p.  134)  as  the  adult  female  is  an  im- 
mature bird. 

46.  Calornis  metallica  circumscripta  A.  B.  Meyer. 

As  1  have  said  before  (Nov.  Zool.  VII.  p.  17),  the  Teuimber  (Timorlaut)  bird 
must  bear  the  name  circumscripta.  The  name  gularis  is  based  on  a  bird  from 
Mysol  (not  Morty,  as  I  wrote  by  mistake),  with  an  exceptionally  purjile  throat, 
but  the  Mysol  form  is  like  typical  metallica,  and  certainly  not  like  the  Timorlaut 
and  Dammer  bird,  which  has  the  upper  throat  beautiful  purple,  sejiaratcd  by  a 
green  band  from  the  purple  chest-patch,  a  very  narrow  green  neck-band  above 
(narrower  than  in  typical  metallica'),  and  a  much  shorter  wing  than  typical 
metallica.  The  birds  from  Mysol  are  not,  in  my  opinion,  separable  from  metallica. 
The  notes  by  Ur.  Forbes  in  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  1SS4  (pp.  429  and  430)  and  those  of 
Dr.  Sharpe  are  not  correct,  principally  on  account  of  their  not  having  a  series 
from  Mysol.  C.  m.  circumscripta  is  not  a  bit  nearer  to  inornata  (the  Schouten 
Islands  subspecies)  than  to  typical  metallica,  though  in  the  original  description 
it  was  chiefly  compared  with  that  form.     They  arc  all  local  forms  of  one  species. 

47.  Corvus  latirostris  A.  B.  Meyer. 

The  Teuimber  crow  has  been  rather  unfortunate  with  regard  to  its  names. 
Sclater  {P.  Z.  S.  1883.  pp.  51,  195,  200)  called  it  Cordis  i-alitlissimns,  but  that 
name  refers  to  a  totally  different  crow  with  an  enormous  beak,  inhabiting  the 
Moluccan  Islands  of  Batjan,  Halmahera  and  Obi. 

A.  B.  Meyer  {Zcitschr.  ges.  Orn.  I.  p.  199,  1884)  separated  the  Teuimber  bird 
correctly  as  Corvus  latirostris,  but  Biittikofer  (Notes  Lojdcn  Mas.  VIII.  p.  Go, 
1880,  and  XVIII.  p.  189,  1897)  united  it  wrongly  with  C.  macrorhynckus.  He 
says   that  "in  no   respect  can  it  be  distinguished  from   macrorhijnchus,"  but   it 


(   174  ) 

differs  couspicnoasly  from  Iliu  latter.  The  bill  is  shorter  and  stouter  and  is  mueh 
more  romuh^d  on  the  ciilmeii,  which  does  not  show  such  a  distinct  ridge  as  iii 
viacrorkywhus.  The  nasal  jilumes  cover  fully  half  the  length  of  the  upper  bill 
and  thns  hide  the  nostrils  entirely.  The  bases  of  the  feathers  of  the  body- 
plumage  are  of  a  purer  and  more  creamy  white  without  any  indication  of  "a 
greyish  tint.  A.  B.  Meyer  (/.c.)  has  stated  some  of  the  ditlercnces  which  distinguish 
hitirostris  from  on-u  and  eiica.  The  feathers  of  the  throat  are  narrow,  j)oiiited, 
and  more  or  less  forked  at  the  tip.  The  plumage  has  not  much  of  a  purplish 
gloss,  except  on  the  wings  and  iuterscapulinm.  The  wings  measure  from  'Mb 
(one  female)  to  315  and  :J2.J  mm.  (two  mala  and  ona  female,  but  the  latter  is 
perhaps  wrongly  sexed).  Tails  about  l.sU  to  llMJ  mm.  The  ratlier  long  metatarsus 
00  to  6o  mm.  C'ulmen  from  base  only  55  to  GO  mm.  '  Iris  bluish  white,  bill  and 
feet  black.'  " 

There  is  no  doubt  that  many  of  the  Ravens  or  Crows  of  the  Eastern  Archipelago 
(lirobably  for  example  macrorhjnclms,  hitirostris,  eiica,  orrii,  J/orensis,  teiiuirostris) 
will  have  to  be  united  into  one  group  of  subspecies,  but  it  requires  more  time  and 
study  to  do  this  satisfactorily  than  I  can  at  present  afford. 

48.  Motacilla  flava  L. 

Three  males,  7.  1.  lOiil  and  12.  1.  lOOl,  Larat. 

49.  Pitta  vigors!  Gould. 

A  large  series  from  Larat.  The  range  of  this  Pitta  has  been  greatly  enlarged 
through  the  explorations  of  Heinrich  Kiihn,  but  Dr.  Riedel's  natives  had  already 
shot  it  on  the  Timorlaut  Islands. 

50.  Ptilinopus  wallacei  G.  R.  Gray. 

A  large  series  from  Larat.  Quite  indistinguishable  from  birds  from  the  Key, 
Banda,  and  South-East  Islands.     "  Iris  orange  red,  feet  carmine.     Bill  yellow." 

51.  Ptilinopus  xanthogaster  (Wagl.). 

A  series  from  Larat.  I  agree  with  Count  Salvadori  {('at.  li.  XXI.  j).  92) 
that  the  green  tinge  on  the  head  and  neck  denotes  young  age,  and  that  therefore 
Dr.  A.  B.  Bleycr's  ^^J/acovirescens "  from  Tenimber  cannot  be  separated  from 
xaiithoffaster. 

52.  Macropygia  magna  timorlaoensis  A.  B.  Meyer. 

A  fine  series  from  Larat  Island  (Kiihn),  and  one  from  Selaru  (Doherty).  The 
females  before  me  are  similar  to  the  males.  "  Metallic  purple  reflections  "  are 
not  very  apparent  on  the  breast  in  any  of  the  fourteen  examples  before  me. 
''  Iris  bluish  grey  with  a  pink  ring.  Feet  pale  brownish  carmine.  Bill  brown." 
Cf.  Cat.  B.  XXI.  p.  343.  This  series  confirms  our  view  about  the  position  of 
this  form,  as  expressed  anted,  p.  110. 


(  175) 

53.  Carpophag^a  concinna  Wall. 
Four  fniin  Larat  (Kiihii),  one  from  iSelarn  (Dolierty). 

54.  Carpophaga  rosacea  (Temm.). 

A  series  from  Larat.  "Iris  scarlet  or  lilooil-r(>d  ;  feet  pale  carmine;  bill 
slaty  grey." 

55.  Geopelia  maugeus  (Temm.). 
A  large  series  from  Larat.     "  Iris  bright  blnish  grey." 

56.  Chalcophaps  chrysochlora  (AN'agl.). 

One  adult  female  from  Larat.  This  species  is  well  known  to  inhabit  the 
Tenimber  group,  which  is  within  its  area.  It  is  almost  certain  that  the  young 
"  Chalcophaps  indica  "  mentioned  by  Biittikofer  (Notes  Leyden  Mas.  VII.  p.  07, 
1886)  as  having  come  from  Tenimber,  is  chnjsochlora. 

57.  Megapodius  tenimberensis  Scl. 

We  have  received  a  fine  series  from  Larat  and  Yamdena,  also  several  pnlli. 
The  latter  are  of  an  earthy  brown,  darker  on  the  head  and  mantle,  lighter  on  the 
throat  and  abdomen  ;  the  primaries  are  somewhat  mottled,  and  the  wing-coverts 
and  scapulars  somewhat  irregularly  barred.  The  adult  birds  have  the  scantily 
feathered  skin  of  the  neck  and  sides  of  the  head  bright  red,  the  iris  dull  coffee- 
brown,  legs  lilackish  brown  in  front,  with  the  back  and  the  tibio-tarsal  joint  dark 
vermilion,  bill  dirty  yellow. 

58.  Numenius  phaeopus  variegatus  (Scop.). 
Ow  female,  Yamdena  Island,  30.  1.  1001. 

50.  Rallina  tricolor  victa  subsp.  nov. 

In  Nov.  ZooL.  lOOO,  p.  22,  and  again  ante'/,  p.  140,  Mr.  Rothschild  and  I  have 
expressed  our  suspicion  that  the  more  western  specimens  of  Rallina  tricolor 
might  belong  to  a  separable  smaller  race.  The  arrival  of  equally  small  specimens 
from  Larat  removes  all  doubts  as  to  the  jtossibility  of  separating  this  race. 
It  differs  from  typical  ]'.  tricolor  in  its  smaller  size  (bill,  wings,  legs,  and  feet). 
The  ujjper  surface  is  also  a  tinge  less  olivaceous  and  more  of  an  ash}*  slate- 
colour,  and  the  bars  on  the  abdomen  apparently  less  developed  in  the  mean. 
Culmen  from  base  L'6  to  20,  wing  122  (P)  to  135  and  138  (c?),  metatarsus  40  to 
44  mm. 

Type  of  UalliiHi  tricolor  rictn  :  S,  Larat  IS.  12.  lOol.  "Iris  brownish  red  ; 
feet  dull  yellowish  brown  ;  bill  black  with  green  base,  dirty  green  below." 

Other  specimens  of  this  race  are  from  the  Koer  group  in  the  Sonth-East  Islands 
and  Uammer  in  the  Banda  Sea, 


(   17G  ) 

60.  Nycticorax  caledonicus  (Gm.). 
Five  adnlt,  birds  frdin  Larat. 

01.  Demiegretta  sacra. 
One  adult  male  iu  perfectly  white  plumage  from  Lelingloean  Island. 

62.  Fregata  ariel  Gonld. 
One  mnle,  Yamdeua  Island,  8.  1.  1901. 

63.  Dendrocygna  guttata  Schleg. 

Male  and  female  from  Larat.  "  Iris  dark  coffee-brown  ;  feet  brownish  or 
rnfons  black  ;  bill  black." 

Dr.    Forbes  {I.e.)  enumerates   eighty  species.     Of  these — in   addition   to   the 
sixty-three  sent — Mr.  Kiihn  observed,  but  did  not  shoot,  five  or  six.     Probably' 
the  supposed  Sauropatis  sancta  were  S.  australasiae  minor,  so  that  Dr.  Forbes' 
nos.  10  and  17  would  be  the  same. 

Psitieuteles  cuteles,  Ftilinopus  lettieyisis  and  Turtur  (iyriHus  liave  only  been 
taken  by  Dr.  Riedel's  natives  so  far,  and  it  would  be  well  if  their  occurrence  were 
confirmed. 


(  177  ) 


NOTES  ON  BUBALIS. 

By  the  HON.  WALTER  ROTHSCHILD,  Ph.D. 

WHEN  1  de.scribp(l  Bubalis  ncumaiim  from  Lake  Rudolph  {Ann.  if-  Miu/. 
Nat.  Hist.  ser.  6.  vol.  XX.,  Oct.  ISO",  p.  370),  I  was  led  to  compare 
it  with  B.  major  and  B.  biisclaphus,  because  Blessrs.  Sclater  &  Thomas  jihxced 
B.  lelivel  (Heugl.)  as  a  synonym  of  the  latter  species.  Since  my  original  de- 
scrijition  I  have  handled  a  number  of  skulls  and  horns  of  B.  neumaimi,  besides  two 
entire  specimens,  male  and  J'e male,  and  the  characters  I  mentioned  seem  fairly 
constant.  In  conversation  with  Mr.  Thomas,  we  came  to  the  conclusion  that  the 
treating  of  B.  Idicel  as  a  synonym  of  B.  buselapbis  was  certainly  erroneous, 
and  Mr.  Thomas  was  inclined  to  think  that  B.  lelweL  might  be  identical  with 
B.  neumaimi.  It  is  now  my  good  fortune  to  have  for  examination  a  number 
of  skulls  and  horns  collected  by  Captain  II.  M.  Sanders,  of  the  Worcester 
Regiment,  in  the  Bahr-el-Ghazal,  Kero,  a  little  north  of  the  5th  degree  of  lat., 
and  from  near  Achmcd  Aga  in  the  Dinka  country. 

Mr.  Rowlaud  Ward,  to  whom  I  am  indebted  for  the  loan  of  these  si)ecimens, 
pointed  out  to  me  certain  differences  between  my  B.  neumaimi  and  some  of 
Captain  Sanders'  specimens.  On  comparison  with  the  typical  sknlls  and  horns 
of  B.  neumanni,  I  find  that  the  two  sj)ecimens  from  the  Bahr-el-Ghazal  are 
certainly  different,  and  in  Ilenglin's  work  I  find  that  Ids  figures  agree  with  the 
two  latter  specimens,  and  that  he  gives  as  the  locality  for  his  lelwel  the  Rek 
country,  near  Meschra-er-Rek,  also  in  the  Bahr-el-Ghazal  district,  and  not  far 
from  where  Captain  Sanders  procured  his  specimens. 

I,  however,  find  that  the  two  specimens  from  the  Bahr-el-Ghazal  district 
bear  a  very  close  resemblance  to  skulls  and  horns  of  B.  jacksoni  lately  collected 
in  Uganda;  it  is  therefore  quite  jjossible  that,  when  we  are  able  to  compare  a 
series  of  B.  jacksoni  from  the  whole  of  its  range,  we  shall  find  that  B.  lelwel 
is  the  jiroper  name  for  what  we  now  call  B.  jacksoni,  but  the  material  at  my 
disposal  is  too  inadecpiate  to  settle  this  matter  finally. 

B.  lelwel  differs  conspicuously  from  B.  neumanni  by  having  the  horns  much 
closer  together,  and  the  tips  directed  straight  backwards  instead  of  first  extending 
outwards,  somewhat  at  right  angles,  and  then  curving  inwards.  They  are  also  very 
much  longer  and  stouter,  and  the  distance  between  the  last  annulations  and  the 

13 


(  1'8) 


jiniiit  is  generally  much  greater.    There  is  also  a  considerable  difterence  in  the  sliajie 
of  the  skull,  that  of  D.  Iclwel  being  much  longer. 


B.  lelwel. 

Distance  between  the  points 
of  the  horns  : — 
?  165  mm. 
?  185     „ 


Width  at  widest  spread 
of  horns  ; — 

?  230  mm. 

?  200     „ 


Distance  from  orbit 
to  base  of  horn  : — 

?  95  mm. 
?  105   „ 


Basal  length  of  skull  : 
?  375  mm. 


B.  neumaiiiii. 

Distance  between  the  points 
of  the  horns  : — 

?  (type)  255  mm. 

?  (Kero)  215  „ 

?  (Achmed  Aga)  275  mm. 

?  (   „    „  )  215  „ 

?  (   „     ,,  )  170  „ 

Width  of  widest  spread 
of  horns  : — 

?  (tyi)e)  340  mm. 

?  (Kero)  310  „ 

?  (Achmed  Aga)  330  mm. 

?  (   „    „  )  295  „ 

?  (   „    „  )  295  „ 

Distance  from  orliit 
to  base  of  horn  : — 
9  (type)  70  mm. 
?  (Kero)  80     „ 
?  (Achmed  Aga)  85  mm- 
?  (      „  „   )  90     ,. 

?  (      „  »   )  9"     .. 

Basal  length  of  skull ; — 
?  (type)  300  mm. 


I  have  given  measurements  oi females  only,  because  of  B.  lelwel  no  male.'s  were 
.available.     A  series  of  7nales  will  probably  show  the  differences  even  more  strikingly. 

I  think  this  series,  if  it  does  not  prove  the  identity  of  B.jachoni  and  B.  lelwel, 
at  least  conclusively  shows  that  my  B.  netimanni  is  a  good  and  distinct  race,  and 
that  Heuglin's  B.  lelwel  {Reise  in  Nordost-AJrika  II.  p.  124),  is  certainly  quite 
different  from  B.  major,  busclaphus  and  ncumanni.  I  shall  make  further  remarks 
on  this  subject  in  connection  with  a  collection  of  Abyssinian  mammals  made  by 
Captain  I'owell  Cotton. 


NOVITATES     ZOOLOGICAE. 


Vol.  VIII.  OCTOBER,    19UI.  No.  3. 

LIST  OF  A  COLLECTION  OF  BIEDS  FEOM  KULAMBANGEA 
AND   FLOEIDA   ISLANDS,   IN   THE   SOLOMONS  GEOUP. 

By   HON.   WALTER   ROTHSCHILD,   Ph.D.,   and   ERNST   HARTERT. 

THE  fact  that  the  birds  of  the  Solomon  Islands  are  so  little  known,  has  been 
the  reason  why  we  have  always  been  auxions  to  get  collections  from  that 
large  gronp.  Hitherto  onr  eflforts  have  been  in  vain,  and  onr  matirial  of  birds 
from  the  Solomons  has  so  far  been  very  poor.  We  have  a  few  specimens  from  the 
collections  made  about  fourteen  years  ago  by  Mr.  C.  M.  Woodford  on  Guadalcanar. 
Captains  Webster  and  Cotton,  a  few  years  ago,  brought  home  only  a  few  specimens 
in  spirits  from  New  Ceorgia,  and  Messrs.  Wahnes  and  Ribbe  sold  us  a  score  or  so 
of  fine  skins  from  the  Shortland  group,  mostly  from  Fauro.  To  enlarge  this  scanty 
material,  we  had  arranged  years  ago  with  our  enterprising  and  able  correspondent, 
Albert  8.  Meek,  to  make  larger  collections  on  the  Solomons,  although  we  were 
aware  that  the  hostility  of  the  natives  would  prevent  him  from  visiting  the  least 
known  islands,  especially,  we  were  afraid,  Bougainville  and  Choisenl.  We  have 
now  received  the  first  consignment  of  birds  from  the  Solomon  Islands,  namely, 
a  small  collection  from  Kulambangra,  or  Knlambangara,  north  of  and  very  close 
to  New  Georgia,  and  from  Florida,  north  of  and  not  far  from  Guadalcanar. 

We  do  not  know  enough  of  the  ornis  of  tliis  gronj)  of  islands,  and  these 
first  collections  are  not  large  enough,  to  draw  important  conclusions  about  the 
zoogeographical  relations  of  the  two  islands,  but  we  can  see  that  the  birds  of 
Kulambangra  are  in  many  cases  identical  with,  or  closely  allied  to,  those  of  Bngotu 
or  Isabel  Island,  and  appai'ently — from  the  geographical  position  we  should  say 
doubtless — those  of  New  Georgia  ;  but  we  do  not  know  enough  of  either  Bngotu 
(Isabel)  or  New  Georgia.  The  birds  of  Florida  are  mostly  like  those  of  Guadalcanar, 
but  some  are  different. 

We  have  been  able  to  describe  confidently  not  less  than  nine  new  forms,  seven 
of  which  are  from  Kulambangra,  two  from  Florida.  With  the  exception  of  a 
cuckoo  {('(i€omant/s  addendus)  and  a  most  interesting  parrot  (^Hi/pochannosi/iia 
mee/d),  the  new  forms  belong  all  to  the  Passeres. 

Nine  new  species  out  of  a  total  of  only  forty-eight  is  nowadays  a  remarkable 
number.  All  these  birds  were  collected  by  Mr.  Meek's  men,  before  Meek  Iiimself, 
who  has  been  very  ill,  we  are  sorry  to  say,  could  join  them.  Meek  is,  however, 
now  at  work  on  the  islands,  and  we  may  confidently  soon  expect  more  extensive 
collections,  which  will  doubtless  further  increase  our  knowledge  of  the  birds  of 
the  Eastern  Archipelago. 

14 


(  180  ) 

1.  Dicaeum  aeneiun  Piiclier.  et  Jacq. 
FloriJa.     '■  Iris  dark  brown,  feet  auil  bill  black." 

2.  Cinnyris  frenata  (S.  JliilL). 
A  series  of  beautiful  males  froiu  Kulambangra. 

3.  Zosterops  kulambangrae  sp.  nov. 

Ditl'ers  from  Z.  rcndomc  chiefly  in  having  a  very  distinct  ring  of  white  feathers 
round  the  eye,  and  a  deep  black  loral  patch. 

c?  9  ad.  Ujiper  surface  yellowish  green  with  an  olive  tinge.  Lores  largely 
black,  feathers  immediately  above  the  bill  blackish.  Eye  surrounded  by  a  ring 
of  white  feathers,  this  ring  being  interrupted  for  about  one  and  a  half  millimeter 
iu  front.  Underside  olive-yellow,  centre  of  breast  and  abdomen  yellow.  Thighs 
and  under  tail-coverts  yellow,  with  a  somewhat  dirty  wash.  Remiges  brownish 
black,  outwardly  edged  with  the  colour  of  the  back,  inwardly  edged  with  creamy 
white.  Under  wing-coverts  very  pale  lemon-yellow.  "  Iris  brown,  feet  straw-yellow, 
bill  black."  Wiug  62  to  05,  tail  43  to  44,  metatarsus  It?,  bill  (from  base  on 
forehead)  l(i  to  lO-.j  mm. 

Four  skius  from  Kulambangra,  Jannar}',  February,  and  March  I'JOl. 

4.  Zosterops  floridana  sp.  nov. 

S  ?  ad.  U]>per  surface  yellowish  green,  the  scantily  feathered  lores  dusky. 
Sides  of  head  slightly  more  yellowish  than  the  uj)perside,  chin  and  throat  bright 
yellow.  ITo  white  ring  round  eyes.  Breast  and  abdomen  white,  a  faint  yellow 
tinge  along  the  middle.  Thighs  yellow,  vent  and  under  tail-coverts  bright  yellow. 
Under  wing-coverts  white,  washed  with  yellow.  Remiges  blackish  brown,  outwardly 
edged  with  the  colour  of  the  back,  inwardly  with  white.  Rectrices  blackish  brown, 
edged  with  the  colour  of  the  back.  "  Iris  light  brown,  feet  slate-colonr,  bill  dark 
vandyke-browu,  nearly  black,  base  of  lower  bill  light  brown,  nearly  slaty."  AVing, 
S  60  to  61,  ¥  5«   mm.,  tail  41,  metatarsus  17,  bill  (from  forehead)  ]4"5  mm. 

Florida  Island,  December  lOUO. 

This  Zostcrojis  differs  from  Z.  metcal/ci  Tristram  (cf.  Ibis  1894,  \A.  III.,  j).  29) 
from  Bugotu  (Isabel),  principally  in  the  absence  of  the  white  ring,  which  is  very 
distinct  iu  the  latter,  only  being  interrujited  in  front.  The  tyjie  and  second 
specimen  of  Z.  mctcal/ei,  kindly  lent  by  Dr.  II.  0.  Forbes,  of  the  Liverpool 
Wuseum,  is  very  much  paler  above  and  on  the  throat  and  under  tail-coverts. 
They  have  the  apjiearance  of  having  been  iu  spirits.  If  they  have  not  been  in 
S])irits,  then  the  uawj/orii/ai/a  dift'ers  also  very  much  in  colour. 

5.  Graucalus  pusillus  Rams. 
Kulambangra,   common.     "  Iris   in   both   sexes   bright  yellow,  bill   and   feet 
black."     The  young  male  is   iiarred  on  the  abdomen  and   under  tail-coverts   like 
the  &du\t/emale.      ?  wing  130  to  13.j  mm.,  c^  wing  130  to  133  mm. 

0.  Graucalus  hypoleucus  snlisp. 
Three  skins  from  Florida  Island  arc  pure  white  below,  or  with  a  mere  shade 
of  grey  on  the  chest.     They  may  be  the  same  as  Graucalus  hijpoleucus  louisiadensis 


C   181   ) 

Sart.  (Nov.  ZooL.  1898,  p.  524),  but  more  material  is  necessary  to  decide  this 
question.  The  wings  are  very  little,  or  not  at  all  shorter  than  those  of  G.  h. 
louisiadensis. 

T.  Graucalus  welchmani  Tristr. 
A  series  from  Knlambaugra.     "  Iris  dark  reddish  brown,  bill  and  feet  black." 
One  of  us  (Hartert)  has  comiiared  the  type  from  Isabel  (Bugotu),  which  was 

kindly  lent  by  the  director  of  the  Liverpool   Museum,  and   did   not   notice  any 

dift'erence  between  it  and  the  Kulambangra  specimens. 

S.  Edoliisoma  salomonis  Tristr.  (?) 
Two  males  and  a  ratlier  worn  female  from  Florida,  and  a  freshly  moulted 
female  from  Kulambangra  (0.  3.  19U1),  seem  to  belong  to  tlie  same  species,  and  are 
apjiarently  the  same  as  Tristram's  E.  salomonis  from  Makira.  Adult  individuals 
of  both  sexes  are  required  to  coufirm  the  identity  of  the  specimens  from  the  various 
islands. 

9.  Myzomela  eichhorni  sp.  nov. 

c?  ad.  Upper  surface  greenish  olive,  crown  to  nape  and  sides  of  head  blackish, 
rump  and  upper  tail-coverts  scarlet.  Outer  aspect  of  wings  greenish  olive,  the 
remiges  being  deep  blackish  brown,  edged  exteriorly  with  greenisli  olive,  and 
towards  the  bases  of  the  inner  webs  witlr  whitish.  Under  surface  olive,  a  faint 
shade  lighter  on  the  abdomen,  and  lightest  on  the  under  tail-coverts,  feathers  of 
the  whole  middle  of  the  throat  somewhat  narrowed,  stiffened  and  elongated,  and 
rich  scarlet.  Under  wing-coverts  whitish  with  a  jiale  olive  tinge.  Tail  blackish 
brown  with  olive  edges.  "  Iris  dark  brown,  feet  slate-colour,  bill  entirely  black." 
AVing  70  to  73  mm.,  tail  about  53,  metatarsus  19,  culmen  over  the  curve  2\  to 
22  mm. 

?  (?  ad.).  Much  smaller,  more  buffy,  less  greenish  olive,  crown  like  back, 
rump  rusty  brown,  throat-patch  duller  red,  wing  about  62  mm. 

There  are  five  l)eautiful  adult  males  from  Kulambangra,  and  one  female,  which 
appears  to  be  immature. 

This  beautiful  Mtjzomcla  is  named  in  honour  of  our  correspondent  Albert 
Meek's  able  assistant  and  brother-in-law,  Mr.  Eichhorn. 

10.  Myzomela  dubia  Rams. 

Three  skins  from  Florida  agree  perfectly  with  a  large  series  from  Guadalcanar. 
This  sj)ecies  was  first  described  from  the  little  island  of  Savo,  close  to  and  north  of 
Guadalcanar.  It  has  been  rather  unfortunate  with  regard  to  its  name,  its  synonymy 
being  as  follows  : 

1879.   Cinni/ris  (?)  dul/ia,  Kamsay,  Proc.  Linn.  Sac.  A'.6'.  IT.  iv.  p.  83. 

1879.  Cinn>jns  melanocejjhalus,  Ramsay,  Nature,  p.  125.  (Ramsay's  un- 
scientific proceedings  in  publishing  two  papers  on  the  same  subject,  in  which  the 
names  of  a  number  of  species  do  not  agree  (!)  have  sufficiently  been  commented  upon 
\_Jf.O.  1880,  p.  loo  ;  Jbis,  1S6II,  p.  120],  and  we  need  not  therefore  complain  about 
this  again,  but  we  find  it  difficult  to  say  which  name  has  really  first  been  in  print. 
C.  melanocefhalus,  however,  is  published  in  a  mere  extract  of  the  pai)er,  and  dubia 
was  probably  in  print  before  in  Australia.     We  therefore  adopt  the  latter  name.) 

1881.   Cijrtostomus  melanocejjhalus,  iia,lwa,d.  Urn.  I'aj).  ii.  i\ 'Zti'J.    (The  author 


(  182) 

rejected  "  f/'/i?'«  "  on  account  df  the  existence  of  a  J}fi'ctan'nia  ditbia  of  Bechstein, 
1812,  which,  however,  is  a  sj-uonym  of  an  African  snnbinl,  and  need  nut  therefore 
concern  ns  here  at  all.) 

1884.  Myzomela  mclanocephala,  Sharpe  in  Gonld's  B.  New  Guinea,  pt.  xvii., 
jil.  X.     (Phiced  in  the  correct  genus  for  the  first  time.) 

1888.  Miixomda  darpii,  Grant,  I'.Z.S.,  1888,  p.  197,  pi.  s.,  f.  3.  (The  author, 
as  shown  by  his  remark  that  this  species  is  quite  unlike  anythini;  hitherto  described, 
had  evidently  not  compared  Gould's  B.  of  New  Guinea,  where  the  species  is  figured 
better  than  in  the  P.Z.S.  The  type  of  M.  s/iarpii,  which  we  have  compared,  has  the 
appearance  of  having  been  in  spirits,  the  properly  greenish  colour  being  somewhat 
brownish.) 

11.  Monarclia  castaneiventris  (Verr.) 
Two  adult  males  from  Florida.     "  Iris  dark  brown,  feet  slate-coloar,  bill  blue 
with  slaty  black  tip." 

12.  Monarcha  richardsi  (Rams.) 

A  remarkably  fine  scries  from  Knlambangra. 

The  adult  male  may  briefly  be  described  as  follows  : — 

Ujjperside  deep  black,  occiput  and  hind-neck  pure  white,  tail,  wings,  throat  and 
chest  black,  abdomen  and  under  tail-coverts  rufous  chestnut.  One  male  (ai)pareutly 
not  immature),  has  the  middle  of  the  breast  jiartially  white. 

Other  birds  (?  adwlt  J'emales)  are  as  follows  : — 

Upperside  dark  grey,  forehead  and  throat  more  or  less  blackish.  From  the  eye 
to  the  hind-neck  a  white  patch  of  various  size  and  shape,  jngnlum  grey  like  the 
back,  abdomen  and  under  tail-coverts  rufous-chestnut,  lighter  than  in  the  adult  male. 

Apparently,  immature  females  have  no  white  patch  behind  the  eye,  and  no 
blackish  tinge  on  the  throat  and  forehead.  The  young  male  resembles  these  yonng 
J'emales. 

The  question  arises  if  these  various  plumages  are  S  ad.,  ?  ad.  and  imm.,  or 
whether  the  sexes  are  alike,  and  all  our  supposed  adult  females  are  immature 
females  or  males.  The  adult  males  have  the  "  iris  dark  brown,  feet  deep  slate-colour, 
bill  slaty  bine."    Females  and  young  have  the  same  coloration  of  bare  parts. 

The  adult  males  agree  with  a  male  collected  on  Rubiana  by  Captains  Cotton 
and  Webster.  It  was  sent  in  sjiirits,  skinned  here,  and  marked  "  ?  "  on  the  label 
by  the  taxidermist  who  skinned  it.  We  have  no  reason  to  suppose  that  he  made 
a  mistake,  and  if  not,  it  follows  that  the  sexes  are  alike  in  M.  ricliardsi,  and  our 
supjiosed  adult  females  are  all  yonng  of  either  sex,  for  which  speaks  the  various 
extent  of  the  white  post-ocular  patch. 

13.  Monarcha  brodiei  floridana  subsp.  nov. 

S  ad.  Differs  from  }f.  brodiei  from  Guadalcanar  as  follows  : — 

The  feathers  of  t  lie  throat  are  less  elongated  ;  the  primary  coverts  are  not  quite 
black,  but  have  distinct  white  edges  to  the  outer  webs  ;  some  of  the  inner  longer 
secondaries  have  an  elongated  white  mark  near  the  tip,  and  the  fomth  from  behind 
has  nearly  the  whole  outer  web  bordered  with  white. 

Two  adult  males,  Florida  Island,  January  1901. 

"  Iris  dark  brown,  bill  and  feet  blue-slate." 


(   183  ) 

14.  Monarcha  kulambangrae  sp.  nov. 

cf  ?  ad.  At  first  sight  very  mnch  like  .1/.  hroiHei,  bat  difiers  in  the  very  much 
shorter,  more  scaly  feathers  of  the  throat,  and  the  black  area  connecting  the  back 
and  throat,  while  in  M.  brodiei  and  M.  brocliei  floridana  the  white  of  the  breast  and 
abdomen  is  connected  with  the  white  auricular  region.  The  white  speculum  on 
the  wing-coverts  is  not  so  wide  and  quadrangular,  the  primary  coverts  have  very 
narrow  white  outer  edges,  the  secondaries  have  no  white  whatever.  The  four  outer 
rectrices  have  wide  white  tips,  on  the  outermost  ones  nearly  twice  as  wide  as  in 
M.  brodiei,  but  these  white  tips  seem  to  vary  much  in  extent.  Otherwise  like 
M.  brodiei.  Wing  82  to  83  mm.  in  i]xe  females,  80  in  the  male.  Two  femaies  and 
one  7n(ile  from  Kulambangra,  March  1901.  "Iris  dark  brown,  bill  and  feet  blue- 
slate."  If  correctly  determined  the  se.xes  are  alike,  the  female  merely  being  a 
little  smaller  than  the  male. 

!•).  Myiagra  ferrocyanea  Rams. 

(?  ?  Florida.  Agreeing  with  specimens  from  Gnadalfianar,  collected  by  Mr. 
Woodford.  There  is  no  doubt  that  Myiayra  pallida  of  Ramsay  is  the  female  of 
M.ferroe>/a>iea. 

16.  Myiagra  feminina  sp.  uov. 

Two  females  from  Kulambangra — males  liave  unfortunately  not  been  sent — 
differ  from  iho  females  of  M.ferrocijanea  in  their  brown,  not  cinnamon  outer  edges 
to  the  remiges  and  base  of  tail,  the  whole  tail  being  without  cinnamon,  even  when 
viewed  from  below,  where  it  appears  quite  cinnamon  in  M.  ferronjioiea  ?.  U]iper 
tail-coverts  grey,  not  cinnamon,  rump  grey,  abdomen  and  under  tail-coverts  pure 
white.  "  Iris  dark  brown,  feet  slate,  bill  bluish  slate  or  light  brown."  Wings 
65  mm.  (68  at  least  in  M.  ferrocyanea  ¥ ). 

17.  Rhipidura  rubrofrontata  Rams. 
Two  skins  from  Kulambangra  seem   to  agree  with  Ramsay's  rubrofrontata, 
but   a  good   series   from    Guadaleanar   may  show   that   two    local    forms   can   be 
distinguished. 

18.  Rhipidura  albina  sp.  uov. 

S  ad.  Upper  surface  black,  merging  into  slate-colour  on  the  back  and  rumji. 
Throat  and  breast  black.  Wings  brownish  black,  secondaries  with  wide  whitish  onter 
margins,  narrowly  edged  with  whitish  on  the  inner  webs.  Largest  series  of  wing- 
coverts  with  tiny  dirty  white  tips.  Tail  entirely  black.  Feathers  in  the  middle  of 
the  abdomen  with  large  white  spots,  feathers  on  the  flanks  and  sides  of  lower  back 
ti])ped  with  white,  lower  abdomen  and  under  tail-coverts  white.  "  Iris  dark  brown, 
feet  blackish  brown,  bill  black."  Wing  98  mm.,  tail  03  mm.,  very  little  graduated, 
the  lateral  rectrices  being  only  8  mm.  shorter  than  the  longest  central  pair.  Bill 
23  mm.,  metatarsus  18'8  mm. 

One  mule,  Kulambangra,  13.  3.  1901.  There  are  some  irregular  white  feathers 
on  the  head,  chin  and  throat,  which  are  evidently  due  to  albinistic  aberration. 
Normally  coloured  s]iecimens  were  unfortunately  not  sent,  but  the  bird  differs  from 
all  known  species  of  the  geuns.     It  belongs  to  the  Saidoprocta  section. 


(  184  ) 

19.  Pachycephala  astrolabi  Bp. 

Both  sexes  from  Florida,  also  an  immature  bird  which  ajijiaroutly  belongs  to 
this  species,  from  Kulambanf;ra.  "  Iris  dark  brown,  feet  slate-colour  (in  the  female 
light  browij),  bill  l)lack  (in  the  /ciiinlc  brown)." 

Our  sjieeimens  agree  fully  with  those  from  Guadalcauar. 

20.  Mino  kreffti  (Sol.). 
Kulambangra  and  Florida  Islands. 

21.  Calornis  metallica  Temm. 
One  yonng  ft'mnh'  from  Florida  Island. 

22.  Calornis  fulvipennis  (Jacq.  et  Pnch.). 

Three  from  Florida  and  three  from  Knlambangra. 

These  specimens  are  very  large,  tlie  wings  in  the  males  reaching  100  mm.  in 
length.  It  remains  to  be  seen  whether  typic&l /ukipennis  from  Isabella  are  equally 
large.  There  is  no  reason  to  reject  the  specific  name  fiiln'pennis,  as  Swainson's 
Lamprotornis  fidripennis  refers  to  a  wiihdy  difterent  African  bird  which  now  has 
to  stand  in  another  genus.  Calornis  fulmpennis  has  the  iris  dark  red,  bill  and 
feet  black. 

23.  Hirundo  tahitica  Gm. 
Kulambangra. 

24.  Macropteryx  mystacea  woodfordiana  Hart. 

This  excellent  form  (cf.  Nov.  ZooL.  1890,  p.  19,  and  Ticrreich  1.  Lief. 
{Afacrojiteri/giJue)  p.  65)  differs  at  a  glance  from  M.  mystacea  mystacea  in  its 
uniform  iindcr-snrface,  the  lower  abdomen,  belly,  and  under  tail-coverts  not  being 
white,  lint  uniform  grey  like  the  breast.  The  wing  measures  20(1  to  2iiS  mm. 
Some  individuals  (? younger  ones)  have  an  indication  of  a  rufous  spot  behind  the 
ear-coverts. 

AVc  have  a  series  from  Kulambangra.  "  Iris  dark  brown,  bill  and  feet  black." 
These  specimens  agree  with  the  types  from  Gnadalcanar. 

25.  Eurostopodus  nigripennis  Rams. 

?.  Kulambangra,  8.  3.  1901.  "  Iris  dark  bluish  black  ;  feet  chocolate  brown  ; 
l)ill  black. 

This  specimen  is  like  the  ?  in  t'anon  Tristram's  collection  (now  in  the 
Liverpool  Museum),  and  I  believe  it  to  be  9,  female,  though  the  collector  has  added 
a  query  to  the  statement  of  its  sex.  The  wings  and  plumage  of  the  body  are 
in  moult. 

20.  Centropus  milo  Gould. 
Adult  and  young  of  this  magnificent  Centropus  irom  Florida  atul  Kulambangra. 
The  iris  of  the  adults  is  marked  as  light  yellowish  brown  (Florida)  and  orange 
yellow  (Kulambangra),  feet  bhie-slate,  bill  blackish.      The  iris  of  the   yonng  is 
iishy  grey,  feet  bluish  slate,  bill  dark  brown. 


(  185  ) 

27.  Cacomantis  addendus  sp.  nov. 

Two  evidently  fnlly  adult  birds,  both  marli:ed  as  males,  from  Knlambans:ra, 
20.  2.  and  5.  '^.  lODl,  are  apparfutly  most  nearly  allied  to  the  form  from  New  Britain, 
which  Shelley  {Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mm.  XIX.,  p.  273)  identifies  with  rnsperatiis  of  GonM, 
while  Finsch  (N^ot.  Lei/den  Mus.  XXII.,  p.  S-'i)  unites  it  with  what  he  calls  <lumetonim, 
and  Salvadori  {Orn.  Pap.  I.  p.  337)  used  to  term  it  assimilis.  Whether  any  of 
these  names  are  correctly  to  be  nsed  for  the  bird  inhabitiris;  New  Britain  and 
Fergnsson  (Hartert,  Nov.  Zool.  180(),  p.  343,  Mas.  Tring),  is  doubtful,  and  we 
suspect  that  the  Australian  form  differs  from  that  inhabiting  New  Britain.  But, 
supposing  that  they  are  the  same,  the  name  of  that  supposed  species  is  to  be 
iiispemtus,  standing  first  on  p.  10  of  P.Z.S.  1845.  Dr.  Finsch  has  rejected  this 
name  apparently  on  account  of  the  enormous  wing  measurement  ;  but  it  is  evident 
that  Gould's  measure  in  the  original  description  (t.c.)  is  erroneous,  from  referring  to 
Gould's  folio  works  on  the  "  Birds  of  Australia." 

Our  birds  from  Kulambangra  dift'er  from  the  provisionally  so-calleil  /iispernf'is 
from  New  Britain  in  tlieir  ver}'  dark  njiperside,  which  is  deep  date-colour  with  a 
metallic  gloss,  the  more  rufous  underside,  which  is  shaded  with  brown  (not  greyish), 
leaving  only  the  chin  for  about  1  cm.  grey.  The  wing  measures  only  110  and 
120  mm.  "Iris  brown,  feet  light  brownish  yellow,  bill  black,  underneath  slate- 
colour"  (in  skin  brownish,  as  if  it  had  been  yelli)wish  in  life  !). 

The  much  stronger  bill  distinguishes  this  cuckoo  from  mcndimis  iuid  tlirrnodfs. 

How  far  the  different  forms  of  Cacomantis  can  be  considered  to  lie  species  or 
subspecies  is  a  question  which  requires  a  long  study. 

28.  Eurystomus  solomonensis  Sharpe. 
A  series  from  Florida  Island.     The  young  bird  has  no  blue  gnhir  patch,  and  the 
bill  is  blackish.     It  must  here  be  said  that  the  figure  on  Plate  III.  in  Cat.  />'.  lirif. 
Mus.  XVII.  is  (jnite  misleading,  as  the  colour  of  the  bird  is  bluish  and  not  green.* 

29.   Halcyon  saurophaga  Gould. 
cJ.  Kulambangra. 

30.  Halcyon  tristrami  Layard. 

Four  from  Kulambangra,  one  from  Florida  Island.  "  Iris  dark  brown,  feet 
slate-colour  or  dirty  blackish.     Bill  black,  about  the  basal  half  of  lower  bill  white." 

The  intensity  of  the  tawny  underparts,  supra-loral  spot  and  collar  varies  much. 
The  sexes  stated  on  our  labels  do  not  bear  out  Dr.  Sharpe's  statement  {Cat.  B.  Brit. 
Mus.  XVII.,  p.  207),  that  the  females  are  lighter  (whitish  in  the  centre)  on  the 
abdomen,  but  the  sexing  may  be  erroneous.     The  specimen  from  Florida  is  much 

*  I  take  this  opportunity  to  correct  a  p.artial  mist.akc  I  made  in  Ibis  189(1,  p.  279.  I  there  called  the 
Eiinjstomux  from  New  Hanoyer  Eiirysfminis  solnmonrnsix,  but  the  series  now  received  from  Florida  Island 
enables  me  to  separate  the  New  Hanover  form,  which  I  name 

Eurystomus  neohanoveranus  sp.  nor. 

It  differs  from  K.  sahimimr>i.ii.i,  which  it  rcsemldc^s  most,  in  the  more  uniform  and  more  purplish  f-nlar 
patch,  on  which  the  bright  shaftdines  are  much  less  developed.  The  blackish  forchcarl  has  a  ilislinct 
purplish  tinge,  which  is  not  visible  in  iJ.  snhtmnncnsh,  the  hind  neck  and  mantle  are  more  bluish  j;rcenish, 
less  tinged  with  Idackish  brown.  Typo:  Expedition  Bay,  New  Hanover.  22.  :i.  IS9T,  Caylcy  Wcbslcr 
Coll.  (Tring  Museum).— Ernst  Hartekt, 


(,  186  ) 

paler  than  the  others  from  Knlambangra,  the  collar  white,  bnt  it  is  more  worn,  and 
the  differences  lietween  it  and  the  palest  one  from  Knlambangra,  and  between  the 
darkest  and  j)alest  from  the  latter  island  are  about  enual. 

:'>1.  Halcyon  leucopygia  (Verr.). 
Six  from  Florida.     The  female  differs  from  the  male  only  in  the  bine  instead  of 
white  lower  back  and  rump.     "  Iris  dark  brown,  feet  blackish,  Mil  Muck." 

32.  Alcyone  richardsi  Tristr. 
c?  ad.  Knlambann:ra.  10.  fi.    lOUl.      "Iris  dark  bmwn,   feet  and  bill  turkej-- 
timber."     Feet  and  bill  ajiiiear  black  in  skin. 

33.  Ceyx  lepida  sacerdotis  f?). 

Four  skins,  one  marked  as  vm/c,  three  as  faiutlcg,  from  Knlambangra,  resemble 
so  closely  the  form  Cei/x  lepida  uropt/ffialis  from  the  Northern  Moluccas  (cf  Hartert, 
anteu,  p.  97),  that  it  is  not  easy  to  state  any  ditferences.  All  we  can  see  is,  that  the 
middle  of  the  abdomen  is  more  yellowish,  somewhat  lighter,  the  wing  apparently 
longer  (being  in  all  fonr  about  64  to  05  mm.  while  in  C.  I.  ^ivopi/ginlis  02  to  05  mm.), 
and  apparently  the  mantle  less  blue,  more  black,  a  feature  not  easily  seen,  as  the 
skins  are  of  very  different,  very  much  finer  make,  than  our  series  from  the  Northern 
Moluccas.  In  any  case  this  form  is  much  nearer  to  C.  1.  nropi/ffialis  than  the  true 
C.  I.  lepida  from  the  Southern  Moluccas,  which  can  easily  be  distinguished  from 
uropygialis. 

This  is  probably  the  sacerdotis  of  Ramsay,  originally  described  from  New 
Britain.  Ramsay  compared  it  with  Ce>jx  jdiilippiiicnsis,  but  Salvadori  {Orn.  Pap. 
III.,  p.  592)  has  already  remarked,  that  the  description  shows  it  to  be  closely  allied 
to  ('.  lepida,  and  that,  in  fact,  from  the  description,  one  could  not  state  how  it 
difl'ercd  from  the  latter,  though  it  would  most  likely  be  different.  Dr.  Sharpe  {Cat. 
Ji.  XVII.,  p.  184)  allowed  it  specific  rank,  but  does  not  jioint  out  the  differences  from 
lepida  and  i(rop>/(ii<ilis,  which  he  united,  while  in  the  "key,"  on  p.  173,  he  placed 
sacerdotis  in  a  wrong  section,  viz.,  tliat  with  black  upper  bill.  The  entire  bill  is  red, 
iris  brown,  feet  orange. 

A  series  will  be  necessary  to  show  if  the  New  Britain  bird  is  entirely  the  same 
as  onr  supposed  sacerdotis  from  the  Solomons. 

34.  Trichoglossus  haematodus  massena  Bp. 

(Cf.  aritea,  p.  70,  also  p.  OS.) 

Four  .skins  from  Knlambangra.  They  all  sliow  the  yellowish  green  nuchal 
collar  interrupted  in  the  middle  (cf.  note  in  Finsch's  "  Papageien  ").  None  of 
them  seem  to  be  very  adult  individuals.  More  material  must  be  at  hand  to  decide 
if  the  interrupted  collar  is  a  local  iieculiarity  or  not. 

Mr.  Eiehhorn  marks  the  iris  as  "light  red,  feet  light  greenish  slate,  bill 
dirty  red." 

35.  Eos  cardinalis  (G.  R.  Gray). 
Florida  and  Knlambangra.     Siiecimens  from  these  two  islands  do  not  in  any 
way  differ  from  eai^h  other.     "  Iris  liriirht  red,  in  less  mature  birds  light  brown  ; 
bill  dark  red  ;  feet  dull  black," 


(  187  ) 

36.  Hypocharmosyna  meeki  spec.  nov. 

Differs  from  Hi/pochufmosi/iia  pahnanim  from  the  New  Hebrides  in  the 
absence  of  red  feathers  near  the  base  of  the  bill,  absence  of  yellow  tips  to  the 
central  rectrices,  and  in  the  colour  of  the  crown.  Differs  from  //.  pygmaea,  the 
home  of  which  is  unknown,  in  the  absence  of  3'ellow  tips  to  the  central  rectrices, 
colour  of  the  crown,  and  a  brownish  orange  band  across  the  back. 

S  ad.  Upper  surface  grass-green,  brighter  on  the  forehead.  Crown-feathers 
tij)ped  with  a  dark  lead-colour,  before  the  lead-coloured  tip  a  tiny  bright  green 
spot,  so  that  the  crown  looks  blackish  grey  with  tiny  green  spots.  Across  the 
interscapulium  an  orange-brown  band  nearly  a  centimeter  in  width.  Remiges  black 
with  grass-green  outer  edges.  Underside  light  green,  the  feathers  being  yellowish 
towards  the  bases.  Feathers  behind  the  auricular  region  with  brighter  green 
shaft-lines.  Rectrices  green,  all  except  the  central  pair  with  yellow  tips  to  the 
inner  webs  and  a  narrow  portion  of  the  outer  web,  blackish  from  below  and  on 
the  inner  webs.  Central  pair  dark  green  from  above,  blackish  from  below.  Under 
wing-coverts  green.  "  Iris  yellowish  red,  feet  pale  orange  or  brownish  red,  bill 
dark  dirty  red."     Wing  81  to  86  mm.,  tail  75  to  78,  bill  about  13  mm. 

Three  specimens  sexed  males,  one  female,  from  Kulambangi'a.  If  these  are 
correctly  sexed  the  sexes  would  be  quite  alike,  but  we  are  inclined  to  think  that  a 
pair  of  labels  has  beeu  mixed,  so  that  the  male  would  be  slightly  larger  (wing  86), 
the  female  smaller  (wing  81),  but  otherwise  alike. 

This  most  interesting  species  is  named  in  honour  of  Mr.  Albert  S.  Meek,  to 
whose  enterprise  and  energy  we  owe  the  valuable  collection  in  which  it  arrived. 


37.  Charmosynopsis  margarethae  (Tristr.). 

As  far  as  we  are  aware,  only  one  specimen,  the  type  of  Va.c  fetnale,  is  so  far 
in  existence  in  any  European  mnsenm.  Dr.  Forbes  has  been  kind  enough  to  send 
us  this  valuable  example  for  comparison,  and  we  find  that  it  entirely  agrees  with 
the  magnificent  series  which  we  received  now  from  Kulambangra.  The  purplish 
black  pectoral  collar,  which  separates  the  orange-yellow  chest-band  from  the 
carmine  breast  and  abdomen,  is  very  little  curved,  the  description  and  figure 
(Mivart's  Monogr.  Loriidae)  of  its  almost  arrow-shaped  form  is  due  to  the  inferior 
preparation  of  the  type.  The  type  came  from  San  (ihristoval,  and  it  is  said  to 
occur  also  on  Ugi. 

The  7nule  has  the  sides  of  the  rump  carmine,  the  female  yellow.  The  males 
have  the  wing  115  to  117  mm.,  the  female  is  smaller,  wing  IIU  to  111  mm.  long. 
In  other  respects  the  sexes  are  perfectly  similar.  The  iris  is  marked  as  "pale  red" 
on  all  the  labels,  feet  "  orange,"  bill  "  dirty  red." 

Immature  birds  have  the  yellow  collar  above  and  below  ill  defined,  the 
purplish  black  collars  not  developed,  and  purplish  black  edges  to  the  red  feathers. 

38.  Cacatua  ducorpsi  Jacq.  et  Puch. 

c?  ¥  Kulambangra.  Like  sjjccimons  from  Fauro  (Wahnes  and  Ribbe  coll.) 
and  Guadalcanar  (Woodford  coll.).  The  female  is  a  little  smaller,  the  bill 
considerably  less. 


,(   188  ) 

30.  Nasiterna  nanina  Tristr.  (?). 

We  liavp  received  two  pairs  of  a  Nasitenui-  from  Knlambangra,  which  seem 
to  be  the  same  as  Tristram's  imnina.  Wc  were  uot  iucliiieil  to  think  that  this 
was  jiossible,  as  the  measurements  given  for  ttnnina  are  so  exceedingly  small. 
Dr.  Forbes,  however,  having  kindly  sent  the  type,  wliich  is  from  Bngotn  (Isabel), 
to  Trin.ir,  Hartert  saw  at  the  first  glance  that  it  was  a  very  yonng  bird.  Not  only 
is  tlie  bill  whitish,  but  wings  and  tail  are  only  grown  for  about  three-quarters  of 
their  length.  It  is  a  very  unscientitie  proceeding  to  jiass  over  this  fact  when 
describing  the  bird,  and  to  attach  weight  to  the  diminutive  size,  which  cannot 
be  stated,  bat  only  guessed  !  Except  for  the  size,  and  an  apparently  somewhat 
greener  abdomen — ajipavent  only,  because  the  abdomen  of  the  tyjie  is  half  bare — 
our  fonr  skins  from  Knlambangra  are  like  minim.  The  males  are  larger,  and  the 
cheeks  have  pale  bluish  tips  to  the  feathers.  The  females  are  smaller,  and  the 
feather.'i  of  the  cheeks  are  reddish  orange.  So  they  are  in  the  type,  but  slightly 
brighter.  The  central  rectrices  are  blue,  the  next  pair  is  qnite  black  (also  in  the 
tyjie),  the  rest  black  witli  a  green  tip  to  the  outer  and  a  yellow  tip  to  the  inner  web. 
These  birds  are  qnite  distinct  from  N.fnseJii,  the  male  of  which  has  the  middle 
of  the  abdomen  orange-red.  The  wing  of  the  male  measures  66  to  67  mm.,  that 
of  theym«/t'  61  tt)  63  mm.  "  Iris  red,  feet  and  l)ill  bluish  slate-colonr."  The  bill 
is  rather  large  for  a  ]\'ti.sitcriia. 

There  is  at  present  no  special  reason  to  donbt  the  identity  of  our  Knlamliangra 
birds  with  naiuna,  but  a  series  of  adnlt  individuals  from  Isabel  (Bugotu)  might 
show  that  the  forms  are  somewhat  ditferent  after  all. 

40.  Eclectus  pectoralis  solomonensis  Rothsch.  k  Hart. 

One  adnlt  male,  Florida,  January  lOOl,  bears  out  the  distinctness,  as  an 
excellent  subspecies,  of  the  small  Solomon  Islands  form  from  typical  pectoralis 
from  New  Guinea  and  adjacent  islands.  The  tips  to  the  tail  are  rather  wide. 
"  Iris  yellowish  red  :  feet  black  ;  upper  bill  red,  lower  bill  black."  Wing  only 
248  mm.     Cf.  anted,  p.  82. 

41.  Geoffroyus  heteroclitus  (Hombr.  &  Jacq.). 

Knlambangra  and  Florida.  The  young  has  the  head  olive-green  instead  of 
yellow,  and  the  bluish  grey  collar  not  marked.  Adult :  "  Iris  pale  yellow,  feet 
sage-green  or  green-slate,  upper  liill  yellowish  green,  under  bill  dark  brown." 

* 

42.  Astur  albigularis  (Gray). 

i  ad.  Knlambangra,  27.  2.  1901.  "Iris  bright  yellow;  feet  lemon  chrome; 
bill  black  ;  cere  blue-slate." 

Wing  212  mm.  The  type  of  this  species  in  the  British  Museum  has  the 
wing  260  mm.,  and  is  therefore  &  female. 

3  juv.  Knlambangra  12.  3.  1901.  "  Iris  bright  yellow  ;  feet  bright  straw- 
yellow  ;  bill  bluish  slate." 

This  sjiecimen  is  of  the  same  size  as  the  adnlt  wale.  Instead  of  being  slaty 
black  above  and  white  below,  it  is  above  brownish  black,  with  rufous  edges  and 
spots  to  the  feathers,  each  featlier  being,  in  fact,  whitish  at  base,  then  rufous, 


(   18'J  ) 

and  crossed  by  a  blackish  bar  in  the  middle,  and  another  very  wide  one  near  the 
tiji.  The  remiges  are  deep  brown  with  narrow  blackish  bars,  and  pale  rnfous 
towards  tlie  base.  The  tail  is  slaty  grey,  with  six  black  bars  and  a  rnfons  shade, 
whicli  is  strongest  on  the  lateral  reetric.es.  Underside  pale  bnft',  on  tlie  flanks  with 
deep  brown  cross-bars  and  arrow-sliupeil  spots,  otherwise  longitudinally  marked 
with  the  same  colour. 

Another  bird,  marked  ?,  witli  the  iris  hiizel-brown,  feet  lemon-chrome,  bill 
black,  cere  orange,  shot  in  January  on  Florida  Island,  may  or  may  not  belong 
to  the  same  species.  Its  feet  seem  to  be  stronger.  It  is  above  dark  brown,  with 
white  bases  and  very  narrow  rusty  tips  to  the  feathers,  and  a  slaty  wash  on  the 
forehead.     The  underside  is  white  with  rnfous-brown  spots.     Wing  about  223  mm. 

43.  Coryphoenas  crassirostris  (Gould). 
Four  from  Kulambangra.     "  Iris  yellow,  with  a  red  outer  circle  ;  feet  purplish 
red  ;  bill  purplish  red. 

44.  Carpophaga  rufigula  Salvad. 
Florida  and  Kulambangra.     "  Iris  dark  red." 

45.  Ptilinopus  lewisi  Rams. 
Florida  and    Kulambangra.      "Iris   yellowish   red;   bill   dirty   yellow;    feet 
purplish  red." 

40.  Ptilinopus  superbus  (Temm.  &  Kniij). 

One  adult  male  from  Florida.  This  specimen  appears  to  be  very  small,  and  it 
is  not  impossible  that  a  good  series  from  the  Solomons  may  prove  tliat  it  is 
snbspecifically  sej)arable  from  typical  superhns. 

47.  Macropygia  rufa  rufocastanea  Rams. 

This  form,  though  quite  distinct  from  rufa,  is  evidently  closely  related  to  the 
latter,  and  will  probably — together  with  machinlayi — form  one  group  of  the  genus 
Macroyygia  with  bifurcated  chest  feathers,  which  might  be  named  trinomially. 

We  have  received  one  fully  &Aw\i  female  of  rufocastanea  from  Kulambangra. 

48.  Chalcophaps  stephani  mortoni  Rams. 

Three  from  Florida.  This  form  ditfers  from  Chalcoiihaps  stepliani  stephani 
only  in  its  larger  size.  The  wing  is  about  1  cm.  longer.  Cf.  Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mas. 
XXI.  p.  522,  and  antea,  p.  130. 


(  190) 


DMEFANULIBAE,  UBANIIBAE,  AND  GEOMETRIDAE 
FROM  TUE  PALAEARCTIC  AND  INDO-AUSTRALIAN 
REGIONS. 

By   W.    warren,   M.A.,    F.E.S. 

Family   DREPANULIDAE. 

Ametroptila  gen.  nov. 

Foreicingtt :  broad,  with  costa  strong!}-  arched  at  base,  then  nearl}-  straight.  ; 
apex  slightly  prodnced  ;  liindmargin  gibbons  in  middle,  concave  above,  obliqne 
below  ;  inner  margin  convex. 

Ilimhvings  :  very  small  ;  the  costa  strongly  arched  and  fringed  ;  apex  ronnded ; 
anal  angle  sqnare  ;  hindmargin  straight ;  base  of  cell  diaphanons  ;  its  extremity 
covered  on  np]ier  side  with  a  flattened  tnft  of  cnrved  hairs. 

Antennae  simple,  lamellate  ;  jialpi  nptnrned,  rather  long,  the  terminal  joint 
distinct  ;  tongue  and  frennlnm  present ;  hind-tibiae  with  4  spurs. 

Nenration  :  forewings,  cell  less  than  half  the  length  of  wing,  longer  below 
than  towards  costa:  discocellnlar  vertical  above,  very  oblique  below  and  again 
shortly  vertical  at  end  ;  first  median  nervnle  nearly  from  middle  ;  second  at  nine- 
tcnths  ;  lower  radial  from  the  lower  angle  of  discocellnlar,  and  therefore  not  far 
above  4  ;  upper  radial  from  ujjper  angle  of  cell ;  7,  8,  9  stalked  from  before  angle  ; 
10,  11  stalked,  1(»  anastomosing  with  8,  9:  hindwings,  cell  very  short;  all  the 
veins  strongly  curved,  more  or  less  parallel  to  the  curve  of  costa  ;  costal  connected 
with  subcostal  by  an  oblique  bar  at  end  of  cell  ;  veins  2  and  3  missing  ;  ?  coincident 
with  4. 

Type  Ametroptila  scmibrevis  sj).  nov. 

1.  Ametroptila  semibrevis  sp.  nov. 

Foreuiriffs  :  rnfons  ochreous,  dusted  with  brown,  and  with  traces  of  several 
brownish  lines  across  wing,  and  a  difiuse  cloud  before  middle,  containing  a  flattened 
blotch  at  end  of  cell  ;  fringe  concolorous,  with  a  dark  basal  line. 

Uiinlicings :  with  traces  of  lines  on  inner  margin  only  ;  the  tuft  of  hair  con- 
colorous ;  costal  area  jiale. 

Underside  pale  dull  ochreous,  without  markings  except  a  curved  brownish 
postmedian  shade  in  foiewings.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  like  wings  ;  face  and 
terminal  joint  of  palpi  dark  brown. 

Exjianse  of  wings  :  20  mm. 

1  <S  from  Poeh  Mts.,  Sarawak,  Borneo,  July  1802  (A.  Everett). 

Mimozethes  gen.  nov. 

Forewings :  costa  strongly  arched  at  base,  then  straight ;  apex  slightly 
jiriiduced  ;  liindmargin  strongly  bulged  at  vein  4,  and  obli(jue  below  ;  inner  margin 
rather  convex, 


(   191   ) 

ttindwings :  broad,  rounded  ;  both  angles  well  ronnded  ;  the  hindmargin  only 
slightly  curved. 

Palpi  porrect,  roughly  scaled,  the  terminal  joint  pointed  ;  antennae  laterally 
flattened,  uniserrate,  the  teeth  curved  and  pubescent ;  tongue  and  frenulum  present ; 
legs  short ;  hind-tibiae  with  4  s])urs. 

Neuration  :  forcwings,  cell  not  half  as  long  as  wing  ;  discocellular  oblii|uely 
curved  ;  first  median  nervnle  at  two-thirds  ;  second  close  before  third ;  5  from 
middle  of  discocellular  ;  (3  from  upper  angle  of  cell  ;  7,  8,  9,  10  stalked  from  the 
bend  in  subcostal,  close  liefore  0;  8,  U,  10  separating  only  close  before  costa  ;  11 
free,  at  two-thirds  :  hindwings,  costal  free  ;  7  well  before  end  of  cell,  which  is  short 
and  broad,  closely  approximating  to  but  not  anastomosing  with  8  ;  medians  as  in 
forewing. 

Type  }[imo;:etkes  nana  Warr.  {Euckera  ?) 

2.  Problepsidis  carneotincta  sp.  nov. 

Foreii'ings :  at  base  and  along  costa  to  outer  line  flesh-coloured  ochreous  ;  an 
orange  streak  from  base  below  subcostal  vein  to  outer  line  ;  first  line  brown,  oblique 
from  lower  angle  of  cell  to  one-third  of  inner  margin,  obsolete  above  middle  ; 
second  line  from  two-thirds  of  costa,  curved  and  crenulate  above,  parallel  to  first 
line  lielow  the  middle  ;  a  square  hyaline  blotch  between  them  between  veins  2  and 
3,  and  a  smaller  triangular  one  above  3  ;  marginal  third  suft'used  with  fuscous  grey, 
traversed  by  a  white  zigzag  submarginal  line  ;  apical  area  whitish  ;  a  dark  brown 
marginal  line  ;  fringe  grey,  darker  below  the  middle. 

Jlimhcimjs :  white  ;  the  lines  grey,  ferruginous-tinged  ;  antemcdian  and  post- 
median  divergent  towards  costa  before  which  they  become  obsolete  :  submarginal 
line  curved  just  at  apex,  the  area  beyond  it  grey  ;  marginal  line  interrupted  ;  fringe 
whitish.  The  space  between  first  two  lines  appears  greyish,  the  dark  fascia  of  the 
underside  showing  through. 

Underside  of  forewings  much  suft'used  with  fuscous  grey,  the  costal  area  and 
subcostal  streak  dark  orange  ;  outer  line  distinct,  brown  ;  the  hyaline  Idotch,  the 
zigzag  submarginal  line,  and  a  row  of  round  marginal  spots  white  ;  hindwing.s  with 
broad  irregular  median  and  narrow  marginal  fuscous  band.  Face  and  paljii  brown  ; 
vertex  and  thorax  flesh-colouri'd  ochreous  ;  abdomen  whitish. 

The  <S  antennae  are  well  pectinated  ;  vein  6  of  forewings  from  angle  of  cell, 
vein  lO  from  end  of  areole  ;  hind-tibiae  with  terminal  spurs  only,  as  in  cxcisa, 
Hmpsn.,  to  which  species  it  is  most  closely  allied. 

Expanse  o(  wings  :  28  mm. 

1  6  from  Bukan,  t^arawak,  .July  1801  (A.  Everett). 

3.  Pseudemodesa  fuscidisca  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  white  ;  the  lines  and  markings  ulive-fuscous  ;  first  and  second 
lines  crenulate  dentate  ;  first  from  one-fourth  of  costa  to  two-fifths  of  inner  margin  ; 
Becond  from  two-thirds  of  costa  to  three-fiftlis  of  inner  margin  ;  more  than  twice  as 
far  apart  on  costa  as  on  inner  margin  ;  a  large  curved  irregular  fuscous  blotch  at 
and  below  the  end  of  cell  ;  two  submarginal  lines  close  before  hindmargin,  the  first 
nearly  linear,  the  second  formed  of  lunules  ;  the  lunules  beyond  the  cell  and  those 
above  anal  angle  filled  up  with  fuscous  ;  an  interrupted  dark  marginal  line  ;  fringe 
white,  fuscous  beyond  the  fuscous  lunules. 


(  192  ) 

lliiidtcings :  without  the  fuscous  discal  blotch  ;  the  auteiuediau,  postmediau, 
and  inner  snbniarginal  line  at  even  distances  apart,  waved  parallel  to  one  another. 
Underside  white,  with  the  base  of  costal  area  of  forewings  fnscous. 
Face  and  palpi  fuscous  ;  vertex,  thorax,  and  abdomen  white. 
Expanse  of  wings  :  20  mm. 

1  S  from  Mysol,  January  lii99  (H.  Kiihn). 

Very  much  like  P.  jdenicornis  Warr.  from  Rossel  Island  ;  but  snfliciently 
distinguished  by  the  different  position  of  the  lines  and  the  fuscous  lilotch. 

Family  URANIIDAE. 
4.  Stesichora  inquinata  sp.  nov. 

Fori'iriiujK :  white;  cnsta  with  four  or  five  distinct  black  spots  near  base  and 
three  larger  ones  before  apex,  the  innermost  of  these  three  sometimes  donlile  ;  costa 
in  middle  without  spots,  or,  at  most,  with  one  or  two  small  ones  ;  five  ochreous 
streaks  or  bands,  not  formed  of  striae  ;  one  from  base  below  subcostal  vein,  nearly 
touching  second  at  its  extremity,  which  starts  from  oue-fiiurth  of  inner  margin  and 
runs  straight  towards  apex  ;  a  narrower  and  shorter  streak  between  veins  7  and  8  ; 
third  from  three-fifths,  fourth  from  four-fifths  of  inner  margin,  converging  towards 
apex  ;  a  darker  submarginal  narrow  band  sometimes  double,  ending  below  apex  in 
two  round  black  spots  in  a  line  with  the  apical  spot  ;  fringe  pure  white  without  a 
trace  of  dark  basal  line. 

llindiciiKjs :  with  basal,  antemcdian,  double  postmediau,  and  submarginal 
ochreous  bands,  the  last  slightly  curved  ;  fringe  white. 

Underside  white,  with  a  grey  tip  to  forewing,  and  the  costa  slightly  discoloured. 

Face  and  palpi  black  ;  thorax  and  abdomen  pure  white. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  4y — 50  mm. 

2  c?c?,  2  ?  ?  from  Mysol,  January  18D9  (H.  Kuhn) ;  closely  allied  to  5. 
panidentata  Warr. 

Family   GEOMETRIDAE. 

Subfamily  DYSPHANIINAE. 

5.  Dysphania  remota  ^\'lk. 

?.  Forcwim/.s:  deep  purple-black  ;  a  broad  white  curved  fascia  from  subcostal 
to  vein  1,  from  below  one-third  of  costa  to  above  two-thirds  of  inner  margin  ;  at 
two-thirds  a  narrow  white  subajiical  fascia  consisting  of  three  spots  between  veins 
4  and  7  ;  the  middle  one  preceded  below  subcostal  vein  by  a  small  white  dot. 

llindwings :  purple,  with  a  broad  golden  yellow  fascia  from  inner  margin  at 
anal  angle  reaching  to  vein  0  and  crossed  by  the  purple  veins  ;  a  slight,  almost 
invisible,  jiale  spot  in  middle  of  cell. 

Underside  like  upper,  but  the  subapieal  white  fascia  entire  and  produced  below 
vein  4  interrui)tedly  towards  anal  angle. 

Face,  jialpi,  and  pectus  yellowish;  collar  and  vertex  olive  yellowish:  thorax 
jiurple;  abdomen  aliovc  j)urple  mixed  with  olive-yellow;  beneath  and  at  sides 
deep  red. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  74  mm. 

1   ?  from  Mysol,  January  l<s9'.i  (H.  Klihu). 

Up  to  the  present,  as  far  as  1  know,  only  c?  c?  of  AValker's  Mysol  species  remota 


(  19^  ) 

liave  been  recorded.  I  imagine  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  ?  above  described  is 
rightly  referred  to  remota ;  bat  if  it  shonld  tnrn  out  that  the  ¥  ?  of  remota,  like 
those  of  poci/i  Gu^rin,  are  dimorphic,  one  form  resembling  the  c?,  the  other  with 
the  pale  tints  developed,  then  this  present  ?  may  be  known  as  aberr.  ?  blcolor. 

Subfamily  GEOMETRINAE. 
6.  Microloxia  pulverata  sp.  nov. 

Forewiiigs:  sea-green,  clothed  witli  darker  green  scales  on  a  paler  green 
ground,  and  so  having  a  powdery  look  ;  an  exceedingly  line  outer  line  at  two-tiairds, 
parallel  to  hindmargin,  and  only  visible  in  quite  2Jcrfect  specimens  ;  fringe  con- 
colorous  ;  costa  ochreons. 

Ilindwings :  similar  ;  the  line  curveil. 

Underside  somewhat  paler.  Face  and  palpi  slightly  reddish  ;  fillet  and 
antennae  whitish  ;  vertex,  thorax,  and  basal  segment  of  abdomen  dark  green ; 
rest  of  abdomen  whitish. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  24  mm. 

2  cJc?,  one  quite  fresh,  the  other  faded,  from  Beyrut,  Syria,  July  1893. 

7.  Prasinocyma  absimilis  sp.  nov. 

In  the  markings  of  the  wings  exactly  like  T/ial.  Icticospilota  Moore,  from  India 
(also  occurring  at  Penangj,  but  with  the  hindmargin  of  the  hindwings  fully  rounded 
instead  of  being  angled  at  middle.     Face  and  palpi  olive-green. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  38  mm. 

1  ?  from  Etna  Bay,  Dutch  New  Guinea,  May  1896  (H.  Kuhn). 


Subfamily  STERRHINAE. 
8.  Craspedia  coUata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  pale  ochreons,  with  slightly  darker  lines  and  shades  ;  the  costal 
area  minutely  dusted  with  darker  ;  the  lirst  line  curved  from  quite  one-third  of 
costa  to  one-third  of  inner  margin  ;  median  from  three-fifths  of  costa  to  middle  of 
inner  margin,  slightly  sinuous  and  ai)proaching  first  line  below  middle  ;  outer  line 
from  three-fourths  of  costa  to  two-thirds  of  inner  margin,  obscurely  dentate  Iiinulate; 
the  submargiual  shades  and  pale  submarginal  Hue  distinct ;  a  row  of  fine  black 
marks  between  the  veins  on  hindmargin  ;  fringe  cuncolorous  ;  cell-spot  black, 
small,  but  distinct, 

Hindwings  :  without  first  line  ;  the  median  line  before  the  distinct  black  cell- 
spot  ;  the  rest  as  in  forewings. 

Underside  of  forewings  tinged  with  greyish  and  speckled  in  the  cell  ;  the  two 
outer  lines  and  suijmarginal  shade  distinct ;  hindwiiiiis  without  speckling.  Thorax 
and  abdomen  like  wings  ;  vertex  whitish  ;  face  and  palpi  black-brown. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  19  mm. 

1  (J  from  Beyrut,  Syria. 

Distinguished  by  the  ajjproximatiou  of  inner  and  median  lines  towards  inner 
margin  ;  it  is  very  much  like  Gi'aciliiieata  Zell.  from  Spain. 


(  194  ) 

0.  Craspedia  crurata  sp.  uov. 

Forcir/iif/s :  ocbreons  :  the  lines  ochraceous,  thick  and  diffnse ;  first  obliqne 
from  one-third  of  inner  margin  to  just  before  cell-spot,  where  it  is  reflexed  to  costa  ; 
second,  median,  from  middle  of  inner  margin,  vertical  at  first,  then  obliqne  and 
slightly  concave  ontwards  to  vein  0  at  three-fonrths,  then  recurved  ;  outer  line  at 
two-thirds,  and  the  subterminal  and  submarginal  lines,  all  parallel  to  hiudmargin 
and  slightly  waved,  the  onter  recurved  at  costa ;  all  the  lines  indistinct  along  costal 
margin  :  minute  dark  marginal  dots  in  apical  half  of  wing  ;  fringe  ochreons  ;  cell- 
spot  small,  blackish. 

IlimhciiK/s  :  with  four  lines  only,  the  inner  being  wanting. 

Underside  jialer,  with  traces  of  the  lines  showing  through  ;  the  forcwings 
towards  costa  brownish.  Face  and  palpi  dark  brown  ;  collar  ochraceous  ;  vertex 
white  ;  thorax  and  abdomen  like  wings.  Hind-tibiae  of  c?  greatly  swollen,  and  with 
a  very  ample  pencil  of  pale  ochreous  hairs  :  the  tarsi  very  short,  hardly  visible. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   19  mm. 

1  <S  from  Stejihansort,  German  New  Guinea. 

lo.  Craspedia  habenata  sp.  no  v. 

Foreivings :  pale  ochreons,  with  very  minute  dark  specklings  ;  the  three  lines 
greyish  ochreouK,  all  more  or  less  parallel  to  the  hiudmargin  ;  the  first  curved  from 
one-third  of  costa,  the  second  from  two-thirds  of  costa  to  middle  of  iimer  margin, 
slightly  waved  ;  the  exterior  line  from  four-fifths  of  costa  to  three-fourths  of  iinier 
margin,  obscurely  dentate-lunulate  ;  the  submarginal  hardly  visible  ;  a  tine  black 
marginal  line,  interrnpted  beyond  the  veins  and  slightly  swollen  between  them  ; 
fringe  concolorous  ;  cell-spot  small,  grey. 

Ilindwings :  without  inner  line  ;  the  median  just  beyond  the  small  dark  cell- 
spot  ;  the  rest  as  in  forcwings,  but  the  submarginal  line  and  shades  more  distinct. 

Underside  the  same  ;  the  two  outer  lines  well  marked  and  rather  thick. 
Thorax  and  abdomen  like  wings ;  face  and  palpi  black  brown  ;  vertex  rubbed. 

Exjianse  of  wings  :  :,'6  mm. 

1  d  from  Beyrut,  Syria. 

Allied  to  C.  corricalaria  Kretscb.,  but  of  weaker  build.  In  the  B.M.  Collection 
is  a  single  example  from  the  Zeller  Gollection  marked  "  Acid,  habenata  Zell.,"  from 
Rhodes,  and  which  is  certainly  the  same  species,  but  I  cannot  find  that  the  name 
was  ever  published. 

11.  Hemipogon  fuscicosta  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  shining  ochreous,  brownish-tinged  ;  the  costa  brown,  containing 
two  brown  dots,  indicating  origin  of  inner  ami  t)uter  lines,  which  as  well  iis  the 
others  are  very  indistinct,  but  can  just  be  traced,  wavy,  across  the  wing  ;  cell-spot 
brown,  distinct  ;  fringe  concolorous,  with  very  minute  brown  dots  at  base, 

Ilimlwings  :  with  brown  cell-dot  ;  the  lines  hardly  visible. 

Underside  j)aler ;  face,  Jialpi,  vertex,  and  collar  dark  brown;  thorax  and 
abdomen  like  wings  ;  Iiair-tufts  of  legs  wholly  ochreous,  neither  black  nor  reddish 
inside. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  lU  mm. 


(  195  ) 

1  c?  from  Teonr  I.,  Watoebela  Islands,  November  1899  (H.  Ktihn). 
The  liind-tiliiae  bave  the  tuft  black  iuterually  in  rrliitina,  Warr.,  ami  reddish  in 
nanata,  Warr.  ;  the  dark  costa  of  forewings  is  also  distinctive. 


12.  Ptychopoda  gracilipenuis  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  rufous  ochreous,  more  rufous  along  the  costa  ;  fringe  ciMicolorous. 

Ilimlwinys :  rather  paler. 

Underside  of  forewings  coarsel}'  dusted  with  rufous,  of  hiudwings  rufous  only 
along  costa.     Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  rnfous  ochreous  ;  face  dark  brown. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  18  mm. 

1  (S  from  Beyrut,  Syria. 

Forewings  very  narrow,  the  costa  straight ;  ajiex  i)roduced  ;  hindmargin  very 
oblique,  about  as  long  as  inner  margin.  Distinguished  by  the  entire  absence  of 
markings  of  any  kind. 


Subfamily  ASTHENINAE. 
13.  Cretheis  cymatodes  Meyr.  Tr.  E.  S.  1886,  p.  192. 

The  species  was  described  by  Meyrick  from  a  single  ?  from  the  New  Hebrides. 
He  says  the  wings  are  crossed  by  about  fourteen  waved  lines,  and  that  the  marginal 
spots  are  both  at  the  end  of  and  between  the  veins.  In  seven  examples  from  Mysol 
(taken  in  January  1899  by  H.  Kuhn),  only  nine  lines  can  be  counted :  two  basal, 
two  antemedian,  two  postmedian,  an  exterior,  and  two  submarginal :  but  on  the 
costa  there  are  traces  of  other  lines  in  the  intervals.  The  marginal  spots  are  at  the 
ends  of  the  veins  only. 

The  antennae  of  the  6  are  subserrate,  pubescent,  agreeing  exactly  with 
Psilocambogia,  Hmpsn.,  which  name  Cretheis  will  supersede. 

Forewings  beneath  dull  rosy  with  the  lines  deeper  ;  hindwings  yellow  with  the 
lines  reddish  towards  hindmargin  only. 


14.  Cretheis  sanguilineata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  yellow,  crossed  by  waved  orange-red  lines  ;  two  basal  ;  two  ante- 
median,  followed  by  a  clear  yellow  interval  containing  the  rather  large  j)urplish-red 
cell-spot ;  three  postmedian,  these  incurved  in  cell  and  on  submedian  fold ;  an 
exterior  and  two  submarginal  lines  ;  these  lines  are  all  oblique  along  costa  and 
purplish  at  the  costal  edge  ;  purplish  red  marginal  spots  at  the  ends  of  the  veins  ; 
fringe  yellow  ;  the  two  inner  of  the  postmedian  lines  are  sometimes  partially 
confluent ;  tlie  exterior  line  is  more  evidently  dentate-luunlate,  and  thickened  into 
a  slight  blotch  beyond  cell. 

Hindwings :  similar,  without  the  two  basal  lines. 

Underside  of  forewings  deep  rosy,  of  hindwings  yellow,  with  rosy  lines.  Face, 
palpi,  forelegs,  and  front  of  shoidders  rosy  ;  thorax  and  abdomen  yellow  varied  with 
rosy  scales  ;  fillet  white. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   6  17  mm.,  ?  18  mm. 

A  pair  from  Mysol,  January  1899  (H.  Kiihn). 

1.5 


(  lofi  ) 

Subfamily   TEPHROCLYSTIINAE. 

15.  Ardonis  olivata  sp.  uov. 

Difters  from  tl'.e  type  species  ^1.  chlorophilata  VVlk.  in  being  dull  olive-green 
instead  of  clear  grass-green. 

Foirwinys  :  basal  patch  dark  green,  edged  and  traversed  by  a  darker  green  line; 
jiale  band  between  it  and  central  fascia  with  the  hair-like  line  down  it  nearer  the 
outer  edge  ;  central  fascia  dark  olive-green,  its  inner  half  formed  by  a  curved  deep 
green  band,  followed  by  a  pale  and  then  a  dark  green  line,  the  tint  again  deepening 
towards  the  outer  edge  which  is  bluntly  angled  at  veins  4  and  G ;  all  these  markings 
are  oliliquely  curved  inwards  below,  and  are  nearer  base  on  inner  margin  than  on 
costa  ;  pale  baud  following  central  fascia  with  the  traversing  dark  line  close  to  its 
inner  edge ;  two  diffuse  curved  dark  green  submarginal  shades  ;  marginal  line 
black,  broadly  interrupted  at  the  veins  ;  fringe  dark  green. 

Ilintlirinqs  :  dingy  greyish  ochreous,  nacreous  ;  without  scales,  but  the  hind- 
margin  narrowly  greenish  tinged  ;  marginal  line  and  fringe  as  in  forewings  ;  the 
oval  patch  of  mealy  scales  in  the  cell  brown. 

Underside  of  both  wings  dull  grey,  with  traces  of  darker  grey  curved  cross- 
lines  :  forewing  with  the  cell  nacreous,  very  glossy  ;  the  patch  of  scales  below 
median  snuif-br<iwu  ;  ]iindwiiigs  witli  five  curved  dark  grey  lines  :  three  towards 
liase,  the  other  two  marginal.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  olive-green  ;  the  thorax 
darkest ;  palpi  green  speckled  with  Mack. 

Exjianse  of  wings  :  'S2  mm. 

1  cJ  from  .Sevan  Mally,  a  tea  estate  40  miles  east  from  Quilou,  on  the  western 
side  of  the  Cardamom  Ilills,  South  ludia. 

Mnesiloba  gen.  nov. 

Forewings:  triangular;  costa  nearly  straight ;  hindmargin  curved. 

lli»(ltvhigs :  small,  their  inner  margin  concave,  the  outer  margin  in  S  with 
a  small  indentation  near  anal  angle. 

Palpi  porrect,  roughly  haired.  Forehead  witli  projecting  tni't  of  scales  below. 
Antennae  simple,  pubescent  ;  tongue  and  frenulum  present. 

Nenration  :  forewings,  cell  one-half  of  wing  ;  discocellular  straight,  riither 
oblique  ;  first  median  at  two-thirds,  second  ch)sc  before  third  ;  radials  normal  ; 
7,  8,  '.I  stalked  from  a  little  before  end  of  cell,  lu  and  11  far  l)ack,  10  anastomosing 
with  11  and  again  with  8,  0,  forming  a  long  narrow  second  areole  ;  hindwings, 
discocellular  oblique,  radial  from  the  centre  ;  costal  anastomosing  with  subcostal 
for  half  the  length  of  cell  ;  G  and  7  stalked  ;  medians  as  in  forewings. 

This  genus  is  proposed  for  the  insect  first  described  by  Walker,  xxvi.,  p.  17:iO, 
as  J'liilxd((j)tei:i/x  eiipithcciata  from  Australia.  In  the  Tr.  E.  S.  1886,  p.  l'.)5, 
Meyrick  describes  2  ?  ?  from  Fiji  and  Tonga  as  Cephalissa  delogramnia,  and  a  6 
from  Queensland  as  Lohophora  ddogranima  iu  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  New  Sontli  Wales, 
I8'.i0,  p.  807.  Lastly,  Hampson  again  describes  it  as  Eupithecia  dcnti fascia  m  111. 
licp.  Het.,  viii.,  J).  117,  PI.  I.j2,  fig.  12,  from  the  Nilgiris.  The  minuti'iiess  of  the 
first  additional  ixdl  evidently  escajied  his  observation.  The  small  i)rominence  at  the 
anal  angle  of  the  S  seems  to  me  entirely  difl'erent  from  the  basal  lobe  that  exists 
in  Loho/ihoia  and  its  allies  ;  and  I  would  place  the  genns  close  to  Euci/mafoge  Hiib., 
with  which  it  agrees  iu  ueuratiou.     Iu  the  ''  Characters  of  Uudescribed  Lepidoptera 


(  107  ) 

Heterocera"  (1869),  p.  80,  Walker  lias  described  an  Eupithecia  destrudata  I'l'om 
Australia,  the  type  being  stated  to  be  in  the  Melbourne  Mnseam.  From  the 
description  it  appears  very  likely  to  be  this  same  insect.  Mr.  Meyrick  mentions 
neither  eupitkcciata,  nor,  as  far  as  I  know,  any  of  the  species  of  which  Walker's 
types  are  in  the  Melbourne  Museum. 

Suhfamilv    DEILINIINAE. 
Hi.  Heterosteg'ane  gammata  sp.  nov. 

Foreicinf/s  :  straw  colour,  with  the  lines,  veins,  and  speckling  dark  ferruginous  ; 
costa  pale  ferruginous  with  dark  striae  ;  first  line  somewhat  ol)lii]ue  outwards,  thick 
at  costa,  from  one-sixtli  of  costa  to  one-fourth  of  inner  margin  ;  median  line  thick 
throughout,  from  middle  of  costa  to  middle  of  inner  margin,  slightly  bent  outwards 
at  base  of  veins  3  and  4,  and  meeting  there  externally  an  e(iually  broad  ferruginous 
discal  mark  ;  outer  line  straight,  dentate-lunulate,  from  two-thirds  of  costa  to  anal 
angle,  longitudinally  blotched  on  the  submedian  fold  and  throwing  off  from  vein  2 
a  curved  spur  basewards  to  inner  margin ;  submarginal  line  obli(pie  outwards  from 
before  a))ex  to  vein  6,  then  irregularly  lunulate,  the  teeth  of  the  lunules  touching 
marginal  line  at  all  the  veins  except  5  ;  marginal  line  thick,  ferruginous  ;  fringe 
straw-colour. 

Hindwings :  like  forewings,  but  without  first  line,  and  with  the  outer  line 
more  curved  towards  anal  angle  ;  the  hindmargin  angled  at  middle. 

Underside  paler.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  straw-colour  varied  with 
ferruginous. 

E.xpanse  of  wings  :  3.5  mm. 

1  ?  from  Poeh  Mts.,  Sarawak,  3500  ft.,  July  1892  (Everett). 

Yashmakia  gen.  nov. 

Forewings  :  costa  faintly  curved  ;  hindmargin  bluntly  angled  at  vein  4. 

Hindirings  :  with  the  ajiex  truncate  ;  hindmargin  rectangularly  bent  at  vein  7, 
and  obtusely  at  vein  4  ;  anal  angle  square. 

Antennae  of  cJ  bipectinate  to  just  beyond  middle  ;  palpi  porrcct,  smoothly 
scaled,  the  terminal  joint  short ;  tongue  and  frenulum  present ;  forehead  smooth  ; 
hind-tibiae  with  four  spurs,  not  thickened. 

Neuration  :  forewings,  cell  nearly  Inilf  as  long  as  wing  ;  discocellular  almost 
vertical  ;  first  median  nervnle  at  one-third  from  base,  second  shortly  before  third  ; 
radials  normal ;  7,  8,  9  stalked  from  some  little  distance  before  end  of  cell ;  ID  and  1 1 
coincident,  anastomosing  strongly  with  12,  and  separating,  like  8  and  9,  close  before 
costa :  hindwings,  costal  approximated  shortly  to  subcostal  ;  veins  7  and  3  well 
before  angles  of  cell  ;  vein  2  from  about  one-half ;  no  radial. 

The  hindwings  and  lower  half  of  forewings  with  dull  discoloured  scales, 
obliterating  the  markings  of  the  upperside;  the  biudwing  semi-transparent  at  base. 

Type  Yushmalda  veneris  s]).  nov. 

17.  Yashmakia  veueris  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  with  the  costal  area  yellow  from  above  vein  4  to  base  of  subcostal 
vein  ;  the  rest  pale  greyish  fawn-colour  ;  the  yellow  area  speckled  with  orange  ;  the 
lines  dee[i  orange  :  first  narrow,  from  one-tiiird  of  costa,  angled  in  cell,  to  one-fourth 
of  inner  margin  ;  second  thick,  from  beyond  middle  of  costa,  angled  on  vein  4;  to 


(   1"8  ) 

middle  of  inner  margin,  its  npper  arm  forming  three  sharp  teeth  on  the  veins ;  third 
line  fine,  dcntate-lnnnlate,  from  thrce-fourtlis  of  costa  to  thrcc-fonrths  of  inner 
margin,  rnnning  outwards  to  vein  0,  then  curved;  a  thick  dark  brown  bar  from  apex 
to  anal  angle  ;  all  these  markings  lose  their  colour  and  are  seen  as  slight!}'  darker 
grey  lines  through  the  dull  scales  of  the  lower  area  ;  fringe  pale  yellow,  black- 
brown  from  apex  to  vein  C. 

IlinJiriiufs:  wholly  greyish  fawn-colonr,  the  markings  of  the  underside  showing 
faintly  through  ;  space  between  basal  jiatch  and  first  line,  and  the  costal  half  only 
of  space  between  first  and  second  line  paler,  semi-transparent ;  fringe  pale  yellow. 

Underside  of  forewings  pale  yellow  along  costal  half,  whitish  below;  the  origin 
of  the  lines  marked  on  costa  by  purple  spots  ;  the  broad  upper  arm  of  second  line 
only  marked  in  dull  purple  ;  third  line  marked  by  purplish  spots  on  the  veins  ;  the 
dark  marginal  bar  forming  two  deep  purple  spots  at  ajjex,  then  interrupted,  and 
marked  below  by  a  purplish  grey  streak.  Hindwings  pale  yellow,  with  a  basal 
patch,  a  short  antemediau  blotch  on  inner  margin,  a  dentate-lunulatc  curved  median 
and  postmedian  line  and  an  abbreviated  submarginal  line  greyish  purple  ;  both 
wings  with  purjilish  cell-spots,  which  are  also  visible  above.  Head,  thorax,  and 
abdomen  yellow  ;  outside  of  palpi,  upper  half  of  face,  crown  of  vertex,  front  of 
shoulders,  and  edges  of  abdominal  segments  orange ;  legs  and  abdomen  beneath 
pale  yellowish. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  36  mm. 

1  6  from  Poeh  Mts.,  Sarawak,  August  1892  (Everett). 

A  remarkably  curious  insect,  not  closely  allied  to  any  described  species. 

Subfamily  BRACCINAE. 
l'^.  Bursadopsis  apicipuncta  sp.  nov. 

Fort'whtgs  :  brown-black  ;  with  two  orange  blotches  ;  one  small,  lying  on  the 
median  vein  towards  base  of  cell,  containing  a  few  black  striae  ;  the  second  large, 
obovate,  placed  just  beyond  the  middle  of  wing,  running  from  subcostal  vein  to 
vein  2  ;  fringe  concolorons  ;  on  the  costa  just  before  apex  is  a  small  bright 
yellow  spot. 

Ilimhriiitjs :  orange ;  the  costal  margin  narrowly,  the  hindmargin  broadly 
bordered  with  black  ;  this  black,  at  the  anal  angle,  swells  out  into  a  rounded 
projection. 

Underside  similar.  Face,  paljji,  antennae,  thorax,  and  abdomen  above,  black  ; 
abdomen  with  an  orange  lateral  stripe  ;  legs  all  dark,  except  the  fore-coxae  which 
with  the  pectus  are  yellow. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  30  mm. 

1  c?  from  Stephansort,  German  New  Guinea. 

Nearest  to  Bursadopsis  basalts  Warr.  from  Obi,  but  without  the  black  at  base 
of  hindwings. 

SinKAMiLY  ABRAXINAE. 

111.  Obeidia  diversicolor  sp.  nov. 

J'orcwiiKjs !  orange,  covered  with  smoky  fuscous  spots  and  blotches,  whicli 
becoming  confluent  tend  to  hide  the  ground  colour  ;  along  the  cell  and  the  sub- 
median  interspace  these  spots  are  generally  wholly  confluent,  and  along  the  outer 


(  199  ) 

two-fifths  of  the  wing  ;  the  orange  colour  appears  in  spots  along  the  submedian  and 
median  veins,  and  in  larger  blotches  along  the  course  of  the  subcostal  vein  ;  there 
is  generally  a  more  ample  space  of  orange  between  veins  2  and  3  at  their  origin  and 
in  the  subcostal  space  above  ;  the  apical  area  is  also  spotted  with  orange  ;  fringe 
wholly  smoky  fuscous ;  cell-spot  large,  always  more  or  less  obscured. 

llindwiiHjs  :  straw  colour,  with  numerous  coarse  dark  transverse  striae,  which 
tend  to  become  confluent  only  along  the  cell  from  the  cell-spot  to  a  dark  curved 
postmedian  fascia  formed  of  coalescent  blotches  ;  hindmargin  and  fringe  smoky 
blackish,  connected  along  the  veins  by  diffuse  patches  of  confluent  striae. 

Underside  of  forcwings  like  upper,  but  the  orange  brighter  and  the  dark  tints 
less  smoky  ;  of  hindwiugs  bright  cream-colour,  with  the  spots  browu-black  and  less 
confluent.  Paljii  blackish  ;  face  and  vertex  orange  ;  collar  orange  with  two  black 
spots ;  shoulders  blackish,  with  orange  between  them  ;  patagia  black,  orange 
internally ;  abdomen  orange,  with  rows  of  black  spots  ;  legs  black  with  all  the 
coxae  orange. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  48  mm. 

2  ?  ?  from  C'nddapah  (Kadapa),  Residency  of  Madras. 


Subfamily   BISTONINAE. 

20.  Eubyja  robustum  Butler  ab.  albicoUis  nov. 

Butler's  types,  S  and  ? ,  have  both  the  wings  and  head  of  the  same  dull  grey- 
brown  tint ;  in  a  (?  from  Yokohama,  while  the  central  area  of  both  wings  and  apical 
area  of  forewings  are  whitish  in  ground  coliiur,  thickly  speckled  like  the  rest  of  the 
wings  with  dark,  the  upper  half  of  face  and  the  whole  breadth  of  the  shoulders  are 
clear  white.  The  third  example  in  the  B.  M.  Collection,  also  a  i  from  Yokohama, 
agrees  with  the  present  specimen  in  these  respects  ;  whether  this  jialer  form  is 
peculiar  to  the  Yokohama  district  or  not  remains  to  be  proved. 


Subfamily  ASCOTINAE. 

21.  Alcis  nigrifumata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  pale  grey,  towards  base  and  beyond  second  line  tinged  with 
ochreons,  varied  with  fine  black  transverse  striae,  and,  except  at  base  and  in  the 
central  area  before  the  second  line,  covered  with  a  smoky  black  snlTusion  ;  cell-spot 
black  and  large  ;  four  large  black  diffnse  blotches  on  costa  at  the  origin  of  the  lines, 
the  first  two,  basal  and  median,  altogether  lost  in  a  black  shade  ;  outer  line  marked 
by  black  dashes  on  veins,  ontcurved  beyond  cell,  followed  by  a  broad  blackish  shade, 
extending  more  or  less  to  hindmargin  ;  the  submarginal  line  interrupted,  but  jilain  ; 
the  antemedian  and  postmedian  black  sufi'usion  imiting  in  a  deeper  black  blotch 
along  inner  margin  ;  marginal  spots  black  ;  fringe  dark  and  light  grey. 

Hindwings :  with  a  smoky  black  straight  bar  from  inner  margin  to  middle  of 
cell  before  the  black  cell-spot  ;  a  black  slightly  sinuate-dentate  postmedian  line  not 
reaching  costa  ;  the  marginal  area  be3'ond,  except  at  apex,  suffused  with  black,  with 
the  submarginal  line  marked  paler;  marginal  line  black;  fringe  pale  ochreou* 
grey,  chequered  with  darker. 


(   200   ) 

Underside  jiale  sinok)-  grey  with  tine  dark  striae  ;  cell-spots  and  outer  line, 
marked  by  dashes  on  the  veins,  smoky  black.  Head  blackish  ;  vertex,  antennae, 
and  thorax  pale  grey  dnsted  with  darker;  abdomen  al)ove  smoky  black  ;  legs  and 
nnderside  of  alidomcn  pale  grey. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  45  mm. 

1  cj  from  Oyama,  Nippon,  June  ls!)0. 


Subfamily    FIDONIIXAE. 

22.  Proteostrenia  leda  ab.  occulta  nov. 

Both  wings  above  and  below  wholly  smoky  brownish  fuscons,  without  any 
paler  spaces  whatever,  though  in  certain  lights  traces  can  be  seen  of  the  ordinary 
dark  and  pale  markings  of  typical  In/n. 

1  c?  from  Karinvama,  Nijjpon,  takeu  in  -Tuly. 


Subfamily  ENNOMIXAE. 
23.  Auzeodes  imiformis  sji.  nnv. 

Forewiiiffs :  uniform  ferruginous  rufous,  tliickly  sjirinkled  with  shining  scales, 
and  without  dark  striations  ;  the  only  markings  are  the  dots  on  the  veins  which 
represent  the  two  lines  ;  those  on  the  interior  Hue  are  whitish,  on  the  exterior 
black  ;  fringe  concolorous. 

Jlimhvings :  the  same,  but  towards  hiudmargin  showing  a  few  dark  stria'. 
Underside  darker.  Abdomen  concolorous  with  wings;  thorax  and  shoulders  pinkish 
ochreons,  the  last  by  their  paleness  contrasting  strikingly  with  the  deep  chestnut 
brown  vertex  and  head. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  44  mm. 

1   ?  from  Poeh  Mts.,  Sarawak,  :i.")(iO  ft.,  July  1892  (Everett). 

Differs  from  A.  c//ali/l/eafa  Wlk.  from  Sumatra,  to  which  it  is  otherwise  closely 
allied,  by  the  absence  of  the  white  apical  blotcli.  Tlie  mainland  form  nii/roxeriata 
VVarr. — of  which  I  have  described  t!ie  cJ  from  E.  Pegu,  and  the  ?  fi'om  Selangore, 
and  have  seen  a  second  ?,  from  Guuong  Ijau,  Perak — differs  from  both  the  island 
forms  by  the  greater  development  of  the  black  sj)ots.  The  neuration  of  the  genus 
Auzeoiles,  as  given  in  P.  Z.  S.  Isity,  p.  404,  requires  correction.  In  the  forewings 
veins  7,  8,  9  are  stalked  from  close  before  end  of  cell,  and  veins  10  and  11  are 
coincident  throughout. 


24.  Hypochrosis  lycoraria  Giu'ii.,  Phal.  ii.  p.  538. 

Gnenee,  when  describing  the  J,  speaks  of  the  marginal  half  of  forewing  as  red- 
brown,  and  the  basal  half  as  green.  In  most  of  the  S6  which  I  have  seen  this 
red-lirown  margin  is  very  slight,  the  whole  wing  being  either  wholly  green  as  in  the 
iovm  j'is?>i//i/(ri(i,  Uuen.,  oT  green  shot  with  grey  towards  anal  angle.  In  a  nearly 
perfect  ?  fmm  Kina  P>ahi,  however,  the  reverse  of  this  is  the  case,  the  whole  of 


(  2nl  ) 

both  wings  being  deep  red-lirowu,  except  a  narrow  space  along  costal  and  hind- 
margin  of  forewiugs  towards  apex,  which  are  greenish  spotted  with  red-brown  ;  the 
enter  line  does  not  rnn  straight  from  its  snbcostal  angle  to  the  inner  margin,  but 
only  as  far  as  vein  4,  where  it  is  curved,  and  reaches  inner  margin  vertically  at  two- 
thirds.  The  obli(jue  lustrous  costal  line  mentioned  by  Guenee  is  really  the  upper 
part  of  the  inner  line,  which  runs  straight  from  costa  to  subcostal  vein  near  end  of 
cell,  forms  a  sharp  angle  outwards  in  u])per  half  of  cell,  then  runs  inwards  in  middle 
of  cell,  and,  doubling  back  on  itself,  forms  a  rounded  projection  in  hjwer  half  of  cell; 
it  then  proceeds  inwards  along  median  vein,  and  after  emitting  an  acute  angle 
basewards  on  submedian  fold  and  forming  another  rounded  projection  outwards 
above  submedian  vein,  reaches  the  inner  margin  vertically  at  one-fourth  ;  just 
beyond  the  two  projections  in  cell  is  the  round,  grey-brown,  lustrous-edged, 
discal  mark. 


25.  Hjrposidra  ruptifascia  sp.  nov. 

Nearest  to  //.  picaria  Wlk.  from  Java,  of  which  it  is  probably  the  Boruean 
form.  The  two  white  blotches  of  forewiugs  are  of  equal  width  and  corresponding 
curvature,  and  appear  to  form  parts  of  a  curved  band,  interru]ited  between  vein 
4  and  the  submedian  fold.  On  the  hindwings  the  corresponding  blotches  are 
irregular  ovals,  and  are  connected  by  two  narrower  blotches,  across  which  the  veins 
are  marked  by  groups  of  black  scales.  The  hindmargin  of  forewiugs  is  hardly 
indented  beneath  the  apex. 

1    ?  from  North  Borneo. 


(  202  ) 


DBEPANULIDAE,     TnYBIDIDAE,    BPIPZEMIBAE,    AND 

GEOMETBIDAE 

FROM   THE    AETHIOPIAN   REGIOX. 

By   W.   WAEEEN,   M.A.,    F.E.S. 

Family  PB  EPA  XUL  IDA  E. 

1.  Ausaris  amaura  sji.  uov. 

Forcwings  :  brownisli  ochreous,  dai-ker  brownish  towards  liindmarein,  with  all 
the  veins  paler  ;  a  silvery-scaled  streak  along  costa  from  base,  becoming  subcostal 
in  outer  half  of  wing  ;  a  diffuse  brown  shade  from  base  through  cell  towards  apex, 
with  a  line  of  silvery  scales  along  its  middle  ;  a  large  brown  mulberry-shaped 
discocellular  blotch  with  some  lustrous  scales  upon  it ;  a  smaller  dark  brown 
blotch  between  it  and  apex  ;  traces  of  a  dull  brown  lustrons-edged  inner  line 
at  one-third,  more  distinct  towards  inner  margin  ;  a  denticulated  lustrous  line, 
marked  with  dark  leaden-tinged  spots  on  the  veins,  from  costa  before  apex  to 
anal  angle,  preceded  by  a  brown  shade  and  followed  by  a  brown  suffusion  ;  fringe 
ochreous,  marked  with  brown. 

Iliiidicings :  paler,  with  the  submarginal  lustrous  line  and  brown  shades  as 
in  forewings,  but  not  reaching  costa  ;  traces  of  a  central  brown  shade  from  inner 
margin. 

Underside  uniform  ochreous,  darker  in  forewings,  without  markings  except 
a  faint  brown  straight  shade  from  apex.  Thorax,  abdomen,  and  lower  half  of  face 
ochreous  ;  upper  half  of  face,  fillet,  antennae,  and  palpi  dark  brown. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  20  mm. 

1   ?  from  Ogrngu,  Amambara  River,  Lower  Niger. 

2.  Phalacrothyris  subviridis  Warr.,  Nov.  Zool.  VI.  p.  28". 

The  specimen  from  which  tlie  above  description  was  made  was  a  ?  from  Warri, 
in  the  Niger  Delta  ;  a  second  ?  lately  received  from  Sierra  Leone,  and  certainly  the 
same  spucics,  shows  additional  markings,  wliieli  in  the  typical  specimen  were  obscured 
or  obliterated  ;  a  darker  brown,  somewhat  jiaier-cdged  line  runs  straight  from  ai)ex 
of  forewing  to  middle  of  the  inner  margin,  before  which  line,  except  along  the 
costa,  the  whole  of  the  basal  area  is  darker  than  the  marginal  area  beyond  it ; 
besides  the  dark  spot  in  cell  before  the  hyaline  blotch  there  is  also  a  sjiot  on 
the  sul)median  fold  nearer  the  base,  these  two  spots  ajiparently  rei)reK('nting  the 
course  of  the  inner  line  ;  at  middle  of  costa  and  on  subcostal  vein  above  the  hyaline 
blotch  are  some  brown  markings  indicative  of  a  median  line  ;  and  there  is  a  slight 
submarginal  cloud  corresponding  to  the  dark  line  of  the  underside.  In  the  hindwing 
there  is  a  darker  brown  central  belt  edged  by  a  paler  line  and  traversed  by  another, 
both  angled  below  vein  0  ;  a  dark  brown  spot  stands  at  the  upper  end  of  the 
discocellular,  and  another  at  the  lower  end,  the  latter  surrounded  by  green  scales 
and  touching  the  hyaline  spot  below  vein  4.     The  <J  S  (of  which  there  are  examples 


(  203   ) 

in  the  British   Mnsenm   Collertion)  are   smaller  than   the  ?  ? ,  purplish   grey  or 
liver-colonred,  and  with  the  hyaline  spots  of  forewings  much  restricted  in  extent. 

In  the  diagnosis  of  the  genns  Phalacrotlii/rh,  I  find  there  was  an  error  in 
the  description  of  the  nenratiou.  Vein  (5,  the  npper  radial,  of  the  forewing  is  said 
to  be  stalked  with  7  and  8  ;  as  a  matter  of  fact  vein  7  is  wanting,  or  rather 
coincident  with  (5,  the  joint  vein  stalked  with  8,  which  runs  as  nsnal  into  the 
apex  ;  9  and  10  are  stalked,  as  stated,  and  after  separating  near  the  costa,  9  is 
continued  nearly  to  apex,  anastomosing  at  a  point  with  8. 

Family  THYRIDIDAE. 

3.  Dysodia  binoculata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  dull  deep  red ;  the  veins  and  transverse  striae  dark  fuscous, 
together  forming  a  somewhat  regular  reticnlation  ;  an  oblique  slightly  funnel- 
shaped  blackish  streak  from  costa  beyond  middle  to  middle  of  inner  margin, 
touching  an  oval  hyaline  white  spot  at  end  of  cell  ;  inner  margin  diffnscly  dark  ; 
fringe  red  at  base,  iron  grey  beyond.     The  costa  is  slightly  incurved  at  middle. 

Ilindwings :  the  same,  but  the  hyaline  spot  larger  and  round. 

Underside  duller  red,  the  reticulations  less  marked,  but  the  central  dark 
streak  black  and  much  plainer.  Head,  thorax,  abdomen  above  and  below  all  red  ; 
the  face  and  palpi  rather  deeper  than  the  rest ;  dorsal  segments  of  abdomen  marked 
with  fuscons  ;  shoulders  ashy  grey. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  26  mm. 

1  S  from  Namaqua  Land. 

This  apjiears  distinct  from  citlier  of  Walker's  Natal  forms,  intermedia  and 
crassa.  It  agrees  with  the  American  oculatana  in  having  the  hyaline  sjiot  in 
both  wings. 

Family  EPIPLEMIDAE. 

4.  Epiplema  ansorgei  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  dull  chalk  white,  sufl'nsed  with  pale  tawny  and  grey  ;  costa 
with  distinct  tine  black  tlecks  ;  first  line  at  aliont  one-third,  curved,  indistinct, 
pale  tawny  ;  second  line  from  three-fifths  of  costa,  oblique  outwards,  forming  a 
blunt  angle  on  vein  6,  and  another,  more  prominent,  on  vein  4,  then  incurved  and 
reaching  inner  margin  vertically  at  two-thirds  ;  the  line  itself  is  tawny,  but 
between  the  angles  marked  with  black,  and  is  followed  throughout  by  a  whitish 
and  then  a  tawny  line  ;  marginal  area,  except  apex,  suffused  with  tawny  and  grey, 
the  grey  forming  a  snbmarginal  fasciaform  cloud,  widest  at  each  end  ;  fringe 
whitish. 

Ilindwings :  with  obscure  antemedian  and  distinct  postmedian  double  tawny 
line,  the  latter  bluntly  angled  on  vein  4  ;  its  inner  arm  marked  with  blackish 
above  and  below  the  angle,  and  with  minute  black  specks  in  the  angle  ;  marginal 
area  tawny,  edged  with  pale,  containing  a  metallic  streak  from  anal  angle  to 
angle  of  postmedian  line  ;  a  dark  brown  snbmarginal  line  between  the  teeth,  and 
a  darker  brown  spot  below  lower  tooth  ;  fringe  tawny. 

Underside  dull  white  ;  tlie  forewings  with  a  broad  cloudy  dull  black  ftiscia, 
leaving  the  apex  whitish.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  white  ;  palpi  externally 
blackish. 


(  204  ) 

Expanse  of  winfjs  :  24  mm. 

1   ?  from  Ran,  Nandi  Conntrv,  Feb.  180!)  (Dr.  Ausorge). 

Forewings  with  liindmargin  entire  ;  hindwings  toothed  at  veins  4  and  7. 

S.  Epiplema  negro  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  dnll  pnrplisli  fnscons,  with  obscnre  darker  streaks;  no  inner 
line  visible  ;  onter  line  black  and  diffuse,  edged  obscnrely  with  rnfius,  from  about 
middle  of  costa  to  two-thirds  of  inner  margin,  obliquely  lient  outwards  to  vein  4, 
where  it  forms  a  blunt  beak,  then  incurved,  and  again  forming  un  outward 
prominence  above  vein  1,  where  its  black  inner  edging  is  thickest;  fringe 
concolorons. 

Ilindivings :  with  the  line  running  from  thrce-fonrths  of  costa  to  anal  angle, 
blnntly  bent  on  vein  4,  the  black  forming  triangles  on  the  veins,  the  rufons  onter 
edging  more  apparent ;  a  slight  black  line  between  teeth,  and  spot  below  lower  tooth. 

Underside  dull  dark  grey  with  tran.sverse  darker  striae.  Head,  thorax,  and 
abdomen  like  wings  ;  face  and  palpi,  which  are  long,  black. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  28  mm. 

1  c?  from  Ran,  Nandi  Country,  Feb.  1899  (Dr.  Ansorge). 

Hindmargin  of  forewings  irregnlarly  jagged,  as  in  E.  moza  Bntl. ;  of  hindwings 
with  two  large  teeth  at  veins  4  and  7,  the  latter  very  prominent,  and  a  smaller 
tooth  at  vein  0.     Snperticially  mneh  resembling  E.  quadricatalafu  AVlk. 

15.  Epiplema  nigrodorsata  sp.  nov. 

Fori'/n'iigs  :  chalk-white,  dusted  and  diffused  with  purplish  grey  and  tawny; 
costa  dotted  with  dark  grey;  the  basal  area  slightly  discoloured  with  ochreons,  and 
with  a  few  grey  scales  ;  central  fascia  edged  by  ])arallel  lines  angled  on  the  median 
and  below  vein  4  ;  filled  np,  except  towards  costa,  which  remains  white,  with  mixed 
dark  ])nr])lish  grey  and  tawny  scales,  which  along  the  outer  line  reach  the  costa, 
and  are  darkest,  forming  small  blotches  against  the  lines,  on  the  submedian  fold  ; 
outer  area  tinged  with  tawny  grey,  except  along  costa,  and  a  fine  line  beyond 
exterior  edge  of  fascia  ;  five  submarginal  black  spots  from  apex  to  vein  4,  beyond 
which  the  wing  is  dark  grey  ;  fringe  grey  from  apex  to  vein  4,  then  white. 

Hindwings :  with  a  similar  central  fascia,  lilackish  edged,  bnt  this  nearly 
white,  except  along  outer  edge,  wliile  the  basal  and  marginal  areas  are  more  or 
less  suffused  with  purplish  grey ;  dark  lunules  along  the  margin  from  tooth  to  tooth. 

Underside  white,  finely  strigulated  with  fuscous,  and  with  a  rosy  bronze  tinge 
according  to  the  incidence  of  light.  Face  and  palpi  blackish  ;  vertex,  thorax,  and 
abdomen  white,  the  last  purj)le-grey  along  the  dorsum. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   17  mm. 

1   ?  from  Knhiriri  River,  Angola,  Ndveniber  1899  (Penrice). 

Family  (iKoMETnfDAE. 

Subfamily  PSEUDOTERPXINAE. 

7.  Pingasa  interrupta  sp.  nov. 

Foreurngs :   ochreons    whitish,  slightly  dusted   with   olivi^   scales;   the    lines 

fuscous  olive  :  the  first  angled  above  and  below  the  median,  as  in   rliailnmarid 

(jruen. ;  the  outer  less  denticulate,  starting  from  costa  at  tliree-fifths,  running  much 


f  205  ) 

more  vertically  from  the  costa,  not  obliquel}'  outwards,  and  forming  a  conspiinious 
oiitward  cnrve  in  middle  of  wing  ;  the  marginal  area,  which  is  broader  than  in 
rhacldmaria,  filled  np  with  a  mixture  of  olive-green,  fnscons,  and  reddish  scales ; 
the  submarginal  line  well  marked  by  acute  teeth  ;  a  pale  blotch  at  middle  of 
hindmargin  and  at  anal  angle  ;  marginal  spots  between  the  veins  ;  fringe  ochreons, 
mottled  with  olive-green  ;  cell-mark  fuscous  olive. 

Hindtcings:  with  the  outer  marginal  area  darkened  only  in  the  costal  half, 
and  there  mixed  with  blackish  scales  ;  no  cell-s[)ot. 

Underside  whitish,  slightly  yellow  tinged  at  base  ;  forewings  with  smoky 
blackish  broad  marginal  border,  the  inner  edge  of  which  is  nearly  straight  from 
costa  to  above  anal  angle,  and  containing  a  white  marginal  blotch  at  apex  and 
below  middle ;  hindwings  with  a  large  subapical  dark  blotch  and  smaller  one 
above  anal  angle,  sometimes  united  ;  cell-spot  of  forewings  distinct.  Head,  thorax, 
and  abdomen  ochreous,  slightly  tinged  with  pale  olive. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  48  mm. 

3  c?(?  from  Ran,  Nandi  Country,  February  1S99  (Dr.  Ansorge)  ;  taken  at  the 
same  time  as  a  series  of  rhuliimitria  Guen.,  but  (piite  distinct.  It  appears  to  be 
the  corresponding  African  form  of  rugimuia  Guen.  from  India.  There  are  examples 
in  the  British  Museum  from  Kilima-njaro. 

Subfamily  GEOMETRINAE. 
8.  Antharmostes  ?  albisticta  sp.  nnv. 

Forewings:  deep  blue-greeu  ;  costa  ochreous,  flecked  with  dark  brown;  marginal 
line  red-brown,  slightly  curved  inwards  from  vein  to  vein,  and  followed  by  a  fine 
white  line,  which  swells  out  into  clear  white  sjwts  beyond  the  veins  ;  no  markings 
except  a  small  white  spot,  externally  dark-edged,  at  middle  of  inner  margin  ;  fringe 
pale  ochreous,  mottled  with  grey  externally. 

Uim/wings :  like  forewings,  but  without  the  white  spot. 

Underside  uniform  whitish  green  ;  base  of  costa  of  forewings  browuisli-tiuged. 
Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  ochreous,  the  five  middle  segments  of  the  last  with 
saddle-shaped  marks  of  brown  scales  along  dorsum  separated  by  paler  spots  ;  face 
dull  brown. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  20  mm. 

1  c?  from  Ran,  Nandi  tlountry,  February  180U  (Dr.  Ansorge). 

This  species  does  not  agree  in  all  points  with  the  type  species  ;  the  palpi  are 
long  and  well-developed,  and  the  antennae  fully  pectinated  ;  veins  3  and  4  rise 
together  from  lower  angle  of  cell  in  forewing  ;  but  it  may  be  placed  lure  for  the 
present. 

9.  Eucrostes  innotata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  pale  green,  with  faint  traces  of  a  straight  iimer  and  outer  jiale 
line  ;  fringe  coucolorous  ;  no  cell-spot  ;  costa  pale  ferruginous. 

Hindwings :  withont  markings.    . 

Underside  pale  green,  the  costa  of  both  wings  ferruginous.  I'alpi  externally, 
forelegs,  antennae,  and  lateral  edges  of  frons  ferruginous  ;  face,  vertex,  thorax,  and 
abdomen  green  like  the  wings  ;  base  of  shoulders  tinged  with  ferruginous. 

Exjianse  of  wings  :   15  mm. 

1  c?  from  Benguela,  December  1898  (Penrice). 


(  206  ) 

Mixocera  gen.  nov. 

This  new  genorii"  name  is  proposed  for  two  or  three  species  differing  from 
Nemoria  on  tlie  one  hand,  and  Microlouia  Warr.  on  the  other,  in  the  strncturo  of 
the  (J  antennae.  The  shaft  is  broadened  and  flattened,  armed  along  the  basal  half 
with  short  claw-shaped  fascicles  of  cilia  in  place  of  the  pnbescence  of  the  one  and 
the  full  jiectinations  of  the  other.  In  the  forewings  veins  C,  7,  8,  9,  10,  11  are  all 
stalked  from  the  upper  end  of  cell,  11  anastomosing  and  sometimes  becoming 
coincident  with  12.     Fronnlnm  absent. 

Tj'pe  :  M.  indecretuta  Wlk.  Latilineuta  Wlk.  from  Australia,  and  scrraticornis 
Warr.  from  Africa,  also  belong  here,  as  well  as  the  following  new  species. 

10.  Mixocera  albimargo  sp.  nov. 

Like  M.  hitilincatd  Wlk.  from  Australia,  bnt  with  an  additional  white  marginal 
streak  to  both  wings  ;  fringe  white. 
Expanse  of  wings  :  17  mm. 
1  (J  from  Ogrngu,  Amambara  River,  Lower  Niger. 

Pycnodontia  gen.  nov. 

Forewings :  elongate  ;  costa  slightly  curved  ;  apex  prominent ;  hindmargin 
oblique,  slightl}'  curved. 

intuhcinijs  :  with  hindmargin  well  rounded ;  anal  angle  well  marked. 

Palpi  short,  porrect,  not  reaching  beyond  foreliead  :  antennae  of  c?  lamellate, 
with  short,  broad,  clavate  teeth  :  tongue  and  frenulum  jiresent ;  hind-tibiae  with 
four  stout  and  approximate  spurs. 

Neumtion :  forewings,  cell  nearly  half  as  long  as  wing  ;  discocellnlar  oblique 
inwards  .above,  outwards  below  ;  first  median  nervnle  at  three-fourths,  second  close 
before  third  ;  lower  radial  from  upper  two-thirds  of  discocellnlar,  upper  from  upper 
angle  of  cell  ;  7,  8,  9,  lo,  stalked  from  the  angle  ;  11  free,  approximated  to  1'.^  ; 
hindwings,  costal  shortly  touching  subcostal  near  base  ;  0  and  7  stalked  ;  medians 
as  in  forewing. 

Type  :  Pycnodontia  apicata  sp.  nov. 

Characterized  by  the  structure  of  the  3  antennae. 

11.  Pycnodontia  apicata  sp.  nov. 
Forewings :  pale  green,  without  markings  ;  fringe  pale  green. 
Hindwings  :  the  same  ;  fringe  in  the  apical  half  tinged  with  brown-grey. 
Underside  whitish  green  ;  base  of  costa  of  forewings  reddisli  ;  face,  palpi,  and 

forelegs  vinous  red  ;  head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  like  wings  ;  antennae  ochreous. 
Expanse  of  wings  :  34  mm. 
1  S  from  Mpwapwa,  German  East  Africa  (Dr.  Baxter). 

12.  Rhomborista  palliata  Warr.,  Nov.  Zool.  V.  ]>.  IC,   ?. 

„  ustipennis  Warr.,  Nov.  Zool.  V.  p.  236,  cf. 

The  types,  both  from  Warri,  differ  both  in  the  shajje  and  coloration  of  the 
markings  ;  the  colour  of  the  blotches  being  red-brown  in  jmlliata,  and  black-brown 
in  ustipennis,  while  the  extent  of  the  blotches  is  much  greater  in  the  S  than  iu  the 
?.     I  have  now  seen  another  cj,  from  Sierra  Leone,  which  agrees  in  coloration  with 


(  20?  ) 

palliata  and  in  the  size  of  the  blotches  with  ustipennis  ;  so  that  there  can  be  no 
doubt  that  the  two  are  sexes  of  the  same  species.  The  green  tint  of  the  lines  is 
visible  only  in  the  ?  ,  their  course  being  marked  in  the  c?  only  by  the  red  vein  dots  ; 
the  outer  line  of  dots,  owing  to  the  larger  size  of  the  marginal  red  blotch,  passes 
through  it  and  is  obscured  iu  the  c?.  The  vertex  and  shoulders  are  both  jiale  green; 
the  fillet  narrowly  white.  The  6  from  Sierra  Leone  differs  slightly  from  the  Warri 
c?  in  the  outline  of  the  dark  blotch  of  hindwings,  and  iu  the  extent  to  which  the 
dark  markings  are  represented  on  the  underside. 

Subfamily  STERRHINAE. 
13.  Cacorista  rufimixta  sp.  no  v. 

Forewings :  dull  pinkish  ochreous  ;  the  costa  and  three  oblique  lines,  ante- 
median,  median,  and  postmedian  rufous  tinged  ;  the  lines  diffuse,  edged  inwardly 
with  some  darker  scales,  and  distinct  only  in  the  costal  half  of  wing ;  fringe 
concolorous. 

Hindwings  :  slightly  paler,  without  any  markings. 

Underside  yellow  ochreous,  suffused  with  dull  rosy,  except  along  inner  margin 
of  forewings  ;  thorax  and  abdomen  like  wings  ;  face,  vertex,  and  antennae  dark 
brown. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  15  mm. 

1  S  from  Ogrngu,  Amambara  River,  Lower  Niger. 

14.  Craspedia  crassipuncta  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  ;  whity  brown,  fuscous-speckled,  and  towards  hiudmargiu  suffused 
with  fuscous  ;  inner  and  median  lines  indistinct,  the  first  curved,  the  second 
sinuous  ;  outer  line  at  three-fourths,  lunulate-dentate,  the  teeth  slightly  darker, 
followed  by  a  narrow  paler  sjiace  ;  submargiual  line  regularly  waved,  preceded  and 
followed  by  a  dark  shade  ;  a  row  of  black  marginal  dashes  between  the  veins,  which 
are  all  somewhat  paler  towards  hiudmargiu  ;  fringe  paler,  with  darker  dots  beyond 
the  vein  ends  on  a  middle  line  ;  cell-spot  blackish,  large. 

Hindwings  :  without  basal  line,  the  others  distinct ;  cell-spot  large,  linear, 
black. 

Underside  dull  greyish  ochreous,  with  the  markings  darker  grey;  cell-spots  and 
marginal  spots  blackish  :  face  and  palpi  black-brown  ;  collar  dark  ;  thorax  and 
abdomen  like  wings,  the  segments  of  the  latter  ringed  behind  with  paler  ;  vertex 
and  shoulders  pale  ochreous. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  22  mm. 

2  ?  ?  from  Benguela,  December  1898  (Peurice). 

15.  Craspedia  fuscobrunnea  sp.  nov. 

Forewings ;  dull  smoky  fuscous  brown,  including  the  fringes  ;  no  distinct 
markings  except  a  darker  outer  line,  slightly  angled  at  vein  0,  and  an  obscure  cell- 
spot  ;  the  space  between  median  line  and  outer  line  slightly  paler  than  the  rest  of 
the  wing. 

Hindwings :  the  same. 

Underside  much  paler,  dull  grey  ;  the  marginal  area  beyond  outer  line  darker  ; 
traces  of  a  median  shade  ;  head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  like  wings ;  abdomen  beneath 
and  legs  ochreous  grey. 


(  208  ) 

Expause  of  wings  :  20  mm. 

2  c?(J  from  Ran,  Nandi  (_!ouatry,  February  1899  (Dr.  Ansorge). 
Like  kfctata  Guen.  in   shape,  but  smaller  ami  very  mucli  darker  ;  the  hind- 
margin  of  hiudwiugs  bulges  somewhat  in  middle,  the  tooth  at  vein  4  being  ill-formed. 

10.  Craspedia  sanguinisecta  AVarr.,  Ndv.  Zool.  IV.  p.  53. 

The  name  was  given  to  a  ?  described  from  Weenen,  Natal.  Since  that 
descrijitiou  was  made,  I  liave  seen  3  c?(?,one  from  Grahamstown  and  two  from 
Angola  ;  in  these,  which  are  all  slightly  larger  than  the  ? ,  the  dark  markings 
beyond  the  outer  line,  which  in  the  type  ?  arc  blood-red,  are  either  tawny  brown  or 
quite  black.  Either,  therefore,  these  markings  differ  in  colour  in  the  sexes,  or,  as 
is  more  jirobable,  are  variable  in  both. 

17.  Craspedia  sincera  sp.  nov. 

Forcwiiu/s :  chalk-white,  the  costal  area  slightly  black-speckled  ;  the  four 
lines  all  oblique,  parallel  to  hindmargin,  yellow  ochreons,  rather  thick,  inner, 
median,  postmedian,  and  submarginal  ;  cell-sjmt  and  marginal  spots  small,  distinct, 
black  :  fringe  pure  white. 

Hirulu'ijigs  :  the  same,  without  first  line. 

In  both  wings  the  two  onter  lines  are  incurved  beyond  cell. 

Underside  white,  slightly  greyish  tinged  in  forewings  ;  cell-spots  and  marginal 
spots  black  :  head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  white  ;  the  yellnw  lines  of  hindwiugs 
marked  on  dorsum  ;  face  and  palpi  black. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  24  mm. 

1  c?  from  Cubal  Kiver,  Angola,  March  189'J  (Penrice). 

18.  Janarda  flamingo  sp.  nov. 

Forcwinys :  coppery  fulvous,  with  slight  darker  speckling  in  places  ;  the  lines 
blackish  ;  first  at  one-third,  slightly  curved  near  costa,  oblique  inwards  ;  median, 
very  indistinct,  sinuous  ;  exterior  from  three-fourths  of  costa  to  five-sixths  of  inner 
margin,  rather  sharply  angled  outwards  on  vein  6,  then  sinuous,  parallel  to  hind- 
margin  ;  a  slightly  deeper  marginal  line  ;  fringe  concolorous. 

Himlwinys  :  without  distinct  lines. 

Underside  :  much  paler  ;  the  two  outer  lines  of  forewings  shown,  and  similar 
lines  indicated  on  hindwings  ;  marginal  line  on  both  wings  thick,  deep  purple, 
interrupted  at  the  veins  ;  cell-spots  brown  ;  head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  fulvous  ; 
face  dark  brown. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  22  mm. 

1  cj.  1   ?  from  Lnacinga  River,  Angola,  November  Ib'j'j  (I'enrice). 

Subfamily  TEPHROCLYSTIINAE. 
19.  Gymnoscelis  crassata  sp.  nov. 

Fori  iciiH/s :  jiale  Inownish  ochreons,  the  lines  and  markings  dark  brownish 
jmrple  ;  the  lines  all  distincHy  angled  in  nud-wing  ;  first  close  to  base,  obscure  ; 
second  at  one-fourth,  followed  by  a  diffuse  dark  band,  marked  with  darker  on  the 
costa  and  veins,  and  protruding  an  angle  in  cell  :  outer  line  at  two-thirds,  thick  and 


(  209  ) 

indistinctly  creiinlate,  angled  on  the  median  vein,  followed  by  first  a  dull  lilac 
and  then  a  fine  brown  Hue  ;  snbmargiual  line  denticnlate  bnt  very  indistinct, 
preceded  and  followed  by  thick  purplish  brown  shades,  both  interrujited  by  the 
ground  colour  between  veins  6  and  7,  and  3  and  4  ;  a  dark  marginal  line  ;  fringe 
ochreons,  varied  with  purplish.  In  the  central  fascia  an  angulated  rufous  line  is 
traceable. 

Ilimlwiiiys  :  with  two  short  jiurpiisli  lines  close  to  base,  the  rest  of  the  wing 
as  in  forewings. 

Underside  shining,  pale  bronzy,  fuscous-tinged  towards  hindmargins,  with 
traces  of  the  outer  lines  and  of  cell-spot  ;  head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  ochreous, 
dusted  with  purplish  scales. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  17  mm. 

1  ?  from  the  island  of  S.  Thome,  October  and  November  1899  (Mocquerys). 
Possibly  an  Iramba. 

21).  Gymnoscelis  tenera  sp.  uov. 

Forewings :  pale  pinkish  ochreous,  dusted  with  grey,  the  costal  lialf  of  wing 
darker  than  the  inner  half ;  the  basal  patch  and  central  fascia  slightly  darker  and 
edged  by  fine  waved  whitish  lines  ;  the  snbniarginal  line  very  fine  and  preceded  by 
darker  patches  at  costa,  beyond  cell,  and  above  inner  margin  ;  marginal  line  finely 
blackish  ;  fringe  pinkish  grey. 

Ilinflirimjs :  similar. 

Underside  shining,  whitish,  with  the  markings  grey  ;  head,  thorax,  and 
abdomen  concolorous. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  10 — 14  mm. 

2  (?(^,  1  ?,  from  Ogrugu,  Amambara  River,  Lower  Niger. 

Subfamily  ASTHENINAE. 
21.  Asthenotricha  inutilis  sp.  no  v. 

Forewings  and  Ilindwings :  superficially  resembling  those  oi  flaucoiwi  in 
coloration  and  markings,  except  that  all  the  lines  are  more  regularly  waved  ; 
neither  forewing  nor  hindwing,  however,  possesses  the  modified  scales  and  tuft 
of  hair  by  which  the  genns  is  characterised,  nor  is  the  costa  of  the  hindwings 
shouldered  at  base.  The  specimens  agree  in  having  the  antennae  of  similar 
structure,  thickened  with  clavate  teeth. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  26  mm. 

\  $$  from  Ran,  Nandi  Conntry,  February  1899  (Dr.  Ansorge),  taken  along 
with  several  examples  of  A.Jiacicoma  and  one  of  lophoptenita. 

22.  Dichroma  alternata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  shining  silvery  white ;  crossed  by  four  oblique,  somewhat  irregularly 
margined  olive-brown  fasciae,  all  finely  edged  with  black  scales  ;  one  close  to  base  ; 
second  antemedian,  swollen  laterally  below  the  subcostal  vein  ;  third  postmediau, 
with  a  large  projection  basewards  below  subcostal  and  its  outer  edge  regularly 
undulated  ;  fourth  submarginal,  with  botli  edges  waved  and  nut  (juite  reaching 
the  costa  ;  fringe  olive-brown. 

Ilindwings :    greyish   ochreous,    with    indications    of  a   broad   curved   darker 


(  ^10  ) 

postmedian  band  and  a  narrow  wavy  edged  one  before  liindmargin,  whicb,  as  well 
the  fringe,  is  pale. 

Underside  of  forcwings  dark  grey,  of  hindwings  white  ;  fringe  of  both  wings 
white  ;  face  and  palpi  above  olive-brown,  whitish  below ;  thorax  and  basal 
segments  of  abdomen  whitish  ;  rest  of  abdomen  like  hindwings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  28  mm. 

1  i,2  ?  ?,  from  Cubal  River,  Angola,  March  LsiiO  (Penricc). 

The  antennae  are  lamellate,  laterally  flattened  ;  in  the  S  closely  serrate,  with 
clavatc  teeth.  The  hindwings  of  6  have  a  long  oval  hyaline  space  at  base  below 
the  median  ;  vein  1  apjiears  to  rise  from  its  base  and  rnn.s  into  hiudmargin  before 
the  anal  angle. 

Subfamily  HYDRIOBIENINAE. 

23.  Ochjrria  trientata  sp.  nov. 

Foreicings:  whitish;  this  ground-colour,  however,  only  showing  in  the  band 
beyond  the  central  fascia,  which  is  dark  fuscous  or  blackish,  occupying  the  middle 
third  of  the  wing  ;  its  inner  edge  is  regularly  curved  from  one-third  of  costa  to 
two-fifths  of  inner  margin,  its  outer  forming  a  blunt  double  prominence  in  middle, 
and  a  slighter  one  on  vein  0  ;  the  basal  third  is  suftused  either  with  dark  fuscous, 
reddish  fuscous,  or  dull  reddish  ;  the  central  fascia  is  edged  outwardly  first  by  a 
fine  white  line,  followed  by  a  pale  band  with  a  dark  thread  through  it,  followed 
in  its  turn  on  the  costa  by  a  dark  blotch  separated  from  the  rufous  fuscous 
marginal  area  by  an  oblique  apical  streak  ;  the  submarginal  line  indistinct,  and 
represented  only  by  whitish  spots  at  the  ends  of  the  teeth,  which  are  sometimes 
filled  up  with  darker  ;  marginal  dots  in  pairs  at  the  vein  ends  ;  fringe  fuscons 
varied  with  rufous,  and  chequered  with  darker  beyond  veins. 

Ilindwhujs :  with  the  inner  two-thirds  grey,  with  three  darker  grey  curved 
lines  ;  the  outer  third  reddish  ;  marginal  spots  distinct. 

Underside  of  both  wings  with  basal  two-thirds  grey,  outer  third  reddish  ;  the 
forewings  with  cell-spot  and  three  curved  lines,  the  hindwings  with  ccll-sjiot  and 
outer  dotted  line  only.  Thorax  and  abdomen  dark  grey  ;  face  and  2)rothorax 
agreeing  in  colour  with  the  basal  jjatch. 

E.xpanse  of  wings  :  2li  mm. 

Nine  examples,  all  cJ  S,  from  Ran,  Nandi  Country,  February  1890  (Dr.  Ansorge). 

Easily  distinguishable  by  the  two  colours  of  the  underside  ;  the  amount  of  red 
showing  through  on  the  upperside  varies  much ;  and  iu  one  example  the  fuscous 
tints  of  the  basal  two-thirds  extend  over  the  whole  wing  to  the  hiudmargin, 
obscuring  the  markings. 

Subfamily  PALYADINAE. 
24.  Melinoessa  pauper  sp.  nov. 
Forewingg  :  deeii  yellow  ochreous,  covered  throughout  with  dense  and  jiartially 
confluent  fulvous  striae,  the  areas  with  fewest  striae  being  those  immediately  beyond 
the  outer  line  ;  a  broad  grey  black-speckled  costal  streak  ;  first  line  nearly  straight 
at  one-third  ;  second  from  two-thirds  of  costa,  forms  a  more  prominent  beak 
externally  on  vein  4  than  is  seen  iu  21.  sodaliata  Wlk.,  its  lower  half  reaching 
inner  margin  at  two-thirds,  parallel  to  first  line ;  the  submarginal  line  of  silvery 


(  2ii  ) 

wliite  spots  is  wanting,  these  being  reduced  to  minnte  dots  edged  liy  Idack  scales, 
the  white  spot  at  vein  4,  touching  the  outer  line,  alone  remaining  in  either  wing,  but 
smaller,  as  is  the  white  discal  annnlus  of  the  forewing  ;  fringe  of  hindwing  yellow 
throughout,  of  forewing  yellow  from  vein  4  to  2,  the  rest  fulvous. 

Underside  bright  straw-colour,  in  the  forewings  tinged  with  yellow  and  with 
rufous  striae  and  dots  ;  a  brown  apical  blotch  on  forewings  reaching  to  vein  4,  and 
a  small  upright  blotch  above  anal  angle  ;  cell-spot  reduced  to  a  brown  speck  ; 
hindwings  without  striae  except  along  hindmargin  ;  a  brown  marginal  blotch  at 
middle  and  anal  angle.  Thorax,  abdomen,  tips  of  patagia,  and  front  of  face  fulvous; 
vertex,  shoulders,  and  base  of  patagia  grey. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  44  mm. 

One  ?  from  Rau,  Nandi  Country,  February  1S09  (Dr.  Ansorge). 


aUBFAMILY  DEILINIINAE. 

Cacostegania  gen.  uov. 

Forewings :  costa  arched  at  base,  then  straight  ;  apex  blunt ;  hindmargin 
oblique,  hardly  bowed,  till  near  anal  angle. 

Ilitulwings :  broad  ;  hindmargin  well  rounded,  both  angles  strongly  marked. 
Antennae  in  cJ  strongly  bipectinated  ;  paljii  very  short ;  tongue  and  frenulum 
present  ;  hind-tibiae  with  four  spurs. 

yeiiration :  forewings,  cell  nearly  half  as  long  as  wing  ;  discocellular 
inangulated  ;  first  median  uervule  at  five-eighths,  second  at  seven-eighths  ;  lower 
radial  from  above  centre  of  discocellular,  upper  from  upper  angle  of  cell  ;  7,  8,  '■), 
stalked  from  close  before  end;  10  and  11  coincident,  anastomosing  with  12  and 
again  with  S,  9  :  hindwings,  costal  very  shortly  approximated  to  subcostal  ;  3 
and  7  well  before  angles  of  cell.  Forewings  with  small  and  inconspicuous  fovea. 
Scaling  fine  and  glossy. 

Type  :   Cacostegania  aiistralis  sp.  nov. 

Probably  the  species  described  by  me  (Nov.  Zooi..  VII.  p.  94;,  as  Parasyncgia 
rufigrisea,  the  type  a  j ,  from  Old  Calabar,  will,  wlien  the  S  can  be  compared,  be 
found  to  belong  to  this  genus. 

25.  Cacostegania  australis  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  pinkish  grey,  very  thickly  sprinkled  with  small  fuscous  and 
reddish  scales  ;  the  lines  deep  red  ;  inner  from  nearly  one-fourth  of  costa  to  one- 
third  of  inner  margin,  bluntly  angled  outwards  in  cell  and  on  submedian  fold,  and 
inwards  on  subcostal  and  submedian  veins  ;  outer,  lunulate-dentate,  from  four-fifths 
of  costa  to  four-fifths  of  inner  margin,  the  lunules  beyond  cell  and  that  on  submedian 
fold  nearer  the  base  of  wing  ;  traces  of  a  red  submarginal  line,  mainly  at  costa 
and  on  inner  margin  ;  a  red  marginal  line  ;  fringe  rufous  grey  ;  cell-mark  linear, 
red  ;  the  costal  edge  also  red. 

Hindwings  :  without  first  line  ;  outer  line  irregularly  waved  and  bent,  not 
dentate,  from  three-fifths  of  costa  to  inner  margin  shortly  above  anal  angle  ;  cell- 
spot  obscure  ;  in  both  wings  the  marginal  area  is  deeper  tinted  than  the  basal. 
Face  and  collar  deeji  red  ;  thorax  and  abdomen  coucolorous  with  wings  ;  vertex 
and  antennal  shaft  snow-white. 

16 


( I'l-' ) 

Underside  oi'  wings  glossj-  whitish,  without  any  markings  ;  the  forewings  with 
a,  pinkish  tinge. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   2S  mm. 

One  <S  from  Longa  River,  Angoha,  November  1899  (Penrice). 

20.  Zamarada  angustimargo  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  pale  hyaline  green  with  faint  dark  s]iockles  ;  costa  ochreons  with 
dark  si)ccks  ;  a  very  narrow  hindmarginal  border  pinkish  grey  with  dark  atoms, 
internally  edged  by  a  line  of  black  scales  uniformly  nudulating  between  the  veins, 
and  becoming  (|uitc  pale  before  the  ochreons  yellow  fringe  ;  no  cell-spot. 

IHiKhviiitjs:  with  the  marginal  border  still  narrower. 

Underside  with  the  marginal  border  dark  liver-coloured  np  to  the  fringe,  which 
is  yellow,  and  edged  internally  by  a  yellowish  undulating  line.  Vertex  and  face 
greenish  ochreons,  the  face  thickly  dnsted  with  bright  ferruginous  ;  shoulders  pale 
lilac-grey  ;  abdomen  ochreous,  dnsted  with  red  scales  along  dorsum. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  27  mm. 

One  cJ  from  Lnacinga  River,  Angola,  November  1890  (Penrice). 

From  the  narrowness  of  the  dark  border  only  to  be  compared  with  Z.  cosmiaria 
Swinh.  from  India. 

27.  Zamarada  ?  confusa  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  with  basal  two-thirds  dull  deep  yellowish  with  reddish  speckles  ; 
costa  at  base  and  basal  area  slightly  reddish  ;  onter  third  dull  reddish  brown,  its 
inner  edge  curved  from  costa  to  submedian  fold,  then  vertical  to  inner  margin  ;  a 
row  of  dark  marginal  spots  before  the  reddish  fringe. 

Ilindwings:  similar. 

Underside  much  duller,  tlie  marginal  area  ill-detinod.  Head,  collar,  and 
antennae  dark  puri)le-brown,  the  vertex  and  face  varied  with  ferruginous  scales ; 
thorax  and  abdomen  like  base  of  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  27  mm. 

One  S  from  Luacinga  River,  Angola,  November  1899  (Penrice). 

Differs  from  typical  Za»wrar/rt  in  that  lo  and  11  coincident  anastomose  with 
12 ;  vein  ;i  in  both  wings  from  some  little  space  before  lower  angle  of  cell. 

28.  Zamarada  flavicaput  sp.  nov. 

Forewings:  hyaline,  very  pale  greenish,  dusted  with  darker  scales;  costa  rather 
bright  orange  with  dark  scales  ;  marginal  border  narrow,  deep  purple-red,  edged  by 
a  black  line  scarcely  undulating  and  forming  a  double  shallow  sinus  between  veins 
2  and  4,  with  a  vinous-red  tootiicd  submarginal  line  tlirongh  it ;  fringe  worn, 
api)arcutly  reddish  ;  cell-spot  ilark. 

Ilindwings  :  with  marginal  border  still  narrower  ;  cell-spot  dark. 

Underside  witli  nuxrgiual  border  dark  red-brown.  Face  red-brown  ;  vertex  and 
collar  yellow  with  bright  orange  scales  ;  shoulders  and  patagia  lilac-grey  ;  abdomen 
red-brown. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  26  mm. 

One  ?  from  Luacinga  River,  Angola,  November  1899  (Penrice). 


(  al:5  ) 

Subfamily  SEMIOTHLSINAE. 
20.  Gonodela  mundipennis  sp.  dov. 

Forewiiiys  :  pale  grey  with  very  slight  fawn-colonred  tinge,  and  speckled  finely 
with  blackisji  ;  the  marginal  space  beyond  third  line  fawn-colonr  :  lines  very 
obscure  ;  first  curved,  from  before  one-third  of  costa  to  one-fifth  of  inner  margin  ; 
median  from  a  little  before  middle  of  costa  to  before  middle  of  inner  margin,  slightly 
outcnrved  ronml  the  distinct  large  black  cell-spot ;  outer  line  from  three-fourths  of 
costa  to  two-thirds  of  inner  margin,  very  indistinct  below  costa  and  aiijiearing  simply 
curved  along  the  course  of  the  darker  outer  line  of  the  underside  which  shows 
through  from  beneath,  but  really  angled,  as  usual,  on  vein  6  ;  no  trace  of  dark 
marginal  line  or  spots  ;  fringe  concolorous,  with  a  pale  basal  line  and  finely  paler 
middle  line. 

Ilindwings  :  similar  ;  median  line  slightly  marked  from  inner  margin  to  the 
black  cell-spot  ;  small  marginal  black  dots  between  the  veins. 

Underside  with  the  basal  two-thirds  whitish  striated  with  dark  ;  marginal 
third  rufous  fawn-colour,  edged  internally  by  a  crennlate  dark  brown  line,  and  with 
traces  of  a  snbmarginal  line,  most  distinct  in  the  lower  half  of  wing,  where  it  is 
preceded  by  a  dark  cloud  and  followed  by  a  paler  patch  ;  in  the  hind  wings  the  outer 
edge  of  the  submarginal  shade  is  evenly  undulating  throughout  ;  fringe  of  hindwiugs 
whitish.  Face  and  palpi  brownish  above,  paler  beneath  ;  collar  brownish,  vertex 
pale  ;  thorax  and  abdomen  like  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  40  mm. 

1  ?  from  the  Ualwella  River,  Angola,  June  1898  (Tenrice). 

Crassilembaria  Mab.  from  Madagascar  must  be  somewhat  like  this  species  in 
appearance,  but  the  expanse  of  that  insect  is  given  as  27  mm.  only. 

30.  Semiothisa  majestica  sp.  nov. 

c?.  Forewings :  very  pale  ochreous,  with  slightly  darker  but  inconspicuous 
dusting  :  the  lines  jiale  brown  ;  first  from  one-fifth  of  costa  to  one-fourth  of  inner 
margin,  obtusely  angled  just  above  median  vein ;  second  from  middle  of  costa  to 
middle  of  inner  margin,  bent  outwards  and  bluntly  curved  beyond  cell  ;  cell-mark 
linear,  brown,  preceded  by  a  straight  brown  line  from  costa  showing  through  from 
the  underside  ;  outer  line  from  four-fifths  of  costa,  below  which  it  is  curved,  then 
straight  to  three-fourths  of  inner  margin  ;  marginal  area  beyond  outer  line  slightly 
darker,  especially  close  to  the  line,  which  is  followed  on  costa  by  a  short  brown 
streak  ;  a  dark  brown  marginal  line  along  the  excision  from  vein  7  to  4,  where  the 
ochreous  fringe  also  is  dark  brown. 

Ilimltvings :  with  nearly  straight  antemedian  line  and  black  cell-spot  ;  the 
outer  line  obscurely  double.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  concolorous  with  wings. 
Underside  of  wings  warmer  ochreous,  with  all  the  markings  distinctly  brown,  except 
the  inner  and  median  lines  of  forewiugs,  which  are  very  faint, 

?  greyer  ochreous,  with  strongly  marked  l)rown  striations  ;  all  the  lines 
darker  ;  a  fine  ))rown  marginal  line  in  both  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   <S  40  mm.  ;    ?  44  mm. 

A  pair  from  Longa  lliver,  Angola,  November  IS'JIJ  (Peurice).  The  difference 
in  colour  between  the  sexes,  which  is  very  noticeable  in  these  two  specimens,  is 
probably  not  constant. 


(  214  ) 

"The  autcuuae  of  the  S  are  thickeued  and  flattened  iu  the  basal  third,  with 
strongly  marked  triangular  joints,  the  rest  suliserrate  with  fascicles  of  cilia. 
Forewiugs  of  t?  witli  large  fovea,  of  wliich  there  are  traces  in  the  ?  also. 


31.  Tephrinopsis  illineata  sp.  nov. 

Fore/r/'/ir/s  :  dull  white,  thickly  striated  with  (jlive  fuscons  ;  no  distinct  lines  ; 
but  througli  the  thickening  of  the  striae  traces  of  a  curved  line  near  base,  and  a 
median  line  can  be  traced  ;  at  four-fifths  a  submarginal  olive  fuscous  fascia,  with 
diffuse  inner  and  more  defined  outer  edge  ;  the  lower  part  of  this  fascia  is  widened 
at  inner  margin,  its  onter  edge  curved  and  ending  below  vein  4  in  a  small  wedge- 
shai)ed  brown  projection  towards  hindmargin  ;  the  nj)per  part  is  cut  off  short  at 
vein  T)  ;  into  the  space  between  these  portions  runs  the  apex  of  an  olive  fuscous 
triangular  jiatch  on  hindmargin,  which  is  connected  above  with  a  small  apical  patch, 
and  below  with  a  semi-oval  patch,  these  marginal  shades  being  separated  from  the 
snbmarginal  fascia  by  the  curved  white  submarginal  line,  which,  like  the  fascia,  is 
also  interrupted  beyond  cell  ;  an  intcrrnjjted  dark  marginal  line  ;  fringe  olive-brown, 
with  darker  median  line  ;  cell-spot  brown  ;  costa  yellowish,  with  small  black  striae. 

Ilindicimjs  :  with  the  outer  fascia  unbroken,  snbmarginal  white  space  broader 
between  veins  3  and  4. 

Underside  with  the  markings  duller  ;  head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  whitish 
speckled  with  fuscons. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  22  mm. 

1  J  from  Bengncla,  January  1899  (I'enrice). 

It  is  possible  that  this  insect  may  turn  out  to  be  the  c?  of  T.  ulter/iata  from 
Delagoa  Bay,  wrongly  described  as  a  Gonoilda  (cf.  Nov.  ZooL.  VI.  p.  3U6),  to 
which,  except  for  the  entire  absence  of  lines,  it  bears  a  great  resemblance. 


32.  Tephrinopsis  ochriciliata  sj).  nov. 

Forewings  :  pale  yellowish  ochreons,  densely  and  finely  sprinkled  with  reddish 
fuscons  speckles;  costa  with  short  dark  stri;e;  the  lines  distinct,  reddish  brown;  the 
first,  acutely  angled  on  the  subcostal  vein,  from  one-fourth  of  costa  to  one-fourth  of 
iiiuer  margin  ;  the  second  ipiite  straight  from  middle  of  costa  to  a  little  before 
middle  of  inner  margin  ;  the  outer  from  five-sixths  of  costa  to  three-fourths  of  inner 
margin,  slightly  curved  above  middle,  and  preceded  by  a  narrow  pale  unsjieekled 
line  ;  marginal  line  very  fine  and  concise,  blackish,  interruiited  at  the  ends  of  the 
veins  ;  fringe  clear  shining  ochreons,  tlie  tijis  from  ajiex  to  vein  3  shining  grey. 

llindwingis :  the  same,  without  first  line  ;  the  fringe  with  grey  tips,  except  at 
aj)ex  and  anal  angle. 

Underside  with  the  speckling  and  lines  redder  and  plainer  ;  no  basal  line  on 
forewiugs  ;  cell-spots  distinct ;  in  one  examjile  these  also  show  on  the  njiper  side  ; 
head,  paljii,  and  base  of  shoulders  lirown  ;  thorax  and  abdomen  like  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  28 — 30  mm. 

2  <SS  from  Cubal  River,  Angola,  Febrnary  and  Ai>ril  1S09  (Penrico). 

Forewings  with  slight  fovea  ;  antennae  with  angulated  joints  and  fascicles 
of  cilia. 


(  213  ) 

Subfamily  ENNOMINAE. 

Acanthoscelis  gen.  nov. 

Forewings :  ample  ;  costa  straight  till  near  apex  ;  binJniargiu  slightly 
oblique  and  hartlly  curved. 

Hindtcings  :  with  well-ronnded  hiudmargin. 

Antennae  of  <?  heavily  bipectinated,  the  apical  fifth  serrate  ;  palpi  porrect, 
hairy,  reaching  a  little  in  front  of  face,  terminal  joint  short  and  obscure  ;  tongue 
and  frenulum  present  ;  pectus  somewliat  woolly ;  hind-tibiae  with  four  acute  spurs ; 
all  the  tarsi  beneath  with  rows  of  spinous  hairs  and  ending  in  a  double  claw. 

Neicration  :  forewings,  cell  half  as  long  as  wing  ;  discocellnlar  vertical  above, 
oblique  below  ;  vein  2  just  beyond  middle  of  cell,  3  shortly  l)ef()re  end  ;  radials 
normal  ;  7,  8,  0  stalked  from  the  angle  ;  10,  11,  from  cell ;  11  anastomosing  with 
12  ;  10  approximated  closely  to  but  not  anastomosing  witli  11  ;  hindwings,  with 
T  and  3  both  before  angles  of  cell  ;  2  at  two-thirds. 

Type  Acanthoscelis  tarsispina  sp.  nov. 

Characterised  by  the  spinous  clawed  tarsi. 

33.  Acanthoscelis  tarsispina  sp.  nov. 

Forrirings  :  ochrcous  with  a  rufous  tinge,  spocldeil  with  darker,  tlie  speckles 
towards  apex  and  hindmargin  becoming  blackish  ;  first  line  at  onc-fourtli,  curved, 
but  very  indistinct,  marked  on  costa  by  black  scales  ;  outer  line  nearly  straight  and 
oblique,  pale,  from  two-thirds  of  inner  margin  towards  apex,  before  which  it  is 
bluntly  angled  and  retracted  to  costa,  edged  inwardly  on  inner  margin  with  rnfons, 
and  on  costa  with  dark  fuscous,  and  there  followed  by  a  small  white  tooth  ;  cell- 
spot  black,  distinct  ;  fringe  concolorous. 

Hindwings :  paler  towards  costa ;  the  pale  line  central  and  edged  internally 
with  rnfons. 

Underside  paler ;  the  costal  area  of  forewings  rufous  tinged  ;  no  markings 
except  a  brown  tooth  on  costa  representing  the  white  tooth  of  uppersido;  head, 
thorax,  and  abdomen  ochreous,  tinged  in  parts  with  rufous  ;  vertex  of  head  white. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  44  mm. 

1  c?  from  Second  Kedong,  British  East  Africa,  February  1899  (Dr.  Ansorge). 

Sui)erficially  this  insect  resembles  Microgonia  mundata  Gnen.  from  America. 

34.  Aeschropteryx  ansorgei  ab.  subrufa  nov.,  and  diflPusa  nov. 
This  species  proves  to  be  very  variable  ;  of  4  $  S  from  Ran,  Naudi 
Country,  all  differ  from  the  type  form.  One,  ab.  subrufa,  which  agrees  with  it  in 
having  the  outer  oblique  line  fine  and  thin,  instead  of  having  the  ground  colonr 
pale  yellow,  is  pale  ochreous  with  a  rufous  flush  throughout  ;  the  others,  ab.  dijfusa, 
on  the  contrary,  agree  with  the  type  form  in  ground  colour,  but  have  the  line  thick, 
chestnnt-brown,  with  a  diffuse  shade  on  either  side  but  thickest  externally,  the 
subajiical  spot  being  likewise  filled  up  with  brown  ;  in  the  forewings  a  rufous  cloud 
runs  from  anal  angle  to  the  oblique  Hue  at  its  middle,  and  in  the  hindwing  the 
rufous  tint  takes  the  form  of  a  zigzag  submarginal  shade,  with  a  cloud  beyond  it. 
In  one  of  these  three,  moreover,  the  obliijue  line  itself,  instead  of  running  straight 
throughout,  is  bent  round  at  vein  2.  All  four  specimens  were  taken  February  23rd 
and  24th,  1S99,  by  Dr.  Ansorge. 


(  216  ) 

35.  Aeschropteryx  atomaria  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  ochreons,  densely  dusted  throngh<mt  with  very  fine  rnfons-fuscous 
atoms  ;  a  straight  obli(|ne  dark  line  from  two-thirds  of  inner  margin  towards  apex, 
before  which  it  thins  ont ;  a  distinct  black  cell-spot  ;  first  line  represented  by  a 
short  oblique  costal  streak  at  two-fifths,  close  before  the  cell-spot  ;  fringe 
concolorous. 

llindwings :  with  the  line  central,  jnst  beyond  the  cell-spot.  In  one  of  tlie 
two  examples  the  onter  line  is  altogether  wanting. 

Underside  paler;  tlie  inner  marginal  area  withont  freckling  ;  head,  thorax,  and 
abdomen  like  wings  ;  face  brown. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  38  mm. 

2  c?c?  from  Kau,  Naadi  Country,  February  1899  (Dr.  Ansorge). 

The  hindwings  are  merely  bluntly  elbowed  in  the  middle,  not  produced  into  a 
tooth,  nor  marked  with  any  dark  spot.  The  species  is  evidently  related  to  tah/t/ia 
Warr.,  described  as  an  F.pujijnoptenjx,  but  which  would  perhaps  be  better  placed 
with  the  present  species  in  Aeschropteryx. 

36.  Epigynopteryx  commixta  sp.  nov. 

Forewings ;  dull  yellow,  varied  with  coarse  granular  rufons  grey  dots  and 
striae  ;  an  irregularly  shaped  vortical  line  near  base,  and  slightly  curved  ill-mai'ked 
dentate  Innnlate  line  at  two-thirds;  both  these  lines  diffuse;  cell-sjwt  black, 
distinct  ;  fringe  glossy  white  with  a  chestnut  line  at  base,  preceded  by  a  narrow 
rnfous  shade  from  below  the  apex,  marked  (iu  one  example)  with  black  scales  at  the 
ends  of  veins  3  and  4. 

Hindwings :  with  the  costal  area  whitish  ;  a  bluntly  angled  median  line, 
beyond  which  the  marginal  half  is  suffused  with  dull  rufons  fuscous  ;  the  marginal 
shade  and  black  scales  intensified,  the  tooth  with  two  black  spots. 

Underside  with  all  tlie  markings  much  paler  ;  head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  dnll 
yellow  ;  the  face  tinged  with  rnfous. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  3o  mm. 

•2  (?cJ  from  Rau,  Nandi  C'ountry,  February  1899  (Dr.  Ansorge). 

The  forewings  are  bluntly  bent,  the  hindwings  strongly  toothed,  at  vein  4.  In 
one  example  there  are  dark  blotches  beyond  the  exterior  line  indicating  a  sub- 
marginal  line. 

37.  Eurythecodes  maculosata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings:  pale  yellow,  speckled  with  fnlvons,  and  beyond  tlie  onter  line 
suffused  with  the  same  colour;  the  costa  striated  with  fulvous;  a  thick  fulvous 
line  at  one-fourth,  bent  on  the  median  vein,  and  touching  there  a  similar  sinuous 
median  line  which  passes  over  the  small  black  cell-spot  ;  outer  and  snbmarginal 
lines  finer  and  darker,  both  irregularly  sinn(nis,  the  outer  from  two-thirds  of  costa, 
tlie  submarginai  from  sliortly  before  apex,  botli  curved  below  costa,  and  nearly 
meeting  on  inner  margin  at  two-thirds,  the  sjiace  beyond  onter  line  fulvous  exce])t 
a  small  yellow  patch  within  the  subcostal  angle  of  submarginai  line,  another  outside 
and  below  it,  and  a  larger  jiatch  at  anal  angle  ;  fringe  fulvous  brown. 

Ilindwiiigs :  with  a  single  irregularly  waved  dark  brown  postmedian  line  from 
two-thirds  of  costa  to  tliree-fourths  of  inner  margin  ;  an  autemedian  fnlvons  clond  ; 


(217  ) 

outer  area  irregularly  suifased  with  fulvous,  with  iuterrnpteJ  traces  of  a  yellow 
submargiaal  waved  line. 

Underside  similar,  with  all  the  tints  brighter  and  plainer.  Head,  thorax,  and 
abdomen  yellow  speckled  with  bright  fulvous. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  40  mm. 

1  ^  from  the  Kassai  and  Loange  Rivers,  Congo,  September  1893  (Audreae). 

38.  Paracrocota  maeviaria. 

Aspilates  maeviaria  Guon.  Phal.  ii.  p.  185. 

A  ?  from  Cnbal  River,  Angola,  April  1899  (Penrice),  agrees  well  with 
Guen^e's  description,  but  can  hardly  be  left  in  the  genus  Aspilates.  It  agrees  in 
nenration  with  Pai-acrocota  epionata  Warr.  ;  but  not  in  shape  of  wings  :  inasmuch 
as  the  apex  of  forewing  is  very  decidedly  produced,  the  bindmargin  beneath  the 
apex  being  slightly  indented,  and  faintly  bulging  at  middle  ;  the  hiudmargin  of 
hindwings  is  evenly  curved  throughout,  and  not  at  all  projecting  at  middle. 

The  forewings  are  rather  deep  yellow,  with  a  few  dark  brown  atoms,  mainly 
towards  the  costa  ;  the  costal  region  is  tinged  with  orange,  the  costal  edge  being 
grey,  and  there  is  an  orange  spot  on  inner  margin  at  the  usual  jjlace  of  the  first 
line  ;  the  obliqne  streak  from  apex  is  broadly  pale  liver-coloured,  distinctly  edged 
internally  with  darker,  and  externally  with  some  orange  scales,  containing  a  dot 
of  black  scales  between  the  veins.  Hindwings  pale  yellow,  almost  whitish  in 
costal  half,  with  a  curved  streak  from  three-funrths  of  inner  margin,  running 
parallel  to  hindmargin,  and  becoming  obsolete  before  reaching  the  costa ;  both 
wings  with  distinct  cell-spot. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  36  mm. 

On  the  underside  the  hindwings  are  deeper  yellow  than  the  forewings,  with 
coarse  brown  speckling  and  the  line  brown  and  well-marked  throughout ;  the 
forewings  pale  yellow  with  the  line  faint  except  towards  ape.x. 

I  have  given  this  fresh  description  because  Guen^e's  original  one  is  somewhat 
less  ample  than  usual,  and  was  made  mainly  by  a  comparison  with  A.  gilcaria 
of  Europe. 


(218) 


SOME   NEW   BUTTERPLIES  AND   MOTHS. 

]!y   the    HON.    WALTER   EOTJISCHILD,   Ph.D. 

NYMPHALIDAE. 

1.  Danaus  weiskei  sp.  nov. 

S.  Wings,  npperside,  black,  markings  groeuisli  white. Forewing  :  a  po.st- 

costal  line  from  near  base  to  S(!',  a  transverse  patch  near  end  of  cell,  a  postcostal 
spot  before  npper  angle  of  cell,  followed  b}'  a  series  of  three  spots,  a  rounded  patch 
M' — M-  aliont  U  mm.  from  M,  a  ver}-  large  patch  M- — SM-  extended  to  near  base, 
not  touching  the  veins,  a  postdiscal  spot  11-— R^  another  M'—M',  about  U  mm.  from 
the  discal  sj)ot  M' — M-,  a  series  of  minute  dots  about  2|  mm.  from  margin  ;  fringe 

feebly  dotted  with  white  between  the  veins. Hindwing  :  the  greater  part  of  the 

cell  greenish  white,  this  jiatch  sejiarated  from  the  patches  round  the  ci'U  by  the 
black  veins,  costal  patch  extended  to  base,  as  are  also  the  patches  behind  cell, 
patch  R' — M'  the  smaller,  shorter  than  broad,  a  complete  series  C — SM-  of  small 
postdiscal  sjiots,  parallel  to  margin,  the  last  sjiots  minute ;  fringe  spotted  white. 

Uypersidc. Forewing  black,  apex  raw  umber  colour  ;  besides  the  spots  of 

ujiperside,  there  is   a  series   of  submarginal  dots,  the   middle   ones   double. 

Hindwing  raw  umber  colour,  the  long  costal  patch  divided  into  three  patches, 
by  (J  and  a  black  transverse  bar,  which  forms  a  kind  of  ellipse  with  the  brown 
lines  C  and  M  ;  discal  patches  as  above  ;  the  jiostdiscal  dots  larger  than  above,  the 
posterior  ones  especially;  a  complete  series  of  submarginal  dots,  two  in  each  cellule. 

"  Brand  "  round,  reaching  from  tiW  beyond  SM-.     Subcostals  of  forewing  free, 
8(J'  before,  SO-  at  end  of  cell. 

Length  of  forewing  :  'i'Z  mm. 

Hab.  Aroa  River,  British  New  Guinea,  1  d  (Weiske). 

This  j]eculiar  insect  forms  a  group  of  its  own  in  the  genus  Danaus. 

ERYfilNIDAE. 
2.  Abisara  weiskei  sp.  nov. 

(J.  Head  lilackish  brown,  white  at  eyes.  Palpus,  legs  and  underside  of 
abdomen  yellow,  tibiae  and  tarsi  olive  brown  on  npperside.  Thorax  above  paler 
than  head,  with  grey  hairs  beneath,  abdomen  above  tawny  olive. 

Wings,  nppermle. Forewing  :   purplish   black,   dark  -tawny   olive  towards 

base  ;  a  narrow  band  lioyond  apex  of  cell  between  snlicostals  and  R',  followed  by  the 
trace  of  spot  and  a  distinct  spot,  two  postdiscal  dots  S( '^ — R-,  followed  by  the  trace 

of  a  third  dot,  white. Hindwing :  base  tawny  olive,  costal  area  black  distally, 

rest  of  wing  cadmium  orange,  this  area  includes  three  black  spots  between  R'  and 
SM-  ;  black  spots  also  at  the  end  of  veins  R'  to  M-,  first  and  last  sjiot  the  smallest, 
fringe  white  between  veins. 

Underside  blackish  olive,  basal  areas  paler. Forewing:  a  bar  across  cell 

between  M'  and  M^,  bordering  a  dark  cell  patch,  a  straight  discal  band  and  a 
narrower  postdiscal  one,  somewhat  curved  cost  ad  behind  R',  meeting  at  SC-,  the 


(  219  ) 

postdiscal  one  ending  in  a  tawny  ochraceous  spot,  all  white,  shaded  with  olive. 

Hindwing :  a  cnrved  liar  in  cell  between  two  dark  patches,  a  series  of  discal  lunnles, 
bordering  a  band  of  dark  brown  patches,  the  posterior  Innnles  larger,  white  shaded 
with  olive,  external  area  bright  tawny  ochraceons  including  a  series  of  five  black, 
postdiscal,  jiatches  proximally  bordered  I ly  white  or  creamy  white  Innnles,  the  npper 
two  Innnles  very  thin,  a  white  dot  near  abdiimiaal  margin,  lietwcen  those  and  the 
discal  half-moons  are  deej)  brown  patches  ;  the  iilack  postdiscal  jiatches  have  white 
external  borders,  except  the  njipermost  ;  black  marginal  patches  at  end  of  veins 
W — SIP,  the  middle  two  the  largest. 

Length  of  forcwing  :  29  mm. 

Hab.  Aroa  River,  British  New  Guinea,  1  t?  (Weiske). 

LYCAENIDAE. 

3.  Mimacraea  dohertyi  sp.  nov. 

Wings  aliorc  orange,  feebly  reddish  towards  the  base,  especially  on  the  f(ire- 
wing  ;  external  margins  of  lioth  wings  and  abdominal  one  of  hindwing  narrowly 

liordercd  with  black  ;  fringe  white  lietween  the  veins. Forewing :  costal  margin 

black,  tlie  black  border  widened  to  cell,  which  it  just  enters  ;  fused  with  it  are  two 
patches  SC^ — W,  followed  or  not  by  a  spot  R' — R-,  and  nearer  apex  of  wing  a  short 
band  or  patch  composed  of  rows  of  blacl;  scales,  this  jiatcli  often  indicated  only  by 

scattered  scales,  especially  in  ?  ?  ;   veins  brown. Hindwing  :    the   dots   of  the 

underside  shining  through,  often  a  black  costal  spot  just  beyond  middle. 

Underside  paler  than  npper,  except  basal  two-thirds  of  forewing. Forewing: 

costal  black  area  as  above  or  a  little  wider,  no  snbajiical  costal  band  ;  veins  blackish 

distally. Hindwing  :  veins  brownish,  bordered  pale,   thirteen   black  dots  from 

base  to  beyond  end  of  cell  :  three  (J — SC-,  equidistant,  three  iu  cell,  of  which 
the  basal  one  stands  upon  the  base  of  M,  one  R^ — R-  touching  cross-vein,  two 
SC-—  R-  the  most  distal,  one  behind  the  other,  transverse,  a  row  of  three  lietween 
base  of  M'  and  SJI-,  the  last  of  them  often  vestigial  or  absent,  and  one  M — SM- 
behind  the  second  cell-sjiot  ;  a  fourteenth  spot  is  sometimes  marked  behind  SM-,  all 
the  spots  with  obviously  pale  borders,  except  the  npper  three  distal  ones. 

Length  of  forewing  :  22  to  27  mm. 

Iliib.  Escarpment,  British  East  Africa,  Sejitember  to  November,  during  dry 
weather,  a  series  at  an  elevation  of  from  6uU0  to  9000  ft.  (AV.  Doherty). 

This  is  the  first  Mimacraea  described  from  British  East  Africa. 

GEOMETRIDAE. 

4.  Dysphania  centralis  sp.  nov. 

r?.  Head  and  scaling  of  antenna  pale  vinaceons  cinnamon  ;  abdomen  rufons 
cinnamon,  eighth  tergite  witli  a  bluish  black  sjiot,  prothorax  yellow,  tegulao  blue- 
black. Wings  dark  purplish  blue.     Forewing  with  an  oblong  grey  patch  in  apex 

of  cell,  the  ordinary  jiale  markings  of  Dysphania  barely  traceable. Hindwing 

with  a  large  cadmium  yellow  jiatch  in  middle  incised  upon  the  cross-veins,  truncate 
proximally,  rounded  distally  between  R^  and  M',  not  extended  to  JI-,  fringe  mixed 
with  rufous.  Underside  paler  than  njiper,  the  pale  Dysphania  markings  vestigial 
on  the  forewing  ;  patch  of  hindwing  rather  larger  than  above. 

Length  of  forewing  :   3.5  mm. 

llab.  Aroa  River,  British  New  Guinea,  1  S  (Weiske). 


(  220  ) 

5.  Bordeta  hypocala  sji.  nov. 

(?.  Body  metallic  greenish  blue,  logs  almost  black  with  little  gloss.  Wings, 
itppcrside,  proximal  area — reaching  on  forewing  beyond  base  of  M-,  on  hindwing 
beyond  cell— glossy  china  blue,  the  area  convex  distally,  rest  of  wings  dark  purplish 
bine,  almost  black. 

L'lii/rrsii/i:  black,  purplish  in  certain  lights. Forewing  :   liasal  half  scarlet, 

the  area  indented  in  cell  ;  a  .snbajiical  band  orange,  gradually  narrowed  to  W,  thence 

suddenly  narrowed,  stojjping  at  M'  ;  anteriorly  it  stops  at  SC^ Hindwing  :  costal 

margin  scarlet,  basally  this  colour  extended  to  M,  distally  not  reaching  end  of  C  ;  a 
postdiscal  band  orange,  parallel  to  margin,  slightly  narrowing  behind,  not  <inite 
reaching  abdominal  margin. 

Length  of  forewing  :  23  mm. 

Bad.  Aroa  River,  British  New  Guinea,  1  S  (Weiske). 

6.  Milionia  weiskei  sp.  nov. 

?.  Body  dull  black  ;  base  of  sixth  tergite  of  abdomen  and  the  whole  seventh 
segment  orange  red.  AVings  black  on  both  sides,  with  a  broad  chrome  yellow  band, 
which  extends  to'  outer  margin  on  hindwing  from  costal  edge  to  fold  SC- — R'  ; 
forewing  with  a  narrow,  marginal,  yellow  spot  at  apex,  the  band  bordered  proxi- 
mally  on  hindwing  by  an  orange  red  line,  anteriorly  abbreviated  at  R\ 

Length  of  forewing  :  20  mm. 

Ihi'.  Aroa  UivtT,  British  New  Guinea,  2  j  •?  at  TDUO  ft.  CWeiske). 

AGARISTIDAE. 
7.  Phalaenoides  mutans  s]i.  nov. 

c?.  Palpus  yellow,  a  lateral  stripe  on  second  segment  and  the  third  black,  the 
latter  with  some  white  scales  beneath  ;  frons  with  white  and  black  scaling,  a  white 
band  anteriorly.  (Thorax  rubbed  above).  Abdomen  dull  i)ur{)lish  bine  above,  with 
some  whitish  spots  at  the  sides,  yellowish  buff  beneath,  this  colour  becoming  paler 
distally  and  less  extended  in  width,  not  reaching  last  seventh  sternite  ;  extreme  tip 
of  abdomen  yellow.     Breast  yellow,  legs  dirty  brown,  mottled  with  white  scales. 

Wings,  2ipj)Crsi(le. Forewing  :  dark  Vandyke  brown,  some  minute  bine  dots 

near  base,  fringe  black. Hindwing :    a  rounded,  white,  patch  at  end  of  cell, 

extended  to  near  SM-,  shaded  with  bine  scaling  which  reaches  to  base,  the  whole 
wing  strongly  glossy  blue  in  certain  lights,  shading  into  green. 

L'mler»i(le  :  bases  of  both  wings  metallic  jjale  blue,  posterior  half  of  forewing 

and  the  hindwing  glossy  blue  in  certain  lights. Forewing  :  a  cell-bar  opposite 

base  of  M-,  a  narrow  band  beyond  end  of  cell  between  R^  and  M-,  preceded  costally 

by  some  blue  scales,  white  shaded  with  blue. Hindwing  :  white  patch  as  above, 

traces  of  blue  discal  spots  between  (J  and  U'. 

Length  of  forewing  :  20  mm. 

Jlai.  Aroa  River,  British  New  Guinea,  1  6  (Weiske). 


(  221   ) 


AUS    DEN 
WANDERJAHREN     EINES     NATURFORSCHERS. 

BEISEN   UND   FOBSCIIITNGEN  IN  AFRIKA,   ASIEN 
UNB  AMEBIKA. 


Von   ERNST   HARTEBT. 


n^HE  subscribers  to  Novitates  Zoologicae  will  most  likely  be 
somewhat  surprised,  when  they  read  the  present  contribution, 
seeing  that  it  differs  considerably  from  the  usual  matter  supplied 
by  this  j^eriodical.  I  tliink,  therefore,  a  few  explanatory  words  are 
necessary,  as  the  article  appeals  almost  as  much  to  the  traveller 
and  ethnographical  student  as  to  the  zoologist. 

"When  Mr.  Hartert  told  me  several  years  ago  that,  as  he  was 
unlikely,  owing  to  the  pressure  of  Museum  work,  ever  again  to 
imdcrtake  very  extensive  explorations,  he  would  like  to  publish 
a  book,  containing  an  account  of  his  former  travels  and  their 
results,  I  encouraged  him  to  do  so,  and  j^l'iced  the  books  and 
collections  in  the  Tring  Museum  at  his  disposal.  However,  Mr. 
Hartert's  time  was  much  occupied,  and  other  events  were  unfavour- 
able, so  that  at  last,  in  order  to  ensiu-e  the  speedy  ai:)pearance 
of  this  valuable  work,  I  'suggested  that  it  might,  under  given 
conditions,  be  a  welcome  addition  to  Novitates  Zoologicae. 
Mr.  Hartert,  after  some  hesitation,  agreed  to  my  conditions,  the 
principal  of  which  was,  that  he  alone  was  to  take  all  editorial  and 
other  responsibilities  for  tlie  contribution. 

The  Editors  hope  that  the  public  will  appreciate  their  new 
departure,  Avhich  they  consider,  in  this  case,  a  quite  justifiable 
one,  especially  as  there  is  sufficient  zoological  information  in 
Mr.  Hartert's  articles  to  make  them  acceptable  to  the  readers  of 
our  journal, 

WALTER   ROTHSCHILD. 


(222  ) 


I.   ABSCHNITT. 

liEISE   NACII   SOKOTO    rXD    KAXO    IM 
WESTLICIIE^^   SUDAN. 

1.  KAPITEL. 

SEEBEISE.      FLITSSFAHBTEN  AUF   DEM  NIGER    UND 

BENUE. 

Der  zwolfte  April  fles  Jalires  ISSf),  ein  Rnnnt<a<;,  war  ciiier  joner  feuchtkalten 
Tage,  mit  dciien  Hanilmrg  so  reichlirli  gesegnet  ist.  Gegen  Mittag  sotzto  sich 
nntiT  den  lloclinifen  dor  anf  dcm  Qnai  vcrsaiumeltt'ii  Frenndesscliaar  dip  ('oanza, 
oin  Ideiner  aher  sehr  Reetiichtiger  Dainpfer  der  Liverpooler,  "  English  aud  African 
.Steamship  Oompany"  im  Hambnrger  Hafeu  in  Bewegnng.  An  Bord  befanden 
sicli  die  Mitgliedor  und  die  gesammte  Ansriistung  der  von  der  nnnmehr  anfgelr.stcn 
"Afrikanisohen  Gesellschai't  in  Dentschland  "  ansgesandteu  Niger-Benne  Exj)edition. 
Unsre  kleine  Trnppe  bestand  aus  Robert  Ednard  Flegel,  dem  Leiter  des  Unter- 
iiehmens,  Dr.  Giirich  als  Geologeu  nnd  Botaniker,  Dr.  Bichard  .Semon  als  Arzt 
nnd  sogenanntem  wissenschaftlichen*  Zoologen,  deni  Ingenienr  Thiel  znr  Fiihrnng 
nnsrer  Dampfljarkasse,  und  meiner  Wenigkeit,der  icli  alss  Yolontiir  die  lieise  belinfs 
zoologischen  Sammelns  nnd  verschiedener  Stndien  mitmachen  wollte.  Pan!  Stand- 
inger,  der  Sohn  des  grossen  Entomologen  nnd  weltberuhmten  Insekteuhiindlers,  war 
schon  nach  Lagos  voransgeeilt,  da  anch  er  die  Expedition  ans  Eeiselust  und  zn 
Sammelzwecken  begleiten  wollte.  Ansserdem  hattc  Flegel  zwei  Rchwarzc  mit  sich, 
hanssanische  Karawanenfiihrer,  die  in  Berlin  in  bekanuter  Woise  verhiitschelt  nnd 
Rogar  dem  Kaiser,  den  Zeitungeu  znfolge  als  "  Hanssafiirsten,"  vorgestellt  worden 
waren. 

Ansser  nnserm  zahlreichen  Geiiiick,  Waffen,  Mnnition,  Tauschwaaren  und 
Geschenken  der  Dentschen  Ucgiernng  an  die  Snltane  von  Hokoto  und  Gandn  batten 
wir  eiue  eiserne  Dampfbarkasse,  den  "  Dr.  Heiurich  Barth  "  und  ein  "  zerlegbares," 
aus  drei  Theilcn  bestehendes,  aber  sehr  nnjiraktisches  Flassboot  mit  uns.  Da 
diese  anf  Deck  befestigt  waren,  gewiihrte  die  Coanza  einen  etwas  ungewohnten, 
iibermassig  vollgepackten  Aublick. 

Am  14'™  passierten  wir  die  Meeronge  von  Dover,  nnd  die  in  hellem  Sonncnschein 
nns  entgegeulenchtende  englische  Kiiste,  an  der  wir  ganz  nahe  voriibcrfnhren,  mit 
ihren  weissen,  von  scliwarzen  Fenersteinadern  dnrchzogenen  Kreidefelsen  nnd  der 
schon  I'rischgriuien  Wiesenbedeckung,  sowie  die  liellen  Hansergrn]ijien  von  Deal 
nnd  Dover  niachten  einen  iiriiclitigen  Eindrnek  anf  nns  Neulinge,  die  wir  nieist  noeh 
nie  eine  fremde  Kiiste  geschaut. 

Als  wir  den  Aermelkanal  verliessen,  fing  das  >Scliitf  an  zn  rollen,  und  fast  alle 
Passagiere  wurdeu  seekrank,  meiue  Nerveu  aber  waren  damals  noch  so  stark,  dass 

»  Da  (iam.ils  ilii;  ■' .Systcmntilt "  in  Deutselilaiui  \mter  den  Zoologen  zunftmiissig  niclit  fiir  wi.ssen- 
Bchaftlich  gnlt,  boileutete  das  ungcfahr  so  viel,  dass  unser  liuisegefiilirle  auf  licincm  Gebiote  bcsoudere 
systcmatischc  Kenntnisse  battc, 


(  223  ) 

icii  nichts  davon  zu  Iciden  hatte,  nud  meiucu  Kameraden  die  "  scliiiucn,  langeu 
Wellen  der  Bai  von  Biscaya"  auzuijreisen  pflegte.  Es  war  offeul)ar,  dass  wir  nns 
in  der  Zugzeit  der  Viigel  befanden,  denn  wir  sahen  grosse  Zlige  von  finkenartigen 
Vogeln,  iScLwalben,  Kiebitze  nnd  andre  Viigel  nach  Norden  ziehen,  nnd  cinige 
rasteteu  auf  nnserm  Scliiife,  tbeilweis  zu  miide  oder  apathiscb  nm  es  wieder  zn 
verlassen.  Sie  wnrden  uachts  meist  ein  Ranb  von  Katzen  oder  Hatten.  Es  ist 
erstaiiulich,  wie  viele  Vogel  auf  diese  AVeise  ibr  Leben  einbiissen,  nnd  wie  weit 
dranssen  im  Ocean  man  sie  liiiufig  sieht. 

Immer  warmer  wurde  es  nnd  am  21.  Abends  tancbten  die  scbwarzen  Fels- 
masseu  der  Insel  Teuerife  aus  deni  Meere  anf,  die  oberen  Partbien  iu  Wolken 
gebiillt,  ilber  denen  wie  ein  am  Himmel  scbwebender  gigantiscber  Zuckerhut  der 
Gipfel  des  Pico  de  Teyde  sicbtbar  ward.  Uns  war  alles  nen,  alles  interessant, 
die  gespensterbaft  iiber  die  Wellen  scbwebeuden  Stnrmvbgel  nnd  Sturmtaucber, 
das  sonndnrcbgliibte  Laud  mit  den  liissigcn,  dunkeliiugigen  Bewohueru,  Stadt  nnd 
Garten.  Wir  konntcn  in  Sta.  Crnz  anf  Teuerife  nud  in  Las  Palmas  auf  Gran  Canaria 
eiuige  Stunden  bleiben — unvergessliche  Stunden  fUr  die  unter  nns,  welche  zum 
ersten  Male  ein  stidlicbes,  sonniges  Land  betraten.  Ancb  mancben  mir  interessanten 
Vogel  sab  icb,  mie  Aiitluis  berthelofi,  den  Pieper  der  Canaren,  den  bellen  Thurmsegler 
nnd  scbeuG  Raubvogel.  In  den  Giirten  der  Stiidte  orgelte  der  "  C'apirote "  der 
lusnlaner,  von  dem  uuser  grosser  Landsmann  Alexander  von  Humboldt  scbreibt, 
dass  er  ein  diesen  Inseln  eigenthuinlicbcr  Vogel  sei,  mit  einer  nnvergleicblicben 
Gesaugesgabe,  wilbrend  es  doch  in  der  Tbat  die  in  unseren  beimatblicben  AValdern 
uberall  baufige  Scbwarzkopfgrasiuucke,  Si/lcia  titricapillu,  ist,  freilicb  uiicbst  unsern 
beiden  Nacbtigallen-Arten  der  scbOnste  Sanger  unseres  Landes.  Uugern  verliessen 
wir  die  lieblicben  Inseln,  nnd  dampften  bald  gen  Sliden  welter.  Die  Fabrt  iu 
diesen  warmeu  Breiten,  das  sonnebescbieneue  Meer  mit  seineu  Quallen  nnd 
fliegenden  Fiscben,  die  belleu  Moudscheinuiicbte,  das  leuchtende  Wasser,  alles 
vereiuigte  sicb,  solcbe  Tage  zu  den  scbousten  des  Lebens  zu  gestalten. 

Am  26.  April,  wieder  einem  Sonntage,  saben  wir  zum  ersten  Male  die  afri- 
kauiscbe  Kilste  am  Horizonte  anftancbeu.  Es  war  die  kleine  Insel  Goree,  mit 
Stadt  nnd  Festung.  Fast  vegetationslos  erscbieu  die  Insel,  denn  vom  Scbifle  aus 
konnten  wir  nnr  eine  einsame  Dattelpalme  uud  die  Krone  einer  Cocospalme  erkennen, 
uur  an  den  boben,  binter  dem  Stiidtcben  emporragenden,  mit  einer  altmodiscb 
aussebenden  Festung  gekrOnten  Felsen  sah  man  bier  uud  da  griine  Flecke  nnd  eine 
Auzabl  gcwaltiger,  aber  bliitterloser  Affenbrotbiiume,  Adansonia  <li<jitata.  Wie 
man  von  der  Lage  uud  Trockenbeit  des  Ortos  erwarteu  kaun,  ist  er  recbt  gcsnud, 
aber  nenerdings  batte  das  gclbe  Fieber  oder  eine  abnlicbe  ansteckende  Ficberform 
sicb  eiugc'fundcu  und  uamentlicb  in  den  Kasernen  der  Festung  viele  Opfer  gefordert. 
Die  Bewobner  gebcireu  meist  dem  Stamme  der  Yolotf  au,  docb  ist  eiu  grosser  Tbeil, 
wie  in  alien  KUsteuorteu,  aus  verscbiedeueu  Stiimmen  gemiscbt. 

Am  28.  April  wurde  die  Wiirme  zuerst  uuaugeuebm  fUblbar.  In  der  Niibc 
des  griinen  Vorgebirges  sahen  wir  viele  Hunderte  von  Delpbinen,  von  denen  einige 
fast  drei  Meter  bocb  aus  dem  Wasser  scbnellten.  Eiu  dnnkler  Streif  im  Osteu 
zeigte  die  Nitlie  des  Landes  au,  ein  Scbmetterling  und  eine  CaloMinn  kamen 
an  Biird.  Sturmviigel  waren  biintig,  lauter  Tkalassidroina  wil.toiii,  die  wir 
siidlicb  der  Uanaren  stetig  bemerkten,  wabrcnd  wir  nijrdlicb  desselben  uusere 
Thalassidroma  pelagica  allein  beobacbteten.  Anf  cine  ganze  Strecke,  bunderte 
von  Metern  iu  die  Liinge  und  Breite,  saben  wir  am  Mittag  die  Oberflacbe  des 
Meeres  in   Beweguug  und  scbiinmeud  von  Millionen  nud  aber  Milliouen  kleiaer 


(  224  ; 

Fiscbe,  doreii  wir  IciJcr  keiue  liabhaft  wenkni  koiiiitc.'ii.  Am  2'.<.  taucliteu  die 
hoheii,  Uber  uiul  iiber  mit  tropischer  Vegetation  bedeckten  Los-Inselu  vor  uns 
anf.  Die  Coanza  ging  im  Hafen  von  Tnmbo,  einer  dieser  Inseln,  vor  Anker, 
wo  Herr  Colin  ans  Stuttgart  cine  prachtvolle  Fakforei  besass,  wiibrend  sicli 
Zweigliandelshiinser  von  ihm  anf  dem  gegeniiberliegonden  Fcstlando  bcfandon. 
Uort  war  die  dentsche  Flagge  gehisst  worden,  abcr  wie  man  sjiiiter  sagte  irrthiim- 
liclier  Weise,  da  die  Franzosen  iiltere  nnd  unanfccbtbare  Uecbte  besiissen.  Ansser 
dor  Colinscbon  Niedorlassnng  befand  sicb  anf  Tnmbo  damals  nocb  cine  franzrisische 
Faktorei,  letztere  boim  Dorfe  Konakri,  erstere  bcim  Orte  Bnlbine.  Mit  grosser 
Frende  folgtcn  wir  der  Einladung  Herrn  Colins,  zwei  Tago,  d.  b.  sobiiigc  die 
Coauza  bier  vor  Anker  lag,  seine  Giiste  zn  sein.  Da  konnten  wir  znm  ersten 
Male  in  einem  wabreu  Tropenlande  wandeln,  nnd  nie  werde  icb  diese  Tage  vergessen. 
Die  Inseln  besteben  grossentbeils  ans  verwittertom  TufF,  von  Itotheiseuerz  nnd 
Branneisenstein  dnrcbzogen,  nnd  von  einer  Lage  sandigen  rotben  Tones  bedeckt. 
Die  Pflanzenbedecknng  ist  sebr  reicb.  Am  Strande  sieht  man  bier  nnd  da  kleine, 
aber  nirgend  weit  ansgedehnte  Mangrove-Dickicbte,  unter  den  BiUimen  zeicbnen 
sicli  ans  die  Riesen  Westafrika's,  die  "  Seidenbanmwollbiiume,"  Cciha  hnoiioiiozcnsi: 
(ider  KrioileMlroii  anfraduosum,  die  scbattenspendenden,  damals  gerade  mit  den 
woblscbmeckenden  Friicbten  reicb  beladenen  Mangobilnme,  Oelpalmeu,  Cocospalmen, 
Melonenbaume  {Carica  papaya'),  Adansonien,  Kantscbnk  liefernde  Ficns-Arten, 
beide  Arten  Bananen  nnd  viele  nns  nnbekanntc  Formen.  Im  Uuterbolze  bemerkten 
wir  mancbe  scbon  aber  stark  dnftende  Blnmen,  was  icb  bcsonders  erwiibne,  da  der 
dnrcb  feblerbafte  Beobacbtnng  entstandene  nnd  durcb  ein  Dicbterwort  weit  verbreitete 
Aberglanbe,  dass  die  Tropen  nnr  "  Blnmen  olme  Dnft  nnd  Viigel  obne  Sang " 
biltten,  nocb  immer  in  zabllosen  Kopfen  spukt. 

Das  Klima  ist  nacb  Herrn  Coliu  recht  gnt.  Die  in  keinem  vegetationsreiclien 
Tropenlande  feblenden  Fieber  sollen  verbiiltnissmiissig  mild  nnd  selten  anftreten. 
Ansser  im  April,  der  der  heisseste  Monat  ist,  soil  die  Temperatnr  nicht  weit 
iiber  30°  Celsins  steigen,  Nacbts  anf  24°  nnd  mebr  sinken.  Die  Beviilketnng  gebort 
dem  Stammc  der  Snsn  an.  Ibrer  Religion  nacb  sind  es  Mobamedauer,  aber  sie 
baben  viel  ans  ibrer  beidniscbeu  Vorzeit  beibebalten,  und  nnterscbeiden  sicb  sebr 
von  denmeisten  anderen  mir  vorgekommenen  Mobamedanern,  indem  sie  gar  wenig  von 
der  islamitiscben  Wiirde  nnd  dem  gemessenen  Betragen  der  meisten  Bekenner  des 
Islam  an  sicb  baben.  Sie  maeben  aber  einen  sebr  gntmiitbigen  Eindrnck,  und 
wenn  ancb  ibre  Gesicbter  mit  dem  bekannten  Typns  der  Westkiisten-Neger  nns 
wenig  anmntben,  so  kann  man  doch  an  den  kraftvollen  Gestalten  seine  Frende 
baben.  Gesang  und  Tanz  lieben  sie  ungemein.  Moudbelle  Niicbte  werden  znm 
grnssten  Theile  dnrchtanzt.  Jung  nnd  alt,  Mann  und  Weib  standen  in  einem 
Kreise  anf  freiem  I'latze  in  der  Mitte  des  Dorfes,  janehzend,  lacbend,  mit  einer 
grossartigcn  Virtnositilt  in  die  Hiinde  klatscbend,  und  nnter  dnmpfem  Trommel- 
scluill,  der  anf  einem  ausgeboblten  Baumstamme  ansgofiibrt  wnrde.  Fast  nocb 
gWisseren  Liirm  vernrsacbten  anf  einem  dolincn-artigen  Biigel  lose  anfgereibte 
Stiicke  von  Kiiriiisscbalen,  die  stiindig  bin-  nnd  bergescbiittelt  wnrden,  aneb  sjiielten 
drei  jnnge  Menscben  anf  einer  klcinen  mit  Saiten  l)ezogenen  Zitlu'r.  In  der 
Mitte  des  Kreises  tanzten  einzelne  maskierte  Miinncr,  bilntiger  aber  ein  (uler 
mcbrerc  Frauen.  Der  Tanz  ist  wild  und  besteht  in  einem  Stampfeu  mit  den 
nackten  Soblen,  rascbem  Avancieren  nnd  Znruckeilen  mit  vorgebcngtem  Oberkcirjier, 
wobei  mit  den  Fiissen  nacb  binten,  oft  bis  an  das  Gesiiss  bin,  ansgescblagen  wird. 
In  der  Hand  wnrde  meist  ein  Tncb  geschwenkt,     Mancbe  Tiinzerinuen  sprangen  bis 


(  225  ) 

znr  ErscliOpfung  iiniher  uud  wnrdeu  nicht  selten  lialb  mit  Gewait  aus  dem  Kreise 
gezogen,  weiin  die  Kraft  auszngeheu  schicn.  Zu  all  diesem  kuallten  die  langen 
Vorderladerfliiiteii  iiiiauf'lujrlich.  Aus  deu  Liiufen  spriihte  das  miserable  Hamburger 
Pulver  in  einem  Funkenregon  umlier,  und  es  beunriihigte  nus  nicht  wenig,  dass 
ein  Mann  mit  dem  offeuen  Pulverfass  im  Arm  mitten  darin  stand.  Es  wurden  an 
einem  Abeude  zwei  Fiisser  Pulver  verknallt,  audi  hinderte  hier  der  Islam  den 
reieliliclien  Genuss  von  "Rum" — ebenfalls  unglaublicli  billiges  Hamburger  Fabrikat 
— nicht  in  mindesten.  Am  niicbsteu  Tage  salicn  wir  einen  anderu  Tan/,,  der  von 
kiirzlich  beschnittenen  Miidchen  ausgefiihrt  wnrde.  Die  Besclineidung  der  Clitoris 
(arabisch  Zumbur)  wird  hier  allgemein,  wie  in  vielen  Gegendcn  Afrika's  und  Asiens, 
z.  B.  im  Somalilande,  auf  eine  hijehst  rohe  Weise  vorgenommen.  Diese  Susu- 
Miidchen  schienen  etwa  14  bis  15  Jahre  alt  zu  sein.  Sie  kommen  dann  in  die 
Lehre  einer  alten  Fran,  die  sie  beschneidet  uud  in  allerlei  fiir  das  spiitere  Leben 
niitzlichen  Kiinsten  unterrichtet.  Der  Tanz  wurde  am  heissen  Nachmittage  in 
einem  hochst  malerischen  Kostiim  ausgefiihrt.  Der  grossere  Theil  des  Kiirpers 
von  den  Hiiften  abwiirts  war  von  einer  Art  von  Rock  eingehiillt  ;  dariiber  sass  ein 
perlenbesetzter  Giirtel  und  auf  dem  Hintertheil  hing  eine  Art  von  mit  Muscheln 
und  Glockchen  bunt  verziertem  Gebilnge,  wiihrend  der  woblgeformte  Oberkorper 
mit  den  drallen  Briisten  nur  einigen  Perlenschmuck  trng.  Der  Tanz  bestand  aus 
einem  Marschieren  im  Kreise,  unter  graziiJsen  Bewegungen  und  Windungeu  des 
Korpers,  wobei  mit  einem  langen  Stab  fortwilhrend  bald  rechts  bald  links  auf- 
gestossen  wurde.  Dabei  ward  auf  dem  ausgehuhlten  Baumstamm  und  mit  den 
oben  beschriebeuen  Klapperu  eiu  Hollenliirm  vollfiihrt,  und  nach  Sohlnss  des  Tanzes 
in  knieender  Stellung  der  alten  Fran  und  den  Trommlern  gedankt.  Diese  anstren- 
genden  Tiinze  werden  etwa  zwei  Monate  geiibt,  und  nachher  werden  die  Miidchen 
als  heirathsfiihig  angesehen.  Die  dabei  getragenen  Kostiime  werden  wahrscheiulich 
in  der  Familie  vererbt  nnd  es  soil  ausserordentlich  schwierig  sein  ein  solches  zu 
erlangen. 

Die  Thierwelt  des  Los-Inselu  ist  reich.  Sehr  kleine  Rinder  ohne  Hiicker, 
aber  mit  langen  HOrnern  werden  vom  Dubreka-Flusse  her  eingefilhrt,  die  Hiindchen 
sind  klein  und  hiisslich,  die  Hiihner  hiibsch,  aber  klein  und  legeu  sehr  kleine, 
gelbe  Eier.  Auf  einigen  der  Inseln  soil  eine  kleine  Meerkatzenart  vorkommen. 
Die  Vogelwelt  ist  reich,*  diirfte  aber  wegen  des  Mangels  an  ansgedehutcn  Urwiildern 
mancher  Arten  des  Festlandes  eutbehren.  Ueber  die  Insekten  ist  nichts  bekannt. 
Wiihrend  unsres  Aufenthaltes  sahen  wir  wenig  Schmetterlinge,  weil  es  eine  sehr 
trockene  Zeit  war,  doch  waren  Spinnen,  Centipeden  und  Assela  sehr  hilufig.  Der 
Strand  war  auffallend  arm  an  Muscheln.  Eine  greuliche  Plage  ist  der  den  Tropen 
Amerikas  entstammende,  jetzt  an  der  ganzen  Westkiiste  von  Afrika  gemeine, 
an  den  grossen  StrLimen  weit  in's  lunere  reichende  und  neuerlich  auch  im  Osteu 
bis  zn  den  Seen  bin  sich  mehr  und  mehr  ausbreitende  Sandfloh.  Die  Fiisse 
der  Neger,  besonders  der  Knabcn,  auf  Tunibo  waren  oft  schensslich  durch  diese 
Plage  cnstelU. 

Am  1.  Mai  verliessen  wir  das  liebliche  Eiland  wieder  und  setzten  unsre 
Falirt  gen  Siiden  fort.  Vom  4.  bis  (!.  Mai  batten  wir  das  oft  beschriebene,  deu 
Nenling  ungemein  fesselnde  Scbauspiel  der  Anwerbnng  von  "  Krnboys."  (Jauze 
Fldtilk'u  von  Kanus  kommen  vom  Straiide  lier  und  nmschwiirmen  das  Schili',  bald 
klettern  die  schwarzen  (Sesellen  an  Deck  uud  das  Anwerbea  beginut.  In  der  Nacht 
des  5.  Mai  erlebten  wir  das  erste  tropiscbe  Gewitter,  einen  "  Tornado  "  von  selteuer 

*  Sichc  weitcr  untgn  ;  '■  Die  Ornis  der  Los-Inschi." 


{  22(>  ) 

Heftigkeit,  d.  li.  ein  Gewitter,  begleitet  vou  starkeu  Windstossen  uud  oft  wolkeii- 
brncliartigem  Regen.  Wir  sahen  das  immerliin  selteue  8cliausi)iel  des  "  St.  Elm's 
Feners  "  auf  beiden  Hasten  nnd  an  den  Spitzcn  der  oberstou  Kaaen,  die  wie  Nadcln 
in  der  Nixhe  einer  Electrisirmaschine  vou  augezogeucr  Elektricitiit  leuchteteu. 

Immer  blieb  nnn  die  saudige  Kiiste  mit  Wiildern,  Negcrdorfcrii  uud  enrojiaisclieu 
Faktoreieu  iu  Sicht.  In  Axim  kounten  wir  zwei  Stnndeu  au  Laud  gelieu,  nnd  Lier 
war  es,  wo  icli  zum  ersten  Male  ein  Stiick  Urwald,  wie  ich  es  mir  vorgestellt  hatte, 
betrat.    Mit  scliwerem  Herzeu  musste  icli  auf  eiu  Eiudriugen  iu  denselbeu  verzichten. 

Bei  Lome  (Bay-15eacb)  lernteu  wir  die  beriichtigte  westafrikauische  Branduug 
kenueu,  in  der  imser  Boot  umscblng  uud  wir  ein  sebr  uuerwiiuscbtes  Welleubad 
uabmeu  das  einen  von  nns  iu  ernste  Gefabr  bracbte.  Wir  besucbten  bier  mebrere 
deutscbe  Faktoreieu,  in  deueu  wir  mit  grosser  Herzlicbkeit  aufgeuommeu  wurdeu. 
Das  Lebeu  iu  diesen  Platzeu  ist  nicbt  beueideuswertli.  Der  sandige  Straud  uud 
das  niedrige,  schattenlose  Ufergebiiscb  miissen  bald  erscbrecklicb  laugweilig  werdeu, 
das  Gescbiift  ist  uninteressant  nnd  erfordert  weuig  Geist,  Jagdausfliige  in's  luuere 
siud  nicbt  Jedermanu's  Sacbe,  zudem  maugelt  es  daza  an  Zeit  nnd  Mitteln,  der 
Verkebr  ist  spitrlicb  uud  obue  viel  Abwecbseluug,  dabei  ist  die  gauze  Kuste  sebr 
ungesund. 

Hier  erreicbte  nns  die  traurigo  Nacbricbt  vom  Tode  Nachtigall's,  der  auf  der 
lliickkehr  nacb  Earopa  an  Bord  eines  Dampfers  dem  Fieber  erlegen  war.  Wenige 
Tage  uacbber  lagen  wir  Lagos  gegeniiber  auf  der  Rebde.  Dort  stiess  Paul  Staudiuger 
zu  nus,  uud  Flegel  mietbetc  elf  Scbwarze  als  Diener,  Feuerleute  uud  Kiicbc.  Er 
bracbte  aucb  einen  mobamedauiscben,  des  Scbreibeus  kuudigen  Mallam,  der  sicb 
Davis  Abdurbamani  uauute,  mit,  den  er  im  Verkebr  mit  den  Sultauen  uud 
Hiinptliugeu  zu  beuutzeu  gcdacbte,  der  aber  nur  wiihrend  der  Fabrt  auf  dem  Niger 
bei  uus  blieb.  Iu  Beuin,  wo  wir  einige  Stuudeu  auf  der  Rebde  lageu,  kaufte 
Flegel  ein  62  eugliscbe  Fuss  langes,  aber  scbon  ziemlicb  altes  Kauu.  Am  I'J.  Mai 
endlicb  erreicbten  wir  das  Ziel  xinserer  Seefabrt,  die  Brass-Mundung  des  Niger. 
Staunend  betracbtete  ich  den  majestiitiscben  Strom,  die  endlosen,  nacb  dem  Inueru 
des  Laudes  zn  immer  bOber  werdenden,  gleicbsam  aus  dem  Meerc  steigendeu 
AValduugeu,  Uber  deueu  der  majestiitiscbe  Geiersceadler  seine  Kreise  zog,  uud 
unwillkiirlicb  rief  icb  aus  "  Welcb  scbiiues  Land,  wie  reicb  muss  es  seiu  an  Leben 
nnd  unentdeckten  Wuudern  der  Natur,  wie  reicb  uud  lobnend  wird  uusre  Arbeit 
sicb  gestalten!"  Der  biedere  L'apitiin  der  Coauza  aber,  der,  weun  aucb  vielleicbt 
nicbt  die  Worte,  so  docb  deu  Sinu  derselbeu  verstaudeu  batte,  legtc  mir  seiue 
Hand  auf  die  Scbnlter  uud  sprach  ;  "Ob  yes,  my  young  friend,  but  'death  iu  every 
flower  of  the  African  coast ' ! "  Uud  wirklicb,  eiue  tranrige  Wabrbeit  liegt  in 
diesen  Worten.  Wenn  mau  die  immer  wacbseude  Reibe  der  Opfer  des  Klimas 
von  AVestafiika  iibcrblickt,  nnd  weun  mau  luirt  uud  siebt  wie  der  Eurojiiier 
dort  viele  nocb  immer  ibr  Leben  einbtisseu,  so  ist  mau  wobl  geueigt  zn  glaubeu  : 
"  Der  Tod  schlnmmert  in  jeder  Blume  Afrikas."  Freilicb  ist  es  nicbt  uberall  so 
wie  bier,  denu  der  Unterlanf  des  Niger  ist  zu  normalcn  Zeiten  unstreitig  nocb 
die  nugcsUndeste  Gegend  der  Erde.  In  Brass  wurde  uusre  gauze  Expedition  von 
Mr.  Townseud,  Agent  der  Firma  Ilattou  it  Cooksou,  mit  eiuer  uuvergleicblicben 
Liebenswtirdigkeit  gastlicb  aufgcnommeu.  Er  stellte  uns  seiu  Haus,  Lagcrraume 
nnd  Arbeiter  zur  Verfiigung  und  handelte  in  jeder  Weisc  aufopfernd  freundscbaft- 
lich,  sodass  Jeder  von  nns  ibm  zum  grOssten  Dauk  verpflichtet  ist. 

Wir  batten  in  Brass  uatUrlicb  mit  dem  Ausriisten  ftir  deu  Aufbrucb  in's 
Innere,  dem   Instandsetzcu  des   Dampfers,  Zusammensetzeu   des   Flussbotes   und 


Novn\Tns  Z(ioi,oiii('.K,  Vdi.   VIII.  (11101). 


Fi„  XII. 


^ 


i^jrvvr-p 


AM    UNTEREN    NIGER,    DAS   OBERE    OORF    BEI    WARI. 


Hiitiliinson  cr  Co. 


Piitcmoster  liou\  London 


(  2-21  ) 

Tlieereu  ties  Kaniis  imendlicli  viel  zu  than,  und  besonders  der  praktische  Tliiel 
arbeitete  mit  nnerraiidlicher  Aiisdaner.  Es  zeigte  sich  hier  au  der  auffallenden 
VerscbiedeDheit  der  Leistnngsfiibigkeit  der  Einzehien,  dass  Gclchrsamkeit  allein 
ftir  eiuen  Forscbungsreiseiiden  in  einem  uncivilisierten  Lande  nicht  geniigt,  und 
dass  ein  biscbeii  ruanutlle  (iescbicklicbkeit  im  Augcublicke  oft  alles  Andere 
aufwiegt.  Dank  unserer  augestrengten  Thiitigkeit  konuten  wir  schon  am  22.  Mai 
nacb  herzlichem  Abscbied  von  unserm  lieben  Gastfrenud  nnd  andern  Bekannten, 
nnsre  Fabrt  antreten.  Flegel  war  von  einer  fast  fieberbaften  Ungedukl  und  seiii 
eiuziger  Gedanke  scbien  zu  sein  :   Vorwiirts,  binein  in's  Innere  ! 

Hoffnungsvoll  dampften  wir  durcb  den  tiefeu  Akassa-L'reek,  au  Akassa,  dem 
Hauptorte  der  spilteren  "  Niger  Company,"  damals  noch  National  African  Company 
genannt,  voriiber,  durcb   die   weiten  Maugrovewiilder  in   den   eigentlicheu   Niger 
binein.     Unsere  Damjjfbarkasse  war  leider  viel  zu  klein  fiir  uns  secbs  Europiier. 
Die  vor  der  Mascbine  befindlicbe  Cabine  war  schon  fiir  eineu  Mann  klein  genng, 
binter  der  Mascbine  aber  befaud  sicb  auf  Deck  nnser  eigentlicher,  von  Segeltucb 
umspannter  Wobnraum.     Auf-  und  nieder  klapjibare  Bretter  dieuten  nacbts   als 
Betten,  am  Tage  als  Tische  oder  Rnbebiinke.     Der  dazwiscben  befiudliclie  freie 
Kaum  war  kaum  wciter  als  der  in  einer  gewubnlicben  Schiifskabiue,  man  kann  sich 
also  unscbwer  vorstellen,  dass  nnser  Lebeu,  da  wir  in  diesem  Raume  alles  thnn 
mussten,  nicbt  besondcrs  "  comfortable  "  war.     Besonders  wenn  man  einmal  etwas 
mehr  als  Essen,  Triuken,  Scblafen  und  Ankleiden   that,  wenn  ich   z.  B.  Viigel 
abbalgte,    macbte    sicb    der   Baummangel    sebr   fulilbar.      Trotzdem   waren    wir 
gliicklich  genug,  und  Scherz  und  frobe  Rede  halfen  uus  iiber  alle  Unbequemlich- 
keiten,  von  denen  das  Fehlen  von  Miickennetzen  die  schlimmste  war,  hinweg.     In 
dem  seitwiirts  angebundenen  flachen  Hamburger  Boote  und  in  dem  gesclileii]itcn 
Kanu  batten  sicli  die  beiden  mit  Flegel  in  Deutscbland  geweseneu  Madugns,  der 
Mallam  und  vierzebn  als  Diener,  Heizer,  Kuche  und  Lootseu  dieneude  Neger,  so  gut 
es  ging,  bequem  zu  macbeu.     Mit  Freuden  sahen  wir,  dass  wir  trotz  der  scbwereu 
Last  sebr  rasch  stromaufwitrts  dampften. 

In  der  Niihe  der  Nicbols-Inseln,  d.  b.  ungefabr  so  weit  wie  der  Einfluss  vou 
Ebbe  und  Fluth  deutlicb  reicht,  ging  der  Mangrove-Wald  allmiilig  in  gewaltigen 
gemischten  Hocbwald  iiber,  in  dem  wir  die  alles  iiberragenden  Eriodendreu,  eineu 
uns  unbekannten  Itiesenbaum  mit  scbarlachrotben  Bliitbcn,  Fandanus,  tauartige 
Lianen  und  AVeiu-  und  01])almen  unterscheiden  kounten.  Von  hervorragender 
Schonbeit  fanden  wir  namentlicb  die  Oelpalmen  mit  ibren  obeu  abgerundeten, 
cylindriscben  Kronen  und  rotben  Frucbtbtiscbeln.  Hiiufig  passierten  wir  uun 
Ortschaften,  in  und  bei  denen  Bauanen  und  Plantanen  (Musa  paradisiaca  und 
sapientuni),  Collocasia,  Zuckerrohr,  Yams,  Mais  und  Cassave  angebaut  waren. 
Die  Hiiuser  waren  niedrig,  flaeb  und  vicreckig  wie  die  Abbildung  zeigt.  Bei 
Sonnenuntergang  gingen  wir  stets  vor  Anker,  denn  das  Fahrwasser  ist  unregel- 
milssig  und  unsicher,  und  unser  Lootse  war  unzuverlitssig. 

Die  Thierwelt  des  Deltas  und  der  Urwiilder  des  unteren  Stromes  ist  jedenfalls 
eine  sebr  reicbe.  Hire  Arten  diirften  die  weit  an  der  Kviste  verlireiteten  sein. 
Bei  unserer  eiligen  Fabrt  bekamen  wir  fast  uur  VOgel  zu  seben,  untcr  denen 
mehrere  Arten  Nasbornvbgel,  die  mit  lant  rauscbendem  Flnge,  unter  hiiufigen 
Fliigelschliigen,  einer  dem  anderen  folgend  wie  die  Indianer  auf  dem  Kriegsjifade, 
vou  Ufer  zu  Ufer  flogon,  kreiscbende  graue  Papageien,  bunte  KOnigsfiscber  und 
der  dtistere  Scbattenvogel  {Scopus  timbretta)  liesonders  auffielen. 

In  den   niicbsten  Tageu   fuhren  wir  mehrfach  auf  sogenannte  "  Snags,"  im 

17 


(  1>28  ) 

Flusssbett  vcr.sniikeuc  ciitwuiv.elte  Biiiime,  anf  uikI  kaiucn  (laduich,  dass  das  Kami 

bei  dem  idot/.liclipn  Aiihalteu  heftig  gegen  den  Damjifer  stiess  und  arge  Beschiidig- 

uugeii  erlitt,  in  Gefalir.     Dies  zn  vcrliinderii  liaiiden  wir  cs  nun  ancli  fest  si'itwjirts 

an,  sddass  wir  mit  dem  weissen  Boot  smt'  der  cinen,  dem  pecliscliwarzcn  Kann  auf 

der  auderu  Seite,  einem  wundersameu  breiten  Fahrzeuge  glicben.     Zn  dem  melir- 

iacbcn  x\nffabreu  kam  der  Brncb  der  gsinz  unbraucbbaren  Stenerkette,  die  wir  bald 

dnrch  eiue  solche   aus  Stricken  ersctzeu   mnssteu.      Die  eiscrne  war  infolge  der 

wecbstdudcn  Tcmjieratnr  Mittags  ctwa  zwei  Fuss  zn  lang,  nachts  aber  so  cng,  dass 

man  sie  kaum  in  Bewcguug  setzen  konute.     Oberhalb  der  "  Seven  Villages,"  deren 

wir  freilich  nnr  fiinf  bemerken  konnten,  reiohte  das  Wasser  nicbt  mehrgleicbraiissig 

bis  an  den  Wald  binan,  soudern  an  beiden  Ufern  zeigten  sicb  ausgedebntc,  theilweise 

mit  spitzem,  starren  Grase  bestandene  Sandbanke.     War  vorbcr  das  Thicrleben 

das  wir  bcmerkten  wenig  roicli,  so  boten  uns  diese  8andbanke  wcnigstens  ctwas 

Vogellebeu  dar,  vor  alien  Diugen  war  die  Uberaus  reizende  Nigerbracbscbwalbe,  die 

seltene  Galacbijsia  cinerea,  hiinfig.     Eaum  jemals  babe  ich  einen  anmnthigeren 

Yogel   geseben.       Sie   ist   anf    den    Sandbiinken   des   Niger   und   Benni'   nnd   an 

geeigneten  Stellen  an  den  Nebenflusseii  des   Bonne  weit   in's  Haussaland  binein 

mehr  oder  minder  hiinfig.     Ohne  Scben  trijipelt  sie  vor  dem  Beobachter  umlier, 

und  zur  Brntzeit  fliegt  sie  dem  Eiudringling,  wie  bei  uns  die  Kiebitze,  fast  an 

den   Kopf,  nnd  kriecbt,  wenu  man  sicb  in  bedroblicber  Nahe  der  Eier  befindet, 

angstvoll  den  Scbnabel  anfsperreud,  nnd  sicb  flnglalim  stelleiid  anf  dem  ]5ancbe 

dabin.     Am  20.  und  20.  Mai  gelang  es  mir,  die  bis  daliin  nicbt  bckannten  Eicr,  die 

ohne  Nest  in  einer  kleinen  Vertiefung  im  Sandc  liegen,  zn  finden.     Ihre  gelblicli 

fablbranne  Fiirbnng  macht  es  schr  schwer,  sie  zn  bemerken,  nnd  das  Snellen  anf 

dem  blendeuden,  gliibenden  Boden  ist  ziemlicb  anstreugend. 

Den  ersteu  flachen  Hcihenzng  sabeu  wir  bei  Atani  am  27.  Mai.  Bei  Al)ndji 
zeigt  sicb  scbou  anstehender  Sandstein,  bei  Iddab  niihern  sich  stattlicbe  Hiigel  dem 
Strom.  Je  mehr  das  Land  einen  hiigeligen  Cbarakter  annimmt,  desto  mehr  tritt 
der  Urwald  znriick.  Bei  Onitsha  erweitert  sich  der  Strom  gewaltig,  die  Scencrie 
ist  abwechsluugsrcicb  nnd  scbon,  der  Strom  oft  iiber  tansend  bis  1200  Meter  breit. 
Bei  Iddab  trcten  die  Felsen  wieder  niiber  an  das  Ufer.  Wir  sahen  liiinfig  Flnsspferde 
nnd  Krokodile  im  Wasser.  Die  Bevolkeruug  de.s  nnteren  Stromlanfes  be.steht  aus 
heiduiscben  Kiistenstjimmen,  Miinner  wie  Franen  sind  breitnasig,  nach  unsern 
Begriffen  nuscbi'm,  liirmend,  frecb,  fast  nackt  oder  mit  enroiuiiscbcn  Hiiten,  Bockeii 
oder  Hosen  nnkleidsam,aft'enartig  bebangen.  Sie  sind  zwar  stark  nnd  gross  gebaut, 
aber  von  der  Siphylis  hiinfig  arg  mitgenommen.  Bei  Iddab  bemerkten  wir  znerst 
den  ans  dem  Innern  stammenden  mohamedanischcn  P]influss.  Ein  Theil  der 
Miinner  trng  hier  schon  die  langeu,  stattlicb  ansschenden,  in  Haussaland  oder  Nupe 
gefertigten  "  To]>en,"  die  Lente  verstanden  v.w  grossem  Thcilo  die  Hanssaspracbe 
nnd  betrngen  sich  anstiiudiger,  rnhigcr,  wiirdevoller.  Der  Einfluss  des  Islam  ist 
in  diesen  Liindern  entsohiedcn  veredelnd,  der  Contrast  zwischen  den  heidnischen, 
nnr  sehr  tbeilweise  znm  Cbristentlinni  bekclirten  Stiimmen  des  Nigerdeltas — man 
brauclit  nnr  an  die  baarstninbcnilen  (Jrend  der  Beninleute  und  die  Wildbcit.  der 
I'rasslente  v.w  eririnern—  nnd  den  I'lekcnnern  des  Isl.ini  am  oberen  Finssjaiif'c  ist 
ein  gewaltiger. 

Am  'A\.  Mai  passiertiii  wir  i'lcunrort  Island  nnd  gingon  Abends  bei  Igbegbe 
an  der  Jltindung  des  Benne  vor  Anker.  Am  1.  .Inni  statteten  wir  der  Stadt  liokoja, 
dem  Einfluss  des  Benne  gegenliber,  einen  Besnch  ab,  nnd  dicser  Tag  ist  deswegen 
besonders  in  unserer  Erinnernng,  weil  an  ibm  die  meisten  von  niis  heftig  am  Fieber 


(  22<)  ) 

el'krankten,  wiihrend  die  Ubrigen,  einscLliesslicli  Herrn  Flegels  weoige  Tage  spiiter 
nacbfolgteu.  Jedeiifalls  ruUrte  dies  besonders  vou  dem  Mangel  an  Milckennetzen 
her,  die  Flegel  fiir  unmithig  Iiielt.  Am  2.  Jnni  fuhren  wir  den  Benuc  aufwarts, 
aber  sclion  am  Mittage  stollte  sich  die  Unmciglichlvcit  lieraus,  mit  dem  viel  zn 
grosseu  Tief'gang  nnseres  Damjifers,  etwa  1^  Meter,  deu  Benue  bei  dem  augcnblick- 
lichen  Wasserstande  hinaulznfahren.  Flegel  bescliloss  daher  die  Expedition  zu 
trenneu.  Er  sandte  das  Kami  nud  das  sog.  zerlegbare*  Boot  imter  Fuhrung  von 
Semoii  mit  Giirich,  Standinger  nud  den  beiden  Madugus  den  Benne  liinauf  nacli 
Loko.  Flegel  selbst  fuhr  mit  Thiel  uud  mir  wieder  nacli  Brass  zuriick  um  den 
Rest  der  Waareu  nnd  der  Ausriistung  zu  bolen. 

Die  Fahrt  vou  der  Benne-Muuduug  nacli  Loko  iiuter  Dr.  8emon  wird  von  <len 
drei  Herren  als  fiircliterlich  geschildert.  Alle  litten  nacheinander  lieftig  am  Fiebcr, 
nnd  beklagten  selir  das  Felilen  irgendwelcben  Getriinkes  ansser  abgekoclitem  Flnss- 
wasser,  sowie  leichterer  europiiiscber  Nabrnngsmittel.  Nicht  einmal  ein  einziger  der 
so  angenebmen  "  Biscuits  "  war  vorhanden.  Dazn  kamen  die  grossten  Scliwierig- 
keiten  mit  den  Bootsleiiten,  die  nnr  mit  vieler  Miibe  znm  Geborsam  zu  briugeu 
wareu.  Semon  und  Staudinger  scbreiben  ibre  Widerwilligkeit  wobl  mit  Uurecbt 
dem  Einflusse  des  Ageutea  der  Niger  Company  zu.  Diese  tranrige  Fabrt  bis  Loko 
danerte  10  Tage. 

Unterdessea  eilteu  wir  mit  dem  "  Dr.  Heinricb  Bartb "  wieder  zur  Kilste. 
Vou  Brass  aus  sandten  wir  Bericbte  in  die  Heimatb  nnd  macbten  alles  fertig  zur 
zweiten  Anffartb,  nacbdem  wir  zwei  Kanus  gekauft  und  beladen  batten.  Mein 
Zustaud  auf  der  Tbalfabrt  war  so  bedenklicb  gewesen,  namentlicb  war  die  Scbwilcbe 
nacb  dem  Fieber  so  gross,  dass  Flegel  mir  rietb,  beimznkebren,  da  gerade  ein 
eugliscber  Dampfer  Brass  anlief.  Da  icb  mieb  jedocb  z.  Z.  wieder  gauz  wobl 
befand,  wies  icb  den  Gedanken,  obne  irgend  etwas  geleistet  zn  baben  zurlick- 
zukommen,  obne  Bedeuken  von  mir. 

In  Brass  batte  icb  etwas  Zeit,  micb  in  der  Nilbe  nmznseben.  Den  Strand  faud 
icb  iiberans  reicb  an  Krabben  nnd  allerlei  anderem  Getbicr,  und  jedenfalls  wiirde 
ein  Zoologe  bier  mancbe  Arbeit  finden.  Sonst  ist  Brass  fiir  den  Sammler  ein  sebr 
tiugiinstiger  Ort.  Das  Land  ist  flacb,  niedrig,  snmpfig,  uur  bier  und  da  passierbar, 
nnd  alles  mit  dicbtem,  unwegsamen  Walde  bedeckt.  Fast'  aller  Verkebr  findet  zn 
Wasser  statt,  sodass  man  von  der  reicben  Tbierwelt  uur  wenig  zn  erbeuteu  vermag. 
Vou  Siiugetbiereu  koiumen  Leopardeu,  eine  kleine  Antilopenart  uud  AflFeu  vor, 
Pytbon-Scblangen  sollen  niebt  seltcn  seiu.  Ansser  dem  priicbtigeu  Geierseeadler 
{(Ji/jjo/tierax  angoleiisis)  fesselte  micb  vor  Allem  ein  kleiner  Siugvogel,  .^«f//'(?/'a(/«.s 
rireiis  mit  Namen,  dessen  Gesang  einer  der  scbOnsten  ist,  die  icb  in  den  Tropeu 
gebiirt  babe.  Seine  weitbinscballenden,  pracbtvollen  Stropbeu  erinnerten  micb 
bald  an  die  orgelnden  Gesiinge  der  Schwarzkopfgrasmiicke,  Si/lcia  atrkapiUa,  bald 
an  die  getragenen  Floteutone  der  Singdrossel.  An  triiben  Tagen  den  ganzeu  Tag, 
sonst  vorzugsweise  Abends  nnd  Morgens  tiinte  der  Wald  bei  Brass  vom  Gesange 
des  Andro/mdus  rire/is  wieder.  Er  sitzt  dabei  unbeweglich  in  grossbliittrigen 
Laubkroncii  und  ist  niit  seineiii  (ilivciigriiuliclu'n  (Jetieder  iinsscrst  scliwer  zu  selicn. 
Am  Is.  Jnni  braclien  wir  zum  zweiten  Male  von  Brass  auf,  und  kamen  dicsnuil 
rascber  nnd  liesser  vorwiirts.  Am  2'i.  erreicbteu  wir  Onitsba,  wo  Flegel  und  icb 
einen  Besncb  beim  Iliiupflinge  Anezoun  macbten.  Der  Weg  fiiiirte  anfangs  dnrcb 
etwa  2|  Meter   bobes  Gras,  danu   dnrcb   \Vald,  an   der  engliscbeu   Mission  vorbci 

*  Dicser  Austlruck  wurdc  fiir  mis  ziini  Scherzwort.  dunn  das  Boot  luitten  wir  wohl  mit  Jliihc  zusammen- 
gebracht,  aber  es  war  cine  Unmoglichkeit,  I'S  wieder  zu  zerlegen.     Sein  Zweck  war  somit  verfehlt. 


(  2-M)  ) 

in  das  Dorf,  das  mitten  zwischen  und  nuter  t'ocospalmeii,  Mangobiiumen  nud 
Banancnliaincn  stand.  Das  Hans  des  Hauptlings,  in  dem  wir  empfangen  wnrden, 
war  wonig  ansgezeiclinet.  Es  bildete  ein  aus  Lehm  gebautes  langliches  Rechteck. 
Ringsnm  an  den  Wiinden  bel'anden  sieh  Lelimbiinke.  An  der  einen  Schmalseite 
sass  auf  mehreren  bnnten  Decken  der  Hanptling,  liinter  ihm  hiug  eine  rotlie 
Decke,  ansclieinend  nm  seine  Gestalt  besser  hervorznheben.  Anezonn  war  in 
luittlcren  Jabren,  mittelgross  mit  hoher  Stiru  und  froiem  Blick,  aber  einer  kleinen, 
nnscbouen,  eingebogeneu  Nase.  Anf  dem  Kopfe  trng  er  einen  sebr  hoben  rotlieu 
Fez,  an  dem  sicb  vorn  ein  messingnes  Diadem  mit  grossem  blanen  Stein  (odjiT 
Glas  ?)  befimd.  Am  Unterkcirper  hatte  er  zwei  Kleider,  das  obere  von  Seide, 
anf  dem  Oberkcirper  eine  Jacke,  an  Hals  nnd  Fiissen  Korallenketten  mit 
Glc'ii'kebeu,  die  FUsse  nackt.  Er  bandbabte  eine  grosse  Glocke  nud  einen  langen 
Fliegenwedel.  Alle  Untergebenen,  anch  die  andern  Haujitlinge,  knieten  bcim 
Eintreten  nieder  und  beriihrten  sehr  deutlich,  sodass  der  Staub  dran  klebte,  mit 
der  Stiru  den  Boden.  Einer  der  Unterhiinptlinge  machte  beim  Eintreten  allerlei 
sonderbare  Bewegungen,  scharrte  mit  den  Fiissen  wie  ein  kampflnstiger  Hnnd  nnd 
vordrehte  den  Kurper,  ehe  er  sich  setzte.  Trotz  vielen  Schiessens  nnd  Liintens 
erschienen  nnr  zwei  Unterhiinptlinge  wiihrend  wir  warteten ;  wir  batten  daber 
Zeit  nus  in  dem  Raume  nmznsehen.  Gegeniiber  der  Eingangsthiir  befaud 
sich  der  Eingang  zu  Anezonn's  Gemachern.  Die  Wiinde,  an  denen  mnntere 
Eidecbsen  {Aganm  colonorum)  herumliel'en,  waren  ringsnm  mit  rober  Ornament  ik 
in    Form    von    in    den    Lehm    bineingearbeiteten    Kreisen,    Bijgen    und    Spitzen 


solcher  Gestalt       r7i\^  t7^       n\       r\^  r-^^    verseheu. 
®        ®       ®       @       ® 

Inmitten  des  Kaumes  stauden  4  kleine  Biinme,  dereu  Bedentuug  wir  uicht 
erfnhren. 

Neben  des  Hiinjitlings  Sitz  war  ein  holier,  oben  abgernndeter  Pfahi,  von  dem 
Flegel  vermnthete  er  suUe  einen  Penis  darstellen,  daneben  ein  oben  venlickter, 
mit  Lehm  und  Federn  nnd  hernnterhiingenden  diiunen  Holzketten  geschmiickter 
Pfahl.  In  der  Ecke  sahen  wir  ein  aus  Zweigen  geflochtenes  liinglichrundes  Geriith 
und  eine  riesige  Rntbe,  deren  Bedeutung  uns  elienl'alls  Niemand  erkliiren  konnte. 
In  einer  andern  Ecke  lagen  Trommeln,  mit  Fell  libersiiannte  Stammabschnitte. 
"Wir  sasscn  anf  leeren  Geneverkisten  zur  Liuken  des  Hiiujitlings,  einige  seiner 
Leute  hockten  zu  seiner  Rechten  und  rosteten  Maiskolben  an  einem  Feuer.  Ein 
Sklavc,  den  Anezonn  an  Flegel  scbenkte,  legte  seine  Kleider  ab  und  setzte  sich 
viillig  nackt  zu  seines  Hiiuptliugs  Fiissen.  Erst  am  folgenden  Tage  erschienen 
alle  "chiefs"  vollziihlig  unter  Glockengeliinte,  das  bier  iiberhaupt  eine  grosse  Rolle 
spielt,  da  ein  Hiiuptling  nur  von  einem  Glockeutriiger  begleitet  ansgeht.  Flegel 
schloss  nun  mit  Anezonn  etwa  folgenden  Vertrag  :  Deutsche  soUten  ebenso  gut 
wie  die  Eugbinder  landen  und  Land  ei-weiben  diirfen,  Handel  trcibcn  nnd  alle 
Rechte  der  Kingcbdrencu  nnd  Eiigliinder  baben,  nnd  werden  vom  "  Kiinige " 
(Anezonn)  bcscbiltzt,  dcssen  Nachiblger  das  gleiche  thun  miisscn.  Seine  Rechte 
darf  Anezonn  nicht  an  irgend  Jemand  anders  iibertragen,  ohne  den  Deutsclien 
Kaiser  befragt  zu  haben.  Dieser  Vertrag  wurde  thatsiichlich  vom  "  KOnige " 
Anezonn  nud  sechs  "  chiefs  "  sowie  der  "  KiUiigin" — die  iibrigeus  nicht  Anezoun's 
Fran  ist,  und  ein  eigenes  Hans  bewohnt — mit  Kreuzen,  von  zwei  schwarzen  Hiiudlern 
als  Zeugen,  Flegel  und  mir  unterzeichnet.     Diese  ernst  genommene  Sache  verier 


N0V[T,VrES    ZoOLOdlC.K     Vol,.    \'lll     (li)Oll 


Pi-.  XIII. 


Hitlchmsoii  -t^  Co., 


EIN     EINGEBORENER     HANDLER     MIT     FAMILIE     IN     ONITSHA. 
FRAUEN    UND    KINDER    BEI    ASABA    AM    UNTEREN    NIGER. 

I'liteniostei    How,  LoHiton. 


(231   ) 

spiiter  alien  "Werth,  nachdem  die  Engliinder,  rhe  eiue  Besttitigung  dieses  Vertrageg 
von  der  deutsclien  Regiernng  erreicht  werden  kouute,  beide  Nigenifer  als  britischen 
Besitz  erkliirt  nnd  der  "  Royal  Niger  Oimjiany  "  zur  Verwaltnug  iibergebeii  batten. 
Thatsacbe  bleibt  es  freilicb,  dass  die  Eiugeboreuen  eine  dentscbe  Faktorei  uud 
Concnrrenzverkebr  zwischen  den  Europiiern  gem  geseben  batten,  well  sie  sicb 
davon  Handels-Vortbeile  verspracben.  Die  BevOlkernng  von  Onitsba,  die  anf 
nebenstehender  Reprodnktion  einer  I'liotograpbie  von  Dr.  W.  H.  (Jrosse  berrlifb 
verauschanlicbt  ist,  ist  beidniscb,  docb  batten  die  Missiouen  eine  Auzabl  Ziigliuge. 
Die  Miinner  sab  man  biiutig  mit  Steinschlosstlinteu,  die  Kolben  nacb  oben,  ilber  der 
Scbnlter,  nnr  selten  mit  Pfeil  und  Bogeu.  Schone  AViilder  debnen  sicb  ringsum 
ans,  in  denen  Botaniker  nnd  Zoologen  ein  reicbes  Arbeitsfeld  finden  wiirden. 

Am  27.  Jnui  traf  nns  ein  scbwerer  Verlnst.  Ein  Tornado  von  niigewiibnlicber 
Heftigkeit  bracb  rascher  als  Flegel  erwartet  hatte,  und  wahrend  wir  nns  nocb 
mitten  im  Strome  an  einer  der  gefiibrlicbsten,  dnrcb  Felsenriffe  beengtcn  Stelle  mit 
starker  Striimung  befanden,  (iber  nns  berein.  Flascben,  Gliiser,  Teller  wnrdeu  im 
Nn  fortgefegt,  die  Wellen  scblugen  in  das  eine  Kann,  uud  nnr  ein  sofortigcs  Kappen 
der  Taue,  die  es  an  den  Dampfer  befestigten,  konnte  uns  vor  dem  Kenteru  des 
letzteren  bewahren.  Das  Kanu  versank  sofort.  Ansser  dem  Untergang  von  vieleu 
unserer  Vorriitbe,  wie  Tabak,  der  fiir  den  Handel  sebr  wichtig  ist,  und  Perlen, 
von  kondensierter  Milch,  Kakao,  Kaffee,  Biscuits,  einer  Anz.abl  von  Barometern, 
Tliermometeru-,  Hypsometern  nnd  anderen  Instrnmenten,  traf  mich  persiinlich  ein 
fiir  mein  ornitbologiscbes  Arbeiten  scbwerwiegender  Verlust,  indem  ein  ( 'entner 
feinen  Vogeldnnstes,  anderer  Scbrot,  Pnlver  und  Patrouen  zn  meiner  Sammeltlinte 
versanken,  ein  Verlnst  den  ich  nicbt  ersetzen  konnte,  wenn  audi  in  Lokoja  ein 
englisclier  Missioniir  mir  fiir  vieles  Geld  einige  Pfund  groben  Sclirotes  iilierliess, 
wofiir  ich  nocb  sehr  dankbar  sein  musste.*  Ausserdem  versank  fast  all  mein 
Spiritns  ! 

Die  anf  diesen  dies  ater  folgende  Nacht  war  zanberhaft,  Nichts  erinnerte  an 
den  gewaltigen  Gewitterstnrm.  Der  Mond  bescbien  mit  seinem  diamanteuon  Licbte 
den  breiten  Strom  und  seine  Ufer.  die  FriJscbe  ftibrten  iiberaus  laute  Konzerte  aus, 
die  uns  an  die  Heimath  erinnerten,t  und  der  sonderbare  Rhjnchops  Jlamrostris 
stricb  in  der  Diimmerung  iiber  die  Wellen,  wiibrend  in  der  Feme  das  Schuauben 
der  Flnsspferde  erklang,  und  allerlei  fremdartige  Stimmen,  namentlich  von  ( !icaden, 
ans  den  "W^iildern  ertOnten. 

Flegel  wiinschte  nun  Eggan,  weiter  stromaufwiirts,  zu  besuchen,  da  der  Bennii 
nocb  nicht  geuug  Wasser  fiir  unseru  Dampfer  zu  haben  schien,  wjihreud  er  mir 
den  Auftrag  ertbeilte  mit  den  beiden  Kanus  nach  Lokn  zu  gehen.  Als  Dulmetscher 
diente  mir  sein  Diener,  der  am  Guinea-Wurm  litt,  deu  er  allmalig  weiter  ans 
seinem  Fusse  heranszog.  Die  Bootsleute  wurden  tbeils  in  Lokoja  selbst,  tbeils  in 
Gande  angeworben,  und  es  war  daher  nicht  zu  verwundern,  dass  ich  zum  gn'issten 
Theil  dieselben  Leute  bekam,  mit  denen  Semon  so  viel  Aerger  gehabt  hatte,  wovou 
ich  aber  nur  ein  unbestimmtes  Geriicbt  gehOrt  hatte.     Es  schien  denn  audi,  als 

*  Ein  ornitliologischer  Sammler  l^ann  sofort  crmusseu,  was  fiir  ein  Hinderniss  fiir  micii  wiilirend  der 
ganzen  ReLse  der  Munitionsmangel  war.  Ein  ordcntliches  Sammeln  ist  unmiiglicli,  wenn  man  mit 
Patronen  sparen  muss  und  niclit  die  geeigneten  feinen  Sclirote  Ijesitzt.  Zu  meiner  Doppelflinte  (Caliber  28) 
hatte  ieli  nur  zwei  oder  drei  Dutzend  Metallpatronen,  die  ieh  immer  wieder  laden  musste  ! 

t  Ein  Zoologe,  der  lange  in  Westafrika  gcreist  ist,  Uiugnet  "  Froschkonzerle  "  in  jcncm  Landc,  wiire 
er  al)er  am  Niger  gereist,  wiirdc  er  sie  kennen  gelernt  baben.  Icli  babe  Icider  vcrsiiumt,  einige  dieser 
Musikanten  einzufangcn,  docb  glaubte  icb,  sie  befiindcn  sicb  in  oder  an  dem  W.asser.  wiihrfiid  Passarge 
(■*  .Vdamaua  ")  meint,  sie  siissen  auf  den  Biiumen. 


(  232  ) 

sollte  ich  ebensolchen  Unaniiehmlichkeiten  entgegengeheii,  ilenii  die  Lokoja-Lente 
flihrtcn  ihre  erste  Anfgalie,  niimlich  ans  Stangen  niul  Matten  Dik'her  iiber  die 
Kauus  zn  baucn,  wie  es  schieii  widei'wiilijj;,  laiiLjsam  uiid  sehlecht  genug  aus,  docli 
hatte  ich  wahroiid  der  Faint  niilit  iibor  sic  zii  khigen. 

k-b  hatte  iiiui,  ila  icb  ciuuii  volleii  Tag  nnd  zwei  Niiciitc  in  Lokoja  bleibeu 
musste,  Geb'genhcit.  mir  dieseu,  iufolge  seiner  J^age  am  Eiufiiissc  des  Heiiiii; 
wichtiu'cii  llaiidels]datz  etwas  besser  anznsehen.  Der  von  den  Eingeboreucn,  theils 
Nupe,  theils  Vi)rnba  und  Hanssa,  bewohnte  Theil  sieht  leidlich  sauber  aus,  jedes 
Gehiift  ist  von  Ziiuncu  und  Heeken  umgebeu.  Sowohl  die  englische  Missions- 
gesellschaft,  als  anch  einc  franzosisehe,  die  weisse  Mautel  tragenden  Yiiter  der 
Societe  des  Missions  Africaines  zu  Lj-on,  batten  sich  in  Lokoja  angesiedelt,  es 
gab  mehrere  wohlbabendc,  nnabhiingige  schwarze  Handler  nud  die  Niger-Company 
hatte  griissere  Depots,  heute  sogar  eiue  nicht  unbedeutende  Militiirstation.  Schon 
wiihrend  nusres  ersten  Besuches  batten  mehrere  von  nns  den  Berg  Patte  oberhalb 
Lokoja  bestiegen,  aber  nnr  Gttrich  nnd  ich  batten  den  Gipfel  erreicht,  Staudinger 
litt  schon  am  Fiebcr.  Der  Berg  sclieint  sich  erheblich  veriindert  zu  haben.  Im 
Jahre  1841  fanden  Stanger  nnd  Vogel  ihn  mit  DOrfern  des  Kakanga  Stammes 
dicht  besetzt,  die  eine  Art  von  nnabhangigem  kleinen  Staate  bildeten,  in  steter 
Fehde  mit  den  Bewohnern  der  Ebene  lebten,  von  dencn  sie  Sklaveu  zn  rauben 
pflegten,  gelegentlich  aber  durch  einen  Einfall  der  Fulbe  ihrer  geranbten  Schiitze 
wieder  verlustig  gingeu.  Auf  der  Hohe  fand  Vogel  einen  grossen  Reichthum 
an  Frnchtbiinmen  und  gutes  Futtergras.*  Dorfer  und  Frnchtbiiume  waren  1885 
verschwnnden,  nur  dichtes  Gestriipp  und  mittelhohe  Biiume  bedeckten  die  Abhiinge, 
aber  das  knrze  gute  Gras  fanden  wir  noch  vor.  Letzteres  ist  es  anch  vielleicht, 
das  die  Antilopen  anzieht,  denn  sie  sollen  hier  hanfig  sein.  Die  westafrikanische 
Pferdeantilope,  llippotmgm  eqidnus  gambianus,  und  die  graziiisc  Geschirrantilope, 
Tiagclaphus  scriptus,  wurden  mehrfach  von  Engliindern  hier  erlegt,  anch  ver- 
sicherten  Eingeboreue  nnd  Missioniire,  dass  wilde  Biifl'el  vorkiimen.  Die  Anssiclit 
von  dem  Patte  t  ist  grossartig.  Die  grosse  Wasserfiache  der  Benue-Miindnng, 
nmsiiumt  von  iipiiig  griinen  Flachen,  bildet  ein  Panorama  das  im  NordcQ  vom 
King  "William  Gebirge,  mit  langen  tafelformigen  Bergen,  im  Siiden  von  einer  aus 
rundlich  gi'furmten  Erbebungen  bestehenden  Hiigelkette,  und  gerade  vor  uns  von 
dunklen  Gneissfelsen  begrenzt  ward.  Landeinwiirts,  nach  Westen  zu,  schieneu 
lichte  Haine  mit  ausgedehnteu  Urwiildern  abznwechseln. 

Iufolge  des  eigenthiimlichen  Verhiiltnisses  unserer  Expedition  zu  der  Niger- 
rom])an_v,  woven  spiiter  die  Eede  sein  wird,  und  des  Auftretens  ihres  Agenten  in 
Lokoja  Herrn  Flegel  gegentiber,  machte  ich  jenem  Herrn  keinen  Besuch.  Der 
englische  Missioniir  war  zwar  frenndlich  aber  sehr  kiihl,  imd  die  katholischen 
Missioniire  wohnten  zu  weit  vom  Strome,  wo  nnsere  Kanus  mit  ihrer  wertbvolleu 
Ladung  lagen,  daher  nahm  ich  die  Gastfreundschaft  des  mohamcdanischen  Hiiujit- 
liiigs  von  Lokojii  fiir  die  anderthalb  Tage  bis  znr  Abreise  nach  Loko  in  Anspruch. 
Dieser  gntmiithige  und  gebildete  Mann,  der  mehrere  Sprachen,  anch  sehr  gut 
englisch  spracb,  bewohnte  einen  ganzen  Hiiuser-  nnd  Hiitten-Komplex.  Das  mir 
angewiesene  Hauschen  war  Inftig  nnd  hoch  und  enthielt  ein  eisernes  Fcldbett.  Ich 
wurde  gut  bewirthtt  und  nntcrhielt  mich  sehr  interessant  mit  meinem  Wirthe,  aber 
eine  seiner  Frauen,  eine  noch  sehr  juuge  Person,  intcressierte  sich  in  geradezu 
schamloser  Weise  fiir  mich,  und  suchte  mich  fortwiihrend  durch  Rede  und  Zeichen 

•  Allen  anfl  Thomson,  "Narrative  of  the  Expedition  to  the  Niger  in  1841,"  pp.  343,  344. 

t  Piitte  soil  Bcrf?  bwtfiiten. 


(  233  ) 

zn  nnterhalten,  wovon  ich  jedoch  niclits  verstand,  ja  ich  ergrttndete  nicht  einmal 
in  welcher  Spracbe  sie  zu  mir  redete.  Das  jedenfalls  ungehorige  Benehmeu 
ergrimmte  deu  Hiinptling  sebr,  uud  er  set-zte  ilim  ein  Ziel,  vermuthlich  iudom  er 
die  Frail  irgeiidwo  einsjjerrte,  dunii  icli  sail  sie  uiclit  wieder. 

]3as  Hans  der  katholischeu  Missiouilre  liegt  auf  einem  Hiigel,  siidlich  des 
Patte.  Icli  faiid  uiiter  deu  Ordeiisbriiderii  wohlnuten-ichtete  Leiite,  uud  liesdiiders 
machte  mir  der  Pater  Ph.  Fioreutiui,  eiii  Italieuer,  deu  Eiudruck  eiues  bedcuteudeu 
Manues  mit  vielseitigen  Interressen  und  von  lierzlicber  LiebcnswiU'diglveit.  Auf 
meiner  lliickreise  im  folgenden  Jalire  sollte  icb  nur  nocb  sein  Grab  wiederiiuden 
Die  katlioliscbe  Mission  liegt  vermuthlicb  unweit  der  Stelle,  wo  1841  die  "  Model- 
Farm  "  erricbtet  wurde,  die  aber,  obwobl  fiir  die  damalige  Zeit  auf  das  beste 
vorbereitet  und  geplant,*  scbon  im  selben  Jabre,  nacb  grossen  Opferu  und  Verlusten 
an  Geld  und  Menschenleben  von  alien  Europiiern  wieder  verlassen  wurde  uud  bald 
verfiel. 

Am  30.  Juni  um  8  Ubr  Morgens  konute  icb   Lokoja  verlassen.     Nacb  ein- 
stiindiger  Fahrt  dnrcb  das  von  AVassergeflUgel  (woruiiter  Sterna  miimtn)  belelite, 
scbilfreicbe  Miiudnngsgebiet  des  Benue  erreichten  wir  Gaude,  wo  die  Bootsleute 
einen  lebbafteu  Handel  anfingen.    Da  sie  die  fiir  mein  noch  unvollendetes  Regendacb 
nrjthigeu  Matten  angeblich  iu  Lokoja  gelasscn  batten,  saiidte  icb  zwei  Maun  nacb 
dort  zuriick,  indem  icb  ibnen  bedeutete,  weuu  die  Matten  nicbt  biunen  3  Stuuden 
zur  Stelle  wiiren,  wurde  ich  in  Lokoja  bleiben,  da  ich  Zeit  genug  hiitte.     Nacb 
kanm  zwei  Stunden  waren  die  Matten  da  und  das  Dach  wurde  zu  meiner  Zufrieden- 
beit  bergestellt.     AVeit  kamen  wir  diesen  Tag  freilicb  nicht,  aber  die  Nacht,  die 
wir  anf  einer  Sandbank  oberbalb  Gaude  zubraebten,  war  eine  jener  mondliollen 
Tropenu:icbte,die  das  Entziicken  aller  Reiseuden  sind.    Die  dunkleu,  auf  dem  bellen 
Saude  um  grosse  Feuer  gelagerteu  Gestalten  der  Rnderer  gewabrten  einen  malerischen 
Anbliik.     Am  folgenden  Tage  waren  wir  scbon  mit  Tagesanbruch  in  Bewegung. 
Es  war  aussergewohulicb  kiibl,  die  Berge  bei  Lokoja  waren  iu  tiefschwarze  AVolken 
gehiillt,   ans  denen    Blitz  auf  Blitz   berniederfubr,  und  in  das  feme  Uollen   des 
Donners  mischte  sich  das  Bransen  eines  beftigen  Windes,  der  unserer  Fahrt  aber 
nicbt  hinderlich  war.      Wahrend  ich   unthiitig   im  Boote   lag,  erfrente  ich   mich 
am  An1)lick  der  herrlichen  Geierseeadler  {Ciijpohli'vax  am/olensis),  schneeweisser 
Silberreiber  und  Seidenreiber,  Scbildraben  und  Scbeerenschnabler  (fi/ii//ir//ojjs),  die 
den  Strom  auf-  und  abzogen.     An  einer  geeigneten  Stelle  wollte  ich  einen  kleinen 
Jagdausdug  macben,  wiibrend  die  Rnderer  sich  erbolten,aber  meine  Kniee  begannen 
zu  zittern,  mein  Kopf  zu  schmerzen — wieder  nabte  ein  Fieberanfall,  sodass  ich 
bald  fast  ohno  Beute  zum  Boote  zuriickkehren  musste.     Die  Ufer  waren  bier  tbeil- 
weise  mit  riesigen   Urwiildern  bedeckt.     Am  2.  Jnli  horten  wir  am  recbten  Ufer 
etwa  sine  halbe  Stnnde  lang  lebbaftes  Gewehrfeuer.     Nacb  Aussage  der  Leute  im 
niicbsten  Dorfe  war  es  ein  Gefecht  zwischen  den  Bassa  nud  Attagarra,  von  denen 
die  ersteren  nur  Pfeil  und  Bogen,  die  letzteren  aber  Gewehre  fiihren.     lui  Dorfe 
Bobu  rasteten  wir  zwei  Stunden,  und  kauften  ein.    Icb  sab  viele  zabme  Enteu,  aber 
nur,  wie  iiberall  in  diesen  Gegenden,  die  aus  Amerika  eingefiihrte  Moschuseute, 
Cairina   moschata.      Die    BevOlkeruug   war  uberall   bereit,   uns   Lebensmittel   zu 
verkaufen,  und  die  Bootsleute  feilscbten  mit  ibnen  in  afrikaniscber  Weise,  indem 
sie  von  bolien  Angeboten  oft  auf  den  fiinftcn  oder  sechsten  Tbeil  derselbeu  hcrab- 
gingen,  wobei  zahllose  Betbeuerungen  uud  Anrufungen  Allabs  laut  wurden.     Die 
Bewobner  waren  mcist  scbon  Mohamedaner,  znm  Tbeil  nocb  Heidcn.     Mir  licl 

"  SieliC  Allen  and  ThomsQii,  iVrtrr.  Exji.  A'iijrr,  Band  II.,  pp.  130,  ff. 


(  234  ) 

hesondera  die  sonderbare  Haartraiht  ilev  Franen  ant",  die  hiinfig  ans  einem  hohen, 
in  der  Art  eines  liaierisclien  Hanpi'iilielmes  befestiijtpn  AVnlst  in  der  Mitte  des 
Kopfes  bosteht,  wiilireiid  die  Seiteii  des  Kopfes  glatt  rasicrt  siiid,  bitiifig  ancli  ans 
lauter  knrzeii,  spitzen  Zb])foi).  Im  Dorfe  Hedeia  (Giirichs  Adea)  wurdeii  wir 
vom  Hiinptliiig  Ondiju  besoiiders  frcniidlich  begriisst.  Unweit  des  Dorfes  Amara 
machte  ich  gegeii  Dnukelwerilen  nur  mit  einigen  feineu  ScLrotpatroneu  verseheu 
einen  Ganir  in  den  Waid,  um  kleino  Viigel  zn  scliiessen,  nnd  stiess  anf  oine  grosse 
Afleuheerde,  ansclieinend  Paviane,  die  mir  anf  den  Hiinmen  folgteu  xind  nicht  iibel 
Last  zn  haben  schienen,  mich  anzngreifen,  da  ich  nnvorsiehtiger  Weise  einen 
von  ihuen  verwnndet  hatte.  Leider  bot  sich  mir  nie  wieder  Gelegeuheit,  Paviane 
mit  geeigneter  Mnnition  zn  erlogcn.  Den  niiiOisten  Tag  war  ich  infolge  meines 
Fiobers  sclir  schwach.  Al)enils  trugen  micli  die  Eootslente  anf  eine  Sandbank,  wo 
ich  herrlieh  schlief,  in  warme  Decken  gehiillt,  un<l  "den  Himniel  illier  mir  znm 
Zelt."  AIs  «-ir  am  6.  Jnli  gegen  Abend  Loko  erreichton,  war  ich  wieder  wohl  nnd 
mnnter.  Die  Gegend  wird  etwas  nnterlialb  von  Loko  offener,  wenigor  bewaUlet, 
die  den  Strom  bisher  begleitenden  flachen  Sandsteinriickeu  haben  anfgehiirt. 

In  Loko,  das  ich  somit  in  sieben  Tagen,  ohne  jedes  Aergerniss  mit  den  Lenten, 
erreicht  hatte,  war  ich  schmerzlich  (iberrascht,  meine  Kameraden  in  sehr  traurigem 
Znstande  zn  tiuden.  Giirich  nnd  Semon  lageu  ganz  danieder  nnd  Standinger,  der 
sic  ])flegte,  war  anch  keineswegs  wuhl.  Die  Kranken  beklagten  besonders  den 
Mangel  an  leichten  enropiiischen  Nahrnngsmitteln  nnd  waren  iiber  einige  von  mir 
mitgebrachte  IMscnits  von  Hnntley  &  Palmers  sehr  erfrent. 

Die  Zeit  meines  Anfenthaltes  in  Lnko  danerte  bis  znm  12.  Angnst,  also  otwa 
fiinf  Wochen.  AViihrend  dieser  Zeit  sammelte  ich  fleissig  Viigel  nnd  Kafer,  aber 
der  JIangel  an  Spiritns  enmiglichte  das  Sammein  von  Heptili<'n  iiiclit,  nnd  da  ich 
alles  Schiessen  nnd  Abbalgen  selbst  besorgen  mnsste,  vernacliliissigte  ich  die 
zeitraubende  Priiparation  von  Siingethieren.  Viele  Tage  gingen  mir  theils  dnrch 
Fieber,  noch  mehr  dnrch  Packereien  nnd  die  sonstigen  Vorbereitnugen  znr  grossen 
Landreise  verloren. 

iSemon  nnd  Giirich  wnrden  ihres  Besorgniss  erregenden  Zustandes  wcgen  von 
Flegel  nach  Brass  zurtickgebracht  und  von  dort  nach  Enropa  gesandt,  das  sie  beide, 
wenn  anch  noch  sciiwaeh  nnd  krank,  erreichten.  Standinger  und  ich  erkliirten  nns 
anf  Flegels  Anfrage  bereit,  die  Reise  nach  Sokoto  nnd  Gandn  zn  raachen,  die  Semon 
und  Giirich  liatten  ausfiihren  sollen,  w-iihrend  Flegel  weiter  stromanfwiirts  zog,  nm 
nach  Adamana,  nnd  von  dort  nach  Kamernn  zn  gehen. 

Znm  Verstiindniss  des  Folgenden  mnss  ich  mich  hier  entschliessen,  den  Plan 
der  Expedition,  nnd  wie  wir  ihn  zn  iindern  genothigt  waren,  anseinauderznsetzcn. 
Die  Exjiedition  hatte  einen  liybriden  Charakter,  denn  Flegel  verfolgte  vor  alien 
Dingen  handels-politische  Ziele,  wiihrend  wir  Andern  vorzngsweisc,  nnd  soweit 
Standinger  nnd  ich  in  Betracht  kamen,  lediglich  zn  wissenschaftlichen  imd 
sammlerischen  Zweckeu  mitgegangen  waren.  Flegels  Absicht  war  es,  iiberall 
Haiidelsrechte  fiir  Dentsche  zn  erlangen,  nnd  Haudelsvertriige  nach  Art  des  in 
Ouitsha  abgeschlossenen  zn  machen.  Ob  er  das  Kecht  hatte,  direkt  Laud  als 
dentsche  Kolouien  zn  erwerben,  wnrde  mir  nicht  mitgetheilt,  duch  lag  es  zweifellos 
in  seiner  Absicht,  dies  in  Adamana  vorznbereiten.  Diese  Pliine,  so  grosses  Interesse 
ihnen  anch  damals  entgegengebracht  wnrde,  als  die  Wogen  kulonialer  Begeisternng 
hciher  denn  jemals  im  dentschen  Vaterhmde  gingen,  miissen  hente,  bei  rnhiger 
Ueberlegnng,  theils  liberhanpt  als  verfehlt,  theils  als  in  der  Ansl'iihrung  verfaliren 
ungesehen  werden.     Vor  alien  Dingen  war  es  die  Uefleutlichkeit,  die  Flegel  durcU 


(  235  ; 

Vortriige  und  Schriften  seiiien  Pliinen  gab,  welche  dem  Unteraelimeu  hinderlich  ward, 
denn  es  war  voranszusehen,  dass  die  Engliinder,  sobald  sie  davon  hiirten,  ihrerseits 
Schritte  thun  wiirdpii,  sich  jene  Gebiete  zu  sichern.     In  Vortriigeu  nnd  Schriften 
wurden    hiinfig  die  f'riibereii  Arbeiten    dentscber  Forscber  im  Niger-Benne-Gebiet 
hervorgeboben,  die  dnrcb  die  Namen  eines  Dr.  J.  R.  T.  Vogel  (nicbt  zn  verwecbseln 
mit   dem    in    Wadai   ermordeteu    Vogel,  der    niemals    das   Niger-Gebiet   betrat). 
Dr.  Heinricb  Barth  nnd  Rohlfs  nnvergesslioh  bleiben  werden,  aber  es  wurde  nicht 
betout,  dass  sowobi  Bartb  als  Vogel  nnr  Tbeilnehmer  eugliselier  nnd  mit  englischem 
Gelde  bezablter  Expeditionen  waren,  nnd  wie  viel  grosser  uud  an  Opfern  reicher 
die  engjiscben  Bestrebnngen  waren,  die  mit  Unterbrecbungen  von  1788  bis  auf  die 
Gegenwart  reicben.     Im  oben  genannten  Jabre  schnn  bildete  sich  in  England  eine 
afrikani.sche  Gesellschaft  znr  Erforscbuiig  des  dnnklen   Kontinents,  die  zuniichst 
Mr.  Ledyard  nnd  Mr.  Lucas  anssaudte,  nm  von  Seunaar  mid  Trijioli  den  Knntinent 
nach  Westen  bin  zu  dnrchqneren,  und  unter  Auderem  nameutlich  iiber  den  dnrch 
Edrisi  (1150),  Ibn  Batnta  (1353)  nnd  Leo  Africanus  (155G)  sagenhaft  beriihmten 
Niger,  der  von  Ost  nacli  West  iliessen  solle,  etwas  zn  erfahren.     Die  Grcisso  dieser 
Anfgaben   musste  von  vornberein   die   L^nternebmnngen   znm   Scheitern   bringen. 
Ledyard  starb  schon  in  Cairo,  Lucas  kehrte  unverrichteter  Sache  znriick.      1790 
wurde   Major'  Houghton    ausgenistet,   um    vom    Gambia    iiber    Land    den    Niger 
zu   erreichen,  fand   aber   in    Bambuk   seiuen   Tod.     Mungo   Park   war   der   erste 
Europiier  der  (bei  Sego  am  21.  Jnli  1706)  den  Niger  mit  eigenen  Augen  sab,  den 
"  majestiitischon  Niger  in  der  Morgensonne  glitzernd,  so  breit  wie  die  Themse  bei 
Westminster,  und  langsam  gen  Osten  fliessend"  wie  er  schrieb.     Im  Jahre  1805 
nnternalim  Mungo  Park  eine  zweite  Reise.     Wiederum  brach  er  vom  Gambia  anf, 
im  Auftrage  des  Kolonialamtes,  den  Niger  zu  erforschen.     Diesmal  war  er  nicht, 
wie  das  erste  Mai,  allein,  sondern  begleitet  von  42  Mann  und  3  OfBzieren.     Diese 
giugeu  schon  anf  dem  Laudmarsche  zu  Grnnde,  nnr  Mungo  Park  selbst  mit  einem 
Lieutenant  nnd  drei  Mann  erreichten  den  Niger,  den  sie  bis  Bnsa  befnhreu,  wo  sie 
von  zalilreicheu  Feindeu  angegriffen  kiimpfend  erlagen.     1810  wurde  eine  Neger 
Namens  Isaaco  ansgeschickt  um  Nachrichten  iiber  Muugo  Parks  Eude  zu  bringen, 
was  er  trefflich  ausfilhrte.     Die  so  gewonnene  Kenutniss  von  einem  grossen  Theile 
des  Niger  fiihrte  zu  der  abenteuerlichen  Idee,  dass  der  Niger  seine  Fluthen  in  den 
Congo  ergiessen  mtisse.     Dies  festzustellen  wurde  Captain  Tuckey  beordert,  den 
Congo  hinaufznftibren,  wiihrend  eiue  andere  Truppe  Mungo  Park's  Weg  einschlagen 
sollte,  um  Tuckey 's  Schiffe  irgendwo  (auf  dem  Niger  !)  zu  treffon.     Man   sieht 
hierans,  dass  man  damals  sehr  ktibne  Projekte  hatte,  aber  gerade  dies  fiihrte  zum 
Verderben.     Die  Landreise  missgltlckte  vollstacdig,  Tnckey's   Schiffe  fuhren  den 
Congo  weit  hinanf,  aber  die  Mehrzabl  der  Tlieiluehmer  an  der  Reise  fielen  dem 
Klima  znm  Opfer.     Andere  Versnche,  die  Geographic  des  Niger  zu  vervollstiindigen, 
durch  Gray  vom  Westeu,  Richie  und  Lyon  von  Fezzau  (!),  waren  ebenfalls  erfolglos. 
1822  dnrchzog  Clapperton  die   Sahara  nnd    erreichte  Sokoto,  wo   er  von   Sultan 
Bello  erfuhr,  dass  er  sich  nnweit  des  Niger  befinde.    Diese  Kunde  fachte  den  Niger- 
durst  von  Neuem   an,  uud  1.S25  brach  Clapperton  wieder  mit   3   Gefiihrten  und 
seinem  Diener  anf,  aber  alle  starlien,  uur  Clapperton's  Diener,  Richard   Lauder, 
kehrte   nach   Earopa   znriick,  nachdem   er   wiedernm   ein   Stiick   des   Nigerlaufes 
erforscht  hatte.     1830  wnrde  Richard    Lander  wieder  ansgeschickt,  und  diesmal 
gliickte  es  ihm  in  Begleitung   seines  Brnders  von  Busa  an  den   Niger  in  einem 
offeneu  kleinen   Kauu  bis  zur  Miiudung  zu  befahren,  nnd  so   das  lange   dnukle 
Problem  zu  lOsen. 


(  23(5  ) 

Angeregt  (lurch  die  Berichte  von  dem  grossen  Reichthnm  an  Elfenbein  in 
jenen  Gegenden  riistete  die  Liverpooler  Kanfmannscliaft  die  erste  anstandige  • 
Handelse^peditiou,  bestehend  ans  einer  Brigg  mid  zwei  Dampfern  nach  dem  Niger 
aus.  41)  vou  den  4!)  weissen  Tlii'lliicliinerii  dicsci-  Hcisc  faiidcn  iliron  Tod  am 
Fielicr  !  liiimlei'  iiiaclih'  nocli  y.wui  wcitcre  iiiiirliifkliclic  Vcrsiiclic,  seine  IMiine 
iiusznt'iilireii,  liuid  al)er  aui' der  letzten  Heise  seiiien  Tod  dui'ch  eiuo  i'einJlichc  Kngel. 
Einer  seiner  Begleiter  hatte  diesmal  den  Benne  weit  liiiianf  erforsclit.  Nur  die 
Brigg  kelirfe  nach  England  znriick,  die  beiden  l>amj)fer  wnrden  in  Fernando  Po 
ihrem  f>chicksale  iiberlassen. 

Es  gehurte  wahrlich  ein  nicht  geringer  Mnth  dazu,  dass  sclion  lb41  wieder 
eine  grosse  Expedition  in  England  ausgeriistet  wurde.  Diesmal  war  es  eine  der 
gewaltigsten  TJnternehmnngen,  die  jemals  zu  anderen  als  politischen  oder  kriege- 
rischen  Zwecken  anf  Al'rika  geriohtet  worden  sind,  denn  es  nahmen  an  diesev  Reise 
drci  grosse  Dampfer  und  155  Enrojiiier  theil.  Es  sollte  bei  Lokoja  die  oben 
crwiihnte  "  Model  Farm "  nnd  an  anderen  Pnnkten  Handelsstationen  errichtet 
werden,  ansserdem  wurden  Gelehrte  verschiedener  Fiicher,  nnter  ihiien  der  begabte 
deutsche  Botaniker  Vogel,  mitgesandt.  Auch  dieses  wohlgej)lante  Unternehmen 
scheiterte.  Eine  Station  wurde  wohl  errichtet,  da  aber  41  von  den  ICuropiiern  in 
der  Zeit  von  2  Monaten  dem  Fieber  erlagen,  waren  die  iibrigen  verniinftig  genng 
mit  den  schon  ganz  nngeniigend  bemannten  Scliiffen  mit  knapper  Noth  dem 
offenen  Grabe  zu  enteilen. 

Erst  1854  horen  wir  vou  einer  weiteren  Expedition  nnter  Laird,  die  selir 
gli'u-klich  verlief,  und  dor  Ernennnng  eines  britischen  Konsnlar-Ageuten  in  Lokoja, 
aber  die  Aufgabe  dieses  Postens,  sowie  die  Verweigerung  einer  bisher  von  der 
Regierung  gewiihrten  Geldsnmme  als  Beihiilfe  "  znr  Eruffnnng  der  Nigerstrasse " 
bracbten  die  Bestrebungen  am  Xiger  fiir  einige  Zeit  zum  Stillstand. 

Allmiilig  begannen  einzelne  englische  Handelstirmen  unabhiingig  voneinander 
Faktoreien  im  Nigergebiet  zu  errichten,  da  aber  der  Gewinn  nicht  ganz  den  zu 
hoch  gespannten  Erwartungen  entsprach,  schloss  sich  die  Mehrzalil  dieser  Firmen 
znsammen  zu  einer  Gesellschaft  die  den  Namen  "National  African  Company" 
fiihrte.  Sie  kaufte  1880  die  mit  viel  Euergio  und  auscheiuend  grossen  Jlittehi, 
nnter  der  Begnustigung  Gambettas  eutstandenen,  schun  gebauten  Faktoreien  zweier 
franzosiscber  Gesellschaften,  die  einen  nnsinnigen  merkantilen  Konkurrenzkampf 
begonnen  hatten,  mit  schwerem  Gelde  anf.  So  bekam  sie  fast  den  ganzen  Handel 
anf  dem  Niger  in  ihre  Hiinde — fast  nnr  in  Brass  gab  es  noch  mehrere  von  der 
Gesellschaft  nnabhilngige  Handelshtiuser. 

So  lagen  die  Dinge  anfiiugs  1885.  Thatsilchlicb  hatte  eine  politische  Besitz- 
ergreifnng  des  Niger-  nnd  Benne-Gebietes  von  Seiten  Englands  noch  nic/it 
stattgefnnden.  Anf  diescn  letzleren  Umstand  bante  Flegel,  der  von  Allem  wohl 
nnterrichtet  war,  nnd  anch  die  socben  im  Fluge  gestreifte  Geschichte  des  Niger- 
gebietes  sehr.wohl  kannte,  seine  Plane.  Jeder  Unbefangene,  der  die  knrz 
geschildcrten,  fast  ein  Jahrhnndert  langen  Bestrebungen  Englands,  die  geradezu 
entsetzlichen  Opfer  an  Mensrhenleben  nnd  die  Millionen  Geldes  die  sie  gekostet, 
keunt,  muss  sich  sagen,  dass  es  weder  anssiclitsvoll  noch  begriindet  sein  koiinte, 
diesen  sogut  wic  schon  crrungenen  Besitz  den  englischen  Iliinden  zu  entreissen. 

*  Es  iet  anzunehmen,  dass  die  Portugiesen,  die  schon  1443  den  Sklavenhandel  an  der  wcstafrikanischen 

Kiisti'  begannen,  Kiiglaiider,  Franzosen,  Aniorikaner  iind  anderc  lange  vorlier  Sklavenhandel  nnd 
Sklavcnraiib  am  Niger  tiicben.  IJie  Kinfiihning  '/.ahh-t'ichfr  anicrikanisrher  rrodiikte,  namciillicli  I''riii'htc, 
der  Moschusentcii,  Trut.biihncr  und  dfs  Sandliulis  allein  beweisl  den  lelthaflcn  Verk'nir  mit  Amcrika,  der 
bauptsiichlicb  den  Zwecken  des  Sklavenliandcls  dicntc. 


(2^7) 

Man  musste  die  Englituder  geradezn  fiir  Narren  halten,  wenn  man  glaubte,  dass 
sie  rnhig  zusehen  wiirden,  wie  ihnen  das  gauze  Hinterland*  des  Niger  fortgenommen 
wnrde.  Eiue  geniigende,  anf  geleistcte  Arbeit,  un<l  gebrachte  0])fer  sicli  stiitzende 
Bereclitigung  vou  nuserer  Seitc  lag  niclit  vor,  denn  was  koniiten  wir  den  englischen 
Opfern  uud  Bestrebungen  gegeniiber  anfiiliren  ?  Letzteres  freijieli  kommt  weuiger 
in  Frage,  denn  es  gait  Land  im  Aiisclilnss  an  die  Kamcruakolonie  zu  erwerben, 
aber  es  muss  hier  der  Wabrlieit  wegen  betunt  werden,  da  hiiniig  iu  Vorti'ilgen  und 
Zeitungsartikein  von  deutschem  Ojifermnth  niid  deutscher  Arbeit  im  Nigergebeit 
die  llede  war,  wiihrend  von  denon  der  Euglander  nichts  gesagt  wnrde— solche 
Entstellungen  der  Thatsachen  aber  fiiliren  allmalig  zur  Entzweiung  der  Volker, 
wahrend  es  eines  jeden  umsiclitigen  Mannes  Streben  sein  sollte,  das  Verbiiltniss 
zwischen  den  zwei  Brudernatiouen  Deutschland  und  England  zu  bessern  uud  zu 
erhalteii.  Wie  dem  allem  nun  aucli  sein  mOge,  sicher  war  es,  dass  Flegel  nnr  dann 
seine  Pliine  hiitte  ansfiihren  konnen,  wenn  er  sie,  wie  es  einst  Peters  in  Ostafrika 
that,  gebeim  bielt  und  die  Engliiuder  am  Niger  iiberraschte.  Statt  aber  dies  zu 
thnn,  hielt  er  Vortriige  und  Berathungen  mit  alien  Interessenten,  nnd  die  Zeitnugen 
verkiindeten  bald  mehr  oder  minder  uuklar,  aber  den  Gegnern  klar  genug,  was  er 
beabsichtigte.  Es  wnrde  daber  von  England  aus  sofort  Joseph  Thomson  nach 
Sokoto  entsandt,  um  Vertrage  mit  dem  Sultan  abznschliessen,  nnd  alle  nothigen 
Schritte  wurden  gethan,  nm  fiir  die  Nigergesellschaft  von  der  Regieruiig  eine 
"  Charter  "  und  Privilegien  nach  Art  derer  der  weiland  ostindischen  C'omj)any  zu 
erlangen.  Thomson  dampfte  den  Niger  hinauf,  giug  ohne  Aafeuthalt  auf  dem 
kiirzesten  Wege  nach  Sokoto  und  schloss  dort  einen  Vertrag  ab,  der  nach  Ver- 
sicherung  der  Engliinder  die  gesammten  Haussaliinder  dem  englischen  Emflnss 
nnterwarf.  Mit  diesem  Vertrage  hat  es  f'reilich  eiue  eigene  Bewandtniss,  denn  der 
Sultan  von  Sokoto  versicherte  nns  anf  das  ansdriicklichste,  dass  er  den  Englandern 
keinerlei  exklusive  Rechte  eiugeraumt  hiitte,  nnd  dass  er  deutsche  Kaufleute  zu 
Handel  und  Wandel  willkommen  hiess.     (Siehe  Kobmche  Zeitunff  no.  279,  1886.) 

Es  ist  natiirlich  fiir  uns  nicht  moglich  zu  entscheiden,  ob  der  Sultan  nns  die 
Walirheit  sagte,  oder  ob  das  Abkommcn  das  er  mit  den  Englandern  traf,  anders 
lautete,  als  behauptet  worden  ist,  aber  es  ist  offenbar,  dass  das  Deutsche  Auswiirtige 
Amt— damals  nocli  unter  Bismarck— den  Vertrag  der  Nigergesellschaft  fiir  giiltig 
ansah,  denn  es  wnrde  1886  ein  Abkommeu  zwischen  Deutschland  und  England 
gemacht,  wonach  das  gauze  Nigergebiet  der  englischen  luteresseusphiire  anheimfiel, 
und  die  Grenzliuie  zwischen  diesem  Gebiete  und  der  dentscheu  Kamernnkolonie 
eine  Linie  vom  Rio  del  Key  bis  zu  einem  oberhalb  Yola  gelegenen  Punkte  am 
Benuii  bildete.  Wenn  ich  nicht  irre  wnrde  dieser  Vertrag  in  London  von  dem 
damaligen  Grafen  Herbert  Bismarck  im  Auftrage  des  grossen  Kanzlers  abgeschlossen. 
Was  etwa  von  der  Flegelschen  Expedition  im  Haussalande  in  politischer  Beziehung 
geleistet  sein  mochte,  wnrde  somit  gegeustandslos,  und  es  erscheint  mir  unbe- 
greiflich,  wie  dieser  Vertrag,  ohne  auf  die  Riickkehr  vou  Flegel  und  seinen  Gefilhrten 
zu  warten,  abgeschlossen  werden  konnte,  aber  die  eigenthiimlichen  Pfade  der 
Politik  sind  fiir  den  Nichteingeweihten  gar  oft  schwierig  zn  verstehen.  Mit  den 
bestehenden  Verhiiltnissen  miissen  wir  zufrieden  sein,  und  konnen  es  auch,  denn 
die  Entwickeluug  des  Nigergebietes  hat  einen  gliinzendeu  Verlauf  genommcn, 
und  es   ist  sehr  die  Frage,  ob  sie  dies   iu  gleichem  Maasse  hiitte  thun   kiinnen^ 

*  Es  ist  intercssant  zn  sebcn,  -nie  dies  Wort  goit  Mitt«  odor  Entle  ilcr  .ichtzijjor  .Talirc  in  der  cn'^Iischen 
Spraclie,  die  cs  schwierig  tind  ein  ahnliclies  Wort  zu  biliten,  Eiugang  fand  und  liciilc  zu  einem  allgemeiii 
bckauuteu  uud  uncntl>ehrlichen  englischen  "Worte  gcwordcn  ist. 


(  238  ) 

wemi  verschiedene  Miichte  im  Niger-Bennii-Gebiet  Bcsitznngen  batten,  nnd  wenn 
kanfmiiiinische  Koiikurrenz  den  Handel  erschwert  hiltto.  Die  Kiimpfe  der  letzten 
Jahre  babeu  gezeigt,  was  I'iir  eine  Truppeumacht  anfgeboten  warden  musste, 
nnd  es  fragt  sicb  sehr,  ob  der  hiiutig  iiberscLatzte  Handel  nnd  Reicbtbnm  jener 
Gegenden  es  verschiedenen  Interessenten  ermoglicbt  lititte,  einen  Konknrrenzkampf 
auszubalten.* 

Wie  nun  die  Dinge  1885  lagen,  mnsste  die  damalige  "  National  African 
Company"  Flegels  Anftreten  mit  banger  Sorge  sehen  nnd  ihm  entgegentreten. 
Niemand  kounte  ihr  das  verargen,  nnd  es  ist  sebr  die  Frage,  ob  eine  abnlicbe 
dentsche  Gesellschaft  dem  Eindringen  englisclien  Elementes  iiiclit  viol  sclirofter 
eutgegengotrcten  wiire.  Dass  einzelue  Beamte  sich  unking  nnd  taktlos  daboi 
benabnieu,  kann  niclit  in  Erstannen  setzen.  Tbatsacbe  bleibt  es,  dass  dieselben 
Miinner,  die  Flegel  sclbst  nnd  dem  Landen  nnseres  Dam])fers  in  roller  Weiss 
entgegentrateu,  spiiter  Standiuger  nnd  mir,  uaehdem  sie  geselien  batten,  dass  wir 
nns  einestbeils  nicbt  verljliiften  liessen,  nnd  dass  wir  andererscits  lediglicb  wissen- 
schaftlicbe  Ziele  verfolgten,  mit  grijsster  Zuvorkommcnheit  begegueten,  wie  sie 
auc.b  in  spiiteren  Jabren  andere  deutsche  Expeditionen  in  bereitwilligster  Weise 
filrderten.  Am  meisten  batte  der  arme  Tliiel  anf  dcni  Dampfer,  nacbdem  Flegel 
ibu  vcrlassen  batte,  unter  den  Verbilltnissen  zn  leiden. 

Nacb  dieser  Abscbweifung,  die  nnvermeidlicb  war  inid  den  Yortbeil  bat,  dass 
icb  spate rhin  dergleicben  Uinge  als  abgetban  betracbten  und  unerwiibnt  lassen 
kann,  nnd  die  ancb  dem  Leser  klar  macben  wird,  dass  die  wissenscbaftlicben 
Begk'iter  der  Expedition  vielfacb  dnrcb  den  oben  lu'scbriebenen  byltriden  (!baraktor 
derselben  zn  leiden  batten  und  in  ibreu  Arbeitcn  bebindert  wnrden,  kelire  icli  anf 
den  Gang  der  Ereignisse  zuriick. 

Der  nrspriinglicbe  Plan  Flegels  war  gewesen,  Semon  und  Giirieb  mit  den 
Briefen  und  Gesclieuken  Kaiser  Willielms  nach  Sokoto  und  Gandn  zn  scnden, 
wiibrend  er  selbst  nacb  Adamana  nnd  von  dort  nacb  Kamcrun  wollte,  icb  aber 
eine  Station  am  Bennij,  womoglicb  in  Adamana,  erricbten  und  dort  zoologiscben 
und  -anderen  Beobacbtnngen  nnd  Sammlungen  mich  widmen  sollte.  Standinger 
stand  es,  da  er  keinerlei  Verpiiicbtungen  batte,  frei  sicb  eventuell  einer  oder  der 
anderen  Abtbeilnng  anzuscbliessen,  und  er  batte  bescblossen  vorliiutig  mit  am 
Benuii  oder  in  Adamaua  zu  bleiben.  Da  nun  dnrcb  die  Heimreise  von  Semon  nnd 
Giirieb  Niemand  liir  die  Laudreise  nacb  Norden  da  war,  trug  Flegel  zunitcbst 
Herrn  Standinger  an,  diese  Reise  zu  nnternebmen,  der  sicb  aucb  dazu  bereit  erkliirte. 
Kanm  war  dies  gescbeben,  als  letzterer  dnrcb  einen  nicbt  gerade  leicbten  Fieber- 
anfall  beimgesucbt  wurde.  Hierdnrcb  wnrde  Flegel  sebr  besorgt,  und  er  fiircbtete 
derart  fiir  den  Gesnndheitsznstand  Staudingers,  dass  er  micb  ersnchte,  die  Reise 
nacb  Sokoto  mitzumacben.  Es  war  nicbt  leicbt  fiir  micb,  eine  Entscheidung  zu 
treffen.  Icb  sab  wolil  ein,  dass  der  Hauptzweck  meiner  Reise,  niimlicb  zoologiscbcs 
Sammeln,  fiir  lange  Zeit  in  den  Hiutergrnnd  treten  miisse,  wenn  icb  zusagte,  anf 
der  anderen  Seite  aber  reizte  micb  die  Reise  dnrcb  so  weite  unerforscbte  Gebiete 
nnd  die  damit  verbnndene  Gefabr,  und  es  war  mir  eine  Freude,  die  Briefe  nnd 
Gescbenke   nnseres    geliebten   alten    Kaisers    mit   an    ibreil   Bestimmnngsort    zu 

•  01)  die  siiiiter  von  der  "  Niger  Company  '  ausgeiiljton  Kcclite  im  Einklang  stanck'n  mit  lit-n  auf  del- 
Berliner  Congo-Confercnz  gewUhrleisteten  Frcibciten  fiir  die  Nigcr-Hehiffahrt  ist  eine  Fi-agc,  die  von 
andcrer  Kcitc  gcUlst  werden  mag,  wenn  dies  aber  der  Fall  war,  dann  siiid  jenc  Berliner  Abmaelningcn  sehr 
dehnbar  und  verscLicdenllich  auszulegen.  Uebrigens  ist  vom  Bcginnc  dcK  neuen  JabrhundL-rts  an  die 
Verwaltung  dieser  Gebiete  von  der  Itegierung  selbst  Ubcrnommcn,  welche  hoffcntlicU  alius  bcfriedigeiidcr 
handhaben  wird. 


(  239  ) 

befdrdern.  AnsserJem  batte  icb  Standinger  als  eiuon  klar  nud  logiscb  denkendeil, 
energischeu  iind  furcbtlosen  Mann  kennen  gelernt,  nnd  beim  Packen  der  Waaren- 
ballen  fiir  die  Reise  hatte  ich  einen  Einblick  in  die  Mittel  der  Expedition  gewonnen, 
der  mich  sebr  zam  Nachdenken  veranlasste.  Ich  batte  das  Gefiihl  bekommen,  als 
seien  die  Waaren  fiir  eine  allzugrosse  Tbeilnng  der  Expedition — denn  aucb  Tbiel 
mit  dem  Dampfer  musste  nnterbalten  werden— nngeniigend,  nnd  der  fast  ganzlicbe 
Verbrancb  derselben  innerbalb  eines  Jabres  zcigte  spiiter,  dass  meine  Fnrcbt  iiicht 
nnbegriindct  war.  Mit  allzn  geringen  Mittehi  kounte  ancb  auf  einer  Station  nicbt 
viel  geleistet  werden.  Aussevdem  bennrnbigte  micb  etwas  der  augeblicb  ziemlicb 
waldlose  Charakter  des  oberen  Bennii.  Unter  diesen  Erwilgnngen,  geleitet  von 
demselben  Gesicbtspnnkte  wie  iStaudinger,  erkblrte  icb  Flegel,  ich  sei  bereit,  die 
Keise  uacb  Sokoto  mitznmachen,  sofern  icli  mit  Standiuger  znsammen  nuter  denselben 
Bedingnngen  nnd  Recbten  als  in  die  Ste.lle  von  Scmon  nnd  Giirich  eingeriickt 
betracbtet  wiirde,  und  eine  iStunde  nachher  theilte  mir  Flegel  mit,  dass  Standinger 
zu  allem  gern  bereit  sei.*  Wir  baben  wiihrend  der  Reise  in  Freud  und  Leid  gnte 
Kameradschaft  gebalten,  nnd  icb  bin  meincm  Gefiihrten  fiir  maucben  Dienst  in 
schwerer  Krankbeit  dankbar. 

Unter  Aufsicbt  des  Madugu  mai  gashin  baki  (des  Alten  mit  dem  Barte)  nnd 
des  Madugu  Dan  Tambari  (Tambars  Sobn)  wurden  nnn  die  Waarenballeu  mit 
Matten  nnd  wasserdicbtem  Leineu  nmschniirt,  nud  ersterer  batte  einen  besondereu 
Kniff  sie  so  zn  packen,  dass  eiu  etwa  diebiscber  Triiger  kein  Stiick  berauszieben 
konnte,  ohue  den  ganzen  Balleu  zu  oti'nen,  was  bei  der  vielfachen  Verscbniirung 
lange  Zeit  erforderte.  Uebrigeus  baben  wir  von  Dieberei  unserer  Triiger  nicbt  zu 
leiden  gehabt — kein  AVaarenballeu  nnd  kein  Stiick  Zeug  ist  uns  gestoblen  worden  I 
Die  Triiger,  43  an  Zahl,  nnd  3  I'ferde,  fiir  uns  beiden  Europiier  und  Dan  Tambari, 
der  uns  begleiten  sollte,  wurden  von  Keffi  aus  gebolt.  Ausserdem  begleiteten  uns 
3  Kiistenneger,  von  denen  einer  ans  Sierra  Leone,  scbou  ein  iilterer  Mann,  der 
eigentlicb  als  Koch  engagiert  war,  trotz  eines  in  vieler  Beziehung  weiten  Gewissens 
sicb  dnrch  seine  Energie,  seinen  Muth,  seine  Sprachkenntnisse  und  seine  Treue 
in  bervorrageuder  Weise  anszeicbnete,  sodass  er  bald  unser  uneutbebrlicber 
Dolmetscher  und  Vertrauensmann  wurde.  Die  beiden  anderen  waren  weniger 
braucbbar,  aber  doch  im  Notbfalle  zuverliis-sig  und  immer  furchtlos,  wiihrend  ein 
in  Lokoja  angeworbener  Bursche  iiberhaupt  wenig  niitzte  nnd  zwei  Pferdeknechte 
schon  in  Keffl  entlassen  werden  mussten.  Dan  Tambari  war  begleitet  von  zwei 
Freundeu,  seiner  Fran  und  deren  Sklaven,  Sklavinneu  und  Kuaben,  ausserdem 
begleitete  uns,  was  als  besondere  Ehre  gait,  ein  Bote  des  Herrschers  von  Nupe  nnd 
zogen  noch  mehrere  Frauen  nnd  Triiger  mit,  um  unter  nnserem  Schutze  sicberer  zu 
reisen,  sodass  unser  Zug  im  Gauzeu  aus  iiber  7(.)  Mcuschen  nud  5  Pferden  bestand. 

*  Siehe  :  Mittheilumjcit  der  A/ril-aii.  Gesdlsch.  in  Drutxclil.,  Rand  IV.  S.  403,  Band  V.  S.  lil  (Brief 
vom  25.  is.  1885  von  Flegel),  Band  V.  S.  99  (Bericbt  von  uns).  Nach  dor  Riickkchr  von  Sokoto  soUten 
wir  Ubrigens  noch  "  wisscnschaftliuhe  Stationen  griindcn,"  aber  infolge  des  Ausbleibens  der  von  Flegel  fest 
erwartetcn  Mittel  konnte  hieraus  uichts  werden. 


(240) 


II.    KAPITEL. 

LANBHEISE    VON   LOKO    AM   BENUE   BIS    KANO, 
SOKOTO,    GAXDU,    UNI)   ZmtCK  ZVM  BENUE. 

Am  IMorgon  des  V2.  August  bracheii  wir  von  Lokci  anf,  bogleitet  von  den 
Segenswiinschen  der  Bevijlkernng.  UnscT  ^^'iI■tll,  der  Jladuki,  dcr  alte  JIadugu 
mit  dem  Barte  und  Flegel  gaben  uus  etwa  eine  Viertelmeile  wcit  das  Gelcit.  Dauu 
machtc  die  Karawane  lialt  nnd  Dan  Tambari  erhob  die  Iliinde  znm  Himmcl,  nni 
von  Allah  (iliick  nnd  Segeu  fiir  nnsere  Reise  und  ein  allseitiges  'Wiedcrscben  zu 
crflelien.  Es  war  ein  feierlicher  Moment,  nnd  die  frei  nnd  znverslebtlicli  7.nm 
Himmel  erhobenen  Blicke  und  Arme  der  Beter  macliten  anf  mich  einen  besseren 
Eindruck  als  das  bei  nns  so  vielfacli  iibliche  scbcne  Aufblicken,  Ducken  nnd 
Verbergen  des  Antlitzes.  Wir  nabmeu  nun  berzlieben  Abscbied  von  Flegel  nnd 
seinen  Haussa-Frennden,  uicht  abneud  dass  wir  ibn  uie  wiederseben  sollten. 

Znr  Routenanfuahme,  mit  der  wir  anf  Flegels  Wnnscb  sofort  begannen, 
benutzten  wir  zwei  gleicbe,  sehr  gute  Compasse  nnd  unsere  Uhren.  Die  Art  des 
Reitens  war  uns  anfaugs  sehr  nnbeqnem.  Zwar  sassen  wir  anf  iinsserst  beqnemen 
arabischen  Siitteln,  aber  der  Schritt  der  Triiger  war  zn  nnserer  Ueberraschung 
rascbcr,  als  der  unserer  Pferde.  An  einen  verniinftigen  Trab  waren  letztere  nicht 
gewiibnt,  da  die  Hanssas  diese  Gangart  kaum  kenuen,  nnd  weun  wir  zeitweilig 
galoppierten  mnsste  die  Routenaufnahme  an  grosser  Ungenanigkeit  leiden.  Wir 
mnssten  somit  unsere  Pferde  erst  an  eine  rascbe  mit  ganz  leichtem  Trabe  abwech- 
selnde  Sclirittart  gewiUinen.  Naoh  einer  Viertelstunde,  vom  There  von  Loko  an, 
batten  wir  das  letzte  Feld  erreicht  nnd  befanden  uns  auf  schmalem,  kaum  fiiss- 
breiten  Pfade  in  lichtem  Buschwalde,  mit  3  bis  4  Fnss  hohem  Grase,  ans  dem 
zahlreiche  einzeln  stehende  Mimosen  nnd  bobe  Termiteniiiigel,  oft  bis  zn  10  Fnss 
sicb  erbehend  nnd  von  der  gesiittigt  braunrotben  Farbc  des  Lateritbodens  vou  Loko, 
hervorragten.  Nach  etwa  einer  Stnnde  nabm  der  Boden,  nnd  mit  ihm  die  der 
Landscbaft  ein  so  eigenartiges  Geprage  verleiheudeu  Termitenhiigel  eine  hellgelb- 
liche  Fiirbung  an  nnd  wurde  sandiger,  naehdem  wir  einen  breiteu  von  einem  Bache 
duvchstromten  Urwaldstreifen  durcliritten  batten.  Wiihrend  der  liebte  Busch 
an  Tliicrlcben  ziemlicb  arm  erschien,  zumal  man  von  den  dort  liiintigen  Antilopen 
anf  der  Reise  nie  etwas  zu  sehen  bekam,  waren  solche  Urwaldstreifen  mit  den 
sie  dnrchstromenden  Biicben,  deren  wir  heute  vier  ]iassierten,  voller  Leben.  Im 
lichten  Bnschwalde  bemerkte  man  anf  der  Reise  selten  etwas  anderes  als  Bienen- 
fresser,  Wiirgerarten  {Lui'iarius,  Dri/oxcopiis),  Raubviigel  und  die  mit  einem 
eigenartigen,  an  das  "  Moekern  "  der  Bekassine  erinnernden  Klajijiern  aufsteigende 
Lerche  {Mirn/m  biicklei/i),  ansser  Kiifern  aber  wenig  Insektenleben  nnd  keine 
Siingcthiere.  Die  Waldstreifcn  dagcgcn,  die  fiir  mich  jodesnial  einen  Ilochgennss 
bedentefen,  trmten  wieder  vom  Bliioken  von  Affenlieerden,  die  sicli  iiber  nnsern 
lljin|it('rn  von  I'anm  zn  Banme  seliwangcn,  die  llanmkronen  waren  voll  von 
Viigelu,  miter  denen  man  nichl  selten  die  priiciitigen  Baiianenfresser  mit  ilireii 
blutrothen  Schwingen  bemerkte,  am  Boden  hnschtcn  Schmctterlinge  bin  und  her 
nnd  gegen  Abend  tiUite  ein  tansendstimmiges  Konzert  von  ("ieaden  ringsnmber. 

Gegen  VZ  Uhr  batten  wir  das  Ziel  nnseres  ersten  Tagemarsehes,  deu  Fleckeu 
Ushiarogo  oder  Usharogo  (niiht  aber  Wisherogo,  wie  Roliinson  schreibt),  erreicht. 


(^41   ) 

Wir  bcgaunen  hier  ciu  System  dcs   Ziihleus  der  Lasten,  das  zwar  fiir  uns  selir 
langweilig  war,  aber  Eindruck  anf  die  Triiger  machte  nnd  ihnen  bewies,  dass  keine 
Last  abhaiiden  kommeu  koiinte,  oline  dass  wir  es  sofort  bemerkteu  :   wir  batten 
niimlicb   alle    Halleii    luimeriert   und  luit  deu  Nameii  ihrer  Triiger   in   ein    Biich 
eingetragen.     Die  Lasten  wnrden  librigens  ohne  Mnrren  getragen,  und  es  war  wohl 
der  beste  Dieust,  den  nns  die  Madngus  geleistet  haben,  dass  sie  dieselben  so  batten 
scbniiren  lassen,  wie   die    Leute   sie   licbten,  niimlicb   gnt   balanciert,  mit   guten 
Handbaben,    lang    nnd    schwcr.       Andere    Roisende,   wie    Ifobiuson    nnd   Joseph 
Thomson  *  batten  otienbar  viele  Scbwierigkeiten  mit  den  Triigern,  weil  deu  letzteren 
die  Lasten   nicht   zusagteu.     Wie  ublicb   erbielten  wir  von  unserem  Wirthe,  der 
uns  die  Hiinser  geliehen  batto,  Hiiliner  nnd  andere  Nahrungsmittel  zum  Geschenke, 
wol'iir  wir  Gegengeschenke  von  abnlicbom,  meist  grnasereu  Wertlie  macliten,  auch 
lernten  wir  gleicb  das  "  Tukutsbi"  kcnnen,  niimlicli  die  Sitte,  dem  Ueberbringer 
eines  Gesebenkes  ein  Geschenk  zu  gebeu,  das  •/,.  B.  boi  Kaurispeudon  eine  bestimmte 
Hohe  hat.     Der  Oft  Ushiarago  liegt  mitten  im  Walde.     Am  folgenden  Tage  batten 
wir  kurz  binter  dem  Orte  einen  etwa  40  Scbritte  breiten  Strom  zu  passieren,  deu 
wir  anf  einer  ans  mebreren  Baumstiimmen  gebibleten  Briicke  iiberscbritten,  wiilirend 
die  Pferde  scbwimmen  mussten.     Wir  versiiumten  den  Namen  des  Flnsses  fest- 
zustellen,  den  Robinson  Keraka  nennt.     Dnrcb  waldreiche  Gegend  zogen  wir  am 
folgenden  Tage  bis  Ita,  wo  die  Triiger  sicb  weigerten  weiterzumarschieren,  obwohl 
wir  nur  von  G  bis  lu  unterwcgs  gewesen  waren.     Dan  Tambari  bestiirkte  die  Leute 
in  ihrem  Vorbaben,  und  so  mussten  wir  nacbgeben.     Ita  liegt  inmitten  dicbten 
Waldes,  und  ist  umgeben  von  einem  undnrclidringlicben  grilnen  Zaun,  dnrch  den 
nur   ein   scbmaler,    Nachts   mit   Stiimmen   verbarrikadierter   Eingang  fiibrt.     Die 
Bewobner  sind  nicht  Mobamedaner,  sondcrn  gehciren  dem  beidnischen  Stamme  der 
Afo  an.     Ueber  dem  P^ingangsthore  znm  Orte  nnd  in  vielen  der  Hiiuser  biugen  oder 
standen  mit  Federn,  Muscbeln  und  Bliittern  verzierte  Figuren  nnd  Biiscbe,  denen 
Zanberkriifte  zngescbrieben  wurden,  und  vor  dem  Orte  befand  sich  eine  altarartige 
ErliObung,  die  mit  augenscbeinlicb  von  wilden  PerlbCibnern  herriihrenden  Eiern 
geschmiickt   war.     Meine   oologiscbe   Neugier   biltte   micb   beinahe   in's  Ungliick 
gebracht,  denn  als  ich  die  Eier  einer  nitheren  Priifung  unterziehen  wollte,  kam 
ein  Trupp  singender,  aus  langen  Pfeifen  rauchender  Miinner  berau,  die  uns  sehr 
unfrenndlicb  bebandelten.     Ob  die  Afo  demselben  Volke  wie  die  Haussa  angelioren, 
vermochten  wir  nicht  festznstellen.     Die  Verscbiedenbeit  ibrer  Sitten  und  Dorfer, 
sowie   die  spiirlichere   Kleidung — viele   Miinner   waren    nur   mit   einem   schmalen 
Schurzfell  bekleidet — miigen  wohl  Folgen  ihrer  Abgeschlossenheit  nnd  der  Religions- 
verscbiedenheit  sein,  nnd  im  Aensseren  uuterscbeiden  sie  sich  augenscheiDlich  nicht 
derart  von  den  Haussas,  wie  die  spiiter  von  uns  besucliten  Korro  und  Kadarra,  aber 
ibre  Spracbe  war  eine  andere.     Nabrnngsmittid  wurden  nns  nicht  verabreicbt,  so 
dass  wir  herzlich  froh  waren  als  die  vorsorgliche  Sberitia,  Dan  Tambaris   Fran, 
uns  eine  kleine  Schiissel  mit  stark  gepfeffertem,  in  Palmol  gekocbten  Reis  sandte, 
witbrcnd  wir  spiiter  auch  einige  Nabrung  fiir  unsere  Diener  erwarbcn.     Die  Triiger 
scliienen  sicb  meist  Essen  mitgebracht  zn  baben,  verkelirten  iibrigens  nur  wenig  mit 
den  Afo,  oliwohl  sie  sich  ganz  gut  mit  ihnen  vertrngeu.     Immer  ist  das  Vcrhiiltniss 
nicbt  so  gut,  denn  die  Herrsclier  raubcn  liiinfig  Sklaven  von  den  Afo,  die  ihrerseits 
sich  dnrcb  den  Ueberfall  von  Reisendcn  und  Eiufiille  in  die  Haussa-Orte  riicben. 
Anf  unserer  Riickreise   im   folgenden   .labre  wurden  wir  vcraubisst   einen  andcren 
Weg  zu  nebmen,  da  angeblich  die  Bewobner  vou  Ita  Triiger  abtingen  und  beraubten. 

•  Robinson,  //avmltiiuf,  pp.  -tS,  4!',  50. 


(  242  ) 

Ilin  furchtbarer  uiiclitlichcr  Regen,  der  unsere  schlecht  iiberdachte  Wolinnng 
dnrchdrang,  storte  nns  nicht  weuig  im  Schlafe. 

Friih  bracheu  wir  am  folgeuden  Morgen  auf.  Der  scliiJne  Urwald,  deu  wir 
dnrchritten,  triefte  vou  Wasser,  aber  iiberall  zeigteu  sicb  Tliierspurcn,  sowie  Aft'en 
nnd  VOgel.  In  ltd  saheu  wir  den  Scluidel  eiiics  kiiv/ilieli  getndteten  grossen 
Elefanten.  Nach  weuigeii  Stnnden  bemerkten  wir  ^Vall  und  Graben  eines  von 
Bananengiirten  nmgebenen  Dorfes  mit  Namen  Usbini.  Schon  gegeu  elf  Uhr 
erreichten  wir  den  ebenfalls  von  Afo  bewobnteu  Ort  Ube.  Derselbe  ist  von 
ansgedebnteu  Feldern  umgeben  und  dnrch  einen  nii'drigen,  halb  verfallenen  Erdwall 
geschiitzt.  In  deu  Feldern  waren  Tanben,  an  deu  AValdriiuderu  Perlhiibuer  Iiilnfig, 
nnd  fliichtig  saben  wir  eiuen  Ilaseu,  deu  wir  leider  nicbt  erlegen  konnten.  Auch 
hier  war  die  Verpfiegung  eine  traurige,  denn  erst  am  Abende  konnten  wir  eiu  Hiihn 
bekommen.  Wir  macliteu  bier  znerst  die  Bokanutschaf't  der  Fnrrab.*  Unsere 
Uiener  wareu  trot/,  der  kurzen,  ilinen  aber  ungewobnten  Miirsche  nnd  infolge  der 
mangelhafteu  Nabrnngs-  und  Wobnungsverbiiltnisse  anfangs  sebr  nuzufrieden, 
gewobnten  sicb  aber  bald  an  das  Wanderleben.  Die  Fetiscbe  oder  Gi'itzen  waren 
in  Ube  mit  Federn  nnd  Farben  gescbmiickte  Tbiergestalten  aus  Holz.  Am  niicbsten 
Tage  macbten  wir  eiueu  liitigeren  Marscb,  denn  erst  gegeu  4  Ulir  batten  wir  die 
ersto  grOssere  Stadt,  Auassarawa,  Residenz  dcs  Herrscbers  der  gleicbnamigen 
Provinz,  erreicht,  der  den  Namen  Sariki-n-Koto,  KOnig  der  Koto,  fiibrt,  deu  er 
von  den  einen  grossen  Tbeil  seines  Landes  bcwohneuden  heidniscbeu  Koto  erbalteu. 
Der  Marscli  war  sebr  iuteressant,  aber  aucb  etwas  austrengender  geweseu,  da 
er  durcb  abwecbselnngsreicbes,  felsiges  Geliiude  fiibrte  und  biinfig  tiefe,  steile 
iScblucbteu  mit  reissenden  Biiclien  zn  iiberscbreiten  waren.  Die  von  nus  passierteu 
kablen  Felsen  bestanden  aus  Granit  nnd  Gneiss  mit  Glimmer,  oder  Conglomerateu, 
aber  die  Form  der  im  Osteu  sicb  erhebeuden  Bergriiokeu  war  eine  lauggestreckte, 
tafelformige,  nicbt  die  von  Grauitbergeu.  tjber  deu  breiten  Anassarawa-Strom 
fuhren  wir  in  kleineu  Boten.  Die  Stadt  sowobl  wie  viele  der  einzelnen  Gebofte 
sind  von  bohen  Mauern  umgeben.  Sie  liegt  in  der  Gabel  zweier  Fliisse,  deren 
vereinigte  Wassermassen  bei  Rumassa  in  den  Benue  miinden.  Bald  nach  imserer 
Auknnft  wnrden  uus  ein  Scbat',  eine  Ziege  und  allerlei  audere  Lebensmittel  iibersaudt. 
Wir  erhielteu  ein  Gebbl't  des  "  Turaki,"  eines  biibereu  Beamteu  augewieseu. 

Am  nachsten  Morgen  iibersandten  wir  die  Gescbeuke,  und  macbten  uus  selbst 
mit  den  Briefen  zum  Sultan  auf.  Unangenebm  enttiiusclit  wareu  wir  durcb  das 
Benehmen  des  letztercn,  der  uus  von  Flegel  ausserordeutlicb  gelobt  worden  war. 
Flegel  gegeniiber  waren  wir  nun  froilicb  sehr  im  Naclitbeilc.  Er  verstand  die 
Laudess])racbe,  wir  mussten  nns  eines  Dolmetschers  bedieueu,  er  war  allein,  als 
unabbangiger  Reisender  in  Auassarawa,  wir  kamen  als  seine  Abgesandten,  Flegel 
batte  in  dem  alten  Madugu  maigasbiu-baki  eiuen  erfabrcucn  uud  treuen  Beratber 
gebabt,  wir  batten  in  Dan  Tambari  eiueu  uuznverliissigeu  uud  uuliegreiflicli  leicbt- 
fertigen  Menseben,  Flegel  war  mit  verbHltuissmilssig  geriiigen  Jlittein  dort  gewcsen, 
wir  mit  eiuer  grossen  Karawane,  auf  dem  Wege  in  feme  Gegendeu.  Die  Gelegeubeit 
war  also  giinstig,  wie  nie  znvor,  bier  Erpressungen  anszuiiben,  uud  der  Sultau 
glaubte  sie  benutzen  zu  kouuen.  Wir  befandeu  uns  iu  eiuer  scbwicrigen  Lage. 
Vou  der  Afrikauiscben  Gesellscbaft  auf  das  streugste  augewieseu  uud  von  Flegel 
bescbworen,  Streitigkeiten  zu  vermeiden  nnd  uus  iiberall  in  das  beste  Einvernebmeu 
zu  den  Laudesberren  zu  setzen,  obne  eiuen  geniigeud  znverliissigen  landeskundigeu 
Ratbgeber,  mit  eiuer  stets  zum  Striken  aufgelegten  Triigerbaude,  musste  uns  alles 

*  Siehc  weitcr  unten. 


(  243  ) 

daran  liogeii,  diese  erste  Klippe  moglicbst  ruliig  nuil  rasch  zu  umscbitTLni.  Es 
blieb  uns  also  nicbts  iibrig,  ala  dcm  babslicbtigen  Herrscber,  tier  unsre  Gescbenke 
anfangs  als  nngeniigend  zuriickwies,  raogbcbst  alle  Wiinscbe  zu  bofriedigen,  nm 
ibii  uns  frcundlicb  zu  erbalten.  Der  8ul(au  war  ein  junger,  intelligeuter,  ener- 
gischer  Maun,  iiiit  nicbt  unscbOnen  Ziigen,  abcr  von  grosser  Heftigkeit,  scblecbtcm, 
unrubigeu  Bonebmcn,  eigcnmiicbtig,  kriegslustig  uud  sebr  babgierig,  biiufig  gegen 
die  beidniscben  Afo  und  Koto  kiimpfend. 

Der  von  ausseu  durcb  bohe,  viereckigc  Eingangstbiirmc  imposant  aussebende 
voai  Sultan  bewobnte  ILiuserkomjilex  war  im  Innern  sebr  uiniacb,  in  keiner  Weise 
anders  als  die  seiner  bolieren  Ueamten.  In  seineii  Wobnraumen  liebte  der  Sariki-n- 
Koto  es,  sein  Licbliugsjiferd  bei  sicb  zu  babeu.  Ein  juuger  Sklave  war  bcauftragt, 
dem  llosse  die  Fliegeu  abzuwedelu  und  ibm  scbleunigst  eine  Scbale  unterzubalten, 
wenn  es  ein  l>ediirfniss  befricdigte.  Die  Abeude  wurdon  uns  mebrfacb  durcb 
Sanger  uud  Musikanfen  gestfirt,  deren  Leistungen  uns  wenig  Gennss  bereiteten. 

Zu  zoologiscben  Beobacbtungen  blieb  mir  keine  Zeit,  doch  bemerkte  ieb  rings 
um  die  Stadt  reicbes  Vogelleben,  namentlicb  viele  Gcier  {Nccrosyrtes  monaclms) 
und  wilde  Tauben.  In  der  Stadt  ficlen  mir  die  massenbaften  Haustauben  auf, 
die  wie  bei  uns  in  allerlei  Farbungen  auftraten  und  sebr  liilufig  dicbt  befiederte 
Lilufe  batten.  Sie  werden  bier  keiueswegs  fiir ."  heilig  "  gebalten,  sonderu  aucb 
von  Mobamedanern  gegessen.  Am  19.  August  konnten  wir  endlicb  Anassarawa 
verlassen  und  erreicbten  in  zwei  kurzcu  Tagemiirscben  Keffi,  oder  wio  cs  mit 
seinem  volleu  Namen  beisst :  Keffi  Abd-es-Senga.  Da  icb  am  Eieber  litt,  waren 
diese  beiden,  sonst  garuicbt  anstrengenden  Miirscbe  f'iir  micb  eine  Qual.  Kurz 
vor  Keffi  wurden  wir  iiberrascbt  durcb  den  Anblick  nmfangreicber  Umz;inuungen 
mit  grossen,  graulicbweissen,  langbfirnigen  Buekelrindern,  an  denen  uns  scbcine 
friscbe  Milcb  angeboten  wurdc.  Zwiscben  Anassarawa  und  Kefii  saben  wir  aucb 
zuerst  den  scbon  auf  den  Lus-Inseln,  am  Niger  und  Benuii  biiufig,  aber  immer  nur 
einzeln  oder  paarweise  beobacbteten  Scbildraben  {Corrus  scapulatus)  in  grossen 
Fliigen,  nacb  Art  tinserer  Kriihen,  in  und  an  den  Orten.    * 

In  Keffi  wurden  wir  scbon  am  Tbore  von  einer  grossen  Menscbenmenge 
empfangen  uud  ritten  von  vielen  Ilunderten  begleitet  unserem  Quartier  zu.  Dieses 
bestaud  ans  einem  grossen  Gebiift,  in  dem  mebrere  runde  Hiitten  und  zur  Kecbten 
eine  ganze  Reihe  unter  einem  Dacbe  liegender,  aber  nicbt  durcb  Tbiiren  verbundener 
Zimmer  sicb  befanden,  vor  denen  eine  iiberdacbte  Veranda  binlief.  Die  Besitznng 
gebiirte  einer  reicben  Frau,  die  ebeu  abwesend  war.  Wir  fauden  bier  aucb  eiuen 
Lnxus,  dem  wir  nur  nocb  in  den  grOssten  Orten,  wie  Kano,  Sokoto  uud  Gandu 
wieder  begegneten,  niimlicb  eiueu  gut  eiugericbteten,  in  einer  besondereu  klcinen 
Hiitte  betindlicben  Abtritt.  Wenn  man  bedenkt,  dass  es  damals  selbst  nocb  in 
Deutscbland  und  Fraukreicli  nicbt  nur  eiuzelue  Bauernbiiuser,  sonderu  DOrfer  gab, 
wo  diese  Einricbtung  feblte,  so  wird  man  dieses  Zeicben  von  Civilisation  zu  scbutzeu 
wissen  ;  allerdings  kennt  man  diesen  Lnxus  im  Haussalande  in  kleineren  Orten 
nicbt.  Augenscbeinlicb  gab  die  Gnisse  der  Stiidte  dazu  Veranlassnng,  jedenfalls 
nicbt  etwa  europjlischer  Einfluss.  Keffi  ist  weitlaufig  gebaut,  und  aucb  Felder  und 
Siimjile  liegen  mitten  in  der  Stadt.  Die  Einwobnerzalil  von  Keffi  diirtte  15  bis 
20. UUD  betragen.  Die  Hcilie  (iber  dem  Meere  muss  von  uus  zu  klein  gemessen 
worden  sein.*  Flegel  mass  eiumal  31W,  das  andere  Mai  350  Meter,  Robinson  geuau 
1000  engl.  Fuss,  wiilircnd  wir  es  nur  auf  200  Meter  bracbten. 

Keffi  ist  von  grossem  Interesse  als  eine  dergrijssten,  und  wubl  der  bedeutendsten 

**  Ucber  uiisere  Koutennufnahmc  uud  Ilulicniiieseungen  siuhc  weitcr  untcii. 

18 


( -'14 ) 

snilliilu'reii  Haudelsstailt  lU's  Hanssareiclies.     Hier  koiumeu  ilie  Waaroii  vou  dfv 
Kiiste  mit  den  vom  Nordeu,  diirch  die  AViiste  von  Trijiolis  her  hernntcrgebraclitpn 
znpammen,  alier  die  (damals  meist  englisclien)  Waaren,  die  von   Siiden   kamen, 
gewinnon  immer  mebr  die  Obcrhand.    Sklaven  bildeten  einen  der  hanptsiicliliclisten 
Hand^■l^artikel.     Am  Tage  nacli  niiserer  Ankiiiift  wurdeii  3iiii  Sklaven  anf  offenem 
Markte  feilgeboteu,  wenige  Tage  nacbber  ziiblte  ich  nur  noch  lOn.     Ich  macbte  bier 
in  Keffi  eine  genanere  Bekanntschaft  mit  dcm  Sklavenniarkte,  als  jemals  nacbber. 
Wir  fandeu   es  niimlicb   scbr  scbwierig,  gute  Pferdeburscben  zn  bekomnien.     Es 
scbien,  als  sei  die  Pferdepflcge  eine  meist  von  Sklaven  ausgefiibrte  Bescbiiftignng, 
denu  Niemaud  wollte  sicb  dazn  bcrgeben,  nnd  die  Lente,  welebe  wir  in  Loko  dazu 
angeworben   batten,  erwiesen  sicb  als  nubrancbbar.     AVir  entscblossen  uns  somit, 
dcm  Katbe  Flegels,  der  nns  bieranf  vorbereitet  batte,  folgeud,  einen  Sklaven  zn 
dieser  Arbeit  zn  kaufen.     So  ging  ich  denn  anf  den  Sklaven-Markt.     Icb  fand  diese 
Arbeit  nicht  so  scbrecklieb,  wie  sie  von  empfindsamen  Seelen  gescbildert  worden 
ist.     Empiirende  Anblicke  blieben  mir  erspart,  eine  besouders  robe  Bebandlnng  der 
Sklaven  bemerkte  icb  nicbt.     Ziemlicb  bald  batte  icb  einen  gceignet  aussebenden 
.liingling  gefnnden.     Als  dersclbe  aber  am  Abende  zu  nns  gebracbt  wnrde,  zittcrte 
er  an  alien  Gliedern  nnd  wnrde  uns  gefesselt  iibergeben.     Man  bedentete  nns  es 
sei  die  Fnrebt  vnr  uns,  und  wir  wiirden  ibn  gut  bewaeben  miissen.     Er  scbien  zn 
glanben,  dass  wir  ibn  miistcn  und  braten  wollten  !     Dass  es  wirklicb  Furcht  vor 
nns  war,  zeigte  sicb,  als  wir  ibn  znriieksandten  nnd  er  sich  bald  wieder  berubigte. 
Solcb    einen   Mann   wollten   wir  nicbt   baben.      Icb   musste   also,   da  Staudinger 
krank  war,  nocbmals  anf  den  Sklavenmarkt  geben.     Diesmal  war  es  mir  weniger 
angenebm,  denn  eine  Menge  feilgebotener  alter  Weiber  machteu  einen  tranrigen 
Eiudruck.     Es    war   weniger    leicbt,    einen    starken    Bnrschen   zn   fiuden,   da  die 
Elfenbeinliiindler   mittlerweile  die  besten    Lente   ansgesucbt   batten,   docb   fiihrte 
man   micb   nacb  eiuiger  Zeit  zn  eiuem   scblanken   Burscben,  der   nicht,  wie   der 
vom  vorigen  Tage,  ein  eingefangener  "Waldbewobner,  sondern  wegen  Armntb  des 
Besitzers,   oder    moglicberweise   znr   Strafe,   irgend    eines    Vergebens   balber,   zn 
verkanfender,  in  der  Sklaverei  geborener  Hanssklave  war.     Diesmal  liess  ich  ibn 
gleicb  fragcn,  ob  er  sicb  vor  dem   weissen   IManne  i'lircbtete,  was  er  freundlich 
grinseud  verneinte.     Obwobl  er  viel  thenrer  war  als  der  erste,  denn  wir  mnssten  13 
ganze  Stucke  Manchester-Zeng,  sogenannten  Croydon,  fiir  ibn  zablen,  besannen  wir 
uns  nicbt  einen  Augenblick.     Wir  tbeilten  ihm  mit,  was  wir  von  ibm  verlangten, 
niimlicb  die   Pflege  uusrer  beiden   Pferde,  anf  dem   Marscbe   das  Tragen   einiger 
leicbteren   Gegenstiiude,  unbedingten  Geborsam  in  alien   Fiillen  und  nnter   alien 
Unistiiuden,  nnd  verspracbcn  ihm  einen    Freibrief  nacb  Ablanf  der  Beise.     Ibm 
sofort  einen  solcben  zu  geben,  wiire  eine  grosse  Thorheit  gewesen,  da  wir  den  Mann 
dnrcbaus  nicbt  kannten,  und  wir  sein  Fortlaufen,  scbou  des  bilsen  Beisjiieles  wegen, 
anf  keinen   Fall   riskieren  durf'ten.     So  binge  er  noch   reclitlicb  Sklave  war,  biitte 
ibm  scin  Fortlaufen   nicbts  genUtzt,  da   er   bald  von  Anderen  wieder   in   Besitz 
genommen   worden    wiire.      Igalla,   so   biess   der   Jiingling,  war   mit  Allem   eiu- 
verstanden,  und  wir  habeu  an  ihm  wiihrend  der  ganzen  lleise  einen  stets  willigen, 
fojgsainen,  branchbaren   ])ieiier  gehabt.     Ansserdeni  war  es  eine  Fronde  zu  seben, 
wie   er  sicb  trotz  der  oft  ziemlicb    iuislri'iigen<b'n   Miirselie    nnd    seines    scbwereii 
Dienstes,  bei  der  meist  reicblicben  und  kriiftigen  Nabrnng  entwickelle,  denn  nacb 
wenigen  Monaten  war  er  ein  Bild  eines  kriiftigen  Jiinglings  geworden. 

Audi  in  Keffi  vermocbte  icb  nicht  zn  sammeln.     Wieder  litten  wir  lieide  an 
Fieberanfiillen.     Die  Triiger  mnssten  abgelobnt,  neue  angeworben  werden,  nnd  beim 


(  245  ) 

Sariki*  gab  t's  wirilerum  iiiiarigenebme  Ve'rliaiidhiiigon,  wenii  ancb  der  Herr  von 
Kefli  sicb  viel  uobler  uud  austilndiger  betrug,  ah  seiii  Nachbar  in  Auassarawa. 
Wir  wareii  iu  eiuer  eigeutbiimlicben  Lage,  da  die  von  FIegL4  vorausgesandten,  von 
eineiu  Briefe  begleitoten  Gesc.beulce,  die  nns  den  ^V'eg  ebuen  sollten,  wohl  infolge 
des  Wortlautes  des  Briefes,  als  nit-bt  von  nns,  souderu  von  Flegel  allein  Ivommend, 
nnd  unsere  Geschenke  im  VerbiUtniss  za  deuselbea  fiir  zu  klein  erklart  wurdcn. 
Niiberes  iiber  die  langwierigen  Verbandbingen  and  hiinfigen  Streitigkeiten  mit 
den  Triigeru  nnd  Herrscliem  miige  man  bei  >St,anJinger  nacblesen.  Ancb  Robinson 
bericbtet  Aehnlicbes.  Die  genaue  iSt^biWernng  dieser  ewigen  Plackereien,  die  sicli 
wie  ein  rotber  Faden  durcb  Beider  Bilclier  zielit,  trilgt  iswar  znni  Verstiinduiss  der 
Lage  des  Reisendeu  iu  jenen  Lilndern  bei,  bat  aber  ftlr  Nichtbetbeiligte  weniger 
Interesse.  Icb  werde  .binfort  die  Triiger-Angelegenbeit  nur  kurz,  wo  es  nicbt 
zu  vermeiden  ist,  slreifen.  In  nuserer  Wobnung  batto  icb  beiiu  Fieber  Musse, 
eine  uiicbtlicb  lebende  liellgelbe  Amcisen-Art  zn  boobacbteu,  die  biunen  zwei 
Tagen  etwa  zwei  Fuss  lauge,  knorrigen,  bbitterloseu  Biiuiueu  gleicbeude,  iiberdacbte 
Giinge  an  den  Wiinden  baute. 

Iu  den  letzten  Tagen  unseres  Aufentbaltes  iu  Keffi  wnrde  uus  eine  kleine 
Ueberrascbung  zu  Tbeil.  Fines  Morgens  erscbien  der  Scbarfricbter,  der  bier,  wie 
aucb  spiiter  iu  Zaria  nnd  Kano,  sich  nnserer  freuudscliattlicb  annabm,  und  bid 
uus  ein,  eiuer  Hinricbtnng  und  Haudabscbneidung  beizuwobnen  !  Er  scbien  etwas 
verwnndert,  als  wir  dankcud  ablebnten,  das  interressante  Scbauspiel  auzuseben. 
Unsere  Diener  gingen  bin,  und  ibre  Sebilderungeu  belebrten  un.s,  dass  wir  eiueni 
fiir  uus  widerlicbeu  Aublick  aus  deiu  Wege  gegangen  waren.  Ua  es  keine 
Gefiingnisse  in  jenen  Lixudern  giebt,  und  Geldstrafen  mangels  Geldes  nicbt  immer 
ausfiibrbar  sind,  so  werdeu  strafwiirdige  Vergeben,  wenu  sie  entdeckt  werden, 
durcli  k(irperlicbe  Ziicbtiguug,  Verstiimmelung  oder  Hinricbtuug  bestrai't.  In 
einem  nocli  so  unsicheren  Laude  muss  die  uus  oft  scbwer  erscbeinende  Bestrafung 
mit  anderen  Augeu  angeseben  werdeu,  als  bei  uns.  Man  braucbt  uicbt  das  Volk 
"  teufliscber  Robbeit "  zu  bescbnldigen,  wenn  man  bOrt  nnd  sieht,  dass  scbwerer 
Diebstabl  mit  Handabscblagung  bestraft  winl,  zumal  wenn  man  weiss,  dass  dies 
nicbt  Landessitte,  sonderu  Vorscbrift  des  Koran  ist,  der  es  aber  aucb  nicbt  etwa 
aus  bcsonderer  Grausamkeit  einflihrte,  sonderu  bereits  allgemein  vorhaudenen 
Gebrilucbeu  entnabm. 

Am  'i.  September  konnten  wir  endlicb  Keffi  wieder  verlasseu,  nacbdem  wir  dem 
nns  selir  freuudlicb  gesinuten  "  Barde,"  einem  der  eiuflussreiclisteu  Miiuner  beim 
Sultan,  berzlicbes  Lelicwobl  gesagt  batten.  Die  letzten  Stunden  in  Keffi  wnrden 
uns  nocb  dadurcb  verbittert,  dass  Dan  Tambari,  der  nns  als  Freund  uud  Ratbgeber 
mitgegeben  war,  durcb  die  Unterscblaguug  eines  Gescbenkes  fiir  uuseru  Wirtb  uus 
beiuabe  iu  ernstlicbe  Verlegeubeit  gebracbt  biitte.  Wir  scbenkten  dem  leiclit- 
fertigeu  Madugu  binfurt  kein  Vertrauen  mebr,  mussten  uns  aber  uocb  oft  iiber  ihn 
iirgern.     Er  war  iibrigens  weit  eutfernt 

' '  Als  Pionier 
Fiir  Deutscli  Panier  "  t 

ZU   wirkcn,  deun   vou   all  dem   Wnnderbareu,  das  cr  in   Eiiropa  geseben,  batte  er 
mcist  nur  nebensiicbliche  Dinge  zu  bericbten,  und  er  getiel  sicb  vielmebr  dariu, 

*  Titul  fiir  jcdc  Art  voii  Uurrscbcr,  voni  *•  Sariki-u-MuMilmiu,'  ilem  •'  Dubcrrsrhcr  dtir  ("iliiubij^eu  '  iu 
Sokoto  bis  zum  Dorfoberbaiiijtc  berab.  SuUan  winl  nur  fiir  Bebeirscbcr  vou  I'vovinzen  und  Staaten- 
verbandcn  gcbraucht. 

t  Flegel,  Lose  Blatter,  S.  3  (Motto). 


(  24f.  ) 

seiuen  Laiulslcuteu  Anekdoteu  uiul  Glosseu  aul'zutischen,  als  ihucu  vou  der  Macht 
nnd  Grcisse  Dcntsclilands  nod  von  den  Wnndorn  enropiiisdier  Industrie  verniinftige 
Scliildorniigen  zu  luacben. 

Bislier  liattun  wir  geograi)hisuh  bekaunte  Gegeudeu  diirchzogen.  Der  Weg 
von  Loko  bis  Keffi  war  schon  18!Sl  von  Flcgel  nnd  spiiter  von  mebrcren  Eugliinderu 
begangen  worden,  nnd  seit  iinserer  Rdse  sind  <anf  demselben  wieder  Zwcifcl, 
Robinson  nnd  Andere,  ganz  oder  theilweise  gezogen.  Von  den  Mauern  von  Keffi 
an  fiihrte  der  Weg  dnrcli  ganz  niibekanntes  Terrain.  Die  IJolilfssche  Route  von 
l^(iT,  die  ja  uicbt  uucli  Zaria,  sondern  nacli  Yakoba  fiihrte,  liegt  bedeutend  (istlieher. 
Mebrere  der  von  uns  in  den  folgenden  "W'ocbeu  entdeckten  Orte  waren  dem  Namcn 
nacb  anf  einem  von  Roblfs  erknndeten  Itinerar  verzeicbnct.  Es  sind  dies:  Gitslta 
iiud  Kasbia,  wiibrend  Roblfs'  Kiitnlu  wobl  nnser  Katill,  Roblfs'  Fnnda  violleicbt 
nnser  Panda  sein  kiUmte.  iS|i;iterbin  fallt  die  Strecke  Igabi-Zavia  niit  der  vou 
Baikie  (166~)  zusammeu,  wiibrend  der  ganze  Weg  von  Zaria  bis  tSokoto  wieder 
ganz  neu  war.  Diese  letztere  Strecke  ist  aucb  seither  (bis  I'.iiJl)  nicbt  wieder 
von  Eurojiiiern  geseben  worden.  Anf  derselbou  besucliteu  wir  etwa  3(>  nmmauerte 
Stiidte  uud  eiue  kleiuo  Anzabl  ofl'ener  Diirfer,  die  zuiu  Tbeil  uur  temporiir  sein 
mogeu. 

Wir  stiegeu  fortwiibrend  an,  bei  Katill  den  boubsten  Ruukt — nacb  nuserer 
Messnng  etwa  7bt)  Meter,  nacb  Robinson  2530  engl.  Fuss — erreichend,  von  wo  wir 
allmiilig  abstiegeu,  bis  wir  bei  Gaudu  wieder  anf  +  15()  Meter  berabkamen. 

Kaum  zwei  Kilometer  vom  iiordlicbeu  Tbore  von  KefK  iiberscbritteu  wir  wieder 
den  Kogi-u-Anassarawa,  der  bier  von  Ost  nacb  West  fliesst.  Die  Triiger  macbten 
scbon  in  Agirab,  einem  offeuen  Dorfe,  uur  wenige  Meileu  von  KelK  bait,  was  uiir 
diesmal  ganz  gelcgen  kaiu,  da  mein  Reisegefiibrte  einen  schweren  Fieberanfall 
hatte.  Der  niicbste  Marscb  war  ebeufalls  knrz.  Er  fiihrte  durch  bergiges,  wald- 
reicbes  Geliinde,  iu  dem  wir  viele  rerlbiibner,  kleine  Autilopeu,  bunte  I'apageien- 
schaaren  und  in  der  Sonne  pracbtvoll  gliinzende  Glanzstaare  bemerkteu,  znm 
nmmauerteu  Stiidtcben  Balongi'irn.  Dieser  Ort  wurde  grossentbeils  von  reinen 
Fulbe  bewobut,  die  dnrcli  das  liingere,  glatte,  in  ZOpfe  geflocbteue  Haar,  bellerc 
Haut  nnd  aucb  allerlei  Gewobnbeiten  sebr  vou  den  Haussa  abweicben,  aber  sicb 
hiiufig  geuug  mit  ibnen  vermischeu.  Die  Gegend  war  berrlich,  znr  Rechten  zogen 
sicb  griine  Hiigel  bin,  balblinks  sab  man  einen  bedeutenden  Hobenzug  mit  mebreren 
Gipfelu. 

Die  lieviilkernug  soil  bier  liiinbg  vou  Eiufiillen  riiuberiseber  iStiimme  zn  leiden 
baben,  die  Triiger  bliebcn  daber  mebr  gescblossen  zusammen  nnd  hielten  ibre 
Walfeu,  tbeils  Pfeil  nnd  P>ogen,  theils  kurze  Speere  oder  knrze  Keulen,  bereit. 
Wir  sabeu  uns  dadnrcb  veraulasst  aucb  unsere  Bllcbsen — wic  gewiibnlicb— zur 
Hand  zu  behalteu  uud  nusere  kleine  scbiessfiibige  Maebt,  uiimlieb  don  "Koch" 
und  die  drei  Kiistenneger  luit  Patroueu  zn  versebeu,  wiibrend  Igalla  eiu  altes 
preussischesTiisilier-Seitengewebr  erbielt,  das  zum  Grasscbneiden  fiir  die  Pferde, 
nnd  im  Nothfalle  znr  Yertbeidigung  diencn  sollte.  Obgleicb  wir  weder  bier  uoch 
spiiter  wirklicb  augegvifVeu  wurden,  waren  diese  Vorsichtsmassregelu  vielleicbt  iloeb 
8ehr  niitzlicb. 

Am  4.  Se])teuiber  eri(!ieliteu  wir  einen  etwa  40i)  Jleter  boeh  aiis  der  Eljenc 
emporragenden,  steilen  Granitberg,  anf  desseu  lli'lie  das  kleine  Dorf  Gitata 
lag.  Der  Aufstieg  zu  demselben  war  sebr  steil,  uud  es  ist  mir  ein  Ifiitbsel, 
warnm  die  Triiger  ibu  fiir  nutbig  liiclten.  Es  scbeint  aber,  als  sei  dies  so  Sitte, 
denn  anf  unserem  Riickwege  wurden  wir  uur  durcb  die  Unliebenswiirdigkeit  der 


(  247   ) 

Bewohner  ilavon  abgehalten,  unil  Robinson  {ILni.^fiUind,  p.  60)  mnsste  anch  hinanf 
klettern,  ohne  oben  ein  Hans  zn  erhalten.  Uns  wnrde  anfangs  eine  Wohnnug 
verweigort,  aber  anf  Wuuscli  cines  im  Thale  lagernden,  vielleidit  anf  Sklavonraub 
erjiicliten  I'rinzen  ans  Zaria,  wiinle  uiis  cine  Iliitte  iiberlasscn,  in  iler  wir  luit  Miibe 
unsre  Lasfeu  nnd  niis  sellist  nntorbriugen  konuten.  Fleiscb  war  nicbt  zu  haben, 
wir  scbossen  dalKT  eiuige  kk-ine  Palmtiinbcben  {  Tminr  sr//ci/ii/r//.sis),  uud  bekamen 
so,  mit  Reis  nnd  gonistuten  Grnnilniissen,  ein  gaiiz  aiigencbmcs  Abondesscn.  Die 
Nacht  war  fnrcbturlicli,  as  wettertc  und  goss  fast  so  lauge  es  dnnkel  war.  Der 
Morgan  war  der  kiilteste,  den  wir  bisber  in  Afrika  erlebt  batten,  dicbter  Nebel 
biillte  die  Berga  ein.  Die  Dorfbewobner  waren  theiinahmslos  bis  zur  Unfrennd- 
lielikeit,  nnsere  Lente,  die  zuni  Theil  keine  Unterknnft  gefnnden  batten,  froren 
nnd  mnrrten,  nnd  erkliirten,  bei  dem  am  Morgen  wieder  beginncnden  Regen  nicbt 
marscbieren  zn  konnen,  woriibar  as  zwiscben  dan  Kiistcnuegern  nnd  einigen  Triigeru 
und  Dorfbewobnern  zn  einer  Scbliigerei  kam,  die  wir  nocb  znr  rechten  Zeit,  eba 
melir  Schadcn  als  eine  Kojifbenle  nnd  eine  bhitige  Li]ipc  angeriebtet  war,  scblichten 
konnten.  Die  Einwobner  von  (iitata  sind  Heiden,  sclieincn  abcr  die  Hanssa-Spracbe 
zn  sprecban.  So  viel  wir  erfabren  konnten  gebiiren  sio  dem  Stamme  der  Yesko  an, 
die  vielleicbt  mit  dan  Haussas  zn  einam  Volka  geboren  nnd  moglicbarwaise  nicbts 
als  iu'idniseb  geliliebene  Hanssas  sind.  Sic  nntersebeiden  sicb  ansserlicb  nicbt 
antfallend  von  den  letzteren.  Ibre  Todten  begraben  sie  im  Wable  nnd  setzen 
ibnen  kleine  Grabsteine,  dia  ich  zablreicb  im  Tbale  fand.  Robinson  boobaebtete 
eine  eigentbiimlicbe  Scene  in  Gitilta.  Knrz  vor  Dnnkelwerden  niibcrte  sicb  ibm, 
als  er  nnter  dem  grossen  Eriodcndron  in  der  Mitte  des  Dorfes  mit  der  Karawane 
lagerte,  ein  kreiscbender  Trnpp  Miinner,  der  einon  etwa  fiinf  Meter  langen  Balken 
mit  einar  (ilockc  trng  nnd  mebrere  lebende  Geier  mit  sicb  fidirte.  Diase  Geier 
wurden  nnter  fiircbterlicbem  Gejobla  vor  saineu  Augen  mit  zur  Scban  getragener 
furcbtbarer  Wildheit  zerbackt.  Robinson  war  nicbt  im  Stande,  den  Sinn  dieser 
Zeremonie  zn  ergriindcn,  die  er  fiir  einen  religinsen  Akt  biilt. 

Als  der  Regen  anfburte  und  die  Sonne  erwilrmend  dnrch  die  Wolken  bracb, 
konnten  wir  eudlicb  weiter  zieben  und  waren  um  nenn  Uhr  im  Thale.  V^'h- 
durcbzogen  ein  auf  beiden  Seiten  von  Hiigelketten  eingerabmtes  Thai,  mit  nicbt 
sebr  bobem,  griinen  Grase  nnd  einzeln  stehenden  Biiscben,  Mimoscn  nnd  Facber- 
palmen,  einigen  spiirlicb  bewaclisenen,  grandiosen  Granitkegeln  und  mehreren 
Walddickichten.  Wir  iiberscbritten  eine  Anzalil  kloiner  Rinnsale  und  Biichc.  Die 
Gageud  ist  angenscheinlich  ein  wabres  Paradies  fiir  einen  Zoologen.  Viigel  alior 
Arten,  vou  dem  grossan  am  Boden  hernm  spazierenden  Nashornvogal,  Krouen- 
krauicben,  Geiern  nnd  Adlern,  Kriiben,  Staaren,  blanen  Bananenfressern  bis  znni 
unscbeinbaren  Grasscbliipfer  (Cisficola)  zeigten  sicb  anf  Scliritt  nnd  Tritt,  von 
Scbmetterlingen  aber  bemerktan  wir  anffiillender  Weise  fast  nicbts. 

Unsere  Lente  wurden  wieder  in  Fnrcbt  gesetzt  durch  das  Goriicbt,  dass  das 
Thai  fast  stets  von  den  feindlicben  Abntji  dnrcbstreift  wiirde,  nnd  die  Triiger 
vergiftaten  ibre  Pfeile  mit  einem  Pflanzensaft,  in  den  sie  angeblich  anch  Schlangen- 
kopfe  geworfeu  hatten.  Fiir  uns  batten  diesc  Angriffsgeriicbte  das  Angencbme,  dass 
die  Lente  zusammenblieben  und  besser  marscbierten.  Erst  gegen  Abend  kamen 
wir  in  einen  Wald,  in  dem  unser  beutiges  Ziel,  das  von  einem  tiefen  Gvaben  nnd 
einer  dicken  Erdraaner  nmgebene  Dorf  Sanzara  leigt.  Fiir  nnsere  Pferde  mnsste 
erst  eine  Briicke  iiber  den  Grabcn  gebant  werden.  Die  Bewohner  vou  Sanzani 
sebienen  gri^isstentbeils  Heiden,  znm  Theil  aber  schon  Mohamedaner  zu  scin,  nnd 
waren  sebr  franndlich.     In  alien  Hiinsern  standen  etwa  vier  Fuss  bohc  Schilde  aus 


(  248  ) 

Oclisenbant,  mit  holzerncn  Rahmcii,  die  wobl  weniger  znr  Fel<lschlaclit,  als  znr 
YertheidiguDn;  der  Hiinser  nnd  des  Dorfes  bestimnit.  sind.  Am  niichsten  Tage 
marscbierten  wir  nnr  zwei  Stnnden  hiiig,  denn  im  Stiidfclien  Panda  maditeii  die 
Lente  plotzlicb  Halt  nnd  wollton  niclit  wciter.  Ibre  Entscbnldignngon  waren  sinnlos 
— der  wabro  (Jrnnd  war,  (biss  dor  Markt  gnt  ln'sctzt  war  nnd  man  geradc  cinen 
Ocbsen  scbbic-litote,  nnd  dass  ran(bi  den  IJnf  hat,  sduinc  Miidi-licn  zu  besitzon, 
wovon  wir  freilich  diesmal  nicbts  bemerkten.  Es  tiel  mir  anf,  dass  viele  Franen 
nm  den  knrz  geschorenen  Kopf  einen  King  ans  Zeng  trngcn,  was  ibnen  ein 
merkwiirdig  dnmmes  Anschen  verleilit. 

Etwa  eine  Meile  nnrdlicb  von  Panda  begannen  wir  ein  Gcbirge  zn  crsteigeu, 

dass   ich   nach    dem   es    bewobnenden    beidnischen    Stamme   das    Korro-Gebirge 

taiifte.     Gegen  1 1  Uhr  iiberschritten  wir  den  boehsten  Punkt  dieses  crsteu  Hiibcn- 

znges  in  der  Niibe  des  Dorfns  Kanssam,  von  wo  der  AVeg  sicb  nnr  ganz  nnbedentend 

bis  zu  nnscrem  Nacbtqnartier  nnterliali)  des  Ortes  Knkni  hinabzog.     Die  Gegend 

zeigt  meist  nnr  uiedrigen  Bnscbwald.     Bei  Kanssam  zeigte  das  Aneroid  Ti>4,  nnser 

Lagerplatz  bei  Knkni  ist  nacb  unserer  Kocbpnnktanfnabme  OUU  Meter  boob,  aber 

der  im  Osten   liegende    Fels  Tshikna  nnd  andere  ziemlich  kable,  steile  Knjipen 

diirften  noeh  mindestens  4iii)  Meter  hober  sein.     Die  Bewobner  diescr  Gegenden 

sind  die  beidniscbeu  Korro.     Sie  weicben  erbeblicb  von  des  Yesko  ab  dnreh  dickere 

Lippen,  diinnere  Beine  mit  schwacben  Scbienbeinen,  und  ganz  auffallende  Ent- 

wickehing  des  Gesiisses   bei  den   Franen.      Letztere   tragen  biintig  eine  Art  von 

Lendenscburz,  gehen  aber  in  der  Hegel  viillig  unbekleidet.     Um  die  Hiiften  baben 

sie  ein  dtinnes   Band,  an  das  sie  beim  Arbeiten  im   Felde,  niclit  aber  im    Dorfe, 

angenscbeiulicb  nicbt  aus  AnstaudsriUksiehten,  soudern   znm   Sebntze,  vielleicbt 

gegen  irgendwelche  Insekten,  vorn  nnd  binten,  oder  aber  nnr  binten,  ein  Grasbiischel 

biingen.      Bei   Knkni   trngen   mancbe    ansserdem    uoch    ein    ganz   merkwiirdiges 

brillenartiges  "  Kleidnngsstiick,"  niimlicb  zwei  an  einer  Scbnnr  befestigte  rnndlicbe 

Lappen,   die    anf  die   beiden    Gesiissbacken   befestigt   werden,  indem   die   Scbnnr 

zwisc.ben  den  Beiuen  dnrcb  nm  die  Oberscbenkel  gebnnden  wird.     Dnrcb   einen 

Korro  Namens  Yato  aus  Knkni,  der  nns  besonders  zugetban  war,  erhielten  wir  auf 

der  Kiickreise  einen  solcben  Gegenstand,  den  er  beimlicb  seiner  Tocbter  entwendet 

batte,  nnd  der  jetzt  im  Mnsenm  i'iir  Viilkerknnde  in  Berlin  anfbewabrt  wird.     ^Vir 

Ubernacbteten  in  einer  eben  znm  Scblafcn  von  zwei  Personen  geniigend  gehinmigen 

(irasbiitte,  die  so  niedrig  war,  dass  wir  kanm  anfreeht  darin  sitzen  konnten.     Die 

Instig  tlackernden  Lagerfener  maebten  nnser  Bivonak  reclit  maleriscb,  gegen  Morgen 

wnrden   wir   aber   dnreb    kleine   gelbe   Ameisen    nnd   eiuen    nnangenehmen,   dem 

tbandnrcbfencbtetcn  Boden  entsteigenden  Gerncb  beliistigt. 

Der  folgende  Tagemarscb  fiihrte  anf  langsam  ansteigenden,  rauben  Felsenpfaden 
weiter  gen  Norden.  Das  vorwiegende  Gesteiii  seliien  Granit  zn  sein,  bier  nnd  da 
sab  man  Qnarz  mit  Glimmer,  nnd  mebrfacb  fanden  wir  scbwarze  Tnrmaline.  Alle 
()rtscbafti'n  liegen  anf  liolien  Felsenknppen,  liir  Feinde  ohne  (iescliiitz  vidlig  un- 
einnebmbar,  oder  in  den  Wiildern  meisterlicb  versteckt,  vor  ]il(itzlicbem  Angriff 
gesichert  iiud  die  bergende  Decknng  ringsnmber.  So  war  anch  nnser  diesmaliges 
Nacbtqnartier,  das  ans  zwei  Theilen  von  je  etwa  2(1  nnd  3l(  Hiitten  bestebende  Dorf 
Aribi  bescball'cn.  Der  nmgeliende  Urwald  liallte  bis  in  die  Nacbt  liinein  wieder 
von  einer  Uuzabl  von  Tbierstimmen,  tbeils  offenbar  von  Insekten  (Cioaden),  theils 
von  Lanbfrosclien,  Viigeln  nnd  Siingetbiercn  beniihrend,  aber  nns  zura  gnisstea 
Theile  nnbckannt.  Ein  Gcwitter  mit  furcbtbarem  Niederseblag  brachte  das 
ipteressapte  Concert  zinn  Scbweigen.     Da  Eiinipiier  nocb  nie  in  den  Korro-Bergen 


(  249  ) 

gesehen  worden  waren,  war  die  Bevolkening  schr  neugierig,  aber  mir  die  anfFallend 
liiisslichen,  gauz  nackten,  meist  sebr  dickbiiuchigen  Franen  beliistigten  uhb  etwas, 
wiilirend  die  Manner  zuriukhaltend  waren  nud  unser  Hanswirth  sich  so  vor  uns 
fiircbtete,  dass  er  am  gauzen  KOrper  zitterte,  als  er  hdb  begriissen  sollte.  Bei 
den  Franen  sahen  wir  hier  wiederhult  in  den  dicken  Ober-  uud  Unterlippeu  tief 
eingelassene,  riuidc,  tellerfiirmigc  Ilolzjiliitten,  scltener  solelie  ans  Messing  oder 
einen  balbkugelfurmigen  GlasscLmiiek.  In  einem  der  Naseufliigel  batten  sie  oft 
ein  liinglicbes  Korallenstiick. 

Die  Banart  von  Aribi  nnd  anderen  Korro-Orteu  war  sebr  eigenartig,  indem 
immer  niebrere  Hiiuser  dftrcb  Steinmanern  verbunden  eine  Art  kleiuer  Festnng 
bildeten.  Ani' freien  Pliltzen  in  den  Diirfern  jiflcgen  bnnt  aufgepntzte,  menscben- 
iibnlicbe  GOtzen  zu  steberi,  vor  deneu  aber  die  Heideu  bier  wenig  Kespekt  zn  baben 
schienen.     Die  Art  wie  sie  den  bunten  Perlenscbmnck  ordneten,  und  die  Wand- 


SCHWABZ     UNO    WEISS. 


SCHWABZ    UND    WEISS. 


verziernngen  mebrerer  Hiinser  verrietben  einigen  Farbensiun.  Die  anffallendste 
und  sclinnste  Malerei,  aus  schwarz,  weiss  nnd  rotb  bestebend,  ist  die  obenstebend 
genan  wiedergegebeue,  die  den  gnissten  Tbeil  eiuer  rnndeu  Hauswand  bedeekte. 
(^iv  =  weiss,  ;•  =  roth.) 

Am  O'""  September  iiberscbritten  wir  auf  eiuer  scbankeluden  Hiiugebriicke,  die 
zweischen  zwei  BiUimen  ans  den  grossen  Bbattrippen  von  Palmen,  Lianen  nnd 
diinneii  Stiimmen  bergestellt  war,  den  50  bis  lOfl  Meter  breiteu,  mit  stiirkem  Gefiille 
im  ganzen  ost-westlicb  iiiessenden  Gurara,  den  ersten  .Strom  der  nnseres  Wissens 
nicht  mehr  dem  Benne,  sonderu  dem  Niger  zu  stnimt.  ^^'ir  batten  somit  eine 
moglicber  Weise  in  zoogeograpbisclier  Hinsicbt  nicht  unwicbtige  Wassersebeide 
iiberschritten.  In  der  That  bemerkte  ieb  zablreiche  Vogelarten  erst  nordlicb 
des  Korro-Gebirges,  so  z.  B.  trat  die  grosse  fliigelfieckige  Tanbe  Sticfoeims 
guinea,  dereu  Gegeuwart  man  leicbt  bemerkt,  glcicb  niirdlicb  des  Gurara  anf, 
Haubenlerchen  {Galerida  cristata  senegalensis),  Rothkopfwilrger  (Lanius  senator), 
mebrere  Geier,  mehrcre  Merops  Avten,  Naucli'i'its,  und  cine  Anzabl  von  europiiiscben 
Wandervogein  bemerkte  icb  nur  weiter  niirdlicli.  Ob  die  Wassersebeide  zwischen 
dem  Gurara  und  den  dem  Benne  znstrcimenden  (iewiissern,  oder  der  hiichste  Tbeil 
der  Berge,  bei  Katill,  die  kleine  Faunenscbeide  bildet,  wissen  wir  nicht,  icb  glaube 
indessen,  dass  es  mehr  der  gauze  Bergzug  ist,  nnd  dass  sie  nicht  linienscharf 
gezogen  werden  kann.  Eine  znologisehe  Erforscbnng  diescr  Geliicte  wiirde  obne 
Xweifel  viele  audere  wiubtige  Tbatsacben  ergeben,  wiibrend  die  Verbrcitung  eiuiger 


(  250  ) 

der  oben  genannten  Vcgel,  olnvolil  auttiillciul,  docb  vielleicbt  keinen  zoogeograpb- 
iscben  Wertb  bat,  sondern  anf  BodenbcJcbaffeMbeit,  Uragfbnng  oder  sonstige  rein 
(irtlicbe  Ursuclien  /.unick/.iilVibreii  sein  (birfti'. 

Am  N;ubiiiitf!if;c  Micbuii  wir  in  (b'lii  scIkhi  wii'der  von  Mobamcilanciii  bcwubnten 
Dorfe  Kiiigam  Fillani,  iind  am  folgenden   Tage  erreicbteii  wir  den  i'ronndlicben, 
iiicbt  nniniauerten  Ort.  Kasbia.     Unterwegs  begpgneten  wir  einrr  nacb  Kpfti  ziebon- 
don  Karawane,  die  viole  Sobafe  mit  sicb  fiibrte,  nnd  von  einem  Madngu  Xamens 
Jusnffn  gefiibrt  wiirdc.     Dieser  erziiblte  nns,  dass  oino  engliscbe  Ciesandtscbaft  in 
Sokoto  gewesen  sei,  obne  aber  vom  Sultan  Land  oder  besonderc  Recbte  erbalten 
■/.n  baben.     Er,  Jnsnffn,  liabe  aber  ein  Schreiben  mit  sich,  das  er  in  Keffl  den  dort 
versaramrlten  Engliindern,  Franzosen  nnd  Dentscben  vnrlesen  solltc,  nnd  dass  wir 
am  bestini  mit  ilun  inukebren  wiirden.     Die  Erzjiblnngen  dieses  Jnsuifn  macbten 
nns  von  vornberein  uicbt  den  Eindrnck  der  Wabrbeit.     AVir  scblngen  sein  Begebren 
rnnd  ab  nnd  zogen  nnserer  Wege,  aber  in  Kasbia  stellte  er  sicb  wioder  ein,  nnd 
begann  seine  Liigen  von  Nenem.     Er  behaniiteto  nun,  der  Sultan  von  Zaria  wiinsche 
nns   nicbt    zu  seben,  nnd   der  von   Scikoto  biitte  sogar  gedrobt,  dem  Madngn,  der 
nns  etwa  liinbriicbte,  den  Kopf  abznscblagen.     Hierdnreb  wnrde  uicbt  alleiu  Dan 
Tambari  in   Scbrecken  gesetzt,  sondern  aucb  ein  Tbeil  der  Triiger  weigerte  den 
"Weitermarscb,  ebe  wir  Erlanbniss  znm  Einznge  in  Zaria  erbielten,  wilbrend  ein 
anderer  Tbeil  derselbeii  bereit  war,  mit  nns  durcb  Dick  nnd  Diinn  zn  geben.     Da 
der  Hiiuptling  von   Kasliia,  bei  dem  sicb  ein  ibu  vrdlig  beberrscbender  Ennneli, 
Sklave   dcs  Sultans,  von  Zaria,  befand,  nns   in   keiuer  AVeise   bclfen  wollte  nnd 
konnte,  und  wir  ibm  nicht  die  Hiilfte  unsercs  Bigentbums  anvertraueu  konnten, 
da  er  sebr  babgierig  war,  so  entscblossen   wir  uns  Dan  Tambari  nacb  Zaria  zn 
scuden,  nm  nnseren  I'esncb  auznkiindigen,  nnd  bier  zn  rasten,  bis  wir  Nacbricbt 
batten,  wle  man  uns  dort  anfuebmen  wnrde.* 

Kasbia  war  damals  ein  bli'ibender,  von  Ilaussas  bewobnter  Farmort,  nm  den 
sicb  mcbrere  Trupps  von  Fnlbebirten  mit  grosseu  Viebheerden  gelagert  batten. 
Der  Ort  liegt  in  der  Gubcl  zweier  Striime,  ringsuni  ist  Graslaud,  obne  Wald. 
Trotzdem  wir  bier  reieblicb  Zeit  batten,  war  icb  ancb  bier  uicbt  im  Staude  in 
zoologiscber  Hinsicbt  viel  zn  leisten.  Die  Hiilfte  der  Zeit  war  icb  tieberkrank, 
und  wcun  icb  gesuud  war,  lag  Staudinger  meistens  krank.  Jedeu  Nachmittag, 
stets  um  dieselbe  Zeit,  gingen  Tag  fiir  Tag  scbwere  Gewitter  nieder,  und  die 
waldlosc  Gcgend  war  filr  ornitbologiscbes  Sammelu  niclit  giinstig.  Die  pracbtvoUen 
Krouenkrauiebe  waren  biintig,  an  den  Uferu  der  Strnuie  land  sicb  nocb  Galachri/sia 
cinerea,  Hoplopterus  spinosus,  sowie  unsere  beimiscben  Tringoides  hypoleucus, 
Tofann.i  ciidifh-ix  uud  Trimja  minuta.  An  den  Spitzen  der  Griiser  bingcu  ausser- 
ordentlicb  viele  Kiiler,  besonders  aber  zn  vieleu  Iluudertcn  verscbiedene  gelbe 
scbwarznmsaumte  Cetoiiiden-Arten,  eine  scbwarze  und  cine  orangegelbe,  scbwarz- 
gefleckte  Art,  die  icb  in  Anzabl  am  Ufer  des  Sbabo,  eines  Nebunflusses  des  Cinrara 
entdeckte.  Am  niicbsten  Tage  litt  icb  am  Fiebcr,  aber  Staudinger,  dem  icb  sagto, 
wo   icb    die    scbiine  Art   gefundeii    batte,  macbte   roicbe   Beute,   wiibrend  icb    am 

*  Staudinger  (p.  177)^l.aubt(^  die  unshicr  bereitcten  Scliwii'rigkciten  .anf  VcraTilrissunrj  eiiii^er  Beamteu 
der  enjiUschen  Gescllschaft  /.ui-iiekfiihren  zu  kiiinion,  eine  Ausiclit,  die  ieh  durohaus  nioht  iheileii  kann. 
OlTenbjir  kam  Ju.suffu  von  Nnrden  her.  wo  man  kaum  vou  unsororAnkunft  \vi»;en  konnto,  am  aufTallendsten 
alHT  is1,dass  Uoltin.son  10  .lahrc  s|i;iter  in  K.a.'^liia  iihnlichcn  Aufenthalt  hatto.  Kr  fand  den '' Kilnig,'* 
den  hatisiiehli^r-iten  anf  der  j^anzen  lieise,  un<l  er  wurde  unter  allerlei  Vorspieijelul»Ken  aufj^idialleii,  uin 
spilter  olme  Seliwierij^kciten  Zaria  zu  erreiehen.  Uelierhaupt  vcrsuehtoii  Trii[;(U'  wie  IIerrs(dier  an  vielen 
Often  mil  ihni  geiiau  dieseiben  ICrpressungeu  und  Weitiiiuli^'keiton,  mit  denen  sie  uns,  wcnn  auch  meist 
mit  giringcm  oder  obne  Erfolg,  beliistigt  batten. 


(  251   ) 

folgenden  Tage  wieder  viele  fing.  Standingers  Vater  sandte  die  letztere  Cetonide 
an  den  Cetonidea-Knndigeii  Dr.  Kraatz,  der  sie  Simorrhina  stauclingeri  taufte. 
Unser  Distolfalter,  Vanessa  canliii,  flog  iiber  die  rjrassteiipe  liin.  Auffalleuder 
"Weise  faudeu  wir  grosse  ScbwierigkeiU'u  Naliruugsmittel  zu  Uaufeu,  deuu  es  fehlte 


CA    60  M 


.-    ^ 


Lace    von    Kashia. 


nns  an  Kloingeld  !  Kanrimnscheln  batten  wir  nicbt,  nud  fiir  unsero  Zenge  war 
keino  Nacbfrago,  oder  sie  wnrdou  uuter  ilirem  Wertlie  bezablt.  In  die  Zeit  nnseres 
Aufentbaltes  fiel  ein  grosses  Fest,  zu  dem  wir  nnseren  Triigern  ein  Kind  scbenkten. 
Fiir  unsere  dnrch  die  scbweren  arabiscbcn  Siittcl  scbensslicb  durcbgeritteneu  Fferde 
war  der  lange  Aufentbalt  ein  (Jliick,  aber  wir  bedanerten  sebr,  sie  ini  Regen  stehen 


(  252  ) 

lassen  zn  miissen,  uiul  nnr  selten  etwas  Sorghum  fiir  sie  kaiifen  zn  kunnen,  sodass 
sie  sicli  meist  nur  von  Gras  niihren  mussteii.  Die  Bevolkeriina:  von  Kasliia  war 
iibrigens  selir  ztidiinglich.  lutere?sant  waren  nns  die  Besuche  der  Folbehirten. 
Es  waren  wildWickende  Bnrschen  mit  helleii  (lesielitern,  Pfeil  nnd  Bugeu  in  der 
Hand,  mit  eiiiem  leicliton  Smlauhemdc,  uiclit  mit  den  k(istl);iren,  scliweren  Hanssa- 
tolien  l)eklcidet,  selilanke,  oft  reizonde  Miidclien  mit  scliarf'en,  edlen  Ziigeti  nnd 
hellenchtenden  Angen,  reicblicli  mit  Mcssingsclimnck  beliangcn,  nnd  alt.e,  i'lberans 
magore,  hexcnartigc  Weiber.  Am  21.  iScptember  erhielten  wir  die  fcirmliehe 
Erlanbniss  nacli  Zaria  zn  kommen,  nnd  konnten  am  folgenden  Tage  anfbreelien. 
Der  Tagemarscli  war  ein  selir  langer.  Wir  iiberscbritten  bald  den  li('pclisten  I'nnkt 
den  wir  auf  der  ganzen  Keise  betraten,  denn  bei  d(>m  Dorfe  Katill  massen  wir 
780  Meter.  Bobinsou  mass  diesen  Pnnkt  cbenfall.s  als  den  hoclisten  zwiscben  Kano 
nnd  dem  Benue,  mit  2531)  Fnss  (engl.). 

Erst  nm  5  Uhr  Nachraittags  erreiclitcn  wir  Adnma,  ein  kleines  von  Kadarra- 
Heiden  bewolmtes  Dorf.  Aneli  bier  gingen  die  Francn  ganz  nackt,  trngen  aber  im 
Freien  vorn  nnd  hinten  Blatter-  oder  Grasbiiscbel  in  der  oben  beschriebenen  Art 
nnd  Weise.  Einen  Unterscbied  zwiscben  den  Kadarra  nnd  Korro  bemerkten  wir 
nicbt.  Wir  saben  liier  znerst  in  der  Sonne  gediirrtes  Iliunmelfleisch.  Eine  ganze 
gediirrte  Hammelkenle,  die  nns  vom  Dorfoberlianjite  geschenkt  wnrde,  konnten  wir 
ihres  iiblen  Gerncbes  wegen  nicbt  essen,  sie  war  aber  den  Triigern  sehr  willkommen. 
Am  23*'™  errcicbten  wir  gegen  zwei  Uhr  das  kleine  Bergnest  Akoro  am  Kadnna, 
einem  Nebenflnsse  des  Niger,  der  hier  fast  2<i0  Meter  breit  ist,  nnd  wild  zwiscben 
Felsen  hinliranst.  Am  anderen  Morgen  iiberscliritteu  wir  den  Flnss  anf  Flossen, 
die  von  der  Scbwere  der  Lasten,  welche  auf  einem  erliiihteu  Gerilste  lageu,  ins 
Wasser  hinabgedriickt  nnd  von  den  scbwimmenden  Tragern  geleitet  wnrdeu.  Der 
ganze  Uebergang  danerte  voile  fiinf  Stnnden. 

Anf  nnbe(|ncmen  felsigen  Pfaden,die  dnrch  den  litinfigen  Uegen  selir  scbliipferig 
geworden  waren,  zogen  wir  dnrch  bnsch-  nnd  waldreiches  Geliinde  mit  reichem 
Vogelleben  nacb  dem  von  Dawa-Feldern  umgchenen  Dorfe  Gidan  Aiigarba  oder 
Libere.  Hier  begriisste  uns  ein  Bote  ans  Zaria,  der  nns  im  Namen  seines  Gebieters 
willkommen  hiess,  nnd  anf  dem  Wege  nach  Zaria  fiir  nns  sorgte.  Der  folgende 
Tag  war  wieder  regnerisch.  Der  liclite  Bnsch  war  anftallend  reich  an  Viigeln  nnd 
Insekten.  Die  eigenthiimlich  klapjiernde  Lerche  {Mirafra  hnc/dei/i)  belebte  den 
ofFencn  Buschwald,  ans  einer  Mimose  erklang  ein  wnndervoller,  an  einen  kriiftigen 
NaclitigallenschJag  erinnernder  Gesang,  der  vermnthlicli  von  einem  Laniaiims 
herriihrte,  die  brenncnd  rothen  Fenerweber  waren  hiinfig,  Jlilane,  Bienenfress'er  nnd 
Hchwalben  schwebten  in  der  Lnft.  Kiifer,  uamentlich  C'etonideu  nnd  Lougicoruier 
hingen  zahlreich  am  Grase,  nnd  von  Schmetterlingen  bemerkten  wir  eine  grosse 
Chamxes-kri  nnd  einen  langgesehwiinzten  Pupilio. 

Am  Vormittagc  batten  wir  einen  iibelriechenden,  Jangcn  Sniniif  zu  dnrchreiten, 
in  dem  mein  Pferd  zweimal  ansglitt.  D.as  arme  Thier  war  so  schwach,  dass  icb 
trotz  meines  Fiebers  streckenweise  gehen  mnsste.  Gegcn  Mittag  blickfen  wir  von 
einer  Hcihe  in  ein  ausgedehntes,  mit  zahlreichen  Fiicherpalmen  {liornssvs  Jhihclli- 
formi.-i  L.,  "giiiginya"  der  Ilanssas  *)  gesclimiu-ktes  Thai  hinab,  in  dem  die  grosse, 
nmmauerte  Stadt  (iilkn  (Uubinsou's  "Gierko"),  anf  dem  jenseitigen  Ufer  eines 
bedentenden  iStromes,  der  zum  Kadnna  fliessen  soil,  liegt.  Diesmal  fuhren  wir 
zur  Abwechselnng  in  Kanns  hiniiber.     Am  nachstcn  Tage  zogen  wir  bis  Uibako, 

"   In  Norttost-Afrika  Dum-  oder  Dompalmon.     Dicser  Name  riibrt  nicht,  wic  Stamlinger  meint,  von 
(Icr  siiiilcnarligen  Oeslalt  mit  ilcr  scliiinen  Krone  her,  sondcrn  ist  ein  arabisches  (oder  fellachisches)  Wort, 


(  253  ) 

oder  Libako,*  ebenfalls  einer  grossen  nmmaneiten  Stadt,  daan  passierten  wir  den 
festen  Ort  Rikoka  (anch  Likoka  genannt),  die  grosse  Stadt  Igabe,  das  Dorf  Birui-n- 
Dantslii  niid  erreiclitcn  endlicU  am  20.  September  das  grosse  Zaria. 

Zwischen  Hikoka  niid  Igabi  traf'eii  wir  wieder  aiif  eiuen  grossen  Strom,  Shicka 
mit  Namen  (Robinson  sclireibt  iSliika),  zwisclien  Igabe  nnd  Birnin  Dautslii  war 
das  Terrain  sehr  sumpfig.  Der  si'ullicli  von  fiilkn  stri'miende  Fhiss  wnrde  nns  als 
"  Luafi  oder  Kadnna"  bczeielinct,  also  niit  demselben  Namen  wie  der  Fluss  bei 
Akoro.  Ancli  Robinson  nennt  den  Strom  Lei  Gilku  den  Kadnna  nnd  fiigt  hinzn, 
dass  er  bis  Gilku- vom  Niger  ans  wilhrend  4  Moiiaten  mit  beladenen  Booten  befahren 
warden  kann.  "  Lifnn"  und  Kadnna  werden  schon  von  Roblfs  als  synonym  bezeich- 
net,  der  aber  anch  den  siidliehen  Strom  so  nennt.  Jedenfalls  vereinigen  sich  die 
beiden  Striime  nnd  mvinden  vereint  oberlialb  Egga  in  den  Niger. 

AVir  machten  auf  einem  Hiigel  Halt  von  dem  man  die  gewaltige,  durcli  die 
zahlreichen  liber  das  Hiiasermeer  emporragenden  Kronen  der  Melonenbiinme,  Dattel-, 
Oel-  nnd  Facberpalmcn  ans  der  Feme  einem  Walde  gleichende  Stadt  Zaria  iiber- 
blickte.  Der  Snltan  war  nns  bishierher  mit  100  Reitern  entgegengeritten,  aber 
nach  mebrstiindigem  Warten  wieder  heimgekebrt,  als  die  Sonne  zu  heiss  hernieder- 
brannte.  Es  war  dies  wohl  uicht  nnr  Nengier,  wie  Standiuger  meint,  .sondern 
as  war  damit  wie  ich  verstand,  eine  Ehrnng  seiner  Gaste  beabsiclitigt.  Es  war 
der  in  alien  moliamedanisclien  nnd  vieleu  anderen  orientaliscben  Liindern  iiblicbe 
"  Istikbal,"  das  Eutgegcnkommen,  nm  eincn  Gast  oder  Besncher  zn  griissen,  bald 
nnr  in  einem  kurzen  Schritte,  bald  im  meilenweiten  Anmarschieren  mit  Truppen 
nnd  zn  Pferde  bestehend.  Statt  seiner  selbst  hatta  der  Herrscher  nns  mm  eine 
Reiterschaar  mit  Trommlern  nnd  Paukenschliigern  entgegengesandt,  deren  Ankunft 
wir  an  dem  Hiigel  erwarten  sullten.  Die  Triiger  nahmen  in  einem  kleinen  Bacbe 
ein  Bad,  viele  entnahmen  ihrem  ansser  nnseren  Lastan  noch  mitgefiihrten  Biindel 
reine  Kleider,  nnd  dann  ordneten  sie  sicb  in  eine  lange  Reiha,  an  deren  Spitze  wir 
nns  setzteu.  So  zogen  wir  denn  in  stattlichem  Znge  in  Zaria  ain.  Der  dabei  voll- 
fiihrte  Liirm  war  nnbeschreiblicb.  Die  Trummler  und  Pankenscbljiger  bearbeiteten 
rhre  Instrnmente  mit  fiirmlicher  AVnth,  wobei  einige  noch  riefen  und  sangen,  die 
Triiger  stimmten  improvisierte  Lobgesilnge,  theils  auf  nns,  theils  auf  die  Stadt 
Zaria  an,  nnd  fast  die  ganze  Jngend  nnd  viele  grosse  Lente  begleiteten  nnd  folgten 
nns  rnfend,  johlend,  kreischend,  wobei  die  Miidchen  namentlich  das  anch  im  ganzen 
Orient  nnr  zu  bekannte  "  Inllilooing"  h(iren  liossen,  d.  h.  ein  nnbeschreiblicb  gellendes, 
im  hiichsten  Diskant  ausgestossenes,  tremulierendas  Schraien.  Alt  und  Jung  kam 
aus  dan  Hiinsern,  nm  die  Ursache  das  Liirms  zn  erfahren,  nnd  manche  Fran 
elite  erschreckt  wieder  davon,  als  sie  zwei  weisse  Miinner  in  sonderbarem,  nach 
mohamedanischen  Begriffen  nuanstiindigeu,  eng  auliegenden  Kostiim  sab,  denn  die 
Erinnernng  an  den  latztan  Besnch  von  Europiiern  in  Zaria,  die  anch  wohl  weniger 
aufgefallen  waven,  da  sie  arabische  Kleidung  trngen,  war  bei  der  ]5evolkerung 
angenscheinlieh  nicht  mehr  vorhanden. 

Der  Sariki-n-makira,  d.  h.  der  Oberste  der  Schmiede,  einer  der  wohlhabendsten 
Lente  der  Stadt,  war  heanftragt  worden,  nns  zn  beherbergea,  aber  das  nns  zuerst 
angewiesene  Quartier,  in  das  wir  erst  hineiukonnten,  nachdcm  die  nns  umringende 
Menschanmenge  mit  Stockschliigen  von  einigen  Reitern  vertrieben  worden  war, 
behagte  nns  nicht,  wir  bekamen  aber  nach  eiuigem  Warten  ein  freieres,  luftigeres 
Gehcii't.  Das  Gastgeschenk  nnseres  Wirthes  bestand  ans  2  Schafen,  einem  riesigen 
schwarzen  Filter,  etwa  30  Perlhuhneiern,  einer  grossen  Fnrrahkngel,  ciuer  Schiissel 

*  liobinsoQ  nennt  Ribako  ein  Dorf,  was  es  1885  niclit  war. 


(  254   ) 

Reis,  einer  Scbiissel  Jlilcli,  oiiipr  Frucht  des  Mclonoiilianmes,  nnd  einer  Menge 
Sorghum  fur  die  Pferde.  Bald  nachher  sandte  der  Sariki-n-Fada,  d.  h.  der  Oberste 
des  Ratlies  ciii  Seliaf  mid  oiiic  Mcnj^o  Ucis,  mid  Aboiids  kaineii  wicdor  zwei  grosse 
Sehiisselu  gekucliteii  Mi'lillin^is  niit  .Sauce.  So  war  ilfiiii  also  vnrliinfig  fiir  niiseru 
Uuterbalt  gesorgt. 

In  Zaria  wiirdeu  wir  von  dem  iSnltau  uiil  grosser  Freniidliclikeit  cmptaiigei), 
iiiid   niisere  Gcschenke,  obwohl  sie  in  Anbetracht  der  Bedentnng  des  Herrscbers 
kaura  im  Verbiiltniss  zn  den  in  Keffi  nnd  Anassarawa  gegelienen  standen,  wnrden 
gem  nnd  znfrieden  angenommen.     Der  Snltan  nnd  sein  Galadima,  d.  li.  eigentlieb 
Sebwerttriiger,  Titel  eines  der  Minister  in  alien  Hanssa-Residenzen,  saiidton  uns 
ie  einen  grossen  weissen  Oclisen.      Zn  den  Beamten  standen  wir  iu  sehr  gutera 
Verbiiltnisse,  namentlicb  fanden  wir  in  dem  Sariki-n-fada  einen  intelligenten,  nnd 
ansserdem   bildsebrnien   IMann.     Leider  wnrde  der  angenebme  Eindnick  der  ersten 
Tage  in  Zaria  bald  verwisclit,  denn  wir  fanden  den  sclKincn   Sariki-n-fada,  sowie 
nnsere    anderen    Frennde    nnglauldieb    .energielos,    nnd    nnsercn    liebenswitrdigen 
Wirtb  einen  gierigen,  babsilobtigen,  wenn  ancli   nielit  geradezn  scblecbten  Mann. 
Der  Snltan,   obwobl    ganz    mit   nnsereni    Plane,    naeb   Sokoto   zn   geben,   einver- 
standcn,  rietb  nns  dringenil  ab,  die  Rcise  allein  zn  nnternebmen,  nnd  wiiiiHcbte, 
dass  wir  ibn  begleiten   sollten,  wenn   er   mit   Trnppenmacbt   nacb   Sokoto   ziige, 
nm  dem  Herrscber  den  jiibrlicben  Tribnt  zn  zablen.     tJnser  alter  Triigerfiibrcr, 
der  anfangs  mit   einer   kleinen    Scbaar  von    Lenten   bereit  war,  mit   nns   liberal! 
hinzngeben,  verliess   pbitzlicb   Zaria,  nnd   die  iibrigen  Triiger  wnrden  dnrcb   die 
ubertriebenen  Scbildernngen  angeblicber  Gefabren  anf  dem  Wege  naeb  Sokoto  so 
iingstlicb  gemacht,  dass  sie  nicht  mitgeben  wollten,  ancli  scbien  es  ibnen  unan- 
genebm  zn  sein,  gegen  die  Wiinscbe  des  Snltan's  nnd  des  Sariki-n-fada  zn  bandeln. 
So  blieb  nns  nicbts  i'lbrig,  als  zn  warten. 

Die  Stadt  Zaria,  oder  Zozo,  Residenz  des  Statthalters  der  gleicbnamigen 
Provinz,  ist  schon  von  iiltcren  Reisenden,  nnd  nenestens  von  Robinson  besehrieben, 
am  besten  nnd  wie  mir  scbeint  am  treffendsten,  aber  von  Standinger,  der  nnseren 
huigon  Anfentbalt  sebr  ansfiibrlieh  gescbildert.  Da  ich  diesen  Scbildernngen  nicbts 
binznfiigen  kann,  dart  icli  micb  dariiber  sehr  knrz  fasscn. 

Zaria   nimmt   einen    nngeheneren    Fliichenranm   ein.      Robinson    scbiitzt    die 
hobe,  aber  an  manchen  Stellen  zu  nnserer  Zeit  schon  sehr  schadhafte,  jetzt  aber 
anscheinend   nocli  mehr  verfallene  Umfassnngsmaner  anf  zehn   engliscbe  Meilen, 
was  gewiss  eher  nnterschiitzt  als  iiberschiitzt  sein  diirfte.     Die  Einwohnerzabl  wird 
von  Standinger  nach  allgemeinen  Eindriicken  anf  40  bis  50,000  geschatzt,  wiibrend 
Robinson,  zehn  Jahre   spiiter,  25   bis    30,1)1)0   angiebt.      Beide  Angaben   macben 
keinen  Ansprnch    anf  Geuanigkeit,  doch  diirfte  die  Einwobnerziibl  eher  ab,   als 
zngenommen  haben,     Nnr  die  Hiilfte  des  von  der  Ringmaner  nmscblossenen  Areals 
ist  mit  Gebiiften  bedeckt,  dcren  jedes  in  der  Regcl  ans  mchreren,  von  einer  Erdmaner 
nmgebenen  Hiitten  besteht  ;  die  andere  Hiilfte  besteht  ans  Feldern,  nnd  zahlreicbe 
(JebOfte  waren  1885  nnd  '80  verlassen  nnd  verfallen.     Die  Hiinser  sind  meist  rnnde 
Hiitten,  mit  den   Stengeln  der  Dawa  nnd  mit  langem  Grase  gut  gedeckt.     Das 
einzigc   Anienblement  besteht  in  der  Hegel  ans  einem  an  der  Wand  befestigten 
Leiimsopha,  das  hiinfig  dnrcb  ein   darnnter  in  einem  ofeniibnliclien   Loche  ange- 
brachtes  Fener  erwiirmt  wird.     Diesor  Ln.\ns  ist  im  Hanssalande  weit  verbreitet, 
wnrde  von   nns  aber   anf  das   energiscliste   abgewiesen,  denn    nieht   nnr  war  die 
Temperatnr  nns   anch   obne   Fener   liocli    genng,  sondern   wir    bassten    namentlicb 
auch  den  die  Hiittc  erfiillenden  I{ancli,da  ein  Abzng  nucli  anssen  niclit  zu  cxistiereii 


(   -'35  ) 

pllugt.  liu  Palaste  ties  iSnltaiis,  der  hoch,  nacL  arabischer  Art  gebaut  ist,  befinJcn 
sich  priichtige  Riinme,  aber  fiir  den  Enropiier  ist  das  in  deu  meisten  derselben, 
wie  aiicli  in  Kano,  herrschende  Halbdnnkel  nicbt  anuenelun,  und  es  fehlt  uns  an 
friscber  Lnft.  Eine  Moscbee  mit  Minaret,  wie  Clajijjerton  sie  bescbreilit,  gab  cs 
uicht  mcbr,  die  Moscbee  battc  aber  ein  grosses,  gewolbtcs  Knppeldacb,  das  den 
hicsigen  Baumeistern  nnsiigliehe  Miibe  macheu  muss.  Unser  Freund  Massaiil 
besass  ein  bobes  zweistcickiges  Haus.  Der  Marlvt  war  reicb  besucbt,  und  obwobl 
er  eigentliob  von  Tagesanbracb  bis  Sonnenniitergang  danert,  ist  er  docli  unr  in 
deu  beissesten  Mittagsstunden  lebbaft,  eine  in  alien  gnisseren  Haussastadten 
iiblicbe  Sitte,  die  alle  Fremden  iiberrascbte,  da  man  in  Enropa  das  Gegentbeil 
anzunebmcn  scbeint. 

Unser  Ani'entbalt  in  Zaria  war  weniger  augeuebm,  als  er  nuter  andereu 
Umstiinden  biitte  sein  kimnen.  Der  dringende  Wnnseli,  die  iibernomiucne  Aufgabe 
bald  zu  erledigen,  liess  uns  nicbt  zur  Ixube  kommen,  und  die  Verbaudluugen  mit 
den  Triigerfilbrern,  dem  Sariki-u-fada  und  anderen  Beamten  nabmen  viel  Zeit  in 
Ansprucb.  Dazn  kam,  dass  wir  beide  mebrfacli  fieberkrank  waren,  uud  icb  litt 
ausserdem  noch  an  eiuem  iinsserst  scbmerzbaften,  laugwierigen  Zabngesebwiir. 
Dass  wir  nicbt  immcr  gesund  waren,  war  vielleicbt  nicbt  zn  verwundern,  denn  die 
sauitiiren  Verbiiltnisse  der  Haussa-Stiidte  sind  sehr  traurig.  Inmitten  der  meisten 
derselben  befindeu  sicb  grosse  Teicbe,  oft  mebr  Siimpfe,  imd  so  lag  aucb  ganz  in 
unserer  Niibe  ein  solcbes  Gewiisser,  ans  dem  aucb  unser  scbOues,  klares  Wasser 
eine  Zeit  lang  ^ebolt  wurde,  bis  wir  zu  nnserm  Entsetzeu  fauden,  dass  man  todte 
Pferde  und  anderen  Uuratb  iu  diesen  Sumpf  warf !  Die  Todten  werden  ebeufalls 
in  den  Hofen  begraben,  sodass  man  sicb  fast  in  jedem  GebOft  auf  einem  Kircbhofe 
befindet.  Die  Leicbname  werden  nicbt  eiumal  sebr  tief  vergraben,  was  wir  auf 
folgende  Art  bemerkten.  Ueberall  wo  wir  nicbt,  wie  in  KefH,  Sokoto  und  Kano, 
Abtritte  vorfaudeu,  liessen  wir,  wenn  wir  lungere  Zeit  uns  am  Orte  aufbielteu, 
Latrinen  graben,  wobei  unsere  Lente  wiederbolt  auf  ziemlicb  friscbe  Geripj)e 
stiessen. 

Von  Besucbern  wurden  wir  oft  ungebiihrlich  beliistigt.  Sie  waren  zwar  immer 
rubig  und  iusofern  bescbeiden,  als  sie  abgescblagene  Bitten  ebeuso  wie  erfiillte 
ruhig  binnabmen,  aber  ibre  Nengier  und  ibre  Bebarrlicbkeit  bei  uns  zu  bocken  war 
oft  eine  barte  Probe  fiir  unsere  Geduld,  die  nicbt  immer  ausbielt.  Zablreicb  waren 
aucb  die  Bitteu  nm  Mediziu.  Nnr  zu  gern  gaben  wir  davon  was  wir  konnton,  und 
balfen  bier  wie  auderswo  maucben  Lenten  mit  Cbiuin  gegen  Fieber,  Opium  gegeu 
DiarrhOen,  Pilleu  und  Iticinus-Oel  gegen  Verstopfung,  die  kein  eiubeimisclier 
Doktorbatte  beben  kOnnen — nicbt  einmal  mit  sieben  eingegebenen  Korauspriichen — 
und  Kamiilerspiritus  gegen  rbeumatiscbe  (Scbmerzen.  Lctzterer  wurde  besonders 
bewundert,  und  wir  stellten,  da  unser  Vorratb  nicbt  reicbte,  mit  Senf  mid  Ameiseu 
ein  Surrogat  von  wunderbarer  Kraft  ber,  das  fast  dicselben  \Virkuugen  zn  baben 
schien.  Zu  unserm  Bedauern  mussten  wir  freilicb  auch  oft  die  Bittenden  auf  Allah 
verweisen,  der  allein  in  ibrem  Falle  belfen  kOnne,  tbeils  wegen  der  wunderbaren 
au  uns  gestellten  Forderungen,  tbeils  wegen  Mangel  gnisserer  Mediziuvornitbe  und 
mediciuiscber  Kenntnisse.  Namentlicb  in  zwei  Fallen  war  uns  dies  scbmerzlich. 
Im  eincu  bat  eine  biibscbe  jnnge  Fran  nm  eine  Medizin  um  lebende  Kinder  zu 
bekommen,  da  die  ibrigen  immer  todt  geboren  wiirden,  im  anderen  wollte  ein  Mann, 
der  seinen  Fuss  vcrloren  battc,  eiuen  neuen  ypn  uns  baben.  Der  avme  Kriippel 
kam  ganz  boii'nungsvoll  zu  nns,  da  Dan  Tambari,  der  in  Berlin  kiuistliche  Glied- 
massen  geseben  aber  falscb  verstandeu  batte,  ibm  gesagt,  wir  kOnnten  so  etwas 


(256) 

ganz  schiin  wieder  lierstelleii.  Es  war  mitleiderregend  solcheLente  mit  getiinschtert 
Hoffmingen  tianrig  abzicLcn  /.n  sehen,ili'nn  aiif  Allah's  Hiilfe  hattcu  sio  wolil  schon 
zn  lange  vergeblich  gebaut. 

Selir  amiisaut  war  eiiies  Abends  der  Bcsnch  ciuer  Tocliter  des  Sultans,  die 
sicU  heimlich  im  Dnnkeln,voii  einer  Sklaviii  begleitet  zn  mis  begeben  hatte,  nm,  wie 
sie  sagte,  wertli voile  Schmncksacheu  zn  kaufun.  Znr  Einleitnng  dieses  Geschiiftes 
braebte  sie  zwei  fette  Hiihner  mit.  Angenscbeiiilich  war  es  vorzngsweise  die 
Nengier,  die  sic  zn  nns  gelockt  hatte.  Trotz  ihrer  Nengier  war  sie  sehr  znriick- 
haltend,  nnd  wir  bekamen  von  ihr  nichts  als  die  zicrlichpu  Hiindc  nnd  Fiisse,  uud 
die  iiber  dem  dnnklen  Schleicr  sichtbaren,  meist  ziiebtig  niedergeschlageneu,  nur 
zuweilen  aufiencbteuden,  schmien  Augen  z\i  sebeii.  Die  Franeu  geiiiessen  liier 
librigens  mehr  Freiheit,  als  in  andern  mohamedanischeu  Liinderii.  Abends  aalien 
wir  mehrere  male  gewiUinlicbere  Madchen  miteinander,  oder  von  jipgen  Burschen 
liegleitet,  singend  durch  die  Strassen  ziehen,  nnd  nur  die  vornehnien  Franeu  trngen 
Scbleier,  ja  man  sab  selbst  diese  in  den  (ielniften  nnd  Hiinseru  ot't  unverschleiert, 
obne  dass  sie  durch  Mannerblick  als  geschiiudet  angesehen  wnrden. 

Der  interessanteste  Besuch  war  der  zweier  Araber.  Der  eine,  Jiingere,  befand 
sich  anf  der  Reise,  nnd  war  sehr  gnt  ilber  die  Franzosen  in  Tripolis,  sowie  iiber 
den  Malidi  nuterrichtet.  Beide  kanuteu  die  Hauptstiidte  Enrojm's  dem  Jsamcn 
nacb,  waren  aber  nicht,  wie  Robinson  meint,  dort  gewesen.  Der  audere,  iiltere, 
war  in  Zaria  ansiissig,  nnd  jedenfalls  war  er  es,  der  auch  Eobinson  besnchte.  Ea 
dauerte  einige  Zeit,  ebe  wir  mit  dem  alten  Massaiil,  wie  er  sich  nannte,  niiher 
bekannt  wnrden,  als  wir  aber  erst  erkannt  batten,  dass  er  znverliissiger  war,  als 
unsere  Haussa-Frennde,  schlossen  wir  nns  bald  mehr  an,  nnd  er  wurde  nns  sjiiiter 
einer  der  trenesten  nnd  niitzlichsten  Frennde,  den  wir  a\if  afrikanischem  Boden 
kennen  lernten.  Seit  langen  Jahren  lebte  er  in  Zaria,  wobin  er  als  junger  Mann 
von  Trijiolis  gekommen  war,  um  Geld  zn  verdicnen.  Seine  Unternehmungen 
waren  feblgescblagen,  nnd  or  war  7,n  stolz,  nm  arm  zn  seinen  Landslenten 
zurilckznkehren.  So  hatte  er  sich  schliesslich  bier  niedergclasseu,  wo  er  den 
unternehmenden  Arabern  ein  wertbvoller  Unterhiindler  war,  und  zwar  ganz  gut 
verdiente,  aber  nicht  geuug,  um  etwas  erhebliches  zn  ersparen.  Mit  Wehmuth 
pflegte  er  von  seiner  Heimathstadt  Gbadames,  von  dem  blauen  Mittelmeere  nnd 
den  SchifFen  zn  erzithlen,  die  er  in  seiner  Jugend  geseben  hatte,  nnd  snchte  ans 
seinem  Gedilchtnisse  cinzelne  italienische  oder  franzosische  Brocken  hervor,  die 
wir  aber  nicht  immer  gleich  verstaaden,  da  seine  Anssprache  etwas  sonderbar  war. 
Sehr  daukbar  war  er  filr  Geschenke  von  Zucker,  Thee  und  Kalfee,  wofiir  er  nns 
mit  eiuem  fiir  uns  ebenso  grossen  Luxns-Artikel,  n;lmlich  Weizenbrot,  piachtvoll 
dnrchgcbacken,  aber  ganz  hart,  nach  Art  von  Schiffsbrot  oder  Zwieback  znbereitet, 
erfrente.  Massaiils  Hans  war,  wie  schon  erwiihnt,  zweistOckig,  aber  wir  zogen 
es  vor  in  seinem  Hofe  zu  sitzen,  wo  er  allerlei  wurzige  Krauter,  wie  Dill  nnd 
Fencbel  pHanzte  mul  auch  Weizen  zu  bauon  pflegte,  der  nun  freilich  liingst  geerntet 
war.  Massaiil  hatte  auch  die  einzigen  mit  Schliisseln  verscbliessbaren  Thiiren, 
die  wir  hier  sahen.  Die  Thiiren  sind  im  Hanssalande  nicht  an  Angeln  beweglich, 
sondern  rnheu  oben  nnd  luiten  mit  cinem  ciscrnen  oder  hiilzerncn  Zapfen  in  einem 
Stein  oder  Balkcu,  worin  sie  sich  leicht  drehen  lasson.  Dies  schcint  ein  uralter 
Gebranch  zu  seiii,  denn  last  alle  Thiiren  iiu  Orient  sind  in  dicser  Weise  liefest  ii;t, 
und  man  sieht  dieselbe  Banart  bei  uns  uoch  oft  an  alten  Scheunentboreu  nnd  selbst 
an  neueren  Gartenthiiren.  Uebrigcus  haben  die  echten  llaussa-Wohnnngen  keine 
Thiiren,  die  meist  recht  niedrigen  ThiirOtinimgen  werdeii  mit  Matten  verhangen 


(  2.37  ) 

oiler  zugestellt.  Thiireu  siiul  iiur  iii  Jeu  gmssen  SUUlteu  diu-cli  die  Araber  bekauut 
gewoi'den.  Die  Thiirufi'miiigeii  siad  an  echteu  Haussa-Hiiusern  meist  so  niedrig', 
dass  man  nicbt  aufrcclit  liindiirch  geheii  kanii,  aber  die  "  Saiire  "  oder  "  Sanri " 
genaunten  Durcbgangsbiiiiser,  die  liiiufig  eiii  Gebuft  abscbliessen,  liabeu  an  zwei 
Seiten  liohe  ThurniTnungen.  Die  Eingeborencn  benutzeu  diese  Sanres  gem  am 
Tage,  zum  Uuterhalten,  oder  zur  Abwickhuig  von  Geschiiftcn,  Fremde  pflegen  dariu 
zn  vvarteu,  nnd  zuweilen  liisst  man  auch  Pferde  darin  stehen,  oder  Sklaven  darin 
scblafen.  Obwolil  es  nach  Ijandcsbegriften  uicht  sebr  wilrdevoll  sein  mnchte, 
lieniitzten  wir  diese  Durcbgangsbiiuser,  die  immer  luftiger  uud  beller  waren,  geru 
zum  Scblafen,  wenn  wir  einen  andern  Eingang  in  das  Geboft,  durch  Niederlegeu 
eines  Stiickes  der  Umziiuiiung  oder  auderweitig  berstellen  kounten.  Es  gab  danu 
zuweilen  komiscbe  Auftritte,  wenn  ein  Bekannter  des  Hauses,  der  nicbt  wusste, 
dass  wir  die  Saure  bewobnteu,  nacb  alter  Gewobubeit  bindurcb  wollte,  uud  sicb 
plOtzlicb  von  zwei  Weissen  angescbuauzt  sab,  oder  Abends  gar  uusauft  znriick- 
befOrdert  wurde. 

Nicbt  uninteressaut  war  das  Vogelleben  in  dor  Stadt.  Die  Stadtmauer  und  die 
Mauer  am  Rande  eines  Teicbes  bei  des  Sultans  Palast  boten  ein  eigenartiges  Bild 
dar,  wenn  auf  ibnen  heilige  Ibisse,  scbwarze  Kormorane  {Phalacrocorax  africanus), 
weisse  kleiue  Kuhreiber,  vollgefressene  Aasgeier  und  brauue  Milane  friedlicb 
nebeneinander  in  der  Mittagssonue  ruhten.  Die  Kubreiber  (belbela  der  Haussa) 
schoss  icb  manclunal  des  Abends,  wenn  sie  in  grossen  Fliigen  ibren  Scblafpliitzen 
zuzogeu.  Kropfstijrcbe  sab  man  oft  und  sie  sollen  sogar  auf  alten  Baiimen  iumitteu 
der  Stadt  uisten.  Sperlinge  (Passer  iliffusus  occidentalis  ?)  waren  seiten  und  scbeu 
und  uisten  nie  an  den  Hiiusern,  wie  die  Haussperlinge  bei  uus,  sondern  in  den 
Palmenkroneu.  Stkioeuas  guinea,  die  grosse  fliigelfleckige  Taube,  uistete  ebeufalls 
in  Zaria.  In  den  Hiitteu  uistete  bier  und  da  eiue  kleiue  rotbe  Amadine  (Lagotiosticta 
s]).),  die  icb  leider  zu  sammeln  versiiumte. 

Uuser  Aufentbalt  wurde  immer  weniger  angenebm.  Der  Markt  war  zeitweilig 
so  iirmlicb  bestellt,  dass  wir  nicbt  einmal  Reis  bekommen  kouuten,  uud  unsere 
"Waareu  wurdeu  uicbt  mebr  gewiinscbt.  Die  Zeuge  kouuteu  uur  uocb  uuter  ibrem 
^Vertbe  verkauft  werden,  da  sie  von  alien  Triigern  und  von  uus  direkt  in  Menge 
in  den  Haudel  kamen.  Von  Scbmuckgegeustiinden  ans  Glas  uud  von  Glasperlen 
batten  wir  nur  wenige  Sorten,  keine  Abwecbseluug,  uud  nur  die  weniger  beliebten 
Farben  ;  Zinuspiegel  wollteu  die  Luute  kaum  uocb  zur  Ilulfte  desseu  berecbneu, 
was  sie  nacb  Flegel  gelteu  sollteu.  Hierdurcb  wurde  ein  iuteressantes  Streifiicbt 
auf  die  gern  iiberscbiltzte  kommerzielle  Bedeutung  der  Haussastiidte  geworfeu,  und 
unsre  Mittel  wurden  dadurcb  bedeutend  verringert.  Eine  gauze,  abwecbseluugs- 
reicbe  Serie  von  niicbtlicben  Stdruugeu  wurde  uus  zu  Tbeil.  Staudiuger  wurde 
zweimal  von  uiicbtlicb  lebeuden  Ameisen  iiberfallen,  die  gerade  uber  sein  Bett 
marscbiereu  wollteu,  Hiibner  versucbten  bei  Begiun  der  Dunkelbeit  mit  grosser 
Hartniickigkeit  fiber  und  nebeu  uns  aufzubaumen,  balbwilde  Hunde  schlicheu  sich 
in  die  Hi'itte,  nnd  ciner  derselben  leckte  eiueii  ganzen  fiir  die  Raise  bestimniten 
Topf  mit  eiugekocbter  Butter  aus. 

Es  war  uuniiiglicli,  Triigcr  nach  Sokoto  zu  bekounucn.  Allcs  war  dagcgeii, 
selbst  der  alte  Massaiil  rietb  uus  uuter  vier  Augcn  driugeud  ab,  da  wir  getodtet 
werden  wiirdcn.  Wiv  bebarrteu  trotz  alledem  auf  unserm  Plan,  uiussteu  jedoch 
wolil  oder  iibel  warteu,  bis  der  Saltan  vou  Zaria  mit  Heeresmacbt  nacb  Sokoto 
aufbracb,  um  den  jiibrlicbeu  Tribut  dortbiu  zu  bringeu.  Danu  sollteu  wir  mit  ibm 
Ziehen,  und  es  wiirde  danu,  so  wurde  uus  versichert,  uicht  schwierig  sein,  Tniger 


(  258  ) 

2n  bekommen.  Um  die  Zeit  nicht  nntzlos  verstreicheu  zii  lassen,  eutschlosseu  wir 
nns,  ohue  Siiumen  uach  Kano  zu  ziehen,  um  diese  beriihrnto,  fjrosse  Stadt,  wohl 
damals  die  bedenteudste  Handelsstadt  der  Haussastaaten,  kennen  zn  lernen,  und 
von  dort  nach  Zaria  zuriickzukebren.  Unser  alter  Frenud  Massaiil  scbloss  den 
grossereu  Theil  nnsrer  Waarenballen  in  seineni  (Jewiilbe  eiii,  nnd  am  ^3""^" 
Oktober  verliesseu  wir  Zaria.  Obwobl  wir  bcide  krank  wareu,  icli  uameutlich 
durcb  die  Zahuschmcrzen  und  Fieber  sehr  herutitergekommen  war,  waren  wir  docb 
froh  erregt,  wieder  weiterznkommen.  Die  Gegeud  war  meist  stark  bebaut,  trotzdem 
sah  man  iiberall  Vogel  der  vcrscbiedensten  Arteu.  Anf  den  Wegen  und  Feldcrn 
lief  eine  belle  Form  der  Hanbenlerelic,  die  mir  sofort,  wie  das  Tagebucb  angiebt, 
durcb  ihre  blasse  Fiirbuug  anftiel,  hernm  {Galcrida  cristuta  scnegalleitsls).  Ansser- 
dem  verzeichnet  main  Tagebucb  eine  "  Lerche  ohne  Haube,"  die  icb  leider  nicbfc 
sammelte,  da  icb  zu  unwobl  uud  scbwacb  war,  aucb  wobl  das  sicb  daran  knujifeude 
Interesse  damals  uicbt  in  seiuem  volleu  Umfaiige  zu  wilrdigon  verstaud,  wie  es  ja 
leider  so  biiufig  gebt.  Znerst  sab  icb  bier  den  priichtigen  Mcrops  )iuhicux,  der  mit 
lauten,  belleu  Rufen  fiber  dem  Bnscbwald  scbwebte.  Nicbt  selteu  war  die  lang- 
scbwiinzige  Mandelkriibe  (Coracias  ahi/ssiniciis),  Kronenkranicbe,  Cilanzstaare, 
allerlei  Raubviigel,  und  von  beimiscben  Arten  junge  Mofacillajlara,  oder  atnijx^stris 
raiji  nnd  Totanxs  (jlan'ola.  Mein  Zustand  wurde  so  scblecbt,  dass  icb  wenig 
beobacbtete  und  mich  apatbisch  von  meinem  kleinen  Pferde  weitertragen  Hess. 
Am  2S"'™  war  icb  etwas  besser,  nnd  als  wir  am  29*'°",  znfallig  meinem  Geburtstage, 
die  scbier  endlos  scbeinende  Stadt  Kano  vor  nns  sahen,  fiihlte  icb  micb  zum  crstcn 
Male  nacb  wocbenlauger  Kraiikbeit  wieder  wobl  und  knif'tig,  und  blickte  beiter  in 
die  Zukuuft.  Von  eiuem  reicbgekleideten,  biibscbeu  Jiingling  gefiibrt,  ritten  wir 
gegen  sieben  Ubr  morgens  durcb  das  diistere  TborgewOlbe,  das  durcb  die  dicken, 
wobl  .jl)  Fuss  bobeu  glatten  Mauerti  fiibrte,  in  Kano  ein.  Mebr  als  eine  balbe 
.Stunde  lang  ritten  wir  durcb  abgeerntetes  Feld,  ebe  wir  die  ersten  Hiitten  erreicbten. 
In  eincr  der  Vorstiidte  wurde  nns  ein  dem  "  Madji,"  einem  der  ersten  Minister, 
gebciriges  GebOl't  mit  einer  verscbliessbaren  Saure  und  drei  Hilusern  angewiesen. 
Dem  Bilde  Seite  100  in  Robinson's  Bucb  "  Hausaland "  nacb  zu  urtbeilen,  bat  er 
dasselbe,  oder  ein  gauz  iibnlicbes  Grundstiick  bewobnt,  aber  in  seiner  Bescbreibung 
giebt  er  die  Zabl  der  Wobnungen  anders  an,  als  auf  dem  Bilde. 

Hatten  wir  scbon  in  der  Umgebung  der  Stadt  mit  den  vielen  offenen  Farmorten, 
bin-  nnd  berzicbenden  Karawanen  nnd  eiuzelnen  Leuten  Zeicben  regen  Lebens 
bemerkt,  so  macbte  voUends  die  Grosse  der  Stadt  mit  den  scbier  zabllosen  runden 
Haussa-Hiitteu  nnd  vielen  boben,  eckigen  arabiscben  (Jebiiuden,  Moscbeen  und  den 
festuugsartigen  AVobnungskoniplexeu  der  Jlacbtbaber  einen  grossen  Eindruck  ant' 
nns.  Scbon  am  ersten  Abende  zeigte  es  sicb,  dass  man  hier  besser  und  iippiger, 
lebt,  als  in  anderen  Haussastiidtcn.  Das  uatiouale  Gericbt,  der  "  count ry-sbop," 
wie  die  Kiistenneger  es  neunen,  war  bier  woblscbmeckender,  kriiulerreicber  als 
sonst,  und  die  Sauce  entbielt  eine  sebr  gute,  an  Teltower  Riibcbon  eritmernde  kleiiie 
Wurzel.  Wir  bekamen  friscbes,  vortretBicbes  Weizenbrot  uud  kleiue,  aullallend 
an  beimiscbe  Sandtorten  crinnernde  Kucben,  ein  Araber  aber  scbickte  nns  sogar 
eine  Elite,  die  in  einem  nudelartigen  Meblgericht  goscbmort  war.  Mit  dem 
"Madji,"  dem  "Gofa"  und  aiidoien  I'.camten  standen  wir  uiis  bald  vortreflhcb,  und 
sie  zeigteu  sogar  lebhafte  Freude  iiber  uusere  nicbt  einmal  besonders  reicblicbcn 
Geschenkc,  der  "  (Jaladima  "  aber  nnd  der  Sultan  selbst  scbicncn  wenig  befriedigt, 
anscbeineud  weil  eine  Fran  des  alten  Madiigu  mai-gasbin-baki  iibertriebene  Erzab- 
Inngeu  von  unserm  Reichtbum,  uud  Bescbreibungen  von  den  Gescbeuken  gemacbt 


(   '250  ) 

hatte,  von  deren  Vorhandensein  sie  keinerlei  Aliuuiig  li.aben  kouiite.  Ihr  Gewissen 
niU8ste  ihr  wolil  uaclilior  geschliigen  lialjen,  denii  sie  verliess  Kaiio,  als  vvir  erscliienen, 
worau  sie  freilicli  woliltiiat.  Der  Sultan  saiidtc  uus  Gegeugeseheiike,  nnd  versieherte 
uus  seiner  Freundschaft,  beuahiu  sicli  aber  stolz  uud  kiihl.  AV^as  wir  vou  seiuem 
"  Palaste  "  zn  seheu  bekamen,  impoaierte  uus  weuig,  dagegen  umsomehr  das  Haus 
des  "  Galadima,"  eiu  grosses  mosclieeartiges  Gebiiude,  das  mit  seinem  kuiipelfiinnigem 
gevvulbteu  Dach  uud  ruodeu  Bcigeu  sowie  seclis  messiugeueu  (oder  gulduueu  ?)  an 
der  Decke  augebrachteu  Halbkugeln,  seiuem  ISauiueister  alle  Elire  machte.  Beim 
Sultan  mussten  wir  vor  der  Audieuz  nugebiUirlicli  lange  auf  dem  Hofe  warteu, 
wobei  wir  durch  das.'Gebriill  eiues  Hof'uarren  beliistigt  wurdeu.  Augeuehmer  war 
die  Unterhaltnng  mit  eiuem  Araber,  am  meisten  aber  erfreute  micli  der  Anblick 
eiuer  Sehaar  eiuer  pniclitigeu  laugschwiiuzigeu  Art  der  Glanzstaare,  Lamjjrotor/iis 
aeiieus,  die  ich  bier  zum  ersteu  Male  in  den  Biiumen  inmitten  der  Konigsburg  vou 
Kauo  beobacbtete. 

Spiiter  sab  icb  den  Sultan  nur  uocb  eiumal,  auf  folgende  Art.  leli  erf'uhr,  dass 
er  mit  zablreicliem  Gefolge  uud  seiner  gangen  Aruiee  binausziebeu  wiirde,  um 
eiuige  Tage  in  eiuem  nahen  "  Sansaune "  (Kriegslagor)  zu  verbringeu,  von  wo 
er  zur  Tributzahlung  nach  Sokoto  weiterzieben  woUte.  Der  Tag  war  eine  Art 
Volksfest.  Der  Auszug  wurdo  Panisan  genanut,  uud  war  die  iiberall  beliebte 
vorlaufige  Bewegung  die  man  im  Orient  als  Nakl-i-safar  kenut,  uud  die  bald  kleinere, 
bald  grOssere  Dimensionen  annimmt,  uud  oft  mit  Heeresscbau  uud  Pracbteutfaltung 
verbunden  ist.  Der  Urspruug  dieser  Sitte  ist  mir  nicbt  bekanut,  aber  sie  war  scbon 
im  grauen  Altertbum  beliebt.  Selbst  die  franziskaner  MOncbe  in  Kaliforuien 
pflegten  eiu  Zeltlager  uuter  den  Mauern  des  Klosters  aufzuschlageu,  und  dariu 
eine  Niieht  zu  vcrbriugen,  ebe  sie  eine  Expedition  unteruabmeu.  Hier  war  der 
Pauisau  im  grossartiges  Schauspiel.  Scbon  vor  Tagesanbracli  zog  das  Volk  in 
hellen  Haufen  zum  Thore  hiuaus,  ich  ritt  in  Begleitung  des  "  Kochs  "  auf  starkem, 
vou  unserem  Wirtbe  geliebeneu  Pferde  bin.  Vor  der  Stadt  wimmelte  as  geradezu 
von  Neugierigen  uud  Bewaffneten  aller  Art  zu  Fusse.  Viele  davon  batten  Gewehre, 
vom  modernen  Hinterlader  engliscber  IConstruktiou,  zu  dem  regelmiissig  die  Patroueu 
feblten,  bis  zur  knrzen  Pluuderbiichse  mit  trichterfOrmiger  Miiudung  iind  uraltem 
Steiuschloss,  nocb  aus  dem  Jabrbundert  des  dreissigjabrigen  Krieges  stammend. 
Diese  unsicberen  Wafteu  wurdeu  uuter  Eutfaltuug  grossen  Muthes,  der  ja  bier,  wo 
es  keine  Feinde  gab,  leicht  zur  Scbau  getragen  werdeu  konute,  bauHg  geladen  und 
iu  die  Luft  abgefeuert.  Vou  irgendwelcber  Orduung  war  vorlilufig  bei  diesem 
Fussvolk  keine  Rede.  Anders  bei  der  Reiterei.  Diese  war  iu  wohlgeordueten 
Abtbeilungen,  anfaugs  links  dann  recbts  vom  Wege  aufgestellt.  Die  Abtbeiluugen, 
vou  nugleicUer  Starke,  meist  aber  vou  ;5(i  bis  SO  Mauu,  stauden  iu  eiuem  spitzeu 
Wiukcl  zum  Wege,  deu  der  Sultan  kommeu  sollte. 

Vor  der  Front  befaudeu  sicb  Musikauteu  mit  langen  metalleneu  TromiJcteu, 
Trommein  und  anderen  Instrnmeuten,  uud  eiu  Offizier  ritt  ordnend  uud  befeblend 
auf  vmd  ab,  ganz  iibulich  wie  bei  uns  vor  eiuer  Parade.  Die  verscbiedeueu  AlitheiU 
ungen  waren  angelilicb  die  Ivoutiugente  der  verscbiedeueu  Stadto  uud  Ortscbal'teu 
des  Kano-Reiches.  Die  Reiter  waren  alle  gut  gckleidet,  trugen  meist  rothbraimc 
Lederstiefel  uud  wareu  mit  Lan/.e  uud  Scbwert  bewaffuet.  Die  AnfiUircr  zeicliueteu 
sicb  durcli  reicbere  uud  uamentlicb  reicblicbere  Kleidung  aus  uud  waren  besonders 
um  deu  Leib  beruni  erstauidicb  dick  angetbau.  Icb  sab  bier  audi  zum  ersteu  Male 
die  vou  Denbaui  uud  ( 'lapiiertou,  Bartb  uud  Anderen  bescbriebeaou  ^Vattepauzer- 
Reiter,  die  aber  keiue  besondern  Abtbeilungen  bildeteu,  soudern  bier  uud  da  uuter 

19 


(   ^(iO  ) 

ili'u  lu'iteru  auffieleii.  Eine  Bedeutnug  fiir  die  Feldschlacht  diirften  sie  niclit 
liaben,  denn  sie  siud  viei  zu  schwerfiillig  uud  ungelcnk,  nm  zvir  Geltung  zii 
kommeu.  Die  Panzer  macbteu  mir  fast  alle  deu  Eindruck  grossen  Alters  und 
wareu  vielfach  gcflickt. 

Ich  nalim  auf  einem  geeigoeteu  Hiigel  Platz  und  wartete  der  Ankuuft  des 
Hofes.  Der  Madji  sorgte  dafiir,  dass  die  in  ilirer  Schanlust  riicksichtsloseu 
Stjidter  nns  nicht  beliistigten.  Bald  wiirdeu  in  der  Feme  Schiisse  hOrbar,  die  niiher 
und  niiher  kamon,  eine  gewaltige  .Staubwolke,  aus  der  Gesang,  Gescbrei,  Trommel- 
scblag,  uud  Trompetengeschmetter  evklaug,  wiilzte  sich  beran.  Obne  besondere 
Ordnung,  bald  im  Galopp,  bald  im  Schritt,  ritt  der  Zug  vorbei.  Der  f>ultan  uud 
die  Minister  und  Hoflinge  waren  reichlich  und  bunt  bekleidet,  und  boteu  ein 
farbenpriicbtiges,  ganz  an  orieutalische  Prachteutfaltung  erinnerndes,  hochinteres- 
santes  Bild  dar. 

Die  meisten  der  reicberen  Herren  batten  einen  Vorliiufer  mit  sicb,  der  vor, 
oder  bei  rascbem  Tempo  hinter  deni  Pferde  lief  nud  bnute  Decken  ubor  der  Scbulter, 
zuweilen  anch  ein  Schwert  oder  Gewebr  in  der  Hand  trug.  Zablreiche,  meist 
ziemlicb  jnnge  Siingerinnen  begleiteten  den  Zug.  Sie  ritten  nacb  Art  der  Manner, 
waren  in  baiite  Gewiinder  gekleidet  nud  viele  mit  einem  die  gauze  Person  umbill- 
leudeu,  nnr  vorn  geoffneten  JScbleier  umgebeu.  Nie  liesseu  fleissig  ibre  Stimmeu, 
aber  jede  ftir  sich,  in  eintciuigem,  lauten  Gesauge  erschallen.  Auch  audere  Franen 
begleiteten  den  Zug,  und  >Sklaven  trugen  allerlei  Hansgeriith,  darunter  eine  Anzahl 
von  Bettgestellen  aus  Palmblattrippen,  die  wenig  zu  dem  soust  priichtigen  iSchausjiiel 
passtcu,  das  iibrigeus  auch  durch  den  Mangel  an  Ordnnug  uud  den  dicbteu  Staub 
etvvas  beeintriichtigt  wurde.  Ich  begriisste  den  Sultau  nud  deu  Galadima  uacii 
eui-opiiischer  Art,  und  schloss  mich  dann  mit  dem  Madji  dem  Zuge  an,  da  der 
letztere  micb  dringend  hierzn  auflbrderte,  und  ich  ihm  gern  gefiillig  sein  wollte. 
In  dem  nahen  Dorfe  war  eine  Art  von  Burg,  in  der  dor  Sultan  mehrere  Tage 
wohnte. 

Ich  machte  ihm  meinc  Aufwartung,  er  war  aber  zu  miidc,  mich  zu  sehen,  und 
bat  mich,  mit  seinem  gnten  AVillen  und  seinen  freundlichen  Griissen  znfrieden  zu 
sein,  mich  im  Hause  des  Galadima  zu  ruhen,  und  dort  zu  essen.  Nach  langem 
AVarten,  das  ich  nicht  vorausgesetzt  hatte,  erhielt  ich  einen  angeblich  besonders 
fiir  micb  gekochten  Mehlpudding  mit  Fleiscb,  jedeufalls  das  beste  derartige  Gericht, 
das  ich  im  Haussalande  gegesscn  babe.  Das  nocb  frische,  sehr  kriiftige  Pferd  des 
Madji  bracbte  mich  dann  rasch  nacb  Kano  zuriick. 

Am  1.  November  besuchten  wir  den  reichsten  Araber  der  Stadt,  Alhadi 
Massaiil  aus  Trij)olis,  den  icb  schou  am  Tage  zuvor  gesehen  hatte.  Ubgleich  wir 
unsern  Besuch  dort  eigentlich  einem  Missverstiindnisse  zu  verdanken  batten,  bereuteu 
wir  ihn  nicht.  Wir  wurdeu  sehr  liebcnswiirdig  aufirenommen.  Die  Hiiuser  des 
arabischeu  Viertels  waren  alle  hocli,  viercckig,  mit  Fenstern  uud  verschliessbareu 
Thiiren.  Der.  Kaum,  in  dem  wir  empfangeu  wurdeu,  war,  obwohl  nur  aus  Lchm 
gebaut,  sehr  hoch,  oben  mit  Fenstern  und  Lul'tliicheru  versehen,  weiss  getiuicht, 
mit  bohen  verzierten  Bogen  und  einer  in  die  oberen  Stockwerke  fiibreuden  bolzeruea 
Trc])]ie.  An  deu  Wiinden  befandcu  sicb  Deckculager  uud  Iwipiemo,  weiche  Lcder- 
kissen,  auf  denen  wir  Plat/,  nabiueii.  Eiue  augenehme  Kiihle  licrrschto  iu  di^u 
IJaunie,  in  dem  verscbiedenc  audre  Araber  uud  Uaussaleute  sich  befandeu.  I'ald 
nach  unserer  Ankuuft  kam  der  Madji  zu  einem  kurzeu  Besuche,  und  wurde  mit 
dem  lauten  Rufe  "  el  Madji "  ehrfurchtsvoU  begriisst.  Er  scbien  erfreut,  uns  bier 
zu  sehen.     Als  er  fortgegangcn,  warden  wir  mit  starkem,  aber  furchtbar  siissem 


(  -'Gl   ) 

Kaffue  Lcwirthct  nnd  ziim  Essea  eiuax'hwlen.     Wir  beilauerten  sehr,  ans  Man<^el  aa 
Si)rachkeni)tiiissen  uus  iinr  laujisam  uud  schwcrfiillif;  diirch  JJolmetsclier  uuterlialteii 
zn  kduneii,  deiiu  mehrere  dcr  Araber  verstandeu  selbst  die  Laudes,si)rache  nnrweni^. 
Vor  dem  Essen  wurden  alle  Neger,  mit  Ausuahme  von  Dan  Tambari  und  dem  als 
Dolmetscher  nijthigen  Koch,  hinausgescliickt,  aber  es  versammelten  sich  ungefiilir 
ein  Dutzeud  Araber.     Das  Essen,  von  dem  der  Hansherr  znerst  kostete,  wurde  uns 
mit  grosser  Zuvorkommenheit  znerst  gereicht.     Es  gab  einen  am  Spiess  gerosteten 
Hammelbraten,  Fleiscli  in  einer  kriinterreichen  scharfen  iSance,  fiache  Erode,  eine 
Art   von   Pfanneknchen   aus  Weizenmehl,  ein   kaltes,  sehr   schones,  ans   Fnrrah, 
Honig  und  Milch  bestehendes  Getriink,  Stiicke  Zncker,  die  vor  unsern  Angen  mit 
Messer  nnd  Hammer  von  einem  Znckerhnt  abgehackt  wurden,  in  reizenden  Tassen 
servierten  Thee  und  kiihles  Wasser.     Mit  dem  letzteren  maclite  ich  einen  fanx  pas, 
indem  ich  eine  Schale  kostlichen,  aus   einem  fernen  Brunnen  geholten  Wassers 
fiir  ein   Fingerwaschbecken  hielt,  wie  es  nach  deu  Fleischgerichten,  die  wir  mit 
den  Fingern   essen  mnssten,  herumgereicht  wurde,   doch   wurde   der  Verstoss   in 
keiner  Weise  iibel  genommen,  ja  nicht  einmai  dariilier  gelacht.     Ein  Gericht  wurde 
vom  Hausherrn,  nachdem   er  es  gekostet,  als  ungeuiessbar  wieder  fortgeschickt. 
Nach  dem  Mahle,  das  die  Araber  mit  grosser  Eile  verschlaugen,  wiihrend  sie  die 
Getriinke  sehr  laugsam  einsogen,  wurde  eine  grosse,  mit  rotbem  Tuche  und  metal- 
lenen  Flatten  ansgesclilagene  Truhe  geiifl'net,  die  zn  drei  Vierteln  voll  von  Maria 
Theresia-Tbalern  war,  danu  wurde  ein  (Snider-Repetier-Gewehr  nnd  andre  Waii'en 
bewundert,  nnd  allerlei  Fragen  ausgetauscht.     Alle  Araber  wareu  ans  Tripolis  und 
iiber  Bornu  nach  Kano  gekommen.     Sie  machten  auf  uns  einen  sehr  angenehmeu 
Eindruck,  und  der  Verkehr  mit  ihneu  that  uns  sehr  w(}hl.    Spater  wurde  t^tandiuger 
auf  der   tStrasse   von   einem   nus   fremden  Araber-JIischling   mit   vSaud   bewort'en 
und  beleidigt,  und  hiitte  beinahe  einen  blutigeu  Kampf  herbeigefiihrt.     Nur  rait 
Miihe  gelang  es  ihm  nachher,  deu  unsinnig  wutbeudeu  Koch  abzuhalten,  den  Gegner 
zu  erschiessen,  der  beim  Sultan  selbst  verklagt  wnrde,  und  eine  Priigelstrafe  erhielt. 
Kano  ist  meines  Wissens  bisher  von  Enropiiern  nnr  sechs  mal  besncht  worden. 
Vor  nunmehr  etwa  oO  Jahren  vun  Barth,  liS62  von  Baikie,  ItS.Sl  von  Matteucci  und 
Massari,  1885  von  uns,  1893  von  Monteuil,  1894  von  Robinson.     ]5artb,  Staudinger 
Mouteuil  uud  Robinson  haben  gute  Beschreibungen  von  Kano  gegebeu.     Baikie's 
Notizen  iiber  Kano  sind  verloren  gegangen,  die  Publikation  der  beiden   Italiener 
habe  ich  nicht  gesehcn. 

Alle  Reisenden  stimmcu  darin  iiberein,  dass  Kano  eine  der  bedenteudsteu  und 
wahrscheinlich  die  bedeutendste  Handelsstadt  des  Sudan  ist.  Der  Markt  ist 
grosstentheils  mit  Landeserzengnissen  und  europilischen,  von  Mittelmeere  her  durch 
die  Araber,  auf  langem  beschwerlichen  Wege,  durch  die  Sahara,  herabgebrachten 
Waaren  angefiillt.  Auf  dem  ungeheucreu  Wege  von  Tripolis  nach  Kano,  auf  den 
drei  bis  nunn  Monate  verwendet  werden,  kommeu  nach  Robinson  j;ihrlich  etwa 
12,(J0i)  Kameelladnngen  nach  Kano  I  Diese  Waarenmasseu  kommen  auf  zwei 
.  Wegeu,  dem  einen  direkt  nach  Norden,  iiber  Zinder  und  Asben,  dem  andereu  iiber 
Kuka,  oder  Kukaua,  wie  die  Stadt  von  den  Hanssa  genannt  wird,  Bilma  uud 
Murznk.  Die  letztere  war  zur  Zeit  unseres  Bcsuches  (1885)  die  fast  anssciilicsslich 
benntzte.  Heutzutage  ist  dies  vielleicht  andors  gewordcn,  denn  das  damals  friedlieli 
und  milde  von  eingeborenen  Sultancn  regicrte  Kuka  wurde  inzwischcn  von  Rabbali, 
einem  friihereu  Sklaven  nnd  spiiteren  StatI halter  und  Feldherrn  des  Mahdi,  mit 
Watfengewalt  eingenommen  uud  von  Grund  aus  zerstort.  1895  war  dieser  Weg 
geschlossen,  und  keiu  Araber  wagte  ihu  zu  gehen.     Wir  wisseu  heute  noch  weuig 


(   2(i2   ) 

iibcr  die  Zustauile  iu  Doruii,  ;iber  iler  Wejj  durch  dieses  Land  ist  voranssichtlicii 
fiir  Enropiier  noch  nicht  rathsam.  Deu  Franzosen  liegt  es  ob,  diese  Gebiete,  die 
in  ibre  liiteresseiispbiire  fallen,  wieder  zu  eniffncn  mid  gatijrbar  zi;  macben.  Der 
andere,  iiber  Asbeu,  der  gTossartige  Eesultate  fiir  eineu  sammeliideu  Zoobigcii, 
naiuentlicb  in  Beziig  auf  Wirbeltbiere,  versjiricbt,  ist  stets  gefabrlit-ber  gewescn, 
nud  angeblicb  sogar  fiir  Araber  gefabrvoll,  da  die  wildeu  Tiiareg-Horden,  die 
vom  ISanbe  zn  leben  scheinen,  jeden  Europiier  nud  mancben  Araber  angreifeu  nnd 
beranben.  Unter  diescu  Umstiindeu  ist  anzuuebmeu,  dass  mit  der  Zeit  die  micli 
iMio,  nacb  Uobiusuu,  sebr  scbwacb  vertreteueu,  dureb  die  Engliliider  oder  Franzosen 
an  die  Westkiiste  gebracbten  Waaren  mebr  Eingaug  and  Bedeutuug  in  Kano 
eriaugen  worden. 

Ju  jeder  kommerzielleu  nnd  indnstriellen  Hinsicht  ist  Kano  wichtiger,  als 
SiilvDto,  das  eben  nur  als  Uesidenzstadt  des  Sarikin-Mnsnlman  obenan  stebt. 
Namcntlicb  ist  der  Fremdonverkebr  in  Kano  ein  grOsserer.  Hier  luacht  der 
Mekkapilger  bait,  hier  trifft  man  Angeborige  aller  Nationen  von  Tiiuis  bis  Adamana, 
vom  Senegal  bis  znm  Tsad-See.  Montenil  meint,  dass  jiihrlich  fast  2  Millionen 
Menscbeu  dnrcb  Kano  passieren,  was  freilicb  kanm  glanblicb  erscbeint.  Die 
ansiissige  Bev(ilkornng  diirfte  zwiscben  OiJ  uiid  100,0oi)  Seeleu  betragen.  Von 
alien  Handelsartikelu  ist  die  Kolannss  einer  der  wiebtigsten,  dann  fulgt  das  Salz, 
aus  den  Sebcba-lagern  von  Asben  nnd  Bilma,  dann  Lebensmittel  nnd  Indnstrie- 
Erzenguisso.  In  der  Nilbe  von  Kano  befindcn  sich  die  besten  Wcbercien  nnd 
Farborcien,  wo  namentlicb  mit  Indigo  bervorrageud  gefiirbt  wird,  dann  wird  ancb 
Leder,  Eisen  nnd  Silber  verarbcitet.  Gescbiii'tc  in  Elfenbein  nnd  tStranssenfederii 
werden  meist  in  den  Hiinsern,  nicbt  anf  olfenem  Markte,  abgescblossen.  fSklaven 
werden  bald  mebr  bald  weniger  angeboten.  Pferde,  Esel,  oft  ancb  Kameele, 
kiinnen  gekanft  werden.  Brot  ist  wiibrend  der  Wintermonate  zu  baben.  Es  ist 
ans  Weizen  bergestellt,  der  anf  der  Nordseite  der  .Stadt  gebant  wird  nud  gnt 
gedeiht.  Das  anf  dem  Markte  feilgebdtenc  Brot  ist  meist  derart  gepfeffert,  dass 
man  besser  thtit,  es  von  bekannten  Familien  zu  bezieben,  womOglicb  von  Arabern, 
dereu  Geschmack  etwas  mebr  mit  dem  des  Europiiers  barmoniert.  Unter  Brot  darf 
man  sicb  iibrigens  keineswegs  nnsre  Art  von  Brot  vorstellen  :  es  ist  meist  bart 
wie  iScbiffsbrot,  aber  sebr  woblscbmeckend.  Vielerlei  Siissigkeiten,  ans  Mehl, 
Honig,  Zucker  nnd  Grnndniissen,  werden  stets  feilgeboten.  Von  Tnnis  her  werden 
vorzngsweise  Zengo,  Zncker,  Pnlver,  Niibnadeln,  Perlen  ans  Glas,  Korallcn,  Nelken 
nnd  andre  Gewiirze,  sowie  Wati'en  nacb  Kano  gebracbt.  Das  lebliafte  Treiben  anf 
dem  Markte  ist  von  Bartb  und  Anderen  uniibertrefHicb  gescbildert  worden. 

Fiir  nns  war  der  Besneli  des  Marktes  immer  mit  grosseu  >Scbwierigkeiteu 
vcrliinulen,  denn  nm  uiis  ber  entstand  bald  ein  seiches  Gcdriinge  von  Alt  und  Jung, 
dass  es  nnmoglicb  war,  das  interessante  Treilieu  in  Mnsse  zu  beobacbten,  und 
geniigende  Erkundignngen  eiiizuzielien.  Es  half  ancb  nicbts,  dass  der  Snitan  uus 
Henkerskuechte  scbickte,  die  rait  langen  Stecken  die  Xeugierigen  fortjjriigelteu, 
denn  dann  entstand,  znmal  wcnn  man  selbst  einmal  nugednldig  wnrde  und  eine 
heftige,  bezcichncnde  Handbewegnng  macbte,  eine  solchc  Panik,  ein  solcbes  Durcb- 
einanderrcnen  inid  Ueberoinandcrfalicn  von  Kiinfcrn,  Verkiiufern  nnd  Verkiinl- 
eriimen,  mit  Milcb  nnd  Butler  nnd  Iloiiig  nnd  all  den  andern  scbimen  .Saeljcu,  dass 
erst  recht  nichts  zu  sehen  war. 

Es  wiire  viel  verniinftiger  gewesen,  wenn  wir,  wie  andre  Heisende,  uns  bei 
solcben  Gelegeuheiten  arabiscber  Kleidnug  bedient  hiitten. 

Leider  ist  Kano  sebr  luigesnud,  was  wohl  bcsOuders  dem  vielen  stagniereuden 


(  263  ) 

Wassev  inmitten  cler  Stadt  nncl  dem  gilnzlichen  Mangel  an  Alifliisi5en  znznschreihen 
ist.  Eine  Stadt  vom  Umfange  nnd  dev  BevAlkening  von  Kano  kann  ohue  e.ine 
Spur  von  Abziigskaniilen  in  einem  lieissen  Klima  nnmiiglieli  gesnnd  soin. 

])ie  Bovi likening  von  Kano  ist  luclir  nocliuls  in  andeien  Hanssastiidton  tulcnint 
and  ant'das  praktische  Leben  gericlitet,  tiiohtig  im  Handel  mid  geiiM  ira  Betrilgen. 
"Wilde"  kann  man  die  Bewolincr  von  Kano  nocli  weiiiger,  als  andre  Haiissas 
nennen,  nnd  eiu  "  Natnrvolk  "-sind  sie  audi  iiiclit.  Mit  manelieiii  iiiisseren  Sclililt' 
nnd  sonstigeu  Vortheileu  sogenannter  Bildiiiig  liabeii  sie  aiieli  nianelio  sclilcclito 
Eigenschaften  der  Clivilisation  angenommen. 

Die  Frauen  nnd  Miidchen  von  Kano  zeiclmen  sicli  durcli  Tiichtigkeit  iu  der 
Kilche  nnd  im  Hauswesen  ans,  nnd  sind  im  Vorkehr  gefiillig  nnd  praktiscli,  aber 
viele  von  ihnen  sind  nocli  lockerer  als  an  aiidern  Hanssaorten  nnd  waren  nns 
ffegenilber  bisweilen  recht  zudrino-lieh.  Die  Justiz  wird  in  Kano  scharf  s;ehandliabt. 
Abends  mu  9  Uhr  ertiint  ein  Kanonenscluiss,  nnd  wer  naeli  dieseni  Zeiehen  noch 
von  den  Anfsehern  anf  der  Strasse  getrni^en  wird,  wird  dnrcligepriigelt  nnd  bisweilen 
lebensgefiilirlieh  verletzt.  Hierdnrch  sollen  niichtliche  Diebstiilile  nnd  Hiinbereien 
verbiitet  werden.  In  keiuer  andern  tStadt  fanden  wir  diese  r<ilizeistiiiule.  Im 
Kriegslager  des  SultaHs  wohnte  Standinger  der  Kilpfung  dreier  gefangener  Heiden 
bei,  die  angeblieli  spioniert  batten,  obwolil  wir  niclit  begreifen  konnten,  was  sie 
etwa  anskiindschaf'ten  wollten.  Die  Kiipfc  wnrden  eiiifacb  mit  dem  Sebwerte 
abgehanen. 

Am  5.  November  verliessen  wir  Kano,  vom  fSnltan  nnd  nnserm  Wirtbe  reieblicb 
mit  Kauris  bescbenkt.  Der  Riickmarsch  nach  Zaria  war  wenig  interessant  nnd 
ungemeiu  beiss.  Die  Felder  waren  abgeerntet,  alle  Vegetation  scbien  zn  verdorren. 
AVald  mangelte  der  ftegend  vollkomraen  nnd  nnr  selten  spendete  eine  Tamarinde 
kiihlenden  Scbatten.  Durch  tiefen  Sand  starapften  langsam  die  Hnfe  der  I'terde 
dahin,  und  die  intcressante  Erscbeinung  hoobanfwirbelnder  nnd  bncbstilblicli  mit 
"Windescile  iilier  den  Boden  binlaiifender  Sandliosen  bot  sich  oftraals  dem  erstannten 
Aiige  dar.  Wir  beide,  besonders  aber  Standinger,  litten  anf  dieser  Reise  wicder  am 
Fieber.  Im  Thale  von  Dan  Sosbia  war  ein  grosses,  woitbin  mit  Znckerrohr  bebantes 
sumpfiges  Gelitnde,  in  dem  sich  viele  VOgel  anfhielten.  Mehrfacb  bemerkte  icb  den 
merkwiirdigen,  knrzscbwiinzigen  Gankeladler  {Ilclotdrms  ccaud'ttus)  nnd  erlegte 
den  vom  Kaiibe  gnisserer  Viigel  leliendcn  Scliopfadler  (Spizarfus  occipitfilh). 
Glanzstaare  nndl{aken  verscbiedener  Arten  belebten  die  Tamarinden,  Hanbenlerchen 
liefeu  am  Boden  nnd  allerlei  Tanben  waren  biiufig.  Einmal  sab  icb  S>/lcii(  liortc)i.'<is, 
antl'allend  waren  zablreichc  bnnte  Eidechsen  an  den  Manern  und  Hilnsern  (racist 
Aiiama  Arten)  nnd  grosse  Cbamiileons.  Leider  maehte  der  Mangel  an  Spiritiis 
es  nns  nnmriglieb,  davon  ordentlieli  zn  sammeln.  Ein  ganz  kleines  von  mir  in 
einem  Kilferglase  mitgenommenes  Chamiileon  erwies  sich  als  eine  nnbekannto 
Art,  konnte  aber  des  jngendlichen  Znstandes  wegen  nicht  bescbrieben  werden. 
Die  Orte  zwischen  Kano  und  Zaria  sind  fast  alle  von  starken  Manern  nmgebon, 
und  hiinfig  sind  die  Marktpliltze  vor  don  Thorcn.  Blaufiirberei  ist  eine  wiebtige 
Industrie,  nnd  die  ganze  Gegend  ist  angebant. 

Am  10.  November  erreichten  wir  Zaria  wieder.  Zwei  von  nnseren  Lenten 
begriissten  uns  freudig  am  Thore,  und  auf  dem  ganzen  Ritte  zn  nnsrer  Wolinniig 
wnrden  wir  durch  laute  Znrufe  liewillkomninet,  besonders  aber  war  icb  der 
Gegenstand  ausgolassener  Frende,  iianientHcli  von  Seiten  der  Frauen.  Erst  am 
Abend  sollte  sicli  dies  aufkliiren.  Icli  war  niimlicb  todtgesagt  wiu'den  :  ein 
Einwohner  von   Zaria  hatte  gesehen  wie  icb   bcgraben  wnrde,  und  es  war  meine 


(  2fi4  ) 

dicke  Backe,  an  der  ich  gestorben  war.     In  derartigen  Liigen  sind  die  Hanssas 
sehr  bewandert,  und  sie  erziihlea  sie  so  ernst,  dass  man  sie  immer  glaubt. 

Als  wir  in  Zaria  ankamon,  hoffteu  wir,  nnn  endlicli  gen  iSokoto  ann)rechcn 
zn  kOnnen,  aber  erst  am  ".•.  December  konnten  wir  Zaria  wieder  verhissen  !  Der 
Sultan  wobnte  diese  gan/.e  Zeit  in  dem  Durfe  Bassaua,  mirdlieh  der  Stadt,  in 
einem  einfacben  Gebcift. 

Die  lange  Wartezeit  in  Zaria  war  selir  unangenehm.  Vergebens  bemiihten 
wir  nns,  Triiger  zn  bekommon,  um  ohne  den  Sultan  abzumarscbieren,  Kranklieit  und 
Mangel  an  Kleingeld,  wie  friiher,  beliistigten  nns  melir  oder  minder.  Nur  znwcilen 
koinite  ich  eiuen  Spazierritt  machen  und  einige  ornithologische  Beobachtungen 
anstellen.  Eine  nnerfreulicbe  neue  Zugabe  zu  der  Last  von  Unannehmliclikeiten 
war  die  Liiuseplage.  Es  war  nns  numlich,  da  wir  immer,  aus  Mangel  an  Zelten, 
in  den  Hiinsern  der  Eiugeborenen  wolmten,  niclit  nuiglicli  gewesen,  die  Kleiderliinse 
von  nns  fern  zu  halten.  Es  kommen  bier  die  aucb  in  Europe  bekannteu  drei  Arteu 
von  Liiusen  vor,  besonders  aber  Kleidor-  nud  Kopfliiuse  sind  ungemein  biiufig. 
Zum  Gliick  waren  es  nur  die  ersteren,  die  nns  bisweilen  beliistigten,  und  die  wir 
mit  dem  besten  AVillen  niclit  immer  vermeiden  konnten,  solange  wir  auf  der  Ueise 
waren.  Besonders  war  dies  in  Zaria  der  Fall.  Selbst  das  Wascbou  der  Kleider 
tr.dtete  nicbt  immer  die  liistigen  Parasiten.  Wir  stcllteu  obne  Miihe  fest,  dass 
Jedermann  im  Hanssalande  mehr  oder  minder  von  diesen  Thiercben  leidet,  selbst 
die  grossen  Sultane  nicht  ausgenomnien.  Es  mag  bier  jedocb  gleich  bemerkt 
werden,  dass  Fl(ihe  im  Hanssalande  niclit  vorznkommen  scbeinen,  wiibrend  sie  an 
der  Kilste  bekannt,  wenn  aucb  sehr  selteu  sind. 

Nach  mannigfachem  Aerger  bracben  wir  endlieli  am  0.  December  in  mird- 
licher  Richtnng  bin  auf,  aber  die  Triiger,  die  sich  uicht  von  den  Frenden  und 
Fleiscbtnpfen  von  Zaria  treniieu  wollten,  marschieren  nur  ctwa  cine  Viertelmeile 
weit,  nud  wir  mussteu  dort  in  einem  Fnlliedorfe  Namens  Tnkkurtnkkur  iibernachten. 
So  wenig  zufrieden  wir  hiermit  auch  waren,  waren  wir  doch  gut  aufgebohen  und 
erhielten  gute  Verpflegung,  der  Hiiuptling  der  Orte.s  war  sogar  so  nni  unser  Wohl 
bedacht,  dass  er  auch  Brennliolz  sandte,  eine  kleine  Anfmerksamkeit,  die  nns  liisher 
noch  nie  zu  Theil  geworden  war,  luul  dereu  Unterlassung  uns  biiufig  Miihe  und 
Zeitverlust  veriirsacht  liatte. 

Am  lu'™  brach  audi  der  Sultan  von  Zaria  auf  und  wir  legten  einen  tiichtigen 
Marsch  zuriick.  Die  gro.sse  Karawaue,  die  mit  dem  Snltan  nach  Nordeii  ziehen 
sollte,  hatte  sich  noch  nicht  gesammelt  und  Jeder  lief,  wie  es  ihm  jiasste,  dem 
uiichsten  Orte  zu.  So  ging  es  bis  zur  ziemlicb  bedeutendcn  Stadt  Maska,  dem 
ersten  Orte  in  der  Provinz  Kadjena  wo  sich  der  Heereszug  ordnen  sollte,  und 
wo  wir  daher  wieder  fiinf  Tage  liegen  blieben.  Das  Geliinde  war  wellig,  in  den 
Thal-Sohlen  zogen  sich  biiufig  ausgedehnte  Siimjife  bin,  die  wir  umgelien  mussten. 
Zwei  Monate  friiher  soil  dies  Terrain  uniiassierl)ar  gewesen  sein.  Die  Abtiiisse 
dieser  Siimjife  .scliiencn  nach  Norden  zu  gehen.  Vielfach  wurde  in  dieser  Gegend 
Baumwollc  aiigebant.  Bei  Giwa  sab  ich  in  einem  (icliiisch  eiuen  sehr  merkwiirdigen 
Vogel  mit  viel  roth,  den  ich  nicht  wieder  finden  konute.  Das  einzige  woran  ich 
bei  seinem  Anblick  criniiert  wurde,  war  ein  Troijoii.  Alle  Orte  waren  iibrigcus 
iiberliillt,  das  Trinkwasser  war  nicht  iiberall  gut  und  oft  nur  in  ungeniigender 
Menge  zu  erhaltcn.  Unsere  Lente  batten  sich  alle  mit  grossen  Kiirbistiaschen 
versehen,  die  sie  fiillten,  so  oft  sich  Gelegenhcit  dazu  hat. 

Staudinger  und  ich  batten  an  Dysenteric  erinnerndc  Diarrh.i-Aufiille,  die 
jedenfalls    dcni   Wasser  znzuschreiteu  waren,  ich  lift  ausgerdem  stark  am   Fiebcr 


(  2C5  ) 

nnd  war  zeitwilig  unfahig  zn  aller  Arbeit,  ja  ich  bednrfte  der  Hilfe,  wenn  ich  zu 
Pferde  stieg  1  In  Maska  erholte  ich  mich  wieder.  Am  17.  kara  der  Sultan  von 
Zaria  nacli  Maska,  das  nun  so  voll  war,  das  eiu  grosser  Theil  der  Armee,  sowie 
iiirer  Begleiter  nnd  Sklaveu  im  Freieu  vor  deu  Thoren  iibernacliteii  mnsste.  Die 
Grassteppe  riDgsnm  wnrde  in  Brand  gesetzt,  wahrscbcinlicli,  damit  sie  nicht 
lanernden  Feinden  znm  Versteck  dienen  knnne,  donn  die  Gegend  sollte  sehr 
nnsicher  sein,  nnd  nnsere  Trjiger  waren  voller  Fnrcht.  Wiihrend  die  Tage  heiss 
nnd  sonnig  waren,  sank  die  Temperatnr  gegen  Morgen  bis  airf  8  nnd  sogar  bis 
anf  6°  t'elsins  herab,  nnd  der  kalte  Harmattan,  der  von  Norden  her  iiber  die 
Felder  branste,  machte  nus  am  friihen  Morgen  oft  eisig  erschaneru. 

Am  10'™,  gegen  vier  Uhr  Morgens,  brachen  wir  anf.      Die  Triiger  waren  in 
geschlossenom    Znge   anf  dem   Marsche,  Staudinger  in  dor  Naclilint,  ioh   an  ilcr 
Spitze.     Unheimlich  sah  die  scliwarze,  verkohlte   Steppe  aus,  ringsnm  brannten 
Wachtfener,  nnd  mit  dnmpfem  Branson  schienen  sich  vou  alien  Sciten  Menschea 
nnd  Pferde  aus  der  Stadt  zn  ergiessen,  alle  nach  Norden  zu  weiterhastend.     Leider 
war  es   nnnniglich,   die   Anzahl   der   Mensehon,  die   diescn  Zug   mitmaeliten,  zn 
erfahren,  oder  anch  nnranniihernd  zu  sehiitzen,  da  sie  nie  bei  einauder  waren,  sondern 
einen  schior  endlosen,  oft  wohl  eine  Meile  langen  Zng  bildeten.     Am  Morgen  waren 
wir  fast  die  Ersten,  nnr  Heiterei  schien  vor  nns  zu  sein,  aber  die  Triiger  seufzten 
iiber  die  schweren  Lasten  nnd  gingen  nnr  verliiiltnissraiissig  langsam,  so  dass  wir 
allmiilig  vom  Sultan  mit  seinem  Gefolge,  seinem  ganzen  Fussvidk,  Sklaven  nnd 
Weibern  iiberholt  wnrden.     Der  Zng  selbst  war   so   gemischt  wie   nnr  denkbar. 
Voran  ritt  eine  Abthellnng  wohlbewaft'neter,  ungepanzerter  Reiter,  nnter  Fuhrnng 
des  Kronprinzen,  daranffolgten  viele  ungeordnete  Reiter,  unter  ihnen  aueh  einige 
der   schwerfiilligen,    nutzhiseu    Panzerreiter,   die    in    ihreu    dieken    Wattepanzern 
gewaltig  schwitzteu,  uud  sich  recht  unglilcklich  za  fiililen  schienen.     Einige  der 
Reiter  trngen  Gewehre,  theils  alte  Steinschlossflintcn,  theils  ueuere  Percussions- 
gewehre  und  Hinterlad^r  englischer  Konstrnktion,  zn  denen  aber  meist  die  Patronen 
fehlten,  oder  knapp  bemessen  waren.     Vor  den  Pferden  der  Prinzen  nnd  Wiirden- 
triiger  liefen  Biichsenschiitzen  nnd  Diener,  die  bnnte  Decken  iiber  deu  Schnltevu 
trngen.     In  der  Mitte   des  Zuges    marschierte,  oder,  besser  gesagt,  hastete   das 
Fnssvolk  in  langem  Giinsemarsche,  oder  wo  das  Geliinde  es  gestattete,  in  einer 
Doppelreihe   dahin.     Es   bestand   gviissteutheils   aus   Bogeuschiitzen,   uur   wenige 
trngen    Wnrfspeere    und    Gewehre.      Zweifellos    wiireu    bei    einem    Kamjife    die 
Bogeuschiitzen   am   werthvoUsten   gewesen,  deun  die   mit  Gewehren  bewafiueteu 
Lente  waren  sehr  ungeiibt  mit  ihren  Waffen,  nnd  batten  wenig  Munition,  nnd  das 
Terrain  hiitte  der  Reiterei  nur  verhiiltnissmilssig  selteu  Gelegenheit  zn  einer  wirk- 
samen  Entwickeluug  geboten.    Ansser  diesen  Trnppen  wnrde  eine  Menge  gefangener, 
meist  alter  Sklaven  nnd  Sklaviunen  mitgefiihrt,  die  erstereu  in  Reihen  an  den 
Hiilsen  znsammengefesselt  nnd  meist  Biindel  von  Kauris,  Gewehren  oder  Stofi'eu 
tragend,  die  Frauen  fast  alle  alt  nnd  hiisslich.     Die  Sklaven  sammt  ihreu  Lasten 
waren  zur  Tribnt/.ahlung  bestimmt.    Dazn  kamen  zahllose  Frauen  nnd  Hanssklaven 
oder  Diener.     Das  Privatgepiick  des  Sultans  wnrde  anf  sieben  Dromedaron  mit- 
gefiihrt, nnd  hinten  im  Tross  befand  sicli  eine  Riuderhoerde  unter  dem  Schutze  des 
Sariki-n-Paua,  des  Obersten  der  Schliichter.    Der  Sultan  selbst  war  von  zahlreichen, 
vornehmen,  priichtig  gekleideten  Reitern  und  ebenfalls  Mnsikauten  nnd  beritteuen 
Siiugerinnen  umgehen,  vor  und  hiuter  ilira  lief  mit  Gewehren  uud  Bogen  bewaffnete 
lufanterie  unter  beritteuen  Anfiihrern. 

Die  donnernden,  dnmpfen  Pankenschlilge,  die  posanueuartig  schmetternden, 


(  266  ) 

abgerissenen  Tilno  der  bis  zn  sechs  Fnss  langen  Blechtrompeten  und  die  henlenden 
Lante  der  Knhluiruer,  begleitet  von  dem  niiselnden  Gesang  der  Siiiigerinnen  nnd 
dem  schanerlichen  (lobriill  des  Ilofnarren,  der  manchmal  wirklidi  rasoiul  geworden 
zn  seiii  scliien,  vcroinigton  sicli  zn  I'inoiu  so  lietiiubiMuk'n  nnd  znuli'icli  so  unf- 
rfucndcn  Ij.-irni,  wie  man  cs  sicli  iibtTlianjit  nnr  vorstellon  kann.  Iter  Narr  soliicn 
bi'i  nnsiTiu  Anblick  in  ganz  besondere  Aufrcgnng  zn  gcratlien,  uud  maclitc  luit 
I'iner  langen  Lanze  gefillirliche  8cheinangriffe  anf  nns,  wiihrend  cr  schiiuinendeii 
Mnudos  nnsre  Macbt,  nnsorn  l{eichthnm  nnd  andere  scbnno  Eigcnscliafton  jirics, 
woboi  er  nns  mif,  alien  mrigli('lion  Namcn  win  "  (Jcldlcnte,"  "  Flintmik'ntc," 
"  Christcnmiinner '"  (Nazarener),  "  Kraftmenselion,"  "  Snltansfrcnndo,"  "  Flcisch- 
esser,"  "  Ahnosengelier  "  nnd  dergl.  mohr  bcb^gte.  Am  Abend  war  cr  einer  der 
ersten,  die  sich  ein  Almoseu  fiir  diese  Beliistignng  erbaten.  Ilim  sclilosseu  sich 
einige  der  Siingerinnen  an,  die  nns  sehon  raelir  intoressierten  nnd  nielit  beliistigten. 
Znm  Theil  ritten  sie  frei  und  mil  nnvorliiillton  Gesicliti'rn,  znm  Theil  aber  sassen 
sie  nnter  einem  die  gauze  Person  umhiilleuden  Baldachin,  wie  in  einem  Zelte,  nnd 
batten  die  Gesicliter  tief  verscbleiert.  Alle  ritten  nacli  Art  der  Miiuner.  Tambari 
versicherte  nns,  dass  sie  neben  ihrem  Singen  anch  nocb  dem  Snltan  nnd  den 
GrussiMi  zn  Lnst  nnd  Kurzweil  dicnten,  da  es  nicht  gnte  Sitte  sei  bei  solchen 
Herreu,  die  rochtmiissigen  Franon  den  Strapazen  eines  Feldznges  ansznsetzen,  anch 
wenn  kein  Kamj)f  stattfiinde.  Ein  Angriff  wnrde  iibrigens  von  Viclen  fiir  sehr 
wabrsclieiulich  gehalten,  nnd  hiitte,  wenn  gnt  gcleitet,  anch  von  einem  an  Zahl 
nnr  geringen  Feinde  bei  der  grossen  Liinge  des  Znges  immerhin  erhebliche  Verlnste 
lierbeigofiihrt.  Eine  Entfaltnng  des  Heeres  in  dem  oft  nnebenen  nnd  mit  Bnschwald 
nnd  (Jras  bedeckten,  stclleuweise  sogar  uoch  snmpfigen  (ieliiude,  wiire  selten 
mciglich  gewesen. 

Nach  einem  fast  fiinfzehnstiindigen  liitt  crreicliteu  wir  eine  hocligelegcne 
(irasfliiche,  anf  der  das  ganze  Heer  sich  gelagert  hatte.  Ein  bewegteres  Bilil  als 
dies  gewaltige  Heerlager  im  afrikauisehen  Bnsch  liisst  sich  kanm  denken.  Uie 
bewnndernswerth  fleissigen  Franen  bereiteten  das  Essen  fiir  die  miiden  Herren,  nnd 
an  dem  Bache,  der  am  Fnsse  des  kleinen  Plateaus  sich  hinschliingelte,  driingte 
einer  den  Andern  znriick,  nnd  es  gab  manchen  emi)iirten  "  Allah ''-Knf  nnd 
manchen  khnnen  Streit.  Zahllose  Feuer  flammten  znm  stcrnenklaren  Nachthinimel 
anf.  Allmiilig  nahm  das  Gebrause  der  Menge  ab,  die  Abcndrnfe  der  frommeu 
Beter  verstumraten,  die  helllodernden  Flamraen  sanken  in  gliiheudc  Hiiufcheu 
znsammen~nur  bier  nnd  da  flackerte  es  noch  knistcrnd  anf,  bier  und  da  eutrang 
sich  der  Brnst  eines  Mallam  ciu  traumverworrenes,  heiseres  Allah  akbar,  nnd  aus 
der  Feme  scholl  das  widerliche  Gehenl  der  Hyiineu  zn  nns.  Nnr  wer  znerst 
gekommen  war,  nnd  der  Snltan  nnd  die  Grossen  hatten  aus  Gras  nnd  Zweigen 
hergestellte  Hiitten,  die  Melirzahl,  nnd  so  anch  wir,  higerten  nnter  freicm  Ilinimel. 
Die  vorsorgliche  Hlierifia,  Dan  Tambaris  vortreliliche  Gattin,  cmpKng  nns  mit  einer 
fein  gewiirzten  "  Fnrrah,"  nnd  sjiiiter  erhielten  wir  etwas  von  nnsern  Dienern 
hergestelltes  Essen.  Schon  war  Alles  zur  Knhe  gegangcn,  und  nnr  die  tSchild- 
wachen  standen  an  Biinme  gelebnt  nm  das  Lager  heriim,  als  wir  noch  Barometer 
nnd  Thermometer  aljlascn,  elie  wir  nns"!  audi  anf  den  Boden  hinstreckten.  Die 
Nacht  war  bitter  kalt,  inid  trotz  der  dicken  Decken  froren  wir  wie  bei  einem 
lieimischen  Biwak  im  Si);ither))ste.  Am  friihen  Morgon  ging  es  waiter.  Die 
(icgend  zcigte  densellien  Cliarakfer,  uur  einzelno_  kleine  Fel.sgrnppen  wnrden 
sichtbar,  anf  deren  einer  i<h  einen  grossen  Atfen,  verrantiilich  einen  Pavian  sab. 
Die  Sladt   i'iisk;iri,   in  der  wir  iilierniichteten,   wnrde   vnn   frenidartig  anssehenden 


(  267   ) 

Leuteu  bewolmt,  die  sicli  zwar  freundlich,  aber  wild  iind  lant  betnigen,  und  wohl 
eiiiem  besoudovon  Stamme  angehnren  mnssten.  Hierbetraten  wir  den  Staat  Samfanl. 

Am  21"'™  marschierten  wir  bis  zu  den  Felseu  von  Kotorkoslii,  die  sich 
uuvcniiittelt  in  graiidioser  Hulie  sk'il  ans  der  El)ene  erliebeii.  Solclie  isoliertc 
Grauitberge  siud  cbarakteristiscb  fiir  viele  Gegeudeu  des  westliehen  Sudan  und 
warden  sclion  von  Baith  bescbriebeii.  Um  die  Felsen  von  Kotorkosbi  liegen 
einige  Diirfer.  Standinger  wflrde  vom  (ialadiraa  von  Samfara  gesagt  es  seien 
101  Orte,  niir  theilte  nuseiM\'ii-t.h  am  (irte  sellist  mit,  es  seien  wolil  Tn  Drirfer. 
Beide  Angaben  dlirften  unerb()rte  Uebertreibnngeu  sein,  wie  denn  iiberhanpt  diese 
Orte  ein  beliebter  Gegenstand  dev  Aufscbneiderei  zu  sein  scheinen,  um  einige 
elende  Gefccbte,  die  bier  von  den  Herrscberu  von  Sokoto  nnd  Samfara  geliefert 
wnrden,  gnisser  nnd  bedeutendor  ersebeinen  zu  lassen. 

Die  liowolmer  dieser  Orte  scbeinen  nnrubige  Kiipfe  zu  sein.  Scbon  Bartli 
erv/iihat  {Tirirels  <)'■  Disc.  N.  (f-  C.  Africa,  y.  A.  p.  183),  dass  sie  sicb  unter  den 
Schntz  der  riluberiscben  Stiimme  vom  Siidrand  dor  Wiiste  gestellt  batten,  und  znr 
Strafe  von  den  Herrschern  von  Sokoto  nnd  Katshona  iiberfallen  wnrden.  Etwa 
um  das  Jabr  1SC5  wurden  sic  wiederum,  weil  sie  Tribnt  vcrweigert  batten, 
geziicbtigt,  nnd  2<MiO  (?!)  Sklaven  weggefiibrt.  Ein  Solin  des  Sultans  von  Sokoto 
soil  dabei  getiidtet  sein. 

An  den  mebr  oder  minder  unzugiingliclien  Wiinden  der  Felsen  von  Kotorkoslii 
borsteten  grosse  Geiorarten,  sowie  eine  grosse  Falkenart,  jedenfalls  ein  Vertreter 
der  Wanderfalkengmpp^  nnd  ein  Tbnrmfalko.  Der  gnisste  der  Felsen  bat  von 
den  daranf  nistbnden  Geiern  den  Namen  "  Mikia  "  erbalten. 

Von  Kotorkoslii  liracbte  uns  ein  weiterer  Tagemarscb  naeb  Rawia,  dann  nach 
Tsbambarawa. 

Wegen  der  Menge  von  Menschen,  die  in  diesen  Orten  znsammenstrrmiten,  war 
es  oft  scbwierig,  gate  Qnartiere  und  Lebensmittel  zn  bekommen,  und  die  bereitwillig 
versprocbeue  Fiirsorge  des  Sultans  Hess  hiiufig  genug  auf  sich  warten. 

In  Tsbambarawa  verlebten  wir  den  Weibnaebtsabend.  Mit  der  vorletzton  der 
drel  Flascben  Kotbwein,  mit  denen  wir  die  Ri'ise  in  Loko  angetretcn  batten, 
bereiteten  wir  mit  eiuigen  Gewiirzen  und  Zuckcr  einen  beissen  Punsch  oder 
Gliihwein.  Nachdem  der  Fenertrank,  von  dem  aucb  die  Christen  nnter  unsern 
Dienorn  eine  Probe  erbielten,  nns  mit  neuer  Kraft  erfiillt  batte,  legten  wir  uns 
zur  ]{ube,  aber  noch  lauge  weilten  die  (iedanken  in  der  fernen,  kalten  Ileimath, 
wo  man  audi  unserer  unter  dem  strahlenden  Taunenbaum  gedachte. 

Die  Gegeud  war  ziemlich  otfen,  und  trug  einen  wenig  tropischen  Cbarakter. 
Palmen  waren  nicht  biiufig,  aber  die  scbnnen  Tamarinden,  der  Baum  "  Kornnja," 
mit  Blattern  wie  nnsre  Kornelkirsche,  die  bobe  "magaria"  mit  woblsehmeckenden 
Friiebten,  nnd  anderc  Biinme  standen  eiiizeln  verstreut  in  der  Ebene.  Die  Fluss- 
betten  waren  fast  alle  ausgetrocknet,  das  Wasser  nicht  immer  klar. 

Am  ersten  Weihnachtstage  salieu  wir  zuerst  das  Bett  eines  milchtigen,  in 
vielen  AVindungeu  die  Ebene  durchziehendon  Stmmes,  in  dem  sich  jetzt  nur  einige 
Lachen  zeigten.  Das  Thai  wurdc  liier  frnchtbarer,  und  batte  ein  reicheres 
Tiiierlebeu.  (irosse  Heerden  vorii  sehwarz  und  binten  weisser  Schafc,  die  wir 
aus  der  Feme  fiir  die  ebenfalls  bier  zahlreiclieu  Kronenkranicbe  gehalten  batten, 
weideteu  in  den  Tbiilern,  riesige  Kropfstiirche  nnd  der  priichtige  "  Nimmersatt " 
{Tuiit(ilit.-<  iliiri),  Rporeiikibitze,  weisse  Ibisse  und  Sohwarzhalsreiher,  sowio  grosse 
Sciiaarcn  nordischer  Strandliiufer  belebt('n  das  Flnssbett.  Am  28"'"  errcic'hten  wir 
Kaura,  die  wichtige  Haniit-  nnd  Kesidenzstadt  des  Staates  Samfanl,  die  uoeh  uie 


(  208  ) 

vou  einem  Europiier  betreten  worden  war.  Das  hiibsche  Kanra  liegt  anf  ilem 
boheri  Ufer  des  Stromes,  anf  zwei  Seiton  von  trockenen,  mit  Bnschwald  bewach- 
senon,  aiis  (Jneis  mit  Glimmer  bestebeuden,  iiiodrigon  Hiihenrucken  bcgreiizt.  Die 
Bevnlkoning  ist  weseutlicb  verscbiedon  von  der  der  GcLienden  von  Zaria  nnd  Kaiio, 
im  (ianzcn  im  Aensseru  wikler,  nu/.ivilisierter,  abcr  viel  mebr  mit  Fnihe-Hlnt 
durcbsi'tzt.  Auch  die  Spracbe  ist  liier  mcbr  Fiilbe,  als  Haussa,  nnd  scllist  die 
Hanssa  benntzen  vicle  Fulbeworte  nnd  sprechen  einen  etwas  ranhoren  Dialekt. 
Ansserdem  sahen  wiv  dort  znorst  Karawan(Mi  von  Salzhiindlern  ans  der  Wiiste. 
Es  waren  mit  Negerblnt  vermischte  Tnareg,  die  nacb  Angaben  dev  Hanssa  ans 
"  Absin,"  wie  sie  "  Asbin  "  anssprachen,  kamen  nnd  8alz  znm  Vcrkanfe  brachtcn. 
Sie  ritten  meist  anf  hohen,  leichtfiissigen  Dromedaren,  oder  gingen  v.n  Fnss,  nm 
boladene  Esel  nnd  Ochsen  anzntreiben.  Sie  warden  ancb  bier  als  Fremdlinge 
hetracbtct  nnd  spraclien  eine  Allen  nnbekannte  Spraclie.  Selten  begriissten  sie 
nns,  meist  aber  iiusserten  sie  lant  ilir  Erstannen,  nns  bald  fiir  Araber,  bald  fiir 
etwas  ihnen  ganz  fremdes,  aber  nnr  selten  fiir  "Nazarener"  erkliirend.  Yiele 
betrachteten  nns  offenbar  mir  empiirten,  wild  fanatiscben  Blicken,  nnd  wiiren  wolil 
znl'riedener  gewesen,  wenn  sie  nns  in  ilirer  lieimiscben  Wiiste  nnter  vier  Angen 
angetroffen  biitten. 

In  Kanra  erhielten  wir  vom  Herrscher  von  Samfara  einen  starken,  scbwarzen, 
knrzhdrnigen  Stier  znm  Geschenk.  Die  Anweseubeit  des  8nltans  von  Zaria,  seines 
Gastes,  binderte  den  Fiirsten,  nns  zn  begriissen,  aber  er  bat  nns  ihn  in  seineni 
Hanse  zn  bosnchen.  Da  Standinger  krank  war,  giug  ich  allein  bin  nnd  fand  in 
dem  schon  bejahrten  Herrn  einen  sehr  liebenswiirdigen,  ja  wohl  den  angenehnisten 
der  nns  bisber  vorgekommenen  Statthalter.  Da  ich  der  erste  Weisse  war,  den  er 
erbliekte,  war  er  sehr  nengierig,  nnd  ich  mnsste  ihm  viel  erzilhlen  von  nnsern 
Stiidten  mit  all  den  Wnndern  der  Indnstrie,  den  Wagen,  die  mit  Darapf  fahren, 
von  nnsern  miichtigen  Armeen  nnd  vielen  Fenerschlilnden,  nnserm  ehrwiirdigen 
alteu  Kaiser,  nnd  vielen  andern,  vor  allem  ancb  nnsern  wechselnden  Jahreszoiten, 
dem  tiefen  Schnee  znr  Winterszeit,  nnd  den  cisliedeckten  GewJissern,  iiber  die  man 
sicheren  Fnsses  gehen  krmne.  Fiir  alles  hatte  der  Blann  Interesse,  aber  seine 
vielen  Fragen  waren  oft  schwer  zn  beantworten.  Unter  anderen  fragte  er  nach 
einem  Glase,  mit  dem  man  in  das  Herz  der  Menschen  sehen  kOnne,  nm  zn  erfabren, 
ob  sie  gnt  oder  bose  seien,  das  ich  ihm  nnn  freiiich  uicbt  geben  konnte.  Er  war 
anch  krank  nnd  hat  nm  Medicin  gegen  Hheumatisnins  nnd  tistelartige  Lricher  am 
Gesiiss,  sowie  znr  Hebnng  seiner  geschwiicbten  Manneskraft — da  er  viele  hiibsche 
jtmge  Franen  habe.  Anch  da  konnten  wir  seine  Wiinsche  zn  nnserm  Bedanern- 
nnr  sehr  theilweise  befriedigen,  docb  war  er  anch  fiir  das  wenige  herzlich  dankbar. 
Ueberhanpt  betrng  er  sich  taktvoller  nnd  fiirstlicber,  als  die  meisten  seiner  Kollegen, 
obwolil  es  bei  ihm  wenigcr  zeremoniell,  einfacher  nnd  iiatviarchalischer  znging,  als 
in  andern  Residenzstiidten  iihnlichen  Ranges. 

Von  Kanra  ans  zogen  wir  nngefahr  in  der  Richtnng  des  vielfach  gewnndenen 
Stromes  weiter  nnd  erreichten  nach  etwa  einer  Stnnde  das  Stiidtchen  Yankabba,  so 
genanut  nach  einer  hiinfigcn  Palmenavt,  ans  deren  jnngen  Standen  ein  leinenartiger 
Stoft'  gefertigt  wird.  Am  Mittage  kamen  wir  endlich  nach  Dangoga  oder  Gida-n- 
(ioga,  wo  der  Sultan  vou  Sokoto,  der  "  Beiierrseher  der  Moslem"  Hof  hielt,  nm 
den  Tribnt  nnd  die  Hnldignngen  seiner  Statthalter  entgegenznnehmen,  nnd  sehulichst 
anf  nns  wartete.  Am  ersten  Tage  sollten  wir  nicht  viel  znr  Rnhe  komnien,  denn 
nach  der  formellen  Visite  beim  Osiri,  dem  seitlier  verstorbenen,  intelligenten  ersten 
Minister,  bei  dem  nns  der  Sariki-n-Fada  einfiihrte,  mnssten  wir  alsbald  znm  Snltan, 


(  209  ) 

"  der  nicht  ihilden  wollte,  dass  seine  Giiste  unbegriisst  im  selben  Orte  mit  ihm 
schliefen." 

Der  Sultan  sass  mit  znriickgeschlagenem  Sehleier  auf  einem  grosseu,  mit 
vielen  schOncn  Decken  belegten  Rolirgesteil.  Niir  wenige  seiner  Wiirdcntriiger 
waren  zugegen.  Er  begriisste  nns  mit  grosser  Lebhaftigkeit,  iudem  er  nns  nnzilhlige 
Male  die  Oriisse  "  marhabha,  marhabbi,"  "  barlva,"  "  sanu,"  nnd  "  latia  "  ziirief  und 
sich  dann  nacb  unseren  Frauen  nnd  Kindern  und  dem  Ergeben  nnsers  Kaisers 
crknndigte. 

Am  folgeuden  Tage  liessen  wir  die  Ziindnadelgewehre  nnd  andern  Geschonke 
blank  pntzen,  reiuigen,  und  uborbanpt  zur  Uebergabe  in  Stand  zu  setzon. 

Am  30.  December  zogen  wir  in  mr)glichst  feierlichem  Anfznge,  die  Gesehenk 
uuter  nnsre  Diener  und  Triiger  verthoilt,  wieder  znm  Sultan,  der  diesmal  von 
zahlreichem  Gefolge  umgeben  war.  Alle  Geschenke  erregten  seinen  hohen  Beifall, 
nm  meisten  aber  interessierte  ihn  der  wirklicb  schim  ansgestattete  und  vortrefflicb 
abgefaaste  Brief  des  Kaisers,  dessen  Schreiber,  der  "kaiserliche  Mallam"  voiles 
Lob  gespendet  bekam.  Der  Inbalt  des  Brief'es  fand  ebenfalls  vollen  Beifall.  Der 
Sultan  erkliirto,  dass  Angehurige  nnsres  Volkes  iiberall  in  seinem  Lande  zu  Handel 
und  Wandel  willkommen  sein  sollten,  dass  er  ihneu  alien  Scbntz  angedeihen  lasseu 
werde,  und  alien  ihren  Wunsclien  entgcgenkommen  werde,  nur  Land  verkaufen  wolle 
er  nicht.  Dies  babe  er  aucb  der  eugliscben  Gcsandtsebaft  abgeschlagen  und  ihnen 
anch  keine  Moaopole  zugestanden,  obwohl  sie  ibm  alle  herzlich  willkommen  seien. 

Nach  dieseu  Versicherungen  muss  also  augenommen  werden,  dass  entweder 
die  angeblicben  Vertriige  mit  der  Niger-Compan}-  nicbt  bestanden,  oder  dass  der 
Sultan  uns  in  einer  kaum  denkbaren  Art  und  Weise  belogen  bat. 

Alles  verlief  i'lbrigeus  in  gewiinschter  Weise,  nur  ein  von  Flegel  iibersandter 
arabischer  Brief,  von  dessen  Inbalt  er  uns  leicbtfertiger  Weise  nichts  mitgetheilt 
hatte,  hiitte  uns  beinabe  eine  grosse  Verlegenheit  bereitet.  In  demselben  waren 
niimlich  alle  Geschenke  Stiick  filr  Stiick  aufgezilhlt.  Wiire  nun  das  geringste 
davon  auf  der  langeu  und  schwierigen  Reise  verloren  gegangen,  so  wiiren  wir,  da 
wir  doch  Ersatz  nicht  schaffen  koiuiten,  in  iibler  Lage  gewesen.  Der  Brief  entbielt 
auch  iiberfliissige  Redensarten,  die  uicbt  gecignet  wareu,  das  fiir  uns  in  unsrer 
Lage  so  wichtigc  Ansehen  zu  erhnlien.  Dessenungeachtet  verlief  alles  nach 
Wunsch,  und  wir  kehrten  befriedigt  nacb  Hause  zuriick. 

Ein  boser  Fieberanfall  hinderte  mich,  das  zur  Zeit  lebhafte  Treibeu  in  Gida-n- 
Goga  geniigend  zu  beobachten.  Von  den  vielen  Statthaltern  interessierte  uns  am 
meisten  der  schdne  juuge  Herrscher  von  Gobi'r,  einem  der  Grenzliinder  im  Norden 
des  Hausalandes.  Da  die  Gobirri  Jahr  filr  Jalir  riiuberiscbe  Einfiille  in  die 
Hausastaaten  machen,  so  ist  es  von  vornherein  klar,  was  auch  Staudingers 
Erkundignngen  bestiitigten,  dass  dieser  Fiirst  nur  eincn  nnbedeutenden  Theil  des 
eigentlichen  Gobi'r  beherrscbt,  und  hauptsiiclilich  eine  nominelle,  nicbt  wirkliche 
Herrschaft  iiber  die  unbotmiissigen  Bewohner  der  Sildrandes  der  Sahara  ansiibt. 

In  der  Neujahrsnacht  brannte  unscr  Nachbargehiift  ab,  und  nachdem  wir  durch 
Niederreissen  der  Ziiune  unser  Grundstiick  gesichert  batten,  machten  wir  mit  der 
letzten  Flasche  Wein  einen  diinuen  Punsch  und  feuerten  um  Mitternacht  eine 
Salve  ab,  zum  Entziicken  unsrer  Leute. 

Im  Orte  wurden  mehrere  Strausse  gebalten,  die  regelmiissig  ihrer  Federn 
beraubt  wurden.  Dass  der  Strauss  irgendwo  in  der  Niihe  wild  vorkommt,  wurde 
auf  mein  Bcfragen  verneint.  Mehrere  Arten  susser  Niischereien  und  die  im  Norden 
des  Gebietes  vielfach  gebauten  Gurkeu,  tine  Art  von  liiuglicher  Wassermelone  (?), 


(  2-0  ) 

Zwiebeln  mid  KuoblaucU  warden  uns  ebenfalls  mehrfacb  gescheiikt.  Die  Siinprer- 
inneu  des  Sultans  von  Kano  besuchten  uns  eines  TafCPS  und  erfrenten  uns  mehr 
durch  ilirc  tbcihvcise  hiibscben  Gcsicbter  und  [irai'litvolb',  luiiloriscbu  Kleidunjr, 
als  dnrcb  ibicn  luiscbonen,  cint<iniiren  Gesaiiu'.  Ihr  I'iiliriT,  cin  Kuuuch,  trnfc  deu 
jlWisslen  Tiuban,  (b'n  icb  je  jresclien  babe,  und  (Kt  cine  i;iin/,e  Saiuiulnni;'  vou 
Nilil)sacben  huHk'siililiidicr  Art  entbielt.  Die  Ennnclicn  zeiebneu  sicii  bier  zn 
Laiide  moist  dnrcb  derfirtige  riesige  Tnrbaac  aus,  wie  wir  wiccb'Hiolt  beobacbteten. 

Die  Tnijrer  liatten  uns  in  letzter  Zcit  weuiger  Acryer  beroitet,  ja  sic  zeigteu 
sicb  Irohlich  und  amiisaut,  wenn  wir  in  die  Orte  einriickten,  odor  wenu  der  Herrscber 
von  Zaria  uns  begegnete.  Sie  tanzten  dann  in  wunderbarer  Weise  bin  und  ber 
nnd  hantierten  ilire  Lasten  sjiielend  auf  und  uicder,  wozu  sic  mit  lauter  Stiiume 
Ldblieder  anf  ibre  Herren  sangen.  Da  sie  aucb  den  Sultan  von  Sokoto  begriisseu 
durften,  warcn  sie  bier  einmal  znfrieden.  Dau  Taiubari  bcreitetete  uns  wieder 
Aerger  dureli  l')etteU'i  beim  Sultan,  und  dnrcb  albernc  Klatsebcreien  von  unscrn 
Missbelligkeiten  mit  den  Triigern.  Staudiugcrs  Forderung  an  den  Sultan,  die 
letzteren  zu  ibrer  Pflicbt  zu  ermahnen,  hatto  wenig  Erfolg,  denn  die  Triiger  erbielten 
nur  den  "  Rath,"  ibren  Herren  treu  zu  bleibeu — wir  aber  wurden  gcbeten  nnsere 
Leute  gut  zu  halten,  cine  nnseres  Erachtens  sebr  iiberfliissigc  luul  unangebracbte 
Bitte. 

Am  4.  .Tauuar  braeben  wir  wieder  von  Dangoga  auf,  nnd  iiberschritten  den 
fast  ()(IM  Scbritte  breiten  Strom  oberbalb  der  offenen  Stadt  Boko,  wo  wir  iiber- 
nacbteten.  Dort  fandeu  wir  grosse  Blanfiirbereicn  uud  sabcu  die  Bereitung  der 
"daudaua"  odcr  "dodoa" — Kuchen,  die  zu  Saucen  sebr  brancbbar  siud,  aber  in 
frisclu-m  Zustando  eiucn  ekelhaften  Gerncb  vcrbrciten.  Die  (icgend  war  belebt 
von  Vngeln  der  verschiedensten  Art.  Auf  den  IJiiumen  in  den  Ortcn  borsteten 
Marabns  {fj'ji/i)jjfi/iis  rr/n/in/i'/'cr},  in  und  an  den  Flussbetten  standcn  wciss  und 
rotb  leucbtende  Ninimersatte  ( 7a;?to/(/s  //i/'s),  und  liefen  graziilsc  Strandliiui'er  bin, 
wiibrend  Sporcnkibitze  mit  ihrem  bellen  Rufen  die  Luft  erfiillten,  und  bier  und 
da  ein  diisterer  Sebattenvogel  (Scopii.'<)  aufHog,  um  geriiuscblosen  Fluges  wieder 
in  den  Ufergcbiiscbeu  zu  verscbwinden.  ^Veibena^tcn  (meist  Circus  macrurus) 
stricken  dicbt  iiber  den  Boden  bin,  alte  Freunde  aus  der  Heimatb,  niimlicb 
Haubenlerchen  {(Itilcrida  eristata  senegiilcnsis)  und  gelbe  Baclistclzcn  {MotdciUa 
campestris  rayi)  trii)j)eltcn  auf  den  Wegen,  und  von  den  Biiseben  erklang 
das  bekannte  Loeken  des  Wiescnscbm;itzers  (^Pratiiicola  rubclra)  nnd  des  l{oth- 
kojifwiirgers  (/./ini/ix  senator).  In  Boko  nistetc  zablreicb  die  grosse  fliigelflcckige 
Taube  {('olin/i/m  (jHinca),  und  bunte  Nectarinien,  vermutblicb  Kectdrinia  pulckella, 
belebten  die  Kanya  Biiumc. 

Als  wir  am  andern  Morgen  in  aller  Friilic  wieder  aufbracben,  war  cs  bitter 
kalt,  und  die  Tjandscliaft  war  in  dicbten  Ncbel  gebiillt.  Man  glaubte  V-Mwn  in 
den  Trojicn  zu  sein,  bis  jjbitzlicli  laut  kreiscbend  cin  Flng  griincr  Halsbanilloris 
{ralacornia  (locilis)  oder  langscbwiinziger  (ilanzstaare  (Lamprotortiis  r/ii)i/iiti/.i) 
und  schwarz-  und  weisser  Nasbornviigel  aus  einer  Baumkrone  anfBatterte.  Beidc 
Vogelarten  hevorzngtcn  bier  augenscbeinliob  die  bliitterloscn,  gewaltigen,  diek- 
stiimmigcn  AlTcnbrofbiiunic  (.l(-A/;;,so«/>/)  die  wir  bislicr  nur  einzcin  geseben  liatten, 
die  bier  aber  der  Landscbaft  dnrcb  ihre  Ililnfigkcit  ein  eigenartiges  (iepriigo 
verliehen.  Graziose  klciiie,  anf  dcm  Boden  bintrippelnde  Kafl'ertaubcn  {Oenn 
capensis)  erfrenten  luis  niclit  sclten,  Adler  und  Milanc  scbwebten  hocb  iiber  dcm 
Geliinde.  Infolge  des  scit  Oktober  ausgcblicbcnen  Bcgens  war  das  Insektenlcben 
gering.     Aeusserst   selten    nur  sab  mnn    cincu   klrincn    Scliincttcrling — Bvcacnide 


(  271  ) 

0(ier  Pieride — odur  eiiieii  Kiifer,  iiur  die  Adausouieii  zeigten  Sjiureu  des  Frasses 
liTOsser  schwarz  uiid  ,u'elbcr  Bockkilfer  {Diastoccni  trifaschttn  Fabr.),  dcreu 
FliiLjekU'ckeu  mid  vertrockuete  KOrper  wir  hilufi,;;'  faudeu.  Fast  alle  Liibcren 
Biluiue  waren  entlaubt,  aber  eiue  stark  duftcude  Akazie  war  in  grellem  Koutrast 
mit  gelben  Bliitheu  bedeckt,  imd  wie  zum  Trotze  bliihte  saftstrotzend  uud  friscb 
im  diirrsteu  Saude  die  dickbliittrige  Ccdotropis  pniccra. 

H;iufig  begegueteii  wir  wiederum  den  Sal/Jvarawaueu  aus  den  Oaseii  der  Sahara, 
doreu  Mitglieder  aus  Wusteustiimmeu  bestauden,  irnd  bier  alle  als  "  Absiiis " 
bezeicbuet  wnrden.  Sie  waren  alle  eiufacb,  tlieilweise  sogar  ilrmlicb  gekleidet, 
docb  war  der  Korper  immer  in  eiueu  laiigeu  blaueu  oder  weisscn  Kock  gebiillt, 
uud  die  Meisteu  trugeu  deu  bis  hart  unter  die  Angeu  reicheudeu  Gesichtsschleier. 
Sie  ritteu  auf  schlauken  Karueeleu,  eiuige  auf  Pferdeu  und  Ochsen.  lu  der  grosseu 
.Stadt  Gora  wurden  wir  sehr  gastlich  aufgeuoiumeu.  Der  Hauptliug,  der  uoch  nie 
eiueu  Eur(ip;ler  gesehen  hatte,  sandte  uns  reichliche  Nahrnugsmittel. 

Am  Mittage  hatteu  die  Triiger  uuter  eiuer  grosseu  Taiuarinde  (tsamia  der 
Haussa)  Halt  gemacht,  auf  der  ich  in  einer  Hohe  vou  40  bis  4o  Fuss  eiueu 
grosseu  Geier-Horst  gewahrte,  aus  dem  ich  es  mir  uicht  uehmeu  liess,  eigeu- 
hiindig  das  Ei  des  Geiers  {Necrosyrtes  monachus)  zu  heben.  Der  siebente  Jauuar 
bracbte  uus  uach  Yaukaiwa.  Der  Marsch  fiihrte  durch  sumpfreiehos,  iu  der 
Regeuzeit  weithiu  uuter  Wasiser  steheudes  Gelaude,  au  uud  auf  desseu  zahlreicheu 
Teicheu  sich  gewaltige  Vogelschaareu  aufhielten.  Au  den  schlammigen  Uferu 
liefeu  die  langen  Stelzenliiufer,  Ilimaiitopus  himaiitopus,  mit  ihren  rotheu  Beiueu 
und  betriichtliche  Fliige  uordischer  StraudvOgel,  als  Totanm  glareola  uud  ochropus, 
glottis  uud  calidris  umher,  iiber  die  grosseu  Bliitter  eiuer  schOuen  weissbliihcndeu 
Wasserroseuart  stelzte  die  interessante  I'arra  a/ricuna  dahiu,  auf  dem  Wasser- 
spiegel  lagen  schwarze  Massen  vou  Enten,  vorzugsweise  Sarcidiornis  melanotus, 
weuiger  Dendrocggna  tiduata  und  Nettapus  auritus,  auch  eiu  Flug  europiiischer 
Krickeuten,  Anas  crecca,  und  iiber  all  diesem  Leben  stricheu  majestiitischeu  Fluges 
riesige  Marabus,  Schwarzhalsstorche,  Weiheu  und  audere  KaubvOgel,  die  uicht  siclier 
erkauut  worden  kouuteu,  dahiu.  Oruithologeu  und  Jiigerl  werden  ermesseu,  wie 
schwer  es  mir  wurde,  hier  voriiberzuziehen,  aber  ich  kouute  mich  aus  maucherlei 
Griiuden,  zu  deueu  meiu  sehr  gesc.hwilchter  Gesuudsheitszustaud  und  der  Mangel 
au  Jagdmuuitioa  gehrjrte,  uicht  auf  liingeres  Verweileu  zu  Jagdzweckeu  iu  dieser 
Gegeud  einlassen.  Am  8.  machten  wir  eiueu  langen  Marsch  bis  Jausokoa,  auf  dem 
wir  die  uahe  bei  eiuauderliegeuden  Stiidte  Nasarawa,  Dshigarra,  Tumbo  durchzogeu. 
In  Yansokoa  schlief  der  Statthalter  vou  Bautshi  oder  Yakoba,  eiuer  der  volkreichsten 
Stiidte  der  Haussastaaten,  iu  demselbeu  Gehfifte,  das  uus  augowiesen  wurde.  Er 
war,  augeblich  vvegen  unuiitzer  Kriegsziige  uud  ungeniigeuder  Tributzahluug, 
eutsetzt  und  wurde  nun,  nach  Laudessitte  deu  eiueu  Arm  au  den  Hals  gefesselt, 
wie  ein  Sklave  uach  Sokoto  gefiihrt,  wo  er  wahrscheiulich  auf  Jahre  oder  fur 
immer  ein  gezwuugenes  unthiitiges,  aber  ganz  beq^uemes  Schmarotzerleben  am 
Hofe  des  Oberherrschers  fiihren  wird. 

Am  0'"°  rasteten  wir  auf  Bitten  unserer  Leutoiu  Yansokoa,  was  uus  Gelegeuhcit 
zu  eiuem  ornithologischen  Ausfluge  gab,  auf  dem  eine  Nistkolonie  des  priicbtigeu 
Mcrops  Indloclii  lieobachtet  wcrdeii  kouute,  die  ganz  deu  Nistkoloniou  auderer 
Bieneufresser  glicli.  Am  folgeuden  Morgeu  wollteu  wir  friih  abmarschieren,  aber 
die  Triiger,  die  wie  gewohnlich  uach  eiuem  Rnhetage  faider  waren  als  soust,  kameu 
erst  spilt,  uud  eine  Sklaveujagd  hatte  deu  ganzen  Ort  iu  Aufreguug  gebrucht.  Der 
uus  mitgegebeue  Sultausbotc  Saki  fUhrte  mehrere  seinem  Herru  gehurige  Sklavea 


(  272  ) 

Uud  Sklavinneu  mit  sich.  Von  den  erstereu  war  nun  eiuer  eutwichou.  Es  wurden 
daber  die  Tliore  verscblossen  niid  junge  Miiuner  diii-chliefen  mit  schlanken,  mittel- 
grossen  Hunden  die  8tadt,  um  den  Eutwichenen  zu  sncheu.  Da  derselbe  uur  ein 
Auge  hatte,  scheint  es  mir  nnglaublich,  dass  er,  wie  behauptet,  nicbt  gefnnden 
wnrde.  Als  wir  scbliesslicb  mit  unserer  Karawane  an  das  Tbor  kamen,  fanden 
wir  es  nocli  mit  einem  grosseu  iuteressauten  ScUloss  verscblossen.  Es  wnrdc 
nns  bedentct,  wir  miissteu  warten,  bis  der  Beamte  mit  dem  Scbbissel  kiime.  Da 
diese  Znmntbiiug  in  einer  etwas  bocbfabreuden  Weise  gestellt  wnrde,  und  die 
Triiger  gleich  einen  Vorwand  batten,  umzukehren  nnd  nocb  einen  Tag  zu  ruben, 
wnrde  icb  nngednldig  nnd  brack  znm  Aerger  der  Tborbiiter  das  gauze  Scbloss 
mit  Hnlfe  meines  Hirscbfiingers  ab,  sodass  wir  nngebiudert  weiter  zieben 
konnten. 

Am  Flussnfer  scboss  Staudiuger  ein  Stiick  des  interessauten  Kbiffscbuabels, 
Aimstomus  lamelliger,  den  wir  bisher  nocb  nicbt  bemerkt  batten.  Am  11"° 
zogen  wir  von  Eara,  an  den  Mauern  der  Stiidte  Gunihis,  Idamboai  nnd  Goudosbi 
vorbei  nacb  Garin-sarikin-badna,  dem  "  Dorf  des  Heideubiinptliugs,"  nuweit  Sokoto. 
In  den  letzten  Tagen  war  es  am  Tage  sebr  beiss  geworden,  nnd  die  Nilcbte  waren 
nicbt  mebr  so  bitter  kalt,  da  der  Harmattan,  der  die  letzten  Wocben  bindnrcb  von 
Norden  ber  gewebt,  fast  ganz  anfgeiiort  batte.  Die  Gegend  war  sebr  bewobnt, 
nnd  in  der  N;ibe  der  Orte  sassen  biinfig  woblgeformte  Fnlbefranen  nnd  verkanften 
sanre  Milcb  und  Fnrrab.  Von  Rara  nacb  Sokoto  ziebt  sicb  eine  ganze  Reibe  von 
grosseren  nnd  kleineren  Seen  bin,  die  in  der  Regenzeit  einen  grossen  Umfang 
baben.  Das  "  Dorf  des  Heideubiinptlings "  triigt  seinen  Namen  mit  Recbt,  denn 
es  wird  in  der  Tbat  von  zwei  beiduiscbeu  Ilanptlingen,  Briidern,  nnd  ibren  Lenten 
bewobnt.  Die  beiden  Briider  sind  riesige  Miinner  mit  uugebeneren  Brnstkiisten, 
nnd  die  grossten  Lente,  die  wir  in  Afrika  saben.  Sie  leisteu  mit  ibren  Lenten  dem 
Sultan  Ileerfolge,  nnd  soUen  zn  seinen  besten  Trnppen  gebOren.  Es  ist  eines  der 
vielen  Zeieben  von  Toleranz  bei  den  Haussa,  dass  sie  beidnisebe  Krieger  fiir  sicb 
kiimpfen  lasseu. 

Am  niichsten  Morgen  zogeu  wir  nacb  Sokoto.  Die  Gegend  war  belebt, 
zablreicbe  scbwarze,  weisse,  branne  uud  gelbe  Dromedare  wcideten  anf  den  diirren 
Felderu.  Lauge  dauerte  es,  bis  wir  der  Hauptstadt  ausicbtig  wurden,  die  aus  der 
Ferae  einem  griineu  Walde  iilinliclier  sielit  als  einer  ausgedebuteu  Stadt.  Sie  liegt 
anf  einem  steiuigeu  Htigel,  an  dessen  Nordseite  der  Strom  in  westlicbcr  Ricbtung 
ein  ansserordentlicb  frucbtbarcs  Tbal  dnrcbfliesst,  in  dem  priicbtiger  Reis,  Weizen, 
Mauiok,  Gero  nnd  Dawa  gebant  wird.  Besouders  auifalleud  waren  die  vielen 
kuustlicii  bewiisserteu  Zwiebelfelder  und  Gurkenbeete.  Die  Felder  der  einzelneu 
Besitzer  waren  ordentlicb  durcb  kleine  SteinwiiUe  oder  Krddamme  gelrennt,  Sokoto 
befaud  sicb  znr  Zeit  unsres  Aufentbaltes  in  demselben  Zustaude  wie  es  von  Bartb 
gescbildert  wird.  Die  Mauer  war  namentlicb  iiu  Norden  stark  zerfallen,  vicle 
Gelnifte  standeu  leer,  maucbo  waren  im  Verfall  begriflfen.  Der  Aufentbalt  des 
Sultans  ist  wie  zu  Bartb's  Zeiteu  jetzt  meist  in  Wurno  oder  Wurun,  der  neneren 
Residenz,  nur  einige  Monate  in  Sokoto  selbst.  Es  kann  sicb  dies  Verbiiltniss  scit 
liartb's  Zeit  nicbt  sebr  zu  Uugnnsten  von  Sokoto  geilndert  baben,  sonst  wiirde 
letzteres  nocb  wcit  mclir  hernutergekommcn  sein.  Tbatsiicblicb  ist  es  nocb  immer 
ciu  licdentendcT  Ort,  uud  nirgend,  ancb  nicbt  in  Kano,  war  ein  so  bedciiteuder 
I'ferdomarkt,  woridjcr  Staudiuger  eiugebend  bericbtet.  Tbon-  nnd  Eisenindustrie 
scbeint  aucb  in  Sokoto  mebr  zn  bliiben  als  in  Kauo.  Die  Bevolkerung  der  Stadt 
ist  nacb  Bartb  ans  vielen  Stiimmen  gemischt,  was  aucb  der  flucbtige  Anblick  scbon 


(  -'73  ) 

zeigt,  alier  dcr  Fremdeuverkelir,  mit  Ausualime  von  Salzliiindlern  aus  der  Sahara, 
ist  aiijienscheinlicli  geriug  im  Vergleiche  zu  Kaiio. 

Wir  blieben  vier  Tage  in  der  Stadt.  Ornithologisch  interessant  war  namcntlich 
das  an  Strand-  und  Wasservugeln  reiche  Flnssthal,  in  dem  wir  gauze  Scliaaren  von 
Klafi'scbniibeln  {Anastoinus  lami'lliger),  Haubenlerchen  und  weisse  Bachstelzen 
bemerkten.  Ancb  in  der  Stadt^  selbst  gab  es  viele  VOgel.  lu  eigens  dazu  auf- 
gebilngten  NisttOpfen  briitet  die  grosse  fliigelfleckige  Tanbe  {Columba  guinea),  auf 
alteu  Baobab-Bitumen  der  gewaltige  Marabu  {Leptoptilus  cnimemfer)  und  der 
sudauesische  Scbmutzgeier  {Necrosjrtes  moiiacki(s),  wiihreud  reizcnde  Amadiuen 
in  deu  Biischeu  Iieruniliiijifteu. 

Am  17.  Januar  verliessen  wir  Sokoto,  und  erreichten  nacb  viertiigigcm  Ritte 
Gandn,  oder  Gando.  Diese  Raise  war  fi'ir  mich  eine  scbwere,  denn  icb  bekam  einen 
ernstlicben  Anfall  von  Schwar-zwasserfieber.  Wiihreud  ich  sonst,  solange  ich  ritt, 
immer  muuter  war,  und  nie  ermiidete,  iiberliel  mich  au  einem  dieser  Tage  eine 
furchtbare  Schwiiche  und  ein  nniiberwindlicher  Schwindel.  Ich  musste  absitzen  und 
rnhte  im  Schatten  einer  Tamarinde  aus.  Eine  Art  von  Weinkrampf  machte  mich  fiir 
wohl  fiinf  Minuten  unfiihig  zu  sprechen.  Ich  sah  bald  ein,  dass  ich  ernstlich  krauk 
war,  und  dass  meine  einzige  Rettung  Rube  seiu  wiirdc,  die  ich  nur  iu  Gandu  finden 
konnte.  Ich  ritt  daher  weiter  und  am  folgenden  Tage  allein,  von  zweien  oder 
dreien  unserer  Leute  begleitet,  so  friih  wie  moglich  nach  Gandu  hinein,  wo  ich 
mehrere  Tage  schwer  krank  lag,  mich  danu  aber,  besonders  als  nach  sehr  reichlichem 
Geuuss  von  Honig  reichliche  Oeffunng  eingetreten  war,  rasch  wieder  erholte. 

Der  Sultan  von  Gandu  war  sehr  freundlich,  und  vor  der  Abreise  konnte  ich  ihn 
uoch  begriissen,  wiihrend  sonst  Staudinger  allein  hingehen  musste.  Da  die  von 
Flegel  sehr  unkluger  Weise  auf  dem  Wasserwege  "  vorauf "  gesandteu  Geschenke 
noch  nicht  ungekommeu  waren,  und  der  Sultan  wohl  nicht  sehr  an  die  Ankunft 
derselbeu  glaubte,  so  gab  es  wiederum  allerlei  Schwierigkeiteu,  uud  die  uns  darge- 
botenen  kOniglichen  Geschenke  fielen  sehr  iirmlich  aus.  Im  Uebrigen  betonte  auch 
hier  der  Sultan,  dass  er  den  Engliindern  gegeniiber  in  keiner  Weise  verpflichtet  sei, 
und  dass  unseru  Laudsleuten  ebenso  wie  jenen  sein  Land  zu  Handel  und  Wandel 
offen  stelie. 

Von  der  Unsicherheit  der  Gegend  zeugt,  dass  nur  wenige  Meilen  von  der 
Residenz  Wilstenstilmme  einen  Ort  pllinderten  (sie  wurden  als  "  Kabbi  "  *  bezeich- 
net)  uud  dass  wir  darauf  aufmerksam  gemacht  wurden,  dass  wir  in  unserm  Quartier 
— mitten  in  der  Stadt — uus  vor  Pferdedieben  hiitcn  sollten  !  Thatsiichlich  machten 
wir  mit  diesem  Gelichter  keine  Bekanntschaft,  aber  das  langgezogeno,  schauerliche 
Geheul  der  grossen  gefleckten  Hyiinen  und  die  Frechheit  der  larmeuden,  halbwilden 
Hunde,  von  denen  Staudinger  einen  mit  dem  Silbel  erschlug,  stOrte  unsere  Nacht- 
ruhe  nicht  selteu,  auch  waren  die  Termiten  nicht  gerade  augenehme  Hausgenossen. 
Die  Ilitze  wurde  in  Gandu  sehr  gross  und  machte  sich  besonders  dadurch  t'iihlbar, 
dass  in  dem  engen  Thale  kein  Lnfthauch  zu  spiiren  war. 

Ornithologische  Beobachtungen  konuteu  bei  meinem  Zustande  nicht  angestellt 
warden,  doch  mag  crwilhnt  werden  dass  der  graziOse  Naiiderm  riocouri  hiinfig  in 
der  Gegend  beobachtet  wurde,  und  auch  andre  Raubviigel  bliufig  waren. 

Am  oU.  Januar  riickten  wir  von  (iandu  ab.  Die  I'ruchtbure  Niederung  war  voll 
von  Zuckerrohr  uud  Zwiebelfeldern,  lleerden  kriii'tiger  Hinder  weideteu  fast  iiberall. 

*  Hartli,  IV..  p.  163,  sagt  ilie  alte  Form  (les  Namoiis  sci  Kabi,  jetzt  .^bcr  sei  in  Schrift  und  Sprache  die 
Form  Kebbi  eingefUhrt.  wir  aber  hortcu  nur  *' Kabbi  "  sagen.  Es  iat  noch  heute  mit  diuaeu  EiniiiUen 
von  Nordcn  gcnau  wie  vor  30  Jahren. 


(  -'74  ) 

Auf  den  Riicken  derselben  bemerkteu  wir  deii  schwarzeu  Plilostomtis  senegatensis, 
der  mit  dem  weisseu  Knhreiher,  dom  bt'lbela  dcr  Ilaussa,  Diibtilrus  bubulcus  der 
Ornithologen,  das  Amt  des  im  Haussalaiule  viel  selteuereii  eigentlicbeii  "  Madcn- 
backers,"  der  Buphaga  africaiia  und  eri/throrhi/ncfins,  versieht.  Salzbiiiidler,  wic 
iiumer  als  Asbius  oder  Absins  bezeicbnet,  trafeu  wir  anch  bier  anf  dem  Mavsclie. 
iSie  gaben  au  voa  dem  Orte  Malle  feru  im  Westeu  bergekommeii  zu  seiu,  aiidere 
bebanpteten  weit  im  Norden  den  "  Qnorra  "  zu  iiberscbreiten,  nud  bis  in  die  Gegend 
von  Timbuktu  zu  ziehen.  In  ihrem  Lande  sei  nicbt  Wald,  nicbt  Feld,  unr  Sand 
uud  Salz.  AVeim  wir  aunebmen,  dass  das  Malle  mit  LJai'tb's  Mello,  oder  deu  Uesten 
jenes  alteii  Keicbes,  zusammenfiillt,  so  stimaieu  jeue  Angabcu  Uberein. 

Am  31.  iibernacbteten  wir  in  Sbagari.  lii  der  Niibe  stiesseu  wir  auf  einen  jetzt 
uiir  nocb  aus  Tiimpeln  bestebenden  Strom,  der  obne  Zweifel  FlegelsjTureta  ist, 
obwobi  wir  keineu  Namen  dafilr  erfiihren.  Dieser  FIuss  ist  nicbt,  wie  Flegel  meinte, 
im  Versiegen,  souderu  zur  Uegenzeit  ein  miiebtiges  Gewiisser. 

Nacb  der  scbwulen  Hitze  der  letzten  Tage  war  es  besonders  iiborrascbeud,  dass 
am  2.  Februar,  an  welcbem  Tage  wir  wieder  Sokoto  erreicbten,  ein  heftiger  Nordost- 
sturm  webte,  bei  einer  Kitlte,  die  nusre  Finger  blau  und  steif  macbte,  so  dass  es 
Miibe  kostete,  zu  scbreiben.  Dabei  webte  der  Sand  uns  in  Angen,  Muud  und  Nase, 
uud  die  Gegend  war  wie  in  einen  Scbleier  gchiillt,  sodass  wir  f'rob  waren,  als 
der  Wind  nacbliess.  Gleicb  nacbber  brannte  die  Sonne  mit  ganz  besonderer 
Heftigkeit. 

Wieder  mussten  wir  drei  Tage  in  Sokoto  bleiben,  und  zwar  obne  dieseu  Ant- 
entbalt  geuiessen  zu  kimnen.  Nur  einmal  macbte  icb  einen  Ausflngandeu  Fluss  wo 
micb  ein  reiebes  Vogellebeu  entziickte.  Fhalucroconix  africanus  liscbte  in  lieiben 
in  den  Tiimpeln,  Anastomus  lamelUgcr  und  Tantalus  ibis  standen  am  Ufer,  Motacilla 
vidua  und  flava  trippelten  munter  umber,  und  in  der  Luft  scbwebte  der  graziOse 
Nauderus  riocouri.  Icb  erstieg  bier  aucb  einen,  wiedernm  anf  einer  Tamarinde 
stebenden  Geierborst,  der  ein  Dnnenjunges  von  Necrosi/Hes  monachus  euthielt. 
Die  Alten  waren  so  wenig  scbeu,  dass  sie  wenige  Meter  von  mir  aufbakten  und 
meinem  Treiben  anscheinend  neugierig  znsaben. 

An  todten  Pferden  beobacbtete  icb  Scbaaren  von  grosseu  Gciern.  Einer  von 
ibnen  glicb  aus  der  Feme  vollkommen  unserm  (-h/ji»  f/iliyis,  andere  waren  an  ibren 
gefieckten  Fliigeln  unscbwer  als  alte  (rj/ps  ruppeUi  zu  erkenuen,  eine  dritte  Art  war 
ein  miiclitiger  Obrengeier  {Otogyps).  Ein  Scbrotscbuss  auf  letzteren  blieb  wirkungs- 
los.  Ansserdem  betheiligten  slob  aucb  die  kleinereu  Nccrosgrlcs  uud  balbwilde 
Hunde  an  dem  eklen  Schmause. 

In  Sokoto  war  es  lebbafter  als  vorlier,  denn  viele  Lcnte  wiireii  ans  Samfara 
zuriickgekebrt,  mancbes  i'riihcr  verlassene  GehOft  wurde  wiederbergestellt  und 
ausgebessert.  Wiederum  gab  es  Scbwierigkeitcn  mit  den  Triigeru,  die  insofern 
Herren  der  Situation  scbienen,  als  es  andre  Triiger  nicbt  gab,  und  wir  ganz  auf  sie 
augewissen  waren.  ^\'i^  mnssten  daber  trotz  miiglicbster  Festigkeit  und  zur  Scban 
getragener  Sicberbeit  diplomatiscb  und  vorsicbtig  bandeln.  Dazu  kam,  dass  unsre 
AVaarcn  sebr  zusammen  zu  scbmelzen  begannen,und  wir  ernstlicb  anf  jcde  Ausgabe 
scben  mussten.  Da  unser  Vorratb  von  engliscboni  Salz  anfgebrauibt  war,  kaufteu 
wir  von  dem  ziemlicii  tbeueren,  grau-rotli  ansscbciuleu  luid  dabei  scliarl' und  etwas 
brackiscb  sclimcckendcn  Sebcba-Salze.  Das  Pi'erdefutter  wurde  imnier  tiieiii-ei-,  ja 
cs  war  auf  dem  Marscbe  oft  kuum  mOglicb,  genug  zu  bekommen. 

Am  (J.  Februar  zogen  wir  von  Sokoto  uach  der  llesidenz  Wnruu.  Der  Abstieg 
znm  Giilbi-n-Sokoto  giug  einen  steilen,  stcinigeu  Htigel  biunnter,  an  dem  viele 


(275  ) 

Kaiueek"  weideten.  Dor  hiilb  trockone  Strom  wiirJo  obiie  Miihe  iiberscliritteii,  nnd 
unii  ging  es  dnrch  dicht  Ix'volkerte,  fruchtbare  Gegeud  weitor.  Bei  oiuem  Dorfe 
saben  wir  zabme  Stransse  weiden,  nnd  an  einigen  langgestreckten  kleinen  Seen 
trai'en  wir  wieder  ein  iiberreicbes  Vogellebeu.  Enten  verscbiedener  Arten  za  vielen 
Hnnderten,  ilber  dreissig  Anastonms  lamdliger  nnd  eiiie  Scbaar  von  Pelikanen. 
Wiedernm  miissten  wir  vierzebn  ■Tage  in  \Vnrnn  liegen. 

Diese  volkreicbe  Stadt  bat  mir  iiu  Ganzen  weuig  gefallen.  Man  bittte  denken 
konnen,  dass  sie  iufolge  ibres  neneren  Datnms  nnd  ihrer  scbon  ein  balbes  Jabrbundert 
daneruden  Bevorzugnng  dnrcb  die  Snltaue  etwas  vor  dem  alten  Sokoto  vorans 
babe,  es  ist  mir  aber  uiebt  gebiiigcn  dies  zu  fiudeu.  Die  Stadt  ist  euger  zusamiueu 
gebant,  als  Sokoto,  fast  alio  Grnudstiicke  siud  kleiiier,  nnd  man  bemerkt  nicht  ein 
einziges  so  imposantes  Gebiinde  wie  es  deren  viele  in  Sokoto  giebt,  dabei  ist  es 
dumpf  und  beiss,  am  Siidende  der  Stadt  ziebt  ein  stinkender  Grabeu  bin,  nnd  im 
ganzen  ist  der  Ort  unsanborer,  als  audre  grosse  Hanssastiidte.  Der  Snltan  war 
sebr  liebcuswiirdig.  Er  sandte  nns  Nabrungsmittel  nnd  eiuige  audre  Goscbonke, 
nnd  jeden  Abend  erscbienen  fi'inf  ])riicbtig  gekleidete,  meist  sebr  hiibscbe,  von 
dem  iiberreicblicb  bekleideteu  Ober-Ennncben  gelubrte  Sklavinnen,  die  in 
miicbtigen  scbwarzen  Holzscbiisseln  riesige  Reispnddings  trngen.  Da  diese  aus 
feinem  Reis  bereitet  waren,  nnd  in  einor  an  Fleiscbstiicken  reicben,  stark  gewiirzten 
Sauce  scbwammen,  waren  sie  ancb  fur  einen  Europiier  ein  gesnndes  uud  rocbt 
angcnebmes  Essen.  Von  der  iiberreicben  Speude  batten  unsere  Lente  natiirlicb 
den  moisten  Nntzeu,  deun  wir  konnten  kanm  die  Hitlfte  eines  solcben  Puddings 
verzebren,  nnd  sebnten  nns  docb  ancb  bald  nacb  etwas  Abwecbseluug.  Acbnlicbe 
Massen  eines  kiihlendcn  Getrankes  pflegte  der  Osiri,  dor  milcbtigste  Minister  des 
Reicbes,  uus  um  die  Mittagsstnnde  zn  scbieken.  Der  Sultan  empfiug  nns  anch 
wiederbolt  in  Audienz,  was  aber  immer  iwvc  auf  dem  Instanzenwege  durcb  den 
Osiri  und  Sariki-n-Fada  gescbeben  konnte.  Ausser  den  Begriissungsformeln  sprach 
er  uie  direkt  zu  nns,  sonderu  redete  in  der  Fnlbespracbe,  die  von  Tambari  in  Haussa 
und  von  unserem  Kocb  in  Engliscb  iibersetzt  wurde.  Es  ist  Sitte  der  Sultane, 
moglicbst  vor  Zeugen  und  Fremden  gegeniiber,  aucb  weun  sie  ibre  Spracbe  versteben 
— der  Sultan  spracb  gut  Haussa — dnrcb  einen  Auderu  zn  sprecben. 

Mit  den  babsiicbtigeu  nnd  uuzuverblssigon  Triigern  batten  wir  wieder  allerlei 
Scbwierigkeiten,  fiber  die  man  bei  Staudiugcr  uacbleseu  kauu.  Da  icb  micb  iiber 
dieselben  bescbwerte,  bofabl  der  Osiri  im  Namen  des  Sultans,  es  sullo  keiuer  die 
Stadt  obue  seine  Erlaubniss  verlassen,  es  scbien  aber  als  batten  die  Lento  wonig 
Respekt  davor,  da  dennocb  mebrere  verscbwanden.  Ueberbaupt  feblte  es  bier 
wie  fast  lilierall  im  Lando  nicbt  an  guton  Worteu,  aber  durcbaus  an  Enorgie  und 
Kraftentfaltung  irgendwelcher  Art,  sodass  wir  unsere  sonst  so  liebcuswUrdigeu 
Gastgeber  oft  geradezu  bassten  und  veracbtoteu. 

Aucb  bier  batte  icb  wiederbolt  Fieberanfiille.  Die  ersteu  Tage  benutzte  icb 
zu  Ausritteu  auf  die  die  Stadt  beborrscbenden  Hiigel.  Letztere  waren  iiberans 
kabl  und  mit  steinigom  Gendl  bedeckt.  Tbierloliou  bemerkte  man  dort  fast 
garuicbt,  nur  eine  kloiue  sebwarze  Laufkaforart  buscbte  iiber  den  Boden  uud 
kleiue  Fliige  der  finkeuartigen  Lercbe  Coraphitcs  leueotis  waren  nicbt  selteu, 
aucb  sab  icb  oinmal  eiuou  Steinscbmiitzer  an  mir  voriiberfliegcn,  dessen  Art  icb 
nicbt  feststelleu  konnte.  Von  dem  lliigcl  im  Siidosten,  von  wo  man  die  Stadt 
priicbtig  iibersiebt,  nabm  icb  beifolgende  Skizze  auf,  die  von  der  Bartb'scben  in 
mancbeu  Funkten  abweicbt. 

Gegen  das  Ende  nusres  Anfeutbaltes  saben  wir  aucb  ein  Beispiel  der  Landes- 

20 


(  -^'6  ) 

justiz.  T>rei  Fillaui,  die  Strasseuraiib  getriebou  batten,  wurJen  strauguliert, 
ilanii  auf  Piahlc  gesteckt  inul  atifreclit  aiif  dem  grosseu  Markte  anfgcstellt.  Es 
war  eia  greulicher  Anblick,  die  dick  geschwollenen  nackten  Gestalteu  uber  deui 
Boden  schweben  zu  seben,  wilbrend  eiue  Geierscbaar  auf  das  bakligst  bevorstebende 
Platzeii  dcr  Hant  wartete,  namcutlicb  mcin  Pferd  entsetzte  sicb  so  vor  dem 
Anblicke  und  dem  Gerucbe,  dass  es  nur  mit  Miibc  wicder  zu  bembigen  war.  Als 
ich  von  diesem  Ritte  nacb  Hanse  kfim,  sah  ich  einen  kleinen,  ziemlich  dnnklen 
AVanderfiilkeu  mit  grosser  Furcbtlosigkeit  vor  den  nmstebenden  Lenten  an  der 
Stadtmauer  Amadiuen  fangeu.     Eine  Turmfalkeuform  war  iibrigens  aucb  hiiafig. 


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Steinice    Hucel    mit    tiefen    Schluchten. 

1,  2,  3,  4,  Vorstiidte.  D.  Dorf  Gidan  Serikin  Agades  nach  Barth. 

M.  Der  Hau|it-Marktiilatz.  S.  Selilucht  in  der  Stadt. 

(Der  Fluss  fliesst  in  der  I'feilrichtung.) 


Am  20.  Februar  endlicb  verliessen  wir  Wnrnu.  Der  Sultan  hatte  eine 
Anweisnug  an  deu  Stattbalter  von  Zaria  gesandt,  uns  eine  MilHou  (sambar  alif) 
Kauri  zu  zablen — wovon  wir  natiirlicb  uur  eineu  sebr  geringen  Tbcil  jemals  zu 
selieu  bekameu.  Da  der  Sultan  mit  derlei  Zablnngsbefeblcii  iibrigens  ziemlicb 
freigebig  zu  sein  scbeint,  so  ist  es  vielleicbt  uicbt  immer  leicbt  fiir  seine 
Stattbalter,  seine  Wiinsche  vollauf  zu  bei'riedigen.  Eigcntbiimlicb  war  die 
Begriindung  dor  Zablung  in  Zaria,  aiistatt  seliou  liier  :  Es  wiirdc  uns  uicbt  nioglicli 
sciu,  Triigcr  fiir  die  Kauris  zu  bekduimen,  uud  wir  kiinntcn  in  Zaria  melir  Saciieii 
kaufen,  als  bier,  da  dort  mclir  Industrie  wilre.  Der  wirklicbe  (jruud  war  jedenfalls 
Icdiglicb  Geiz  oder  tbatsacbliciicr  Mangel  an  Geld. 

Als  Erinnerung  an  Wuruu  uabmen  wir  eiuige  aus  Maria  Theresa  Tbalern 
gefertigte  Schmuckstiicke  mit,  die  der  Seriki-n-makira,  unser  Gastfreund  aus  Zaria 


(277  ) 

aligefertigt  liatte,  der  hier  mehrcre  Monate,  niid  zwar  sehr  gegeu  seiiien  Wiinscli, 
fiir  den  Sultan  arbeiten  musste. 

Vom  Thore  von  Wurnu  an  ritten  wir  voile  dreivicrtel  Stnnden,  ehe  wir  das 
Ende  der  Vorsliidte  erreichten. 

Diirch  welliges  Gelilude  luid  iiber  oin  nicht  unbedentendes  Fliissbett  hiu  kamen 
wir  gegen  zwei  Ulir  uach  YasSanra  oder  Yessanra,  einer  grossen  Stadt,  wo  der 
Thronerbe  von  Sokoto  residierte,  der  iibrigens  eine  gewichtige  PersOuliclikeit  von 
grossem  Einflusse  zu  sein  schien. 

So  zufrieden  wir  anch  mft  nnserm  ersten  Tagemarsche  sein  konnten,  so  liitter 
wiirdeu  wir  am  folgenden  Tage  enttiiuscht.  lleiter  sjirengten  in  die  Stadt  uud 
berichteten,  dass  ein  heidnischer  Stamm  nnweit  von  Gidan  Goga  auf  dem  Marsche 
gegen  Sokoto  beobaclitet  worden  sei,  uud  dass  er  alle  Stiidte  vernichten  wolle.  Es 
erbob  sicli  Kriegsgeschrei  und  grosse  Trommeln  wurden  geriihrt,  ein  reitender  Bote 
wnrde  nach  Wnrnu  gesandt,  um  die  Botschaft  zn  iiberbringen,  aber  von  irgend 
einem  zweckmiissigeu  Plan  und  einem  Augriff  auf  die  Feinde,  die  mit  eiuigem  Mutbe 


8ILBEKSCHMUCK. 


leichfc  batten  iiberrumpelt  warden  kOunen,  war  keine  Rede.  Nur  Worte  und  grenzen- 
lose  Angst  der  fnrchtsamen  Leute  war  das  llesnltat  der  uns  bOchst  nnwillkommeuen 
Nacbricbten.  Deu  Tragern  kam  dies  recbt  gelegen,  und  aucb  der  Tbroufolger  rietb 
dringend,  nicbt  in  den  Racben  des  Feindes  zu  laufen.  Es  blieb  uns  also  uicbts 
iiCrig,  als  zu  bleiben,  da  wir  die  Triiger  nicbt  mit  Gewalt  vorwiirts  briugen  konuten. 
Der  Rasttag  gestattete,  eiuen  Ausgang  au  die  uaben  kleineu  Laudseen  zu  macben,  die 
sicb  als  ein  Dorado  fiir  Jjiger  und  Vogelfreunde  erwiesen,  obwobl  icb  ohue  llund  und 
Ortskenntuiss,  und  nur  mit  einer  Vogelflinte  bewaffnet,  nur  wenig  Beute  macben 
konnte.  Am  iiberrascbeudsten  war  der  Anblick  einer  wobl  150  Stiicke  ziiblendeu 
Scbaar  von  Tantalus  ibis,  die  mit  ibrem  priicbtig  weiss  und  rosenrotben  Gefieder 
an  Pracbt  fast  einer  Flamingoscbaar  glicbeu,  micb  aber  nicbt  anniibernd  auf  Scbuss- 
weite  beranliessen,  obwobl  diese  Vogel  einzeln  gar  nicbt  scbeu  zu  sein  pflcgen, 
Auf  dem  Wassor  lagen  Massen  von  Sarcidiornis  melanotm  und  Chcnalopex 
acgijptiacm,  einzelne  Plectropterus  uud  grosse  Fliige  von  Anas  crccca  und  querquedula 
— ecbtc  Trdpcnbewdbner  zusammen  mit  Wanderern  aus  der  Ileimatli.  Am  Ufer 
wareu  Ilima/itojjus  /iima/i(ojj/is  und  Totanus  enliilris  biiufig,  ebeuso  Totaims  glarcola. 
Die  eigcntbiimlicb  laufende  Parra  war  bier  und  da  zu  seben,  ein  grosser  Raubvogel, 
vermutblicb  ein  Scbopfadler,  scbwebte  in  der  Luft,  Haubenlercben  liefeu  auf  deu 
Wegen  und  der  scbOne  Lamprotornis  aiimus  tummelte  sicb  in  den  Baobabs  und 


( --i's ) 

Tamariudfu.  Eiumal  schwirrtc  vor  meiuen  Fiisseii  eiuc  Wacbtel  anf,  die  ganz  den 
Eiudruck  uuseror  lieimisclieii  Art  maclite,  die  icli  aber  leider  uicht  erlegte  und 
troti!  alleu  Snclicns  nicht  wiederfiudcn  kouute. 

Am  Abend  batten  wir,  statt  eines  Gefecbtes  mit  den  RilnbeTU,  denen  wir  gern 
die  Wirknug  nnsercr  Biicbsen  ad  corjiora  demonstriert  batten,  das  Scbanspiel  eines 
Kamiifes  des  Triigcrfilbrers  Giwa  (dcr  "  Elefant ")  mit  Yakada,  uuserm  Botcn  aiis 
Nnpe.  Der  Grnnd  war  Eii'er.sucbt,  wegeu  des  scbauibjscn  ^Vcil>es  des  (Jiwa. 
Diese  biibscbe,  aber  leicbtfertige  imd  nugetrene  Fersou  wurde  vou  ibrem  Manne 
am  spiiteu  Abend  in  der  Iliitte  des  Yakada  versteckt  gefuuden.  Die  ganze 
Angelegeubeit  endete  mit  eiuer  Durcbpriigeluug  des  Yakada  snwobl  als  des 
'Weilies,  da  eiu  Scbwertangritf  des  Boteu  auf  den  Giwa  obne  Resultat  Idieb.  Es 
war  dies  nicht  das  einzige  Mai,  dass  diese  Fran  nns  Aerger  bereitete — ibr  Jlann 
uiimlicb  versucbte  ims  fiir  das  Vergebcu  des  Yakada,  "  der  imser  Skhive  sei," 
verantwortlich  zu  macbeu — sondern  Ubnlicbe  Fiille  kameu  mebrfacb  vor,  nnd  einmal 
blieb  Giwa  mebrere  Stuuden  anf  der  Sucbe  nacb  ibr  fort. 

Am  uachsteu  Tage  stellte  sicb  berans,  dass  das  Kriegsgeriicbt  fast  ganz  eriogen 
gewesen  sei,  nnd  so  zogen  die  Triiger  leicbten  Herzens  weiter. 

Binnen  knrzem  passierten  wir  ilie  Stadt  Maigajera,  dann  die  uahe  beiein- 
anderliegeudeu  Stiidte  Gondosbi,  Idamboai  und  Kundns.  Wir  batten  somit  nnsre 
alte  Ivonto  wieJer  gctroil'eu.  Friili  am  Naciimittage  erreicbten  wir  das  bekannte 
Bara.  An  den  Slimiifeu  war  wieder  ein  wnndervolles  Vogelleben.  Zu  den  frilUer 
beobacbteten  Arteu  gesellte  sicb  Machetes  pugnax,  nocb  im  grauen  Reisekleid, 
ebenso  Gaukebidler  {Ilclot'irs/m  ecaiidatus)  und  Scbojifadler.  Die  Hitze  war  sebr 
(b'lR'kend,  immer  mebr  trocljnete  das  Laud  aus,  das  Wasser  wurde  immerscblccbter. 
Brausendo  ^\'irbelwinde  fiibrten  biiutig  Staub  und  Haudbosen  iibcr  die  Feldcr. 

Auf  den  nns  scbon  vou  der  Herreise  bekanuteu  "Wegen  zogen  wir  rilstig  weiter 
mid  waren  am  26.  Febrnar  wieder  in  Gora.  lu  der  Niihe  von  Yansokoa,  an  der 
Grenze  vou  Samfara  uud  Sokoto,  iinderten  wir  den  Weg,  indem  wir  nns  mebr 
in  dcr  Nahe  des  Fhisses  hielten,  uud  die  volkreicbe  Stadt  Bakura  anf  diese  W'eise 
kcnnen  lernten.  In  Rini  befaud  sicb  bei  xinsrem  Nacbtquartier  ein  grosser 
Affeubrotbaum,  anf  dem  sicb  mebrere  Marabuborste  mit  beinabe  fliiggeu  Jnngen 
befandeu.  Dicsen  Banm  batten  sicb  die  weisseu  Kubreiber,  belbela  der  Hanssa, 
BidjulcHs  biibulfus,  zum  >Scblafp]atz  erkorcu.  Scbaar  auf  >Scbaar  zog  bei  Begiun 
der  Duukelbeit  berau,  und  es  scbicn,  als  sei  niclit  eiu  einziges  Pliitzcbeu  mebr 
iibrig,  als  nacb  vielem  GetOse  sicb  alles  geordnet  uud  berubigt  hatte.  Viele  der 
VOgel  mussten  wieder  abzieben,  nm  auf  andereu  Biinmen  Untcrkunft  zu  finden, 
eine  ziemlicb  spilt  gekommene  kleine  Scbaar  weisser  Ibisse  jedocb  bebauptete  ibre 
Platze  trotz  beftigstcr  Rcmonstratioueu  vou  Seitcn  der  Reiber.  Der  schliesslicb 
ganz  scbneeweiss  bedecktc  Baum  bot  eineu  grotesken  Anblick  dar.  Am  anderu 
Morgen  war  nur  nocb  der  Boden  ringsum  weiss  iibertiincbt,  denn  mit  Tagcsanbrncb 
eutfemten  sicb  alle  Reiber  wieder,  um  ibrer  Nabrungssucbe  nacbzugeben. 

Von  Gora  aus  gingen  wir  niclit  wieder  iibcr  Paru,  Bokn  und  Dau  Goga,  sondern 
iiabnu'u  den  kiirzeren  Wcg  iiber  das  kleine  Oertchen  Magami,  vou  wo  wir  durcb 
uubewobntes  Gclaude  gen  Kaura  zogen. 

Am  28.  Februar,  nacb  Uebcrsdircitung  mcbrcrer  Tcrraiiiwclien  uml  eines 
steil  austeigcuden,  zum  Stromc  biu  allnuilig  abfallendcu  IL'ibeuzugcs,  kamcu  wir 
am  Naciimittage  wieder  iu  Kaura  au,  wo  ein  Feuer  das  Inuero  des  Palastes  und 
viele  Hiiuser  zersturt  battc. 

Der  Statthalter  des  aufbliibendeu  Kaura  war  wiederum  von  grosser   Licbens- 


(  279  ) 

wiirdigkeit.  Dies  war  fur  iius  von  besonderm  Werth,  da  wir  der  langwierigen 
Scherereien  mit  den  Triigern  iiberdriissig  waren  uud  beschlossen  batten,  irgend 
etwas  zu  thnn,  um  sie  los  zn  wcrdcn,  oder  zu  besserer  Folgsaiukeit  zu  zwingeu. 
Der  Stattbalter  war  von  seiuem  Oberberrn,  dem  Sultan  von  Sokoto  angcwieseu, 
uns  mit  einer  Eskorte  zu  versebeu  und  fiir  unsre  sicbere  Ankuni't  in  Zaria  zu 
sorgen.  Er  nabm  dieseu  Befebf  f'reudig  entgegen  nud  erkliirte,  dass  er  aucb  obne 
dies  iille  unsre  Wiinscbe  nacJ*'  Kniften  befriedigen  wurde,  da  wir  seine  Freuude 
seien.  In  der  Tbat  nahm  er  .sicb  nnserer  Sacbe  an  und  scbenkte  uns  ein  starkes 
Dromedar,  das  im  Stande  war,  den  grOssteu  Tbeil  unsrer  Triiger-Lastcu  auf- 
znnelimen,  deren  Zahl  ja  scbon  sehr  zusammeugeschmolzen  war.  Wir  waren  fest 
entscblossen,  lieber  den  Rest  der  "Waaren  zu  verschenken  oder  vor  den  Augen  der 
Triiger  zu  veruicbten,  als  uns  weitere  Schwierigkeiten  macben  zii  lasson,  sobald 
sie  jedocb  saben,  dass  wir  ibrer  niebt  mebr  bedurften,  waren  sie  die  demiUhigsten 
und  willigsten  GescbOpfe  die  man  sicb  denken  konnte.  Was  daber  das  Dromedar 
nicbt  anf  sich  nebmen  konnte,  iibernabmen  einige  wenige  der  besseren  Triiger,  denen 
wir  aber  jetzt  strikte  Bedingungen  macbten,  die  sie  annebmen  mnssten.  Die 
iibrigen  Triiger  Inngerten  nun  bettelud  um  uns  bernm,  waren  zn  alien  kleineu 
Dienstleistnngen  anf  einen  Wink  bereit  und  priesen  singend  unsere  Grossmutb 
und  Giite,  wenn  wir  in  die  Stiidte  einriickten. 

Unser  Wiistenscbiff  marscbierte,  ein  Bild  des  Pblegma,  langsam  aber  stetig 
all,  es  danerte  jodocli  einige  Tage,'ebc  wir,  oder  vielmebr  die  Kameeltreiber,  gelernt 
batten,  die  Lasten  ordentlicb  aufznscbniiren,  nnd  die  Eigenbeiten  des  Tbieres  zn 
verstehen,  das  sicb  nnr  ungern  beladen  Hess  und  beim  Niederlegen  und  Aufsteben 
ein  greuliches  Gebriill  ansstiess,  das  uns  anfangs  fOrmlicb  erscbreckte,  spiiterbin 
jedocb  nicbt  wenig  belnstigte. 

Vom  Sultan  von  Kaura  nabmen  wir  berzlicben  Abscbied  nnd  versprachen  ihm, 
dem  niicbsten  unsrer  Landsleute  der  sein  Laud  besucben  wiirde,  seine  Wiinscbe, 
niimlicb  ein  Paar  gnte  Revolver,  zwei  scbcine  Doppelflinten,  einige  scbmuck- 
reiche  gerade  Scbwerter  nnd  ein  Fernrobr,  mitzntbeileu.  Leider  bat  bis  bente  nocb 
Niemand  wieder  den  Weg  nacb  Kanra  gefunden.  In  Kaura  saben  wir  aucb  einen 
fast  weissen  "  Asbin,"  der  ein  reiner  Tuareg  gewesen  sein  diirfte.  Uebrigens  gab 
Tambari  an,  dass  deren  viele  im  Winter  nacb  Kano  kiimen,  die  ebonso  weiss  wie 
wir  seien.  Der  "  Asbin  "  in  Kaura  erzilblte,  dass  das  meiste  Salz  nacb  Hanssaland 
aus  "  Balma "  gebracbt  wiirde.  Dies  ist  zweifellos  das  bekannte  Bilma  in  etwas 
andrer  Anssprache.  Er  erziiblte,  dass  seine  Heimatb  in  der  Niibe  von  Borat  sei, 
nnd  dass  er  ilber  Issa,  Moriki,  Sabo-n-Birni  uud  Arsorori  dahin  gelaugte.  Da  er 
nur  wenig  Hanssa  verstand  nnd  wir,  ebensowenig  einer  unsrer  Lente,  kein  Wort 
seiner  Spracbe  kannten,  war  die  Unterbaltung  etwas  langwierig.  Uebrigens  war 
ancb  dieser  Mann  anscheinend  ein  Moliamedaner. 

Am  8.  Milrz  kamen  wir  wieder  nacb  Paskari.  Das  Laud  begann,  trotzdem 
von  Regen  nocb  keine  Rede  war,  das  Friiblingsgewand  anznlegen.  Viele 
Gewiicbse,  die  seit  Oktober  kahl  gestanden  batten,  begannen  zu  griinen  oder 
zn  bliibeu.  Die  Dodoa-Bilnme  scbmiickteu  sicb  mit  rotben  Bliithenbiiscbeln, 
andre  Mimoseen  rait  kleinen  gelben  Bliitben,  ein  iiberans  angenebmer,  stark 
wiirziger  Dnft  erfiillte  die  Lnft  seit  Tagen,  vermutblich  von  einer  Mimosenart 
herriihrend.  Die  Tauben  batten  sich  gepaart  nnd  gnrrten  iiberall  paarweise  berum, 
einige  enropiiiscbe  Vogel  zogen  entweder  scbon  wieder  der  Heimatb  zustrebend 
durcb,  oder  der  Paarungstrieb  batte  sie  lebbafter  gemacbt,  denn  znerst  bemerkte 
icb  liier  AViedehopfe,  die  ibr  anbeimelndes  bup-bn]i-bnp  munter  horen  liessen,  nnd 


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dreimal  vernahm  ich  im  Walde  den  Rnf  des  Pirols.  Anch  der  Boden  bedeckte  sich 
wieder  mit  frischem  Griin,  und  das  Insektenleben,  von  dem  man  im  allfremeiaen 
anuimmt,  dass  es  dnreh  die  ersteu  Kefreu  ans  ibrer  Pnppenrnhe  geweckt  wird, 
wnrde  schon  lebliaft.  Nachts  barte  man  eiii  Cicadenirezirpe,  wie  wir  es  seit  den 
Korro-Bergen  uicbt  t;eb<irt,  nud  bier  uud  da  sab  man  griine  nnd  scbwarz  uad 
weisse  Papilio-Arten  dabingankeln. 

Scbon  von  Kaura  an  batten  sicb  nns  verscbiedene  Frauen  nnd  reisende  Hiindler 
mit  TragLasten  angescblossen,  um  nnter  dem  Schntze  nnserer  Waffeu  den  grossen 
■\\'ald,  ill  dem  wir  im  December  mit  dem  Zaria-Heere  gelagert  batten,  zn  durch- 
selireiton.  Eine  von  Kanra  mitgegangene  Eskorte,  bestebeud  ans  einer  kieiuen 
Trnjipe  scbnellfiissiger  Bogenscbiitzen,  batte  nns  bald  wieder  verlassen. 

Mit  Tagesanbrncb  zogen  wir  von  Paskari  ab  nnd  marsdiierten  bei  furcbtbarer 
Hitze  bis  Abends  uenn  Ubr,  oliue  mebr  als  liier  nnd  da  fiinf  liis  zelin  Minnten,  nud 
Jlittags  cine  Stnnde  zn  rnben.  Unsre  Hoffnuug  Maska  zu  erreielien  war  vergebens. 
Der  vor  drei  Monaten  zwar  von  Menscben  belebte,  sonst  aber  diirre,  todt  aussebende 
Buscli-Wald  war  ergriint  nnd  von  zablreicben  Cicaden  nnd  Scbmetterlingen  belebt. 
In  der  Niilie  eines  Teicbes,  in  dem  wir  nnsre  Pferde  triinkten,  nnd  von  dessen 
iibelriecbendem,  branngelben  Wasser  wir  ebenfalls  tranken,  saben  wir  nnverkennbare 
Elefantenspnren,  nnd  nnser  Kocb  bemerkte  mebrere  grosse  Antikipen.  Es  b'isst  dies 
anf  eine  weite  Ansdebnnng  des  nnbewobnten  Waldgebietes  scbliessen.  Naeb  seebs 
Ubr  wnrde  es  nnmnglieh,  Ubr  und  Compass  zn  erkennen,  aber  gogen  acbt  Ubr  ging 
der  Mond  auf,  der  ein  wenig  den  Waldpfad  erliellte.  Um  neun  etwa  trafen  wir 
auf  die  Yorbnt  der  Karawane  nnd  saben,  dass  Alle  zn  ermiidet  waren,  nm  weiter  zu 
marscbieren.  Sie  batten  schon  Lagerfener  angezundet,  nnd  so  blieb  nns  nichts  iibrig, 
als  nns  ebenfalls,  in  nnsre  Decken  gebiillt,  anf  den  Boden  zn  strecken. 

In  weuigen  Stunden  erreicbten  wir  am  audern  Morgen  die  t>t.adt  Maska.  Fiir 
mieb  war  es  die  biicbste  Zeit,  denn  ein  starker  Fieberanl'all  batte  micb  wieder  gepackt, 
und  ein  nnerborter  Kopfscbmerz  betiinbte  micb  derart,  dass  ich  micb  kanm  noch 
auf  dem  Pferde  balten  konnte.  In  Maska  bracb  ich  beim  Absitzen  znsammen, 
kaleidoskopiscbe  Scbreckensbilder  begannen  vor  meinen  Augen  zn  tanzen,  meiue 
I'luttemperatur  erreicbte  das  Maximum.  Im  Augenblicke  war  ich  mir  uicbt 
bewnsst  eine  bOse  Krisis  in  iiberstehen,  nnd  nnr  das  eine  war  mir  gegenwiirtig,  dass 
der  Diener  Braima  neben  mir  sass  nnd  mir  unermiidlich  ernenerte  Compresseu 
lanwarmen  "Wassers,  die  ich  fiir  Eisumscbliige  bielt,  anf  die  Stirn  legte.  Eine 
vierundzwanzigstiindige  vcillige  Rube  that  eine  solcb  gute  Wirknng,  dass  icb 
schon  am  folgenden  Tage  wieder  weiterreiten  konnte,  womit  ich  den  Umstiinden 
nach  noch  sehr  znfrieden  sein  dnrfte.  Dieser  scbwere  Fieberanfall  war  der  letzte 
Besorgniss  erregende  wiibrend  der  Heise,  und  meine  Gesnndbeit  wnrde  von  nnn  ab 
im  allgemeinen  immer  besser. 

Anch  bier  in  Maska  war  wieder  die  Bevcilkernng  in  Angst  wegen  eiuer  Einfallcs 
feindlicher  Stilmme.  Hatten  weiter  im  Norden  die  Gobirri  nnd  Kabba  die  (Jemiitber 
erregt,  so  verbreitete  bier  das  Volk  der  Maradi  Furcbt  nnd  Scbrecken.  Die  Thore 
der  Stadt  waren  am  Morgen  verschlossen  nnd  bewacht,  und  alien  Erustes  war  man 
auf  eiiien  Angriff  gefasst.  Als  sich  bis  Mittag  nichts  gezeigt  batte  wurden  die 
Thore  geciffnet. 

AVir  crhielten  eineu  ortsknndigeu  Fiihrer,  der  nns  westlich  des  friihereu  Wegcs 
liber  die  ziemlich  ansgedebnte,  fest  nmmanerte  Stadt  Yelloa  nach  Bieb  fiihrte. 
Ueberall  faiideii  wir  die  offcncn  Farmorto  verlassen,  meistens  die  thrmernen,  6 — 8 
Fuss  bohen,  riesigen  Urnen  iihnelnden  Getreidespeicher  eingeschlageu,  um  bei  der 


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eiligen  Fhicht  den  Inhalt  rascher  heransholen  zu  kOnnen.  Die  Landbewohner  batten 
Bich  in  die  feston  Stiidte  gefliichtet,  nnr  die  Fulbehirten,  die  mit  ihren  Heerdeu  iu 
den  Stiidteu  keinen  Platz  fanden,  verliessen  sicb  auf  ihre  Waffen  oder  ilirc  Fliichtig- 
keit,  nnd  einige  liildhiibsche,  vou  bewaffiieten  Hirten  begleitete  Fulbemildchen  sahen 
wir  furchtlos  znr  8tadt  wanderu,,um  dort  Milch  zu  verkanfen. 

Am  12.  Miirz  erreichten  wir  wiedern  das  altbekannte  Zaria,  wo  wir,  wie  friiher, 
wieder  einen  unerwilnschten  Aufentbalt  von  vollen  16  Tagen  batten.  In  der  That 
schien  es,  als  ob  wir  nns  scbon  etwas  an  das  manana-Leben  Afrikas  gewobnt  biitten, 
deun  diese  Zeit,  obwobl  wir  von  Tag  zn  Tage  fort  wollten  und  uicbts  als  Aerger 
batten,  kam  nns  garnicbt  lange  vor. 

Die  grosse  Kanri-Zalilnng,  die  der  Snltan  von  Sokoto  dem  Hcrrscber  von  Zaria 
anfgetragen  batte,  war  er,  wie  wir  bald  einsabcn,  garnicbt  im  Stande  zn  leisten,  wir 
mnsstcn  nns  daber  rait  einem  kleinen  "Wegegeld  nnd  zwei  Pferden  begniigen,  die 
zusammen  nicbt  die  Hiilfte  der  Scluild  dockten.  Um  den  Stattbalter  nicbt  ins 
Ungliick  zu  bringen  und  endlicb  fortzukommon,  erkliirten  wir  nns  biermit  zn- 
friedengestcllt.  Kriegsgeriicbte  liefen  von  alien  Seiten  ein,  und  dass  sie  diesmal 
nicbt  erlogen  nnd  eingebildet  waren,  davon  sollten  wir  uns  bald  iiberzengen. 
Thatsacbe  war  es  jedeufalls,  dass  die  Maradi  oder  Gobirri  die  fcste  Stadt  Kiarana 
angegriften  batten  und  zuriickgeschlagen  worden  waren,  und  dass  audi  der  Statt- 
balter  von  Katshena  sine  Feldscblacht  gescblagen  batte.  Alle  Details  waren  so 
nugenau  oder  wiedersprecbend,  dass  sie  besser  verscbwiegen  bleiben.  Ferner  war 
der  nns  woblbekannte  Ort  Kasbia  niedergebraunt,  viele  der  Manner  erscblagen 
und  fast  alle  Sklaven  nnd  Weiber  geraubt  wordeu.  Der  Stattbalter  von  Zaria 
liess  nun  ancb  Kriegsliirm  scblagen,  aber  nnr  ungern  gaben  die  Miinner  ihr 
Gescbilft  auf  nnd  nnr  scbwerfiillig  leisteten  sie  die  Heerfolge.  Als  endlich  eine 
ganz  ausebnliebe  Trnppenmacht  zusammen  war,  zog  sie  uuter  Fiihrung  des 
Galadima  vor  die  Tbore.  Mit  lautem  Trableu  und  'WafFengerassel,  bei  dumpfem 
Paukenscblag  und  unter  dem  Webklagen  der  Abscbied  nebmenden  Frauen  giug  der 
Anfl)rucb  vor  sicb,  aber  unsere  Frennde  macbten  sicb  uns  in  boliem  Grade  verilcbtlicb 
dadurcb,  dass  sie  nichts  tbaten,  als  die  beissen  Stunden  des  Tages  mit  den  Waffen 
in  der  Hand  in  ciuem  naben  Tamariudenbain  zu  verscbwatzen,  und  am  Abend  rubig 
wieder  beimkebrten.  Dieses  liicberlicbe  Scbauspiel  wiederliolte  sicb  Tag  fiir  Tag, 
wiibrend  die  Horden  des  Aruna  das  offene  Land  ranbend  und  mordend  dnrcbzogen. 
Unter  den  Umstiinden  war  es  selbstverstiindlicb,  dass  wir  die  dringende  Bitte,  mit 
in  den  "  Krieg "  zu  zieben,  abscblugen,  wiibrend  icb  wenigstens  unter  andern 
Umstiinden  gern  gebolfen  biitte  die  Kiiuber  zn  ziicbtigen. 

Zn  meinem  Erstaunen  fanden  wir  es  garnicbt  scbwer,  soviele  Triiger  anzu- 
werben,  wie  wir  nnr  wollten.     Seit  Kanra  waren  sie  gefiigig  wie  nie  znvor. 

Es  war  leider  nicbt  mOglicb,  nuser  Dromedar  mit  nacb  Siiden  zn  nebmen,  da 
diese  Thiore  in  den  niederscblagreicberen  Waldgebieteu,  zumal  indcrberaunaheuden 
Regenzeit,  nicbt  leben  kOnnen,  und  aucb  nicbt  auf  dem  steinigen  Bodeu  dor 
Korro-Berge  gnt  fortkommen  kOnnen.  Wir  macbten  es  daber  unserm  alten 
Frennde  Massaill  zum  Gescbenke,  der  dariiber  bis  zu  Tbriinen  geriibrt  wnrde.  Seit 
er  seine  Heimatb  Tripe ilis  fiir  immer  verlassen  batte,  war  er  nicbt  Besitzer  eines 
Dromedars,  das  iibrigens  iu  Zaria  einen  liubeu  Wertb  besass,  gewesen.  Laut 
rufend  dankte  er  uns  nnd  Allab  iu  der  Hilbe  fiir  die  Guade,  welcbe  das  Gliick 
seiner  Jngend  wieder  vor  seine  Augen  fiibrte.  Uebrigens  waren  wir  dem  braven 
Manne  zu  grossem  Danke  verpfliclitet.  Er  war  uns  stets  ein  anfricbtiger  nnd 
wirklicb    uneigenniitziger    Frennd    und    Beratber    gewesen,   wir   verdanktcu   ibm 


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manche  Ansknnft  nnd  manchen  Rath,  sowie  viele  kleine  Gefiilligkeiteu,  vor  allfii 
Dingen  abcr  hatte  er  eineu  jjrossen  Theil  nnsrer  Halic  inonatelang  sicber  iind  tren, 
oliiit'  eiue  (Jcgeuleii^tuiig  t'iir  uus  aiifbewabrt,  wiiliivml  wir  luu-b  Sokdtn  uml  Kaiio 
gezogeii  waren. 

Audi  ziiiu  Yorscbiiss  jeder  veilugbaieu  Suuimi'  (jfldus  uikblitL-  er  sicb  btreit, 
anf  irgciid  eiucii  .Scbiiklsibeiu  hiu.  Alles  dies  war  um  so  niehr  auzuerkennen, 
als  die  Ijandesliewobuer  fast  iiberall  baligierig  iiuil  gei/.ig  warou,  wir  vou  dcu 
EuniiKU'rn  am  Niger  uur  sebr  (beilwcisu  Fremidscbal't  crfubrcii,  uiid  selbst  uusre 
deutscbon  Landsleute  iu  Lagos  auf  nnsrer  IJi'ickreise  eine  Uucbristlicbkeit  nnd 
Kk'iiilicbkcit  zeigten,  die  in  scbroifem  Gegensatze  zu  dcm  Gebabreu  dieses 
Mobamedaners  stand.  Aebnliclie  Erfalirnngen  batto  35  ".labre  friiher  Alfred  Brebm 
in  Kbartnm  geniaclit.     (iSiebe  A.  E.  Brobm's  Bciscs/azzen,  ]i{).  iv  and  '■>'.) — 101.) 

Am  2\  Miirz,  uacb  einer  Reihe  von  furchtbar  scbwiilen  Tagen  mit  bewolktem 
Himmel,  brach  ein  beftiges  Gewitter  mit  leichtem  Regen  los,  der  erste  Niederschlag 
seit  Oktt)ber.  Von  Abkiihlnng  war  aber  noch  keine  Rede.  AVieder  mnssten 
wir  eiuige  Tage  nntzlos  warten,  weil  die  Triiger  nicht  im  Stande  wareu,  filr  das 
als  Yorschnss  erbaltene  Zeng  Muscbeln  zu  bekommen,  womit  sie  tbeils  Scbulden 
abzablen,  tbeils  Reisevorbereitungen  treflfen  wollten.  Ancb  uns  ging  es  ahnlicb. 
Obwobl  wir  viel  Zeng  anf  den  Markt  sandten,  mangelte  es  znweilen  so  an 
Kleingeld,  dass  wir  nns  nicbt  gentigend  satt  csseu  kounten  !  Am  letzten  Tage 
kam  es  nocb  zn  eiuer  Scbliigerei  zwiscben  unsern  Dienern  und  den  Triigi-rfi'ibrern. 
Wieder  war  das  leicbtsinnige,  verliebte  nnd  nngetreue  Weib  des  Giwa  die  Ursaclie, 
nnd  nnr  nnser  rechtzeitiges  Hiuznkommen  verhiuderte  Blntvergiessen,  das  fiir  nns 
wieder  neuen  Anfentbalt  bedentet  biitte. 

Am  28.  Miirz  konnteu  wir  endlich  das  nns  nacbgerade  verbasst  gewordene 
Zaria  verlassen.  Massaiil  sandte  in  der  Frttbe  ein  Fviibstiick  nnd  begleitete  uus 
bis  an  den  Strom.  Hier  nabmen  wir  den  herzlichsten  Abscbied  von  unserm  Frennde 
und  icb  scbiime  micb  nicbt  zn  sageu,  dass  icb  sebr  geriibrt  war,  nnd  dass  mir 
k'benslang  das  Bild  vor  Angen  scbwebt,  wie  die  Karawane  am  Ufer  bielt  nnd  der 
alte  Mann  mit  iiberstr<imenden  Angen  die  Hiiude  znm  Himmel  erbob  nnd  mit  lanter 
Stimme  den  Segen  Allab's  fiir  unsere  gliicklicbe  Weiterreise  erflebte. 

Wie  gewohnlicb  am  Anfange  einer  Reise,  zogen  wir  nicht  weit,  sondern 
macbten  scbon  in  Birni-u-Bautshi  Halt.  Ornitbologiscb  interessaut  war  mir  die 
Hiiufigkeit  der  >Sjjoreukibitze  {Lobivanellus  alliici'p-s),  die  anf  den  tvockeuen  Feldern 
laut  pfeifend  nmherliefen.  Das  im  Herbste  so  uubequeme  8um|ifgel!inde  bis  Igabi 
hot  nnn  keinerlei  Unbeqnemlicbkeiten  dar,  nnd  rasch  erreiohten  wir  den  Ort.  In 
eiuem  Waldstreifeu  sahen  wir  den  pracbtvolleu  blanen  Bananeufresser  (Musop/iaffa 
riolaccd),  der  grossc  Bienenfresser  (Mrroj)S  vuhicKti)  scbwebte  lant  rnfend  iiber  dem 
Bnscbwald,  nnd  mancbe  andere  V<igel  erfrouten  Auge  nnd  Obr.  Ancb  mebrere 
Antilopen  sah  ich,  doch  wnrden  sie  dnreb  don  Liirm  der  Karawaue  zn  friili  fliichtig, 
nm  sie  zn  erkennen. 

In  Igabf  jiassierte  mir  ein  Versehen,  das  icb,  wie  ancb  Staudinger,  uiclit 
verscbweigen  mag,  da  es  in  boheni  Grade  bezeicbnend  ist  fiir  die  religiose  Dnldsani- 
keit  der  Landesbewobuer.  In  der  Niibe  nnsrer  Wobunng  befaiid  sicb  ein  eiugeziiunter 
Platz,  in  dosseu  Mitte  ein  grosser  thOnerner  Topf  eingegraben  war.  Da  diese 
Einriobtnng  grosse  Aebnlicbkeit  mit  unscrni  friiber  erwiibiitcn  Abtritt  in  Keffi 
hatte,  so  ztigerte  ich  nicbt,  sie  am  Abend  als  solcbe  zn  betracbten,  zumal  es  bei 
der  Art  nnsres  Gehoftes  uud  den  zablreicben  Besuchen,  nicbt  lei('bt  war,  eiucn 
andorn  nngenierten  Platz  zn  linden.     Bald  nachbcr  bcschwerte  sicb  nnser  freuiid- 


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licher  Wirth,  der  Obermetzger  (Sariki-n-Pana  =  Metzgerfiirst),  dass  seine  Moschee 
in  schreckliclier  Weise  vernnreinigt  worden  sei.  In  mauchem  andern  mohameda- 
uischen  Laude  liiitte  dies  Verselien  biise  Folgen  gehabt,  hier  alier  geniigte  eiiie 
aufriehtige  Entschnldiuung  und  Erklarnng,  nmdie  Saclie  eiu  I'iii-  allemal  zu  erlediyeii. 

Von  Igabi  zogcui  wir  idjer  Jiibakii  nacb  der  grossen  >Stadt  Gilku.  Uuserc 
Miii'scbe  gidgen  rasch  von  Statteu,  denu  die  Wege  wareu  trocken  und  hart,  iiud 
kein  Flnsslauf  liot  uns  Schwierigkeiten  dar,  da  die  Struine  mm  entweder  ganz 
ansgetroekiiet  waren,  oder  nnr  aiis  einev  fiucben  Ixinne  bestanden,  die  e1)eii  sieniig 
AVasser  zu  eiuem  erfriscliendeii  Tniuke  iider  eiiiciu  Oiicbtigen  Jnule  eulhielt,  luid 
obne  Schwierigkeiten  dnrcliritten  werden  konuten.  Uas  Flussthal  von  Gilku  mit 
seinen  Fiicherpalmen  macbte  aucb  jetzt  einen  hiibschen  Eindrnck,  obwohl  es  nicht 
so  griin  war,  wie  friiber.  Die  Facher-Falmen  (gingiuja)  waren  mit  grossen 
rnnden,  dunkelgelbeu  Friicbten  bedeckt,  deren  ziihes,  faseriges  Fleiscb  aromatiscb 
duftete  nnd  einen  sebr  guten,  nur  etwas  (nacb  Art  der  Mango)  terj^entinartigen, 
Geschmack  hatte. 

Gegen  Mittag  begegneten  wir  einer  grossen,  ans  vielen  Eseln  nnd  Triigern 
bestebenden,  uuter  der  Filbrnng  eines  Arabers  stebcnden  Elfenbeiukarawane,  die 
nacb  Zaria  zog. 

Viele  Fulbebirten  batten  sicb  mit  ibren  Heerden  in  dcm  frucbtbaren  Thale 
niedergelassen,  sodass  wir  wieder  friscbe  Milcb  nnd  |Butter  erbielten.  Den  Ort 
Gida-n-Angarba  (oder  Libere)  fanden  wir  verlassen  und  tbeilweise  zerstOrt,  die 
tbunernen  Getreidespeicber  eingescblagen.  Die  Horden  des  Aruua,  eines  gefiirch- 
teten  Freibenters,  batten  den  Ort  iiberfallen.  Da  die  Einwobner  recbtzeitig  von 
dem  Ueberfall  Knnde  erbielten,  wurden  nur  einige  Frauen  und  alte  Manner  geranbt, 
die  angeblicb  durch  einen  kiibnen  (?)  Angriff  auf  die  Riiuber  wieder  znriickerobert 
wurden,  es  wurden  jedocb  werthvolle  Vorriitbe  und  Vieb  weggenommen.  Die 
Bewobner  flohen  in  den  zwiscben  Felsen  verscbanzten  alten  Ort  Libere,  den  sic 
fortan  bewohnen  wollen.  Derselbe  ist  viel  besser  gelegen  nnd  war  frtiher  grosser, 
wnrde  aber  vor  liiugerer  Zeit  dnrcb  den  Stattbalter  von  Zaria  wegeu  mangelnder 
Tribnt-Zablung  zersturt.  Leider  ist  diese  verderbiicbe  Art  der  Justiz  von  8eiten 
der  Herrscber  nicbts  Ungewobnlicbes  in  diesen  Lilnderu. 

Anstatt  wieder  in  Akoro  zu  iibernacbten,  wurden  wir  aus  einem  uus  nicbt 
bekannten  Grnnde  in  den  nabe  bei  Akoro  gelegenen  kleinen  Ort  Gida-n-Maibalbi 
gefiibrt,  der  ebenfalls  angegriffen  und  tbeilweise  zersturt  wai*.  Der  Kaduna 
schitumt  bier  uber  ein  felsiges  Bett,  uud  die  Landscbaft  ist  stellenweise  ausser- 
ordentlich  maleriscb.  Trotz  des  starken  Gefiilles  sind  gerade  hier  Krokodile  sebr 
hiiufig.  Wir  saben  mebrere  kleinere  Stilcke,  nnd  die  Leute  klagten  fiber  Kinderraub 
von  Seiten  dieser  Ungebener. 

8ebr  intercssierte  es  uns,  bier  einen  zu  Jagdzvveckcn  dienenden  Vogelkopf  zu 
sehen.  Der  Scbnabel  eines  Bucorax  mit  dem  ycbildel  war  getrocknet,  der  letztere 
mit  Leder  iiberzogen  und  ein  kiinstlicber  Hals  daran  befestigt,  an  dessen  nnterem 
Theile  sicb  eiu  kleiner  Spiegel  befand.  Diesen  kiinstliciien  Vogel  befestigt  der  Jiiger 
an  seinem  Kopfe  und  kriecbt  nun  mit  Scbutzledern  an  den  Knieeu  durcb  das  hobe 
Gras,  sodass  nur  der  Vogelkopf  iiber  dasselbe  binaus  sagt.  Auf  diese  Weise  werden 
Antilopen,  Krauiche  und  auderes  Wild  beschlicben  und  mit  meist  vergifteten  Pfeilen 
erlegt.  Der  Zweck  des  Spiegels  am  nnteren  Theile  des  Halses  ist  mir  riitbselhaft. 
Die  Haussa  schreiben  ibm  ganz  besonderen  Nutzen  zu.  Nacb  der  Art  wie  er 
angeliracbt  wird,  kann  er  nicbt  etwa  dazu  dienen,  das  Wild  darin  zn  erblicken, 
man  soUte  ihn  also  eher  fiir  hinderlich,  als  fiir  niitzlicb  halten.    Vergebens  bemiihten 


(  284  ) 

vnr  nns  liier,  ilies  interessante  ethnographische  Stiick  zn  erwerben,  es  gelang  aber 
Standinger  spiiter  in  Loko  ein  iihnliclies  zu  kanfeii,  ilas  sich  im  ^Inspum  fi\r 
Viilkerkiiiule  zii  lierliii  befiudet. 

Da  nnii  kein  snmpfiges  Terrain  nns  mchr  liindorte,  die  kiirzesten  nnd  beqnem- 
sten  Wege  zu  wiiblen,  liesseu  wir  Adnma,  wo  wir  anf  der  Hiureise  iiberuacbtet 
batten,  Ostlicb  von  nns  liegen  nnd  rasteten  gogen  Abend  am  bochsten  Pnnkt  des 
Laudes,  den  wir  betraten,  bei  dem  Dorfe  Katilb  Anf  diesem  Marsche  salien  wir 
znerst  unverkcnnbare  >Spnreu  von  der  Murdhist  der  Kiiuberbaude  des  Arnna,  deun 
zn  beiden  Seiten  des  Wages  sahen  wir  erschlagenc  Miinner  liegen.  Sie  waren 
offenbar  vor  wenigen  Tagen  getOdtet,  denn  nocli  war  der  Gestank  fiircbterlicb,  die 
von  der  Glutb  der  Sonne  gedOrrte  Hant  iimgab  den  Korper  wie  scliwarzes  Leder, 
nnd  die  Geier  nnd  Hyiinen  batten  ilire  Mahlzeiten  nocii  nicht  bcendet.  Angeblieh 
waren  die  Rilnber  vor  nns,  nnd  wir  waren  daranf  vorbcreitct,  mit  iliuen  znsammen- 
zntreffen.  Das  Dorf  Katill  selbst  saben  wir  nicht.  Es  war  nns  zu  spilt  und 
wir  waren  zn  miide,  den  l)esebwerlichen  Weg  dahin  zn  macben,  sandten  aber  den 
Kocli  liiu,  der  in  seiner  drastischen  Weise  bericbteto,  der  "Ort  wiire  scbmntzig,  die 
BevOlkernng  nnscbiin  nnd  dnmm,  alle  Weiber  batten  dicke  Biincbe  nnd  seien 
dnrcbans  nicbt,  oder  nnr  mit  ein  paar  Bliittera  bekleidet.  Einige  jnnge  Bnuscbe 
kamen  an  nnser  Lager  nnd  benahmen  sicb  scben  nnd  znriickbalteud.  Mebrere 
IVenudliclip  Fnlbefranen  verkanften  nns  frisclic  Butter.  An  nnserm  Lagerplatze 
landen  wir  enge  Grasliiitten  vor,  deren  eine  Standinger  bezog,  wabrend  icii  es 
verzog,  die  hcrrlicbe  Nacht  unter  freiem  Himmel  zu  verschlafen. 

Friib   am   andern    Morgen   bracben   wir  anf  nnd  batten  nnsre  Karawaue  in 
gnter  Ordnnug  beisammen.     Eine  Meuge  von  Frankolinen  (F.  hiadcuratus)  bid  zur 
Jagd  ein,  nnd  in  aller  Eile  erlegten  wir  genng  fiir  das  Abendbrot.      Uelierliaupt 
saben  wir  viele  VOgel.     Grosse  Geier,  die  wir  soust  fast  nur  in  der  Niibe  der  holien 
Felsen,  ibrer  Brnti)]iitze,  bemerkten,  waren  dnrcb  die  Leicben  zablreicb  angekickt. 
Am   Wege   trafen    wir  anf  viele,   lauter  miinulicbe  Leichname.     Angeusebeinlieh 
waren  es  friedlicbe  Wanderer  gewesen,  die  ibrer  Habseligkeiten  l)eraubt  nnd  nntzlos 
gemordet  waren.    Die  Hyiinen  nnd  Geier  batten  sie  grenlicb  zngericbtet  nnd  einzelne 
Glieder  oft  weitbin  verscbleppt.     Unsere  Hanssa  kiimmerten  sich  nicbt  im  min- 
desten  nm  ihre  erscblagenen  Landslente,  die  nnbedoekt  dalageu,  nur  zwei  oder  drei, 
vielleicht  im  Streit  gefiillene  Freibenter  waren  etwas  abseits  vom  Wege  mit  Gras 
nnd  Steinen  zngedeckt.     Es  scbieneu  Fulbe  zu  sein.     Kasbia  war  kanm  wiederzn- 
erkennen.      Die  Hiinser  und  Umziiunnngen  waren  niedergebraunt,  nnd  was  nocb 
stand    war    mebr    oder    minder    bescbiidigt.       Von    dem    lebhaften    Treiben    im 
vorigen    Summer  war   nicbts   zu   seben.     Der  friiber  so  bochfabrende,  nnliebeus- 
wiirdige    Iliinptling   sass   ein  Bild   des   Jammers,  seiner  Frauen  nnd    Sklaviunen 
beraubt,  anf  seiner  Scbwelle.     Sein  Beratber  aus  Zaria,  sowie  die  meisten  seiner 
Sklaven   lagen   erscblagen  im  Busch.      Wie  uns  erzitblt  wnrde  batte   ein   Fulbe, 
dem  der  Hiinjitling  seine  Ttinder  fortgenommen,  die  Lcute  des  Arnna  aus  Raclie 
berbeigernfon    zu  einer  Zeit,  da  die  meislx'u  wafteutragenden   Miinner  anf  einem 
IJaubznge   in   den    Bergen  der  Ungliinbigen   abwesend   waren.     Der   Beamte  aus 
Zaria   soil    mit    wenigen  Mann   den  Feinden  kiibn  entgegen  gegangen  sein,  doch 
wnrde  er  mit  15   Anderen   erscblagen.      Die  Riiuber   nabmen    fiber   40iJ    Franen 
und    10    Miinner   gefangen  mit   sic-h    und   ranliten  viel  Getreide  nnd  Pferde.     Es 
biess,  sie  seien  nacb  Kingam  Fillani  gezogen,  und  icb  batte  einige  Hotfnnng,  mit 
ihnen   znsammenzutreffen,  aber  schon  beim  Abmarsche  von  Kasbia  erbielten  wir 
andre  Nacbricbten,  und  saben  nicbts  mebr  von  den  Schandthatcn  des  Aruna, 


(  285  ) 

Was  wir  iiber  diesen  Riinberfiihrer  erfuhren  war  derart  mit  milrclienhaften 
Uebertreil)ungen  durclisetzt,  dass  es  uns  iiicbt  moglicb  war,  den  vielleicht  mir 
kleinen  Kern  der  Wabrheit  berausznscbaleu.  Es  hiess,  dass  er  zwischen  siebon 
Felsen  ebensoviele  Stiidte  mit  ausgedebnten  Feldera  besitze,  so  gross,  dass  eine 
Belagernng  nnmiiglich  sei,  dass  er  selbst  so  gross  nnd  dick  sei, — Dicke  gilt  in 
den  meisten  Gegenden  Afrikas  als  ein  Zeicben  von  Reicbthnm — dass  er  ein  Pferd 
benOthige,  das  jedes  Maass  an  Grosse  iibersteige,  ein  Pferd  das  ihn  lOii  Rklaven 
gekostet  babe,  dass  er  eine  Hand  wie  eine  Miiunerbrust,  einen  Arm  wie  einen 
Weiberscbenkel  babe,  einen  Speer  aus  den  Stamme  der  Dattelpalme  fiihre,  und  dass 
seine  Stilrke  daber  riUire,  dass  er  allabendlicli  ein  ganzes  Scbaf  verzelire.  Ancb 
sollte  er  natiirlich  unverwnndbar  sein,  nnd  dergleicben  Uusinn  mehr. 

In  IJingam  Fillani  sahen  wir  eine  Menge  Ingwer  zum  Verbanfe  ansgeboten. 
Da  wir  Hiibner  und  Ziegen  nicht  woblfeil  genug  bekommen  konnten,  biblete  ein 
nicht  iibler  Kronenkranicb  {Balearica  pavoniim)  mit  etwas  "asba,"  einem  birse- 
itbnliclieu  Korn,  misre  Abendmablzeit.  Durcb  gebirgiges  Terrain,  tiefe,  waldige 
Scblncbten  mit  Riunsalen  klaren  Wassers,  vorbei  an  mebreren  in  Walde  versteckten 
heidniscben  DiJrfern,  kamen  wir  nacb  Aribi  nnd  Knkni,  wo  wir  wieder  im  Freien 
libernachteten,  wie  auf  der  Hinreise.  Wir  waren  sehr  erfrent,  dass  ein  Mann 
Namens  Yato,  der  nns  friiher  allerlei  versprocben  batte,  nnserer  gedacbte  uud 
nns  Lebensmittel  sowie  das  interessante,  oben  erwiibnte  brillcnformige,  einzige 
Kleidungsstiick  der  Frauen,  nnd  ein  im  Giirtel  getragenes  Kampfmesser  scbenkte. 
Standinger  sab  einen  Mann  mit  einem  Bastkleide.  Es  war  das  glaube  icb  das 
oinzige  Mai,  dass  wir  dergl.  saben,  was  ja  ancb  sebr  natiirlicb  ist,  da  die  beriilimten 
sndaniscben  Banmwollenstoffe  so  vicl  besser  siud.  In  anderu  Tbeilen  von  Afrika, 
z.  B.  am  Congo  nnd  in  Gabun,  wo  keine  so  ansgedehute  Baumwollindustrie  bestebt, 
sind  Baststofie  biiufig. 

In  Knkni  nnd  Aribi  wnrden  beidnische  Feste  gefeiert,  die  vermnthlicli  mit  dem 
Beginne  der  Regenzeit  in  Verbindnng  zn  bringen  sind,  nnd  bei  denen  warmes,  ans 
gegobrener  Dawa  (^Sorghum)  bereitetes  Bier  bis  znm  scbweren  Ranscbe  getrunken 
wnrde.  In  Aribi,  wo  wir  ein  schwacb  gewordenes  Pferd  verscbenkten,  wnrden  wir 
von  dem  Hiinptling  mit  je  einem  Dorfe  beschenkt,  in  denen  wir  Herr  iiber  Leben 
und  Tod  sein  sollten.  Der  Einladnng  diese  Diirfer  am  folgenden  Tage  zn  besncben 
kamen  wir  nicbt  nacli,  da  nns  an  solchem  Besitze  nichts  liegen  konnte,  iibrigens  ist 
es  wabrscbeinlicb,  dass  diese  Gabe  uur  in  der  Trunkenbeit  gemacbt  wurde,  oder  dass 
es  mit  den  betreffenden  Orten  einen  besonderen  Haken  bat,  vielleicbt  dass  sie  erst 
von  uns  erobert  werden  sollten.  Unser  Freund  Yato  von  Knkni  kam  nocbmals  am 
spiiten  Abend  im  Katzenjammerstadinm  zn  uns  und  bat  nm  eine  Medicin  gegen 
den  Tod. 

Der  Abstieg  in  das  Thai  giug  sebr  rascb,  denn  scbon  gegen  9  Ubr  erreicbten 
wir  Panda.  Wir  kamen  an  nur  wenigeu  von  Heideu  bewohnten  DOrfern  vorbei, 
docb  sollen  noch  viel  mebr  abseits  vom  Wege,  tief  versteckt  im  Walde  liegen. 
Das  frnchtbare  Thai  von  Panda  mit  seiuen  vieleu  Palmeu  machte  aucli  diesmal 
einen  herrlicben  Eindruck  auf  uns.  Der  aromatische  Duft  einer  mit  reifen  Friiehten 
bedeckten  Filcherpalme  war  iiber  hundert  Meter  weit  bemerkbar.  In  den 
Urwaldstreifen  war  eiu  reiches  Thierleben,  nnd  wir  saben  auf  dem  Marschc  viele 
Scbmetterlinge  nnd  Raupeu. 

Eine  Menge  von  Fulbebirten,  die  in  der  nassen  Jabreszeit  nicbt  weit  vou 
Kano  wobnen,  batten  sich  jetzt  in  dem  weidereichen  Thale  niedergelasseu.  Die 
Miinner   waren    ziemlich    zuriickhaltcml,   aber    die    Frauen    zutranlicher.      Einige 


(  28C  ) 

bildhiibsche  MSdchen  von  oiner  wnnderbaren,  natiirlichen  Grazie,  mit  schlanken 
Ki'irpern  nnd  klassischcii  Biisten  bosnchteii  niis  gegpii  Alipiid  mid  schpiikt(Mi  mis 
i'l'ische  Milcli.  ])or  iviclu'  Scliuuick  aus  jrcssiiiLr,  klciiieu  Muscliclu  iind  (ilasperlou 
hob  sicli  gescbmackvoll  voii  der  brauntn  Haul  ali.  Aiil'aiigs  waivii  sic  etwas 
scliiicliteni,  wiii'di'ii  aber  liald  veitiaiit,  mid  liaU'ii  mis  um  Jlessiiigkettcn,  die  wir 
ilineu  nm  Sclmlti'in  mid  lliiffeu  baiijrtcii.  WiiLircnd  sie  bei  iiiis  in  dcm  gcranmigeu 
Hanso  sasseii,  staiiden  die  mit  Pfeil  mid  Bogeii  bewafliietcii  Jliimier  in  dcr  Thiir 
mid  higten  von  Zeit  zu  Zcit  biiicia,  ob  ihreu  Miidcben  kuin  Uiibeil  gescliebe. 
Letztere  merkteu  wohl,  dass  es  nns  fern  lag,  ibneu  ein  Leid  zngefiigen,  und  dass 
wir  nnr  bedanertcn,  dass  unsre  Unterbaltnng  iiicbt-  fliessender  war.  Wcder  die 
Fnlbemiidcben  nocb  wir  bcherrscbtcn  die  Hanssaspracbe  vollkommen. 

Am  Abende  liogann  die  heidnische  Bevidkernng  von  Panda  zn  tanzcn,  und  bis 
tief  iu  die  Nacbt  hinein  war  von  Scblafon  ftlr  nns  nicbt  viel  die  Rede.  Die  Manner 
nnd  einige  weuige  Franeu  stampfteu  nuablassig  iu  einem  grossen  Kreise  nm  einen 
Trommelscbbiger  hernm.  Die  Manner  sangen  mit  lauter  sonorer  Stimme,  oft 
ehorurtig,  und  jcder  batte  zwei  Gegenstiinde,  Knochen,  Holzstiicke,  Messer  oder 
dergl.,  mit  denen  sie  durcb  Aneinanderschlagen  einen  vieltiinigeu,  betiinbenden  Liirm 
vernrsachten.  Einige  Franen  liessen  dabci  das  nnbeschreiblicb  durcbdringende, 
tremnlierende,  vom  Meerbnscn  von  Guinea  bis  znm  ostindischen  Arcbipel  bekannte 
TJufen  hiiron,  das  P)nrton  bezeichnend  "  hillilooing"  nennt. 

Prachtvoll  war  der  Marsch  durfh  das  scbiine  Thai.  Zweispornigc  Frankoline 
nnd  Perlhiibner  wareu  so  hiinfig,  dass  wir  ohne  viel  Miibe  mebr  als  genug  znm 
Abeudessen  fiir  nns  und  unsre  Diener  erlegten,  Mebrere  Gescbirrantilopen  saben 
wir  und  icb  erfreute  micb  an  scbonen  blanen,  rotliflugligen  Bananenfressern.  Da 
ich  micb  anf  der  Jagd  verspiitet  batte  ritt  icb  zulctzt  allein  binter  der  Karawane 
her.  Am  Fnsse  der  Felsennestes  Gitata  angckommen  ritt  ich  obue  Weiteres  den 
steilen  Berg  hinan,  bis  in  den  wohlbekannten  Ort  liinein.  Auf  meine  Frage  nacb 
nnsern  Lenten  und  meinem  Kameraden  wnrde  mir  in  wenig  bOflicber  Weise 
bedeutet,  da'ss  alle  am  Fnsse  des  Berges  seien  und  dort  das  Lager  aufgescbbigen 
batten.  Da  ich  nicbt  allein  ohne  Decken  nnd  Nahrnng  hier  bleiben  wollle,  nnd 
die  Bevulkerung  keineswegs  eutgegenkommend  war,  mnsste  ich  wieder  hinnnter, 
wobci  icli  mcin  ermiidetes  Pferd  die  halsbrecherisclien  steilen  Pfade  binab  meist 
am  Ziigel  fiilirte.  Li  der  That  batten  die  Bewoliner  erkliirt,  koin  Hans  fiir  nns 
zn  haben,  sodass  Standiiigcr,  nm  nicht  Streit  herbeizufiihreu,  und  das  liistigo 
Bergsteigen  zn  vermeiden,  das  Lager  nnter  eiuem  grossen  Baume  im  Tbale 
anfgeschlagen  hatte.  Trotz  meiner  wieder  angeschwollenen  Backe  mid  eines 
leicbten  Fiebers  ging  icb  vom  Lager  aus  doch  noch  einmal  auf  die  Jagd.  Das 
interessanteste,  das  icb  ansscr  den  oben  erwilbntcn  Vogeln  sah,  war  eine  Grabstiitte 
■ — die  einzige,  die  mir  im  Haussalande  vorgekommen  ist.  Inmitten  eines  licbten 
Waldstreifens-  licfanden  sich  zahlrciclio  l;inglichc,-kaum  bemerkbare  Hiigelchen, 
auf  denen  an  einem  Ende  grosse  Stcine  lagen,  in  deren  Mittc  ein  irdencr  Topf 
stand.  An  einem  der  (irabliiigcl  ragten  zwei  langc  Antilopenbrirner  aus  der  Krde, 
auf  einem  andern  stand  eine  aufgericbtete,  etwa  in  Form  eines  Meilensteines 
behauenc  weisse  Quarzplattc.  Ofl'enbar  war  dies  eine  lioidnische  (irabstiitte, 
denn  die  moliamedanischen  Haussa  keniien  dergleicben  nicbt,  sondorn  liaben  die 
miaiigenobnie,  und  jedenfalls  mit  zn  der  tingesiindlieit  ibrer  Stiidte  beitrageiide 
iSitte,  die  Todtcn  in  den  Ortcn  sellist,  meist  in  den  Hiifen,  znweilen  ober  iinter  den 
Ililnsern  zn  begraben.  Dies  geschieht  gewohnlich  in  aller  Stille  bei  Nacbt,  und 
alle  Spuren  des  Begriibnisses  werdeu  verwischt. 


(  -^87  ) 

Uebrigeus  war  diu  Naclit  pvaclitvoll,  uad  wir  eutbelirteii  keiaeswegs  das 
schiiUende  Dach.  Noch  um  Mitternacht  batteu  wir  2T  Celsius.  Das  einzige 
naangeuebme  war  eiue  StOnmg  dnrch  Ameisen,  die  anch  eiuige  der  Neger 
ilberfieleii. 

Am  folgcudeii  Tage  liiess  es  wieder  eiumal,  wir  wiirden  iiberfalleu  werdeu, 
deuu  das  Volk  vou  Abutsbi,  das  uus  scbon  auf  dor  Hiureise  bedrolit  babeu  sollte, 
aber  durcb  eiu  gebcimuissvolles  Brummcu  ia  der  Lnft  abergliinbisch  gemacbt 
vou  dem  Aiigrifi'  Abstaud  gcLiommen  batte,  sei  wieder  gegeu  mis  ausgezogeii. 
Wabrselieiiilicb  war  nicbts  wabres  darau,  denn  wir  salieu  keiueu  Feiud,  dagogcu 
begegueteii  wir  eiuer  grosseu,  vou  woblbewaffueten  Araberu  gef'iibrteu,  von  BInsik 
begleitetcn  Elfeubeiukarawane,  die  vom  Benue  uacb  Kauo  zog.  Am  12.  April  kameu 
wir  uacb  Keffi.  Wir  warcn  uicbt  weuig  erstaunt,  dass  dem  eleuden  Dau  Tambari 
bier  grosse  Ebreu  erwieseu  wnrdeii.  Er  batte  uiimlicb  auf  der  Hiureisc  bier  den 
grOssten  Tbeil  seines  Besitzes  versubweudet  und  sicb  sebr  durcb  seine  Freigebigkeit 
beliebt  gemacbt.  Leider  mussten  wir  wieder  vier  Tage  in  Keffi  bleiben.  Die 
Niicbte  waren  bier  eutsetzlicb  schwiil,  und  micb  jilagte  mebrere  Tage  eiu  heftiger 
Muskelrbeumatismus,  der  mir  alien  Scblaf  raubte.  Endlicb  ging  eiu  schweres 
Gewitter  uieder,  das  Meuscben  und  Tliicre  ausserordentlicb  eninickte.  Merkwiirdigcr 
Weise  war  aucb  mein  Rbenmatismus  nun  verscbwunden  und  kebrte  uicbt  wieder. 

In  Keffi  wurden  wir  iibrigeus  im  allgemeinen  sebr  berzlicb  empfangeu,  und 
illierall  gab  man  bier  in  lauten  Ausrufeu  das  Erstauuen  kuud,  dass  wir  "Nazareuer" 
iu  Sokoto  und  Kanu  gewesen  waren,  und  nun  woblbebalteu  wiederkebrten.  Die 
Triiger  wollten  aucb  liier,  wie  iiberall  iu  grossen  Stiidteu,  mOglicbst  lauge  vcrweilen, 
ills  wir  sie  aber  eudlicb  zum  Aufbrucb  gebracbt  batteu,  wareu  sie  recbt  willig. 
Laut  siugend,  von  der  weiten  Reise  prablend,  zogcn  sie  in  die  DOrfer  ein,  uud 
unserer  Diener  bemjicbtigte  sicb  allmulig  eine  ausgelasseue  Freude,  da  sie  sicb 
der  Heimatb  zu  nilbern  begaunen. 

In  Keffi  ward  uns  nocb  eine  nuverboffte  Freude  zu  Theil :  wir  erbielten  Briefe 
aus  der  Heimatb,  die  freilicb  neun  Blonate  alt  waren,  und  aucb  Nacbricbt  vou 
Flegel.  Letztere  war  fast  ebcuso  so  alt,  uud  entbielt  aucb  eiuige  Instruktiouen 
fiir  die  lleise,  die  uun  freilicb  etwas  sebr  post  festum  kameu  !  Er  batte  geglaubt, 
seiu  Brief  wiirde  uus  auf  der  Hiureisc  nocb  iu  Keffi  erreicben,  wozu  er  aber  viel 
zu  spilt  vou  Loko  abgesandt  worden  war. 

Anassarawa  fandeu  wir  stiller  uud  leerer  als  im  Herbste,  denn  der  Stattbalter 
mit  seiuen  Boamteu  und  eiuem  grossen  Tbeile  der  milunlicben  BevOlkeruug  befaud 
sicb,  wie  aucb  der  Herrscber  vou  Keffi,  im  Kriegslager,  einige  Meilen  von  der 
Stadt  entferut.  Zu  uuserm  Leidweseu  erfubren  wir,  dass  der  alte  Jiiger  in  Loko, 
der  einzige  iinsrer  dortigen  Bekannten,  der  Wald  und  Wild  kauute,  und  mit  dem 
icb  beabsicbtigt  batte,  viele  Ausfluge  zu  macben,  in  eiuem  Kampfe  gegeu  die  Afo 
geflilleu  sei.  Obwobl  mit  einem  Snider-Gewebr  bcwaffnet  wurde  er,  nacbdem  er 
mebrere  Heiden  getodtet  batte,  durcb  einen  Steinwurf  zu  Boden  gestreckt.  Als 
dies  gescbab  flolien  die  feigen  Kameraden  und  der  arme  Jiiger  wurde  erscblagen. 
Kopf,  Hiinde  und  Penis  wurdeu  von  deu  Siegern  im  Triumpbe  fortgetrageu,  docb 
befauden  sicb  die  Gewebre  jetzt  augenscbeinlicb  im  Bositzc  des  Sultans  vou 
Anassarawa,  was  icb  uicbt  recbt  versteben  konute. 

Durcb  scboues,  reicbbewaldetcs  Geliinde,  das  im  frischen  Griiu  praugte, 
marscbierteu  wir  uacb  Ube.  Auf  eiuer  Jagd  uacb  Perlbilbnern  sab  icb  mebrere 
Autilopen  und  eiueu  klcinen  Uaseu,  den  icb  aucb  diesmal  uicbt  scbiesseu  kounte, 
da  ich  gerade  lud. 


(  2S8  ) 

Am  '2*K  April  kameii  wir  wieder  in  Lol<o  an,  das  wir  am  12.  Angust  dus 
vorigen  Jahres  verlassen  batten.  Wohl  war  es  ein  befriedigender  Angenblick, 
und  wohl  schlngen  nnsre  Herzen  rascber,  als  wir  dnrcb  den  Bnscbwald  in  der 
Feme  den  lenchtenden  Wasscrspicgel  des  Bonne  schimmern  salieu,  nnd  als  wir 
bald  nachher,  von  einer  Schaar  von  Trommelschliigern  eingebolt,  nntcr  dcm  Jnbel 
der  Bevulkcrnng  nnd  beftigem  Gcknatter  nuserer  siimmtlicben  ScbnsswaU'eu — wir 
driickten  hente  gern  ein  Auge  zu  bei  dieser  Verscbwendnng — in  dem  altbekannten 
Loko  wieder  einriickten. 

Frenndlicli  wnrden  wir  von  nusern  Bekannten  begriisst  nnd  bezogen  wieder 
die  alten  Qnartiere.  Wir  wareu  frOhlicb  nnd  gnter  Dinge,  denn  vor  nns  lag — wic 
wir  glaubten — eine  sorglose  Zeit,  die  wir  ganz  zu  wissenschaftlichem  Sammeln 
ansnntzen  konnten. 


III.    KAPITEL. 

LOKO   AM  BENVE    UND  RUCKKERB   NACS  EUEOPA. 

Leider  wnrde  nnsre  Frende  bald  gediimpft,  und  eine  bittere  Enttiiuschung 
wurde  nns  zu  Theil. 

Wir  batten  mit  Flegel  verabredet,  dass  wir  uicbt  nur  uuser  personlicbes 
Eigenthum,  soweit  wir  es  uicbt  mitgenommen  batten,  soudern  aucb  reicblich 
Waaren  fiir  nusern  Unterbalt  bei  uusrer  Riickkchr  uacb  Loko  vorfindeu  sollteu. 
Man  kann  sicb  daber  nusern  IScbreckeu  denken,  als  wir  fandeu  dass  nichts  da  war  I 
Nnr  zwei  Koflfer  mit  Kleidern,  zwei  Kaffeemascbinen  (ohne  Kalfee  !)  einige  leere 
Flaschen  und  Sammelgliiser  und  eine  Kiste  mit  grauem  Pflanzenpapier  fandeu  sich 
vor  !  Das  wertbvollste  von  nnserm  Frivateigenthum,  die  Waaren,  Pnlver,  .Spiritus 
und  selbst  Tisch  und  Stiible,  sowie  andre  zur  Beciuemlicbkeit  eiues  Europilers 
beitragende  Gegeustiinde  fehlten.  Wir  wareu  in  einer  traurigen  Lage.  Es  febltc 
nns  an  Mitteln  zum  Unterbalte,  wir  konnten  den  Triigern  nnd  nusern  Dieneru  uicbt 
die  ihneu  gegebenen  Verspreclunigcu  erftillen,  wir  batten  fast  aller  Bequemliebkeiteu 
zu  entbebreu,  batten  keine  Instrumeute  zu  wissenschai'tlichen  Uutersucbuugcu, 
mir  feblte  Spiritus  und  Jagdpulver  ! 

Dieser  Tag  war  der  traurigste  auf  uusrer  gauzen  Reise,  selbst  Kraukbeit  nnd 
Scbmerz  batten  uus  uicbt  so  schwer  getroffen.  Spiiter  erfubren  wir  von  Tbicl, 
der  uicbt  wnsste  was  wir  mit  Flegel  verabredet  batten,  dass  er  auf  Flegels  J'el'elil 
uusre  Saeben  uacb  Djibbu  am  mittleren  Benue  gebracbt  babe.  Eiue  Erkliirung 
daflir  feblt  uus,  aber  selbst  wenn  Flegel  Griinde  fiir  seiue  Handluugsweise  batte, 
so  war  es  sinnlos,  dass  der  8piritus  fort  war,  wabreud  die  Gliiser  und  Tiiben  in 
Loko  bliobcu ! 

Loko  war  gcgeu  das  Vorjabr  bcruntergekommen.  Uuser  Wirtb,  der  nocb  der 
woblbabeudste  Eiugeborene  im  Orte  war,  war  uicbt  im  iSlaude,  uus  Zeug  oder 
Kauri  zu  leiben,  der  schwarze  Agent  der  Niger-Company  erklilrte  kcin  Rechfc 
zum  Leiben  zu  besitzeu,  und  nusere  Mittel  wareu  uabezu  erscbOpft. 

Die  Tniger  wareu  scbliesslicli  bereit,  cine  Auzalil  uusrer  PferJe  in  Zabluug 
zu  nebmen,  nacbdem  wir  ibre  kleiuen  Scbuldeu  im  Urte  iiberuommen  hatteu, 


(  289  ) 

Wir  liec-annen  balil,  so  u'nt  die  Umstiinde  es  gestattcten — ich  ohne  f>])iritns 
1111(1  mit  mangel haf'ter  Munition — man  denke  !— zu  sammeln.  Leider  wurde  meiu 
Kamerad  hier  liingere  Zeit  von  einem  Malaria-Leiden  nnd  schmerzhafteu  Gescliwiiren 
befallen,  sodass  seine  Schmettcrlinn-sammlnng  recht  nnbedentend  blieb,  obwohl 
die  (iegeud  fiir  oiiicn  .Sammlci'  dnrclians  niclit  migunstig  sein  konnte.  Da  es  mir, 
wie  gesagt,  an  Alkohol  febltc,  nnd  icb  keincn  Priiparator  batte,  beschrUnkte  ich 
,  mich  fast  ganz  anf  das  Sammeln  von  Vugeln  und  Kilfern. 

Mit  nnsrer  Bekostigung  sab  es  ziemlich  schwacb  ans,  aber  erlegte  Vogel  und 
Antilopen  balfen  uns  aus.  Bald  sollten  wir  wieder  die  Freude  baben,  Europiier  zu 
begriissen  :  Jose  Zweifel,  der  berubmte  Entdecker  der  Nigerquellen,  ein  geborener 
Scbweizer,  und  Charles  Mac-Intosb,  beide  Agenteu  der  Nigerkompagnie,  trafen  in 
Loko  ein.  Da  sie  von  unsrer  traurigen  Lage  gehOrt  batten,  beschenkten  sie  i;ns 
in  freundlichster  Weise  mit  Conserven,  Kaffee,  Rothwein,  Cacao  und  eiuigen 
Schafen.  Man  sieht,  dass  die  Bliinner,  die  Flegels  Pliinen  so  riicksichtslos  entgegen- 
traten,  einem  in  ihren  Augen  harmlosen  wissenschaftlichen  Reisenden  menschlich 
und  sogar  herzlich  begegnen  konnten. 

Von  Loko  aus  durchstreifte  ich  die  Umgegend  nach  alien  Richtnngen  bin. 
Haui)tsiichlich    filbrten   mich   meine   Ausiiiige   dahin,   wo  ich  interessante    Vogel 
erwartete,  also  in  die  Wiilder  und  an  den  8trom.     Hiiufig  besnchte  ich  den  Hiiupt- 
ling  des   Gida-n-Maihalbi,  d.h.   des  Dorfes  der  Pfeilschiitzcn,  wo  ich  gewohulich 
auf  seiner  Matte  ein  halbes  Stiindchen  ruhte,  und  einen  Becher  "  kunnu,"  eines 
angenehmen  siiuerlicbeu   Getriinkes   aus  Wasser,  Hirsemehl  und  Tamarindensaft, 
trank.     Danu  ritt  icb  in  das  grossere,  zwei  deutsche  Meilen  in  uordustlicher  Rich- 
tung  gelegene  Dorf  Afurdh,  das   grOsstentheils,  aber   nicht  nur  von   mohameda- 
uischen,  freundlicheu  Haussa   bewohnt  wurde.     Etwa  eine  Meile  uordOstlich  des 
Dorfes  der  Mai-hallii  traf  ich  schou  anf  eiu  heidnisches  Dorf,  dessen  Bewohner  mich 
brullend  umringteu  und  auf  meineu  mobamedaiiischen   Gruss  und  eine  Frage  nach 
einem  Trunk  Wassers  lachend  und  in  mir  unverstiindlichem  Idiom  eutgegneten. 
Es  wurde  mir  in  Loko  geratben,  dieses  Dorf  nicht  mehr  allein  zu  besuchen.     Die 
HeideudOrfer  anf  dem  siidlichen  Ufer  des  Benue  lieferten  frtiher  viele  Friichte  und 
andere  Sacben  nach  Loko,  da  aber  einige  ibrer  Lente  von  einem  rncblosen  Anassarawa- 
Prinzen  gefangen  und  verkanft  waren,  trauteu  sie  sich  nicht  mehr  oft  heriiber,  und 
anch  wir  wurden  bei  nnsern  Besuchen  dort  mit  Misstraueu  empfangen.     Vergebeus 
snchte  ich  nach  den  Rninen  des  ehemaligen  "  Dagbo  "  alter  Karteu,  das  doch  in 
unmittelbarer  Niibe  des  heutigen  Loko  gelegen  baben  muss,  wilhrend  Loko,  gleicben 
Namens,  friiber  anf  der  gegeniiberliegeudeu  Insel  im  Benue  gelegen  hat.     Strom- 
abwiirts  fand   ich   nur   die  Ruineu  eines   kleinen  Farmortes.     Li  ostnord(>stlicher 
Richtung  in   der  Entferuung   von   etwa  1|  (nicht  J)   Meilen  fand  ich  die  Reste 
ausgedehnter  Umfassuugswiille,  diese  aber  lagen  weit  vom  Strome  entfernt,  anch 
kanute  Niemand  in  Loko  tlen  Nameu  "  Dagbo."     In  diesem  Ruiuenfelde,  wo  nur 
niedriger   Buschwald   stand,    waren    Antilopen,   und   zwar    Tragelaphus   scriptits, 
Kobiis  koh  und  Hippotragus  equinus  gamhianus  nicht  selten.     Kobas  hob  ist  iiberall 
sehr  hiinfig,  imd  ibre  Gehorne  sieht  man  bei  deu  heiduischeu  Stiimmen  iiberall. 
Eine  vermnthlich  noch  nnbeschriebcne  Form  von  Oryx  Icmoryx  kommt  cbeufalls 
vor.     Ich  sab  ibre  HOrner  in  Lokoja,  nnd  babe  noch  ein  abgescbiiltcs  Ilornstiick, 
das  ich  in  Loko  erbielt. 

Am  15.  Jnni,  nachdem  wir  deu  Pfiugstabend  bei  unserm  Freunde  Zweifel  in 
grosser  Gemiitblichkeit  verbracht  batten,  brach  ich  nochmals,  nur  von  unserm 
Sklaven  Igalla,  dem  gelbhiiutigen  Sklaveu  Sherifias  aus  dem  Akpoto  Stamme  und 


(  1"J0  ) 

unserni  Koch  begleitet,  aiif  Sherifias  Pferdcbcii  iiacU  Auassarawa  aiif.  Uer  Anlass 
zu  dieser  kleiuen  Eeise  war  folgeiider.  Deu  wiederbolteu  dringenden  Bitten  des 
iSnltaus  uaclikommt'nd,  nnd  uru  Mittel  zu  einor  bessereu  Existenz  zn  bekommeii, 
hattou  wir  unsre  iioch  tibrigeii  beideu  Pferde  uacli  Anassarawa  gesaiidt,  wo  Tambari 
sie  deiu  Sultan  ubergeben  hatte,  <ler  jedocli  iiichts  dafiir  gczahlt  hatte.'  Wir  erhielteu 
keiuerlei  NacliricLt,  uud  wollteu  die  Sache  weuigstcns  aufgekliirt  habeii. 

Znerst  ruusste  der  woblbekannte  lliug  vou  Feldern,  der  Loko  umgiebt,  durch- 
scbritteii  wordeu,  iu  dem  sicb  ver.scbiedeue  Tanbeu,  iiamentlicb  Turtur  albioentris 
uiid  crijthrophri/s,  iiud  Scbaareii  koi-ueriresseudur  Siiigvcigel,  Pcnthetria  macrura, 
Ploccus  cucullatus  uud  aiidreaufbiL'lteii,die  au  den  reifeuden  Aebreu  der /'fcV«'e///'//7'({ 
uud  des  Sorghum  betracbtlicbeu  Scbadcu  tbaten,  nnd  bestiiudig  durcli   birmende 
Wacbeu  verscheucbt  wurden.     Nacb  eiuer  8tuude  erreicbten  wir  deu  ersteu  Urwald- 
streifeu,  au  dessen  Kaude  PerlbiUiuer  nnd  Fraukoliue  locktcu.     In  dem  AV'ablstreifcii 
rieselte  eiu  silberbeller  Bacb,  der  eiueu  friscben  Trunk  gewabrte,  uud  iu  den  bobeu 
Baumkronen  miscbten  sicb  die  dumpfeu  Rufe  des  grossen  Helmvogels  {Corijthaeola 
cristata)  iu  das  Blocken   scbener  Meerkatzeuheerden.     Daun  kani  wieder  licbter 
Buscbwald.    Dieser  bedeckt  den  grossten  Tbcil  dieser  Landstriclie  und  bestebt  znmeist 
ans  eiuer  Auzalil  von  Akazienarteu,  Aiiona  sene(j(densig,  Stri/chnos  spinosa,  Parkia 
biglobosa,  und  auderen  Striiuchen  und  Biiumeu.    Hobc,  bis  zn  vier  Meter  austeigeude, 
meist  aber  niedrigere  Termiteuhiigel,  den  Ruinen  gotbiscber  Bauwerke  iihuelnd, 
driicken  der  Laudscbaft  eiu  eigenartiges  Gcpriige  anf.   Dnrcb  dieseu  licbten  Bnscbwabl 
Ziehen  iippigc,  von  Biicbeu  durchstrOmte  Urwaldstreifeu  bin.     Nacb  knrzer  Bast  iu 
dem  llaussadorfe  Usliiarogo  giug  es  weiter,  bis  wir  am  spiiteu  Nacbmittage  das 
vou  beidniscbeu  Afo-Negern  bewobnte  grosse  Dorf  Usbiambisa  erreicbten.     Zur 
AVobuung  wurde  mir  ein  wabres  Labyrinth  von  Hiitteu  augewiesen,  das  nnr  einen 
Eiugaug  batte,  dnrcb  deu  jeder  Bcwohuer   uud  Besneber  kriecben   mnsste.      Mit 
Absicht  sage  ich  kriecben,  deuii  die  ThurOlfuuugen  siud  bier  allgemein  so  niedrig, 
dass  man  nicbt  aufrecht  bindnrcb  kauu.     Dadurcb  wird  wobl  die  uacbtlicbe  Kiilte, 
aber  aucb  alle  frische  Luft  abgebalten.     Das  Innere  der  ersten  Hiitte,  iu  das  icb 
gelangte,  war  zur  Hiilfte  von  sebr  kunstloseu,  Menscben  oder  Affen  aliuehiden,  mit 
Fcderu  geschmiickteu  Lehmtigureu  eingeuommeu.      Darauf  fiibrto  der  Weg  nocb 
durch  zwei  feruere  Iliitteu  und  iiber  kleiue  llofraume,  bis  icb  iu  eiueu  grOssereu  Hof 
gelangte,   in   dem  mebrere  Wobnungen  waren.     Eine  derselbeu  war  wieder  eine 
"  sanre,"   d.   b.   ein    Durcbgangsbans,  uud  fiibrte  in  das  fiir  deu  Koch  bestimmte 
Quartier,  eine  andere  war  von  mehrereu  sebr  basslicben  Weiberu,  eine  dritte  von 
einigen    Kuabon   bewuhut,   uud   die   vierte,  grOsste   uud    hiftigste   war  fiir    micb 
reserviert.     Obwobl  eiu  a  Fuss  bober  thOuerner  Getreidetopf  uud  die  robeu  Dacb- 
stiitzen  viel  Raum  einnabmen,  war  docb  reicblicb  Platz  fiir  mein  Lager  vorbanden. 
Die  sebr  freuudlicheu  Frauen  besorgteu  iSalz  nnd  riisteten  uus  Maiskolben,  wiihrend 
icb  mit  dem  Koch  das  Labj'riuth  wieder  verliess  uud  auf  eine  eri'olgreiche  Perlbubn- 
jagd  ging.     Usbiambisa  ist  friiber,  wic  die  Reste  ausgcdebnter  Umwalluugeu  nnd 
Triimmcr  von  Gebiindeu  zeigcu,  viel  grosser   gewesen,  aber  vor  ciner  Reibe  von 
Jabren  vom  Herrscber  vou  Anassarawa  wegen  Uubotmiissigkeit  "  gegessen  "  worden, 
wic  die  Ilanssa  sagen. 

Diese  Art  der  Bestrafnng,  durch  die  die  Ijaudesberreu  ibr  eigenes  Gebiot 
verbeeren,  ist  friiber  schou  erwiibut  worden.  Besonders  beiduiscben  Ortschaften 
gegeniiber  wird  sie  riicksicbtslos  augewandt. 

Die  Bewobner  von  Usbiambisa  siud  bessere  Jiiger  als  die  Haussa.  Icb  sail 
dort  viele  Horuer  und  Schiidel  von  Scbweinen,  Gescbirrantilopeu  und  AVasserbockeu 


(i2yi  ) 

(^Kohus  kob  wni  Ilippolraytis  equiitus  (jambianwi),  uuJ  das  Fell  eiues  kiirzlich  mit 
einem  Giftpfeil  erlegten  TvbiM.s-Weibcliens.  Die  Franca  iiberrascliten  mich  aucli 
Alieuds  mit  eiuem  Gemi'lse,  in  deui  Specksti'icke  schwammeii.  Sie  riihrteu  von 
eiuem  PiuselobrscUwein  {Pofamoclioenis)  her,  das  von  den  Mohamedanern  uicht 
gegessen  wird.  Vor  dem  Schlafeugelien  sncliten  mich  die  Weiber  durch  ungraziuse 
Tiinze  zn  erheitern,  an  dencn  icb  aber  keinen  Geschmack  finden  konnte,  znmal  icb 
miide  war.  Am  folgenden  Morgeu  bracben  wir  schon  nm  3i  Uhr  anf,  um  in  der 
Morgeukiihle  zn  marschieren.  Knrz  hfnter  dem  Orte  tanchten  wir  anf  steil  alital- 
lendem,  beschwerlichen  Pfade  in  tiefcs  Walddunkel  ein,  in  das  kein  Strabl  des 
herrlichen,  magischen  Mondlichtes,  das  sonst  die  Nacbt  erhellte,  eindrang.  Ich 
liess  das  Pferdcben  fiihren  und  ging  zn  Fnss,  bis  wir  ein  nnheimlicb  daliin  ran- 
schendes,  dnnkles  Gewiisser  erreichten.  Der  Koch  ging  voran,  nm  die  Tiefe  zn  priU'en 
und  bericbtete,  dass  es  gerade  so  tief  sei,  dass  ich  dnrchreiten  kOnne.  Dies  ging 
anch  anfangs  ganz  gnt,  beim  Hiuaufreiteu  anf  das  andre  Ufer  aber  glitt  der  Ganl 
aus,  nud  stilrzte  riickwiirts  mit  mir  in  den  Bach.  Mit  Hiilfe  der  Lente  kam  ich 
sowobl  als  das  Pferd  zwar  bald  wieder  herans,  aber  ich  hatte  nnu  mehr  als  genng 
von  der  Morgeukiihle,  deun  Kleider,  Flinte  nnd  Kevolver  waren  nass,  uud  der 
Sattel  hatte  durch  das  Wasser  die  doppelte  Schwere  angenommen.  So  musste  ich 
denn,  schon  nm  nicht  allzn  sehr  zu  frieren,  wieder  zu  Fnss  gehen.  Klappernd  vor 
Killte  lief  ich  den  ans  der  diisteren  Schlncht  anf  ein  offenes  Grasland  fiihrenden 
Pfad  hinan,  wo  die  Nacht  mit  ihron  Schatten  vou  una  wich.  Als  wir  bald  daranf 
wieder  in  eiuen  AValdstreifen  traten,  ging  die  Sonne  in  vollem  Glanze  anf,  nnd 
mit  ihr  kam  die  Warme  wieder.  In  voUen  Ziigen  genoss  ich  die  Grossartigkeit 
des  afrikanisclien  Urwaldes,  in  dem  bnnte  Bauanenfresser  uud  NashornvOgel  lockten, 
Afteu  bhikteu  nnd  anf  dem  Wege  zwischen  zahlreichen  F;ihrtcn  verschiedeuer 
Antilopenarteu  anch  die  frischen  Spnren  eiuer  Elefautenfamilie  zn  sehen  wareu. 

Um  ~h  Uhr  erreichten  wir  Ube,  dessen  beidnische  Bewohuer  uns  schon 
zweimal  Gastfrenndschaft  gewahrt  batten,  nun  aber  in  Folge  eines  Angriffes  der 
Einwohner  von  Abutsha  (oder  Abadja)  in  den  zwischen  Felsen  verschanzten  Ort 
Indn  gefliichtet  waren.  In  den  reifenden  Getreidefeldern  tbaten  sich  die  Viigel 
(nanientlich  Webcrv(')gel)  giitlich,  uur  ein  alter  Elefanteujiiger  war  soeben  ange- 
kommen,  um  bier  fiir  den  geldgierigen  Sultan  zu  jagen.  Durch  die  wundervolle 
Berglandschaft  ging  der  Marsch  weiter  bis  Anassarawa,  das  wir  gegen  Abend 
erreichten.  Wir  iiinden  es  leerer  denn  je,  da  bcinahe  die  halbe  Eiuwohncrschaft 
im  "  sansanue  "  oder  Kriegslager  sich  anfliielt.  Frenud  Tambari  land  ich  krank, 
von  heftigem  Ilhenmatismus  nnd  einem  bosen  Husten  geplagt,  ein  Bild  des 
Jammers  vor.  So  konnte  ich  ihm  nicht  allzn  bose  sein,  obwohl  er  das  miiglichst 
dnmme  gethan  hatte  :  niimlich  die  Pferde  dem  Sultan  gegeben,  uud  nun  mit  den 
Weibern  schwatzend,  unthiitig  auf  der  Biirenhaut  lag.  Bei  seiner  AVirthin,  der 
hiibschen,  schlankeu,  hellbrauneu  Fran  des  "  Sariki-n-Paua "  (des  Schlachter- 
hiinptlings),  deren  Mann  im  sansanue  war,  fanden  auch  wir  Quartier.  Am 
folgenden  Tage,  so  hiess  es,  ziige  der  Sultan  zum  Kampfe  aus,  daher  vergniigte 
ich  mich  auf  der  Jagd,  uud  brachte  den  Best  des  Tages  in  der  kiihien  W<ihnung 
zu.  Ich  bekam  reichlich  Besuch,  unter  Andern  von  einem  Priuzen  ans  Sokoto, 
der  mir  erziihlte,  der  brave  Osiri  sei  gestorben,  und  einem  sehr  intelligeut  aus- 
sebenden  jungen  Schriftgelehrteu,  der  mir  einige  kurze  Grussbriefe  an  unsere 
Frennde  in  Kano,  naiulich  den  Madji  nnd  die  reichen  Araber,  Alhadi  Massaul, 
Alhadi  Abubaker  und  Babande  verfasste,  die  ich  nuterzeichuete. 

Am  niichsten  Morgen  liess  ich  mich  iiber  den  westlichen  Flussarm  setzeu, 

21 


(  292  ) 

1111(1  litt  ill  das  iu  uonlwestlicher  Uiflitiiug  am  Fusse  felsiger  Hiigel  erriclitete 
Kriegslagor  (sansanne).  Der  Sariki-n-Pana  fiihrte  mich  alsbald  zum  Sultan. 
Diesor  war  ob  eiiies  Streites  mit  dem  Madaki  vou  Keffi  in  grpsser  Erregnng  mid 
liiriiite  in  recht  ordiniirer  Weise  in  scinem  Hofu  lierum.  Er  begrusstc  luich 
fronudlich,  war  aber  empOi't  dariiber,  dass  dcr  Koch  gleich  mir  mit  ciner  Fliute 
iu  dcu  Hiiudeu  vor  ihm  sass.  Er  behaujitete,  dass  icb,  der  Weisse,  thnn  kOnne, 
was  ich  wolle,  aber  eiu  Neger  diirfe  nicht  mit  eiuem  Gewehr  vor  ihm  sitzen.  Es 
entstaud  eiu  Handgemenge,  nm  dem  Koch  das  Gewehr  zu  entreisseu,  aber  es 
gi'laug,  die  Sache  zn  schlichteu,  ohue  dass  ich  dem  Eigeusinu  des  Siiltaus  naeh- 
gab.  Darauf  begann  eines  jeuer  iiberlangen  "  palaver,"  wie  man  allgemein  in 
AVestafrika  solche  Verhaudlungen  neuut,  aber  das  Kesnltat  wareu  unr  neue 
Versprechungen,  mit  denen  ich  schliesslich  nach  einer  heftigen  Scene  abzog,  da 
ich  uicht  zu  guter  lutzt  iioch  unsre  bisher  friodlicheu  Beziehuugeu  zu  den  Ilaussa- 
fiirsteu  abbrecheu  dnrfte,  was  zum  Jliudesten  thiiricht  uud  unkliig  geweseu  wiire. 

Gegen  Abend  trafen  wir  wieder  in  Auassarawa  eiu,  wo  ein  wildes  Perlhnhn 
wieder  ein  angeuehmes  Nachtmahl  abgab.  Da  wir  alle  einen  Marsch  iu  der  Kiihle 
der  Nacht  fiir  angeuehmer  hielteu,  marschierte  ich  schon  nm  Mittcruacht,  als 
der  Moud  iu  diamauteneui  Glanze  aufgiiig,  ab  uud  verabschiedcte  mich  vou  der 
freuudlichen  Wirthiu  und  Tambari  mit  eiuigeu  Geschcukeu. 

Das  Wasser  des  Kogi-n-Auassarawa  war  gefallcn,  so  dass  wir  ihn  durchwateu 
konuten,  uud  die  frische  Murgeuluft  wirkto  so  belebend,  dass  wir  iu  flottem  Temjio 
vorwarts  kamen.  Der  Morgen  war  eutziickeud  schOu.  Wiihreud  uoch  das  er- 
bleichende  Moudlicht  (iber  dem  zur  Kechton  saiift  austeigeuden  Lande  lag,  schienen 
sich  die  wildzackigeu  Gipfel  der  zn  meiner  Linkeu  steil  aufsteigenden  Afo-Berge 
zu  vergolden,  um  dann  fiir  Augenblicke  iu  feuorrothem  Lichte  zn  ergliiheu,  bis  die 
wiirmeude  Sonue  wie  eiu  Feuerball  dariiber  emporstieg  und  die  Nacht  gewicheu 
war.  Ohue  Aufeuthalt  giug  es  an  Ube  voriiber  bis  zum  Bache  vou  Ushiambisa, 
wo  wir  einen  Truuk  kiihlen  Wassers  thaten  uud  fiir  eiuige  Minuteu  die  Glieder 
streckten. 

Trotz  des  kiihlen  Morgeus  wareu  die  Mittagsstnnden  uugemein  heiss,  uud 
zwisclieu  Ushiambisa  uud  Ushiarogo  plagte  uus  eiue  kleiuc  Bicueuart,  die  zwar 
uicht  sticht,  aber  durch  ihr  Hcrumkriecheu  an  nud  iu  Hals,  Nase,  Ohren  uud 
Muud  ihre  Opfer,  die  sie  zu  Huuderteu  iiberfiiUt,  greulich  peiuigt.  Uebrigens  traf 
ich  sie  iu  Afrika  unr  hier  an.  In  Ushiarago  rnhteu  wir  etwa  auderthalb  Stuudeu 
und  asseu  eiuige  iu  Bauaueublatteru  gekochte  "  maididi '"  mit  llouig.  Da  meiu 
kleiues  liosslciu  mich  schier  uicht  mehr  vou  der  Stelle  beforderu  kouutc,  hiug 
ich  ihm  nur  meiue  langen  Keitstiefeln  iiber,  und  marschierte  iu  leichteu  Haussa- 
Schnhen  iu  2J  Stuudeu  bis  Loko.  Ein  schweres  Gewittcr  zog  berauf  und  gerade 
krachteu  die  ersteu  Douuerschlage,  brausle  der  Wirbelwiiid  iiber  die  Felder  nud 
tieleu  die  ersteu  Trojifeu,  als  wir  Loko  wieder  erreichteu. 

Am  21.  Juui  sollten  wir  endlich  die  Freude  haben,  Herru  Thiel  mit  dem 
"  Dr.  Heinrich  Barth  "  herandampfeu  zu  schen.  Es  war  eiue  grosse  Freude,  den 
alten  Kameraden  wieder  zu  bcgriissen,  aber  die  Mcnge  der  neucu  Nachrichteu  ans 
dem  Vaterlaud,  r>ricfe  uud  Zeituugsauscliiiitte,  war  fast  zn  vitd  fiir  uus.  Zu 
uuserm  ISedauerii  erliielleii  wir  anch  vou  der  arrikauisciicii  Gescllschaft  die  lakouisclie 
Mittheiluug,  dass  "  die  Keichsregicrung  keine  weiteren  Mittel  bewilligt  babe,  uud 
wir  uus  dabermit  Flegel  behufs  sofortiger  Riickkehr  uacli  Dcntschland  iu  Verbiuduug 
setzeu  "  miichteu. 

Es   blicb   also   uichts    iibrig,   als    znriickzukehreu,   deun   zu   eiuem    liingereu 


(  293  ) 

AnfL'utlialt  an  giiustigeiu  Orte,  ?.n  wisseuscUaflliclieii  Zweckeii,  hatteii  wir  keiue 
Mittel  mehr  znr  Verfiigung.  Dass  dies  niisre  Freude  gewaltig  diimiifte,  kaiiii  man 
sich  vorstellen. 

Ehe  wir  Loko  verliessen,  erfiillteu  wir  eiiie  uiis  im  liOchsteu  Grade  augenehme 
Pfliclit,  iiamlich  den  Sklaven  Igalki  zu  befreien.  Es  war  dies  eine  interessaute, 
aber  iiu  iibrigen  eiufaclie  Ceremonie,  die  vou  Staudiiiger  iiad  mir  aiiderwiirts 
besclirieben  wordeii  ist.  Der  gute  Burselie  war  stattlich  uiid  stark  gowordeu  und 
wiire  uiis  gem  bis  aus  Eiide  der  ^Velt  gefulgt,  aber  wir  dacliten  uiclit  daraii,  ihu  als 
Staffage  nusrer  Persoueu  nacli  Deutscblaud  ^ii  scbleppeii,  wo  cr  mir  verbiitschelt 
uiid  verdorben  worden  wiire.  Er  verliess  mi's  iudesseii  nicht  eher,  als  bis  wir  den 
englischcn  Daiupl'er  wieder  in  Brass  bestiegeu,  von  wo  er  daun  mit  Tiiiel  wieder 
nacli  Loko  zuriickkehrte.  ' 

Ehe  wir  den  an  nns  ergangeneu  Befeblen  ziitblge  zur  Kiiste  zuriickkehrten, 
hielten  wir  cs  fiir  nnsre  Pflicht,  den  Benuii  binauf  zu  dampt'en,  nui  uiibere  Erkuiidi- 
gnngen  ilber  Flegel  einzuziehen. 

Obwobl  die  Flnssfalirt  in  keiiier  Weise  anstrengend  war,  geliort  sie  nicht  zu 
meineu  angenehiucii  Erinnernngen.  Miicken  und  Sandiiiegen  waren  cine  furclitbarc 
Plage,  an  Sammeln  iind  jageu  war  nicht  zu  denkon,  nur  selteu  sah  man  in  weiter 
Feme  eiu  Hippopotamus,  und  der  einzige  Sport  war  das  Schiessen  von  Krokodilen, 
dcren  wir  einige  mit  unsereu  Mauserbiichsen  erlegten.  Dazu  kam,  dass  mich 
wieder  ein  heftiges  Fieber  ergriflf.  Den  versuchten  Schikauen  einiger  Agenten 
der  Nigergesellschaft  begegneteu  wir  durch  ein  ruhiges  und  bis  zur  Ueberhebnng 
festes  Auftreten,  immer  imsre  Eigenschaft  als  Manner  der  Wissenschaft  betonend, 
und  hatten  die  Genugthuung,  unsre  anfiinglieheu  Gegner  entweder  zu  entwaffnen 
oder  sogar  in  kameradschaftliche  Frennde  umznwandeln. 

Am  29.  Jnni  kamen  wir  in  das  Gebiet  der  kriegerischen  Muntchi.  Vor  einem 
Dorfe  legten  wir  an  und  kauften  Holz  und  Lebensmittel.  Der  Hiiuptling  hat  uns, 
ihn  zu  besuchen.  Da  ich  noch  nicht  wohl  war,  besuchten  Staudinger  und  Thiel 
ihu  allein,  und  t'anden  ilin  sehr  freundlich.  Er  besass  eine  mit  Kreuzen  uuter- 
zeiehuete  Abmachuug  mit  der  Nigergesellschaft,  wouach  er  sein  Laud  der  letzteren 
abgetreten  haben  sollte.  Von  dem  luhalte  dieser  iSchrift  behauptete  er  jedoch 
keiue  Kenutniss  zu  haben,  und  erkliirte,  er  sei  das  Opfer  eines  Schwindels.  AVir 
hatten  keiue  Ahnung,  dass  dieser  Hai'iptling  mit  seinen  Lenten  eiueu  p]ngl;inder 
ermordet  hatte,  wofiir  er  bald  darauf  erschosseu  wurde.  Nicht  lange  nachlier 
verloren  die  Englunder  hier  noch  zwei  Leute,  die  aber  durch  den  hervorragenden 
Muth  des  jungen  Charles  MacLitosh,  und  spiiter  durch  die  Kauouen  der  Niger- 
gesellschaft gebiihrend  geriicht  wnrden. 

Am  2.  Juli  erreichteu  wir  Djibbu.  kSpat  am  Abend  kam  ein  Zug  mit  Fackelu 
durch  die  Dunkelheit  an's  Ufer :  der  alte  Madugu  Mai-gashi-n-baki  und  zwei  vou 
Loko  aus  vou  nns  an  Flegel  gesandte  Boten.  Letzterer  hatte  nicht  versucht, 
den  damals  noch  unerforschten  und  wichtigen  Weg  uach  Kamerun  einzuschlageu, 
Roudern  hatte  sich  mit  endlosen  Unterhaudluugen  mit  dem  Herrscher  vou  Yola 
und  anderu  lliiuptliugen  aufgehalteu.  Ausserdem  hatte  er  furchtbar  an  Fieber  und 
Lilhmuugen  gelitteu. 

Flegel  hatte  in  Djilibu  (iebiludc  crrichtet,  die  uns,  oder  Auderen,  als  Station 
dieueu  sollten.  Eine  riesige  Saure,  eiu  Vorrathslians  und  eiu  grosses,  hinges  llaus 
mit  vier  nur  durch  Feusterufl'nungen  verbundenen  Abtheilungon,  waren  zwar  nielit 
iibel  gebaut,  aber  ohne  Fussboden  und  zum  Theil  noch  unfertig.  Ausserdem  wiireu 
sie,  in  einer  offeneu,  baumlosen  G^gend  gelegeu,  fiir  eine  zoologische  Station  gauz 


( ->w ) 

nngeeignet  gewesen.  Ueberhanpt  saben  wir  aiif  der  gaiizen  Keise  vou  Loko  lier 
keineu  Urwald  melir.  Vou  Waarcu  fanden  wir  unr  wenig  vor,  nnd  wcdor  mcin 
Pulver,  noch  die  wisscnschaftlichen  Instrnmeute  befandeii  sich^hier.  Verninthlich 
waren  sie  in  Bakundi  am  Tarabba,  einem  Nebenflusse  des  Beuuc',  wo  Flegel 
ebcufalls  eiu  Gebiiude  hatte  crricbten  Insseu,  nnd  eine  Art  von  Depot  hatte,  das 
nnter  Leitnng  eines  seiner  Vertranten  stand.  In  Bezng  anf  Flegels  Freunde  waren 
wir  freilich  skeptisch,  deun  er  war  den  Eingeborcnen  gegeniiber  allzn  vertranensselig, 
wiihrend  er  Enropiiern  nicht  selten  mit  Misstranen  begeguete.  Die  Angaben  des 
alten  Madngn  im  Barte  waren  in  Bezng  anf  "\\'aaren  sehr  verworren,  nnd  wir 
konnteu  nns  nicht  der  Ueberzengnng  verscbliessen,  dass  er  mit  dcnselbon  leicbtfcrtig 
nnd  vcrscbweuderisch  nmgegangen  war.  Wir  waren  sebr  begierig,  ancb  Baknndi 
zn  besucben,  wo  LOwen  uacb  Flegels  nnd  Tambaris  Angabe  hiinfig  seiu  soUen, 
aber  leidcr  war  der  Tarabba  nocb  sebr  flacb,  nnd  ein  Versneh  dnrcb  die  zablreicben 
Untiefen  desselben  bis  Baknndi  zn  kommen,  kouute  bei  dem  Mangel  an  Holz 
nnd  den  vielleicbt  feindlicben  Eingeborenen  an  den  Ufern  leicht  verbiingnissvoll 
werden,  wie  wir  nns  iiberzengten,  nnd  eine  Landreise  war  nns  zn  kostspiolig  nnd 
langwierig. 

In  Djiblin  fanden  wir  ancli  Skeb'tte  des  von  Dr.  Vogel  entdeckten  Flnss- 
siingetbieres  des  Benne,  des  "  Aju '"  di'r  Eingeborcnen,  vor,  der  iudessen  weiter 
nicbts  als  der  bekannte,  wenn  ancb  seltene  Manatui  senegalensis  sein  soil,  der  ancb 
bei  Baknndi  ziemlicb  biiufig  ist.  AVir  kebrten  nnn  uacb  Loko  znriick,  das  wir 
nacb  wenigen  Tageu  anf  Nimmerwiederseben  verliessen.  Uugern  scbied  icb  von 
den  Wiildern,  die  noeb  so  mancbe  nnbekanute  Tbierart  bergen,  nnd  berzlieli  veriib- 
scbiedeten  wir  nns  von  Herrn  Zweifel.  tSebr  betri'ibt  war  iiber  nnsere  Abreise  Dan 
Tambari's  Fran  Sberifia,  deren  state  Znneigung,  Gefiilligkeit  nnd  Dankbarkeit  fiir 
alle  kleinen  Gescbenke,  Hcbntz  nnd  Frenndlicbkeiten  von  nnsrer  Seite,  nns  mancbe 
xVnnebmlicbkeit  verscbafft  batte.  Die  gute  Fran  weinte  bitterlicb,  nnd  ibre 
Znknuft  war  wobl  ancb  nicbt  rosig,  denn  ihr  edler  Gatte  batte  all  ibr  VermOgen 
dnrcbgebracbt,  nnd  scbien  nicbt  geneigt,  ein  arbeitsames  Leben  zn  filbren.  Am 
Tage  nnsrer  Abfabrt  kam  er  von  Anassarawa  nnd  erklilrte  obne  AV^eiteres,  mit  uns 
nacb  Dentscbland  zuriickznkebren.  Scbliesslicb  mnssten  wir  ibn  vom  Damjifer 
entl'ernen  lassen,  nnd  die  ibm  geiassenen  Gescbenke,  die  ibn  wenigstens  einige 
Zeit  lang  vor  Notb  schiitzten,  vermocbten  seinen  iScbmerz  und  seine  Wutb  nnr 
balb  zn  besiiuftigen. 

Am  10.  Jnli  kamon  wir  nacb  Humassa,  W(j  der  Kogi-n-Anassarawa  in  niebreren 
Armeu  miiudet.  Die  BevOlkerung  ist  znm  gnissten  Theile  noch  beidniscli.  Der 
Hiinptliug  erkbirte  eineu  Brief  des  t>ariki-n-Anassarawa,  der  angab,  dass  wir  bier 
Elfenbein  fiir  unsre  Pferde  vorflnden  wurden,  fiir  die  grOsste  Liige  !  Besonders 
erstannt  waren  wir  hieriiber  gerade  nicbt  mehr. 

In  Liikdja  besncbte  icb  wicder  meiuen  alten  Frennd,  den  Hiinptling  Mew,  der 
wubl  nnd  mnuter  war.  Den  bocbgebildeten  Pater  Fiorentini  vnu  dor  katboliscben 
Mission  faud  icb  nicbt  melir— man  liatte  ibn  vor  secbs  Munatcn  begraben.  Die 
iibrigen  vier  Priester  freuten  sicb  iiber  nusern  Besncb,  nnd  verjilanderten  eine 
gemiithlicbe  Stnnde  mit  nns.  Es  war  ein  wnnderbares  Nationalitjitcngemisch  : 
ein  Frauzoso,  eiu  Italiener,  eiu  iSchweizer  und  ein  Ire. 

Die  engliscbe  I\Iissionsgesellscbaft  liess  bier  grossartige  Bauten  aulegcn,  die 
mir  als  solcbe  wirklicb  imponierten.  In  Onitsba  besncbten  wir  wieder  den 
Hiinptling  und  wohnten  bei  den  katboliscben  Missioniiren,  Luz  nnd  Hon(5,  die 
aber  einer  anderu  Gesellschaft,  als  die  in  Lokoja,  angeboren.     Wiibreud  jene  zn 


(295) 

den  Weissmiinteln  aus  L}"on  gehilren,  sind  diese  von  der  Pariser  Verbriiderung 
des  "  Sacr6  eoeiir,"  etc.,  ansgesandt.  Wir  fanden  in  deni  Pater  Lnz  einen  sehr 
geliildeten,  dnldsamen  und  liobenswtirdigen  Mann.  Er  gait  auch  sjiiiter  bei  den 
Eugliindern  fiir  den  bedeutendsteu  der  kathulischen  Missioiiiire  am  Strome.  Die 
kleine  Gemeinde  bestand  grOsstcutheils  ans  schwaclien  Kiiaben,  die  auf  dem 
gegeniiberliegenden  Ufor,  wo  sie  zn  Mensclienoiifern  verkauft  werdeu  sollten, 
anfgekanft  waren.  Nameiitlicli  bei  Asaba  sullten  diose  Opfer  damals  ncich  fiirclitliar 
grassieren,  auch  sollen  die  Stiimme  im  Innern,  ostlicb  von  Onitsha,  Oannibalen  sein. 
Flegel  hat  dies  stets  behan])tet,  Pater  Lnz  nnd  einige  der  Onitsha-Hiindler  machten 
uns  hieriiber  ebenfalls  die  allerbcstimmtesten  Angalien,  sodass  wir  nieht  darau 
zweifelti  kunneii.  Uebriuen  sandten  einige  der  Hiiniitlinge  ihre  Kinder  zn  den 
katlmliscbeii  Slissidniiren  zum  Unterrielit.  Icli  konnte  nieht  nmhin,  obwohl  ieli 
im  Allgemeineii  kciu  nnbedingter  Bewnnderer  der  Missionsthiltigkeit  bin,  die 
Hingabe— namentlich  aueh  in  Bezng  anf  Krankenpflege — dieser  Missioniire  an  ihren 
Bernf,  und  ihre  AVichtigkeit  als  Kulturajiostel  anzuerkennen  nnd  zn  bewundern. 
Eine  geringere  knltnrelle  Bedentnng  sehcint  mir  die  seit  langen  Jahreu  hier 
thiltige  "  Clinrch  Missionary  Society  "  der  Engbinder  zn  haben,  was  wohl  vorzngs- 
'  weise  darau  liegt,  dass  sie  hier  znmeist  schwarze  Missioniire  von  geringer  Bildnng 
benutzt,  nnd  dass  auch  das  hinansgesaudte  Material  an  Enropiiorn  nieht  imraer  mit 
der  Umsicht  gewiihlt  wurde,  mit  welclier  die  Katholiken  ausgesucht  waren. 
Aehnliche  Beobaehtungen  habe  ich  auch  im  Orient  gemacht,  und  viele  Reisende 
stimmen  mit  mir  iilierein,  doch  folgt  hierans  natiirlicli  nieht,  dass  der  katholischen 
Mission  iiberall  gleiches  und  ungetheiltes  Lob  gesungen  werden  kaun.  Es  sei 
nur  an  die  Priesterwirtlischaft  anf  den  Philippinen  erinnert. 

AVir  fiihlteu  nns  bei  unsern  Gastfreunden  in  Onitsha  iiberans  wohl,  und  fast 
wJlhnten  wir  wieder  dahcim  zu  sein,  als  wir  an  sauber  gedeckter  Tafel  mit  alien 
miiglichen  Geniissen  nnsrer  europiiischcn  Kultnr  bewirthet  wurden,  um  uns  liernm 
ein  ordentliches  Ameublement,  I'iicher  und  die  Laute  der  Heimath. 

Dnrch  die  in  grossartiger  Uejipigkeit  prangenden  Urwiilder  des  nntereu  Stromcs 
kamen  wir  am  15.  oder  10.  Juli  wieder  in  Brass  an,  wo  wir  mit  alter  Herzlichkeit 
von  nuserm  edlen  Freunde  Townsend  nnd  unserm  lebenslustigen  Landsmanne 
Sohnke  begriisst  wnrden. 

Nach  drei  Tagen  fuhren  wir  weiter  nacli  Lagos,  das  mich  sehr  interessierte, 
da  es  die  erste  grdssere  europiiische  Kolonie  war,  die  ich  auf  afrikanischem  Boden 
kennen  lernte.  Bedauerlicher  Weise  wurde  nns  der  Aufenthalt  hier  in  empOrender 
AVeise  dnrch  die  Engherzigkeit  eiiiiger  uusrer  Landsleute  verbittert.  Als  wir 
niUnlich  uns  von  Flegel  trennten,  gingen  wir  nafiirlich  ohne  baares  Geld  ins  Innere, 
und  alle  Mittel  der  Expedition  waren  dnrch  Flegel  in  Lagos  dejjouiert  worden. 
Infolge  eines  Zerwiirfnisses  mit  dem  einen  Handelshanse  war  das  -Geld  anf  ein 
andres  Hans  i'lbergegangen,  nnd  Flegel  hatte  nieht  daran  gedacht,  dafiir  zn  sorgen, 
dass  nns  bei  nnsrer  Kiickkchr  das  Nfithige  ausgezahlt  wiirde.  Lifolge  dieses 
formellen  Fehlers  weigerte  sich  nun  der  kleinliche  Mensch,  der  das  betreft'ende 
Haus  vertrat,  nns  das  Reisegeld  nach  Enropa  zu  verabfolgeu,  obwohl  wir  uns 
vollkommen  legitimieren  konnten,  ja  nicbt  einmal  eine  mir  personlich  gehOreude 
kleine  Summe,  die  ich  Flegel  znr  Anfbewahrung  in  Brass  ubergeben  hatte,  und 
woriiber  ich  die  tjuittung  iu  llanden  hatte,  konnte  ich  erhalten !  Sogar  an 
iiusserlicher  Hoflichkeit  liess  der  Vertreter  jenes  Hanses  es  feblen,  nnd  der 
dentsche  Konsnl  erkliirte  sich  ebenfalls  ansser  Stands  uns  zn  helfen  !  Wir  wiiren 
pun  in  einer  unerhiirten  Lage  gewesen,  wenn  nieht  Staudingers  Vatcr,  als  uuisich- 


(  296  ) 

tiger  Geschiiftamann,  seinem  Sohnc  in  Lagos  cincn  Kredit  gegebeii  hiitte.  Mit 
diesem  eben  ausreichenden  Gelde  konnten  wir  weiter  reisen.  Niiheres  iiber  die 
Kleiulichkeit  oiiiigor  nnserer  Landslente  in  Lagos  findet  man'  bei  Staudiiiger  uiit 
Neiimiiig  dor  Nameii,  die  icli  abcr  uiclit  wiiiiscbc  liior  wiodcr  der  Vergcssciilieit 
■/.n  eiiti'i'issi'ii.  Kiiie  solcbe  EogherzigkiMt  wic  hiiT  in  Ijagos  ist  mir  nio  iiu 
Lebcn  wieder  voi-gekoniinen,  nnd  ich  matlite  in  sjiiiteivii  dahren  woseiitlich  andie 
Erfahruiigeii. 

Die  "  Winucbab,"  einor  der  kleinsten  Hanipfer  der  Livei'poolor  Liiiio,  fiibrte 
nns  der  Hciniatb  zn.  LTnter  Tvanoneudonner  staclicn  wir  in  See,  denii  der  bisberige 
Vice-Gonverneiir  von  Lagos,  Sir  Alfred  Moloney,  C.M.G.,  befaud  sicb  an  Bord. 
Er  liatte  eine  Sammlnng  von  Lepidopteren  bei  sicb,  die  alleiu  200  Arten  von 
Heteroceren  enthielt,  von  denen  spiitor  eine  ganze  Anzalil  als  nene  Arten  bcscbrieben 
wnvden.  Arms  moloneyi,  Aiiaphe  molonei/i,  Cossiis  molonetji  wnrden  ibrem  Entdecker 
zn  Ebren  benannt. 

Wir  waren  von  dem  Kiistenklima  nicht  besonders  erbant.  Der  Hiiuiuel  war 
oft  tagelang  gleichmassig  bewulkt  nnd  es  regneto  viel.  Wir  vermissten  den 
berrlicben  Sonnenscbein  des  Innern,  wo  selbst  in  der  Regenzeit  ein  Tag  ganz 
obne  Sonne  kanm  vorkommt,  nnd  wir  froren.  Obwohl  ich  nocb  anf  der  Nigerfabrt 
mcbrere  Fieberanfalle  gebabt  hatte,  blieb  icb  nnn  davon  verschont.  In  der  That 
sebien  das  Fieber  meinen  Korper  mit  dem  Tage  des  Abschiedes  vom  scbwarzen 
Kontinente  verlassen  zn  haben,  nnd  ancb  in  der  Heimatii  hatte  icb  nie  wieder 
davon  zn  leiden.  Wenige  sind  darin  so  gldcklich  wie  icb,  nnd  nameutlicb  meiu 
Reisegefilbrte,  der  zwar  im  Lande  selbst  viel  weniger  krank  gewesen  war,  als  icb, 
hatte  witlirend  der  Seereise,  nnd  noch  spiiter  in  Dentscliland  an  sehr  kritischen 
Ficbern  zu  leiden  nnd  "kiimpfte  wochcnlang  zwischen  Leben  nnd  Tod"  wie  er 
selbst  schreibt. 

Am  3.  Augnst  kamen  wir  uacli  Freetown,  der  Hanptstadt  der  Kolonie  Sierra 
Leone.  Der  damalige  dentsche  Konsul  Herr  Vohsen  (jetzt  Inbaber  des  fridier 
Keimerscben  geograpbischen  lustitnts  in  Berlin)  begriisste  nns  mit  grusster  Liebens- 
wilrdigkeit,  nnd  gern  kamen  wir  seiner  Einladnng  nacli,  die  Nacht  in  seinem 
liiibschen  Landbanse,  inmitten  iippiger  Vegetation,  znznbringen.  Die  Umgegend 
von  Freetown  entzi'ukte  micb  sehr,  nnd  die  in  spiiteren  Jahren  dort  von  dem 
Eugliinder  Dr.  Clements  und  von  Dr.  0.  Standingers  Sammlern  gemachten  lepi- 
dopterologiscben  Sammlnngcn  haben  gezeigt,  ein  wie  reiches  Feld  diese  Gegend 
fiir  einen  Zoologen  ist.  Die  beifolgende  Tafel  zeigt  den  malerischen  Strand  bei 
Freetown.  Sie  ist  von  einer  Photographic  meines  Freundes  Dr.  Clements 
bergestellt. 

Nnr  langsam  setzten  wir  nnsrc  Fahrt  fort,  denn  die  Wiiuu'bab  konnte  lange 
niolit  die  ]irogrammassige  Knotenzahl  maelien,  da  wir  gegen  einen  steifen  Passatwind 
anzukiimiifen  batten,  nnd  nuziihlige  kleine  lliifen  aulanfen  mnssten.  Eine  wiJI- 
kommene  Unterbrechnng  war  das  Anlanfen  von  Gran  Canaria,  wo  wir  wieder  einen 
berrlicben  Tag  verlebten.  Wir  liefen  dann  Plymonth  nnd  Havre  an.  An  beiden 
Often  liatten  wir  Zeit  genng,  die  Stiidte  zu  bescl.en,  und  am  2'.(.  Augnst  fnhren  wir 
in  die  Elbe  ein.  l»;i  die  Fliith  nns  giiustig  war,  erreicbten  wir  in  verhiiltnissmassig 
kurzer  Zcir  den  llal'en  meiner  Vatcrstadt,  die  ic^h  vor  KU  Monafen  verlassen  hatte. 


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(  297  ) 

IV.    KAPITEL. 
BVCKBLICK    UND  yl  USB  LICK. 

"  I  with  mournful  tread 
Walk  the  deck,  my  Captain  lies 
Fallen  cold  and  dead." 

Wat.t  Whitman. 

Kanni  drei  Wochen  nach  nnsrer  Riickkelir  wnrde  der  nnterseeisclie  Telograph 
bis  Lagos  fertiggestellt,  nnd  eine  dev  crstcn  Depeschen,  die  er  befiirderte,  ja 
viellei("lit,  die  erste  nach  Dentschland,  war  die  vom  Tode  Robert  Ednard  Flogels. 

lIoiT  Tliiol  fand  ilin  selir  diirch  Dysenteric  nnd  Fielier  gesiliwiiclit  nnd  in 
,  hoftunngsloser  Stimmung  in  Jola.  In  einer  ansserordeutlicli  rasc^hen  Falirt  gelangte 
Thiel  mit  dem  Kranken  nach  Brass,  wo  mehrere  europiiische  Aerzte  von  ira  Strome 
liegenden  Kriegs-  nnd  HandelsschifFen  sieh  iim  ihn  bemiihten,  ohne  dass  es  ihnen 
gelang,  ihn  am  Leben  zn  erhalten.  Dort  ruht  er  nun  fiir  inimor  nnter  den  im 
Seewinde  ransolicnden  Palmen,  am  Eingange  Jones  gewaltigen  Wasscrwegos,  mit 
dessen  Erforschung  sein  Name  stets  verkniii)ft  sein  wird. 

'WeT  rait  der  afrikanischen  Entdecknngsgescbichte  vertrant  ist,  wird  Flegels 
Verdienste  zn  wiirdigen  versteben.  Er  war  ein  edler  Charakter  und  ein  Mann 
von  grosser  persrmlicher  Liebenswiirdigkeit,  nameutlich  ein  begeisterter  Dentscher. 
Sein  Patriotismns  nnd  sein  Wnnsch,  Dentschland  einen  miichtigen  Plat/,  als 
koloniale  Macht  in  Afrika  einnehmen  zu  sehen,  erfiillten  ihn  derart,  dass  er 
dariiber  bisweilen  alles  andre  vergass.  Er  war  ein  Mann  voll  von  schongeistigen 
Idcen,  nnd  wer  ihn  niihef  kannte  musste  ihm  gut  sein.  Seiner  nenen  Anfgabe — als 
Leiter  einer  vielkupfigen  Expedition— war  er  allerdiugs  nicht  gewaclisen,  wornnter 
wir  in  vieler  Hinsicht  zn  leiden  batten. 

Jedenfalls  waren  seine  Hotfnnngen  nnd  Pliine,  wie  ich  schon  vorher  ange- 
deutet  habe,von  voruherein  unerfiillbar  und  nnausfiibrbar,  da  sie  einen  Konknrrenz- 
kampf  in  kommerzieller  nnd  politisclier  Hinsiclit  gegen  die  Eiigliinder  liedingten. 
Dieser  Anfgabe  war  Flegel  allein  nicht  gewachsen,  und  anch  wenn  die  Kantmann- 
schaft  Hamburgs  nnd  Bremens  ihn  nnterstiitzt  hiitte,  wiire  es  eine  grosse  Frage 
gewesen,  ob  die  Engliinder  aus  iliren  wohlverdienten,  hart  erworbenen  Positionen 
hiitten  herausgetrieben  werden  kunnen. 

Was  seine  nnd  nnsre  grosse  E.xpedition  anbetriflft,  so  ist  eigentlicli  allein  der 
von  Standinger  und  mir  ausgefiihrte  Plan  als  gegliickt  zu  betrachten.  Unsere 
Reise  nach  Sokoto  und  Gandn  war  den  uns  ertheilten  Instrnktioneu  gemiiss 
ansgofiihrt  worden,  nnd  wir  bemiihten  uns,  wiihrend  derselben  in  wissenscliaftlicher 
Beziehung  mciglichst  viel  zu  leisten.  Wenn  diesc  Leistungen  bescheidone  siud, 
so  lag  das  daran,  dass  einestheils  das  Reisen  mit  einer  grossen  Karawane  ini 
Haussalande  fiir  einen  Europiier,  namentlich  wenn  er  ein  Nenling  im  Landc  ist, 
nicht  ganz  loicht  ist,  dass  wir  viclfach  von  Krankheit  befallen  waren,  und  dass 
wir  schliesslich  hauptsilchlich  nach  Afrika  gegangen  waren,  um  zoidngische 
Sammlnngen  nnd  Beobachtungon  zu  machen.  Wie  bekannt  batten  wir  nur  anf 
Bitten    Flegels   die  Rolle   ubernommen,  die   den   erkrankten   Herren   Seninn   nnd 


(298) 

Giirieh   znertheilt   wordou   war,   uml   wir   waren   daher    fiir   diese   Aufgabeu   uur 
nngeniigend  vorliereitet. 

Pie  geographiscliou  Resultate  der  Sokotu-Reise  gijiltdu  in  dor  von  Herrn 
Erman  uaoh  uuseru  Kumpassanfnabnu'n  nnd  Hy]>S(inu'tcrljc'obaclitnngen  licrgestcllten 
Karte,  die  in  dem  5.  Baude  der  Miftiieilimticn  der  Afrikaniscben  (u'sellschal't. 
veriiffeutlicht  wurde.  Sie  bornbt  ledigliili  anl'eiuer  sorgt'jiltigen  Kom]ias.sanfnahuie 
des  Reiseweges  und  Notizen  der  Tagobiicber.  AVie  Erman  (vergl.  seine  Bcgioitworte 
zu  der  Karte  von  Panl  Standinger  nnd  Ernst  Hartert,  S.  14,  Band  T)  der  .}fitt//, 
il.  Afrih.  Gesclhcliiifl.  IsST)  benicrkt,  ist  die  Anf'nabuie  des  Heisen'oges  von 
"  befricdigeiider  Genanigkeit,"  wjibrend  das  topograjibische  Detail  viel  zn  wiinscben 
iibrig  liisst.  Letzteres  ranss  dem  nnbefangenen  Benrtbeiler  mir  natiirlicb  ersebeinen, 
denn  wir  wnssten  nicht,  dass  wir  bernfen  sein  wiirdcn,  eine  geograjiliiseli  wicbtigo 
Eeise  zn  macben,  nnd  batten  nns  daranf  nielit  vorbereitet.  Die  beifolgenden 
Karten  siud  von  mir,  niit  einigen  \Veglassnngen  von  Angaben,  die  fiir  den 
vorliegenden  Zweck  uuwicbtig  erscbieneu,  nnd  einigen  Zusiitzeu  nacb  der  Erman- 
scben  Karte  gezeicbnet. 

Unser  AVeg  von  Loko  bis  Keffi  ist  mit  geringen  Abweicbnngen  der  scbon 
vorber  von  Flegel  kartograjibiseb  niedergelegte.  Die  ganze  Strecke  von  Keffi  bis 
T{ibak<i  ist  nen.  Wenu  wir  annebnien,  dass  Ribako  Baikie's  Rnbbu  ist,  so  isfc 
Ribako-Zaria,  sicber  aber  (nacb  Erman)  Igabi-Zaria  mit  Baikie's  Route  von  18fi2 
identiseb. 

Zaria-Kann  ist  grusstentbeils,  al>er  nicbt  ganz  mit  den  Uonten  friiberer 
Reisenden  identisch. 

Die  ganze  Route  von  Zaria  bis  Sokoto  ist  dnrcbweg  nen.  Znm  erstcn  Male 
beriihrten  wir  Kaura,  die  bedeutcnde  Haujitstadt  der  Frovinz  Samfara.  Dieser 
Weg  ist  auch  bis  1901  noeb  nicbt  wieder  begaugen  worden.  Auf  dieser  Streeko 
(Zaria  bis  Sokoto)  allein  vvurden  dnrcb  nns  47  Ortschal'ten,  darnnter  viele  grosse, 
uramanerte  iStiidte,  zum  erstenmale  von  Enropiieru  betreten,  nnd  so  bekannt 
gemaebt.  Viele  derselben  waren  in  einiuen  von  Flegel  miindlicli  erknndeten,  selir 
unsiehcren  "  Itinoraren,"  oft  in  mebr  oder  minder  entstellter  Form — z.  B.  ist  statt 
Kanra  immer  "Danra"  angegeben — genannt  worden,  nnd  wurdeu  erst  dnreli 
nns  I'estgelegt.  Metcorologiscli  bescbrankten  wir  nns  anf  Morgens  luid  Abends 
vorgenommene  Tbermometer-  nnd  Barometer-Ablesnngen,  die  ich  meistentbeils 
aufzeicbnete,  nnd  die  Standinger  in  seinem  Bnelie  abgedruckt  liat.  Ein  Tiicil 
derselben  ging  leider  mit  einem  meiner  Tagebiicber  unterwegs  verloren. 

In  geologiscber  Hinsicht  konnen  wir  nicbt  von  Ergebnissen  sprechen,  da  wir 
nnr  sebr  geringe  geolngiscbe  Kenntnisse  batten,  nnd  wegen  Mangels  an  Triigern 
eine  gcologiscbe  Sammlnng  nicbt  anlcgen  konnten. 

In  botanisclier  Hinsicbt  besebriinkten  wir  nns  im  Grossen  nnd  Ganzen  daranf, 
die  anfl'allenden  I'iinme  nnd  die  wiclitigeren  Nntzpflauzon  kennen  zn  Icrnen. 
Von  letztercn  bracbte  icb  einige  Friicbte  nnd  im  Tagebncbe  gepresste  Bliitter 
nnd  Bli'itben  beim,  die  mit  ansgiebigster  Hilfe  von  Prof.  Ascberson  nnd 
Dr.  Hennings  bestimmt  wnrden,  nnd  die  sieb  im  botaniscben  Mnsenm  in 
Berlin  befinden.  Eine  Uebersicbt  der  I'flanzen  gab  icb  in  I'etormann's  Gcoi/r. 
Mittliril.  1887,  Heft  VI.  Diese  Uebersicbt  gab  icb  lediglicb  nacb  meinen  eigenen 
Erfahrnngen  nnd  Erknndignngen  bei  obengenaunten  Herren.  In  einem  Kapitcl 
in  Standinger's  Reiscwerke  (p.  ('t'l(\)  bat  mein  Reisegefiibrte  nocb  einmal  in 
ansgedebnter  Weise  die  von  ibm  nnd  mir  beobacbteten  Pllanzen  nnd  namentlicli 
dereii  Verwendnng  dnrcli   die  Ilanssa  besprocben,   botanische   "  Bericbtignngen " 


NOVITATES   ZoOLOClCiE.  VoL . AfHI .  19 0 1 . 


PL.  XIV. 


Reiseroute  imHaussalande  I. 


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NOVITATES   ZOOLOCICJE.   VoL.Yffl.  1901 . 


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Ix-y-.  Anst.v.  E  A.Tui\ke,  Leipzig, 


NOVITATES   ZOOLOCICJE.   VoL^A/IU.  1901 


PL.XVI. 


Reiseroulo  iiu  Haiissalaiulc  111. 


(  299  ) 

befinden  sich  aber  nicht  in  dieseni  Kajtitel.  In  eineni  besonderen  Abschnitte 
werde  ich  weiterhin  noch  eine  knajipe  Uebersicht  geben,  die  auf  uusere  beideu 
Artikel  und  einige  seitherige  Erfalirnngen  gestiitzt  ist,  nnd  somit  anch  denen 
zii  Giite  komnit,  die  nicht  Pctprniiuin's  MiftlirilniK/t'ti  nnd  St.audingcr's  Werk  /,nr 
Hand  habeii.  Die  Lokalitiiten  siiul  ans  drm  vorhcrgoiienden  Iteiscbcriclit  nnd  ans 
den  beigegebenen  Karton  ersichtlicli. 

Zoologiscli  konnte  anf  der  Raise  selbst  nnr  ganz  voriibergebend  gesammelt 
warden.  Meina  Rammlnngen  beschriinkt.en  sich  vorzngsweise  anf  Vogel  und 
Kiifer,  wiihrend  Sfandinger  sich  anf  Schmettei'b'nge  nnd  Kiifer  beschriinkte.  Was 
anf  anderen  (Jebieten  del'  Zodiogie  gesammelt  wnrde,  ist  nicht  der  Ilede  werth. 
Ueber  die  V(igel  der  ganzen  Keise  gab  ich  nach  meinen  Sammbingen  nnd 
Beol)achtnngen  einen  Ueberblick  \m  Joiirnril  filr  Oi'iiifIiolo</ii'  fiir  ISSO,  nnd  werde 
waiter  nnten  eine  Ueliersicht  aller  fiir  das  eigentHche  Hanssaland  bekannten 
Arten  geben.  Die  Bearlieitnng  der  gesammelten  Vogel  ist  leider  die  einzige 
eiuigermassen  znsammenhiiugende,  anf  Material  gestiitzte,  in  zoogeographischer 
Hinsicbt  vielleicht  nicht  ganz  nnwichtige  VerOffentlichnng  fiber  nnsere  zoologischen 
Sammlnngen  geblieben.  Die  Sehmetterlingsammlnng  Standingers  kam  natilrlicli 
in  die  Iliinde  seines  Vaters,  doch  ist  leider  nichts  dariU)er  geschrieben  worden.  Die 
wenigen  von  mir  gefangenen  Lepidopteren  erhielt  der  verstorbene  Sammler  Honrath, 
der  mich  vor  meiner  Reise  darnm  gebeten  hatte.  Er  hat  ebenfalls  nichts  dariiber 
veroflfeutlicht.  Die  von  mir  gesammelten,  ziemlich  zahlreichen  Coleojiteren  erhielt 
einem  vorhergegangenen  V'ersprechen  gemiiss  der  leider  so  friili  verstorbene  eifrige 
Sammler  Dr.  ]{ichter  in  Paukow  bei  Berlin,  dessen  Sammlnng  nnn  in  alle  Winde 
zerstrent  ist,  die  von  Standinger  gefangenen  Kiifer  wnrden  dnrcli  das  Geschaffc 
seines  Vaters  verkanft.  Von  Pablikationen  fiber  uusre  garnicht  nnbedentande 
Kilferansbente  ist  mir  nichts  bekannt,  als  die  Besclireibniig  einer  nenen  von  mir 
bei  Loko  gefangenen  Sapi'ini/s- Art  nnd  die  der  ])rachtvollen  bei  Kasliia  znr 
Regenzeit  hiinfigen  Cetonide,  die  Simorkina  staudinfferi  genannt  wnrde. 

Ueber  die  Bev('ilkernng,  ihre  Sitten,  Eigenschaftan,  Trachten,  Indnstrie  nnd 
Handelsverhiiltnisse  babe  ich  in  verscliiedeiien  Vortriigen  nnd  Artikeln  in 
eiuschliigigen  Zeitscliriften  allerlei  Mittheilniigen  gemacht  (siehe  Litteratnrver- 
zeichniss),  das  Ansfiihrlichste  nnd  Beste  dariiber  findet  man  jedoch  im  Znsammen- 
hange  in  Standingers  Reisewerk. 

Unwillkiirlich  wird  man  die  Frage  anfwerfen  :  was  ist  nocli  in  jenen  Liindern 
zn  thnn,  nnd  was  wird  ihre  Znknnft  sein  ? 

Die  Antwort  anf  die  erste  Frage  mnss  natiirlich  lanten,  dass  die  Hanssaliinder 
in  naturwissenschaftlicher  Hinsicht  noch  fast  eine  terra  incognita  sind.  Ein 
zoologischer  Sammler  wiirde  uamentlich  in  den  nOrdiichen,  trockeneren  Gebieten 
zoogeographisch  interessante  Sammlnngen  machen  kcinneu.  Noch  reicber, 
namentlich  in  entomolngischer  Hinsicht,  wiirde  seine  Ansbente  in  den  Korro- 
Bergen  sein,  deren  waldige  Flusstluiler  nnd  Schluchten  an  Thieren  aller  Art 
iiberreich  sind,  oder  bei  Panda  im  Gebiete  der  Yesko. 

Anch  schon  nnweit  von  Luko  am  Bennii,  etwa  bei  Ita,  Ushiambissa  nnd  Ube, 
wiirde  man  viel  Nenes  erbenten.  Loko  selbst  ist  ebenfalls  ein  gnter  Sammelplatz, 
nur  sollte  man  nicht  wie  wir  mitten  im  Orte  wohnen,  sondern  sein  Zelt  oder 
Gebiinde  ansserhalb  des  Dorfes  errichten,  wo  man  nngenierter  und  niiher  an  den 
Sammelpliitzen  ist.  Der  ausgedehnte  Feldbau  und  die  weitan  Grasfliichen  bei 
Loko  sind  ein  Nachtheil,  da  sie  einen  grossen  Zeitverlnst  nnd  viele  Kraftver- 
gendiing  mit  sich   briugeu.     Vor  alien   Dingen  sollten  Siingethiere  nnd  Reptilian 


(  300  ) 

presammelt  werdeu,  aucli  wilreu  die  Siisswasserfische  ilnsserst  wichtig,  nud  am 
Benne  loicht  in  jrrosser  Menge  zn  erlangen,  wenn  man  nicht,  wie  ich,  das 
Missgeschiclv  hat,  don  Spiritiis  i^ii  vcrlicren. 

Die  Ziikiinft  <Kt  Tlaussaliiiulci'  kann  icli  luii'  niii'  als  ciiie  selir  lictli'iili'iide 
deiikeu.  Es  wobiit  in  deusellien,  in  Gfstait  der  lieiitigen  Ihiussa,  eiu  seJar  kritftiges, 
vic'lvers|irc'c'.liend('s  Volk.  Oliwolil  mis  die  ladlercn,  hiibschcren,  mntiiigeren, 
kricgeriscliorcn,  streng  islamitischeu  FuIIki  syiii])at.liischcr  seiii  miissen,  so  diirften 
ddcli  die  niebr  IViudlit-beii,  dnldsanu'r<'ii,  arbpitsanicrcri,  wciclimiitbiucreu  ilanssa 
infolue  ibres  grossartigeii  ilandcdstalentes  uud  ibrer  Frende  am  I'esitze  fiir  eine 
friedliche  Entwickelnng  in  znkilnftigev  Zeit  von  griJsserer  Bedentung  sein.  Mit, 
vi(den  Feblern  behaftet — der  Liigcnbaftigkeit,  Unzuverliissigkeit,  Unbostiindigkeit 
iind  Habgiev  dor  moisten  afrikanischen  Stnmmo — sind  sio  docb  frei  von  violon  Lastern 
der  Oricntaleu,  und  dnrcbans  als  miissig  zn  bezeichnen.  Der  Scbnapsgoiinss, 
dem  fast  iille  Ktistenstiimme  bnldigen,  ist  ibneu  so  gnt  wie  fremd  geblieben,  das 
eutnervende  Rancbon  von  Opinm  oder  Ilasliish  kennen  sie  nicbt,  in  erotischer  Hinsicbt 
sind  sie  leicbtsinnig  nud  kindiscb,  aber  obne  Raffiniertbeit  nnd  Unnatiirliobkeit. 
Obwobl  sie  rob  nnd  gefiibllos  sind  (wie  nnsre  Vorftibren  es  ancli  waren  !)  finden 
wir  nicht  die  nuerburte  Gransamkeit  nnd  die  Menschenopfer  wie  bei  den  Beuinlenten, 
oder  mancbeu  der  wilden  Stiirame  von  Innerafrika.  Im  Verhiiltniss  zn  audern 
Nogern  sind  sie  bildnugsfabig  nnd  vorgescbritten,  nnd  der  Islam  hat  ihnen  jone 
Art  von  Solbstacbtnng  bewabrt,  die  so  violon  lieidniscben  Stiimmen  nnd  loider 
ancb  bekebrton  Cbristenstiimmen  abgebt.  Was  ibueu  vorzngsweise  feldt,  ist  eine 
kriiftige  Regierung.  Eine  strenge  Hand,  die  sie  knrz  am  Ziigel  hiilt  nnd  die 
ricbtigen  Wege  fiibrt,  aber  anch  vor  ibren  Feinden  scbiitzt,  oder  sie  vielmebr  lehrt, 
sicb  selbst  vor  denselbon  zn  sebiitzen,  thut  ibnen  noth.  Es  diirfto,  nacb  den 
jetzigen  politiseben  Konstcllationen  in  jenou  (logenden,  vorzngsweise  England  sein, 
dem  diese  Anfgabe  znfalleu  wird,  und  nacb  allem,  was  icb  von  englischer 
Kulonisation  kenueu  gelernt  babe,  glanbe  icb  wobl,  dass  England  etwas  ans  den 
Hanssaliindern  machen  wird.  Meines  Erachtens  wiire  es  ein  grosser  Febler,  wenn 
man  den  Missioniiren  in  den  mobamedaniscben  Hanssaliindern  Vorscbub  leistete. 
Der  Islam  ist  fiir  Stiimme  von  dem  Bildnngsgrade  der  Hanssa  nnd  in  diesem  Lande 
so  angemessen,  nnd  von  so  gntem  Einflusse,  dass  man  ihm  hier  nicbt  entgegen- 
arbeiten  sollte.  Die  Missionstbiitigkeit  nuigo  sicb  in  den  heidniscben  Gebieten  des 
Nigerdeltas  ansbreiten — solcben  (jreneln  wie  den  von  Benin  und  Asbanti  zu  stouern 
ist  ein  Vcrdienst  nm  die  Menscbbeit.  Wenn  wir  ancb  die  christlicbe  Religion  fiir 
moraliscb  hoher  halten,  als  den  Islam,  so  dilrfen  wir  doch  dessen  veredelnden 
Einflnss  anf  die  Mittelafrikanor  nicht  verkennen. 

Es  ist  ein  Irrtbum  zn  glanben,  dass  die  Sklaverei  eine  Bedingnng  des  Islam, 
und  in  der  mobamedaniscben  Religion  begriindet  sei.  Die  Sklaverei  bat  seit 
nralteu  Zeiten  nud  fast  iiberall  bestauden,  nnd  besteht  bente  noch  in  fast  alien 
Erdtbeilen,  ja  selbst  in  vielen  euroi>iiiscben  Kolonien,  wo  sie  nnr  da  im  allgemeincn 
untordriio.kt,  wurde,  wohin  Auge  und  Arm  der  macbtbabonden  Woissen  roiclit.  Die 
cmpurendsten  Gronol  dor  Sklaverei,  niinilicli  der  Anfkauf  nnd  dor  Transport  iibor 
den  Ocean,  in  eiu  fremdes  Laud,  zn  barter  Arbeit,  blieben  nnsern  Vorfabreu,  den 
cbristlicben  Enrojiiiern,  vorbehalten.  Als  die  mohamedaniscbo  Religion  begriindet 
wurde,  bestand  die  Sklaverei  uud  wurde  als  ein  bestehcuder  Gcbrauch  accejitiert, 
ebenso  wie  die  vielfachen  Iliirten  nnd  Grausamkeiten  des  Koran  koine  Nouschaf- 
fnngon  sind,  sondorn  nnr  bostcbendo,  sanktioniorte  Roobte  nnd  (iobriiuche.  .lodem, 
der  sioli  die  Miibo  gicbt,  sicb  dariibor  zn  inl'nrniioron,  wird  dies  sofnrl  klar  werden. 


(  301   ) 

Man  vergleiche  nnr  die  Gesetze,  niul  Sitten  dcr  alten  Giieber.    Gegen  viele  Unsitten 
machte  der  Koran  tai)fer  Front. 

Es  ist  keineswegs  zn  lengnen,  dass  der  Sklavenfang,  Sklavenstransport  uud 
Sklavc'iiluuidi'l,  wie  er  hcuteutage  von  Araliern,  Fiilbu  nnd  Uanssa  lietriebcn  wird, 
viele  (jnuisanikeihni  init  sicli  Lringt.  Namcntlicli  dient  die  J'^rwerbuug  von  Sklaven 
leidcr  nnr  zn  oft  zu  einem  Vorwand  zu  einem  Kriegs-  odor  besser  Raubznge  in 
die  benachbarten  oder  im  eigenen  Laude  selbst  licgenden  heidniscbeu  (Jebiete. 
Diesen  Sclnindlic-likeiten  miisste  eine  enropiiisclic  i'Coloniairegiernng  in  den  Hanssa- 
liindern  mit  krilftigcr  Hand  stenern,  es  wiirdo  aber  die  deiikbar  grosste  Tliorheit 
seia,  wenn  man  dort  durcb  ein  Uekret  vom  grilnen  Tische  plOtzlich  "  die  Sklaverei 
abschaffen "  wollte.  Ohne  Sklavenarbeit  kann  dies  Land  nicht  ohue  Weiteres 
besteben.  Man  wiirde  ansserdem  die  ganze  bessere  Bevnlkernng  in  Empnrungs- 
zustand  versetzeu,  einer  grossen  Meuge  von  Lenten  eine  Freiheit  geben,  die  sie 
theils  niebt  scbiitzen,  theils  aber  i'lbel  anwenden  wilrden.  Erst  nach  vielen  Jahren 
allmiiliger  civilisatorisclier  Thatigkeit  konnte  man  die  Sklaverei  abschaffen.  Wenn 
den  llaiiltziigen  znm  Skbxvenfange  gestenert  wiirde,  so  wiirdo  vorliiufig  genng 
gescheben  sein.  Li  wcit  spiiterer  Zeit  wiirde  dann  erst  ein  (Jcsotz  erlassen  werdeu 
kunnen,  dass  von  8kbxvinneu  geborene  Kinder  frei  wiirden,  nnd  es  wiirde  die 
Sklaverei  so  bald  verschwinden.  Uebrigens  werden  die  im  Besitze  befindlichen 
Sklaven  im  allgemeinen  sehr  gnt  bebandelt.  Niebt  selten  werden  sie  in  wichtige 
Staatsiimter  eingesetzt,  als  Statthalter  bedentender  Orte  vcrwendet,  oder  znr 
Beanfsichtignng  von  Statthaltern  grosser  Stildte  benntzt,  schOne  Sklavinnen  werden 
nnr  zn  oft  die  Lieblingsfranen  ibrer  Herren.  Nnr  in  grijsster  Noth,  oder  wenn 
sie  sich  etwas  zu  Scbiilden  kommen  liessen,  werden  sie  verkanft. 

Sie  siud  ancb  keineswegs  rechtlos.  Als  wir  von  Kanra  nach  Zaria  zogen,  warf 
sich  uus  auf  der  lieise  eine  Fran  zu  Fiissen,  die  unsern  Schutz  beanspruchte.  Sie 
war  eine  von  ihrem  Herrn  geheirathete  Sklavin,  die  aber  nicht  die  gewiinschte 
Nachkommenschaft  geboren,  nnd  dadnrch  die  Liebe  ihres  Herrn  verscherzt  hatte. 
Anstatt  nun,  wie  er  es  nach  Belianptnng  der  Fran  hatte  thini  sollen,  sich  selbst 
dies  znzuschreiben,  traktierte  er  sic  mit  Priigcln  nnd  Verwiiusehnugen,  weshalb 
sie  floh  nnd  unsern  Schutz  anflehte.  Wir  erfnhreu  denn  alsbald,  dass  ihr  Herr 
solange  das  Kecht  babe,  sie  zuriickznfordern,  als  sie  von  uns  selbst  beansprucht 
wiirde,  sobald  wir  sie  aber  verkanften,  nnd  der  Kaiif  in  legaler  Weise  abgeschlossen 
ware,  hiitto  der  friiliere  Besitzer  kein  Kecht  mehr,  sie  zuriickznfordern.  Da  sie 
fiirchtete  verfolgt  zu  werden,  mussten  wir  rasch  handelu,  und  verkanften  sie  coram 
publico  einem  uusrer  Leiite  zum  Scheine.  Als  dann  bald  nachber  mehrere  Berittene 
kamen,  nm  sie  zu  fordern,  war  es  zn  spiit.  Sie  folgteu  uns  allerdings  bis  Zaria, 
wo  sie  ihr  Recht  vom  Sultan  beaiisprnchten,  sie  wurden  aber  abgewiesen,  und 
die  Fran  kam,  wenn  ich  nicht  irre,  in  den  Besitz  des  Sultans.  Uoh  behandelte 
Sklaven  kiinnen  beim  Kadi  oder  Sultan  selbst  klagen  und  werden  anscheiuend 
gere(-ht  bebandelt.     (Man  lese  "  Slavery  in  Zanzibar,"  Standard  ^4.  4.  1900.) 

In  Fragen  fiber  Sklaverei  nnd  Islam  sollten  iibrigens  nur  Forscher  gehurt 
werden,  die  ohne  Absicht  und  Voreingonommeuheit  dieselben  eriirten  ki'mnen,  nicht 
aber  Missioniire,  die  mit  der  ansgcsprochenen  Absicht,  den  christlichcn  (ihiuben 
zu  verbreiten  uiid  zn  glorificieren,  sowie  die  Sklaverei  zu  unterdriicken,  beobachtcn 
und  berichten.  Nach  meinen  Erfahrnngen  hat  der  Islam  eincn  erhebenden  Eiu- 
fluss  auf  heidnische  Noger,  und  ganz  entsehieden  steuert  er  dem  allgemeinen 
Schnapsgenusse.  AVas  Robinson  in  Chapter  IX.  seines  "  Hausaland,"  pp.  r~!7-141, 
iiber  Sklaverei  sagt,  ist  immcrhin  leseuswerth,  wenn  audi  einigo  seiner  Informa- 


(  302  ) 

tionen  dnrchaus   nicht   init   nnsern  Erfahningen  iiliereinstimmon,  was  er  al>er  in 
C'liajiter  XIII.  iibcr  den  Islam  scbreibt,  ist  von  sehr  zwpifclhaftera  "Wertlie.     Dass 
die  moliamcdanische  I'evnlkenmg  irgend  eiiies  Tlicilcs  des  Haiisaliiniler  dem  Trnuke 
ergebeu  sci,  ist,  ni(;ht  der  Fall.     Die  Angalien  vim  Itiiiger  (cf.  Sini-trcnth  Ci'iifunj, 
September  1895,  p.  444)  scheinen  mir  nnglanblicb,  iind  was  Josqib  Thomson  in 
Good  Worth,  ISSn,  p.  27  iilier  die  ryramidoii  v(in  Sclinapsfliisclien  scbreibt,  beziebt 
sicb  sicberlich  auf  beidiiiscbe  Durfer,  nud  aiicb  Captain  Lngard  (siebe  Kobinson's 
"  Hausaland,"   p.   ISO)  nrtbeilt  angenscheinlicb   niir  nach  seiner  ostaiVikauiscben 
Erfahrnng,  oder  ohne  Ueberlegnng,  wenn  er  cs  als  eine   Anfgabe  der  Eiiropiier 
betracbtet,  znorst  den  Islam  niederznbrecben.     Ueberhanpt  klingen  seine  "Worte, 
wie  sie  dort  von  Itobinson  citiert  werden,  in  oincr  'W'fise  ogoistiscli,  wie  sie  selten 
gebiirt.  werden,  indeni  er  das  Niwlerwerfen  dcs  Islam  iVir  mitbig  orkbirt,  "  lira  den 
engliscbcn  Prodnkten  Eingang  zu  verscbaffen  "  !     Wabr  ist  es  wobl,  dass  die  alien 
andern  Nationen  an  C!ivilisation  voranschreitenden  Weissen  die  Liinder  der  farbigen 
Viilker  nur  durum  in  ibren  Besitz  nebmen,  nnd  die,  welebe  damit  niebt  eiuverstanden 
sind,  als    Rebellen   zusammenscliiessen,   um    dem   alten   Europa   Absatzgebiete  zn 
sehaffen,  nnd  die  eigene  Woblfalirt  zu  erhObeu,  abcr  selten  wird  dies  so  nnverfroren 
ansgesprocben.     Forscher  und  Missioniire  geben  in  der  Kegel  in  bester  Absicbt,  voll 
idealen  Siiiues  in  feme  Lande,  "  Wissenscbaft  und  Menscbenwohl  "  auf  ibre  Banner 
scbreibend,   nnd   wir    knnnen    nns    damit    trosten,    dass    den    Afrikanern    unter 
enropiiiscber  Hcrrscbaft  eine  bcssere  Znknnft  bliiben  wird,  denn  sicb  selbst  iiber- 
lassen  bekriegt  ein  Stamm  den  andern,  knecbtet  ein  Volk  das  andre,  und  im  i'lbrigcn 
gilt  in  Afrika  ancb  fiir  die  Enropiler  das  "Wort :    "  ^\'er   die  Macbt  bat,  bat  das 
llecbt,"  das  immer  zutritft,  so  sehr  es  aucb  bemiintelt  sein  mag.     (Interessant  ist : 
Baratieri,  in  ]><>utsclic  I'cnn',  Apr.  19ul,  81.) 

Ob  nnn,  wie  Robinson  meint,  die  Hanssa  ancb  obne  den  Islam  ibre  bentige 
vorgescbrittene  Kultnr  in  Afrika  erreicbt  haben  wiirden,  das  ist  freilich  scbwer  zn 
beantworten,  da  wir  leider  von  den  friiberen  Zustiinden  des  Landes  nicbt  gehOrig 
nntorricbtet  sind.     .Tedenfalls  baben  scbon  vor  der  Eroberung  durcb  die  Fnlbe,  die 
dem  Lande  den  Islam  anfzwangen,  gewaltige  .Stiidte  und  eine  fiir  Afrika  bohe  Stnfe 
der  Knltnr  bestanden.     Die  Hanssa  jedoch  diirften  elieufalls  spiitere  Einwanderer 
in  diese  Liinder  sein.     Als  die  Ureinwobner  (soweit  wir  dies  verfolgen   kOnncn) 
miicbte  icb  jcne  beidniscbeu  Stiimme  in  den  Bergen  und  AViildern,  die  Korro  nnd 
Kadarra,  anseben.     Sie  erscbeinen  ganz  verscbieden  von  den  Hanssa  in  Spracbe, 
Aussebcn,  Sitten.     Sie  wnrden  jedenfalls  von  den  Hanssa  aus  dem  gnissercu  Tbeile 
des   Landes  vertriebeu,  nnd  zogen  sicb  in   die   scbwer   zugiiuglicben   Berge   mid 
Wiilder  znrlick,  wo  sie  sicb  ancb  nach  der  Eroberung  dureb  die  Fulbe  bebanpteten. 
Die  Ilerkunlt  der  Hanssa  ist  nicbt  sicber  bekannt.     Hirer  eigenen  Tradition  nach 
kamen  sie  ans  dem  fernen  Osten,  jenseits  Mekka  bcr.     Man  glanbt  die  Spracbe 
dem  hamitischen  Sprachstamme  znziihlen  zn  miisscn,  nnd  es  ist  miiglicb,  dass  die 
Hanssa  einige  Verwandtscbaft  mit  den  Berbern  haben,  zn  deuen  ja  aucb  die  Tuareg 
gebilreu.     W\t  maehten  die  Tuareg  den  Eindruek,   als   seicn  sie   weniger  von  den 
Hanssa  verscbieden,  als  die  beidniscben  Bergstiimme,  welcbe  ecbte  Westafrikaner 
sind.     Die  Eroberung  im  Anfange  des  nennzehnten  Jabrhnnderts  dnrch  Otbman 
Dan  Fodio,  der  181)7  (1222  der  Hedjra)  durcb  Aufruf  zum  beiligen   Kriegc  fiir 
Allah  nnd  den  rro]jheten  die  Fulbe  entflammte,  und  allcs  Land  vom  Siidrande  der 
Sahara  bis  zum  Beiine  nnterwaif,  ist  wabrscbeinlieh  nieht  so  grossartig  gewesen, 
wie  man  im  allgemeineu  glanbt,  denn  es  ist  sicber,  das  die  Fulbe  schou  vorher  fast 
ebeuso  zahlreich  das  Land  bewohnten,  nnd  dass  der  Islam  schon  weitverbreitet  war, 


(  303  ) 

auct  liateu  angensciieinlich  die  norillichou  Hanssa  selbst  auf  Seite  iter  Fnlbe 
gestauden.  Der  Ursi)rnug  der  Fnlbe  ist  noch  tmbekauntcr,  als  der  der  Hanssa, 
doch  geben  sie  selbst  an,  vom  Osten  gekommen  zn  sein.  Ihre  Ueberliefernng,  dass 
sie  von  den  Beni  Israel  (Jnden)  abstammen,  ist  wobl  nnricbtig,  da  ihre  iSprache 
keiue  semitischen  Elemeute  oder  auch  nnr  Ankliinge  hat. 

Am  civilisatoriscben  Werke  in  den  Hanssaliindern  diirften  sich  ansser  den 
Euglandern  anch  Deutsche  und  Frauzosen  zu  betlieiligen  habeu.  Erstere  kommen 
mit  den  Hanssa  nnd  Fnlbe  in  Adamana  und  oberhalb  Jola  am  Benuii  znsammeu, 
wo  es  gilt,  nachdem  die  kricgerischen  Manner  von  Buba-n-Djidda  durch  die 
Expedition  von  Uechtritz  nnd  Passarge  die  Macht  europaischer  Waflen  in  heilsamer 
Weise  keunen  gelenit  haben,  wieder  friedliche  Verbiudnngeu  anzukuilpfen.  Den 
Franzosen  wird  es  obliegen,  die  Stiimme  im  Siiden  der  Sahara,  die  ninberischen 
Gobirri  nnd  Maradi  znr  lluhe  zu  zwiugen  nnd  von  Einfilllen  in  die  Gebiete  von  Sokoto 
Gandn  und  Kano  abznhalten.  Dass  es  bei  alledeni  nicht  ohne  Kilmpfe  abgeheu 
wird,  ist  wohl  sicher,*  aber  ich  bin  geueigt,  zu  glauben,  dass  die  Engliiuder  am 
Niger,  mit  den  Kustenstiimmen,  den  Yoruba  und  Anderen,  sowie  vielleicht  anch 
am  Benne,  eineu  viel  schwereren  Stand  haben  werdeu,  als  in  den  eigeutlichen 
Gebieten  von  Sokoto,  Kano,  Zaria,  n.s.w.,  wo  anch  das  offenere  Geliinde  europiiischer 
Taktik  zngiinglicher  ist. 

Als  Basis  fiir  wissenschaftliche  Forschungen,  namentlich  fiir  die  unendlich 
interessante  zoologische  Erforschung  der  Oase  Asben,  iumitten  der  Sahara,  von  der 
wir  uur  erst  die  Kiiuder  kennen,  und  vom  Gebiete  des  Tsad-Sees,  werdeu  die 
Hanssalilnder  spilter  cbeufals  *ichtig  sein.  .Jedeufalls,  ich  wiederhole  es,  verdioneu 
sie  eine  in  vieler  Hinsieht  besoudere  Beachtung  in  Afrika,  und  ihre  eiugehende 
zoologische,  geologische  und  botanische  Erforschuug  steht  noch  ans.  ' 

Das  Klima  der  Haussaliiuder  ist  sicher  angenehmer  und  weuiger  verderblicb, 
als  das  des  untereu  Niger,  aber  deunoch  gehOrt  es  zu  den  bOsesten  Klimaten,  die 
wir  keunen.  In  nenerer  Zeit  haben  Beiseude  uud  Kanfleute  es  im  allgemeiueu 
besser  ertragen,  was  wolil  vorzugsweise  daher  kommt,  dass  sie  vorsichtiger  leben. 
Wilhreud  im  Osten  (ludieu)  die  Europiier  Kleiduug  nnd  Comfort  sorglichst  aas- 
studieren  nnd  wilhlen,  liess  man  in  dem  so  viel  ungesiiuderen  Westafrika  zn  meiner 
Zeit  allc  Vorsicht  ausser  Aeht,  uud  es  soil  noch  heute  vielfach  wenig  besser  sein. 
Man  ging  zn  warm,  oder  ilbertrieben  weuig  bekleidet,  trug  leichte  Kappen  oder 
Miitzeu  statt  schatteuder  Mark-,  Stroh-  oder  Filzhiite,  schlief  ohne  Vorsicht 
nnd  trank  hiiutig  zu  viel  Spiritus,  statt  Icichter,  kiihleuder  Getriinke  nnd  hatte 
weuig  Muckeuuetze.  Trotz  aller  Vorsicht  aber  ist  das  Laud,  nnd  uameutlich 
das  Nigerdelta,  hOchst  uugesuud,  uud  noch  immer  behiilt  der  melaucholische 
Matroseugesaug  seine  Giltigkeit : — 

"  Beware,  beware  of  the  Bight  of  Benin, 
A  few  come  out,  though  many  go  in." 

*  Nachdem  dies  gcschricben  wuide  haben  schou  Kiimpfe  gegen  Gandu  und  Yola  slattgefundeu  !  Es  ist 
zu  hoffen,  dass  England  etwas  duldsam  vorgeht,  und  namentlich  den  Hetzercien  der  Missionjire  kein  Ohr 
leiht,  wenn  cs  aber  zum  Kampfe  schi'eitct  auch  energisch  vorgeht.  Es  ist  wahrlich  kein  Grund  zum 
Kiiege,  dass  ein  Missioniir,  der  dort  nichts  zu  thun  hatte,  aua  Kano  ausgewiesen  wunle,  wic  die 
Tageszcitungen  bcrichteten. 


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V.   KAPITEL. 
DIE  FAUNA   D Ell    CANABISCHEN  INSELN. 

Die  C'aiiarischen  Inselu,  in  geriiiger  Entferninig  vom  afrikauischen  Festlaiule 
etwa  gegeniiber  tier  Wustcu-Zone,  die  wir  als  die  Si'ulgrciize  dcs  jiahiarktisolieii 
Faniu'iigebietes  bctracliten,  liaben  von  jeber  das  lutcresse  der  Zoogeograiibeu,  nnd 
insbesoudere  das  der  Ornitbologen  in  Ausprnch  geuommen.  Wir  bcsitzen  denu 
aucb  eine  stattlicbe  Ileibe  von  Arbeiteu  iiber  die  Vogel  dieser  Inselgrnpiie,  aber 
fine  einigcnnasseu  urscbri])fende,  plaumiissig  durcbgefiibrtc  Erforschung  der  lusela 
batte  antialleiider  Weise  nie  stattgefnudeu,  bis  Ende  des  vorletzten  und  am  Aiifaiige 
des  letzten  Deceuuiums  des  verflosseuen  Jahrbunderts  die  Engliiuder  Meado-AValdo, 
und  Tristram,  uameutlicb  aber  aucb  Professor  Koenig,  diese  Inselu  derartig  dnrcb- 
forscbten,  dass  sie  nun  im  Grosseu  und  Ganzeu  als  eine  ornitbologiscb  bekannte 
Inselgrnppe  angesebeu  werden  kOnueii.  Koenigs  Arbeit  im  Journal  fur  OniUliolmjie 
18'JO,  und  Meade- AValdo's  Arbeiteu  in  der  eugliseben  ornitbologiscbeu  Zeitsebrift 
Ibis  geben  ein  ausserordentlicb  klares  Bild  der  Canaren-Oruis.  Des  erstereu  Arbeit 
ist  die  eingebeudste  und  sorgfiiltigste  von  alien,  und  uameutlicb  in  biologiscber 
Iliiisicbt  bervorrageud,  wiibrend  der  letztere  im  Ibis  1S93  die  bcste  List*  der 
cauariscbeu  Vogel  gab,  nachdem  er  alle  Inselu,  aucb  Fuertaventura  und  Lanzarote 
besucbt  batte. 

Wie  die  geograpbiscbe  Lage  der  Inselgrnppe  von  voruliereiu  erwarteu  liisst, 
ist  ibre  Ornis  im  allgemeineu  der  der  mediterranen  Subregion  am  iibnlicbsteu. 
Alle  Beobacbter  baben  jedocb  das  Vorwiegen  des  europiliscben  Elemeutes  iu  der 
Vogelwelt  betout,  und  gewiss  uicbt  ganz  mit  Unrecbt.  Dasselbe  riihrt  von  zwei 
Ursacbeu  her.  Erstens  von  der  Niibe  der  ibcriscben  Halbinsel  und  dem  trotz  der 
sildlicbereu  Lage  gemiissigten,  weil  dnrcb  die  maritime  Lage  erbeblicb  gemilderteu 
Klima.  Zweitens  dalier,  dass  (obwobl  der  Vogel/.ug  dort  uicbt  si>  stark  ist  wie 
ill  Marokko,  bei  Taugcr)  die  Inselu  in  der  Zugricbtuug  vieler  europiiiscben  Vogel 
liegen,  und  von  vielen  Wandereru  besucbt  werden.  Wiibrend  diese  das  afrikanische 
'  Fcstland  sjimmtlicb  mit  dem  Nabeu  des  Friibliugs  vcrlassen,  und  wabreud  dort 
etwa  zuriickgebliebeuo  Individuen  aller  Wabrscbeiiilicbkeit  nacb  zn  Grunde  geben 
wiirden,  mag  das  mildere  Klima  der  Ganareu  sie  leicbt  zum  Verweileu  unter 
fiir  den  Weiterzug  uugiuistigeu  Witternngsverbiiltnissen  veranlasst  baben,  und 
etwa  bleibende  Paare  mussten  sicb  iufolge  der  sebr  geringen  Anzahl  von  Feiudeu 
aus  der  Tbierwelt  uud  des  ertriiglicben,  gleichmiissigen  Klinuis  leicbt  ansiedelu 
kCmueu. 

Wenn  icb-sage,  dass  die  Cauareu  in  der  Zugricbtuug  vieler  europiiiscben  Vogel 
liegen  und  von  vielen  Wandereru  besucbt  werden,  so  stebt  das  zwar  eiuiger- 
massen  im  Widersprncbe  mit  den  Beobacbtuugen  vou  Koenig  uud  Hartwig,  icb 
kauM  aber  meineu  Aussprucli  vnllkouimen  recbtfertigou.  Hartwig  beslrcitet  das 
Viirkommeii  vou  ZugV(ig('lii  auf  Madeira,  das  iu  vieler  Iliiisiclit  iaunistiscli  mit 
deu  ( 'anaren  verwaudt  ist,  iilierhaupt,  uud  Koenig  sagt  "icb  beliaupte  geradezu, 
dass  die  cauariscbeu  Inselu  vou  iialiiarktiscben  Vogellbrmen  auf  dem  Zuge  uur 
ganz  zufilllig  getroffen  uud  aufgesucht  werden,  und  dass  vou  regelmtissigeu 
Zugvogelerscheinungeu   daselbst   iiberbaupt   nicht  die  Kede  seiu  kaun."      Dieser 


I 


(  305  ) 

Auff<as8ung  wiilerspreclien  die  Beobacbtungwi  Auilrer,  nameutlich  die  vou  Meade- 
"Waldo,  der-  sich  fiber  vier  Jahre  auf  deu  luselu  aufhielt,  uiid  desseu  Beurtbeilnng 
dieser  Frage  daber  viel  massgebender  sein  mass,  als  die  eines  uocb  so  begabten 
nnd  erfabreuen  Reisendeu,  der  sich  nnr  einige  Monate  daselbst  befand. 

Es  steht  fest,  dass  Tardus  niusicus  eiii  regolmiissiger,  sogar  oft  sebr  hiiiifiger 
Wintei'gast  anf  deu  Bergeu  ist,  obwohl  nicbt  tiefer  zu  Thai  als  1800  englische 
Fuss  beobachtet.     Turilns  jiilaris  wurde  cinmal  Ix'obachtet.     Turtltis  merula  ist 
eiu  sehr  hiiufiger  Brutvogel,  uach   Meade-Waldo  aber  kommeu  zuweileu  Zuziigc 
vou   Waudereru,  meist  MiUinchen,  au !     (Da  die  Amsel  der  Cauaren  verscbiedeu 
vou    der   Europas    ist,   wiire   es    erwiiusclit   geweseu,   dass    Exemplare   vou    den 
augeblicben    AVaudereru    priipariei't   wordeu    wilreu.       Beiui    "  Beobacbteu "   obue 
uebeubergeheudes   Sammelu    leidet   die  AV'issenscbaft   meisteus,   wie   wir   dies   au 
den  Arbeiteu  von  Bolle,  Hartwig,  u.  a.  seben,  wilhreud  man  z.B.  au  Koeuigs  Art 
zn  forscbeu  eiu  Beispiel  nebmeu  kaun.)     Saxicola  oenantke  ist  Herbstdurcbziigler, 
tritt  abet-  etwas  nuregelmiissig  auf,  Pnitincola  ruhetra  uud  riibicola  scbeiueu  uur 
ausuabmsweise,  aber  Ofters  iui  Herbste  vorzukoiumeu.     Ruticilla  phoenicurus  iind 
tithys  berilbreu  die  Insel  im  Herbste  uud  im  Friibjabr,  tith;j»  etwas  zablreicber. 
Ich  sab  beide  Arten   iu  Cabreras    Sammluug.      CyanecuUi   icolfi  wnrde    zweimal 
bei  Laguua  erbeutet,  ebemla  nach  Cabrera  eine  C.  suecica.     Sylvia  atricapilla  ist 
eiu  sebr  hiiufiger  Brutvogel,  ausserdem  aber  werdeu  die  luseln  von  grosseu  Massen 
enropiiischer  Zugvogel  derselbeu  Art  besucht.     Sylvia  hortensis  will  Cabrera  eiumal 
erbeutet  baben,  Phylloscopus  trochilus  komiut  nach  demselbeu  Autor  gelegeutlich 
vor.     Von  Fhylloscopm  sibilatrix  ist  eiu  Stiick  festgestellt  wordeu.     Motacilla  alba 
ist  eiu  gar  uicbt  uugewOhulieber  A\'1iitergast,  Aiithua  (rivialis  zweimal  festgestellt. 
Oriolus   yalhula    ist    eiu    zwar    nnregelmiissiger,    zuweileu    aber    sebr    zahlreich 
erscheinender  Friihliugsdurcbziigler.     Lanius  senator  wnrde  eiumal  mit  Sicberheit 
beobachtet.     ^fuscicapa  grisola  uud  atricapilla  kommeu  gelegeutlich  vor.    Iliruiulo 
rustica   erscheiut    regelmiissig    im   Herbst    uud   Friihliug,    oft   iu   Meuge,   bleibt 
aber  gewcihidich  uur  eiu  bis  zwei  Tage.     Chelidonaria  urbica  kommt  nicbt  regel- 
miissig, aber  docb  hiiufig  geuug  vor,  nud  war  im  Winter  1900-1901  sehr  hilufig 
Cotile  riparia  wnrde   uur  1890   uud    1891    festgestellt.      Biblis   nipestris   wurde 
mebrfacb  vou  Cabrera  erbeutet,  ist  aber  vou  sehr  uuregelmiissigcm  Vorkommen. 
Stnnms    ndgaris   ist   eiu   regelmiissiger,    wenu   auch   spiirlicher    Wiutergast   anf 
siimmtlicheu   Inseln.     Weuu   er  iu   der   That,    wie   nns   Koeuig,   nach   Berichten 
Anderer,  mittheilt,  mit   Ostlichen  Winden  vom   afrikanischeu  Festlande  heriiber- 
kommt,    so   ist   er   deunoch    ein    enropiiischer    Wandervogel,   denn    iu    Marokko 
briitet  nur  St/tnn/s    unicolor.       Coracias  i/arr/da   kommt  bisweilen  vor.      Merops 
apiaster   erscheiut    raauchmal    als    Durchzugsvogel    im    Friihjahr.      Der   Knknk 
kommt   als   uuregelmiissiger   Friihjahrsgast   durch.      Im    Friihliuge    1890   hielten 
sich  viele  Kuknke  einige  Tage  hiudurch  auf,  die  (nach   Waldo),  alle   sehr  klein 
uud  dnukel  wareu,  also    vermnthlich  einer  afrikanischeu   Subspecies  angehOrten. 
Acrocephalus   arundiiiaceus  {  =  tiirdoides)  uud  Jynx   torquiUa,   warden   nenerdings 
erlegt,  nnd   von   mir   in    Dr.  Cabreras   Sammluug   nntersucht.      Alauda  arceiisis 
kommt  jeden  Winter  bei  Lagnna  uud  an  andern  ebenen  Stellen  vor,  aber  meist 
nnr  iu  siiiirlicher  Auzahl.     Asia  bnirhyotus  ist  ein  seltener  Wintcrbesncher.     Uateo 
biiteo   briitet    uud    erscheiut    zalilreich   als    AV'andervogul  !      Per  ids   upicorus   ist 
ausserordeutlich  selteu.     Cerchncis  vcspertiiius  war  im  Friihliug  1890  bei  Orotava 
hiiufig.     Sula  bassana  ist  zuweileu  sebr  zahlreich  auf  der  See  zn  sehen.     Ardea 
cinerea  ist  im  Winter  gemein,  bleibt  anch  bisweilen  deu  Sommer  iiber,  obue  dasa 


(  :5()f,  ) 

sein  Nisten  festgestelU.  wnrtle.  Ardeola  minuta  wniJe  in  Orotava  gefangen. 
notaunis  stellaris  kommt  gclegontlioh  l)ei  Lagiiua  vor.  Einu  Scliaar  vou  14 
weissen  StOrcben  iiberwiuterte  in  dor  Ebene  vou  Lagnua  1890-91.  Anns  hoschas 
ist  in  nassen  Zeiten  biiufij;.  Sjx/.tula  cb/peata  wnrde  einmal  geschossen.  Anas 
crecca  ist  in  regenreichen  Wintern  nicbt  selten,  wenn  aucb  weuiger  zablreich  als 
die  Stockeute.  Ein  kleiner  Elng  vou  FuUgida  fcrina  bielt  sich  im  Winter  vou 
1889  auf.  Mareca  pc.nelope  wnrde  einmal  festgestellt.  I'ii'  Waclitel  ist  ein 
masseubafter  Brutvogel,  scbeiut  aber  ancb  dnrchzuziebon,  obwohl  die  Bericbte 
dariiber  nicbt  ganz  bestimmt  nnd  iibercinstimmend  sind.  Porzana  porzana, 
jjusiUa  intermedia  *  uud  parea,  Cre.r  crex,  Oallintda  chloropus,  Fulica  atra 
kommeu  mebr  oder  minder  regelmiissig  im  Winter  vor,  obwobl  die  trockenen  nnd 
felsigen  Inselu  fast  nur  bei  Laguna  fiir  solcbe  Vogel  ein  balbwegs  verlockendes 
Geliinde  baben.  Squataroht  sqiiatarola  ist  ein  regelmiissiger,  auf  den  westliclieu 
Inseln  sogar  sehr  hiinfiger  Wiutervogel.  Aegialitis  hiaticula  zieht  regelmiissig 
zweimal  im  Jabre  dnrcb,  CharaJrins  morinellus  wird  znweilen  in  Fliigcn  bemerkt, 
Vanelliiti  fanellus  ist  ein  regelmiissiger,  zuweilen  sogar  sehr  zablreicb  auftretender 
^Vintervogel.  Strepsilas  intcrpres  ist  biiufig.  Gallinago  gallinago  iind  Tringa 
alpina  kommen  bisweilen  in  Menge  vor,  Tringa  minuta  und  ferruginea  (=  sub- 
arquata)  selten,  Machetes  piignax  nnd  Calidris  arenaria  selteuer.  Ebeuso  wurdeu 
Totnnus  ockropus,  glarcola,  totanus,  littoreus,  Limosa  lapponica  uud  limosa, 
yumeniiis  arquatus  des  Oftereu  beobacbtet,  mauche  regelmiissig  jcdes  Jabr, 
Numenius  phaeopus  sogar  masseuLaft.  Vier  Arteu  vou  Mowen  wurdeu  im  Winter 
festgestellt.,  wie  aucb  Alca  torda.  Frateraila  urctica  wurde  mehrlacb  erbeutet,t 
Puffimis  anglorum  ist  im  Winter  oft  sebr  biiufig  auf  dem  Meere.  Es  ist  somit 
das  Vorkommeu  von  iiber  7U  enropiiiscben  Zugvogelarten  festgestellt,  von  denen 
viele  regelmiissig,  einige  sogar  in  grosser  Meuge  vorkommen.  Vou  Turdiis  merala 
nnd  Sylvia  atricapilla  erfahren  wir,  dass  sie  sebr  biiufige  BrntvOgel  auf  den  luselu 
sind,  ausscrdem  aber  massenbaft  anf  dem  Zuge  erscbeinen. 

Diese  Beobacbtungen  steben  also  in  vollstem  Einklange  mit  meiuer  Tbeorie 
iiber  die  Ursache  dcs  starken  eurojiiiiscben  Elementes  in  der  canariscben  V'^ogelwelt. 

Alle  bisber  geuannten  Falle  des  regelmiissigen  oder  uuregelmiissigen,  massen- 
baften,  selteneren,  oder  vereiuzelten  Auftretens  vou  europiiiscbeu  ZugvOgelu  sind 
als  sicker  beglanbigt  anzuselien.  Ausserdem  sind  aber  uocb  eiue  gauze  Anzabl  vou 
Angaben  in  der  Litteratur,  nameutlicb  der  iiltereu,  verzeicbuet,  die  der  Bestiitiguug 
bediirfen,  und  sicb  zu  grossem  Tbeile  auf  europiiiscbe  Zugvogel  bezieben. 

Bnsto  3'  Bhinco  erwilhnt  Gyps  /ulcus,  seine  Augaben  sind  aber  unzuverlilssig 
und  es  lag  ibm  wobl  kein  Exemplar  vor.  Ledru  erwiibut  (I.  p.  178)  einen  Vulttir 
oiiriqourap,  nacb  Buffon's  pi.  cnl.  427,  aber  es  kaun  keiuem  Zweifel  unterliegeu,dass 
Ledru,  wie  so  mancbe  andrc  iiltere  Forscber,  den  jungen  Neophron  pcrcnopterus  fiir 
eine  andre  Art  bielt.  Es  ist  also  ganz  uuricbtig,  Scophron  pileatus  (oder  besser 
J^ecrosyrtes  pileatue)  zu  citieren,  wie  Cabrera  (p.  29)  es  getban  bat ! 

"■  Aquila  naevia"  wird  vou  Momi>u  (p.  243)  angegeben,  aber  es  kaun  keiuem 

•  Der  lilteste  Name  der  Art  ist  Itulliii  jia^iltw  r.ill.  P.cise  III.  p.  700,  1771!.  Dicser  Name  bezieht 
eich  auf  die  entschieden  blasserc  ustlichc  Korm.  Der  Name  der  dunkleren  euroitiiischcn  Untcrart  mu83 
daher  sein  Por:iuia  2>UfiiUa  inti-rtiu-dia.  liatlnx  iiitfrtiuutii'-s  Ilermaini,  Obs.  Zoul.  I.  p.  198,  1K()4  ist 
natiirlieh  iilter,  als  Itiillu.i  hiiUliuii  Vieillot,  Nuiiv.  Diet.  Hist.  Nat.  .\.\viii.  p.  54S,  1,S19  I  Die  curopiiische 
Form  zieht  im  Winter  bisin  den  Transva.'d,  wo  aber  aueii,  wie  in  eioigeu  Theilen  von  Ost- uud  Sudwcstafrika, 
eine  dunklere,  gcsiittigter  gefjirbtc  Form  JStandvogcl  ist.  jb]inen  gleieben  Fall  haben  wir  mit  Apits  ajntu 
und  Ajiiis  barhatux. 

t  ich  8,ah  E.xcmplaro  in  Dr.  Cabreras  Sammlung  und  bei  Don  Ramon  Gomez. 


(307  ) 

Xweifel  nnterliegen,  dass  eine  Verwechselnng  mit  Butco  huteo  vorliegt,  dcnn 
let/.tere  Art  bleibt  nnerwiilmt,  mid  der  sogenannto  Adler  soil  "  bastante  coman  " 
sein  nnd  seine  zwei  Eier  an  Felswiiiiden  ansbriiten  (cf.  Calirera,  p.  30)  ! 

inirits  Itorschiin  wird  von  iilteren  Autoren  genannt,  doch  diirfte  Verwechselnng 
mit  jungeren  Milcus  milms  vorliegen. 

Ueber  die  anf  den  canarischen  Inseln  vorkommenden  (?  briitenden)  Wander- 
falken  sind  wir  noch  im  Unklaren.  Meade-Waldo  ist  (in  seiner  letxten  Arbeit  1S93) 
fest  liberzengt,  dass  der  dort  von  vielen  Antoren  beobachtete  Falke  Falco  jjunicus 
sei,  wilhrend  Cabrera  sowobl  /''.  peregrinus  als  "  F.  barbarus"  anfuhrt,  abor  unr  von 
letzterer  Form  scheint  ihm  ein  vermnthlich  anf  Gran  Canaria  erlegtes  Stiick 
vorgelegen  zn  haben. 

F'llco  subhuteo  wnrde  von  Berthelot  (p.  (io,  obne  Belege)  erwiihnt,  nnd  vielleicbt 
nnr  darauf  stiitzt  sicb  die  Nenunng  der  Art  bei  Serra  y  Moratin. 

Cabrera  nennt  Falco  nesalon  einen  seltenen  Wanderer,  der  sich  gelegentlicb 
im  April  nnd  Mai  zeigen  soil,  doch  scheint  ihm  kein  Exemplar  vorgelegen  zn 
haben  I  Er  behauptet,  dass  Ledrn  nnd  Viera  die  Art  aufuhren,  aber  Ledrn  hat 
dies  nicht  gethan  !  Ansser  anderu  Kanbvrigeln  nennt  Ledrn  noch  einen  "  petit 
oiseau  de  proie,  a  plnmage  rongeatre,  et  ressemblant  a  I'Spervier,"  nnd  dazn 
fiigt  Sonnini  in  einer  Fnssnote  :  "  Pent-etre  I'epervier  commnn  dans  son  jennc 
iige,  on  nne  espece  d'emerillon."  Hiernach  zn  behanjiten,  Ledrn  habe  Falco  acsalon 
citiert,  ist  doch  ganz  nnmriglich  t     Die  Art  ist  also  vorliinfig  zu  streichen. 

Astur  jjalwnbarius  wird  von  Mompu  als  zienilich  hiinfig  nnd  auf  grossen  Biinmcn 
nistend  erwiihnt,  aber  diese  Angabe  bernht  ohue  Zweifel  auf  einem  grossen  Irrthnm  ! 
Aeltere  Autoren  nennen  anch  zwei  Arten  von  Circus,  die  ja  wohl  gelegentlicb 
vorkommen  kijnuten,  aber  es  fehlen  vorliinfig  alle  Beweise  dafiir  ! 

"  Noctua  minor  Briss.,"  d.  h.  Athene  noctiia,  wird  von  Serra  als  bei  Teqneste 
auf  Tenerife  vorgekommen  erwiihnt,  aber  das  Exemplar  gehorte  vielleicbt  der 
nordafrikanischen  Unterart  an. 

Ficus  minor  ist  von  zweifelhaftem  Vorkommen.  Er  wird  von  Bnsto  y  Blanco 
genannt,  Tristram  i/laubt  ihn  auf  Tenerife,  Bleade-Waldo  auf  Gomera  gesehcn  zn 
haben.  Es  ist  merkwiirdig,  dass  er  dann  niemals  erbentet  wnrde.  Wenn  sich 
.der  Kleinspecht  wirklich  auf  den  Cauaren  als  Brutvogel  erweisen  sollte,  dann 
handelt  es  sich  wahrscheiulich  nm  eine  besondere  Unterart. 

Gecinus  viridis  wird  von  Viera,  ^Vellb  &  Bertlielot  nnd  Serra  genannt,  aber 
alle  Angaben  bernhen  vielleicbt  anf  einem  Fehler,  nnd  es  mangelt  jeder  Beweis ! 

Aeltere  Autoren  nennen  CaprinwUim  europaeus  nnd  ruficollis,  aber  da  keiner 
der  energischen  und  begabten  Sammler  der  Nenzeit,  auch  nicht  Cabrera,  ein 
Stiick  geseheu  hat,  sind  diese  Angaben  vorliinfig  als  unbewiesen  zu  betrachten. 
Cabrera  will  bei  Laguna  eine  llirundo  savigniji  erbeutet  haben,  ich  sah  aber 
in  seiner  Sammlung  nnr  //.  rustica,  und  auf  ein  autfallend  rothbiinchiges  Friih- 
liugsstiick  von  rustica,  sicher  aber  nicht  anf  die  echte  egyptische  savigniji,  diirfte 
sich  die  Angabe  beziehen. 

Alccdo  ispida  wnrde  von  iilteren  Autoren  mehrfach,  anch  noch  von  Godman, 
genannt,  aber  ncnerlich  niemals  beobaclitct. 

Halcyon  rujiventris  befindet  sich  nach  Bolle  in  einem  Exemplar  in  der 
Sammlung  eines  Herrn  Uinna.  Es  verlohnte  sich  flir  einen  Forscher,  der  liingere 
Zeit  anf  L'anaria  weilt,  diesem  "  Kabinette "  nnd  dem  Ilalci/on  nachznspiiren, 
der  moglicherweise  aber  doch  nicht  dort  erlegt,  sondern  als  Balg  nach  der  Lisel 
gebracht  sein  kOnnte  ! 

Ti 


(  ;i(i8  ) 

liumcr  iiocli  tritt  die  Behamituug  vom  Vorkommen  vou  Spechtmeiseu  auf 
Tcnerife  anf,  aber  nenere  Forscher  habeu  trotz  aller  Anfmerksamkeit  die  Angaben 
von  Ledrn  und  Bolic  iiicht  bestjltigeu  kuuuen,  die  iibrigeus  gauz  uusicber  siud, 
weil  KeiiuT  die  Sitta  erlegt  hat. 

Troglodi/tes  parvidi/s  wird  von  Cabrera  nach  Ledru  aufgcziililt  (i).  30,  no.  51), 
aber  ich  vermag  die  Angabe  bei  Ledru  uicht  zu  fiudeii  I  Die  Augabe  diirfte  falsch 
sein. 

Die  vou  Cabrera  (no.  04)  ausser  Si/lcia  conxjjicillaia  aiich  uocli  angefiihrte 
(nach  "  Berthelot,  BoUe,  Godman  nud  Ledrn ")  Sylda  suhalpina  ist  niemals 
vorgekommen — es  haudelt  sich  lediglich  um  Vcrwcchselung  mit  coiispicillata,  wie 
Cabrera  aus  der  vorhandenen  Littcratnr  wohl  hiitte  ersehen  kOnnen. 

So  giebt  es  noch  einige  aiidre,  theils  zweifellos  falscbe,  theils  uubewieseue, 
ganz  vague  Angaben  friiherer  Schrif'tstellcr,  die  raeist  von  Cabrera  wieder  ange- 
fiilirt  werden.  Es  verlohut  sich  kaum,  sie  alle  hier  wieder  zu  erwiihneu,  aber 
es  muss  betont  werden,  dass  es  nur  durch  Mitziihlung  vieler  solcher  Arten,  die 
sicber  oder  wabrscbeinlich  nie  auf  den  Inseln  vorkamen,  mOglich  ward,  dass 
Cabrera  seine  Listo,  gegeniiber  der  alisolut  unanfechtbaren  Zahl  vou  140  Arten 
bei  Meade-Waldo,  anf  241  brachte  !  Mit  Hinzurechnung  der  neuerlicbst  bekanufc 
gewordeuen  und  der  uicht  allzu  uughiubwiirdigen  alteren  Angaben  kanu  man  heute 
wohl  ungefiihr  ICU  bia  170  Arten,  sicher  aber  nicht  iiber  2U0  Vogel  als  sicber  auf 
der  Liselgrn])pe  beobachtet  aunehmen,  wovou  etwa  05  sichere  Brntvcigcl  sind. 

Betrachten  wir  nun  zuuiichst  das  siid-mediterraue  oder  iiordafrikauische  Element 
in  der  canarischen  Vogelwelt,  so  werden  wir  bemerkeu,-  dass  dasselbe,  wie  die  Lagc 
der  Liseln  bedingt,  nicht  ganz  unbedentend  ist,  wohl  aber  bedeutend  gcringcr,  als 
es  bei  dor  Niihe  der  Inseln  am  Festlande  zu  erwarten  sein  kiiunte. 

Zur  Erkliirung  dieser  Ersclieinung  geuiigt  aber  die  Kenntniss  dor  ThatsachCj 
dass  Inseln  niemals  eine  ebenso  grosse  Artenzahl  habeu,  wie  die  naheu  Kontinente, 
dass  die  Canaren — z.  Z.  wenigstens — im  allgemeiuen  wenig  iippigen  Baumwuchs 
haben,  und  dass  vielleicht  einige  der  zu  erwarteuden  Formen  auf  Kosten  europiiischer 
Formen  maugeln  kOuuten. 

Eine  sehr  iu  die  Angeu  spriugende  Thatsache  ist  es  ferner,  dass  die  Zahl 
der  uordafrikanischen  Formen  auf  den  ustlicheu  Inseln  Fuertaventura  und  Lanzarote 
sehr  viel  grosser  ist,  als  anf  den  iibrigeu,  sodass  man  getrost  behaupten  darf, 
dass  diese  beiden  Inseln  in  eiuem  antfalleudeu  Gegeusatze  zu  den  andern,  den 
westlichen  Inseln  der  Grnppe  stelieu. 

Inwieweit  dies  lediglich  auf  die  mehr  wixstenahuliche  Bcschaflenheit  der 
(istlichen  Inseln  und  die  Niihe  des  afrikauischeu  Festlandes  zuriickztifiihren  ist, 
oder  ob  es  sich  hier  um  eine  zoogeograpliisch  wichtigere,  mit  deni  geologischen 
Alter  der  luselgruppen  in  Verbindnug  stelicnde  Ditferenz  haudelt,  wage  ich 
keineswegs  zu  entscheiden,  da  Meiule- Waldo  uns  hieriiber  wenig  mittheilt,  der 
griindliche  Koenig  die  ostlichen  Inselu  uicht  selbst  kennen  lernte,  und  ich, 
mangels  eigcuer  Beobachtung,  mich  dariiber  noch  nicht  iiussern  kann.  Die  fojgendc 
Liste  wird  zeigen,  wie  sehr  die  Ornis  von  Fuertaventura  und  Lanzarote  von  der 
der  andern  Inseln  abweicht,  und  wclchc  Formen  wir  als  rein  nordafrikanisch  oder 
nordafrikauischen  Ursprnugs  anseheu  kOnnen. 

Fratiticola  dacotiae  Meade-Waldo  {Ibis,  1889,  p.  5U4,  PI.  XV.,  1893,  ]).  188). 
Bisher  mit  Bestimmtheit  nur  auf  Fuertaventura  nachgewiesen,  doch  glaubt 
Meade-Waldo  sie  zuerst  an  der  festlundischeu  Kiiste  von  Marokko,  iu  der  Froviuz 
Sus  gesehen'  zu  haben  I 


(  309  ) 

Eritkacnts  rubecula  nnd  sujierbus  uud  S//ln'a  atricajiilla,  ebeiiso  Ryf/iilus, 
sclieineu  auf  den  cist  lichen  Inseln  ganz  zufehlen,  dcsgleichen  die  cauarischeu  Finken, 
Tanben,  ii.a.m.  (Uas  Feblen  omAtct  Pi-atincola-KriQvi.  uud  aller  ecbten  Steinschmiitzer 
anf  den  Canaren  [niir  Sa.rirola  oeixinthe  ist  als  seltener  nnd  nnn'geliuiLssig 
ersclieinender  Zngvogel  belvaniitl],  die  docb  so  sebr  viele  Lebensbediugnngen  fiir 
dieselben  zn  bieten  scbeinen,  ist  ganz  ansserordentlicb  auffallend  !) 

Parus  caeruleus  tenerijfae  Lesson.    (Kocnig,  ./.  f.  0.  ISUO,  p.  362,  Taf.  IV.) 
Von  Tenerife,  Gran  Cauaria  nnd  Gomera  bekaunt. 

Parxs  caeruleus  palmensis  Meade-Waldo.     {Ibis  1SS9,  pi.  16). 
Auf  Palma  die  vorige  ersetzend. 

Parus  caeruleus  ombriosus  Meade-Waldo.     {^Ibis  ISOO,  pi.  13) 
Auf  Hierro  die  vorigen  vertetend. 

Parus  caeruleus  (hgener  subsp.  nov. 

Fuertaventnra  und  Lanzarote.  Von  Parus  caeruleus  ultramarinus  aus 
Marokko,  Algier  nnd  Tunis  durch  geriugere  GrOsse  nnd  blassere  Fiirbnng  unter- 
schieden.  (Cf.  Meade-Waldo,  Ibis,  1893,  p.  190.)  Icb  konnte  eine  von  Tristram 
gesammelte  Serie  des  Liverpooler  Museums  untersuclien. 

Alle  diese  Inselformon  steben  der  nordafrikaniscben  Parus  ultramarinus  am 
nacbsten!  Ich  stimme  iibrigens  Erlanger  {J- f-  0.  1899,  p.  311)  bei,  indem  icb 
Ictztere  uur  als  Subsix'cies  von  P.  caeruleus  anffassc.  Die  siidspanischon 
Blaumeisen  vcrbindcn  caeruleus  und  ultramarinus  in  merklicbem  Grade. 

Lanius  algeriensis  koenigi  subsp.  nov. 
Schon  aus  dor  von  mir  bier  angowandten  Bezeicbnung  gebt  hervor,  dass  dies 
eine  der  nordafrikaniscben  Form  nilchststebcnde  Subspecies  ist.  Sie  hat  das 
Missgescbick  gehabt,  fast  in  jeder  Arbeit  anders  betitelt  zn  werden  !  Bolle 
fiibrtc  sie  1854  als  Lanius  excubitor,  1857  als  meriflioiialis  anf.  So  nanntc^  sie 
auch  Dresser  sjuiter,  vielleicbt  obnc  Exemplare  untersncbt  zn  babcu.  Meade-Waldo 
nnd  Koenig  kamen  der  AVabrbeit  am  niichsten,  indem  sie  die  canariscben  Wtirger 
ganz  ricbtig  als  Lanius  algeriensis  anfiibrten,  und  zwar  haben  beide  mit  geiibtem 
Blick  (vergl.  Journ.  f.  Orn.  1890,  p.  361,  Ibis  1893,  p.  191)  erkannt,  dass  Unter- 
scbiede  zwiscben  canariscben  nnd  nordafrikaniscben  Stiicken  besteben.  Dresser 
bat  nun  spiiter  in  dem  Snpiilementbande  zn  seinem  unsterblicben  Werke  "  Birds 
of  Europe  "  den  canariscben  Wtirger  mit  grosser  Bestimmtbeit  als  Lanius  fallax 
bezeicbnet,  und  sicb  so  wieder  von  dem  weit  ricbtigeren  Standpunkte  Kocnigs 
und  Meade- Waldo's  entfernt.  Seine  Untcrsncbnngen  miisseu  bei  scblecbter 
Beleucbtnug  des  Abends  oder  an  nebligen  Wintertagen  im  Britischen  Museum 
stattgefuudon  baben,  und  die  von  ibm  wobl  bemerkte  geriugere  GrOsse  scbien 
ibm  nicbt  der  Beacbtung  werth.  Lanius  algeriensis  koenigi  unterscheidet  sicb  von 
dem  ibm  sebr  nabestebenden  L.  algeriensis  algeriensis  uur  dnrcb  bellere,  blassere 
Fiirbnng  der  Oberseite  nnd  geringere  Grcisse,  ancb  zeigen  in  der  Kegel  Schwingen 
uud  Scbwanzfedern  eine  etwas  geringere  Ansdebnung  der  weissen  Farbe.  Von  dem 
riiumlicb  weit  cntfernten  fallax,  der  von  Abyssinien  iiber  Palilstina  verbreitet  ist, 
unterscbeidet  sicb  L.  algeriensis  koenigi  durch  die  viel  dnnklere,  der  von 
L.  algeriensis  alijeriensis  nabekommeude  Fiirbnng  der  Oberseite  und  bedcntend 
geringere  GrOsse.     In  wieweit  L.  fallax  und  L,  denlbatus,  sowie  auf  der  anderen 


(  ^10  ) 

Seite  L.  mcridiomdia  in  dcnselben  Formenkreis  wie  L.  algeriensis  gchoreu,  wage 
ich  z.  Z.  nicht  zn  entscheiden.  Als  Tyjins  von  hoenigi  bctraclite  icli  den  Vogel  vou 
Tenerife.  Es  schcint,  wie  Meade-Waldo  schon  angiebt,  dass  Stiicke  von  Fnertaven- 
tnra  mid  (iraciosa  noch  nm  einen  (irad  lieller  sind,  als  die  voii  Tcuerife  uud  (iran 
C'anaria,  die  Fliigelliinge  ist  aber  dieselbe.  Meade- Waldo  erwiihut  aneh  sandi'arbene 
Aberratiouen  von  Fnertaventura,  dies  aber  diirfteu  uur  junge  VOgel  geweseu  sein, 
die  auch  bei  Lanius  dealbatus  sandfarben  sind.  Die  canarische  Form  ist  beuannt 
zn  Ebreu  Professor  Koenigs,  dessen  Eifer  wir  seine  beriihmte  Arbeit  iiber  die 
Canaren  im  Journal  J ilr  Ornithologie  1890  verdanken.  (Von  L.  dodsoni  ist  kocniyi 
dnrch  geringe  (inisse  und  andre  Merkniale  nnterschieden.) 
Petronia  petronia  madeircnsis  fehlt  den  ustliclien  Inseln. 

Acanthis  canfial/tna  tritt  anf  den  ostlichen  Inseln  in  einer  blasseren,  auf  den 
westlichen  in  einer  dnnkleren  nnd  grossscliniibligen  Subspecies  anf.  (Vergl. 
weiter  nuten,  Liste  der  BrutvOgel  der  Canaren.)  Der  wilde  Kauarienvogel, 
Fringilla  tei/dea,  sowie  die  verscbiedenen  Formen  von  F.  canariensis  fehlen  den 
ostlichen  Inseln.  Letztere  steben  dem  nordafrikanischen  ipodiogcmjs  nnd  koenigi 
nilber,  als  nnserem  caclcbs. 

Kr^jthrospizn,  t/ithagiiica  ist  eine  dnrchaus  iiordafrikaiiisclie  Form,  die  weder 
niirdlich  des  Mittelmeeres,  noch  sudlich  der  Sahara  vorkommt. 

Calandrella  pispoletta  rufescens  steht  der  nordafrikanischen  minor  ansser- 
ordentlich  nahe.     (Sielie  weiter  nnten.) 

Core  us  cora.r  ca/iarie/mis  steht  dem  nordafrikanischen,  C  c.  tingitanus  ganz 
ausserordentlicli  nahe. 

Apu^  murinus  brchmonim  Hart,  ist  cine  nordafrikanische  Form,  allerdings  auch 
in  Slidspanien  als  Brntvogel  bekannt.  Von  Neophron  percnopterus  ist  dasselbc  zn 
sagen.  Eine  hiinfig  beobachtetc  Falkcnform  ist  noch  nicht  festgestel It,  Meade- Waldo 
aber  glaubt,  dass  es  der  nordafrikanische  Ftdco  punicus  sei.  Der  dnnkle  Cerehneis 
tinnunculus  canariensis  ist  der  Brutvogel  anf  alien  westlichen  Inseln,  nach  Waldo 
anch  anf  Lanzarote  (!  ?),  wiihrend  anf  Fnertaventura  eine  kleinere,  belle  Form  briitet  I 
Otis  undulata  fuertamnturae  ist  eine  der  nordafrikanischen  nahe  verwandte, 
aber  dnnklere  Form,  die  auf  Gran  C^anaria  beobachtet  wurde,  auf  Fnertaventura 
aber  hiintiger  Brntvogel  ist. 

Cursorius  gallicus  ist  jedenfalls  als  rein  nordafrikanische  Form  zn  bezeichuen. 
Sic  briitet  uur  auf  den  ostlichen  Inseln,  Fnertaventura  uud  Lanzarote ! 

JIainnatopus  capensis  ist  die  einzige  tropisch  afrikanische  Species,  welche 
die  Canaren  als  rcgelmiissigcr  Urutvogel  bewohut.  Da  es  ein  Seekiistenbewohner 
ist,  ist  dies  nicht  von  Bedeutung,  uud  wir  kOunen  somit  dem  Urtheile  aller 
Forscher  beistimmen,  dass  die  Ornis  der  Canaren  frei  von  tropisch  afrikanischeu 
Elementen  ist. 

Uebrigens  kommt  dieser  Ansternfischer  nur  auf  Fnertaventura  uud  Lanzarote 
vor ! 

Pterocles  arenarius  briitet  auf  Fnertaventura  und  Lanzarote,  kommt  aber  airf 
Gran  Canaria  nnr  ausnahmsweise  vor. 

f'koi'niropferus  roseus  soil  den  Kisehern  auf  drii  (istlichen  lascln  wohlbekannt 
sein,  ist  aber  uuf  den  westlichen  noch  nicht  nachgewiesen. 


Professor  Kocnig  hat   nun   noch   eine  Theorie  zur  Sprache  gebracht,  der  ieh 
mich   leider   nicht   anzuschliesseu   vermag,    und   dereu  Aunahme   die    Fauna   der 


(  311   ) 

canarisclien  Inseln  in  eiii  ganz  falsch^s  Licht  bringt.  Ich  moiiie  die  Behanptnng 
des  Vorhaudeiiseins  eiues  amcrikaiiischeu  Elemeutes  in  der  Canarenfanna,  das 
sich,  wie  ich  nachweisen  werde,  lediglicb  aus  einem  Betrng,  dem  unscr  Freand 
zum  Opfer  fiel,  nnd  mehreren  nnhaltbaren   Schliisseu  zusammensetzt 

Die    Griinde    ftir    den    Glanben    des    Vorhandenseins    eines    amcrikanischeri 
Elemcntes  sind  nacb  Koenig  {t.r.  p.  2'.)7  und  337)  folgcnde  : 

1.  Das  Anftreten  eines  Schmotterlings  :  Danais  (oderheaaer  Anosia)  jjku-ipjjits, 

2.  Das  Vorkommen    eines   andern    Schmetterlings,  des  Danais   (oder   besser 
Limnas)  chrysippus,  nnd  seiner  Aberration  alcippus. 

3.  Das  einmalige  Vorkommen  einer  anf  die  Insel  Cuba  beschriinkton  Enio, 
Glaucidinm  siju. 

4.  Die   grosse  Aehnlichkeit  von  Jicf/iili/s  teneri/ae   mit  dem   amerikauischeu 
■Regulus  satrapa. 

5.  Das  Vorkommen  von  Pi(/fiiius  obscuriis  als  Brutvogel  an  den  ostamerikan- 
ischen  Kiisteu  nnd  anf  den  Canaren. 

Betracbten  wir  diese  Umstiinde  nnn  kritiscb. 

1.  Kann  ans  dem  von  Jahr  zn  Jabr  hiinfigeren  Anftreten   des   ans  Amerika 
stammenden  Danais  ph'.rippus,  wie  es  von  Koenig  gescliiebt,  anf  einen  Flng  iiber 
den  atlantischen  Ocean  gescblossen  werden  ?     Meines  Erachtens  ganz  gewiss  nicbt, 
denn  diese  Art  verbreitet  sicb  seit  langer  Zeit — Koenig  sagt  selbst  dass  sie  uaeb 
Standinger  in  Asien  (freilich  ein  weiter  Begriff)  schon  vor  lOU  Jahren  Eingang 
gefnnden  babe — iiber  fast  den  ganzen  Erdliall.     Mit  Ansnabme  des  asiatiscbeu  nnd 
afrikaniscben  Festlandes  finden  wir  sie  bentzntage  iiberall  in  warmen  Liindern — 
sie    ist    z.   B.    anf  den    Inseln    im    Stillen    Ocean     sebr    gemein,    inmitten    der 
Malakka-Strasse     gefangen,     offers     anch  -  in    Spanien     und     wiederbolt     selljst 
in    England   vorgekommen.      Es    bandelt    sicb    bei   diesem    in   Amerika    oft    in 
nnglanblichen  Massen  anftretenden  Scbmetterling  (siebe  "  Insect  Life,"  V.  p.  206) 
nm   einen  ganz   ansnabmsweisen   Fall   von   Weiterverbreituug,  die   mit   der  Ver- 
breitnng  ibrer  Futterpflanze  {Asclepias)  dnrch  den  Schiffsverkebr  znsammenhiiiigt, 
aber  znr  Begriiudnng  eiues  amerikaniscben  Elementes  in  der  Canarenfanna  ganz 
unbranclibar  ist.     Mit  demselben  Recbte  krmnte  man  sagen,  dass  das  Vorbandensein 
von  Sperlingen  und   Griinlingen  in  Neuseeland  ein  europiiisches  Element  in  der 
Vogelwelt  Neuseelands  bedeute.     Das  von  Jabr  zu  Jabr  hiiufigere  Anftreten  diirfte 
aber  in  der  sebr  raschen  Vermebrung  dieses  nngebeiier  assimilationsfiibigen  Falters 
selbst  seine  Ursacbe  baben,  vielleicbt  auch  mit  dem  gesteigerten  Scbiffsverkebr 
zusammenbiingen.     (Vergl.  u.  a.  Scudder,  "  Tbe  Butterflies  of  E.U.S.  and  t^anada," 
I.  pp.  727-37  ;  Holland,  "Butterfly  Book,"  p.  83.) 

2.  Mit  Bezng  anf  Danais  chrysippris  und  seine  Aberration  alcippus,  die  bier 
und  da  die  biiuiigere  ist,  ist  Professor  Koenig  ganz  falscb  bericbtet  wordeu,  denn 
dieser  Scbmetterling  ist  zwar  in  der  idten  Welt  weit  verbreitet,  uiimlieb  iiber 
Afrika  und  Griecbenland  und  das  trojiiscbe  Asien,  bis  iiber  die  Inseln  des  Stillen 
Oceans — nocb  bis  zu  den  Mariannen  binanf,  kommt  aber  in  Amerika  iiberhaupt 
nicht  ror '.  Die  Art  ist  iibrigens  von  Danais  plcxippus  bimmehveit  verscbieden, 
vielleicbt  sogar  generiscb  zu  trennen. 

3.  Mit  der  cnbauiscben  P^ule  ist  Koenig  betrogen  worden.  Dass  gerade  einem 
so  wabrbeitsliebenden  Forscber  dies  begcgnen  musste,  ist  tragiscb.  AVie  wir  durcb 
Tristram  nnd  Meade- Waldo  {Tbis  1891,  p.  616  ;  1892,  p.  182  ;  1893,  p.  186)  erfabreu, 
hat  Don  Hamon  Gomez,  von  dem  Koenig  die  Enle  erhielt,  ihnen  zugestanden, 
dass   sie  von   Cuba   (lebeud)   beriibergebracbt    sei,  ja   sogar  versprocben,  Koenig 


(  :"2  ) 

die  Wabrheit  iiber  deu  Fall  mitzntheilen,  was   leider  abcr  nicht  geschah.      Der 
Fall  ist  also  ad  acta  zu  U'gen. 

4.  Reqidus  tenerifac  (=  m/c/l('i<)  hat  fine  auttiillfiidc  Ai^liiiliclikfit  mit  dcm 
iiordaincrikanisclicii  Jiegulus  satrapa.  Diese  Afbiilichkiit  ist  bochiiiteressant,  sie 
kaiiii  abir  iiicbt  /.u  dfin  Scbliisso  btTcchlijicii,  dass  //.  tein'rifne  "ciii  diri'kter 
Abki'iimillMi;-  del- wcstlicluMi  llallikngol"  sci.  Man  kaiiii  be!  so  iialw  vcrwaiidten, 
ciiiaudcr  v(>rtn'lciidi'ii  Formeii,  die  unisttiis  am  licstcii  als  Uidcrartcii  auigffesst 
werdc'ii,  aus  dor  Aehulicbkeit  uie  ohin'  AViitiTcs  anf  die  dircktc^  Abstainmuiig 
schliossL'ii,  wenii  iiicbt  die  geograpbiscbc  Vorbroitung  oiiie  solcbe  Theorie  nuter- 
stiitzt.  Mit  dfuisclbeu  Rochte  komite  man  ja  daiiii  von  der  japanisoboii  Acredula 
nud  dem  japanischou  XuciJ'raya  aiiuehmou,  dass  sic  direkte  Abkoiumliiigo  dL'r 
ahiilicheu  Formen  aus  Eiiropa,  Acredula  rosea,  nud  Nucifraga  carijocaiacles 
rnri/ocatactps,  wiireii,  wcil  die  ihnen  geograpbisch  uiicbsten  sibiriscben  Formen 
vcrscbicdencr  ansscbeu.  Tvotzdem  wird  man  bier  vielmebr  annebmen  miissen, 
dass  die  nordasiatiscbe  Form  sieb  in  West-  (resji.  Nord-)  Enropa  nnd  Japan  in  sebr 
iibnlichor  "Wcise  nmgebildet  bat.  Ebenso  mit  diesen  Goldbilhncben  :  Die  Annabrae, 
dass  die  weitverbreitete  Regulus-Foxm  Enropas  nud  Nordasieus  sich  iu  Amerika 
nud  anf  deu  Canaren  in  iibnlicber  Weise  nmgeformt  bat,  ist  eiue  viel  begriindetere 
Anuabme,  als  dass  der  amerikanisclie  satrapa  nacb  den  Canaren  gewaudert  nnd 
dort  in  die  beutige  canariscbe  Form  nmgewandelt  wordeu  sei,  eiue  Form  die  in 
vieleu  Merkmalen  zwiscben  sntrapa  nud  regulus  stebt. 

5.  Das  Vorkommen  von  "  Puffiniis  obscurus  "  an  beiden  Seiten  des  Atlantic, 
wurde  nicbt  fiir  eine  Verliindnug  von  Amerika  mit  deu  Canaren  entsebeideud  sein, 
da  diesem  Vogel  als  ausgesprocbenem  Seevogel  das  Bleer,  das  Laudviigel  treunt, 
znm  Vcrbinduugswcge  wird.  Ansserdem  abcr  ist  die  Form  vou  Puffinus  ohscuma, 
welcbe  die  Canaren  V)ewobut,  vou  der  der  amerikauiscben  Ostki'isto  verscbieden, 
nud  ilbnelt  mebr  der  Form  der  nenseeliiudiscben  Meere.  Vergl.  Rothschild  nnd 
Hartert,  iu  Novitatks  Zoologicae,  1809,  p.  VM\,  wo  die  Verbreitnng  dieser  Formen 
folgendermasseii  augenommeu  wnrde,  obwobl  mit  15ezng  anf  die  Form  des  iudisebeu 
Oceans  uoch  Zweifel  bestauden,  nnd  aneb  die  Verbreitnng  des  echten  obsranis 
nacb  Siiden  nocb  nnsicher  blieb : 

(I.   I'li/p/ius  ohsnn-us  ohsmt-KS,  Stiller  Ocean. 

b.  „  „  audiihoni,  Ostkiiste  von  Nordamerika. 

c.  „  „  SKbalaris,  (Jalapagos  Inseln. 

(I.        „  ,,  baillorii,  afrikauisclie   Kiisten  nud  luseln. 

e.        „  ,,         assimilis,  Australien  nnd  Nenseeland. 

Die  Form  der  Canaren  ist  also  verscbieden  von  dem  audahoni  der  Ostkiiste 
Nordamerikas,  wio  anch  von  dem  pacifischen  tyi)iscbeu  obsciinix,  nud  ist  vou  nns 
]inivisoriseli  als  bnilloni  bezeichuet  wordeu. 

Nacb  dieseu  Betracbtnngen  glaube  icb,  dass  .Teder  mit  mir  darin  iibereiu- 
stimmen  muss,  dass  vou  dem  vermntbcten  Vorhandensein  eines  amerikauiscben 
Elementes  in  der  Fauna  der  Canaren  nicht  die  Rede  sein  kanu. 

Znr  Vervidlstiiudignng  des  I?il(les  der  eanaris(^ben  Vogelwelt  fiige  icb  unn  noch 
ein  Verzeicbniss  allcr  bislier  bckannten  I?rutviigel  der  Canaren  an,  wobei  icb  sowcit 
als  nioglieh  in  iiezng  anf  Nomenklatur  nud  lokale  Formen  meiueu  beutigen 
Staudpunkt  vertrete.  Meade-Waldo's  nud  Koenigs  Arbeiteu  liegen  mir  dabei  vor- 
zngsweisc  zn  Grnnde.  Man  wird  ersehen,  dass  bierbei  einige  nicht  nniuteressante 
Tiicuuxta  znr  iiesprecluing  gelangen. 


(  313  ) 

DIE  BRVrVOGEL   DER    CANAREX. 

1.  Turdus  merula  cabrerae  siibsp.  nov. 

Sehr  hiinfiji:er  Brntvogel :  Die  caiiaristlu'  Amsel  muss  von  der  europiiischen 
Amscl  subsjiecifisch  getrennt  werdoii. 

Die  Amsel  der  canarisclien  Iiiselu  ist  iiu  allgemeinen  verliiLltnissm;issig 
kiirzfliiglig  nnd  knrzscliwiinzig,  die  Scliniibel  sind  orange-farbeii  nnd  etwas  grosser. 
Die  Weibchen  siud  uach  (Janon  Tristram  {Ibis  1889,  p.  19)  nnd  Professor  Koenig 
(J. /■  0.  1890,  p.  393)  anfl'alleud  dnukel,  dazn  kommt  noch,  dass  die  canarischeu 
Amselu  im  Vergleich  zu  den  enropiliscben  schlechtere  Sanger  sind  und  weuiger 
Eier  (2  bis  3,  oft  sogar  nnr  1  !)  {This  1893,  p.  187)  legen.  Diese  letzten  beiden 
biologisehen  Momente  werden  nnr  der  VollstiUidigkeit  lialber  erwiihnt,  oline  dass 
icb  ihnen  viel  Gewicht  beziiglich  des  snbspecifischen  Wertbes  der  canariscben 
Amsel  beilegc,  da  es  ja  bekannt  ist,  dass  die  Gesange  vieler  Vogel  individual] 
nnd  lokal  oft  sebr  verschiedeu  sind,  und  dass  viele  siidlicbere  Viigol  weniger 
Eier  legen,  als  ibre  Artgenossen  in  nordlieheren  Liindern. 

Das  Kapitel  iiber  die  Formen  der  Amsel  ist  jedoch  nicbt  so  einfacb,  wie 
es  beira  Vergleiche  der  Canarier  allein  mit  einigen  Enropiiern  sclieinen  konnte. 
Znniicbst  komraen  die  marokkanisehen  Amseln  in  Betracht,  die  in  der  geringeren 
Flilgelliinge  dcnen  von  den  Canaren  zn  gleicben  scbeinen,  und  aueb  kcine  so  sclirmeu 
Sanger  sind,  wie  nnsre  beimiscben  Vogel.  Es  liegt  mir  jedocli  z.  Z.  noc.li  kein 
geniigendea  Material  vor,  nm  diese  Form  mit  einiger  Sieberbeit  zu  beschreiben. 
Dann  kommt  binzu,  dass  auch  in  Enropa  moglicberweise  nicht  alle  Amselu  gleich 
sind.  In  Toskana  sind  sebr  rntblicbo  Weibeben  vorberrscbend.  Ein  scbwedisches 
Manncben  im  Triug  Museum  bat  eiuen  Fliigel  von  130  mm.,  wabrend  dentscbe 
Miinncben  Fliigel  von  130  bis  132,  engliscbe  128  bis  133,  canariscbe  128  bis 
129,  ein  nordmarokkauiscbes  nnr  125  mm.  Flugellitnge  baben. 

Der  Unterscbied  in  den  Scbwiinzen  ist  sebr  unbedentend,  aber  die  canariscben 
Vogel  baben  recbt  kurze.  Nun  giebt  es  nocb  eine  "  Turdus  mrnila  rni:  syt-iaca" 
welclie  Ilenipricb  nnd  Ebrenberg  in  den  "  Symbolae  Pliysicae "  folgendermassen 
bescbreiben  :  "  Turdus  Merula  sj'riaca  ab  europaea  differt :  rostro  digitisqne 
validioribus,  cauda  longiore.  Ilemigum  quarta  longi.ssima.  Hostrum  album. 
Specimen  unicum  babuimus."  Sbarjie  (in  Seeiiobni's  Monograph  of  tin-  T/irclidfte, 
Tbeil  VII.)  erwiihnt  ein  auffallend  granes,  dem  von  Turdus  merula  intermedia 
ilbnelndes  Weibchen  vom  Libanon.  Es  wilrde  souacb  scbeinen,  dass  wir  bis  anf 
weiteres  tvenigstens  nnterscheiden  konnen  : 

Turdus  merula  merula,  Europa.     (Typus  Nordeuropa). 

„  „       cabrerae,  canariscbe  Inseln  nnd  vielleicht  (oder  nocb  ein  andre 

Form  in  Nordufrika  ?)  Nordwestafrika.     (Typns  Tenerife). 
„  „       syriaca,  Syrien  und  Fablstina  (?).     (Typus  Syrien). 

„  ,,       intermedia,  Central-Asien.     (Typns  Tbiau  Shan). 

„  „       maxima,  Kascbmir.     (Typns  Kascbmir). 

Turdus  merula  cabrerae  ist  benaunt  zu  Ehren  des  Doktor  AnatacI  Cabrera 
y  Diaz,  dessen  fleissiges  Sammeln,  zumal  in  der  Hocbebene  von  Laguna  anf 
Tenerife,  so  viele  fiir  die  Inseln  nene  Vogelarten  ergab,  und  der  eiuen  nicht 
unwicbtigen  Katalog  der  canariscben  Vogelarten  berausgegelien  bat. 


(  314  ) 

2.  Pratincola  dacotiae  Jleade-Waldd. 

Brntvogel  anf  Fiiertaveutiiia. 

(Das  Feblon  aller  Saxicola-Arten  iu  ilein  rjanzcn  Arcbijiel  ist  sehr  inerk- 
wi'irdig.  Webl)  iV:  Berthelot  fiiliron  Pratiin'ola  i-uhicola  als  anf  Touerifc  ])eobachtet 
an  unci  sie  wunle  aucb  voii  Cabrera  erlteutet,  ist  aber  uar  eiu  gelegentlicber 
Wanderer.) 


3.  Erithacus  nibecula  superbus  Koenig. 

Brntvogel  anf  deu  Gebirgen  von    Teiicrife    nnd    Gran   Canaria,  wiibrend   anf 
Palma,  Gomera  nnd  Hierro  eine  hellkeblige  Form  briitet. 

Es    ist    nnmoglich,   diese    bochiuteressautc    Form    obne    eine    cingebeudere 
Besprecbnng  voriibergehen  ?.x\  lassen,  znnial  sie  von  Dresser  in  dem  Snp]ilement- 
bande   zn   seineu   "  Birds   of  Europf,"   nicht    anerkannt    wnrde  !      Dresser    sagt 
daselbst,  dass  scbou  vor  der  Pnblikation  Koenigs  Mr.  Meade- Waldo  ibm  Stiicke 
dieser  Form  sandte,  nm  sein   Urtheil   uber  deren  Artberecbtignng   zn   erfabren  ; 
er  babe  ibm  damals  gesagt,  dass   diese  Form   nicbt  artlicb   zn  trennen    sei,  nnd 
er    balte    diese    seine    Ausicht    ancb    hente    nocb    anfrecbt.      Als    Grnnd    dafiir 
giebt   Dresser  an,  dass   man   in   England   Stiioke   flnde,   die   in    Dnnkelbeit   der 
rostrotben  Kelile   denen   von  Tenerifo   gleicb   ktimen.     In   letztorer  Beclianjjtnng 
liegt  nnn  allerdings  eiuige  Walirbeit,  wenn  man  aber  etwas  sorgfiiltiger  nntersncbt, 
wird  man  finden,  dass  sicli  englisebe  .Sti'iekc  ancb  anderweitig  von  den  Brntvogeln 
von  Teuerife  nnd  Gran  Canaria  untersclieiden.     Ansserdem  sind  friscb  vermanserte 
Stiicke   aus    England   von   frisch   vermanserten   superbus    sehr    verschieden,   nnd 
abgeriebene  engliscbe  Exemjilare  den  abgeriebeneu  von  Tenerife  nnd  Gran  Canaria 
sehr  nniibnlicb.     Nnr  wenn  man  ein  tiefrotbes,  friscb  vormansertes  englisches  Stiick 
mit  einem  von  Tenerife  oder  Gran  Canaria  in  abgeblasstem,  abgetragenem  Kleidc 
vergleicbt,  wird  man  allerdings  keinen  Untorschied  in  der  rostrotben  Filrbnng  dor 
Kehle   finden,  ja  man   kann   sogar  aus   England   ein   lebbafter   rostrotbes  Stiick 
beschaffcn,  als  ein  ganz  abgetragenes  von  Tenerife. 

Koenig  war  dor  ■  crste,  der  der  interessanten  Rotbkehlchenform,  die  anf 
Tenerife  briitet,  viillige  "\\'i\rdignng  angodeihen  liess,  indem  er  ibr  Gefieder,  Nest, 
Eier  nnd  Lebensweise  eingchend  beschricb,  nnd  ihr  einen  specifischen  Namen  gab. 
Unter  seiner  Bezeichnung  "superbus"  wird  den'n  ancb  dies  Rotldfelilehen  fiir  immer 
in  der  Ornitbologie  bekannt  bleiben. 

Vor  Koenig  habun  alb'rdings  schon  mchrere  Forsiber  diese  dnnkelkcbligcn 
Rotbkehlchen  bemerkt  nnd  im  Drncke  darauf  anfmerksam  gemacht.  Schon  1810 
sagt  Ledrn  (Coy.  Tenrrife,  etc.,  I.  p.  182),  dass  die  Syleia  ruhecula  von  Tenerife 
lebhafti're  Farben  (coulenrs  plus  foncees  qui  celui  de  France)  babe,  eine  Notiz,  die 
spiitcreu  Forsclicrn  entgangen  zn  sein  scheint.  1872  scbreibt  Godman  {Ibix  j).  IT-")), 
dass  die  Hutlibriiste  der  Azoren  denen  aus  "  Siid-Enropa "  glicben,  welehe  heller 
als  die  "britiscben  oder  nordenropiiischen  Stiicke  seien,  wiibrend  die  von  Madeira 
nnd  den  Caiiarcn  rait  der  dnnklen  nordischen  Form  identiscb  "  seien.  Godman 
bat  also  bier  in  ganz  klarcr  Wcise  anf  den  Unterscbied  engliseber  nnd  koiitinentaler 
Rotlikehlcbcn  anfmerksam  gemacht,  nnd  die  dnnkle  Kehle  der  Brntviigel  von  Tenerife 
bemerkt.  Im  Uebrigen  freilieh  sind  seine  Angaben  inkorrekt,  denn  erstens  erkliirt 
er  auch  die  Madeira-Viigel  fiir  dnnkelkchlig  wiibrend  sie  in  der  That  ebenso  hell 
wie  die  siideiiropiliselien  sind,  ansscrdi'm  iib'ntificieit  er  Uritannien  mit  Nordenropa. 


(  315  ) 

Dieser  Irrthnm  ist  englisehon  Ornithologen  oft  passiert,  dcmi  vielfach  Host  man  bei 
Vergleichuiigcu  vou  "  niiseru  typischeii  eugliscUeii  Vogelu,"  in  FiiUcu,  iu  denen 
der  Typns  nach  Skaudinavieu,  uicht  aber  nach  England  zn  verlegen  ist.  Man 
liess  es  sich  ebeu  friiher  nicht  triiumen,  dass  die  alten  Frennde  in  Wald  nnd  Fold 
etwa  auders  benannt  werdcn  miisstcn,  als  mit  d(Mi  linnaeiselicii  Namen,  nnter  denen 
sie  von  jeher  bokannt  waren.  Die  Rotlikehlcbeii  Englands  zeichnen  sich  jeJoch  vor 
denen  des  kontinentalen  Europa  dnrcli  dunkler  rostrothe  Keble,  mehr  rothbramie 
Oberseite,  sowio  dnrch  dnnklere  nnd  ansgedehnter  braune  KOrperseiten  aus,  und 
miissen  snbs]iecifisch  nntorscliieden  werden. 

Anch  Tristram  (^Ibis  1889,  p.  2)  hebt  Unterscbiede  der  duuklen  Form  von 
Tencrife  hervor,  von  der  cr  sagt,  dass  sie  uoch  dnukler  als  die  "  dnnkle  nordische  " 
Form  sei,  nnd  sagt,  dass  die  Stiickc  von  Gomera  znr  Form  mit  heller  rother  Kehle 
gehoren.  In  einer  spiiteren  I'nblikation  {Ibis  1890,  p.  72)  indesson  bestreitet  Tristram 
die  Verschiedenbeit  des  Rothkehlchens  von  Teuerife.  Seine  daselbst  erwiihntcn 
"  sorgfiiltigen  Vergleichnngen ''  miissen  doch  nnr  fliichtig  gewesen  sein,  sonst 
hatte  er  nicht  die  Exemplare  von  Palma  mit  denen  von  Tenerife  nnd  Canaria 
znsammen  als  dunkelkehlig  bezeichnet.  Das  von  ihm  erwiibnte  dnnkelkehligc 
andalnsische  Stiick  kann  immerhin  wie  englische  Stiicke,  aber  nicht  wie  die  von 
Tenerife  gewesen  sein  !  Eine  wirklicb  sorgfaltige  Uutersnchnng  biltte  anch  noch 
andre  Merkmale  gezeigt. 

AVie  wir  dnrch  Dresser  erfahren,  wnsste  anch  Meade-Waldo  von  diesen 
Unterschieden.  Er  liess  sich  zwar  von  Dresser  abhalten,  die  Form  zn  benennen, 
gebranchte  aber  spjiter  Koenig.s  specifischen  Namen  nnbeirrt  in  seinen  Veroffent- 
lichnngen.     {Ibis  1893,  p.  188.) 

Welter  nnten  werde  ich  die  Untcrschiede  znsammenfassen,  die  zwischen  diesen 
Formen  bestehcii,  ich  mnss  aber  bemerken,  dass  die  Fiirbnng  sowohl  der  Kehle  als 
der  Oberseite  einigermassen  variiert,  nnd  dass  einzelne  Stilcke  der  englischen  nnd 
kontinentalen  Form  mitunter  kanm  zn  unterscheiden  sind,  jedoch  werden  die 
Uuterschiede  klar,  wenn  man  eine  Serie  frisch  vermanserter,  znr  selben  Jahreszeit 
erlegter  Exemplare  vergleicht.  Die  Form  sxperhiis  ist  meist  viel  dentlicher 
ansgepriigt,  nnd  kanm  jo  zn  verwechsein,  wonn  man  sie  ordentlich  stndiert.  Ich 
konnte,  in  dem  ich  allein  nach  dem  Farbenton  dor  Kehle  ging,  alle  oanarischen 
Stiicke,  mit  Ansnahme  eines  eiuzigen,  anf  den  ersteu  Blick  ans  dem  die  Art 
enthaltendeu  Glaskasten  im  Britisehen  Mnsenm,  an  einem  triiben  Wintertage 
heransnehmen. 

Man  wird  mich  nnn  vielleicht  fragen,  warum  ich  denn  Erithaciis  superbiis 
nur  als  Snbsjsecies  anfziiblo,  nnd  so  die  von  Koenig  und  Meade-Waldo  betonte 
Artverschiedenbeit  anzweifle.  Ich  muss  daranf  erwiedern,  dass  ich  mich  in 
keiner  Weise  mit  den  Anschanungen  dieser  hervorragenden  Beobachter  in  Gegensatz 
bringe,  sondern  dass  nnr  nieine  Anffassnng  vom  Artljegrift'  eine  etwas  andere  ist. 
Dies  wird  Jedom  klar  werden,  der  sieht,  dass  ich  aucb  alia  die  Meiseu  der 
Canaren  nur  als  Subspecies  auflasse.  Subspecies  siiid  geographische  Vertreter 
eiues  Formenkreises,  deren  Untersohiede  entweder  nicht  scharf  genng  ansgepriigt 
sind,  um  nach  donselben  alio  Individnen  zn  erkennon,  odor  deren  Merkmale 
solche  sind,  die  in  dem  betreiienden  Formenkreise  veriinderliclier  Natur  sind,  und 
zn  lokalen  Veriinderungeu  neigen.  Ein  Merkmal  also,  das  in  einer  Gattnug, 
oder  sagen  wir  nnbestimmter  in  einem  gewissen  Formenkreise,  ein  in  systematiscber 
Hinsicht  wichtiges  ist,  kann  iu  einer- andcrn  Gnipjie  selir  liolanglos  soin.  Es  ist 
also  nuthig,  eine  Grnppe  erst  soweit  nu  stndieren,  dass  man  weiss,  welche  Merkmale 


(  31G  ) 

in  derselben  von  Bedeutung  siud,  ehe  man  sich  entscheiden  kann,  oh  nnd  iuwieweit 
man  es  mit  Unterarten  oder  mit  alten,  tiefer  begriindetcn  Arten  zu  thun  hat,  ancli 
wenn  sio  I'iiiaiulcr  gfiOLrrapliisch  ausschliessen.  Auf  das  Maass  der  Unterscliifdo 
kdmiiit  cs  dalici  wcniucr  an,  denn  es  sriebt  grniidviTscliicdciic  Artcn,  die  iinssi'i-licli 
nnr  sclir  sc.hwer  zu  UMtt'rsclK'ideii  siud,  wiiliriMid  inanclid  cvidonte  Untt'rartou 
viel  dentliclicr  vcrschiedeu  siud.  Alle  die  Mcrkuialc  nun,  wclclie  das  Hothkehlchon 
von  Tencrife  nnd  Gran  Canaria  so  anffallcnd  kcnnzeichncu,  kiinnen  in  dcr  Gattnng 
E/if/iiicux  uiclit,  ally.u  hoch  angcselilagen  werdcn.  Die  Selmabelform  variiert  iilierall 
iudividnell,  sodass  einzelne  ludividueu  ans  Enrojia  von  d(men  von  Tenerif'e  dariu  nielit 
zn  nntersclieiden  sind.  Die  Fiirbnng  der  Kelilo  und  Olierseite,  sowie  der  Korperseiten 
nnd  des  Unterkorjiors  neigen  aniiallend  zn  lokalen  Abiindornngen,  die  Eier,  obwohl 
selir  anffallcnd,  werden  bisweilen  von  einzelnen  Exemidaron  aus  andorn  Gegondeu 
fast  erreicht,  dor  schlechtere  Gesang  ist  kein  siiecifiseher  Charakter,  znmal  niclit 
in  dieser  Grnpj)e,  wo  gewisse  Gegenden  (wie  bci  den  Finken  nnd  Drosseln)  bessere 
Sanger  haben  als  andere,  aneh  ist  der  Unterschicd  im  Gesange  niclit  so  gewaltig, 
wie  ich  mich  persunlich  im  Ficlitonwaldo  oberlialb  von  Icod  de  los  vinos 
iiberzeagte. 

Ich  fasse  nnn  die  Unterscliiede  der  drei  westjialiiarktisclien  Formcn,  die  ich 
z.  Z.  unterscheiden  kann,  znsammen.  Eritliacus  Injivaiius  gehcirt  ebenfalls  in  diesen 
Formenkreis,  aber  niir  liegt  nnr  ein  sehr  geringes  Material  vor,  anch  siud  die 
Untersfhiede  oft  genng  anderweitig  hervurgelioben  worden.  Was  Radde  in  der 
"  Oruis  Cancasica"  dariiber  sagt,  ist  sehr  lelirreieh,  weun  anch  vielleicht  nieht 
in  alien   l)ctails  genan. 

(I.  Eritliacus  riiljeciila  iiihccnhi. 

Das  rostroth  der  Kehle  nnd  Vorderbrnst  am  liellsten,  die  Oberseite  heller 
als  bci  den  anderu  beiden  Formen,  die  Mitte  des  Unterkclrpera  ausgedehnt  weiss, 
in  frisehem  Gelieder  stets  mit  mehr  oder  minder  dentlichem  rahmfarbenen  Hanch, 
bnchtflrmig  in  das  Rostroth  der  Vorderbrnst  hineinragend.  Unterschwanzdeeken 
brjinnlichweiss,  Filsse  hellbrann,  8chnabol  brann,  W'nrzel  des  Unterschnabels  hell. 
Eier  in  der  Kegel  ohne  den  geringsten  bliinlichen  Sehimmer.  Gesang  gnt. 
Anfenthalt  in  AViilderu  nnd  Gehi'ilzen. 

Brntgebiet :  Enro])a  (rait  Ansnahrao  der  britisohen  Inseln)  nnd  der  Nordrand 
von  Afrika,  Jiadeira,  I'alma,  (iomera  nnd  Hierro,  nach  (iodnian  anch  die  Azoreu. 
Stiicke  aus  der  letzteren  Inselgrnppe  soUten  noch  genaner  untersncht  werden. 

Es  ist  mir  nicht  gelnngen,  einen  Untcrschied  zwisehcn  enropiiiscben  Stiicken 
verschiedener  Gegenden  zn  finden,  ebenso  wie  die  von  Tnuis,  Madeira,  Palma, 
Gomera  nnd  Ilierro  mir  niclit  in  irgend  ciner  Woise  vcrschieden  zn  scin  scheineu. 

Die  individnello  Variation  ist  indessen  nicht  ganz  gering.  Man  findet  iibcrall 
hellere  nnd  dnnklere  Stiicke,  nnd  gelegentlich  ist  das  Roth  der  Kehle  nnd  das 
Brann  der  Olierseite  kontinentaler  Exenijilare  nnd  britisclier  Stiicke  kanm  zn 
nnterscheideu,  das  cinzige  Exemplar  der  Jtothschildschen  Samnilnng  ans  England 
jedoch,  das  ich  als  typische  riihccida  ansprechen  miisste,  ist  im  Herbste  geschossen, 
also  hcichstwahrsclu'inlich  ein  vom  Kontinente  stanimender  /ngvogel.  Die  von 
Vater  Brehm  benannten  "  Subspecies  "  scheinen  mir  nicht  als  solche  nnterscheidbar, 
entbehren  iibrigens  anch  des  boi  wahren  Snbsjiecies  bestininieiiden  geographischeu 
Momentes.  Mrwiilmen  muss  ich  aber,  das  alle  Exemplare  der  Brehmschen 
Sammlnng  anf  dcr  Oberseite  tief  rothbrann  erschcineu.     Diese  Fiirbnng   scheiut 


(  :5n  ) 

hier  lediglich  eine  iiifol.tre  der  lange  Zeit  ungenugend  gewesenen  Aufbewahrnngsart 
entstandene  zu  sein,  wio  es  mir  iibcrliaupt  scheiiit,  dass  alte  Stiicke  eiuc  tiefer 
rothbraiine  Farlie  aunehmen.  Im  J  our  ml  fur  Orn.  1897,  p.  249,  stellt  Prazak 
eiiR'  Gebirg.sforiu  luiter  deiu  Naiueii  Ei-itlwcus  nibecula  major  auf,  die  iiiiter 
Anderein  oiu  ausgedehiiteres  Kotli  auf  der  Unterseite,  eincu  reincr  weissen  Bauch 
uud  diiiiklcre  Oberseitc,  sowie  i-ritlilielu'i'  uliveiibranMc  St^liwan/.di'c.ken  habeii  sdll. 
UnttT  den  vnn  mil'  niit.crsiiclitcn  (Jebirnsviigclii  kanu  ieli  solclic  UiitLTsulnY'de 
iii(-lit  iiachweisen,  nnd  ich  kaiiii  dalier  dicse  aiigeblicbe  Korm  nicbt  anorkiMiiicii, 
bis  von  aiidurer  Seiti'  liL'stiitigoiidu  Uutcrsucbniigeii  gemacht  sind. 

b.  Erithaous  nibecula  melophilus  subsp.  nov. 

Unterscheidet  sicb  vou  a.  dnrcli  gesiittigtere,  mehr  rostbraune  Oberseite, 
was  nameutlich  anf  Biirzel  nnd  Oberscliwanzdeckeu  anffiillt-,  dnrcli  in  frischeni 
Gefieder  viel  dnnkler  rostrotUe  Kehle.  Die  KOrperseiten  sind  gesilttigter  nnd 
ansgedehntcr  brann,  sodass  weniger  weisse  Fiirbnng  am  Unterkorper  iibrig  bleibt, 
die  Untcrsfhwanzdeckcn  sind  hcllrostfarben.  Gesang  sebr  gnt.  Dazu  ist  diese 
Form  ein  nnermiidliclier  Sanger,  der  naraentlieb  seinen  "  Herbstgesang "  mit 
auffallender  Uuermiidlicbkeit  nnd  grossem  Fener  vortriigt.  Er  beginnt,  damit 
schon  im  Se]itember,  im  Oktober  aber  ist  er  in  vollem  Sang.  Er  sitzt  dann 
mit  Vorliebe  anf  den  Diicbern  von  Gebiinden  nnd  ZiLniion,  and  sclimettert  von 
da  sein  rcizendes  Lied  in  die  Herlistlnft  binein.  Ueberbanpt  biilt  er  sicb  niebt 
unr  in  Waldorn  nnd  Gebiilzen  anf,  sondern  bewobnt  besonders  anch  die  Giirten, 
nnd  lebt  gem  in  nnmittelbarer  Niihe  der  Hiinser.  Sein  Nest  legt  er  sebr  oft 
erhfiht  an.  Man  findet  es  an  Gebiinden,  sebr  gem  in  Henscbobern,  im  Epbeu 
an  den  Manern  nnd  Stiinimen,  in  ofFenen  Uanmbciblen,  ja  sogar  innen  in  Gewiicbs- 
biinseru,  nnd  ansnabmsweise  in  unbeiintzten  Stnben,  wenn  er  dnrcli  eine  oiienes 
Feuster  bineingelangen  kann.  Er  ist  eiuer  der  biiuflgsten  Vogel  Englands,  nnd 
beim  Volke  der  beliebteste  Vogol,  den  Jeder  kennt  nnd  lielit,  nnd  dem  Niemand 
ein  Leid  zufiigt.  Er  spielt  ancb  in  Gedicbten  nnd  Iviudergescbicliteii  biinfig  eine 
RoUe.  Wegen  seiner  auiFallenden  Sangcsfreudigkeit  babe  ich  ihm  obigeii  Namen 
beigelegt. 

Brntgebiet  :  Meiues  Wissens  nnr  die  britiscben  Insehi. 

Die  von  Tristram  erwiihnten  andalnsisclien  Exemplare  kenne  ich  nicht. 

Gelegentlicli  sind  alte  V<igel  anf  der  Kehle  so  dnnkel,  dass  sie  darin  eanarischen 
superbus  sebr  ilbneln,  sie  sind  jedoch  stets  an  andern  Merknialen  zu  erkenneu,  wenn 
die  Fiirbnng  der  Kehle  dazu  niebt  geailgt. 

c.  Erithncus  rubecula  superbus. 

Die  Oberseite  ist  etwas  dunklor  als  bei  a.,  in  abgetrageiiera  Gi'fieder  auffallend 
gran,  viel  weniger  rothbraun  als  bei  b.  Die  Kehle  ist  tiefer  rdthbrauu  als  bei 
a.  mid  b.  nnd  vou  einem  andern  Ton,  mehr  dem  "tawny  "  von  Ridgway  {Nomenclature 
of  Colours,  PI.  V.  iig.  1)  gleichend,  aber  lebhafter  nnd  mehr  roth,  wiihreud  die 
Form  n.  ungefiibr  dem  "  ochraceous "  (PI.  V.  fig.  7)  nnd  Form  b.  dem  "tawny 
ochraceons  "  (fig.  4)  entsj)richt.  Anf  der  sonst  sehr  schruien  Tafel  im  Journal  fur 
Ornitliologie  sind  die  Farbentfine  zu  sehr  ziegelroth,  nidit  briiunlich  geung, 
ansgefallen.  Die  Korperseiten  sind  sehr  hell,  ebenso  bell  ixler  noch  heller  als  bei 
a.,  nnd  die  Mitte  dos  Unterkiirpers  ist  ansgedehnt  rein  weiss,  ohne  die  geringste  Spur 
vou  Rahmfarbe.    Das  weiss  der  Unterseite  reicht  uicbt  liuchtfirmig  iu  das  rostrothe 


(  318  ) 

Kehlschild  hiuein,  welches  in  einer  eonvexen  Linie  abscbneidet.  An  don  Seiten 
der  Vorderbrnst  scheint  das  Rostrothe  nicht  jranz  so  weit  nach  hiuton  zn  reiehen, 
an  den  Kojifseiten  aber  ist  die  Vertheilnns:  der  Farben  ganz  dieselbe. 

Der  Sclinabel  ist  gestreckter,  im  (ianzen,  aber  dnrcbans  nicht  iiuniev,  mit 
weni<rer  haivenforniij;'er  Spitze.  8chnaliel  nnd  Fiisse  sind  dnnkli'v  braun,  ersterer 
fast  rein  schwarz,  an  dor  Wnrzel  niir  wenig  helh'r.  i^ie  Eier  habeu  inimer  einen 
blitnlichen  Ton. 

Der  Gcsang  ist  otwas  schlechter,  nicht  so  abwechselud,  sondern  etwas  melir 
abgerissen,  kiirzer. 

Brntgebiet  :  Die  Borge  von  Tenerifo  nnd  Gran  ( 'auaria,  niigefahr  olierhalb 
2000  Fuss. 

Litteratnr:  Godman,  in  Ibis  1872,  p.  175  ;  Tristram,  Ibis  18S0,  j).  2  ;  1890, 
p.  72;  Meade- Wald6,  Ibis  1880,  j..  .51(1;  1893,  p.  188:  Kocnig,  Joiini. /.  Oni. 
1889,  p.  183  ;  1890,  p.  383-393,  Taf.  III.  (Vogel),  Taf.  VIII.  (Eier).' 

Im  Rothschildsclien  Museum  liegt  mir  z.  Z.  folgendes  Material  vor  : 

33  englische  Stiicke,  meist  von  Sussex  nnd  Tring. 

40  vom  europiiischen  Koutinente,  von  Schweden  bis  Italien  und  Griecbenliind, 
aber  leider  noch  nicht  aus  Spanien. 

4  vou  Madeira  (Schmitz)  und  1  von  Tunis  (Erlangcr). 

9  von  Tenerife,  von  Koenig,  Don  Ramon  Gomez,  Floericke,  und  von  mir  (im 
Fichtenwalde  bei  Icod)  gesammelt. 

21  Europiier  in  der  Brebmschen  Sammlung,  worunter  ein  solir  blassrr  Spanior. 

Ausserdem  untersiichte  ich'  die  grosse  Serie  im  britischen  Museum  zu  London, 
und  friiher  die  der  Sammlungeu  von  Dresser,  Professor  Koenig  nnd  Graf  Berlei)sch. 

4.  Erithacus  rubecula  rubecula  L. 

Hiiufigor  Brntvogel  anf  Gomora,  Palnia  und  Hierro.  Unterschiede  von 
Nordeuropilern  bisher  nicht  fostzustellen. 

T).  Sylvia  conspicillata  IMarm. 

Hiiufig  auf  alien  Inseln,  vou  der  Kiiste  bis  zu  Iliihen  vou  (iixiO  Fuss. — Sylvia 
subdlpinu  wurde  irrthiimlich  von  Webb  &  Berthelot,  Bolle  nnd  Godman  angegeben. 
Leider  wiederholte  Cabrera  dicsen  Ivrthum  noch  wieder  1893.* 

0.  Sylvia  melanocephala  leucogastra  (Ledru). 

Hiiufiger  Brntvogel  (nach  Meade- Waldo),  wie  es  scheint  auf  alien  Inseln,  aber 
mehr  in  den  hiiheren  Lagen.  Merkwiirdiger  Weise  haben  friihcre  Forscher,  selbst 
Koenig  und  Meade- Waldo,  die  auffallenden  Unterschiede  zwischen  euroiiiiischen  und 
nordafrikanischen  Individuen  nicht  bemerkt.  Das  Sammetkopfchen  von  Tenerife 
und  (iran  Canaria  unterscheidet  sich  vom  t3pischen  Yogel  durch  seine  viel 
geriugerc  (Jr(isse,  d.  h.  Fliigel  nnd  Scliwanz,  bei  gleichgrossem  Schnabel,  etwas 
briinnlichere  Oberseite  und  viel  dunklere,  mehr  brilunlichere  Korperseiten  nnd 
Unterschwanzdeckeu.  Den  iinsseren  Steuerfedern  fehlen  die  ausgedehnten  weissen 
Spitzen,  welche,  wie  anch  die  Aussenfahne,  hellschmutziggrau  sind.     Mir  liegeu 

•  Wiihrenil  diese  Arlwnt  sifh  im  Druckc  bcfnnd  l)eschrieb  Tschnsi  {Orn.  Vintatshi'i-.  11K)1,  p.  l.SO) 
(lio  Form  von  Mafk'im  tnttf  di-u  i'anarcii  .ils  Sylna  cvuxpU-'dlata  ht-Ua.  Ich  knnn  seine  an*reh]ichcn 
Untui-scUietle  nhht  bcstiitigen,  oliwfihl  mir  t'in  anschi-ineud  ausreidicudes  \'L'rglcichungsni.itt,'ri:il  von 
Tenerife,  Palma,  Spaoien,  Tuni.';  und  ilcn  CiiivcrJcn  vorliegt. 


I 


(  319  ) 

zwoi  Stiicke  vor,  die  von  dcm  Sammler  (Fluericke)  als  "  ?  "  und  "d  jnv."  bezeichnet 
sind,  die  aber  das  Gefieder  der  Miiimchen  trageu  nnd  den  Eiudruck  alter  VOgel 
machen.  Falls  Floericke's  Bestiminitag  des  Gescblechtes  ricbtig  vviire,  wiirdeii  die 
"Weibcbeii  den  Miinncben  iibulicb  sehen,  also  den  Weibcbeu  von  mclanocepkala 
ganz  unilhulich  sein,  was  nicht  auznuebmen  ist.  Bis  auf  weiteres  bin  icb  geneigt 
diesen  Vogel  nur   als  Subspecies  von  S.  ynelanoce phala  anzuseben. 

Uebrigeus  war  das  als  ?  bezeicbnete  Stiick  anfilnglich  als  S  etikettiert,  das 
Zeichen  S  aber  uacbber  erst  mit  Bleistift  gestrichen,  nnd  dafiir  ¥  gesctzt. 

Es  kaun  keineni  Zweifel  unterliegeu,  dass  Ledru's  Name  fiir  ilie  canarische 
sammtkcipfige  Grasiuiicke  zu  benntzen  ist.  Ledru,  Voij.  Tcniriffe,  etc.,  I.  p.  182, 
I'iibrt  fiir  Teneril'e  ausser  Sylda  atrkapiUa  nocb  an  : 

"  La  fauvette  a  tete  noire  et  h.  bord  des  yeux  rouge,"  und  neunt  sie  Motacilla 
leucogastra,  anscbeinend  uach  einem  Mannskriptnamen  im  Pariser  Museum,  wo 
seine  tSammlungeu  deponiert  wurden. 

Wenu  anch  Ledru's  Diagnose  kurz  nnd  uacb  bentigen  Begriffen  selir  ungeuiigend 
ist,  so  ist  sie  doch  im  Sinne  derer  von  Liune  gebalteu,  und  treftender  und  sicherer 
als  maucbe  von  LinuiS's  Diagnosen,  die  wir  beutzutage  riiokbaltslos  anerkeuuen. 

7.  Sylvia  atricapilla  L. 

Nacb  Angabe  aller  Autoritiiten  unterscheiden  sich  die  regelrecht  gezcicbncten 
Individuen  der  C!anaren  iiusserlich  in  keiner  Weise  von  der  europiiiscben  Form, 
nnd  anch  icb  babe  an  den  wenigeu  nntersucbten  Stiicken  keinen  Unterscbied 
bemerkt.  Genanere  Stndien  an  grOsserem  Material  wiiren  jedocb  interessant,  da 
die  canariscben  Scbwarz2)l;ittcbeu  einige  auffallende  Eigentbiimlicbkeiten  baben  : 

1.  Es  tritt — wenigstens  anf  Palma  nnd  uoch  biiufiger  auf  Madeira — in  beiden 
Gescblecbtern,  meist  aber  beim  Mtinncben,  eine  auffallende  melanistiscbe  Aberration 
auf,  die  man  heinekeui  genannt  bat.  Diese  Aberration  ist  auderwiirts  nicbt  bekannt. 
Ihr  Vorkommen  auf  den  C'anaren  ist  wiederbolt  bezweifeit  worden,  Cabrera  aber 
erbeutete  sie  mebrfacb  anf  Teuerife,  und  in  der  Caldera  von  La  Palma  ist  sie  nicbt 
selten. 

2.  Die  Eier,  die  bei  uus  eigentlicb  nnr  in  zwei  Fiirbungstypcn  vorkommen, 
variieren  in  einer  anderswo  ganz  ungcabnten  AVeise.  Eiuzelne  Varietiiteu  sind  so 
abweicbend,  das  man  sie' nur  mit  Miibe  wiedererkennt. 

Ausserdem  scbeint  aucb  der  Gesang  ein  durcbweg  hervorragendcr  zu  sein, 
wiibrend  man  in  Enrojja  neben  ebenso  gnteu  Siingern  aucb  viele  scblecbtere 
autrifft. 

Man  muss  also  beiuabe  glanbeu,  dass  in  der  Natar  der  atlautiscben  Scbwarz- 
pliittchen  Eigenbeiteu  sind,  die  wir  in  Enropa  an  dor  Art  nicbt  bemerken,  und  man 
konnte  immerbin  annebmen,  dass  aus  solcben,  vermntblicb  von  der  "  Lokalitiit," 
d.  b.  dem  von  ibnen  bewobnteu  Laude,  ansgebenden  Eigentbiimlicbkeiten  sicb 
allmiilig  dnrcb  alle  Individuen  der  Gegond  bindurcb  eine  lokale  Verscbiedenbeit 
bcraiibildet,  welcbe  sie  zur  Subspecies  odor  Species  stompelt.  Es  wird  daber  eine 
Aufgabe  spaterer  Ornitbologengescblechter  sein,  bierauf  ein  Angcnmcrk  zn  haben. 
Miiglicberweise  wird  in  diosem  Falle  jedocb  die  Ansbildung  einer  feststehenden 
Form  dnrcb  biiufigen  Zuzug  und  durcb  Miscbung  koutinentalor  Wanderer 
verbindert.  Uebrigeus  sollte  uocb  ein  grosseres  Material  untersncht  werdeu,  ebc 
ein  endgiiltiges  Urtheil  gefiillt  wird. 

Es  sei  noch  bemerkt,  dass  Syhia  atricapilla  aucb  auf  don  Capverdeu,  die  ja 


(  320  ) 

iioch  manclie  palaearktische  Bmtvogel  *  haben,  hiiufig  briitet.  Schoii  Keiilemans 
(_yat.  Tijdschr.  Dierk.  III.  pp.  3f>3,  S'il)  bcmiTkti',  dass  vick'  Stiickf  dort  eiiic  gelb- 
braiiue  Kohle  batten,  was  vou  dom  I'olk'ustaub  der  Bliithcn  ciiier  Aloij  berriihrte. 
Solcbe  Exemj)larc  wurdeii  vou  Bo)'d  Alexander  {Ibis  1898,  pp.  81,  279)  als  Syltia 
gidaris  bcscbrieben.  Die  Nicbtigkeit  diexer  vermeintlicbcii  Form  liat  Salvadori 
{Ann.  Mks.  Cir.  Genora,  2,  XX.  (XL.)  p.  290)  nacbgewie.scii.  Exeniplare  vou  deii 
Capverden  (Santiago)  und  aus  Kleinasieu  im  Kothscbildschcu  Musenm  zii  Tring 
bestiitigen  Graf  Salvadori's  Nacbweis. 

Ueber  die  <S.  heinekciii  ist  uusre  Kenutniss  iibrigeus  nocb  nicht  abgeschlossen. 
Cabrera  nennt  sie  eine  "  klimatiscbe  Varietiit,"  mid  sagt  ibrc  Eier  seien  ancb 
verschieden.  Es  scbeiut  inde.ssen  sicber,  dass  diese  Vugel  uur  gelegentliche 
Aberrationen  sind,  und  iiicbt  in  Paaren  k-beu  !  t 

8.  Regulus  tenerifae  tSeeb.  (satelles  Koeuig). 

Hiintiger  Bmtvogel  anf  alien  westlicben  Inselu.  Cabrera  ziihlt  R.  ciistatus, 
madcircnsis  und  satelles  anf.  Seiu  "  cristatus "  ist  uatiirlicb  das  canarische 
Goldhiibucben,  das  den  Namen  tenerifae  tragen  muss,  madeirensis  will  er  nur  im 
Gebiiscbe  beobacbtet  haben,  und  satelles  flilirt  er  als  ihm  nur  dnrch  Koenigs 
Bescbreibnng  bekannt,  an.  Seine  drei  Namen  diirfteu  daher  wohl  auf  eincu  zu 
reducieren  sein. 

9.  Phylloscopus  rafus  canariensis  (Hartwig). 

Es  ist  merkwiirdig,  dass  friibere  Beobachter  weder  den  eigenthiimlicben  Gesang 
des  canarischen  Laubsiingers  bemerkten,  nocb  seiu  verscbiedeues  Aussehen.  In 
der  That  ist  er  in  den  Schwingenverhilltuissen,  der  Fiirbung  und  dem  Gesange 
weit  verschieden  von  unserm  "  Zilpzal]i."  Zuerst  bat  Hartwig  im  Journal  fur 
Ornitkologic  1886,  p.  480  den  von  unsrer  Form  so  verscbiedeneu  Gesang  bescbrieben, 
die  auffallende  Fiirbung  der  Unterseite  erwilhnt,  und  die  Form  von  Tenerife 
PhyllopHcmte  riifa  canariensis  genannt.  Die  Angabe  Hartwigs,  dass  sie  grosser 
sei  als  uuser  Zilpzalp  ist  aber  irrtbiimlich,  denn  sie  ist  sebr  viel  kleiner. 

18^9,  im  Ibis,  p.  21  hat  Canon  Tristram  dicselbe  Form  als  Phi/lloseopxs 
fortunatus  bescbrieben.  Seine  Diagnose  ist  uicbt  besser,  als  die  vou  Hartwig. 
Tristram  bescbreibt  deu  Gesang  sebr  gut  und  giebt  eiu  gutes  Kcunzeichen  an, 
uiimlicb  das  Verbiiltuiss  der  zweiten  zur  acbten  Scbwinge.  Die  dunklere  Fiirbung 
der  Liiufe  und  Fiisse  dagegen,  sowie  die  griissere  Liinge  der  vierten  und  fiinfteu, 
gegeuiiber  der  dritten  uud  vierten  Scbwinge  bei  unsrer  europiiischen  Form,  sind 
nicht  stichbaltig.  Sonderbarer  "Weise  hat  aucb  Tristram  die  so  viel  geringere 
Grossc  und  auffallend  verschiedene  Fiirbimg  imerwiihnt  gelasseu,  und  audi  Koeuig, 
der  die  lokalen  Uuterschiede  der  canarischen  Vogelformen  im  allgcmeinen  am 
meisten  stndiert  hat,  sah  sie  nicht,  ebensoweuig  Meade-Waldo. 

Thatsiichlich  ist  der  canarische  Vogel  so  sehr  vom  typischen  rufus  verschieden, 
dass  ich  ihn  nur  ziigernd  als  Subspecies  von  letzterem  aufl'asste.  Ich  entschloss 
mich  dazu  aber  doch  nach  Vcrgleich  von  jungen  riij'tis  im  Herbstgcficder. 

*  Sylvia ciiJiKjnt'illnta,  Paitnef  salU'icola,  Alaemnn alavdipes.  Am moinanin rbictura (^rliui lira  I),  Coliimha 
liviu,  (\itnrni.f-  cfturnix  (J  rapcn^in  1),  Biiieo  fmtct>,  Milntg  ki>vgrhun,  und  einige  Strandvogcl.  Siehe 
Alcxaiuler,  Ihix  IHDS  ;   Salvailori,  Aim.  Mm.  Cir.  Gciiuva,  XL.  pp.  2S3-:il2. 

•f-  Wlihrcnd  dicser  Artikul  sicli  im  Druckc  l>i'tand  crschicii  Tscliusis  Beschreibung  der  Form  von 
Madeira  als  Sijhia  atriciipilla  iiburiira,  neuc  Subspccii^s,  abgesehcn  vou  der  Aberration  heiin'kfni.  Die 
Stiicke  Ton  Madeira  sollen  sieU  dureb  meUr  brauucn  Farbonton  von  cui'opiiiBcben  Individuen  uutcmcheiden  I 
(Orii.  Monulsbir.  l',»01,  p.  130). 


(321  ) 

Phi/lloscojjHs  rii/us  canaricnsis  Hartw.  {■=  forlunatxs  Tristr.)  niitersclieiclet 
sich  folgtuik'nuassen  von  Ph.  rufus  rufus :  Er  hat  kleiueren  Kcirper  uiul  kiirzere 
Fliigcl.  Er  ist  auf  der  ganzen  Oberseite  sehr  vicl  diinkler  iind  braiiner.  Die 
Unterseite  ist  im  Friibjalir  viel  brauulicber.  Zur  Bnitzeit  erlegte  Stiicke  siud 
etwa  ebenso  so  briinnlich,  wie  ecbte  rufus,  die  im  Oktobcr  uud  November,  also 
im  fi'iscben  Ilerbstkleide,  erlegt  siud.  Die  zweite  Scbwiiige,  die  bei  Ph.  rufus 
rufus  muist  viel  liiuger  ist  als  die  acbte,  oder  ihr  bOchstens  gleicht,  ist  bei  der 
cauarischeu  Form  kiirzer  als  die  achte.  Der  gauze  Fliigel  ist  breiter,  weuiger 
spitz,  da  dev  Abstand  zwischen  den  Hand-  und  Armschwingen  ein  geringcrer  ist. 
Dies  dtirfte  im  Zusammeubauge  steheu  mit  der  sedentilreu  Lebeusweise  der 
canariscbeu  Form,  die  uie  waudert,  withreud  unsre  Form  alljilbrlich  vom  Norden 
Europas  bis  iu  die  Tropeu  Afrikas  zieht,  ja  einzelne  sogar  bis  in  das  Kaplaud  ; 
mir  gauz  aiisnahmsweise  wiirden  in  deu  wiirmerea  Tkeilen  Englands  einzelue 
Stiicke  im  Winter  angetroffeu. 

Der  Gesang  ist  gauz  verschiedeu  von  dem  unsrer  Form.  Nur  mit  Miihe 
konute  icb  Ankliiuge  an  das  "  tilm  telm  "  der  beimiscben  Form  aus  der  niedlicbeu 
Strophe  in  den  Garten  bei  Puerto  Orotava,  wo  der  Vogel  sehr  baufig  ist,  heraus- 
horeu.  Es  ist  mir  nnbegreiflicb,  wie  einem  Beobachter  dieser  Unterscbied  im 
Gesauge  entgehen  kauu. 

Die  Nester  steheu  nach  Augabe  aller  Beobachter  meist  hoch,  unr  Koeuig 
fand  sie  sowohl  hoch  als  uiedrig,  wiihrend  jedoch  bei  der  mitteleuropilischen  Art 
die  Nester  fast  stets  auf  dem  Boden,  oder  doch  hOchstens,  aiisnahmsweise,  bis  zu 
drei  und  vier  Fuss  hoch  steheu. 

Es  liegen  mir  von  mir  sclbst  bei  Orotava,  von  Floericlie  bei  Laguna  uud 
von  Scott  Wilson  auf  Palma  gesammelte  Stiicke,  im  gauzeu  acht,  aus  verschiedeneu 
Jahreszeiten,  und  39  Phjlloscopus  rufus  rufus  zum  Vergleiche  vor. 

Die  Fliigel  von  Phi/lloscopus  rufus  canaricnsis  messen  etwa  49 — 55  mm., 
uud  zwar  augeuscheiulich  die  der  Weibcheu  ungefiihr  50,  die  tier  Miinnchen  54 
bis  55  mm.  Britische  uud  westdeutsche  Phi/lloscopus  rufus  rufus  haben  eine 
Fltigelliiuge  von  etwa  55  bis  60  mm.,  also  durchschnittlich  5  mm.  mehr,  iudem 
die  Weibchen  Fliigel  von  55,  die  Miinnchen  von  60  mm.  haben.  Nur  im  Herbste 
erlegte  Stiicke,  deren  Bruthoiiuath  wir  nicht  keuiien,  zeigen  bisweileu  etwas 
kleiuere  Maasse.  Ustliche  Vcigel,  wie  auch  schwedische,  ostpreussische,  siud  uoch 
grosser,  die  Miiuncheu  haben  Fliigel  vou  U3  bis  07  mm.  Dies  ist  Plujll.  rufus 
pleskei  Floer. 

Stricklauds  brccirostris  uuil  Blaufords  habessinicus  scheinen  auf  Stiickeu  im 
Wiutergefieder  begriindet  zu  seiu  uud  gehOren  jcdenfalls  liierher.  Beide  Namen 
bezielieu  sich  wahrscheiulich  schou  auf  die  ustliche,  grussere  Form  uud  kOnuten 
fiir  jdeskei  gebraucht  werden. 

Homeyer  beschrieb  noch  einen  hrchmi  aus  Siidenropa.  Es  fehlt  mir  an 
siideuropiiischem  Blaterial,  aber  ich  bin  geueigt  zu  glauben,  dass  es  sich  auch  hier 
urn  das  frische  Herbstgefieder  handelt,  obwohl  ich  hrchmi  uoch  keineswegs  ad  acta 
gelegt  zu  sehea  wiinsche. 

Dr.  Cabrera  erwahnt  Ph.  rufus  uud  fortunatus,  vou  deuen  die  letzterc  Art 
ihm  uubekanut  ist.  Aus  der  Beschreibuug  von  Tristram  hiitte  er  aber  erseiien 
kOnneu,  dass  fortunatus  der  friiher  als  rufus  bekauute  Vogel  der  t'auaren  ist. 

Ueber  deu  hohen  Staudort  des  Nestes  vergl.  uoch  :  Harris,  Essays  <)'■  Phot., 
p.  74,  pi.  XV.,  1901. 


(  322  ) 

lu.  Parus  caeruleus  degener  Ilartert.    (Siebe  obeu.) 
Ntir  auf  Fuertaveutnra  mid  Lanzarute. 

11.  Parus  caenileus  teneriflFae  Lessou. 
Teuerifo,  Gran  Canaria  uml  nacb  Meade- Waldo  aucli  Gomera. 

12.  Parus  caeruleus  palmensis  Meade- Waldo. 

Palma  allcin.  Diese  Meisen  sind  in  Dressers  Snpplementbaude  zu  den  "  Birds 
of  Europe  "  ausgezeichuet  abgebildet. 

13.  Parus  caerulus  ombriosus  Meade-Waldo. 
Nur  Hierro. 

14.  Motacilla  boarula  canariensis  snbsp.  nov. 

Im  (Jrnitholo<iischcu  Juhrbuche  XL  (lUUU),  p.  223,  beschriebHerr  von  Tschnsi 
die  Gebirgsbacbstelze  von  Madeira  nnter  dem  Namen  M.  boarula,  schmitzi.  Diese 
Form  von  Madeira  ist  sehr  anfFallend.  Sie  unterscheidet  sicL  von  M.  boarula 
boarula  dnrch  die  verdiisterte  Fiirbnng  der  Oberseite,  namentlicb  der  Kopfseiten, 
wo  der  Superciliarstreif  fast  oder  ganz  verschwindet  nnd  der  weisse  Wangenstreif 
in  verminderter  Ansdehnung  erscbeint.  Der  Fliigel  und  Schwanz  sind  etwas 
liinger.  Die  nacb  Tsehusi  scbwiirzercn  Fliigel  nnd  lebbafter  gelbe  Unterseite  kann 
ich  nicht  immer  bestjitigt  finden. 

M.  boarula  canariensis  (Typns  Mns.  Tring,  S  ad.  Esperanza,  Tenerife,  22.  III. 
1901,  Floericke  coll.)  steht  zwiscben  M.  b.  boarula  nnd  M.  b.  schmitzi.  Sie  ist 
nicbt  so  dunkel  anf  der  Oberseite,  wie  die  letztere,  die  Obrgegend  ist  lange  nicht  so 
schwiirzlich,  alier  viel  dunkler  als  bei  typiscbeu  Europaern,  der  Superciliarstreif  luid 
der  Wangenstreif  sind  rednziert.  Die  Gnisse  ist  etwas  bedeiitender  als  bei 
Enropiiern  und  viclleicbt  ebenso  bedeutend  wie  bei  schmitzi.  Anf  die  bedentendere 
Grosse  der  cauariscben  Stelze  hat  schon  Meade-Waldo  hingewiesen,  ihr  aber  leider 
keinen  Namen  beigelegt. 

Wie  C.  L.  Brehm  und  Koeuig  schon  richtig  beobachtct  haben  entstebt  die 
schwarze  Kehlfiirbung  niclit  etwa  durch  die  so  selten  wirklich  stattfindende 
"  Umfiirbuug,"  sonderu  durch  Mauser  der  Kehlfedern !  Eineu  dnrchgcbenden 
Uaterscheid  in  der  Fiirbnng  zwischen  Vijgelu  ans  "  Tieflandsgegenden "  und 
"  (Jebirgen "  in  Europa  kann  ich  nicht  iinden,  iiberhaupt  ist  die  Art  nirgend  in 
Europa  reiner  TieHandsvogcl !  Ich  kann  vorlaufig  nur  unterscheiden  : 
Motacilla  boarula  boarula  :  Europa. 

„  „       canariensis :  Canaren.     Diistere  Kopfseiten,  grosser. 

„  „       schmitzi :  Madeira.     Noch  diisterer,  besonders  oben. 

,,  ^  ,,       nu'lanope ;  Nordasien.     Viel  kiirzerer  Schwanz. 

Ich  konnte  untersucheu  : 

Madeira  :  Den  Typns  von  schmitzi,  den  mir  der  liebeuswiirdige  Autor  geliehen, 
ein  (?  ad.  im  Brit.  Museum,  ein  ?  aus  Koenigs  Sammlung,  ein  ?  im  Brit. 
Museum. 

Canaren  :  2  c?  2  9  im  Museum  zu  Tring,  2  c?  1  ?  aus  dem  Museum  Koenigs, 
2  im  Brit.  Museum. 

Europa  :  3.5  Brehm  Sammlung,  13  weitere  im  Museum  zu  Tring. 
Asieu  {tnclanojje)  :  40  in  Tring. 


(  323  ) 

!•'>.  Authus  campestris  (L.). 
Aiif  Fuertaveiitnra  im  Frlililing,  also  dort  wolil  Brutvogel. 

10.  Anthus  bertheloti  Bolle. 

Nach  Meade- Waldo  auf  alien  Iiiselii.  Lotzterur  Ausdruck  ist  vvobl  nugenau, 
denii  die  Art  feldt  docli  auf  Fuertaveiitnra  niid  den  audorn  ustlichen  Inselu  !  Es 
ist  uiibegreiflicli,  wie  Hartwig  die  Art  mit  Anthus  .pratcmis  {J.J.  0.  18b6,  p.  473) 
verwechseln  konnte. 

17.  Lanius  algeriensis  koenigi  Hart. 
Auf  alien  Inseln.     (Sielie  obeu.) 

18.  Carduelis  carduelis  subsp. 

Der  Stieglitz  ist  eiu  hiiufiger  Brutvogel  auf  alien  Inselii,  seltener  auf  den 
Ostlichen. 

Die  cauarischen  Exemplare  siml  sehr  kleiu.  Auf  die  Unterarten  des  Stieglitzea 
werde  icli  an  andrer  Stelle  zuriickkomnien.* 

10.  Acanthis  cannabina  meadewaldoi  siabsp.  nov. 

Der  canariscUe  Hiinfling  ton  ihr  Insi;l  Tcncrifo  nnterscheidet  sicli  von  der 
typischen  (pordeuropiliscben)  Form  darch  grossereu  Schnabel,  dunkler  brauuen 
Riicken,  kiirzeren  Fliigel  und  Schwanz.  Der  Schnabel  ist  dicker  und  etwa  2  mm. 
liinger  als  bei  nordeurojiiiischeu  Stiicken.  Fliigel  {S  ad.)  77  bis  78'r3  mm.,  gegen 
80  bis  85  bei  Nordeuropiieru,  Schvpanz  53  bis  55  mm.  Das  Rotli  der  Brnst  ist  sehr 
schou,  lebhaft  und  voll. 

Der  Hiinfling  von  Tenerife  (Typus  S  ad.  Esperanza,  22.  III.  1901)  ist  ver- 
schieden  von  dem  von  Nordafrika  und  Madeira  durch  seiiien  grossen  Schnabel  uud 
dunklon  Riickeu.  x\.uf  dicse  letztere  Form  kanii  nicht  etwa  Brehius  Name  minor 
verwandt  wcrden,  obwohl  sie  ebenso  kurzfliiglig  ist,  vrie  die  Form  von  Tenerife, 
denn  Brehm  giebt  fiir  seine  minor  nur  an,  dass  sie  kleiner  sei  mit  kleinerem 
Schnabel,  nnd  keineu  Fnudort  !  Die  einzigen  Stiickc  seiner  Sammluug  aber 
(soweit  sie  mir  vorliegt)  die  als  minor  bezeichnet  sind,  siiid  aus  IJenthendurf, 
nud  die  Nordafrikauer  habeu  keine  kiirzeren  Schniibel  als  die  deutschen  Stiicke. 
Brebms  minor  bezieht  sich  also  lediglich  auf  etwas  kleinere  Stiicke  der  typischeu 
Form,  und  die  Nordafrikauer  entbehren  vorl;lu6g  eiiies  Nameus. 

Ich  uenne  die  Form  vou  Tenerife  zu  Ehren  des  Ornithologen  E.  G.  Meade- 
Waldo,  dem  wir  eiiie  interessaute  Notiz  verdankeu,  die  besagt,  dass  die  Hiinflinge 
von  Fuertaveutura  vou  deuen  von  den  westlicheu  luselu  abweichen,  indem  sie 
wenig  oder  gar  kein  Roth  habeu.  Dies  haben  die  Stiicke  seiner  Sammluug,  die 
ich  niitersuchen  durfte,  bestiltigt,  und  es  scheiut,  das  die  vou  Fuertaveiitnra  nicht 
unr  weniger  roth  haben,  soudeni  anch  nocli  kleiner  sind,  also  audi  wieder  von  ilen 
Nordafrikaneru  abweichen.  Untersucliung  gnissercu  Matcriales  ist  nOtliig,  um 
diese  Formeii  zu  klitren. 

*  Wahrcnd  des  Druckes  beschi'icb  Tsclmsi  den  Stieglitz  von  Ma^leira  als  Cai'dift'lis  cardudls  naita. 
Nach  der  Beschi-uibung  des  Autors  mijchte  ich  amiehmen,  dass  die  Form  von  den  Canaren  aueh  zu  nana 
Bu  Ziehen  ist,  doeh  fehlt  es  mir  z.Z.  an  geniigendem  Vergleichsmaterial. 

23 


(  324  ) 

20.  Serinus  canariensis  (L.). 
Gemein  iiberall,  ausser  aiif  Fuertaventnra  und  Lanzarote. 

21.  Passer  hispaniolensis  (Temm.). 

Anf  ( 'anaria  niul  den  iistlicluui  Iiiselu  gemein,  aiif  Teuerife  eingefiihrt,  olinc 
sich  al)er  dasellist  verbreitet  imd  laiige  festen  Fuss  gefasst  zu  liabeu. 

(Oh  iiber  die  nnsinaige  Eiufiihrnngssucht,  die  so  viel  Scbadeii  anrichtet  !) 

22.  Petronia  petronia  madeirensis  Erlanger. 

Ueberall  biinfig,  mit  Ausnabme  der  listlichen  Inseln. 

Ich  babe  eine  Anzabl  von  Exenijibareu  ans  Madeira  im  Britiscben  IMnsenra 
nnd  ans  Professor  Koenigs  Sammbing  verglicben,  nnd  vermag  keinen  AnhaUsjinnkt 
znr  Unterscbeidnng  der  canarischeu  nnd  madeirensischen  Formeu  zn  findeu.  Die 
t'anarenvogel  miissen  also  meincr  Meinnng  nacb  als  P.  p.  tnndcireiisis  bezeichuet 
werden. 

Erlanger  bat  in  seineu  bocbwertbvolleu  Beitriigen  znr  Avifauna  Tunesicns 
vier  Formen  des  Steiuspcrlings  uuterscbieden.  Leider  ist  das  Kolorit  auf  den 
mir  vorliegendeu  vier  E.xemplaren  der  Tafeln  des  Journ.  f.  Orn.  nicht  genan, 
namcntlicb  bei  der  "  typischeu "  Form  viel  zn  hell,  also  verfehlt.  Anch  die 
Unterscbiede  von  P.  p.  tnadeirensis  sind  sebr  wenig  anffallend,  es  hcandelt  sich 
fast  nnr  nm  etwas  dunklere  Oberseite  nnd  Kopfseiteu,  die  GrOsse  ist  nicht 
verschieden,  Eine  viel  deutlicber  crkennbare  Form  ist  die  von  Kaschmir. 
Dieselbe  ist  womOglicb  uoch  langfliigliger,  als  die  von  Paliistina,  der  Schuabel 
ist  beinahe  so  stark,  aber  sie  ist  nicht  ganz  so  blass  und  sandfarbeu.  Man  kann 
soniit  wobl  treuueu  : 

1.  Petrotna  petronia  mndeirensis  :  Sebr  dunkel.  Fliigel  00 — 05  mm.  Madeira 
uud  Canaren  (Typus  :  Madeira.  In  Mus.  Tring  ;  Teuerife,  E.  liartert  coll., 
Ramon  Gomez  und  Flocricke  coll.). 

2.  Petronia  petronia  barbara  :  Etwas  heller,  verwaschener,  Schuabel  stiirker 
als  no.  2.     Fliigel  00 — loo  mm.  (nach  Erlauger). 

3.  Petronia  petronia  puteicola :  Viel  blasser,  Scbnabel  euorm.  Fliigel 
100—103  mm.     Paliistina. 

4.  Petronia  petronia  intermedia,  subsj).  nov  :  Fast  so  blass  wie  no.  3, 
Fliigel  103 — lOG  mm.     Kaschmir  (Typus  Gilgit!)  u.  Kandahar. 

5.  Petronia  petronia  brccirostris :  Schuabel  kleiuer,  Gefiederfarbuug  etwas 
hfller.     Ostsibirieu  (Typus  Arguu). 

23.  Friugilla  canariensis  canariensis  Yieillot. 
Tenerife,  Canaria,  Gomera. 

24.  Fringilla  canariensis  palmae  Tristr. 
Palma. 

Beide  Formen  gehiiren  mit  der  von  Madeira  und  don  Azoren  zn  eiuer  Art, 
sind  aber  snbspecifiscb  zu  uutcrscheidru. 

25.  Fringilla  teydea  ^Vebb  et  Berth. 
I^ur  iu  deii  Tauueuwillderu  der  Insel  Teuerife,  uud  jetzt  ziemlich  selten. 


(  320  ) 

2G.  Erythrospiza  githaginea  (Liulit.). 

Die  (istlicbeu  Iiisein  uiid  (Jnxii  (.'aiiaria. 

Die  VOgel  der  Caiiaroii  si'lieiueu  deuen  des  Festlaiules  zu  gleichen.     Bei  dieseu 
VOgelii  ist  es  besondcrs  wicbtig,  Stiickc  aus  derselbeu  Jabreszeit  zu  vergleicben. 

27.  Emberiza  miliaria  L. 

Hiiufig  auf  alien  Iiisolii. 

28.  Calandrella  pispoletta  rufescens  (Vieill.). 

Dies  ist  der  Name  der  fulgeriebtigcr  Weisc  der  cauariscbeu  Form  der 
Stummellercbe  beigelegt  werdeu  muss. 

Vieillot  bescbrieb  sie  im  Tableau  Enci/clop.  et  Method.  I.  p.  322  iiuter  dem 
Namen  Alauda  rufescens  nacb  einem  Exemplarc,  das  vou  Mauger  (aucb  Mangfi 
gescbriebeu),  dem  Begleiter  vou  Ledru,  von  Teneriffe  mitgebracbt  war.  Die  vou 
Bonaparte  in  den  Comptes  Reiubts  llebdom.  des  Si-ances  de  VAcad.  des  Sciences, 
Vol.  XXXVIII.  p.  07  (1854)  in  einer  Anmerkung  erwilbnte  Alauda  tujriiia 
(Vergl.  aucb  Bolle  im  Journ.  f.  Ont.  18.57,  ]).  291)  von  Vieillot  ist  nirgcnd 
publiciert.  Mein  belesener  Freund  Conte  Tommaso  Halvadori  macbte  micb  auf 
Puuberan's  Notiz  iu  lied,  et  Mag.  de  Zool.  18.54,  p.  64  aufmerksam,  woraus 
hervorgebt,  dass  Alauda  tigrina  nur  eiu  Museumsname,  und  zwar  ein  Syuouym 
von  Alauda  rufegcens  ist.  Auffalleuder  Weise  ist  weder  Alauda  rufescens  uoch 
tigrina  im  Xlll.  Bande  des  "  Catalogue  of  Birds  "  erwiibut,  wodurcb  icb  dazu 
kam,  das  Synonym  caiiariensis  zu  scbaft'en.  Die  Litteratur  von  Calandrella 
pispoletta  rufescens  ist  somit  folgende  : 

1810  :   Alauda  artensis  (errore),  Ledru,    Voy.   Tciicriffe,  etc.  I.  p.  182. 
1823  :    Alauda  rufescens,  Vieill.,  Tabl.  Enc.  et  Meth.  I.  p.  322.     (Teneriffe). 
1854 :   Alauda   rufescens    (etiquetee   tigrina),  Fucb.,  Rec.   et   Mag.  de  Zool. 
1854,  p.  64. 

1854 :  Alauda  tigrina,  Bouap.,  Compt.  Rend.  Seances  Acad.  Paris,  XXXVIII. 
p.  67,  Anmerkung.     (Nocb  in  Paris). 

1857  :    Alauda  brachgdactgla  (errore),  Bolle,  .Journ.  f.   Orn.   V.  p.  290. 
1857  :   Alauda  tigrina  (irrtbiimlicb  als  Synonym  vou  braclnjdactyla  betrachtet  I), 
Bolle,  Jb«r/i. /.  Orn.  V.  p.  291. 

1872  :    Alauda  brachjdactgla  (errore),  Godman,  Ibis  III.  ji.  2U9. 
1876 :   Alauda    brachijdactyla   u.  pispoletta,    Mompo,   Ann.    Sac.    Esp.    Hist. 
Nat.  V.  p.  249. 

{Alauda  arvensis  mebrerer  Autoreu  diirfte  aucb  auf  Verwecbseluug  berubeu, 
was  aber  nicbt  immer  zu  ermittelu  ist,  da  ja  Feldlercben  im  Winter  aucb 
vorkommen !) 

1893:  Calandrella  minor,  Meade- Waldo,  Ibis  p.  194.  (Ebeuso  bei  Dresser 
und  mebreren  andern  neuereu  Autoren). 

1901  :  Calandrella  pispoletta  canariensis,  Hart.,  Bull.  B.  0.  Club,  Mai  19ul, 
p.  64.  (Die  von  Finscb  im  J.f.O.  1864,  p.  412,  als  von  den  Canarcn  kommeml 
bescbriebene  I'ljrrhulauda  modesta  gebOrt  nicbt  bierber,  sonderu  ist  oO'enbar  eine 
wivklicbe  I'grrhulaiida  mit  falscbem  Fundorte.  Icb  gedenko  darauf  spiiter 
zuriickznkommeu.) 

Nacb  StUckeu  von  der  Hocbebeue  vou  Laguua  auf  der  Insel  Tenerife  bescbrieb 
icb   im    Bull.    Brit.    Orn.    Club,    no.    LXXX.    p.   64,   Jlai    1901,   die    canariscbe 


(  326  ) 

Stumiiiellcrrlic  niiter  ilom  Nameii  Calandrella  pispoletta  canariensts.  IcU  gab 
als  Uutorsiliiwle  an  :  die  rotlibraniie  Oborseite  unci  geringe  GrOssc,  etwas  schlankercn 
Sclinabc'l,  wie  bci  buctioj,  nnil  die  Flccknng  der  Vorderbrust,  die  grober  als  bci 
?niiwr,  aber  nicht  so  grob  wie  bei  bactica  ist. 

Icli  babe  durch  das  Zuvorkommen  der  Museumsvorstiiude  zu  Liverpool  und 
^lanchcster  eine  lleilie  von  Sti'ickeu  von  Gran  Canaria,  Lanzarote  und  Fuertaventura 
untersucben  kOnnen,  und  bin  zu  dem  Resultate  gekommen,  dass  alio  diesc  Lercben, 
von  deu  ostlicben  wie  vou  den  westlichen  Inseln,  anscbeinend  zu  einer  Form 
gehOreii,  die  sich  durch  die  grObere  scliwarze  Fleckung  (d.  b.  ausgedebntere  dunklc 
Federmitteu)  anf  der  Oberseite  und  Vorderbrust,  und  geriugere  Fliigellangc  vou 
der  sebr  nahcsteben<len  minor  von  Tunis  und  Algier  nnterscbeiden. 

Die  so  sebr  auffaUonde  rostrOtbliche  F";irbung  der  VOgel  vou  Tenerit'e  riihrt 
von  der  Beschmutzung  durcb  den  rotbbrauneu  Ackerboden  vou  Laguiia  her !  Ich 
babe  dies  durcb  Wascbuug  mit  Spiritus  und  Beuzin  festgestellt.  Miiglicberweise 
uiibern  sicli  zwar  die  Stiicke  der  Ostlichen  Inseln  mebr  der  minor,  aber  nur  durch 
gciiauo  Vergleicbung  von  friscb  vermauserten  HerbstvOgelu  von  den  verschiedeuen 
Inseln  kaun  dies  festgestellt  werden. 

20.  Pyrrhocorax  graculus  (L.). 

Bisher  nur  auf  Palma  beobacbtet,  wo  cr  I'iu  gemeiner  Brutvogel  ist. 

30.  Corviis  corax  canariensis  Hart.  &  Kleinschm. 

I)er  cauariscbe  Ifabe  ist  eiu  Lautiger  Brutvogel  auf  den  Inseln.  Ob  die 
Eaben  vou  Fuertaveutura  und  Lanzarote  zu  C.  c.  canariensis  odor  zn  C.  c.  tingitanus 
gehOren,  kaun  bei  der  grossen  Aebnlichkeit  dieser  Formcu  nur  mitlliilfe  grosseu 
Materiales  festgestellt  werden.  Icb  konute  keine  Stiicke  von  den  Ostlicben  luseln 
untersucben. 

In  den  Nov.  ZooL.  VIII.  p.  45  (19U1)  bcscbrieben  Kleinschmidt  und  icb 
deu  cauarischen  Raben  als  Corcus  corax  canariensis.  WW  habea  seitdem  niehr 
Stiicke  von  Tenerife  (Don  Ramon  Gomez  und  Fjoericke  coll.)  verglicben  und 
tiuden,  dass  die  canarische  Form  sicb  von  C.  c.  timjilanus,  wovon  wir  eiu  sebr 
schOnes  Material  von  Marokko  (gesammelt  vou  Riggenbacb,  Hartert  und  Floericke) 
und  Tunis  (Erlanger,  Spatz)  untersucben  konntcn,  durch  liingereu,  gcstreckteren, 
scbwacblicheren  Schnabel  (wo  gleicb  stark,  da  liinger,  wti  glcich  lang,  da  scbw;iober), 
und  mehr  corax-ix\\n\\v\iv,  weniger  gescblossene  Federriinder  unterscbeiden.  In 
der  Kegel,  aber  wobl  nicht  immer,  sind  audi  die  Kehlfedern  liinger.  Im 
Vergleich  zu  ('arms  corax  hisjjaniis  Hart.  u.  Kleiuschm.  sind  die  cauarischen 
Eaben,  uamentlicb  am  Schnabel,  mcrklich  kleiner  und  schwiichlicher  gebaut. 

31.  Apus  murinus  brehmorum  Hart. 

Diese  Form  des  blassen  Seglers  ist-  ein  sebr  haufiger  Brutvogel  auf  den 
ostlichen  Inseln,  aber  auch  keineswegs  selten  auf  deu  meisteu  oiler  alien  andorn 
luseln.  Auf  Tenerife  allerdings  ist  sic  sebr  vici  soltener  als  Ajji/s  uiiicolor. 
AViihrend  letzterer  fast  iiberall  sebr  hiiufig  war,  bemerkte  ich  deu  durcli  seine 
GrOsse  bald  auffallenden  Apas  murinus  brehmorum  nur  in  untl  bei  der  Stailt  Santa 
Cruz  und  in  Laguna. 

Ich  beschrieb  die  Form  ijrfhmonnn  auf  Seite  233  des  vierten  Bandes  der  neuen 
vielkochigen  Ausgabe  von  Nanmanns  nnsterblichem  Werke  (liMil).     Der  typische 


(  327  ) 

Masse  Segler  Apus  mnrinun  mnrinm  (palUdun  Shelley  ist  sviionTm)  bewolint 
Egypten  (Typns)  bis  zum  Persiscben  Meerbusen  bin— die  genauere  Verbreitung 
vermag  icb  iiicht  anziigeben.  Die  Form  brchmorum,  die  sicb  durch  erbelilicb 
dunklere  Allgemeiiifiirbuug  nnd  imiglioberwfise  etwas  biiigeru  Fliigel  (?)  von 
ApMS  mtiriiuis  yniiriniis  leicbt  uiitcrscbeiden  liisxt,  bewobut  Madeira  (Typus  in  Triiig), 
die  (ianai-en,  Marokko  bis  Tunis  uud  Siidsjiaiiien.  Sie  ist,  wie  die  viel  grclssere 
Hiinfigkeit  auf  deii  Ostlicbeu  Inselu  andeutet,  wobl  von  Mavokko  anf  die  Inselu  der 
Gliicklicben  gelangt. 

Icb  babe  liier,  gegeniiber  friiberer  Gewobubeit,  A/ms  rtpiis  und  murinus 
artlich  getrennt.  In  Anbetracbt  des  Umstaudes,  dass  beide  in  Sudspanieu  nnd 
Nordafrika,  nacb  eingebenden  Mittbeilangen  von  Wbitaker  nnd  andern  engliscben 
Ornitbologen,  nabe  beieinander,  aber  in  getrennten  Kolonien  briiten,  scbeint 
anzndeuten,  dass  sie  mebr  versclneden  sind,  als  wir  ihrem  Ansseben  in  Sammlnngen 
nacb  glauben  diirfen.  Icb  vorsicbere  auch  dass  icb  beide  leicbt  im  Flnge  nnter- 
scbeiden  konnte,  als  icb  sie  am  gleicben  Tage — apus  auf  dem  Heimznge,  murinus 
brehmorum  am  Brntplatze — in  Marokko  sab.  Nacb  meiner  jetzigen  Anscbannng 
wiirden  wir  somit  baben  : 

1.  Apus  apus  apus:  Enropa  bis  Nordafrika.     Dnidjler  als  2. 

2.  Apus  apus  pekinensis:  Der  grOssere  Tbeil  des  asiatiscben  Festlandes. 
Blasser  als  1. 

3.  Apus  murinus  murinus  :  Egypten  bis  ziim  Persiscben  Golf.  Blasser  als  alle 
andern  Formen. 

4.  Apus  murinus  brehmorum  :  Madeira,  Canarcn,  N.W.  Afrika.  Dunkler  als  3, 
fast  so  dunkel  wie  2. 

3  nnd  4  nnterscbeiden  sich  von  1  nnd  2  durcb  merklicb  ansgedebnteren  weissen 
Keblfleck. 

Dass  der  ecbte  apus  (no.  1)  wirklicb  anf  den  Canaren  vorkommt,  ist  vorliinfig 
zn  verneinen.  Alle  iilteren  Bericbte,  die  ibn  nennen,  verwecbselten  ibn  mit  der 
blasseren  Form.  Es  ist  ja  mOglich,  ja  sogar  nicbt  nnwabrscbeinlieb,  dass  apus 
anf  dem  Znge  bisweilen  die  Inseln  beriibrt,  wenu  aber  Cabrera  die  Billge  nnd  Eier 
bcider  Arten  (8.  36)  von  den  Canaren  babon  will,  so  lierubt  dies  anf  eiuem 
Irrtbum.  Icb  erinnerc  nicbt,  in  seiner  Sammlnng  die  dnnkle  Art  geseben  zu 
baben,  die  mir  als  besonderm  "  Cj'pselidisten,"  der  icb  nnn  einmal  sein  soil, 
doch  sicber  gleich  anfgefallen  wiire. 

Nacb  den  Angaben  der  meisten  kompetenten  Autoreu  ist  der  blasse  Segler  auf 
den  Canaren  ein  Zngvogel,  der  wiibrend  einiger  Wintermonate  aljwesend  ist. 
Wenn  diese  Beobacbtnng  auch  wobl  nicht  anznzweifeln  ist,  so  feblt  mir  docli 
jeder  Anhalt  zur  LOsung  der  B^age,  wobin  diese  Vdgel  zieben. 

Cabrera  hat  iibrigens  aucb  einen  Apus  mclba  im  Mai  erbentet,  der  seine 
Sammlnng  so  lange  ziert  bis  er  von  den  Motten  zerstijrt  sein  wird.  So  viel  icb 
weiss  ist  das  der  einzige  bekannte  Fall  seines  Vorkommens. 

32.  Apus  unicolor  Jard. 
Der  "  einfarbige  "  Segler  ist  anf  den  Canaren  sebr  biinfig,  die  Angaben  <ler 
Autoren  sind  aber  nicht  sorgfiiltig,  denn  man  kann  darans  nicht  erseben,  ob  er, 
wie  icb  jedenfalls  glauben  mdcbte,  anf  den  Ostlicbeu  Inselu  feblt.  Auf  Tenerife 
ist  er  sebr  hiiufig,  besonders  auf  dem  Lande  und  in  der  Nilbe  von  Orotava,  wo  icb 
leicbt — zum  Erstaunen  der  Anwesenden — einige  liorrlicbe  Exemjilare  mit  einer 
Stockflinte  erlegeu  konnte. 


(   328  ) 

Seit  den  Mittbeilnngen  von  Dohrn  (ISTI)  wisscu  wir,  (lass  Einfarbsegler  anch 
anf  den  Capverdea  leben,  aber  ich  war  erst  nenerdings,  dureh  die  verdienstliche 
Saramlnng  l?oyd  Alexanders,  ini  Staude  Exemplare  von  dort  zu  uutersnchen. 
Diese  zeigen,  dass  wir  es  auf  den  Capverdeu  nicht  mit  Zngvugelu  dieser  Art,  sondern 
luit  eiuer  eingesesscnen  Unterart  derselben  y.n  tliun  liaben,  wie  amdi  die  Forschiingcn 
von  Alexander  beweisen,  der  diese  Viigel  an  den  Fclswiindeu  briiteud  fand. 

Die  VOgel  von  St.  Nicholas,  einer  der  Cajivenlen,  ini  Museum  zu  Tring  bilden 
den  Typns  der  neuen  Unterart,  die  icb 

Apus  unicolor  alexandri  snbsp.  nov. 
benonne,  zn  Ehron  des  Captain  Bo}^!  Alexander,  der  mit  grossem  Gesehiek  zuerst 
eine  wirklich  geniigende,  beinahe  abgeschlossene  *  Knndo  von  der  Ornis  der 
Capverden  erwarb.  Hiermit  machte  er  mir  persoulich  nnbewnsster  Weise  eine 
Frendo,  denii  seit  laugen  Jahren  habe  ich  wegon  der  nngeuugendcn  Kenntniss  von 
der  Ornis  der  Capverden  versiicht,  von  dort  Vogel  zn  bekommen,  und  sogar  friiber 
einem  begiiterten  Ornitbologen  angeboten,  dort  fiir  ihn  zu  sammelii,  worauf 
letzterer  nicht  einging,  weil  er  nicht  so  viel  luteressautes  erwartete,  wie  die 
Inseln  tbatsiichlich  beherbergen. 

Apus  unicolor  ali'xaruiri  unterscheidet  sich  im  allgemeinen  Gefiederton  vou 
Apus  unicolor  unicolor  vou  Madeira  und  den  Canaren  wie  Ajius  murinus  hrclnnorum 
von  Apus  apus  apus,  und  besonders  anffallig  ist  auch  die  weit  ausgedehnte  helle, 
granweisse  Kehlfiirbnng,  wiihrend  bei  ^l.  unicolor  unicolor  nur  die  obere  Kehle 
heller  ist,  zuweilen  in's  weissliche  zieht.  Sonst  ist  die  hellere  Fiirbung  der 
Capverdenlorm  besonders  an  der  Unterseite,  am  Kopfe,  liaise,  den  Unterfliigeldecken 
und  am  iSchwanzo  auffallend.  Es  ist  zu  verwnndern,  dass  Alexander  diese  Unter- 
schiede  nicht  bemerkte,  wenn  er  iiberhaupt  eine  Vergleichung  vorgenommen  hat. 

Mir  liegen  znm  Vergleiche  mit  den  im  November  erlegten  VOgeln  von  St. 
Nicholas  vor :  4  von  Madeira,  August  und  September  (Sehmitz  coll.),  3  von 
Tencrife,  von  mir  im  April  1901  erlegt,  1  von  Tenerife,  April  (Floericke  coll.), 
ausserdeiu  nntersuchte  ich  die  Serie  im  Britischen  Museum. 

33.  Dendrocopus  major  canariensis  Koenig. 

Bmtvogel  anf  Tenerife  und  Gran  Canaria.  Ziemlich  selten.  (Vergl.  Nov. 
ZooL.  Vol.  VII.  lUOU,  p.  .'328.) 

34.  Upupa  epops  L. 

Hiiufig,  besonders  zahlreich  aber  auf  den  (istliclien  Inseln.  Nach  den  von 
mir  gesehenen  Stiicken  bezweifle  ich,  dass  sich  der  Wiedehopf  dor  Canaren  anch 
nur  subs])ecifisch  von  dem  typischen  cpops  uuterscheiden  lilsst.  Ich  bin  auch 
bisher  noch  nicht  ira  Staude  gewesen  Erlangcrs  V.  c.  pallida  zu  erkennen,  und 
ich  bill   iilierzeugt,  dass  diese  vermeiiitliche   Unterart  anf  eincni   Irrthinu  bernht. 

3,'i.  Strix  flammea  subsj). 
Als    ich  (Nov.   ZooL.  Vol.  VII.   lOiiO,  p.  .534)   die   interessante   Schleiereule 
von  Madeira  als  Strix  Jlammca  schmitzi  beschrieb,  vermuthete  ich,  dass  vielleicht 

•  Man  vergleiclic  Graf  Salvadoris  Artikel  in  den  Ann.  M>i>.  Civ.  Genora.  vol.  Xr,..  p.  283,  der  zeigt, 
H-if  weniir  Alexander  nocli  zu  enlilecken  ubrig  gclassen  hattc. 


(  329  ) 

ancli  die  canarischen  Inseln  von  dorselljen  bewohnt  wiivden.  Dies  ist  entscbiedeu 
nicht  der  Fall.  Ich  habe  in  Dr.  Cabrera's  Sammlnng  mehrere  Scbleierculen  von 
Teuerife  untersucht,  die  weisse  Unterseite  batten,  nnd  sebr  der  westenropilischen 
St7-ix  Jlammea  hirchhoffi  iibnelten  !  Uutersnchung  nnd  Vergleiclmng  grusserer 
Serien  in  einem  enropiiiscbeu  Masenm  ist  notbig  znm  Verstilndnisse  diese  Form. 

Wabrscbeinlicb  giebt  as  anf  alien  (wenigstens  den  grOsseren)  Inseln  Schleier- 
ealen  als  StandvOgel.  Anf  den  meisten  Inseln  siud  sie  selten,  in  der  Hocbebene 
von  Laguna  aber  ziemlicb  bilufig.     (Meade- Waldo,  Cabrera,  Scott  Wilson). 

30.  Asio  otus  canariensis  Madarasz. 
Die  anf  den  (ob  aucb  auf  den  (istlicben  bezweifle  icb  doch  entscbieden !) 
Inseln  recbt  hiiufige  Ohrenle  wnrde  von  Madarasz  in  den  Oni.  Monntsber. 
benannt.  Es  ist  iu  der  Tbat  erstaunlicb,  dass  die  Ornitbologcn,  die  iiber  die 
Canaren  geschrieben  baben,  die  Obrenle  nicbt  friiber  abgetrennt  baben.  Selbst 
Koenig,  der  docb  die  von  ibm  erlegten  Vogel  sorglicb  stndiert  bat,  sab  keine 
Unterscbiede.  Icb  bemerkte  die  geringe  Grijsse  nnd  dunkle  Fiirbung  sofort  an 
den  ansgestopften  Stvicken  in  Cabreras  Sammlnng,  ancb  Floericke  (in  litt.)  fiel 
dies  anf,  nnd  Madarasz  (Oni.  Monatsber.  IX.  1901,  p.  54)  bescbrieb  die  Form 
sebr  zntreflfend.  Er  macbt  anf  die  dnnkle  Allgemeiufarbnng,  geringere  GrOsse, 
nnd  den  Umstaud  anfmerksam,  dass  das  licbte  Feld  der  Basisbiilfte  an  der 
ersteu  Schwinge  dnrcb  ein  dniikles  Band  getbeilt  ist !  Dies  finde  icb  bei  einem 
Stiicke  des  Liverpooler  Mnsenms  (Tristram  coll.)  bestiltigt,  wilbreud  es  bei  iiber 
36  von  mir  nutersncbten  enropilischen  Exemplaren  feblt  I 

37.  Neophron  percnopterus  L. 
Hiiufig  auf  den  meisten  Inseln. 

38.  Tinnunculus  tinnunculus  canariensis  Koenig. 
Bmtvogel  anf  den  westlicben  Inseln,  angeblich  aucb  auf  Lanzarote. 

39.  Tinnunculus  tinnunculus  snbsp.  ? 

Auf  Fuertaventura  nistet  eine  kleinere  und  bellere  Form,  die  vermntblicb 
mit  der  der  mirdlicben  Sahara  iibereinstimmt.  Nacb  Meade-Waldo  kiime  anf 
dam  naben  Lanzarote  wieder  die  dunkle  Form  vor,  was  wirklich  sebr  eigentbiimlicb 
wiire. 

40.  Buteo  buteo  snbsp. 

Hiiufiger  Bmtvogel  anf  den  westlicben  Inseln.  Ob  anf  den  ostlichen  aucb  ?  I 
Die  Bussarde  von  den  Canaren  sind  sebr  klein,  sie  scbeineii  aucb  nicht 
anniibernd  so  vielfacb  zu  variieren,  wie  die  von  ('entraleuropa.  Die  Frage  von 
den  liasscn  der  Bussarde  ist  aber  zu  scbwierig,  um  sie  nacb  dem  mir  vorliegenden 
Material,  reieb  wie  es  zwar  ist,  schon  eiuigermassen  zn  lOsen.  Zwei  mir  vorliegende, 
anf  Tenerife  erlegte,  aber  vom  Sammler  nicbt  auf  das  Gescblecbt  biu  untersnchte 
Vogel  haben  eine  Fliigelliinge  von  3(i  cm.  Es  diirften  Miinncbeu  sein.  Professor 
Koenig  tbeilt  mir  mit,  dass  seine  Weibcbeu  von  Tenerife  Fliigel  von  3So  bis 
40  cm.  Liinge  baben.  Stiicke  von  Madeira  scheineu  grosser  und  (Pimmer!) 
dunkler  zn  seiu.     Maasse  gebe  icb   nicht,  da  icb  den  Geschlechtsbestimmungen 


(  330  ) 

iiicbt  immer  trane.  Deutsche  Bnssarde  (Biifi'o  huteo)  sind  grcisser  als  die  von 
den  C'anaren,  wiihrend  Italiener  (Rom)  meist  (?)  kleiner,  die  von  Sardinien  aber 
nocli  Ideiner  sind !  Miinnebon  von  Sardinien  in  Tring  liaben  Flii<;el  von  nur 
34vi  (^in.,  Weiliclien  in  Tring  und  in  Koenigs  Stiiunilnng  von  nur  'MHt  cm.  !  Bei 
der  bedeutenden  Farbeuvaviabilitiit  sind  grosse  iSerien  mitlilg,  uni  darauf  ein 
Urtheil  v.w  basieren.  Auf  alle  Fiille  scheiuen  siUlliclie  Bnssarde  dnreligiingig 
]<leiner  /,u  sein,  als  nordiscbe,  und  dies  zn  wissen  ist  schon  ein  (iewiun. 

41.  Accipiter  nisus  (subsji.  ?). 

Der  Spei-ber  ist  ein  nicht  seltener  Brutvogel.  Nach  Untersncluing  eines  ?  von 
Tenerife  geliOrt  er  nicht  zn  der  dunklen,  mir  wenig  difl'erenzierten  Form  grunti 
von  Madeira,  scheint  aber  einen  etwas  (circa  1  cm.)  kiirzeren  Fliigel  zn  haben, 
als  kleine  typische  nima.  Nur  ein  reiches  Material  kanu  die  Frage  dieser  Form 
befriedigend  kliiren. 

42.  Milvus  milvus  (L.). 
Hiinfiger  Brutvogel.    Cauariscbe  Stiicke  sollen  dem  typischen  milrus  gleichen 


Nicht  selteu. 


Hiinfiger  Brutvogel. 


43.  Pandion  haliaetus  (L.). 


44.  Columba  livia  L. 


45.  Columba  boUei  Godm. 

Tenerife,  Gran  Canaria,  Gomera,  Palma. 

Diese  und  die  folgende  Art  bildeu  mit  Columba  trocaz  von  Madeira  eiue 
Grnppe  vou  Tauben,  die  den  Atlautideu  allein  eigen  zn  sein  scbeinou.  Noch 
vereiuzelter  stelit  Fringilla  tei/dea,  wiihrend  fast  alle  andern  Formen  mebr  oder 
minder  mit  festlandischen  verwandt  sind,  viellcicht  uoch  Pratincola  dacotiae 
ausgeuommeu,  sowie  die  Finkengrnppe,  ReguUis  tenerifue  und  der  Kanarienvogel. 

40.  Columba  laurivora  ^Vebb  &  Berth. 
Palma  und  Gomera. 


47.  Turtur  turtur  (L.). 


Nieht  selten. 


4!^.  Caccabis  rufa  australis  Tristr. 

("audu  Tristram  {[bit!  18S9,  p.  28)  besclirieb  das  Rotliliuliu  der  Insel  Grau 
(lauaria  als  iienc  "  Varietiit."  Seine  Angabcn  liber  die  Unterschiede  vermag  icb 
iiidessen  nur  in  sehr  geringcm  Grade  zu  bestjitigeu.  Er  bat  nnr  ein  Stiick,  ein 
Miinuclieu,  mitgebracht,  anf  dem  Markte  von  Las  Palmas  aber  noch  20  verglicben, 
die  er  leider  nicht  abbalgte,  die  aber  alle  in  Dimensioueu  niid  Fiirbnng  iiber- 
ciustimmtou.  Von  deu  angcgeb<'uen  Uiiter.sehiedeu  kanu  icb  nach  Vergleiehuug 
des   Tviius,    fiir   desseu    Ausicbt    icli    l)r.    Forbes,  deui   Pirektor   des    Liverpooler 


(  •'531   ) 

Mnsennis,  selir  zn  Dank  verbnnden  bin,  nnr  die  wirklich  sehr  anffiilipnde  Gnlsse 
des  Schiiabels  fur  einen  erkennbaren  Charakter  einer  Lokalforra  halteu.  Der 
Hinterko])f  ist  allerdings  im  Vergleiche  zu  englischeu  nud  franzosischeu  Stilcken 
nm  eincii  jieringon  Ton  kbliafter,  mohr  rostriitlilich.  Pie  Filrbnng  dci'  Oberseite 
ist  aber  bei  vieliin  iStiickun  atis  England,  Fraiikrcich  nnd  Spanicn  gunau  obonso, 
nnd  das  angelilicli  viel  breitere  schwarze  Keblband  ist  nicht  das  geringstc  bisclien 
breiter,  als  bei  irgeud  welclieu  enropiiiscben  8tiicken.  Der  Lauf  ist  vielleicbt  eiu 
bis  2  mm.  liinger,  als  bie  Engliindem  nnd  Franzoseu,  aber  niclit  liinger  als  bei 
Spaniern.  Hieraus  geht  hervor,  dass  die  Untersucbung  eines  grossem  Materials 
von  Gran  Canaria  immerbin  wiinscheuswertb  wiire,  dass  aber  australis  anscheinend 
als  Unterart  anfrecht  erbalten  werden  mnss,  wegeu  des  grossen,  boben  Scbnabels. 

Seoane  (Mem.  Soc.  Zool.  France  VII.  p.  92,  1894)  trennte  die  nordspanische 
Form  des  Rothlinhnes  als  Gaccnhis  rufa  Ms])anica.  Mir  vorliegende  Stixcke  von 
Madrid,  Malaga  nnd  Agnilas  bei  Mnrcia  nnterscheiden  sicb  von  VOgelu  aus 
Frankreich,  den  Alpen  nnd  England  lediglich  dnrcb  etwas  lebbafter  rotben  Nacken. 
Hierin  gleicht  ihnen  der  Tj'pns  von  australis,  wie  Tristram  auch  schon  hervorbob. 
Falls  Seoanes  Caccahis  mfa  Idspanica,  als  eine  Form  "  avec  des  teintes  pins  foncees, 
nne  taille  plus  forte,  des  formes  pins  lonrdes  et  la  gorge  gris  perle,"  anfrecht 
erbalten  werden  kann,  dann-  wiirde  sie  allerdings  anf  Nord-  uud  Nordostspanien 
bescbriinkt  sein,  denn  die  von  mir  nntersnchten  Vogel  haben  nnr  einen  anffallend 
lebhaft  rotben  Hinterkopf. 

Icb  nntersnchte  9  Spanier,  1  Alpenvogel,  8  Franzosen  nnd  12  Englander. 

Nach  Tristram  ist  die  Form  der  Azoren  der  von  Gran  Canaria  gleich. 

Das  Rotbbnhn  kommt  einzig  allein  anf  Gran  Canaria  vor.  Im  Catalogue 
of  Birch  XXII.  p.  120  ist  ein  Stilck  als  anf  "  Tenerife,"  von  Meade-Waldo 
gesammelt,  erwiihnt.  Dies  berubt  anf  einem  Irrtbum,  denn  Meade- Waldo  selbst 
bestiitigt  ansdriicklieb,  dass  diese  Art  einzig  nnd  allein  anf  Gran  Canaria  vorkommt, 
wo  sie  natiirlicb  Htandvogel  ist. 

49.  Caccabis  petrosa  koenigi. 

In  Tenerife,  Gomera  and  Lanzarote. 

.50.  Coturnix  coturnix  (?  subsp.). 
Auf  alien  luseln  hiinfig. 

51.  Pterocles  arenarius  (Pall.). 
Nnr  anf  Fnertaventnra  Brutvogel ! 

52.  Otis  undulata  fuertaventurae  Rothsch.  &  Hart. 

Brntvogel  anf  Fnertaventnra  nnd  Lanzarote. 

Leicbt  von   Otis  undulata  undulata  zn  nnterscheiden. 

53.  Oedicnemus  oedicnemus  (L.). 

Hiinfig  anf  alien  Inseln  am  meisten  aber  anf  den  (istlichen  Inseln.  Eine 
genane  Untersncbnng  einer  Serie  wiire  erwiinscht.  Die  Form  der  Canaren  kOnnte 
mit  Rciclienow's  mhnrne,  einer  etwas  kleineren  nnd  blasseren  Rasse  ans  Tnnis, 
die  aber  unserem  Vogel  ausserordcutlich  uabe  stebt,  iibcroinstimmen. 


(  332  ) 

54.  Cursorius  gallicus  (Gm.).  ■ ; 
Ziiblrciclier  Brutvogel  anf  Fiicrtaveutura  uiul  Lanzarote. 

05.  Aegialites  cantiana  (Lath.). 
Aiif  alien  Inseln,  viel  hiinfiger  anf  den  ust.lic'liuu. 

50.  Haematopus  moquini  (Bp.)  (=capensis). 
Ein  zwar  niclit  hilnfiger  aber  regelmilssiger  Brntvogol  anf  den  Ostlicben  luseln. 

57.  Scolopax  rusticola  L. 

Brutvogel  in  alien  Wiildern  der  westlicbcn  Inseln.  Eine  genaue  UntersncJmng 
durfte  subspezifische  Unterschiede  ergeben. 

58.    Sterna  fluviatilis  Nanm. 
Brutvogel  anf  den  wcstlicben  Inseln. 

59.  Larus  cachinnans  Pall. 
Standvogel  auf  alien  Inseln. 

60.  Puffinus  obscurus  bailloni  Bp. 

Standvogel,  aber  nicbt  sebr  zahlreicb. 

In  Nov.  ZooL.  VI.  p.  190,  Rotbscbild  nnd  ich  haben  obigen  Namen  fiir  die 
circum-afrikanische  Form  von  P.  obscurus  angenommen,  vielleicbt  aber  mnss  die 
der  Atlantiden  noch  besonders  benannt  werdon. 

01.  Puffinus  kuhli  (Boic). 
Hiiufig. 

02.  Bulweria  anjinho  (ITeineken). 

Standvogel.  Occanodromu  castro  ist  wohl  elicnfalls  Brutvogel  auf  cutlegeneu 
Riffen. 

03.  Pelagodroma  marina  (Lath.). 
Selten. 

Nacb  nnsern  biaberigen  Betrachtungen  knnnen  wir  folgende  Resnltate  nocbmals 
zusammenfassen  : 

1.  Die  Fauna  der  Canarcn  bestelit  au.s  europiiischen  nnd  nordafrikaniscben 
{mediterranen)  Elementen. 

2.  Tropisch  afrikanische  Elemente  sind  in  der  Ornis  nicbt  nachweisbar. 
(Dasselbe  vermag  icb  von  deu  Lepidoptcren  v.w  bebanpton,  wovon  iidi  bei  Herrn 
Sydney  Crompton  eine  grosse  Sammlung  dnrcbmnsterte.) 

3.  Da  enropiiische  Zugvogel  hiiufig  auftreten,  liisst  sich  annebmcn,  dass  das 
milde  und  an  Feinden  arme  luselgebiet  viele  veranlasst  hat,  sicb  dort  anznsiedeln, 
wo  sich  manchc  dann  zn  leicht  erkennbareu  lokalen  Unterarten  entwickelt  baben. 

4.  Ein  amerikanisches  Element  ist  nicbt  nachweisbar. 


(  333  ) 

5.  Trotz  einiger  anffixlleuden  Aehnlichkeiten  {Tinnunculun,  Apus,  Serinus 
canarius,  Pefronia,  Sijlria  (itricapiUii  aberr.  hcineldni,  ii.a.m.)  sincl  die  Uuterschiede 
zwisclien  der  Oriiis  vou  Madeira  nnd  der  der  Canareu  oft  sehr  bedeatcnde.  (Vergl. 
z.B.  Strix,  Regulus,  MotaciUa,  Fringilla,  Acanthis,  Columba,  ii.a.m.) 

6.  Die  Ornis  der  westlichcu  Inseln  ist  von  der  der  ostlichen  (Fnertaventnra 
nnd  Ijanzarote),  die  sich  fannifstisch  eng  an  Nordafrika  anschliessen,  radikal 
verschieden. 

Das  Stndinm  der  lokalen  Vogelfornien  der  Canaren  ist  bisher  von  den 
meisten  Forschern  selir  vernachliissigt  nnd  anf  die  leicbte  Achsel  gcnommen 
wordcn,  nnd  uoch  immer  feblt  es  in  den  meisten  enropiiiscbeu  Hammlnngen 
vou  vielen  oder  alien  der  Inseln  an  geniigendem  Material  znm  Stndinm  der 
formen. 


Litteratur  zur  Ornis  der  Canaren. 

Ledru  :  Voyage  aux  lies  de  Tcniriffe,  la  Trinitc,  Saint  Thomas,  u.s.iv., 
Vol.  I.  pp.  177-185."    (1810). 

(Eine  selir  nnkritiscbe  nnd  felilerreiche  Liste,  die  anch  dnrcb  die  Zusittze 
von  Sonnini  nnr  wenig  gewann.  Da  von  den  meisten  Arten,  die  durcb  Sterne 
gekennzeichnet  sind,  Exemjilare  in  das  Pariser  Mnsenm  geliefert  worden  waren, 
hatte  die  Liste  besser  ansgearbeitet  sein  konneu.  Immerhin  aber  gebiihrt  Ledrn 
das  hohe  Verdienst,  znerst  anf  die  interessante  Ornis  der  Inseln  bingewiesen  zn 
haben.) 

ViERA  Y  Clavijo  :  Diccionario  de  Ilistwia  Natural  de  las  islas  Canuiias. 
1866  nach  einem  in  den  Jahren  1799  nnd  1800  verfassten  MS.  gedrnckt. 

(Bolle  erwilhnt  des  MS.,  das  er  vielfach  benutzte  und  citierte,  anf  p.  268 
des  Jonrn.  f.   Orn.  1857.) 

Webb,  Bbrthelot  et  Moquin-Tandon  :    Ornithologie  canarienne. 

(Ans  dem  grossen  Werke  :  Ilistoire  Natarelle  des  iles  Cnnarienncs,  Paris 
1836-1850.) 

Bolle  :  "  Bemerknngen  ilber  die  Vogel  der  canar.  Inseln."  In  Journ.f.  Orn. 
1854,  p.  447  ff.,  1855,  p.  171  fF. 

Bolle:   "  Anthtis  bert/ielotii,"  in  Journ.f.  Orn.  1862,  p.  357. 

Bolle  :  "  Zweiter  Beitrag  zur  Vogelknnde  der  canar.  Inseln."  In  Journ.  f. 
Orn.  1857. 

Bolle  :  "  Ueber  den  wilden  Kanarienvogel."     In  Journ.f.  Orn.  1858,  p.  125  ff. 

BusTO  Y  Blanco:    Topogrufia  medica  de  las  islas  Canarias.     Se villa  1864. 

(Enthalt  einen  kompilierteu  Abscbnitt  tiber  die  Fanna  C'auaria.  S.  103-105 
enthalten  eine  Liste  von  77  Vfigeln,  aber  nnr  die  latein.  nnd  canarischen  Naiuen. 
Die  Schreibweise  der  ersteren  ist  meist  unglaublicb  falsch.  Die  gauze  Liste  enthalt 
keinerlei  Nachweise  und  kanu  nicht  als  znverliissig  angesehen  werden.) 

GoDMAN  :  "  Notes  on  the  Resident  and  Migratory  Birds  of  Madeira  and  the 
Canaries."     In  Ibis  1872,  p.  158  ff. 

Greeff  :  'Madeira  und  die  canariscken  Inseln  in  naturwiss.  besonders  zool. 
Bezieliumj.     Marburg,  Inaugurationsrede,  1872. 

(In  ornithologischer  Hinsicht  werthlos.) 

Manrique  Saavedra  :  Elemenfos  de  Geografa  c  Ilistoria  Natural  de  las 
Islas  Canarias.     Las  Palmas  1873, 


(  334  ) 

Berthelot  :    OiseaxT  Voi/afleurs  et  Poimoy^s  rle  Passage.     Paris  1875-1876. 

(Entliiilt,  Vol.  I.  pp.  50-81  mehrere  Kajiital  iilicv  canansche  Viigel,  aus  des 
Autors  t'iji;eiier  Erf'alining  auf  deu  Insela.) 

Moiuro  :  "Catalogo  de  las  Aves  de  Teuerife."  In  Analcs  ile  la  Soc.  EspaUola 
ill-  J//sf.   Nat.,  V.  ji]).  242-:.'r)8,  ISTG. 

(Ill  der  maiiche  Bestimiuungsfelilcr  ciithalti'iulcn  Ijisli'  sind  (io  ArU'ii  geuaunt. 
Der  Verfasser  kannte  anscbeinend  keiae  Litteratnr.) 

(lUNiiLAcn  :  "  Aves  de  las  Islas  Cauarias."  In  tier  Recista  de  Caimrias,  1. 
no.  25,  8.  Dezember  1879. 

(Mir  unr  nacli  ("itat  von  Cabrera  bekannt.) 

Serra  y  Moratin  :  "  Ornitologia  (.'anaria."  In  Revi-ita  de  Canarius,  Vols. 
I.  II.  IV.  no.  12  von  1879,  no.  35  von  1880,  no.  36  von  1880,  nos.  48  von  1880 
mid  70  von  1882, 

(Mir  ebeiifalls  iiur  dnrcli  C'itat  von  Cabrera  bekannt.) 

Reip  :  "  Notes  on  tbe  Birds  of  Tenerifife."    In  I/jis  1887,  p.  424  ff.,  1888,  p.  73  ff. 

Meade-Waldo  :  "Notes  on  some  Birds  of  the  Canary  Islands."  In  Il/is  1889, 
p.  1  ff. 

Meade-Waldo  :  "  Fnrther  Notes  on  the  Birds  of  the  f'anarj-  Islands."  In 
Ibis  1889,  p.  503  ff. 

Meade-Waldo  :  "  List  of  Birds  observed  in  the  Canary  Islands."  In  Ibis  1893, 
p.  185  ff. 

(Die  vollstiintligste  bis  dahin  erschienene  Liste,  die  znmal  deslialb  werthvoll 
ist,  well  der  Verf.  alle  Inseln  besnclite,  anch  Hierro,  Lanzarote  niid  Fnertaventnra.) 

Tristram  ;  "  Orn.  Notes  on  the  Island  of  Gran  Canada."     In  Ibis  1889,  p.  1  ff. 

Tristram  :  "  Notes  on  the  Island  of  Palma."     In  Ibis  1890,  p.  67  ff. 

Hartwig  :  "  Die  Viigel  Madeiras,  mit  Notizen  fiber  einige  anf  Tenerife 
beobachtete  VOgel."     In  Journ.f.  Orn.  1880,  p.  452  ff. 

KoENiG  :  "  Vorliinfige  Notizen."     In  Journ.f.  Orn.  1889,  pp.  182,  183. 

KoENiG  :  "  Ornith.  Forscbungsergebnisse  einer  Reise  nach  Madeira  nnd  den 
canarischen  Inseln."     In  .Journ.f.  Orn.  1890,  pp.  257-488,  Taf.  1-8. 

(Diese  nmfangroiche  Arbeit  behandelt  n.  a.  die  Nidologie,  Oologie,  nnd  Lebens- 
weise  der  canarisolion  Viigel  wie  keine  andre.) 

Cabrera  (Don  Anatael  Cabrera  j  Diaz)  :  Catalogo  de  las  Aves  del  Archipielago 
Canario.     In  Annies  Soc.  Esp.  de  Hist.  Nat.  (Madrid),  Vol.  XXII.  1893. 

(Diese  interessante  Arbeit  scheint  bishcr  in  England  nnd  Dentscbland  so  gnt 
wie  nnbekannt  geblieben  zn  sein.  Sie  stiltzt  sich  anf  cine  werthvolle  Sammlnng 
von  Vogeln  von  Tenerife,  die  der  Verf  wiihrend  seines  langjilbrigen  Anfenthaltes 
anf  der  Insel  angelegt  hat,  nnd  fleissige  Compilation  ans  der  Litteratnr. 

Im  April  1901  batte  icli  das  Vergniigen,  den  liebenswiirdigen  Dr.  Cabrera 
kennen  zu  lornen,  nnd  unter  der  Fiihrung  dieses  gclehrton  Forschers  seine 
Sammlnng  zn  schen.  Namentlich  iat  dieselbe  reich  an  scltenen  Giisten  und 
Brntvcigeln  von  der  Hochebene  von  Lagniia,  nnd  enthiilt  viele  Viigel,  die  fiir 
Tenerife  sonst  nicht  bekannt  waren.  Leider  hat  der  Antor  infolge  Ranmmangels 
nnd  weil  er  sich  noiierdings  der  Entomologie  zngewaiidt  hat  seine  Sammlnng 
dem  wissenschaftliclien  Institnte  in  Lagnna  geschonkt,  wo  sie  dem  siclieren 
Verderben  preisgegeben  ist !  Ein  Theil  stand  bei  meinem  Besnche  in  nngeniigend 
schliessenden  Schriinken,  ein  andrcr  frei  anf  Tischen  hernm,  nnd  der  letztere  war 
von  den  Motten  sclion  stark  angegriffen,  der  Scbiidigiiiig  dnrcli  Stanb  nnd  Licht 
nicht  erst  zn  gedenken !     Dr,  Cabreras  werthvolle  Liste  kann  des  ilabei  entfalteten 


(  335  ) 

Fleisses  wegeu  nicht  geimg  geprieseii  werden,  mid  die  Bestiininnngen  seiner 
Artcn  siud  fast  immer  riclitig,  sie  leidet  aber  an  zwei  Fehleru  :  viele  alte  Angaben 
sind  zn  vertraneusselig  hingcuommen,  auch  wo  sie  ganz  nnglaublicli  waren,  nnd 
cs  wnrden,  vvobl  tbcilweise  infolge  vou  Missverstiludnissen,  mehrere  Vogel  nnter 
zwei  Nameu  erwilbnt,  wie  z.  B.  Phylloscopus  j-iij'i/s  und  fortunatus,  Si/lma  coii- 
spicillata  und  subalpina,  liegulus  cristatus  und  satelles.  So  konnte  der  Autor 
auf  die  viel  zu  hobe  Zabl  von  241  cauariscben  VOgeln  kommeu.) 

Nacb  Cabreras  Liste  sind  keine  eingebenderen  Arbeiten  mebr  iiber  die 
cauariscbe  Oruis  erscbieuen. 

In  den  Nov.  Zool.  I:  p.  689  (1894)  bescbrieben  Walter  llotbscbild  und  icb 
die  Kragentrappe  vou  Fuertaventnra  als  Houbara  fuertaventurae. 

lu  den  Orn.  Monatsber.  191)1,  p.  54,  bescbrieb  Madarasz  die  Obreule  als 
Asio  caiiariensis,  ini  Bull-  B.  0.  Club  1901,  Mai,  benannte  icb  die  Stummellercbe 
Calandrella  pispolctta  canaricnms. 

H.  E.  Harris :  Essays  and  Pbotograpbs.  Some  Birds  of  the  Canary  Islands 
and  Soutb  Africa.    Ninety-two  illustrations.     London,  1901. 

(Pbotograpbieu  vou  VOgeln  nacb  dem  Leben  Nestern,  nnd  Landscbaftsbildern 
von  Fuertaventnra  und  der  NorcUcilste  von  Tenerife,  amiisanter  Text.) 

(Im  April  1901  war  icb  im  Staude  der  Insel  Tenerife  einen  kurzen  Bcsncb 
abzustatten.  Die  Kiirze  der  Zeit  gestattete  mir  nur  vcrbitltnissmiissig  wenige 
Arten  zn  sammeln  und  zn  beobaebten,  icb  kaufte  aber  eiuige  (meist  aus  der  Gegeud 
vou  Laguna)  fiir  das  Tring  Museum  von  Herru  Fluericke,  der  dort  monatelang 
gesammelt  hatte,  andre  von  Ramon  Gomez.) 


VI.    KAPITEL. 
DIB    OliNIS    DEB    LOS-INSELN. 

Die  Los-Iaseln,  zwiscben  dem  neunten  und  zehnten  Grade  uurdlicber  Breite 
nabe  der  Kiiste  Westafrikas  gelegen,  baben  bisber  wenig  Beacbtuug  von  Seiten  der 
Zoologeu  gefuuden.  Da  sie  so  nabe  dem  Festlaude  liegen,  scheiuen  sie  ancb  nicbt 
geeignet,  ein  bervorragendes  luteresse  zu  beansprncben.  In  den  Xo/icclles  Archiccs 
(lu,  Museum  d'llistoire  ^■aturdle,  a'"  Serie,  Vol.  II.  (1879),  p.  149  tf,  bat  jedocb 
Professor  Oustalet  die  Liste  einer  von  dort  erhaltenen  Sammluug  pnbliciert,  die 
einen  pracbtvollen  'ncnen  Glanzstaar  entbielt,  der  bisber  uur  dort  gefuiidcu  wunlc- 
Es  ist  bemerkenswertb,  dass  die  Listo  grOssteutbeils  AValdvOgel  anfziiblt.  Da 
icb  nun  ausgedebnten  Urwald  auf  den  Los-Iusclii  gar  nicht  bcmerkt  babe,  so  kanu 
icb  nicbt  umbin  zu  fiircbteu,  dass  vielleicbt  eiuige  der  Arten  auf  dem  uabcn 
Festlande  erbeutet  wurden.  Zumal  Cori/thaix  persa  ist  ein  Waldvogel,  der  wohl 
nocb  auf  keiner  Insel  festgestellt  wurde.  Nacb  einigen  Exemplaren  von  Cocci/colius 
iris  im  Britiscben   und  Rotbschildscheu  Museum   zu  urtbeilen   baben  jene   Los- 


(  im  ) 

lusel-Vugcl  keine  Original-Etlketten  gebabt.     Die  i'olgcntk'U  13  Arteu  werdeu  von 
Oustalet  aufgeziihlt : 

1.  Poiocephalns  scnn/nlus  (L.). — 2.  Campof/iera  punctuUgerK  (Wagl.). — 3.  Po- 
gonorhjiiclius  diibius  (Gm.). — 4.  Conjthaix  persa  (L). — 5.  Halcyon  7nal)miica  (Shaw). 
— 6.  ^ferops  niibictis  Gm. — 7.  Antkreptcs  longuemarii  (Less.). — 8.  Prionopi  plumatus 
(Shaw). — 9.  Laniarius  barbarus  (L.). — K).  Laniiis  sniithi  (Fras.). — 11.  Ilirundo 
senegalensis  (L.). — 12.  Malimbus  tiitens  (Gray).— 13.  LamprocoUus  chalcurus 
(Nordm.).— 14.  Coccijcolius  iris  Oustalet.  Anf  PI.  VII.  fig.  1,  2  abgebildet, 
allerdings  recbt  schlecht.  Dieser  Vogel  ist  bisher  uur  von  den  Los-Iuseln  bekaunt. 
Er  ist  priichtig  griinglilnzend,  anfialleud  in  der  Fiirbiing  an  einen  Goldknkuk 
erinnernd,  aber  nicht  so  lenchtend.  Ohrgegend  nnd  UnterkOrper  pnrpnrblan. 
Die  knrzen  Fiisse  schwarz.  Fliigel  nach  Oustalet  110,  Schwanz  8o,  Culmen  18, 
Lanf  23  mm.  Ein  Stiick  im  Itothschildscben  Museum  hat  dou  Fliigel  105  mm. 
lang.  Da  das  nahe  Festland  nnr  uugeniigeud  erforscht  ist,  ist  es  immerhin 
mOglich,  dass  die  Art  auch  dort  vorkommt. 

Ob  es  uiithig  ist,  Coccycolius  iris  znm  Vertreter  ciner  bcsoudern  Gattnng 
zu  erheben,  lasse  ich  dahiugestellt,  uud  kauu  mich  auch  nicht  mit  den  vielen 
Gattungen  der  Sturniden  im  Katalog  der  VOgel  des  British  Museum  XIII. 
befreunden.  Ich  bin  z.B,  geueigt  LamprocoUus  weiter  zn  fasscn,  Ilayiopsar  nnd 
Onychognatkus  mit  Amydrus  zii  vereinigen. — 15.  Columba  liDia  schimperi? — 
Diesen  15  Arten  kann  ich  hinzufugen  : 

10.  Corcus  scapulatus  Daud.  Tnig  am  30.4  auf  Tumbo  zu  Neste. — 17. 
Symplectes  brachypterus  Swains.  Auf  Tumbo  von  mir  geschossen. — 18.  Pycnonotus 
barbatus  Desf.  Desgleichen. — 19.  Motacilla  campestris  rayi  Bp.  Die  englische 
Form  der  gelbkopfigen  Schafstelze  beobachtete  und  schoss  ich  auf  Tumbo,  das 
erlegte  Stiick  wurde  aber  durch  Ameiseu  zerstOrt. — 20.  Gerylc  rudis  L.  Hiuifig. — 
21.  Nccrosyrtes  monachu.s  (Temm.).  Hitufig. — 22.  Sterna  cantiaca  Gm.  glaube  ich 
sicher  erkannt  zn  haben,  habe  sie  aber  nicht  erlegt. — 23.  Actitis  kypoleucus  L. 
Nicht  selten. — 24.  Acgialites  hiaticula  (L.).  Beobachtet,  aber  nicht  erlegt. — 25. 
yumcnius  phaeopns  L.  Auf  Tumbo  und  Cassa  erlegt. — 2(i.  Carbo  mdanogaster 
C'uv.  Auf  Tumbo  erlegt.  27.  Ardea  gularis  B.  An  den  Ufern  der  laselu  Cassa, 
Tumbo  und  Tamara  beobachtet  nnd  erlegt. 

Ausserdem  noch  2  Heiherarten  beobachtet  aber  nicht  identificiert. 


vii.  kapitel. 
zoogeogbafuische  notiz. 

AV'iihrend  die  Nordufer  des  Benue  und  die  siidlichsteu  Theile  des  Hanssaiandes 
jedenfalls  noch  die  Fauna  der  Westkiiste  haben,  weun  auch  einigo  der  Bewoliner 
der  ungeheuren  Kiisteuwalder  fehlen,  uud  Bewoliner  otfenerer  Gegenden  gefunden 
werdeu,  so  scheiut  die  Fauna  nOrdlich  der  Korro  Berge  ohue  scharfe  Grenze  in 
die  seuegambisch — uordostafrikanische  iiberzugehen,  wie  sie  von  den  Ebeueu  des 


(  33V  ) 

iidrillicheu  llabescla,  dem  sikllichsteii  Xubieii,  Seimaar  uud  Kordofaii,  siidlick 
der  Sahara  liis  au  die  Kiiste  des  uOrdlichen  Senegambiens  sicli  erstreckt.  Dass 
dieses  Gebiet  eiu  zusanimeiigehOviges  Gauzes  bildet,,  ist  allgemeiu  anerkauut 
worden,  dass  aber  damit  etwa  gesagt  seiii  soil,  dass  es  in  demselbeu  iiicbt  noch 
viele  lokale  Uiiterabtheilnngeii  mid  eiuainler  vertreteiide  Formeii  giebt,  wird  wobl 
Niemandem  eiiifalleii.  An  der  senegambischeu  Kiiste  geht  dies  Gebiet  nach 
Siiden  iu  das  westafrikauisclie  AValdgebiet  iiber,  das,  wie  man  jetzt  allgemeiu 
anuimmt,  sich  nach  Osten  bis  in  das  ostafrikanische  Seengebiet  fortsetzt.  Die 
Nordgrenze  bildet  die  Sahara,  die  gewaltige  Wiisto,  die  trotz  ihrer  Dilrftigkeit  eine  iu 
vieler  Hinsicht  interessante  Thierbevolkernng  beherbergt,  von  der  wir  aber  eigentlich 
nur  erst  die  nOrdlichen  uud  ijstlichen  lliiuder  kennen.  Weun  wir  auch  die  Fauna 
der  Wiisten  von  Egypten  kennen,  wenn  auch  J.  Dybowski  42  Vogelarten  in  El 
Golea,  etwa  nuter  31  Grad  nordl.  Br.  in  der  algerischen  Sahara  sammelte,  Koenig 
seine  ergebnissreichen  Forschuugen  bis  nach  Ouargla,  Carlo  von  Erlauger  die 
seinigen  in  der  tuuesischeu  Sahara  etwa  eben  soweit  nach  Siiden  ausdehnte,  so 
ist  doch  das  Innere  der  Wiiste,  die  Gebiete  der  wilden  Tuareg,  Tebu  uud  Teda 
noch  ein  verschlosseues  Buch. 

Leider  diirfteu  sie  dies  noch  eine  lange  Zeit  bleiben,  denn  der  Fanatismus 
oder  die  Raublust  und  "Wildheit  der  Wiistenstiimme,  sowie  die  langen  vegetations- 
losen  Strecken,  die  durchzogen  werden  miisseu,  machen  hier  die  Forschuugen 
ausserordentlich  gefahrvoll  und  kostspielig,  ja  fiir  den  gewOhnlichen  Sammler 
ganz  unmOglich.  Auch  an  der  atlantischeu  Kiiste,  wo  siidlich  des  Atlas  eiu 
nominelles,  thatsiichlich  aber  nicht  beherrschtes,  spanisches  Schutzgebiet  der 
Kiiste  entlang  von  Marokko  bis  nach  Senegambien  hinzieht,  herrscht  die  denkbar 
grOsste  Unsicherheit.  Als  ich  in  Sokoto  war  wnrde  uns  zwar  von  Salzhiindlern 
die  MOglichkeit  dargestellt,  mit  ihuen  nach  Asbeu  zu  zieheu,  aber  auch  eine  solche 
Reise  wiirde  ungemein  gewagt  und  kostspielig  sein,  wozu  noch  kommen  wiirde, 
dass  freie  Beweguug  und  ungezwungenes  Sammelu  in  Asben  sellist  Schwierigkeiten 
haben  diirfte.  Und  doch,  was  mogen  die  ausgedehnten  Felsgebirge  von  Tintellust, 
was  die  Oase  Asben  oder  Air  alios  bergen !  In  Asben,  das  wie  eine  Insel  in 
der  wasserlosen  Wiiste  liegt,  beschreibt  Barth  das  Thai  von  Tidik  als  reich  au 
tropischer  Vegetation,  das  von  Selufiet  als  reich  an  Biiumen,  Buschwerk  uud  gutem 
Wasser  ;  das  Thai  von  Uuan  fand  er  reich  an  iippiger  Vegetation,  mit  Palmen 
uud  von  Parasiten  bedeckten  "  Talhas  "  ;  die  Eiuwohner  halteu  zahlreiche  Kameele, 
Pferde,  Esel,  Ziegen  und  auch  Hinder,  Strausse,  Lowen  (eine  kleine  Form  mit 
schwacher  Mahne)  und  Giraiieu  sind  hiiutig,  Vugel,  grosse  Schaaren  vou  Aflen  uud 
Schmetterlingeu  wurden  bei  Agades  beobachtet !  Man  kann  wohl  aunehmeu, 
dass  die  Hillfte  aller  dort  vorkommenden  Thierformeu  noch  unbekannte  Lokalformen 
siud,  und  dass  manche  gauz  neue  Form  jene  Gebiete  bewohnt. 

Ich  halte  die  zoologische  Erforschung  dieser  Central-Sahara-Fauna  i'iir  eine 
der  interessautesten  Aufgaben  der  Zukuuft,  aber  es  ist  immerhin  mOglich,  dass 
die  heutige  Generation  der  Naturforscher  sie  nicht  mehr  erlebt,  es  sei  denn,  dass 
vielleicht  franzosische  Staatsexpeditionen  dahin  nOthig  werden,  und  einmal  von 
einem  kompetenten  Sammler  begluitet  werden.  Mit  reicheu  Mittelu  kiinnte  eiu 
Privatmauu  am  besten  von  Sokoto  aus  nach  Asben  zieheu.  Muglich  w;ire  eine 
solche  lieise  sehr  wohl,  aber  auch  sehr  gefahrvoll. 


(  338  ) 


^  VIII.    KAPITEL. 

rEBZEICIINISS  BEE  BISHEB  BEKANNTEN  VOGEL  DES 
EIGENTLICREN  EA  USSALANDES. 

Dies  Verzeichniss  setzt  sich  znsammeu  ;ins  deu  beiden  Listen  von  iSbelley 
im  Ibis  1883,  niid  mir  im  Jounml  fur  Ornitholoyic  1886.  Erstere  beluaiidelt  die 
von  dem  zu  Sbonga  am  mittleren  Niger  verstorbeucu  W.  A.  Forbes  am  Niger 
uud  Benne,  znmeist  bei  Sbonga,  Rabba,  Lokoja,  zum  geringsten  Tbeile  aber  bei 
Loko  am  Benuii  gesammelten  VOgel.  Im  nachfolgenden  Verzeichniss  babe  icb 
uur  die  im  eigentlicheu  Hanssalaude,  also  vom  Benne  bis  zur  Sahara  im  Norden, 
nnd  zwischeu  dem  Niger  und  dem  Tchadsee  lestgestellen,  vermuthlich  im  Laude 
briitendeu  Arten  erwithnt.  Die  bei  Lokoja  erbetiteten  Arteu  nahm  ich  also  auf, 
die  vom  Niger  imterhalb  Lokoja  dagegen  nicht.  Es  fehlt  daher  der  grane  Papagei, 
der  trotz  seiner  Hiiufigkeit  am  imtern  Niger,  bis  in  die  Gegend  vou  Ouitsha, 
weder  am  Benne,  uoch  im  eigentlichen  Hanssalande  nachgewiesen  worden  ist. 
Fortgelassen  wurden  anch  alle  zweifellosen  eiiropuischen  Wandervogel  (wie  z.B. 
die  biinfig  vorkommeuden  Pratincola  rubctra,  MotaciUac,  Machetes  pug)iax  (Rara, 
22.  2.),  Tringae,  Totani,  Circus  macrurus  (Sokoto,  Zaria,  ii.a.m.)  da  sie  fiir  das 
zoogeographische  Bild  von  keincr  besoudereu  Bedeutung  sind.  Ein  halbes  Dntzend 
Arten,  die  ein  Frennd  von  mir  bei  Yelwa  am  mittleren  Niger  sammelte,  uud 
die  sich  nnn  in  Tring  befinden,  wnrden  mit  erwahut.  Es  sind  alles  schon  im 
Gebiete  uachgewiesene  Arten,  doch  gab  eine  von  mir  neu  benannte  llijpochaera- 
Form  Aulass  zu  einigen  interessanten  Vergleichen. 

1.  Pentholaea  albifrons  (Riipp.). 
Loko.     Lokoja. 

2.  Tnrdus  pelios  chiguaucoides  Seeb. 
Loko,  Kefli.     Shonga. 

3.  Cossypha  albicapilla  Vieill.  (i'g'iffardi  Hart.). 

Loko.  Das  von  mir  mitgebrachte  Exemplar  wurde  leider  seiner  Zeit  uielit 
vom  Berliner  Museum  geniigend  gewiirdigt,  um  behalten  zu  werden.  Vermuthlich 
ist  die  Form  vou  Loko  die  von  mir  von  Gambaga  beschriebeue  yiffardi,  die  auch 
am  untern  Niger  lebt,  wie  eiu  Balg  im  British  Museum  beweist. 

4.  Cossypha  verticalis  Ilartl. 
Shonga. 

5.  Melocichla  mentalis  (Fras.). 
Loko.     Shonga,  Lokoja. 

0.  Crateropus  reinwardti  Swains. 
Shonga. 


Shonga. 

Loko. 

Shouga,  Lokoja. 

Shonga. 

Shonga. 

Loko,  Lokoja. 

Loko.  Shonga. 


(  3:iy  ) 

7.  Hypergerus  atriceps  (Less.). 

8.  Cisticola  cinerascens  Heugl. 
'■'.  Cisticola  lugubris  (Uiiiip.). 

111.  Cisticola  strangei  (Fras.). 

n.  Cisticola  rufa  (Fras.). 

12.  Prinia  mystacea  Kttiip. 

13.  Camaroptera  brevicaudata  Riipp. 

14.  Dryodromas  caniceps  (Cass.). 


Shonga. 

j 
15.  Eremomela  pusilla  Harti. 

Loko.     Lokoja. 

10.  Parus  leucopterus  Swains. 
Loko.     Yelwa  (Wilson). 

17.  Nectarinia  pulchella  (L.). 
Lokoja,  Rabba.     Loko. 

Its.  Cinnyris  senegalensis  (?  subsp.). 

Yelwa  (Wilson).     E.xemplare  von  Yelwa  nnd  Gambaga    babeu   biaiie,  kanm 
griinliche  Wellenlinieu  an  der  Kehle.     (Vergl.  Nov.  Zool.  VI.  IS'J'.i,  j).  41.'j.) 

I 
JO.  Cinnyris  cupreus  (Shaw). 
Lokoja,  Shonga.     Loko.     Am  15  Mai  nahm  ich  bei  Loko  die  Eicr. 

211.  Cinnyris  splendidus  (Shaw). 
Lokoja,  Shouga.     Loko. 

21.  Cinnyris  venustus  (Shaw). 

Lokoja,  Shonga. 

a4 


SLonga. 
f^houga. 
Slionga. 


(  :!40  ) 
22.  Cinuyris  cyanocephalus  (Shaw). 

~'3.  Criniger  barbatus  (Temm). 

~4.  Xenocichla  scandens  ('Sw.). 

25.  Andropadus  virens  Oass. 


20.  Mirafra  buckleyi  SLullcy. 

Vou  Loko  bis  Zaria  biiufig,  nordlicb  vou  Zaria  iiicht  ideutiiiciert,  obwobl  icb 
sie  (uJor  eiiie  aadre  Art  iui  Tagebucb  verzeicbuet  babe. 

27.  Galerida  cristata  senegalensis. 

In  deu  uordlicbeu  Tbeilen  des  Hanssalandes  biiufig,  siidlicb  der  Korro 
Berge  iiicbt  festgestellt. 

28.  Pyrrhulauda  melanocephala  (Licbt.). 

Diese  Art  wnrde  anf  deu  Wegcu  bci  Wuriio  mid  Sokoto  beobacbtet. 

P.  mdanoceplwla  bewobnt  das  tropiscbe  Nordafrika  von  Senegauibieu  bis  zuai 
Nil.  Gauz  verscbieden  ist  F.  leucotis  von  deu  Bergen  Abyssinieus.  Eine  laug- 
fliigligere,  nud  in  der  Buckoufiirbuug  der  melanocephala  gleicbeude  siidlicbe  Form 
ist  P.  leucotis  smitld.  Licbteusteius  schlecbte  Diagnose  bat  leider  eiu  Jabr 
Prioritiit  vor  Temmincks  Abbibbmg  und  Bescbreibung  vou  otoleiica  !  Die  Verscbie- 
denbeit  dieser  Formeu  ist  vou  U.  Kotbscbild  festgestellt,  der  sie  iu  Ihis,  Jau.  1902, 
bcgriindeu  wird. 

29.  Anthus  pyrrhonotus  (Vioill.). 
Im  September  bei  Kasbia.     Sbouga,  briitend. 

;>().  Motacilla  vidua  Licbt.  (?  subsp.) 
Lokoja,  Uabba.     Loko. 

31.  Macrouyx  croceus  (Vieill.). 
Ln  Tiud  von  Kasbia.     Sbouga. 

32.  Crithagra  butyracea  (L.).     (Serinus  icterus  in  Cat.  B.  XIL  p.  3jC.) 
Loko. 

33.  Poliospiza  flegeli  Hartert. 

Dieser  finkenartige  Vogel  wurdc  von  luir  l)ei  Loko  cntdeckt,  wo  icb  am 
9.  Juli  18^5  eiuc  Scbaar  am  Bodeu  Futter  sncben  sab.  Das  erlegtc  E.xemjilar 
ist  das'  einzige,  das  icb  mitbracbtc,  da  icb  die  Vogel  fiir  P.  triistiiata  bielt,  Icb 
gebe  bier  eine  geuanere  Bescbreibung : 


(  341   ) 

$  Ganze  Oberseite  briluulicbgran,  auf  dem  etwas  dunkleni  Kojjfe  etwas 
nnregelmiissige  weisse  Zeichunugeii,  iiber  den  Augeii  zwei  deutliche  weisse  Streifeii, 
die  Kopfsciteu  etwas  duukler.  Uiiterseite  hellbriiimlichirran,  am  bellsten  au  den 
Unterscliwaiizdecken  mid  am  I5ancbc,  snwie  der  fast  weissen  Keble,  die  bis  auf 
zwei  kleiiie  Fleclve  uuter  dem  Bubnabel  einfarbig  ist.  Kropf  obne  aucb  nur  eiiie 
Audeutiing  vou  Flecken.  Stenerfedern  brauu  mit  dunkelbraunen  Scbilften  nnd 
gauz  scbmalen  bellen  Silumen.  Schwingen  nnd  Flfigeldeckfedern  dunkelbraun 
mit  hellen,  an  den  letzteren  etwas  breiteren  Aussensiinmen.  Iris  granbrann, 
Scbuabel  uud  Fiisse  bellbraiinlichfleiscbfarben  mit  bellen  Niigeln.  Ganze  Liinge 
im  Fleische  13u  mm.,  Flngbreite  235,  Fliigel  73,  Schwauz  54,  Scbnabel  von  der 
Stirn  im  Bogen  gemessen  10,  Metatarsus  12  mm. 

Von  Poliospiza  yidaris  in  vielen  Punkten,  namentlicb  abcr  dnrcli  ganz  andern 
Scbnabelbau  unterscbiedeu,  von  P.  rcichardi  aus  Kakoma  besonders  durcb  die 
gauz  nngefleckte  Brnst  zu  nuterscheiden. 

Das  Berliner  Museum  erhielt  die  Art  ueuerlicb  aus  dem  Hinterlande  von  Togo. 

34.  Passer  diffusus  occidentalis  Hbelley. 

Im  ganzen  Hanssalande  uud  bei  Luko,  aber  nirgend  sebr  banfig.  Bei  Loko 
in  Palmeukroueu  nistend.  Es  ist  I'raglicb  ob  alle  zur  Form  occidentalis  gebOreu. 
{Vide  Nov.  ZooL.  VII.,  no.  1,  19UU.) 


35.  Pyrenestes  ostrinus  (Vieill.). 


Shonga. 


30.  Spermestes  cucullatus  Swains. 
Lokoja,    Loko    nnd    nOrdlicb    bis    Zaria — vielleicbt    aucb     uoch     uOrdlicbcr 


beobacbtet. 


37.  Lagonosticta  polionota  Sbelley. 
Bei  Loko  nicht  selten. 


Lokoja. 

Lokoja. 

Lokoja. 

Loko. 

Shonga. 


38.  L.  melanogastra  Heuglin. 

39.  L.  miuiuia  (Vieillot). 

4IJ.  L.  nigricoUis  (Hengliu). 

41.  Pytelia  hypogrammica  Sbarpe. 

42.  Estrilda  cinerea  (Vieill.). 


43.  E.  phoenicotis  Swains. 
Am  Benue  nnd  bei  Anassarawa. 


Slioiii,^i,  briitcuil. 


(  -^2  ) 
44.  Sporaegiuthus  subflavus  (Vieill.). 

4.").  Sp.  melpodus  (Vieillot). 


Lokoja,  Slionga. 

4G.  Hypochaera  ultramarina  (Gm.). 

Im  Journal /ih-  OrnUholoyie  fiilirte  ich  ein  von  mir  bei  Loko  eriegtes  Mitunchea 
als  //.  niteiis  auf,  inilem  ich  diesen  Namoii  besoiiders  wiihlte,  nm  die  stahlblaue 
Form  mit  schwarzen  Fliigeln  zu  bezeichuen.  Im  "Catalogue  of  Birds,"  Band  XIII., 
wnrde  meine  H.  nitens  iii  das  Litteraturverzeicbniss  voii  //.  fi.inerrn  aufgeuommeii, 
und  as  wurde  diescr  letzteren  Art  eine  Verbreitung  ia  Siidafrika  (Natal)  uud 
im  Nigergebiet  zngeschrieben.  Wie  die  Uutorsnchuug  meines  jetzt  im  Tringer 
Museum  befiudlicben  Stiickes  zeigt,  gehfirt  es  keiueswegs  zu  funerca.  Es  ist 
kleiuer  uud  hat  einen  stahlblaueu — uicht  matt  purpurschwarzen — Glauz.  Die 
Flilgcl  (obwohl  sie  niclit  rein  schwarz  siud)  kaun  ich  nur  mit  den  "  schwarzen," 
sich  wenig  abhebendcu  Fliigelu  der  Gruppeu  A'  und  CI'  im  Schliissel  der  Gattang 
im  "  Catalogue  of  Birds,"  XIII.,  vergleichen.  Mein  E.xemplar  ist  daher 
H.  ultramarina  des  Cat.  B.,  denu  der  Name  nitens  kaun  nach  Sharpe  nicht  mit 
geuiigeuder  Sicherheit  aus  der  Originallieschreibnug  gedeutet  wurden.  in  der 
That  scheint  das  Loko-Esemplar  nicht  von  Stiicken  von  Abyssinian  (Schrader), 
Shandy  (Charles  Rothschild),  Khartum,  Kordofan,  Scunaar  (gesammalt  von  Alfred 
Brehra)  und  von  Lado  (Emiu)  uud  Niam  Niam  (I'nliudorff)  uuterscheidbar  zu  seiu. 

Es  kommt  indcsseu  augpuscheinlich  noch  einc  andro  Form  im  Nigergebiet  vor, 
die  eine  grosse  Acliulichkeit  mit  II.  funerca  hat.  Ein  von  meinem  Frouude,  dom 
vou  dcu  Ashanti  erschossenen  Hauptmann  Malcolm  Wilson  bei  Yelwa  am  mittleren 
Niger  (Borgu)  gesammeltes  Miiuuchen  hat  deutlich  braune  (nicht  schwarze)  Fliigel 
und  ist  viel  dunkk'r  pur])url)lau,  als  //.  idtrnmnriiia.  Es  iiluielt  daher  11.  funerea 
sehr,  untarscheidet  sich  aber  von  eiuer  grossen  Serie  aus  Siidafrika  (meist  Natal) 
durch  viel  lebhafteren  Metallglanz,  viel  weniger  tief  pnrpurblane  Farbung.  Ich 
benenne  es  hiermit  zu  Ehren  meines  gefallenen  Frenndes  : 

47.  Hypochaera  wilsoni  sjiec.  nov. 

Inwieweit  die  bisher  uuterschieden  Formeu  vou  IbjitOckaera  in  Arteu  und 
Unterarten  zu  zerlegen  sind,  diirfte  nur  mit  grossem  Material  zu  ontscLeiden 
sein.  Jedeufiills  kommen  an  vielen  Orten  brann-  und  schwarzfiuglige,  blaupurpurne 
und  metallgriUiliche  Formeu  zusammeu  vor,  wiihrend  andre  nur  Vcrtreter  sind. 
Sharpe  unterscheidet  im  XIII.  Bande  des   Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mas.  fimf  Artcn  : 

1.  llifpochaera  uenea :  Deutlicher  stahlgriincr  oder  flascliengriinlicher  Glauz. 
Mit  schwarzen   Fliigeln.     Senegambien. 

2.  //.  nm(i»rojjter)j.r  :  Aelinlich,  aber  dunkler  und  griisser.  Nach  Shurpc 
mit  brauncu  Fliigelu.     Transvaal  bis  Zambesi,  Mozambi(iue  und  Gvaniiinland. 

;i.  //.  ultramarina:  Pnrpurblauschwarz,  Fliigel  schwarz.  N.  0.  Airika, 
uilmlich  Abyssinien  und  Shoa  bis  zum  weissen  Nil. 

4.  //.  fuHcriui :  Lcbhaft  purpurblau,  Fliigel  braun.  Natal,  Ostafrika,  auch 
Senegambien  und  Nigergebiet. 


(  343  ) 

5.  //.  mqerrima :  Tiefer,  melir  pnrpnrschwarz ,  Fliigel  anch  hraun.  Von 
Angola  bis  C!ongo  unci  Zambesi. 

Reichenow  {Journ.  f.  Orn.  1892,  p.  49)  nnterscheidet 

1.  //.  aenea  :   stahlgriin  ;  Senegal. 

2.  //.  ultramarina  :    blan  ;  N.  0.  Afrika. 

3.  //.  ultramarina?  blan,  oft  ins  Lila  ziehend  ;  Ostafrika,  oborer  Congo 
(Bukoba). 

4.  //.  jjurpurascens  :  Mattviolettschwarz  ;  Ostafrika. 

Nacli  dem  mir  vorliegen  ilen  Material  kanti  ich  nntersclielden  : 

1.  //.  aenea  :  Stahlgriin.  Seuegambien,  nnd  wahrscheiulich  ijuer  dnreb  Afrika 
bis  in  die  egyptische  Aeqnatorialprovinz,  denn  das  Triug  Museum  besitzt  ein  von 
Emin  Pasha  gesammeltes  cJ  ans  Kimo,  das  der  tj'pischen  ae}iea  so  iihnlich  sieht, 
dass  ich  nicht  wage,  es  davon  zu  trennen.  Es  ist  wahr,  dass  die  Unterseite 
etwas  mehr  blan  ist,  aber  eine  Serie  wiivde  nOthig  sein,  diesen  Unterscheid 
zu  bestiitigen  ;  ansserdem  sind  Fliigel  nnd  Schwauz  brann,  wiilirend  sie  bei  den 
Senegambiera  schwarz  sind,  ich  bezweifle  aber,  dass  dies  ein  Formenkennzeichen 
ist,  nnd  schiebe  es — ziim  Theil  wenigstens — auf  Gefiederznstand. 

Wegen  der  Unsicherheit  der  Namen  chahjhcala  (P.  L.  S.  Miillcr)  nnd  nitens 
(Gmelin)  ist  es  wohl  rathsam  den  Namen  ae?/ea  anzunehmeu. 

2.  H.  tdti-amarina :  Nordostafrika  bis  zum  Benuc,^ !  Abj-ssinien,  Sennaar, 
weisser  Nil,  Khartum,  Kordofan,  Lado  (Emin),  Loko  am  Bennii  (siehe  obeu)  ! 
Piirpurblan,  dnnkel,  Fliigel  schwarz,  anscheiueud  uie  sehr  hell  verbleicheud. 

3.  //.  icilsotii :  Tief  pnrjiurschwarzblan,  Fliigel  lunger  als  bei  //  ultramarina, 
Fliigel  so  brann,  wie  sie  anscheinend  nie  bei  II.  ultramarina  werden.  Yelwa, 
in  Borgn,  am  mittleren  Niger.  Ein  Htiick  von  Kabba  am  Niger  im  British  Mnseum 
mochte  vielleicht  zur  selben  Form  gehuren,  ist  aber  noch  mehr  pnrpnrn. 

4.  IJ.  parjiurascens :  Tief  stahlblanschwarz,  mit  sehr  geringem  Glanze,  Fliigel 
(anscheinend  immer  !)  sehr  hell  brann,  nie  (?)  rein  schwarz!  Grosse  Theile  des 
tropischen  Ostafrika. 

5.  II.  amauroptcri/x :  Transvaal.  Typns  von  Rnstenburg  !  Schwarzblan  mit 
etwas  stahlgriinem  Glanze.  Fliigel  brann.  Genane  Verbreitnug  noch  unsicher. 
Ein  mir  vorliegender  Vogel  ans  Natal,  sowie  einer  von  Gambos,  ist  viel  griiulicher  1 
Mozambique  Stiicke  scheinen  viel  mehr  pnrpnrn.  Die  liingsten  Unterschwanz- 
decken   sind  bei  amauropteryx  anscheinend  sehr  oft,  aber  nicht  immer,  weiss  ! 

0.  ll.funerea  :  Natal  bis  znni  Zambesi.  Tief  pnrpnrschwarz,  Fliigel  sehr 
lang.     Nicht  znm  Niger  !  !  ! 

//.  ivilsoni  vom  Niger  ist  kleiner  uud  gliiuzender. 

7.  //.  nUjervima.  Ganz  tief  pnrpnrschwarz,  fast  ohne  Glanz,  gross.  Angola 
bis  (^ongo  (?  Zambesi). 

Moglicherweise  komnaen  noch  zwei  Fornien  hinzn,  niimlich  ein  cistlicherer 
Vertreter  von  aenea  (Llimo),  nnd  eine  fernere  siidliche  Form  ((iambos,  ?  Natal). 

48.  Vidua  serena  (L.). 
Von  Benue  nordwiirts  fast  iiberall  beobachtet,  anch  am  nntcrn  Niger  h;i\ifig. 

40.  Penthetriopsis  macriira  (Gm.). 
In  den  siidlichcn  Theilen  des  Hanssalandes  hiinfig,  anch  Lokoja,  Slionga. 


(  344  ) 

50.  Pyromelana  flammiceps  (Swains.). 
Bei   Lokn  iiirlit  scltcii. 

51.  Pyromelana  franciscana  (Iseit). 

Ill    vicli'ii    (icgciidi'ii   (Ics    llaussiil;iiuli's.      I'.ci    K;islii;i   ill!   Se])teiuber  briitciid. 
]ji)ko,   Ivablja.      ^'olwa. 

52.  Pyromelana  afra  ((im.). 
Loko,  Egga. 

53.  Plocepasser  superciliosus  (Cretzschm.). 
Loko.     Shonga. 

54.  Sitagra  brachyptera  (Swains.). 
Shonga. 

55.  Sitagra  monacha  Shaiiie. 
Eggan. 

.56.  Hyphantornis  cucuUatus  (P.  L.  S.  Miill). 

Shongn.  TiOko  mul  Anassarawa.  Diese  Webervogclart  nistete  in  Loko  in 
grosser  Menge  auf  Laubbiiunicn.  Dieselbe  Art  und  andre  {■/..  1?.  MaUmhiiii-kAiXi) 
nisfcen  auch  in  grossen  Scliaaren  auf  Palmen,  die  sie  furchtbar  be.sehadigeu.  Sie 
zerreisseu  uiimlicb  die  Palmbliitter  in  diinne,  lange  Bander,  aus  denen  sie  ibre 
Nester  baneii,  sodass  die  von  ihneu  erkorenen  Palmen  cin  wunderbares  Auselien 
bekommen,  indem  sie  aller  ibrer  Fieder  entkleidet  wie  bliitterlos  dasteben,  nnd  man 
an  den  kablen  Blattrippen  nnr  nocb  die  Nester  sieht.  Die  Textfignr  zeigt  eiue 
solche  von  Webern  bewohnte  Palme,  die  von  meinem  Frenude  Dr.  W.  (dements 
bei  Sierra  Leone  pbotograpbiert  wnrde. 

57.  Hyphantornis  capitalis  (Latham). 
Loko.     Shonga. 

58.  Hyphantornis  heuglini  (Reiehenow). 
Lokoja. 

5'.i.  Oriolus  bicolor  Licbt. 
Loko  bis  Keffi. 

no.  Buphaga  africana  L. 
Tm  O.anzen  nnr  selten  gcsebcn,  aber  auscbcincnd  iiber  das  ganze  Ilanssaland 
vorkommend. 

01.  Lamprotornis  caudatus  (P.  L.  S.  Miill.). 
Von    Zaria   Viis    Kano   uud    Zaria   bis   Sokoto   hiiufig,   naraentlicb    <lii'    alten 
AfTeubrotbiinnie  bdebend. 


(  345  ) 

02.  Lamprocolius  purpureus  (P.  L.  S.  MiiH.). 
Lokoja.     Loko,  Anassarawa  erlegt.     Ira  nrndlichca  Haussalande  mir  geselien  ! 


Palme  mit  Webeevogel-nesteen.— S.  No.  Bfi. 

03.  Spreo  pulcher  (P.  L.  S.  Mull.). 
Niirdlich   von   Kiuira,  iiaiiipntlicli  lici  Hoknto  iind  Gmidii  liiiufi"'. 


04.  Pholidauges  leucogaster  ((im.). 


F>ei  Ldko  liilnfifr. 


(  34fi  ) 

Go.  Corvus  scapulatus  Daud. 

Hanfig  von  Lokoja  nnd  Loko  bis  KefR  und  Zaria.  NOrdlich  von  Zaria 
jedenfalls  audi  hiinfig,  doch  habe  ich  keine  Aiifzeiilmnngen  daiiiber. 

()G.  Ptilostomus  senegalensis  (L.). 

Vom  Thale  von  Panda  an  nach  Norden  Lin  hiiufig  geseben.  In  ihrer  Nabvung 
iinsserst  vielfiiltig.     Aucb  als  "  Madenhatkor  "  anf  Uiudvieb  beobaebtet. 

U7.  Dicrurus  atripennis  Swains. 
Loko.     Shonga. 

68.  Melaenornis  edolioides  Swains. 
Loko. 

69.  Campophaga  phoenicea  (Latb.). 
Shonga.     Loko. 

Til.  Lanius  senator  L. 

Shonga. 

Im  ncirdlichen  Haussalande  baufig  beobaebtet.  Nach  ibrciu  lebhafteu  Gesange 
zu  urtbeilen,  hielt  ich  sie  dort  nicht  fiir  Wandervogel. 

Ein  von  mir  bei  Sokoto  erlegter  Vogel  gehort  jedocb  nicht  etwa  zn  badiits 
sondern  scheint  ein  nordischer  Wanderer  zn  sein. 

71.  Laniarius  barbarus  (L.). 
Loko.     Shonga.     Hiiufig  auf  der  lleise  ini  Haussalande  beobaebtet. 

7"^.  Telephonus  minutus  Haiti. 
Loko. 

7:i.  Telephonus  senegalus  (L). 
Loko,  ziemlieb  hiinfig. 

74.  Dryoscopus  ganibeasis  (Licbt.). 
Loko.     Tjokdjii. 

7.")   Dryoscopus  major  Ihirtl. 
Loko. 

7(1.  Laniarius  sulfureipectus  (Lcsscni). 
Bei   Loko  hiinfig. 

77.  Prionops  plumatus  (Sliaw). 

l{nbb;ili,   Loko. 

78.  Platystira  cyanea  fl'.  L.  S.  Miill.). 
r>('i   LdIco   iiiclit  scltcn.     Shiiiiira. 


(  347  ) 

79.  Platystira  senegalensis  (L.). 
Bei  Lokn  iiicht  selteii.     Lokoja. 

SI  I.  Terpsiphone  viridis  (P.  L.  S.  Miill.). 
8hongii.     Loko. 

81.  Elminia  longicauda  (Sw.). 
Loko.     Slioiiga. 

82.  Bradyornis  pallidus  (Miiller). 
Loko. 

83.  Musicapa  aqaatica  Hengl. 
Yassanra  in  der  Provinz  Sokoto.     Shonga.     Eggan. 

84.  Hyliota  flavig'astra  (Sw.). 
Loko. 

85.  Hirundo  aethiopica  Blanf, 
In  Loko  in  den  Hiiusern  nistend.     Shonga,  Lokoja. 

86.  Hirundo  melanocrissa  domicella  F.  &  H. 
Shonga. 

87.  Hirundo  gordoni  Jard. 
An  den  Waldriindcru  bei  Loko. 

88.  Hirundo  senegalensis  L. 
Bei  Auassarawa. 

89.  Tachornis  parvus  (Licht,). 
An  verschiedeuen  Stelleu  im  Hanssalande  wo  F;icherpalmeu  wachseu. 

9n.  Macrodipteryx  longipennis  Shaw. 
Lokdjii.     Maskil.     Benne. 

01.  Cosmetornis  vexillarius  Gould. 
Zvvischen  Loko  unJ  Djibbu. 

92.  Scotornis  longicauda  Draji. 
Loko.     Am  21.5.    Eier. 

93.  Eurystomus  afer  Lath. 
Loko. 


(  348  ) 

i»4.  Coracias  abyssinicus  Bndd. 
Yon  Kcffi  liis  Sokoto. 

'Jfi.  Coracias  naevius  I' 1. 

Kffli,  Zaria. 

00.  Irrisor  senegalensis  Sw. 
Loko,  Zaria.  * 

07.  Merops  nubicus  Gm. 
Shonga,  Raliba.     Zaria. 

O'^.  Merops  malimbicus  Sliaw. 
Loko  bilufig. 

99.  Merops  bullocki  V. 

Yausokoa,  Kasbia,  Giillii-ii-Sokotn,  Kefti.     Shono-a. 

Km  I.  Merops  albicollis  V. 
Loko.     Sbonga. 

ML  Merops  pusillus  V.  L.  S.  MiilL 
Loko  mid  an  vieleii  Stellen  des  Han.s.sabiiidcs.     Shonga. 

102.  Ceryle  rudis  L. 

Am  Bennij  hiiafig. 

103.  Corythornis  cyanostigma  (Riipp.). 
Loko.     Sbouga. 

1114.  Halcyon  semicaerulea  Forskal. 
Loko  nirbt  selten. 

lo.").  Halcyon  senegalensis  (L). 
Loko.     Sbonga. 

100.  Halcyon  malimbica  forbesi  Sbarpe. 
Loko.     Sbonga. 

liiT.  Halcyon  chelicuti  (Stanley). 
Loko. 

108.  Ceryle  sharpei  Gonld. 

Loko.     Nnr  ein  Exemplar  wnidc  orlioutet.     Sliarpc  (in   Cat.  JJ.  Brit.  Miia. 
XVII.  p.   120)  ziihlt    C.  sharjiei  als  .subspecies  von    C.  maxima  auf,   nnd  citiert 


(  349  ) 

meine  (\  s/inrpe?  als  I'iilschlioh  so  bezeichiiet  nnter  C  nwrima.  Dies  that  er 
lediglich  nach  Massgabe  der  von  ihm  angeiiomiueneii  Verbreitnug.  Er  sagt  niiiulich 
von  C.  maxima,  dass  sie  im  grossten  Theile  des  tropisclien  Afrika,  mit  Aus- 
nahme  der  Waldregion  des  Congo  nnd  von  (Jabnn  vorliomme.  8eine  Exemjilaro 
sind  voin  (ianibia,  Axiiu,  Accra,  (loldki'istc,  Lagos,  Unterom  Niger,  Angola, 
]>itiuaraland,  ('ajiliolouie,  Natal,  Transvaal,  Zambesi,  Kilimanjaro,  Taveta  und 
dem  Weissen  Nil.  C.  Kluwpci  liisst  er  dagegen  nar  in  Gabun  und  am  (!ongo 
vorkommen.  Das  bei  Loko  erlegte  Exemplar  ist  iudessen  seiner  Zeit  mit  besonderer 
Sorgfalt  als  aharpe.i  bestimmt  worden,  und  Professor  Reicheuow,  den  icL  bat,  es 
nochmals  einer  genauen  Untersncbnng  zu  unterziehen,  scbreibt  mir,  dass  es  in 
der  That  sharpei  und  nicht  maxima  sei.  Vermnthlich  habeu  wir  es  mit  zwei 
wohlgetrenuten  Arten,  nicht  mit  stellvertretenden  Unterarten  zn  thun. 


Shonga. 


Loko. 


Gora. 


Benne,  Panda. 


Loko.     SlioDga. 


Loko. 


Loki) 


Loko,  Kefli. 


Loko. 


li'!'.  Toccus  semifasciatus  (Temm.). 

11<»   Toccus  nasutus  (L.). 

111.  Toccus  erythrorhynchus  (Temm.). 

112.  Bucorax  abyssinicus  (Gra.). 

11  ;l  Dendropicus  lafresnayi  Malh. 

114.  Mesopicus  goertan  (Gm.). 

lis.  Dendromus  pimctuligerus  Wagl. 

110.  Chrysococcyx  cupreus  (Bodd.). 

IIT.  Cuculus  clamosus  Latli. 

118.  Centropus  monachus  Kiiiip. 


Loko.     Shonga. 


Loko. 


11 -I.  Centropus  senegalensis  (L.). 


(  350  ) 

120.  Turacus  persa  (L.). 
Bei  Loko  nud  Anassarawa. 

121.  Musophaga  violacea  I  sort. 
Lokd,  Auassarawa,  (Jitata  nud  Akoro  am   Kadnna. 

122.  Schizorhis  africanus  (liatli.). 
Loko,  Zaria,  Kara.     Shonga. 

123.  Corythaeola  cristata  (Vicill.). 
Bei  Loko  uicht  selten,  simst  nicht  fcstu'estellt 

124.  Palaeornis  docilis  (Vieill.). 
Kano,  Zaria,  Sokoto. 

125.  Poeocephahis  seuegalensis  (L.). 
Loko  bis  Sokoto,  Zaria,  Kano.     Shonga  briiteud. 

12(1.  Agapornis  puUaria  (L.). 
Loko  nicht  selten.     Shonga. 

127.  Pogonorhynchus  vieilloti  (Leach). 
Shouga.     Yelwa  (Wilson). 


Shonga. 
Shonga. 


128.  Scotopelia  pell  Bp. 
129.  Astur  sphenurus  (Riipp.). 


130.  Cerchneis  tinnunculus  snbsp. 
Von  den  steUenweise  hiiufigen  Thurmfalken  des  Hanssalandes  halie  ich  leider 
nur  ein  Ex('mi)lar  mit  nach  Enropa  gebracht.  Im  November  1885  scho.ss  ich 
in  Zaria  Knhreiher,  die  gegen  Abend  ihren  Schlafpliitzen  zuzogen,  nnd  deren 
Briiste  un.s  eiiien  angenehmen  Mittagstisch  lieferten.  Babei  schoss  ich  auch 
einen  Tluirmfalkeu  hei-ab,  der  mir  wegen  seiner  gcviiigeu  (irrisse  anfEel  und  von 
mir  abgebalgt  wimle.  Als  Cnriositiit  erwiihne  ich  noch,  dass  sein  Fleisch  nns 
mit  den  Beihcrbriisten  vorgesetzt  wnrde,  weil  es  nach  Anssage  der  Neger  sehr 
siiss  sei.  Dies  fanden  wir  allerdings  bestiitigt,  aber  neben  der  nnerwiinscliten 
Siissigkeit  zeigto  sich  aneh  noch  cin  ansgepriigter  Mausgcsclimack,  der  nns  noch 
weniger  znsagte.*     Der  von  mir  mitgebrachte  Falke  wnrde  ini  Berhiier  Museum 

•  Das  Fleisch  von  RaubTcigeln  ist  caropaischem  Geschmack  iiberhaupt  nicht  zusagend,  dagegen  liefern 
Reiher  iinil  Stilrche,  sowic  Kraniche  auE  der  Reise  willkonimenc  Bratcn.  Man  kann  sogar  Marabubriiste 
csscn,  da  dor  Mambu  alier  ein  greulicher  Ajisfrcsscr  ist — todte  Ncger  sind  ihni  seiir  willkonuncn — sn  ompiirt 
sich  das  Ciefiilil  dagegen.  Nashomviigel  licfcrn  gutcs  Fleisch,  Tapagfion  sinil  cssbar,  aber  ziili.  Alle 
Taubenartcn,  Hiihncrvogel,  ii.s.w.  sind  vortrefBich,  alle  Singviigel  vortrefflich,  Biencntresser  cine  Delikat«ssc, 


(  351  ) 

Hnsj;-estoi>ft.  ill  meitiem  Artikel  im  Jonrn. /.  Oni.  188f),  p.  599,  naiiiito  icU  tleii 
Ftilkeii  Fa/co  mylectus.  AU  iieglcctm  bezeicLiuet  iiiich  lieicheuow,  Vb(jel  A/rikas, 
I.  p.  (143,  (leu  vou  luir  erlegten  Vogel.  Dieser  Aiisicht  kann  ich  micli  uiin  niclit 
mebi-  anschliessen.  Das  von  mil'  erlegte  Stiick  ist  meiiies  Eraclitens  nacii 
uugeniigeud  zur  FeststeUung  der  Subspecies.  Es  ist  im  Weclisel  vom  Jugeud- 
kleidc  zum  Alterskleide,  niid  zeichnet  sicli  durch  selir  duukle  Uberseite  luid  geriuge 
Gi'osse  aus.  Ccrchncis  tunmnculus  itcglectas  ist  zwar  aucli  diiukel  uud  kleiii,  aber 
viel  grosser  als  mein  Vogel,  iiud  zeicliuet  sich  namentlich  diirch  die  grosse 
Aebnlichkeit  der  Geschlecliter  aus.  (Vergl.  Salvadori,  Ann.  Mus.  Gcnova,  XL., 
190U,  p.  287).  Diese  Form  ist  walirschL'iulicli  auf  die  Capverdeu  beschniiikt,  wie 
canariensh  auf  die  Cauaren  uud  Madeira,  uud  die  Form  des  Haussalaiides  wird 
wobl  einer  besouderu  Uuterart  augebOreu.  Die  blasse  Form  der  ISabara  scbeiut 
wiedernm  verscbieden  zu  sein. 

131.  Helotarsus  ecaudatus  Daud. 
Verscbiedentlich  iu  den  nOrdlichen  Tbeileu  des  Haussalandes  beobachtet. 

132.  Haliaetus  vocifer  Daud. 
Am  Benne  uud  den  StrOmen  des  Inuern,  bis  in  die  Gegend  vou  iSokoto. 

133.  Elanus  caeruleus  (Desf.). 
Bodinga. 

134.  Nauclerus  riocouri  Vieill. 
In  den  Provinzen  Samfara,  Sokoto  uud  Gaudu. 

135.  Milvus  korschun  ((iiii.). 
Fast  tiberall  nicbt  selteu.     Wabrscbeinlicb  ist  M.  aegyptius  ebenso  biiufig. 


Loko. 


Loko. 


136.  Spizaetus  occipitalis  (Dand.). 

137.  Spizaetus  spilogaster  Du  Bus. 
138.  Melierax  polyzonus  (Riipp.), 


Loko,  Jan.sokoa. 


1311.   Gypohierax  angolensis  Gm. 
Am   I!cinie,  am   Kaduua,  im  Tbale  vou   I'auda. 

140.  Gyps  ruppelli  Natt. 
Bei  Sokoto   sab   icb   am   Kadaver   eiues   Pferdes  mebrere   Geier   die  au  den 
gefleckten  Fliigel  als  Kilppells-Geier  erkanut  wurdeu. 


(  352  ) 

141.  ?  Gyps  fulvus  siibsp.  ? 

Eine  belle  Geienirt,  die  niir  eiuu  Form  vou  (Ji/ps  J'alKus  /,u  seiu  scliien, 
wunle  an  verscliiedenea  Pliitzen  vou  Sokoto  bis  Panda  beobachtet,  nnd  ihre 
Kr>pfe  wurden  als  Talismane,  jretrockuet  nnd  in  Leder  j^efiisst,  vou  einigen  Hanssas 
getragen.     Vielleiclit  waren  dies  alles  junge  riipjiclU. 

142.  Otogyps  spec. 

Am  Kadaver  desselben  Pfereles  bei  Sokoto,  wo  ich  die  Ruppells-Geier  sail, 
befand  sicli  auch  ein  grosser  Geier,  der  nnschwer  als  OLreugeier  vax  erkenneu 
war.  Da  ich  nnr  Schrotpatrouen  bei  mir  liatte,  uud  die  Geier  mich  nicht  sehr 
nahe  heraukommen  liesseu,  gelang  es  mir  nicht  Exemplare  zn  erlegeu. 

143.  Necrosyrtes  monachus  (Temm.). 

Am  Benuii  nnd  uordwilrts  bis  Sokoto  nnd  Gaiidu  beobachtet.  Die  siidlichere 
Form,  N.  monackm  jjileahos,  ist  grosser,  nnd  mnss  daher  subspecifisch  getreunt 
werdeu. 

144.  Francolinus  bicalcaratus  L. 
Im  ganzen  Hanssalande  vorkommend. 

145.  Numida  meleagris  L. 

Ucberall  im  waldigeu  Geliiude.  Wahrscbeinlich  kommeu  noch  andrc  Arten 
vor.     Billge  brachtu  ich  leider  nicht  heim. 

140.  Columba  oder  Stictoenas  guinea  L. 
NOrdlich  der  Korro  Berge  hiinfig. 

147.  Chalcopelia  afra  (L.). 
Loko  hiinfig. 

148.  Oena  capensis  (L.). 
Loko  bis  Sokoto. 

149.  Turtur  vinaceus  (Gm.). 

Loko,  hiiufig. 

150.  Turtur  semitorquatus  (Riiiij).). 
Loko,  sehr  hiinfig. 

151.  Turtur  senegalensis  (L). 
Im  ganzen  Hanssalande  hiinfig. 

152.  Treron  calva  (Temm.). 
Loko  bis  Gilku.     Shonga. 


(  353  ) 

153.  Herodias  alba  L. 
Loko.     Rabba.     Benue. 

154.  Herodias  garzetta  L. 
Lokoja. 

155.  Ardea  atricollis  Wagl. 
Benue,  Zaria,  Nordhaussaland. 

150.  Ardea  goliath  Uretzsckm. 
Beime. 

157.  Bubulcus  bubulcus  (Audouia). 

Shonga.    Im  oflfenen  Gelitude  ilberall  iiu  Haussalande  liaufig.    Brehnis  Augaben 
iiber  nacLtlicLe  Lebeusweise  sind  irrthumlicli. 

158.  Butorides  atricapilla  (Afzelins). 
Benue. 

159.  Scopus  umbretta  Gm. 
Benuii  und  riiisse  des  Haussalaudes. 

160.  Abdimia  abdimii  (Licbt.). 
Zaria,  Gilku,  Igabi. 

161.  Mycteria  senegalensis  .Shaw. 
Benue. 

162.  Leptoptilus  crumeniferus  (Cuv.). 
Von  Zaria  bis  Sokoto  nicht  selten. 

163.  Anastoinus  lamelligerus  Temm. 
Loko  eiumal  eiuc  Scbaar,  bei  Sokoto  und  Wurno  hiiufig. 

164.  Tautalus  ibis  Linn. 

lu   den  Provinzeu   Samfara   uud   Sokoto   mehrfach   eiuzelu   nud    in   grossen 
Schaaren. 

165.  Hagedashia  liagedash  (Lath.). 
Loko  bis  Sokoto. 

106.  Ibis  aethiopica  (Lath.). 
Loko,  Zaria  bis  Sokoto  und  Kano. 


(  354  ) 

liiT.  Parra  africana  (im. 
Bei  Luko  uuil  ;iiit'  Jou  Sceu  des  uOidlicheu  Haussalaudes. 

168.  Limnocorax  niger  (Gm.). 
Loko. 

ICi'.i.  Balearica  pavonina  L. 
Uebeiall  biiufig. 

1711.  Himantopus  himautopus  (L). 
Bei  Loko  und  an  den  Slimpfeu  nud  Fliissen  der  Provinzen  Samfara  und  Sokoto. 

171.  Oedicnemus  senegalensis  (L.). 
Benne. 

172.  Lobivanellus  senegalus  (L). 
Anassarawa. 

173.  Lobivanellus  albiceps  (Gonld). 
Benne. 

174.  Hoplopterus  spinosus  (L.). 
Von  Kasbia  nach  Norden  zn  wiederholt  beobaclitet  und  erlegfc. 

17.5.  Aegialitis  pallida  (Strickl.). 
Der  von  mir  ills  Ae.  inechowi  bezeichnete  kleiue,  bei  Loko  erlegte  Regenpfeifer 
gehort  zn  pallkla.     Reichenow,  Viig.  Afi:  1.  p.  171,  nennt  diese  Form  Charadrins 
ynarginatus  tenellus. 

170.  Aegialitis  pecuaria  (Temm.). 
Kaura,  Sokoto,  Anassarawa. 

177.  Oxyechus  forbesi  (Shelley). 
Shonga  {Ibis  18b3,  Tai'el  14). 

178.  Galachrysea  cinerea  (Fras.). 

Sandbiinke  dos  Niger  nnd  licnne,  Nebeuttiisso  des  Benne  iiach  Norden  liiu. 

179.  Pluvianus  aegyptius  (L). 
Tjokoja,  Rabba,  Benne. 

180.  Sarcidiornis  melanotus  (Pcnn.). 
Anf  den  Siimpfen  in  Nordhaussa  in  grossen  Fliigen. 


(  355  ) 

ISl.  Plectropterus  riippelli  Hcl. 
Am  Benue.     Bei  Sokoto. 

182.  Chenalopex  aegyptiacus  (L.). 
Loko.     Im  NordeQ  hiiufig. 

184.  Dendrocycna  viduata  personata  (Haiti.). 
Am  Benue,  bei  Kaura  uud  Sokoto. 

185.  Pelecanus  rufescens  (Gm.). 
Yansokoa,  Rara,  Sokoto,  Wurun. 

186.  Plotus  rufus  Lacep.  et  Dand. 
Lokoja,  Benue  oberhalb  Loko. 

187.  Phalacrocorax  africanus  (Gm.). 
Benue. 

188.  Rhynchops  flavirostris  Vieill. 
Beuue. 

189.  Struthio  camelus  L. 

Naeh  Augabe  Eingeborener  nordlicli  von  Sokoto  wild,  im  Haussalaude  selbst 
aber  iiicht. 

(Fortsetzung  folgt.) 


25 


(  356  ) 


ZUR    REVISION    DER    GATTUNG    POLIOPTILA. 

(ErgdnauiKj  und  Berichtigtmij  «u  dem  Artikel  in  Nov.  ZooL.  v.   VII.   1900,  /).  035_//!) 

VON  C.  E.  HELLMAYR. 

Die  Untersuchnng  einer  grosseren  Reilie  setzt  mirli  in  den  Stand,  zn  mcincm 
oben  anfgefiihrten  Artike]  einige  Zusiltze  zn  macheu.  Fiir  Uberlassnng  von  Material 
bin  ich  den  Herren  Graf  von  Berlepscli  nnd  Dr.  L.  von  Loreuz  verbundeu,  deiien 
icli  hier  meinen  aufrichtigen  Dank  anssprecben  mOchte. 

1.  Polioptila  berlepschi  sp.  nov. 

1869.     P.  dumicola^  (non  Vieill.)  Pelzeln,  Oruith.  Brasil.  p.  70. 

1889.     P.  boliciana  ^  (non  Sol.)  Leverkiihn,  in  J.  Orn.  v.  37,  p.  109. 

1891.     P.  boUmana"  [non  Scl.)  Allen,  in  Bull.  Amer.  Mhs.  v.  3, 1890-1,  p.  342. 

1900.     P.  holinana*  (non  Scl.)  HellmajT,  in  Nov.  Zool.  v.  VII.,  p.  530. 

i.  Oberseite  hell  bliinlichaschgran,  Stirn,  Ziigel,  eine  schmale  Linie  oberlialb 
nnd  nnterbalb  des  Anges  sowie  die  obere  Hiilfte  der  Ohrgegend  schwarz,  Wangen, 
Bart-  nnd  nntere  Hiilfte  der  Ohrgegend  sowie  die  ganze  Uuterseite  reinwei.ss,  nnr 
Vordcrbrust  nud  KOrpcrseiteu  ganz  schwach  bliinlichgran  ilberwaschen.  Fliigel 
wie  bei  den  verwandten  Arten  dnnkelbrauu,  Handschwiugen  mit  schmalen,  granlieb- 
weissen,  Armschwingen  mit  nach  innen  zn  breiter  werdenden,  weissen  Siinmen, 
grosse  Fliigel-  nnd  Handdecken  anssen  wie  der  Riicken  gefiirbt,  Afterfliigel  dunkel- 
braun  mit  weissem  Anssenrande.  Scbwauzfedern  schwarz,  die  drei  iinsseren 
Faare  znm  grossen  Telle  weiss,  die  Ansdehnnng  der  schwarzen  Fiirbung  merklich 
beschriinkter  als  bei  P.  dumicola,  Vieill. 

a.  52-55,  c.  54-63,  t.  17-18,  r.  13-14  mm. 

? .  Sehr  iihnlich  dem  ?  von  P.  huffoni  Sol.,  nnd  hanptsiichlich  dnrch  die 
Fiirbung  der  Kopfseiteu  verschieden,  indem  Stirn,  Ziigel  und  cin  dariiber  verlanfeiider 
Streifen,  der  sich  oberhalb  des  Anges  bis  znm  hinteren  Rande  desselben  fortsetzt, 
weiss  sind,  bei  bu(f'oni  dagegen  bloss  die  Ziigelgegend,  ohne  dass  sich  die  Streifen 
beider  Seiten  anf  der  Stirn  vereinigen. 

a.  .50-52,  c.  50-60,  t.  17-18,  r.  13  mm. 

Hab.  Rio  das  Pedras,^  Rio  Parana,'  (Prov.  Sao  Paulo) ;  (!o3az '  [Nattercr]  ; 
Canoeirinha,'''  Cuyaba,',^  [Behn,  Natterer],  Engenho  do  Gama'  [Nattercr],  C!hapada' 
[Herbert  Smith]  (Mattogrosso),  Leopoldina,  Rio  Araguay  [von  den  Steinen,  Mus. 
V.  Berl.] 

Typen :   J  <?  ¥  ?  in  Mns.  Vindob.  et  Berlepscb. 

Diese  Art  wnrde  bisher  vou  alien  Antoren  mit  P,  boliciana  (Scl.)  identiticiert 
nnd  auch  ich  beging  s.  Z.  bei  Bearbeitnng  der  Grnppe  denselben  Fehler,  da  mir  nnr 
die  zwei  von  Leverkiilui-  erwiihnten  E.xemplare  ans  (-nyaba  (friiher  im  Kieler,  jrtzt 
im  Berliner  Museum),  aber  keine  dumicola  ans  Bolivien  vorlagen.  Uerr  (iraf 
von  Berlepsch  machte  mich  erst  in  litt.  anf  die  vermntliche  Verschiedenheit  dor 
Poliojitila-art  von  Mattogrosso  aufmerksam  nnd  iibersandte  mir  freundlichst  die 
Abschrift  seines  Manuscriptes  iiber  diesen  Oegenstand,  das  ich  nachsteheud  teilweise 
wiederzngeben  mir  erlaube : 


(  357   ) 

"  Das  c?  no.  122  von  Santa  Cruz  (Ostl.  Bolivia)  hat  viel  hollore  Fiirbniig  (der 
Oberseite),  weissliches  Abdomen  nud  weisslichere,  obere  Kehle,  danu  breitero, 
reiner  weissliche  Superciliarstreifen  sowie  weisslichere  Unterfliigeldecken  nnd 
Fliigelrand  als  die  iibrigen  c?cf  ad.  von  S.  Jose  nnd  Samaipata.  Da  keiue  weiteren 
<?c?  von  Santa  Cnv/,  vorliegeu,  vemiag  ich  nicht  festznstellen,  ob  es  sich  hier  nm 
eine  hellere  Localforin  oder  nnr  nm  eine  iudividnelle  Abweichnng  (ji'mgeres  c^  ?) 
haodelt.  Culicivora  boliviana  Scl.  mochte  sich  anf  solche  Vogel  beziehen.  Dagegen 
diirften  die  Vogel  von  Gnyaba,  Mattogrosso,  welcher  Herr  P.  Leverkiihn,  meinem 
Rathe  folgend,  P.  holimana  genannt  hat,  nnd  die  sich  dnrch  fast  reiuweisse  (nnr 
an  Gnrgel  nnd  Brnst  leicht  gran  ilberlanfeue)  Uuterseite,  hell  aschgraue  Oberseite, 
schmiilere,  schwarze  Binde  an  den  Kopfseiten,  reinweisse  Backen  nnd  Gegead 
nnter  dem  Ange,  lilngeren  Schnabel,  etc.,  imterscheiden,  artlick  zn  trennen  sein." 

Mir  lagen  nebst  11  Exemplareu  der  neuen  Art  (8  Mus.  Vindob.,  3  Mus.  Berol.), 
17  von  P.  (hmicola  aus  Montevideo,  Buenos  Aires,  Bolivia  und  Argentinien  zum 
Vergleich  vor,  und  ich  kann  mich  der  Ansicht  des  Herrn  Grafen  nur  vOUig 
anschliessen.  Der  Vogel  von  Santa  Ciruz  (Coll.  Garlepp,  no.  122)  stimmt  genau 
mit  Sclaters  Diagnose  seiner  C.  boliviana  {P.  Zool.  Soc.  Lond.  1852,  p.  34),  iiberein 
und  hat  in  der  That  schwarze  Wangen  (wiihrend  sie  bei  P.  herlepscin  weiss 
erscheinen),  nur  eineu  deutlichen  Bartstreifen  silberweiss,  Kehle  und  Bauch  weiss- 
lich,  Brust  heller  bleifarbig  als  die  anderen  dunicola.  P.  boliviana  Scl.  ist  also 
wahrscheinlich  Synonym  der  letzteren  Art,  da  sie  wobl  auf  jungere  Vogel  derselben 
basirt  wnrde,  nnd  hat  mit  der  in  Mattogrosso  vorkommenden  Form  gar  nichts  zu 
thun.  Ausser  den  von  Graf  Berlepsch  hervorgehobenen  Unterschieden  wilre  noch 
zu  erwiihneu,  dass  bei  P.  berlepschi  der  weisse  EndteO  auf  dem  jinssersten  Steuer- 
federnpaar  ausgedehnter  ist. 

Ist  schon  das  S  durch  die  hellaschgraue  (statt  dankelbleiblaue)  Ober-  und 
fast  reinweisse  Unterseite  sehr  gut  charakterisiert,  so  sind  die  Ditferenzeu  zwischen 
den  ?  ?  der  beiden  Arten  noch  bedeuteuder.  Bei  P.  dumicola  ist  das  ?  vom  S 
wohl  hauptsiichlich  dadurch  unterschieden,  dass  Ziigel-  und  Superciliargegend 
granlichwciss  statt  schwarz  gefiirbt  sind,  doch  hebeu  sich  diese  hellen  Telle  wenig 
von  den  umgebenden,  bleiblauen  Particen  ab.  Das  ?  von  P.  berlepschi  hingegeii 
besitzt  wohl  ausgepragten,  weisseu  Ziigel-  und  Augenstreifen  nnd  kann  mit  dem  ? 
ersterer  Art  nicht  verwechselt  werden^  ist  vielmehr  deu  ?  ?  der  schvvarzkiipfigen 
Arten  {P.  buffoni,  leucogastra,  nigriceps)  iihidicher. 

P.  dunicola  wnrde  aus  Paraguay  beschrieben,  nmso  anff!illen<ler  ist  es,  dass 
das  von  Hartert  im  Cat.  Voyelx.  Sciickenb.  Man.  aufgefiihrte  S  (uiciit  ?,  wie  dort 
angegeben)  der  "P.  boliciaim"  ans  Paraguay,  zu  berlepschi  gehort.  Vielleicht 
kommen  hier  beide  Arten  vor,  eine  im  Westen  und  die  andere  im  Osten,  doch  geht 
Azaras  Beschreibung  unzweifelhaft  auf  die  als  P.  dumicola  bekaunte  Art. 

Ich  habe  mir  erlanbt,  diese  schone  Polioptila  nach  meinem  hochverehrten, 
ornithologischen  Freunde,  Grafen  H.  von  Berlepsch  zu  benennen,  dem  ich  das 
Meiste  meiner  geringen  Kenntnisse  neotropischer  Vogel  verdanke. 

2.  P.  nigriceps  Baird. 

Zuuiichst  muss  ein  lapsus  calami  in  meiner  friiheren  Arbeit  (Nov.  Zool.  1900, 
pp.  536,  538)  richtig  gestellt  werdeu.  P.  nigriceps  restricta  Brewst.  ist  nicht  aus 
Siid-Me.xico,  sondern  aus  Siid-Sonora  (N.W.  Mexico)  beschrieben  worden  nnd  der 
von  mir  zu  dieser  Form  gezogeue  Vogel  aus  Costa  Rica  (Tring   Mus.)   hat   in 


(  358  ) 

Wirklichkeit  mit   ilir  uichts  /.a   tkuu,  ist   vielmehr   eiu  jiingeres   Exemplar  der 
tyjjisclien  P.  nigriceps  nigriccps  Baird. 

Dort  hatte  icli  ancb  die  colnmbiscben  VOjrel  nuter  dem  Namou  anteoctdaris 
von  der  Venezuela-Form  getrennt  nnd  die  Vermatnug  ansgeproclien,  dass  Sharpes 
P.  sclatcri  {Cat.  B.  X.  p.  449)  anf  Exemplare  in  abgeriebeuem  (Jefieder  begriindet 
sei.  Die  reieben  Serieu  vou  P.  nigriceps  ans  Venezuela  uiid  Bogota  (i\Ius.  v. 
Berlepsch)  veraulasseu  micb  zn  folgenden  Bemerknngen.  P.  anteocularis  ist 
identiscb  mit  der  in  Venezuela  beimischen  Form,  nnd  die  von  mir  a.  a.  0.  angegebcnen 
Uuterschiede  sind  ant' individuelle  Variation  zuriickzufiihren. 

Uuter  den  nunmehr  vorliegenden  10  Bogotd-VOgeln  finden  sicli  clienso  viele 
mit  einem  weissen  Fleck  im  Ztigel  als  obne  einen  solcben.  In  der  lliiekenlurbung 
sind  sie  von  den  Stiicken  ans  Venezuela  nicbt  verscbieden,  uud  die  Ausdebnnug 
der  weissen  Siiume  auf  den  Armscbwingen  variiert  in  der  Bogota-Serie  ungemein. 
Der  einzige,  auscheiuend  constante  (.!barakter  scheint  in  der  weiteren  Ansdebnung 
des  Scbwarz  anf  den  iiusseren  Schwauzfedern  (besonders  der  dritten)  zu  liegen, 
docb  ist  die  Differenz  so  geringfiigig,  dass  man  wobl  von  einer  Treunung  abseben 
muss ;  desbalb  vereinige  icb  aucb  die  von  mir  anfgestellte  Form  anteocularis  wieder 
mit  nigriceps  aus  Venezuela. 

Die  Bogoti'i-Serie  des  Museums  v.  Berlepscb  beweist  iiberdies  die  Ideutitiit 
von  P.  sclateri  mit  nigriceps  und  zeigt  auf  das  Dentliohste,  dass  erstere  Art  nur 
das  abgeriebene  Kleid  darstellt.  Mir  liegen  alle  Ubergiinge  von  Exemplaren  mit 
weissen  zu  solcben  mit  scbmalen,  grauen  Siiumen  vor,  ja  eiiizelue  Individnen 
tragen  anf  einem  Fliigel  weisse,  auf  dem  anderea  graue  Uiinder  ! 

Es  bleibt  nun  nocb  die  Frage  zu  entscheiden,  ob  die  als  nigriccps  bezeicbneten 
VOgel  ans  Colnmbien,  Venezuela  und  Costa  Rica  mit  denen  ans  Westmexico 
identiscb  sind,  wober  die  Art  beschrieben  wurde  (Mazatlau).  Salvin,  der  den 
Typus  der  Smithson.  Instit.  untersucbte,  fand  ihn  mit  ccilnmbiscben  Stiicken 
iibereiustimmend  ;  freilicli  ist  P.  nigriccps  aus  den  dazwisclien  liegenden  Gc])ieten: 
Guatemala,  Honduras  uud  Nicaragua  nocb  nicbt  bekaunt  geworden. 

Zwei  6S  aus  Cojabamba,  Peru,  coll.  Baron,  30i»0  m.  im  Bins.  v.  Berlepsch 
sind  oberseits  viel  duukler,  bliiulicb  scbiefergrau,  audi  etwas  gnisser,  und  bestiitigen, 
die  Berechtiguug  meiner  /'.  nigriceps  major.  Ubrigens  sebe  icb,  dass  scbon 
Taczanowski  (Orn.  Pirou  I.  p.  4.54  sub  P.  nigriceps')  und  Salvin  (Nov.  Zoo:..  II. 
1895,  p.  3)  die  dunkle  Fiirbung  der  peruanischen  Exemplare  bervorgeboben  babeu. 
Die  erwithnten  Vogel  messen  :  a.  29  Jan.  1894,  53  und  57  mm.  ;  b.  29  Jan.  1895, 
52  und  50  mm. 

Zwei  ad.  (Tarapoto,  5.  II.  1885  ;  Huallaga  sup.  Sept.)  zeigen  die  vou  Sharpe 
filr  seine  parvirostris  in  Ansprucb  genommenen  Obaraktere  :  nur  die  Armscbwingen 
Weiss  gesiiumt,  Handscbwingen  ungerandet  (was  abor  vielleicbt  auf  die  starke 
Abnutzung  des  Gesieders  zuriickznfiibren  ist),  Scknabel  merkUck  kilrzer  und 
schwiicher  als  bei  den  verwandten  Formeu,  der  scbwarzc  Fleck  auf  der  Inneiifabne 
der  iiussersten  Scbwanzfeder  bcscbrilnkter  als  bei  dor  typiscben  nigriceps  und  ganz 
von  den  Unterscbwanzdecken  verborgen.  Die  Diflferenz  in  dor  Grosse  zwischen 
ilir  und  der  gcograpbiscb  benacbbarten  major  ist  ziemlicb  betriiclitlicb. 

Die  Viigel  von  Tarapoto  liabun  die  Fliigel  45  und  40  mm.  ;  die  vom  llniiUaga 
suj).  47  und  46  mm. 

a.  P.  nigriceps  rcstricta  Brewst.     Siid-Sonora  (N.W.  Mexico). 

d.  P.  nigriceps  nigriceps  Baird.  Westmexico  (Mazatlau,  Tejiic,  Uaxaca, 
Tehuantepec),  San  Salvador,  Costa  liica,  Colombia,  Venezuela. 


(  359  ) 

c.  P.  ii/ffriceps  parrirostris  f^havpe.  Gebiet  des  oberen  Amazonenstromes  nnd 
seiner  Zufliisse  (Ucayali,  Huallaga,  etc.). 

rf.  P.  vigriceps  major  Hellm.     Anden  von  Pern. 

3.  Polioptila  bufFoni  innotata  snbsp.  nov. 

1800.     P.  leiicoyastm  (non  VVied)  Pelzeln,  Urn.  Brasil.  p.  70. 

Ahnlich  P.  huffoni  Scl.  (ex  Cayenne)  nnd  wie  diese  die  beiden  ilnsseren 
Stenerfedern  fast  ganz  weiss  ;  aber  die  mittleren  und  grossen  Fliigeldecken  niclit 
weisalich,  sondern  bliiulichgrau  wie  der  liiicken  gesiinmt ;  die  weissen  Siinme, 
welche  bei  P.  huffoni  auf  den  innersten  Avmschwingen  fast  bis  an  den  Schaft 
rciclien,  bedentend  schmiiler,  kanm  die  Hillfto  der  Breite  der  Anssenfahne  einnehmend, 
wie  bei  den  verwandten  Arten,  P.  niyriceps  nnd  P.  leKcogastra.  Schwanzfedern 
merklicb  schmaler  als  bei  der  typischen  Form. 

a.  45-50,  c.  47-51  mm. 

Hab.  Rio  Branco,  Nordbrasilien  [Natterer],  Britisch  Gnyaua  (Quonja,  Annai) 
[Whitely]. 

Typen  :   cj  c?  ?  ?  in  Mns.  Vindob.  &  Berlepsch. 

Ich  hatte  diese  Form  frilher  irrtiimlich  fi'ir  P.  huffoni  Scl.  gehalten,  auch  im 
Mannscripte  fiir  das  "  Tierreich  "  einen  solciinn  Vogel  besclirieben,  aber  in  meinen 
Notizen  die  Abweichnng  von  der  Besehreibnng  Sharpes  {Cat.  X.  p.  449)  bemerkt. 
Ich  entnehme  denselben  Folgendes  :  "  Zu  dieser  Art  (=  -P.  huff'oni  Scl.)  miichte 
ich  zwei  ad.  von  Annai,  Brit.  Gnyana  (coll.  Whitely,  Mns.  Tring),  ein  S  von 
Quonja,  Brit.  Guyana  (coll.  Whitely;  Mus.  v.  Berlepsch)  sowie  acht  c?!^?  ?  vom 
Rio  Branco  (coll.  Natterer,  Mus.  Vindob.)  welch  letztere  von  Pelzeln  irrigerweise 
als  P.  leucogastra  ansprach,  bezieheu.  Alle  diese  Vogel  stimmen  dariu  iiberein, 
dass  die  beiden  iinsseren  Schwanzfedernpaare  fast  ganz  weiss  sind  und  nnr  an  der 
Basis  der  lunenfahne  ein  wenig  Schwarz  besitzen,  viel  weniger  als  bei  den  Formen 
des  P.  nigriceps  Baird.  Dies  entspricht  den  Angaben  Sharpes,  der  aber  fiir 
P.  huffoni  noch  folgende  Merkmale  hervorhebt :  "  the  median  serie.s  of  the  wing- 
coverts  with  a  white  spot  at  the  end,  the  greater  coverts  conspicuously  edged  with 
white  near  the  ends"  (J.c.  p.  440)  und  "inner  secondaries  entirely  white  on  outer 
webs,  the  white  reaching  to  the  shaft "  (J.c.  p.  441).  Bei  meinen  10  Exemplaren 
kann  ich  aber  weder  von  den  weissen  Spitzen  auf  den  Fliigeldecken  etwas  finden, 
noch  sind  die  Situme  der  Armschwingen  breiter  als  bei  den  verwandten  Arten, 
P.  nigriceps,  etc.  Obwohl  mir  damals  keine  echte  P.  bujf'oni  vorlag,  mass  ich 
den  angefiihrten  Abweichungen  meiner  Exemplare  von  Sharpe's  Besehreibnng  keine 
besondere  Bedentung  bei  nnd  hielt  sie  fiir  Saisondiflferenzen. 

Seithererbielt  ich  aber  durch  die  Frenudlichkeit  des  Herru  Grafen  vou  Berlepsch 
ein  ? ,  Pard,  30  Dec.  '94,  A.  Schulz  leg.,  das  die  Charaktere  der  P.  huffoni,  wie  sie 
Sharpe  angibt,  dentlich  anfweist :  die  mittleren  Fliigeldecken  mit  weisslichem  Fleck 
an  der  Spitze,  die  grossen  Deckfedern  mit  einem  solchen  Saume  am  I<]nde  der 
Anssenfahne,  und  die  weissen  Anssens;iume  der  innersten  Armschwingen  fast  bis 
an  den  Schaft  heranreichend  nnd  viel  breiter  als  bei  alien  anderen  Arten.  Da 
die  Hiilfte  meiner  Viigel  vom  Rio  Branco  gleichfalls  im  December  und  Januar 
erlegt  sind,  ergibt  sich  sofort,  dass  hier  zwei  gesonderte  Arten  oder  Unterarten 
vorliegen.  Durch  das  E.^cemplar  vou  Para  erfiihrt  iiberdies  das  Verbrcitnngsgebiet 
der  P.  hujfoni,  die  bisher  nnr  vou  Cayenne  nachgewiesen  war,  cine  interessaute 
Erweiterung, 


(  :^(;o  ) 

Der  Unterscliied  zwischen  alien  schwarz/.iigeligen  Formon  ist  im  Wesentlichen 
graclueller  Natnr  nnd  beachriinkt  sich  hauptsiichlicli  auf  die  Fiirbnug  der  iinsseren 
Schwanzfedcrn  ;  da  sie  sich  anch  geograjihiscli  vertreten,  diirften  sie  ricbtiger  bloss 
siibsjiecifiscli  zu  ti'ounen  sein.  Um  fiber  cleu  "  Gegnern  "  der  Snbspecios  keiiien 
Aulass  zn  gcbeii,  wohl  iinterscheidbare  Formeii  znsammenznwerfen,  behalte  ie.li  fiir 
eiuige  "  Species"-rang  bei. 

Eine  tlbersicbt  der  diagnostischen  Merkmale  der  sechs  Formen,  die  icli  nuter- 
sncben  konnte,  diirfte  vielleicUt  willkommeii  sein.  Der  Kiirze  halber  bezeicbuc  ieh 
das  aiisscrste  Steuei-federiijiaar  niit  1.,  (li(^  folgenden  niit  II.,  III. 

II.  P.  leurogastrn  (Wied).     Oberseite  liellbliiulichgrau. 

I.  anf  der  Innenfahnc  fast  oder  bis  zur  Iliilfte  scliwarz,  Rest  weiss  ; 

II.  Endliiilfte  der  Aiisseii-  nnd  breiter  Fleck  auf  Spitze  der  luneiifahue 

weiss ; 
III.  grosser,  weisser  Sj)itzenfleck  auf  beideu  Faliuen. 
I).  P.  nii/ricejis  major  Hellra.     Oberseite  dunkler,  bliinlichschiefergrau. 
I.  basales  Drittel  der  Innenfahne  scliwarz,  Rest  weiss  ; 
II.  ctwa  bis  zur  Hjilfte  des  Feder  schwarz  ; 
III.  grosser,  weisser  iSi>itzenfleck,*  ausgedehuter  als  bei  ii. 
c.  P.  niijriceps  niijrici'ps  Baird.     Oberseite  bliiulicbgran. 

I.  Schwarz  der  luneufahne  auf  einen  kleinen  Fleck  an  Basis  beschriinkt, 

jedoch  die  Uuterschwanzdecken  etwas  iiberragend  ; 
II.  etwas  bis  zur  Hiilfte  schwarz  ; 
III.  kleiner,  weisser  Spitzeufleck.* 
(I.  P.  nigricrpx  parvirostris  Sharpe.     Oberseite  wie  c. 

I.  iSchwarz  der  Innenfahne  noch  bescbriinkter  nnd  viillig  von  don 
Uuterschwanzdecken  verborgen.  Schnabel  kiirzer  nnd  schwiicher 
als  bei  b  und  c. — II.  III.  wie  bei  c. 

e.  P.  bujfoni  innotata  Hellm.     Oberseite  hellbliiulichgrau. 

I.  ganz  weiss,  hi'ichstens  an  der  Basis  der  Innenfahne  Spur  von  Schwarz. 

II.  nur  an  Basis  der  Innenfahne  kleiner,  schwarzer  Fleck,  sonst  weiss. 

III.  fast  das  gauze  Aussen-  und  Euddrittel  der  Innenfahne  weiss. 
Fliigeldecken  hellblaulichgrau  gerandet,  iuucre  Armschwingeu  weiss  gesiinmt  ; 

die  weisse  Fiirbung  erstreckt  sich  wie  bei  a — d  kaum  iiber  die  Hiilfte  der  Breite 
der  Aussenfahne. 

f.  P.  huffoni  bujfoni  Scl. 

Oberseite  und  Fiirbung  von  I. — III.  wie  bei  e. 
Fliigeldecken  weisslich   gerandet ;   weisse   Aussen siiume  der   innersten  Arm- 
schwingeu viel  breiter  als  bei  a — e,  fast  bis  an  den  Schaft  reichend. 


4.  P.  bilineata  (Bp.). 

Das  Verliiiltnis  dieser  Art  zu  P.  niifi-icepn  Baird  ist  noch  nicht  ganz  klar. 
Salvin  und  Godman  haben  des  Niiheren  ausgefiilirt  (^Biol.  Ceutr.-Amer.  Avch 
I.  53),  dass  nur  P.  nigrici'.ps  Bd.  und  P.  bilineata  (Bp.)  Aurecht  auf  Selbstiindigkeit 
besiissen,  P.  albiloris  Scl.  &  Sal  v.  {P.  Zool.  Soc.  Loud.  180U,  p.  2'.).S)  dagegen 
als   Bastardiernngsproduct   derselben    aufzufassen   sei.      Mr.    Brewster   hat   dicse 

*  Bei  h — r/ auf  II.  langs  der  Aussenfahne  cin  schmalcr,  weisser  Saum  l)is  znr  liasis,  der  meineu  zwci 
P.  leucogastra  felilt ;  (loch  miisscn  noch  Serien  dieser  daraufliin  gepriift  wcrden. 


(  361   ) 

Erkliirnng  verworfen  und  anch  Dr.  Sharpe  erwiihnt  ( Cat/.  J5.  X.  p.  447),  class  das 
von  ihm  uutersnchte  Material  die  Aiisicht  obgenannter  Forscher  niclit  bestiitige. 

Main  Material  ist  zu  nuvollstiindig,  nm  micli  iiber  diese  Frage  eiidgultig 
entscheideu  zn  lassen,  da  ich  bloss  40  Stilcke  der  weissziigeligea  Formen  uuter- 
sucheii  kouiite.  Exemplare  mit  einer  Auzahl  weisser  Federn  im  schwarzen  Ziigel, 
die  also  den  Ubergang  zu  den  weissziigeligea  Formen  vermitteln,  wie  solebe  Salvia 
aus  Tehuantepec  erwiihnt,  fand  icb  in  Bogotd-Sammlnngeu  und  Venezuela  (cf.  Nov. 
Zooii.  1900,  p.  537),  dock  steben  sie  der  P.  n)(jriceps  weit  niiber  nnd  sind  nnschwer 
von  sogenannten  albiloris  zu  uuterscbeiden.  Salviu  bemerkt  {Ibis  1890,  p.  432),  nuter 
den  von  Underwood  am  Volcan  de  Miravclles  (Costa  Rica)  gesammelten  ViJgeln 
befilnden  sicb  sowobl  typische  bilineata  als  albiloris,  und  stellt  deshalb  die 
Bereebtigung  der  letztgenannten  Form  in  Frage.  Zwei  Exemplare  des  Mns.  v. 
Bevlepscb  {S  Miravelles,  19  8ept.  '95  ;  ?  Bazaces  1  Dec.  '95,  Underwood  leg.) 
siud  in  der  Tbat  ecbte  albiloris,  dagegen  eiu  Vogel  aus  Bornca  (W.  Costa  Rica, 
Cberrie  leg.)  uuzweifelbaft  zu  bilineata  zu  zieben.  Am  priicbtigsten  eutwickelt 
zeigt  ein  cj  aus  Buenos  Aires  (Ost  Costa  Rica)  den  weissen  Brauenstreif'en.  Vogel, 
bei  denen  bloss  der  Ziigel  weiss  geftlrbt  ist  {P.  albiloris),  scbeinen  bisber  nur  im 
siidlicbsten  Mexico  (Tebuautepec,  etc.),  Nicaragua,  Guatemala  und  westl.  Costa  Rica 
gefunden  worden  zu  sein  ;  gegen  die  Annabme,  dass  sie  bloss  aus  Vermiscbuug 
von  P.  bilineata  und  P.  nigriceps  entstauden  seien,  spricUt  die  Seltenheit  oder 
das  Fehlen  letzterer  Art  in  den  geuannten  Liinderu.  Weiterem  Material  muss  es 
vorbehalten  bleiben,  zu  entscheideu,  ob  P.  albiloris  ein  Bastardieruugsproduct 
darstellt  oder  auf  individuelle  Variation  zuriickzufiihren  ist. 

Dagegen  mOcbte  icb  Sharpes  P.  lactea,  auf  ein  Exemplar  ohne  Fundort 
begriindet  (C«^  B.  X.  p.  453),  unbedenklicb  mit  P.  bilineata  vereiuigen  ;  sie  beziebt 
sicb  offenbar  ("only  a  narrow  line  of  wbitu")  auf  Vogel  mit  schwacb  entwickeltem 
Supercilium,  wie  icb  deren  eiue  ganze  Anzabl  von  verscbiedenen  Localitiiten  unter- 
sucJite,  iiberdies  ist  ibr  die  weisse  Unterseite  keineswegs  allein  eigentbiimlicb, 
sondern  kommt  auch  bei  sonst  typiscben  bilineata  vor. 

Interessant  ist  eine  Reibe  von  10  P.  bilineata  aus  Peru  (0.  T.  Baron  log.  in  : 
Mus.  V.  Berlepscb).  Die  VOgel  von  Tembladera,  400  m.  bocb,  sind  von  nOrdlicben 
Exemplaren  aus  Costa  Rica  wobl  kaum  verschieden,  scheinen  aber  im  Durcbscbnitt 
etwas  liiugeren  Scbnabel  zu  besitzeu.  Dagegen  fallen  zwei  c?  von  Cajabamba, 
3000  m.,  durcb  merklicb  dunkleren,  mehr  scbieferfarbigen  Riicken  und  bedeutendere 
Dimensioueu,  besonders  liingeren  Scbwanz  auf,  sie  bilden  offenbar  eine  der 
P.  nigriceps  major  Hellm.  eutsprecbeude,  alpine  Form  der  P.  bilineata.  Auf  solche 
Vogel  beziebt  sich  wobl  auch  Salvins  Bemerknng  (Nov.  Zool.  1895,  p.  2),  doch 
sebe  icli  vorliiufig  von  einer  Benennnng  derselben  ab,  da  mir  Vergleichsmaterial 
aus  Ecuador  nicbt  zur  Verfiigung  stebt. 


(  362  ) 


ON    CERTAIN   POINTS    IN    THE    ANATOMY    OF    CALIATllIilX 

TORQUATA. 

(Plate  XI.) 

BY  FllANK   K.  BEDDARD,  F.R.S.,  ETC. 

SO  little  has  been  written  npon  the  "  soft  parts  "  of  the  genus  ('allitliri.c  that 
no  apology  is  needed  for  bringing  forward  fni-ther  facts  in  the  anatomy  of 
this  genns  of  American  monkeys.  So  far  as  I  am  aware,  the  abdominal  and 
thoracic  viscera  have  been  only  briefly  mentioned  by  Forbes  *  in  a  memoir  upon 
the  allied  genns  Brnchi/unis,  and  more  fully  described  by  Weldon  f  in  a  pajier 
devoted  to  the  species  Callithrix  gigot.  I  am  able  to  add  to  this  existing  knowledge 
by  my  dissections  of  an  exam])le  of  C.  torqiiata,  which  was  deposited  by  the 
Hon.  Walter  Rothschild  in  the  Zoological  Society's  Gardens,  and  which  died 
there  in  March  of  the  present  year.  To  my  own  observations  I  can  add  a  few 
MS.  notes  upon  Callithrix  brunnea  (or  more  correctly  C.  personata),  left  by  my 
predecessor,  Mr.  W.  A.  Forbes. 

The  animal  which  I  dissected  was  a  young  female  measuring,  when  the  skin 
had  been  removed,  fourteen  inches  from  the  snout  to  the  root  of  the  tail.  Tlie 
animal  was  measured  with  the  head  j)ushed  back  into  the  position  in  relation 
to  the  trunk  that  it  occupies  in  the  lower  mammalia.  I  could  not  ascertain  any 
lesions  or  traces  of  disease  sufficient  to  account  for  its  death. 
The  animal  was  fat  and  well  nourished. 

Alimentary  viscera.  In  Callithrix  torquata,  as  in  C.  personata,  the  tongue 
has  three  circumvallate  papillae  arranged  in  the  usual  V.  In  other  genera  there 
may  be  four  of  these — for  example  in  Brachgiirus — so  that  the  number  is  worthy 
of  record.  The  fungiform  papillae  amount  to  some  twenty-two  or  so  on  each  side  ; 
but  all  of  these  in  C.  torquata  lay  in  front  of  the  circumvallate  V,  and  not  also 
behind  it  as  in  C.  personata.  The  organ  of  Mayer  was  tpiite  well  developed,  and 
consisted  of  some  ten  folds  on  each  side. 

The  sublingna  is  well  developed,  and  is  i)laiuly  bihd,  as  in  other  monkeys,  at 
its  extremity. 

I  have  nothing  to  say  about  the  stomach,  except  that  it  is  "  (piite  Simian, 
rather  globular,  and  with  the  pyloric  orifice  not  much  approximated  to  oesophageal " 
—as  Mr.  Forln'S  wrote  of  C.  persomita. 

The  omentum  shows  such  great  differences  among  the  monkeys  that  it  is 
important  to  record  the  conditions  which  obtain  in  this  genus.  In  Callithrix,  judging 
from  C.  torquata,  it  is  of  small  extent,  and  does  not  cover  any  of  the  abdominal 
viscera.  This  state  of  affairs  contrasts  markedly  with  what  I  observed  in 
Cercopithecus  alliiyularis,  dissected  side  by  side  with  Callithrix  fur  j)urposes  of 
comparison.  In  Cerropithecus  the  omentum  is  enormous,  quite  covering  all  the 
alimentary  viscera.  It  is  tied  down  laterally  and  posteriorly  to  the  side  of  the  body 
wall  on  the  left  side,  and  to  the  caecum  and  large  intestine  on  the  right.  Mr. 
Forbes  has  referred  to  the  fact  that  in  Brachijurus  the  omentum  is  attached  to 
the  colon.     There  were  no  snch  attachments  in  Callithrix.     It  seems  to  be  likely 

*  •'  On  Ihc  External  Oh.iractcr.s  ami  An.itomy  of  the  Red  Oiiakari  Monkey,"  etc.,  P.X..'^ .  18so,  p.  G27. 
t  •■  Notes  on  rallithrix  ijii/ot,"  P.Z.S.,  18.S4,  p.  G. 


(  363  ) 

from  these  few  facts  that  the  state  of  the  omentum  will  offer  valuable  generic  and 
famil}'  differences  in  these  animals. 

No  less  the  mode  of  attachment  of  the  intestinal  canal  by  its  mesenteries. 

In  ('(tlUthrir  they  are  (|uite  simjile  and  nncomjilicated  ;  in  Vt'rco]>ithecns,  on  tlie 
other  hand,  there  is  nuich  more  complication.  For  example,  in  the  latter  form 
the  caecum  has  its  own  sheet  of  mesentery  snsi)endiDg  it  to  the  dorsal  parietes 
quite  independent  of  the  main  dorsal  mesentery  of  the  intestine.  There  is  nothing 
of  the  kind  to  lie  noted  in  Cullithrix,  whose  caecum  is  not  directly  attached  to 
the  parietes  at  all.  It  is  obviously  interesting  to  note  the  greater  simplicity  in  the 
New  World  monkey  ;  most  persons  hold  that  the  Platyrrhines  are  of  a  more  ancient 
type  than  the  Old  World  (!atarrhines.  To  other  details  of  the  arrangement  of  the 
mesenteries  I  do  not  refer  at  present,  as  I  have  not  compared  them  with  other 
genera  and  species. 

The  intestinal  canal  of  the  species  dissected  by  myself  measures  as  follows  :  — 
Small  intestine  31  inches,  large  intestine  11^  inches,  caecum  2^  inches.  These 
measurements  are  not  widely  different  from  those  of  C.  -personafa,  which  were  found 
by  Mr.  Forbes  to  be  : — .Small  intestine  A2,\  inches,  large  intestine  19  inches,  and 
caecum  2^  inches.  In  C.  amicta,  as  recorded  by  the  same  naturalist,  the  measure- 
ments were  42,  11^,  and  2^  inches.  Callithrix  gigot  is,  according  to  Professor 
Weldon,  somewhat  different  in  the  proportions  of  the  small  and  large  intestines  to 
each  other,  and  to  the  length  of  the  body.  The  individual  dissected  by  him  was 
of  the  same  length  as  that  dissected  by  myself,  but  the  small  intestine  was  53  inches, 
the  large  intestine  18,  and  the  caecum  about  2  inches.  In  C.  rnoloch  the  same 
author  states  that  the  small  intestine  was  35  inches,  the  large  intestine  19  inches. 
On  the  whole,  however,  it  may  be  stated  that  CalUthnx  is  to  be  characterised  by 
the  shortness  of  tlie  intestinal  canal  as  a  whole,  and  by  the  proportionately  long 
large  intestine.  Some  tables  of  comparative  measurements  are  given  by  Forbes 
in  the  memoir  quoted,  from  which  it  appears  that  Brachjurus  has  the  longest 
intestine,  and  that  other  genera  may  be  placed  thus  in  descending  order  : — Ateles, 
Pitkecia,  Cebtis  Callithrix,  Ni/ctijiitlieci(.'<.  CdUithrix  in  this  particular  is  decidedly 
nearest  to  Nijctipithecus.  The  small  intestine  presents  no  noteworthy  characters. 
The  Caecum  is  not  exactly  like  that  of  either  C.  gigot  or  C.  moloch.  It  lies  straight 
without  bend  or  coil,  and  has  no  dilatation  at  the  extremity.  In  C.  persoixita  Mr. 
Forbes  states  that  the  caecum  is  coiled  on  itself  The  caecum  is  attached  to  the 
small  intestine  by  a  median  anangious  fold,  which  extends  on  to  that  intestine  for 
a  distance  of  about  two  inches.  Besides  this  there  arise  from  the  large  intestine 
two  bloodvessel-bearing  folds  which  are  attached  laterally  to  the  caecum,  but 
which,  especially  on  one  side,  are  not  conspicuous.  The  folds  are  not  in  any  way 
united  to  each  other.  The  conditions  of  the  eaecal  frenum  and  other  mesenteries 
exhibit  considerable  variations  among  the  Primates. 

I  pointed  out  myself  some  years  since  that  in  two  species  of  Callithrix  *  the 
median  frenum  appeared  to  be  supplied  with  a  blood-vessel,  since  the  lateral  caeco- 
colic  mesentery  joined  the  median  iieo-caecal  fold.  The  matter  has  been  dealt  witli 
in  a  large  number  of  forms  by  Sir  William  Flower  in  his  well-known  contribution  f 
to  the  strncture  of  the  alimentary  canal  in  Mammals.  I  may  observe  in  accordance 
with  what  Flower  has  described  that  in  Ateles  mclanochir  the  arrangement  of  the 
eaecal  mesenteries  is  precisely  that  of  ('allithrix  tonpiata  ;  the  median  frenum  bore 

*  "  Notes  on  Brarhi/iinix  ralviix^"  P.Z.S.,  1887,  p.  120.     I  li.ive  no  not«  as  to  the  xprcies. 
t  Med.,  Timt's  aii<l  (la-.ittr,  1872. 


(  364  ) 

a  few  blooil-vessels,  but  these  ended  in  the  frennm  for  whose  nonrishment  they 
are  clearly  intended  ;  they  are  not  blood-vessels  on  their  way  to  the  caecal  wall. 

The  large  intestine  has  no  bands  upon  its  snrface  or  the  corresjionding 
sacculations  ul'  its  walls.     In  this  the  present  ajjrccs  with  other  sjiccies  of  the  genus. 

The  liver  of  Callitluix  torquata  is  illustrated  in  Plate  XL,  fig.  '2.  So  far 
as  the  material  is  known,  it  appears  that  this  organ  shows  differences  in  different 
species.  I  am  able  to  sujiplement  my  own  figure  of  C.  torquntu  by  a  co]iy  of  a  drawing 
of  the  liver  of  ('.  jiersonata  (Plate  XL,  fig.  1)  made  by  Mr.  Forbes.  Professor 
Weldon  has  illustrated  the  liver  of  C.  gigot.  The  liver  of  the  species  which  forms 
the  subject  of  the  present  communication  has  a  larger  right  central  lobe  than  have 
either  of  the  two  other  species.  This  lobe  is  moreover  divided  into  two  at  least 
partly.  The  gall-bladder  does  not  come  anywhere  so  near  the  edge  of  the  lobe 
as  it  does  in  ('.  gigot,  and  in  this  latter  point  the  liver  of  C.  prrsonata  agrees  most 
nearly  with  that  of  C.  torquata.  Professor  Weldon  has  not  figured  a  curious  little 
flap  of  liver  tissue  which  arises  from  the  left  central  lobe  and  partly  overlaps  the 
gall-bladder.  This  small  almost  detached  bit  of  the  left  central  lobe  occurs,  but 
appears  to  be  less  marked,  in  ('.  jjeisonata.  It  occurs  also  in  Brachgurus  rit^ji- 
curif/iis  and  in  Pithecia  albinasa  ;  but  I  could  not  find  it  in  Lagothrix. 

The  right  lateral  lobe  is  perfectly  entire  ;  there  are  no  traces  of  the  division 
which  occurs  in  ('.  gigot.  The  Spigelian  lobe  appears  to  me  also  to  be  a  little 
different  in  form.  The  annexed  sketches  will  illustrate  the  form  of  the  liver  in  the 
two  species  C.  torquata  and  €.  personata. 

Professor  Weldon  discovered  an  interesting  fact  in  the  structure  of  the  larynx 
of  Callithrix  gigot,  which  he  described  as  follows  : — "  Professor  Flower  suggested 
to  me  that  the  enormous  depth  of  the  ramus  of  the  mandibles  in  this  Callithrix 
pointed  to  the  existence  of  some  arrangement  resembling  that  of  Mycetes.  It  was 
difficult  to  determine  this  point  in  a  young  female  ;  but  the  swollen  condition 
of  the  thyroid,  together  with  the  existence  of  a  patch  of  ossification  on  each  side, 
seem  to  show  tlie  possible  existence  of  a  howling  apparatus  in  the  male."  The 
larynx  showing  the  ossification  is  duly  figured  by  Mr.  Weldon.  I  naturally  looked 
carefully  at  the  larynx  of  the  female  Callithrix  torquata  to  ascertain  if  there  was 
anything  of  the  same  kind  to  be  seen  ;  but  with  entirely  negative  results.  I  can 
find  no  traces  of  ossification  in  the  thyroid  cartilage  in  this  sjiecies. 

The  subdivisions  of  the  lungs  in  Callithrix  ajipear  to  ailbrd  specific  characters. 
In  C.  gigot  Weldon  found  the  left  lobe  to  be  simple,  and  the  right  lobe  to  be 
divided  into  three  ;  there  was  also  a  lobus  impar.  In  C.  torquata  the  left  half  of 
the  lungs  was  plainly  composed  of  two  divisions,  and  the  right  of  three  :  the  lobus 
impar  did  not  lie  in  the  mediastinal  cavity,  which  is  widely  open  below  the  posterior 
vena  cava.  Callithrix  personata  appears  from  the  notes  of  Forbes  to  agree  with 
C.  torquata  in  these  points. 

The  brain  of  the  present  species  is  illustrated  in  Plate  XL,  figs.  3 — 5.  It 
is  naturally  not  very  different  from  the  three  species,  Callithrix  moloch,*  C. 
nigrij'ron.'i,]  and  ('.  gigot,  whose  brains  have  been  illustrated  ;  but,  nevertheless, 
there  are  some  few  slight  points  in  which  the  several  species  diverge.  The 
dimensions  are  practically  those  of  the  brain  figured  by  Weldon.:}     The  extreme 

•  Gratiolet,  Memuirrs  mir  Irs  Pli.i  CMhraux,  etc.  This  tignrc  is  copied  by  .'iir  William  Flower  in  his 
memoir  upon  the  brain  of  Stmiups  (Trims.  Zml.  Soc.  V.,  I'l.  XXVIF.,  fig.  II). 

t  Kiikenthal  .<c  Ziehen,  Jen.  Zritnchr.  xxix.  p.  18. 

I  hoc.  eit.,  fig.s.  .')  and  6,  p.  9.  CaUithii.r  (sp.  inc.)  has  been  also  briefly  described  by  liisohoff 
{Ahhaitdl.  K.  Ila>j.  Akail.  X.,  1870,  p.  477). 


(  365  ) 

length  of  the  hemispheres  was  38  mm.,  the  height  23  mm.  Some  of  the 
furrows  are  less  marked  than  in  ('.  qiqnt,  others  more  strongly  j)rononnced, 
and  occasionally  rather  different  in  their  arrangement.  Tlie  Sylvian  fissure  is 
rather  more  extensive  than  in  C.  (jiqot.  As  will  be  seen  from  an  inspection  of 
the  drawing,  it  reaches  rather  farther  towards  the  summit  of  the  hemisphere, 
and,  moreover,  bends  forward  and  runs  for  a  short  distance  parallel  to  a 
similar  oliliquely-rnnning  extension  of  the  antero-temjioral  fissnre.  Concerning 
the  last-named  fissure  I  have  no  remarks  to  offer  save  that  it  is  ajtpareutly 
precisely  like  that  of  Callithrix  gigot.  The  supra-angular  fissure  is  somewhat 
S-sha]ied  and  a  little  more  extensive  than  in  the  other  species  of  this  genns. 
Anteriorly  it  bends  towards  the  outer  side  of  the  hemisphere,  and  passes  almost 
parallel  to  the  Sylvian  fissure  ;  posteriorly  it  is  continuous  on  one  side  (the  right), 
with  a  short  transverse  fissnre,  which,  however,  on  the  opposite  side  is  independent 
of  it.  What  are  the  homologies  of  these  different  regions  of  the  supra-angular 
fissure  in  this  monkey  with  similarly  situated  fissures  in  other  genera  ?  I  believe 
that  the  so-called  supra-angular  fissure  of  Callithrix  is  a  compound  structure,  and 
includes  not  merely  the  supra-angular  of  Cebiis  and  other  types,  but  a  portion  of  the 
fissure  of  Rolando  anteriorly,  and  either  the  Simian  fissure  or  the  parieto-occipital 
posteriorly  ;  and  for  the  following  reasons.  I  may,  first  of  all,  again  emjihasise  the 
remarkable  likeness  which  the  position  and  appearance  of  the  supra-angular  fissnre 
bears  to  the  similarly  named  fissure  in  the  brain  of  many  Lemurs.  It  has,  for 
instance,  the  same  S-shape  in  Hapalemur.*  This  is,  of  course,  duly  pointed  out  by 
Flower,  wiio  places  side  by  side  figures  of  the  brain  of  this  genus  of  monkeys  and 
the  brains  of  one  or  two  Lemurs.  Now  the  Lemurs  are  to  be  differentiated  from  the 
higher  ju'imates  by  the  fact  that  their  brains  do  not  exhibit  any  apparent  trace  of 
a  fissure  of  liolando,  so  constant  a  feature  of  all  monkeys  and  apes.  In  Callithrix 
a  small  fissnre,  lettered  a  in  the  drawing  on  Plate  XL,  is  considered  by  Weldon 
to  be  the  equivalent  of  this  fissure,  which  he  follows  Huxley  in  terming  "  postero- 
parietal  " — a  term,  by  the  way,  which  aj)pears  to  be  most  unsuitable,  considering  that 
it  lies  anteriorly  to  the  parietal  region,  or  at  least  not  at  its  hinder  end. 

In  examining  a  series  of  brains  of  New  World  monkeys,  Ateles  ater,  Mycetes 
fuscus,  Cehus  hypolcucm,  Brachjurus  rubicund  us,  Lagothrix  humboldti,  as  well  as 
figures  of  the  same  and  of  other  brains,  I  find  that  the  fissure  of  Holando  is  situated 
with  great  regularity  at  a  point  rather  more  than  half  the  length  of  the  brain  from 
the  posterior  end  of  the  hemispheres.  It  nearly,  but  not  quite,  marks  the  middle 
line  of  the  hemisphere,  being  situated  rather  nearer  to  the  anterior  end  of  the  brain. 
Now  in  Callithrix  the  sujiposed  fissure  of  Rolando  is  very  much  farther  forward,  as 
will  be  obvious  from  a  comparison  of  my  figure  with,  c.i/.,  that  of  Flower  f  illustrating 
Pithecia.  On  the  other  hand,  the  anterior  end  of  the  supra-angular  fissure— that 
portion  of  it  which  is  bent  round  towards  the  outside  of  the  brain  nearly  at  right 
angles  to  the  rest — is  in  an  ideal  position  for  a  fissure  of  Rolando.  In  that  case  the 
straighter  part  of  the  sujira-augnlar  fissure  may  perhaps  be  compared  to  the  intra- 
parietal  of  higher  apes,|  which  sometimes  connects  the  fissure  of  Rolando  with  the 
l>arieto-occipital  or  the  Simian  fissure  behind.  Moreover,  in  an  example  of  a  brain 
of  Mycetes  fuscus  which  I  have  in  my  jmssession,  there  is  no  actual  union  between 
the  supra-angular  fissure  and  an  (indisputable  fissure  of  Rolando.     In  that  case  we 

•  BccUl.ird,  "  Additional  Notes  upon  Hcqiali'iiiiir  grisns  "  {P.fC.S.,  1891,  p.  4u7,  fig.  4). 
t  In  .1  p.iper  upon  tlic  l>rain  of  Pithi'citi  mnnncliiia  in  P.Z.S.,  Istj2,  p.  33G, 
I  It  is  so  comp.ired  tjy  ICiikonttial  &  Ziehen,  hir,  cit. 


(  366  ) 

may  consider  that  in  this  Platyrrhinc  monkey  the  further  development  of  the  snpra- 
angular  fissure  of  the  Lemur  into  iutra-parictal  and  fissure  of  Rolando  is  apparent. 
I  cannot,  of  course,  jmt  forward  this  view  of  the  homoloj^ies  of  the  iissnres  in  questi<in 
as  more  than  a  theory,  not,  I  trust,  nnsujijiorted  hy  fact.  This  interpretation  is 
apparently  in  liarmouy  with  the  results  obtained  by  Kiikenthal  and  Ziehen  from  an 
e.xamination  of  the  brain  of  C  iii(jrifro».s.  As  far  as  1  can  see  from  their  fiy:nre 
a  small  fissure  lettered  n  and  homologised  with  the  centrnU.s  (i.e.  fissure  of  liohuulo) 
is  the  cut-off  end  of  the  continuous  supra-angular  fissure  of  ( '.  torqmitu.  It  is  at 
least  reasonable  to  seek  for  the  nearest  approach  to  the  underlying  Lemurs  in  the 
Platyrrhines  rather  than  in  the  Catarrhines.  As  to  the  small  transverse  fissure 
behind,  which  may  be  regarded  as  forming  a  boundary  line  between  the  ])arietal  and 
occipital  regions  of  the  brain,  I  am  disjiosed  to  consider  it  to  be  the  Simian  fissure 
("  Affenspalte  "  of  the  Germans),  since  the  parieto-occipital  seems  to  be  represented 
by  the  tiny  indentation  in  the  middle  line  of  the  hemispheres  produced  by  the 
meso-occi]iito-])arietal,  where  it  just  reaches  the  surface.  This  matter,  however, 
I  do  not  venture  to  elaborate  further. 

Some  of  the  fissures  on  the  internal  surface  of  the  cerebral  hemispheres  are 
rather  different  from  the  corresponding  fissures  of  CalUthrix  gigot  and  C.  nigrifrons. 
In  the  first  place,  there  is  a  strongly  marked  meso-jiarieto-occipital,  which,  instead 
of  being  oblicjue  in  its  directions,  runs  downwards  at  right  angles  to  the  longitudinal 
axis  of  the  brain.  This  seems  to  be  absent  or  feebly  devek)i)ed  in  both  C.  nigrifrnns 
and  C.  gigot.  In  C.  tonjuata  it  very  nearly  joins  the  calcarine.  The  latter  fissure 
is  also  well  developed,  and  the  collateral  fissure  is  difl'erent  from  that  of  C.  gigot. 
In  the  latter  the  fissure  runs  obliquely  upwards,  and  is  branched  anteriorly.  In 
C.  torqtutta  the  fissure  passes  directly  upwards  and  then  runs  jjarallel  for  a  little 
distance  to  the  calcarine.  The  calloso-margiual  is  not  very  well  marked  in 
C.  torquata. 

We  can  abstract  from  the  observations  now  made  upon  the  brain  of  this 
genus  the  distinguishing  features  which  contrast  with  other  New  AVorld  monkeys. 
In  CalUthrix  there  is  an  intra-parietal  fissure,  joining  anteriorly  a  rudiment  of  the 
fissnre  of  Rolando,  and  ending  posteriorly  in  or  close  to  a  Simian  fissure.  The 
Sylvian  and  antero-temjidral  fissures  do  not  join  above.  The  occipital  lobe,  save 
for  the  last-mentioned  fissure,  is  smooth.  The  frontal  lobes  are  furrowed  by  a 
rudimentary  pro-Rolandic  and  supero-frontal  fissures.  The  meso-parieto-occipital 
fissure  (when  present)  is  at  right  angles  to  the  long  a.xis  of  the  brain,  and  nearly 
joins  the  calcarine.     The  collateral  fissure  is  sometimes  also  vertical  in  direction. 

It  is  clear,  from  what  is  now  known  about  the  brain  of  this  monkey,  that  it  is 
one  of  the  simplest  of  those  of  the  Platyrrhine  monkeys.  This  fact  is,  of  course, 
clearly  in  accord  with  their  small  size,  the  larger  Atclcs  and  Lagothri.c  having  more 
comjilicated  liraius. 


EXPLANATION   OF  PLATE    XI. 


Fig.  1.— Liver  of  Callithrix  personata  (after  a  sketch  by  the  late  Mr.  W.  A. 
Forbes),  abdominal  aspect : 

c  caudate  lobe,  lc  left  central,  ll  left  lateral,  rc  right  central,  rl  right  lateral, 
SP  spizelinm. 

Fig.  2.— Liver  of  Callithrix  torquata,  abdominal  aspect.    Lettering  as  in  Fig.  1. 

Fig.  3.— Brain  of        „  „       lateral  aspect. 

Fig.  4. —     „  „  „        inferior  aspect. 

Fig.  5. —     „  „  „        mesial  aspect. 

Lettering  of  Figs.  3—5  :  a  fissura  prse-centralis,  b  sylvian  fissure,  c  antero- 
temporal,  d  supra-angular,  e  meso-parieto-occipital,  f  calcarine. 


NOVITATES   ZOOLO&IC/E.  VoL.VII.  1901. 


PL. XI. 


WSBerndge   del 


Lith  Anst.v.  E.  A-Funke,  Leipzig. 


LIVER   AND    BRAIN    OF   CALLITHRIX. 


(  367  ) 


SECOND     NOTICE     OF     NEW    SPECIES    OF    FISHES    FROM 

MOROCCO. 

By    Dr.    A.    GUNTHER,    F.R.S. 

Plates  XVIII.,  XIX. 

MOllE  tluau  a  quarter  of  a  century  has  elapsed  since  I  received  a  small 
collection  of  fishes  from  Morocco  ;  it  was  made  by  Professor  Rein  and 
Dr.  U.  von  Fritscli,  and  described  by  me  iu  An/ials  and  Magazine  of  Natural  History 
1874,  pp.  23(J-232,  pis.  13  and  14.  The  freshwater  fishes  there  described  were 
obtained  on  the  river  Tensift  and  in  a  stream  near  Morocco  (Oued  Ksib),  and 
belonged  to  the  genus  IJarbus— viz.,  B.  reittii,  B.  J'ritschii,  and  B.  nasus. 

Considering  it  very  desirable  to  obtain  further  information  on  the  Moroccan 
fish-fauna,  I  asked  Mr.  Hartert  to  take  advantage  of  the  ojiportunities  of  his 
recent  visit  to  Morocco,  and  to  preserve  as  many  fishes  as  the  principal  object  of  his 
journey  would  permit.  He  broiis^ht  home  seven  well-preserved  specimens,  which 
fortunately  proved  to  belong  to  four  well-marked  species.     All  were  Barbels. 

The  preponderance  of  this  genus  in  Moroccan  streams  reminds  us  of  a  similar 
condition  of  the  fauna  of  the  southern  rivers  of  the  Pyrenean  Peuinsnla,  in  which 
that  genus  of  Typrinoids  is  likewise  represented  by  numerous  species.  Without 
doubt,  further  researches  will  bring  to  light  additional  evidence  as  to  the  agreement 
of  these  two  faunas. 

Of  the  four  species  collected  in  the  Oum  Kbiah  by  Mr.  Hartert,  two  are  species 
described  in  my  former  pai)er— viz.,  B.  reiitii  and  B.  nasus,  whilst  the  two  others 
appear  to  be  new. 

Barbus  harterti,  sp.  n.  (pi.  XVIII.,  fig.  A.). 

Resembling  Barbus  reinii,  but  with  nine  branched  rays  iu  the  dorsal  fin,  and 
interrupted  lower  labial  fold. 

D.  12.  A.  8  or  9.  L.  lat.  37.  L.  transv.  6J/6. 

Osseous  dorsal  ray  strong,  smooth,  not  much  shorter  than  the  head.  Two  and 
a  half  or  three  series  of  scales  between  the  lateral  line  and  the  root  of  the  ventral 
fin.  The  height  of  the  body  'is  contained  3J  times  in  the  total  length  (without 
caudal),  the  length  of  the  head  41  times.  Snout  conical,  rather  longer  than  the  eye, 
whicli  is  two-ninths  of  tlie  length  of  the  head.  Mouth  inferior,  rather  deeply  cleft, 
the  labial  fold  of  the  lower  jaw  long,  but  not  joining  that  of  the  other  side  ;  barbels 
four,  long,  much  longer  tlian  the  eye.  Origin  of  the  dorsal  fin  midway  between  tlie 
end  of  the  snout  and  the  root  of  the  caudal,  opposite  to  the  base  of  the  ventral. 
Pectoral  scarcely  reaching  ventral  ;  anal  rays  short,  not  reaching  caudal  ;  caudal 
deeply  cleft.     Coloration  uniform. 

Two  specimens,  the  larger  measuring  nearly  8  inches. 


(  368  ) 

Barbus  rothschildi  sp.  n.  (pi.  XVllI.,  tig.  B.). 

This  species  represents  in  the  Onm  Rbiah  the  Barbus  fritschii  of  the  Oueil  Ksili. 
As  in  that  species  the  moutli  is  transverse,  crescent-sliaped,  with  a  nearly  straight 
anterior  margin  of  the  lower  jaw,  but  without  the  horny  covering  of  a  Capoeta  ;  the 
lateral  fold  of  the  lower  jaw  also  is  very  short. 

D.  12.     A.  8.     L.  lat.  32.     L.  transv.  0/5. 

Osseous  dorsal  ray  rather  strong,  as  long  as  the  head  without  snout,  not 
serrated.  Two  and  a  half  series  of  scales  between  the  lateral  line  and  the  root  of 
the  ventral.  The  height  of  the  body  is  contained  4  times  in  the  total  length 
(without  caudal),  the  length  of  the  head  4f  times.  Barbels  four,  rather  short,  the 
jwsterior  not  longer  than  the  eye,  which  is  shorter  than  the  snout  and  two-uinths  of 
the  length  of  the  head.  Origin  of  the  dorsal  tin  opposite  to  the  root  of  the  ventral, 
and  midway  between  end  of  the  snout  and  base  of  the  caudal.  Pectoral  not  reaching 
ventral  ;  anterior  anal  rays  very  long,  extending  beyond  the  base  of  the  caudal. 
Sides  of  the  body  with  a  faint  median  blackish  longitudinal  band 

Two  specimens,  6A  inches  long. 

Barbus  nasus  Gthr.  (pi.  XIX.). 

Giinth.  Ann.  &  Mag.  N.  H.  1874.  p.  232.  pi.  14.  fig.  B. 

The  specimen  obtained  by  Mr.  Hartert  is  considerably  larger  and  of  more 
advanced  age  than  the  tyi)e  ;  it  shows  a  greater  prolongation  of  the  snout,  and  a 
much  broader  and  stronger  dorsal  spine,  so  that  it  ai)pears  necessary  to  amend  my 
former  diagnosis. 

D.  11.     A.  8.     L.  lat.  oO.     L.  transv.  O/lo. 

Osseous  dorsal  ray  exceedingly  strong,  as  wide  at  the  base  as  tlie  orbit,  strongly 
denticulated.  There  are  five  longitudinal  series  of  scales  between  the  lateral  line 
and  the  ventral  fin.  Length  of  the  head  rather  more  than  the  height  of  the  body, 
one-fourth  of  the  total  length  (without  caudal).  Snout  very  long,  narrow  and 
pointed,  longer  than  the  postorbital  portion  of  the  head.  Lijis  very  thick  and  fleshy, 
the  fold  of  the  lower  not  continuous  with  that  of  the  other  side.  Lower  jaw  com- 
pressed and  narrow.  Mouth  inferior,  semi-elliptical  ;  barbels  long  and  fleshy,  the 
posterior  thrice  the  diameter  of  the  orbit,  which  is  one-sixth  or  one-seventh  of  the 
length  of  the  head  (in  specimens  '■)  in.  long).  The  root  of  the  ventral  is  slightly 
in  advance  of  the  origin  of  the  dorsal,  which  is  midway  between  the  end  of  the  snout 
and  the  root  of  the  caudal.  Anal  tin  not  very  narrow,  not  extending  to  the  caudal. 
Caudal  deeply  forked.  Pectoral  reaching  the  ventral,  ventral  reaching  the  anal. 
Coloration  uniform. 

One  specimen,  U  in.  long. 


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(  369  ) 


ON  SOME  BIRDS  FROM  NORTH-WEST  ECUADOR. 

BY    ERNST   HARTERT. 
(Plate  V.) 

1.  Neocrex  uniformis  sp.  uov. 

Differs  from  its  nearest  ally  Neocrex  erythrops  {Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mns.  XXIII. 
{).   163)  as  follows  :  — 

Ujiperside  browner,  somewhat  more  rnfons,  less  olive.  Lower  abdomen  slaty 
grey,  without  bars  ;  flanks  brownish,  without  bars  ;  thighs  without  traces  of  bars  ; 
under  wiug-coverts  white  with  slaty  grey  bases,  but  without  bars  ;  only  one  or  two 
of  the  central  feathers  with  a  riuglike  slaty  mark  ;  under  tail-coverts  pale  buff, 
not  barred.  "  Iris  brown,  feet  reddish-brown,  bill  greenish-black,  base  red,  in 
young  specimens  yellowish." 

'^  Pambilar,  19.  ix.  1900  (type!).  Wing  1(13,  metatarsus  31,  middle  toe 
without  claw  30,  bill  from  forehead  2U  mm.     This  is  apparently  a  fully  adult  bird. 

S  S.  Javier,  15.  vi.  1900.     Wing  and  tail  moulting. 

S  S.  Javier,  1.  vii.  lOOU.     Young  ! 

?  S.  Javier,  7.  vii.  1900.     Young  I 

The  young  birds  have  the  under-surfacc,  which  is  slaty-grey  in  the  adult  ones, 
washed  with  brown  and  buff,  and  the  base  of  the  bill  is  yellowish,  not  red. 

Unless  the  difference  is  se.xual  it  would  seem  that  Venezuelan  examples 
of  N.  erijthropi  (Merida)  are  smaller  and  darker  below  thaji  Peruvian  ones  (Lima), 
but  we  have  at  present  no  sufficient  material  for  comparison. 

2.  Automolus  pallidigularis  albidior  subsp.  nov. 

Automolus  pallidigularis  has  originally  been  described  from  Panama.  We 
have  three  specimens  from  that  locality,  and  I  have  compared  six  more  in  the 
Britisli  Museum,  also  five  from  Costa  Rica  in  the  Rothschild  collection  and  three 
in  the  British  Museum.  It  seems  that  most  of  the  specimens  from  Costa  Rica  are 
slightly  paler  rufous  on  the  back  and  under  tail-coverts,  but  this  difference  appears 
not  to  be  constant  enough  for  a  subspecific  separation.  We  may,  therefore,  for  the 
present,  consider  all  the  Central  American  forms  to  be  the  same — i.e.  typical 
pallidigularis.  From  all  tBese  our  Ecuadorian  specimens,  six  from  S.  Javier,  60  ft. 
high,  one  from  C^arondelet,  also  about  60  ft.  high,  in  North- West  Ecuador,  collected 
in  May,  June,  July,  and  October,  1900,  by  Mr.  G.  Flemming,  differ  conspicuously 
by  their  lighter,  almost  or  quite  white  throat.  The  jugular  feathers  have  also 
more  distinct  whitish  centres,  and  the  breast  and  abdomen  are  slightly  paler,  less 
brownish.  The  type  is  no.  t>29  of  the  collectors,  S.  Javier,  July  13th,  1900, 
sexed  "  ? ."  "  The  iris  is  brown,  feet  greenish  grey,  or  light  dirty  greenish,  upper 
bill  blackish  brown,  lower  light  yellowish." 

Wing,  ?  90,  c?  97,  $  96,  i  about  95  (July  2nd,  slightly  moulting)  ; 
?  ¥  (marked  "  cJ,"  but  is  most  likely  a  ¥),  90  mm. 


(  370  ) 

3.  Sclerurus  mexicanus  obscurior  subsi).  nov. 

Difl'ei's  from  •Sc/cn/n^s  mexicanus  mexicanus  as  follows  : — • 

Altojretber  mucli  darker.  The  rusty  rnfous  colour  of'tlie  throat  is  not  extended 
over  the  breast,  and  is  not  quite  so  bright,  the  upperside  is  darker,  the  iiroi)ygiiim 
is  not  cLestnnt,  but  deep  rufous-brown,  only  in  the  young  bird  it  is  a  little  brighter, 
though  still  much  less  so  than  in  typical  mexicanus  ;  also  the  crissum  is  darker  and 
less  rusty  rufous  than  in  true  mexicanus. 

"  ?  "  (?  c?  !}  Lita,  N.W.  Ecuador,  20.  x.  IS'JO  (type).  Wing  «3,  tail  55, 
metatarsus  22,  bill  22  mm. 

"  ?  "  Buhin,  N.^V.  Ecuador,  lOU  ft.  high,  17.  xi.  1000.  "Iris  brown,  feet 
black,  bill  blackish,  below  whitish."    Wing  7S,  tail  51,  metatarsus  22"5,  bill  20  mm. 

"  t?"juv.  Paramba,  3500  ft,  22.  viii.  I81JU.  Still  darker,  more  brown  below 
than  the  type,  but  rump  a  little  more  rufous. 

4.  Pittasoma  rufopileatum  sp.  uov. 

Differs  from  Pittasoma  michleri  and  zeledoni  in  the  colour  of  the  crown,  which 
is  bright  rufous,  not  black. 

(f  ad.  (?  and  ¥ ).  Bill  blackish  slate-colour,  "  iris  brown."  Pileum  bright 
rufons,  edged  with  lighter  rusty  rnfous.  Wide  line  from  the  base  of  the  bill, 
through  the  eye  to  the  side  of  the  najie,  black.  Sides  of  liead  pale  rufous,  throat- 
feathers  rusty  rnfous,  white  at  base,  shaft  partially  black,  tiny  spots  near  tip  and 
on  lateral  margin  black.  Under-surface  barred  black  and  white,  becoming  more 
olive-greyish-brown  towards  the  sides  and  chest,  flanks  uniform  brownish  olive. 
Upperside  pale  olive,  the  feathers  of  the  interscainilinm  widely  margined  with  black. 
Eeniiges  blackish-brown,  exteriorly  margined  with  rufous  olive-brown.  Wing- 
coverts  with  a  Ijuffy  white  tiji  and  black  border  around  the  tip.  Under  wing-coverts 
deep  brown,  with  two  white  patches.  Thighs  olive,  with  pale  buff  shaft-lines,  and 
sometimes  a  little  barred  in  front  ;  feet  dark  bluish-slate.  Bill  (from  forehead)  28, 
wing  95  to  lol,  metatarsus  47  to  .50,  tail  about  30  mm. 

Juv.  (?  and  ?  ad.)  Upperside  like  the  adnlt  male,  the  superciliary  black  stripe 
spotted  with  white  along  the  shafts  of  the  feathers.  Under-surface  bright  rusty- 
bulF,  olive  on  the  flanks  and  sides,  sparsely  spotted  with  black,  uniform  on  throat 
and  along  the  middle  of  the  abdomen.     Wing  95  to  97  mm. 

Salidero,  Bulun  (type),  Rio  Bogota,  in  N.W.  Ecuador,  160  to  350  ft.  above 
the  sea. 

The  specimens  are  collected  by  Messrs.  Miketta  and  Flemming.  AVe  have 
intermediate  plnniages  between  the  two  here  described,  so  that  it  is  evident  that 
the  birds  with  rusty  underside  arc  immature.  The  sexes  noted  on  the  labels  would 
indicate  that  the  sexes  are  alike,  but  I  do  not  know  if  they  are  reliable. 

5.  Euphonia  fulvicrissa  purpurascens  subsp.  nov. 

Kuptionia  fulricrisxa  is  known  iVom  Xorthcrn  Colombia  and  Panama.  I  have 
compared  the  series  in  the  British  Museum,  and  find  that  tlie  male  birds  IVoni 
Ecuador  are  much  more  pnr])le  above  and  on  the  throat,  not  so  steel-blue  as  typical 
fulvicrissa,  a  peculiarity  also  pointed  out  to  me  by  Count  Berlejjsch,  who  kindly 
compared  my  type.  Another  differentiating  character  is  the  restriction  of  the 
white  in  the  tail.     The  outer  pair  of  rectrices  have  a  large  white  patch  in  typical 


NOVITATES  ZoOLOGIC^  VoL.VIIi.lSOl 


?:;/. 


J  G(  Keulemaovs  del  efclitK.  •  '  JfintenvBros  imp 

13  2$DACN;S     EEHLF:P5CK:tU.rt.3.GRALLAKIA   PARAMBAE  Rothsch 


(  371   ) 

fuliicrissa,  while  in  one  of  our  purjmrasccns  (the  type)  the  outer  rectrices  have  no 
white  at  all,  in  the  other  a  narrow  streak  on  the  inner  webs.  The  yellow  on  the 
forehead  is  a  little  more  extended.  The  female  does  not  seem  to  differ  in  any 
important  character  from  the  female  of  typical  J'ldricrissa,  except  that,  apparently, 
the  rnfous  on  the  forehead  is  more  extended. 

(?  ad.  Pambilar,  N.W.  Ecuador,  15.  ix.  1900,  60  ft.  above  the  sea  level 
(type).  "  Iris  red-brown,  feet  dark  grey,  bill  black,  base  of  lower  bill  greyish.' 
Wing  54,  tail  28  mm. 

cJ  ad.  S.  Javier,  about  60  ft.  above  the  sea,  19.  vi.  1900.  "  Iris  brown,  feet 
grey,  bill  black,  base  of  lower  bill  grey."     Wing  54-5,  tail  28  mm. 

S  ad.     S.  Javier,  30.  v.  1900.     Wing  52-5  mm. 

?  ad.     S.  Javier,  25.  vii.  1900.     Wing  53  mm. 

(?  juv.     S.  Javier,  18.  v.  1900.     Wing  53  mm. 

6.  Dacnis  berlepschi  Hart.  (PI.  V.  fig.  1   3  ad.,  2   ?  ad.). 

In  Bull.  B.O.C.  XI.  p.  37  (Dec.  1900),  I  described  the  adult  ?  of  this  magni- 
ficent species  as  the  male,  having  received  an  erroneously  sexed  specimen.  In  Bull. 
B.O.C.  XI.  p.  44  it  was  announced  that  the  type  was  a  female,  and  the  real  adult 
c?  was  exhibited  by  Mr.  Rothschild  in  the  June  meeting  of  the  B.O.  Club.  The 
adult  male  looks  as  follows  : 

c?  ad.  Chin,  throat,  jngulum,  crown  and  nape  hyacinth-blue.  Back  and  upper 
wing-coverts  light^blue;  the  feathers  with  a  black  bar  in  the  middle,  the  exposed 
portions  light  blue  with  still  lighter  whitish-lilue  shaft-stripes  ;  rump  palest  and 
with  indistinct  shaft-stripes.  Remiges  and  rectrices  black  with  dull  blue  outer 
margins.  Under  wing-coverts  buffy  white,  the  outer  ones  near  the  edge  dark  bine. 
Breast  brilliant  fiery-red,  the  feathers  being  buff  about  the  middle,  grey  at  base, 
and  the  exposed  portions  somewhat  rigid,  hair-like,  and  their  brilliant  red  colour 
merging  into  the  3'ellowish  buff  abdomen.  Under  tail-coverts  whitish  buff.  Thighs 
blackish.  Wing  67  mm.,  tail  about  50,  bill  14,  metatarsus  15.  "Iris  yellow,  bill 
and  feet  black." 

? .  ad.  Above  brown.  Throat  and  jngulum  light  brown.  Breast  glossy  fiery 
red.  Centre  of  abdomen  pale  brown  with  an  orange  tinge,  sides  of,  abdomen  rusty 
brown.     Wing  61  to  62  mm.     The  young  male  is  like  the  ?Aw\i  female,  but  larger. 

Lita,  Carondelet  and  S.  Javier,  N.W.  Ecuador. 

7.  GraUaria  parambae  Rothsch.  (PI.  V.  fig.  3). 
Mr.  W.  Rothschild  described  this  species  in  Bull.  B.O.C.  XI.  p.  36,  from  a 
female  from  Paramba  in  North  Ecuador.  The  type  is  still  unique  in  the  Tring 
Museum.  The  whole  upperside  is  dark  olive-brown  with  a  rnfous  tinge,  which  is 
strongest  on  the  outer  webs  of  the  remiges.  Tail  deep  rufous,  the  upper  tail-coverts, 
which  appear  to  be  hidden  by  the  long  rump-feathers,  as  a  rule,  are  of  a  bright  rust- 
culour.  Lores  with  light  bases  to  the  feathers.  Under-surface  rufous-ochraceons, 
on  either  side  of  the  throat  a  dark  shaded  line.  Sides  of  body  washed  with  dark 
brown.     Wing  107  mm.,  tail  45,  metatarsus  48,  bill  30. 


2(; 


(  372  ) 


ON  A  NEW  LAND-TORTOISE  FROM  THE  GALAPAGOS 

ISLANDS. 

Br  THE  ilox.  WALTER  ROTHSCHILD,  Ph.D. 

Testudo  becki  sp.  nov. 

THIS  s})ecies  is  intermediate  between  T.  abinydoni  and  T.  ephippiutn.  It  has 
the  strongly  compressed  and  elevated  front  of  the  carapace  of  7.  abingdoni, 
while  it  has  the  broad  and  declivous  hind-part  of  the  carapace  of  T.  ephippium  :  but 
it  differs  from  both  in  being  even  wider,  in  projjortion,  across  the  carapace  than  T. 
ephippium,  and  in  the  fact  that  the  declivity  behind  begins  at  the  fourth  vertebral 
plate,  instead  of  abruptly  at  the  fifth  and  last.  Though  the  raised  front  of  the 
carapace  is  more  like  that  of  T.  abi)igdoni,  it  is  not  so  strongly  compressed  and 
developed.  The  front  marginal  plates  are  more  strongly  recurved  and  somewhat 
more  concave  than  in  T.  abingdoni. 

Length  of  carapace,  1030  mm.  (=  40-75  in.)  ;  greatest  width  1010  mm.  (  = 
40  in.) ;  width  above  hindlegs  695  mm.  (=  27'6  in.).  The  osteological  characters 
cannot  be  described  until  the  skin  is  relaxed  and  the  bones  taken  out. 

Ilab.  Cape  Berkeley,  northern  point  of  Albemarle  Island,  Galapagos  Archi- 
pelago, where  the  type  has  been  collected  by  Mr.  R.  H.  Beck,  in  whose  honour  it  is 
named. 

The  discovery  of  this  new  form  of  Tortoise  is  of  the  greatest  interest,  because  it 
demonstrates  the  presence,  not  only  of  a  third  species  of  Giant  Land  Tortoise  on 
Albemarle  Island,  but  also  a  tortoise  of  a  type  totally  different  from  the  other  two 
species.  While  Testudo  vicina  and  T.  tnicroph/es  are  round  and  in  appearance 
somewhat  similar  to  T.  gigantea  of  Aldabra,  this  new  species  is  of  the  type  of  T. 
ephippium,  and  T.  abingdoni,  so  appropriately  likened  to  a  Spanish  saddle  by  (Japtain 
Porter. 


-7  OCT  1901 


NOVITATE^^^OLOGICAE, 

Vol.  VIII.  DECEMBER,    1901.  No.  4. 

LIST    OF    A    COLLECTION    OF    BIRDS 
FROM    GUADALCANAR    ISLAND,    IN    THE    SOLOMON    C4R0UP. 

By  HON.  WALTER  ROTHSCHILD,  Ph.D.,  AND  ERNST  HARTERT. 

(See  anteii,  pp.  179  to  189.) 

THE  collection  we  are  here  describing  has  been  made  on  Guadalcanar  during 
the  months  April  and  May,  1901,  by  Mr.  Albert  S.  Meek  and  his  assistants. 
As  Guadalcanar  i.s  the  island  of  the  Solomon  Arcliipelago  on  which  most 
collections  have  been  formed  (especially  by  Messrs.  Cockerel],  Morton,  and  C.  M. 
Woodford),  novelties  could  hardly  be  expected  ;  but  nevertheless  the  collection  has 
not  only  added  considerably  to  the  Tring  Museum  collections,  but  has  also  cleared 
up  several  doubtful  points. 

1.  Dicaenm  aeneum  Pacher.  et  Jacq. 
A  good  series  of  both  sexes. 

2.  Cinnyris  frenata  (S.  Miill.). 
Large  series. 

3.  Myzomela  dubia  Rams. 

A  fine  series  of  both  sexes  confirms  what  we  have  said  on  pages  181  and  182. 
A  young  male  has  exactly  the  brownish  coloration  of  the  type  of  M.  shai-pei, 
therefore  our  suspicion  that  the  latter  had  been  in  spirits  may  be  erroneous.  "  Iris 
dark  brown,  feet  bluish  slate-colonr,  bill  black."  The/emale  is  like  the  male,  only 
somewhat  smaller.  The  wings  of  the  males  measure  64  to  66  mm.,  those  of  the 
females  59  to  60. 

4.  Edoliisoma  erythropygium  Sharpe. 

(Sharpe,  Froc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  LSSS,  p.  184,  Guadalcanar  !) 
We  were  quite  mistaken  when  (on  p.  181)  we  doubtfully  referred  two  males  and 
a,  female  from  Florida  to  E.  solomonis  Tristr.  We  have  since  compared  the  type 
in  the  British  Museum  and  a  co-type  in  the  Liverpool  Museum  of  E.  salom.onis,  and 
find  that  our  birds  have  nothing  to  do  with  them.  E.  salomoiiis  is  uniform  bluish 
grey  above,  including  the  ear-coverts,  rufous  cinnamon  below  ;  at  least  the  adult 
females  are  so,  and  the  male  has  only  the  under  wiug-coverts  rufous.  In  any  case 
our  birds  from  Florida  are  the  same  as  those  from  Guadalcanar,  which  are  Sharpe's 

27 


(  374  ) 

en/throp'jgium.  The  adnlt  male  is  blue-grey  above  ;  the  bristlj'  feathers  over  the 
nostrils,  the  lores,  sides  of  head  below  the  eyes,  and  ear-coverts  are  black  ;  the 
underside  is  like  the  upper  surface;  the  females  are  above  brownish,  rufous  cinnamon 
on  wings,  rump  and  npper  tail-coverts,  greyish  on  the  crown.  The  underside  is 
always  much  paler  than  in  mlomonis.  Iris  in  both  sexes  dark  brown,  feet  black, 
bill  black  in  the  male,  dark  Ijrown  in  ihej'emale. 

The  female  from  Kulambangra  (anteii,  p.  181)  belongs  either  to  erythropygium 
or  to  an  undescribed  form,  but  this  cannot  be  found  out  without  further  material. 
It  is  certainly  not  salomonis,  but  seems  to  agree  well  with  erythropygium,  except 
that  it  appears  to  be  deeper  rufous  on  the  rump,  and  also  below.  T'hvee females 
from  Fauro  and  Muuia  Island,  in  the  Shortland  grouji,  seem  rather  to  agree  with 
the  one  from  Kulambangra  than  with  those  from  Guadalcanar  and  Florida,  which 
are  all  lighter  below. 

5.  Edoliisoma  holopolius  (Sharpe). 

Graucahis  holopolius  Sharpe,  P.  Z.  S.  1888,  p.  184.  Dr.  Sharpe,  when 
describing  this  species,  had  only  a  female  before  him.  He  described  the  differences 
of  colour  which  distinguish  it  from  the  tnale  of  Graucahis  pusillus,  the  female  of 
which  is  barred  on  the  abdomen.  The  elongated  bill  of  holopolius  places  it  at  once 
into  the  genus  Edoliisoma,  if  this  is  separated,  as  it  well  might  be,  from  Graucalus. 
3Ir.  Meek  now  discovered  the  adult  male  of  Edoliisoma  holopolius,  which  is  very 
closely  allied  to  that  of  E.  montanum  from  New  Guinea,  being  totally  black  below 
from  the  bill  to  the  tail.  It  differs  from  E.  mojitanum  in  being  much  smaller. 
The  black  of  the  sides  of  the  head  extends  in  an  irregularly  interrupted  collar  round 
the  hindneck.  cJ  wing  116  to  118  mm,  tail  about  95  mm.,  culmen  from  base 
1^4  mm.  "Iris  dark  brown,  bill  and  feet  black."  'Yhe  female  agrees  with  Dr. 
Sharpe's  description.  I.e. 

fi.  Graucalus  pusillus  Rams. 

A  series  of  both  sexes.  Iris  in  both  sexes  pale  yellow.  Bill  from  forehead 
^0  mm. 

7.  Graucalus  hypoleucus  subsp. 

Three  specimens  from  Guadalcanar  are  hardly,  if  at  all,  distinguishable  from 
louisiadensis.     {Anted,  p.  180.) 

8.  Monarcha  castaneiventris  (Verr.). 

A  good  series  from  Guadalcanar  apjiears  to  prove  that  the  !\,6.\\\t  female  is 
similar  to  the  male,  only  slightly  smaller.  Two  \mma.invi' females  have  the  black 
parts  glossle8s,-somewhat  sooty,  and  the  remiges  have  dull  rufous  edges. 

9.  Monarcha  brodiei  brodiei  Rams. 

A  series  from  Guadalcanar  fully  bears  out  our  contentions  as  to  the  distinctness 
of  JIf.  brodiei fioridana.  {Anted,  p.  182.)  The  sexes  are  alike.  Nest  with  one  egg 
found  April  27th,  1901.  The  nest  is  placed  in  the  fork  of  a  branch.  It  consists 
of  fine  dry  grasses  and  human  hair,  and  is  outside  ornamented  with  cobwebs  and 
white  paper-like  spider-nests.     Some  dry  leaves  are  hanging  down  from  the  bottom. 


(  375) 

The  egg  is  of  a  glossless  creamy  white,  covered  with  bright  brick-red  patches  and 
spots,  which  are  larger  and  more  frequent  near  the  thick  end,  where  they  form  au 
irregular  zone.     Length  21 '5,  greatest  width  15-5  mm. 

10.  Myiagra  ferrocyanea  Rams. 

A  series  of  both  sexes.  The/emales  fully  confirm  the  distinctness  of  M.feminina 
from  Kulambangra,  the  male  of  which  is  not  yet  known.  "Iris  c?  dark  brown,  feet 
slaty  black,  bill  blue  with  a  black  tip.  ? ,  iris  dark  brown,  feet  slate-colour,  bill 
^My  blue." 

11.  Rhipidura  tricolor  (Vieill.). 
Four  skins  from  Guadalcanar. 

12.  Rhipidura  cockerelli  (Rams.). 

Two  7)iales  and  &  female,  April  TJiil.  IIm  female  is  smaller,  the  wing  5  mm. 
shorter,     "  Iris  dark  brown,  feet  slate-colour,  bill  black." 

13.  Pachycephala  astrolabi  Bp. 

A  beautiful  series,  agreeing  with  those  from  Florida.  The  variation  of  plumages 
is  wonderful.  What  are,  apparently,  adult  females,  look  as  follows  :  Upperside 
rufous,  olive  towards  the  rump.  Rectrices  greenish  olive  with  rufous  borders. 
Wings  outwardly  cinnamon.  Underside  white,  washed  with  grey  laterally,  a 
cinnamon  collar  round  the  jugulum,  throat  whitish  with  a  cinnamon  wash.  Under 
tail-coverts  yellow.  A  much  younger  female  is  more  rufous  below.  Immature 
■males  are  somewhat  similar,  but  much  more  greenish  above  ;  underside  yellow  with 
dark  greyish  centres  to  the  feathers,  a  cinnamon-rufous  collar  across  the  jugulum, 
and  the  rectrices  partly  olive,  partly  black  with  olive  tips  and  edges.  Others  are 
like  the  last  ones,  but  washed  with  cinnamon  over  the  whole  throat  and  sides  of 
body,  while  the  tail  is  still  greenish  olive. 

14.  Calornis  fulvipennis  Hombr.  &  Jacn. 

Half  a  dozen  from  Guadalcanar.  "  Iris  red  ;  feet  and  bill  black."  The 
majority  of  the  skins  from  Kulambangra  and  Florida  (anfi>'i,  p.  184)  are  larger  than 
those  from  Guadalcanar,  but  this  is  not  sufficient  to  separate  them. 

15.  Calornis  metallica  (Temm.). 
A  series. 

16.  Calornis  cantoroides  Gray. 

1  c?  Guadalcanar  25.  iv.  lOii].     "Iris  vermilion." 

17.  Mino  kreffti  Scl. 
(?  ?  ? .  "  Iris  bright  yellow,  bill  and  feet  orange." 

18.  Macrocorax  woodfordi  Grant. 

A  fine  series,  collected  in  April  and  Blay.  "  Iris  dirty  white  (in  two  specimens, 
however,  marked  as  light  ashy  blue),  feet  black,  bill  whitish  with  a  purplish  or 
pinkish  tiut,  tip  black."  Wings  270,  27.5  and  280  ram.  The  sexes  are  perfectly 
alike,  unless  the  females  (Pcorregtly  sexed)  are  a  little  smaller, 


(  376  ) 
10.  CoUocalia  francica  (Gm.)- 


Female,  May  1001. 


20.  Macropteryx  mystacea  woodfordiana  Harf. 

Both  sexes,  April  and  May.  (See  autcn,  p.  184.)  It  may  here  be  said  tbat 
the  original  figure  of  M.  mystacea  shows  the  nndersurface  quite  grey,  and  the 
description  ("  Voy.  ant.  dn  Monde"  Znol.  I.  p.  647,  182(1)  also  speaks  of  a  grey 
underside  and  nnder-t ail-coverts.  However,  the  original  locality  is  said  to  be 
New  Guinea  (Dorey),  on  account  of  which  statement  the  typical  form  was 
supposed  to  be  the  light-bellied  one  inhabiting  New  Guinea,  when  icoodfordiana 
was  originally  described.  Salvadori's  excellent  description,  in  Orn.  Pap.  I.  p.  637, 
also  mentions  the  white  centre  of  the  abdomen  and  crissum.  Dr.  Jordan,  during 
his  recent  visit  to  Paris,  has  kindly  examined  the  type,  which  has  the  nnder- 
tail-coverts  whitish  ;  which  proves  that  Hartert's  separation  of  the  two  forms  is 
quite  correct. 

21.  Centropus  milo  Gould. 

2  i  ad.,  1  juv.  The  iris  of  the  adults  is  marked  as  "dark  red"  and  "dark 
reddish  brown,"  that  of  the  young  as  "  light  brown." 

22.  Urodynamis  taitiensis  (Sparrm.). 
c?,  Gaadalcanar,  17.  iv.  1001.     "  Iris  dirty  white." 

23.  Chalcococcyx  plagosus  (Lath.). 

Three  specimens,  all  marked  "  females,"  and  one  collected  on  Guadalcanar  by 
Sir.  Woodford,  agree  perfectly  with  specimens  from  Australia  and  other  localities. 
Tristram  and  others  have  quoted  this  species  from  the  Solomons.  Shelley  {Gat.  B. 
Brit.  Mus.  XIX.  pp.  207  and  200)  mentions  both  Gk.  plagosus  and  Ch.  nmlai/anus 
as  occurring  on  the  Solomon  Islands.  His  former  correct  statement  is  proved  by 
the  specimens  o'  and  p'  in  the  British  Museum.  For  the  latter  Mr.  Grant, 
P.  Z.  S.  1888,  p.  191,  is  evidently  his  authority,  as  shown  by  the  list  of  literature, 
but  Capt.  Shelley  evidently  overlooked  that,  while  quoting  Lamprococcyx  basalts 
Grant  as  a  synonym  of  malayanus,  he  placed  one  of  the  specimens  on  which 
Mr.  Grant  had  based  his  statement  under  plagosus. 

24.  Rhyticeros  plicatus  (Forst.). 
One  adult  male.     "  Iris  dark  red." 

25.  Eurystomus  solomonensis  Sharpc. 

c?  ?  Guadalcanar.  All  specimens  of  E.  solomonensis  before  us  have  a  small 
white  patch  on  the  chin,  which  appears  to  be  absent  in  E.  neohanoveranus  Hart. 
(anted,  p.  185). 

2B.  Ceyx  lepida  coUectoris  subsp.  nov. 

Anted  (p.  180)  we  have  queried  the  name  sacerdotis  for  the  form  inhabiting 
the  Solomon   Islands.     We  have  now   received  two  specimens  from  Guadalcanar, 


(  377  ) 

and  having  compared  them  with  the  oue  example  from  the  hitter  ishiiid  in  the 
British  Museum,  and  the  skin  from  the  original  locality  (New  Britain)  in  the 
same  Museum,  we  have  found  out  that  the  females  (or  younger  birds  ?)  of  the 
Solomons  form  have  the  upper  bill  blackish,  adult  males,  however,  having  the 
entire  bill  orange-red,  and  that  these  birds  are  not  true  sacerdotis.  The  feathers 
of  the  pileum  have,  in  sacerdotis,  subterminal  light  nltramarine-blue  bars,  while  in 
collectoris  they  have  subterminal  ultramarine  tiiu/  spots  of  a  somewhat  triangular 
shape.  The  skin  of  sacerdotis  in  the  British  Museum  is  also  of  a  paler  orange 
below,  thus  agreeing  perfectly  with  the  original  description  of  sacerdotis,  and  the 
wing  is  about  3  or  4  mm.  longer.  The  two  specimens  from  Guadalcanar  have 
the  upper  bill  blackish,  the  lower  bill  dirty  orange.  Both  are  marked  a.f>  females. 
All  the  four  Knlambangra  birds  have  the  entire  upper  and  lower  bill  orange-red, 
and  all  four  are  probably  adult  males,  though  one  is  marked  as  s,  female.  The  two 
black-billed  specimeus  have  the  wings  0<i  and  61  mm.  long,  the  four  red-billed  ones 
04  and  65  mm.     The  two  black-billed  birds  have  no  apparent  signs  of  immaturity. 

27.  Halcyon  leucopygia  (V^err.). 

Fine  series.  Young  birds  of  both  se.xes  have  the  chest,  breast,  and  abdomen 
more  or  less  cinnamon,  and  whitish  edges  to  the  upper  wing-coverts.  Adult  birds 
shot  in  Ajjril  and  May  are  in  beautiful  plumage  ;  »,  female  collected  iu  August  by 
Mr.  Woodford  is  in  moult.  "  Solomon  Islands "  is  the  original  locality  given 
by  its  author  for  this  fine  species. 

28.  Halcyon  tristrami  Layard. 

Ibis,  1880,  p.  460,  ]il.  15  (Sau  (Jhristoval). 

One  adult  bird,  laajVeA.  female,  with  the  chest,  under  wing-coverts,  sides  of 
body  and  nuchal  collar  rusty,  throat  and  middle  of  abdomen  pure  white.  {Anted, 
p.  185.) 

29.  Halcyon  saurophaga  Gould. 

P.  Z.  S.  1843,  p.  103  (New  Guinea). 

One  female,  agreeing  with  New  Guinea  specimens. 

30.  Halcyon  sancta  Vig.  &  Horsf 

Two  somewhat  worn  and  moulting  individuals  shot  towards  the  end  of  April, 
and  agreeing  with  specimens  from  the  original  locality  ("Australia"). 

31.  Alcedo  ispida  ispidoides  Less. 

cJ  ?  ad.  and  imm.,  April  and  May.  These  three  birds  are  rather  large,  especially 
the  bills  very  wide,  the  sides  of  the  head  very  dark,  upperside  more  bluish  than 
usual.  They  form  probably  a  local  subspecies,  but  more  material  is  reiiuired  to 
prove  this. 

Some  specimens,  especially  from  the  L'elebes  group,  appear  to  be  quite  as  large; 
others,  for  e.xample  from  the  Duke  of  York  Islands,  almost  or  quite  as  bluish. 

32.  Cacatua  ducorpsi  Jacq.  &  Pucher. 

1    c?,  2  ?  ?,   May   I'.x.il.     <?  wing  2T8,    ¥  ¥    260  to  208  mm.      Bills  of  the 
females  distinctly  smaller. 


(  378  ) 

33.  Nasiterna  aolae  Oaiit. 

4  (J,  1  ?,  April  and  Mtiy  1901.  lu  three  of  the  males  the  iris  is  marked  as 
pale  red,  in  one  as  bright  red,  the  feet  and  bill  blnish  slate-colour.  The  blue 
middle  of  the  pileum  characterises  both  sexes.  Anterior  part  of  cheeks  to  both 
sides  of  the  lower  bill  and  chin  blue  in  the  male,  brownish  red  in  the/emale. 

34.  Trichoglossus  haematodus  massena  Bp. 

Three  specimens.  They  show  the  yellowish  nuchal  collar  similarly  interrupted 
to  those  from  Kulambangra.     (Anted,  p.  liS6.) 

35.  Eos  cardinalis  (Gray). 
Both  sexes,  April  and  May. 

30.  Lorius  chlorocercus  Gould. 

A  series  of  adults  and  one  young  male.  Tliis  young  male  lacks  the  black 
patch  in  front  of  the  shoulders,  the  yellow  pectoral  collar  is  obsolete,  and  the  thighs 
are  much  mixed  with  green.  The  iris  of  the  adults  is  marked  as  red,  that  of  the 
young  as  brown.     The  bill  of  the  adults  is  dark  red,  that  of  the  young  deep  brown. 

37.  Charmosynopsis  margarethae  (Tristr.) 

<S  ?  and  juv.,  four  in  all,  from  Guadalcanar.  They  agree  with  the  Kulambangra 
specimens  (anted,  p.  187).  It  is  strange  that  former  collectors  did  not  come  across 
this  most  conspicuous  and  beautiful  bird. 

38.  GeofFroyus  heteroclitus  (Hombr.  &  Jacq.V 

A  good  series  of  old  and  young. 

39.  Eclectus  pectoralis  solomonensis  Rothsch.  &  Hart. 
An  immature  male,  o.  v.  1001. 

40.  Baza  subcristata  gurneyi  Rams. 

?,  with  the  remiges  in  moult,  Guadalcanar  'J.j.  iv.  I'JOl.  "  Iris  bright  yellow, 
feet  zinc-blue,  bill  black,  slate-colour  at  base."  We  have  also  a  S,  collected  by 
Mr.  C.  M.  Woodford  on  Russell  Island,  north  of  Guadalcanar,  in  July  1896.  "Iris 
yellow."  These  two  specimens  agree  in  every  detail.  Tliey  have  the  chest  and 
abdomen  white  with  deep  slaty-black  bars,  the  under  tail-coverts  of  a  somewhat 
])ale  cinnamon,  the  under  wing-coverts  white  with  a  buffy-cinnamon  wash  in  the 
middle.  The  subterminal  band  to  the  outer  rectrices  is  very  wide  (about  5  to  G  cm. 
on  the  lateral  pair).  This  latter  peculiarity,  together  with  the  almost  snow-white 
ground-colour  of  the  feathers  of  the  under-surface,  and  the  slaty-black  bars,  without 
a  brown  tinge,  seem  to  separate  this  form  sufficiently,  as  a  subsjiecies,  from  Baza 
subcristata  reinicardti  ;  but  it  is  very  closely  allied  to  B.  s.  hismarcki  Sharjie  from 
New  Ireland  and  New  Hanover.  B.  s.  bismaix/ti  is  only,  judging  from  our  two 
skins  from  New  Hanover,  larger,  the  wing  about  2  to  3  cm.  longer,  the  bill  larger 


(  3V9) 

One  of  onr  specimens  has  also  extremely  wide  bars  on  the  undersurface,  and  they 
are  not  so  deep  black  as  in  our  gurneyi.  More  material,  with  the  sexes  reliably 
stated,  and  with  full-grown  wings,  are,  however,  desirable  to  set  forth  the  dis- 
tinguishable characters  between  the  two  most  closely  allied  forms  from  the  Eastern 
Papuan  Islands  and  the  Solomons. 

When  naming  the  two  Baza  from  Gnadalcanar  we  examined  all  onr  material 
of  that  gronp  from  the  Eastern  Archipelago — namely,  the  two  from  Gnadalcanar, 
two  from  New  Hanover,  fonr  from  Queensland,  forty-five  from  various  parts  of  New 
Guinea  (Anday,  Kapaur,  Ron,  Ambernoh  River,  Milne  Bay,  Mt.  Cameron,  Kotoi 
District,  Fly  River),  Fergusson  Island,  Waiglu,  Salwatty,  Am,  Dammar,  Key 
Islands,  South  Flores,  Sumba,  Timor,  Djampea,  Lombok,  Goram-laut  and  Buru  ; 
one  from  Obi,  and  one  from  Batjan.  After  having  also  seen  the  series  in  the  British 
Museum,  we  have  come  to  the  conclusion  that  the  following  forms  only  can  be 
separated,  and  that  they  are  closely  allied  and  best  considered  subspecies  : — 

Baza  subcristata  subcristata  :  Northern  Australia.  Subtermiual  band  to  tail 
narrow,  wings  long. 

Baza  subcristata  reimcardti :  Southern  Moluccas,  New  Guinea,  Am,  Key, 
Mysol,  Salwatty,  and  Lesser  Sunda  Islands  from  Samba  and  Timor  to  Dammer  and 
Djampea.  Subtermiual  band  to  lateral  rectrices  narrow  (generally  1  to  2  cm.  on 
outer  rectrices,  sometimes  almost  4  cm.),  under  wing-coverts  strongly  tinged  witJi 
rusty  buff,  underside  more  or  less  tinged  with  rusty  buff,  wings  shorter  than  in  the 
Australian  form.  The  shorter  wing  of  this  form  (difference  about  2  to  o  cm.)  is 
apparently  the  only  constant  character  by  winch  to  separate  the  two  forms. 

Baza  subscristuta  bismarcki :  New  Ireland,  Duke  of  York  Islands,  New 
Hanover.  The  alleged  occurrence  in  New  Guinea  requires  confirmation  !  Abdomen 
with  the  ground-colour  white,  under  wing-coverts  very  light.  AVing  about  as  long 
as  in  the  Australian  form. 

Baza  subcristata  gurneyi :  Solomon  Islands.     Like  bismarcki,  but  smaller. 

Baza  subcristata  rufa :  Northern  Moluccas  only,  including  Obi  Major.  Sub- 
terminal  bar  to  lateral  rectrices  and  size  as  in  reinwardti,  hut  at  once  distinguishable 
by  the  dark  rufous  appearance  of  the  under-surface  and  dark  rufous  under  wing- 
and  under  tail-coverts.  The  Celebesian  and  other  more  western  forms  belong  to 
different  species. 

Dr.  0.  Finsch  {Notes  Leyden  Mas.  xxii.  p.  50)  has  stated  that  B.  reinwardti 
is  confined  to  the  southern  Moluccas,  and  that  the  form  ranging  from  New  Guinea 
to  Timor  and  the  adjacent  islands  must  be  separated  as  Baza  stenozona  Gray, 
without,  however,  giving  any  reasons  for  his  opinion.  Ornithologists,  nevertheless, 
not  being  obliged  to  recognise  two  species  as  dift'ereut  merely  because  one  of  their 
colleagues  authoritatively  says  that  they  are  different,  we  did  our  best  to  discover 
the  sujijiosed  difi'erences,  but  in  vain.  Neither  size,  nor  coloration  on  any  part 
of  the  plumage,  nor  the  width  of  the  bars  or  tiieir  number,  offers  us  any  constant 
character  for  the  separation  of  the  supposed  stenozona,  and  we  cannot  therefore 
confirm  Dr.  Fiusch's  statement. 

41.  Astur  albogularis  (Gray). 

1870.  Acrij/itcr  albogularis  Gray,  Ann.±Vat.  11.  (4)  V.  p.  :i27  (S;in  Christoval  !). 
1888.  Astur  woodj'ordi  Sharpe,  P.Z.H.  1888,  p.  183  (Gnadalcanar). 
We  have  compared  our  specimens  with  those  in  the  British  Museum,  and 
found  that  albogularis  and  woodjordi  are  doubtless  the  same.     The  only  difference 


(  380  ) 

wliifli  is  apparent  from  tlie  descriptions  is,  that  iconilfordi  has  a  vinous  Inili'-cullar, 
while  alhoqularis  lias  nut.  Our  series,  together  with  that  in  the  Britisii  Miisenm, 
however,  clearly  proves  that  this  is  no  distingnishing  character  wliatever,  as  it  is 
absent,  indicated  and  well  developed  in  specimens  from  the  same  island,  nor  is  there 
any  other  jteculiarity  to  distinguish  the  two  supposed  forms.  There  is  also  no 
geographical  evidence  that  they  are  various  races,  as  Gnadalcanar  would  have 
{P.Z.S.  1888,  p.  I;s3)  both  forms.    We  have  now  the  following  specimens  before  ns :  — 

Kulambangra  :    1   cj  ad.,  1  cJ  jnv. 

Gnadalcanar  :  '-'  6  jnv.,  1  i  ad.,  1   ?  jnv.,  2  ?  ad. 

42.  Astur  versicolor  Uams. 

1882.  Astur  cersicolor  Ramsay,  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  X.  S.  Wales,  VI.  p.  718. 

1888.  Astur  holomelus  Sliarpe,  I'.Z.S.  1888,  p.  182. 

There  can  be  no  doubt,  from  the  descriptions,  that  holomelas  is  the  same  as 
versicolor.  The  former  is  described  from  Gnadalcanar,  the  latter  came  from  Ugi 
{Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  N.  S.  Wales,  VII.  ji.  30,  1882). 

Dr.  Sharpe,  when  describing  his  holomelas,  did  not  refer  to  versicolor  at  all, 
bnt  suggested  the  possibility  that  it  might  be  a  melanism  of  woocl/orcli,  while 
Ramsay  suggested  that  his  versicolor  might  be  a  melanotic  form  of  albogularis. 
We,  however,  have  jnst  found  out  that  A.  alboffularis  and  woodfordi  are  the  same. 
We  have  received  a  very  fine  male,  shot  on  Gnadalcanar  on  April  10th,  1901. 
The  iris  is  described  as  "  bright  yellow,"  the  feet  as  "  sage-green,"  the  bill  as 
"  slatj-black  with  a  bluish-slate  base." 

The  appearance  of  this  bird,  which  in  all  its  proportions  and  size  agrees  with 
.1,  albogularis,  certainly  suggests  the  possibility  that  it  is  a  black  phase  or  melanotic 
aberration  of  ,1.  albogularis,  especially  as  it  occurs  on  various  islands  together  with 
A.  albogularis  ;  but  until  we  have  more  evidence  to  prove  that  this  is  the  case,  we 
have  to  enumerate  it  as  a  species,  which,  after  all,  it  might  be. 

43.  Astur  pulchellus  Rams. 

1880.  Astur  soloi'Hsis  (uon  Latham  1),  Ramsay,  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  N.  S.  Wales 
IV.  p.  66  (''  Cape  Pitt,  Solomon  Islands"). 

1883.  Astur  pulchellus,  U&ms&y,  Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  London,  XV I.  p.  131  (refers 
to  the  specimen  named  solocnsis  before). 

1883.  Astur  pulchellus,  Ramsay,  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  K  S.  II  V(/c.sr,  VII.  p.  31  (Cape 
Pitt,  Gaudalcauar  [Cocherell],  Florida  Island  [Morton]. 

(This  statement  is  full  of  mistakes  and  misspellings.  ( 'ape  Pitt  is  the  southern- 
most cape  of  New  Georgia,  and  not  on  Gnadalcanar,  which  island  is  meant  by 
"  Gaudalcauar,"  and  the  collector's  name  is  Cockerell,  not  "  Cocherell ".) 

1883.   Urospizias  pulchellus,  Salvadori,  Orn.  Papuasia,  III.  p.  508. 

1888.  A.'stur  shebae,  Sharpe,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Lond.  1888,  p.  183. 

1899.  Astur  shebae  and  pulchellus,  Sharjie,  Hand-list,  I.  p.  249. 

Dr.  Sharpe  distinguishes  two  upecies,  pulchellus  and  shebae,  from  the  Solomon 
Islands.  Those  that  he  calls  pulchellus  have  the  under  wing-  and  under  tail-coverts, 
as  well  as  the  thighs,  as  deep  rufous  as  the  breast  and  abdomen,  and  the  throat 
somewhat  darker  ;  while  his  shebae  have  the  throat  somewhat  more  whitish,  the 
under  tail-  and  under  wing-coverts  wiiitish,  and  the  thighs  much  lighter  rufous. 
Other  difl'ereuces  there  arc  none. 


(  381  ) 

If  Dr.  Sharpe  were  right  in  sejiarating  what  he  calls  pulchellus  and  sliehae, 
then  his  judchellus  would  have  to  receive  a  new  name,  as  his  shebae  are  identical 
with  typical  pulchellus.  This  is  qnite  evident  from  Ramsay's  descriptions,  most  of 
all  from  his  first  statement,  that  his  birds  fully  agreed  with  the  figure  on  Plate  IV. 
of  Vol.  I.  of  the  Catalogue  of  Birds.  All  these  supposed  differences,  however, 
are  of  no  consequence,  as  shown  by  our  series  and  that  in  the  British  Museum, 
there  being  specimens  fully  intermediate  between  the  dark-  and  light-bellied  ones, 
and  there  being  light  and  dark  ones  from  Gnadalcanar  as  well  as  from  Florida. 
There  is,  moreover,  no  sense  in  the  supposed  geographical  distribution  of  the  two 
forms,  if  they  were  diff'erent,  which  they  are  not. 

We  have  received  adult /t'wafes  from  Gnadalcanar.  Their  iris  is  marked  as 
reddish  brown  (not  as  yellow  !)  feet  and  cere  orange,  bill  black.  Wing  about  212 
to  220  mm. 

The  young  female  from  Florida,  doubtfully  mentioned  as  albogularis  {anted, 
p.  189)  belongs  also  to  pulchrllus,  and  not  to  alhogalaris,  the  young  of  which 
have  much  darker  heads  and  backs,  and  peculiarly  light  rnfous  tips  to  the  wings, 
merging  into  cinnamon. 

Speaking  of  this  group  of  hawks,  we  may  as  well  mention  that  the  characters 
said  to  distinguish  A.  dampieri  from  the  Bismarck-Archipelago  do  not  hold  good 
at  all,  and  that  we  are  convinced  that  A.  dampieri  will  prove  to  be  indistinguishable 
from  etorques  ;  of  course  the  iris  is  said  to  be  brown,  while  that  of  the  adult 
etorques  is  yellow,  but  this  is  also  a  character  of  doubtful  value,  as  all  immature 
etorques  have  it  also  brosvn. 

Astur  pulcheUus  is  a  very  small  representative  of  etorques,  the  wing  of  the 
female  being  about  as  long  as  that  of  the  7nale  of  etorques.  Our  specimens  of 
etorques,  especially  the  males,  from  the  D'Entrecasteaux  and  Trobriaud  islands  are 
somewhat  larger  and  more  powerful  than  those  from  New  Guinea  (Papua)  itself, 
but  there  is  so  much  variation,  that  we  hesitate  to  separate  these  forms  for 
the  present. 

44.  Ninox  granti  Sharpe. 

{P.Z.S.  1888  p.  183  :  Gnadalcanar). 

A  fine  series  from  Gnadalcanar  to  hand.  "  Iris  yellow,  feet  straw-yellow,  bill 
of  a  greenish-yellow  horn-colour."  There  is  a  certain  amouut  of  variation  in  this 
owl,  probably  due  to  age.  The  head  and  neck  and  upper  wing-coverts  are  spotted 
with  frequent  bar-like  bufi'  spots  in  some,  while  these  spots  are  sparse  and  almost 
absent  in  others.  The  light  bars  on  the  tail  are  more  or  less  develojied.  The 
underside  is  either  more  whitish,  more  rufous,  or  more  brown  in  general  appearance, 
the  face  sometimes  more  whitish,  sometimes  more  black.     Wings  180  to  185  mm. 

The  young  is  covered  with  a  deep  greyish  chocolate  down,  round  the  chin  is  a 
white  area,  and  on  the  breast  and  abdomen  are  creamy  white  cross-bars,  more  or 
less  concealed. 

45.  Ptilinopus  solomonensis  Gray. 

Oat  female  only.     Comparison  of  males  desirable. 

46.  Ptilinopus  superbus  (Temm.  &  Knip). 

Four  specimens.  They  are  not  at  all  smaller  than  usual,  and  we  cannot  see 
that  they  differ  from  typical  superbus  from  other  islands.     (See  anted,  p.  189.) 


(  382  ) 

47.  Ptilinopus  lewisi  Rams. 

A  tine  series,  all  marked  as  males.  We  believe,  however,  that  some,  which  are 
somewhat  smaller,  are  females.  They  have  the  wiug  abont  6  mm.  shorter.  The 
red  jugular  patch  varies  much  in  intensity.  The  iris  is  orange-yellow,  bill  dark 
yellow,  feet  purplish  red.  Specimen  a.  enumerated  on  p.  199  of  P.Z.S.  188  by  Mr. 
Grant  as  a  ?  Pt.  leicisi,  is  a  ?  P.  solomonensis,  as  shown  by  its  tail  and  bright 
yellow  under  tail-coverts.  Adult  mctles  and  females  of  P.  letcisi  seem  to  be 
practically  indistinguishable. 

48.  Carpophag'a  rufigula  Salvad. 
S  ad.     "  Iris  red,  feet  bright  red,  bill  dark  slate. 

48.  Carpophaga  brenchleyi  Gray. 
?  ad.  1.  V.  1001.     "  Iris  red,  feet  purple,  bill  blue-slate." 

ijii.  Coryphoenas  crassirostris  (Gould). 
Specimens  from  Guadalcanar  agree  with  those  from  the  other  islands. 

51.  Macropygia  rufa  rufocastanea  Hams. 
3  (?  1  ?.     "  Iris  red,  feet  purjslish-red,  bill  vandyke-brown." 

52.  Chalcophaps  stephani  mortoni  Rams. 
2  ?.     Wings  152  to  154  mm. 

53.  Caloenas  nicobarica  (L.). 
9.     Guadalcanar  19.  v.  1901. 

54.  Megapodius  eremita  Hartl. 

?  ad.  and  pullns.  See  aiitcn  pp.  137,  Via.  The  specimen  from  Guadalcanar 
agrees  fully  with  those  from  the  Shortland  group. 

55.  Porphyrio  smaragdinus  Temm. 

Om  female,  31.  iv.  1901.  "Iris  dark  red:  feet  dirty  red;  bill  blood-red." 
(Cat.  B.  Brit.  Mus.  XXIII.  p.  203.) 

50.  Butorides  javanicus  stagnatilis  (Gould). 

One  female,  15.  v.  I'JUl. 

It  is  doubtless  safe  enough  to  treat  stagnatilis  as  a  subspecies  of  java?iicus,  and 
perhaps  both  can  bn  treated  as  subspecies  of  .^friatus  (cf.  .Journ.f.  Orn.  1877  p.  254). 
It  appears  to  be  pcrCectly  correct  (from]our'  scanty  material)  to  unite  the  specimens 
from  New  Guinea  and  the  Solomons  with  stagnatilis  (first  described  from  Port 
Essington,  Australia),  but  those  from  Flores  (and  probably  Timor)  have  much 
smaller  bills,  and  are  generally  smaller,  and  should  probably  be  separated  ! 

57.  Nycticorax  mandibularis  Grant. 

6,  20.  iv.  1901.  "Iris  bright  yellow;  feet  greenish  yellow;  bill  vandyke- 
brown,  base  of  lower  bill  greenish  yellow." 


(  383  ) 


AUS    DEN    WANDEKJAHREN     EINES     NATUREORSCHERS. 

VON  EENST  HARTERT. 

{Continitrdfrom  j>.^?,5.) 

IX.    KAPITEL. 

UEBERSICHT  DEB  UI  EIGENTLICMEN  HA  USSALANDE 
BEOBACBTETEN   NUTZPFLANZEN. 

Oryza  sativa  L.     Reis.     "  Tshinkaifa." 

In  den  grosseren  Orten  des  Hanssalandes  iiberall  kiiuflich,  aber  nirgend  hiiufig, 
daher  weniger  Volksnahruug,  sondern  nnr  von  den  Keichen  nnd  Arabern  regelmassig 
gegessen.  Aus  dem  zwischen  Steiuen  geriebenen  Mebl  werJen  Paddings  gekoclit, 
die  mit  scliarfen  Saucen  gegessen  werdeii,  anch  werden  aus  Reismehl  die  wobl- 
schmcckeudsten  "  massa"  bereitet,  eiue  Art  kleiner,  in  Butter  oder  PalmOl  gebackener 
Brotchen,  die  auch,  aber  seltener,  mit  Honigsauce  serviert  werden.  Im  Norden, 
namentlich  in  der  Gegend  von  8okoto,  wucbs  fine  Eeis-Sorte  luit  grossen, 
scbneeweissen  Kiirueru,  wiibrend  wir  waiter  siidlicb,  nocb  bei  Zaria,  eine  Art  mit 
rOtlilicbeu  oder  scbwiirzlichen  Kornern  bekamen,  die  aber  fast  besser,  jedenfalls 
wUrziger  scbmeckte,  als  der  feine  weisse  Reis.  Der  importierte  indische  Reis,  den 
wir  am  Niger  bekamen,  ist  viel  scblechter. 

Zea  mays  L.     Mais.     "  MaserA." 

Wnrde  nicht  nordlich  des  Korro-Gebirges  beobachtet,  wo  wir  jedoch  nur  zur 
trockensten  Jalireszeit  weilten.  Die  halbreifen,  zuweilen  aucb  reifen  Kolbeu  werden 
am  Fener  gerOstot  genossen,  es  wird  aber  auch  ein  "maididi"  genaiiutes  Gericht 
aus  dem  fein  zerriebeneu  Mehl  bereitet,  niimlich  in  Bananenblatteru  gekochte 
Breiklumpen. 

Sorghum  vulgare  (und  var.  saccharatiim), 

die  auch  in  Siideuropa,  nordlich  bis  Schlesieu  noch  sehr  viel  gebaute  Hirse,  sind 
die  Hauptniihrpflanzen  des  Landes.  Sie  werden  iiberall  "  Dawa "  genannt. 
S.  saccharatiim  wnrde  in  einer  rothknrnigen  Varietiit  namentlich  im  Siiden  zn 
Pferdefutter  benutzt.  Aus  dem  Mehl  wird  das  nationale  Gericht,  "  ttio"  gemacht. 
Dies  ist  eine  grosse,  pnddingartige  Kugel,  die  stundenlang  kochen  muss  und  mit 
scharfen  Sancen  iibergossen  serviert  wird.  Die  "furrah"  das  sind  kleine  Mehl- 
kngeln,  werden  aus  dem  rohen,  grOberen,  meist  etwas  angesiiuerten  Mehl  geknetet, 
und  in  der  Rege]  in  saurer  Milch  oder  Wasser  verriihrt  genossen.  Anch  "  massa" 
und  '•  maididi "  werden  daraus  bereitet.  Bei  den  Heidenstummeu  wird  ans  dem 
Mehle  eiue  Art  von  Bier  gemacht,  und  bei  den  Haussa  ein  kiihlendes,  durch  Zusatz 
von  Tamarindensaft  siinerlich  gemachtes  Getriink,  "  kunnu,"  sowie  eine  Morgens 
kiiufliclie  heisse,  nur  meistens  fiir  unsern  Geschmack  viel  zu  stark  gepfeft'erte 
Mehlsuppe  "  Koko,"  die  uns  hiiufig  den  Morgenkaftee  ersetzen  musste. 
Die  Korner  dieuen  auch  als  Pierde-  und  Hiihnerfutter. 


(  384) 

Fennisetuiii  spicatum  =  ti/phoiileum  (=  Fenicillaria  spicata  AVilkl.j,  ''  gero," 

ist  fast  ebenso  bedeutend  fur  das  Volk,  sogar  nocli  wohlschmeckender,  aber  meist 
thenrer.  Es  wird  ebenso  vern-andt.  Von  den  Stengeln  der  "  dawa  "  nnd  "  gero  " 
werden  gewohnlich  die  Hausdiicher  gemacht. 

Paniciim  (species  indeterminata,  ex  affinit.  sanguinalis  L.)     "  Iburu." 

Bei  Zaria  gebaut,  als  Brei  mit  Butter  gegessen. 

Bei  Kashia  wiirden  noch  zwei  iihulicbe  Pflanzen  gebaut,  "  asha  "  oder  ^'  atts/ia" 
nnd  '■ta?nba,"  wovon  meine  Proben  verloreu  gingen.  Bei  Loko  wurden  aucb,  nach 
Angabe  uusrer  Leute,  die  Samen  einer  wilden,  dem  Panictim  iihulicbeu  Pflauze 
gesammelt. 

Sacckn7-um  qfficinarum  L.     Zuckerrohr.     "  Takanda/' 

Von  Keffi  an  uOrdlich  iiberall  angebaut,  aber  nur  bier  iind  da  znr  Bereitung 
von  stissem  Gebiick  benutzt.  Meist  rob  gegessen.  Die  Bereituug  von  Zucker  ist 
nicht  bekannt. 

Die  bei  Kano  nnd  Maska  "  reke  "  genanute,  an  Zuckerrohr  erinnernde  Pflanze 
war  jedenfalls  keine  Saccharum  Art.  Sie  wird  roh  gegessen,  in  Maska  wurde 
aber  auch  das  getrocknete  slisse  Mark  verkauft. 

Triticum  rulgare  var.  ferrngineum  Alef.     Weizen.     "  Alkamma." 

Bei  Kano  in  grc'isserem,  in  Zaria  in  geringem  Massstabe  gebaut.  Die  in 
Zaria  gebante  Form  wurde  wie  oben  von  Prof  Kdrnicke  bestimmt.  Nur  die 
Araber  und  Reichen  in  den  grossen  Stiidten  des  Nordens  schiitzen  und  benutzen 
den  Weizen,  dor  aucb  im  VerhJiltuiss  zu  audern  Getreidearten  sebr  tbeuer  ist. 

Elaeis  ffuineensis  L.     Oelpalme.     "  Gima." 

Am  Benne  noch  biiufig,  im  eigentlicbeu  Hanssalande  nur  in  don  feuchtereu, 
waldigen  Strichen,  uOrdlicb  von  Zaria  nur  noch  gauz  vereinzelt  bemerkt.  Bei 
Loko  wird  aus  den  Kernen  ein  dnnkles  Oel  bereitet,  das  wir  als  BrennOl  und  zum 
Reinigen  von  Wafleu  benutzten,  zum  Kochen  aber  weuiger  geeignet  fandeu,  als 
das  bekanute  rothe,  aus  dem  die  Kerne  umliiillenden  Fleiscbe  gemachte  PalmOl, 
das  zu  vielon  Speisen  vorziiglicb  ist.  Aus  dem  durch  Abscbneiden  der  miinulichen 
Bliitheuspitzo  gewonneuen  Safte  wird  am  Niger  eiu  reclit  triukbarer  •'  Palmwein  " 
bereitet. 

Raphia  vini/era  Beauv.     Weinpalme,  Bamboo-Palm  der  Englander.     "  Tukkurua." 

Wie  schon  der  Haussaname  anzudeuten  scheint  (rua  =  Wasser),  wacbst  diese 
Palme  nur  anf  frucbtbarem,  feucbten  Bodeu,  nnd  wurde  von  uns  nicbt  mehr 
nordlicb  von  Maska  geseben.  Diese  Palme  tiudet  vielfache  Verwendung.  Aus 
dem  dnreh  Abscbneiden  der  Eudtriebe  gewonneuen  Safte  wird  ein  berauschender 
"Palmwein"  bereitet.  Die  starken  Blattrippen  werden  zum  Dachbau,  Ruderstangen, 
Stiitzen  der  Traglasten,  und  allerlei  andern  Sachen  bonutzt. 

Borassus  ,/iabellifonnis  h.     Facberpalme.     "  Ginginya." 

Diese  prachtvolle,  00  bis  70  Fuss  Hobe  erreichende  Palme  sahea  wir  in 
grOsserer  Anzabl    nur   in    don    Tbiilern    von    Panda   und  Gilku.     Das   den   Kern 


(   385  ) 

niuhiillende  Fleisch  der  kinderkopfgrossen,  diinkelgelben  Friichte  hat  einen  wiii-zigen, 
an  Qiiitten  und  Mango  eriunernden  Geschmack  nnd  Gerucli,  dem  auch  die  Bei- 
misohnng  von  Terppntin  der  letztereu  nicht  fehlt.  Leider  ist  das  Fleisch  nnr  zn 
zilh  und  fascrig,  uiii  trotz  des  hervorragenden  Aromas  ein  besonderes  Nahrnngs- 
mittel  zn  bieten.  Die  gekochten  Keimpflanzen,  "  mulndji  "  oder  "  murretji "  der 
Haussa,  "morintshi"  der  Nupe,  "kelingiis"  der  Ce3iouesen,  sind  ein  ausgezeichnetes 
Gemiise.  Die  ziihen  Blatter  finden  vielfache  Verwendung,  ebenso  das  ansser- 
ordentlich  dauerhafte,  feste  Holz,  namentlich  zn  Thiirpfosten,  Wasserrinneu  nnd 
dergl.  Die  Bereitung  des  beranschenden  "  Toddy  "  ans  den  Bliithenschossen,  die 
in  Indian  so  weit  verbreitet  ist,  scheinen  die  Neger  nicht  zu  kennen.  (Falls  die 
iudische  Form  von  der  afrikanischen  verschieden  ist,  was  aber  neuere  Botaniker 
lengnen,  muss  letztere  den  Namen  aethiopum  trageu.) 

Ili/phaeiie  thebaica  Mart.     Dnmpalme.*     "  Kabba."' 
Sowoh]  diese  Art  mit  verzweigtem,  als  anch  eine  andre  mit  einfachem  Stamme 
(vermuthlich   //.  gHuiensis)  ist  im  Norden,  namentlich  in  Samfara,  nicht  selten. 
Aus  den  Stilmmen  juuger  Baume  werden  bastartige  Stricke  gemacht.     Ich  habe 
nicht  bemerkt,  dass  das  essbare  Fleisch  der  Friichte  im  Lande  genossen  wurde. 

Phoenix  dactylifera  L.     Dattelpalme.     Dattel :   "  Diwino." 

In  Zaria  nnd  Kauo  fandeu  wir  viele  Banme.  Dattelu  werden  aber  auch  von 
der  Sahara  her  eingefiihrt. 

Musa  paradisiara.     Banane.     "Ayaba." 

Im  Ganzen  recht  wenig  angebaut,  und  iiberall  im  eigentlichen  Haussalaude 
mehr  Leckerei  als  Nahrungsmittel,  am  Niger  dagegen,  wo  auch  die  nur  gekocht 
wohlschmeckende  "Plantane"  {Musa  sapientum)  vorkommt,  von  sehr  grosser 
Bedeutung  als  Nahrungsmittel.  Wiihrend  wir  in  Sokoto  eine  sehr  kleine  Sorte 
bekamen,  gab  es  in  Zaria  und  Keffi  eine  bis  zu  einem  Fuss  lange,  zwar  harte,  aber 
nicht  unangenehme  Sorte. 

(Ob  diese  Unterscheidung  in  zwei  Arten,  Bananen  und  Plantanen  der  Kolonisten, 
botanisch  richtig  ist,  mag  zweifelhaft  sein.  Der  "  Index  Kewensis  "  nennt  die 
afrikanische  Banane  ensete,  die  indische  sapientum,  und  betrachtet  paradisiaca  als 
ein  synonym  von  sapientum.) 

Zingiber  officinale  Rose.     Ingwer.    "  Tschita-afo." 
Gedeiht  in  feuchten  Lagen  ausgezeichnet. 

Amomum  sp.  (?  melegueta  Rose.)     "  Tschita-haussawa." 

Eine  sehr  scharfe,  aromatische  Gewiirzart,  die  zum  Wiirzen  siisser  Sachen 
gebraucht,  auch  kleinen  Kindern  als  "  Medicin  gegen  den  Husten  "  (I)  gegebeu 
wird.     (Wird  von  Sierra  Leone  nnd  Lagos  ausgeftihrt.) 

Dioscorea   sp.   (satiea  ?).     Yams.     "  Doya." 

Am  Niger  und  unteren  Benue  massenhaft,  im  Haussalande  aber  nur  im  Siiden 
(Keffi)  viel  angebaut. 

*  '*  Dum"  ist  ein  arabisches  oder  nubisches  AVort,  und  die  Schreibweise  "  Dompalme,"  ist  eine  Kor- 
rumpierung  desselben,  riihrt  aber  nicht  von  der  •'  domartigcn  "  (/)  Krone  her.  (Vergl.  Staudinger,  p.  193.) 
Die  Dumpalme  ist  iibrigens  Hyphaerw  tht^hainii,  ii.nd  nicht  Borassus. 


(  386  ) 

Ficus  sp.     Feigen.     "  Baule  "  oder  "  Banro." 
Verschiedeue  wikle  Feigenarteu  siud  besonders  im  Siideu   nicht  selten.     Sie 
haben   alle   einen   fadeii,   beinahe    widerlichen   Geschmack,  uud   werdeii    iiiir   von 
bnngrigeu  Reisenden  versiicht. 

Treculia  acuminata  Baill. 
Nur  am  nnteren  Benue  an  einigen  Orten  (Rnmasha)  bemerkt. 

Xi/lopia  aethiopica  A.  Ricb.     '■  Kimba." 
Wacbst  an  vielen  Stellcn.     Mebr  zu  Medicin  als  zu  Speisen  verwandt. 

Anona  senegalensis  Pers.     "  Gonda"  oder  "  Gonda-n-dsheshi"  (=  Wakl-Gonda). 

Wacbst  bei  Loko  wild.  An  der  Kiiste  knltiviert  tind  viel  wohlscbmeckender 
nud  grosser  als  die  wikle  Sorte.  Bci  Loko  im  Juni  reif.  Die  Frucbt  wird  von 
vielen  Vogelu  begierig  gofressen. 

Gomphia  sp.  ? 

Niedriger  Buscb  mit  ausserordentlich  grellrothen  Beeren  von  nnangenebmen, 
sebr  siisseu  Gescbmack.  Wir  wnrden  vor  dem  Genusse  gewarnt,  doch  babe  icb 
selbst  eine  einzelne  Beere  uud  einer  uusrer  Diener  einst  mehrere  ohne  Nachtheil 
genossen. 

Cola  acuminata  Scbott  &  Endl.     Kolaniiss.     "  Goro." 

Im  Hanssalande  selbst  zwar  uicbt  wacbsend,  aber  eiuer  der  bedentendsten 
Handelsartikel,  dem  zu  Liebe  grosse  Karawanen  nach  Gondja,  Salaga  und  andcrn 
Platzen  im  Hinterlande  dor  Goldkiiste  zieben,  urn  die  werthvolle  Nuss  anf  den 
Markt  zn  bringen.  Nach  Monteil  kostet  die  einzelne  Kola  in  Gondja  etwa  fiinf 
Kauri,  in  Say  am  mittlern  Niger  70  bis  80,  in  Sokoto  etwa  100,  in  Kano  140  bis 
150,  in  Knka  am  Tshad-See  2.50  bis  300  Kauri.  Anf  dem  Transporte  werden  die 
Friichte  in  griine  Bliitter  in  hanssanischen  KOrben  verpackt  oder  in  lange  Packete 
vereinigt,  und  miissen  biiufig  umgepackt  werden,  um  Verschimmeln  und  Giiren 
zu  verhiiten.  Sie  sind  lediglicb  ein  Gemissmittel,  obne  Niihrwerth,  wie  bei  uns 
Kaffee,  Thee  oder  Cigarren,  aber  im  Haussalande  ebenso  schwer  entbehrlich  wie 
jene  in  Europa. 

Am  Benue  wacbst  eine  ganz  andre,  minderwerthige  Art. 

Gossypiiim  herhaceum   oder  (?  nnd)  barbadense  L.     Baumwollo.     "  Abdnga." 

Ueberall  im  Lande  gebaut,  am  meisten  aber  im  Norden.  Die  baumwollenen 
Gewebe  der  Hanssa  bilden  einen  wichtigen  Handelsartikel  iiber  den  ganzen  west- 
licben  Sudan,  und  sind  ausserordentlich  haltbar. 

Paullinia  pinnata  L. 

Diese  rankende  Liane  ist  in  fenchten  Waldstreifen  im  Siiden  nicht  selten.  Die 
Frticbte  solleu  ein  Gift  enthalten,  werden  aber  von  verschiedenen  Vogeln  gem 
gefressen. 


(  387  ) 

Balanites  aegyptiaca  Del.     "  Addua." 

Dieser  kleine  bis  mittelgrosse,  mit  sehr  scharfen  Dornen  bewehrte  Baura 
wurde  von  uns  in  den  uOrdlicheu  Provinzen  Samfara,  Sokoto,  Gaudn  auf  trockeuem, 
sandigen  Boden  hiinfig,  besonders  zwischen  Magami  und  Kaura,  beobachtet.  Die 
nnreifen  Friicbte  wirken  jinrgierend,  die  reifen  aber  sind  sebr  gut  essbar.  Sie 
werden  auch  mit  Mehl  vermengt  za  einer  Art  susslichbitter  scbmeckendei-  Kucben 
verarbeitet.  An  dor  Westkiiste  wird  ancb  aus  den  Friichten  ein  berauscbendes 
Getriink  bereitet. 

Adansonia  digitata  L.     Baobab,  Affenbrotbaum.     "  Kuka." 

Einzelu  bei  Loko,  im  Norden  jedoch  banfig,  sodass  die  im  Winter  blattlosen, 
gigantischen  Stiimme  der  Gegeud  zwischen  Kaura  und  Sokoto,  besonders  von  Paru 
bis  Boko  einen  ganz  eigenartigen  Charakter  aufpriigen.  Die  zerstossenen  Blatter 
werden  zu  Saucen  verwandt,  das  die  Kerne  umscbliessende  Fleisch  siebt  etwa 
wie  weisses  Holnndermark  ans  und  wird  viel  gegessen.  Es  hat  einen  nicht 
nnangenehmen,  siisssjiuerlichen  Geschmack.  Aus  dem  Bast  unter  der  Rinde  werden 
Stricke  gemacht,  die  aber  nicht  viel  halteu. 

Die  Rinde  und  der  aussere  Theil  der  Stiimme  sind  oft  durchbohrt  von  den 
Larven  eines  schwarz  und  gelben,  in  Afrika  sehr  hiiufigen  Cerambj'ciden.  (Uiasto- 
cera  irifasciata.) 

Eriodendrum  anfractuomin  DC.  (=  Bombax  anfr,,  =  Ceiba  buonopozense). 

Seidenbaunawollbanm,  silk-cotton-tree  der  Englander.     "  Rimi." 
Dieser  gewaltige   hohe  Baum   mit  seinen  brettartig  hervortretendeu  unteren 
Stammtheilen   ist   haufig,   gedeiht   aber   im   trockeneu    Nordeu   nicht   za   soloher 
Ueppigkeit   wie    an    den    Strcimen.       Die   bekannte   seidengliinzeude    AVolle   der 
Friicbte  findet  vielfache  Verweudung  zum  Polsteru  von  Siitteln  uud  Kissen. 

Manihot  utilissima  Pohl.     Maniok,  Kassawa.     "  Rogo." 

Wird  fast  tiberall  gebant,  oft  in  riesigen  E.xemplaren.  Die  Haussa  essen 
sie  fast  nur  einfach  abgekocht,  die  Bereitung  von  Mehl  ist  unbekannt.  Aus 
Siidamerika  eingefuhrt. 

Jatropha  curcas  L.     Brechuuss. 
Haufig  beobachtet.     Wahrscheinlich  zu  medicinischen  Zwecken  benutzt. 

Carica  papaya  L.     Meloneubanm.     "  Gunda." 

Ueberall  bekannt,  am  meisteu  in  Zaria  beobachtet.  Die  bekannten  Friicbte 
konnen  ohne  Furcht  in  Menge  gegessen  werden.  In  Indien  und  Siid-Amerika 
gelten  sie  mit  Recht  als  sehr  gesund. 

Lawsonia  itiennis  L.     "  Ldli." 

Aus  dieser  vielfach  angebauten  Pflanze  wird  die  in  alien  mohamedanischen 
Landern  bekannte  "  Henna  "  bereitet,  mit  der  Haude  (Niigel)  und  wohl  auch  Fiisse 
pothgefarbt  werden. 


(  388  ) 

Arachis  hypogaen  L.     Grnndnuss,  Erdnuss.     "  Gedda." 

Deberall  hjiufig.  Roh  und  gerostet  oder  gekocht  genossen.  Ans  den  Niissen 
wird  ancb  eiii  Oel  liereitet,  das  genosseu  werdoa  kann,  und  das  trockcne  Kraut 
ist  eine  Liebling.suahrung  dev  Dromedare  Roh  und  gerostet  fauden  wir  sie 
schwerverdaulich,  gekocht  aber  gesiinder. 

Voandzeia  subtermnea  Thou. 

Diese  rein  afrikanische  einkernige  Erdnuss  fanden  wir  unr  bei  Zaria,  Kano 
und  Sokoto,  wo  sie  in  Wasser  abgekocht  gegessen  wurde. 

Vigua  sinensis  var.  sesquipedalis  Korn.     "  Wak^." 

Die  Bohnen  wnrden  gekocht,  oder  zn  fetten  Brodchen  verarbeitet  gegessen. 
In  "Wurnu  bekamen  wir  Bohnenbrei  ruit  PalmOlsauce. 

(Zwei  andre  Bohnensorten,  die  wir  sahen,  sind  nicht  identificiert  worden.) 

Tamarindm   indiva   L.       Tamarindc.       (Dieser   Name    ist    aus    deru   arabischen 
"  Tamar-al-Hindi  "  =  indische    Dattel    entstanden.)      "  T-sdmia." 

Dieser  priichtige  Banm  ist  weit  verbreitet,  aber  mehr  in  den  nijrdlichen 
Provinzen.  Die  angenehm  siiuerlichen  Schoten  dieuen  zur  Herstellang  erfrischender 
Getriinke  und  leicht  abfiihrender  Medicinen.  Unter  den  scbatteuspendenden 
Kronen  lagern  die  Reiseuden  gern. 

In  Indien  ist  der  Glaube  verbreitet,  dass  man  unfehlbar  Fieber  bekommt,  wenn 
man  im  Schatten  der  Tamarinde  schhift,  in  dem  auch  keine  kleine  Pflanze  gcdeihen 
sol],  ja  die  "  siinerliche  Ausdilnstnng "  soli  sogar  die  Zeltleinwand  angreifeu  I  I 

Selbst  der  grossartigste  Kenner  des  Orients  und  der  mohamedanischen  Welt, 
Sir  Richard  Burton,  glaubte  hieran.  In  seinen  Alf  Laijlah  wa  Lai/lah,  III.  p.  207, 
erzahlt  er,  dass  er,  weil  er  alies  fiir  "  native  nonsense  "  gehalten,  eine  Nacht  unter 
einer  Tamarinde  geschlafen  habe,  und  mit  dem  schonsten  Wechselfieber  erwacht 
sei,  das  acht  Tage  augehalten  habe. 

Die  Haussa  wissen  augenscheiulich  nichts  davon,  und  ich  haltc  die  Sache 
ohne  Bedenken  fiir  Aberglauben. 

Poinciana  data  L.     "  Kalbu  "  (Earth). 

Haufig  in  den  Biischwiildern  des  Nordens.  Dem  "  Ind.  Kew."  zufolge  ist 
elata  die  tropisch  afrikanische  Art,  reyia  ilber  die  madagassische  Art. 

Parkia  africana  R.  Br.     "  Doroa,"  anch  "  Dodoa." 

Grosser  Baum  mit  breiter  schoner  Krone  nnd  mimosenartiger  Belaubung. 
Ende  Febrnar  in  Bliithe  gefunden.  Die  die  Kerne  nmhullende,  gelbe,  mehlige 
Masse  wird  gegessen,  sagt  uns  aber  wenig  zu,  und  erzeugt  leicht  Verdauungs- 
storungen.  Ans  den  in  Wasser  gefaulten  Kerneu  werden  die  greulich  stinkenden, 
aber  zu  Sancen  verwertheten  "  Dodoakuchen  "  gemacht. 

Dyospyros  mespiliformis  Hchst.     "  Kanya." 
An  den  Wegen  von  Kaura  bis  Sokoto  beobachtet.     Die  dunkelgelben  Friichte 
sind  wohlschmeckend,  scheinen  aber  zu  stopfen. 


(  389  ) 

Buti/rospermtni!  parliii  Kotscliy.     Scbibatterbauin.     "  Kadenya  "  ("  Karchi '' 

der  Fulbe). 

Im  lichten  Bnschwalde,  besonJers  in  den  siidlichen  Gegeudeu  haufig.  Das 
wohlschmeckende,  weiche,  die  Kerne  umhiillende  Fleisch  wird  roh  gegessen,  ans 
den  Kernen  wird  an  der  Kiiste,  aucb  noch  in  Nnpe,  die  "  Schibutter  "  gemacbt,  die 
zur  Seifenfabrikation  uach  Europa  importiert  wird.  Von  Sierra  Leone  warden  in 
den  achtziger  Jahreu  noch  3 — oOi)  Tons  ausgefiihrt. 

Ipomoea  batatas  L.  (=  Batatas  edulis).     Siisse  Kartoffel,  Batate.     "  Daukali." 
Vielfach  angebant,  Zaria  bis  Sokoto. 

Capsicum  annuum  und  haccatum  L.     Rother  Pfeffer.     "  Burkunnn." 

Piper  clusii  DC.     Scbwarzer  Negerpfeffer,  aucb  Beuin-Pfeffer  genannt. 
"Er6"  der  Yoruba. 

Am  Benne  sehr  liiinfig,  auch  sonst  auf  den  Miirkten. 

Nicotiana  sp.     Tabak.     "  Taba." 

Wurde  in  2  Varietiiten  angebant.  Er  wird  meist  gekaut,  und  zwar  sind  es 
getrocknete,  zerstossene  Blatter,  die  ohue  Zusatz  gekant  werdeu.  Das  Rauchen 
ist  bei  den  Heidenstilmmen  im  Haussalande  sehr  im  Schwunge,  wiihrend  die 
Haussa  nur  wenig  und  die  Vornehmen  fast  gar-.icht  raucben.  Nach  Schnupftabak 
wurden  wir  im  Norden  oft  gefragt. 

Ocymum  spec.  (?  caunm)     "  Dondoya." 
In  Zaria  gebaut  und  zn  Saucen  ("  mia  ")  benntzt. 

Sesamum  spec.     Sesam.     "  Ridi." 

Ueberall  verbreitet.  In  Wurnu  und  Zaria  wurden  ans  den  Samen  kleiue 
Brodchen  gemacht.     An  der  Kiiste  Exportartikel. 

Kigelia  pinnata  DO. 
Bei  Loko,  Keffi,  Umasha  beobachtet. 

Strj/c///ios  sjiiiiosri  Lam. 

In  den  Bnscbwaklern  haufig.  Ans  den  Frilchten  werden  niedliche  oft  roth 
gefiirbte  uud  hiibsch  verzierte  Kahibassen  und  Schachtein  gemacht. 

Lagenaria  vulgaris  Ser.     Flascheukiirbis. 
Ueberall  uud  in  bekannter  Weise  verwerthet. 

Afnrinilit  cilrij'olia  L.   (?). 

Im  Siiden  zu  Saucen  verwendet. 

28 


(  390  ) 

Indigofera  sp.     Indigo.     "  Bdwa." 

Eine  der  wicbtigsten  Kulturpflanzeu  des  Landes.  Die  Blanfiirbereieu  bei  Kano 
and  Sokoto  siud  iilier  den  ganzen  westlicbeu  Sudan  lieriiiimt. 

Mehrere  Arten  Zwiebelu  Q'alkigsa")  xuvl  Knoblauch  (ta/ornua")  warden  in 
den  nOrdlichen  Provinzen  gebant,  wo  man  ihnen  zu  Liebe  kiinstliche  Bewilsserungea 
aniegt. 

Manche  der  von  der  BevOlicernng  zu  verscbiedeuen  Zwecken  benntzten  Pflanzen 
konnten  bisber  nicbt  bestimmt  werden,  da  wir  tbeils  versanmtcn,  Proben  mit- 
znbringen,  tbeils  die  mitgebrachten  Proben  zur  bdtaniscben  Bestimmuug  nicbt 
geniigten,  tbeils  die  Exemplars  verloren  gingeu. 

Mebrere  Gurkenarten  werden  im  Norden  gebaut.  "  Gr/ffcii  "  ist  die  Knolle 
einer  Scitaminee,  die  in  Wasser  gekocbt  als  grossartiges  Apbrodisiacum  gilt. 

"  Gautd  "  ist  eine  kleiue,  etwa  kirscbengrosse  oder  etwas  grossere  Frucbt,  die 
in  Loko  zu  Saucen  gebraucbt  wird,  nnd  sebr  an  Toinaten  eriunert.  (Vielleicbt 
Solanum  aethiopkum  oder  S.  giloraddi,  die  in  Aegypten  "gauta"  nnd  "guta" 
heissen.     Vergl.  Koblfs,  Kufra,  p.  485.) 

"4ya."  Eine  kleine  am  Boden  wacbseude,  baselnussartig  scbmec-kende  Nuss, 
die  auf  den  Marktcn  billig  war.     Unsre  Kustenneger  nannten  sie  "  Kramanti-nuts." 

"  Leiiiu."  So  werden  die  verscbiedenen  Limonensorten  genannt,  die  in  den 
Tropen  zu  so  ausserordeutlicb  angenebmen  und  gesnnden  Getriinken  verhelfen.  Im 
Siiden  waren  sie  biiufig,  im  trockenen  Norden  seltener  und  grosser,  mebr  citronen- 
artig. 

''  T.schn-o"  ("Ito"  der  Yoruba).  Hober,  scboner  Baum  im  Urwalde  bei 
Loko.  Frucbt  grosser  als  ein  Pfirsich,  reif  liellrotb.  Die  Kerne,  die  von  einem 
ungeniessbaren  Fleiscbe  umbullt  werden,  sind  sebr  sauer,  aber  sowobl  allein  als 
aucb  mit  Wasser  gemiscbt  sebr  durststilleud. 

"  Liiijd"  Mittelgrosser  Baum  mit  getiederten  Bliittern,  fast  liberall  im 
Lande.  Frucbt  widerlich  silss,  olig.  Im  Norden  zu  einem  mir  unangenebmen, 
siissen  Getriink  benntzt. 

"  Konhi;/a."  ScbOner,  namentlicb  im  Norden  biiufiger  Baum  mit  laugeu 
Stacbeln  uud  an  die  der  Korneikirscben  erinneriiden  Blattern.  Die  kirscbengrosse 
braune  Frucbt  euthalt  eineu  grossen  Kern  und  wird  am  Baume  getrocknet  genossen. 

"  Magai'ta."  Mittelbober  Baum  mit  kleinen  Blattern  von  olivengriiner  Farbe, 
die  ebeufalls  an  die  der  Koruelkirscbe  {Comics)  erinnern.  Die  Frucbt  ist  etwa 
kirscbengross,  bellbraun,  trucken,  von  siisslicb  bitterem  Gescbmack.  Die  Frucbt 
wird  zerstossen  und  zu  kleinen  Kuchen  {ttio-n-magarla)  verarbeitet,  die  aber  nicbt 
angenebm  scbmecken.     (Barth,  Englische  Ausg.  I.  p.  522.) 

"  Mdlmo."  Hober,  dicbter  Busch  mit  scbwarzen,  weiubeereugrossen  Friicbten 
von  angenebmem  siissen  Gescbmack  mit  seufartigem  scbari'en  Beigescbmack. 
Frucbtstand  do}denformig,  Bliitbe  hellrotb,  tricbterfOrmig,  Blatter  rainweiden- 
ahnlicb.  Im  Thai  von  Kasbia  im  April  Bliitben  uud  Friicbte  zugleicb  tragend. 
(Gepresste  Exeroplare  gingeo  verloren.) 


(391  ) 


X.    KAPITEL. 

DIE    WICHTIGSTE    LITTEBATUR     UBEB    NIGER     UND 

SAUSSALAND. 

(Die  hier  genannten  Werke  liegen  mir,  wenn  uicht  anders  gesagt,  in  meiner  eigenen  kleineu, 
Oder  in  der  an  Reisewerken  sehr  reichen  Bibliothek  im  Rothschildschen  Museum  zu  Tring  voi- . 
Die  meisten  wurden  in  diesem  Btiche  gelegentlich  zitiert  oder  beriioksichtigt.) 

1.  Narrative  of  Travels  and  Discoveries  in  Northern  and  Central  Africa,  in 
the  i/ears  1822,  1823  and  1824,  by  Major  Denham,  Captain  Clapperton,  and  the  late 
Dr.  Ondney,  extending  across  the  Great  Desert  to  the  tenth  degree  of  north  lat., 
and  from  Kouka  in  Bornu  to  Sackatoo,  the  capital  of  the  Fellatah  Empire.  A¥ith 
an  Appendix.  By  Major  Dixon  Denham  and  Captain  Hugh  Cla.pperton,  the 
survivors  of  the  expedition.     London,  1820. 

(Der  Appendix  enthiilt  eine  Liste  von  24  VOgehi,  13  Saugethieren  nnd  andern 
naturhistorischen  Gegenstauden.) 

2.  Dasselbe  in  3'"  Autlage,  ohne  Appendix.     London,  1828. 
(Der  Text  ist  so  gut  vrie  garnicht  geandert.) 

3.  Journal  of  a  Second  Expedition  into  the  Interior  of  Africa,  from  the  Bight 
of  Benin  to  Soccafoo.  By  the  late  Commander  Clapperton.  To  which  is  added  the 
Journal  of  Richard  Lander  from  Kano  to  tlie  sea-coast.     London,  1829. 

4.  Narrative  of  an  Expedition  into  the  Interior  of  Africa,  bij  the  Eiver  Niger, 
in  the  Steam-vessels  "  Qiwrra"  and  "  Alburkah,"  in  1832,  1833,  and  1834.  By 
Macgrcgor  Laird  a,nd  R.  A.  K.  Oldfield.     2  vols.     London,  1837. 

o.  A  Private  Journal  kept  during  the  Niger  Expedition,  from  the  Commence- 
ment in  May,  1841,  until  the  Recall  of  the  Expedition  in  June,  1842.  By  William 
Simpson,  civilian.     London,  1843. 

(Von  geringem  Werthe,  giebt  wenig  Ansknnft  iiber  Afrika,  enthiilt  aber  einige 
interressante  Notizen  fiber  den  Verlauf  nnd  das  Ende  der  E.xpedition.  "  Note  (J." 
auf  S.  131  ist  sehr  amiisant.) 

6.  A  Narrative  of  the  Expedition  to  the  Rioer  Niger  in  1841,  under  Captain 
II.  D.  Trotter.  By  Captain  William  Allen  and  T.  R.  H.  Thomson.  2  vols. 
London,  1848. 

(Ein  zoologischer  Appendix  enthiilt  Abdriicke  der  Beschreibungen  neu  entdeckter 
und  damals  noch  seltener  Arten.) 

7.  Narrative  of  the  Niger,  Tshadda,  and  Binue  Exploration,  including  a  report 
on  the  position  and  prospects  of  trade  up  those  rivers,  with  remarks  on  the  malaria 
and  fevers  of  '\\'estern  Africa.  With  Map.  By  T.  J.  Hutchinson,  Her  British 
Majesty's  Consul  for  the  Bight  of  Bialfra.     London,  1855. 

8.  Narrative  of  an  Exploring  Voi/age  up  the  Rivers  Kwura  and  Binue 
(commonly  known  as  the  Niger  and  Tsadda)  in  1854.  With  a  Map  and  Appendices. 
By  Will.  Balfour  Baikie.     London,  18.50. 

(Dies  und  Hutchinsons  Buch  beschreiben  zuerst  den  Benuii  bis  iiber  den  clften 
Liingengrad  hinans.) 

9.  Niger  Flora  ;  or  an  enumeration  ol  the  plants  of  Western  tropical  Africa, 
collected  by  the  late  Dr.  Theodore  Vogel,  botanist  to  the  voyage  of  the  expedition 
sent  by  Her  Britannic  Majesty  to  the  River  Niger  in  1841,  under  the  command  of 


(  392  ) 

Captain  H.  D.  Trotter.  With  a  Sketch  of  the  Life  of  Dr.  Vogel.  Edited  by  Sir 
U:  J.  Hooker.     London,  1849. 

10.  Travels  and  Discoveries  in  JS'orth  and  Central  Africa  in  the  years  1849 — 
1855.     By  Henr>j  Barth.     5  Biinde.     London,  185T-8. 

(Jedenfalls  das  beste  Werk  liber  den  uOrdlichen  Theil  der  Hanssalauder,  und 
viele  Theile  der  Sahara.  Die  Ausdaner  und  Tiichtigkeit  Earths  ist  fiir  immer  ein 
leuchtendes  Beispiel  in  der  Geschichte  der  Afrikaforschung.) 

11.  Reisen  und  Entdeckungen  in  Xord-  und  Ccntral-Afrika  in  den  Jahren 
1849—1855.     Von  Dr.  Heinrich  Barth. 

(Dasselbe  in  dentscher  Sprache.) 

12.  Journal  of  an  Expedition  up  the  Niger  and  Tshadda  Rivers.  By  Bishop 
Crowther. 

(Mir  nur  ans  Citaten  von  Rohlfs  nnd  Flegel  bekanut.) 

13.  Quer  durch  Afriha.     Von  Gerhard  Rohlfs.     2  Biiude.     Leijjzig,  1874-5. 
(Euthillt  u.a.  einen  botauischen  Anhang.) 

14.  In  der  engl.  Zeitschrift  Good  Words  1886  findet  sich  ein  kurzer  Reisebericht 
von  Joseph  Thomson  iiber  seine  Reise  nach  Sokoto  im  Jahre  1885. 

(Mir  nur  ans  Auszilgen  und  Besprechungen  bekannt.) 

15 — 18.  Flegels,  Semons,  Giirichs,  Staudinge>-s  and  Harterts  Berickte,  und  die 
nach  ihren  Aufnahmen  konstruierten  Karten  in  den  Mittheilungen  der  Afrikanischen 
Gesellschaft  in  Dentschland,  Band  IV.  nnd  V. 

19.  Die  botanischen  Ergebnisse  der  Flegelschen  Expedition  nach  dcm  Niger- 
Benui'.     Von  Dr.  Giirich  in  Englers  Botan.  Jahrb.  VIII.  2. 

(Enthiilt  nicht  die  Ergebnisse  der  ganzen  E.xiJedition,  soudern  nnr  die  vom 
Verf.  wahrend  seiner  leider  so  kurzen  Reise  gewonnenen  Resnitate.  Verf.  verOffent- 
lichte  die  Arbeit  s.Z.  im  guten  Glanben,  ohne  zu  wissen,  dass  anch  andre  Mitglieder 
der  Expedition  einiges  botanische  luteresse  haben  warden.) 

20.  Reise  im  westlichen  Sudan  mit  besonderer  Beriicksichtigung  der  pjianzlichen 
Reichtilmer.     Von  E.  Hartert. 

•      (In  Dr.  A.  Petermann's  Geograph.  Mitth.  1887,  Heft  VI.) 

21.  Ornithologische  Ergebnisse  einer  Reise  in  den  Xiger-Benue-gebieten  1885-6. 
Von  E.  Hartert. 

(Im  Journal fwr  Ornithologie  fiir  1886,  pp.  570-613.     187  Arten.) 

22.  Reiseskizze  aus  dem  Haussalande.     Von  E.  Hartert. 
Im  "  Globus,"  Band  LIIL,  no.  7,  18S8. 

(Enthiilt  Einiges  iiber  Hausthiere.) 

23 — 31.  Kleinere,  populiire  Artikel  wurdeu  von  Staudinger  und  Hartert  im 
Globus  (H.),  den  Deutschen  geogr.  Blattern  (H.),  dem  Universum  (St.  u.  H.),  der 
Deatschen  Jagdzeitung  (H.)  veroffentlicht,  und  Vortriige  wurden  von  Beiden  in 
den  geographischen  Gesellschafteu  in  Berlin  und  anderwarts  gehalten. 

32.  [in  Herzen  der  Haussaldnder.     N on  Paul  Staudinger.     Berlin,  IS^O. 
(Das  beste  nnd  ausfilhrlichste  neuere  Buch  iiber  die  Haussaliinder,  das  sich 

namentlich  dnrch  grosse  Gewissenhaftigkeit  auszeichnet,  wodnrch  anch  die  fiir  den 
Unbetheiligten  oft  wenig  interessante  Schildernng  kleinster  Details  Werth  bekommt. 
Am  werthvollsten  diirften  die  vortrefflichen  Schilderungen  des  Volkslebens  sein.) 

33.  The  last  Journal  of  W.  A.  Forbes  during  his  expedition  up  the  Niger  (and 
the  Benue  to  Loko).     In  Ibis,  1883,  pp.  494—537. 

(Tagebuch  vom  19.  Juli,  1882  [Abfahrt  von  Liverpool]  bis  14.  Januar  1883 
[Tod  des  Forschers  zn  Shonga  am  Niger].) 


(  393  ) 

34.  ^1  List  of  Birds  collected  by  the  late  Mr.  W.  A.  Forbes  iii  the  Niger 
Eegion.     By  Captain  G.  E.  Shelley.     In  Ibis,  1883,  pp.  538—562. 

(105  Arteu.) 

3o.  Up  the  Niger.  Narrative  of  Blajor  Claude  Macdonald's  Mission  to  the 
Niger  and  Benuii  Rivers.  By  Captain  A.  F.  Mockler-Fcrryman.  To  which  is 
added  a  chapter  on  Native  Musical  lustruments,  by  Captain  Day.     Loudon,  1892. 

(S.  310  eiue  Liste  von  32  am  Niger  gesammelten  Yolgen.  Von  mir  nur 
fliichtig  gelesen). 

36.  Hausaland,  or  1500  miles  through  the  Central  Soudan.  By  C.  Henry 
Robinson.     London,  1896. 

(Reise  von  Loko  liber  Zaria  nach  Kano.  An  vrerthvollen,  namentlich  wissen- 
schaftlicheu  Beobachtungen  aufFallend  arm.  Die  Urtheile  des  Verf.  diirften  bisweilen 
von  religiOser,  missionarischer  Voreiugenommenheit  beeinflnsst  sein.) 

37.  Shetch  of  the  Forestry  of  West  Africa.    'By  Alfred  Moloney.    London,  1887. 
(Botanisch  interessant,  aber  mit  Vorsicht  zu  benutzen,  da  die  Angaben  iiber 

Gebrauch  der  Ptianzen,  u.s.w.,  sehr  oft  aus  Lidien  u.a.  Gegenden  iibernommen  sind. 
Die  lokale  Verbreitung  der  Nutzpflanzeu  ist  meist  nicht  detailliert.  Euthillt  anch 
Listen  gesammelter  Thiere,  namentlich  neuer  Lepidopteren.) 

38.  Adamaua.     Yon.  Dr.  Siegfried  Passarge.     Berlin,  1895. 

(Das  treffliche  Werk  beriihrt  das  von  mir  bereiste  Gebiet  nur  am  unteren  Benuij.) 

39.  Lose  Blatter  aus  dem  Tagebuche  meiner  Ilaussa-Freunde  und  Reiscgefiihrten, 
iibersetzt,  eingeleitet,  mit  allgemeinen  Schilderungen  des  Volkscharakters  und  der 
socialen  Verhiiltnisse  der  Haussas,  sowie  mit  knrzer  Lebensgeschichte  des  Mai 
gasin  baki  versehen.     Von  Ed.  Robert  Flegel.     Hamburg,  1885. 

40.  Vom  Niger-Benue.  Briefe  aus  Afrika.  Von  Ed.  Flegel.  Heransgegebeu 
von  Carl  Flegel.     Leipzig,  1890. 

(Briefe  von  1876  bis  1885.     Zuerst  in  der  "  Deutschen  Revue"  erschienen.) 

41.  Nigeria,  our  latest  Protectorate.     C.  H.  Robinson.     London,  1900. 
(Recht  lehrreich.     Von  mir  nur  durchgelesen.) 

42.  On  the  Fi.shes  collected  by  Dr.  W.  J.  Ansorge  in  the  Niger  Delta.  By 
G.  A.  Boulenger.  In  "  Proceedings  of  the  Zoological  Society  of  London,'  lOiil, 
pp.  4— 11,  Plates  IL— IV. 

(23  Arten,  von  denen  6  neu,  zum  Theil  von  ganz  hervorragendem  Interesse.) 

{Fortselzumj  folgt.) 


(394  ) 


ON  SOME  KANGAROOS  AND  BANDICOOTS  FROM  BARRO^Y 
ISLAND,   N.W.   AUSTRALIA,   AND   THE   ADJOINING 

MAINLAND.* 

By  OLDFIELD  THOMAS. 

TN  couuection  with  the  dctermiuation  of  some  Kaugaroos  from  North- Western 
J-  Australia  sent  home  some  time  ago  by  Mr.  B.  H.  ^Voodward  of  the  Perth 
Museum,  a  question  arose  as  to  the  characters  of  tlie  Kangaroos  described  by  Gould 
as  Macropus  isabellihus  t  on  an  imperfect  skin  from  Barrow  Island,  off  the  north- 
western coast  of  Australia.  That  skin,  preserved  in  the  British  Museum, |  had 
remained  unique  up  to  tlie  present  time,  and  therefore  Mr.  Woodward,  with 
great  enterprise,  got  up,  last  year,  an  expedition  to  Barrow  Island  in  order  to 
obtain  topotypes  of  this  little-known  animal.  His  collector,  Mr.  Tnnney,  was 
succcssfnl  in  obtaining  a  nnmber  of  sjiecimens,  besides  e.xamples  of  Lnqorchestes 
conspicillatus,  Gould,  and  of  the  Bandicoot  described  below  ;  and  a  series  of 
these  species  has  been  generously  given  to  tlie  National  Mnseum  by  the 
authorities  of  the  Perth  Mnseum. 

Instead  of  being,  as  I  had  sujiposed  §  from  the  original  and  very  imperfect 
skin,  a  relative  of  Maciopus  ru/us,  the  Barrow  Island  Kangaroo  proves  to  be 
another  member  of  the  M.  robastus  group,  like  the  form  which  I  described  from 
the  Mnrchison  District  of  Western  Anstralia  in  last  year's  Proceedings. 

The  head  is  without  any  of  the  characteristic  markings  of  M.  ruj'tts,  and 
the  skull  shows  all  the  structural  characters  of  ^f.  i-obustus,  bat  is  much  smaller, 
as  might  have  been  expected  from  the  insular  habitat  of  the  animal.  It  is  also 
noticeably  stonter  and  more  heavily  built.  The  hind  feet  are  remarkably  short, 
measuring  only  250  mm.  in  an  old  male.  The  tijis  of  the  ears  behind  arc  brown 
or  blackish,  those  of  all  the  related  continental  forms  being  reddish  or  sandy  like 
the  rest  of  the  head. 

Further  details  on  this  snbject  are  to  be  found  in  a  paper  which  Mr.  Waite 
has  recently  written  ||  on  a  specimen  in  the  Sydney  Musimiiu,  collected  by 
Mr.  Tunney  at  the  same  time,  and  also  received  from  the  Perth  Museum. 

The  more  accurate  knowledge  now,  therefore,  available  abont  M.  isabellinus 
enables  me  to  give  an  opinion  about  some  other  N.W.  Australian  Kangaroos  received 
previously  from  Mr.  Woodward. 

These  are,  firstly,  a  set  of  four,  two  males  and  two  females,  from  Yalgoo, 

The  Tring  Museum  having  rcceiveil  the  first  specimens  of  Mai-mjiux  nibiixtits  woodwardi  and 
other  examples  of  Mr.  B.  H.  Woodward's  collections  which  form  part  of  the  material  on  which 
these  notes  and  descriptions  are  based,  .Mr.  Thomas  kindly  consented  to  publish  them  in  "Novitates 
Zoologicae."— Walter  Rothschild. 

t  PZ.S.  1841.  p.  81. 

t  No.  41.  10.  12.  5. 

§  r!at.  Mars.  li.  M.,  p.  25.  1888.     None  of  the  red  members  of  the  M.  robimtiis  group  were  then  known. 

II  Records  of  Australian  Museum,  IV.  p.  131.  pis.  xviii.  xii.  (skull),  I'.IOI. 


(  305  ) 

Murohisou  District,  Western  Australia.  The  females  are  the  specimens  on  which  my 
Macropus  robustus  cervinus  was  founded,  the  males,  owing  to  an  error  in  labelling, 
having  lieen  thought  to  be  ^f.  rufiis,  of  which  specimens  were  sent  home  at  the 
same  time.  For  these  males  the  name  rertinus  is  unfortunately  not  very  suitable, 
as  they  are  of  a  deep  rich  rufons,  similar  to,  but  richer  than  the  ground  colour 
of  J/,  isabellinus.  The  head  is  of  the  same  colour  as  the  back,  not  markedly  greyer, 
as  it  is  in  the  female;  but  the  muzzle  is  inconspicnously  browner.  The  hairs  of  the 
ears  are  rufous,  like  those  of  the  crown.  In  all,  males  and  females,  the  fur  of  the 
nape  and  fore-back  slopes  evenly  backwards,  there  being  no  trace  of  a  dividing 
whorl  in  the  regions  of  the  withers.  This  is  also  the  case  in  M.  isabellinus. 
The  skull  of  the  male,  like  that  of  the  female,  closely  agrees  with  that  of  the  true 
M.  robustus. 

A  second  set  of  four,  two  males  and  two  females,  obtained,  like  the  previous 
ones,  through  the  kind  agency  of  Mr.  Woodward,  are  from  the  Grant  Range,  in  the 
Kimberley  District,  North-West  Australia.  These  specimens,  which  could  not  be 
distinguished  from  M.  isabellinus  until  proper  material  of  the  latter  form  was 
available,  I  now  think  to  represent  another  very  distinct  subspecies  of  the  robustus 
group,  and  I  have  ventured  to  name  it  in  honour  of  Mr.  Woodward,  to  whose 
assistance  the  Museum  owes  the  whole  of  the  material  referred  to  in  the  present 
paper. 

Macropus  robustus  woodward!  sp.  nov. 

Fur  shorter,  thinner,  and  harsher  than  in  cercinus.  Far  of  nape  and  fore-back 
more  or  less  reversed  forwards  from  a  dividing  whorl  situated  on  the  withers. 

Male. — Bright  rufous,  nearly  matching  that  of  J/,  isabellinus  above  throughout, 
the  head,  ears,  and  back  being  all  of  this  colour,  as  are  also  the  middle  line 
of  the  tail  pro.ximally,  and  the  outer  side  of  the  limbs.  Digits  indistinctly 
blackL-ih.     Remainder  of  limbs  and  tail,  and  underside  of  body  dull  whitish. 

Female  in  general  colour  more  or  less  fawn.  Otherwise  similar  to  male. 
One  of  the  two  specimens  is  of  a  pale  sandy  fawn,  the  other  a  deep  fawn  like 
the  female  of  cervinus  ;  the  former  apjiears  to  be  in  summer,  and  the  latter  in 
autumn  or  winter  pelage. 

Skull  similar  in  general  characters  to  that  of  robustus,  erubescens,  and 
cercinus,  but  a  little  smaller  than  any  of  them. 

Dimensions  (approximate)  of  the  male,  taken  from  the  dried  skin  : — 

Head  and  body,  1250  mm.  ;  tail,  SOO  ;  hind-foot  (s.n.)  ;  ear,  90. 

Skulls  (all  "aged"):  — 


M.  robustus 

woodwardi. 

M.  r.  cervinus. 

M.  isahellhms. 

s 

? 

s 

s 

Basal  length    .... 

158  mm. 

124  mm. 

170  mm. 

144  mm. 

Greatest  breadth 

97     „ 

73    „ 

92    „ 

90     „ 

Nasals,  length 

75     „ 

59    „ 

81     „ 

64     „ 

„       greatest  breadth 

■28-5  „ 

20    „ 

29    „ 

23     „ 

Constriction     . 

Ul     „ 

15-5  „ 

12    „ 

13     „ 

Palate,  length . 

107     „ 

87    „ 

113    „ 

95    „ 

Palatal  foramina 

11     ., 

7    „ 

95  „ 

12    „ 

Diastema 

43     „ 

29    „ 

44    „ 

37    „ 

(  39f)  ) 

llab.  Grant  Range,  S.A\'.  jiart  of  Kimberle)'  District,  North- Western  Australia. 

Type.     Old  male.     B.M.  No.  U.O.l.l.     Collected  bv  J.  T.  Tunney. 

The  whole  of  these  red  forms  of  the  Macroj'US  rohustus  gronp  were  unknown 
when  the  catalogne  of  Marsupials  was  published,  so  that  the  imperfect  type  skin 
of  M.  isabelli/iu/s  was  not  unnaturally  considered  to  be  related  to  M.  ru/iis,  but 
there  is  now  no  doubt  that  it  is  a  stunted  insular  form  of  the  same  group.  To 
Mr.  Woodward  alone  is  due  the  credit  of  this  very  considerable  increase  in  our 
knowledge  of  the  Western  Macropodidw  ;  the  verification  of  the  occurrence 
of  M.  ruj'iis  in  Western  Australia,  the  discovery  of  both  J/,  rohustus  cervinus 
and  woodivardi,  and  the  more  accurate  knowledge  of  M.  imhdlinus,  are  all  due 
to  Mr.  Woodward. 

Still  farther  uoith-eastwards  from  the  range  of  the  present  animal,  in  the 
Northern  Territory  of  South  Australia,  occurs  M.  antilopinus  (Gould),  which  is 
of  a  somewhat  similar  colour  and  general  appearance,  but  differs  markedly 
by  the  peculiar  inflation  of  the  sides  of  the  mnzzle.  The  hair  of  its  nape 
slopes  imiformly  backwards. 

Perameles  barrowensis  sp.  nov. 

A  small  insular  representative  of  the  continental  P.  obcsula. 

Size  markedly  smaller  than  in  P.  obesula.  General  colour,  strongly  lined  black 
and  bnffy,  the  individnal  hairs  grey,  basally  darkening  to  black,  which  latter  may 
be  either  continued  to  the  tip  or  replaced  by  bnffy  ;  woolly  nnderfur  grey 
basally,  whiter  terminally.  Head  like  back,  or  slightly  darker ;  ujiper  lip 
whitish  ;  no  darker  markings  round  eyes.  Ears  short,  rounded,  closely  covered 
with  fine,  bnffy  hairs.  Uudersurface  dull  whitish,  not  sharply  defined,  the 
hairs  whitish  to  their  roots.  Arms  externally  like  body,  darkening  to  brown 
on  the  metacarpals  ;  the  digits  white.  Hind-limbs  similar,  but  the  digits  also 
brown.      Tail  of  medium  length,  grizzled  brown  above,  whitish  below. 

Skull,  although  conspicuously  smaller,  agreeing  in  all  details  with  that  of 
P.  obesula,  and  differing  from  that  of  P.  macrura  by  all  the  characters  used 
in  the  Catalogue  to  distinguish  the  two  forms.  The  ]>alatal  vacuities  are 
perhaps  even  more  developed  than  in  P.  obesula,  and  the  zygomata  and  angular 
processes  of  the  mandible  are  a  little  more  slender  in  proportion. 

The  teeth  also  agree  in  general  characters  with  those  of  P.  obesula,  but 
the  molars  are  rather  less  hypsodont  and  retain  their  cusps  longer,  those  of  the 
oldest  specimen  not  being  yet  worn  flat.  The  last  upper  molar  has  its  posterior 
accessory  cusp  (piite  minute. 

Dimensions  of  the  type. — Head  and  body,  270  ;  tail,  108  ;  hind-foot  (s.u.), 
44  ;  ear,  22  ;  skull,  basal  length,  52o  ;  greatest  breadth,  27  ;  nasals,  25  by  4-8  ; 
inter-temporal  breadth,  10-2  ;  palate,  length,  32  ;  breadth  between  outer  corners 
of  penultimate  molars,  10  ;  breadth  between  inner  edges  of  tlie  same  teeth,  10-2  ; 
length  of  j)alatal  foramina,  4-7  ;  front  of  canine  to  back  of  last  molar,  21-5  ; 
combined  length  of  three  anterior  molariform  teeth,  9. 

Type.  JIale.  B.M.  No.  1.5.2.6.  Original  number,  3290  ;  collected 
6th  November,  1900,  by  Mr.  J.  T.  Tunney. 

It  will  be  seen,  on  comparing  the  above  measurements  with  those  given  in 
the  Catalogue  (p.  249),  that  the  present  species  is  decidedly  the  smallest  of 
all  known  bandicoots,  and  may  be  readily  distinguished  by  size  alone  from  all 
its  allies. 


(  307  ) 


LIST    OF    MAMMALS, 

Collected  by   the  Hon.  N.   C.   Rothschild  and   Mr.   A.  F.  E.  Woollaston, 

PRINCIPALLY   NEAR  ShENDI,    ON   THE  UpPER   NiLE,    IN    1901. 

By   W.    E.   DE   WINTON, 
With  Field  Notes  by  the  Collectors. 
(Plate  XX.) 
].  Asellia  tridens  Geoff. 
Four  skins,  Nos.  108  to  111.     March  22  . 
A  number  of  specimens  in  spirit. 
Forearms,  48  to  52  mm. 

Some  of  these  specimens  are  of  a  brilliant  fulvous  colour,  while  others  are  of 
the  usual  dull  greyish.  As  is  well  known,  this  variation  is  not  unusual  in  bats, 
and  is  independent  of  sex  and  season. 

"  This  bat  is  very  plentiful  in  a  cave  in  one  of  the  granite  hills  near  the 
Pyramids  of  Meroe.  We  examined  some  hundreds  of  specimens.  The  very  orange 
form  is  rare  ;  every  intermediate  shade,  however,  exists  between  light  drab  and 
bright  orange."  ^'-  c.  R-  &  A.  F.  R.  W, 

2.  Nycteris  aethiopica  Dobs. 
Two  skins,  Nos.  63,  07.     March  In. 
A  number  of  specimens  in  spirit. 
Forearm,  45  to  47-5  mm. 

"  This  bat  is  common  near  Shendi,  hiding  by  day  in  the  upper  dry  portions  of 
the  wells  in  the  desert.     We  also  got  two  specimens  near  the  Pyramids  of  Meroe." 

N.  C.  R.  &  A.  F.  R.  W, 

3.  Glauconyoteris  floweri  De  Wint. 

(Ann.  Mag.  Nat.  Ili.it.  Her.  7   Vol.  VII.  1901,  p.  45.) 

Two  specimens  in  spirit. 

This  species  was  hitherto  only  known  from  the  White  Nile  below  Khartoum. 

"  Common  near  Shendi,  but  hard  to  procure.  This  bat  hides  by  day  in  the 
acacia  thickets  low  down  near  the  roots  of  the  trees.  At  dusk  it  crawls  up  the 
branches  and  takes  flight,  uttering  a  very  characteristic  squeak,  which  it  continues 
to  make  on  the  wing.  Its  very  low  flight  and  habit  of  frequenting  the  dense  and 
thorny  acacia  bushes  makes  this  bat  a  difficult  species  to  collect." 

N.  C.  R.  &  A.  F,  R.  W. 

4.  Taphozous  perforatus  Geoff. 
Three  skins,  Nos.  69,  7U,  112.     March  12  and  22. 
A  number  of  specimens  in  spirit. 
Forearm,  60  to  65  mm. 

"  We  found  this  bat  in  fair  numbers,  but  only  in  the  limestone  quarry  near  the 
Pyramids  of  Meroe,  some  twenty-five  miles  north  of  Shendi.  Captain  Grant,  of 
Berber,  was  the  first  to  tell  us  of  its  existence  there." 

X.  c.  R.  &  A.  F.  li.  \v. 


(  398  ) 

5.  Rhinopoma  microphyllum  Geoff. 

Several  sjiecimens  iu  spirit. 

"  A  few  of  these  bats  were  found  with  the  Ascllia  triclens.  The  natives  only 
recognize  one  species  of  bat,  wliich  they  call  Wat-w;it.  The  two  swallows  Hirundo 
Atidthii  and   Coti/le  minor  they  also  call  Wat-wat,  believing  them   to  be  bats." 

N.  0.  R.  &  .4.  F.  K.  W. 

0.  Erinaceus  aethiopicus  Hempr.  and  Ehrenb. 

Eight  skins,  Nos.  3,  12,  25,  27,  36,  37,  47,  51.     Shendi,  Febrnary  and  March. 
"  Common  in  the  scrub  on  the  east  bank  of  the  river.  Native  name  '  Gnmfeed.'  " 

N.  C.  R.  &  A.  F.  R.  W. 

T.  Felis  maniculata  Cretzschm. 

Two  specimens,  <?  and  ?  .     Nos.  23,  68. 

The  male,  killed  on  March  12,  is  in  thick  winter  coat,  and  therefore  shows  very 
much  less  markings  than  the  female,  which  is  already  in  short  summer  coat, 
although  killed  on  February  23.  There  is  a  kitten.  No.  46,  :in  the  collection, 
yellow  in  colouring,  which  I  should  doubt  being  pure  bred. 

"  Found  on  both  sides  of  the  Nile.  The  male  specimen  was  trapped  in  an 
ordinary  rabbit  trap.  The  natives  call  this  animal  '  Qutt  gabali ' — i.e.,  mountain 
or  wild  cat.    At  Cairo  this  name  is  applied  to  Felis  chatisr 

K.  C.  R.  &  A.  F.  R.  W. 

<S.  Genetta  dongolana  Hempr.  and  Ehrenb. 

Three  skins,  Nos.  3U,  61,  115.     February  and  March. 

"  This  animal  is  called  by  the  natives  '  Kardis.'  It  frequents  the  same 
localities  as  the  Herpestes,  but  is  rarer.  We  found  it  entered  rabbit  traps  baited 
for  that  animal."  N-  c  R-  &  a.  f.  r.  w. 

9.  Herpestes  (Ichneumia)  albicauda  Guv. 

Eight  skins,  Nos.  22,  24,  34,  42,  43,  63,  64,  75.     February  and  March. 

"  The  white-tailed  Ichneumon  is  common  in  the  scrub  on  the  east  bank  of  the 
river.  AVe  found  it  easy  to  catch  in  a  common  rabbit  trap  with  the  jaws  padded 
with  flannel.     The  natives  call  this  animal  '  Nemys.'  " 

X.  c.  R.  &  A.  F.  R.  W. 

10.  Hyaena  hyaena  L. 

One  skin,  S  juv.     Febrnary. 

"  Hyaenas,  apparently  of  the  species  we  brought  home,  are  common  on  Gebel 
Margel  and  Gebel  el  Lahemer,  near  Shendi,  and  also  round  the  Pyramids  of 
Meroe."  ^-  ^  R.  &  A.  F.  R.  w. 

11.  Vulpes  niloticus  Gooff. 

Two  skins,  S  and  ?,  Nos.  41,  >!.     March. 

This  locality  is  the  farthest  south  in  the  Nile  Valley  at  which  the  Red  Fox  has 
been  recorded. 


X 


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(  399  ) 

12.  Vulpes  pallidus  Cretzschm. 

Nine  skins,  Nos.  35,  73,  74,  77,  80,  82,  90,  94,  104.     February  and  March. 

"  This  pretty  fox,  known  to  the  natives  as  '  Barsun,'  is  fairly  conamon  near 
Shendi  on  both  banks  of  the  river.  They  make  bnrrows  in  the  opener  parts  of  the 
desert,  and  live  in  colonies.  They  swim  readily,  a  specimen  which  escaped 
entered  the  Nile  and  swam  easily."  N.  c.  E.  &  A.  F.  E.  w. 

13.  Canis  sp.  ? 

"  The  '  Barshom,'  as  the  natives  call  the  Jackal,  is  common  on  the  Gebel  Blargel, 
near  Shendi,  and  round  the  Pyramids  of  Meroe.  We  unfortunately  failed  to  get  a 
specimen,  though  its  tracks  were  numerous."  N.  C.  R.  &  A.  F.  E.  w. 

14.  Gazella  Isabella  Gray. 
No.  62  ?  \ 

52  i  imm.       -February  and  March. 
29,  60,  79  juv.J 
A  single  horn  of  S  adult. 
"  This  was  the  only  common  species  of  Gazelle  in  the  district." 

N.  c.  R.  &  A,  F.  E.  w. 

15.  Gerbillus  gerbillus  Ollivier. 
c?  Wad  Habushi,  south  of  Shendi.     March  18.     No.  96. 

16.  Gerbillus  pygargus  F.  < 'uv. 
Fourteen  skins,  Nos.  21,  83,  85,  86,  87,  88,  97,  98,  99,  lul,  105,  106,  107,  113. 

17.  Gerbillus  (Dipodillus)  watersi  sp.  nov.  (PI.  XX.) 

Six  skins,  Nos.  17,  56,  72,  84,  1U2,  103.     February  and  March. 

Type  of  species.  No.  72,  (?,  Shendi.  March  12,  1901.  British  Museum,  No. 
1.  5.  5.  54. 

Head  and  body,  65  to  75  mm.  ;  tail,  100  to  114  mm, ;  bind  foot,  20  to  22  mm. 

Size,  probably  smallest  of  the  species  of  this  group  found  upon  the  African 
Continent.  Soles  of  feet  naked.  Tail  long,  longer  hairs  towards  the  extremity, 
forming  moderate  crest  and  pencil.  (Jolour  dnu  fawn  above,  with  the  usual  char- 
acteristic pale  spots  above  the  eyes  and  behind  the  ears  ;  cheeks  and  beneath 
eyes  dull  fawn,  whiskers  mostly  black  ;  whole  of  under-parts  white,  clearly  defined 
from  the  dark  colour  of  the  upper  surface.  Tail  distinctly  bicoloured,  dark  often 
blackish  above,  jiale  fawn  or  sometimes  whitish  beneath. 

The  nearest  allies  are  probably  G.  dastjurus,  Wagu.  from  Arabia,  and  G.  nanus 
Blanford,  from  Persia.  The  new  species  is,  however,  readily  distinguished  from 
both  by  its  brown  cheeks,  and  it  is  intermediate  in  size. 

G.  bottai  Lataste,  described  from  very  badly  preserved  specimens  in  the 
Paris  Museum,  seems  to  differ  sufficiently  to  warrant  the  naming  of  the  Shendi 
l)ijjo</illiis,  whose  dark  whiskers  and  very  distinctly  bicoloured  tail  are  alone  good 
distinguishing  characters. 


(  400  ) 

G.  stigmoni;.i-  Heiigliii,  from  Kliartdum,  is  a  rather  larger  animal,  richer 
goldeu  fawn  in  colour,  with  shorter  and  less  pencilled  tail,  and  belongs  to  the  group 
in  which  the  soles  of  the  feet  have  scattered  hairs  over  the  entire  surface. 

At  the  request  of  Mr.  Rothschild  I  name  this  species  in  honour  of  his  assistant, 
Mr.  A.  W.  Waters. 

18.  Gerbillus  (Tatera)  robustus  Cretzschm. 

Eight  skins,  Nos.  13,  33,  48,  58,  50,  91,  92,  93,  taken  in  February  and  March. 

This  species  has  the  most  bushy  tail  of  the  Tatera  group  of  Gerbillus  ;  the 
distal  third  of  the  tail  in  some  specimens  being  crested  with  black  hairs  about 
12  mm.  in  length. 

19.  Dipus  jaculus  L. 

Four  skins,  Nos.  4,  53,  54,  57. 

20.  Mus  musculus  orientalis  Cretzschm. 
Three  skins,  Nos.  18,28,31. 

21.  Arvicanthis  testicularis  Snndev. 

Five  skins,  Nos.  1,  5,  6,  7,  8. 

Two  in  sj)irit,  Nos.  44,  49. 

'•  The  natives  call  this  and  the  previously  named  species  '  Far.' '" 

N.  c.  R.  &  -V  F.  R.  vv. 


22.  Acomys  witherbyi  sp.  nov. 

?   Shendi.     No.  50,  in  alcohol,  March  5,  19Ul. 

Size,  smaller  than  A.  cahirensis,  ears  rather  small ;  tail  shorter  than  the  head 
and  body  ;  feet  very  short  and  broad.  Upper  surface  almost  uniform  smoky 
fawn,  rather  more  smoke-coloured  on  the  head  and  dorsal  surface,  purer  fawn 
on  the  sides.  The  whole  of  the  underparts,  the  feet,  and  a  spot  at  the  base  of 
the  ears  white. 

Measurements  of  specimen  from  Shendi,  a  young  female,  with  unworn  teeth, 
preserved  in  alcohol.  Head  and  body,  So  mm.  ;  tail,  76  mm.  ;  forearm  and  hand, 
21 'O  mm.  ;  hind  foot,  155  mm. ;  ear,  15-5  mm. 

1  have  based  the  foregoing  description  on  a  specimen.  No.  10,  ?,  from  El 
Kowa,  to  the  south  of  Khartonm,  collected  in  the  spring  of  1900  by  Mr.  H.  F. 
Witherby,  in  whose  honour  the  species  is  named. 

The  following  are  the  measurements  taken  from  animals  in  the  flesh,  as 
recorded  by  the  collector  : — 


Head  and  body 

Tail ' 

Hindfoot     ... 
Ear 


El  Kowa. 

Gebel  Auli. 

No.    8  S 

No.  10  ? 
(type) 

No.    4   S 

No.  30. 

103 

108 

96 

101-5 

— 

76 

— 

03-5  (imperfect). 

15-5 

15 

10 

15-5 

15 

1(1 

15 

16. 

(  401   ) 

This  species  is  readily  distinguished  from  .1.  imbicas  Heugl.  fouud  in  Jliddle 
Egypt,  which  in  size  and  colour  it  rather  closely  resembles,  by  its  much  shorter 
hind  legs  and  feet,  and  in  this  respect  it  resembles  the  much  larger  aud  more 
brightly  coloured  animal  from  Tokar  and  Suakim,  described  in  the  footnote.* 

23.  Hystrix. 

"  The  porcupine  is  apparently  absent  from  Shendi,  though  verbally  reported 
to  be  there  by  Europeans.  The  natives,  who  know  this  animal  well,  call  it  'Abou 
Shok,'  i.e.  Father  of  Thorns."  >'•  C.  R.  s:  A.  F.  E.  w. 

24.  Lepus  aethiopicus  Hempr.  &  Ehrenb. 

Eight  skins,  Nos.  2,  II,  14,  15,  16,  19,  20,  55.     February  and  March. 

"  This  hare  is  common  in  the  desert  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Nile,  and  rare  on 
the  west.  It  occasionally  can  be  put  up  from  the  scrub  near  the  river  bank,  but 
is  always  shy  and  wary.     Native  name  '  Arnab.'  "  N.  c.  K.  k  A.  F.  E.  w. 


ON    SOME   LEPIDOPTERA. 

By  the  HON.  WALTER  ROTHSCHILrD,  Ph.D.,  and  KARL  JORDAJST,  Ph.D. 

(Plates  IX.  X.) 

ON  the  plates  accompanying  this  article,  we  have  put  together  specimens  of  very 
different  size  and  colour,  with  the  purpose  of  trying  whether  such  a  motley 
of  forms  could  be  well  reproduced  by  the  three-colour  process.  Though  the  plates 
are  altogether  too  red,  the  larger  figures  are  magnificent,  especially  those  of  the 
Satnrniids.  No  artist  could  reproduce  the  details  so  exactly  as  these  prints  do. 
The  metallic  green  and  blue  colours  do  not  come  out  well ;  and  the  yellow  and  red 
tints  are  not  bright  enough.     The  small  figures  are  not  so  satisfactory  as  the  large 

ones.     It  would  perhaps  be  better  to  have  only  small  species  on  a  plate. The 

three-colour  process  will  doubtless  become  more  perfect  in  the  course  of  time  ;  but 
even  as  it  is,  tlie  productions  of  the  process  surpass  by  far  those  of  hand-work  as 
regards  the  details  of  pattern. 

1.  Papilio  victoriae  isabellae  subsp.  nov. 

S.  Differs  from  rict.  tictoriac  in  the  green  subapical  patch  being  longer  as  well 
as  broader.     It  extends  basad  to  the  fork  or  farther  down,  and  is  often  connected 

*  I  take  this  opportunity  of  describing  a  form  of  Acomys  from  Suakim,  which  has  lived  in  tlie  gardens 
of  the  Zoological  Society  of  London  for  several  years  and  has  been  mentioned  in  their  list  of  animals 
as  A.  kuHteri.  The  name  was  proposed  by  the  late  Dr.  J.  .\nder8on,  who  obtained  the  specimens  from 
Gen.  Sir  Archibald  Hunter,  then  Governor  of  Suakim,  but  unfortunately  a  description  was  never  published. 
Acceptini?  the  name  thus  proposed,  it  may  be  described  as  of  robust  form  with  moderate  ears  and  very 
short  hind  feet.  General  colour  above,  red  fawn,  all  the  underparts  pure  white.  Distinguished  from 
A.  liimidiatus  Cretzschm.  by  its  shorter  cars  and  hind  feet.  Measurement  of  the  type  from  the  Plain 
of  Tokar  (wild  killed),  No.  58  3  in  Dr.  Anderson's  collection  :  head  and  body  103  mm.  :  tail,  102  mm.  ; 
forearm  and  hand,  26  mm.  :  hind  foot,  17'5  mm. ;  ear,  16  mm. 


(  402  ) 

with  the  green  basal  area  by  diffuse  green  scaling  in  front  of  SC^     The  patch 

SC' — R'  is  trapezoidal,  and  is  mostly  followed  by  a  small  patch  behind  R^ From 

reginae  it  difters  in  the  shorter  patch  SC' — R',  and  in  the  more  extended  green 
npperside  of  the  hindwing. 

?.  The  white  and  yellow  patches  are  much  smaller  than  in  reginae  and 
victoriae,  the  ?  agreeing  best  with  that  of  regis,  having,  however,  the  submarginal 
spots  larger. 

Hab.  Isabel,  Solomon  Islands,  4.  vi.  to  9.  vii.  lUUJ  (A.  S.  Meek),  a  series  of 
both  sexes. 

2.  Papilio  eurypylus. 

In  our  Revision  of  the  Papilios  of  the  Eastern  Hemisphere,  Nov.  Zool.  II. 
p.  429.  n.  180  (1895),  we  have  confounded  two  sj)ecies  nnder  P.  enri/pglas,  namely 
P.jason  and  P.  eurypylus,  the  former  occurring  in  various  forms  from  Continental 
Asia  to  Celebes  and  the  lesser  Snnda  Islands,  the  latter  from  Continental  Asia  to 
the  Bismarck  Archipelago  and  Australia.  It  will  require  some  careful  work  to 
unravel  the  synonymy  of  the  numerous  subspecies  of  the  two  species,  which  work 
we  cannot  carry  out  just  at  present.  We  only  draw  attention  to  the  fact  that  there 
are  two  distinct  species  occurring  together  in  many  places,  differing  in  i)attern 
and  structure. 

3.  Papilio  meeki  sp.  nov.  (Fig.  A.). 

?.  Body  similar  to  that  o?  agamemnoyi.  Wings  broad,  hindwing  more  rounded 
than  in  any  of  the  allied  species,  resembling  in  this  respect  P.  ivallacei.     SC  of 

forewing  anastomosing  with  C,  SC^  free. 
Upperside :  forewing  with  the  bluish  green 
markings  disposed  as  in  agamemnon,  the 
discal    ones    M^  —  SM-    small,    submarginal 

spot  M- — (SM')  long. Hindwing:  a  small 

snb-basal,  a  larger  median,  and  a  large, 
rounded,  submarginal  spot  C— SC^  white, 
an  interrupted,  oblique  streak  in  cell  bluish 
green,  an  oblique,  ovate,  discal  spot  SC^ — R' 
pale  bluish  green,  like  the  other  discal  spots 
R' — M-,  which  are  more  or  less  merged 
together  with  the  enlarged  submarginal  spots; 
these  concave  distally,  the  ])osterior  ones  with 
some  white  scaling  at  the  edges ;  a  white 
streak  in  abdominal  fold. 

Underside :  markings  as  above,  but 
scaled  white ;  hindwing  with  an  obscurely 
marked  red  bar  C — SC"  outside  the  sub- 
basal  spot,  aud  some  red  scales  behind 
M^  proximally  of  the  submarginal  spot, 
which  is  merged  together  with  the  mar- 
ginal luuule. 

Length  of  forewing  :  53  mm. 


Fig.  a. 


Ilab.  Isabel,  Solomon  Islands,  4  vi.  to  9.  vii.  1901  (A.  S.  Meek),  1   ?. 


(  403  ) 

4.  Papilio  nandina  sp.  nov.  (PI.  IX.  f.  l.^c?). 

(J.  Body  black,  somewhat  olive,  with  grej'  hairs  ;  underside  creamy  buflf,  breast 
with  oblique  buff  streaks,  palpus  buff,  head  aud  pronotum  with  the  usual  pale  dots. 

"Wings,  above,  black,  with  a  large,  light  area,  which  is  very  pale  primrose- 
yellow,  with  a  greenish  tint,  scaled. Forewing :  the  light  area  consists  of  a  long, 

broad  jiatch  in  the  cell,  aud  a  complete  series  of  patches  round  the  cell,  besides 
a  small  mark  in  upper  angle  of  cell,  the  patches  rounded  or  slightly  acuminate 
distally,   excejit   patch   SC^ — SC''\   which  is   sinuate  ;    a   small   submarginal   dot 

SC'^ — R'  of  the  same  colour. Hindwing  :  extreme  base  and  abdominal  margin 

black,  the  pale  area  not  quite  extending  to  end  of  cell  ;  but  there  are  two  small 
spots,  B' — R^,  beyond  the  end  of  the  cell  ;  a  series  of  geminate  submarginal  spots 
of  the  same  colour,  but  much  shaded  with  black  ;  fringe  pale  primrose-yellow, 
more  or  less  black  at  the  very  tips  of  the  veins ;  tail  spatulate,  bordered  with  buff 
distally,  the  border  ill-defined. 

Underside  dark  cinnamon  brown,  more  blackish  in  costal  and  posterior  discal 

regions  of  forewii.g. Forewing  :  pale  area  nearly  as  above,  a  series  of  indistinct, 

pale,  geminate,  submarginal  spots. Hindwing:  pale  area  more  white  than  above, 

three  cinnamon  lines  in  cell,  discal  spot  R' — R-  large  ;  submarginal  spots  enlarged, 
last  one  behind  M-  small,  geminate. 

Length  of  forewing  : 

Hab.  Escarpment,  British  E.  Africa,  6.500  to  9OU0  ft.,  Oct.  and  Nov.  1900 
(W.  Doherty),  2  S6. 

5.  Delias  schbnbergi  isabellae  subsp.  nov. 

cj.  IJppermle  of  the  wings  as  in  sch.  sclwnbergi,  except  that  the  disc  of  the 
forewing  is  less  extended  blackish.  Underside  :  both  wings  more  yellow,  the  black 
area  proximally  sharply  defined,  that  of  forewing  not  entering  apex  of  cell,  the 
upper  white  submarginal  spots  shorter  ;  on  the  hindwing,  the  red  patches  much 
smaller,  the  black  border  of  the  wing  broader. 

?.  Proximal  area  of  both  wings,  aboci\  paler  than  in  scli.  schonberyi,  the 
whitish  scaling  extending  on  the  forewing  to  outer  margin  at  and  in  front  of  inner 
margin  ;  the  latter,  as  well  as  fold  (SM')  nearly  white  ;  the  red  patches  of  the 
underside  less  shining  through  above.     On  the  underside  the  ?  differs  like  the  c?. 

Hah.  Isabel,  Solomon  Islands,  4.  vi.  to  0.  vii.  lOul  (A.  S.  Meek),  a  series  of 
both  sexes. 

0.  Danaus  weiskei  (PI.  X.  f.  1.  S). 

Described  on  ji.  218  of  this  volume. 

7.  Charaxes  nandina  sp.  nov.  (PI.  IX.  f.  3.  6). 

6.  A  careful  description  will  be  given  in  the  appendix  to  our  Monograph  of 
Charaxes.  The  pale  blue  patch  in  the  centre  of  the  hindwiug  is  not  prominent 
enough  in  the  figure,  nor  is  the  series  of  six  purplish  pale  blue  discal  spots  of  the 
same  wino-  distinct  enouo-h  !  the  admarginal  bars  are  ochraceous,  shaded  with  blue. 
Underside  resembling  that  of  cithaeron. 

Hab.  Escarpment,  British  E.  Africa,  650U  to  9u00  ft.,  September  to  October 
1900,  and  early  in  1901  (W.  Doherty),  'i  iS- 


(  -lo^  ) 

8.  Abisara  weiskei  (Fl.  X.  f.  2.  J). 
Described  on  p.  218  of  this  volume.     The  figure  is  far  too  red. 

'1.  Mimacraea  dohertyi  (PI.  X.  f.  :i  <S). 
Described  on  p.  2iy  of  this  volume. 

SATURNIIDAE. 
lit.  Rothschildia  stuarti  sp.  nov.  fPl.  IX.  f  3.  c^). 

J  ? .  Body  above  brownish  black,  abdomen  beneath  dark  maroon-purple,  middle 
line  black  ;  pro-  and  metanotnm,  and  the  abdominal  vittae  creamj'  wliitc.  Wings 
blackish  mnmm}'  brown,  deep  in  tint,  here  and  there  maroon-jinrple,  especially  ou 
the  underside  of  the  hindwing  ;  the  discal  spot  of  the  forewing  resembling  that  of 
S.  angulifera,  being  very  narrow,  hammer-shaped,  while  the  patch  of  tlie  hindwing 
is  large,  strongly  acnminate  distally,  rounded  basally  ;  the  white  border  of  the  black 
discal  line  broad.  Costal  margin  of  hindwing  below  with  a  dirty  white  border, 
followed  by  a  black  line  running  along  the  costal  side  of  C,  crossing  the  vein  near 
base  to  join  the  black  line  which  runs  along  the  creamy  white  abdominal  border. 
The  details  of  the  pattern  of  the  ujiperside  come  out  very  well  in  the  figure,  which 

is,  however,  a  little  too  red. In  the  ?    the  outer  margin  of  the  forewing  is  less 

concave  than  in  the  6. 

Hab.  La  Paz,  Bolivia,  at  the  electric  light,  3  $i,  1  ?  ;  received  from 
A.  Maxwell  Stuart,  in  whose  honour  we  name  the  fine  insect. 

11.  Antheraea  compta  (PI.  X.  f  4.  $), 

The  S  described  iu  Nov.  Zool.  vi.  p.  431  (1899). 

The  S  is  similar  to  the  (?,  but  has  a  shorter  and  broader  forewing. 

12.  Automeris  stuarti  sp.  nov.  (PI.  X.  f.  5.  ?). 

(??.  Differing  widely  from  all  the  other  known  species  of  the  genus,  in  the 
pattern  of  the  npperside  of  the  forewing  especially.  Tiie  hindwing  varies  somewhat 
in  colour,  some  specimens  being  darker,  others  paler,  than  tiie  individual  figured. 

Underside  of  body  and  wings  yellowish  cinnamon,  tibiae  and  tarsi  brownish 

black  above,  veins  buft',  wings  gradually  more  blackish  brown  distally,  fringe  pale 
creamy  buff;  discal  patch  of  forewing  black,  with  a  white  centre,  nearly  round, 
a  black  curved  -line  from  costal  margin  near  apex  to  middle  of  inner  margin  more 
distal  than  the  white  line  of  the  upperside  ;  hindwing  with  a  white  spot  on  D', 
slightly  bordered  with  blackish  brown,  a  blackish  brown  line  from  end  of  C  across 
disc,  curved,  first  nearly  parallel  to  distal  margin,  ending  at  abdominal  margin  just 
beyond  middle. 

Hah.  La  Paz,  Bolivia,  at  the  electric  light  ;  a  series  received  from  A.  Maxwell 
Stuart. 

13.  Argema  maenas  latona  subsp.  nov. 

i.  Wings,  above:  the  wax  yellow  colour  more  reduced  than  in  .1.  maenas 
i(j)iescens  from  the  Andamans ;  a  narrow  subbasal  band,  a  small  spot  in  cell  in  front 


(  405  ) 

of  base  of  M^,  a  halfmoon  filling  up  the  place  encircled  by  the  black  halfring, 
a  large  dentate  postcostal  patch  beyond  the  end  of  the  cell,  not  continnons,  with  an 
interrupted  or  continuous  discal  band,  an  undulate,  very  narrow,  partly  obsolete, 
discal  line,  and  a  large,  more  or  less  obsolete,  admarginal  patch  below  apex,  yellow  ; 
the  undulate  line  and  the  admarginal  patch  much  less  extended  than  in  ir/ju'scens  : 

the  tawny  halfmoon  heavier  than   in  the  other  races. Hindwing  :    costal  area 

from  base  to  two-thirds,  abdominal  margin,  a  narrow  subbasal  band,  an  indistinct 
discal  band,  widening  to  a  patch  at  the  eye-spot,  an  indistinct  postdiscal  band, 
wax  yellow. 

Underside  :  the  brown  iiaiids  sufl'used,  nut  clearly  marked,  the  undulate  discal 
line  of  the  other  sidjspecies  represented  by  an  obscure  baud,  which  is,  moreover, 
more  pro.ximal. 

Hcdj.  N.  {'elebes,  3  cJc?  (received  from  Mr.  W.  Niepelt  and  Jlr.  Fruhstorfer). 
The  form  from  Amltoina  described  (1895,  Kaup)  as  rosenheryi.  from  a  ? ,  is  said 
to  have  a  deeper  yellow  band  across  both  wings.  In  the  figure  the  baud  is  very 
distinct,  very  straight  on  either  wing,  of  even  width,  just  like  a  strip  of  paper  put 
over  the  wing.  In  fact,  the  deeper-coloured  band  represents  nothing  else  but  the 
space  protected  by  the  paper  used  in  setting  the  specimen. 

maenas,  North  India. 

ignescens,  Andamans. 
Argenm  maenas  ■    diana,  Java. 

latona,  Celebes. 

rosenheryi,  Amboina. 


GEOMETRIDAE. 
14.  Dysphania  centralis  (PI.  X.  f.  0  cJ). 
Described  on  p.  210  of  this  volume. 

15.  Milionia  weiskei  (PI.  X.  f.  7.  ?;. 
Described  on  p.  220  of  this  volume. 

16.  Milionia  everetti  (PI.  X.  f  8.  *). 

Described  on  p.  98  of  vol.  iii.  (l8U6j.  Mr.  H.  Fruhstorfer  found  this  species 
flying  so  high  above  the  ground  (at  Bua  Kraeng,  S.  Celebes,  February  1896)  that 
it  was  difficult  to  catch.  Everett  got  only  one  specimen.  We  received  two  ?  ? 
from  Mr.  Fruhstorfer,  neither  of  which  shows  a  trace  of  the  red  line  found  within 
the  blue  band  of  the  forewing  in  the  type. 

IT.  Bordeta  hypocala  (PI.  X.  f.  0.  S). 
Described  on  page  220  of  this  volume. 

18.  Egybolis  dohertyi  sp.  nnv.  (PI.  X.  f.  lo.  ?). 

?.  Distinguished  from  /•.'.  rnUlaniiiin  by  the  more  giuen  ground-colour  of  the 
forewing  and  the  diti'ereul  pattern;  the  broad  subbasal  band  of  vuilhiniinn  is  here 

29 


("406  ) 

leplaced  by  a  very  narrow  interrupted  baud  ;  the  two  spots  at  the  end  of  the  cell 
have  the  same  position  as  in  caillanttna ;  but  the  blackish  baud,  which  in  vaillantina 
touches  the  second  spot,  is  much  more  distal  in  dokerti/i,  angled  at  R'  and  includes 

anteriorly  an  orange  spot. A  few  orauge  scales  appear  also  posteriorly  in  the 

b:ind,  from  which  we  conclude  that  there  exist  possibly  individuals  which  have 
)i  complete  orange  discal  band. 

Hab.  Escarpment,  British  E.  Africa,  September  to  October  1900,  6500  to 
9000  ft.  (W.  Doherty),  several  specimens. 

E.  vaiUaiitina  was  not  met  with  by  W.  Doherty  in  that  locality. 

The  metallic  green  and  blue  tints  do  not  come  out  well  in  the  figure. 


AGAR  I«TI  DAE. 
19.  Immetalia  eichtorni  sp.  uov, 

S  ? .  Body  black,  below  with  blue  gloss,  a  complete  white  postorbital  ring. 
Forewing,  above,  with  metallic  blue  scales  in  basal  area,  especially  along  SO  and 
SM'',  forming  a  patch  near  the  orange  baud  which  crosses  the  wing  from  the  middle 
of  the  costal  margin  towards  anal  angle  ;  this  band  is  slightly  curved,  narrower 
behind,  not  in  front,  and  does  not  quite  reach  the  inner  margin  ;  fringe  white  at 

apex  of  wing. Hindwing  black  ;  fringe  white  down  to  SM-,  with  the  shorter 

scales  and  some  of  the  long  ones  black. 

t?  without  a  scent-organ  at  abdominal  margin  of  hindwing,  the  wing  not  dilated 
to  form  a  fold  as  in  /.  dolesclialli  and  allies. 

Length  of  forewing  :  25  to  28  mm. 

Hab.  Isabel,  Solomon  Islands,  4.  vi.  to  9.  vii.  1901  (A.  S.  Meek),  a  series. 
Named  in  honour  of  Mr.  Meek's  assistant,  who  is  a  careful  and  able  collector. 

2u.  Phalaenoides  mutans  (Pi.  IX.  f.  4.  6). 
Described  on  p.  22<t  of  this  volume. 

21.  Asota  nervosa  sp.  nov. 

S  ?  .  Similar  to  .1.  diana  ;  difl'ers  as  follows  :— 

Black   spot  on  mesothoracic  tegula  larger,  those  on  the   posterior  abdominal 

aternites  merged  together  to  bands. Wings  :  forewing  decidedly  broader,  tlie  outer 

margin  less  oblique  ;  the  arrow-head-shaped  spot  upon  (SM')  less  concave  basally, 
preceded  basally  by  a  white  (not  a  yellow)  mark ;  discal  patch  not  halfmoon-shapcd, 
but  irregularly  rounded,  being  broader  and  shorter  than  in  diana ;   SM^  and  the 

veins  on  disc  more  or  less  white. Hindwing  :  black  border  rather  broader  at  M". 

Underside— Forewing :    base   less    extended   yellow   than  in   diana,   discal   patch 

smaller  than  above. Hindwing  :   costal  margin  black  down  to  base,   a  narrow 

band  jirojects  from  the  costal  border  ending  at  R'  ;  outside  this  projection  the 
yellow  area  extends  up  to  C,  this  sinns  being  about  3  to  4  ram.  broad  and  becoming 
whitish  costad  ;  there  is  generally  a  black  discal  dot  behind  M-. 

Hab.  Isabel,  4.  vi.  to  9.  vii.  1901  (Messrs.  Meek  and  Eichhorn),  ?,  S  i  (type), 
1   ?  ;  Kulambangra,  Rubiana  (Eichhorn),  a  series. 

This  species  occurs  together  with  diana  ;  the  long  series  compared  of  both 
leaves  no  doubt  that  nervosa  is  specifically  distinct. 


EXPLANATION   OF   PLATES   IX.   AND   X. 


Fig.     1 .  I'apHio  nanclina  d 
Charaxes     „        c? 
RotlixchiUlia  stuurti  i 
Plialaenoirles  nutans  <S 
llerpa  meeki  i 

,,       acrita  ? 
albiritta  <S 

»  ?       • 

at.iqmu  S 


4. 
0. 

8. 

9. 
10. 
11. 

i:. 


/■ 


'i/ta  spertahilix 

' '  /  in  i    . 
I.;.  onx  <J 

10.  ,.         fraf/ilis  S  . 

IT.  iloherbji  % 

l!S.  ntrnntiaca  S 


PLATE    IX. 


„  404 
„  400- 
„     407 


PLATE   X. 


Fig.     1.  liiinniiti  loehlm  i 

2.  Aiisara       „       <J 

3.  Mimacraea  dohertyi  i 

4.  Aviheraea  compta  i 

5.  Aatomeris  stvarti  ? 
(j.  D>jsphania  centralis  d 

7.  Milionia  weiskei  ? 

8.  „        neretti  ? 

9.  Bordeta  Iii/pocaln 
10.   Ei/i/lioliii  (litherdii  i 


page  4o:-t 
„     404 


4nft 


41  ii; 


NOVITATES   ZOOLOCICAE.      VOL.  VIII        1901. 


PL     IX 


NOVITATES   ZOOLOGICAE.     VOL    VIIL      1901. 


PL.   X. 


(  407   ) 

CHALCOSIINAE. 
22.  Herpa  meeki  (PI.  IX.  f.  5.  i,  (>.  S). 
The  ?  described  iu  vol.  iii.  p.  325,  the  <S  in  vol.  vi.  p.  439. 

23.  Herpa  acrita  (PI.  IX.  f.  :.  ?> 
Described  in  vol.  vi.  p.  44f>. 

24.  Herpa  albivitta  (PI.  IX.  f.  8.  S,  0.  $). 
Described  in  vol.  vi.  p.  439. 

25.  Herpa  stigma  (PI.  IX.  f.  10.  t?). 
Described  in  vol.  vi.  p.  440. 

26.  Doclia  dohertyi  (PI.  IX.  f.  11.  J). 
Described  iu  vol.  vi.  p.  437. 

27.  Pintia  celebensis  (PL  IX.  f.  12.  S) 
Described  in  vol.  vi.  p.  438). 

28.  Caprima  spectabilis  (PI.  IX.  t'.  13.  ?). 
Described  iu  vol.  vi.  p.  434. 

29.  Caprima  obliqua  (PI.  IX.  f.  14.  6). 
Described  iu  vol.  vi.  p.  435. 

311.  Caprima  albifrons  (PI.  IX.  f.  15.  J). 
Described  iu  vol.  vi.  p.  436. 

31.  Caprima  fragilis  (PI.  IX.  f.  la.  <?). 
Described  in  vol.  vi.  ji.  436. 

32.  Caprima  dohertyi  (PL  IX.  f.  17.  ?). 

Described  in  vol.  vi.  p.  437.     The  orange-red  band  of  the  forewing  is  not  bright 
enough  in  figure. 

33.  Caprima  aurantiaca  (PL  IX.  f.  18.  J). 
Described  in  vol.  vi.  p.  435. 


(  408  ) 


A  NEW  SPECIES  OF  GOLIATHID  COLEOPTERA. 

By  KARL  JORDAN,  Ph.D. 

Stephanocrates  dohertyi  sp.  nov. 

S.  Variable  iu  size.  Greeu  to  coppery  red,  disc  of  elytra  ofteu  yellowish,  head 
and  uiRler,side  more  or  less  glossy  ;  pronotnm  always,  scntellura  and  elytra  nearly 
always  opaqne.  Two  cephalic  horns  as  in  St.  pivu.tsi  (1892),  Kolbe,  S/t~.-Bei-. 
Xaturj'.  Freunde  Bfirlin  p.  242,  very  variable  in  shape  accordiiiir  to  the  size  of  the 
individuals  ;  iu  the  large  specimens  the  frontal  horn  is  broadly  dilated  at  end,  its 
upper  edge  broadly  convex,  the  very  middle  feebly  sinuate,  the  sides  produced  distad 
into  a  jirominent  tooth  ;  in  small  individuals  the  horn  is  short,  slightly  dilated 
apically,  truncate  with  the  distal  edge  very  feebly  bisinuate,  its  upper  surface  black 
or  brown,  opaque  ;  the  occipital  horn  is  bifurcate,  the  branches  projecting  laterad 
and  curving  frontad,  iu  small  examples  the  branches  are  very  short  and  obtuse. 
Pronotum  strongly  convex,  almost  globose  ;  in  small  individuals,  however,  less 
convex,  resembling  more  the  pronotum  of  the  S .  Fringe  of  pygidium  ochraceons, 
that  of  mid-  and  hindtibia  paler,  sterna  with  grey  hairs  ;  episterna  above  and  sides 
of  abdomen  close  to  elytra  pilose,  edge  of  elytra  with  a  buffish  fringe.  Foretibia 
broad,  inner  edge  dilated  from  near  base  to  middle,  the  dilated  part  proximally  and 
distally  produced  into  a  tooth,  then  comes  a  deep  sinus  followed  by  a  prominent, 
triangular,  apical  tooth,  the  outer  edge  is  armed  with  equidistant  teeth  in  apical 
half :  mid-  and  hindtibia  with  two  teeth  in  and  before  middle,  iu  small  individuals 
with  one  tooth  in  middle. 

?.  In  colour  like  the  S-  t'lypeus  truncate,  with  the  angles  slightly  rounded, 
edges  raised,  the  ridge  of  the  lateral  edge  continued  to  occiput,  curving  mesiad 
posteriorly,  where  it  gradually  disappears  ;  middle  of  head  convex,  tlie  callosity  not 
j)rominent,  anteriorly  gradually  vanishing,  sides  of  the  ante-ocular  part  of  the  head 
laterally  of  the  ridge  rounded.  Pronotum  with  dispersed  i)uncturcs,  anterior  edge 
feebly  bisinuate,  sides  marginate,  in  posterior  half  faintly  sinuate.  Scutcllum  and 
elytra  smooth,  the  latter  with  few  feebly  impressed  punctures  laterally.  Intracoxal 
process  of  mesosternum  rounded  as  in  S.  Foretibia  without  internal  teeth,  with 
two  sharp,  prominent  external  teeth,  besides  the  long  ajiical  one  ;  mid-  and  hind- 
tibia with  two  sharp  teeth  in  and  before  middle. 

Tjcngth  (head  excl.)  S  ■■  28  to  42  mm. 
„  „  6  :  29  to  35     „ 

H'tb.  Escarpment,  British  E.  Africa,  OoOU — 900U  ft.,  September  to  April 
19011-1   (W.  Doherty). 

There  was  a  series  of  this  pretty  beetle  in  the  small  collection  of  (Joleoptera 
which  we  received,  together  with  the  other  insects  after  W.  Doherty's  death. 
1  name  it  in  memory  of  our  lamented  friend.  These  L'oleoptera  (except  the 
Ceramhyridae  and  the  few  Anthrihidae),  are  now  in  the  collection  of  Mons.  Rend 
Oberthiir,  inclusive  of  the  tyjie  of  St.  dohcrti/i. 


(  409  ) 


ON  SOME  NEW  OE  RARE  ORIENTAL  LITHOSIINAE. 

By  the  HON.  WALTER  ROTHSCHILD,  Ph.D.,  and  KARL  JORDAN,  Ph.D. 

IN  tbe  fine  collections  of  Lepidoptera  receiitl}'  made  by  Mr.  A.  S.  Meek  and  his 
assistants,  are  quite  a  nnmber  of  new  Lithosiinac.  When  descrihing  some  of 
those  which  were  represented  by  a  longer  series  of  individuals,  we  compared  the 
material  already  contained  in  the  Tring  Museum  of  several  of  the  respective  genera 
with  Sir  George  Hampson's  Lepidoptera  Phalaenae  II.,  in  order  to  get  a  rough 
idea,  how  the  number  of  species  known  of  these  small  insects,  w^hich  the  ordinary 
collector  in  the  tropics  generally  neglects,  will  increase  when  the  tropical  countries 
become  more  exhaustively  explored.  We  give  the  figures  of  the  following 
four  genera  : — 

Tricliocerosia  in  Hampson's  Lrp.  Phal. :  1  form,  in  Mus.  Tring  4 

Trickolepis  „  ,,  1  ,,  ,,        •"> 

Zygaenopsis  ,,  ,,  3  ,,  ,,17 

Caprimima  (typ.  group)  „  6  „  „       Vi 

4  genera  „  „  11  „  „       38 

We  add  that  we  have  all  the  forms  of  these  genera  described  in  Lep.  Phal. 
It  was  very  interesting  to  us  to  find  also  here  that  there  is  sexual  dimorphism  in  the 
neuration  quite  apart  from  the  distortion  of  the  venation  occasioned  by  the  develop- 
ment of  scent-organs  (see  Trichocherosia ,  below),  and  to  meet  frequently  individuals 
with  abnormal  neuration.  The  distal  veins  are  often  inconstant  in  their  relative 
position,  a  phenomenon  observed  abundantly  also  among  the  Chalcosiiime. 

1.  Clerckia  omissa  sp.  nov. 

? .  Prothorax,   mesothoracic   tegula,   frontal   surface   of  forecoxa  and   tip   of 

abdomen  flame  scarlet,  rest  of  body  bluish  black.     Wings,  above. Forewing  :  a 

large  orange  patch  from  near  base  to  end  of  cell,  scarlet  in  front,  expanding  between 
inner  and  costal  margins,  not  reaching  tlie  latter — the  black  costal  border  broader 
in  basal  third  of  wing  ;  the  area  includes  a  black  snbbasal  patch,  situated  behind 
cell,  not  extended  to  inner  margin  ;  the  outer  edge  of  the  area  feebly  biconvex 
between  C  and  M',  then  receding  basad,  reaching  inner  margin  beyond  middle,  the 
black  outer  area  thus  being  almost  of  tlie  same  width  from  costal  to  inner  margin. 

Hindwing  orange,  with  a  black  distal  liorder,  which  is  4  ram.  broad  in  front 

and  narrows  strongly  anad. 

Underside  as  above,  with  both  wings  scarlet  at  costal  margins  ;  forewing  witliout 
black  sulibiisal  i>atch,  base  of  liindwing  very  narrowly  black. 

llab.  Guadalcanar,  Solomon  Islands  (Woodford),  1   ?. 

Easily  distinguished  from  the  forms  of /"wfow  by  the  broad  bliick  apical  area 
of  the  forewing  and  the  red  amis  ;  from  securizonis  by  thelcollar  being  rod  and  tlin 
orange  hindwing  not  being  black  at  base. 


(  410  ) 

2.  Clerckia  miles  Isabella  snbsp.  nov. 

<S.  Difiers  from  miles  miles  in  the  scarlet  band  of  the  forewing  being  redaced 
to  a  square  patch,  or  being  strongly  narrower  behind,  and  in  the  liindwing  having 
no  orange  band. 

Bab.  Isabel,  Solomon  Islands,  4.  vi.  to  9.  vii.  1901  (A.  S.  Meek),  a  series. 

A  figure  of  Clerckta  miles  miles  is  by  some  oversight  given  as  that  of  Cl./ulvia 
in  Hampson,  I.e.  p.  316. 

3.  Clerckia  securizonis. 

?.   CI.  securizonis  Butler,  Tr.  Ent.  Soc.  Loud.  p.  389.  t.  12.  f  2  (1889). 

?.  Exotrocha  securinerus  (!),  Kirby,  Cat.  Lep.  Het.  I.  p.  314  (1892). 

$.   Chionaema  securizonis,  Hampson,  I.e.  p.  315  (1900). 

^\e  have  a  long  series  of  both  .sexes  of  this  species  from  Guadalcanar,  Tngela, 
Isabel,  and  Florida,  collected  by  Messrs.  Meek  and  Eichhorn.  The  c?  has  a  strong 
bine  gloss  ;  there  is  a  small  scarlet  patch  in  the  middle  of  the  forewing  behind  the 
cell,  often  penetrating  into  the  cell.  No  orange  on  the  hindwing,  above,  bnt  traces 
of  a  scarlet  band  are  generally  present  below. 

4.  Clerckia  thoracica  sp.  nov. 

<?.  Black,  somewhat  ])lnish  glossy  on  thorax  ;  anterior  edge  of  collar,  prosternnm, 
meso-metanotnm  (except  a  spot  near  base  of  costal  margin  of  forewing),  underside 

and  tip  of  abdomen,  chrome  yellow.     Wings,  above,  orange. Forewing  washed 

with  scarlet  distally,  costal  margin    narrowly  blue-black,  a  distal  border  of  tlie 
same  colour,  about  2  mm.  Ijroad,  of  nearly  even  width,  slightly  denticulate,  a  little 

dilated  between  R^  and  R'. Hindtciny :  a  black  distal  border,  about  4  mm.  wide 

in  front,  half  as  wide  at  M-,  joining  a  black  streak  which  runs  from  base  alono- 
abdominal  margin,  the  latter  itself  and  the  fringe  remaining  orange. 

Underside  :  blue-black  distal  border  of  forewing  twice  as  wide  as  above  in 
front,  hindwing  without  black  abdominal  streak,  both  wings  paler  yellow  than  above. 

Hindwing  shorter  and  broader  than  mfulvia. 

Length  of  forewing  :  25  to  26  mm. 

Ilab.  Humboldt  Bay,  Dutch  New  Guinea,  Seirtember— October  1892  (W 
Doherty),  4  S<S. 

5.  Clerckia  meyricki  sp.  nov. 

Exotrocha  liboria,  Meyrick  (non  Stoll,  1782),  Proc.  Linn.  Soc.  N.S.  Wales  (2) 
I.  p.  693  (1886). 

<?  ? .  This  peculiar  insect  has  been  well  described  by  Mr.  Meyrick.  Hampson 
does  not  mention  it.  It  is  easily  distinguished  from  liboria  =  fitlvia  by  the  red 
head,  red  meso-metanotnm,  reddish  bases  of  the  abdominal  segments  (sternites 
partly  excepted),  a  reddish  lateral  spot  on  mesosternnm,  black  collar,  by  the  black 
hindwings  with  a  yellowish  central  j)atch  above  and  below,  the  blackish  bmwn 
underside  of  the  forewing,  which  shows  only  vestiges  of  yellow  in  the  66,  and  in 
the  ?  a  patch  of  yellow  at  the  end  of  the  cell. 

Hab.  Brisbane,  ex  coll.  Barnard,  1  c?  {type),  1  ?  ;  Mackay,  1  S. 

The  mesothoracic  tegula  is  black  in  our  ¥ ,  with  a  red  dot.  The  forewing  is 
less  bright  in  colour  than  mfulvia. 


(  411   ) 

Zygaenopsis. 

Zygaenopsis  Swinhoe,  Cat.  Lep.  Het.  Q.rf.  I.  p.  61  (1891)  (type :  J'ltsci- 
marghialis). 

Zi/gaenosia  Hampson,  I.e.  p.  423  (190(J)  (nom.  iiov.  loco  Zi/gaenopsis). 

Fekler's  name  Zyqaenopsis  proposed  for  an  American  insect  lias  remained  a 
iwmen  indescriptum.  As  we  do  not  accept  undefined  names  as  valid  zoological 
terms,  the  word  Zygaenopsis  as  a  generic  term  dates  for  ns  only  from  1891,  when 
Swinhoe  gave  a  good  definition  of  what  he  meant  it  to  designate. 

In  Hampson's  definition  of  the  genns.  I.e.,  a  slight  oversiglit  occnrs,  vein 
SC  of  the  forewing  being  said  to  branch  off  after  SC\  This  is  only  true  of  some 
individuals  of  Z.  jiavibasis,  while  in  the  typical  s-pecies  /'it.scim(irgi>ial/s,  of  the 
nenration  of  which  Swinhoe  gave  a  correct  diagram,  as  well  as  in  other  individuals 
oi  ^fiacibasis  and  all  the  species  described  below,  vein  SC^  branches  off  before  SC^. 
In  Swinhoe's  diagram  oi Jfacibasis  SC^  and  SC°  come  from  a  point  ;  this  we  find 
to  be  the  case  in  quite  a  number  of  our  examples,  ./(((•/^''(avjs  being  one  of  those 
numerous  LitJiosiinae  in  which  the  position  of  the  distal  branches  of  the  veins 
is  fluctuating. 

0.  Zygaenopsis  fuscimarginalis. 

Z.fiiscimarginalis  Swinhoe,  l.e.  (1891)  (Dorey). 

Zygaenoiiin  fuscimargi iialis  Hampson,  l.r.  p.  424  t.  35  p.  9  ri900). 

We  have  one  pair  of  this  species  from  Kapaur,  Dutch  N.  Guinea,  caught 
by  Doherty  in  December  1896  and  in  February  1897.  Of  these  the  ?  is  the  larger  ; 
it  has  the  hind  wing  more  elongate  than  the  c?,  the  hyaline  patch  of  the  same  .just 
indicated  in  and  before  the  cell,  and  the  first  antennal  segment,  face,  legs,  and  the 
underside  of  the  body  lateous.  In  the  J  the  hindwing  has  a  large  hyaline 
patch,  as  described  by  Swinhoe  in  the  type  ?,  the  face  is  fuscous,  but  the  legs  are 
lateous. 

7.  Zygaenopsis  fumosa  sp.  nov. 

c?  ? .  Body  above  black,  underside  blackish  or  more  or  less  yellow.  Wings 
uniformly  smoky  black,  slightly  transparent,  with  an  olivaceous  brown  tint. 
Clasper  {6)  sinuate,  lobes  short,  lower  lobe  narrow,  triangular,  not  acute,  upper 
one  broad,  rounded. 

a.  Z.  fumosa  fumosa. 

cJ  S.  Underside  of  body  and  legs  dirty  wood  brown,  smoky  black  where  the 
scaling  is  intact. 

Length  of  forewing  :  9  to  11  mm. 

Ihb.  Suer,  Mefor,  Geelvink  Bay,  May— June  1897  (W.  Doherty),  7  cj  J,  I  ?. 
Tlie  ?  without  abdomen  ;  ti/pe  :   c?. 

b.  Z.  fumosa  flaviventris  snbsp.  nov. 

c?.  Abdomen  beneath,  clasper  excepted,  ochre  yellow. 

Length  of  forewing  :   1 1  i  mm. 

Hub.  Biak,  Geelvink  Bay  (W.  Doherty),  1  S. 


(  412  ) 

c.  Z.  fumosa  inferna  subsp.  uov. 

¥ .  Frons,  first  autennal  segment,  legs  aud  tiuderside  of  body  ochre  yellow,  tibia 
jiartly  blackish  above. 

Length  of  forewiiig  :  13  mm. 

Hab.  Laiwui,  Obi,  September  1S97  (W.  Doherty),  1  ?. 


8.  Zygaenopsis  salomonis  sp.  nov. 

r?  ?.  First  segment  of  anteuua,  jialpns,  the  body,  either  with  the  exception  of 
one  or  several  abdominal  tergites,  or  totally,  yellow  ;  antenna  black,  tibiae  with 
or  without  a  distinct  black  apical  patch. 

Forewing  :  semi-hyaline,  scaling  rather  denser  at  edges,  extreme  base  above 
and  below,  and  costal  margin  proximally  yellow. 

Hindwing  :  smoky  black,  scaling  much  denser  than  on  forewing,  sparse 
towards  costa. 

Clasper  ventri-apically  broadly  and  shallowly  cmarginate,  apical  sinus  small, 
narrow,  but  distinct. 

Length  of  forewing  :  10  to  12  mm. 


a.  Z.  salomonis  salomouis. 

S  ? .  All  the  abdominal  tergites  with  black  scales  ;  this  scaling  vestigial  in 
the  ¥  on  the  middle  tergites. 

JIab.    Guadalcauar,  Solomon  Islands,  April  1901  (A.  S.  Meek),  2  cJcJ,  I   ?  ; 
f>/pe :   S. 

b.  Z.  salomonis  Isabella  snbsp.  nov. 

Machaerophora  spec,  Pagenstecher,  in  Chnn,  Zoologica  xii.  29  p.  03  (1900) 
(Shortland  Islands). 

(J  ¥ .   Abdomen  without  black  scaling. 

Hab.  Isabel,  Solomon  Islands,  4.  vi.  to  9.  vii.  I'.iol  (A.  S.  Meek),  a  series  nf 
both  sexes,  type  :  S  ;  Shortland  Islands  (Ribbe),  1   ¥  . 


9.  Zygaenopsis  fumigata. 

Machaerophora  fumigata  Pagenstecher,  in  Chun,  Zoologica  xii.  29  p.  03  t.  1 
f.  18  (1900)  (N.  Pommern). 

We  have  one  of  the  two  specimens  from  which  the  species  was  described.  It 
is  a  6 ,  and  shows  a  distinct,  though  small,  yellow  subbasal  spot  on  the  forewing, 
of  which  no  mention  is  made  in  the  description  ;  the  spot  is  indicated  in  the  figure. 


10.  Zyg^aenopsis  basalis  sj).  nov. 

S.  Black.  Head,  except  a  large  patch  on  occiput,  underside  of  first  autennal 
segment,  abdomen  and  the  whole  underside,  paljjus  and  legs,  deep  chrome  yellow, 
first  abdominal  tergite  with  a  black  spot  on  each    side,  seventh  tergite  for  the 


f  413  ) 

ji:i'eater  )>art  lilack,  forc-tiliiii  at  basf  iiml  apex,  mid-tibia  at  ajiex  witli  iudistinct 
black  patches. 

\Vii)gs,  above,  smoky  black. 

Forewing  :  semi-diaphanous,  veins  and  margins  denser  scaled,  the  scaling  not 
forming  a  patch  upon  discocellulars  ;  a  large  j'ellow  patch  at  base,  occupjiug  about 
one-third  of  the  inner  margin  and  extending  to  M. 

Underside  :  forewing  yellow  at  base  ;  hindwing  yellow  at  costal  margin. 

Clasper  with  a  narrow,  rather  deep  apical  sinus,  continued  by  an  impression, 
which  makes  the  sinus  appear  deeper  than  it  is,  lower  lobe  prominent,  longer 
than  upper,  somewhat  spoon-shaped. 

Length  of  forewing  :  13  mm. 

Hab.  Fergusson,  d'Entrecasteaux  Islands,  October  1894  (A.  S.  Meek),  1  i 
(tUlic)  ;  Milne  Bay,  Brit.  N.  Guinea,  December  1898,  1  c?. 

In  the  Milne  Bay  example  the  yellow  patch  of  the  forewing  is  larger  than  in 
the  t'lpf. 

11.  Zygaenopsis  assimilis  sp.  nov. 

i.  Thorax  above,  first  and  seventh  abdominal  tergites  and  antennae  black,  frons 
fuscons  with  some  yellow  scales,  sides  of  prouotum,  palpus,  legs,  breast  and  abdomen 
below  pale  yellow  buff,  abdomen  above  deep  chrome  yellow,  first  abdominal  tergite 
distally  also  with  yellow  scales. 

Forewiny :  as  in  busalis,  without  lilack  stigma,  yellow  basal  patch  consisting 
of  a  streak  occupying  base  of  cell,  and  of  a  broader  streak  upon  SM-,  the  streaks 
joining  each  other  at  base. 

llindwini/ :  below  with  the  costal  area  from  base  to  near  apex  pale  creamy 
buff;  base  of  forewing  also  washed  with  the  same  colour. 

Clasper  with  an  obliquely  triangular  sinus,  the  lower  lobe  narrow,  obtusely 
triangular,  shorter  than  the  upper,  very  broad,  lobe,  the  clasper  agreeing  better 
with  that  of  .some  individuals  oijiavibasls  than  with  that  of  basalis. 

Hnb.    Salawatti  (W.  Doherty),  one  ?  . 

Differs  from  basalis  in  the  cell  of  the  forewing  being  yellow  at  base,  in  the 
first  abdominal  tergite  being  black  for  the  greater  part,  and  in  the  short  ventral 
lobe  of  the  apex  of  the  clasper. 

12.  Zygaenopsis  flavibasis. 

Z.flaribasis  Swinhoe,  I.e.  p.  02  n.  .'fis  (1891)  (Key);  Hamps.,  I.e.  (1900) 
(p.  parte). 

We  have  above  referred  to  the  variability  in  the  nenration  of  the  Key  Islands 
form.  In  the  individuals  from  New  Guinea  and  adjacent  islands  SC-'  and  SC^  are 
always  stalked  together,  but  the  stalk  is  sometimes  very  short ;  SC''  is  always  given 
off  before  SCI 

Clasper  with  a  small  but  distinct  sinus,  both  lobes  obtuse. 

a.  Z.  flavibasis  abdominalis  snbsp.  nov. 

S .  Face,  palpns,  side  of  prouotum,  has  and  the  abdomen  yellow  ;  first  and 
seventh  tergite  of  abdomen  black,  legs  scarcely  with  a  trace  of  black  scaling. 


(  414  ) 

Hab.  Milne  Bay,  Brit.  N.  Guinea,  November  1898  (A.  S.  Meek),  2  cJcJ  {_ti/pe)  ; 
Mailu,  Brit.  N.  Guinea,  July  '95  (Anthony),  1  c?  ;  Fergasson  I.,  d'Entrecasteaux  Is., 
December  1894  (A.  S.  Meek),  2  SS. 


I).  Z.  flavibasis  immaculata  subsj).  nov. 

S.  Body  as  in  ubdominulis. 

Forewing  :  without  yellow  patch,  veins  less  heavily  black,  enter  margin  broader 
black  than  in  ahdominalis  a,u([_//ar/7xisis. 

Ilindwing  :  below  with  the  costal  margin  yellow. 

Hab.  Humboldt  Bay,  Dutch  N.  Guinea,  September — October  1892  (W.  Doherty), 
5  Si. 

A  distinct  species  ? 


c.  Z.  flavibasis  flavibasis. 

S  ? .  Abdomen  black  above,  the  middle  tergites  being  partly  yellow  only  in 
one  of  our  ?  ?  ;  tibiae  more  or  less  distinctly  fuscous  on  the  upperside.  Veins  of 
forewing  prominently  black  ;  yellow  spot  somewhat  variable  in  size. 

In  the  Tring  Museum  from  Little  Key,  collected  by  H.  Ktihn,  chiefly  in 
January  and  March,  30  SS,  10  ?  ?. 


13.  Zygaenopsis  papua. 

Northia  papm  Oberthtir,  Et.  d'Ent.  xix.  p.  28.  t.  5.  f  38  (1894)  (Dorey). 

Zi/gaenosiajlavibasis,  Hami)Son,  I.e.  (1900)  (p.  parte). 

cJ?.  This  species  has  been  treated  by  Hampson  as  an  aberrational  form  of 
fiacibasis  ;  it  is  doubtless  distinct.  Z.  papua  agrees  in  the  colour  of  the  body  with 
/.Jiaciba.%is  abdomiiKilis. 

Foreiving :  vein  streaks  not  so  prominent,  no  patch  upon  discocellulars,  besides 
the  yellow  basal  spot  there  is  a  second  just  be3'0ud  middle  of  inner  margin. 

In  the  Tring  Museum  from  Dorey,  June  1897  (W.  Doherty),  (5  cJcJ,  1   ?. 


14.  Zygaenopsis  medioplaga  sp.  nov. 

(?.  Head,  collar,  mesothoracic  tegnla  and  underside  orange  yellow  ;  a  small  spot 
on  frons,  a  patch  on  occipnt,  middle  of  collar,  end  of  palpus  and  tibiae,  and  clasper 
black. 

Wings  smoky  black.  Forewing  :  semi-diaphanous,  except  at  apex  and  inner 
margin,  less  so  than  injlavibasis,  with  an  orange  patch  in  middle  of  inner  margin. 

Clasper  with  the  sinns  vestigial. 

Length  of  forewing  :  9  to  10^  mm. 

Hab.  Batjan,  March  1892,  and  August  1897  (W.  Doherty),  3  SS  ;  (iani, 
Halmahera,  November  1890  (W.  Doherty),  2  cJcJ. 

Tgpe  :  Batjan,  August  ls97. 


(  415  ) 

15.  Zygaenopsis  flaviceps  sp.  uov. 

(J  ¥ .  Black,  head,  pronotum,  first  antenual  segment,  and  the  whole  underside 
inclusive  of  legs  and  palpns,  deep  chrome  yellow,  meso-metanotnm  and  middle 
tergites  of  abdomen  either  yellow  or  black,  tibiae  blackish  at  end  on  the  upperside. 

\V'iiigs  as  in  the  preceding.  Fomi'ii>g  :  with  a  large  deep  chrome  yellow  patch 
at  base  along  inner  margin  ;  costal  margin  yellow  at  base  on  the  underside. 

Clasper  with  the  sinus  small  and  shallow,  no  prominent  lobes. 

Length  of  forewing  :  11  to  12  mm. 

((■  7i.  flaviceps  flaviceps. 

t?  ? .  Abdomen  and  meso-metanotum  black,  mesonotum  yellow  in  front,  seldom 
more  extended  yellow  ;  in  the  single  ?  also  metanotnm  clothed  with  yellow  scales. 
In  this  ?  the  yellow  patch  of  the  right  forewing  extends  to  near  apex  of  SM-, 
while  on  the  left  wing  it  is  normal,  occupying  only  the  basal  third  nf  the  inner 
margin. 

Hab.  Batjan,  March  1892  (W.  Doherty),  10  Jc?,  1  ?. 

Type:   S. 

h.  Z.  flaviceps  cingulata  snlwp.  nov. 

cJ.  Sternites  2  to  4  of  abdomen  more  or  less,  and  the  whole  thorax,  yellow. 
Hab.    Ternate,  May  1892  (W.  Doherty),  3  SS. 

16.  Zygaenopsis  lata  sp.  nov. 

S .  First  antennal  segment  and  body  deep  chrome  yellow,  mesonotum  partly 
fnscons,  foretibia  with  some  black  scales.  Forewing  broader  than  in  the 
other  species,  costa  more  arched,  a  large  yellow  basal  patch  reaching  to  SC, 
followed  by  another  yellow  spot  as  in  papua — this  spot,  however,  larger  than 
in  pnpi/a,  reacliing  nearly  to  anal  angle. 

Length  of  forewing  :  12  mm. 

Ha6.  Fergusson  1.,  d'Entrecasteaux  Is.,  November  1894  (A.  S.  Meek),  1   ?. 

IT.  Zygaenopsis  meecki  sp.  nov. 

S  ? .  Body  deep  chrome  yellow,  face  luteons,  occiput,  'tip  of  palpus,  antenna 
(underside  of  first  segment  excepted),  thorax  above,  first  and  seventh  (c?) 
abdominal  tergite  black,  fore-  and  midtibiae  fnscons  above,  first  abdominal  tergite 
yellow  in  middle,  seventh  yellow  in  ?.  Forewing  similar  to  that  oi'  //avibasis, 
veins  less  prominent,  outer  marginal  border  narrower  towards  M-,  interspaces 
between  costal  edge  and  cell  diaphanous,  a  spot  upon  cross-veins,  two  yellow  spots  : 
one  basal,  larger  than  in  J^aci basis,  the  other  widely  separated  from  it  at  end  of  SM-. 

Sinus  of  clasper  deep,  upper  lobe  broad,  lower  one  triangular,  acute,  horizontal, 
somewhat  curving  inwards. 

Length  of  forewing  :  10  to  12  mm. 

Hab.  Milne  Bay,  Brit.  N.  Guinea,  xi.  xii.  1898,  i.  1899  (A.  S.  Meek), 
3  <JcJ,  1  ?.     Type:' 6. 


(  416  ) 

KEY  TO  THE  SPECIES  OF  ZYGAENOPSIS. 

n.  Forewing  without  a  yellow  ]iatch  at  base  or  in  middle  of  iiiikt  luaroiu.    h. 
„  witli  •,  „  .,  .,  (/. 

/).  Forewing  with  a  large  white  hyaline  patch  in  middle. 

1 .  Z. /usf/mftrt/i nail's. 
„          without    „         „                „                 ,,  e. 

c.  Fore?ring  uniform  in  colour,  semihyaline,  abdomen  black  above. 

2.  Z./tiniom  sp.  nov. 

„  hyaline,  veins  and  margins  black,  thorax  above  black,  abdomen 

yellow  in  middle.  3.  Z.flucibasis  immaculata  subsp.  nov. 

Forewing  hyaline,  thorax  yellow.  4.  Z.  salomonis  sp.  nov. 

r/.  Forewing  with  one  yellow  patch.  <>. 

„  „     two      „       patches.  /. 

e.  The  patch  in  the  middle  of  the  inner  margin.      H.  Z.  mediopUK/a  sp.  nov. 
„         at  the  base.  /; 

/  Head  and  collar  yellow.  0.  Z.J/ariceps  sp.  uov. 

„  ,,      at  least  partly  black.  q. 

g.  First  abdominal  tergite  yellow,  tlie  pleurae  black.    8.  Z.busali.t  sj).  nov. 
„  „  „       black,  with  or  without  yellow  scales  distally.     //. 

Ii.  Forewing  above  with  a  yellow  streak  in  cell  at  Itase,  scaling  njion  cross-veins 
not  forming  a  stigma.  9.  Z.  assimiUs  sp.  nov. 

Cell  of  forewing  without  yellow  streak,  a  stigma  upon  cross-veins. 

10.  Z.fiavibasis. 
Cell  of  forewing  without  yellow  streak,  no  stigma  upon  cross-veins. 

7.  Z.  fnmiyiitii. 

i.  The  black  interspace  between  the  two  yellow  patches  much  smaller  than  the 

basal  patch.  ■). 

The  black  interspace  between  the  two  yellow  patches  much  larger  than  the 

basal  patcli.  13.  Z.  mccki  sp.  uov. 

j.  Thorax  above  and  first  abdominal  tergite  black.  11.  ^T.  papua. 

„  „  „  ,,  „       yellow.       12.  Z.  lata  sp.  nov. 


Tricholepis  Hampson,  l.c.  p.  424  (1900). 

This  genus  differs  from  Zijijnenopxh  in  veins  SC-  and  R'  of  hindwing  being 
stalked  together. 


1".  Tricholepis  rhodia  sp.  nov. 

c??.  First  antennal  segment,  head,  thorax,  jialjius,  legs  and  underside  of  body 
orange,  antenna  and  uppcrside  of  abdomen  black,  tiliiae  more  or  less  fnscous  above, 
especially  towards  end.  Wings  smoky  bistre  brown,  slightly  transparent  ;  fore- 
wing above  with  a  large,  irregularly  rounded  orange  scarlet  patch  extending  from 
SM-  well  into  apex  of  cell. 

Length  of  forewing  :  8  to  10  mm. 

Hub.  Ternate  (W.  Dohertv),  1  d',2_??  (Jiipe);  Gani,  Halmahera,  November 
1896  (W.  Doherty),  1  ?. 


(417  ) 

18.  Tricholepis  ochracea  sp.  uov. 

(?  ?.  Body  and  wings  ocbraceous  ;  occiput,  upperside  of  thorax,  antenna,  iu  6 
an  ill-defined  streak  along  each  side  of  the  abdomen,  fuscons  or  blackish.  Fore- 
wing  in  6  with  a  distinct  costal  and  distal  blackish  border,  hindwing  with  a 
broader  distal  and  abdominal  border  ;  in  ?  these  borders  vestigial.  Antenna  (c?) 
shorter  pectinate  than  in  xanthomelas. 

Length  of  forewiiig  :  9  to  10  mm. 

Hah.  Humboldt  Bay,  Dutch  N.  Guinea,  September— October  1892  {W.  Doherty), 
1  Sitype),  1   ?. 

19.  Tricholepsis  xanthomelas  nigrita  snbsp.  nov. 

? .  The  yellow  area  of  both  wings  reduced,  hindwing  with  a  black  abdominal 
border,  which  enters  the  cell  in  the  type  individual. 

Hah.  Koer  Island,  June  23  and  27,  IS'.iS  (H.  Ktihn),  3  ?  ?. 

This  form  is  very  variable,  the  individnal  with  the  yellow  area  most  extended 
agrees  well  with  Key  Island  specimens  of  .vanthomelas,  which  are  only  a  little  more 
extended  black  than  the  Teuimber  individuals. 


20.  Tricholepsis  unicolor  sp.  nov. 

S.  Antenna  very  shortly  ])ectinated.  First  anteunal  segment,  face,  palpus, 
legs  and  underside  of  body  jiale  clavish  yellow.  Upperside  of  body  and  both  sides 
of  wings  uniformly  olive  brown  ;  wings  shaped  nearly  as  in  xanthomelas,  but 
hinder  angle  more  strongly  rounded. 

Length  of  forewing  :  9  mm. 

Hub.  Amboina,  February  1892  (Mr.  Doherty),  1  tJ. 

The  insect  bears  a  close  resemblance  to  Zygaenopais  fumom  (p.  411). 


Trichocerosia  Hampson,  l.c.  p.  563  (1900). 

The  specimens  described  by  Hampson  are  ?  ? ,  not  c?  J'  as  stated.  In  the 
?  ?  R^  of  the  forewing  comes  from  the  upper  angle  of  the  cell,  while  in  the  S  i  \i 
is  stalked  with  SC^'",  this  difi'erence  iu  the  sexes  being  very  marked  iu  all  our 
individuals. 

21.  Trichocerosia  atrifalva. 

Tr.  atrifulca  Hampson,  l.c.  t.  35.  f.  11  (1900)  (Milne  Bay). 

<J  ? .  In  the  $  S  the  irons  is  pale  creamy  buff,  and  the  wings  are  narrower 
than  in  the  ?  ?  ;  in  two  of  our  four  c?c?  there  is  a  trace  of  a  black  subbasal  line 
connecting  the  black  basal  streak  at  inner  margin  with  the  black  costal  border  ; 
there  is  often  a  minute  orange  dot  in  the  apex  of  the  cell. 

In  the  Tring  Museum  from  Blilne  Bay,  Brit.  N.  Guinea,  xi.  xii.  Is98, 
and  i.  ii.  1899  (A.  S.  Meek),  a  series  ;  Kiriwini,  Trobriand  Island,  May  1895 
(A.  S.  Meek),  1  (J2  ?  ? ;  Goodenough,  December  1896  (A.  S.  Meek),  1  ? . 
Clasper  very  long  and  very  slender,  armed  with  a  long,  rod-like,  pointed,  curved 
hurpe,  which  projects  distad  ventrally. 


(  418  ) 

22.  Trichocerosia  elongata  sp.  nov. 

d.  Frous  black  ;  tarsi  less  extended  }-ellow  than  in  atri/ulva.  Wings  much 
narrower  than  in  the  preceding  species.  Forewing,  above :  orange  colour  reduced, 
the  patch  not  extending  to  inner  margin,  and  not  reaching  beyond  middle  of  cell. 
Hindwing :  black,  except  an  orange  patch  along  costal  margin  from  base  halfway 
to  apex,  limited  behind  by  M. 

?.  Larger  than  6,  wings  broader — but  narrower  than  in  atri/ulca  ;  orange 
patch  of  forewing  reduced  as  in  c?,  that  of  hindwing  larger,  extending  backwards 
to  (SMI). 

Length  of  forewing  :  84  to  Oi  mm. 

Hab.    St,  Aignan,   Louisiade  Archipelago,   October   1807  (A.  S.  Meek),   1   t? 

23.  Trichocerosia  woodlarkiana  sp.  nov. 

tJ  ?  .  Resembling  elongata,  wings  nai'rower,  especially  in  ?  . 

Forewing,  above:  the  orange  patch  reaching  bej-ond  middle  of  cell,  extended  to 
costal  margin — which  is  black  in  the  two  preceding  species — its  outer  edge  first 
nearly  straight  down  to  near  M',  turning  basad  at  a  right  angle  till  it  reaches  SM-, 
then  curving  towards  inner  margin.  Orange  area  of  hindwing,  aboee,  as  in  elongata, 
but  dilated  basally,  reaching  in  <S  beyond  M,  and  in  ?  to  abdominal  margin. 

Length  of  forewing  :  9  to  10  mm. 

Hab.  Woodlark,  March  and  April  1897,  also  in  1895  (A.  S.  Meek),  2  JcJ, 
2  ?  ?  ;  t_i/pe  :   <S,  April. 

In  one  of  the  two  ?  ?  SO"  is  stalked  with  R'  on  the  left  wing,  while  it  is 
stalked  with  SC  on  the  right. 

24.  Trichocerosia  signata  sp.  nov. 

?.  Blackish  brown,  mesothoracic  tegula  with  an  orange  spot,  tarsi  yellow, 
except  at  apes. 

Wings,  abocc. Forewing,  black  :    a  large  orange  patcli  from  near  base  to 

MS  rounded  distally,  not  reaching  either  costal  or  inner  margin  :  a  smaller 
subapical  patch,  slightly  deeper  in  tint,  rounded  triangular,  situated  between  R^ 
and  SC'° ;  a  minute  snbmarginal  dot  before  M-. 

Hindwing  orange,  base  and  abdominal  margin  narrowly  black,  black  distal 
border  about  1 A  mm.  broad  in  front,  strongly  narrowing  auad.  The  subbasal  and 
the  subapical  patches  of  the  forewing  rather  more  extended  below  than  above. 

Length  of  forewing  ;  91  mm. 

Hab.  Sudest  Island,  Louisiade  Archipelago,  April  1898  (A.  S.  Meek),  1  ?. 

CAPRIMIMA. 

Hampsou's  Section  I.  of  this  genus,  Lep.  Phal.  II.  pp.  286.  561.  (1900),  is 
nearer  allied  to  the  typical  Scaptosyle  {tricolor,  ixias,  mirahilis,  bicolor)  than  to 
the  Sect.  II.  of  Caprtmima,  and  can  be  distinguished  from  the  latter  section  by  the 

more  proximal  position  of  M-  lioth  on  fore-  and  hindwing. The  character  ]>y 

which  these  Sects.  I.  and  II.  are  said  by  Hampson  to  be  distinguished  from  one 
another  is  taken  from  an  abnormal  individual,  veins  lu  and  11  being  well  separated 
in  all  our  S 6- 


(  419  ) 

25.  Caprimima  albicollis. 

Hypocrita  albicollis  Pagenstecher,  Jahrh.  Nass.  Ver.  Nat.  xxxix.  p.  125  (1886) 
(Aru ;  N.  Guinea). 

Caprimu  gelida  Hampson,  I.e.  p.  286.  f.  203  (1900)  (p.  parte). 

Caprimima  albicollis,  id.,  I.e.  p.  561  (19U0). 

We  have  a  long  series  of  both  sexes  of  this  species  from  British  N.  Guinea,  the 
Trobriand  and  d'Entrecasteaux  Islands,  1  ?  from  Kapaur,  January  1897  (W.  Doherty), 
and  another  ?  from  Uorey  from  the  Felder  collection. 

Three  individuals  from  Humboldt  Bay,  2  SS,\  ?,  differ  from  all  the  others 
in  the  prothoracic  tegnla  not  being  white  and  in  the  white  area  of  the  hindwing 
being  broader  behind.  For  this  "  white-neck "  with  a  bluish  black  neck  we 
propose  the  name  : 


C.  albicollis  mendax  subsp.  nov. 


Type:  (?. 


26.  Caprimima  obliqua  sp.  nov. 

? .  Body  black,  anal  tuft  dirty  white  ;  anterior  jjart  of  mesothoracic  tegnla, 
anterior  coxa,  upperside  of  tibiae,  part  of  femora,  apical  half  of  first  segment  of  all 
tarsi  chalky  white.     (Collar  rnbbed  ;  seems  to  have  been  blue-black). 

Wings,  aboce. Forewiug  :  base  black,  this  band  barely  2  mm.  broad,  its 

outer  edge  straight,  slightly  oblique,  a  broad  white  band  from  costal  margin — which 
is  not  black — to  inner  margin,  about  3^  to  4  mm.  wide,  broadest  at  (SM'),  its  outer 
edge  oblique  from  costal  margin  to  (SM'),  feebly  indented  at  SO,  shallowly  sinuate 
between  (SM')  and  inner  margin  :  distal  half  of  wing  black,  the  black  area  including 

a  very  large  cupreous  red  patch. Hindwing  :  the  black  basal  band  of  the  forewing 

continued  across  base  along  abdominal  margin,  this  border  about  If  mm.  broad, 
continuous  with  the  black  distal  border  of  the  wing,  which  is  4  mm.  wide  in  front, 
and  strongly  narrows  to  M^,  being  almost  restricted  to  the  fringe  between  M-  and 
8M° ;  rest  of  hindwing  white,  this  area  anteriorly  just  as  wide  as  that  of  the 
forewing  at  inner  margin,  running  obliquely  across  the  wing,  evenly  rounded  behind. 

Underside  as  above,  the  white  areas  a  little  larger,  the  black  distal  border  of 
the  hindwing  with  a  cupreous  patch  at  upper  angle. 

Length  of  forewing  :  12  mm. 

Hab.  Aroa  River,  British  N.  Guinea  (Weiske),  1   ?. 

27.  Caprimima  biguttata  sp.  nov. 

d".  Black,  pronotum  thinly  edged  with  white  in  front  ;  legs  white,  partly  brown, 
especially  the  upperside  of  the  hindleg,  sternites  of  posterior  abdominal  segments 
more  or  less  white,  anal  tuft  huffish  white. 

AViugs,  above,  black. Forewing  rather  less  elongate  than  in  albicollis  ;   a 

white  submedian  patch  from  inner  margin  to  C,  not  reaching  costal  margin,  straight 
proximally,  of  even  width  up  to  M°,  then  narrowing  strongly,  in  one  of  the  seven 
individuals  the  patch  almost  rounded  ofl'  in  front  ;  a  large  copper-red  patch  in  distal 
region  ;  a  rounded  subcostal  spot  at  the  proximal  side  ;  another,  smaller,  subdivided 

spot  at  the  distal  edge  of  the  patch,  both  spots  white. Hindwing  :  a  white  middle 

band,  not  quite  reaching  abdominal  margin. 


(  4ao  ) 

Underside  as  above,  but  the  red  snbapical  patch  smaller. 
?  .  Forewing  shorter  than  in  S  ;  preanal  aternites  not  white  ;  legs  less  extended 
white,  anterior  coxa  brown. 

Length  of  forewing  :   11  to  14  mm. 

n.  C.  biguttata  biguttata. 

6  ?  .  "Wliite  band  of  hiudwiug  extending  to  SIP,  or  beyond. 

Hab.  New  Guinea:  Milne  Bay,  2  tJtJ,  3  ?  9,  November  and  December  1898, 
January  1899,  type:  November  1898  (A.  S.  Meek);  Kapanr,  Januarv  1897 
(W.  Doherty),  1    9  ;  AVoodlark,  April  1897  (A.  S.  Meek),  1   J,  19. 

The  Woodlark  9  has  the  white  band  slightly  reduced. 

b.  C.  biguttata  reducta  suljsp.  uov. 

9.  \\'iiitc  band  of  the  hindwiug  stopping  at  SM- :  that  of  the  forewing  also 
narrower  than  in  the  preceding  form.  On  the  underside  the  baud  of  the  hindwiug 
is  much  wider  than  on  the  upper.  iSubapical  white  sjiot  rather  larger  than  in 
big.  biguttata. 

Hab.  New  Hanover,  February  to  March  1897  (Webster),  3  9  9. 

28.  Caprimima  occidentalis  sp.  nov. 

Similar  to  the  preceding  species,  Ijut  differs  as  follows. 

6  9  .  Antenna  scaled  white  distally.  Forecoxa  black  in  both  sexes.  Forewing 
with  the  inner  margin  longer,  the  outer  margin  being  consequently  less  oblique, 
white  band  gradually  narrowed  to  costal  margin,  extending  to,  or  beyond,  C  ;  no 

white   spot   at   the   inner   side  of  the  coppery   patch. Hindwing:    white   area 

extending  to  base  and  abdominal  margin. 

Lengtli  of  forewing  :   10  to  12  mm. 

Hab.  Nias,  2  c?cJ  {ti/pe),  1  ?  ;  Engano,  September  1890  (W.  Doherty),  1  9. 

The  Engano  9  is  the  smallest  examjile,  and  has  the  black  border  nf  the  hindwing 
rather  broader  than  the  Nias  specimens. 

In  this  species  and  biguttata  the  episternum  of  the  metasternum  is  obviously 
ribbed  transversely,  which  character  is  not  found,  or  not  so  apparent,  in  tlie  other 
species  of  Caprimima. 

29.  Caprimima  calida. 

9 .   Caprima  calida  Hampson,  I.e.  p.  287.  u.  G03  (1900). 

Forecoxa  white  in  S  :  yellow  areas  of  wings  rather  more  extended  than  in  9 . 

a.  C.  calida  tenuis  subsji.  nov. 

6  9 .  Resembles   in   colour  almost  exactly  the    9   of  Scaptesi/le   tricolor. 

Forewing,  above,  yellow  area  reaching  nearly  to  lower  angle  of  cell,  black  border  of 

this  area  very  narrow. Hindwiug  :  a  trace  of  black  scaling  at  the  base,  abdomiual 

margin  yellow  ;  black  distal  border  about  2  mm.  wide  in  front,  less  than  1  mm. 
from  M"  to  anal  angle. 

Hab.  Loebee  Rajah,  W.  Sumatia,  April  to  May  1897  (Ericsson),  1  c?  {ti/pe)  ; 
Kiua  Balu,  N.  Borneo,  1  9. 


I 


(421   ) 

h.  C.  calida  flavicollis. 

Hypocrita  Jlavicollis  Sellen,  TijdscJir.  Ent.  xxii.  p.  89.  t.  7.  f.  12.  (1879) 
(Celebes). 

Caprima  calida,  Hampson,  l.c. 

c?  ? .  Black  abdominal  border  of  hindwing  mncb  narrower  than  tbe  black  basal 
ai-ea  of  tbe  forewiug,  less  than  1  mm.  broad.  The  distal  border  of  tbe  bindwing  is 
rather  narrower  in  tbe  S  than  in  the  ? . 

Hab.  Celebes  :  S.  Celebes,  Angust— September  1891  (W.  Doherty),  2  9?; 
Bonthain,  5000  to  7000ft.,  October  1895  (A.Everett),  1  ?  ;  Bua  Kraeng,  S.  Celebes, 
5000  ft.,  February  1890  (H.  Frnhstorfer),  2  t?c?,  1  ?. 

c.  C.  calida  calida. 

Caprima  calida.,  Hampson,  l.c. 

? .  We  have  twelve  specimens,  all    ?  ? .     Differs  obviously  from  the  Celebes 
form  in  tbe  broader  black  abdominal  border  to  the  hindwing. 
Hah.  Moluccas,  New  Guinea. 


30.  Caprimima  mixta- 

?.   Caprima  mixta,  Hampson,  l.c.  t.  26.  f.  16.  (1900)  (Mysol). 

$ .  We  have  three  ?  ?  ,  which  agree  with  the  above-cited  description  and  fignre, 
and  a  $  which  belongs  doubtless  to  tbe  same  species.  This  S  differs  from  tbe 
?  ?  in  the  following  main  points  :  forecoxa  white  in  front  ;  forewing  strongly 
elongate,  more  so  than  in  $  of  albicollis  ;  postcellular  area  of  hindwing  transparent. 

In  Mus.  Tring  :  Milne  Bay,  British  New  Guinea,  xi.  xii.  98.  and  ii.  99  (A.  S. 
Meek),  1  cj,  2  ?  ?  ;  Kapaur,  Dutch  S.W.  New  Guinea,  xii.  97  (W.  Doherty),  1   ?. 


31.  Caprimima  caerulescens. 

Scaptesyle  caerulescens  Butler,  Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  Lond.  p.  390.  t.  12.  f.  3.  (1889). 

Caprima  (?)  caerulescens,  Hampson,  l.c. 

S  ? .  The  type  (?)  is  in  tbe  Tring  Museum.  It  came  from  Guadalcanal  Lately 
we  have  received  a  series  of  both  sexes  from  the  same  island.  The  species  differs 
from  the  other  Caprimima  in  the  pectinated  antennae.  The  upper  side  of  the  head 
and  thorax  and  the  base  of  tbe  wing  have  a  blue  gloss.  Tip  of  antenna  pale 
with  white  scaling. 

We  unite  here  two  very  distinct  forms  under  caerulescens.  Intergradual  races 
will  doubtless  be  discovered  on  some  other  islands  of  the  Solomon  group. 

a.  C.  caerulescens  caerulescens. 

C.  (?)  caerulescens,  Hampson,  l.c. 

S  ?.  Yellow  band  of  wings  not,  or  little,  broader  than  bluish  black  basal  area 
of  forewing. 

In  the  Tring  Museum  from  :  Guadalcanar  (Woodford),  1  ^  ,type;  Guadalcanar, 
April  and  May  1901  (A.  S.  Meek),  a  series. 

30 


(  4-22  ) 

/>.  C.  caerulescens  Isabella  siibsj).  nov. 

6  ?.  Difl'ers  from  the  Guadalcauar  t'orin  as  follows  : — 

Foi-ewing  :  black  basal  area  reduced  ;  3-elIo'w  area  extended,  reaching  to  lower 
angle  of  cell  and  ]iostcriorIy  to  near  angle  of  wing,  much  narrower  at  costal  margin 
than  behind,  outwardly  convex,  feebly  indented  at  lower  angle  of  cell  ;  black  border 
of  this  area  thin,  widened  in  front,  in  S  posteriorly  touching  the  black  marginal 

band,  red  area  more  glossy  than  in  the  preceding  form. Hindwing  :  yellow  area 

also  large,  rounded  externally  ;  black  distal  border  of  wing  2i  to  3  mm.  broad  in 
front,  almost  restricted  to  fringe  between  M-  and  SM-. 

Hfih.  Isabel,  Solomon  Islands,  4.  vi.  to  0.  vii.  1901  (A.  >S.  Meek),  a  long  series 
of  both  sexes. 

In  one  of  tlie  ?  ?  vein  8  is  absent  from  the  right  wing. 


32.  Byrsia  aurantiaca  javana  subsp.  nov. 

? .  Snellen  mentions  a  bad  individual  of  the  Java  form  of  aurantiaca  in 
Tijchchr.  Ent.  xxix.  p.  3.  (1886),  saying  that  it  differs  from  the  Sumatra  specimens 
especially  in  the  red  area  of  the  forewing  occupying  the  whole  apex  of  the  wing. 
This  patch  is  indeed  very  mnch  larger  than  in  the  Sumatra  and  Borneo  individuals, 
the  black  colour  surrounding  it  consequently  more  reduced.  The  black  border  of 
the  hindwing  does  not  extend  to  anal  angle,  the  ?  agreeing  in  this  respect  with 
the  S  of  tturant.  aurantiaca,  while  the  ?  of  the  latter  has  the  whole  fringe  of  the 
wing  black. 

Hah.  Mt.  Gede,  Java,  4000  ft.  (H.  Fruhstorfer),  1  ? . 

33.  Byrsia  dotata. 

B.  dotata  Wlk.,  Hamps.,  /.-?.  p.  282.  u.  591.  (1900J  (typo  :  "  Timor  "  ex  err.). 

We  have  referred  several  times  (Nov.  ZooL.  vi.  p.  442)  to  a  collection  said  to  be 
from  Timor  which  the  British  Museum  received  from  a  dealer,  and  have  pointed 
out  that  these  insects  are  really  Batjan  forms.  The  "  Timor"  ?  of  B.  dotata  agrees 
perfectly  with  the  Batjan  specimens  of  this  species.  If  there  is  a  form  of  dotata  on 
Timor,  it  will  turn  out  to  be  very  different  from  the  Moluccan  race. 

a.  B.  dotata  celebensis  subsp.  uov. 

Ci/mc  priiiceps,  Snellen  (non  Felder,  187;")),  'J'/Jdnr/ir.  F.iil.  xxii.  ]).  90.  t.  In. 
f.  5.  (1S79). 

Jii/mia  dotata,  Hampson,  Ix.  f.  199.   {6)  (19(iO),  (p.  parte  ;  Celebes). 

3.  Upperside:  Black  basal  area  of  forewing  reduced,  about  half  the  width  of 
the  thorax  ;  black  costal  border  very  thin  ;  yellow  area  5  mm.  wide  ;  reddish  orange 

submarginal  band  almost  reaching  anal  angle. Ilindwinxj:  a  pale  patch  along 

costal  margin  (concealed  under  the  forewing),  the  yellow  area  indicated  by  few 
orange  yellow  scales,  which  do  not  form  a  distinct  patch. 

Underside  :  yellow  areas  paler  than  above  ;  that  of  the  liindwing  large. 

?.  Hindwing,  ahon',  witli  a  yellow  jiatch,  which  does  not  distinctly  extend 
beyond  M-. 

Hab.  S.  Celebes,  August — September  1891  (W.  Doherty),  5  cJ  cJ,  1  ?  .    Ti/pe  :  d 


I 


(423  ) 

h.  B.  dotata  dotata. 

?.  Byrsia  dotata  Walker, /./.?/■  I.rp.  h,s.  «..!/.  xxxi.  p.  103  (1864)  ("Timor " 
ex  err.);  Swinh.,  Cat.  Lep.  Het.  Oxf.  p.  Oi).  t.  3.  f.  9  (1891)  (Batjan)  ;  Hamps., 
I.e.  (1900)  (p.  parte  ;  Amboina,  Batjan). 

S.  Cyme  pririceps  Felder,  lieise  Novara  t.  139.  f.  28  (1875)  (Amboina). 

i  ?.  Upperside.  Fore  wing  :  basal  area  as  wide  as  the  thorax,  blaciv  costal 
margin  broader  than  in  the  Celebes  race,  orange-red  snbmarginal  band  reduced 
behind. — Hindwing  with  a  yellow  area  in  both  sexes,  extending  at  least  to  (SM'). 

In  the  Tring  Bluseum  :  Batjan,  Ang.  1897  (W.  Doherty),  1  S  ;  Amboina,  ex 
coll.  Felder,  type  of  pri/iri'p.^. 

c.  B.  dotata  papuana  subsp.  no  v. 

(?  ?.  Similar  to  dotata  dotata,  but  differs  in  the  snbmarginal  band  of  the 
forewing  being  wider  and  longer,  reaching  inner  margin  at  anal  angle  ;  the  differ- 
ence in  length  is  very  marked  also  on  the  under  surface.  Black  distal  border  of 
hindwing  below  narrower  from  R-  to  anal  angle,  in  S  almost  restricted  to  the 
fringe,  abdominal  margin  also  less  extended  black.  Yellow  area  of  hindwing 
above  larger  in  both  sexes. 

Hab.  Milne  Bay,  Brit.  N.  Guinea,  xii.  98  and  i.  ii.  99  (A  .S.  Meek),  2  Si, 
4  ?  ?,  type:  c?  ;  Kapaur,  Dntch  N.  Gninea,  xii.  96  (W.  Doherty),  1  S. 

34.  Byrsia  ornata  sp.  nov. 

?.  Veins  R'  and  M'  of  forewing  shorter  stalked  than  io  dotata.  Pronotum 
and  a  patch  on  mesothoracic  tegnla  yellow — this  colour  only  vestigial  in  dotata; 
forecoxa  not  white  in  front. 

Wings,  above. — Forewing  :  yellow  area  paler  than  in  dotata,  resembling  in  tint 
that  of  Caprimima  calida,  nearly  as  wide  as  in  B.  aurantiaca,  costal  margin 
bordered  black  ;  snbmarginal  orange  red  band  reaching  inner  margin,  narrowing 
behind,  but  not  tapering  to  a  point,  anteriorly  2  mm.  broad. — Hindwing  resembling 
that  oi  B.  dotata  papuana,  abdominal  margin  liroadly  black,  this  border  not  sharply 
defined. 

Underside  similar  to  that  of  B.  dot.  papuana,  the  yellow  areas  paler,  that  of 
forewing  larger,  snbmarginal  band  broader  and  much  longer  than  iu  aurantiaca. 

Length  of  forewing  :   10  mm. 

Hab.  Humboldt  Bay,  Dutch  N.  Guinea,  September— October  1892  (W.  Doherty), 
1  c?. 

3.5.  Byrsia  amoena  sp.  nov. 

S  ? .  Body  black,  with  some  blue  gloss  beneath.  Distal  two-thirds  of  antenna 
and  tarsal  segments  2  to  .5  luteons.  Head,  pro-  and  raesonotnm  deej)  chrome  yellow. 
Anal  tuft  below  dirty  linff. 

Wings,  «io('(?,  deep  chrome  yellow. — Forewing:  yellow  area  extended  beyond 
end  of  cell,  base  and  costal  margin  not  black,  a  blue-black,  glossy,  distal  area 
includes  an  orange  red  patch  which  is  elongate,  pear-shaped  and  does  not  reach 
hinder  margin. — Hindwing  :  a  narrow  slaty  black  distal  border,  which  is  posteriorly 
almost  restricted  to  the  fringe  ;  abdominal  margin  narrowly  slaty  black. 

Underside  as  above,  paler,  the  black  borders  wider,  that  of  forewing  not  glossy. 

Length  of  forewing  :  9  to  11  mm. 

Hab.  Isabel,  Solomon  Is.,  4.  vi.  to  9.  vii.  1901  (A.  S.  Meek),  4  ?  ?  ,  1  cJ  ;  type  :  ?  . 


(  424  ) 

3(5.  Asura  amabilis  »i>.  nov. 

S.  Antenna,  strougl}-  pectinated,  veins  R-.  R'.  M'  close  together  on  both  wings. 
Body  orange,  here  and  there  red,  appendices  also  more  or  less  washed  with  red  ; 
head  with  two  black  dots  in  mesial  line,  mcsothoracio  tegnla  with  two  spots,  meso- 
notum  with  one  on  each  side,  abdomen  black  above  (base  and  tip  excepted),  at 
sides,  and  at  base  below  ;  foretibia  with  a  black  dot,  sitnated  in  a  red  patch,  mid- 
and  hindtibiae  with  a  red  patch. 

Wings,  n/jorc,  orange  yellow,  hindwiug  rather  paler. — Forewing  marked  with 
orange  vermilion  lines,  irregnlar,  three  pairs,  besides  a  marginal,  a  submarginal  and 
a  basal  line,  the  basal  and  submarginal  ones  often  iuterrnpted,  the  three  pairs 
connected  with  one  another  at  M  and  mostly  also  at  SC  ;  snbmarginal  line  ending 
in  a  larger  costal  spot,  and  joined  to  the  marginal  one  by  some  vein-spots  ;  three 
dots  at  base  black,  fringe  brown.— Hind  wing  feebly  reddish  at  edge  ;  fringe  brown 
anteriorly. 

Underside  :  the  markings  of  the  forewing  indicated. 

?.  Antenna  with  short  pectination.  The  lines  of  the  forewing  somewhat 
thinner,  submarginal  one  always  separated  into  spots. 

Length  of  forewing  :  21  to  24  mm. 

Hab.  Isabel,  Solomon  Is.,  4.  vi.  to  U.  vii.  I'.tOl  (A.  S.  Meek),  a  series  of  both 
sexes  ;  tyjje  ;   d. 

37.  Meteugoa  fasciosa  sp.  nov. 
(J.  Head,  second  and  third  palpal  segments,  thorax  above  (except  middle  of 
meso-  and  metanotum),  part  of  the  legs,  especially  the  anterior  tibia  and  tarsus,  knee 
and  first  tarsal  segment  of  mid-  and  hindleg,  base  of  proximal  abdominal  steruites 
white,  antenna  also  powdered  with  white  scales  ;  rest  nf  body  and  appendices 
greyish  black. 

Wings,  above. — Forewing  white  ;  a  snbbasal  band  between  costal  margin  and 
SM^  two  parallel  bands,  almost  straight,  nearly  at  right  angles  to  hinder  margin, 
the  first  jnst  proximaily  of  M-',  a  cell-dot  between  these  bands,  another  upon  D-,  a 
broader  band  beyond  cell,  broadly  connected  with  a  marginal  band  at  W,  at  angle 
and  at  costal  margin,  greyish  black,  costal  margin  thinly  edged  with  the  same 
colour. — Hindwing  dark  mouse  grey,  with  an  ill-defined  white  area,  which  varies  in 
extent. 

Underside  similar  to  upper,  but  the  white  areas  of  the  forewing  (except  sub- 
marginal  white  spots)  shaded  with  mouse  grey. 

? .  Differs  from  S  in  the  white  area  of  the  hindwing  occupying  the  greater 
part  of  the  wing,  the  external  and  abdominal  dark  mouse  grey  border  about  2  mm. 
in  width,  wliile  the  costal  border  is  very  thin.  On  the  underside  the  white  colour  is 
not  or  scarcely  shaded  over  with  grey  on  the  Iiindwing,  a  mouse  grey  stigma  is  more 
or  less  obviously  connected  with  the  costal  border  by  an  oblique  bar,  and  there  is  a 
white  subapical  spot  in  the  external  border  of  the  wing. 
Length  of  forewing  :  14  to  18  mm. 

Hab.  Isabel,  Solomon  Is.,  4.  vi.  to  9.  vii.  1001  (A.  S.  Meek).  A  series  of 
both  sexes. 

This  species  has  no  conical  prominence  on  frons. 


Nn'/ITAT£R  ZoOLOQlCJE  VoL  VHI  .1901 . 


Pl.VU. 


J.G  Keal«ii.»ns  delel  liA.  Mir>ternB.-oi;  imp. 

l.CHAETURA  THOMENSIS  Hart.         2-MICROECA   PAPUANA  Mev. 
3  CRATROSCELIS    PECTORALIS  Rothsch4-.Hii.Tt. 


(  425  ) 


ON   THE    BIRDS   ON   PLATE  VII. 

By    EKNST    IIARTERT. 
1.  Chaetura  thomensis  Hart.  (Fig.  1). 

Bull.  B.  0.  Cbih.     Vol.  X.  (191)0)  p.  5.3. 

c?  ?  ad.  Upperside,  includiug  wings  and  tail,  black  with  a  strong  steel- 
blue  and  greenish  gloss.  Throat  and  breast  brownish  black  withont  gloss: 
Abdomen,  upper  and  nnder  tail-coverts  white,  with  broad  brownish  black  shaft- 
lines,  only  the  longest  upper  tail-coverts  brownish  black.  Under  wing-coverts 
black.     Metatarsus  and  toes  entirely  bare.     Bill  black,  iris  deep  brown. 

Wing:  115,  116,  117  (probably  females)  to  about  119  and  120  mm. 
(?  males). 

Hub.  Island  of  St.  Thomas  (San  Thome)  in  the  Gulf  of  Guinea,  where 
Mr.  Mocquerys  found  it  common  enough,  and  obtained  about  ten  or  twelve  near 
Bneuos  Ayres,  Angolares  and  Pedroma. 

2.  Microeca  papuana  Mey.  (Fig.  2). 

1876.  Microeca  papuana,  A.  B.  Meyer,  Sitzungsber.  Ges.  Isis  p.  75  ;  id.  Ahhandl.  Drenden  I. 
p.  9. 

1875.  Leucophantes  hypoxanthus,  Salvad.,  Ann.  Mus.  Ch:  Genova  VII.  p.  920. 

1879-  Poecilodryas  papuana,  Sharpe,  Git.  B.  IV.  p.  247. 

1900.  Microeca  viridiflam,  Rothsch.  &  Hart.     Bull.  B.  0.  Club.  v.  XI.  p.  20. 

1901.  M.  viridiflava  =  M.  pupuanu,  iid.  t.  c.  p.  44. 

Hab.  British  New  Guinea. 

3.  Crateroscelis  pectoralis  Rothsch.  &  Hart   (Fig.  3). 

1900:     November.     CraterosceZis^wctorate,  Rothsch.  &  Hart.     Bull.  B.  0.  Clul.  XI.-p.2b. 
1901 :     January.     Serieornis  salradorii,  Reichen.     Orn.  Momitsber.  p.  4. 

1901  :     February.     Serieornis  .■ialvadurii  =  Craterosc.  pectoralis,  Rothsch.  &  Hart.     Bull.  B.  0. 
Club  XI.  p.  44. 

c?  ad.  Upperside  very  deep  olive-brown,  more  rufous  on  the  rump  and  upper 
tail-coverts.  Remiges  blackish  brown,  outer  webs  with  deep  brown,  inner  webs 
with  pale  rufous,  brown  edges.  Tail  deep  rufous  brown.  Chin  and  throat  white, 
separated  from  tlie  breast  by  a  broad  brown  crescent.  Breast  and  middle  of 
abdomen  white,  sides  of  body  greyish  brown,  more  rufous  on  flanks,  vent,  thighs  and 
nnder  tail-coverts  rusty  brown.  Wing  63—65,  tail  43—45,  culmen  15—16, 
metatarsus  26 — 27  mm. 

?   (?  young)  Pectoral  band  paler  greyish  brown  and  less  distinct. 

Bab.  Mountains  of  British  New  Guinea. 


(426  ) 


LEPIDOPTERA    FROM    EGYPT    AND    THE    SOUDAN. 

By    the    HON.    N.    CHARLES    ROTHSCHILD,    B.A.,    F.L.S. 

THE  species  treated  of  in  the  present  article  were  canght  in  Egypt  and  the 
Soudan,  by  Mr.  Francis  Gayner  and  myself  in  1900,  and  by  Mr.  A.  F.  R. 
Wollaston  and  myself  in  1901.  One  new  genns  and  seven  new  species  are  here 
described  for  the  first  time.  My  best  thanks  are  dne  to  Mr.  William  Warren 
fur  assistance  and  advice  in  connection  with  this  small  collection. 

1.  Danais  chrysippus  f.  chrysippus  (Linu.),  Mus.  Liu/.  L'//:  p.  203  (1704). 

This  insect  was  exceedingly  abundant  in  the  gardens  near  Cairo.  Farther 
south,  except  at  Khartoum,  it  occurred  singly.  The  butterfly  was  on  the  wing 
throughout  February,  March,  and  April. 

2.  Danais  chrysippus  f.  dorippus  (King),  S'/mb.  Phys.  t.  48.  f.  1-5  (184.5). 
One  i  11.  iii.  1900.  Khartoum.     This  form  was  far  rarer  than  the  ty})e. 

3.  Cupido  baeticus  (Linu.),  Bust.  Nut.  I.  2.  p.  789.  u.  220  (1707). 

One  (?,  three  ?  ?,  25.  iii.  1900.    Assouan. 
One  J,  13.  iv.  1900.     Cairo. 

One  of  the  commonest  Lepidoptera  in  Egypt,  occurring  in  all  cultivated  portions 
from  Cairo  to  Khartoum. 

4.  Cupido  theophrastus  (Fabr.),  IJut.  Syst.  III.  i.  p.  2bl.  n.  32  (1793). 

Two  3S,  ?,  11.  iii.  1900.     Khartoum. 

Four  t?c?,  two  ?  ?,  February  and  March  1901.    Shendi. 

This  butterfly  appeared  to  be  rare  at  Khartoum,  but  was  common  near  Shendi. 
It  frequents  the  stunted  Acacia  bushes,  often  flying  away,  however,  to  a  considerable 
distance. 

5.  Cupido  ubaldus  (Cram.),  Pap.  A>.  iv.  t.  390.  L.M.  (1782)  (Coromandel). 

Three  Sd,  February  and  March  19iil.     Shendi. 

This  was  a  scarce  species  ;  we  found  it  only  near  Shendi,  generally  at  rest  on 
a  coarse  species  of  grass. 

6.  Catochrysops  eleusis  (Demaisou),  Bull.  Soc.  Ent.  Fr.  (C).  viii.  \\  06  (1888) 

(Egypt). 

Seven  cJd",  two  ?  ?,  March  1900.     Assouan. 

Two  S<i,  four  ?  ¥,  March  1900.    Wady  Haifa. 

Three  cJJ,  four  ?  ?,  February  and  March  1901.     Shendi. 


(  427 

Apparently  a  common  species  south  of  Lnxor.  Like  C.  theophrastus  it 
freiinents  the  stunted  Acacia  bushes,  often,  however,  tiying  some  distance  away 
from  them. 


7.  Synchloe  glauconome  (King),  Si/mb.  Phys.  t.  7.  f.  is.  ly  (1829).- 

One  (J,  one  ?,  25.  iii.  1900.     Assouan. 

A  few  specimens  were  also  observed  near  Shendi  in  March  1901 .     This  butterfly 
appears  to  be  a  trae  lover  of  the  desert. 

8.  Pieris  rapae  (Linn.),  Fau7i.  Suec.  p.  270.  n.  1036  (1761). 

One  i,  13.  iv.  1900.  Cairo. 
Two  ?  ?,  s.  ii.  1901.  Cairo. 
This  insect  was  abundant  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  Barrage. 

9.  Colias  edusa  (Fabr.),  Mant.  Ins.  ii.  p.  23.  n.  240  (1787). 

One  ?,  13.  V.  1900.     Cairo. 

A  few  of  these  were  observed  near  Cairo. 

10.  Catopsilia  florella  (Fabr.),  Syst.  Ent.  p.  479.  u.  159  (1775). 

Three  Jc?,  three  ?  ?,  11.  iii.  1900.      Khartoum. 

A  common  insect  in  the  gardens  round  Khartoum.  A  few  specimens  were 
observed  near  Shendi  in  March  1901. 

11.  Idmais  chrysonome  (Klug),  Symh.  Phys.  i.  7.  f.  9-11  (1829)  (Ambnkol). 

Three      S,  two  ?  ?,  February  and  March  1901.     Shendi. 

A  fairly  common  species  near  Gebel  Margel,  where  it  frequented  the  Acacia 
bushes. 

12.  Teracolus  eulimene  (King),  Symb.  Phys.  t.  7.  f  5-8  (1829). 

One  S,  5  iii.  190l.    Shendi. 

We  caught  a  single  specimen  of  this  insect  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Nile,  at 
rest  on  an  Acacia  bush. 

» 

13.  Teracolus  liagore  (King),  Symh.  Phys.  t.  6.  f.  5-8  (1829)  (Ambnkol). 
T.  (/aim  Sharpe,  Monograph  Terracolus  p.  127  t.  37.  f.  i.  j.  k  (1901). 

Fourteen  cJc?,  three  ?  ?,  February  and  March  1901.     Shendi. 

This  butterfly  was  abundant  in  the  desert  near  Shendi,  frequenting  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  the  Acacia  bushes.  We  also  observed  it  on  the  battlefield  of  Omdurman, 
on  the  lath  of  March  1900.  Miss  Sharpe  (I.e.  ante)  considers  T.  liaijore  to  be  the 
dry-season  form  of  the  next-mentioned  species—  T.  daira  (Klug). 


(  428  ) 

14.  Teracolus  daira  (King),  Si/mb.  F/n/s.  t.  8.  f.  1-4  (1829)  (Ambukol). 
.Sharjie,  Mouograph  Terracolas  p.  127  (1901). 

Two,  <?,  ?,  13.  iii.  1901.     Shendi. 

We  secured  two  specimens  of  this  bntterfly  flying  in  company  with  T.  liagore. 
Our  specimens  agree  with  the  figures  in  Miss  Sharpe's  work  of  the  wet  season  form 
from  Zarafe  River,  White  Nile,  collected  by  Captain  H.  N.  Dunn,  l.c.  t.  37.  f.  1  e-h. 

15.  Parnara  mathias  (Fabr.),  Ent.  Syst.  Suppl.  p.  433  (1795)  (India). 
Two  SS,  13.  iv.  1900.     V&\vo. 

The  above-mentioned  two  examples  were  much  worn.  The  species  is  common 
in  the  Gizeh  Zoological  Gardens,  and  in  the  gardens  of  the  Barrage  near  Cairo. 

16.  Utetheisa  pulchella  (Linn.),  Si/st.  Nat.  I.  p.  534.  n.  238  (1758). 

One  c?,  25.  iii.  J90U. 

We  found  this  species  commonly  in  the  cultivated  parts  south  of  Luxor  in 
1900  and  1901.     It  is  a  day  flying  species,  but  occasionally  comes  to  light. 

IT.  Notolophus  obsoletus  (King),  Symb.  F/tys.  t.  20.  ff.  8  a— f.  (1830). 

One  <S,  February  1901.     Shendi. 

Two  ?  ?,  19.  ii.  1900.     Luxor. 

This  moth  was  abundant  both  as  a  larva  and  imago  at  Luxor  in  1900, 
frequenting  the  Acacia  or  Sont  trees  and  coming  to  light.  At  Shendi  only  one 
example  was  observed. 

18.  Odontocheilopteryx  acaciae  (Klug),  Symb.  P/ti/s.  l.  G  (1829). 

One  (J,  23.  iii.  1900.     Assouan. 

One  (?,  March  1901.     Shendi. 

One  ?,  12.  iii.  1900.     Luxor. 

One  ?,  21.  iii.  1900.     Luxor. 

The  male  specimen  from  Assouan  came  to  a  light  in  the  hotel.  The  three 
other  specimens  were  reared  from  larvae  found  on  the  Acacia  or  Sont  trees.  The 
figures  of  the  larvae  in  "  Symbolae  Physicae  "  are  excellent. 

19.  Sesamia  nonagrioides  (Lef.),  Axn.  Soc.  Linn.  Paris  p.  98.  t.  5  (1827). 

Eleven  specimens,  February  and  March  1901.     Shendi. 

We  secured  a  few  specimens  of  this  species  at  light.  The  larvae  were  abundant, 
feeding  in  the  stems  of  the  "  dhnrra,"  in  which  they  pupate.  The  larva  is  dirty- 
white  in  colour,  with  a  brown  head.  It  is  well  known  to  the  natives,  who  appear 
to  be  ignorant  of  the  existence  of  any  other  lepidopterous  larva,  calling  it  "  dude." 

20.  Prodenia  littoralis  (Boisd.),  Faun.  Madag.  p.  91.  t.  13.  f.  8  (1833;. 

One  c?,  24.  iii.  19U1.     Shendi. 

A  single  specimen  at  light.  This  insect  does  considerable  damage  to  the 
cotton  crops  in  Lower  Egypt,  according  to  Mr.  Marsden  of  Alexandria. 


(  429  ) 

21.  Laphygma  exigua  (Hiib.),  Eur.  Schm.  Noct.  f.  3G2. 

Two  S6,  6.  iii.  19U0.     Wady  Haifa. 

One  c?,  March  1901.     Sheudi. 

All  the  three  specimens  were  takeu  at  light. 

22.  Agrotis  biconica  Kollar,  Tlilgds  Kaslnnir  iv.  2.  p.  480  (1848)  (Kashmir). 

One  c?,  oue  ¥,  March,  190U.     Wady  Haifa. 

These  two  specimens  were  captured  at  light.  We  secured  a  worn  female 
example  of  this  moth  at  Cairo  at  the  beginning  of  April  1900.  This  specimen  laid 
numerous  fertile  eggs,  producing  larvae,  which  fed  uj)  readily  on  lettuce.  Four  rather 
small  but  otherwise  typical  e.xamples  emerged  from  the  brood  in  September  1900. 

23.  Agrotis  jrpsilon  (Rott.),  Naturf.  i.x.  p.  141  (1770). 

One  S,  March  lOiJl.     Lu.wr. 

Staudinger  and  Rebel  erroneously  ipote  vol.  xi.  (instead  of  vol.  ix.  of  the 
Natur/oisckcr. 

24.  Synedoidea  gentilis  (Stdgr.),  Iris.  x.  p.  300.  t.  9.  f.  21  (1897)  (Palestine: 
Islands  in  the  Dead  Sea,  and  Jordan  Valley). 

One  i,  13.  iii.  1901.     The  Pyramids  of  Meroe. 
A  single  specimen  came  to  light. 

25.  Mestleta  abrupta  Wlk.,  Cat.  Lep.  B.M.  xxxiii.  p.  830  (1865)  (Hindostan). 
One  (J,  19.  ii.  1901.     Shendi. 

26.  Mestleta  gayneri  sp.  nov. 

One  (J,  25.  iii.  1900.     Assouan. 

We  only  observed  a  single  specimen  of  this  species,  which  was  disturbed  liy 
day  from  some  rough  grass  near  the  Nile  liank. 

Foreic/)u/.<i :  bone-colour,  with  a  slight  pinkish  ochreous  flush  in  places  ;  the 
lines  greyish  brown,  starting  from  black  spots  on  costa,  the  first  at  one-third,  the 
second  just  before,  and  the  third  just  beyond  the  middle  ;  the  first  is  vertical  in 
direction  throughout,  but  forms  a  decided  angle  outwards  on  the  snbmedian  fold  ; 
the  second  runs  obliquely  outwards  to  the  middle  of  cell,  where  it  is  angled  and 
marked  with  a  few  blackish  scales,  then  straight  and  oblique  inwards  to  middle  of 
inner  margin  ;  the  third  also  oblique  outwards  to  vein  6,  then  becomes  subcrenulate 
and  curved  parallel  to  hindmargin,  with  a  small  indentation  inwards  on  submedian 
fold,  and  reaches  inner  margin  at  three-quarters  ;  submarginal  line  very  indistinct, 
except  below  costa,  where  it  is  marked  by  black  scales  and  followed  by  an  ochreous 
brown,  rosy-tinged  apical  shade  ;  a  fine  marginal  line,  fringe  broad,  with  two  or 
three  broken  ochreous  lines  and  the  tips  ochreous  ;  between  the  first  and  second 
lines  is  a  small  blackish  spot  in  cell,  and  on  the  costa  near  base  another  black  spot 
indicating  a  basal  line. 


(  430  ) 

Hindu'ings  :  with  tbe  second  and  third  lines  reprodaced,  the  former  thick  and 
diffuse. 

Underside  without  any  ochreous  tinge,  the  outer  erenulate  line  alone  marked 
by  Wack  spots  ou  veins.     Head,  thora.v  and  abdomen  coucoloronK. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  IT  mm. 

Nearest  to  M.  silicula  Swinh.  from  Karachi,  and  to  two  unnamed  examples  in 
the  British  Museum  Collection  from  Sierra  Leoue  and  N.W.  Nigeria,  but  these  last 
are  much  greyer  and  less  distinctly  marked. 

This  species  is  named  in  honour  of  my  friend  Mr.  Francis  Gayner. 

27.  Eublemma  wollastoni  sp.  nov. 

One  (?,  17.  ii.  Itml.     Shendi. 

Forcwinys :  very  pale  suljjhur,  becoming  white  along  the  costa  ;  two  black 
spots  in  cell,  one  in  the  middle,  the  other  at  the  end  ;  some  scattered  black  scales 
indicate  the  submarginal  Hue  ;  fringe  white. 

Hindwings  :  white. 

Underside  without  markings.     Head,  thorax  and  abdomen  white. 

Exjmnse  of  wings  :  17  mm. 

Allied  to  the  group  including  foedosa  Gnen.,  and  uninotata  Hmpsn.  from 
S.  Africa,  and  bidla  Swinh.  from  India.  The  type  of  uninotata  is  very  much  like 
the  present  species,  but  more  than  twice  as  large. 

This  species  is  named  in  honour  of  my  friend  Mr.  A.  F.  R.  Wollaston. 

A  fairly  common  insect  at  light,  and  flying  over  the  grassy  plain  near  Shendi 
Owing  to  an  accident  only  one  example  was  brought  back. 

28.  Metachrostis  puUa  (Swinh.),  F.Z.S.  p.  45G.  t.  27.  f.  15  (1885). 

Four,  February  and  March  1901.     Shendi. 
A  fairly  common  sjiecies  at  light. 

29.  Megalodes  waters!  sp.  nov. 

One  cJ,  13.  iii.  1901.     Shendi. 

We  secured  one  specimen  at  light. 

Forewinyn:  pale  dull  grey,  the  costal  edge  slightly  darker  ;  crossed  by  three 
pale  lines  ;  the  inner  strongly  rounded,  from  one-quarter  of  costa  to  two-fifths  of 
inner  margin,  below  the  submedian  vein,  running  parallel  to  hindmargiu  ;  the  two 
outer  curved  more  or  less  parallel  to  hindmargin,  from  costa  at  two-thirds  and 
five-sixths,  running  at  first  obliquely  outwards  and  bent  at  vein  7,  approximating 
somewhat  on  inner  margin  ;  all  the  lines  slightly  broader  at  costa  ;  fringe  con- 
colorous.  The  basal  space  within  the  first  line,  and  the  interval  between  the  two 
outer  lines  slightly  darker  than  the  rest  of  wing. 

Hindwings  :  white,  grey-tinged  towards  hindmargin  ;  fringe  white. 

Underside  similar,  the  markings  of  forewings  showing  through.  Head,  thorax 
and  abdomen  concolorous  with  forewings  ;  the  pale  grey  ground  colour  varied  witii 
very  fine  pinkish  scales. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  34  mm. 

This  specimen,  except  the   head   and  prothorax,    has    unfortunately   become 


(431  ) 

saturated  with  grease,  altogether  destroying  the  original  colouring,  but  it  is  identical, 
as  far  as  can  be  seen,  with  a  specimen  iu  the  British  Museum  (!ollection,  unnamed, 
from  Aden,  taken  by  Major  Yerbury,  and  dated  March  19,  189S,  from  which  the 
description,  as  far  as  regards  the  ground  colour,  is  taken.  The  markings  are 
precisely  similar,  but  the  size  of  the  Aden  specimen  is  a  little  less. 

This  species  is  named  in  honour  of  our  assistant,  Mr.  A.  W.  Waters. 


30.  Sphingomorpha  chlorea  monteironis  Bntl.,  A/m.  Mag.  Sat.  Hist.  (4)  xvi.  p.  4UU 

(1875)  (Ambriz). 

One  ?,  31.  iii.  1901.    Assouan. 

A  single  specimen  was  taken  at  light  in  the  hotel.  This  form  has  also  been 
recorded  from  Aden  :  vide  Butler,  P.Z.S.  p.  498  (1884). 

31.  Trigonodes  hypparia  (Cram.),  Pap.  Exot.  iii.  p.  99.  t.  25i).  f.  E.  (1782) 

(Coromandel  Coast). 

Two,  cJ,  ?,  February  1901.     Shendi. 
A  few  specimens  came  to  light. 

32.  Paudesina  quenavadi  Guen.,  Lep.  vi.  Noct.  ii.  p.  438  (1852)  (Sylhet). 

One  (?,  24.  iii.  1901.     Shendi. 

A  common  species  flying  at  dusk  over  the  grassy  plain  near  Shendi. 

33.  Polydesma  umbricola  (Boisd.),  Faun.  Madag.  p.  108.  t.  13.  f.  5  (1833). 

One   ?,  13.  iii.  1901.     Gebel  Margel,  near  Shendi. 

This  moth  was  abundant  on  Gebel  Margel.  It  rests  by  day,  sitting  like  a 
Boarmia  on  the  rocks  of  the  Gebel — rocks  entirely  destitute  of  vegetation,  and 
so  hot  that  it  is  well-nigh  impossible  to  touch  them.  The  insect  is  exceedingly 
skittish,  and,  owing  to  the  slippery  nature  of  the  ground,  very  difficult  to  catch. 
We  failed  to  attract  it  with  light. 

34.  Acantholipes  circumdata  (Wlk.),  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  xv.  p.  1763 
(1858)  (Congo). 

Eleven,  February  and  March  1901.     Shendi. 
An  abundant  moth  at  light. 

35.  Plusia  ni  (Hb.),  F.ur.  Schm.  Noct.  f.  284. 
One    ¥,  March  1901.     Luxor. 

30.  Plusia  limbirena  Guen.,  Lep  vi.  Noct.  ii.  p.  35o  (1852). 
(Cape  of  Good  Hope,  Abyssinia,  etc.) 

One   ?,  28.  ii.  1901.     Shendi. 
A  single  example  at  light. 


(  432  ) 

Crypsotidia  gen.  nov. 

Foreivings :  narrow,  elongate  ;  costa  straight,  convex  only  at  apex,  which 
is  blunt ;  hindmargin  vertical  above,  curved  below. 

Hindwings :  with  hindmargin  slightlj'  indented  below  apex,  and  truncate 
at  anal  angle. 

Antennae  of  3  simple,  pubescent  (shortly  ciliated)  ;  palpi  thick,  semi- 
decumbent,  rough-haired,  the  third  joint  small.  Tongae  and  frenulum  wull 
developed. 

A  tuft  of  hairs  from  beneath  base  of  costa  of  forcwings,  and  from  basal 
segment  of  the  abdomen,  close  to  base  of  hindwiug,  a  small  chitinous  fringed 
flap,  not  connected  with  the  hindwing. 

Neuratioii  :  forewings,  cell  more  than  half  the  length  of  wing  ;  first  median 
nervnle  at  three-ijuarters,  second  median  close  before  third,  lower  radial  from 
close  above  it  ;  ujiper  radial  from  upper  angle  of  cell  ;  vein  7  from  just  before 
angle,  upcnrved  at  origin  ;  8,  9,  10  stalked,  the  stalk  of  8,  9  closely  approximated 
but  not  touching  7  ;  11  free.  Hindwings  :  8  anastomosing  with  cell  for  half 
its  length,  7  from  before  up)ier  angle  ;  first  median  at  four-fifths,  second  from 
end  of  cell,  third  median  and  the  radial  stalked. 

Type  :    ( 'ri/psotiilia  wollastoni,  sp.  nov. 


37.  Crypsotidia  wollastoni  sp.  nov. 

One  S,  17.  ii.  1901.     Shendi. 
A  single  example  at  light. 

Forewings :  pale  greyish  ochreons  faintly  rufous-tinged,  becoming  greyish 
fuscous  towards  hindmargin  ;  first  Ime  very  indistinct,  from  before  one-third 
of  costa,  where  it  is  marked  by  a  black  dot,  to  near  middle  of  inner  margin  ; 
oblique  to  the  median  vein,  then  vertical,  hardly  paler  tlian  the  ground  colour ; 
outer  line  blackish,  edged  with  paler,  from  costa  at  three-fifths,  strongly  outcnrved 
round  cell,  and  as  strongly  incurved  below  lower  end  of  cell,  then  vertical  and 
sinuous  to  inner  margin  beyond  middle  ;  space  between  the  two  lines  from  inner 
margin  to  median  vein  greyish  fuscous  ;  an  indistinct  patch  of  dark  scales  at 
end  of  cell  ;  submarginal  line  irregularly  waved,  emphasised  by  the  preceding 
greyish  fuscous  shade,  which  at  costa  forms  a  velvety  black  blotch,  the  pale 
submarginal  line  itself  expanding  into  a  bone-coloured  triangular  subapical 
blotch  ;  small  wedge-shajicd  black  marginal  spots  between  tlie  veins,  each  followed 
by  a  pale  dot ;  fringe  greyish  fuscous. 

Jlimlwings :  semi-transparent,  pearly  white,  tinged  with  dark  grey  along 
hindmargin  ;  fringe  white. 

Underside  white  ;  the  costal  area  in  both  wings  straw-coloured,  and  their 
apices  blackish  fuscous  ;  in  the  forewings  the  outer  edge  of  the  black  subcostal 
blotch  is  marked  with  black,  and  a  black  dot  indicates  the  commencement  of 
the  outer  line  on  costa.  Head,  thorax  and  abdomen  like  forewings,  the  abdomen 
being  rather  lighter  and  the  prothorax  darker  ;  the  paljii  and  lower  part  of 
face  dusted  witli  dark  fuscous. 
Expanse  of  wings  :  26  mm. 
This  species  is  named  in  honour  of  my  friend  Mr.  A.  F.  R.  Wollaston. 


(  433  ) 

38.  Rhynchina  revolutalis  Zell.,   Lep.  Caff,:  p.  10  (Sep.)  (1852)  (('affraria\ 
Five  J(?,  1!).  ii.  190U.     Luxor. 
A  common  garden  insect. 

30.  Tephrina  disputaria  (Guen.),  Lep.  x.  Fhal.  ii.  p.  489  (1857)  (Egypt). 
Oue  S,  20.  ii.  1900.     Luxor. 
One  (J,  4    ?  ?,  March  1901.     Sheudi. 
A  common  insect  on  sandy,  uncultivated  soil.     It  comes  freely  to  light. 

40.  Zamerada  pulverosa  Warren,  Nov.  Zool.  II.  p.  158  (1895) 
(South  Africa). 
Two  SS,2    ?  ?,  March  1901.     Shendi. 
A  few  specimens  at  light. 

41.  Pseudosterrha  gayneri  sp.  no  v. 

One   ?,  17.  ii.  1901.     Shendi. 

This  insect  flew  at  dusk  over  the  grass  on  the  plain  near  Sheudi ;  it  was  fairly 
common. 

Forewings:  ochreous  with  a  slight  yellowish  tinge,  and  before  the  hind- 
margin  faintly  rufous ;  a  small  black  discal  dot  ;  an  oblique  dull  rufous  streak 
from  middle  of  inner  margin  towards  apex,  before  which  it  fades  out  ;  an  exces- 
sively fine  submarginal  line  from  apex  to  before  anal  angle  ;  fringe  whitish. 

Hindwings :  white,  discoloured  with  ochreous  round  anal  angle ;  fringe 
white. 

Underside  white  ;  both  wings  along  costa  ochreous  tinged,  and  dusted  with 
jiale  fuscous  ;  all  the  veins  and  cell-spots  ochreous  ;  a  fine  submarginal  line 
distinct  in  both  wings  ;  marginal  line  reddish  ;  fringe  white.  Head,  thorax 
and  abdomen  concolorous  with  forewings  ;  fillet  white. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  24  mm. 

Nearest  to  P.  paullula  Swinh.  from  India,  in  shape  of  wings  and  indistinctness 
of  markings,  and  quite  distinct  from  any  of  the  numerous  forms  of  sacraria 
Linn. 

I  have  named  this  species  in  honour  of  my  friend  Mr.  Francis  Gayner. 

42.  Craspedia  consentanea  (Wlk.),  Cat.  Lep.  B.M.  xxii.  p.  745 
(Cape  of  Good  Hope). 
One  S,  20.  ii.  1900.     Luxor. 
The  single  example  taken  at  light  seems  to  be  slightly  aberrant. 

43.  Crocalia  aglossalis  Rag.,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  France  p.  635  (1891)  (Karachi). 
One  c?,  0.  iii.  1900.     Wady  Haifa. 
A  single  example  was  secured  at  light. 

44.  Scotomera  woUastoni  sp.  nov. 
One   ?,  17.  ii.  1901.     Shendi. 
A  single  specimen  at  light. 
Forewings :    fuscous,    very    finely   dusted    with    ochreous,   especially   towards 


(  434  ) 

hindmargiu  ;  the  lines  ochreons,  Imt  very  indistinct  and  interrupted ;  first  at 
one-fifth,  second  at  three-fonrths  ;  the  first  bent  outwards  at  middle,  the  second 
slightly  angled  below  costa  and  curved  parallel  to  hindmargin,  both  more 
distinct  towards  costa,  which  between  the  lines  is  spotted  with  ochreons  ;  fringe 
concolorons. 

Ilindwings :  brownish  cinereous,  without  markings ;  fringe  paler,  with  the 
base  dark. 

Underside  paler,  the  ochreons  tint  more  dcvelojjed  ;  both  wings  with  traces 
of  a  cnrved  ochreous  outer  line.  Thorax  and  abdomen  dark  fuscous  like  fore- 
wings  ;  head  and  palpi  pale  ochreons  ;  tip  of  abdomen  yellow-tinged. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  22  mm. 

The  forewings  are  narrower  and  more  elongate  than  in  typical  Scotomera, 
with  which  genns  it  agrees,  however,  in  the  absence  of  tongue  and  presence  of 
ocelli;  it  seems  to  be  nearest  to  taeapcalis  Bag.,  from  Gabes,  Tnnis,  originally 
described  as  a  Stemmatophora,  and  subseqnently  transferred  by  Ragonot  himself 
to  Scotomera.  It  may,  indeed,  prove  to  be  the  ?  of  that  species  ;  the  type 
was  a  male  and  somewhat  worn. 

I  have  named  the  species  in  honour  of  my  friend  Blr.  A.  F.  II.  Wollaston. 

45.  Olig'ochi'oa  gayneri  sp.  no  v. 

One   t?,  23.  iii.   1901.     Assouan. 

A  single  specimen  at  light. 

Forewings:  greyish  stone-colour,  with  very  fine  dark  dnsting,  towards  the 
inner  margin  tinged  with  ochreons.  Markings  very  indistinct ;  first  line  at  one- 
fourth,  oblique  from  costa  to  upper  margin  of  cell,  and  marked  by  a  blackish 
dash  on  median  and  submedian  veins  ;  no  cell-dot ;  outer  line  marked  by  a  series 
of  very  fine  wedge-shaped  black  marks  on  the  veins  ;  interrupted  beyond  cell 
and  on  submedian  fold  ;  marginal  dots  represented  by  a  few  black  scales  ;  fringe 
paler. 

Hinclwings:  pearly  white  ;  the  marginal  line  yellowish  ;  fringe  white. 

Underside  of  forewings  pale  ochreous,  undusted  ;  of  hindwings  white.  Head, 
thorax  and  abdomen  concolorons  with  forewings  ;  scale  tnft  at  base  of  antennae 
blackish 

Expanse  of  wings  :  23  mm. 

Nearest  to  0.  terrella  and  subterrella  Rag.  from  Natal  and  Seuegambia 
respectively,  but  a  paler  and  more  delicate  insect ;  distinguished  by  the  absence 
of  the  discal  spots,  and  by  the  very  fine  and  acutely  dentate  onter  line. 

1  have  named  this  species  in  honour  of  my  friend  Mr.  Francis  Gayner. 

40.  Eromene  ocellea  (Haw),  Lcp.  Brit.  iii.  p.  486  (1n12)  (Suburbs  of  London!  !). 

One  6,  6.  iii.  1900.     Wady  Haifa. 

This  species  was  common  everywhere  from  Cairo  to  Shendi.  It  flies  at 
dusk  over  coarse  grass,  and  also  comes  readily  to  light.  Round  the  base  of 
the  temjile  of  Abu  Simbel  this  insect  was  flying  in  thousands  over  some  coarse 
grass  which  grows  there. 


(  435  ) 


NEW   AMERICAN    MOTHS. 

By    W.    warren,    M.A.,    F.E.S. 
Family  EUPTEROTIDAE. 

Agi'iochlora  gen.  nov. 

Forewiiigs  :  ample  ;  costa  sliglitly  curved,  becoming  more  convex  before  apex, 
which  is  rounded  ;  hindmargin  rounded. 

Hinrlu'ings  :  with  hindmargin  strongly  rounded,  the  anal  angle  well  marked 
and  lobed  :  antennae  (?)  short,  plumose  to  the  tips  ;  palpi  porrect,  short  ; 
tongue  absent ;  frenulum  present ;  hind-tibiae  thick,  with  a  pair  of  quite  short 
terminal  spurs,  the  tarsi  short. 

XeuratioH :  forewings,  cell  less  than  half  as  long  as  wing ;  discocellular 
oblique,  slightly  bent  above  ;  first  median  nervule  at  five-eighths  ;  second  almost 
touching  third  ;  lower  radial  from  the  bend  above  middle  of  discocellular  ;  upper 
radial  stalked  with  7,  8,  9,  KJ  from  the  end  of  cell;  11  from  base  of  wing: 
hiiidwings  with  3,  4,  and  6,  7  stalked.  Scaling  sparse  and  fine ;  the  wings 
semi-transparent. 

Type  :  Agriochlora  klagesi  sp.  nov. 

1.  Agriochlora  klagesi  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  very  pale  mealy  green,  thinly  scaled  and  semi-transparent,  stained 
with  dull  rufous  olive  as  far  as  the  snbmarginal  line,  which  is  irregularly  waved 
and  lunulate,  from  costa  shortly  before  apex  to  anal  angle,  forming  a  strong 
sinus  inwards  between  veins  3  and  4 ;  just  before  the  edge  of  this  stain  a 
slightly  darker  fascia  can  be  traced,  the  edges  of  which  are  marked  with  darker 
ou  the  veins  ;  the  marginal  area,  a  narrow  costal  space,  and  the  discocellular 
streak  remain  of  the  pale  greenish  ground-colour ;  fringe  pale  green  slightly 
mottled  with  darker  ;  inner  margin  with  darker  rufous  olive  marks. 

Hiiuhvings :  pale  green,  with  the  inner  margin  and  a  curved  snbmarginal 
line  rufous  olive. 

Underside  i)ale  green  ;  the  forewings  with  an  opalescent  ]iiuk  sheen  beneath 
the  stained  area  above  ;  hindwings  with  a  double  rufous  blotch  where  the  sub- 
marginal  line  crosses  the  submedian  fold.  Head,  shoulders,  and  patagia  pale 
green  ;  abdomen  and  tips  of  patagia  rufous  olive. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  30  mm. 

One  ?  from  Suapure,  Canra  River,  Venezuela,  February  1899  (Klages). 

Family   TIIYRIDIDAE. 

2.  Siculodes  rufifimbria  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  chalk-white,  with  numerous  transverse  brown  ramifying  streaks, 
which  are  darkest  towards  hindmargin  ;  a  brown  linear  mark  on  the  discocellular  ; 
costal  area  pale  fawn-colour,  becoming  fuscous  toward  base,  the  costal  edge  marked 


{  436  ) 

with  very  regular  short  obIii[ue  brown  streaks ;  fringe  pale  fawn-colour,  with  which 
the  hindmargin  itself  is  slightly  stained. 

Ilinfhnngs :  similar,  but  the  costal  area  white,  without  reticulations. 

Underside  of  forewings  with  costal  area  suffused  with  fuscou.s  aud  marked 
with  dark  oblong  spots  formed  of  jiairs  of  lines,  the  costal  edge  with  the  same 
tine  strigae  as  above  ;  beds  of  black  metallic  scales  at  base  and  towards  upper 
end  of  cell  ;  a  subcostal  rufous  streak,  and  a  rufous  patch  below  end  of  cell  ; 
the  transverse  strigae  indistinct,  rnfoiis  and  grey  ;  hindwings  with  a  distinct 
broad  central  and  less  distinct  postmedian  and  marginal  streak  ;  fringe  as  above. 
Head  and  face  dark  brown  ;  thorax  aud  abdomen  white. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   32  mm. 

One  ?  from  Chiriqui,  Panama. 

Both  wings  are  rather  broad,  the  hindmargins  faintly  sinuous  ;  jialpi  porrect, 
the  third  joint  finely  spatulate,  as  long  as  the  second. 


Family  URANIWAE. 
Aorista  gen.  nov. 

Forewings :  ample  ;  costa  curved,  more  strongly  towards  base  and  apex,  which 
is  slightly  produced  ;  hindmargin  oblique,  not  curved. 

Ilimbcings :  with  apex  rectangular,  hindmargin  straight  to  vein  4  ;  a  square 
projection  at  the  ends  of  veins  3  and  4  ;  anal  angle  truncate,  with  t  wo  excisions 
and  a  tooth  at  vein  2. 

Antennae  of  J  short,  pectinated  ;  ])alpi  porrect,  extending  a  little  before  face, 
second  joint  fringed  with  scales  below,  third  sliort,  pointed  ;  tongue  and  frenulum 
present  ;  hind-tibiae  with  four  spurs. 

Neuration :  forewings,  cell  half  as  long  as  wing  ;  discocellular  hardly  visible, 
very  fine  ;  vein  2  at  four-fifths,  3  close  before  end ;  5  I'rom  top  end  of  cell, 
G,  7  stalked;  8,  'J,  lU  stalked  from  three-fourths,  11  anastomosing  with  12,  and 
10  with  11  :  hindwings  with  3,  4,  and  (!,  7  stalked,  5  from  just  above  middle  of 
discocellular,  which  is  very  fine  and  slightly  angled  above  middle. 

Type  :  Aorista  alodia  Dogn.  {Zonosoma). 

Allied  to  Meleaba  ithedaria)  Wlk.,  but  difteriug  considerably  in  neuration. 


Hemioplisis  H.  S.,  Auss.  Schm.  pp.  26.  38.  83.  fig.  480. 
Decetiodes  Warr.,  Nov.  Zool.  IV.  p.  412. 

A  ?  example  of  a  moth  belonging  to  this  family,  lately  received  from  Suapure, 
Venezuela,  is  evidently  identical  with  Herrich-Schaeffer's  figure  480,  which  repre- 
sents a  <?  of  his  species  Hemioplisis  drepanularia.  Along  with  it  came  a  S  from 
the  same  locality,  but  taken  in  February,  whereas  the  ?  was  taken  in  June,  which 
is  much  more  like  the  insect  described  by  me  as  Decetiodes  fallax,  from  Cucuta, 
Venezuela.  This  (?,  as  well  as  the  example  of  D.  fallax,  may  eventually  prove 
to  be  both  forms  of  the  i  of  drepanularia,  though  varying  both  in  coloration  and 
markings  from  the  S  of  that  species  as  figured  by  Herrich-Schaeffer ;  but  at 
present  it  will  be  safer  to  keep  them  distinct.  The  genus  Decetiodes,  however, 
must  in  any  case  sink  to  Hemioplisis  H.  S.,  with  which  it  agrees  in  every 
l)articular.      In  his  remarks  on  the  genus  Hemioplisis  (p.  38),  Herrich-Schaeffer 


(437  ) 

8a3-s  that  without  doubt  Hubner's  drepanula  (Zutr.  figs.  247.  248)  belongs  to  the 
same  genus  :  this  is  erroneous,  as  drepanula  Hub.  is  a  true  Geometrid,  belonging 
to  the  genus  Si/ssaiira. 

3.  Hemioplisis  maculata  sp.  nov. 

S.  Forcwings :  brownish  fawn-colour,  freckled  with  minute  black  transverse 
striae,  the  costal  area  above  subcostal  vein  remaining  paler  ;  first  line  obscure,  from 
one-third  of  costa,  angled  in  cell,  then  oblique  to  one-third  of  inner  margin, 
the  basal  space  included,  e.xcejit  along  costa,  filled  in  with  dense  black  striae  ; 
second  line  from  two-thirds  of  costa,  sharply  angled  at  vein  7,  then  obliquely 
curved  to  three-fifths  of  inner  margin,  dark  brown,  edged  inwardly  with  a  paler 
space  ;  anal  space  beyond  it,  as  far  as  vein  3,  like  the  basal  area,  filled  up  with 
black  striae  ;  apex  and  fringe  darker. 

Hind  wings :  with  basal  space  and  anal  space  black  as  in  forewings  ;  the 
whole  of  the  outer  line  being  likewise  followed  by  black  striae  which  are  more 
developed  at  apex. 

Underside  dull  fawn-colour,  tinged  in  places  with  grey  and  with  black 
transverse  striae.     Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  like  wings  ;  face  black. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  31  mm. 

One  6  from  Suapure,  Caura  River,  Venezuela,  February  1899  (Klages). 

4.  Siculodopsis  grisea  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  dingy  grey,  with  numerous  irregular  transverse  blackish  strigae  ; 
the  costa  with  larger  and  more  distinct  black  streaks  ;  the  black  striae  are  more 
condensed  before  and  beyond  the  middle,  forming  indistinct  antemedian  and  post- 
median  shades  ;  before  the  hindmargin  between  veins  6  and  7  is  a  rather  large 
black  blotch  ;  fringe  concolorous. 

Hindicings :  with  very  obscnre  antemedian  and  postmedian  dark  shades. 

Underside  of  forewiugs  dull  dingy  fuscous  ;  of  hindwings  jsale  grey.  Head, 
thorax,  and  abdomen  dull  grey. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  32 — 34  mm. 

Two  d  S  from  Cayanuma,  Loja. 

Broader-winged  than  the  ty2Je  i^&cie%  Jlaviceps  Warr. 

Family    GEOMETRIDAE. 

Subfamily  OENOCHROMINAE. 

5.  Leptoctenopsis  murina  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  dark  brownish  fawn-colour  ;  first  line  obscure,  at  one-third  of 
costa,  marked  by  whitish  spots  on  the  veins  and  folds,  the  spots  black-edged 
outwardly  ;  outer  line  from  two-thirds  of  costa,  acutely  angled  on  vein  6,  then 
oblique,  lunulate,  to  beyond  middle  of  inner  margin,  the  teeth  marked  by  black 
dashes  tipped  with  white,  the  lowest  on  vein  1  placed  in  a  round  ochreous  white 
blotch,  the  line  preceded  by  a  broad  dark  shade,  by  which  it  is  partially  obscured  ; 
costa  beyond  outer  line  darker  ;  submargiual  line  waved,  marked  from  costa  to 
vein  6  by  white  lunules,  below  0  obscured  ;  marginal  line  fine,  black,  preceded 
by  a  narrow  fulvous  line  ;  fringe  black  with  a  fulvous  basal  line ;  cell-spot  black. 

31 


(438  ) 

Himlwings :  with  broail  dark  central  shade  followed  liy  a  Hue  of  black  lunules 
on  the  veins  ;  the  rest  as  in  forewings. 

Underside  dull  mouse-colonr,  without  markings.  Thorax  and  abdomen  like 
wings  ;  face,  vertex,  and  palpi  blackish. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  35  mm. 

One  cJ  from  Siiapure,  V^enezuela,  March  1899  (Klages). 


Subfamily  CYLLOPODINAE. 
(i.  Cyllopoda  longicorpus  sji.  nov. 

Fore/rings:  with  all  the  margins  black,  the  apex  and  hindmargin  broadly; 
centre  of  wing  occupied  by  a  long  yellow  blotch,  pointed  at  base  and  gradually 
widening  to  end  of  cell,  where  it  begins  to  be  rounded  off,  the  rounded  end  reaching 
half-way  between  end  of  cell  and  hindmargin  ;  fringe  black. 

Hiuduini/s :  with  the  apex  and  hindmargin  somewhat  broadly  bordered  with 
black,  the  inner  margin  with  its  fringe  quite  narrowly. 

Underside  the  same.  Face  yellowish  ;  palpi,  antennae,  vertex,  and  thorax 
black  ;  shoulders  with  a  yellowish  tuft  at  sides  ;  abdomen  black  above,  white  below, 
the  dorsum  with  a  narrow  yellow  stripe,  which  does  not  (juite  reach  the  anal 
segments.     Abdomen  quite  as  long  as  forewings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  46  mm. 

Two  6  S  from  Tachlra,  Venezuela  (Briceuo). 

Like  gopnla  Dogn.,  but  larger,  and  distinguished  especially  by  the  length 
and  stripes  of  the  body  ;  the  inner  margin  of  hindwings  also  is  narrowly  black. 
Still  more  like  ochra  Drnce. 

7.  Darna  regia  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  deeji  purple,  with  a  large  deep  yellow  blotch  occupying  the  middle 
of  the  wing  ;  its  inner  edge  running  from  one-third  of  costa  towards  middle  of 
inner  margin,  which  it  does  not  quite  reach  ;  its  outer  from  two-thirds  of  costa, 
parallel  to  inner  edge  as  far  as  vein  5,  then  semicircularly  excurved  towards 
liindmargiu  as  far  as  vein  2,  thence  sinuous  and  joining  inner  edge  below  sub- 
median  vein. 

Hindwings  :  wholly  deep  purple. 

Underside  like  upper.     Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  concolorous  with  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  4t)  mm. 

One  ?  from  Paramba,  Ecuador,  January  to  May  1897. 

8.  Dioptis  pellucida  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  hyaline  bluish  ;  the  markings  smoky  blackish  ;  costa  and  inner 
margin  narrowly,  the  hindmargin  rather  more  broadly  and  irregularly  blackish, 
broadest  at  apex ;  all  the  veins  blackish  ;  a  black  tooth  from  middle  of  costa 
including  discocellular  ;  a  black  transverse  bar  from  two-thirds  of  costa  to  hind- 
margin above  anal  angle,  swollen  at  both  ends. 

Hindwings :  with  costa  moderately,  hindmargin  more  broadly  black  ;  the  veins 
black. 


(  439  ) 

Underside  the  same.  Head,  thorax,  aad  abdomen  black  ;  face  aud  front  of 
thorax  with  a  few  white  scales  ;  an  orange  spot  beneath  at  sides  of  shoulders  ; 
abdomen  beneath  whitish. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  48  mm. 

One  ?  from  R.  Dagua,  Colombia  (Rosenberg). 

0.  Dioptis  restricta  sp.  no  v. 

Like  D.  areolata  Wlk.  in  markings,  l)ut  not  so  deep  a  black,  and  the  black 
markings  not  so  strongly  developed  ;  as  a  consequence  all  the  hyaline  spaces 
between  the  veins  are  longer,  and  squarer,  not  so  much  rounded  off  at  their 
extremities,  the  whole  insect  appearing  paler.  In  particular  the  interval  between 
veins  3  and  4  in  both  wings  remains  clear,  not  filled  up  witli  black.  An  orange 
spot  on  shoulders  at  side. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  38  to  44  mm. 

Four  ?  ?,  one  from  Rio  Janeiro,  one  from  Petropolis,  the  other  two  without 
locality  label. 

This  insect  has  probably  been  confounded,  at  least  in  the  ?  ,  with  areolata  Wlk.; 
but  areolata  is  smaller  and  deeper  black. 

10.  Dioptis  uniguttata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  hyaline  ;  the  costal  aud  inner  margins  narrowly  black  ;  all  the 
veins  black  ;  the  ajiical  two-fifths  black,  containing  a  white  oblique  fascia  from  below 
costa  at  two-thirds  to  vein  4,  and  a  round  white  spot  above  anal  angle  between 
veins  2  aud  3  ;  the  discocellular  and  upper  outer  half  of  cell  black  ;  space  between 
discocellular  mark  and  the  apical  l)lack  area  occupied  by  three  hyaline  spots,  of 
which  the  uppermost  is  faintly  tinged  with  white. 

Ilindwings :  with  the  costal  margin  narrowly,  the  hiudmargin  broadly  black, 
the  latter  containing  witliin  its  inner  edge  a  curved  orange  streak  ;  all  the  veins 
black. 

Underside  like  upper.  Palpi  black  above,  white  beneath  ;  face  black  margined 
with  white  ;  vertex,  thorax,  and  abdomen  black  ;  a  white  spot  at  base  of  antennae 
and  one  at  centre  of  vertex  ;  base  of  the  patagia  orange  ;  abdomen  white  beneath. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  40  mm. 

One  <?  from  Bogota. 

Near  D.  cheledonis  Drnce. 

11.  Ephialtias  adiante. 
(Josia  adiante  Wlk.  ii.  p.  303). 

This  species,  of  doubtful  locality,  has  been  sunk  to  E.  vittula  Hiibner  ;  but 
a  d  from  Popayan,  Colombia  (Lehmanii),  agrees  exactly  with  Walker's  type  in  the 
British  Museum  Collection,  aud  is  clearly  not  identical  with  vittidn.  The  forewings 
are  decidedly  narrower  than  in  that  species  ;  the  transverse  yellow  bar  of  forewings 
is  not  only  narrower,  but  much  more  oblique,  starting  from  before  the  middle  of 
costa  ;  and  the  yellow  central  area  of  hindwings  is  both  broader  and  of  more 
uniform  width  throughout. 

Both  streaks  are  of  a  deeper  orange  tint  than  in  mttida. 


(  440  ) 

12.  Ephialtias  aequivoca  sji.  uov. 

Much  like  E.  con.tueta  Wlk.,  but  the  costa  of  forewiiigs  is  straightor,  and  the 
apex  ia  consequence  appears  more  definite  ;  the  oblique  streak,  instead  of  being 
Inteons  yellow,  is  siilphnr-colour ;  in  shape  broader  at  apex  and  narrowing 
downwards  ;  starting  from  below  middle  of  costa  instead  of  from  be\'Oud  middle, 
consequently  more  oblique  ;  veins  finely  paler. 

Hindwings  :  brown-black,  narrower  and  longer  than  in  constieta.  Head  and 
abdomen  the  same. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  39  mm. 

One  ?  from  Suapnre,  Venezuela,  February  1890  (Klages). 

13.  Ephialtias  constricta  sp.  nov. 

Slightly  smaller  than  E.  vittula  Hiib.,  and  like  it  in  the  forewings,  but  differing 
in  the  form  of  the  yellow  streak  of  the  hind  wings.  In  constricta  the  edge  of  the 
black  costal  border  runs  obli(juely  from  middle  of  costa  to  aljont  one-third  of  inner 
margin,  so  reducing  the  basal  half  of  the  yellow  streak  to  a  narrow  curve,  the  outer 
third  of  the  streak  lieing  bluntly  rounded,  and  ending  farther  from  the  hindmargin 
than  in  rittida. 

A  long  series  of  both  sexes,  all  from  Bahia. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  32  mm. 

14.  Ephialtias  lativitta  sp.  nov. 

Foreioings :  purplish  black,  with  a  very  broad  yellow  fascia  across  the  wing, 
its  inner  edge  starting  from  before  middle  of  costa  and  ending  on  submedian  vein 
at  two-thirds  from  base. 

Hindicings  :  wholly  lilack. 

Underside  the  same.     Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  all  black. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  35  mm. 

One  (?  from  Cachabi,  low  country,  January  189T  (Rosenberg). 

The  anal  tufts  in  the  only  specimen  seen  are  immensely  developed.  The  species 
is  nearest  E.  ena  Boisd.,  but  the  black  is  more  purple  in  tint.  The  wings  are  much 
narrower,  and  the  yellow  band  of  forewings  nearly  twice  as  wide. 

15.  Ephialtias  vittula  Hiib.  ab.  carneata  uov. 

Forewings :  brown-black,  the  veins  slightly  paler  ;  an  oblique  transverse  flesh- 
coloured  streak  from  below  middle  of  costa  to  just  before  anal  angle. 

flindwinys :  with  a  similar-coloured  but  broader  streak  from  base  along  middle 
of  wing,  blunt-pointed  towards  hindmargin. 

Underside  greyer  brown,  the  pale  streaks  broader.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen 
dull  dark  grey  ;  abdomen  beneath,  and  legs  somewhat  paler. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  38  mm. 

One  (?  from  Rio  Janeiro. 

Easily  distinguished  by  the  different  colour  of  the  streaks. 

Episcea  gen.  nov. 
Diflfers  from  Scea  in  that   the  antennae  of  the  ?  are   pectinated   almost  as 
strongly  as  in  the  S. 

Type  :  Episcea  extravagans  sp.  nov. 


(  441  ) 

16.  Episcea  extravagans  sp.  nov. 

Differs  from  Scea  aiiriflamma  Hub.  in  that  the  edge  of  the  dark  marginal  third 
runs  uearl}'  straight  to  anal  angle  itself  ;  the  space  between  the  snbmedian  vein 
and  inner  margin  is  orange,  the  marginal  edge  only  tinely  black  ;  similarly  only 
the  costal  edge  of  forewings  is  finely  black,  the  orange  appearing  on  both  sides  of 
the  costal  vein.     Underside  similar,  with  the  veins  blackish. 

Two  ¥  ?  from  Rio  Janeiro  and  Petrojiolis,  of  35  mm.  expanse. 

IT.  Episcea  sancta  sp.  nov. 

Also  a  mimic  of  S.  uurijlinnma  Hiib.  ;  differing  from  it,  like  E.  extravagans,  in 
having  the  space  below  the  costal  edge  and  that  above  the  inner  margin  orange,  not 
tilled  up  with  black  ;  it  is  also  characterised  by  the  greater  thickness  of  the  scales 
marking  the  veins.  Moreover,  the  outer  third  of  forewings  and  the  hindwings  are 
dull  chocolate-brown  instead  of  black,  the  veins  through  the  dark  area  being  paler. 
Underside  like  upper,  but  with  the  inner  margin  from  base  blackish. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  30  to  32  mm. 

Two  ?  ?  from  Santa  Catherina. 

18.  Josia  banana  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  velvety  black,  with  a  broad  curved  orange  blotch  from  base  of 
wing  at  costa  to  anal  angle,  the  costal  edge  remaining  black  ;  in  the  cJ  the  lower 
edge  of  this  orange  space  runs  nearly  straight  from  base  of  costa  to  anal  angle  ;  in 
the  ?  this  edge  is  curved,  the  black  of  the  inner  margin  being  swollen  ;  on  the 
contrary,  while  the  outer  edge  of  the  blotch  in  the  ?  is  cnrved  from  before  the 
middle  of  costa,  in  the  i  it  starts  from  the  middle,  and  is  indented  in  cell. 

Hindwings  :  wholly  blackish. 

Underside  brownish  ^black.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  blackish  ;  abdomen 
and  legs  below  white. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   cJ,  26  mm.  ;    ?,  35  mm. 

A  pair  without  locality  label. 

19.  Josia  fustula  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  brown-black,  with  a  central  orange  streak  of  uniform  width  from 
base  almost  to  margin,  where  it  is  slightly  narrower  and  defle.xed  ;  costal  margin 
narrowly  orange  to  beyond  middle. 

Iliuflwings :  with  the  streak  broader,  widening  outwards,  both  edges  slightly 
concave  upwards. 

Underside  the  same.  Palpi,  thorax,  and  abdomen  black  ;  face,  collar,  and 
dorsal  streak  of  abdomen  orange  ;  vertex  of  head  worn. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  30  mm. 

One  ?  from  (Jhimbo,  August  1897,  1000  ft.  (Kosenberg). 

Distinguished  by  the  curved  streak  of  the  hindwings. 

20.  Josia  interrupta  sp.  nov. 
Nearest  to  J.  frigida  Druce,  but  the  orange  streak  of  forewings  of  uniform 
width  throughout, — not  swollen  towards  base,  and  thinning  out  at  extremity, — more 
or  less  interrupted  by  brown   scales  in  the  middle,  and  not  produced  so  near  to 


(  442  ) 

hiiidraargin.  In  the  hiudwinjjs  tlie  streak  is  always  broader  than  in  fri(/i (fa,  and, 
like  that  of  the  forewings,  not  continued  so  far  towards  the  hindmargin. 

Espanse  of  wings  :  36  mm. 

Several  of  both  sexes  from  Cali,  Colombia,  September  to  December  1S94 
(Rosenberg). 

21.  Josia  striata  Drnce  ab.  attenuata  nov. 

Differs  from  typical  striata  in  that  the  yellow  streak  of  tlie  forewing  is  narrow 
and  of  nearly  uniform  width  throughout,  and  thinning  out  gradually  almost  to  a 
point  at  extremity.  In  the  hindwings  the  marginal  black  border  is  much  wider, 
and,  instead  of  ending  in  a  point  at  anal  angle,  extends  half-way  up  the  inner 
margin.     Underside  the  same. 

One  ?  without  locality. 

ab.  ampliflava  nov. 

This  form  has  the  streak  of  forewing  broad  and  of  nearly  equal  width  to  near 
the  margin,  where  it  thins  out  nearly  to  a  point,  as  in  ab.  attenuata.  In  the 
hindwings  the  hindmarginal  border  is  only  half  as  wide  as  in  typical  striata,  so 
that  the  hindwings  may  be  described  as  yellow  with  a  narrow  black  margin. 

One  ¥  from  Pichinde,  Colombia,  December  1894,  5000  ft.  (Rosenberg). 

22.  Phaeochlaena  crypsispila  sp.  nov. 
Foreioiiiys :  dull  brown-black  ;  all  the  veins  finely  yellow  ;  a  dull  diffnscd  pale 
blotch  beyond  discocellular  ;  fringe  coucolorous. 

llindivinqs:  white,  with  a  broad  black  margin  from  two-thirds  of  costa  to  two- 
thirds  of  inner  margin,  narrower  at  middle,  where  the  white  ground-colour  projects 
bluntly,  inner  margin  from  base  dull  smoky  grey. 

Underside  of  forewings  brown,  with  a  more  clearly  defined  obli(ine  flattened 
oval  whitish  blotch  beyond  cell  ;  veins  not  yellow  ;  hindwings  as  above,  but 
inner  margin  white.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  above  dull  black  ;  second  joint  of 
palpi,  sides  of  face,  and  base  of  shoulders  and  patagia  orange  ;  abdomen  beneath 
white  ;  legs  internally  white,  externally  black. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   33  mm. 

Two  S  6  from  Chirii|ui,  Panama. 

Allied  to  obtusa  "\Vlk.  and  nubilosa  Warr. 

23.  Phaeochlaena  longipalpis  sj).  nov. 

Forewings:  dull  blackish,  slightly  olive-tinged;  the  veins  orauge  ;  a  large 
oblique  oblong  hyaline  white  blotch  beyond  discocellular  ;  a  faintly  indicated  bent 
whitish  band  at  one-third,  appearing  as  a  white  spot  just  below  the  median  vein  ; 
an  indistinct  luuulate  paler  shade  close  and  parallel  to  hindmargin  ;  fringe  dark, 
like  the  wings. 

Uindwinys  :  dull  white,  with  all  three  margins  dull  smoky  black  ;  in  the  cJ  the 
black  is  deeper  and  the  edge  of  the  border  more  defined  ;  in  the  ¥  the  white  central 
area  is  more  or  less  tinged  with  smoky  grey. 

Underside  much  duller,  especially  in  the  ¥  ;  only  the  discal  blotch  of  forewings 


(  443  ) 

and  central  area  of  hindwings  whitish  ;  this  last  more  extended  iu  the  S.  Head, 
thorax,  and  abdomen  coucoloroiis  with  gronnd-colonr  of  forewings  ;  shonlders  with 
a  largish  lateral  orange  spot. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  tj,  40  mm. ;    ?  ,  44  mm. 

One  S ,  one  ¥  from  Chiriqui,  Panama. 

The  palpi  in  the  S  are  upcnrved  in  front  of  face  and  bent  back  over  the  vertex, 

24.  Phaeochlaena  circumfumata  sp.  nov. 

Closely  allied  to  P.  ohtiisa  Wlk.,  with  which  it  agrees  in  the  forewings  ;  but  in 
the  hindwings,  instead  of  the  black  border  of  the  hindmargin  ending  sharply  at  anal 
angle,  it  is  joined  by  a  smoky  black  snffnsion  from  base  of  inner  margin,  containing 
a  slight  whitish  streak  on  the  fold. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  26  mm. 

Two  <S  <S  from  Cncnta,  Venezuela.   ■ 

25.  Scea  servula  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  orange,  the  veins  only  partially  and  thinly  blackened,  the  costal 
and  inner  margins  narrowly  black  ;  the  apical  third  together  with  the  fringe  dull 
black,  its  edge  irregularly  waved  or  jagged  from  about  two-thirds  of  costa  to  close 
before  anal  angle. 

lliiKliriru/s  :  dull  black. 

Underside  like  upper,  but  the  veins  of  forewings  not  marked  with  black  at  all, 
and  the  apical  black  area  narrower.     Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  all  smoky  black. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  48  mm. 

Two  ?  ?  from  Colombia,  the  one  from  River  Dagua,  the  other  from  Pichinde, 
December  1894,  5000  ft.  (Rosenberg). 

20.  Tithraustes  albifera  sp.  nov. 

Foreiviiigs:  dull  grey-brown  with  tlie  veins  rufous;  a  white  toadstool-shaped 
blotch  from  middle  of  costa  reaching  to  subniedian  fold  ;  a  small  yellowish  subapical 
blotch  from  veins  0  to  8  ;  fringe  brownish. 

Hindwings :  white,  with  a  grey-brown  border  from  before  apex  to  anal  angle, 
much  narrowed  at  middle  of  hindmargin. 

Underside  the  same.  Face  and  vertex  white  ;  thorax  and  abdomen  dark  grey 
varied  with  j)aler  ;  antennae  black. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  26  mm. 

One  i  from  S.  Jos6,  Costa  Rica,  May  and  June  1899  (Underwood). 

27.  Tithraustes  approximans  sp.  nov. 

?  Forewings:  black,  with  a  dull  hyaline  roundish  blotch  beyond  cell. 

Hindwings :  whitish  hyaline  ;  the  costa  narrowly,  the  hindmargin  to  vein  3 
more  broadly,  and  the  whole  inner  margin  to  median  vein  black. 

Underside  of  forewings  like  upper,  but  the  whole  basal  area  sprinkled  witli 
bluish  white  scales  ;  hindwings  wholly  bluish  white  except  tiie  hindmargin.  Palpi 
rubbed  :  apjjarently  yellowish  at  base,  the  terminal  joints  blackish  externally, 
whitish  internally  ;  base  of  patagia  orange  ;  vertex,  thorax,  and  abdomen  blackish. 


(  444  ) 

Expanse  of  wings  :  30  mm. 

One  ?  from  Cliiriqui,  Panama. 

This  ?  is  very  much  like  the  cJ  oi  stibcoeiulea  described  below,  and  though 
without  the  basal  silver)-  white  streak  in  the  forewings,  might  be  referred  to  it  ; 
but  there  are  decided  structural  differences.  Thougli  both  have  the  cell  of  forewings 
longer  than  usual,  the  discocellular  in  subcoeruled  is  oblii)ue  throughout,  in  appro-ri- 
mans  vertical  above  ;  veins  5  and  6  are  j)erfectly  straight  in  the  ftjrmer,  much 
curved  and  inclined  downwards  in  the  latter  ;  the  hindmargin  of  both  wings  in 
approximana  is  more  oblique  and  indented  below  middle,  while  in  subcoerulea 
it  is  evenly  curved  throughout. 

28.  Tithraustes  quinquepunctata  sp.  uov. 

Forewings :  dull  smoky  blackish ;  a  short  white  streak  broadening  outwards 
between  median  vein  and  submedian  fold,  ending  Iielow  origin  of  vein  2  ;  a  large 
transverse  oblong  white  blotch  beyond  discocellular  :  and  three  submarginal  white 
spots  on  veins  2,  5  and  6  ;  fringe  concolorous  with  ground  colour. 

Ilindwings  :  white;  the  costal  aud  inner  margins  narrowly,  the  hindmargin 
very  broadly  smoky  blackish  ;  a  slight  dark  mark  on  discocellular. 

Underside  like  upper.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  smoky  black,  the  abdomen 
more  cinereous  ;  base  of  patagia  bright  orange  ;  abdomen  white  beneath. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   40  mm. 

One  c?  from  Uhiriqui,  Panama. 

29.  Tithraustes  seminigrata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  deep  black,  with  similar  white  markings  to  those  of  quinqiie- 
piinctata  described  above,  but  tlie  basal  streak  extending  to  half  the  length  of  wing  ; 
the  discocellular  blotch  much  larger  aud  more  oblique,  the  submarginal  spots  larger, 
the  lowest  one  between  veins  2  and  3  instead  of  being  on  vein  2. 

Hindicings :  with  the  space  above  the  median  vein  hyaline,  the  whole  inner 
margin  broadly  black,  the  hindmargin  to  apex  less  broadly,  and  the  costa  narrowly 
black. 

Underside  like  ujjjier.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  blackish  ;  base  of  patagia 
orange  ;  face  black  with  the  sides  white  ;  palpi  black  and  white. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  34  mm. 

One  S  from  Chiriqui,  Panama. 

Distinguished  from  T.  (jiiinqncpmictata  by  tlie  black,  not  brown-black,  ground 
colour,  and  the  more  hyaline  white  markings. 

30.  Tithraustes  subcoerulea  sp.  nov. 

^Forewings:  deep  brown-black;  a  silvery  white  streak  from  base  below 
median  vein,  broadening  outwards  and  rounded  at  the  end,  reacliing  to  two-fifths 
of  wing  ;  a  narrow  oblique  oval  blotch,  hyaline  silvery,  beyond  the  discocellular. 

Ilindwings :  with  the  central  space  hyaline  white;  the  base  snffusedly,  the 
costa  narrowly,  and  the  ajiex  to  vein  4  more  broadly  black  ;  the  whole  inner  aud 
hindmargin  nearly  to  the  median  vein  very  broadly  black. 

Underside  of  forewings  like  upperside  ;  in  the  hindwings  the  costal  and  inner- 
marginal  areas  on  each  side  of  the  hyaline  central  space  are  covered  with  bluish 


(  445  ) 

white  scales,  the  hindmargiii  to  apex  alone  remaining  black.  Palpi  with  the  basal 
joint  orange,  the  rest  blackish  externally,  bluish  white  internally  ;  vertex,  thorax, 
and  abdomen  blackish,  the  abdomen  more  cinereous  ;  base  of  patagia  orange  ;  a 
white  spot  at  base  of  antennal  shaft  ;  abdomen  beneath  white. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  30  mm. 

One  c?  from  Chiriqui,  Panama.  There  are  traces  of  a  line  of  yellow  scales  from 
base  below  the  costal  edge  of  forewings,  which  appears  thickened  ;  the  antennae 
are  broken  off. 


Subfamily  GEOMETRINAE. 

Heterocrita  gen.  nov. 

Forewings  :  witli  costa  curved  ;  apex  prominent :  hindmargin  obliquely  curved, 
subcrenulate,  witli  a  shallow  excision  between  veins  4  and  0. 

Iliiuhvings :  with  the  excision  more  distinct,  the  teeth  at  veins  4  and  6 
prominent. 

Palpi  rather  thick,  shortly  porrect,  hairy,  the  terminal  joint  short  and  drooping. 
Antennae  thick,  lamollate,  with  clavate  teeth  beneath  ;  hind-tibiae  with  terminal 
spurs  only  ;  tongue  ill  develojied  ;  frenulum  very  fine  ;  abdomen  witli  dorsal  sjjots, 
but  without  crests. 

Neuration :  forewings,  cell  half  as  long  as  wing  ;  discocellnlar  vertical  above, 
oblique  below  ;  first  median  uervule  at  two-thirds,  second  at  seven-eighths  ;  vein  5 
from  a  little  above  centre  of  discocellnlar,  6  from  upper  angle  of  cell,  7,  8,  9,  10 
stalked  from  angle  ;  11  from  cell,  anastomosing  with  12  and  10  with  11:  hind- 
wings,  with  6,  7  stalked  ;  3  from  before  end  of  cell. 

Type  :  Heterocrita  araria  Guen.  (Racheospiki). 

The  structure  of  the  antennae  separates  this  species  from  Racheospila  ;  and  the 
absence  of  abdominal  crests  from  Lophocrita  Warr.,  with  which  it  otherwise  agrees. 

Melochlora  gen.  nov. 

Allied  to  Dichorda  Warr.  and  Tachjphyle  Bntl.,  from  both  of  which  it  is  at 
once  separated  by  the  wing  outline.  In  both  wings  the  hindmargin  is  angled  at 
vein  4,  and  in  the  forewings  concave  between  the  angle  and  apex. 

The  antennae  in  the  i  are  evenly  pectinated. 

Type  :  Melochlora  nets  Drnce  {TachyphyWi). 

31.  Melochlora  trimaculata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  dnll  grass-green  ;  the  lines  olive-green  ;  first  very  obscure,  slightly 
curved,  at  one-third  ;  second  broad,  nearly  straight,  distinct,  from  costa  a  little 
before  apex  to  two-thirds  of  inner  margin  ;  this  line  is  edged  outwardly  and  the 
first  inwardly  by  a  faintly  lustrous  bluish  tint,  which  also  suffuses  the  lower  half 
of  the  central  area  ;  cell-spot  brown  ;  fringe  green. 

Hindwings  :  with  a  single  central  line,  continuing  the  outer  line  of  forewings, 
and  having  a  blackish  spot  below  the  costal  edge  ;  a  brown  cell-spot  ;  three  small 
blackish  blotches  in  an  oblique  line  parallel  to  hindmargin  below  apex. 

Underside  paler  green  ;  forewing  witli  a  dull  blackish  blotch  along  snbmedian 


(  446  ) 

area  from  liase  of  cell  to  midwing,  and  an  irregnlaily  edged  curved  snbmarginal 
fascia  from  vein  0  to  inner  margin  ;  hindwing  with  bnth  blotches  larger  au<l  more 
develo])ed  :  celi-sjiot  of  forewing  black,  distinct.  Palpi  ochreous  fuscous,  flecked 
above  with  whitish  ;  face  and  thorax  green  ;  vertex  green,  varied  with  ochreous 
across  the  fillet  ;  abdomen  ochreous ;  antennae  with  shaft  ferruginous,  the  pectina- 
tions black  and  white  ;  legs  and  underside  of  abdomen  ochreous. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  38  mm. 

One  (J  from  Chiriqui. 

Close  to  Melochlora  neis  Drnce  {Tachyphyle  ?)  of  wliicli  it  may  be  a  less  marked 
form. 

32.  Melochlora  vivida  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  vivid  green  ;  the  costa  ochreous,  with  short  brown  strigae  :  a 
straight  oblique  darker  green  pale-edged  outer  line  from  two-thirds  of  inner  margin, 
becoming  obsolete  before  reaching  the  costa  ;  a  brown  cell-spot ;  fringe  green,  with 
a  deeper  dividing  line  ;  a  minute  red-brown  fleck  at  apex. 

Hiiulwings  :  the  same,  but  with  the  line  curved. 

Underside  paler  green,  with  no  markings  but  the  dark  cell-spots,  and  a  blackish 
smear  on  the  hindwing  below  the  origin  of  vein  2,  which  shows  through  faintly 
above.  Palpi  dull  greyish  ochreous,  speckled  above  with  white;  face  greenish 
ochreous,  edged  with  white  below  ;  vertex  the  same  ;  thorax  and  patagia  green  ; 
abdomen  ochreous  tinged  with  green  ;  beneath  whitish  ochreous,  like  the  legs  ; 
antennae  red,  speckled  with  white. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  24  mm. 

One  6  from  Ciudad  Bolivar,  Venezuela  (Klages). 

Resembling  opaca  Butler,  from  which  it  is  distinguished  by  the  elbowed 
hindwiugs  and  the  absence  of  markings  on  the  underside.  Nemoria  nigro-apicalis 
Dogn.,  from  ( 'olombia,  is  probably  allied  ;  but  that  species  is  larger,  and  the  shape 
of  the  hindwings  is  not  given. 


Mesothea  gen.  nov. 

Walker's  species  Nemoria  incertata  (=  oporaria  Zell.  Verh.  Z.  B.  Ver.  Wien 
1872  p.  481  =gratata  Pack.  Mon.  Geom.,  p.  373.  t.  10.  f.  79)  will  not  fit  into 
any  of  the  existing  genera.  The  c?  antennae  are  not  simple,  but  dentate,  with 
fascicles  of  cilia,  as  in  the  genus  Mixocera  Warr.,  with  which,  however,  it  does  not 
agree  in  neuration.  In  Mixocem  veins  6,  7,  8,  9,  10,  11  of  forcwings  are  all  stalked 
together,  and  11  anastomoses  with  12  ;  in  incertata  vein  11  is  free  from  the  cell, 
approximated  to  liut  not  anastomosing  with  12  ;  0,  7,  8,  9,  10  are  stalked,  and  10  is 
closely  ajiproximated  to  II,  without,  however,  anastomosing  with  it :  besides  wliich 
im-m-tata  has  a  frenulum,  while  the  genus  Mixocera  has  none.  The  hind-tibiae  have 
terminal  spurs  only,  as  in  Ilemithea,  in  which  genus  incertata  might  be  placed,  if 
the  antennae  agreed. 

I  propose,  therefore,  to  make  it  the  typo  of  a  new  genus,  Mesothea. 

In  the  Tranmctiom  of  the  American  Entomological  Society,  1896,  p.  313, 
Mr.  Hulst  refers  incertata  to  Eucrostis  ;  but  that  genus  wants  the  frenulum.  He 
also  states  that  veins  10,  11,  and  12  anastomose.  As  far  as  I  have  seen,  they 
ajjproximate  only  without  anastomosing. 


(  447  ) 

Miantonota  Warr.,  Nov.  Zool.  II.  jj.  89. 

In  the  description  of  this  genns  the  t?  was  stated  to  have  lint  one  terminal 
spnr  on  the  hind-tibiae.  I  am  now  of  opinion  that  the  example  from  which  the 
description  was  drawn  was  malformed  or  damaged.  The  hind-tibiae  are  thickened, 
armed  internally  with  a  pencil  of  hairs,  and  externally  with  a  process  extending 
beyond  the  end  of  tibia,  with  two  pairs  of  short  spnrs. 

The  species  described  as  Rachcospila  rcmota  (Nov.  Zool.  VII.  p.  139)  should 
be  transferred  to  Miantonota,  the  abdomen  being  without  either  the  dorsal  spots  or 
crests  of  Racheospila  Gnen.  and  Rackeolopha  Warr.,  but  differing  from  the  type- 
species  Miantonota  integra  in  having  the  abdomen  wholly  green,  without  the  three 
red  segments. 

Neocrasis  gen.  nov. 

Forewings :  costa  curved  at  base  and  towards  apex,  straight  between  ;  hind- 
margin  with  a  strong  tooth  at  vein  4  and  a  small  one  at  vein  7,  strongly  concave 
between  the  teeth,  obliipie  and  slightly  concave  between  4  and  anal  angle,  which  is 
well  marked. 

Hindwings :  kite-shaped  ;  the  hindmargin  produced  into  a  strong  tooth  at 
vein  4,  the  margin  above  and  below  nearly  straight  ;  both  apical  and  anal  angles 
well  marked  ;  antennae  (<?)  bipectinated  ;  palpi  porrect,  stout ;  basal  joint  hairy, 
second  less  so,  third  short,  blunt ;  tongue  and  frenulum  present ;  hindlegs  broken 
off ;  abdomen  without  tufts. 

JSexration  :  forewings,  cell  two-fifths  of  wing  :  discocellular  strongly  incurved 
at  middle  ;  first  median  nervule  just  beyond  middle,  second  close  to  third  ;  vein  5 
from  upper  third  of  discocellular  :  6  from  upper  angle  of  cell,  whence  also  the 
common  stem  of  7,  8,  9, 10  ;  11  free.  Hindwings,  3,  4,  and  6,  7  very  shortly  stalked, 
the  rest  as  in  forewings. 

Type  :  Neocrasis  obscurata  sp.  nov. 


33.  Neocrasis  obscurata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  dull  dark  green  ;  the  costal  edge  yellow,  with  purplish  striae  ; 
lines  marked  by  white  dots  on  the  veins,  the  central  space  being  deeper  green  along 
the  lines  ;  the  onter  line  angled  on  veins  4  and  C  ;  cell-spot  deep  green  ;  marginal 
line  deep  green,  interrupted  at  the  vein  ends  ;  fringe  pale  green,  chequered  with 
dark  at  apex,  at  tiie  two  teeth,  and  at  anal  angle. 

Hindwings :  similar,  without  first  line,  and  with  the  costal  edge  green. 

Underside  clondy  greyish  green  ;  both  wings  with  a  broad  smoky  blackish 
marginal  fascia,  complete  in  the  hindwings  from  apex  to  anal  angle, 'in  the  forewings 
fading  ont  towards  costa  ;  costal  edge  of  forewings  broadly  yellow  throughout,  of 
hindwings  with  some  dark  scales  at  middle  ;  cell-spots,  marginal  line,  and  chequering 
of  fringe  blackish.  Face  and  palpi  yellow-green  ;  head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  dull 
green,  the  abdomen  becoming  yellower  ;  forelegs  with  femora  and  tibiae  yellowish, 
the  tarsi  blackish. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  27  mm. 

One  c?  from  Colombia. 

Unlike  any  other  South  American  insect  of  the  subfamily. 


(  448  ) 

34.  Oospila  ruptimacula  sp.  nov. 

Foreirings :  grass  greeu  ;  thu  c.osta  orange-pink  with  dense  jinrplish  black 
striae  ;  bone-colonred  blotches  tinged  with  flesh-colour  and  speckled  with  purple  at 
apex  and  anal  angle,  as  in  albicoma  Feld.  and  conrini/a  Warr.,  but  different  in  shape  ; 
the  apical  blotch  narrowly  edged  with  greyish  purple,  which  forms  three  slightly 
rounded  lobes  from  apex  to  vein  4,  along  which  it  runs  nearly  to  margin,  connected 
by  a  narrow  greyish  pnrple  marginal  streak  with  the  anal  blotch,  which  reaches 
half-way  along  inner  margin  and  does  not  extend  beyond  vein  2,  except  towards  the 
cell,  where  it  forms  a  rounded  projection  touching  end  of  cell  :  fringe  greyish  purple, 
except  beyond  apical  blotch,  where  it  is  bone-coloured  ;  dark  marginal  spots  between 
the  veins,  which  are  plain  only  in  the  blotches. 

Himlwings :  with  three  bone-coloured  blotches  ;  one  oval  and  small  at  apex 
between  veins  7  and  8,  a  large  horseshoe-shaped  one  between  veins  4  and  6,  and  an 
elongated  blotch  along  inner  margin  to  one-third  from  base,  bounded  above  by 
vein  2,  except  for  a  projection  like  that  in  the  forewings,  but  smaller  ;  the  apical 
blotch  is  connected  with  the  middle  one  by  a  dark-edged  pale  patch,  and  the  middle 
one  with  the  anal  blotch  by  a  greyish  purple  streak,  as  in  forewings  ;  a  silvery  white 
spot  at  each  end  of  the  discoccllular  and  one  at  the  base  of  the  wing  ;  a  continuous 
purple  marginal  lino,  crenulate  above  middle  ;  fringe  bone-coloured,  chequered 
with  purple. 

Underside  pale  whitish  green,  with  the  pale  blotches  shown  in  transparence  ; 
base  of  costa  of  forewings  bright  rufous  ;  fringe  purplish.  Palpi  externally,  face, 
and  forelegs  red;  fillet,  base,  and  shaft  of  antennae  snow-white;  vertex,  thorax, 
and  ])atagia  green  ;  abdomen  bone-colour,  with  reddish  marks  along  dorsum. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  40  mm. 

One  cJ  from  Paramba,  Ecuador,  November  to  December  1898. 

Agrees  in  point  of  size  with  albicoma  Feld.,  but  in  markings  more  resembles 
concinna  Warr. 

35.  Phrudocentra  pupillata  ab.  submaculata  nov. 

Differs  from  the  type  form  in  having  a  broad  blackish  cloud  on  the  underside  of 
hindwings,  reaching  from  vein  5  to  the  submedian  fold. 
One  cJ  from  Colombia. 

30.  Racheospila  astraeoides  sp.  nov. 

Forewings:  pale  semi-hyaline  green;  the  costal  area  yellowish,  the  extreme 
edge  snow-white ;  two  fine  pale  lines,  one  curved  at  one-third,  the  other  from  three- 
fourths  of  costa  to  four-fifths  of  inner  margin,  delicately  luuulate  and  dentate 
externally  ;  a  small  reddish  cell  spot  ;  marginal  line  thick,  deep  red,  interrupted  by 
the  pale  veins,  and  curved  shortly  round  the  apex  beneath  tlie  pale  costal  area  ; 
fringe  white  with  fine  reddish  mottliugs. 

Himlwings  :  with  outer  line  only  ;  an  oblong  red-brown  patch  on  inner  margin, 
narrowed  to  base  and  anal  angle,  edged  inwardly  with  yellowish  ;  marginal  red  line 
swollen  at  each  end  ;  fringe  of  inner  margin  on  lower  half  red-brown,  on  upjier  half 
white. 

Underside  whitish  green  ;  the  marginal  line  indistinct. 

Face  above  rosy,  with  two  dull  green  patches  ;  below  pale  green  with  two  rosy 


(  449  ) 

Iioints  ;  palpi  rosy  above,  pale  green  undcrueath  ;  vertex  and  shaft  of  antennae 
white  ;  collar  narrowly  red  ;  shonlders  yellnwish  green  ;  jiatagia  green  ;  thorax  and 
abdomen  dark  red-brown  ;  the  three  middle  segments  of  abdomen  tipped  with 
white  ;  anal  tuft  and  abdomen  underneath  white. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   18  mm. 

One  S  from  Chimbo,  Ecuador,  August  1.807,  lUOO  ft.  (Rosenberg). 

I  was  at  first  inclined  to  consider  this  a  dwarf  example  of  R.  astraea,  Druce  ; 
but  a  careful  comparison  of  his  description  and  figure  induced  me  to  describe  it  as 
new. 

37.  Racheospila  bidentifera  sp.  nov. 

Forewings:  pale  yellowish  green,  semi-transparent  ;  costal  s])ace  broadly  dull 
purple-brown,  emitting  two  teeth  of  the  same  colour,  the  first  reaching  nearly  to  the 
lower  end  of  the  discocellular,  the  second  smaller,  running  above  vein  6  towards 
hindmargin  ;  the  costal  edge  from  near  base  to  beyond  middle  finely  snow-white  ; 
marginal  line  purple-brown,  preceded  by  a  lilac  space  increasing  gradually  in 
breadth  to  the  anal  angle,  and  itself  preceded  by  a  purple-brown  band  similarly 
increasing  in  breadth  towards  inner  margin,  which  it  meets  at  three-fourths  ;  the 
inner  edge  of  this  band  is  Innulate  between  the  veins,  and  sends  out  purple-brown 
teeth  along  the  nervules  across  the  lilac  band  ;  fringe  whitish,  tinged  towards  base 
with  purple-brown  scales. 

Hindwings  :  with  marginal  bands  and  fringe  as  in  forewings,  but  the  bands  are 
broadest  near  costa  ;  inner  margin  purjile-brown,  the  streak  narrowing  from  anal 
angle  to  one-third  from  base,  where  it  ceases  ;  a  minute  brown  cell-spot. 

In  both  wings  faint  traces  of  a  pale  waved  inner  and  outer  line  can  be  seen. 
Underside  very  pale  green,  with  the  purple  marks  of  the  upperside  all  showing 
through.  Face  and  palpi  reddish  above,  greenish  below  ;  fillet  and  antennal  shaft 
snow-white  ;  collar,  thorax,  and  abdomen  purple-brown,  the  last  with  a  white  dorsal 
streak,  the  anal  segment  and  underside  also  being  white  ;  jiatagia  green. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  23  mm. 

One  cJ  from  Colombia. 

A  very  distinct  species. 

38.  Racheospila  decorata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  yellowish  green,  semi-transparent  ;  the  costa  pale,  edged  below 
with  reddish,  and  marked  wholly  with  reddish  at  the  base  ;  two  fine  strongl}' 
dentate  pale  lines,  antemedian  and  postmedian  ;  a  large  brick-red  cell-spot,  a  series 
of  brick-red  marginal  lunules,  edged  inwardly  with  yellowish  ;  the  two  beyond  the 
cell  much  elongated,  those  at  anal  angle  forming  a  large  elongated  blotch  ;  fringe 
damaged,  apparently  green  with  brick-red  mottlings. 

Hindwings  :  with  both  the  pale  lines  present  ;  the  cell-spot  still  larger,  its 
centre  with  metallic  scales  ;  the  lunules  at  apex  and  anal  angle  large,  a  brick-red 
streak  on  inner  margin  between  the  two  lines. 

Underside  pale  green,  with  the  red  markings  showing  through. 

Head  worn  ;  thorax  green  ;  abdomen  reddish  above,  with  small  white  spots, 
edged  with  deeper  red  on  middle  segments. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   18  mm. 

One  c?  from  Chimbo,  Ecuador,  July  1897,  lUOO  ft.  (Rosenberg). 


(  450  ) 

3ft.  Racheospila  diaphana  »\>.  nov. 

Foreu'ings :  very  pale  green,  with  darker  green  scales  intermixed,  semi-trans- 
parent ;  the  costa  narrowly  dnll  red-brown ;  cell-spot  large,  diffuse,  red-brown  ;  a 
very  obscnre  pale  curved  first  line  at  one-fourth,  a  regnlarly  dentate  Innnlate  outer 
line  at  three-fonrths,  parallel  to  liindmargin  ;  marginal  line  red-brown,  thickened 
and  slightly  dentate  inwards  between  the  veins  ;  fringe  white,  chequered  with  red- 
brown  beyond  the  vein-ends. 

Iliiylwinqs :  similar  ;  the  marginal  line  more  strongly  marked,  and  preceded  by 
a  slight  yellow  tinge,  which  is  scarcely  perceptible  in  the  forewings. 

Underside  whiter,  with  the  cell-spots  and  marginal  line  red-brown  ;  costa  of 
forewings  diffusely  and  broadly  red-brown  at  base. 

Face  below  and  vertex  snow-white  ;  upper  half  of  face,  collar,  and  paljii  red  ; 
thorax  and  abdomen  pale  green,  the  latter  with  white  spots  diffusely  edged  with 
red-brown. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  30  mm. 

Two  ?  ?  from  Surco,  Peru,  February  1900,  dry  season  (2000  feet),  and  Marca, 
Peru,  December  1800,  wet  season  (3000  ft.)  (Simons). 

Allied  to  R.  mustela  Druce. 

40.  Racheospila  semiornata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  grass-green,  without  any  yellowish  tinge  ;  costal  edge  whitish  ;  the 
spots  dull  red,  placed  much  as  in  R.  lajai/aria  Dogn.,  but  all  smaller,  not  edged 
with  dark  brown  or  externally  with  yellow,  their  outline  minutely  crenulate  and 
irregular  ;  cell-spots  smaller. 

IIiii(hcings  :  as  in  lafayaria,  with  the  same  differences.  Fringe  of  both  wings 
dull  reddish,  chequered  with  darker  red  beyond  the  veins.  Both  iu  this  species  and 
in  that  which  I  identify  as  lafayaiia,  there  are  traces  on  both  wings  of  inner  and 
outer  dentate-lunulate  darker  green  paler  edged  lines. 

Underside  whitish  green,  with  only  the  apical  blotches  represented,  and  the 
cell-spots.  Face  and  jmlpi  red  ;  fillet  white  ;  vertex  and  patagia  green  ;  thorax 
and  abdomen  red,  the  last  with  three  white  spots,  not  always  all  distinct,  and 
smaller  than  those  iu  lafuijaria  ;  basal  joint  and  basal  third  of  antennae  white,  the 
rest  red  ;  in  lafayaria  the  whole  of  tlie  antennae  is  wliite. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   30  mm. 

2  $i  from  Chiriqui,  Panama,  whence  also  comes  the  specimen  identified  as 
lafayaria.  In  neither  species  can  I  see  any  signs  of  the  two  white  spots  iu  the 
apical  blotches  of  the  wings  beneath,  as  mentioned  by  Dognin. 

Dognin  gives  the  same  expanse,  30  mm.,  for  his  species  ;  the  example  from 
Chiriqui  measures  35  mm.  ;  so  that  it  is  possible  this  may  be  a  third  species  distinct 
from  either  of  those  above  mentioned. 

41.  Racheospila  vinocincta  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  dull  pale  green,  without  markings,  except  a  small  red  cell-spot 
with  white  centre;  costal  area  rather  broadly  vinous  red,  the  costal  edge  narrowly 
white  ;  marginal  line  thick,  deep  red,  interrupted  at  the  vein-ends  ;  fringe  whitish, 
with  slight  red  markings  beyond  veins. 

Hindicings :  with  the  cell-spot  and  marginal  line  as  in  forewings  ;  inner 
margin  narrowly  red. 


(  451   ) 

Underside  as  above,  but  all  the  tiuts  paler.  Face  and  palpi  bright  red,  paler 
below  ;  vertex  white,  crowa  red  ;  thorax  and  patagia  greeu  ;  abdomen  red  with 
white  dorsal  spots. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  32  mm. 

1  ?  from  Chiriqui,  Panama. 

42.  Rhodochlora  rothschildi  sp.  nov. 

Forewim/s :  pea-green  ;  iirst  line  represented  by  a  large  yellow  patch  between 
the  median  and  submedian  veins,  its  outer  edge  curved,  traversed  by  an  angled 
broad  red  streak  wjiich  extends  below  the  submedian  and  above  the  median  ; 
outer  line  consisting  of  well-defined  black-brown  lunules  with  rosy  edging,  starting 
from  inner  margin  before  anal  angle  and  ending  on  vein  0  ;  from  vein  3  to  inner 
margin  the  lunules  traverse  a  yellow  space,  the  area  beyond  it  at  anal  angle  being 
occupied  by  a  blackish  brown  cloud  which  also  reaches  to  vein  6,  diverging  from 
hindmargin  above  vein  4  ;  cell-spot  brown  ;  fringe  whitish  green,  brownish  towards 
jinal  angle,  and  with  a  small  brown  speck  at  apex. 

Hindwings :  with  basal  two-thirds  hyaline  yellowish  ;  a  curved  diflfnse  dark 
olive-grey  band  at  one-third,  and  a  black-brown  well-defined  luuulate  dentate  line 
at  two-thirds  ;  marginal  area  green,  the  apex  black-brown,  with  a  rufous  patch 
extending  to  vein  4,  beyond  a  yellow  patch  which  limits  the  dentate  line  externally 
from  costa  to  middle  of  inner  margin,  and  a  small  patch  beyond  cell  green. 

Underside  of  forewings  dull  green  in  costal  half,  the  inner  area  white ; 
a  brown  narrow  cloud  from  anal  angle  ;  hindwings  wholly  violet,  the  margin 
narrowly  greenish,  with  an  elongated  dark  brown  apical  patch.  Palpi  deep  red, 
beneath  whitish  ;  face  orange,  with  three  reddish  orange  flecks  above  :  vertex  and 
basal  joint  of  antennae  snow-white ;  antennae  ochreous ;  thorax  pale  green  ; 
abdomen  yellowish  white  ;  underside  of  abdomen  and  legs  white  ;  extremities  of 
all  the  tibiae  blotched  with  dark  fuscous. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  60  mm. 

A:  $  S  from  Chiriqui. 

A  very  beautiful  insect,  evidently  closely  allied  to  R.  gaujoniaria  Dogn.,  but 
that  species  has  the  face  and  palpi  black.  In  one  example  the  area  between  veins 
1  and  2  is  yellow  with  transverse  green  streaks,  instead  of  being  wholly  green. 

43.  Tachyphyle  occulta  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  dull  green,  with  scattered  purplish  striae;  cell-spot  large,  purplish; 
first  line  represented  by  a  purplish  streak  at  costa  and  a  spot  on  median  and  sub- 
median  veins  respectively  ;  outer  line  obsolete,  e.Kcept  towards  inner  margin,  where 
it  is  marked  by  a  spot  on  the  submedian ;  a  purplish  streak  at  apex  ;  fringe 
apparently  green. 

Hindwings :  with  reddish  cell-spot,  and  faintly  marked  reddish  central  line, 
which  is  slightly  bent  in  below  the  median  vein. 

Underside  yellow-green,  with  all  the  margins  whitish,  except  costal  margin 
of  forewing,  which  remains  greenish  yellow  ;  cell-spots  red-brown.  Collar,  thorax, 
and  abdomen  yellow-green  ;  vertex,  face,  and  palpi  white  ;  these  last  with  a  slight 
ochreous  flush. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  31  mm. 


(  452  ) 

One  (?  from  Colombia. 

Nearest  to  T.  undilineatn  Wan-.,  from  Rio  Uemerara,  of  wliioli  it  may  lie  a 
less  marked  form. 

Subfamily  STERRHINAE. 
44.  Anisodes  argenticristata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  pale  lirowuisli  grej',  with  tine  lilaclv  dusting  along  tlie  costa  only  ; 
a  black  dot  at  base;  first  line  at  one-fifth,  blackish,  very  fine,  marked  by  black 
dots  in  cell  and  on  snbmedian  fold  as  well  as  on  the  three  veins  ;  cell-spot  silvery 
white,  consisting  of  raised  scales,  placed  close  before  an  obscure  browuisli  median 
shade  ;  outer  line  at  fdur-fifths,  outcurved  lietweou  veins  7  and  2,  marked  by  black 
vein-dots  and  a  slightly  paler  space  beyond  ;  marginal  dots  black  ;  friuge  concolorous. 

Ilindwings :  the  same  ;  the  white  cell-scales  slighter,  but  surrounded  by  a 
black  oval  ring. 

Underside,  especially  in  the  forewings,  rosy  ;  the  cell-spots  and  outer  lines 
dark.  Palpi  reddish,  jialer  beneath  ;  face  brown,  whitish  below  ;  vertex,  thorax, 
and  abdomen  pale  grey  ;  abdomen  with  triangular  silvery  white  crests  on  the 
middle  segments.     Hind-tibiae  of  S  with  terminal  spurs  only. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  23  mm. 

Two  (S(S,  I  ?,  from  Sao  Paolo,  Brazil. 

45.  Anisodes  aspera  sji.  nov. 

Forewings:  yellowish  suffused  with  rufous,  and  densely  but  roughly  dusted 
with  fine  black  atoms  :  the  lines  rufous,  obscure  ;  first  at  one-fourth,  curved, 
jirojecting  in  cell  and  on  snbmedian  fold  ;  median  shade  sinnous ;  outer  line 
indistinctly  dentate  ;  submargiual  pale,  hardly  marked  ;  marginal  points  small ; 
fringe  yellow  ;  cell-spot  small,  snow-white,  with  fine  black  edging. 

Him/wings:  without  first  line ;  the  cell-spot  larger,  oval,  of  silvery  raised  scales. 

Underside  straw-colour,  suflused  and  speckled  with  rosy  in  the  forewings  ; 
with  the  lines  and  a  row  of  marginal  luuules  rosy  ;  outer  line  and  the  marginal 
Innnles  only  visible  in  hindwings.  Palpi  externally  and  upper  part  of  face  rosy  ; 
vertex,  antennae,  thorax,  and  abdomen  rufous  speckled  with  black. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  48  mm. 

One  <?  from  Popayan,  Colombia  (Lehmann). 

Nearest  to  A.  lancearia  Felder. 

40.  Anisodes  plenistig'ma  sp.  nov. 

Forewings. :  bone-colour,  dusted  with  rufous  and  fuscous  scales  ;  the  lines  all 
oblique,  much  as  in  .1.  bipartita  Warr. ;  first  very  obscure,  angled  in  middle  ; 
median  shade  dentate,  from  two-thirds  of  costa  to  middle  of  inner  margin,  passing 
just  beyond  a  large  round  brown-black  cell-spot  ;  outer  line  fine,  dentate,  from 
five-sixths  of  costa  to  jnst  beyond  middle  of  inner  margin,  close  to  median  shade, 
followed  closely  by  a  diflnse  clotid  ;  submarginal  line  waved,  of  the  pale  gronnd- 
colonr,  followed  by  an  obscure  cloudy  fascia  :  a  row  of  dark  spots  between  the 
veins  before  the  hindmargin  ;  fringe  concolorous  ;  all  the  lines  and  shades  darker 
beyond  the  cell. 


(  4o3  ) 

Ilindu-ings :  with  all  the  lines  ;  the  cell-spot  larger,  chestnut-brown,  marked 
above  with  black. 

Underside  with  the  cell-spots  and  all  the  markings  grey.  Face  and  palpi 
dark  brown  ;  thorax  and  abdomen  concolorons  with  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  3iS  mm. 

One  S  from  Chinqni,  Panama. 

Allied  to  bipartita  Warr,  bnt  apj)arently  distinct.  The  hind-tibiae  with  three 
spurs,  as  in  risoi-ara. 

47.  Anteois  croceofimbriata  sp.  uov. 

Foreirings :  pale  ochreous,  with  a  slight  flesh-coloured  tinge,  and  dusted  with 
blackisli  ;  basal  and  median  lines  very  indistinct,  indicated  by  faint  brown  shades, 
the  latter  ontcurved  round  the  rather  large  dark  cell-spot ;  outer  line  near  hind- 
margin,  black  and  distinct,  irregularly  insinuate  beyond  cell  and  on  submedian 
fold,  thi'  marginal  space  beyond  browner  oclireons,  becoming  brown  at  anal  angle  ; 
fringe  yellow  ochreous,  with  dots  of  dark  scales  along  base  bcj-ond  the  vein-ends, 
at  anal  angle  brown. 

lUvdwiMjn  :  similar,  without  basal  line  ;  cell-spot  smaller  ;  marginal  space  not 
brown  at  anal  angle,  but  slightly  darker  at  apex,  as  are  the  fringes  there. 

Underside  flushed  with  rosy  ;  outer  line  followed  by  a  thick  blackish  brown 
shade.  Thorax,  abdomen,  legs,  and  antennae  concolorons  with  wings ;  vertex, 
face,  and  palpi  brown. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  26  mm. 

One  c?  from  Lita,  Ecuador,  3000  feet  (Flemming). 

The  hindwings  have  the  hindmargin  slightly  protuberant  at  middle. 

48.  Anteois  pygmaeata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  ochreous,  slightly  dusted  with  darker  scales  ;  lines  thick,  purplish  ; 
first  curved,  at  one-fourth  ;  outer  at  five-sixths,  minutely  crenulate,  and  slightly 
curved  outwards  from  sulicostal  to  submedian  vein  ;  the  basal  find  narrow  marginal 
areas  are  filled  np  with  purplish  grey  scales,  except  the  apical  area  which  remains 
ochreous  ;  marginal  line  purple-red  ;  fringe  ochreous  with  base  reddish  :  traces 
of  a  faint  median  line,  but  no  cell-sjiot. 

lliiidicinqs  :  ochreous,  with  indistinct  antemedian,  postmedian,  and  snbmarginal 
curved  lines  of  purplish  scales. 

Underside  like  upper,  but  with  only  the  marginal  markings,  and  small  cell- 
spots.  Face,  palpi,  vertex,  thorax,  and  Ijasal  segments  of  abdomen  pnr])lish  brown, 
rest  of  abdomen  ochreous. 

Exjianse  of  wings  :  14  mm. 

One  (?  from  Ciudad  Bolivar,  Venezuela,  June  1898  (Klages). 

Antennae  simply  pubescent  ;  hindlegs  aborted,  the  tibiae  swollen,  the  tarsi 
almost  obsolete.     Resembles  Anteois  deniissaria  Hiib.  in  miniature. 

49.  Arhostia  klagesi  sj).  nov. 

Forewings:  pale  stone-grey,  rather  darker  grey  along  costa  and  hindmargin, 
and  dusted  with  fine  dark  atoms  ;  lines  indistinct ;  the  basal  and  median  grey, 
diffuse;  the  former  slightly  more  visible  near  costa  and   inner  margin,  curved, 

32 


(  454  ) 

before  oiie-tliird  ;  median  from  two-thirds  of  oosta  to  middle  of  inner  margin,  onfc- 
curved  and  iudistiiii'tly  waved,  well  be^-ond  the  small  and  obscure  cell-dot  ;  outer 
line,  tliread-like,  at  five-sixths,  marked  with  darker  scales  on  the  veins,  oblique 
outwards  to  vein  7,  then  vertical  to  vein  6,  incurved  to  vein  4,  and  with  another 
sinus  inwards  on  snbmedian  fold ;  submars;inal  pale  line  hardly  visible  :  marginal 
line  fine,  dark,  interrniited  at  veins  :  fringe  grey  with  distinct  blackish  dots  at  base 
beyond  veins. 

Iliiididnys :  like  forewings,  but  without  basal  line. 

Underside  mnch  darker,  thickly  suffused  with  fnscons  grey,  with  all  markings 
darker.  Vertex,  antennae,  collar,  and  thorax  paler  grey  than  wings  ;  face  and 
palpi  black  ;  abdomen  discoloured,  probably  grey  like  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  26  mm. 

One  ¥  from  Snapure,  Venezuela,  October  1900  (Klages). 

The  insect  bears  some  resemblance  to  Ptychop.  lowfipcddta  Warr.,  but  the 
position  of  the  median  line  of  forewings  is  quite  different.  In  both  wings  the  hind- 
margin  is  subcrenulate,  more  conspicuously  so  in  the  hindvvings,  wliich  have  a  slight 
tooth  at  vein  4  ;  veins  6  and  7  of  hindwings  stalked. 

.50.  Arhostia  pulverata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  dingy  grey,  speckled  with  black ;  the  lines  obscurely  indicated  in 
dark  grey  ;  the  first  curved  at  one-third,  the  second  at  three-fourths,  curved  out- 
wards towards  hindmargin,  then  inwards  to  below  discal  spot;  cell-s])ot  dark  grey  ; 
median  and  snVunarginal  lines  hardly  traceable  ;  fringe  light  and  dark  grey  ;  no 
marginal  dots  or  line. 

lliiuhcings :  the  same. 

Underside  of  forewings  dark  grey,  of  hindwings  pale  grey,  both  dark  speckled, 
with  the  cell-spots  and  lines  barely  indicated.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  like 
wings  ;  face  and  palpi  dark  brown. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   19  mm. 

One  ?  from  (Jarobas,  Pern,  2500  ft.,  March  1S99  (Simons). 

Forewings  elongate  ;  hindmargin  oblique  ;  hindwings  with  hindmargin  indented 
beyond  cell. 

•51.  Craspedia  crenatilinea  sji.  nov. 

Very  much  like  umhilicata  Fab.,  with  which  it  has  doubtless  been  confounded, 
as  the  forewings  possess  the  small  dark  aj)ical  spot  of  that  species  ;  it  may  be 
distinguished  not  only  by  its  larger  average  size,  but  mainly  by  the  crenulated,  not 
undulated,  outer  line  of  both  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  28  mm. 

One  ?  from  Hnamachuco,  Pern,  November  1899,  3200  ft.,  dry  interval  (Simons). 

Guenee  gives  2't  mm.  only  for  his  uiiihilicat((,  which  he  snpjioses  to  be  identical 
with  the  species  of  Fabricius ;  Walker's  huloctaria  is  22  mm.  in  expanse,  and 
niyroajjicata  of  Thierry-Mieg  is  also  20  mm.  They  all  speak  of  the  outer  line 
as  undulated.  Mr.  Schaus  detected  two  examples  of  the  present  form  among  his 
umliiliritfa. 

.52.  Craspedia  falcataria  sp.  nov. 
Forcicings :  dull  chalk-white,  finely  dusted  with  black  atoms,  especially  along 
the  course  of  the  lines,  which  are  ochreous  grey,  all  oblique  parallel  to  the  oblique 


(  4oo  ) 

liiiulmargin  ;  meiliaii  shade,  its  inner  edge  lannlate  and  siiinate,  broader  on  inner 
margin,  from  middle  of  this  margin  to  fonr-fifths  of  costa ;  outer  line,  half-way 
between  median  and  hindmargin,  dentate  Innulateand  slightly  dark-dotted  on  veins  ; 
snbmarginal  line  pale,  obscure,  between  two  equally  obscure  shades  ;  marginal  spots 
small,  black  ;  rell-spot  grey-brown  ;  fringe  concolorous  :  there  are  traces  of  a 
curved  inner  line,  on  costa  and  above  inner  margin,  probably  well-marked  when 
fresh. 

Hindwings :  similar,  without  l)asal  line;  median  shade  thick,  preceding  the 
cell-dot  ;  the  other  lines  as  in  fore  wings. 

Underside  duller,  but  the  cell-spots  lilack  and  distinct.  Face  and  palpi  black- 
lirown,  whitish  below  ;  vertex,  thorax,  and  abdomen  like  wingB. 

E.xpanse  of  wings  :  26  mm. 

One  ?  from  Carobas,  Pern,  2.'500  ft.  December  1899  (Simons). 

Forewings  with  costa  curved  before  apex,  which  is  produced  and  shortly 
snbtiilcate ;  hindmargin  very  oblique,  slightly  bulged  at  middle  ;  hindwings  with 
hindmargin  rounded,  and  a  small  tooth  at  middle. 

53.  Craspedia  olivaceata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  dull  greyish  pink  ;  the  lines  very  indistinct,  diffuse  and  waved, 
olivaceous  ;  an  autemedian  at  one-third,  postmedian  at  two-thirds,  and  two  sub- 
terminal,  the  outer  very  slightly  marked  ;  cell-sjjot  large,  elongate,  olivaceous  ; 
fringe  concolorous. 

Hindirings  :  without  first  line. 

Underside  uniform  dull  brownisli  rosy.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  con- 
colorons  with  wings  ;  face,  palpi,  and  collar  darker,  more  brownish. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  22  mm. 

One  ?  from  Suapure,  Venezuela,  July  1899  (Klages). 

The  species  has  a  slight  superficial  resemblance  to  dull  examples  of  species  of 
the  genus  Cali/ptocome. 

54.  Haemalea  simplex  sp.  nov. 

Foreu'htqs :  bone-colour,  sparsely  dusted  with  fine  brown  scales;  tlie  costa  and 
lines  brown ;  the  three  lines  at  equal  distances  from  each  other,  the  first  and  second 
simply  sinuous  and  parallel,  from  one-third  and  tlireo-fifths  of  costa  ros))ectivcly  ; 
the  third  nearer  hindmargin  than  usual,  from  fully  four-fifths  of  costa  to  shortly 
before  anal  angle,  bent  on  vein  6  and  again  below  vein  4,  obscurely  dentate  inward  ; 
a  reddish  brown  triangular  cloud  on  hindmargin  between  veins  4  and  6,  and  a 
slighter  one  towards  anal  angle,  with  scattered  brown  scale-patches  in  the  lower 
half  of  marginal  space  ;  marginal  line  thick,  interrupted  by  veins,  i]ur]ile-brown  ; 
fringe  brown  like  the  lines,  with  indistinct  darker  chequerings  ;  cell-spot  brown, 
distinct. 

Ilinfhvings :  with  only  two  lines,  one  autemedian,  curved,  the  other  post- 
median,  waved,  wider  apart  than  on  forewings  ;  marginal  area  with  darker  brown 
scaling,  but  no  marginal  patches. 

Underside  ochreons,  uudirsted  ;  costal  half  of  basal  area  of  forewing  brown- 
tinged  ;  the  lines  dull  rufous  brown.  Thorax  and  abdomen  ochreons,  vertex 
whitish  ;  face  and  palpi  brown-black. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  22  mm. 


(  45fi  ) 

Olio  ?  from  Miiias  Geraes,  December  ISOS  (Kennedy). 

Belonging  to  the  group  of  ustar/'a  (iuen.,  micaccata  Wlk.,  and  botydaria  Wlk., 
l)nt  distinct  from  all. 

.'iS.  Pogonog'ya  adaucta  ^p.  nov. 

Differs  from  P.  rnfulata  in  the  forewings  lieing  wholly  siiffnsed  with  red, 
except  the  costal  area,  which  is  hroadly  dull  yrllowisli  ochreons  ;  fringe  red  varied 
with  yellow  ;  cell-spot  dnll  red  ;  the  outer  line  very  faint  above  ;  the  hindwings  are 
very  mnrli  the  same  as  in  rufidafa. 

Underside  of  forewings  yellowish,  tinged  with  red,  the  enter  line  ]ilainer  ;  of 
hindwings  wholly  yellow.  Head  and  abdonion  ahove  red  :  ahdoraeu  below  yellow  ; 
thorax  dnll  olive  ochreons,  like  the  costal  area  of  forewings,  but  darker. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  17  mm. 

One  S  from  Rio  Deraerara,  British  Guiana,  July  1897. 

The  hindwings  of  this  c?  are  very  largely  developed  on  the  inner  side  of  the 
fnrrow,  forming  a  flap  which  is  yellow  above  and  below  ;  veins  3  and  4  are  coincident 
throughout,  instead  of  being  stalked. 

50.  Ptychopoda  piperata  s)i.  nov. 

J'on'iciiKjs :  ochreous,  almost  rntirely  covered  with  dense  coarse  brown  scales; 
the  lines  blackish  ;  first  at  one-third,  angled  on  the  subcostal  vein  ;  median  very 
faint,  traversing  the  distinct  blackish  cell-spot,  which  is  followed  by  a  small  pale 
space  of  the  ground-colour  reaching  to  outer  line  :  outer  line  at  three-fourths, 
sliglitly  waved,  nearer  hiudmargin  on  inner  margin  than  on  costa  ;  a  faint  pale 
submarginal  waved  line,  hardly  distinguishable  ;  marginal  line  black,  hroadly 
interrupted  by  pale  dots  at  the  vein-ends  ;  fringe  ochreons. 

Hinihviii()s :  much  paler,  with  very  scanty  dusting,  and  without  first  line. 

Underside  like  hindwings  aliove  :  the  markings  fuscons.  Face,  jialj)i,  and 
collar  dark  brown  ;  vertex  whitish  ;  thorax  and  abdomen  like  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   16  mm. 

One  cJ,  one  ?  from  Sao  Paulo. 

57.  Ptychopoda  subexcisata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  pale  stone-grey,  with  slight  dark  grey  dusting  :  base  tinged  with 
darker  grey;  lines  black,  fine  and  concise:  the  first,  starting  from  a  black  costal  spot 
at  one-third,  runs  at  first  outwards,  is  bluntly  curved  close  before  the  largish  black 
cell-spot,  then  obli([ue  and  fine  to  two-fifths  of  inner  margin  ;  onter  line  at  two- 
thirds,  thicker  and  black,  dentate  Innulate,  closely  preceded  by  a  finer  median  line, 
the  sjmce  between  them  dusted  with  dark  grey  ;  submarginal  line  broad  and  pale 
between  two  grey  shades  ;  fringe  pale,  with  distinct  black  spots  at  base  beyond  veins. 

Ilinclwings :  similar,  but  without  first  line,  the  cell-spot  between  the  other 
two  lines. 

Underside  similar,  with  the  shading  darker.  Face  and  palpi  black-brown  ; 
vertex,  thorax,  and  antennae  pale  grey  ;  abdomen  grey,  with  blackish  dusting. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   10  mm. 

Many  examples  from  Sao  Paulo. 

The  hindwings  have  the  inner  margin  short  and  a  rather  deep  excision  beyond 
the  cell. 

Allied  to  P.  monoqrammafo  finen.,  from  S.  Domingo. 


f   4.57   ) 

•58.  Heterephyra  neximargo  sp.  nov. 

Foreirings:  straw-colour,  diisfed  with  t'erruL;'iiiou.s  orange,  but  the  grouud-colour, 
except  along  hindmargin  and  base  of  inner  margin,  more  or  less  den.sely  snflused 
with  purplish  grey  ;  first  line  obscure,  at  one-fifth,  irregularly  curved,  the  jialo  luisal 
area  suffused  with  grey  along  costal  half ;  median  line  thick  and  distinct  from 
middle  of  costa,  bent  outwards  to  vein  G,  then  vertically  concave  to  vein  4,  then 
slightly  incurved  to  three-fifths  of  inner  margin,  obscurely  lunulate  dentate  ;  outer 
line  distinctly  dentate  lunulate,  the  lunules  filled  in  with  the  i)alc  ground-colour, 
miming  mainly  jiarallel  to  median  line,  from  two-thirds  of  costa  to  four-fifths  of 
inner  margin,  projecting  ioutwards  between  veins  3  and  4,  and  there  followed  by 
a  whitish  oclireons  spot  in  place  of  the  gronad-colour ;  marginal  area  beyond 
])urplisli  grey,  excejit  two  irregularly  semicircular  patches,  one  above,  the  other 
below  the  middle,  traversed  horizontally  liy  the  darker  veins  and  transversely  by 
a  zigzag  line  close  before  the  margin,  the  outer  teeth  of  which  are  joined  by  short 
iuterneural  streaks  to  the  dark  marginal  line  ;  fringe  straw-colour,  chequered  with 
purplish  grey  beyond  the  vein-ends  ;  cell-mark  linear,  varied  with  orange  scales 
and  containing  a  black  dot  at  each  end. 

Hindicimjs :  similar,  but  the  pale  marginal  patches  and  outer  line  lost  in  the 
darker  suffusion  and  only  traceable  near  anal  angle ;  fringe  wholly  dark  purplish 
grey,  the  inner  line  represented  by  a  thick  straight  grey  shade. 

Underside  duller  straw-colour,  without  the  orange  dusting  ;  all  the  markings 
distinct,  purplish  grey,  the  dark  suffusion,  except  towards  hindmargin,  being  very 
much  reduced.  Face  and  palpi  reddish  grey,  paler  below  ;  head  and  patagia  straw- 
colour,  dusted  with  orange  ferruginous  ;  thorax  and  abdomen  purplish  grey  ;  anal 
tufts  yellowish  ochreous. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  32  mm. 

One  6  from  Perene  River,  Peru,  March  1896  (Simons). 

All  the  anal  tufts  very  largely  developed  ;  the  penultimate  segment  of  abdomen 
beneath  with  large  curling  lateral  tufts,  and  the  middle  segments  with  shorter  tufts. 
In  both  wings  the  hindmargin  is  slightly  bent  at  vein  4.  The  species  is  closely 
related  to  Heterephyra  lunifera  Warr.,  from  Colomliia,  described  from  a  S  onlj', 
and  also  to  H.  commaculata  Warr.  {Dysejihi/ra),  from  Rio  Demerara.  All  three 
species  agree  in  having  the  discal  marks  linear,  with  black  dots  at  each  end.  It  is 
not  impossible  that  they  represent  local  forms  of  one  sisecies,  in  which  the  dark 
suffusion  is  liable  to  considerable  variation  both  in  disposition  and  intensity. 

Subfamily  ASTHENINAE. 
59.  Cambogia  cervina  sp.  nov. 

Foreiii/iffs  :  pinkish  fawn-colour,  tlie  usual  waved  cross-lines  brownish  grey 
and  somewhat  indistinct ;  the  outer  edge  of  central  ftiscia  and  a  blotch  on  hind- 
margin between  veins  3  and  4  being  darker  and  more  conspicuous  ;  marginal  spots 
dark  between  the  veins,  not  at  their  ends  :  fringe  pale  fawn-colour ;  cell-spot  small, 
l)lackish. 

llim/iviiigts :  similar,  tlie  central  fascia  narrower. 

Underside  paler.     Head,  thorax  and  abdomen  concolorous,  the  fillet  not  white. 

P]xpanse  of  wings  :  26  mm. 

One  ?  from  Lifa,  Ecuador,  3000  ft.  (Flcmming). 

Distinguished  at  once  by  the  absence  of  all  yellow  tints. 


(   468  ) 

60.  Cambogia  fasciata  sp.  uov. 
Foi-ewings :  lemon-yellow,  the  base  and  costal  area  diffusely  bright  rast-colour, 

with  traces  of  the  commencenaent  of  numerous  transverse  lines,  which  in  j)laces 
form  slight  dots  on  veins,  especially  along  inner  margin  ;  two  of  these  lines  form 
a  dark  rust-colonred  fascia  at  three-fourths,  broader  at  costa ;  traces  of  two  paler 
reddish  lines  before  hindmargin  ;  fringe  yellow  ;  cell-spot  red. 

llindiriiiqs  :  with  the  fascia  curved  ;  a  median  rnsty  line  from  inner  margin  to 
ceJI-spiit,  which  is  dark  brown-red. 

In  both  wings  the  fascia  is  marked  along  the  centre  with  lustrous  scales. 

Underside  with  the  costal  area  of  forewiugs  and  fascia  on  both  wings  dull  red. 
Face,  shoulders,  tips  of  patagia,  and  dorsal  streak  on  abdomen  rust-red  ;  the  rest 
yellow  ;  fillet  broadly  silvery  white. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  24  mm. 

One  cJ  from  L'hiriqui,  Panama. 

01.  Cambogia  nigrosticta  sp.  nov. 

Forewinys  :  rather  bright  fulvous,  more  or  less  suffused  with  grey-brown  or 
fulvous,  this  suffusion  being  deepest  at  base  andalong  costa;  markings  almost  precisely 
as  in  C.  inxlulosata  described  below,  but  the  teeth  on  the  edges  of  the  central  fascia 
velvety  black,  especially  that  between  veins  3  and  4,  which  is  followed  by  a  diU'use 
blackish  blotch  reaching  to  the  hindmargin  ;  all  the  lines  less  distinct  individually, 
owing  to  the  darker  suffusion  ;  the  two  fine  lines  before  the  distinct  dark  cell-spot 
not  visible. 

llindwings  :  the  same. 

Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  like  the  darker  suflusiou  ;  basal  segments  of 
abdomen  with  a  blackish  blotch. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  26  mm. 

One  ?  from  Colombia. 

It  is  possible  that,  notwithstanding  the  difference  of  colour  and  markings,  this 
may  be  a  dark  form  of  C.  uiuhdosata. 

62.  Cambogia  plumbeofasa  sp.  nov. 

Forewiugs  :  yellow,  crossed  by  several  denticulate  orange-red  lines  ;  a  broad 
irregular  leadeu-grey  suffusion  from  base  to  apex,  leaving  the  apical  area  yellow, 
and  throwing  off  a  leaden-grey  cloud  to  hindmargin  between  veins  3  and  4,  which 
is  connected  with  a  similar-coloured  patch  at  anal  angle  ;  fringe  yellow,  varied  with 
orange-red  ;  cell-sjjot  black. 

llindwings :  with  the  whole  outer  half  leadeu-grey  ;  extreme  hindmargin 
yellow  and  orange  ;  cell-spot  black. 

Underside  the  same,  with  all  the  tints  duller.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen 
yellow  varied  with  orange-red. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  29  mm. 

One  S  from  Chirii^ui,  Panama. 

63.  Cambogia  restrictata  sp.  uov. 
Foreivings:  lemon-yellow  :  the  costa  to  beyond  middle  red-brown,  caused   by 
the  confluence  of  oblique  costal  streaks,  which  are  indicated  below  only  by  slight 
dots   on   veins  ;    beyond  the  middle  the  costal   brown  area  is  broader,  indicating 


(  4.>9  ) 

traces  of  two  submargiual  lines,  and  before  them  an  angled  exterior  Hue  reaching 
to  vein  3  and  there  united  laterally  to  a  donble  blotch  representing  the  two 
submarginal  lines,  all  three  below  the  middle  being  marked  only  by  vein-dots  ; 
cell-spot  brown  ;  fi'inge  yellow. 

Hinihcinqs  :  with  the  course  of  the  lines  marked  only  by  vein-dots  ;  one  larger 
blotch  on  middle  of  inner  margin,  and  a  double  one  before  the  angle  at  middle  of 
wing  ;  cell-sjjot  brown. 

Underside  the  same,  but  duller,  and  without  any  vein-dots.  Head,  thorax,  and 
abdomen  yellow  ;  top  of  face  reddish  ;  fillet  silvery  white. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  24  mm. 

One  S  from  t'hiriqui,  Panama. 

64.  Cambogia  transsecta  sp.  nov. 

Forewings:  pale  yellow,  crossed  by  numerous  wavy  interrupted  blood-red  lines, 
marked  in  places  with  lustrous  scaling  ;  a  dark  brown  irregular  streak  from  base 
through  cell  and  between  veins  3  and  4  to  the  hindmargin,  swelling  out  into  a 
black-brown  blotch  beyond  cell  in  the  upper  part  of  the  usual  central  fascia  ;  there 
is  also  a  small  brown  blotch  on  the  outside  of  the  fascia  on  inner  margin,  and  an 
oblique  streak  from  costa  before  apex  ;  fringe  yellow,  chequered  with  red-brown  ; 
cell-spot  indistinct. 

Hindwings :  with  two  antemedian  and  four  jjostmedian  waved  bands,  not 
interrupted  ;  the  second  antemedian  dark  brown  on  the  inner  margin. 

Underside  with  all  the  tints  duller.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  yellow  varied 
with  red-brown  ;  the  face  and  palpi  wholly  reddish. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  26  mm. 

Two  c?  S  from  Chiriqni,  Panama. 

65.  Cambogia  undulosata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings ;  dull  fulvous  yellow  ;  the  transverse  lines  greyer  or  browner 
fulvous  ;  three  waved  lines  near  base,  thicker  towards  costa,  followed  by  two  very 
fine  fulvous  lines  before  the  deep  brown-black  cell-spot,  which  lies  in  a  sinus  of  the 
outer  of  the  two  lines  ;  three  thick  curved  lunnlate  dentate  lines  beyond  middle 
forming  a  darker  fascia,  the  outer  edge  clearly  toothed,  the  teeth  above  vein  6  and 
below  vein  4  more  prominent  ;  pale  band  beyond  this  traversed  by  a  fulvous  waved 
Hue  ;  submarginal  Hue  pale,  emphasised  by  darker  fulvous  waved  shades  on  each 
side,  the  lunule  between  veins  3  and  4  slightly  darker  than  the  rest  ;  a  row  of  brown 
marginal  spots  at  the  end  of  the  veins,  not  between  them  ;  fringe  fulvous  yellow. 

Ilindwings :  similar,  but  the  dark  band  narrower,  and  the  submarginal  shades 
more  broken  up. 

Underside  like  upper,  but  duller  in  tints.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  cou- 
colorous  witli  the  markings  of  the  wings  ;  fillet  whitish. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  20  mm. 

One  ?  from  Colombia. 

60.  Eois  multistrigaria  sp.  nov. 
Forcw/ngs  :  pale  yellow  traversed  by  a  successicjn  of  red-brown  slightly  crenulate 
lines  all  parallel  to  hindmargin  below  the  subcostal  vein,  above  which  they  are 
oblique  outwards  from  the  costa,  and  towards  apex  confluent  ;  three  of  these  are 


(  460  ) 

autemedian  ;  three  postmediau,  thicker  and  close  together,  form  a  slight  baud, 
preceded  and  followed  by  a  yellower  space  ;  the  median  space  broader  and  traversed 
by  a  fine  red-browu  thread  passing  through  the  black  cell-spot ;  the  postmedian 
space  narrower,  but  also  traversed  by  a  thin  line  ;  exterior  line  broadest,  followed 
by  two  submarginal  and  a  marginal  line,  the  last  three  close  together  ;  fringe 
yellow. 

lUndtrings :  with  two  lines  close  to  base,  followed  by  a  clear  yellow  band  ; 
all  the  other  lines  as  in  forewings  ;  the  snbmarginal  lines  slightly  curved,  the 
marginal  bent. 

Underside  duller  ;  the  costal  area  dull  reddish.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen 
yellow  varied  with  red. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  2(5  mm. 

One  d  from  Chiriqui,  Panama. 

The  antennae  are  subserrate  and  ciliate. 


Subfamily  HYDRIOMENINAE. 

Anthalma  gen.  nov. 

Forewings :  costa  swollen  beyond  base  and  slightly  indented  in  middle  :  ape.x 
bhintly  rounded  ;  hindmargin  curved  ;  inner  margin  convex. 

Ilindwings  :  with  both  angles  and  the  hindmargin  rounded. 

Palpi  thick,  porrect,  squamous,  the  third  joint  hidden;  antennae  (?)  thick, 
lamellate  ;  tongue  and  frenulum  present  ;  metathorax  witli  strong  metallic  tuft. 

jS'euration  :  forewings,  cell  only  one-third  of  wing  ;  discocellnlar  nearly  vertical, 
bent  slightly  at  lower  third  ;  first  median  at  two-thirds,  second  and  third  stalked  ; 
lower  radial  from  below  the  centre  of  discocellnlar,  upjjcr  slightly  stalked  with 
7,  8,  9  ;  lu  and  11  close  together  at  one-half  of  cell,  1<I  anastomosing  strongly  with 
11  and  again  with  8,  0:  hindwings,  cell  nearly  one-half  of  wing;  discocellnlar 
angnlated,  but  the  middle  limb  very  short,  radial  from  the  bend,  slightly  below 
the  middle  ;  G  and  7  stalked  ;  vein  3  from  before  end  of  cell. 

Type  :  Ant/talma  latifusciata  sp.  nov. 

67.  Anthalma  latifasciata  sp.  nov. 

Forein'/iffs :  with  the  broad  central  fascia  purplish  fuscous  ;  the  basal  third,  the 
costal  area  beyond  the  fascia,  the  submarginal  line,  and  the  inner  margin  narrowly 
dull  chestnut  ;  basal  patch  small  with  dark  waved  edge,  brown  and  fuscons  ;  central 
fascia  with  inner  edge,  projecting  somewhat  basewards  in  the  middle,  at  one-third  ; 
outer  edge  waved,  from  two-thirds  of  costa  to  three-quarters  of  inner  margin, 
oblique  outwards  to  vein  6,  then  vertical  to  vein  4,  and  then  incurved  ;  the  inner 
edge  is  closely  followed  by  two  dark  waved  lines,  and  the  outer  preceded,  but  at 
more  than  tiie  usnal  distance,  by  two  others  ;  the  waved  band  beyond  central  fascia 
is  chestnnt-browu  to  vein  6,  then  dull  green,  with  white  dots  beynndthe  teeth  of  the 
black  outer  edge  of  the  fascia  ;  submarginal  line  with  a  jialer  more  conspicuous 
]iinkish  bmwn  lunnle  lietween  veins  3  and  4  and  above  the  anal  angle  ;  it  is 
]ircc(ded  and  followed  liy  mixed  shades  of  brown  and  fusccu.s,  which  form  darker 
stieiUs  between  the  veins,  especially  above  vein  6  ;  a  fine  black  marginal  line  ; 
fringe  dark  olive  fuscous,  slightly  mottled  with  paler. 


(   461   ) 

Jlindwings :  glossy  pale  grey,  with  a  dark  grey  marginal  border,  preceded  by 
ail  obscurely  paler  curved  and  darker  edged  fascia. 

Underside  glossy  grey,  the  forewings  darker  tliau  the  hiiidwings,  with  iudica- 
tious  of  a  pale  curved  outer  fascia  ;  fringes  glossy  grey  veith  whitish  spots  at  the 
veiu-euds.  Head  and  thorax  dark  fuscous  purplish  ;  abdomen  cinereous,  tinged 
with  brown  on  the  back. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  32  mm. 

One  ?  from  Chiriqni,  Panama. 

68.  Coenocalpe  pallidicosta  sp.  nov. 

Foir/cim/s :  with  ground  colour  jiale  uchreous,  the  Hues  and  shading  red- 
brown  ;  costal  area  from  base  to  apex  liroadly  pale  ochreuus,  without  auy  of  the 
red-lirowu  suffusion,  and  imly  the  lines  marked  un  costa  as  ubliijue  reddish  streaks  ; 
between  this  pale  costal  space  and  the  median  vein  is  a  red-brown  suffused  streak 
which  more  or  less  hides  the  markings  ;  all  the  lines  very  olilique  below  their  sub- 
costal angulation  ;  basal  patch  composed  of  four  lines,  the  outer  edge  deejier  red- 
brown  ;  inner  band  of  central  fascia  with  three,  and  outer  band  with  two  red-brown 
lines,  the  central  space  irregularly  blotched,  and  above  the  middle  containing  two 
more  lines  ;  the  outer  edge  is  strongly  angled  on  veins  4  and  6,  anddeejjly  insinuate 
between  ;  the  bands  preceding  and  following  the  central  fascia  ochreous,  the  first 
grey-tinged  and  with  two  lines  through  it,  the  latter  with  a  single  faint  line  ;  this 
band  is  followed  by  a  distinct  red-lirown  cronulated  line,  angled  and  insinuate  like 
the  outer  edge  of  fascia;  submarginal  line  close  to  margin,  formed  of  slight  ochreous 
luuules  edged  by  a  red-brown  shade  ;  marginal  line  black,  swollen  between  the 
veins  ;  fringe  red-brown  with  clear  ochreous  base  ;  the  median  vein  is  marked  with 
ochreous  :  no  distinct  cell-spot. 

Him/iriuf/s  :  rufous  ochreous,  the  costal  area  paler,  without  markings  ;  basal 
half  with  six  parallel,  'straight,  minutely  crenulate,  red-brown  lines  ;  a  deeper  red- 
brown  postmedian  line,  irregularly  waved  and  crenulate,  followed  by  three  or  four 
very  faint  similar  lines  ;  sul.Jiuarginal  line  pale,  between  deep  red-brown  shades  ; 
marginal  black  line  distinctly  crenulate  and  entire,  not  swollen  ;  fringe  as  in 
forewings. 

Underside  dull  sandy  grey,  thickly  dusted  with  fuscous  ;  all  lines  very  obscure 
except  submarginal,  which  is  formed  of  regular  fuscous  lunules  ;  cell-sijots  small 
but  visible  in  both  wings.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  red-brown  ;  front  of  thorax 
and  shoulders  more  ochreous  ;  segments  of  abdomen  reddish,  their  edges  ochreous  ; 
base  of  abdomen  with  a  reddish  band,  continued  on  base  of  hindwings. 

Exjianse  of  wings  :  <?  3.3  mm.  ;   ?  39  mm. 

One  c?,  1   ?  from  Jamaica. 

Much  like  Snellen's  Scotosia  pallidiuttata  from  S.  America,  but  the  resem- 
iilance  is  superficial  only.     The  markings  in  the  $  are  rather  blacker  than  in  the  ?. 

Oil.  Epirrhoe  batis  sjj.  nov. 

Forcwimjs  :  cream-colour,  the  markings  filled  n[i  with  olive  ;  basal  fascia  edged 
by  black  lines  and  traversed  by  another,  the  extreme  base  itself  remaining  cream- 
colour  ;  central  fascia  formed  of  two  olive  bands,  often  interlacing  below  the  middle, 
each  band  edged  and  traversed  by  two  black  lines  ;  the  inner  band  projecting  on  both 
sides  on  the  median  and  submedian  veins,  the  outer  with  a  prominent  sharp  tooth 


(  462) 

between  veins  3  and  4,  ami  a  less  jnomiiieut  one  butween  2  and  3,  and  cuutuiniug  a 
short  tootli  of  tlie  groniid  colour  inwards  below  the  costa ;  submarginal  line  pale, 
regularly  lunulate,  the  luuules  filled  in  with  olive-green,  except  between  veins  0  and 
T  and  below  vein  3  ;  the  marginal  space  darker  olive  beyond  cell  and  between  veins 
2  and  3  ;  the  three  paler  areas  of  ground  colour  slightly  varied  with  pale  brownish 
scales,  the  third,  the  band  beyond  the  central  fascia,  traversed  by  a  denticulate  line  ; 
cell-spot  pale  brown  ;  marginal  line  black,  festooned  ;  fringe  pale,  mottled  with  olive. 

Hi)ulid)}(js  :  white,  slightly  discoloured  near  base  and  along  inner  margin,  with 
a  dark  snbmarginal  line,  and  marginal  line  of  black  dashes. 

Underside  of  IVirewings  with  some  fuscous  scaling  near  base  ;  the  cell-spot,  the 
four  lines  of  the  outer  half  of  central  fascia  from  costa  to  median  vein,  and  a  sijuare 
apical  blotch,  blackish  fuscous  ;  fringe  coucolorons,  mottled  with  fuscous  from  apex 
to  middle,  and  at  vein  2  ;  hiudwiugs  with  traces  of  four  curved  lines,  most  distinct 
on  costa,  the  cell-spot  and  submarginal  and  marginal  lines  distinct.  Head  and 
shoulders  olive  ;  thorax  and  abdomen  cream-colour  ;  the  abdomen  with  dark  olive 
patches  on  dorsum,  that  on  anal  segment  conspicuous. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  30  mm. 

Several  specimens,  all  S  d,  from  Fetropolis. 

TO.  Epirrhoe  disconnexa  sj).  nov. 

Forewings  :  dull  cream-colour,  the  markings  and  lines  olive-grey  or  olive- 
rufous  ;  these  much  as  in  emberizata  Guen,,  but  the  lines  traversing  the  pale  bauds 
are  all  well  defined,  and  the  central  fascia  is  in  all  cases  interrupted  below  the 
middle,  in  some  cases  obsolescent  altogether,  and  in  others  forming  disconnected 
rings  ;  the  submarginal  dark  shade  before  the  submarginal  line  thins  out  below  the 
middle  ;  marginal  dots  in  pairs  at  the  ends  of  the  veins  ;  fringe  white,  chequered 
with  dark. 

IlitKhrinys  :  cream-colour  dusted  with  grey,  the  marginal  area  darker. 

Underside  of  both  wings  more  ochreous,  with  a  blackisli  marginal  band  un- 
interrupted, but  leaving  in  the  forewings  the  apex  and  one  or  two  blotches  below 
middle  pale  ;  cell-spots  and  outer  line  visible,  and  sometimes  the  area  from  base  to 
enter  line  grey.     Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  dull  cream-colour  dusted  with  grey. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  3iJ — 32  mm. 

Four  ?  ?  from  Chimbo,  August  1897  (Rosenberg). 

Distinguished  by  the  ochreous  colouring  and  entire  dark  marginal  band  of  the 
underside. 

"i  1 .  Epirrhoe  ?  discors  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  pale  grey,  with  a  faint  greenish  tint,  speckled  with  darker,  and 
tinged  in  places  with  rufous  ;  basal  patch  edged  and  traversed  by  dark  grey  curved 
lines  ;  central  fascia  edged  by  dark  grey  bands,  the  first  at  one-third  curved  and 
slightly  waved,  the  second  at  two-thirds,  its  outer  edge  denticulate  ;  bands  on  each 
side  of  central  fascia  and  its  centre  jiale  grey,  with  darker  traversing  lines  ;  cell-sj)ot 
small,  dark  ;  marginal  area  smoky  grey  with  the  submarginal  line  obscure ; 
fringe  grey. 

IliiuUc'nig.% :  pale  dull  grey,  with  traces  of  lines  at  inner  margin  only. 

Underside  dull  grey,  with  the  markings  indistinct.  Head,  thorax,  and 
abdomen  cinereous. 


(  463  ) 

Expause  of  wiugs  :  23  mm. 

One  ?  from  Cbasica,  Peru,  Jauuaiy  I'JUO,  SoO  ft.  (Simous). 

This  may  very  possibly  prove  to  be  a  Xaitthorhoii  wlieu  the  S  is  compared. 


72.  Epirrhoe  heteroptila  sp.  uov. 

Foreirhifis :  dull  olive-green,  the  markings  dark  green  or  blackish  green  ; 
basal  ])atch  small,  its  edge  vertical  and  crennlate,  preceded  by  two  similar  dark 
lines  ;  central  fascia  occupying  the  middle  third  of  wing  ;  the  inner  edge  nearly 
vertical,  slightly  bent  in  cell,  approaching  basal  patch  on  inner  margin  ;  the  outer 
edge  notched  below  costa,  insinuate  beyond  cell,  and  forming  two  blunt  projections, 
the  upper  the  more  prominent,  between  veins  2  and  4  :  the  fascia  itself  is  filled  uj) 
with  darker  green,  especially  towards  its  edges,  and  contains  four  waved  dark  lines, 
two  ou  each  side,  and  a  blackish  cell-spot ;  the  paler  green  bands  on  each  side  of 
the  fascia  are  each  traversed  by  a  darker  green  line  ;  snbmarginal  line  pale  green, 
formed  of  interrupted  Innnles,  preceded  by  three  dark  waved  lines,  which  coalesce 
and  form  dark  clouds  at  costa,  beyond  cell,  and  above  inner  margin  ;  marginal 
area  darker  beyond  cell  ;  pairs  of  blackish  marginal  spots  at  the  end  of  each  vein  ; 
fringe  olive-green  mottled  with  dark  green  ;  the  cell  and  space  beyond,  including 
an  oblique  streak  to  apes,  and  the  submedian  fold,  are  slightly  tinged  with  reddish. 

lUtuhvimjs :  of  cj  dull  white,  tinged  with  grey,  with  a  darker  grey  curved 
submarginal  band  preceded  by  a  paler  band  ;  all  the  lines  more  distinctly  marked 
on  inner  margin  ;  a  dark  cell-spot ;  marginal  spots  as  in  forewiugs  ;  fringe  ochreous, 
reddish  tinged  :  of  ? ,  with  the  same  markings,  but  the  whole  wing  dark  fuscous ; 
the  fringe  pale  at  apex  only. 

Underside  pale  ochreous,  with  the  lines  all  marked  in  dark  grey,  those  of  the 
forewiug  obliterated  towards  inner  margin;  a  blackish  submarginal  costal  blotch, 
reaching  to  vein  4  and  suffused  to  margin  beyond  cell,  including  an  ochreous 
apical  blotch  ;  fringes  ochreous,  in  the  forewing  tipped  with  fuscous.  Head, 
thorax,  and  abdomen  olive-green  mixed  with  darker  :  the  abdomen  with  darker 
segmental  rings  and  blackish  band  beyond  the  metathorax  ;  the  face  and  vertex 
in  both  specimens  pale  ochreous  without  darker  scales, — faded,  most  probably,  from 
olive-green ;  legs  and  jialpi  greenish  fuscous,  spotted  with  ochreous. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   c?  ?  3U  mm. 

A  pair  from  Nova  Fribnrgo. 

The  costa  of  forewiugs  is  somewhat  abruptly  arched  at  base.  In  the  hindwings 
veins  6  and  7  are  very  shortly  stalked  ;  the  costal  anastomosing  with  the  subcostal 
for  about  half  of  cell. 


73.  Epirrhoe  pauperata  sp.  nov. 

Furcuiiiys :  whitish  ochreous,  washed  with  darkrr  ochreous:  the  markings 
pale  olive-ochreons,  finely  and  concisely  edged  with  lilack  ;  basal  i)atch  small,  the 
edge  waved,  and  crossed  by  two  black  lines  ;  central  fascia  occupying  middle  third 
of  wing,  formed  of  two  olive- ochreous  bands  with  a  central  space  of  ground-colour, 
sometimes  interrupted  below  middle  by  the  junction  of  the  bands,  the  edges  of 
both  bands  black,  and  irregularly  dentate-lunnlate  ;  the  pale  bands  before  and  after 
central  fascia  with  a  darker  ochreous  line  through  them  ;  marginal  area  olive- 
ochreuus,  traversed  by  the  whitish  dentate  submarginal  line,  the  teeth  followed  by 


<  4114    ) 

dark  wedges  aud  preceded  beyoud  cell  by  a  double  black  blutcli  ;  geiiiiuated  black 
spots  at  the  ends  of  the  veins  ;  fringe  ochreons  ;  cell-spot  linear. 

Hindwings  :  pale  ochreons,  with  indications  of  curved  postmedian  and  double 
suhmarginal  grey  lines  ;  marginal  spots  aud  fringe  as  in  forewiugs. 

Underside  of  forewiugs  as  in  E.  embcrizata  Gueu.  ;  of  hiudwiugs  with  a 
submarginal  fascia  and  postmedian  curved  line.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomeu 
ochreons,  the  abdomeu  with  the  segments  edged  and  spotted  with  black. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   6  32  mm.  ;   ?  35  mm. 

A  S  from  Loja,  Ecuador,  June  Ib'JV  (Simons),  and  a  +  from  Castro,  Parana, 
Angust  1897  (E.  D.  Joues). 

T4.  Epirrhoe  planilineata  sp.  nov. 

Foreuinyx  :  dull  grass-green,  with  darker  green  and  blackish  markiugs  ;  basal 
patch  small,  edged  by  a  slightly  curved,  crenulate  blackish  line,  preceded  by  two 
other  lines,  the  space  between  the  edge  and  the  outer  of  the  two  lines  filled  up  with 
blackish  ;  central  fascia  with  inner  edge  nearly  vertical,  on  the  submediau  fold 
projecting  towards  basal  patch  ;  the  outer  edge  with  first  a  sharp,  then  a  blunt 
tooth  below  costa,  strongly  insinuate  beyond  cell  aud  on  submediau  fold,  and  with 
two  blunt  projections  between  the  sinnses  ;  two  blackish  lines  follow  the  inner  and 
precede  the  outer  edge,  the  space  between  the  lines  more  or  less  filled  up  with 
blackish,  the  central  area  remaining  pale  green  ;  the  inner  edge  of  the  iuuer  baud 
twice  concave  aud  projecting  below  middle  to  touch  the  outer  band  ;  the  inside  line 
of  this  band,  instead  of  being,  as  usual,  more  obscure  thau  the  others,  is  finely  and 
concisely  marked  ;  cell-spot  blurred,  rufous  ;  submarginal  line  formed  of  white 
interrupted  lunules,  preceded  aud  followed  by  a  darker  greeu  tint,  the  lunules 
connected  by  black  dashes  with  the  black  festooned  margiual  line  ;  fringe  mottled 
dark  and  pale  greeu. 

Hindwings :  dull  white,  dusted  with  grey,  with  indistinct  traces  of  lines  along 
inner  margin  ;  marginal  line  black,  interrupted  at  the  veius  ;  fringe  darker  towards 
anal  angle. 

Underside  dull  whitish,  suffused  and  speckled  with  fuscous  grey,  the  lines 
obscurely  indicated  ;  cell-spots  dark.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  dnll  green ; 
the  abdomeu  with  traces  of  dark  rings,  most  distinct  towards  base  and  on  anal 
segment  ;  metathoracic  tuft  dark. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  28  mm. 

One  (?  from  Petropolis. 

As  in  E.  keteroptila  from  Nova  Fribnrgo  (which  it  much  resembles)  veins  6  and  7 
of  hindwings  iire  quite  short-stalked  ;  but  the  costal  anastomoses  with  the  subcostal 
for  (juite  two-thirds  of  cell  ;  the  costa  of  forewings  is  nol  arched  at  base  ;  aud  the 
antennae  of  the  c?  are  decidedly,  though  shortly,  pubescent.  The  forewings 
beneath  are  without  the  dark  subapical  patch. 

75.  Epirrhoe  subpulverata  sji.  nov. 

Forewings:  olive-brown,  the  lines  aud  markiugs  dark  olive-fuscous  aud 
blackish  ;  basal  patch  small,  edged  by  a  crenulate  dark  line  and  traversed  by 
three  others  ;  central  fascia  formed  of  two  bands,  each  edged  and  traversed  by  a 
crenulate  blackish  line,  and  coalescing  between  vein  2  and  the  submediau  fold,  the 


(  4f)o  ) 

inside  edges  being  interrupted  there  and  nnited  to  form  two  central  white  blotelies, 
the  upper  elongated  and  reaching  the  costa,  the  lower  toadstool-shaped  and  reaching 
inner  margin  ;  the  outer  edge  of  the  central  fascia  denticulate,  the  teeth  between 
veins  2  and  3,  and  3  and  4,  being  jjrominent  and  filled  up  with  dark  scales  ;  the 
intervals  before  and  beyond  tiie  central  fascia  each  traversed  b}'  three  dark  lines, 
(if  which  only  the  middle  one  is  clear  ;  submarginal  line  pale,  interru]ited,  jireceded 
by  dark  lunules,  except  between  veins  (i  and  7,  where  the  ground-colour  rnns 
obliquely  to  apex,  and  followed  by  dark  lunnles  beyond  cell  and  by  black  spots 
below  ;  the  apex  of  the  lunule  between  veins  3  and  4  forms  a  conspicuous  pale 
spot ;  marginal  line  black,  festooned  ;  fringe  brown  with  fuscous  mottling  ;  cell-spot 
pale  brown. 

Ilinilwiiuis  :  cream-colour,  tinged  with  ochreous  ;  traces  of  median,  postmedian, 
and  submarginal  lines  on  the  inner  margin  only  ;  fringe  brownish  ochreous. 

Underside  sandy  ochreous,  densely  and  uniformly  dusted  with  fuscous  :  cell- 
spots  blackish  ;  all  the  lines  and  markings  beyond  the  middle  distinctly  and 
concisely  marked  with  darker  ;  fringe  sandy  ochreous,  mottled  with  darker.  Head 
and  shoulders  olive-brown,  like  the  forewings  ;  thorax  and  abdomen  like  the 
hindwings,  cream-coloured. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  3(i  mm. 

One  c?  from  Petrojiolis. 

Distinguished  from  tlie  allii'(l  forms  by  the  sandy  ochreous  underside  instead 
of  white. 

76.  Eulype  nondescripta  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  white  ;  costal  streak  black  ;  from  its  middle  a  curved  black  tooth- 
shaped  mark  depends,  the  curved  black  discocellular  mark  forming  its  inner  edge, 
its  outer  running  straight  and  oblique  to  its  apex  on  vein  3  ;  the  veins  of  the  cell 
and  its  fold  are  black,  as  well  as  vein  2  ;  inner  margin  below  median  vein  and 
vein  2  sufi'nsed  with  black  ;  apical  fourth  broadly  black  and  the  hindmargin  from 
vein  2  to  3  more  narrowly. 

JlimhnrKjs :  whitish,  thickly  dusted  with  dark  scales;  all  the  veins  thickly 
black  ;  costa  and  hindmargin  lilack,  and  a  black  curved  line  from  three-fourths  of 
costa  to  end  of  vein  4. 

Underside  the  same.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  blackish  ;  jn'otus,  cheeks, 
and  sides  of  shoulders  yellow. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  40  mm. 

One  S  from  I'etropolis. 

A  most  remarkable  insect,  with  the  structure  and  neuration  of  Kuli/pc,  but  in 
the  character  of  the  markings  mimicking  the  genus  Dioptis. 


77.  Hammaptera  congener  sp  nov. 

Forewinqi :  pale  grey,  thickly  dusted  with  dark  grey  scales  ;  the  lines  dark 
grey  or  blackish  grey  ;  basal  jjatch  ill  defined,  limited  by  a  curved  dark  grey  line, 
aud  crossed  nearer  base  by  another ;  inner  edge  of  central  fascia  at  one-third, 
formed  by  a  dark  grey  band  parallel  to  edge  of  basal  patch  and  edged  itself  by 
darker  lines  ;  outer  edge  at  two-thirds,  formed  by  a  similar  but  rather  broader 
band,  projecting  at  veins  G  and  4,  incurved  between,  and  with  dark  teeth  on  the 


(  400  ) 

veins  lielow  the  iiiiclilli'  :  :in  o1iscnn>  diirk  grey  linear  coll-mavk  ;  the  fascia  is 
].rerp(led  and  followed  liy  jialer  bands  with  no  distinct  traversing  lines  ;  marginal 
;iiea  dark  grey,  the  subniarginal  line  marked  in  the  upper  half  by  pale  spots  ; 
marginal  line  formed  of  jiairs  of  ill-defined  black  sjiots  :  fringe  grey  with  darker 
ilividing  line,  especially  beyond  the  vein-ends. 

Uintlwinqs:  smoky  grey,  with  similar  lines  to  the  forewings,  but  all  less  defined. 

Underside  of  forewings  dull  pale  grey,  with  outer  band  of  central  fascia  and 
marginal  area,  esiiecially  in  the  upjier  half,  dull  blackish  :  the  snbmarginal  line 
marked  by  pale  spots  throughout;  the  baud  beyond  central  fascia  distinctly  pale 
grey  ;  hindwings  paler,  the  outer  band  of  central  fascia  formed  of  three  crinkb'd 
lines  ;  cell-spots  of  both  wings  blackish.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  grey  dusted 
with  darker  grey. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  :U  mm. 

One  cJ,  1  ?,  from  Ibarra,  Ecuador,  May  and  .Tune  1807  (Rosenberg). 

Extremely  like  //.  .^tremwria  Wlk.,  from  which  it  is  distinguished  by  the 
entire  absence  of  the  green  tinge  above,  and  of  the  ochreons  ground-colour  below  ; 
the  cell-spots  on  the  underside  are  both  small,  while  in  strenuaria  they  arc  large, 
black,  and  conspicuous.     The  folil  on  the  inner  margin  of  hindwings  is  slight. 

Ts.  Hammaptera  constricta  sp.  nov. 

Fomriiu/.s:  white,  with  grey  dusting;  the  lines  fuscous  grey,  tlie  darker 
shades  tinged  with  dull  reddish  or  brownish  ;  basal  i)ateh  rather  large,  its  edge 
curved  from  one-third  of  costa  to  one-third  of  inner  margin,  crossed  near  base 
by  a  darker  band  edged  by  two  dark  lines  ;  a  narrow  grey-dusted  band  with  darker 
central  line  precedes  the  central  fascia,  which  is  narrower  than  usual,  especially 
from  vein  2  to  inner  margin,  where  the  edges  are  vertical  and  parallel  ;  the  outer 
edge  forms  two  teeth  between  veins  2  and  4,  a  small  tooth  on  vein  0  and  a  sinus 
beyond  cell  :  the  dark  cell-mark  lies  in  a  pale  grey  space;  the  central  fascia  is 
followed  by  a  broad  pale  band,  traversed  by  a  grey  line,  and  edged  outwardly 
by  a  blackish  line  angled  outward  at  vein  0  ;  apical  space  filled  up  with  reddish 
fuscous  (the  apex  itself  remaining  greyer),  through  which  the  subniarginal  line 
is  obscurely  visible  ;  all  the  markings  beyond  the  central  fascia  become  obsolete 
below  vein  4,  the  anal  sjiace  being  whitish  without  lines  ;  a  dark  marginal  line 
interrui)ted  by  pale  dots  at  the  vein-ends  ;  fringe  ochreons  whitish,  chequered  with 
dark  beyond  the  veins  in  tlie  njiper  half  of  wing. 

Ilnulinnt/s :  ochreons  whitish,  witli  interrupted  dark  marginal  line  and  shade  ; 

fringe  white. 

Underside  ochreons  white,  with  cell-marks  and  marginal  line  in  both  wings  ; 
forewings  with  the  outer  band  of  central  fascia,  and  the  ai)ical  area,  except  the 
extreme  apex,  blackish,  the  former  as  far  as  vein  2,  the  latter  only  reaching  vein  4. 
Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  ochreons  whitish  ;  collar  and  thorax  much  mixed  with 
brownish  grey,  the  abdomen  more  ochreons  ;  palpi  externally  pale  brownish. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  3o  mm. 

One  (J  from  La  Soledad,  Entre  Rios,  Argentina. 

Very  much  like  some  forms  of  Epivrlio'e  emberizata  Guen.,  but  without  any 
green  tinge  and  with  the  central  fascia  of  forewings  much  narrower.  The  abdominal 
fold  of  hindwings  is  only  slightly  marked  and  fringed  towards  anal  angle  with 
ochreons  hairs  like  the  rest  of  the  underside. 


( ^^'- ) 

70.  Hainmaptei'a  subguttaria  ab.  rufibasalis  nov. 

Among  thirteen  specimens  of  this  insect  from  Colombia  (9  Jcf,  4  ?  ?),  a  pair 
differ  from  all  tlie  rest,  which  are  typical,  in  having  the  basal  area  of  forewings 
as  far  as  the  inner  edge  of  the  central  fascia  in  the  upper  half  of  wing,  and  as 
far  as  the  outer  edge  below  vein  2,  wholly  dnll  brick-red,  with  the  nsiial  waved 
cross-lines  all  but  obsolete  and  dark  only  along  costa  towards  base.  In  all  other 
respects  they  agree  with  dark-marked  examjiles  of  the  type  form.  The  variation 
probably  occnrs  generally,  bnt  I  have  not  observed  it  before. 

80.  Pelurga  cicatriculata. 

Lygris  dcdtricnlala  Berg,   Bull.  Mosc.  xlix.  ii.  p.  223. 
Pelurga  strnminea  Warr.,  Nov.  Zool.  IV.  p.  454. 

I  think  there  can  be  little  donlit  that  tlic-se  are  the  same  species,  though  I  can 
see  no  trace,  beneath  the  forewings  of  the  i  S,  of  the  tuft  of  hair  characteristic  of 
Lygris.  Berg's  description  is  extremely  accurate,  Init  he  does  not  seem  to  have 
observed  the  peculiar  structure  of  the  forehead. 

81.  Plemyriopsis  variegata  sp.  nov. 

Foreicings :  brownish  flesh-colour,  the  markings  generally  dark  brown  or 
purplish,  with  an  admixture  of  reddish  and  greenish  in  places  ;  basal  patch  edged 
liy  a  thick  dark  shade,  protruding  above  submedian  vein  ;  inner  edge  of  central 
fascia  similar  and  i)arallel  to  this  ;  the  basal  patch  and  band  following  varied  with 
purplish,  reddish,  and  green  ;  the  inner  edge  of  the  central  fascia  is  more  or  less 
obscured  liy  a  dark  cloudy  sinuous  line  or  shade  at  two-fifths  ;  outer  edge  of  fascia, 
as  far  as  median  vein,  waved,  preceded  by  two  parallel  dark  lines,  filled  ii]i  with 
blackish  brown  ;  below  median  strongly  toothed  and  incurved,  the  tooth  between 
3  and  4  filled  up  with  dull  green  intersecting  the  dark  band,  the  lower  parts  of  the 
ground-colour  with  the  two  lines  brownish  ;  centre  of  fascia  with  traces  of  an  angled 
and  waved  brownish  line  starting  from  a  brown  costal  speck  ;  submarginal  line 
])ale,  at  each  vein  marked  by  a  snow-white  dot,  followed  liy  a  sharp  dark  dash  across 
the  olive-brown  marginal  area,  preceded  by  a  black-brown  blotch  at  inner  margin 
and  on  costa  ;  the  band  following  central  fascia  interrupted,  pearl-grey  and  reddish 
at  costa,  and  of  the  pale  ground-colour  beyond  cell  ;  a  marginal  line  of  interrupted 
brown  spots  :  fringe  brown,  with  paler  base  and  tips  ;  cell-spot  minute,  dark,  in 
a  pale  ring. 

Ilindicingx  :  fuscous,  varied  with  paler,  and  showing  traces  of  postmedian  and 
submarginal  shades,  most  distinct  at  inner  margin  :  fringe  brown,  brighter  towards 
apex,  a  dark  cell-dot  surrounded  by  a  pale  ring. 

Underside  of  forewings  ochreous,  striated  with  In-own,  and  witli  all  the 
markings  of  upperside  dark  brown  ;  inner  marginal  half  smeared  with  greyish 
fuscous  ;  a  row  of  white  submarginal  spots  ;  cell-spot  large,  brown,  with  an  ochreous 
ring  ;  hindwings  with  basal  half  marked  with  dense  fuscous  speckling,  outer  half 
suffused  with  purplish  grey,  containing  traces  of  curved  darker  lines  ;  cell-spot  as 
aViove.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  mixed  brown  and  ochreous  :  the  thorax  and 
dorsum  darker  brown. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   30  mm. 

One  6  from  Chiric^ui,  Panama. 


(  4fi8  ) 

>■-.  Polyphasia  schistacea  s^p.  nnv. 

Fomviiigx :  whitish,  iliisted  with  <rrc_v  aufl  tawny  scales,  theso  thickest  in  basal 
area,  miildle  band,  and  marginal  border  ;  the  edgeof  tlic  basal  j)atch  and  inner  edge 
of  central  fascia  are  iioth  cnrved  and  waved,  the  onter  edge  from  quite  two-thirds 
of  costa  to  five-sixths  of  inner  margin,  toothed  ontwardlv  l)etween  the  veins,  bnt  the 
three  centra!  teeth  not  particularl\'  jjrominent ;  the  fascia  is  edged  outwardly  by 
a  whitish  sj)ace,  followed  immediately  by  a  dark  dentate  wavy  line  parallel  to  the 
edge  of  the  fascia  itself,  beyond  which  tlie  margin  is  darker,  with  the  snbmarginal 
line  faintly  shown  ;  a  dark  ()lilii|ne  apical  sliade  :  fringe  concolorons,  darker  marked 
beyond  the  veins. 

Hinchcings :  dnll  whitish  grey,  t1ie  basal  three-fourths,  as  far  as  a  crenulate 
postmedian  cnrved  line,  darker  ;  triices  of  a  discal  dot  and  a  snbtuarginal  line. 

Underside  ochreons  grey,  dnsted  witli  darker  grey  ;  the  discal  spots  and  onter 
lines  showing  darker  on  1ioth  wings.  Head,  tjiorax,  and  abdomen  varied  like 
the  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  31  mm. 

One  ?  from  Boulder,  ( 'olorado  (Osier). 

Tn  this  species  the  forewings  are  more  pointed,  almost  snbfalcate  :  the  hind- 
margin  of  the  hindwings  is  distinctly  crennlate,  and  these  wings  themselves  of 
a  different  shape  from  any  of  the  forms  of  ir/inrnt",  being  prodnced  at  apex  :  the 
central  fascia  of  forewings  is  of  nearly  uniform  breadth  throughout,  and  externally 
reaches  nearer  the  hindmargin. 

S3.  Rhopalista  semiobliterata, 

Ilammaptcra  srmiobliferata  Warr.,  Nov.  Zooi..  II.  ]i.  ll."i. 

I  find  that  this  insect  belongs  to  the  genus  Rhopalista.  At  tlie  time  of 
describing  the  species  I  had  not  differentiated  the  genus  from  Ildintmiptera.  The 
tuft  of  hairs  in  the  furrow  on  the  hindwings  above  is  pinkish  ochreous. 

84.  Sparg'ania  bellipicta  sp.  nov. 

Forcivinga:  whitish;  the  cross-lines  and  bands  leaden  fuscous,  slightly 
greenish-tinged,  with  nnmerons  yellowish  scales  intermixed  ;  central  fiiscia  narrow, 
its  onter  edge  prominent  at  vein  (J  and  with  two  consjiicuous  teeth  between  veins 
2  and  4,  lunulate  below  ;  the  usual  ]iale  band  between  basal  patch  and  central 
fascia  almost  as  dark  as  the  patch  and  fascia,  so  that  the  whole  basal  two-thirds  of 
wing  appears  dark,  crossed  [ly  the  usual  darker  waved  transverse  lines  ;  cell-spot 
blackish,  distinct  ;  a  pale  band  with  a  waved  threadlike  central  line  beyond  the 
fascia,  followed  by  three  similarly  waved  and  dentate  lines  :  the  whole  apical  space 
as  far  as  vein  4  sufinsed  with  darker,  which  beyond  the  cell  forms  two  deeper, 
lilackish  shades  to  hindmargin  ;  pairs  of  dark  marginal  dots  at  the  vein-ends  ; 
fringe  whitish  in  the  apical  half,  dark  grey  in  the  basal  half,  with  darker  quadrate 
j)atche8  beyond  veins. 

Hindwings:  uniform  pale  orange,  with  a  slightly  darker  marginal  line  and 
some  dark  scales  at  anal  angle  ;  fringe  yellow. 

Underside  of  both  wings  dnll  brick-red  ;  the  forewings  tinged  with  grey  to 
the  outer  line  ;  all  the  lines  blackish-marked  on  the  costa  ;  fringe  jiinkish  grey. 


(  469  ) 

chequered  with  darker.     Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  whitish,  dusted  with  darker  ; 
palpi  externally  black. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  30  mm. 

Two  ?  ?  from  Chimney  Gulch,  Golden,  Colorado  (Osier). 

85.  Spargania  subcuprea  sj).  nov. 

Forewings :  green  ;  the  costa  marked  with  velvety  black  spots,  edged  finely 
with  coppery  scales,  the  costal  edge  itself  between  the  spots  likewise  coppery  ; 
basal  area  limited  by  a  dark  line  rising  from  the  third  costal  spot,  the  first  and 
second  marking  the  rise  of  less  distinct  transverse  lines  ;  a  central  fascia  with  dark 
wavy  edges  rising  from  the  fifth  and  seventh  costal  spots  ;  on  each  side  of  it  a 
green  band  with  darker  central  line  rising  from  tlie  fourth  and  eighth  spots  ;  the 
outer  of  these  is  followed  by  a  curved  coppery  band  with  dark  fine  edges,  filled  up 
with  black  above  vein  0  and  rising  from  the  ninth  spot ;  snbmarginal  line  from  the 
tenth  spot,  formed  of  pale  whitish  green  wedge-shaped  marks,  those  opposite  the 
cell  and  towards  anal  angle  edged  with  black,  the  first  below  costa  followed  by 
a  velvety  black  dash  running  into  apex  ;  a  black  festooned  marginal  line  ;  fringe 
green  at  base,  with  a  coppery  middle  line  and  coppery  tips,  mottled  with  black 
fan-shaped  marks  beyond  the  vein-ends. 

Hindwings  :  coppery  red,  the  inner  margin  grey  for  two-thirds  from  base  ; 
traces  of  three  grey  lines  above  anal  angle  ;  fringe  coppery  red. 

Underside  of  both  wings  uniform  coppery  red,  with  a  faint  curved  central  line  ; 
cell-spots  of  both  wings  and  fringe  of  forewings  dark.  Palpi  dark  fuscous,  with 
the  tips  of  the  joints  ochreons  ;  face,  vertex,  and  basal  joint  of  antennae  ochreons 
(possibly  faded  from  green)  ;  thorax  green  ;  abdomen  coppery  red,  with  the 
segmental  divisions  finely  black. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  32  mm. 

One  S  from  Chiriqui,  Panama. 

Subfamily  TRICHOPTERYGINAE. 
Apleria  gen.  nov. 

Forewings  ;  costa  straight,  but  arched  at  base  and  curved  before  apex  ;  apex 
rectangular  ;  hindmargin  slightly  oblique  above,  strongly  curved  below  middle. 

Hindwings :  c?  with  hindmargin  bluntly  pointed  at  end  of  vein  7,  thence  at 
first  straight  and  shortly  curved  into  inner  margin,  with  no  anal  angle  actually 
indicated. 

Palpi  short,  hairy  ;  antennae  of  S  bipectinated  ;  tongue  and  frenulum  present; 
hind-tibiae  with  terminal  spurs  only. 

Neuration  :  forewings,  cell  one-half  of  wing  ;  discocellular  vertical  ;  first 
median  nervule  at  three-fourths,  second  close  before  third  ;  5  from  rather  above 
middle  of  discocellular  ;  6  stalked  with  7,  8,  9  ;  10  anastomosing  with  11  and  again 
with  8,  9,  forming  a  double  areole  :  hindwings  of  S,  costal  separate  from  but 
connected  with  subcostal  by  bar  ;  0,  7  stalked  ;  cell  only  one-third  of  wing  ; 
discocellular  vertical  ;  radial  from  its  centre  ;  3,  4  stalked  ;  2  and  1  absent,  the 
inner  margin  attenuated,  but  showing  no  trace  of  a  lobe. 

Type  :  Apleria  setaria  Feld.  (  Cidaria). 

The  genus  is  allied  to  Aloba  Warr.  which  has  the  cell  very  small  and  the 
antennae  of  the  S  simple. 

33 


(  ^70  ) 

Anomoueura  geu.  no  v. 

Forewiiigs  :  costa  bent  near  base,  and  convex  before  apex,  which  is  iirominent  : 
hiudmargin  long,  very  obli(inely  curved  behiw  ;  inner  margin  somewhat  convex. 

Iliiidwings :  small,  narrow  ;  hindmargin  prodnceil  to  a  blunt  jioint  at  vein  7, 
thence  nearly  straight  to  anal  angle,  which  is  fully  rounded. 

Antennae  of  S  simple,  lamellate,  of  ?  filiform  ;  forehead  with  a  cone  of  scales; 
palpi  long,  drooping,  rostriform,  rough-haired  ;  tongue  and  frenulum  present  ; 
hind-tibiae  with  four  spurs. 

Seuratioii  :  forewings,  cell  one-half  <if  wing  ;  diseocellular  dliliijue  below  ; 
first  median  nervule  at  three-fourths,  second  shortly  before  third  ;  lower  radial  from 
a  little  above  the  centre  of  discocellular  ;  upper  radial  stalked  with  7,  8,  9  ;  10 
anastomosing  with  11  and  again  with  7,  8,  9  ;  hindwings  of  d  with  wholly  abnormal 
neuration  ;  costal  quite  unconnected  with  subcostal,  which  rises  independently  from 
near  base  of  inner  margin  ;  cell  about  one-sixth  of  wing  ;  discoeellnlar  line,  angled 
outwards  in  middle  ;  veins  6  and  7  on  a  long  footstalk  which  is  curved  upwards  at 
origin  :  radial  from  angle  of  discocellular  ;  second  and  third  median  nervules  on  a 
long  stalk,  first  from  just  before  end  uf  cell  ;  internal  vein  very  short ;  between  the 
radial  and  the  stalk  of  6,  7,  is  a  slightly  puckered  space,  the  centre  of  which  is 
depressed  above  and  projects  beneath.  Hindwings  of  ?  with  normal  neuration  ; 
cell  not  half  as  long  as  wing  ;  discocellular  with  lower  half  angulated,  the  radial 
from  the  angulation  ;  6,  7  stalked ;  medians  as  in  forewings. 

Type:  A.cirrhiata  Feld.  (Cu/aria). 

Cidaria  hymenata  Feld.,  Reise  Nov.  t.  132.  f.  41  ?,  is  the  other  sex  of 
cirrhiata. 

Subfamily   EUrESTIINAE. 
86.  Cophocerotis  sobria  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  dingy  grey,  slightly  glossy,  with  few  markings  ;  the  costal  area 
above  subcostal  vein  paler,  thickly  mottled  with  dark  grey  atoms  ;  a  whitish  costal 
spot  at  two-thirds  indicates  the  commencement  of  the  outer  line,  which  can  just  be 
traced  as  a  paler  shade  parallel  to  hindmargin  ;  a  dark  linear  cell-sjiot  is  discernible  ; 
fringe  dull  grey. 

Hindwings:  rather  paler;  the  outer  line  more  distinct,  bluntly  projecting  in 
middle  towards  hindmargin  ;  fringe  jiale  grey  ;  cell-spot  dark. 

Underside  of  forewings  like  upperside  ;  the  apical  area  as  well  as  the  costal 
freckled  with  fuscous  mixed  with  rufous  :  hindwings  whitish,  coarsely  dusted  with 
rufous  fuscous ;  a  strong  rufous  tinge  on  costa  before  apex  ;  the  line  whitish, 
lanulate,  the  lunules  tilled  in  with  darker  brown  ;  cell-sjiot  round,  rufous-fuscous. 
Face,  vertex,  and  palpi  whitish,  the  paljn  externally  rnfous-tinged  ;  thorax  and 
abdomen  grey  ;  legs  dark  grey,  freckled  with  lighter. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  39  to  43  mm. 

Two  Si  from  Pallasco,  Peru,  December  1899,  beginning  of  the  wet  season, 
3200  ft.  (Simons). 

Distinguished  by  the  sombre  underside  from  C.  jaspideata  Doguin. 

87.  Graphidipus  abraxaria  sp.  nov. 
Foreivings  :  cream-colour,  towards  the  base  suffused  with  deep  yellow,  and  with 
all  the  veins  broadly  yellow  ;    traversed  by  series   of  black  spots,   those  towards 
the  base  large  and  irregularly  disposed  ;  in  the  middle  of  wing  a  pale  curved  band. 


(  471  ) 

with  a  central  Hue  of  narrow  black  spots,  followed  by  a  cnrved  row  of  black  blotchc 
on  the  veins,  oblong  in  shape  towards  costa,  ronnd  below  median,  succeeded  by  a 
similarly  cnrved  row  of  smaller  spots,  wedge-shaped  towards  costa  and  round  below, 
between  the  veins  ;  marginal  area  occupied  by  a  double  row  of  oblong  spots 
traversed  by  a  pale  submargiual  line ;  basal  half  of  costa  with  three  large  black 
blotches,  the  first  trapezoidal,  the  other  two  triangular. 

IThuhvings :  slaty  grey,  with  the  veins  darker. 

Underside  of  both  wings  slaty  grey  with  blackish  veins.  Face,  palpi,  vertex, 
and  patagia  black  ;  collar  and  thorax  deep  yellow  ;  abdomen  and  legs  slaty  grey. 

E.xpanse  of  wings  :  52  mm. 

One  ?  from  Ghiriqni,  Panama. 

A  handsome  insect  and  very  distinct  from  the  other  species  of  the  genns. 

Stamnoctenis  gen.  nov. 

A  new  generic  term  is  wanted  for  tlie  species  described  by  the  late  Mr.  Hulst 
(Tr.  Ani.  Ent.  Soc.  1896,  p.  293),  as  Xanthorkoc  volucer.  It  is  true  that  the  $ 
antennae  are  bipectinate  ;  but  a  moment's  comparison  will  show  its  close  relation- 
ship to  Stamnodes  Gaen.  {  —  Marmoptcnjx  Pack.),  of  which  it  is  an  offshoot  with 
bipectinate  antennae  in  S ,  just  as  in  South  America  the  genus  Cophocerotis  Warr., 
with  uniseriate  antennae  in  both  sexes,  is  derived  from  a  similar  group  of  insects. 
Moreover,  I  cannot  help  thinking  that  the  identical  species  had  already  been 
described  by  Mr.  Hulst  as  Marmopteryx  morrisata  {Ent.  Am.  ii.  1887,  p.  190).  The 
two  examples  of  moi-risafa  were  ?  ?  ;  those  of  coluccr  (presumably)  all  c?  <? :  a  fact 
which  may  be  taken  to  account  for  the  mistake.  The  descriptions  are  exceedingly 
similar,  that  of  volticer  being  the  fullest.  Of  four  examples  from  Colorado,  the 
three  S  S ,  from  Dnrango,  are  all  worn  above,  the  single  ?  ,  from  Rico,  is  in  fairly 
good  condition  ;  and  though  owing  to  this  difference  of  condition  the  sexes  super- 
ficially might  be  taken  to  belong  to  different  species,  the  markings  are  precisely  the 
same,  and  more  particularly  the  dark  line  on  the  hindwings. 

A  second  species  described  by  Mr.  Hulst  as  a  Marmopteryx,  will,  I  fancy,  have 
to  be  transferred  to  Stamnoctenis.  I  have  seen  only  one  specimen,  a  <?  not  in  the 
best  of  condition,  from  Colorado  which  answers  precisely  to  the  description  of 
M.  odontata  Hulst  {Tr.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  1896,  p.  289),  but  the  antennae  are  fully 
bipectinate.  Unfortunately  in  the  descrij^tion  Mr.  Hulst  has  omitted  to  state  the 
sex,  or  the  number  of  his  specimens,  but  from  the  size  given,  and  no  attention  being 
called  to  the  unwonted  pectination,  it  may  be  very  fairly  presumed  that  all  were  ?  ? . 

Subfamily  HETERUSIINAE. 
Apodroma  gen.  nov. 
Differs  from  Iletcrusia,  first  in  having  the  areole  of  forewiugs  double  ;  secondly 
in  the  antennae  of  the  S ,  which  are  thickened  and  flattened,  strongly  serrate  below 
and  rasped  above. 

Type  :  Apodroma  siibcoerulea  sp.  nov. 

88.  Apodroma  subcoerulea  sp.  nov. 
Forewings :  blue,  speckled  with  black  :  costa  at  base  blackish  ;  marginal  half 
dull  black  ;  the  edge  of  this  black  portion  is  curved  from  middle  of  costa  to  vein  3 
and  there  angled,  preceded  on  costa  by  a  short  white  mark,  and  interrupted  at 


(  472  ) 

three-fourths  b.v  a  longer  white  blotch,  from  which  a  slight  bluish  line  curves 
parallel  to  hindmargin  into  the  angle  of  the  edge  ;  fringe  blackish  with  the  tips 
whitish. 

llimlicinys :  blue,  with  a  blackish  cloud  at  ajiex  ;  fringe  dark  grey,  tipped 
with  white. 

Underside  of  forewings  pale  blue  ;  costa  at  base  rufons  ochreons  ;  the  two 
white  blotches  ochreons  at  costa  ;  the  dark  margin  narrower  than  above,  and  mixed 
with  brown  and  grey,  the  dark  portion  between  the  two  white  blotches  brown  and 
dark  blue  ;  fringe  dark  grey  with  pale  tips ;  hindwings  with  the  blue  more  or  less 
obliterated  by  dense  speckling  of  fascous  and  brown  scales  ;  an  angled  median  band 
tinged  with  brown  or  ochreons,  and  followed  by  a  band  of  less  speckled  blue. 
Head,  thorax,  and  base  of  abdomen  dark,  blackish  mixed  with  blue  scales  ;  rest  of 
abdomen  rufous  grey. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  22  mm. 

Two  tS<3  from  Vilcanota,  Cuzco,  Peru,  3000  ft.,  1898  (Garlepp). 

In  one  of  the  examples  the  brown  tints  below  are  predominant  and  the  fringe 
is  brown. 

89.  Erateina  monophthalma  sp.  nov. 

Foreivings :  with  nearly  the  basal  half  white,  the  rest  deep  black,  the  black 
running  in  along  costa  to  base,  and  somewhat  difl'usely  edged  from  one-third  of 
costa  to  three-fourths  of  inner  margin  ;  in  the  black  area  between  veins  3  and  4  is 
a  small  round  white  spot  ;  fringe  chequered  black  and  white. 

Hindwings :  white  ;  hindmargin  narrowly  smoky  black  from  apex,  where  it  is 
widest,  to  anal  angle  ;  fringe  indistinctly  white  and  black. 

Underside  of  forewings  dull  brown  and  purple  ;  basal  and  inner  marginal  area 
pure  white,  from  one-third  of  costa  to  anal  angle  ;  a  short  subcostal  purple  streak 
at  base  ;  a  curved  triangular  white  costal  blotch  at  middle,  its  ajiex  directed  towards 
the  white  spot  between  veins  3  and  4  ;  a  smaller  yellow  triangular  spot  on  costa  at 
three-fourths  ;  apical  area  flecked  with  yellow  :  hindwings  white  ;  a  curved  band  of 
purplish  scales  near  base,  interrupted  below  costa  ;  a  spot  of  purplish  scales  on 
middle  of  costa,  and  a  larger  one  on  inner  margin  above  anal  angle  ;  marginal 
border  purple,  very  broad  at  apex,  where  it  contains  a  yellow  costal  blotch,  becoming 
narrow  as  it  nears  the  anal  angle,  and  marked  with  yellow  scales  ;  fringe  of  both 
wings  black  and  white.  Face  black,  with  the  cheeks  white  ;  palpi  black  above, 
white  underneath  ;  thorax  and  abdomen  black,  much  mixed  with  while  scales,  the 
abdomen  below  wholly  white. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  29  mm. 

One  S  from  Vilcanota,  Cuzco,  Peru,  3000  ft.,  1898  (Garlepjj). 


90.  Heterusia  fixnesta  sji.  nuv. 

Forewings  :  black  ;  the  costa  with  three  whitish  points,  two  before  and  one 
beyond  the  middle  ;  fringe  chequered  black  and  white  ;  a  subpyriform  white 
blotch  beyond  cell  from  vein  5  to  2,  the  lower  portion  between  veins  4  and  2  twice 
as  wide  as  the  shorter  upper  jiortion. 

Hindwings  :  black  ;  the  fringe  obscurely  chequered. 

Underside  of  forewings  dull   purplish  lirovvn,  becoming  blackish  grey  along 


(473  ) 

inner  margin  ;  costal  area  witli  a  few  pale  specks  ;  the  three  costal  spots  larger 
aud  yellowish  :  hindwiugs  darker,  with  some  white  flecks  towards  base  and  inner 
margin  ;  discal  spot  snow-white  ;  some  yellowish  scale-patches  towards  apex  along 
margin  ;  fringe  ohscnrely  chequered,  in  the  hindwings  only  towards  apex.  Head, 
thorax,  and  abdomen  black  ;  sides  of  alidomen  and  legs  witli  a  few  pale  flecks. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  28  mm. 

One  J'  from  Vilcanota,  (luzco,  Pern,  3000  ft.,  1898  (Garlepp). 

91.  Hetenisia  tumidicosta  sp.  nov. 

Foreu-ings :  blackish;  a  small  diffuse  whitish  blotch  at  middle  of  inner  margin; 
costa  yellow  at  base,  with  fine  black  striatious  ;  first  line  black,  at  one-fifth,  edged 
on  costa  by  a  yellow  line  ;  the  costal  shoulder  beyond  this  occupied  by  a  black 
blotch  succeeded  by  an  obli(|ue  triangular  yellow  spot ;  the  concave  median  part 
of  the  costa  yellow  with  black  spots  ;  at  three-fourths  an  inwardly  oblirpie  yellow 
costal  streak ;  fringe  blackish  with  pale  tips  ;  a  slightly  ])aler  space  beyond 
the  cell. 

Hindwings:  white,  with  the  base  and  inner  margin  narrowly  blackish; 
hindmargin  broadly  velvety  black. 

Underside  of  forewings  with  the  costal  black  markings  more  distinct  and 
the  pale  tints  more  developed  ;  a  black  spot  at  end  of  cell ;  the  apex  dull  brown  : 
hindwings  pale  primrose;  base  of  costa  dark,  and  some  thick  black  streaks  on 
inner  margin  towards  base,  and  regular  black  striae  throughout  ;  marginal  dark 
fascia  with  a  yellow  black-streaked  blotch  at  anal  angle.  Palpi  black,  pale 
beneath  ;  head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  black  ;  the  abdomen  with  pale  segmental 
rings  ;  abdomen  beneath  and  legs  pale  primrose  ;  legs  spotted  with  black  ;  the 
forelegs  with  rufous. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  3i!l  mm. 

One  S  from  Bolivia. 

Distinguished  at  once  by  the  dilated  costal  shoulder  and  the  yellowish 
costal  spots. 

Subfamily  EUDULINAE. 
92.  Eudule  aperta  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  pale  vermilion  ;  costa  at  base  narrowly  black ;  a  large  black 
costal  blotch  at  middle,  with  an  oblong  one  below  it  beneath  median  vein  at  the 
origin  of  vein  2  ;  hindmargin  black,  the  edge  starting  from  two-thirds  of  costa, 
nearly  vertical  to  top  end  of  cell,  then  curved  outwards  to  vein  3  near  hindmargin, 
thence  oblique  inwards  with  two  slight  curves  to  inner  margin  a  little  before 
anal  angle. 

Hindwings  :  with  similar  black  margin,  which  is,  however,  much  narrower  in 
its  lower  half 

Underside  the  same.  Head  and  thorax  black  ;  shoulders  and  base  of  patagia 
reddish  ;  abdomen  brown-black,  the  anal  tuft  pale  ochreous  reddisli. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  30  mm. 

One  <J  from  South  America,  without  precise  locality. 

Differs  from  hicenlraria  H.  S.  in  having  no  black  along  inner  margin  of 
forewing. 


( -i'-i ) 

SrnFAMiLT  TEPHKOCLYSTIINAE. 

93.  Tephroclystia  bialbata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  pale  greenish-tinged  ochreons,  the  lines  iuul  shades  greyish 
ochrenns,  spriidik'd  with  a  few  black  scales,  all  bout  or  angled  below  costa,  then 
oblique  and  slightly  waved,  parallel  to  hiudmargin  ;  the  bands  preceding  and 
following  the  central  fascia  and  another  at  its  middle  are  paler  and  without 
speckling  ;  marginal  area  distinctly  of  a  darker  shade  than  the  rest  of  the  wing  ; 
the  submargiual  line  indicated  by  blackish  hinulate  spots  edged  with  pale 
scales,  these  scales  forming  two  more  decided  pale  sjiots  below  veins  2  and  4  ; 
an  interrupted  darker  marginal  line  ;  fringe  distinctly  mottled  pale  and  darker 
greyish  ochreons  ;   cell-spot  dark. 

Ilindwinqs  :  similar,  the  lines  not  so  distinct. 

Underside  with  the  lines  distinctly  darker  :  the  outer  line  on  costa  blotched  ; 
the  cell-spot  black,  elongated  ;  the  two  white  spots  of  submarginal  line  plain. 
Head  and  thorax  pale  greenish  ochreons  ;  abdomen  wanting. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   17  mm. 

One  ?  from  8ao  Paulo  (type),  another  from  Santos,  and  a  third  without  e.xact 
locality. 

Palpi  large,  rostriform,  roughly  haired.     A  very  distinct  insect. 

94.  Tephroclystia  perciliata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  narrow  and  elongate,  glossy,  brownish  fuscous  ;  the  markings  very 
obscure  ;  a  narrow  curved  band,  edged  with  blackish,  at  one-third,  a  second 
in  middle  just  beyond  the  black  cell-spot,  and  a  third  at  four-fifths  of  costa,  this 
last  pale  in  costal  half ;  costa  itself  dark  fuscous,  and  with  larger  dark  blotches 
before  each  of  the  bands  and  also  beyond  the  last  band  ;  marginal  area  darker,  with 
the  waved  submarginal  line  obscure  ;  fringe  brown-grey. 

Ilimhviiigs:  with  the  hiudmargin  dark  fuscous,  the  costal  area  jialer,  the 
markings  very  distinct  on  inner  margin  only. 

Underside  glossy  cinereous  ;  cell-spots  blackish  ;  the  pale  bands  of  forewings 
distinct  only  at  costa.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  cinereous  ;  abdomen  much 
darkened  above  with  blackish  ;    face  dark  brown. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  10  mm. 

One  S  from  Cucuta,  Venezuela. 

Distinguished  by  the  snbserrate,  ciliated  antennae. 

SvBFAMii.Y  BRACCINAE. 
95.  Nelo  divisa  ab.  radiata  nov. 

A  single  cJ  differs  from  the  type  form  of  K.  divisa  Warr.  in  having  a  reddish 
streak  along  the  centre  of  hindwing,  half  of  it  lying  within  the  cell,  the  other  half 
beyond  between  vein  4  and  the  fold  ;  a  smaller,  less  distinct  red  spot  above  the 
fold  beyond  the  cell,  and  some  red  scales  before  apex  above  vein  7.  The  red  blotch 
and  spot  of  forewings  are  both  more  extensive  than  in  the  type. 

On  the  underside  of  hindwings  there  is  a  pale  whitish,  subapical  spot  beneath 
the  red  scales  of  npperside,  and  the  other  red  marks  are  less  defined. 

The  example  was  taken  between  Celica  and  Sagratillo,  Ecuador,  in  July  1899, 
at  an  elevation  of  1800  to  800  ft.  (Simons). 


(475  ) 

96.  Nelo  ruptimargo  sp.  uov. 

Forewlngs :  orange-red;  the  costal  area  above  snbcostal  vein,  the  inner  margin 
below  snbmeclian,  and  the  apical  two-fifths  of  wings  black,  the  edge  of  the  apical 
area  forming  a  ragged  curve  ;  a  sipiare  orange-red  subapical  spot  between  veins 
4  and  6  ;  fringe  black. 

Hindwings  :  orange-red,  with  all  the  margins  black,  the  inner  margin  narrowest ; 
the  orange-red  gronnd-colonr  forms  a  narrow  projection  interrupting  hindmargin  at 
border  between  veins  3  and  4  ;  fringe  black. 

Underside  of  forewings  like  upper,  but  the  orange-red  subapical  spot  is 
contiguous  to  a  white  patch  above  it,  not  quite  reaching  costa  ;  there  is  a  small 
oblong  white  blotch  on  hindmargin  between  veins  3  and  4,  and  a  white  snbcostal 
streak  from  base.  Hindwings  whitish,  tinged  with  orange  ;  the  costal  black 
margin  is  interrupted  by  a  white  blotch  from  base  and  another  before  apex,  both 
these  touching  subcostal  vein  ;  the  hindmarginal  border  is  interrupted  by  a  long 
whitish  blotch  between  3  and  4,  and  the  inner  margin  is  scarcely  blackened.  Palpi 
externally,  centre  efface,  vertex,  thorax,  and  abdomen  black  ;  sides  of  face  whitish; 
base  of  shoulders  and  of  patagia  orange  ;  underside  of  abdomen  and  of  legs  whitish. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  26  mm. 

One  (J  from  Quebrada  Secca,  Cumana,  January  1899. 

The  underside  bears  a  remarkable  resemblance  to  that  of  some  species  of 
Emplocia. 

Subfamily  NEPHODIINAE. 
97.  Leucula  rasa  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  semi-hyaline,  silky  white  ;  fringe  white. 

Hindwings  :  the  same. 

Underside  white  ;  costal  edge  dark  from  base  to  middle  of  forewings.  Head, 
thorax,  and  abdomen  white ;  pectinations  of  antennae  fuscons. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  33  mm. 

One  c?  from  Petropolis. 

In  forewings  vein  11  anastomoses  with  12,  veins  10  and  9  coincident  anastomose 
with  11,  separating  towards  costa  ;  the  upper  radial  is  stalked  with  7,  8,  and  there 
is  no  true  areole. 

Leuculopsis  gen.  nov. 

Forewings ;  with  costa  slightly  curved  throughout  ;  apex  prominent,  subacute ; 
hindmargin  oblique,  hardly  curved. 

Hindwings  :  with  both  angles  well  marked  ;  hindmargin  slightly  curved.  Palpi 
short  and  weak,  not  reaching  front  of  face  ;  tongue  well  developed ;  antennae  of  i 
strongly  bipectinate;  hind -tibiae  not  swollen,  with  four  spurs  ;  frenulum  present. 

Neuration  :  forewings,  cell  quite  half  the  length  of  wing  ;  discocellular  vertical 
above,  somewhat  oblique  below  ;  first  median  nervule  at  one-half,  second  at  five- 
sixths  ;  radials  normal  ;  7,  8,  9  stalked  from  close  to  6,  10  from  the  same  point, 
11  at  three-fourths;  II  anastomosing  with  12,  and  10  with  11,  10  afterwards 
touching  8,  9  at  a  point :  hindwings,  with  costal  shortly  approximated  to  subcostal  ; 
7  before  end  of  cell.     Forewings  with  a  distinct  foveal  bar. 

Type :  Leuculopsis  colorata  sp.  nov. 

The  species  have  a  superficial  resemblance  to  Metrocampa. 


(  476  ) 

08.  Leuculopsis  colorata  sp.  nov. 

Forcwinqs  :  white,  freckled  all  over  with  faint  grey  dots  ;  a  dark  cell-dot ;  a  fine 
liright  orange  line  from  two-thirds  of  inner  margin,  oblique  and  straight  towards  apex, 
before  which  it  dies  ont ;  costal  edge  orange-red  ;  fringe  white  ;  marginal  line  faint. 

Hindirings  :  with  the  orange  line  central  and  Ijroader,  not  running  beyond  vein  G. 

Underside  white  ;  costal  region  of  forewing  stained  with  fnscous  ;  the  oblique 
lines  only  showing  through.  Face  and  palpi  externally  bright  orange-red  ;  basal 
joint  of  antennae  iind  edges  of  vertex  with  orange-red  scales  ;  thorax  and  abdomen 
white. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  40  mm. 

One  (?  from  Chiriqui,  Panama. 

Mi/rteta  coanaria  Schans  is  closely  allied  to  colorutu,  but  has  a  distinct  inner 
line,  which  is  wanting  in  the  present  species. 

99.  Nipteria  claribrunnea  sji.  nov. 

Forewings :  uniform  pale  brown,  slightly  transparent ;  costal  and  apical  areas 
rather  deeper ;  fringe  grey-brown. 

Ilinduings :  the  same. 

Underside  like  upper.  Palpi  and  antennae  lilackish  ;  thorax  and  abdomen  dark 
brown  ;  face  and  vertex  bright  yellow. 

Exjianse  of  wings  :  34  mm. 

One  <S  from  Vilcauota,  fhizco.  Pern,  3000  ft.,  1898  (Garlepp). 

Apex  and  hindmargin  of  hindwings  fully  rounded,  without  undulation. 

This  and  the  succeeding  species,  which  is  certainly  distinct,  are  alike  distin- 
guishable from  all  others  of  the  group  by  the  entire  absence  of  markings  both  above 
and  below. 

100.  Nipteria  clarigrisea  ^p.  nov. 

Forewings:  uniform  smoky  grey,  serai-hyaline;  costal  and  hindmarginal  areas 
darker  ;  fringe  dark  grey. 

Jliiulwings :  the  same. 

Underside  similar.  Palpi,  antennae,  thorax  and  abdomen  blackish  ;  face  and 
vertex  deep  yellow. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  40  mm. 

One  6  from  Vilcanota,  Cuzco,  Pern,  3000  ft.,  1898  (Garlepp). 

Hindwings  somewhat  produced  and  well  rounded  at  apex,  the  hindmargin  with 
a  small  blunt  prominence  at  vein  4. 

Both  wings  are  more  elongate,  in  proportion,  than  in  the  preceding  species. 

101.  Nipteria  curvifascia  sp.  nov. 

Fon'irings :  smoky  grey-brown,  somewhat  transparent  ;  the  veins  and  costal 
area  darker  ;  a  diti'use  curved  dark  shade  from  beyond  middle  of  costa  to  three- 
fourths  of  inner  margin ;  fringe  concolorous,  chequered  faintly  with  darker 
beyond  veins. 

llindicings :  similar. 

Underside  rather  darker  brown.  Thorax  and  abdomen  concolorous  with  wings  ; 
face,  vertex,  collar,  a  lateral  spot  on  shoulders,  and  anal  segment  of  abdomen 
yellow  ;  palpi  yellowish,  the  terminal  joint  fuscous. 


(  477  ) 

Expanse  of  wings  :  34  mm. 

Two  66,  one  ?  from  Rosario,  Argentina,  December  1898  (Stuart)  (type), 
and  three  ?  ?  from  Castro,  Parana,  November  1897  (E.  D.  Jones). 

Distingnished  from  lY.  favaria  Gnen.  by  the  smaller  size,  darker  tint,  and 
absence  of  cell-spots  ;  the  lines  also  are  thicker,  and  differently  disposed. 


Subfamily  ASCOTINAE. 
102.  Alois  junctilinea  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  whitish,  dusted  with  dark  grey;  the  lines  blackish  fuscous, 
distinct ;  first  from  one-third  of  costa  obliquely  curved  inwards  to  one-fifth  of 
inner  margin,  preceded  liy  a  diffuse  smoky  fnscons  shade,  which  edges  the  fovea  ; 
both  marked  with  lilack  dashes  on  the  veins  ;  outer  line  from  two-thirds  of  costa 
to  three-fifths  of  inner  margin,  slightly  outcurved  round  cell,  then  oblique  inwards, 
marked  with  black  on  veins,  followed  by  a  parallel  smoky  shade,  similarly  marked  ; 
cell-spot  black,  linear,  crossed  by  a  difi"ase  smoky  fuscous  median  shade  which 
is  contiguous  to  the  outer  line  across  the  submedian  interspace  and  is  marked 
with  linear  black  dashes  across  the  veins  ;  subraarginal  line  denticulate,  pale, 
plainest  from  costa  to  vein  5,  where  it  is  preceded  and  followed  liy  darker  clouds  ; 
marginal  spots  black  ;  fringe  whitish. 

Hindwings  :  with  the  markings  less  e.xpressed  ;  a  line  close  to  base,  and  traces 
of  an  antemedian  shade  ;  cell-  spot  and  outer  lines  as  in  forewings  ;  the  veins  slightly 
marked  with  black  scales. 

Underside  whitish,  iridescent  ;  costa  of  forewings  ochreous,  speckled  and 
blotched  with  black  ;  forewings  with  blackish  apical  blotch  leaving  apes  itself 
pale  ;  both  wings  with  cell-spots.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  whitish,  much 
peppered  with  grey,  the  face  and  palpi  darker. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  30  mm. 

One  c?  from  Tucuman  (Gerard). 

Resembles  A.  perstrigata  Warr.  {Tridopsis),  bufsmaller  and  without  the  black 
bar  between  middle  and  outer  line.     The  underside  also  is  white,  not  straw-colour. 

103.  Cymatophora  robusta  sp.  nov. 

Foreicings :  whitish,  striated,  and  in  parts  suft'nsed,  with  olive-fuscous,  and 
peppered  with  black  scales ;  first  line  black,  curved,  from  one-fifth  of  costa  to 
one-fifth  of  inner  margin,  diflfnsely  edged  on  both  sides  with  olive-fuscous  ;  second 
line  from  two-thirds  of  costa  to  middle  of  inner  margin,  black,  denticulate,  pro- 
jecting outwards  at  veins  5  and  6,  then  oblique  and  somewhat  sinuons  :  submarginal 
line  whitish,  irregularly  crenulate  ;  space  between  it  and  outer  line  filled  in  with 
suftused  olive-fuscous,  darker, in  middle  and  above  inner  margin,  and  traversed  by 
an  indistinct  denticulate  line  ;  marginal  area  olive-fuscous,  except  the  apical  area 
and  a  blotch  between  veins  3  and  6,  which  remain  white  with  a  few  sjieckles  ; 
black  marginal  spots  between  the  veins,  united  by  a  fine  crenulate  line;  fringe 
olive-grey  ;  the  central  area  is  white  with  olive-fuscous  speckles  ;  the  median  line 
obscure,  parallel  to  outer  line,  and  at  inner  margin  almost  joining  the  first  line, 
traversing  the  dark  difl'uso  cell-spot. 

Hindwings  :  without  first  line,  the  antemedian  distinct  at  inner  margin  only  ; 


(  4-8  ) 

tbe  outer  fascia  not  tilled  up  with  olive-fuscous,  but  formed  of  three  lines,  the 
postmedian,  the  inner  edge  of  the  submarginal,  and  the  intervening  line  ;  cell-spot 
distinct. 

Underside  dirty  whitish,  speckled  and  suffused  with  olive-grey ;  cell-spots 
and  outer  shades  darker  ;  a  fuscous  blackish  marginal  fascia,  leaving  pale  spots 
at  apex  and  middle  of  forewings.  Face,  palpi,  shoulders,  base  of  patagia,  thorax, 
and  abdomen  dark  olive-fuscous  ;  upper  part  of  face,  fillet,  and  tips  of  patagia 
whitish  grey  ;  the  abdomen  with  an  admixture  of  whitish  scales  ;  antennae  annnlated 
black  and  white. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  35  mm. 

One  ?  from  Parana,  Entre  Rios,  Argentina. 

Of  doubtful  location,  in  the  absence  of  the  c?  ;  the  body  is  stout  and  robust, 
the  palpi  quite  short,  but  the  tongue  well  developed  :  in  appearance  not  unlike 
a  small  Biston  ;  veins  10  and  11  coincident. 

104.  Hymenomima  subsordida  sp.  nov. 

Foreu'hiqs :  dirty  ochreous,  speckled  with  fuscous  and  blackish  scales ;  the 
lines  black,  thickened  at  costa  ;  first  from  quite  one-fourth  of  costa  to  one-fifth 
of  inner  margin,  forming  a  black  edge  to  the  fovea  on  the  outer  side  ;  outer  line 
from  two-thirds  of  costa  to  middle  of  inner  margin,  stron£:ly  oblique  inwards  from 
vein  4  to  '-',  and  marked  with  blacker  dots  at  the  veins  ;  median  line  very  indistinct 
except  at  costa,  closely  approximated  below  middle  to  tbe  outer  line  ;  faint  traces 
of  a  dark  shade  parallel  to  and  beyond  second  line,  especially  beyond  cell  and  on 
submedian  fold ;  submarginal  line  lunulate,  obscure  :  the  lunules  below  costa, 
beyond  cell  and  above  inner  margin  prominently  filled  in  with  black  scales  ;  black 
marginal  spots,  connected  by  a  erenulated  marginal  line,  and  throwing  out  black 
dashes  to  the  apices  of  the  lunules  of  the  submarginal  line  ;  fringe  concolorous  ; 
cell-spot  obscure. 

IIi»(l/n'/iffx :  similar  :  the  outer  line  sinuous  and  well  marked  ;  no  inner  line. 

Underside  paler  and  brighter,  less  dusted  ;  cell-spots  and  outer  lines  only 
marked  ;  a  submarginal  dark  costal  cloud  on  forewings,  leaving  the  apex  pale 
ochreous.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  concolorous  with  wings  ;  edge  of  the 
shoulders,  and  a  basal  bar  and  the  edges  of  segments  of  abdomen  black  ;  face  brown. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  28  mm. 

One  S  from  Parana,  Entre  Rios,  Argentina. 

Fovea  largely  developed  ;  vein  5  close  below  6. 

105.  Stenalcidia  pergriseata  sji.  nov. 

Foremnffs.-  grey,  speckled  thickly  with  dark  grey,  and  suffused  throughout 
with  a  grey  cloud  that  renders  all  the  markings  indistinct ;  first  line  from  one-fourth 
of  costa  to  near  base  of  inner  margin,  curved,  and  marked  by  blackish  spots  on 
veins  ;  median  line  at  two-fifths,  traversing  the  dark  cell-spot  and  indistinct  below, 
to  two-fifths  of  inner  margin  ;  outer  line  from  two-thirds  of  costa  to  three-fifths 
of  inner  margin,  marked  by  black  vein-dashes,  and  followed  by  a  thick  grey  shade, 
which  is  succeeded  by  a  paler  curved  fascia  ;  submarginal  line  dentate,  whitish, 
the  teeth  filled  uji  deeply  with  blackish,  forming  an  interrupted  dark  fascia; 
marginal  spots  black  ;  fringe  grey. 


(  479  ) 

Hindtcings :  without  the  grey  cloud,  and  therefore  with  the  markings  clearer  ; 
no  first  line  ;  the  antemedian  line  only  distinct  on  inner  margin  ;  the  rest  as  in 
forewings. 

Underside  of  forewings  uniform  dark  grey,  of  hindwings  greyish  white  ;  fringe 
of  forewings  pale  ;  no  markings  except  the  dark  cell-spots  ;  costa  of  forewings 
with  hlack  dots.  Head  and  thorax  dark  grey  ;  face  brown-grey  above,  pale  grey 
below  ;  abdomen  wanting. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  30  mm. 

One  S  from  Callanga,  Cuzco,  Pern,  1500  ft.,  1898  (Garlepp). 

Nearest  to  hrote$  Druce  ;  distinguished  by  the  uniform  grey  coloration  without 
any  brown  or  ochreons  tints. 

The  tooth  of  the  snbmarginal  line  above  vein  7  of  forewings  is  tipped  with  a 
small  but  plain  white  spot.  Vein  5  of  forewings  from  just  above  the  middle  of 
discocellular. 


106.  Scotopterix  insolita  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  dirty  whitish,  dusted  thickly  with  olive-fuscous  scales  ;  the  lines 
darker,  starting  from  dark  costal  spots  and  marked  by  vein-spots  ;  first  at  one-fifth, 
second  in  middle,  outer  from  two-thirds  of  costa  ;  all  three  curved  and  waved,  the 
median  passing  close  to  the  elongated  oval  cell-mark,  which  is  edged  and  centred  with 
fuscous,  the  outer  approaching  the  median  line  on  inner  margin  ;  submarginal  line 
dentate,  preceded  by  a  diffuse  dark  shade,  which  fills  up  the  teeth,  and  followed  by 
a  dark  cloud  beyond  cell  and  on  submedian  fold  ;  a  row  of  marginal  dark  spots  ; 
fringe  grey. 

Hindioings  :  similar  ;  the  cell-spot  smaller. 

Underside  like  upper,  but  paler,  with  the  submarginal  band  broader.  Head, 
thorax,  and  abdomen  grey  mottled  with  darker. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  38  mm. 

One  ?  from  ,San  Marco,  Peru,  February  1900,  rainy  season,  3200  ft.  (Simons). 


Subfamily  FIDONIINAE. 

107.  Fidonia  tristata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  whitish  grey,  thickly  covered  with  coarse  blackish  partially  con- 
fluent atoms  ;  the  lines,  which  are  thick  and  diffuse,  are  more  or  less  lost  in  the 
dark  dusting  ;  inner  line  at  one-fourth,  and  outer  line  at  two-thirds  are  both  double 
on  costa,  the  latter  obscurely  dentate  ;  submarginal  line  parallel  to  hindmargin  ; 
cell-spot  black  ;  fringe  dark  grey. 

Hindwings  :  with  traces  of  antemedian,  donlde  postmedian,  and  snbmarginal 
lines. 

Underside  smooth  glossy  pale  grey  ;  forewings  with  obscure  dark  marginal 
fascia  and  cell-spot.     Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  pale  grey  peppered  with  blackish. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  27  mm. 

One  ?  from  Pallasco,  Peru,  3200  ft.,  December  1899,  beginning  of  wet  season 
(Simons). 

The  hindmargin  of  hindwings  is  crenulate,  the  sinus  beyond  the  cell  deeper  than 
the  rest.     In  the  forewings  veins  10  and  11  are  coincident. 


(  480  ) 

Mimophyle  gen.  nov. 

Forewinqs  :  elongate;  costca  nearly  straight ;  apex  bl ant ;  liindmargin  obliquely 
curved. 

Hindu-iriqs  :  with  hiudmargin  rounded. 

Antennae  in  S  simple,  lamellate ;  palpi  very  short  ;  tongne  and  frennlnm 
present ;  legs  stout  ;  hind-tibiae  with  fdur  spurs. 

Neuration:  forewings,  cell  half  of  wing;  discocellular  vertically  curved,  more 
oblique  below  ;  first  median  nervnle  at  just  beyond  middle,  second  close  before 
third  ;  lower  radial  from  distinctly  above  middle  of  discocellular,  upper  from  upper 
angle  of  cell  ;  7,  8,  9,  K)  stalked  from  just  before  end  of  cell;  11  just  beyond 
middle,  curved  upwards  and  a]iproximatcd  to  but  not  touching  12,  10  anastomosing 
with  11  and  again  with  8,  9.     Vein  1  much  swollen  at  base  below  the  fovea. 

Ilindwings:  costal  shortly  approximated  to  subcostal  near  base  :  7  and  3  jnst 
before  angles  of  cell ;  no  radial.     Scaling  coarse  and  dense. 

Type  :  Mimophjle  noctuata  sp.  nov. 

Both  in  scaling  and  appearance  the  type  species  resembles  a  small  Noctua. 

108.  Mimophyle  noctuata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  light  grey,  powdered  and  strignlated  with  dark  grey  and  fuscous  ; 
the  lines  black  and  fine  ;  first  from  nearly  one-third  of  costa  is  sharply  angled  out- 
wards in  cell  before  the  rather  large  dark  cell-spot,  then  runs  obliquely  inwards  to 
near  base  of  inner  margin,  touching  the  fovea  on  the  outside  ;  outer  line  from  quite 
three-fourths  of  costa,  runs  in  a  vertical  direction  to  vein  3,  but  forming  a  very 
conspicuous  acute  angle  outwards  between  veins  G  and  7,  and  a  less  prominent  one 
between  3  and  4,  turns  in  along  vein  3  to  below  cell-spot,  thence  again  vertical  to 
inner  margin,  forming  a  slight  angle  on  vein  1  ;  the  first  line  is  preceded  by  a 
rather  interrupted  pale  ochreous  band,  and  the  second  iline  is  followed  above  inner 
margin  by  a  pale  ochreous  grey  speckled  space  ;  a  row  of  black  marginal  spots  ; 
fringe  dark  grey. 

Ilindwinqs  :  dark  grey,  with  irregular  blackish  postmedian  line,  most  distinct 
on  inner  margin,  where  there  are  traces  of  a  submarginal  line,  preceded  by  a 
rufous  tinge. 

Underside  dark  grizzled  grey,  with  the  space  between  the  lines  darker,  paler- 
edged.     Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  dark  grey. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  2n"mm. 

One  cJ  from  Parana,  Entre  Rios,  Argentina. 

100.  Narragodes  psychidia  sp.  nov. 

Forewings:  dull  grey-brown,  greyer  along  the  costa,  with  many  fine  fuscous 
striae;  costa  marked  with  blackish,  and  with  the  costal  arms  of  the  transverse  lines 
black  ;  first  at  one-fourth  nearly  vertical  ;  median  at  one-half,  third  line  at 
three-fourths,  oblique  outwards  "to  vein  0,  there  angled  and  oblique  inwards  ; 
submarginal  line  indistinct,  but  starting  from  a  fourth  costal  black  spot  ;  fringe 
grey-brown  ;  cell-spot  black. 

Hinf/u'i/igs  :  grey-brown,  without  markings  of  any  kind. 

Underside  dull  grey-brown.     Head  and  thorax  like  wings  ;  abdomen  missing. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   17  mm. 

One  (J  from  Parana,  Entre  Rios,  Argentina. 


(  481  ) 

In  forewings  veins  ID  and  11,  coincident,  anastomose  only  at  a  point  with  12  ; 
the  palpi  are  thickly  scaled  and  large  for  the  size  of  the  insect  ;  but  it  agrees 
with  the  type  species  j.V.  fuscaM  Warr.  in  the  unusual  anastomosis  of  the  costal 
and  subcostal  of  hindwiugs. 

110.  Scoria  infumata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  semi-transparent,  smoky  grey,  with  the  base,  the  costa,  and  all  the 
veins  blackish  ;  fringe  dark  grey. 

Hindwings:  similar,  with  the  black  of  the  base  running  down  along  tlie  inner 
margin. 

Underside  the  same.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  black  ;  the  abdomen  with  an 
interrupted  lateral  strijie  of  reddish  orange. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  35  mm. 

Numerous  $  S  from  Cajamarca,  Peru,  2800  ft.,  and  Paramo,  Peru,  December 
1899,  dry  interval  (Simons). 

The  SS  flew  iu  the  sunshine;  as  no  ?  ?were  taken,  it  is  suggested  that  this 
sex  may  be  apterous. 

Subfamily  SELIDOSEMINAE. 
Dasciopteryx  gen.  nov. 

Form  of  wing  like  hcknopleris  Hiib.,  but  distinguished  by  the  neuration  and 
simpler  character  of  the  markings. 

Neuration  :  forewings,  cell  not  more  than  half  as  long  as  wing  ;  discocellular 
slightly  concave  or  inangulated  ;  first  median  at  one-half,  second  close  before  third  ; 
radials  normal  ;  7,  8,  9,  lO  stalked  from  before  upper  angle  ;  11  anastomosing  with 
12,  10  with  11  and  again  with  8,  9  :  hind  wings,  cell  not  half  as  long  as  wing  ; 
costal  shortly  approximated  to  subcostal  ;  7  well  before  angle  of  cell  ;  first 
median  at  one-half.  Forehead  hardly  prominent  ;  palpi  with  third  joint  pointed 
and  decumbent,  the  three  transverse  lioes  waved  and  parallel  to  one  another  ; 
coloration  uniform. 

Type  :  Dasciopteryx  pal i/meiics  Drnce  {Isc/inoptergx  ?). 

111.  Thysanopyga  nig'i-icomata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings:  lilac  grey,  dusted  with  blackish  atoms,  the  costa  with  fine  short 
dark  striae  ;  lines  chestnut  brown  ;  first  from  one-fourth  of  costa,  strongly  angled 
iu  cell,  then  obliquely  curved  inwards  and  slightly  indented  on  the  median  vein,  to 
inner  margin  at  one-fifth,  preceded  by  a  rufous  tint  ;  median  shade  from  beyond 
middle  of  costa,  sinuous  and  slightly  concave  outwards  to  middle  of  inner  margin  ; 
outer  line  strongly  curved  from  before  apex  to  before  anal  angle,  followed  by  a 
diffuse  chestnut  fascia,  the  outer  edge  of  which  is  irregularly  and  sharply  dentate, 
and  bounded  by  the  submarginal  line,  which  at  the  apex  cuts  off  a  small  space  of 
the  pale  grey  ground-colour  ;  fringe  rufons  grey,  beyond  a  dark  marginal  line  ; 
cell-spot  distinct,  black. 

Jlindwings :  tinged  with  brownish  red  in  outer  half  of  wing,  with  an 
indistinct  straight  dark  inner  line,  and  a  difiuse  cloudy  median  shade  ;  cell-spot 
hardly  visible,  pale. 

Underside  dull  grey,  in  the  forewings  darker  towards  hiudmargiu,  and  with  a 
dark  cell-spot.     Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  like  wings  ;  face  slightly  rufous. 


(  482  ) 

Expanse  of  wings  :  31  mm. 

One  S  from  Cliiriqui,  Panama. 

The  basa]  segment  of  abdomen  bears  on  each  side  a  long  stiff  tuft  of  black 
liairs  ;  the  hindwings  are  shonldered  at  base  of  costa,  and  are  clothed  towards  base 
with  tine  downy  hair  concealing  a  narrow  elongated  hyaline  fovea  placed  between 
the  costal  and  subcostal  veins. 

Subfamily  SEMIOTHISINAE. 
112.  Syrrhoedia  curvilinea  sp.  uov. 

Forewiiigs :  dull  yellowish  ochreous,  tinged  with  olive,  and  with  very  fine 
brownish  striations  ;  traces  of  basal  and  median  lines  at  one-fourth  and  one-half 
of  costa,  marked  on  inner  margin  by  faint  reddish  scales  and  interrupted  between  ; 
a  slightly  curved  entire  brown  line  at  three-fourths,  beyond  which  the  striation  is 
denser  ;  the  submarginal  line  faint,  and  only  marked  by  the  edges  of  the  preceding 
shade  ;  fringe  concolorous. 

Hindicings :  the  same. 

Underside  j'ellow  ;  the  outer  line  only  marked,  but  that  distinct;  marginal 
area  bej-ond  it  darker,  with  brown  striations. 

Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  concolorous. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  41  mm. 

One  S  from  Palma  Sola,  Venezuela,  1896  (Whyman). 

113.  Tephrinopsis  brunneofusa  sp.  no  v. 

Forewings :  rnfons  ochreous,  thickly  and  finely  strignlated  with  blackish,  the 
rufous  tint  deepening  towards  hindmargin,  where  it  becomes  wood-brown  and 
includes  the  fringes  ;  the  lines  ill  marked  ;  the  inner  and  outer  indicated  by  black 
vein-dots  ;  median  shade  very  obscure  except  on  inner  margin,  where  it  approaches 
first  line;  submarginal  line  of  the  pale  ground-colour,  waved,  and  indicated  by  a 
dark  cloudy  shade  which  ])recedes  it,  starting  from  anal  angle  and  curving  towards 
apex,  before  which  it  becomes  obsolete  ;  marginal  line  distinct,  black,  interrupted 
at  the  vein-ends  ;  cell-spot  black. 

Hindwings  :  with  the  lines  strongly  marked  ;  no  first  line  ;  median  shade 
straight  and  thick  ;  outer  line  denticulate  ;  submarginal  shade  less  prominent. 

Underside  browner  throughout  ;  forewing  with  only  the  median  and  sub- 
marginal  shades  expressed  ;  hindwing  with  the  outer  line  as  well.  Head  and  paljii 
brown-black  ;  thorax  and  abdomen  like  the  pale  ground-colour  of  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  30 — 35  mm. 

Two  S  6  from  Chiriijni,  Panama. 

The  antennae  are  subscrrate,  with  strong  fascicles  of  cilia  ;  the  hindmargin  of 
both  wings  evenly  curved  ;  forewings  without  fovea.  Apparently  variable  both  in 
size  and  markings. 

SoBFAMiLY  ENNOMINAE. 

114.  Anisoperas  albimacula  sp.  uov. 
Forewings :  dark  grey-brown,  striated  indistinctly  with  darker ;  the  lines  dark 
fuscous  ;    first  straight,  from  two-fifths  of  costa  to  two-fifths  of  inner   margin  ; 
second  from  two-thirds  of  costa  to  two-thirds  of  inner  margin,  strongly  projecting 


(483  ) 

towards  hindmargiu  between  veins  4  and  6,  then  incurved  and  dentate  on  the  veins ; 
an  oblong  snow-white  blotch  inside  the  projection  bej'ond  cell  ;  a  small  3-ellowish 
spot  on  inner  margin  before  outer  line  ;  fridge  concolorous  ;  cell-spot  blackish, 
rather  large. 

Hindwings  :  with  black  cell-spot,  and  lunulatc-deutate  submarginal  line. 

Underside  duller.     Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  concolorous  with  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  30  mm. 

One  ?  from  between  Chimborazo  and  (Jhimbo,  Ecuador,  July  1897  (Rosenberg). 

llo.  Azelina  fusca  sp.  nov. 

Fon'tciiiffs  :  dull  wood-brown,  covered  with  fine  fuscous  speckling  andstriation; 
the  veins  towards  hindmargin  verj'  finely  paler  ;  the  two  lines  dark  fuscous  ;  first 
from  costa  at  one-third,  prominently  projecting  above  the  median  vein  and  forming 
two  less  pronounced  curves  below,  difl'usely  edged  outwardly  with  darker ;  second 
from  nearly  three-fourths  of  costa  to  two-thirds  of  inner  margin,  slightly  insinuate 
in  the  middle  and  curved  outwards  beyond  cell  and  on  submcdian  fold  ;  two  small 
black  cell-spots,  one  above  the  other ;  three  black  submarginal  spots  below  apex  ; 
fringe  concolorous. 

Hindwings  :  rather  paler,  with  a  nearly  straight,  slightly  paler-edged  post- 
median  line  ;  the  marginal  area  paler  than  the  basal  ;  small  dark  submarginal  spots. 

Underside  much  paler,  with  simple  striations  and  no  markings  ;  upper  cell-spot 
of  forewings  black.     Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  concolorous. 

Expanse  of  wings  :   38  mm. 

One  ?  from  Parana,  Entre  Kios,  Argentina. 

An  inconspicuous-looking  insect,  but  apparently  not  hitherto  described. 

110.  Brachysema  viridirufa  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  dark  purple-brown  ;  the  lines  darker,  edged  with  lustrous  ;  space 
between  inner  and  outer  lines  ochreous,  overlaid  with  deep  green  scales  ;  first  line 
from  one-third  of  costa,  acutely  angled  on  median  vein  at  middle  of  wing,  then 
oblique  to  inner  margin  at  one-third,  with  a  lustrous  inner  edge  ;  outer  line  from 
three-fifths  of  inner  margin  oblique  and  slightly  curved  to  just  before  apex,  where 
it  is  acutely  angled  and  retracted  to  costa  at  four-fifths,  with  a  lustrous  outer  edge  ; 
an  oblique  purple  streak  from  costa  between  the  lines  ;  submarginal  line  dentate, 
marked  by  lustrous  blotches  ;  fringe  purple-brown. 

Hindwings :  similar  ;  the  green  central  area  narrower. 

Underside  of  forewings  bright  orange  ;  the  outer  line  finely  brown;  a  submarginal 
line  of  brown  blotches,  edged  with  lustrous  before  the  brown  apex  ;  hindwings 
without  markings.  Face  and  palpi  dark  purple-brown ;  thorax  paler  ;  abdomen 
wanting. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  39  mm. 

One  ?  from  Chiriqui,  Panama. 

Callopsiodes  gen.  nov. 
Allied  to  CJdorochjdon  Warr.,  but  in  both  sexes  the  antennae  are  bipectinated  ; 
the  hindraargins  of  the  wings  are  without  teeth  or  crenulations,  that  of  the  forewings 
being  bulged  above  the  middle. 


(  484  ) 

Type  :   Callopsiodes  colorata  sp.  nov. 

Biston  viexkanaiia  Wlk.  (=  Synopsia  hedemanni  Feld.)  will  also  be  referable 
here. 

117.  Callopsiodes  colorata  sp.  nov. 

Foveicinqs:  pale  fawn-colour,  iJnsbcd  with  pinkish,  and  dnsted  with  brown  and 
black  atoms  ;  the  lines  green,  becoming  red-brown  and  thickened  in  the  costal  area  ; 
first  from  one-sixth  of  costa,  oblique  outwards  to  subcostal,  then  bluntly  bent  and 
straight  to  oue-third  of  inner  margin,  preceded  by  a  faintly  lustrous  pale  line  ;  basal 
area  with  space  between  subcostal  and  median  veins  greenish,  and  with  a  brown 
costal  spot  at  base  ;  outer  line  from  costa  at  three-fourths,  curved  strongly  outwards 
towards  hindmargin  to  vein  7,  there  sharply  angled  and  becoming  luuulate-dentate 
to  three-fourths  of  inner  margin,  followed  by  a  pale  lustrous  line  ;  the  space 
between  the  lines  pinkish  brown,  deepest  towards  the  inner  line  and  green  along 
inner  margin  ;  a  dark  brown  blotch  on  costa  before  ape.x  touching  angle  of  outer 
line  on  vein  7  ;  cell-spot  round,  black,  and  distinct  ;  median  shade  obliiiue,  brown, 
and  distinct  from  costa  to  median  vein,  thence  obscure  to  inner  margin  ;  submarginal 
line  pale  lustrous  ;  margin  itself  tinged  with  green  ;  fringe  pale  pinkish  grey,  with 
darker  central  line. 

Hindwings :  uniform  dull  pinkish  grey,  slightly  speckled  ;  a  dentate  lunulate 
dark  postmedian  line  and  dusky  cell-spot  ;  basal  two-thirds  slightly  darker  than 
marginal  area. 

Underside  of  forewings  ochreons  more  or  less  grey-tinged,  of  hindwings 
ochreous,  both  speckled  with  black  ;  tlic  lines  of  the  upperside  obscurely  repre- 
sented ;  the  submarginal  sliade  greenish  ;  the  hindwings  with  traces  of  an  interrupted 
curved  brown  central  line.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  ochreous  grey,  slightly 
pink  tinged  ;  the  face,  palpi,  and  shoulders  somewhat  darker  grey  ;  legs  ochreous, 
much  mottled  with  brown. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  48  mm. 

One  t?  from  Chiriqui. 

118.  Certima  eximia  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  pinkish  ochreous,  deepening  into  brownish  buft"  at  hindmargin, 
slio-htly  green-tinged  throughout,  and  sprinkled  witli  black  atoms  ;  first  line  at 
one-third,  Inmilate  dentate,  formed  of  fine  white  scales,  the  teeth,  facing  inwards, 
marked  by  three  white  dashes  on  the  veins,  preceded  by  a  broad  band  of  pale  green  ; 
outer  line  from  a  little  before  apex  to  three-fourths  of  inner  margin,  similar  to 
basal  line,  but  the  white  teeth  facing  outwards,  and  the  lunules  filled  up  with 
green  ;  marginal  area  varied  with  whitish  and  green  scales  ;  fringe  concolorous  with 
margin ;  cell-spot  blackisli. 

Hinduings:  like  forewings,  but  without  first  line,  the  base  much  paler 
ochreous  ;   cell-spot  black. 

Underside  very  pale  flesh-coloured  ochreous,  tinged  with  green  ;  cell-spots  and 
a  row  of  submarginal  spots,  marking  the  teeth  of  the  outer  line,  black  ;  these  last 
preceded  by  a  slightly  deeper  greenish  tint.    Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  ochreous. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  60  mm. 

One  (S  from  La  Merced,  Chanchamayo,  Peru. 

Hindmargin  of  both  wings  quite  even,  without  trace  of  dentation. 


(  485  ) 

111).  Certima  nummifera  sp.  nov. 

Foreioiiif/s  :  deej)  oruiige,  but  this  ground-colour  is  all  but  hidden  by  a  dull 
purplish  suffnsion  containing  numerous  deeper  purple  striae  ;  a  round  orange  patch 
at  end  of  cell,  and  a  larger  one  beyond  it ;  a  third  patch,  like  that  in  cell,  underneath 
it  between  the  median  and  submedian  veins  ;  the  course  of  the  inner  and  outer  lines 
is  marked  by  white  dashes  on  the  veins,  the  upper  part  of  the  outer  line  intersecting 
the  larger  orange  blotch  as  a  wavy  line  :  submarginal  line  denoted  by  a  small 
orange  spot  at  costa  and  a  less  conspicuous  one  at  aual  angle  ;  cell-spot  linear, 
black  ;  fringe  purple,  with  slight  traces  of  orange  chequering. 

Hindicimis  :  like  forcwings,  but  with  no  third  orange  spot  between  tlie  median 
and  submedian  veins  ;  and  tlie  submarginal  line  with  a  spot  beyond  cell  and  not 
on  costa. 

Underside  duller  red,  with  the  cell-s])ots  black  ;  the  I'orewings  with  orange 
blotches  in  and  beyond  cell.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  purple  ;  abdomen  at  sides 
and  beneath  cinereous. 

Exjianse  of  wings  :   30  mm. 

One  ?  from  Paramba,  Ecuador,  November  and  December  1898. 

VM.  Cyclomia  fidoniata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  greyish  ochreous,  the  pale  ground-colour  being  almost  wholly  lost 
in  the  dark  fuscous  brown  striae  by  which  the  wing  is  covered  ;  diffuse  darker  browu 
lines  at  one-third  and  two-thirds,  to  the  first  of  which  an  obscure  orange  cell-spot 
is  contiguous  ;  the  outer  line  is  sinuous  inwards  in  midwiug,  and  is  preceded  by 
an  obscure  rufous  orange  tint  ;  marginal  area  beyond  this  line  deeper  ;  fringe 
concolorous  ;    marginal  sjjots  purplish  brown. 

Himltoings :  similar. 

Underside  with  the  yellow  ground-colour  much  less  obscured  ;  the  outer  dark 
shade  broad  and  distinct,  the  inner  less  obvious,  and  only  visible  towards  inner 
margin  ;  both  wings  with  dark  cell-spots. 

Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  dark  purplish  brown  ;  lower  part  of  face  and  palpi 
beneath  yellowish. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  27  mm. 

Three  cJt?  from  ChanchamaN'o,  Peru. 

Related  to  C.  einosa  Dognin,  from  which  it  is  distinguished  by  its  larger  size 
and  much  darker  colour. 

121.  EUopia  distincta  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  ochreous,  thickly  speckled  with  brown  ;  the  lines  dark  red-brown  ; 
first  from  one-fourth  of  costa  to  one-third  of  inner  margin,  outcurved  and  obscurely 
angled  on  the  median  ;  outer  line  from  two-thirds  of  costa  to  two-thirds  of  inner 
margin,  outcurved  beyond  cell  and  subdentate  on  the  veins  ;  marginal  line  brown  ; 
cell-siiot  large,  brown ;  fringe  ochreous,  with  dark  marks  beyond  the  veins. 

Hindwings  :  with  a  single  slightly  curved  line  from  two-thirds  of  costa  to  inner 
margin  just  above  anal  angle  ;  cell-spot  faint. 

Underside  like  upper,  but  the  outer  line  double.  Head,  thora.x,  and  abdomen 
like  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  32  mm. 

One  ¥  from  Chiriqui,  Panama. 

Both  wings  have  a  slight  angle  in  middle  of  hindmargin. 

34 


(486  ) 

l'-'-.  Epiplatymetra  costimacula  sp.  nov. 

Forewimjs  :  pale  .straw-colour;  at  ouc-tliird  of  costa  a  brown  blotch,  broad  ou 
costal  edge,  narrowing  inwards  and  sharply  cut  ofi"  on  median  vein,  its  outer  edge 
nearly  straight,  its  inner  curved  ;  continued  in  an  oblique  curve  to  inner  margin 
formed  of  small  brown  spots  ;  a  little  before  apex  an  inwardly  oblique  brown  blotch, 
also  broader  on  costa,  ending  at  vein  5,  continued  as  a  strongly  sinuous  line  of 
brown  dots  on  veins,  ending  in  a  vertical  better-marked  blotch  at  two-thirds  of 
inner  margin  ;  a  few  slight  snbmarginal  dots  ;  fringe  concolorous  with  wings. 

Ilimhrim/s  :  witli  slight  discal  dot,  and  some  grey-brown  spots  towards 
hiudmargin. 

Underside  with  the  dark  markings  of  ujiperside  showing  through,  and  with 
both  wings  more  strongly  sjiotted  with  brown.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen 
concolorous. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  44  mm. 

One  ?  from  Platte  t'anon,  Colorado  (Oslar). 

Apparently  intermediate  between  E.  coloradaria  Gr.  and  Rob.,  and  triangidi- 
ferata  Pack. 

123.  Euangerona  umbrosa  sp.  nov. 

Forewim/s  :  dull  wood-brown,  thickly  striated  with  fuscous  ;  the  lines  black- 
brown,  fine,  the  first  preceded  and  the  second  followed  by  a  fnscous  shade,  making 
them  appear  difiuse  ;  the  second  is  likewise  preceded  by  a  thicker  brown  shade,  the 
inner  edge  of  which  is  somewhat  darkened  into  a  line  ;  the  first  line  from  costa  at 
one-fonrth  to  nearly  the  middle  of  inner  margin,  projecting  in  cell,  thence  sinuous  ; 
outer  line  from  five-sixths  of  costa,  angled  outwards  on  vein  7,  then  oblique  and 
slightly  sinuous  to  three-fourths  of  inner  margin  ;  a  dark  irregularly  dentate 
snbmarginal  line,  the  space  between  it  and  outer  line  slightly  paler  than  the  rest 
of  wing  ;  fringe  concolorous  ;  cell-spot  obscure,  blackish. 

llindwiiigii :  paler,  more  greyish  brown  ;  no  first  line  ;  the  outer  line  straight 
from  before  apex  to  just  above  anal  angle  ;  cell-spot  distinct. 

Underside  paler  in  both  wings,  with  coarser  fnscous  strigae  ;  a  postmedian 
dark  line  on  both  wings,  slightly  waved.     Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  concolorons. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  38  mm. 

One  <S  from  Vilcanota,  Cuzco,  Peru  (3000  ft.)  1898  (Garlepp). 

1~4.  Ira  olivata  sp.  nov. 
Forewings  :  pale  olive-brown,  tliii-kly  striated  and  sufi'nscd  with  dark  brown, 
the  paler  ground  showing  mainly  in  the  outer  half  of  wing  ;  lines  thick,  dark 
brown,  more  or  less  obscnred  ;  first  at  nearly  one-third  of  costa,  bent  in  cell  and 
below  median  vein,  to  inner  margin  at  one-third  ;  outer  line  from  inner  end  of  the 
subapical  patch,  oblique  inwards,  dentate-Iuuulate,  to  two-thirds  of  inner  margin, 
before  which  it  curves  outward  ;  snbmarginal  line  from  the  outer  end  of  the 
subajjical  patch,  also  dentate-lunnlate,  and  nearly  parallel  to  outer  line  ;  a  ditfuse 
dark  curved  median  shade  closely  approaching  outer  line  below  middle  ;  the  whole 
area  from  base  to  outer  line  thickly  striated  and  sufli'used  with  dark  brown,  so  that 
the  actual  course  of  the  lines  is  obscure  ;  subapical  costal  blotch  ochreous-whitish 
with  some  slight  brown  speckles  in  the  d,  black-brown  with  a  white  crotchet  at 
the  inner  end  in  the  ?  ;  a  black  cell-spot ;  costal  area  spotted  dark  and  light  ; 


(  487  ) 

fringe  brown  :  in  the  ?  there  is  ti  (Uirk  brown  blotch  at  middle  of  hiudmargin,  of 
which  there  is  no  trace  in  the  <S. 

Hindtcini/s  :  with  traces  of  darker  central,  postmedian,  and  subniarginal  lines, 
the  outer  margin  less  sutFused  than  the  basal  half. 

Underside  sandy  brownish,  speckled  with  darker,  with  a  broad  dull  ferruginous 
submargiual  baud,  beyond  which  the  margin  is  much  paler  ;  in  the  ?  the  ground 
colour  is  darker,  more  ashy,  the  submargiual  band  more  dilfuse  and  darker,  with  a 
Granulate  blackish  line  on  its  inuer  edge  aud  the  outer  margin  beyond  diffusely 
whitish.     Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  brown. 

Exjianse  of  wings  :    <S  56  mm.  ;    ?  60  mm. 

As  usual,  the  apex  of  the  forewing  of  J  is  blunt  and  the  hindmargiu  evenly 
curved,  in  the  ?  the  apex  is  produced  and  the  hindmargin  incurved  below  it. 

One  (S,  one  ?  from  Paramba,  Ecuador,  November  and  December  1898. 

125.  Microgonia  cariaria. 

O.ri/dia  caritiria  Wlk.  XX.  p.  64  <J. 

Walker's  type  of  this  species  appears  to  be  an  extreme  form,  in  which  the 
amount  of  yellow  is  very  much  more  ample  than  usual.  In  three  SS,  two  from 
Paramba,  Ecuador,  taken  by  Mr.  Rosenberg  in  April  1897,  at  3500  ft.,  the  third 
from  Lita,  Ecuador  (Flemming)  at  3000  ft.,  agreeing  precisely  in  shape  of  wings, 
and  position  aud  form  of  markings,  the  yellow  is  restricted  to  a  small  blotch 
below  the  median  vein  at  the  origin  of  vein  2,  the  Paramba  examples  showing  also 
a  yellowish  tinge  round  the  discal  spot  and  before  the  first  line.  The  prevailing 
tint  is  olive-brown  with  a  slight  rosy  suffusion  ;  the  outer  line  is  dark  brown 
edged  externally  with  dull  rosy  ;  the  submargiual  line  is  distinct,  dentate  lunulate, 
sometimes  marked  with  white  points  on  the  veins,  beyond  which  towards  the  aual 
angle  is  a  paler  rosy  suffusion.  The  antennae,  which  Walker  calls  "  subsetulosae," 
are  in  reality  strongly  serrate,  with  the  serratures  pubescent ;  the  hind-tibiae  of 
the  c?  are  very  much  swollen,  and  armed  with  a  pencil  of  hairs.  Walker  gives 
Brazil  as  locality  ;  and  it  may  be  that  Brazilian  specimens  have  the  yellow  more 
largely  developed  than  those  from  Ecuador. 

126.  Microgonia  rufaria  sp.  uov. 

Forewings :  reddish  brown  with  a  slight  olive  tinge  and  finely  black-speckled  ; 
costal  edge  cream-colour,  with  fine  black  striae  ;  the  lines  slightly  deeper  coloured  ; 
first  from  one-third  of  costa  to  one-third  of  inuer  margin,  slightly  bent  in  cell, 
preceded  by  a  faint  dot  on  each  vein  ;  outer  line  lYom  three-fourths  of  costa  to 
two-thirds  of  inuer  margin,  starting  from  a  snow-white  costal  spot,  shortly  angled 
below  vein  7,  then  curved,  followed  by  a  somewhat  glossy  pink  line  ;  submargiual 
line  indicated  below  costa  by  some  slight  blackish  clouds  ;  the  whole  marginal 
area  below  vein  4  occupied  by  a  roundish  agglomeration  of  black  strigae,  sur- 
rounded by  a  rosy  pink  gloss  ;  fringe  dark  brown  red  ;  cell-spot  small,  black. 

Hindwings :  more  olive-brown,  without  the  red  tint ;  a  dark  browu,  externally 
pale-edged,  line  just  bej'ond  the  middle,  almost  straight  ;  faint  traces  of  a  sub- 
margiual line,  the  teeth  marked  by  whitish  vein  dashes. 

Underside  dull  reddish,  with  the  lines  faintly  shown  ;  apical  area  of  forewings 
paler  ;   cell-spots  small,  blackish.     Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  all  reddish  ;  fillet 


(  488  ) 

witli  ii  fine  wliitc  line  in  frmit  ;  legs  ochreous,  externally  thickly  speckled  with 
olive-fnscons. 

Expanse  of  winjjs  :   5(')  mm. 

One  c?  from  raiambii,  Ecuador,  November — December  IbUl. 

In  sliajie  of  wings  and  markings  most  closely  ajiproacliing  M.  cariaria  Wlk., 
but  distinguished  at  once  by  the  coloration  and  the  large  black  rosy-tinged  anal 
blotch  of  forewings. 

Mimosema  gen.  nov. 

Forewings:  with  costa  curved  throughout:  a])ex  blunt  ;  hindmargia  curved; 
no  fovea. 

Himhvings  :  ample,  with  curved  hindmargiu. 

Antennae  simple,  lamellate,  laterally  flattened.  Paljii  jiorrect,  weak.  Tongue 
and  frenulum  present  ;  hind-tibiae  simple,  with  four  spurs. 

Neuration :  forewings,  cell  half  as  long  as  wing  ;  discocellular  vertical  ;  first 
median  nervnle  at  two-thirds,  second  shortly  before  end  ;  radials  normal  ;  10,  7,  8,  9, 
stalked  from  before  end  of  cell  ;  11  anastomosing  with  12,  lU  with  11  :  hiudwings, 
costal  shortly  approximated  to  subcostal  ;  7  before  end  of  cell  ;  no  radial  :  medians 
as  in  forewings. 

Type  :  Mimosema  imitans  sp.  nov. 

1','7.  Mimosema  imitans  sp.  nov. 

Forewings:  red-brown,  freckled  with  black;  the  costa  darker  towards  base; 
lines  deep  red,  straight  ;  first  from  one-third  of  costa  to  two-fifths  of  inner  margin  ; 
second  from  four-fifths  of  costa  to  two-thirds  of  inner  margin,  the  first  preceded,  the 
second  followed,  by  a  pale  line  ;  traces  of  a  subterminal  line  indicated  by  dark  spots 
on  veins  ;  fringe  concolorous  ;  cell-sjjot  dark,  indistinct,  preceded  by  a  dark  spot 
towards  upper  margin  of  cell. 

Iliiulwings  :  without  inner  line  ;  the  outer  from  three-fonrths  of  costa  to  anal 
angle  ;  cell-spot  and  submargiual  line  indistinct. 

Underside  [learl  grey  ;  outer  line  marked  in  both  wings  ;  marginal  area  witli 
a  rufous  cloud  ;  apex  of  both  wings  whiter  with  dark  speckles  ;  cell-spots  more 
distinct ;  fringe  rufons  ;  head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  concolorous  with  wings,  but 
the  face  and  palpi  deeper  tinged,  the  abdomen  paler,  especially  the  anal  segment. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  30  mm. 

One  c?  from  Chiriqni,  Panama. 

There  is  much  superficial  resemblance  between  this  insect  and  one  or  two 
species  of  the  genus  Dichromatopodia  on  the  one  hand  and  Sgrrkizodes  deludens 
Warr.  on  the  other.  From  I  he  former  the  ueuratiou  at  once  separates  it;  from 
the  latter  it  is  distinguished  by  the  simj)le  instead  of  pectinated  antennae,  and  the 
difi'erent  subcostal  neuration  of  forewings.  The  absence  of  a  fovea  in  forewings, 
besides  other  points,  prevents  its  inclusiou  in  either  ilicroxydia  or  Cartellodes, 
with  which  it  agrees  in  the  simple  antennae. 

128.  Nematocampa  benescripta  sji.  nov. 

Forewings :  bright  ochraceous  with  deeper  ochraceous  specklings  ;    costa  and 

hindmargin    narrowly    black-brown  ;  the    lines   of  the   same  colour  ;  first    slightly 

sinuous  from  one-third  of  costa  to  one-third  of  inner  margin,  incurved  below  middle  ; 

second  from  two-thirds  of  costa  to  three-fourths  of  inner  margin,  thickened  and 


(  489  ) 

nearly  straight  to  below  vein  4,  then  strongly  incnvved  and  again  cnrved  outwards 
to  before  anal  angle  ;  submarginal  line  indicated  by  a  small  black-brown  blotch 
on  vein  5  and  a  larger  one  at  anal  angle,  both  touching  margin  ;  fringe  black-brown, 
becoming  ochreous  towards  apex. 

HiiidiciiKjs  :  with  outer  line  only  ;  in  botli  wings  tliis  line  is  ftiliowcd  by  small 
white  spots  between  the  veins,  the  inner  line  nf  fcjrcwings  being  jirecedcd  by  similar 
spots.     Face  and  palpi  black-brown  ;  thora.x  and  aljdomen  like  wings. 

Underside  pinkish  ochreous,  without  speckles,  the  ftirewings  flushed  with 
ocliraceons  ;  liindmargin  and  fringes  of  botli  wings,  costa  and  outer  line  of  forcwiugs 
black-brown. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  21  mm. 

Two  (?c?,  1  ?,  from  ( 'hiriqui,  Panama. 


129.  Neodora  cretacea  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  chalk-white,  thickly  sjieckled  with  olive  grey  ;  these  specklings 
are  densest  along  the  costa,  and  form  an  interrupted  median  shade,  embracing  the 
black  cell-spot  ;  inner  and  outer  lines  marked  by  black  dashes  on  the  veins,  forming 
double  spots  on  costa  and  inner  margin  ;  a  dark  submarginal  cloud  aboirt  middle 
and  another  on  inner  margin  mark  tlie  course  of  tlie  submarginal  lino  ;  marginal 
sjiots  black  ;  fringe  white. 

lliiidwhKjs :  less  speckled  ;  no  first  line,  or  submarginal  cloud  at  middle. 

Underside  white,  with  very  few  black  speckles,  these  confined  to  the  costal  and 
marginal  areas  ;  costa  of  forewings  dingy  grey,  with  short  black  marks  ;  cell-spots 
and  outer  lines  of  black  sj)ots  ;  a  diffuse  blackisli  submarginal  chiud  on  forewings 
along  outer  line  from  costa  to  middle.  Face,  palpi,  shoulders,  and  base  of  patagia 
grey  ;  rest  of  patagia  white  ;  abdomen  white,  with  basal  half  of  segments  grey. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  40  mm. 

One  c?  from  (Jallanga,  Cuzco,  Peru,  1500  ft.,  1898  (Garlepp). 


130.  Paracomistis  dispar. 
Isochromodes  dispar  Warr.,  Nov.  Zool.  VII.  p.  217(?). 

Since  the  above  species  was  described  I  liave  seen  2  more  ¥  ?  and  'i  S  S  from 
Chiri(j^ni,  Panama  ;  the  3  has  the  antennae  fully  pectinated  ;  so  that  the  species 
must  be  placed  in  Paracomistis.  In  the  S  S  the  markings  are  darker  and  more 
distinct  than  in  the  ¥  ¥  ;  the  outer  and  submarginal  lines  being  indicated  by 
Idackish  spots  on  veins  towards  inner  margin. 

The  forewings  of  Paracomisfix  liave  no  fovea,  as  was  wrongly  stated  to  be  the 
case  in  the  original  description. 

131.  Paracomistis  nebulosa  sp.  nov. 

Wings  above  marked  exactly  as  in  P.  dispar,  but  the  markings  all  still  more 
obscure,  owing  to  the  brownish  grey  snfl'nsion  of  the  wings  throughout.  In  fact, 
judging  from  the  npperside  alone,  the  insect  might  be  considered  a  suffused  form 
of  dispar  ;  but  the  underside  is  totally  different  ;  tlie  ground-colour  is  dull  oclireous 
grey,  thickly  si)eckled  with  darker,  instead  of  yellowish  ochreous  ;  the  outer  line  is 


(  490  ) 

dull   fuscous  ami  uarrow,  followed  by  a  smoky-brown  cloud,  most  conspicuous  in 
the  forcwings. 

Two  d^  from  ('hiriqui,  Panama,  tbe  same  size  as  dispar  Warr. 

132.  Paracomistis  punctata  sji.  nov. 

Foreicings :  rather  bright  ochreous,  tinged  with  ocbraceons  and  speckled  in 
parts  with  browu  atoms  ;  the  lines  ochraceous,  diffuse,  and  marked  with  blackish 
spots  on  veins  ;  the  first  obscure,  at  one-third,  the  outer  slightly  greyish  tinged, 
from  apex  to  middle  of  inner  margin,  the  grey  shade  beyond  the  black  daslies 
making  the  line  appear  double  ;  submarginal  lino  hardly  expressed  ;  cell-spot  and 
marginal  spots  distinct,  black  ;  fringe  oclireous. 

lliiuhcings :  without  first  line,  but  the  submarginal  line  clearer. 

Underside  pale  ochreous  ;  cell-spots  distinct  ;  outer  line  on  forewings  thick, 
blackish,  and  well-marked,  with  a  brownish  cloud  crossing  it  from  beyond  middle 
of  costa  to  anal  angle,  leaving  the  ajiex  ochreous  ;  hiudwings  with  the  line  narrow  ; 
marginal  spots  in  both  wings  connected  by  a  marginal  line  below  the  middle. 
Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  ochreous. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  30  mm. 

Two  S  S  from  Chiriqui,  Panama. 

This  may  be  Sabulodes  granula  Dogn.,  described  from  a  ?  only. 

133.  Periclina  inornata  sji.  nov. 

Forewinqs  :  dull  brick-red,  finely  black-speckled  ;  lines  blackish  ;  first  from 
one-third  of  costa  to  tvpo-fifths  of  inner  margin,  straight,  the  costa  dark  to  the 
line  ;  outer  line  from  three-fourths  of  costa  to  two-thirds  of  inner  margin,  nearly 
straight  ;  this  line  is  edged  externally  and  the  basal  line  internally  with  dull  grey  ; 
marginal  line  fine  ;  fringe  brick-red  ;  cell-mark  blackish,  linear. 

Hindwings  :  with  outer  line  only,  from  two-thirds  of  costa  straight  into  anal 
angle. 

Underside  j)aler,  with  the  outer  line  only  expressed.  Head,  thorax,  and 
abdomen  like  wings  ;    the  face  and  palpi  dark  brown. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  34  mm. 

One  ?  from  Chiriqui,  Panama. 

134.  Pero  bicurvata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings  :  dark  reddish  brown,  paler  in  the  marginal  area,  finely  and  thickly 
dusted  throughout  with  darker  atoms  ;  inner  edge  of  central  fascia  from  costa  at 
one-third,  sliglitly  projecting  above  median  vein,  then  obliquely  curved  to  one-fourth 
of  inner  margin  ;  outer  edge  from  five-sixths  of  costa,  oblique  and  slightly  curved 
to  the  submedian  fold,  then  strongly  oblique  to  inner  margin  close  to  inner  edge  ; 
the  outer  half  of  fascia  filled  up  with  dark  brown  and  containing  an  obscure  dark 
cell-spot ;  a  brown  submarginal  cloud,  most  distinct  in  lower  half;  fringe  grey-brown. 

Hindwings  :  pale  grey  towards  base  and  costa,  darker  grey  along  hindmargin, 
and  tinged  with  rnfons  along  inner  margin  ;  a  dark,  slightly  paler-edged  and  faintly 
curved  postmedian  Hue  ;  traces  of  a  dark  submarginal  line  towards  inner  margin. 

Underside  rufous  grey,  speckled  with  darker,  the  inner  marginal  area  of 
forewing  pale  ;  both  wings  with  dark  outer  line,  but  without  cell-spots.  Head, 
thorax,  and  abdomen  reddish  grey. 


(  491  ) 

Expanse  of  wings  :  35  mm. 
One  S  from  Tncuman  (Gerard). 

Hiudmargins  of  both  wings  bluntly  lieiit  at  veins  3  and  0,  the  projection  at 
vein  3  in  the  hindwings  forming  a  slight  tooth. 


135.  Pero  ochriplaga  sp.  no  v. 

Forewings :  fuscous  grey,  speckled  with  dark  atoms ;  the  median  area  darker, 
and  towards  its  edges  becoming  dark  brown  ;  the  inner  edge  of  this  area  convex 
outwards  from  one-fonrth  of  costa  to  median  vein,  then  forming  a  deep  nearly 
semicircular  sinus  basewards  between  median  and  submedian,  followed  by  a  narrow 
blnnt  projection  below  the  submedian  ;  its  outer  edge  from  quite  three-fourths  of 
costa,  more  or  less  parallel  to  hindmargin,  forms  a  shallow  sinus  inwards  between 
vein  4  and  the  submedian  fold,  and  below  the  submedian  vein  curves  suddenly 
inwards  towards  the  inner  edge  ;  discal  mark  consisting  of  two  round  black  spots, 
one  above  the  other  ;  below  the  subcostal  vein  the  dark  central  area  is  iuterrnjited 
by  a  broad  straw-coloured  streak  reaching  from  edge  to  edge,  vein  0  being  marked 
across  it  in  rufous  ;  the  outer  edge  is  tinely  margined  with  paler  and  succeeded  by 
a  brown  shade  ;  a  slight  dark  submarginal  shade  ;  two  black  submarginal  dots 
below  apex  ;  fringe  concolorous. 

Hiii(lu'inys  :  jiale  grey,  tinged  with  rufous,  and  dusted  with  fuscous  ;  a  dark 
brown,  externally  pale-edged,  nearly  straight  postmedian  line  ;  cell-spot  obscurely 
darker  ;  a  single  black  and  white  marginal  dot  between  veins  6  and  7. 

Underside  of  both  wings  rufous  grey  along  costal  third,  more  whitish  below, 
both  areas  alike  thickly  freckled  with  fuscous  ;  exterior  line  dark  in  both  wings  ; 
cell-spot  of  forewings  dull  whitish,  elongate  ;  in  hindwings  black  and  distinct  ; 
the  marginal  dots  distinct  in  both  wings.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  brownish 
grey  ;  face,  pectus,  and  thorax  very  hairy  ;  the  patagia  long. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  38  mm. 

One  (J  from  Marca,  Peru  3000  ft.,  De('ember  1809,  wet  season  (Simons). 

The  hindmargin  of  both  wings  cnrved  and  crenulate,  but  without  teeth.  Owing 
to  the  pale  subcostal  central  streak  this  insect  bears  a  superficial  resemblance  to 
A.  habenaria  Guen, 


136.  Prochoerodes  cristata  sp.  nov. 

Forewings :  reddish  fawn-colour,  with  darker,  somewhat  olive  fawn-coloured 
striae  and  sufl'usion  ;  first  line  very  indistinct,  pale  lilac,  strongly  excnrved  above 
the  median  vein  and  curved  inwards  below  it,  to  inner  margin  at  one-third,  followed 
immediately  by  a  deeper  tinged  cloud  ;  outer  line  double,  purplish  with  a  lilac 
centre,  irregularly  bent  from  vein  to  vein,  from  middle  of  inner  margin  to  costa 
shortly  before  apex,  preceded  by  an  iron-grey  shade,  and  followed  by  an  olive  fawn- 
coloured  suffusion,  which  is  strongest  below  apex  and  at  inner  margin,  and  throws 
off  an  angulated  cloud  from  middle  to  anal  angle;  fringe  dark  fawn;  cell-spot  large, 
round,  formed  of  raised  black  scales. 

Hindwings :  without  first  line  ;  the  double  line  central,  touching  the  black 
cell-spot ;  an  irregular  jagged-edged  olive-fawn-colour  submarginal  shade. 

Underside  duller  and  plainer  ;  the  cell-spots  only  marked.     Face,  palpi,  and 


(  492  ) 

collar  (lark  dull  brown  :  fillet  iron  grey,  with  whitish  scales  ;  thorax  and  abdomen 
fawn-colour  ;  legs  ochreous,  thickly  black-speckled. 

Expanse  of  wings  :  i^2  mm. 

One  (?  from  li.  Tanampaya,  Bolivia,  1896  (Garlepp). 

Distinguished  not  only  by  the  raised  button  of  scales  that  form  the  cell-spots, 
but  by  the  irregular  hindmargin  of  forewings  ;  the  apex  is  detiexcd  and  minutely 
falcate  ;  the  hiudm.irgin  shortly  incised  below,  straight  from  vein  4  to  (i,  and  again 
slightly  excised  and  then  straight  to  anal  angle  ;  hintlwings  with  a  small  tooth  only 
instead  of  a  bhmt  tail  at  vein  4. 


ON   TWO    NEW   THEUSHES    FEOM    WESTERN    COLOMBIA. 
By    ERNST    HARTEET    and   CARL    E.    HELLMAYR. 

Turdus  ignobilis  goodfellowi  subsp.  nov. 

(?.  Similar  to  T.  ignobilis  ignobilis  tScl.  from  Bogota,  bnt  with  the  foreneck 
and  upper  breast  very  much  darker  and  more  brownish.  The  colour  of  the 
upper  parts  is  also  darker  and  distinctly  more  brownish,  especially  on  the  head 
and  mantle. 

Wing  :  11:2;  tail  87  mm. 

Cauca  Valley,  Colombia. 

Type:  Castilla,  Cauca  Valley,  June  1898.    J.  H.  Batty,  coll.     (Tring  Museum.) 

We  have  compared  the  type  with  a  dozen  of  Bogotii  skins,  and  we  have 
no  hesitation  in  separating  it  siibspecifically. 

Hartert  has  also  compared  it  vrith  the  two  specimens  collected  by  Messrs. 
Goodfellow  and  Hamilton  at  Popayan  in  the  Canca  Valley,  while  those  from 
Napo  (Ecuador)  belong  to  another  form.  The  species  is  named  in  honour 
of  Mr.  Walter  Goodfellow,  who  {Ibis  10()1,  p.  :U1)  remarked  already  that  the 
Popayan  specimens  diflered  from  the  Napo  ones. 


Turdus  colombianus  sp.  nov. 

Upper  ])arts  of  an  almost  uniform  reddish  olive-brown— a  little  more  olive 
on  the  rumii  and  ujipcr  tail-coverts.  Wing-coverts  and  quills  dark  brown,  on 
the  outer  webs  reddish  brown  like  the  back  ;  tail-feathers  dark  brown,  a  little 
more  rufous  along  the  outer  webs.  Lores  greyish  white,  ear-coverts  dark  brown, 
with  obsolete  whitish  shaft-lines,  and  washed  with  olive-brown  at  the  tips  ; 
chin  whitish,  throat  dirty  whitish,  with  obsolete,  dark  brown  shaft-streaks,  rest 
of  the  underside  pale  brownish  olive,  approaching  white  on  the  middle  of  the 
abdomen,  under  tail-coverts  white,  brownish  olive  on  the  basal  half  Axillaries 
and  under  wing-coverts  pale  orange,  inner  margin  of  quills  jiale  fulvous. 

Bill  black,  paler  at  the  terminal  half  of  the  lower  mandible,  iris  black. 


(  493  ) 

Type  :  <?.  September  18,  1897,  Cali,  Western  Colombia,  Cauca  Valley. 
Collected  by  Mr.  W.  F.  H.  Rosenberg. 

Wing  110,  tail  90,  tarsus  30,  bill  22  mm. 

This  is  probably  the  southern  representative  of  T.  obaolftm  Lawr.,  but  is 
at  once  to  be  distinguished  from  it  in  liaving  the  upper  parts  olive-brown 
instead  of  dark  rusty  brown,  and  the  axillaries  and  under  wing-coverts  of  a 
very  much  lighter  orange.  Its  nearest  ally,  however,  seems  to  be  T.  nigrirostris 
Lawr.  from  the  West  Indies,  but  our  species  differs  in  its  smaller  size,  slender  bill 
and  in  the  more  i-ufous  colour  of  the  back.  It  is  perhaps  of  no  more  than  snbspecific 
value,  but  as  long  as  we  are  not  acquainted  with  intermediate  specimens 
T.  colombianus  may  stand  as  a  species.  Hellmayr  has  compared  the  type  with 
specimens  of  T.  obsoltus,  killed  in  April,  September  and  October.  The  example 
obtained  by  Mr.  Stolzmaun  at  Chimbo,  N.  Ecuador  (cf.  T.  ott.w/i'fi/s,  Taczanowski 
and  Berlopsch,  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  Loud.,  1883,  ji.  539,  and  1885,  p.  122),  apparently 
belongs  also  to  this  new  species. 


(  494  ) 


WILLIAM    DOHERTY. 

OBITUARY. 
By   ERKST   HARTERT. 

IT  is  witli  the  deepest  regret  that  I  have  to  aunoiince  the  death  of  William 
Doherty,  whose  name  is  so  well  known  to  all  those  who  are  jjenisiug  the  i)ages 
of  NoviTATES  ZooLOGiCAE.  His  death  is  a  great  loss  to  zoological  scieuce  in  general, 
to  the  Tring  Museum  particularly,  which  has  been  receiving  the  most  valnable 
collections  from  this  indefatigable  collector,  and  to  myself  personally,  as  we  were 
friends  ever  since  we  met  on  the  road  in  Perak,  in  the  Malay  Peninsula,  and  travelled 
together  in  Assam  and  the  Naga  Hills. 

Throngh  the  kindness  of  his  parents,  who  sent  me  some  notes,  and  with  the 
help  of  my  own  recollections  and  a  great  number  of  letters,  I  am  able  to  give  the 
following  particulars  from  the  life  of  my  friend. 

William  Doherty  was  born  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  on  May  1.5th,  1857.  He  was 
a  delicate  child,  and  therefore  not  sent  to  school  until  he  was  eleven  years  old. 
Without  any  special  encouragement,  he  developed  already  in  his  childhood  a  keen 
interest  for  all  living  creatures.  He  was  in  the  third  year  at  the  f'incinnati 
University,  and  had  taken  his  examination  for  Yale  College,  when  he  went  abroad 
in  ISTS. 

From  1878  to  1893  there  is  before  me  a  sort  of  short  itinerary,  which  he  had 
written  for  one  of  his  sisters,  to  whom  he  was  very  much  attached.  I  take  the 
following  extracts  from  these  notes  : — 

1878. 
"Left  home  in  March  as  attache  of  the  United  States  Agricultural  Department 
at  the  Paris  Exhibition.  Arrived  in  England  Ajiril  ;3rd  ;  walked  from  Chester  to 
Snowdon  ;  saw  London  and  Paris.  Left  Paris  in  July  and  visited  Holland,  Belgium 
and  the  greater  part  of  German}'.  Went  to  Tyrol,  crossed  the  Bavarian  Alps  on 
foot,  and  walked  from  Munich  to  Padua  and  Venice.  From  that  town  to  Hungary, 
Roumania,  Bulgaria  (during  the  Russian  occupation),  Constantinople,  Salonica, 
Athens." 

1879. 
"  Delightful  walks  all  over  Greece  and  adjoining  jiarts  of  Turkey.  Christmas 
at  Olympia,  while  the  excavations  were  going  on  under  much  excitement,  soon  after 
the  discovery  of  the  Hermes  of  Praxiteles.  (Congress  at  Berlin  then  sitting.) 
Visit  to  Chios,  to  Samoa,  which  was  almost  wholly  independent ;  also  to  Tenos, 
Paros,  Syros,  Xante,  etc.  Megaspeleion — attack  of  fever."  (It  may  here  be 
mentioned  that  Doherty  was  one  of  the  most  enthusiastic  philhellenists.) 

1880. 
"  Went  to  Asia  Minor,  and  was  robbed  at  Smyrna,      t'ircassian  settlements  ; 
insecurity  great.     Stoned  by  boys  at  Magnesia.     The  Ionian  Peninsula.     Helleuised 


(  495  ) 

Turks  from  Enboea,  earthquakes.  Rhodes,  Cilicia.  Trip  to  Adana,  where  I 
admired  the  brilliant  costumes.  Tarsus.  Along  the  coast  to  Jaffa,  whence  walk 
to  Jerusalem  with  Mohammedan  pilgrims  from  Fez  and  Khokaud  (' Kudz.') 
Demonitization  of  the  beshlile.  American  colony.  Day  of  Judgment  at  Jerusalem. 
"Visit  to  Egypt,  Suez  Canal,  Isniailia,  Cairo,  Zagozig,  El  Fayum.  By  camel 
to  Benisnef,  then  to  Alexandria  and  Jaffa.  Meet  Cajjfain  Sir  Richard  F.  Burton, 
the  famous  orientalist.  Bny  a  horse  at  Bethlehem,  a  most  unsophisticated  horse, 
that  had  never  seen  a  lake,  or  ice,  or  snow.  Visit  the  Greek  monasteries  in 
Palestine,  ride  to  Samaria,  Nazareth,  Sea  of  Galilee,  Mt.  Carmel,  Tyre,  Sidon, 
Beyrut,  Damascus,  and  across  the  desert  to  Hoores  and  Hamath.  Water-wheels. 
Anezi  Bedawin.  Splendid  early  Christian  remains  between  Hamath  and  Antioch. 
Church  of  St.  Simeon  Stylites.  Attacked  by  robbers  near  Sermada  ;  escape  after 
wounding  one.  Aleppo.  American  Mission  at  Ain  Tab.  Cross  the  Eni)hrates  near 
the  Hittite  capital  Carchemish.  Over  tlie  lilack  ])lains  of  Mesopotamia  to  Nafa  and 
Diarbekir.  Great  famine,  devoted  Jesuit  missionaries,  roving  Kurds  and  Shamar 
Bedawin.  Valley  of  Kharput  civilised  by  the  American  missionaries.  Dangerous 
ride  over  the  Bin-Gul-Dagh  to  Erzeroum.  (Underground  Armenian  villages, 
Garden  of  Eden,  ravages  of  Kurds.)" 


1881. 

"  From  Erzeroum  to  the  Russian  frontier,  where  I  am  arrested  and  escorted  by 
Cossacks  through  the  snow  to  Kars  (singing,  tea-souj)).  Grand  situation  of  Kars, 
Russian  officers,  liuins  of  Ani.  Etchmiadzin,  Alexandropol,  Erivan,  Nakitschewan. 
Mt.  Ararat  !  Nearly  killed  by  frontier  guards,  narrow  escape.  Kind  Mohammedan 
host.  Georgians.  Enter  Persia — sturdy  beggars  on  the  road.  Famine  at  Tabriz. 
Dangerous  ride  to  Ardabil,  fanatical  city.  Down  the  Astara  river  to  Persian  Talish  ; 
meet  a  French  traveller.  Along  the  shore  of  the  Caspian  to  Resht.  Over 
Demawend  to  Mazanderan — the  rich  Caspian  plain.  Strange  life  in  Astrabad  and 
in  the  Turkman  country — cats — Nadir  Khan.  Chased  by  Turkmans  over  the  Attrek, 
handed  over  to  the  Russians  by  the  Jafarbai,  and  kept  prisoner  at  Chikisbhar. 
Released  by  Shenkiuoif,  and  sent  to  Gaz.  Dance  lasting  twent3--four  hours  at 
Aslaniantz's  house.  Fever  at  Astrabad.  Lost  in  the  Elburz  until  I  come  across 
pilgrims,  with  whom  I  reach  the  salt  desert.  Ride  from  Khorasan  to  Teheran. 
Social  life  among  the  English  there. 

"  Ride  across  Persia.  Golden  dome  of  the  tomb  of  Zobeide  at  Kam — stories 
of  cowardice  of  Kashan  people.  Ispahan,  dinner  with  Zil-i-Sultan.  Armenian  town 
of  Julfa.  Telegraph  line  to  Shiraz.  Black  cheese.  Reach  the  Persian  Gulf. 
Telegraph  clerks  and  the  British  adjective.  Stay  at  Cape  Jask  at  Belnchistan  ; 
annexation  of  the  Cape.     Reacli  Muscat." 


1882. 

,  "  Muscat.  Annexation  of  an  island  ;  hospitality  on  board  a  British  man-of- 
war.  Ride  to  the  Jeliel  el  Akhdar,  cut  off  by  rebels,  escape  by  moonlight.  Meet 
Dr.  Jayakar.  Reach  Karachi  in  India.  The  Indus  !  Over  the  '  Pat '  (Hell)  to 
Sibi  in  Belnchistan.  The  Bolan  Pass.  Multan — graves,  dust,  beggars,  Pir  Shnmsh. 
(ireat  English  camp  at  Rawal  Pindi.  Mari.  First  journey  in  the  Himalayas,  from 
the  border  of  Kashmir  to  Abbatabad  and  the  Black  Mountains.     Made  fur  the  first 


(  49(i  ) 

time  butterfly  collections  of  au}-  conseijuence.*  Liilioro,  Amritsar,  Simla.  Trip  to 
the  frontier  of  Tibet.  Leave  the  Himalayas,  visit  Agra,  Delhi,  Jeypiir,  Rajputana 
(Jodhpur,  Udaipnr— the  most  romantic  jiart  of  India).  Mt.  Abn  and  its  vast  Jain 
temples,  Ahmedabad  and  its  mosrjnes,  Siu-at  and  its  tombs.  From  Bomliay  down 
the  coast  to  Goa.  Vi.sit  to  the  Gersapa  Falls  with  Sir  James  Fergnsson.  From 
Galiciit  to  the  Nilgiri  hills.  The  little  Cochin  State.  Namburi  Brahmins, 
elephant  pits,  journey  by  the  backwater  to  Cochin  and  Kotium  (Syrian  and  Jewisli 
colonies)." 

1883. 

"  Life  among  the  coffee  planters.  Trip  to  the  Cardamom  Hills,  ravages  of 
elephants.  Stonehenges.  Ascend  the  Anamalai  Hills — cinchona  jilantations.  Leave 
the  hills  for  Madura.  The  G.xford  and  American  Presbyterian  Mission.  Great 
temples  of  Madura.  Reach  Ceylon.  Visit  to  Galle,  a  modern  ruiu.  Return  to 
Lidia,  Trichinopoly  and  Tanjore  to  Madras  the  Benighted.  Voyage  to  Vizagapatam. 
The  Kandhs — human  sacrifices  (Meriah).     Outbreak  of  cholera.     The  Nangis." 

1884. 

"  Leave  Bimlijiatam  for  Calcutta.  Temple  of  Jnggernant  at  Puri.  E.xhibitiou 
at  Calcutta,  exhibits  of  Lidian  princes.  Hostility  between  Auglo-Lidians  and 
Australians.  To  the  Chittagong  hills  and  the  Lushai  country.  The  Queen  Paknma, 
head-hunting.  Annexation  of  the  Lushai  and  Chin  country.  To  Akyab.  Voyage 
through  the  Drowned  country  to  Sandoway,  vast  mangrove  swamps.  Return  to 
Calcutta  with  dysentery.  Voyage  to  Rangoon,  entomological  collecting  in  the 
Bassain  country.  The  Karens.  To  the  Andaman  Islands,  the  very  low  natives 
reminding  one  strikingly  of  the  "  missing  link."  Dangerous  voyage  to  Little 
Andaman.  The  Nicobars.  Taken  in  a  Government  steamer  to  Car  Nicobar,  thence 
to  the  islands  of  Bompoka,  Teressa  and  Great  Nicobar.  Funeral  rites.  King  Jack 
Williams.     Nearly  drifted  to  sea  in  a  canoe." 

1885. 
"  Second  visit  to  the  Andamans.  Viper  Islands  and  the  worst  convicts. 
Return  to  Calcutta  in  bad  health.  Trip  to  Orissa,  the  Mahauadi  at  flood.  Cnttack 
silver-work.  Trip  in  a  bullock  cart  along  the  east  coast.  Reception  by  the  Rajali 
of  Mandasa,  a  trip  to  Mt.  Mahendragiri.  Vizianagram  and  Prince  Charming. 
From  Bimlipatam  by  steamer  to  Madras.  Visit  in  the  hot  season  Bellary  and  the 
wonderfnl  ruined  cities  of  Bizapur  and  Vizayanagar  (or  Hampi).  People  living  iu 
tombs.     The  great  native  city  of  Hyderabad  (Charles  Lever's  daughter).     Oriental 

•  As  many  persons  in  Europe  know  Doherty  principally  as  a  selling  collector 
of  zoological  specimens,  it  must  here  be  explained  that  he  never  tiiought  of 
collecting  specimens  for  sale  when  he  commenced  his  travels.  Although  he  was 
always  interested  in  natural  history,  aiul  caught  butterflies  now  and  then,  he  did  not 
learn  collecting  before  he  came  to  Persia,  where  he  met  a  German  collector  ;  and 
it  was  not  until  1882,  as  he  has  said  above,  that  he  made  a  collection  of  any 
consequence,  which  I  believe  was  lost,  with  several  others,  in  1887.  It  was  only 
later  still— I  believe  in  1884  or  1885— that  circumstances  induced  him  to  sell  his 
collections. 


{  497  ) 

mao;nificeiici'.  Artillery  mess  at  Secmulerabad.  Golconda.  Poona  to  Boml)ay. 
My  frioiid  Eha.  With  a  fVierid  to  Kumaoii  by  way  of  Indore  and  C'hitor.  Tliird 
Himalayan  trip.  Visit  to  the  Piudavi  Glacier,  and  from  Almora  to  Nainital 
(landslip),  over  the  Himalayas  of  Nepal  to  Taglakhar  in  Chinese  Tibet.  Expelled 
by  order  of  the  Mandarin.     Return  to  the  plains  of  India." 

1886. 
"Along  the  Ganges,  Allahabad,  Benares,  Patna,  Gaya.  Write  a  work  on  my 
Kumaon  butterflies  at  Calcutta.  Start  for  Peuaug  in  March.  Collect  in  Province 
Wellesley.  The  Chinese  tin-mining  camps  at  Kulim — secret  societies,  fights,  dead 
Chinamen.  Kindness  of  English  officials  in  Perak.  Discovery  of  new  species  of 
butterflies  on  Mt.  Guiiong  Ijau.  Send  a  collection  to  Dr.  Holland.  Trij)  to  Deli  in 
Sumatra,  to  Singapore,  and  then  to  Java,  where  I  lived  at  Juuggo,  on  Mt.  Arjuno 
in  Eastern  Java." 

1887. 
"  Loss  of  all  my  collections,  money,  journals  and  scientific  notes  at  Surabaya  in 
Java.  Proceed  by  way  of  Macassar  to  the  island  of  Sumba.  Dangerous  journey 
in  the  interior.  Discovery  of  an  inland  forest  region,  and  many  new  species  of 
lepidoptera.  King  Tunggu,  human  sacrifices,  strange  currency.  Trip  to  Flores 
and  Sumbawa.  Visit  to  the  Do  Donggo,  or  hill  people  of  Sumbawa,  with  a  brother 
of  the  Sultan  of  Bima.  Timid  and  superstitions  heathens.  Ascent  of  Haruhasa  ; 
then  to  Celebes.  Visit  to  Governor  Morris  at  Macassar.  Collecting  at  Tanete,  etc., 
in  the  Tauralili  State,  20(J0  to  5000  ft.  high.  Return  to  Java.  Visit  to  the  Smeru 
country.  Hunted  by  a  tiger  when  moth-catching.  Hunt  tigers  myself  Leave  for 
Borneo.  Ascent  of  the  Martapura  river  from  Banjermasin.  Life  among  the  Dyaks 
in  the  Peugaron  country.     Head-hunting.     The  orang-utan." 

1888. 
"  Unsuccessful  collecting  in  Borneo,  e.xpedition  to  the  Riam  Kanan.  Loss  of 
my  papers  on  Perak  butterflies,  etc.  Leave  Borneo  in  bad  health  and  low  spirits. 
Return  to  Singapore  and  Perak,  where  1  meet  Hartert*  Collect  together  in  various 
parts  of  Perak,  and  then  go  by  Calcutta  to  Assam.  Collect  in  Mishmi  and  Khamti 
country  above  Sadiya.     The  Sadiya  annual  fair.     (Joal-mines  of  Margherita,  visit  to 

*  Our  meeting  was  accidental,  but  finding  in  each  other  a  kindred  spirit,  we 
arranged  another  meeting,  and  soon  went  out  collecting  at  various  places  in  Perak. 
It  was  a  great  pleasure  to  me  to  find  a  brother  naturalist,  and  I  soon  found  out 
that  Doherty  was  no  ordinary  person.  Besides  his  entomological  knowledge  he  was 
most  wonderfully  acquainted  with  the  peoj)le  of  the  East,  from  Asia  Minor  to  the 
Sunda  Islands,  and  with  their  languages,  history,  religions,  manners,  and  customs. 
In  every  way  he  was  a  thoroughly  educated  man,  knowing  several  European 
languages,  and  English,  German,  and  French  literature  to  an  astonishing  degree. 
In  fact,  Doherty  was  a  most  interesting  and  instructive  talker  on  almost  any  subject. 
No  wonder,  therefore,  that  I  promised  myself  a  charming  time  in  his  company,  and 
proposed  that  we  should  travel  together  for  some  time.  This  time  was  indeed  one 
of  the  most  agreeable  ones  during  all  my  travels,  and  1  only  regret  that  it  had  to 
be  so  brief. 


(  498  ) 

the  naked  Nagas.  Great  collection  of  motlis  made  witli  our  invented  baits. 
Concerts  of  howling  monke\-s.  Needham  and  his  government  of  the  wild  tribes. 
Lancashire  miners  at  Margherita.  Canadian  oil-well  prospectors.  Farewell  to 
Hartert.  I  leave  for  Calcutta  in  December.  Write  a  paper  on  Assam  butterflies 
for  the  Asiatic  Society." 

1889. 

"  Expedition  to  Lower  Teuasserim,  Mergui,  ami  Tavoy.  The  Karens.  Elephant 
ridiug,  numerous  tigers.  Incursions  of  outlaws  from  .Siamese  frontier.  Expedition 
to  Naga  Hills.  Second  visit  to  Margherita.  Difficnlt  journey  up  the  Dhausiri 
Valley  in  a  wilderness  of  mud.  Reach  Koliima,  the  cajntal  of  the  Naga  Hills, 
(iurklui  ontjiosts.  Naga  tribes — Angami,  KackJia,  and  Thota — noble  savages. 
Trip  to  Khonoma  and  Kenoma  and  the  Zulla  Valley.  Great  catch  of  Armandia 
Udderdalii.  Trip  to  Manipur.  Narrow  escape  from  death  in  stone-trajjs  and  various 
pitfalls.  Savage  conduct  of  Manipuris  toward  subject  tribes.  Subsequent  massacre 
in  Manipur.  Return  to  the  Assam  plains  and  Calcutta.  Write  paper  on 
Teuasserim  lepidoptera." 

1890. 

"  Third  visit  to  Ferak,  Malay  Peuinsula  (January — February).  Then  to  Rangoon 
and  the  independent  Karen  conntry.  Abandoned  sanitarium  of  Thaudanng.  Great 
catch  of  Stirtophtlialma  loidsa  at  Petichaung.  Lose  nerve  from  constant  presence  of 
tigers.  Expedition  to  Mandalay  and  up  the  Irawaddi.  Difficult  journey  to  the 
Ruby  Mines.  Bernardmyo  and  the  soldiers  there— fine  fellows.  Great  collection 
of  beetles.  Nearly  shot  by  mistake  for  Buchanan  the  F.O.  Dangerous  journey  to 
Momeit.  Down  the  Irawaddi  to  Prome,  the  most  charming  river-trip  in  the  world. 
Singapore  to  Batavia.  Visit  to  Soekaboemi,  the  Dutch  health  resort,  aud  to 
Buitenzorg,  the  Governor  General's  palace.  Failure  in  collecting.  Then  to  Kroe, 
iu  Sumatra.  Trip  to  Miva,  in  the  mountains,  and  to  Marang,  on  the  coast. 
Enormous  surf.  Trip  to  the  little-known  island  of  Engauo,  where  I  catch  many 
new  insects.  Return  to  Singapore.  Fourth  trip  to  Perak ;  30,tJ0U  beetles  taken. 
Leave  Penang  for  the  tributary  state  of  Renang,  in  Siam,  governed  by  Sinkoug,  a 
Chinese  Raja  who  owns  the  whole  country.  Impossible  to  cut  a  canal  across  the 
Isthmus  of  Kra.  SimUarity  of  Siamese  and  Burmese.  Visits  to  Maldwini  and 
Victoria." 

1891. 

"  Return  to  ('alcutta.  Write  papers  on  Sumba,  Sumbawa,  and  Engauo,  on  new 
Lycaenidae  and  on  the  anatomy  of  the  Danaidar.  Leave  for  Java  with  four  men. 
Eruption  of  Sm^ru  (my  Lepchas  lose  their  reputation  for  veracity,  because  they  tell 
of  flying  fish,  sea  on  fire,  smoking  mountains).  Trip  to  Pulo  Laut,  bad  weather 
there.  Then  to  Banjermasiu,  Borneo.  Drag  canoes  up  the  Martapura  river  and 
shoot  the  rajnds  down  it.  Serious  illness  of  our  whole  party.  Miss  the  Surabaya 
steamer,  which  leaves  ten  days  before  its  time.  Moths  at  Suugai  Tabok.  Chedi 
has  cholera.  Departure  for  Surabaya,  Java.  Tungkyitbo  in  hospital  there.  His 
death  at  sea.  Reach  Macassar,  Celebes,  and  all  recover.  Great  catch  of  butterflies 
in  Maru  and  Bugis  country.  Robbed  at  Petunuang  Asn6.  Trip  to  Cayi.  Scenery 
at   Bantunurang.     Leave   for    Sumbawa.     Ride    on    horseback   over   the    Donggo 


(  499  ) 

moiiDtaius.  New  butterflies  and  moths  at  high  elevations.  Short  visit  to  Sumba, 
etc.  Reach  island  of  Alor  ;  cnrious  fair  at  Morn.*  Attacked  and  burnt  out  at 
Kalabahi  by  the  Leiiidohi  savages.     Escape  and  go  to  island  of  Fura,  between  Alor 


*  In  a  letter  to  Mr.  Doncaster  occur  the  following  notes  :— "  I  found  Alor 
(Ombay  or  Maluwa)  a  bad  jilace  for  insects,  the  island  being  almost  wholly  cleared 
of  forest,  and  the  people  one  of  the  fiercest  and  rudest  races  I  have  ever  seen 
—  except  those  on  the  barren  little  peninsula  of  Alor  Kichil.  I  visited  Kalabahi, 
on  the  north  coast  of  the  great  bay,  and  there  stayed  some  days  at  Leindola, 
15(10  feet  high  in  the  hills.  The  natives  set  fire  to  my  abode,  and  I  was  glad 
enough  to  get  away  alive.  I  went  then  to  Blalang  and  Morn,  sleeping  in  our 
prahu  !  I  next  tried  the  island  of  Pura,  a  volcano  4000  feet  high.  We  camped 
out  at  3000  feet,  water  being  brought  np  from  the  seaside— most  horrible  water, 
my  boys  nearly  dying  of  thirst  before  they  would  touch  it.  We  obtained  a 
TIn/sonotis  and  a  number  of  a  fine  new  Delias,  both  sexes.  I  then  tried  Pantar, 
touched  at  Pandai,  where  I  got  nothing,  and  tried  to  double  a  point  to  reach  Kabir, 
where  I  had  heard  there  was  jungle.  After  some  hours  of  tacking,  however,  I  got 
discouraged,  and  ran  down  before  the  east  wind  to  Adonara,  one  of  the  two  Solor 
islands.  Here  again  the  coast  was  a  burning  waste,  and  I  had  to  settle  down  in 
the  forest  at  2000  feet,  near  the  villages  of  Lemburang,  Labunarang,  Gerko,  and 
Pohu,  in  the  centre  of  the  island.  The  people  were  good  enough  to  us,  but 
fighting  was  going  on  all  round,  and  this  crippled  our  work  a  good  deal.  Here  and 
in  Alor  and  Pnra  I  had  to  do  nearly  all  the  catching  myself,  the  country  being 
fearfully  stony  and  thorny.  The  black  basalt  rock  got  heated  so  as  to  burn 
my  feet  through  my  heavy  boots  ;  my  men,  wlio  had  only  their  shoes  or  sandals, 
sufi"ered  much  and  aecomiilished  very  little.  From  Solor  I  went  to  Larentuka,  in 
Flores,  and  after  a  day  there — very  few  insects  were  seen — came  to  Timor  Kupang 
in  the  liesident's  steam  yacht.  AVe  settled  down  at  Oinanissa,  at  2000  ft.  elevation, 
not  far  from  Fatu  Leo,  tiie  highest  peak  of  S.W.  Timor,  40  miles  from  Kupang,  in 
sight  of  both  seas.  In  the  low  country  there  seemed  to  be  no  insects,  and  altogether 
my  list  of  butterflies  only  ran  up  to  88  species,  counting  unicpies  and  ragged 
specimens,  whereas  iu  Alor  and  Solor  we  must  have  got  nearly  140.  Butterflies 
are  usually  more  shy  in  the  off  season,  but  we  never  saw  anything  like  their 
shyness  in  Timor,  perhaps  owing  to  the  very  great  number  of  birds,  which  were 
more  numerous  and  frequent  in  Timor  than  anywhere  else.  All  the  trees  were  in 
flower,  and  the  insects  flew  generally  high  out  of  reach,  while  the  weak-flying 
species  had  the  inconvenient  habit  of  sitting  hidden  among  the  leaves  at  a  great 
height,  and  this  in  full  sunshine  !  My  men  worked  well,  and  I  was  agreeably 
surprised  with  the  people,  who  proved  as  mild  as  milk.  I  slept  without  fear  in  my 
tent  outside  the  village,  just  within  call  of  my  men. 

"  My  expenses  are  alarming.  Over  and  above  my  losses  by  robbery  iu  Celebes, 
I  have  sjient  well  over  £200  in  the  last  seven  months,  yet  1  lived  like  a  native 
nearly  all  the  time.  The  question  arises  in  my  mind  whether  I  do  well  in  covering 
so  much  ground.  You  know  German  collectors  usually  stay  six  months,  or  even  a 
year,  in  one  place,  which  is,  of  course,  considerably  cheaper,  and  the  life  is  infinitely 
easier  and  quieter."'  (There  is  no  doubt,  and  we  have  often  impressed  on  our  poor 
friend  the  fact,  that  he  did  not  stay  long  enough  in  most  places  ;  but  he  was  very 
fond  of  moving  from  place  to  place.) 


(  500  ) 

and  Pautar,  a  volcano  4i)00  feet  liigli.  Drinking  the  most  horrible  water  there, 
sta}'  on  mountain  top.  Voyage  to  Pandai  and  down  the  wind  to  Adonara — almost 
swamped.  Triji  into  interior,  a  ipiadrangnlar  war,  snrronnded  liv  figliting.  Reach 
Flores.  The  Catholic  monks  and  nuns  at  Larentuka.  Pambu  has  D.T.  Crossover 
to  Timor.  Many  new  insects  from  the  mountains.  Leave  Knpang  for  Banda  and 
Amboyna,  where  I  spent  Christmas.     Arrival  at  Burn." 

1892. 

"  Rough  journey  from  Kaveli  to  Hat,  a  charming  village.  Rescue  a  girl 
carried  off  by  Christians,  Grand  forest.  Difficult  return  to  Kayeli.  Society  at 
Amboyna,  Dr.  Montagu  and  his  adventures  with  cannibals.  Leave  for  Batchian. 
The  Ornithopfera  croesus.  Stay  at  Mt.  Sibela.  The  Batchian  Planting  Comj)any 
destroyed  by  the  McKinley  tariff.  Whales.  Trip  to  island  of  Obi — new  insects. 
Then  to  the  Talaut  Islands.  Unj)leasant  native  Christians.  Discover  the  Oniitho- 
ptera  dohertiji.  Heavy  surf.  Trip  in  a  war  vessel  to  Sangir  Island.  Earthquake. 
Chedi  injured  by  a  fall.  We  leave  in  bad  health.  Voyage  to  Portuguese  Timor. 
Deli  and  the  interior.*  Recovered  health.  Charter  a  steamer  to  take  me  to 
Wetter.  Life  at  Ilwaki.  Find  a  friendly  German  in  jrossession.  Unsuccessful 
collecting.  Island  of  Kisser.  Reach  Letti.  Grand  volcanic  island  of  Dam. 
Arrival  at  Serni,  on  the  Teuimber  Islands.  Natives  become  friendly.  Earthquake 
and  eruption  of  Sangir  heard.  Great  peace-dance  of  Selarn  and  Seru  peojile.  Trip 
to  Yamdena  and  stay  at  Selarn.  Breaking  of  the  taboos.  A  sinking  archipelago. 
My  Polynesian  and  Negrito  boys,  (xolden-haired  natives.  My  oyster  bed.  Return 
to  Serui,  nearly  wrecked.  Fishing  boats  attacked  by  Bugis  pirates.  Leave 
Tenimber.  Loss  of  a  new  bntterfly  at  Babar  !  Return  to  Babar  and  Amboyna. 
Teruate.  Trip  to  lialmaheira,  or  Gilolo.  Departure  for  New  Guinea.  New 
insects  at  Gani,  etc.  Coast  along  to  Humboldt  Bay.  Engage  Kasim,  a  Trepang 
fisherman,  and  his  slaves.  Take  possession  of  an  island.  Peace  with  natives. 
Devil  house  at  Yutafa.  Young  men  there.  A  naked  race.  Girls  swimming  from 
Ingeros.  German  pictures.  Subordinate  tribes  at  Auaphir.  First  dangerous 
encounters  with  Seutaui  people.  Discovery  of  Lake  Sentani  and  its  lake  villages. 
Escape  to  the  bay.  Visit  of  Sentani  people  to  my  people.  Great  sensation — peace 
made.  Pambu  gets  lost.  Brought  back  by  Tombat  people.  Troubles  with  the  old 
chief.  Arrival  of  man-of-war  in  outer  bay.  Reach  it  with  difficulty.  Volcanic  bay 
of  Tana  Mera.  Terfia.  Dangerous  landing  at  Biak  and  Korrido  :  discover  new 
insects.     Our  ship  attacked  at  Ausus,  in  Jobi.      Peace  made.      Yaur.      Stay  at 

•  The  following  interesting  notes  on  this  trip  occur  in  a  letter  to  Mr.  Arthur 
Doncaster  : 

"  In  Timor  there  is  only  one  rainy  season,  while  in  the  region  from  Wetter 
to  Timorlaut  there  are  two  rainy  seasons — the  little  one  in  November  and 
Decemiier,  and  the  big  one  from  April  to  June.  The  general  rule  here,  with  many 
e.\ceptions,  is  that  butterflies  are  commonest  just  after  the  rains,  or,  in  these  dry 
islands,  towards  the  end  of  them.  (In  India  and  Burma  butterflies  generally 
precede  the  rains,  and  the  moths  come  out  soon  after.)  The  April  aud  May  rains 
did  not  fall,  at  all  this  year  in  Wetter,  and  there  was  a  frightful  drought.  It 
ajij)ears  to  me  that  the  Flores-Alor  fauna  does  not  extend  east  of  A  lor,  though  a 
few  Alor  forms  do  occur  in  Wetter." 


(  501   ) 

Wandesi  ;  no  paths  there.  Reach  Dorey  and  go  to  Andai.  Dutch  missionaries  and 
native  converts.  Slave  trade  encouraged  by  the  missionaries.  Collecting  in  the 
island  of  Ron.     Sickness  at  Andai.     Failure  to  reach  Hatam." 


1893. 

"  Dangerous  expedition  to  Jobie.  We  suffer  from  Beri-Beri.  Leave  island 
and  return  to  Ternate  by  slow  degrees.  Then  to  Amboyna,  Blacassar,  Surabaya, 
Singapore,  Penaug  aud  Calcutta.  Return  to  Europe  by  Ceylon  and  Briudisi.  Stay 
in  Italy,  Switzerland,  Frauce  and  England.     Reach  New  York  July  20th." 

Doherty  remained  at  home  for  about  two  years,  recruiting  his  health  and 
energy.  He  then  came  to  England,  aud,  among  others,  paid  me  a  visit  in  Tring. 
It  was  then  that  Mr.  Rothschild  and  I  caused  him  to  develop  a  new  phase  of  his 
zoological  career  by  inducing  him  to  collect  also  birds.  When  we  travelled  together 
in  1888,  Doherty  often  vowed  in  jest  that  he  would  never,  never  collect  birds,  seeing 
the  trouble  1  had  with  guns  and  ammunition  at  the  Customs,  the  exjJenses  I  had 
with  buying  powder  aud  shot  in  Calcutta,  the  heavy  parcels,  the  endless  work 
with  skinning,  drying,  labelling — certainly  much  more  trouble  than  in  collecting 
lepidoptera  in  pa]iers,  and  beetles.  Now,  however,  we  complained  about  the  great 
opportunities  he  would  lose  to  increase  ornithological  science  in  going  to  partially 
or  entirely  unexplored  islands  without  collecting  birds.  He  soon  became  interested, 
and  every  ornithologist  knows  how  many  imjMrtant  ornithological  discoveries 
he  made. 

Doherty 's  first  ctape  on  his  second  great  Eastern  expedition  was  Java,  where 
he  ascended  Mt.  Arjuno.  He  made  a  small  bird  collection,  among  which  was  a 
remarkable  new  bird,  which  I  called  Stasiasticus  montis  (Nov.  Zool.  1896,  p.  540), 
and  collected  moths,  which  he  sent  to  the  British  Museum. 

He  then  explored  Bali  (which  had  only  been  touched  by  Wallace),  Sumbawa, 
Lombok,  Satonda,  Sumba,  discovering  new  birds  on  every  one  of  these  islands 
(see  Nov.  Zool.  1896,  where  also  passages  from  letters  from  Doherty  are  fre(|nently 
quoted). 

It  is  remarkable  how  valuable  bird  collections  the  traveller  sent  home,  although 
the  skins  (all  made  by  Indian  servants)  were  not  good,  aud  although  he  complained 
a  good  deal  of  the  trouble  it  caused  him.  I  quote  from  his  first  letter  :  "  All  the 
same  I  am  horribly  discouraged  about  birds.  In  the  first  place,  the  authorities  give 
me  no  end  of  trouble  about  my  guns.  If  they  would  simply  make  me  pay  half  the 
value  of  the  guns,  and  give  me  a  paper  permitting  me  to  take  them  anywhere,  I 
should  be  delighted.  As  it  is,  they  have  only  as  yet  charged  me  about  three  pounds  ; 
but  I  lost  three  days  in  Java  over  the  '  invoer '  and  '  uitvoer '  business,  and  I  shudder 
to  think  what  I  paid  in  carriage  hire.  It  is  particularly  bad  in  Soerabaya,  as  all  the 
authorities  live  miles  from  the  city,  and  nobody  seems  to  know  who  is  responsible 
for  guns.  And  this  worry  will  be  continued  throughout  my  travels  in  '  Netherlands 
Indie,'  though  I  hope  it  is  particularly  bad  in  Java.  Now  I  speak  both  Dutch  aud 
Malay  very  well,  and  I  never  lose  my  temper  in  my  dealings  with  the  authorities. 
What  may  happen  to  a  man  with  a  quick  temper  and  no  knowledge  of  Dutch  and 
Malay  I  cannot  for  a  moment  imagine.  The  funny  part  is  that  1  am  very  fond  of 
the  Dutch  personally  {not  as  officials  I),  and  most  of  these  people  that  worried  me 
so  were  my  old  friends — and  in  the  course  of  these  endless  negotiations  I  made 

35 


(  502  ) 

several  new  ones."  Every  traveller  who  had  similar  experience  witli  Dutch  or  other 
officials  will  read  these  remarks  witli  much  interest. 

From  the  Snnda  Islands  Doherty  proceeded  to  Celebes.  In  July  ISCMj  he 
collected  iu  the  low  country  north  of  Makassar,  in  August  on  Bonthaiu  Peak,  in 
August  and  September  in  West  Celebes,  at  Tawaya  and  Dongala,  north  and  south 
of  Palos  Bay.  One  of  his  best  ornithological  discoveries  iu  Celebes  was  the  bird 
I  have  named  Munia  siibaistanea,  and  which  is  still,  as  far  as  I  know,  only  known 
from  the  three  specimens  shot  by  him  in  West  Celebes  (Nov.  Zool.  I8t)7). 

From  Palos  Bay  a  trip  was  made  to  North  Celebes  and  Siao,  but  the  collections 
there  brought  together  were  of  no  importance,  while  a  very  fruitfnl  exj)edition 
was  made  to  Rula  Mangoli  and  Sula  Besi  in  October  and  November  IMIT.  Six 
new  forms  of  birds  were  discovered  and  described  by  Mr.  Rothschild  and  myself 
(Nov.  Zool.  1898,  pp.  125  to  136). 

Proceeding  further  eastwards,  the  intrepid  explorer  entered  again  the  Papnan 
region,  and  made  very  extensive  collections  on  New  Gninea,  at  Kapaur,  Andai  and 
Dorey,  Kon  Island,  Korido  and  Biak,  Mafor,  .lobi  Island,  and  Takar.  Some  notes  of 
his  travels  and  adventures  in  these  wild  countries  are  given  in  Nov.  Zool.  19U1 
pp.  56  to  6U.  The  sufferings  from  climate  and  hostile  natives  were  terrible,  and 
good  luck  was  absent,  for  the  collections  are  hardly  adequate  to  all  the  hardships 
of  this  Papnan  expedition. 

From  New  Guinea  he  went  ouce  more  to  the  Moluccas,  visiting  Batchian, 
Halmahera,  the  interesting  island  of  Obi  Major,  between  the  northern  and  southern 
groups  of  Moluccan  Islands,  where  he  made  a  very  fine  bird  collection,  and  Burn, 
where,  however,  only  unimportant  collections  were  made,  while  formerly  he  brought 
together  a  very  large  Burn  collection  of  lepidoptera,  which  has  been  described  iu 
Nov.  Zool.  1900,  by  Dr.  Holland. 

The  last  trip  of  this  great  expedition  was  made  to  a  country  ijuite  new  even 
to  the  much  travelled  Doherty — the  Philippines.  In  the  Phili])pine  Archipelago 
Doherty  visited  Palawan,  where  he  made  a  small  collection,  intending  to  return 
later  and  to  explore  the  highlands  ;  then  to  Basilan,  where  he  made  a  very  good 
collection  of  birds,  and  collected  also  a  number  of  lepidoptera.  On  Basilan  about 
all  the  birds  known  from  that  island  were  got,  except  the  large  hornbill,  while  of 
Penelopides  basilanica  a  fine  series  was  sent.  The  collections  were  made  near 
Isabella,  where  the  hills  do  not  exceed  2,000  feet,  the  high  peak  of  Basilan  lying 
at  the  south-east  corner  of  the  island,  while  Isabella  is  in  the  north-west. 

After  a  "  funny  time  "  during  the  war  at  Manila,  Doherty  returned  once  more 
to  America,  to  recruit  his  health.  Herein  he  did  not  succeed  well,  for  when  he 
was  in  England  two  years  ago  we  found  him  not  only  very  nervous  and  in  low 
spirits,  but  he  also  had  a  severe  attack  of  fever  (or  influenza  ?),  in  London.  1 
strongly  advised  him  not  yet  to  go  out  into  a  tropical  climate,  but  he  replied  that 
all  his  plans  were  made  and  there  was  no  choice  for  him.  So  we  said  farewell  to 
each  other,  alas,  for  the  last  time.  He  went  to  Calcutta  and  Darjiling  to  engage 
Indian  servants,  collectors  and  skinners  ;  and  started  via  Mombasa  to  the  "  Escarp- 
ment "  at  the  terminu'S  (November  1900)  of  the  Uganda  railway.  I  quote  from 
one  of  his  letters  (December  26th)  : 

"  I  wasted  two  months  in  the  low  country — it  was  the  rainy  season  there, 
and  yet  a  failure,  except  in  Microlepicloptera,  which  will  doubtless  be  scientifically 
interesting,  but  do  not  pay  expenses.  I  heard  awful  accounts  of  the  drought  here; 
came  here  at  a  venture,  and  found  magnificent  forest  and  quite  a  number  of  fine 


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butterflies.  I  went  back  to  Mombasa  to  send  off  my  low  country  catch,  and  came 
back  here  in  October  (1900)  to  find  the  rains  beginniug,  the  butterflies  very  few, 
and  yet  nothing  to  take  their  place.  However,  I  am  going  to  stay  here  till  the 
moths  are  out,  if  I  live  here  for  ever.  I  have  built  a  hut  for  my  men  and  pitched 
my  tent  half  a  mile  from  the  present  terminus  of  the  Uganda  Railway.  Never  was 
a  more  uncomfortable  place.  Half  of  my  men — and  they  are  the  best  I  have  ever 
had — are  permanently  down  with  'jiggers '  (sand  fleas);  their  feet  are  awful  to  look 
at.  I  am  'jiggered'  myself,  but  not  so  badly.  The  cold  seems  to  us  intense  ;  we 
are  8,000  feet  above  the  sea,  in  old  forest.  At  first  I  slept  under  a  sheet,  three 
blankets,  my  clothes  and  a  heavy  overcoat,  and  my  men  under  more,  having  thicker 
blankets.  Twice  already  we  have  had  encounters  with  lions  in  broad  daylight;  one 
victory,  one  defeat;  a  rogue  elejihant  haunts  our  liest  collecting  ground,  a  herd 
of  rhinoceros  seem  omnipresent,  and  my  men  have  twice  been  charged.  Being 
in  the  uninhabited  district  between  the  Masai  and  Wa  Kikuyu,  we  are,  so  to  say, 
between  the  hammer  and  the  anvil,  though  hitherto  we  have  no  trouble — they 
fight  all  the  time.  The  Wa  Kikuyu  seem  perfectly  harmless  ;  we  are  going  alone 
in  the  jungle,  on  our  pursuits. 

"  On  the  other  hand,  this  is  a  grand  place.  The  forest  trees  are  enormous, 
junipers  ten  feet  thick  and  120  feet  high,  utterly  different  from  the  thorny  scrub 
at  Kibwezi  and  Rabai.  We  are  on  the  slope  of  the  Settima  range,  and  just  at 
our  feet  is  the  broad  yellow  desert  of  the  Rift  Valley.  Our  forest  continues 
uubrokep  to  the  Aberdare  range,  14,000  feet  high,  and  still  unexjilored,  and  I  believe 
Kenya  is  an  eastern  offshoot  of  that.  We  are  cut  ofl"  from  Kilimanjaro  by  nearly 
200  miles  of  desert  or  grassy  plain.  A  strong  wind  blows  down  from  us  to 
the  Rift  night  and  day,  making  bird  skinning  and  drying  extraordinarily  difficult. 
My  birds  are  almost  entirely  from  above  7,000,  up  to  at  least  9,0iJ0  feet." 

In  a  later  letter  (February  14th),  he  writes : 

"  We  have  had  the  usual  adventures.  The  first  were  with  lions  and  rhinos. 
Lately  it  has  been  with  wild  buffalo,  a  rogue  elephant,  and  a  leopard  who  comes  into 
our  boma  every  night.  We  are  on  peaceful  terms  with  the  natives  up  till  now.  I 
am  only  afraid  of  the  Masai — we  are  just  ou  the  boundary  line.  The  Wa  Kikuyu 
got  a  severe  lesson  in  August,  after  raiding  the  Panjabis  and  killing  six,  so  they  are 
quiet  for  the  time. 

"  I  am  still  very  uncertain  about  moving  on  to  Man  so  long  as  it  is  so  cold 
there,  or  we  are  so  broken  down  with  scurvy.  Here  we  can  get  some  vegetables  by 
paying  for  them,  and  I  hope  in  a  couple  of  days  to  have  the  whole  party  all  right 
again.  Man  is  uninhabited  except  by  the  wandering  Wa  Ndorobo.  It  is  less 
dangerous  than  this  place,  which  is  exposed  to  Masai  raids  ;  but  once  down  with 
scurvy,  in  those  gloomy,  pathless  woods  at  Man,  one's  chance  of  recovery  is  small. 
The  weather  now  is  awful  (February  14th).  With  a  few  days  of  sunshine  for 
drying  I  could  send  off  a  great  lot  of  birds,  which  are  very  much  in  my  way 
here,  and  would  be  more  in  the  way  farther  on,  where  there  is  not  a  single  galvanised 
iron  building,  everybody  living  in  tents.  Here  I  live  myself  in  a  tent  ever  since 
September  1900,  but  my  men  and  collections  are  under  a  waterproof  roof. 

"  British  East  Africa  here  ajjpears  to  me  simply  as  an  appendage  to  the  railway, 
and  the  shopkeepers  are  thoroughly  spoiled.  After  British  model  colonies  like 
those  in  the  Malay  Peninsula  (Perak,  Peuang),  the  contrast  is  very  great.  Except 
in  Uganda  and  a  few  miles  around  Mombasa  and  Nairobi,  there  is  no  attempt  to 
keep  the  country  safe  and  quiet.     Only  the  otlier  night  1  had  to  fight  for  my  life 


(  504  ) 

with  the  maranding  Masai.  I  hear  excellent  reports  of  Usambara,  and  look  forward 
to  my  visit  there." 

The  letter  of  Fehrnary  14th  was  the  last  I  had  from  Doherty. 

lu  May  he  fell  ill  and  became  very  nervous,  omitting  to  take  exercise,  to  which 
he  was  so  much  accustomed  before.  For  fear  of  a  raid  of  the  Wa  Kikuyu,  of  which 
(according  to  letters  from  railway  officials)  there  was  never  any  real  danger,  he  had 
himself  removed  from  the  Escarpment  to  a  bungalow  on  the  line :  and  later  on,  when 
he  was  no  more  able  to  walk,  his  men  took  him  to  the  railway  hospital  at  Nairobi, 
where  he  had  the  company  of  white  men  and  medical  treatment,  but  died  on  May 
25th,  of  dysentery. 


Eequiescat  in  Pace. 


It  remains  to  be  said  that  he  sent  us  from  the  Escarpment  a  collection  of  nearly 
3000  bird  skins,  and  an  immense  collection  of  lepidojitera — in  fact  the  first  really 
representative  collection  of  rhopalocera  and  heterocera  ever  sent  from  one  place  in 
British  East  Africa. 

The  importance  of  Doherty's  work  for  systematic  zoology  cannot  easily  be 
measured.  He  has  done  more  than  any  other  single  man  in  collecting  lepidoptera, 
and  in  studying  the  materials  he  obtained.  He  sent  collections  of  lepidoptera, 
coleoptera  and  other  insects  to  many  museums  and  private  collectors :  among  others, 
lepidoptera  to  Neumoegen  and  Holland  in  America  :  Rothschild,  Oberthilr,  Elwes, 
Staudinger,  Doncaster,  Janson,  Fruhstorfer,  and  the  British  Museum  in  Europe  ; 
coleoptera  to  Bates,  Fry,  Janson,  Rothschild;  other  insects  to  the  Calcutta  Museum, 
Janson,  Staudinger,  Distant,  Bingham  ;  landshells  to  Godwin- Austen  and  others; 
birdskins  to  the  Tring  Museum.  In  fact,  Mr.  Rothschild's  Museum  owes  to  his  zeal 
the  most  important  material  from  the  Eastern  Archipelago  and  East  Africa.  In 
almost  countless  works  and  articles  specimens  obtained  by  him  are  mentioned  and 
described,  and  sometimes  form  the  chief  basis. 

The  following  scientific  articles  are  entirely  based  on  collections  made  by 
Doherty,  but  the  list  will  hardly  be  complete,  and  a  vast  material  of  his  recent 
collections  remains  still  to  be  worked  ont  in  this  and  other  Museums  : — 

1.  Holland :  Asiatic  lepidoptera.  List  of  the  Diurnal  lepidoptera  taken  by 
Mr.  AVilliam  Doherty  in  Celebes,  June  and  July  1887.  In  Proc  Boston  Soe.  Nat. 
Hut.  XXV.  (1«92),  pp.  52—82,  Pis.  III.  IV.  V. 

2.  W.  Rothschild  :  Notes  on  a  collection  of  lepidoptera  (Rhojialocera)  made  by 
Will.  Doherty  in  S.  Celebes,  August,  September  1891.  In  "  Iris,"  Dresden,  IV., 
"  Jahrgang  1891,"  pp.  429—442,  Pis.  IV.— VII.  (1892). 

3.  Godwin-Austen  :  On  new  species  and  varieties  of  the  Land-Mollnscan  genus 
DiplomimUiita  from  the  Garo,  Naga,  and  Manipur  hill  ranges,  Assam.  In  rroc. 
Zool.  Sac,  London,  1892,  pp.  509—520. 

4.  Godwin-Austen :  On  some  new  species  of  the  Land-Molluscan  genus 
A/i/rwii.s  from  the  Khasi  and  Naga  Hill  country,  Assam,  Manipur  and  Upper 
Burmah.     In  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  London,  1893,  pp.  592—595. 


(   505  ) 

Ti.  Elwes :  On  butterflies  collected  by  Mr.  W.  Doherty  in  the  Naga  and  Karen 
Hills  and  in  Perak.  Part  I.  in  Proc.  Zool.  Soc,  London,  ISOl,  j)]).  i;49— 287, 
pi.  XXVII. 

Part  II.,  op.  cif.,  1892,  pp.  617—604,  pis.  XLIIL,  XLIV. 

(Most  interesting  extracts  from  letters  are  published  with  Part  I.,  giving  a 
graphic  picture  of  the  collector's  life  in  the  out-of-the-way  hill  tracts  of  India.) 

6.  De  Niceville   and  Elwes  :    A  list   of  the   butterflies   of  Bali,   Lombok, 

Sumbawa  and  iSniuba.     In  Joiim.  As.  Soc.  Bengal  1897  pp.  069—724. 

7.  De  Nice'ville  :  On  a  small  collection  of  butterflies  from  Burn  in  the  Moluccas. 
In  Journ.  As.  Soc.  Bengal  1898  pp.  308—321  (93  species). 

8.  K.  Jordan  :  New  species  of  C'oleoptera  from  the  Indo-  and  Austro- Malayan 
region,  collected  by  William  Doherty.  In  Nov.  Zool.  1894  pp.  104—122  pi.  VIII., 
part  (39  new  species). 

9.  K.  Jordan  :  New  species  of  the  genus  Scymnus.  In  Nov.  Zool,  1894  pp. 
122 — 138,  jil.  VIII.,  part  (26  new  species). 

10.  Martin  Jacoby:  Description.s  of  new  genera  and  species  of  Phytophagous 
coleoptera  obtained  by  W.  Doherty  in  the  Malayan  Archipelago.  In  Nov.  Zool. 
1894  pp.  267-^330  (over  a  hundred  new  species). 

11.  Grose-Smith  :  An  account  of  a  collection  of  Diurnal  Lepidoptera  made  by 
Mr.  W.  Doherty  at  Humboldt  Bay.     In  Nov.  Zool.  1894  pp.  331—30.5,  .543—551, 

671 — 584  (277  species). 

12.  Grose-Smith:  Descriptions  of  new  species  of  butterflies,  captnred  by  Mr. 
Doherty  in  the  Islands  of  the  Eastern  Archipelago.  In  Nov.  Zool.  1895  pp.  75—81, 
505—514  (35  new  species). 

13.  Hartert:  An  account  of  the  collections  of  birds  made  by  Mr.  William 
Doherty  in  the  Eastern  Archipelago  (Java,  Bali,  Lombok,  Sambawa,  Satonda, 
Sumba).     In  Nov.  Zool.  1896  pp.  537—590,  pis.  XL  XII. 

14.  Hartert :  Mr.  William  Doherty's  bird  collections  from  Celebes.  In  Nov. 
Zool.  1897  pp.  153—167. 

15.  Grose-Smith  :  Descriptions  of  five  new  species  of  Lycaenidae,  captnred  by 
Mr.  Doherty.     In  Nov.  Zool.  1897  pj).  366—368. 

16.  Hartert :  List  of  a  collection  of  birds  made  in  the  Sula  Islands  by  William 
Doherty.     In  Nov.  Zool.  1898  pp.  12.5 — 136  (55  species,  of  which  6  new  forms). 

17.  W.  Rothschild:  Some  new  lepidoptera  from  Obi.  In  Nov.  Zool.  1898 
pp.  416 — 418  (7  new  species). 

18.  W.  J.  Holland :  The  Lepidoptera  of  Burn.  In  Nov.  Zool.  1 900  pp.  54—85, 
565 — 591  (455  species). 

Doherty  himself  wrote  the  following  lepidopterological  articles,  all  on  collections 
made  by  himself: — 

1.  A  list  of  Butterflies  taken  in  Kumaon.  In  Journ.  As.  Soc.  Bengal  1886 
pp.  103 — 140.  (This  article  enumerates  271  species,  of  which  several  are  described 
as  new.     Besides  this,  however,  this  paper  appears  at  once  to  stand  above  the  usual 


(  506  ) 

set  of  papers  merel}*  describing  the  colours  of  butterflies,  as  in  many  instances  it 
refers  in  detail  to  the  structure.  Moreover,  it  is  preceded  by  most  important  notes 
on  zoo-geographical  regions,  on  the  various  seasonal  forms  of  butterflies  (the  so- 
called  drv-seasoii  and  wet-season  forms),  whicli  Dohcrtv  hail  first  observed  duriuir 
his  travels,  in  all  climates  and  seasons,  and  on  the  structure  of  eggs. 

2.  Additional  notes  on  new  or  rare  Indian  Butterflies.  Tom.  eit.  pp.  256 — 
265  (21  sptH-ies). 

3.  Notes  on'Assam  Butterflies.  In  Jouni.  As.  Soc.  Bengal  1889  pp.  11. s  — 134, 
pi.  X. 

4.  On  certain  Lycaenidae  from  Lower  Tenasserim.  Tom.  dt.  pji.  400—440, 
pi.  XXIIl.  (in.")  species,  very  important  general  notes). 

5.  A  list  of  Butterflies  of  Engano,  with  some  remarks  on  the  Danaidae.  <>/>. 
dt.  1891  j)p.  4—32. 

C.  New  and  rare  Indian  Lycaenidae.     Op.  cit.  1891  pp.  32 — 37. 

7.  Butterflies  of  Sumba  and  Sambawa,  with  an  account  of  the  Island  of 
Sumba.     Op.  cit.  1891  pp.  141—197. 

These  lists  show  how  fruitful  Doherty's  collecting  has  been,  in  spite  of  repeated 
losses  of  collections  and  notes  ;  but  in  my  opinion  the  most  deplorable  fact  remains, 
that  our  friend  has  not  written  a  detailed  account  of  his  travels.  If  such  a  book 
had  been  written,  it  would,  with  regard  to  the  Malayan  Archipelago,  have  far 
surpassed  Wallace's  "  Malay  Archipelago"  and  Miiller's  "  Land  en  Volkenkunde  "; 
in  fact,  it  would  have  been  one  of  the  most  valuable  and  interesting  works  ever 
written.  If  Doherty  ever  had  the  idea  of  writing  such  a  work,  he  certainly  did  not 
have  it  any  more  after  the  loss  of  his  note-books  in  Soerabaya  ;  and  in  later  years 
his  views  were  very  gloomy  and  fatalistic. 


JAN.  1302 


,  .r^:^ 


ERRATUM. 

Page  431,  No.  32,  read: 
I'aiidemia  instead  of  Paudemna  ! 


(  507  ) 


INDEX. 


abbreviata  (Epigynopteryx).  111. 

Abdimia,  3.03. 

abdimia  (Abdimia),  353. 

abdominalis  (Zygaenopsis),  41.3,  414. 

abingdoni  (Testudo),  372. 

Abisara,  218,  404. 

abnormis  (Picumnus),  .01. 

—  (Sasia),  .51. 

abraxaria  (Graphidipus),  47<l. 
abrupta  (Mestleta),  429. 
abfiimilis  (Prasinocyma),  l'J3. 
abyssinicus  (Bucora.x),  340. 

—  (Coracias),  348. 

acaciae  (Odontocheilopteryx),  428. 

Acanthis,  310,  323,  333. 

Acantholipes,  431. 

Acanthoscelis,  21o. 

Accipiter,  33(»,  379. 

acis  (Tanysiptera).  IGO. 

Acomys,  400,  401. 

Acredula,  312. 

acrita  (Herpa),  407. 

Acrocephalus,  305. 

actiosaria  (Ptychopoda),  1],  25. 

Actitis,  330. 

adaucta  (Pogonogya),  456. 

addendus  (Cacomantis),  179,  185, 

adiante  (Ephialtias),  439. 

—  (Josia),  430. 

Aegialitis,  142,  306,  332,  330,  354. 
aegyptiacus  (Chenalope.^),  355. 
aegyptius  (Pluvianus),  354. 
aenea  (Hypochaera),  342,  343 
aeneum  (Dicaeum),  180,  373. 
Aepypodius,  140. 
aequivoca  (Ephialtias),  440. 
aesalon  (Falco),  ,307. 
Aeschropteryx,  17,  215,  210. 
aethiopica  (Hirundo),  347. 

—  (Ibis),  353. 

—  pf ycteris),  397. 
aethiopicus  (Erinaceus),  398. 

—  (Lepus),  401. 

afer  (Eurystomus),  347. 
affinis  (Alcyone),  144,  ICO. 

—  (Arachnothera),  52. 

—  (Corvus),  42,  43. 

—  (Megapodius),  135,  137. 

—  (Rhinocorax),  42. 

—  (Tanygnathus),  1 65. 


afra  (Chalcopelia),  352. 

—  (Pyromelana),  344. 
africana  (Buphaga),  344. 

—  (Parra),  354. 

africanus  (Phalacrocorax),  355. 

—  (Schizorhis),  350. 
Agama,  230. 

agamemnon'(Papilio),  402. 
Agapornis,  350. 
aglossalis  (Crocalia),  433. 
Agriochlora,  435. 
Agrotis,  429. 
Alaemon,  320. 

Alauda,  305,  325. 
alaudipes  (Alaemon),  320. 
alba  (Herodias),  353. 

—  (Motacilla),  305. 
albertisi  (Ooura),  134. 
albertisii  (Columba),  117,  118. 
albicapilla  (Cossypha),  3.38. 

—  (Macropygia),  123,  124. 
albioauda  (Herpestes),  398. 

—  (Ichneumia),  398. 
albiceps  ( Lobivauellus),  354. 
albicollis  (Caprimima),  419,  421. 

—  (Eubyja),  199. 

—  (Hypocrita),  419. 

—  (Merops),  348. 
albicoma  (Oospila),  448. 
albida  (Reinwardtoena),  91,  127. 
albidior  (Automolus),  369. 
allnfera  (Tithraustes),  443. 
albifrons  (Caprima),  407. 

—  (Henicophaps),  130. 

—  (Pentholaea),  338. 
albigena  (Semnocebus),  88. 
albigularis  (Astur),  188. 

—  (Cercopithecus),  362. 

—  (Columba),  95,  118. 
albiloris  (Polioptila),  3G0,  361. 
albimacula  (Anisoperas),  482. 
albimargo  (Mixocera),  206. 
albina  (Rhipidura),  183. 
albinasa  (Pithecia),  364. 
albisticta  (Antharmostes),  205. 
albiventris  (Astur),  164. 
albivitta  (Herpa),  407. 
albogulai'is  (Accipiter),  379. 

—  (Astur),  379,  380,  3k  l, 
Alca,  306. 


36 


(  508  ) 


Alcedo,  %,  143,  :'.07.  377. 
alcippus  (Danais).  311. 

—  (Limnas),  311. 

Alcis,  1.0,16,32,33,  199,4.7. 

Alcjoue,  97,  143.  144,  li'.3,  KiC,  186. 

alecto  (Microglossus),  77. 

alexandri  (Apiis),  .328. 

algeriensis  (Lanius),  309,  310,  .323. 

Aloba,  409. 

aloilia  (Aorista),  430. 

alpina  (Tringa),  30G. 

alternata  (Dichroma),  209. 

—  (Tephrinopsi.s),  214. 
Alycaeu.i,  504. 
amabilis  ( Asura),  424. 

—  (Cyclopsitta),  75,  77. 
amaura  ( Ausaris),  202. 
amauropteryx  (Hypochaera),  342,  343. 
Amaurornis,  141. 

amboinensis  (Columba),  121. 

—  (Macropygia),  94,  121,  125. 
Ametroptila,  190. 

amicta  (Callitbrix),  303. 
Ammomanea,  320. 
Amoebe,  20. 
Amoebotricha,  20. 
amoena  (Byrsia),  423. 
amplifiava  (Joaia),  442. 
iVmydrus,  54,  330. 
Anas,  277,  300. 
Anastomus,  272,  273,  353. 
Andropadua,  229,  340. 
anglorum  (Puffinua),  3O0. 
augolensis  (fiypobierax),  351. 
angulata  (Dysodia),  G. 
angustimargo  (Chlorodrepana),  7. 

—  (Zamarada),  212. 
Anisodes,  452,  4.53. 
Anisoperaa,  482. 
anjinho  (Bulweria),  3.32. 
aniKibt'llae  (Myzomela).  101',  171. 
Anomoneura,  470. 

Anoaia,  31 1 . 

ansorgei  (Aeschropteryx),  17,  215. 

—  (Alcis),  15. 

—  (Dasymacaria),  18. 

—  (Epiplema),  203. 

—  (Fidonia),  l(i. 

—  (Tridesmodes),  0. 

—  (Victoria),  8. 
anteocularis  (Polioptila),  358. 
Anteois,  453. 

Anthalma,  400. 

Autharmostes,  205. 

Antheraea,  404. 

Anthreptes,  330. 

Anthus,  305,  323,  333,  340. 

Anticlea,  20. 

aiitilopinus  (Macropus),  396. 

aolae  (Xasiti-rna),  80.  378. 


Aorista,  430. 

.aperta  (Eudule),  473. 

apiaster  (Merops),  30.5. 

apicalia  (Memoria),  440. 

apicata  (Pycnodontia),  200. 

apicipuncta  (Bursadopsis),  198. 

apivorua  (Pernia),  305. 

Apleria,  409. 

Apodroma,  471. 

.approximana  (Titbraustea),  443,  444. 

Aprosmictus,  87. 

Apus,  306,  310,  328,  333. 

apu9  (Apua),  3110. 

aquatica  (Muscicapa),  347. 

Aquila,  300. 

Aracbnothera,  51,  52. 

araria  (Heterocrita),  445. 

Arcbicblora,  8. 

arctica  (Fratercula),  .300. 

arctitorquis  (Pachycephala),  171. 

Ardea,  305,  330,  353. 

Ardeola,  306. 

Ardonis,  196. 

ai-enaria  (Calidris),  300. 

arcnarius  (Pterocles),  310,  331. 

areolata  (Dioptis),  439. 

arfakianua  (.\epypodiu.s).  14(K 

.\rgema,  404,  405. 

argenticriatata  (Aniaodes),  452. 

argillaeea  (Alcia),  10. 

Arhostia,  453,  454. 

ariel  (Fregata),  170. 

Armandia,  498. 

arqiiatus  (Numenius),  30(i. 

.Vrtamidea,  109. 

Artamua,  170. 

aruensis  (Cyclopaitta),  74,  70. 

—  (Eclectu.a),  82. 

—  (Geoffiroyus),  84,  85. 

—  (Pitta),  63. 

—  (.S.auromarptis),  152. 
arundinaccus  (.\crocephaliis),  305. 
arvensis  (Alauda),  305.  325. 
Arvicantbia,  400. 

Asellia,  397,  398. 

Asio,  305,  329,  335. 

Asota,  400. 

aspera  (Anisodea),  4.52. 

A.apilatea,  217. 

aasimilia  (Cacomantia),  185. 

—  (Macropygia),  125. 

—  (Megaloprepia),  110. 

—  (Puffinua),  312. 

—  (Zygaenopaia),  4I!i,  410. 
Asthenotricba,  11,  209. 
,a.straea  (Ilacheospila),  448. 
astraeoides  (Racheospila),  448. 
a.itrolabi  (Pacbycephala),  184,  375. 
aatrolabieiisis  (Carpophaga),  114,  11.5. 
Astur.  10,4.  1H8,  307.  .350,  379-81. 


(  509  ) 


Asiira.  424 

Ateles,  803,  30;'),  300. 

ater  (Ateles),  36a 

—  (Chalcopsittacus),  64. 
aterrimus  (Microglossus),  fiT,  77. 
Athene,  307. 

atomaria  (Aeschropteryx),  210. 
atra  (Fulica),  30G. 
atrieapUla  (Butoride.s),  35,3. 

—  (Musoicapa),  305. 

—  (Pitta),  62,  63. 

—  (Sylvia),  .305,  300,  309,  3Ul,  320,  333. 
atriceps  (Hypergerus),  339. 

atricollis  (Ardea),  353. 
atrifulva  (Trichocerosia),  417,  418. 
atripenni.s  (Dicrurus),  .346. 
atrovirens  (Lalage),  I6'.l. 
attenuata  (Josia),  442. 
auduboni  (Puffinus),  312. 
.aurantia  (Carpophaga),  115,  116. 
aurantiaca  (Byrsia),  422,  423. 

—  (Caprima),  407. 
aurantiifrons  (Loriculus),  88. 

—  (Ptilinopus),  104. 
auratiplaga  (Gathynia),  7. 
auriflamma  (Episcea),  441. 
Ausaris,  202. 
australasiae  (Halcyon),  106. 

—  (Sauropatis),  104,  170. 
australis  (Caccabis),  330,  331. 

—  (Cacostegania),  211. 

—  (Eurystomus),  107. 
Automeris,  404. 
Automolus,  369. 
Auzeodes,  200. 
Azelina,  483. 

azurea  (Alcyone),  143,  144,  16.i,  160. 

badiata  (Plerocymia),  20. 
Ijadius  (Lanius),  340. 
baeticus  (C'upido),  426. 
lailloni  (Rallus),  306. 

—  (Puffinus),  312,  .3.32. 
Balearica,  354. 
banana  (Josia),  441. 
banyumas  (Siphia),  53. 
barbara  (Petronia),  324. 
barbarus  (Falco),  307. 

—  (Laniarius),  330,  346. 
barbatus  (Apus),  306. 

—  (Criniger),  340. 

—  (Pycnonotus),  336. 
Barbus,  367,  368. 
barroweusis  (Perameles),  390. 
basalis  (Bursadopsis),  198. 

—  (Lamprococcyx),  376. 

-  (Zygaenopsis),  412,  413,  416. 
basilanica  (Penelopides),  502. 
bassana  (Sula),  305. 
batchianensis  (Macropygia),  124. 


batis  (Epirrhoe),  461. 
Baza,  378,  379. 
beccarii  (Goura),  135. 

—  (Nasiterna),  81. 

—  (Phlegoenas),  131. 
becki  (Testudo),  372. 
behringianus  (Corvus),  44.  47,  48, 
bella  (Sylvia),  318. 

bellipicta  (Spargania),  468. 
bellus  (Ptilinopus),  107. 
benescripta  (Nematocampa),  488. 
bengalensis  (Timelia),  53. 
bergii  (Sterna),  98. 
berlepschi  (Dacnis),  371. 

—  (Polioptila),  350,  357. 
bernsteini  (Chalcopsittacus),  04. 
bertheloti  (Anthus),  323,  3.33. 
bialbata  (Tephroclystia),  474. 
Biblis,  305. 

bicalcaratus  (Francolinus),  352. 
bicentraria  (Eudule),  473. 
bicolor  (Myristieivora),  94,  116,  111 
bicolor  (Oriohis),  344. 

—  (Scaptosyle),  418. 
Iiiconica  (Agrotis),  429. 
bicurvata  (Pero),  490. 
bidentifera  (Racheospila).  449. 
biflava  (Gubaria),  35. 
biguttata  (Caprimima),  419. 
bilineata  (Polioptila),  360,  361. 
binoculata  (Dysodia),  203. 
bipartita  (Anisodes),  4.')2,  453. 
biroi  (Ptilinopus),  104. 
bismarcki  (Baza),  378,  379. 
Biston,  478,  484. 

blythi  (Cyclopsitta),  73,  70. 
Boarmia,  33,  431. 
boarula  (Motacilla),  322. 
boliviana  (Culicivora),  .357. 

—  (Polioptila),  356,  357. 
bollei  (Columba),  .330. 
Bordeta,  220,  405. 
bornea  (Eos),  4,  5. 
borneonensis  (Tiga),  50. 
boschas  (Anas),  306. 
Botaurus,  300. 

bottai  (Geibillus),  399. 
botydaria  (Haemalea),  456. 
Brachycola,  22. 
brachydactyla  (Alauda),  325. 
brachyotus  (Asio),  305. 
brachyptera  (Sitagra),  344. 
brachypterus  (Symplectes),  336. 
brachyrhynchos  (Corvus),  42,  43. 
Brachysema,  483. 
Brachyurus,  362,  363,  365. 
brachyurus  (Corax).  41,  42. 

—  (Corvus),  42. 
bracteatus  (Dicrurus),  104.  170 
Bradyoinis.  347. 


'  flin 


lirolimi  (Phylloscopus),  321. 

—  (Psitt-iPella),  87. 
hrelimorum  (Apus),  ?ilil,  32><. 
brenchleyi  (Carpophaga).  382. 
brevicaudata  (Catoaroptera),  ?t?t^. 
brevipe.s  (Heteractitis),  liio. 
brevirostris  (Petronia),  324. 

—  (Phylloscopus),  321. 

brodiei  (Monarcha),  182,  18.3,  374. 

brotes  (Stenak-idia),  47.'^. 

browni  (Reinwardtoena),  127. 

bruijni  ( Aepypodius),  140. 

--  (Xasitcrna).  .OC,  71*. 

brunnea  (Callithrix"),  3(')2. 

lirunneiventris  (llegapodius),  137. 

lirunneofusa  (Tephrinopsis),  482. 

Bubalis.  177,  178. 

Bubulcus,  3.53. 

bubulcus  (Bubulcus),  353. 

buckleyi  (Jlirafra),  240,  340. 

Bucorax,  349. 

buffoni  (Polioptila),  3,')l!,  3o7-f.O. 

bulla  (Euhlemma),  4.30. 

buUocki  (Merops),  271,  .348. 

Bulweria,  332. 

Buphaga,  344. 

Bursada,  32. 

Bursadopsis,  108. 

liuruensis  (Mimeta),  172. 

—  (Monarcha),  107. 
_  (Oriolns),  172. 
buselaphus  (Bulialis),  177,  178. 
Buteo,  305,  307,  .320,  329,  330. 
buteo  (Buteo),  305,  ,W7,  320,  329,  330. 
Butorides,  .353,  382. 

butyracea  (Crithagra),  340. 
Byrsia,  422,  42.3. 

Caberodes.  20. 
cabrerae  (Turdus).  313. 
Cacatua,  5,  78,  79,  1G.5,  187.  377. 
Caccabis,  330,  3:il. 
cachiunans  (Larus),  332. 
Cacomantis,  179,  185. 
Cacorista,  207. 
Cacostegania,  211. 
caelebs  (Fringilla),  310. 
cacruleiceps  (Trichoglossus),  71. 
caeruleogriseus  ((iraucalus),  109. 
caerulescens  (Caprima),  421. 

—  (Caprimima),  421,  422. 

—  (Scaptesyle),  421. 
caeruleus  (Klanus),  351. 

—  (Parus),  309,  .322. 
cahirensia  (Acomys).  4O0. 
cajeli  (Ceyx),  97. 
Calandrclla,  310,  325,  .3.35. 
caledonicus  (Xycticorax),  170. 
calida  (Caprima).  420,  421. 

—  (Caprimima),  420,  421,  423. 


Calidris,  3O0. 
Callithrix.  .3r.2-i',i;. 
C.illopsiodes,  483.  484. 
callopterus  (Aprosmictns).  87. 
Calluga,  1 1 . 
Caloenas,  1.33,  382. 
Calornis,  173,  184,  375. 
calva  (Treron),  352. 
calvus  (Brachyurus),  303. 
Calyptocome,  455. 
Camaroptera,  339. 
Cambogia,  457-,59. 
camelus  (Struthio),  355. 
campestris  (Anthus).  323. 

—  (Motacilla),  330. 
Campophaga,  340. 
Campothera,  330. 
Camptogramma,  27. 
canariensis  (Asio),  329,  335. 

—  (Calandrella),  325,  ,3.35. 

—  (Cerchneis),  310. 

—  (Corvus),  310. 

—  (Dendrocopus),  328. 

—  (Fringilla),  310,  .324. 

—  (Motacilla),  322. 

—  ( Phyllopneuste),  320. 

—  (Phylloscopus'),  320,  .321. 

—  (Serinus),  .324. 

—  (Tinnunculus),  329. 
can.arius  (Serinus),  333. 
caniceps  (Dryndromas),  339. 
Canis,  399. 

cannabina  (Acanthis),  310,  .323. 
cantiaca  (.Sterna),  .330. 
cantiana  (Aegialitea),  .332. 
cantoroides  (Calornis),  375. 
capensis  (Coturnix),  320. 

—  (Haematopus),  310. 

—  (Oena),  3,52. 

capistratus  ( Geoff royus),  100,  484. 

—  (Psittacus),  4. 

capitalis  ( Hy phantornis),  314. 

Capoeta,  308. 

Caprima,  407,  419,  420.  421. 

Caprimima,  409,  418-23. 

Caprimulgus,  107,  307. 

Carbo.  33i:. 

cardinalis  (Eos),  ISO,  .378. 

Carduelis,  :i23. 

carduelis  (Carduelis),  323. 

cjirdui  (Vanessa),  251. 

cariaria  (Microgonia),  487,  488. 

—  (O-tydia),  487. 
carneata  (Ephialti.as),  440. 
carncotincta  (Problepsidis),  191. 
carolin.ae  (Tanysiptera),  102. 
Carpophaga,  93,  94,  111-10,  175,  189,382, 
Cartellodes,  488, 

carteretia  (Macropygia),  124. 
caryooatactes  (Nucifraga),  312. 


( •'11  ) 


caatauea  (Xauthorhoe),  30. 
castaneiceps  (Columba),  118. 
castaneiventris  (Eulabeuriiis),  HI. 

—  (Monarcha).  182,  374. 
Castro  (Oceanodroma),  332. 
castus  (Monarcha),  167. 
cateuaria  (Epirrhoe),  '11. 
Catouhrysops,  426. 
Catopsilia,  4'27. 

caudatus  (Lamprotornis),  .144. 
Cebus,  363,  'i6h. 
celebeiisis  (Byraia),  422. 

—  (Pintia),  407. 
Centetes,  89,  'JU-2. 
centralis  (Callithrix),  366. 

—  (Dysphania).  219,  H)h. 
Centropus,  184,  349,  376. 
Cephalissa,  196. 

'  Cerchneis,  16.5,  3U5,  310,  350,  351. 
Cercocebus,  88. 
Cercopithecus,  362,  363. 
Certima,  484,  4S5. 
cerricalis  (Cyclopsitta),  73,  76. 

—  (Otidiphaps),  132. 
cervina  (Cambogia),  457. 

—  (Dacelo),  151. 
cerviuus  (Macropu.s),  395-0. 
Ceryle,  88,  336,  348,  349. 
Ceyx,  96,  97,  145,  186,  376,  377. 
Cbaetura,  425. 
Chalcococcyx.  107,  376. 
clialconota  (Carpophaga),  113. 
Chalcopelia,  352. 

Chalcophaps,  56,  95,  128-30,  175,  189,  382. 
Chalcopsittacus,  64,  65. 
chalcurus  (Lamprocolius),  336. 
chalybeata  (Auzeodes),  200. 

—  (Hypocbaera),  343. 
Charadrius,  100,  306,  354. 
Charaxes,  403. 
Charmosyna,  72. 
Charmosynoiisis,  72,  187,  378. 
chaus  (Felis),  ii98. 
cheimatobiata  (C'amptogramma),  27. 
-—  (Larentia),  27. 

cheledonis  (Dioptis),  439. 
chelicuti  (Halcyon),  348. 
Cbelidonaria,  305. 
Cheualopex,  355. 
Chiasmia,  34,  35. 
cbiguancoides  (Turdus),  338. 
Chionaema,  41(1. 
chlorea  (Sphingomorpba),  431. 
chloris  (Halcyon),  97,  166. 
chlorocercus  (Lorius),  378. 
Chloroclydon,  483. 
Chloroclystes,  12. 
Chlorodreimna,  7. 
chloropbilata  (Ardonis),  lOfi. 
chloropterus  (Apvosmictus),  x~i. 


cbloropteriis  (Chalcopsittacus),  65. 

cbloropus  (Gallinula),  306. 

Chlorostrota,  8. 

Cbloroteras,  8. 

C'hogada,  16. 

cbrysippus  (Dauais),  311,  420. 

—  (Limnas),  311. 

chrysochlora  (Cbalcophaps).  95,  129,  175. 
Chrysococcyx,  349. 
chrysonome  (Idmais),  427. 
cicatriculata  (Lygris),  467. 

—  (Pelurga),  467. 
Cidaria,  26,  30,  35,  469,  470. 
cinctura  (Amiuomanes),  320. 
cinerascens  (Cisticola),  .339. 

—  (Craspedia),  10. 
cinerea  (Ardea),  305. 

—  (Estrilda),  341. 

—  (Galachrysia),  228,  250,  354. 

—  (Goura),  134. 
cinereiceps  (Macropygia),  125. 
ciuereus  (Poliolimnas),  96. 
cingulata  (Zygaenopsis),  415. 
cinuamomea  (Macropygia),  121. 
Cinnyris,  180,  181,  339,  340,  373. 
circuitaria  (Emmiltis),  23. 
circumdata  (Acantbolipes),  431. 
circunifumata  (Phaeochlaena),  443. 
circumscripta  (Calornis),  173. 
Circus,  307,  338. 

cirrbiata  (Anomoneura),  470. 
Cisticola,  339. 
cithaeron  (Charaxes),  403. 
clamosus  (Cuculus),  349. 
claribrunnea  (Xipteria),  476. 
clarigrisea  (Nipteria),  476. 
clathrata  (EpirrhoJ'),  27. 
Clerckia,  409,  410. 
clypeata  (Spatula),  306. 
Clytoceyx,  1.50. 
coanaria  (Myrteta),  470. 
coccineifrons  (Cyclopsitta),  74,  76. 

—  (Trichoglossus),  71. 
Coccycolius,  335,  336. 
coclcerelli  (Rhipidura),  375. 
Coelogenys,  90. 
Coenocalpe,  461. 

Colias,  427. 

coUata  (Craspedia),  193. 

collectoris  (Ceyx),  37(i,  377. 

Collix,  13. 

Collocalia,  376. 

colombiaaus  (Turdus),  492,  493. 

colonorum  (Agama),  230. 

colonus  (Halcyon),  155. 

coloradaria  (Epiplatymetra),  48i'i. 

colorata  (Callopsiodes),  484. 

—  (Leuculopsis),  47.5,  476. 

Columba,  9.5,  117,  118,  120.  121,270,320,33(1, 
333,  336,  352. 


(  5ia  ) 


cometifera  (Kuldscba),  -il. 
Comibaena,  8. 

commaculata  (Heterephyra),  457. 
commixta  (Epigynopteryx),  216. 
communis  (Corax),  40,  41,  42. 
compta  (Antheraea),  4U4. 
concinna  (Carpophaga),  112. 

—  (Oospila),  448. 
concolor  (Dicaeum),  52. 
confusa  (Zamarada),  212. 
congeuer  (Hammaptera),  4(j5. 
connexa  (Chiaiimia),  34. 
coDseutaaea  (Cra'^pedia),  433. 
consobi-ina  (Calluga),  11. 
couspicillata  (Sylvia),  308,  318,  320,  335. 
conspicillatus  (Lagorchestes),  3'J4. 
constricta  (Ephialtias),  440. 

—  (Hammaptera),  4U0. 

—  (Perizoma),  28. 
consueta  (Ephialtia.s),  440. 
continentalis  (Ceryle),  88. 
contractai'ia  (Prionia),  37. 
Cophocerotis,  470,  471. 
(Joracias,  3o5,  348. 
Coraphites,  275. 

Corax,  40,  41,42. 
corax  (Corax),  42. 

—  (Corvua),  40,  4.^,  44-48,  310. 
Cornelia  (Eclectus),  166. 
coronata  (Goura),  134. 
coronulatus  (Ptilinopus),  102,  103. 
correlata  (Amoeliotricha),  26. 
corrivalaria  (Craspedia),  11)4. 

Corvus,  40-48,  57,  164,  173,  174,  243,  810,336, 

346. 
Coryphodon,  ',10. 
Coryphoenas,  189,  382. 
Corythaeola,  350. 
Corythaix,  335,  330. 
Corythornis,  348. 
C'osmetornis,  347. 
cosmiaria  (Zamai-ada),  212. 
Cossypha,  338. 

oostimacula  (Epiplatymctra),  486. 
Cotile,  305. 

coturnix  (Coturnix),  320,  330,331. 
Cotyle,  398. 

coxeni  (Cyclopsitta),  76. 
Craspedia,  9,  HI,  22,  23,  25,  1U3,  194,  207,  208, 

433,  454,  455. 
crassa  (Calornis),  173. 

—  (Dysodia),  203. 
erassata  (Gymnoscelis),  208. 
Crassilembaria,  213. 
cra.ssipuncta  (Craspedia),  207. 
ciassirostris  (Cbalcococcyx),  11)7. 

—  (Corax),  41. 

--  (Coryphoenas),  1  HI),  382. 
crassitibia  (Micrulia),  31. 
Cratoropus,  338. 


Crateroscelis,  425. 

crecca  (Anas),  277,  306. 

crenatilinea  (Craspedia),  454. 

oretacea  (Xeodora),  489. 

Cretheis,  195. 

Crex,  306. 

crex  (Crex),  306. 

Criniger,  340. 

cristata  (Corythaeola),  350. 

—  (Galerida),  340. 

—  (Prochoerodes),  491. 
cristatus  (Regulus),  320,  33.5. 
Crithragra,  341). 

Crocalia,  433. 

croceofimbriata  (Anteois),  453. 
croceus  (Macronyx),  340. 
croesus  (Ornithoptera),  500. 
cruentata  (Myzomela),  56. 
crumenifer  (Leptoptilus),  270. 
crumeniferus  (Leptoptilus),  3.53. 
crurata  (Craspedia),  191. 
crypsispila  ( Phaeochlaena).  442. 
Crypsotidia,  432. 
cryptoleucus  (Corvus),  44. 
cucuUata  (Pitta),  52. 
cucullatus  (Hyphantornis),  344. 

—  (Spermestes),  341. 
Cuculns,349. 
Culicivora,  357. 
cunctata  (Macropygia),  125. 
Cuncuma,  163. 

Cupido,  426,  427. 
cupreua  (Cinnyris),  339. 

—  (Chrysococcyx),  349. 
Cursorius,  310,  332. 
curvifascia  (Nipteria).  476. 
curvilinea  (Syrrhoedia),  482. 
cuvieri  (Talegallus),  139. 
cyanaucben  (Lorius),  67. 
cyauea  (Platystira),  346. 
Cyanecula,  3l)5. 
cyanicarpus  (Geotfroyus),  84. 
cyanicoUis  ((ieofEroyus),  85,  86. 
cyanocephalus  (Cinnyris),  340. 
cyanogenia  (Eos),  65. 
cyanogrammus  (Trichoglossus),  4,  69,  7i). 
cyanonota  (Pitta),  64. 

cyanonotus  (Eos),  5. 
cyanopus  (Xumenius),  lOi). 
cyanostigma  (Corythornis),  348. 
Cyclomia,  485. 
Cyclopsitta,  55,  72,  77. 
Cyllopoda,  438. 
cymatodes  (Cretheis),  195. 
Cymatophora,  477. 
Cyme,  422,  423. 
Cyrtostomus,  181. 

Dacelo,  151. 
Dacnis,  371. 


•.i:;  ) 


dacotiae  (Pratincola),  3i)8,  314,  330. 

daira  (Teracolus),  4>7,  4'2«. 

dammeriana  (Halcyon),  llj'J, 

dampieri  (Astur),  381. 

danae  (Tanysiptera),  I5li. 

Danais,  311,  42r.. 

Danaus,  218,  403. 

Dania,  438. 

Dasciopteryx,  481. 

Dasimatia,  32. 

Dasymacaria,  18. 

Dasyptilus,  81 . 

dasyurus  (Gerbillus),  399. 

dea  (Tanysiptera),  97,  156,  102. 

dealbatus  (Lanius),  309,  310. 

Decetiodes,  430,  437. 

decipiens  (Oriolus),  172. 

decollatus  (Megapodius),  137. 

decorata  (Racheospila),  449. 

degener  ( Parus),  309,  322. 

DeUas,  403,  499. 

delicatula  (Ptychopoda),  24. 

delogramma  (Cephalissa),  196. 

—  (Lobophora).  190. 
deludens  (Syrrhizodes),  488. 
Demiegretta,  170. 
demissai'ia  (Anteois),  ini. 
Dendrocopus,  328. 
Dendrocygna,  176,  3b^>. 
Dendromus,  349. 
Dendropicus,  349. 
dentifascia  (Eupithecia),  196. 
dentosa  (Megathecaj,  31. 
desmaresti  (CycIopsitU),  73,  70. 
destructata  (Eupithecia),  197. 
devittatus  (Lorius),  00. 
devoluta  (Chlorostrata),  8. 
diana  (Argema),  40.5. 

—  (Asota),  406. 
diaphana  (Racheospila),  450. 
Diastocera,  271. 
Dicaeum,  52,  171,  180,  373. 
Dichroma,  2o;i. 
Dichromatopodia,  4K8. 
Dicrurus,  164,  170,  346. 
Didymoctenia,  33. 

diffusa  (Aeschropteryx),  215. 

diffusus  (Passer),  341. 

dimidiatus  (Acomys),  401. 

diophthalmus  (Cyclopsitta),  73,  74,  70. 

diops  (Halcyon),  154. 

Dioptis,  438,  439,  465. 

Dipodillus,  399. 

Dipus,  400. 

discolorata  (Glaucopteryx),  13. 

disconnexa  (Epirrhoe),  462. 

discors  (Epirrhoij),  462. 

dispar  (Edoliosoma),  1 70. 

—  (Isochromodes),  489. 

—  (Paracomistes),  489,  490. 


di.sputaria  (Tephrina),  433. 
distincta  (Corvus),  43. 

—  (Ellopia),  485. 
diversicolor  (Obeidia),  198. 
divi.sa  (Nelo),  474. 
djampeana  (Sipbia),  53. 
djampeanus  (Trichoglossus),  68. 
docilis  (Palaeornis),  3.50. 
Doclia,  407. 

dodsoni  (Lauiua),  310. 
dohertyi  (Caprima),  407. 

—  (Doclia),  407. 

—  (Egybolis),  405,  400. 

—  (Geocichla),  173. 

—  (Mimacraea),  219,  404. 

—  (Ornithoptera),  500. 

—  (StcphanocratesI,  408. 
doleschalli  (Immetalia),  406. 
Dolichotis,  91. 

domicella  (Hirundo),  347. 
dorainicus  (Charadrius),  100. 
dongolana  (Genetta),  398. 
doreya  (Macropygia),  122,  123. 
dorippus  (Danais),  426. 
doris  (Tanysiptera),  158,  169. 
dorsalis  (Apro.smictua),  87. 

—  (GeofEroyus),  85,  169. 
dotata  (Byrsia),  422,  423. 
dougalli  (Sterna),  98. 
drcpanula  (Decetiodes),  437. 
drepanularia  (Hemioplisis),  436. 
Dryodromas,  339. 
Dryoscopus,  340. 

dubia  (Cinnyris),  181,  182. 
-^  (Myzomela),  181,  373. 
dubius  (Aegialitis),  142. 

—  (Pogonorhyncus),  330. 
ducorpsi  (Cacatua),  187,  377. 
duivenbodei  (Chalcopsittacus),  65. 
dumasi  (Geocichia),  173. 
dumetoria  (Erythromyias),  168,  109. 
dumetorum  (Cacomantis),  185. 
dumicola  (Polioptila),  350,  357. 
duperreyi  (Megapodius),  95,  135,  138. 
Dysephyra,  457. 

Dysodia,  G,  203. 

Dyspbania,  192,  193,  219,  4o5. 

ecaudatus  (Centetes),  89. 

—  (Helotarsus),  351. 

Eclectus,  5,  81,  82,  105,  100,  1«8,  37«. 
Ectropis,  33,  34. 
edithae  (Corvus),  47. 
Edoliisoma,  181,  373,  374. 
edolioides  (Melaenornis),  346. 
Edoliosoma,  170. 
cdusa  (Colias),  427. 
edwardsi  (Cyclopsitta),  72. 
Egybolis,  405,  400. 
cichhorni  (ImuiL'talia).  100. 


(  514  ) 


eichhonii  (Myzomela),  181. 

Klanus,  351. 

cleusis  (Catochrysops).  42G. 

elisabeth  (Halcyon).  153. 

ellioti  (Tanysiptera),  lo'J,  IGU. 

Ellopia,  485. 

Elminia,  347. 

elongata  (Trichocerosia),  418. 

emarginaria  (Micrulia),  32. 

Emberiza,  325. 

emberizata  (Epirrhoi<),  4(12,  464,  406. 

emiliae  (Tanysiptera),  157. 

emiliana  (Macropygia),  120,  121. 

Emmiltis,  23. 

Emplocia,  475. 

ena  (Ephialtias),  44U. 

enca  (Corvus),  174. 

Eois,  459. 

Eos,  4,  5,  65,  165,  186,  878. 

Ephialtia-x,  439,  440. 

ephippium  (Testudo),  372. 

Epigynopteryx,  19,  216, 

epioData  (Paracrocota),  217. 

Epiplatymetra,  486. 

Epiplema.  21,  203,  204. 

EpirrhoK,  13,  27,  461,  4G2-4,  466. 

Episcea,  440,  441. 

epops  (Upupa),  328. 

Erateina,  472. 

eremita  (Megapodius),  137,  138,  382. 

Eremomela,  339. 

Erinaceus,  90,  308. 

Erithacus,  309,  314,  315. 

ernesti  (Falco),  49,  50. 

Eromene,  434. 

Erythromj-ias,  164,  168,  169. 

erythrops  (Xeocrex),  369. 

erythropygium  (Edoliisoma),  373. 

erythrorhynchum  (Dicaeum),  52. 

crythrorhynchus  (Toccus),  349. 

Erythrospiza,  310,  325. 

ei7throthorax  (Lorius),  56,  66,  67. 

Erythrura,  173. 

Esacus,  99. 

Estrilda,  341. 

etorques  (Astur),  381. 

Euangerona,  486. 

Eublemma,  4.30. 

Eubyja,  199. 

Eucrostes,  205. 

Eucrostis,  446. 

Eucymatoge,  19<i. 

Eudule,  473. 

euguniae  (Ptilinopus),  108,  1 10. 

Eulabeornis,  141. 

eulimene  (Teracolus),  427. 

Euljpe,  465. 

Euphonia,  370,  371. 

Eupithecia,  196,  197. 

cnpitlieciata  (EupitUecia),  197. 


eupitheciata  (Phibalapteryx),  1!16. 
europaeus  (Caprimulgus),  3(17. 
Eurostopodus,  184. 
eurj-pylus  (PapUio).  402. 
Eurystumus,  167,  185,  347,  376. 
Eurytaphiia,  36. 
Eurythecodes,  216. 
euteles  (Psitteuteles),  176. 
cvcretti  (Arachnothera),  52. 

—  (MUionia),  405. 

—  (Sasia),  51. 
cxcubitor  (Lanius),  309. 
exigua  (Lapbygma),  429. 
eximia  (Certima),  484. 
Exotrocha,  410. 
explorator  (Geoffroyus),  483. 
exsul  (Tiga),  51. 
exsuperata  (Myrioblephara),  33. 
exteusata  (Larentia),  27. 
extravagans  (Episcea),  440,  441. 

falcataria  (Craspedia),  454. 
Falco,  49,  50,  307,  310,  351. 
fallax  ( Decetiodes),  436. 

—  (Lanius),  309. 
fasciata  (Cambogia),  458. 
fasciosa  (Meteugoa),  424. 
favaria  (Nipteria),  477. 
Felis,  398. 

feminina  ( Myiagra),  183,  375. 
ferina  (Fuligula),  306. 
ferrocyanea  (Myiagra),  183,  375. 
feiTuginea  (Tringa),  306. 
Fidonia,  16,  479. 
fidoniata  (Cyclomia),  485. 
finschi  (Xasiterna),  79,  80,  188. 

—  (Pitta),  64. 
flamingo  (Janarda),  208. 
tiammea  (Strix),  328,  329. 
Hammiceps  (Pyromelaua),  344. 
tiava  (Motacilla),  174. 

davibasis  (Zygaenopsis),  411.  413-16. 
Havicaus  (Trichoglossus),  71. 
flavicaput  (Zamarada),  212. 
flaviceps  (Siculodopsis),  437. 

—  (Zygaenopsis),  415,  416. 
flavicoUis  (Hypocrita),  421. 
Havicoma  (Asthenotricha),  209. 
fiavigastra  (Hyliota),  347. 
tiavipuncta  (Collix),  13. 
Ilavirostris  (Rbynchops),  355. 

—  (Synia),  145,  148. 
fiavjstriga  (Epiplema),  21. 
flavovirescens  (Ptilinopus),  174. 
flegeli  (Poliospiza),  .340. 
florella  (Catopsilia),  427. 
Ilorensis  (Corvus),  174. 
fioresiana  (Alcedo),  143. 
Iloresianus  (Geoffroyus),  83. 
tloridana  (Monarcba),  182,  183,  374. 


(  '515  ) 


fioridana  (Zosterops),  180. 
floweri  (Glauconycteris),  397. 
fluviatilis  (Sterna),  332. 
fodiens  (Tillotheriura),  IMI. 
foedatipeanis  (Tephroclystis),  32. 
foedosa  (Eublemma),  43U. 
forbesi  (Erythrura),  173. 

—  (Halcyon),  348. 

—  (Nino.x),  KSS. 

—  (Oxyechus),  354. 

—  (Rallicula),  141.  142. 
formosa  (Megaloprepia),  llo. 
forsteni  (Megapodius),  13'i.  137,  138. 

—  (Trichoglossus),  08. 
fortis  (Trichoglossus),  08. 
fortuuatus  (Phylloscopus),  320,  321,  33:'; 
fragilis  (Caprima),  407. 

franoica  (CoUocalia),  370. 
franciscaua  (Pyromelana),  344. 
Francolinus,  3.52. 
Fratercula,  306. 
Fregata,  176. 

frenata  (Cinnyris),  180,  373. 
freycinet  (Megapudius),  138. 
frigida  (Josia),  441,  442. 
Fringilla,  310,  324,  330,  333. 
fritscbii  (Barbus),  307,  368. 
fuertaventurao  (Houbara),  335. 

—  (Otis),  310,  331. 
fulgidum  (Dicaeum),  171. 
Fulica,  300. 

Fuligula,  3U0. 

fulvata  (Xeuropolodes),  19. 

fulvia  (Clerckia),  409,  410. 

—  (Exotrocha),  410. 
fulvicrissa  (Euphouia),  370,  371. 
fulvifusa  fPriouia),  36. 
fulvipennis  (Calornis),  184,  375. 

—  (Lamprotornis),  184. 
fuMventris  (Myiagra),  108. 
fulvus  (Cbaradrius),  Ino. 

—  (Gyps),  3O0,  352. 
fumigata  (Machaerophora),  412. 

—  (Zygaeuopsis).  412,  410. 

fumosa  (Zygaenopsis),  411,  412,  410,  417 
funerea  (Hypochaera),  342,  343. 
funesta  (Heterusia),  472. 
fusca  (Azelina),  483. 
fuscata  (Eos),  65. 

—  (Narragodes),  481. 
f  uscicoUis  (Corax),  4 1 . 
fuscicosta  (Hemipogou),  194. 
fuscidisca  (Pseudemodcsa),  191. 
fuscimarginalis  (Zygaeuosia),  411.  410. 
fu.scirostris  (Talegallus),  139. 
fuscobrunnea  (Craspedia),  207. 
fuscoHava  (Pachycepbala),  170. 
fu.scorufa  (Rhipidui-a),  108. 

Cu.scus  (Mycetes),  365. 
fustula  (Josia),  441. 


Galachrysea,  354. 

Galacbrysia,  228,  250. 

galatea  (Tanysiptera),  150,  100  02. 

galbula  (Oriolus),  305. 

(ialerida,  249,  258,  340. 

galerita  (Cacatua),  78. 

gallicus  (Cui-sorius),  310,  332. 

galliuaceus  (Hydralectur),  99,  100. 

Gallinago,  300. 

gallinago  (Gallinago),  306. 

Gallinula,  306. 

gambensis  (Dryoscopus).  340. 

gambianus  ( Hippotragus),  232,  289. 

gammata  (Heterostegane),  197. 

garrula  (Coracias),  305. 

garzetta  (Herodias),  353. 

Gathynia,  7. 

gaudichaud  (Sauromarptis),  151. 

gaujoniaria  (Rhodocblora),  451. 

gayneri  (Jlestleta),  429. 

—  (Oligochroa),  434. 

—  (Pseudosterrha),  433. 
Gazella,  399. 
Gecinus,  307. 

geelvinkiana  (Carpophaga),  112. 

geelvinkianus  (Megapodius),  138. 

geelwinkiana  (Xasiterna),  80. 

gelida  (Caprima),  419. 

geminus  (Ptiliaopus),  103. 

Genetta,  398. 

gentilis  (Synedoidea),  42',l. 

Geucichia,  164,  172,  173. 

geoffroyi  (Ochthodromus).  10  ,  142. 

GeofBroyus,  4,  82-6,  100,  188,  378. 

Geopelia,  95,  175. 

Gerbillus,  399,  400. 

gerbillus  (Gerbillus),  399. 

Gerygone,  109. 

gestroi  (Ptiliuopus),  105. 

giffardi  (Cossypha),  .338. 

gigantea  (Testudo),  372. 

gigot  (Callithrix),  302,  304,  :-65,  306. 

gilvaria  (Paracrocota).  217. 

girrenera  (Haliastur),  163. 

githaginea  (Erythrospiza),  310,  325. 

glareola  (Tetanus),  300. 

Glaucidium,  311. 

glauconome  (Synchloe),  427. 

Glauconycteris,  397. 

(ilaucopteryx,  13. 

Globicera,  111. 

Glossopsittacus,  71. 

Glottis,  101. 

goertau  (Mesopicus),  349. 

goffini  (Cacatua),  5,  165. 

goldiei  ((ilossopsittacus),  71. 

—  (Macropygia),  125. 

goliath  (Ardea),  353. 

Gonodola,  213,  214. 

goodfellowi  (Turdus),  492. 


(  .51fi  ) 


gopala  (I'yllopuJa),  4:^8. 
gordoiii  (Hirundo),  347. 
Goura,  134,  135. 
yracilineata  (Cra.spodia),  193. 
gracilipennis  (Ptychopoda).  195. 
GraUana,  371. 
grandis  (Oreopsittacus),  72. 
grauti  (Accipiter),  330. 

—  (Xinox),  381. 
granula  (Sabulodes),  490. 
granulifrons  (Ptilinopus),  1U8,  110,  111. 
Graphidipus.  470. 

grataria  (Amoebotricha),  2G. 

gratata  (Metnoria),  44ii. 

Graucalus,  103,  104,  H'J,  180,  181,  :_i74. 

grisea  (Siculodopsis),  437. 

griseigularis  (Columba),  118. 

griseinucha  (Macropygia),  123. 

griseiveutris  (Zosterops),  172. 

griseotincta  (Reinwardtoena),  127. 

griseus  (Hapalemur),  365. 

grisola  (Muscicapa),  305. 

Gnbaria,  35. 

guglielmi  (C'yclopsitta).  75,  77. 

guinea  (Columba).  270,  352. 

—  (Stictoena.s),  352. 
gularis  (Ardea),  33lj. 

—  (Calornis),  173. 

—  (Policxpiza),  341. 

—  (Sylvia).  320. 
gurneyi  (Baza),  378,  :!7'.l. 
guttata  (Ceryle),  88. 

—  (Dendrocygna),  176. 
Gymnophaps,  118. 
Gymnoscelis,  30,  31,  208,  209. 
Gypohierax,  351. 

Gyps,  274,  .306,  351,352. 

babenata  (Craspedia),  194. 

habessinicus  (Pbylloscopus),  321. 

Haemalea,  4.55,  4,56. 

haematodus  (Trichoglo.ssus),  3, 4,  68, 71, 186, 378. 

Haematopus,  101,  ,301,  332. 

hagedash  (Hagedasliia),  353. 

Hagedashia,  3.53. 

hagenbecki  (Cercocebus),  88. 

Hagiopsar,  54,  336. 

Halcyon,  97,  133-3i;,  1.03-56,   160,  185,  180,  336, 

348,  377. 
Haliaetus,  35,  57. 
baliaetus  (P.-uidion),  163,  330. 
Haliastur,  163. 

bam.adrya.s  (Uliipidura),  103,  108. 
Hamma]>tei'a,  465-68 
bantu  (Ninox),  165. 
Hapalemur.  3(>5. 
harterti  (Barbua).  307. 
Haustauben,  243. 
huctata  (C.'raspedia),  208. 
hedcmanni  (Synopsia),  4H4. 


beinekeni  (Sylvia),  319,  320,  333. 

Helotarsus,  351 . 

helviventris  (Phlegoenas),  131. 

Hemioplisis,  436-37. 

Hemipogon,  194,  195. 

Hemitbea.  446. 

hemixaatha  (Microeca),  109. 

Henicophaps,  130. 

Herodias,  353. 

Herpa,  407. 

Herpestes,  398. 

Heteractitis,  100. 

Heteranax,  167. 

Heterephyra,  457. 

heteroclitus  (Geott'royus).  80,  188,  378. 

Heterocrita,  445. 

heteroptila  (Kpirrboe),  463,  404. 

Heterostegane,  15,  197, 

Heterusia,  471,  472,  473. 

beuglini  (Hypbantornis),  344. 

hiaticula  (Aegialitis),  300,  336. 

Him-antopuiJ,  lOo,  3.54. 

himantopus  (Himantopus),  354. 

Hippotragus,  232,  289. 

Hirundo,  184,  305,  307,  330,  347,  398. 

hispanica  (Caccabis),  331. 

hispaniolensis  (Passer),  324. 

bispanus  (Corvus),  45. 

bolomelas  (Astur),  380. 

holopolius  (Edoliisoma),  374. 

—  (Graucalus),  374. 
Hoplopterus,  354. 
bortensis  (Sylvia),  305. 
Houbara,  335. 

bumboldti  (Lagothrix),  365. 
bumeralis  (Ptilinopus),  104. 
buonensis  (Goura),  135. 

—  (Ptilinopus),  103. 
bunteri  ( Acomys),  4((1. 
Hyaena,  .398. 

hyaena  (Hyaena),  398. 
Hydraluctor,  99,  loo. 
bydrocbaris  (Tanysiptera),  160. 
Hyliota,  347. 
hymenata  (Cidaria),  470. 
Hymcnoraima.  47K. 
byogaster  (Ptilinopus),  108,  110,  111. 
Hypergerus,  339. 
Hypbantornis,  344. 
bypooala  ( Bordeta),  220,  405. 
Hypocbaera,  342,  343. 
Hypocharmosyna,  4,  71,  72,  17'.i,  187. 
Ilypocbrosis,  36,  200. 
Hypocrita,  419,  421. 
bypoenocbroa  ((kilumba),  118. 
bypoenocbrous  (Lorius),  ()6. 
bypograuimica  (Pytelia),  341. 
bypoleucus  (.Vctitia),  336. 

—  -  (Cebus),  3i;5. 

—  (Graucalus),  103,  109,  180,374. 


(  '^17  ) 


lijpoleucus  (Tringoides),  101,  U2. 

Hyposidra,  201. 

Hypotaenidia,  9G. 

hypoxaathus  (Leucophantes),  425. 

hypparia  (Trigonodes),  431. 

hyrcanus  (Erithacus),  316. 

Hystrix,  401. 

Ibis,  99,  3.53. 

ibis  (Tantalus),  270,  277,  353. 

Ichneumia,  398 

Idmais,  427.  . 

iguescens  (Argema),  404,  405. 

igiiobilis  (Cra.spedia),  22. 

—  (Turdus),  492. 
illineata  (Tephrinopsis),  214. 
imbella  (Craspedia),  22. 
imitans  (Mimosema),  488. 
immaculata  (Zygaenopsis),  4!4,  41(). 
Immetalia,  40(5. 

impuDctulata  (Ciaspedia),  9. 
incertata  (Menioria),  446. 
incondita  (Eos),  65. 
indecretata  (Mixocera),  206. 
indeterminata  (Ptychopoda),  25. 
indica  (Chalcophaps),  95,  128,  129,  n 
indicus  (Falco),  .50. 
indoctaria  (Craspedia),  454. 
iiidu.s  (Haliastur),  163. 
inferua  (Zygaenopsis),  412. 
intixaria  (Serraca),  33. 
iiifrazebriua  (Gymnoscelis),  31. 
infumata  (Scoria),  481. 
iunotata  (Eucrostes),  205. 

—  (Polioptila),  .S59,  360. 
inornata  (Calornis),  173. 

—  (Periclina),  490. 
inoniatum  (Dicaeum),  52. 
inornatus  (Monarcha),  168. 
inquinata  (Stesichora),  192. 
inseparabilis  (Cyclopsitta),  76. 
insolita  (Scotopterix),  47'.'. 
insolitus  (Ptiliuopus),  104,  111. 
insperatus  (Cacomautis),  185. 
insularia  (Caberodes),  20. 
iusularis  (Utidiphaps),  133. 
Integra  (Miantonata),  447. 
intermedia  (Dacelo),  151. 

—  (Dysodia),  203. 

'  —  (Petronia),  324. 

—  (Porzana),  306. 

—  (Tiga),  51. 

—  (Turdus),  313. 
iutermedius  (Rallus),  306, 

—  (Trichoglossus),  70. 
interpres  (Geocichla),  172. 

—  (Strepsilas),  306. 
interrupta  ( Josia),  441. 

—  (Pingasa),  204. 
intexta  (Priuuiu),  37. 


inutilis  (Astbenotricha),  209, 

invenustaria  (Alois),  32. 

iozonus  (Ptilinopus),  104,  111, 

Ira,  486. 

Iridopsis,  477. 

iris  (Cocoycolius),  335,  336. 

Irrisor,  348. 

Isabella  (Caprimima),  422. 

—  (Clerckia),  410. 

—  (Gazella),  399. 

—  (Stiltia),  .99. 
isabellae  (Delias),  403. 

—  (Papilio),  401. 
isabelliuus  (Macropus),  394-96. 
Iscbnopteris,  481. 
Ischnopteryx,  481. 
Isoohromodes,  489. 

ispida  (Alcedo),  96,  143,  .307,  377 
ispidoides  (Alcedo),  96,  143,  377. 
ixias  (Scaptosyle),  418. 
lynx,  305. 


jacksoni  (Bubalis),  177,  178. 
jaculus  (Dipus),  400. 
Janarda,  208. 
janthina  (Coluniba),  118. 
jasminaria  (Hypochrosis),  200. 
jason  (Papilio),  402. 
jaspideata  (Cophocerotis),  47il. 
javana  (Byrsia),  422. 
javanensis  (Tiga),  .50,  51. 
javauicus  (Butorides),  382. 
jerdoni  (Timelia),  53. 
jobiensis  (Geoffroyus),  85. 

—  (Lorius),  67. 

—  (Melidora).  149,  150. 

—  (Ptilinopus),  104. 

—  (Talegallus),  139,  140. 
johannae  (Phlegoenas),  131. 
johaniiis  (Ptilinopus),  107. 
josephinae  (Charmosyna),  72. 
Josia,  439,  441,  442. 
junctilinea  (Alois),  477. 

kalaoensis  (Siphia),  53. 
kamtscbaticus  (Corvus),  47,  48. 
kaporensis  (Ptilinopus),  105. 
kebirensis  (Pachycephala),  171. 
keiensB  (Dicaeum),  171. 
keiensis  (Nasiterua),  5,  79,  80. 
kerstingi  (JIacropygia),  123, 
keyensis  (Geoffroyus),  84,  16ii. 

—  (Macropygia),  94,  122. 
kirohhoffi  (Strix),  329. 
kisserensis  (Monarcha),  168. 
klagesi  (Agriochlora).  435. 

—  (Arhostia),  453. 
Kobus,  289,  291. 

koij  (Kobus),  289,  291. 


(  518  ) 


koenigi  (Caccabis),  331. 

—  (Friugilla),  310, 

—  (Lanius),  3011,  310,  323. 
korschuii  (Milvus).  30",  320,  3r)I. 
korustes  (Sterna),  U8. 

ki-effti  (Mirio),  184,  375. 
kubaiyi  (Sauroinarptis),  1,52. 
kuehiii  (Pitta),  3,  113. 
kuhli  (PuHiiiu.s),  332. 
k\ihui  (Dicrurus),  170. 
kulambangi'ae  (Mouarcha),  183. 

—  (Zosterops),  180. 
Kuldscha.  27. 

lafayaria  (Raubeusi>ila),  460. 

lafresuayi  (Demliopicus),  341). 

Lagonosticta,  341. 

Lagorchestes,  394. 

Lagothrix,  3G4,  3155,  3(56. 

Lalage,  169. 

lamelliger  (Anastomus),  272,  273. 

lamelUgerus  (Anastomus),  353. 

Lamprococcyx,  56,  376. 

Lamprocolius,  336,  345. 

Lamprotornis,  184.  344. 

lancearia  (Anisode.s),  462. 

landsbergi  (Geoffroyus),  83. 

Laniarius,  336,  346. 

Lanius,  305,  SOU,  310,  323,  336,  340. 

Laphygma,  429. 

lapponica  (Limosa),  306. 

Larentia,  27,  28. 

Larus,  332. 

lata  (Zygaenopsis),  415,  416. 

latifasciata  (Anthalma),  460. 

latilineata  (Mixocera),  206. 

latirostris  (Corvus),  164,  173,  174. 

lativitta  (Ephialtias),  440. 

latona  (Argema),  404,  4o6. 

latonaria  (Problepsis),  10,  11. 

laurivora  (Columba),  330. 

lauta  (Ptychopoda),  25. 

lawrencei  (Corvus),  46. 

leachii  (Uacelo),  151. 

leda  (Proteostreuia),  200. 

lulwel  (Bubalis),  177,  178. 

leopoldi  (Columba),  118. 

Icpida  (Ceyx),  96,  97,  186,  376. 

Leptoctcnopsis,  437. 

leptogrammica  (Slacropygia),  119. 

Leptomeris,  23. 

loptonyx  (Corvus),  45. 

LeptoptiUis,  270,  353. 

Lepus,  401. 

lessoni  (.Vlcyone),  143,  144. 

lettiensis  (Ptilinopus).  176. 

leucocephalus  iHimantopus),  loii, 

—  (Pandion),  163. 
leucogastcr  (Cuncuma),  163. 

—  (Haliaetus),  57. 


leucogaster  (Pholidauges),  345. 
leucogastra  (MotaciUa),  319. 

—  (Polioptila),  3.J7,  369,  360. 

—  (Sylvia),  318,  319. 
leucogenys  (Falco),  50. 
leucopareia  (Trugon),  132. 
leucophaeus  (Corvus),  44. 
Leucopbautes,  426. 
leuuopterus  (Parus),  339. 
Icucopygia  (Halcyon),  186,  377. 
k-ucopygialis  (Artamus),  170. 
leucorhyncbus  (Artamus),  170. 
luucoryx  (Oryx),  289. 
leucospila  (Rallicula),  141. 
kucotis  (Coraphitus),  276. 

—  (Pyrrliulauda),  340. 
Leucula,  475. 
Leuculopsis,  476,  476. 

lewisi  (Ptilinopus),  108,  109,  110,  189,  3S2. 

liagore  (Teracolus),  427,  428. 

liboria  (Exotrocba),  410. 

lidderdalii  (Armandia),  498. 

lilacina  (Eurytaphria),  36. 

limbirena  (Plusia),  431. 

Liniicola,  101. 

Limnas,  311. 

linmocorax  (Parra),  364. 

Limonites,  142 

Limosa,  306. 

limosa  (Limosa),  ,306. 

littoralis  (Corax),  40,  41,  42,  43. 

littoralis  (Prodenia),  428. 

littoreus  (Tetanus),  306. 

livia  (Columba),  320,  330,  336. 

lobatus  (Phalaropus),  143. 

Lobivanellus,  100,  .354. 

Lobophora,  196. 

longicauda  (Elminia),  347. 

—  (Scotornis),  347. 
longicaudus  (TalegaUus),  139,  140. 
longicorpus  (Cyllopoda),  438, 
limgipali>is  (Phauochlaena),  442. 
lougipennis  (Macrodipteryx),  347. 
longirostris  ( Aracbnotbera),  61. 

—  (Haematopus),  101. 
bmguemarii  (Antbreptes),  336. 
Lopbocrita,  446. 

lopbopterata  (Astbenotriclia),  209. 
loriac  (Pitta),  63,  64. 
Loriculus,  88. 

Lorius,  56,  r.C,  67,  378. 

lory  (Lorius),  M,  67. 

louisa  (Stictopbtlialma),   I9.S. 

louisiadcnsis  ((iraucalus),  180,  181,  374. 

luctuosa  (Myristicivora),  11(>,  117. 

lugubris  (Ceryle),  88. 

—  (Cisticola),  339. 

lunifera  (Heterephyra),  467. 

lycorai'ia  (llypochrosis),  200. 

Lygris,  4ii7. 


(  .ilit  ) 


ni:iOiiss:iriens)s  (IVrairropyj^iii),  120. 

niacgillivrayi  (Megapoclius),  IMS, 

Machiierophora,  412. 

Machetes,  278.  .Soil,  .",3.'^. 

machiki  (Geocichla),  1("4,  172. 

macilwraithi  (Cyclopsittai,  70,  77. 

mackinlayi  (Macropygia),  1 20, 160. 

mackloti  (Pitta),  .'.,  (53,  64. 

macleayana  (Cyclopsitta),  71). 

macleayi  (Halcyon),  07,  l.o3. 

Macrocorax,  37.0. 

Macrodipteryx,  .347. 

macrolopha  (Cacatna).  'i,  ~x,  70. 

Macronyx,  340. 

Macropteryx,  184,  37G. 

Macropus,  304,  300. 

Macropygia,  oC,  04.  118-2(5,  1G4,  174,  ISO,  382. 

macrorhina  (Melidora),  140,  150. 

macrorhynchus  (Corvus),  173,  174. 

Macroacelides,  00. 

macrura  (Penthetriopsis),  343. 

—  (Peramelea),  .300. 
macrurus  (Caprimulgus),  li'i7. 

—  (Circus),  338. 
maculata  (Caloenas),  133. 

—  (Hemioplisia),  437. 
maculosa  (Turnix),  05. 
maculosata  (Eurythecodes),  211'). 
mada  (C'olumba),  117. 
madaraszi  (Psittacellal,  87. 
madeirensis  (Petronia),  310,  324. 

—  (Regulus),  320. 
maenas  (Argema),  404,  405. 
maeviaria  (Aspilates),  217. 

—  (Paracrocota),  217. 
maforensis  (Macro]iygia),  123. 

—  (Xa.sitema),  70,  80. 

magna  (Macropygia),  110,  12u,  174. 
magnifica  (Megaloprepia),  llil.  111. 
magnirostris  (Esacus).  00. 

—  (Sasia),  .'il. 

majestica  (Semiothisa),  213. 
major  (Bubalis),  17(,  K.'^. 

—  (Dendrocopus),  328. 

—  (Dryoscopus),  340. 

—  (Erithacus),  317. 

—  (Lorius),  66,  07. 

—  (Polioptila),  .358-01. 
malayanus  ( Urody namis),  37G. 
malimbica  (Halycon),  336,  348. 
malimbicus  (Merops),  348. 
Malimbus,  336,  344. 
Manatus,  204. 

mandibularia  (Nycticorax).  382. 
maniculata  (Felis),  308. 
Mareca.  3O0. 

margarethae  (Charmosynopsis),  187,  378. 

—  (Tanysiptera),  150,  lOo. 
margaritae  (Phlegoenas),  131. 
marginatus  (Charadrius),  :'..'i4. 


marina  (Pelagodroma).  332. 

Jt.armopteryx,  471. 

mas,sena  (Trichnglos.sus),  7ii,  71.  l.'^il. 

mathias  (Parnara),  428. 

maugeus  (fieopelia),  05,  175. 

maxima  (Ceryle),  .348,  .340. 

—  (Turdus),  313. 
meadewaldoi  (Acanthis),  323. 
mechowi  (Aegialites),  354. 
Medasina,  16. 

medioplaga  (Zygaenopsis),  414.  416. 
meecki  (Zygaenopsis),  415. 
meeki  (Herpa),  4u7. 

—  (Hypocharmosyna),  170,  187. 

—  (Loriculus),  88. 

—  (Papilio),  402. 

—  (Syma),  140,  147.  14,8,  140. 

—  (Zygaenopsis),  416. 
me'foorana  (Pitta),  02.  63. 
Megalodes,  430. 
Megaloprepia,  110,  111. 
megalorhynchus  (Tanygnathus),  8fi. 
megalornis  (Dicrurus),  170. 
Megapodiidae,  135. 
Megapodius,  05,  135-38,  175.  382. 
megarhyncha  (Syma),  140. 
Megatheca,  31. 

Melaenornis,  346. 
melanauchen  (Sterna),  08. 
melanocephala  (Myzomela),  182. 

—  (Pyrrhulauda),  340. 

—  (Sylvia),  318,  310. 
melanocephalus  (Cinnyri^i),  181. 

—  (Cyrtostomus),  181. 
melanoehir  (Ateles),  3i'>3. 
melanochroa  (Carpopbaga),  114. 
melanocrissa  (Hirundo),  347. 
melanogaster  (Carbo),  33i). 
melanogastra  (Lagonosticta),  341. 
melanogenia  (Cyclopsitta),  74,  7.5,  7 
melanogenys  (Falco),  49. 
melanope  (Motacilla),  322. 
melanops  (Graucalus).  103,  160. 
mebanotus  (Porphyrio),  142. 

—  (Sarcidiornis),  355. 

mel.anura  (Myristicivora),  04,  111'..  I 
Jleleaba,  4:56. 
meleagris  (Numida),  3.52. 
Melidora,  149,  150. 
Melierax,  351. 
Melinoessa,  210. 
Melocblora,  445,  446. 
Melociehia,  338. 
nielophiUis  (Erithacus),  :'.17. 
melpodus  (Sporaeginthus),  342. 
mendax  (Caprimima),  410. 
mendica  (Scionomia),  35. 
mentalis  (Melociehia).  3.'!8. 
meridionalis  (L.anius),  300,  :',10. 
Merops.  271,  305.  330,  .348. 


(  5-20  ) 


raerula  (Tiiriliis),  3115.  mirt,  3n. 

Mesocolpiii,  12. 

Mesopicus,  341'. 

Mesothea,  440. 

Mestleta,  429.  430. 

Metachrostis,  430. 

metallica  (Columba).  IIH.  173.  184,  375. 

metcalfei  (Zosterops).  180. 

^leteugoa.  424. 

Metrocampa,  475. 

mexicaiiaria  (Bistonl,  484. 

raexicanus  (Scleriirus),  370. 

meyeri  (Lamprococcyx),  5(j. 

—  (Tanysiptera),  161,  162. 

meyricki  (Clerckia),  410. 

Miantonota,  447. 

micaceata  (Haemalea),  456. 

michleri  (Pitt.isoma),  ?>~0. 

Microeca,  169,  425. 

Microglossus,  57,  77. 

Microgonia.  215,  487,  488. 

Microlepidoptera,  502. 

Microloxia,  193,  206. 

microphyes  (Testudo),  .37'-'. 

microphyllum  (Rhinopoma),  398. 

microrhyncha  (Tanysiptera),  156,  161. 

Microxydia,  488. 

Micrulia,  31,  .■'.2. 

miles  (Clerckia)  410. 

—  (Lobivanellu.s),  100. 
miliaria  (Emberiza),  325. 
Milionia,  220,  405. 

milo  (C'entropus),  184,  .376. 
MUvus,  307,  320,330,  351. 
milvus  (Milvus)  307,  .330. 
Mimacraea,  219,  404. 
Mimeta,  172. 
Mimoclystia,  14. 
Mimophyle.  480. 
llimosema,  488. 
Mimozethes,  190,  191. 
minima  (Lagonosticta),  341. 
Mino,  184,  375. 
minor  (Acauthis),  323. 

—  (Calandrella),  310,  325. 

—  (Corax),  41. 

—  (Cotyle),  398. 

—  (Halcyon),  li;6. 

—  (Macropygia),  119. 

—  (Xoctua),  307. 

—  (Paradisea),  57. 

—  (Picus),  307. 

—  (Reinwardtoena).  127. 

—  (Sauropatis),  164,  176. 
minus  (Centetes),  90. 
minuta  (Ardeola),  306. 

—  (Sterna),  98. 

—  (Tringa),  2.50,  306. 
minutiLs  (Numenius),  100. 
minutus  (^Telephonus),  34(>. 


iiiiqueli  iPtilinopus),  107, 
mirabili.s  iScaptosyle\  418. 
.Mirafra,  240,  ,340. 
misoriensis  (N'asiterna),  79,  80 
niitcbelli  (Trichogloaaua),  68. 
Mixocera,  206,  446. 
mi.xta  (Caprimima),  421. 
JInesiloba,  196. 
niodesta  (Callnga),  11. 

—  (Pyrrbulauda),  325. 
modigliani  (Macropygia),  120,  121. 
moesta  (Lalage),  iri9. 

molata  (Alois),  32. 
moloch  (Callithrix),  363,  364. 
molucca  (Ibis),  99. 
moluccana  (Alcedo),  96. 

—  (Amaurornis),  141. 
moluccensis  (Cerchnei,s),  165. 

—  (Philemon),  171,  172. 
monacha  (Sitagra),  344. 
monachus  (C'entropus),  349. 

—  (Xecrosyrtes),  274,  306,  336,  352. 

—  (Pithecia),  365. 

Monarcha,  Hm,  168,  182,  183,  374. 

monetaria  (Pisoraca),  24. 

Monochyria,  28. 

monogrammata  (Ptychopoda),  456. 

monophthalma  (Erateina),  472. 

montanum  (Edoliisoma),  374. 

montanus  (Cora.ic),  40,  42. 

monteironis  (Sphingomorpha),  431. 

montis  (Stasiasticus),  501. 

moquini  (Haematopus),  332. 

morinellus  (Charadrius),  306. 

morrisata  (Marmopteryx),  471. 

mortoni  (Chalcophaps),  1.30,  189,  382. 

Motacilla,  174,  .305,  319,  322,  .333,  336,  340. 

moza  (Epiplema),  204. 

mnelleri  (Carpophaga),  114,  115,  116. 

multiguttata  (.Stesichora),  21. 

multistrigaria  (Eois).  459. 

mundata  (Microgonia),  215. 

mundipennis  (Gonodela),  212. 

mundus  (Heteranax),  167. 

Munia,  173,  502. 

niurina  (Leptoctenopsis),  437. 

murinus  (Apus),  310,  328. 

Mus,  400. 

JIuscicapa,  305,  347. 

musculus  (Mus),  400. 

musicus  (Turdus),  305. 

Musophaga,  350. 

musschenbroeki  (Artamus),  170. 

—  (.Ptilinopus),  108,  109. 

mustela  (Racheospila),  450. 

mutans  (Phalaenoides),  220,  406. 

Mycetes,  364,  365. 

Mycteria,  353. 

Myiagra,  168,  183,  375. 

Myrioblephara,  33. 


(  .'.-M  ) 


M} risticivoi-a,  9i,  lir>,  117,  if,?.. 

myristicivora  (Cariioplmga),  111. 

mysoriensis  (Geoffroyus),  Sf*. 

mystacea  (Macropteryx),  1M4,  iiTi'i. 

—  (Prinia),  3y,<J. 

Myzomela,  oG,  163,  171,  isi,  l«2,  .•;7;i,  47 


naevia  (Aquila),  300. 
naevius  (C'oracias),  .348. 
nana  (Cardueli.s),  323. 

—  (Mimozethes),  I'll, 
nanata  (Hemipogon),  10:"). 
nandina  (Charaxes),  403. 

—  (Papilio),  4(13. 

nanina  (Nasiteriia),  79,  80,  1K8. 
nanus  (Cyclopsitta),  To. 

—  (Gerbillus),  399. 

—  (Ptilinopus),  108. 
Narragodes,  480. 

Nasiterna,  i>,  5G,  79-81,  188,  378. 
nasus  (Barbus),  3G7,  3i)8. 
nasutus  (Toccus),  349. 
natalis  (Chalcophaps),  129. 

—  (Ninox),  165. 
Xauclerus,  274,  351. 
nebularius  (Glottis),  101. 
nebulosa  (Paracomistis),  489. 
Necrosyrtes,  274,  306,  33G,  352. 
Nectariuia,  182,  339. 
neglectus  (Cerchneis),  351. 

—  (Falco),  331. 
negro  (Epiplema).  204. 
neis  (Melochlora),  445,  44G. 
Nelo,  474,  475. 
Nem.atocampa,  488. 
Xemoria,  206,  44G. 
uemorivagata  (Craspedia),  9. 
Neocrasis,  447. 

Neocrex,  369. 

Neodora,  489. 

neohanoveranus  (Eurystomus),  185,  376. 

Neophron,  306,  310,  329. 

nervosa  (Asotaj,  40G. 

neumanni  (Bubalis),  177,  178. 

Neuroi)oIodes,  19. 

nexaria  (Emmiltis),  23. 

nexata  (Emmiltis),  23. 

neximargo  (Heterephyra),  457. 

nicobarica  (Caloenas;,  133,  382. 

—  (Reiawardtoena).  94. 
ni  (Pliisia),  431. 
nigerrima  (Hypochaera),  343. 
nigriceps  (Polioptila),  357  Gl. 

—  (Tauysiptera),  157. 
nigricollis  (Corax).  41. 

—  (LagoDosticta),  341. 
nigricomata  (Physauopyga),  481, 
nigrifrons  (Callithrix),  364-6G 

—  (Cyclopsitta),  75,  77. 


uigrifumata  (Alcis),  199. 
nigrigularis  (Trichoglossns),  3. 
nigripennis  (Eurostopodus),  184. 
nigrirostris  (Macropvgia).  120. 

—  (Turdus),  493. 
nigrita  (Tricholepis),  417. 
nigroapicalis  (Nemoria),  440. 
nigroapicata  (Craspedia),  454. 
nigrocyanea  (Halcyon),  154. 
nigrodorsata  (Epiplema).  204 
iiigrogularis  (Trichnglossus),  69-71. 
nigroseriata  (Auzeodes),  200. 
nigrosticta  (Cambogia),  458. 
niloticus  (Vulpes).  398. 

Ninox,  105,  381. 
Nipteria,  470,  477. 
nisoria  (Munia),  173. 
nisus  (Accipiter),  3.30. 
nitens  (Coluraba),  11.8. 

—  (Hypochaera),  342,  343. 

—  (Malimbus),  336. 
nitidus  (Mouarcha),  107. 
uiveonotata  (Cidaria),  20. 
uobihs  (Otidiphaps),  1.32. 
Noctua,  307. 

noctua  (Athene),  307 
noctuata  (Mimophyle),  480. 
nonagrioides  (Sesamia),  428. 
nondescripta  (Eulype),  405. 
Northia,  414. 
Notolophus,  428. 
novaeguineae  (Hydi-alector),  9!'. 

—  (Pitta),  G2. 
novaehollandiae  (Scythrnps).  107. 

—  (Triclioglossus),  68. 
nubicus  (Acomys),  401. 

—  (Merops),  336,  348. 
nubilosa  (Phaeochlaena),  442. 
Nucifraga,  312. 
Numenius,  100,  175,  306,  .336. 
Numida,  352. 

nummifera  (Certima),  485. 
Nycticorax,  170.  382. 
Nycteris,  397. 
Nyctipithecus,  363. 
uympha  (Tauysiptera),  156. 

Obeidia,  198. 

obesula  (Pcrameles),  396. 

(ibiensis  (Geoffroyns),  Sl'i. 

—  (Tanysiptera),  160. 
obliciua  (Caprima),  407,  419. 
obscura  (Sylvia),  320. 
obscurata  (Neocrasis),  447. 
obscurior  (Sclerurus),  370. 
obscurus  (Puffinus),  311,  312,  332. 
obsoletus  (Notolophus),  428. 

—  (Turdus),  493. 

obtusa  (Phaeochlaena),  442,  443. 
occideutalis  (Caprimima),  420. 


( '^-'-^ ) 


occidentalis  (Cerchneis),  iri'i. 

—  (CTclopsitt;i),  73,  7G. 

—  (Passer),  341. 
occipitalis  (Spiziietns),  351. 
occulta  (Proteostrenia),  20O. 

—  (Tachyphyle),  451. 
Oceanodroma,  .^32. 
ocellea  (Eromene),  434. 
ocellicincta  (Craspedia),  0. 
ochra  (Cyllopoda),  438. 
ochracea  (Syma),  148. 

—  (Tricholepis),  417. 
oehrearia  (Emmiltis),  23. 
ochreata  (Emmiltis),  23. 
ochriciliata  (Tephrinopsis),  214. 
ochripicta  (Proljlepsis),  Iti. 
ochriplaga  (Pero),  4SiI. 
ochropiis  (Totanus),  30i). 
Ochthodromus,  100,  142. 
Ochyria,  210. 

oculatana  (Dysodia),  203. 
odontata  (Marmoptery.x),  471. 
Odontocheilopteryx,  428. 
Oedicnemus.  331,  3.54. 
oedicnemus  (Oedicnemus),  .331. 
Oena,  3.52. 

oenanthe  (Saxicola),  305,  309. 
Oligochroa,  434. 
olivaceata  (Craspedia),  456. 
olivaceum  (Dicaeum),  52. 
olivata  (Ardonis),  19i). 

—  (Ira),  486. 

—  (PseudocoUix),  29. 
ombriosus  (Parus),  309,  322. 
omissa  (Clerckia),  409. 

—  (Siphia),  .53. 
Omiza,  36. 
Onychognathus,  336. 
Oospila,  8,  448. 

opaca  (Melochlora),  44('>. 
opistherythra  (Rhipidura),  168. 
oporaria  (Xemoria),  446. 
Oreopsittacus,  72. 
orientalis  (Carpophaga),  112. 

—  (Eurystomus),  167. 

—  (Geoffroyus),  84,  85. 

—  (Macropygia),  125,  126. 

—  (Mus),  401). 

—  (Xasiterna),  79. 
Oriolus,  172,  .305,  344. 
omata  (Byrsia),'423. 
omatus  (Ptilinopus),  105. 

—  (Trichoglossus),  68. 
Ornithoptera,  500. 
orru  (Corvus),  57,  174. 
Orthorhamphus.  99. 
Oryx,  289. 

ostralegus  (Haematopus),  101. 
ostrinus  (Pyrenestes),  341. 
Otidiphaps,  132,  133. 


Otis,  310,  a:i]. 

Otogyps,  .352. 

otoleuca  (Pyrrhulauda),  340. 

otu.s  (Asio),  329. 

ourigourap  (Vultnr),  300. 

Oxydia,  487. 

Oxyechus,  354. 

paca  (Coelogenys),  90. 
P.ichycephala,  170.  171,  184,  375. 
Palaeornis,  350. 

palliata  (Rhomborista),  206,  2i)7. 
pallida  (Aegialites),  354. 

—  (Myiagra),  183. 

—  (Psittacella),  87. 

—  (Upupa),  328. 
pallidicosta  (Coenocalpe),  461. 
pallidigularis  (Automolus),  369. 
pallidivittata  (Scotosia),  461. 
pallidus  (Bradyornis),  347. 

—  (Vulpes),  399. 
palmae  (Fringilla).  324. 
palmarum  (Hypocharmosyna).  187. 
palmensis  (Parus),  309,  322. 
palumbarius  (Astur),  307. 
Pandion,  163,  330. 

Papilio,  401-3. 
p.apua  (Xortbia),  414. 

—  (Zygaenopsis),  414,  415,  416. 
papuana  (Byrsia),  423. 

—  (Microeca),  425. 

—  (Poecilodryas),  425. 
papuanus  (Falco),  .50. 
Paracomistes,  489. 
Paracrocota,  20.  217. 
Paradisea,  57. 

parallelaria  (Craspedia),  23 
parambae  (Grall.aria),  371. 
P.arasynegia,  211. 
Parnara,  428. 

Parra,  354. 

Parus,  309,  322,  339. 

parva  (Porzana),  306. 

parvidentata  (Stesichora),  192. 

parrirostris  (Artamus),  170. 

—  (Polioptila),  358-60. 
parvularia  (Emmiltis),  23. 
parvulus  (Troglodytes),  30S. 
parvus  (Tachornis),  347. 
P.a9seres,  179,  .320.  324,  341. 
paucinotata  (Bracbycola),  22. 
Paudesina,  431. 

pauUula  (Pseudosterrha),  433. 
pauper  (Melinoessa),  210. 
pauperata  (Epirrhoe),  463. 
p.ivonina  (Balearica),  354. 
pectinata  (P.seudalcis),  16. 
pectoralis  (Crateroscelis),  425. 

—  (Eclectus),  5,  81,  82,  188,  378. 

—  (Ptilinopus),  108,  109. 


(  523  ) 


pecuiiria  (Aegialites),  354. 

Pelagodroma,  332. 

Pelecanua,  3rj;'j. 

pelewensis  (Caloeuas),  133. 

peli  (Scotopelia),  350. 

pelios  (Turdus),  338. 

pellucida  (Dioptis),  438. 

Pelurga,  4G7. 

penelope  (Mareca),  306. 

Penelopides,  502. 

Penthetriopsis,  343. 

Pentholaea,  338. 

Perameles,  390, 

perciliata  (Tephrocly.slia),  474. 

percivali  (Rbynchostruthiis),  54. 

pei'cnopterus  (Neophron),  30G,  310,  329. 

percurrens  (Bursada),  32. 

peregrimis  (Cora.\),  40. 

—  (Falco),  49,  50,  307. 
perforatus  (Taphozous),  397. 
pergriseata  (Stenalcidia),  478. 
Periclina,  490. 

Perixera,  24. 

Perizoma,  28,  29. 

pei'latus  (Ptilinopus),  105,  100. 

Pernis,  305. 

Pero,  490,  491. 

perpulchra  (Cidaria),  20. 

persa  (Cory thai x),  335,  330. 

—  (Turacus),  350. 

personata  (Callithrix),  362,  3C3,  304. 

—  (Dendrocycna),  355. 
personatus  (Geoffroyus),  4,  82-5,  100, 
perstrigata  (Alcis),  477, 

pesqueti  (D.asyptilus),  81, 

Petelia,  17. 

Petrodromus,  90. 

Petronia,  .'.lO.  324,  333. 

petronia  (Petronia),  310,  324. 

petrosa  (Caccabis),  331. 

Phacochlaena,  442,  44.!. 

phaeoiius  (Xumeniu.s),  loO,  175,  300,  330. 

Pbalacrocorax,  355. 

Phalacrothyris,  202,  203. 

Phalaenoides,  220,  400. 

Phalaropns,  143. 

phasianella  (Columba),  120. 

—  (M.acropygia),  120,  121. 
Phibalapteryx,  190. 
Philemon,  171,  172. 
philippiuensis  (Ceyx),  180. 
philippensis  (Hypotaenidia),  90. 
philippiuensis  (Siphia),  53. 
Phlegoenas,  131. 

jihoenicea  (Campophaga),  340. 
Phoenicopterus,  310. 
phoeuicotis  (E.strilda),  341. 
phocnicura  (Rhipidura),  108. 
phoenicurus  (Ruticilla),  305. 
Pholidauge.s,  345. 


Plirisso.%cele.s,  24. 
Phrudocentra,  448, 
Phyletis,  10. 
Phyllopneuste,  320. 
Phylloscopus,  .305,  320,  .321,  .335. 
picaria  (Hyposidra),  201. 
picta  (Gymnoscelis),  30, 

—  (P.sittacella),  87. 
Picumnus,  51. 
Piciis,  307. 
Pieris,  427. 

pilaris  (Turdus),  305. 
pileata  (Timelia),  53. 
pile.atus  (Xecrosyrtes),  3(10,  352. 

—  (Neophron),  306. 
Pinga.sa,  204,  205. 
pinicola  (Geocichla),  172. 
pinon  (Carpophaga).  114,  115. 
Pintia,  407. 

piperata  (Ptychopoda),  450. 
Pisoraca,  24,  453. 
pispoletta  (Alauda),  325. 

—  (CaUndrella),  310,  325,  .3.35. 
Pithecia,  303,  3(j4,  365. 
Pitta,  2,  3;52,  02,  04,  174. 
Pittasoma,  370. 

pityocorax  (Corax),  41. 

placentis  (Hypocharmosyna),  4,  71. 

plagosus  (t'halcococcyx),  370. 

planiceps  (Corax),  41. 

planilineata  (Epirrhoe),  404. 

Platalea,  99. 

platyrhyncha  (Limicola),  101. 

Platystira,  340,  347. 

Plectropterus,  355. 

Plemyriopsis,  407. 

plenicornis  (Pseudemodesa),  192, 

pleniluna  (Perixera),  24. 

pleninotata  (Heterostegane),  15. 

plenistigma  (Anisodes),  452. 

Plerocymia,  2ij. 

pleskei  (Phylloscopus),  321. 

plexippiis  (Anosia),  311. 

—  (Danais),  311. 
plicatus  (Rhyticeros),  370, 
Plocfpasser,  344, 
Plotus,  :)55. 

plumatus  (Prionops),  336,  .340. 
plumbeicoUis  (Ptilinopus),  106, 
plumbeofusa  (Cambogia),  458. 
plumigenis  (Philemon),  171.  172. 
Plusia,  431. 
Pluvianu-s,  354. 
Podiceps,  98,  99. 
Poecilodryas,  425. 
Poeocephalus,  350. 
poeyi  (Dysphania),  193. 
Pogonogya,  45ij. 
Pogonorhynchus,  !!36,  350. 
Poiocephalus,  liiiii. 


37 


(  0-J4   ) 


Polioliiiiiias.  Oi'i. 

polionnta  ( Lagonosticta),  341. 

polionotus  (Astur),  1G4. 

Polioptila,  .SnC,  3;')7-Cl. 

Puliospiza,  340,  'Ml. 

poliiira  (Megaloprepia),  111. 

]ioIlens  ((iraucalns),  lliil. 

Pol5'desma,  431. 

polymcnes  (Dasciopteryx),  4Ml. 

Polyplia.sia,  4{1S. 

polyzonus  (Melierax),  3')1. 

Porphyrio,  14->,  3S-2. 

Porzana,  OG,  306. 

porzana  (Porzana),  SOCi. 

poseata  (Monochyria),  28. 

Potamochoerus,  291. 

praepicta  (Eclropis),  33. 

prasinaria  i  Epirrhot),  13. 

Prasinocyma,  193. 

prasinorrhous  (Ptilinopiis),  93,  lOG. 

pratensis  (Anthus),  323. 

Pratincola,  30.'j,  308,  309,  314,  330,  338. 

preussi  (Stephanocrates),  408. 

prillwitzi  (Arachnothera),  ."il. 

princcps  (Cyme),  422,  423. 

principalis  (Corvus),  43. 

Piinia,  339. 

Prionia,  3i'i,  37. 

Prionop.«,  330,  340. 

prjevalskii  (Trochalopteruni'),  008. 

Problepsiilis,  19!. 

Problepsis,  in,  11. 

Prochoerodeii,  491. 

Prodenia,  42K. 

propinquaria  (Craspedia),  25. 

Proteostrenia.  20il. 

Pseudalcis,  10. 

Pseudemodesa,  101,  192 

Pseudocolli.\,  29. 

Pseudosterrha,  433. 

Psilocambogia,  19.") 

Psittacella,  87. 

Psittaci,  3,  114. 

Psittacus,  4. 

Psitteuteles,  170. 

jisychidia  (Xarragodes),  480. 

Pterocles,  310,  331. 

Ptilinopns,  93,  lo.',  103.  110,  111,  174, 

381,. 382. 
Ptilnstomus,  3)0. 
piicherani  (Oeoffroyu.s),  85. 
puella  (Megaloprepia),  110,  HI. 
puellaria  (Stesicliora),  21. 
Piiffinus,  .300.  311,312,  3.32. 
pugnax  (Machetes),  278,  300, 
pulchella  (Charmnsynopsis), 

—  (Xectarinia),  339. 

—  { Utetheisa),  428. 
pulchellus  (Astiir),  380,  381. 

—  (Ptilinopus),  102. 


170.  1K9, 


,  .338. 
72. 


imlchcUus  (Uro.spizi.as).  .3.8o. 
pnlchev  (Spreo),  34."i. 
pulchra  (Alcyone),  143,  100. 
puUa  (Metachrostis).  430. 
pullaria  (Agapornis),  350. 
pulverata  (Arhostia),  454. 

—  (Microloxia),  19.3. 
pnlveripLaga  (Victoria),  8. 
pulverosa  (Zamerada),  433. 
punctata  (Paracoraistes).  490. 
punotatissima  (Ptychopoda).  25. 
punctulata  (Munia),  17;i. 
punctuligera  (Campothera).  .330. 
punctuligerus  (Dendromus),  349. 
punicus  (Faico),  307,  310. 
pupillata  (Phrudocentra),  448. 
purpurascens  (Euphonia),  370,  I'mI 

—  (Hypochaera),  343. 
purpureus  (Lamprocolius),  345. 
pusilla  (Alcyone),  97,  144. 

—  (Eremomela),  339. 

—  (Porzana),  30i;. 

pusillus  (Graucalus),  180,  374. 

—  (Merops),  348. 

—  (Rallus),  300. 

pnsio  (Xasitcrna),  79,  81. 
puteicola  (Petronia),  324. 
Pycnodontia,  206. 
Pycnonotus,  336. 
pygargus  (GerbilluR).  399. 
]iygmaea  (Hypocharmosynai,  187. 

—  (Nasiterna),  I'.K 
pygmaearia  (Emmiltis).  23. 
pygmaeata  (Anteois),  4.">3. 

—  (Tcphroclystis),  32. 
pygm.aeum  (Dic.aciim),  52. 
Pyrenestes,  341. 
Pyromelana,  344. 
pyrrhonotus  (Anthus),  340. 
pyrrhopygius  (Aepypodius),  140, 
Pyrrhulauda,  325,  :i40. 
Pytelia,  .341. 


quadricaudata  (Epiplema),  204. 
qii.adricolor  (Halcyon),  154. 
qu.adrigeminus  (Ptilinopus),  lO.'i. 
quadripartita  (Bur.sada),  .32. 
quenav.idi  (Paudesina),  431. 
i|iierqiiedula  (Ana.s),  277. 
(|uinquepunctata  (Tilliraustes),  444. 


Rachcospila,  445,  447-49,  450, 
radiata  (Xelo),  474, 
rajata  (Tcphroclystis),  32. 
Uallicula,  141,  142. 
Rallina,  90,  140,  104.  175. 
Rallus.  300. 
ramiculata  (Tridesmodes),  7. 


(  525  ) 


liipae  (Pieris),  4'J7. 
rasa  (Leucula),  475. 
ratotaria  (AJcis),  33. 
rayi  (Motacilla).  336. 
recensitaria  (Micrulia),  32. 
recurvirostris  (Esacus),  99. 
reducta  {Cai)rimima),  i'2iK 
regia  (Darna),  43S. 

—  (Platalea),  99. 
reginae  (Papilio),  402. 

Regulus,  .309,  :in,  3]-.',  32il,  330,  333,  33i. 
reicbardi  (Poliospiza),  341. 
reinii  ( Barbus ),  'Mu. 
reinwardti  (Crateropus),  338. 

—  (Baza),  ;178,  379. 
Reinwardtoena,  94,  120,  127. 
reinwardtsi  (Reinwardtoena),  94,  120,  127. 
remota  (Dysphanial,  192,  193. 

—  (Racheospila),  447. 
remotata  (Alcis),  10. 
rendovae  (Zosterops),  18(1. 
restricta  (Dioptis),  439. 

—  (Polioptila),  .3.'i7,  3.i8. 
restrictata  (Cambogia),  4.58. 
reticulata  (Eos),  .'>,  16.5. 
revolutalis  (Rhynchina),  433. 
re.x  (Clytoceyx),  loO. 
rhadamaria  (Pingasa),  204,  205. 
Rhinocorax,  42. 
Rhinopoma,  398. 
Rbipidura,  163,  108,  183,  375. 
rhodia  (Tricholepis),  416. 
Rhodocblora,  451. 

rbodops  (Geoffroyus),  4,  83,  84. 
Rhomborista,  200,  207. 
Rhopalista,  408. 
Rhynchina,  433. 
Rhynchocyou,  90. 
Rhynchops,  355. 
Rhynchostruthus,  54. 
Rhytioeros,  370. 
richardsi  (Alcyone),  186. 

—  (Monarcha),  182. 
riedeli  (Eclectus),  105. 

—  (Erythromyias),  104,  168,  169. 
■ —  (Pachycephala),  171. 

—  (Tanysiptera),  158. 
riocouri  (Nauclerua),  274,  351. 
riparia  (Cotile),  305, 

rivolii  (Ptilinopus),  93,  106,  107. 
robusta  (Arachnothera),  52. 

—  (Cymatophora),  477. 
robubtum  (Eubyja),  \W. 
robustus  (Gerbillus),  4(J0. 

—  (Macropus),  394-6. 

—  (Tatera),  400. 
roratus  (Eclectus),  82. 
rosacea  (Carpophaga),  93,  175.. 
rosea  (Acredula),  312. 
roseiibcrgi  (.\rgema).  405. 


roaenbergi  (Pitta),  63. 

—  (Trichoglossus),  71. 
roseus  (Phoeuicopterus),  310. 
rosseliana  (Tanysiptera),  159. 
rothschildi  (Barbus),  368. 

—  (Rhodocblora),  451. 

—  (Semnocebus)  88. 
Rothschildia,  404. 

rubecula  (Erithacus),  309,  314-18. 

—  (Sylvia),  314. 

rubetra  (Pratiucola),  305,  338. 
rubicola  (Pratincola),  3(i5. 

—  (Saxicola),  314. 

rubicundus  (Brachyurus),  304,  3(;5. 
rubiensis  (Carpophaga),  114. 

—  (Lorius),  67. 

—  (Tanysiptera),  156,  101. 
rubiginata  (Emmiltis),  23. 
rubra  (Rallicula),  141. 
rubricaria  (Emmiltis),  23. 
rubricata  (Emmiltis),  23. 
rubricera  (Carpophaga),  1 12. 
nibrifrons  (Chalcopsittacus),  04. 
rubritorques  (Trichoglossus),  08. 
rubrofrontata  (Rhipidura),  183. 
rudis  (Ceryle),  330,  318. 

rufa  (Baza),  379. 

—  (Caccabis),  330,  331. 

—  (Cislicola),  339. 

—  (Macropygia),  120,  189,  382. 

—  (Phyllopneuste),  320. 
rufannularia  (Perixera),  24. 
rufaria  (Microgonia),  487. 
rufescens  (Alauda),  .325. 

—  (Calandrella),  310,  325. 

—  (Pelecanus),  355. 
rufibasalis  (Hammaptera),  407. 
ruBceps  (Macropygia),  125. 
ruficollis  (Caprimulgus),  307. 

—  (Corvus),  47. 

—  (Limonites),  142. 
rufidorsa  (Rbipidura),  168. 
rufidorsata  (Perixera),  24. 

—  (Phrissosceles),  24. 
rufifimbria  (Siculodes),  435. 
rufig.aster  (Carpoph>iga),  113. 
rufigastra  (Siphia),  53. 
rufigrisea  (Parasynegia),  211. 
rufigula  (Carpophaga),  189,  ,382. 

—  (Phlegoeiias),  131. 
rufimixta  (Cacorista),  207. 
rufipennis  (Macropygia),  121. 
rufiveutris  (Carpophaga),  113. 

—  (Halcyon),  3(.l7. 

rufocastanea  (Macropygia),  120,  189,  382. 
rufopilcatum  (Pittasoma),  370. 
rufulata  (Pogonogya),  450. 

—  (Ptychopoda),  11. 
rufus  (Macropus),  394-90. 

—  (Phylloscopus),  320,  ,321,  335. 


(  52fi  ) 


rufus  ( Plotiis),  355. 
ruginaria  (Pinga"!.!),  205. 
rupestris  (Biblis),  305. 
rilppelli  (Oyps),  L'74,  351,  352. 
—  (Plectropterus),  355. 
ruptifascia  (Hypusidra),  2i)l. 
ruptimaeula  ( Oospila),  448. 
ruptimargo  (Xelo),  475. 
rustica  (Hirundo),  305,  307. 
rusticola  (Scolopax),  332. 
lluticilla,  305. 


sabrina  (Tanysiptera),  151),  157-9. 

Sabulode.s,  490. 

sacerdotis  (Cey.\).  186.  37ii,  377. 

sacra  (Demiegretta),  170. 

sacraria  (Pseudosterrha),  433. 

sabai-ae  (Oedicuemus),  331. 

salicicola  (Passer),  320. 

salomonis  (Edoliisoma),  181,  373,  374. 

—  (Zj'gaenopsis).  412,  416. 
salvadoriana  ( Taiiysiptera),  157, 
.salvadorii  (Carpophaga),  114,  11.5. 

—  (Lorius),  07. 

—  (Xasiterna),  70,  81. 

—  (Ptilinopus),  108,  lO'J. 

—  (Sericornis),  425. 

—  (Stigniatops),  104,  171. 
sancta  (Episcea),  441. 

—  (Halcyon),  97,  154,  377. 

—  (Sauropatis).  170. 
sanghireusis  (Chalcopbaps),  95,  129. 
Kingirensis  (Macropygia),  124. 
saiiguilineata  (Cretheis),  195. 
sanguinisecta  (Craspedia).  208. 
Sarcidiornis,  354. 

Sasia,  5 1 . 

sateUes  (Regulus),  312,  320,  335. 
satrapa  (Regulus),  311,  312. 
saturata  (Scolopax),  143. 
Sauloprocta,  183. 
Sauromarptis.  151,  152,  153. 
Sauropatis,  164,  170. 
sauropbaga  (Halcyon),  150,  185,  377. 
savignyi  (Hirundo),  307. 
Saxicola,  305,  309,  314. 
Bcandens  (Xenocichla),  341). 
Scaptosyle,  418,  420,  421. 
scapulatus  (Corvus),  243,  336,  346. 
Scea,  440.  441,  44:!; 
Bcheepmakeri  (Goura),  134. 
schimperi  (Coluiuba),  330. 
schistacea  (Gcooichia),  104,  172,  173. 

—  (Polypbasia),  408. 
Scbizorbis,  o.V), 

schlegeli    Hcnico|ibaps),  130. 
schmitzi  (Motacilla),  322. 

—  (Stri.\),  328. 
schOubergi  (Uolias),  403. 


scintillatus  (ClialcopKittacus),  64,  65. 

Scionomia,  35. 

Sciurus,  91. 

sclateri  (Goura),  131, 

—  (PoUoptila),  358. 
Sclerurus,  370. 
Scolopax,  143,  332. 
Scopus,  353. 
Scoria,  481. 
Scotomera,  433,  434. 
Scotopelia,  :'50. 
Scotopterix,  34,  479. 
Scotornis,  .347. 
Scotosia,  401. 

scriptus  (Tragelapbus),  232,  289. 
Scythrops,  107. 
securinervis  (Exoli'ocha),  4 1 0. 
securizonis  (Chionaema),  410. 

—  (Clerckia),  409,  4 in. 
Seleiicides,  50. 

semibrevis  (Ametroptila),  190. 
semicaerulea  (Halcyon),  348. 
semidivisa  (.Vsthenotricha),  11. 
semifasciatus  (Toccus),  349. 
seminigrata  (Tithraustes),  444. 
semiobliterata  (Hammaptera),  468. 

—  (Rhopalista),  408 
semiornata  ( Racheospila),  450. 
Semiotbisa,  213. 

semirufa  (Paracrocota),  20. 
semitorquatus  (Turtur),  352. 
Semnocebus,  88. 
senator  (Lauius),  305,  346. 
senegalensis  (C'entropus),  349. 

—  (Cinnyris).  339. 

—  (Galerida),  249,  258,  340. 

—  (Haloyou),  348. 

—  (Hirundo).  330,  347. 

—  (Irrisor),  348. 

—  (Manatus),  294. 

—  (Mycteria),  353. 

— ■  (Oedicnemus),  :!54. 

—  (Platystira),  347. 

—  (Poeocephalus).  3.50. 

—  (Ptilostomus),  346. 

—  (Turtur),  .%2. 
senegalus  (Lobivauellusl,  354. 

—  (PoiocephalusI,  33(). 

—  (Telephouus),  346. 
separata  (Carpopbaga),  'Xd,  94. 
septcntrionalis  (Megaloprepia),  111. 

—  (Tricboylossus),  68. 
Serena  ^Vidua),  343. 
Sericornis,  425. 
Scrinus,  324,  333. 
Scrraca,  33. 

bcrraticornis  (Mixoccra),  200. 
scrvula  (Scea),  443. 
Sesamia.  428. 

sctaria  (Aploria),  469. 


(  527  ) 


soTerus  (Falco),  ;'jO. 
sharpei  (Coryle),  34>i,  'iVJ. 

—  (Myzomela),  37:!. 
sliarpii  (Myzomela),  182. 
.■shebae  (Astur),  380,  381. 
sibilatvi.x  (Phylloscopus),  305. 
sibirica  (Geocichla),  172,  173. 
aibiricus  (Coi-vu.s),  47,  48. 
Siculodes,  435. 
Siculodopsis,  437. 

signata  (Trichocero.sia),  418. 
siju  (Glaucidium),  311. 
bilicula  (Mestleta),  4.'i0. 
Simorrhina,  251. 
simplex  (Geoffroyus),  85,  8G. 

—  (Haemalea),  455. 
bimulatrix  (Alois),  10. 
sincera  (Craspedia),  208. 
sinensis  (Sterna),  98. 
siuicaria  (Alcis),  32. 
sinuatus  ( Corvusl,  43. 
Siphia,  53. 

Sitagra,  344. 

Sitta,  308. 

smaragdinata  ( ICpirrhoe),  13. 

smaragdiuus  ( I'orphyrio),  382. 

smithi  (Lanius),  336. 

—  ( Pyrrhulauda),  340. 
smithii  (Hirundo),  398. 
sobria  (C'ophocerotis),  470. 
socotranus  (Rhynchostruthus),  54. 
sodaliata  (Melinoessii),  210. 
solitaria  (Ceyx),  145. 
soUicitans  (Dicaeum),  .52. 
sulocnsis  (Astur),  380. 
solomonensis  (Eclectus),  82,  188,  378. 

—  (Eurystomus),  185.  376. 

—  (Ptilinopus),  107,  108,  381,  382. 
sordidus  (Halcyon),  155. 
soi'orcula  (Strix),  163. 
Spargania,  468,  469. 

Spatula,  30(5. 

speciosus  (Ptilinopus),  108. 

spectabilis  (Caprima).  407. 

Spermestes,  341. 

sphenurus  (Astur),  350. 

Sphingomorjjha,  4:(1. 

spilogaster  (Spiziietus),  351. 

spilorrhoa  (^lyristicivora),  116,  117. 

spinosus  (Hoplopterus),  3.54. 

Spizactus,  351. 

splendidus  (Cinnyris),  33i). 

.spodiogunys  (Fringilla),  310. 

Spiiraegiuthus,  342. 

Sprco,  345. 

sipiamata  (Stigmatops),  171. 

Squalarola,  306. 

squatarola  (Squatarola),  306. 

stagnatilis  (Butorides),  382. 

Staniuoutcnis,  471. 


Stauiiiodus,  471. 

Stasiasticus,  .501. 

staudingeri  (Simorrliina),  251. 

stellae  (Charmosyna),  72. 

stellaris  (Botaurus),  306. 

Stenalcidia,  478. 

stenozona  (Baza),  379. 

stepbani  (Chaloophaps),  95,  129,  130.  189,  382. 

Stcphanocrates,  408. 

Sterna,  98.  332,  336. 

Stesicbora,  21,  192. 

sticticata  (Phyletis),  10. 

Stictoenas,  352. 

stictolae ma  (Halcyon),  154. 

Stictophtbalma,  498. 

stigma  (Herpa),  407, 

Stigmatops,  164,  171. 

stigmonyx  (Gerbillus),  400. 

Stiltia,  99. 

straminea  (Pelurga),  467. 

strangei  (Cisticola),  339. 

strenuaria  (Hammaptera),  466. 

Strepsilas,  306. 

striata  ( Josia),  442. 

striatus  (Butorides),  382. 

strigata  (Chiasmia),  34,  35. 

Strix,  163,  328,  329. 

strophium  (Ptilinopus),  lo7. 

Struthio,  355. 

stuarti  (Automeris).  404. 

—  (Rothschildia),  404. 
Sturnus,  305. 

suavissima  (Cyclopsitta),  74,  75,  77. 
subaffinis  (Tanygnathus),  165. 
subalaris  (Puffinus),  312. 
subalba  (Thysanopyga),  17. 
subalpina  (Sylvia),  308,  318,  335. 
.subangulata  (Xanthorhoe),  30. 
subarquata  (Tringa),  306. 
subbuteo  (Falco),  307. 
subca.stanea  (Munia),  602. 
subciucOi  (Chogada),  16. 
subcoerulea  (Heterusial,  471. 

—  (Tithraustes),  444. 
subcomosa  (Mesocolpia),  12. 
subcristata  (Baza),  378,  379. 
subcuprea  (Spargania),  469. 
subuxci.sata  (Ptychopoda),  456. 
subHavescens  (Myristicivora),  117. 
subflavus  (Sporaeginthus).  342. 
subguttaria  (Hammaptera),  467. 
submaculata  (Pbrudocentra),  448. 
bubnigrala  (Scotoptcrix),  34. 
subperlaria  (Craspedia),  9. 
subplacens  (Hypocliarmosyna),  71,  72. 
subpulvurata  (Kpirrboe),  464. 
subrufa  ( .Vesoliroptoryx ),  215. 
subsordida  (Hymeuomima),  478. 
subspurcata  (Chogada),  16. 
subterrella  (Oligocbroa),  434. 


(  528  ) 


suLiusta  iZaiic'lcipLTai,  .'iT. 

subviridata  (Problepsis),  1(1. 

subviridis  i  Phalacrothyris),  2U2. 

sudcstiensis  (GeoiTroyus^,  8-1. 

suecica  (Cyanecula),  305. 

suffusaria  (Alcis),  32. 

Sula,  30.'>. 

sulfurcipectus  (Laniarius),  34G. 

sumbavensis  ((ieoffi-oyus),  83. 

sumbensis  (Tanyguathus),  8(5. 

superbus  (Ei-ithacus),  :i,  0,  314,  315,  317. 

—  (Ptiliuopus),  !t:i,  102,  18!),  381. 

siiperciliosus  (Plocepasser),  344. 

superflua  (Rhijiidui'a),  168. 

sylvestris  (Corax),  4il,  41,  42, 

Sylvia,  305,  306,  308,  30'.i.  :!I4, 318.  320, 333, 335. 

Sylvia  (Tanysiptera),  150,  157. 

Syma,  145-9, 

Symplectes.  33(1. 

Synchloe,  427. 

Synedoidea.  429. 

Synopsia,  484. 

syriaca  (Turdus),  313. 

Syrrhizodes,  488. 

Synhoedia,  482. 


tabitha  (Epigynopteryx).  19. 

tabuensis  (Porzana),  9(). 

tacapealis  (Scotomera),  434. 

Tachornis,  347. 

Tachypliyle,  445,  44(5,  451,  452. 

tahitica  (Hirimdo),  184. 

taitiensis  (Urodyuamis).  37(i. 

Talegallus,  139,  Uii. 

Tautalus,  27(1,  277,355. 

Tanyguathus,  8(1,  165. 

Tanysiptera,  97,  1.56-(12. 

Taphozous,  397. 

taisispina  (Acantbcscelis),  215. 

Tatera.  iOO. 

Telepbouus,  340. 

teuellus  (Cbaradrius),  354. 

tenera  (Gymno.soelis),  209. 

teneritae  (Regulus),  31 1,  312,  320,  330. 

teneriffae  (P.arus),  309,  322. 

tenimberensis  (Megapodius),  175. 

tcntelare  (Syma),  145,  140,  147,  148. 

tenuilinea  (Miciulia),  31. 

tenuirostris  (Corvus),  174. 

—  (Macropygia),  121. 

tenuis  (Caprimima),  42(L 

Tcpbiiua,  433. 

Topbrinupsis,  214,  482. 

Tephroclystia,  12,  28.  32,  474. 

Ttraoulus,  427,  428. 

Terpsi|>bouc,  .347. 

terrulla  (Uligochroa),  434. 

tfi-restris  (Trugon),  132 

tuslicularis  f.Vrvii-authis),  40(J. 


100. 


174. 


Testudo,  372. 

toydea  (Fringilla).  310,  324,  330. 

theclaria  (Meleaba).  4.S0. 

tbeophrastu,s  (('upido),  42(1,  427. 

tbibetauus  (Cdi-vus),  4i1,  47,  48. 

tbomousis  (Chactura),  425. 

tboracica  (C.'len-kia),  410. 

threnodes  (Cacomantis),  185. 

Thysanopyga.  17,  481. 

Tbysonotis,  499. 

Tiga,  50,  51. 

tigriua  (.\lauda|,  :125. 

tigriuus  (Turtur),  170. 

Tillotherium,  9(1. 

Timelia,  53. 

timorlaoensis  (Geoffmyus),  84, 

—  ((iraucalus),  lO:'.,  1(14,  109. 

—  (Macropygia),  119,  120,  104. 

—  (Philemon),  171,  172. 
tingitanus  (Corvus),  41,  45,  40,  310. 
Tinnunculus,  329,  333. 
tinnunculus  (Cerchneis).  310.  350,  351. 

—  (Tinnunculus),  329. 
Tithraustes,  443,  444. 
tithys  (Ruticilla),  305. 
tjindanae  (Geofifroyus),  83. 
Toceus,  349. 

torda  (AIca),  300. 

torotoro  (Syma),  145-9. 

torquata  (Callithrix),  3(52-4,  300. 

torquilla  (lynx).  305. 

Totauus,  300. 

totanus  (Totanus),  300. 

Tragelapbus,  232,  289. 

transsecta  (Cambogia),  459. 

Treron,  352. 

trianguliferata  (Epiplatymetra),  480. 

Trichocherosia,  409,  417,  418. 

Trichoglossus,  3,  4,  68,  71,  180,  378. 

Tricbolepis,  4(19,  410,417. 

tricolor  (Erythrura),  173. 

—  (Podiceps),  98,  99. 

—  (Rallina),  90,  140,  104,  173. 

—  (Rhipidura),  375. 

—  (Sca|itosyle),  418,  42ii. 
tridens  (Asellia),  397,  398. 
Tridesmodes,  0,  7. 
trientata  (Ocliyria),  21ii. 
trifasciatii  (Diastocera),  271. 
trigeminus  (l^tilinopus),  103. 
Trigonodes,  431. 
trimaculata  (Melocblora),  115. 
Tringa,  2.MI,  3O0. 
Triugoides,  101,  142. 
tristata  (Fidonia),  479. 
tristrami  (Amydru.s),  54. 

—  (Hagiiipsar),  54. 

—  (Halcyon),  185,  377. 
tristriata  ( Poliospizii),  340. 
tritou  (Cacatua),  5,  78,  79. 


(  529  ) 


trivialis  (Anthus),  .'!(l'>. 

trobriandi  (Cacatua),  79. 

trocaz  (Columba),  330. 

trochilus  (Phylloscopus),  305. 

Troglodytes,  308. 

Trugon,  132. 

truncata  (Polyphasia),  4()8. 

tumidicosta  (Heterusia),  473. 

tumulus  (Megapodius),  13,'j,  13fi. 

Tupaia,  90. 

Turacu.s,  3.^0. 

turdoides  ( .icrocephalus),  .'JOri. 

Turdus,  305,  30C,  313,  338,  492.  493. 

Tumix,  9.'). 

Turtur,  17r.,  3:iO,  352. 

turtur  (Turtur),  .3.30. 

tnsalia  (Macro|pygia),  119. 

tyro  (Sauromarptis),  l.>i. 


ub.aldus  (Cupido),  426. 
ultramarina  (Hypochaera),  342,  343. 
ultramarinu.s  (Parus),  309. 
umbilicata  (Craspedia),  454. 
umbratilinea  (Craspedia),  9. 
umbretta  (Scopus),  353. 
umbricola  (Polydesma),  431. 
umbrinus  (Corax),  41,  42,  45,  411,  47. 
umbrosa  (Euangerona),  48G. 
unchall  (Macropygia),  119. 
undulata  (Otis),  31(1,  331. 
undulosata  (Cambogia),  458,  459. 

—  (Mimocly.stia),  14. 
unicolor  (Apus),  328. 

—  (.Sturnus),  305. 

—  (Tricholepis),  417. 
unifasciata  (Perizoma),  29 
uniformi.s  (Auzeodes),  200. 

—  (Xeocrex),  3G9. 
uniguttata  (Dioptis),  439. 
uiiimodus  (drauoalus),  169. 
uaiuotata  (Eublemma),  430. 
I'pupa,  328. 

urliica  (Chelidonaria),  305. 

Urodynamis,  376. 

uropygialis  (Aracbnotbera),  52. 

—  (Ceyx),  97,  186. 
Urospizias,  380. 
ussurianus  (Corvus),  47,  48. 
ustaria  (Haemalea),  456. 
ustipenuis  ( Rhomborista),  206,  207. 
Utetheisa,  428. 


vaillantina  (Egybolis),  405,  406. 

validi.ssimu.s  (Corvus),  173. 

Vanellvis,  306. 

vanellus  (Vanellus),  306. 

Vanessa,  251. 

van-wycki  (Carpophaga),  112. 


variegata  (Plemyriopsis),  467. 
variegatus  (Xumenius),  100,  175 
variospila  (Pisoraca),  24. 
varius  (Corvus),  44. 
velutina  (Hemipogon),  195. 
veneris  (Yashmakia),  197. 
venustus  (Cinnyris),  339. 
veredus  (Ochthodromus),  100. 
vermiculata  (Tepbrocly,stia).  12. 
verreauxius  (Trichoglossus),  71. 
versicolor  (Astur),  380. 
verticali.s  (Cossypha),  338. 
verticata  (Perizoma),  29. 
vespertinus  (Cerchneis),  305. 
vexillarius  (Cosmetornis),  347. 
vicina  (Ptilinopu.s),  108. 

—  (Testudo),  372. 
vicinus  (Ptilinopus),  109. 
victa  (Rallina),  175. 
Victoria,  8. 

victoria  (Goura),  135. 
victoriae  (Papilio),  401,  402. 
Vidua,  343. 

vidua  (Motacilla),  340. 
viduata  (Dendrocycna),  355. 
vieilloti  fPogonorhynchus),  3."jO. 
vigorsi  (Pitta),  2,  174. 
vinaceus  (Turtur),  352. 
vinocincta  (Racheospila),  450. 
vinosa  (Cyclomia),  485. 
violacea  (Musophaga),  3.')0. 
virago  (Cyclopsitta),  76. 
virens  (Andropadus),  229,  310. 
vireseens  (Dicaeum),  52. 
viridicinctata  (Monochyria),  28. 
viridiflava  (Microeca),  425. 
viridifrons  (Xasiterna),  79,  8ii. 
viridirufa  (Brachysema),  483. 
viridis  (Gecinus),  307. 

—  (Ptilinopus),  93,  108,  109. 

—  (Terpsiphone),  347. 
vitiensis  (Columba),  118. 
vittaria  (Emmiltis),  23. 
vittula  (Ephialtias),  439,  4)0. 
vivida  (Melochlora),  446. 
vocifer  (Haliac'tus),  351. 
volucer  (Xanthorhoi'),  471 . 
vulgaris  (Sturnus),  305. 
Vulpes,  398,  399. 

Vultur.  306. 


Wallace!  (Ceyx),  97. 

—  (Papilio),  4112. 

—  (Ptilinopus),  93,  105,  1 
wardi  (Geocichla),  172. 
watersi  (Dipodillus),  :>99. 

—  (Gerbillus),  399. 

—  (Megalodes),  430. 
websteri  (Alcyone),  144. 


74. 


(  530  ) 


weiskei  (Abisara),  218,  4iil. 

—  (Danaus).  '.'IH,  4(W. 

—  (Milionia),  -'-'O,  40o. 

—  (Syma),  140. 
welchmani  (Graucaliis),  ISl. 
westermanni  (Carpophaga),  114,  115. 

—  (Eclectus),  ICC. 
wilhelmin.ae  (Hypocharmosyna),  71. 
wilsoni  (Hypochaera),  34J.  ?A'i. 
witherbyi  (Acomys),  400. 

wolfi  (Cyanecula),  :i05. 
wolla.stoni  ((.'rypsotidia).  4.'i2, 

—  (Eul)lemma),  4.30. 

—  (Scotomera),  483. 
woodfordi  (Astur),  :!79,  380. 

—  (JIacrocorax),  375. 
woodfordiana  (Macropteryx).  184,  Mi] 
woodlarkiana  (Trichocerosia),  418. 
woodward!  (JIacropus),  3'.I4-'JG. 


xanthogaater  (Ptilinopus),  9:1,  174. 
xanthomelas  (Trichnlepi.*),  417. 
Xanthorhoc,  30,  4C:i,  471. 

jamdenae  (Alcyone),  1C.3,  ICC. 
Ya-slimakia,  l'J7. 
ypsilon  (.Vgroti.'i),  429. 

Zamarada,  212,  433. 

Zanclopera,  37. 

zeledoni  (Pittasoma),  370. 

zoeae  (Carpophaga),  112. 

Zonoenas,  114. 

Zonosoma,  43C. 

zonurus  (Ptilinopiis),  lOG. 

Zosterops,  172,  18(1. 

Zygaenopsis.  409,  411,  413-17. 

Zygaenosia,  411,  412,  417. 


KNP    OK    vol..    VIIT. 


Printeft  ht/  HauUf  Walton  J:  I'iitfv,  hU,  lontion  ami  A^UAufti. 


■4f.!,^.R.t901 


/^ 


NOYITATES  ZOOLOfilCAE. 


H  Journal  of  Zoology. 


EDITED    BY 


The  Hon.  WALTER   ROTHSCHILD,  Ph.D., 
ERNST    HARTERT.    and    De.    K.    JORDAN. 


Vol.   VIII. 


t) 


N^^^^- 


Issued,  Febkuart  25th,  at  the  Zoological  Museum,  Trino. 
Paoes  1—88.     Plate  I. 


PKINTED    BY    HAZELL.    WATSON,    t    VINET,    Ld.,    LONDON    AND    AYLESBURY. 

1901. 


/■ 


Vol.   VIII. 

NOVITATES  ZOOLOGICAE. 

EDITED  BY 

WAITER   ROTHSCHILD,   ERNST   HARTERT,   and  KARL  JORDAN. 


CONTENTS    OF    NO.     I. 

,  PACES 

1.     ON   THE   BIRDS  OF   THE  KEY  AND  SOUTH-EAST 

ISLANDS,   AND   OF   CEEAM-LAUT     .         .         .     £r>ist  Ilarfert  .       1—5 

-'      NEW  TRYRIBIIJAE,  EPIPLEMIDAE,  AND  GEOME- 

TRIDAE  FROM   THE   AETHIOPIAN   REGION  .     W.  Warren       .     6—29 

.3.  NEW  USANIDAE,  EPIPLEMIDAE,  AND  GEOME- 
TRIDAE  FROM  THE  ORIENTAL  AND  PALAE- 
AECTIC   REGIONS IP.  Warrm       .  21—37 

\.     YERZEICHNISS   DER   BREHMSCHEN  SAMMLUNG     Enist  Uarlert 

und  0.  Kleinschmidt  38 — 48 

5.  SOME   NOTES   ON  JAVA  BIRDS         ....     Ermt  Hariert  .  49—51 

6.  FURTHER  ADDITIONS  -TO  THE   LIST   OF   BIRDS 

OF   SOUTHERN   ARABIA W.  E.  Ogihie-&rant    52 

7.  NOTES   ON   PAPUAN  BIRDS  (Plates  II.,  III.)*         .     Walter  Rothschild 

and  Ernst  Uarlert  53 — 88 

8.  A    CORRECTION      .         .         .         .         ■  .         .     Ei-nst  Hartert  .  88 

9.  THE   MONKEYS  ON   PLATE   I.  .         . 88 

*  Plates  II.  and  III.  will  be  issued  with  No.  2  of  this  Volume. 


As  we  have  very  iittle  time  to  work  at  Coleoptera, 
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•Collection  contains  about  32,000  Cerambycitlae 
(exclusive  of  African),  70,000  Ghrysomelidae, 
etc.,  etc. 

For  Particulars  apply  to — 

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NOVITATES  Z00L061CAE. 


E  Journal  of  Zoology. 


EDITED   BT 


The  Hon.  WALTER  ROTHSCHILD,  Ph.D., 
ERNST    HARTERT,    and    Dr.    K.    JORDAN. 


Vol.   VIII. 


No.  2. 

Issued,  July  5th,  at  the  Zoological  Museum,  Trikg. 

Pages  89—178.     Plates  II.,  III.,  IV.,  VI.,  VIII. 


PRINTED    BY    HAZELL,    WATSON,    &    VINEY,    Ld.,    LONDON    AND    AYLESBURY. 

1901. 


Vol.  VIII. 

N0VITATE8  ZOOLOGICAE. 

EDITED  BY 

WALTER   KOTHSCHILD,   ERNST   HARTERT,    and  KARL  JORDAN. 


CONTENTS    OF    NO.    II. 

PAG£S 

1.  NOTES    UPON    THE    BRAIN   AND   OTHER   STRUC- 

TURES OF   CEKTETES  (Plate  VIII.)    .         .         .     Frank  BeUard  89—92 

2.  ON   THE   BIRDS   OF  THE   KEY  AND   SOUTH-EAST 

ISLANDS,  AND  OF  CERAM-LAUT  (Contimialmi.)    Ernst  Uartert   93—101 

3.  NOTES     ON     PAPUAN     BIRDS    {Continuation)    (Plate 

IV.) Walter  Jioi/i3chiU 

and  Ernst  Uartert  102 — 162 

4.  ON     A     COLLECTION      OF      BIRDS     FROM      THE 

TIMORLAUT   ISLANDS Ernst  Hartert  163— 176 

5.  NOTES   ON   ^r&lZ/5 Walter  Hollischild  177,  178 


As  we  have  very  little  time  to  work  at  Coleoptera, 
we  have  decided  to  sell  in  families  the  Private  Collection 
of  Beetles  of  the  Tring  Museum,  with  the  exception  of 
the  African  Longicornia  and  the  AnihHbitlaem  The 
Collection  contains  about  32,000  Cerambycidae 
(exclusive  of  African),  70,000  Chrysomeliilae, 
etc.,  etc. 

For  Particulars  apply  to — 

Dr.   K.  JORDAN, 

Zool.   Museum,  Tring,  Herts. 


Advertisements  of  Zoological  Objects  and  Zoological  Books  only  accepted. 


Subscriptions  for  the   present  Voiunr^e   are   due   NOW. 


Dr.  STAUDINGER  &  BANG-HAAS, 

BLASEWITZ-DRESDEN, 

In  their  New  Trice  List,  No.  XLIY.,  offer  more 
than  15,000  Species  of  well-named  LEPIDOPTEEA, 
set  or  in  Papers,  from  all  parts  of  the  world,  in 
finest    condition;     1,300    kinds    of     PEEPAKED 
LARVAE  ;  numerous  LIVING  PUPAE,  etc.  Sepa- 
EATE     Pbice    List,    XX.,    for    COLEOPTEEA 
(21,000  Species),  with  Index  of  4000  Genera. 

Lists  V.  and  VI.,  for  HYMENOPTERA  (2,800 
Species).  DIPTEKA  (1,850),  HEMIPTERA  (1,550), 
NEDKOPTERA  (540),  ORTHOPTERA  (960). 

NOTICE    OF    REMOVAL. 

W.  F.  H.  ROSENBERG, 

Importer  of  EXOTIC  ZOOLOGICAL  COLLECTIONS, 

has  the  honour  to  notify  that,  in  consequence 
of  the  great  increase  of  his  Business,  and  the 
constant  Additions  to  his  Collections,  he  has 
been     compelled    to    remove    from    Charing 
Cross  Road  to  more  commodious  premises  at 

57,HAVERST0CK  HILL,  LONDON,  N.W. 

COLLECTIONS  IN  ALL  BRANCHES  Of  ZOOLOGY. 

Libtral.  Ducmfut  fur  Cash  Orders.     Prices  low. 

Specimens  sejit  on  Apjjroral. 

WiLHELM  SCHLUETER, 

HALLE-a.-S.,  GERMANY. 

Dealer  in  Objects  of  Natural  History. 

Brazenor  Bros., 

TAXIDERMISTS,  OSTEOLOGISTS,  &c. 

ESTABLISHED  1S63. 

LARGEST  STOCK    OF 

MAMMALS,    BIRDS,    BIRDS'    EGGS,    REPTILES, 
AMPHIBL&,      FISHES,      INSECTS,      METAMOR- 
PHOSES   or    INSECTS,    ETC.,    SHELLS,    CRABS, 
WORMS,   ECHINODERMS,   ZOOPHYTES,  MICRO- 
SCOPICAL PREPARATIONS,  PLANT-MODELS,  &c. 

All  Kinds  of  flATURAL  HISTORY  SPECIMENS 

Preserved  and  Wlounted. 
OSTEOLOGICAL  Specimens  Macerated  &  Articulated. 

LARGE  STOCK  OF  WELL-MADE  BIRDS'  SKINS. 

British  Bivittf  n  Speciality, 

Mounted  Skeletons  ot  Animals,  Birds,  Reptiles,  &c. 

Catalnffjtes  jjt'xt  free  on  appHcat'um. 

39,  LEAVES  ROAD,  BRIGHTON. 

R.   TANCRE, 

ANKLAM,  POMMERN,  GERMANY, 

receives  every  year  from  his  collectors  Large 
Collections  of  LEPIDOPTERA  from  CEN- 
TRAL ASIA  (Turkestan,  Kuld.scha,Northern 
Thibet)  and  EASTERN  SIBERIA  (Amoor), 
and  sells  all  his  Duplicates  at  very  Moderate 
Prices.     Price  Lists  post  free  to  any  address 
on  application. 

R.  TA^X•RE. 

Annual  Suhscriptioti  to  "  Novitates  Zoologicae,"  £1  Is. 

Price   of  Yearly  Volume,  when  cmnpleted,  £1    10s.      (Commission  fw   Jiooksellers  on 
completed  volumes  only.) 


Communications,  etc,  may  be  addressed  to 
THE    EDITORS    OF 


■  NOVITATES    ZOOLOQICAE," 

ZOOLOQICAL    IMUSEUM, 

TRINC. 


i'KLSTED  BY  BAZBIX,  WAlBOK,  AND  VINEV,  IJ>.,  LO.VDO^  AKD  AYLEdBVHV. 


.,»»* 


NOVITATES  ZOOLOGICAE. 


H  Journal  of  ZooIoq^. 


EDITED   BT 


The  Hon.  WALTEE  KOTHSCHILD,  Ph.D., 
ERNST    HARTERT,    and    Dk.    K.    JORDAN. 


Vol.   VIII. 


No.  3. 

Issued,  October  5th,  at  the  Zoological  Museim,  Trino. 

Pages  179-372.    Plates  V.,  XI.,  XII.,  XIII.,  XIV.,  XV.,  XVI.,  XVIL,  XVIII.,  XIX. 


PRINTED    BY  .HAZELL,    WATSON,    &    VINKV,    Ld.,    LONDON    ANU    AYI.ESBUliV. 

1901. 


Vol.   VIII. 

NOVITATES  ZOOLOGICAE. 


EDITED  BY 


WALTER   ROTHSCHILD,   ERNST   HARTERT,    and  KARL  JORDAN. 


CONTENTS    OF    NO.     III. 

PAGES 

1.  LIST  OF  A  C0LLECTI02Sr  OF  BIRDS  FROM 
KULAMBANGEA  AND  FLORIDA  ISLANDS, 
IN  THE   SOLOMONS  GROUP        ....     Walter  BothscUld 

and  Ernst  IlarleH     179 

■1.  DREPANULIDAE,  TJRANIIDAE  AND  GEOME- 
TRIDAE  FROM  THE  PALAEARCTIC  AND 
INDO-AUSTRALIAN   REGIONS     .         .         .         .     W.  Warren  .         .190 

3.  DREPANULIDAE,    THYRIDIDAE,     EPIPLEMIDAE 

AND     GEOMETRIDAE     FROM    THE    AETHIO- 

PIAN   REGION If.  W(m-e,i  .         .     202 

4.  SOME   NEW   BUTTERFLIES   AND   MOTHS         .         .     Walter  Rothschild      218 

5.  AUS  DER   WANDERJAHREN   EINES   NATURFOR- 

SCHERS  (Kapitel  I.— VIIL,  Plates  XTL— XVII.)     Ernst  Hartcrt      .     221 

C.     ZUR   REVISION   DER   GATTUNG   POLIOPTILA       .     C.  E.  IMlmayr  .     35G 

7.  ON   CERTAIN     POINTS     IN    THE     ANATOMY    OF 

CALLITHRIX  TORQUATA  (Plate  XL)  .         .     Frank  E.  Beddard    302 

8.  SECOND    NOTICE    OF    NEW    SPECIES   OF   FISHES 

FROM   MOROCCO  (Plates  XVIIL,  XIX.)      .         .     Dr.  A.  Giinther    .     367 

9.  ON   S(_)JIE   BIRDS   FROM   NORTH-WEST  ECUADOR 

(Plate  V.) Ernst  Uarbirt       .     369 

Id.     ON   A  NEW    LAND  TORTOISE  FROM   THE   GALA- 
PAGOS  ISLANDS Il'"?^■'•  Hxih^QhiU     372 


As  we  have  very  little  time  to  work  at  Coleoptera, 
we  have  decided  to  sell  in  families  the  Private  Collection 
of  Beetles  of  the  Tring  Museum,  with  the  exception  of 
the  African  Longicornia  and  the  Anihribitlae.  The 
Collection  contains  about  32,000  Gerambycidae 
(exclusive  of  African),  70,000  Chrysontelitlae, 
etc.,  etc. 

For  Particulars  apply  to — 

Dr.   K.  JORDAN, 

Zooi.   Museum,  Tring,   Herts. 


Advertisements  of  Zoological  Objects  and  Zoological  Books  only  accepted. 
Subscriptions  for  the   present   Volume   are   due   NOW. 


Dr.  STAUDINGER  &  BANG-HAAS, 

BLJVSEWITZ-DRESDEN, 

In  their  New  Tbice  List,  No.  XLIV.,  offer  more 
than  15,000  tipecics  of  well-named  LEPIDOPTERA, 
set  or  in  Papers,  from  all  parts  of  the  world,  in 
finest  condition;  1,300  kinds  of  PREPAEED 
LARVAE  ;  numerous  LIVING  PUPAE,  etc.  Sepa- 
BATE  Price  List,  XX.,  for  COLEOPTERA 
(21,000  Species),  with  Index  of  4000  Genera. 

Lists  V.  and  VI.,  for  HYMENOPTERA  (2,800 
Species),  DIPTERA  (1,830),  HEMIPTERA  (l,.5.-)0), 
NEUROPTERA  (540),  OBTHOPTERA  (950). 

Liberal  Discount  for  Cash  Orders.     Prices  low. 


NOTICE    OF    REMOVAL. 

W.  F.  H.  ROSENBERG, 

Importer  of  EXOTIC  ZOOLOGICAL  COLLECTIONS, 

has  the  honour  to  notify  that,  in  consequence 
of  the  great  increase  of  his  Business,  and  the 
constant  Additions  to  his  Collections,  he  has 
been  compelled  to  remove  from  Charing 
Cross  Road  to  more  commodious  premises  at 

57,HAVERST0CK  HILL,  LONDON,  N.W. 

COLLECTIONS  IN  ALL  BRANCHES  OF  ZOOLOOY. 

Price   Lists  Feeb  on  Application. 

Sjjerimens  seal  on  Aj/j/roval. 


WiLHELM  SCHLUETER, 

HAL,LE-a.-S.,  GERMANY. 

Dealer  in  Objects  of  Natural  History. 


LARGEST   STOCK    OF 

MAHUALS,  birds,  BIRDS'  EGGS,  SEPniES, 
AUFHIBL&,  FISHES,  INSECTS,  UEIAMOB- 
PHOSES  OF  INSECTS,  ETC.,  SHELLS,  CRABS, 
WORMS,  ECHINODEEMS,  ZOOPHYTES,  MICEO- 
SCOPICAl  PBEFARATIONS,  FLANI-MODELS,  &c. 


Brazenor  Bros., 

TAXIDERMISTS,  OSTEOLOGISTS,  &c. 

ESTABLISHED  1863. 

All  Kinds  of  |(ATURAL  HISTORY  SPECIMENS 
Preserved  and  IV|ounted, 

OSTEOLOGICAL  Specimens  macerated  &  Articulated. 

LARGE  STOCK  OF  WELL-MADE  BIROS'  SKINS. 

British  Birtin  a  Speciatity, 
Mounted  Skeletons  of  Animals,  Birds,  Reptiles,  &c. 


Cataloiiiii's  post  free  on  application. 


89,  LEWES  ROAD,  BRIGHTON. 


ROWLAND  WARD,  Ltd., 

"The  Jungle,"  / 
166,  PICCADILLY,  LONDON,  W., 

Invite  Enquiries  for  MAMMALS 
from  Museums. 


R.   TANCRE, 

ANKLAM,  POMMERN,  GERMANY, 

receives  every  year  from  his  collectors  Large 
Collections  of  LEPIDOPTERA  from  CEN- 
TRAL A  SI  A  (Turkestan,  Kuldscha.Northern 
Thibet)  and  EASTERN  SIBERIA  (Amoor), 
and  sells  all  his  Duplicates  at  very  Moderate 
Prices.  Price  Lists  post  free  to  any  address 
on  application. 

E.  TANCRE. 


Anmud  !^uliiscrij>tion  to  "  Novitates  Zoologicae,"  £1  Is. 

Price   of  Yearly  Volume,  when  completed,  £1    10s.      (Commisiion  fur   Booksellers  on 
coviplcted  volumes  only.) 


Communicationsi  etc,  may  be  addressed  to 
THE    EDITORS    OF 


•  NOVITATES    ZOOLOQICAE," 

ZOOLOGICAL    MUSEUM, 

TRINQ. 


FRlKTb-D  BV  IIAZBLL,  WAT80K,  AND  VINEV,  U>.,  I.ONDON  AND  ATI.SHIIURT. 


NOVITATES  ZOOLOGICAE. 


H  Journal  of  ZooIoq"^, 


EDITED    BY 


The  Hon.  WALTEE   EOTHSCHILD,  Ph.D., 
EENST    HAETEET,    and    De.    K.    JOEDAN. 


Vol.   VIII. 


No.  4. 

Issued,  December  .31st,  at  the  Zoological  Museum,  Thing. 
Pages  373—506.     Plates  VII.,  XX. 


PKINTED    BY    HAZELL,    WATSON,    i    VINEV,    I.d..    LONDON    AND    AYI.KSBUKY. 

1901. 


Vol.   VIII. 

N0VITATE8  ZOOLOGICAE. 

EDITED  BY 

WAITER   ROTHSCHILD,    ERNST   HARTERT,    and  KARL  JORDAN. 


CONTENTS    OF    NO.     IV. 


PAoes 


1.  LIST     OF     A     COLLECTION     OF     BIRDS      FROM 

GUADALCANAR   ISLAND Walter  RoilischUd 

and  Ernst  HarteH     373 

2.  AUS   DEN   WANDERJAHREN   FINES   NATURFOR- 

SCHERS  (Kapitel  IX. — X.,  Fortsetzung)        .         .     Ernst  Ha/rtert      .     383 

3.  ON   SOME   KANGAROOS  AND  BANDICOOTS  FROM 

BARROW  ISLAND,  NORTH-WEST  AUSTRALIA, 

AND   THE   ADJOINING   MAINLAND  .         .     Oldfidd  Thomas    .     394 

4.  LIST     OF     MAMMALS,     COLLECTED     BY     N.     C. 

ROTHSCHILD    AND    A.     F.    R.    WOLLASTON, 

ON  THE   UPPER   NILE   (Plate  XX.)  .         .         .     W.  E.  de  IVinton  .     397 

5.  ON   SOME   LEPIDOPTERA  (Plates  IX.,  X.)         .         .     Walter  Rothschild 

and  Karl  Jordan  .     401 

6.  A   NEW    SPECIES   OF   GOLIATHID   COLEOPTERA .     KarlJordan         .     408 

7.  ON    SOME    NEW    OR    RARE    ORIENTAL    LITHO- 

SIINAE Walter  Rothschild 

and  Karl  Jordan  .     409 

8.  ON   THE   BIRDS   ON    PLATE   VII Ernst  Hartert       .     425 

9.  LEPIDOPTERA  FROM  EGYPT  AND   THE   SOUDAN     N.  C.  Rothschild  .     426 

10.  NEW   AMERICAN   MOTHS    ......     IF.  Warren  .        .     435 

11.  ON     TWO     NEW     THRUSHES     FROM     WESTERN 

COLOMBIA Ernst  Uartert  and 

Carl  E.  Uelimayr     492 

12.  WILLIAM   DOHERTY— OBITUARY     ....     Ernst  Hartert      .     494 


As  we  have  very  little  time  to  work  at  Coleoptera, 
we  have  decided  to  sell  in  families  the  Private  Collection 
of  Beetles  of  the  Tring  Museum,  with  the  exception  of 
the  African  Longicornia  and  the  Anihribidaem  The 
Collection  contains  about  32,000  Cerambyciilae 
(exclusive  of  African),  70,000  Chrysompliilae, 
etc,  etc. 

For  Particulars  apply  to — 

Dr.   K.  JORDAN, 

Zool.   Museum,  Tring,   Herts. 


Advertisements  of  Zoological  Objects  and  Zoological  Books  only  accepted. 


Subscriptions  for  the    present   Volume   are   due    NOW. 


Dr.  STAUDINGER  &  BANG-HAAS, 

BLASEWITZ-DRESDEN, 

In  their  Xkw  I'mcK  List.  Xo.  XLIV..  offer  more 
than  15,000  S|iecies  of  well-named  LEPIDOPTEEA, 
set  or  in  Papers,  from  all  parts  of  the  world,  in 
finest  condition:  1,300  kinds  of  PREPARED 
LARVAE  ;  numerous  LIVING  PUPAE,  etc.  Sepa- 
EATE  Pbice  List,  XX.,  for  COLEOPTERA 
(21,000  Species),  with  Index  of  4000  Genera. 

Lists  V.  and  VI.,  for  HYMEXOPTERA  (2,800 
Species),  DIPTERA  (I,8.i0),  HEMIPTERA  (1,550), 
NEDROPTERA  (oiO),  ORTHOPTERA  (950). 


Liberal  DiAcovnt  fur  Caah  Orderx.     Prices  hir. 


NOTICE    OF    REMOVAL. 

W.  F.  H.  ROSENBERG, 

Importer  of  EXOTIC  ZOOLOGICAL  COLLECTIONS, 

has  the  honour  to  notify  that,  in  consequence 
of  the  great  increase  of  liTs  Business,  and  the 
constant  Additions  to  his  Collections,  he  has 
been  compelled  to  remove  from  Charing 
Cross  Road  to  more  commodious  premises  at 

57,HAVERST0CK  HILL,  LONDON,  N.W. 

COLLECTIONS  IN  ALL  BRANCHES  OF  ZOOLOGY. 

I'BiCE   Lists   Fbee   oy   Application. 

Sjit'rhtirfis  !ii*iit  on  AjtpriyruL 


WiLHELM  SCHLUETER, 

HALLE-a.-S.,  GERMANY. 

Dealer  in  Objects  of  Natural  History. 

LARGEST   STOCK    OF 

MAMMALS,  BIRDS.  BIRDS'  DG&S,  REPTILES, 
AMPHIBIA,  FISHES,  INSECTS,  METAMOR- 
PHOSES or  INSECTS,  ETC.,  SHELLS,  CRABS, 
WORMS,  ECHINODERMS,  ZOOPHYTES,  MICRO- 
SCOPICAL PREPARATIONS,  PLANT-MODELS,  &c. 


Brazenor  Bros., 

TAXIDERMISTS,  OSTEOLOGISTMc. 

ESTABLISHED  1863. 

All  Kinds  of  I4ATURAL  HISTORY  SPECIMENS 

Preserved  and  IVlounted. 
OSTEOLOGICAL  Specimens  Macerated  &  Articulated. 

LARGE  STOCK  OF  WELL-MADE  BIROS'  SKINS. 

Miritinh    MtirtlM  a    Sjicviatity, 

Mounted  Skeletons  of  Animals,  Birds,  Reptiles,  &c. 


C^italogves  post  free  on  appUcaiion. 


39,  LEAVES  ROAD,  BRIGHTON. 


ROWLAND  WARD,  ud, 

"The  Jungrle," 
166,  PICCADILLY,  LONDON,  W., 

Invite  Enquiries  for  MAMMALS 
from  Museums. 


R.   TAN  C  RE, 

ANKLAM,  POMMERN,  GERMANY, 

receives  eveiy  yefiv  from  his  collectoi-s  Large 
Collections  of  LEPIDOPTEEA  from  CEN- 
TRAL ASIA  (Turkestan,  Kiililscha,Northern 
Thibet)  and  EASTERN  SIBERIA  (Amoor), 
and  sells  all  liLs  Duplicates  at  very  Moderate 
Prices.  Price  Lists  post  free  to  any  adcU-ess 
on  application. 

R.  TANCRE. 


Annual  Subscription  to  "  Novitates  Zoolorjicae,"  £1   Is. 

Price   of  Yearly   Volv/me,  when  completed,  £1    10s.      (Commission,  fur    Booksellers  on 
completed  volumes  onh/.) 

Communications,  ctc.p  may  be  addressed  to 

THE    EDITORS    OF    ■•  NOVITATE8    ZOOLOGICAE," 

ZOOLOQICAL     MUSEUM. 

TRINO. 


PKIKTED  BT   BASRtL,  WAT80K    AND  TIKEV,   LD.,   LONDON   AffO  AYLG8BUBY. 


^^  -y 


^^•giJ^ 


NOVITATES  Z00L06ICAE, 


H  Journal  of  ZoolOi3\>. 


EDITED   BT 


The  Hon.  WALTER  ROTHSCHILD,  Ph.D., 
ERNST    HARTERT,    and    Dk.    K.    JORDAN. 


-D 


Vol.   VIII. 


No.  5. 
Paces  507—530.     Plates  XI..  XII. 


I'KINTED    BV     (I.\ZKI.L.    WATSON.    &    VINEV,     f.i...    LONIION     ANH     AYl.KSBUKV. 

1901. 


Vol.    VIII. 

N0VITATE8  ZOOLOGICAE. 


EDITED  BY 


WALTER    ROTHSCHILD,   ERNST   HARTERT.    and  KARL  JORDAN. 


CONTENTS     OF    NO.      V.  i 

PACES  i 

ALPHABETICAL  INDEX 507—530  '. 

i 
TITLE-PAGE,    (X)NTENTS,   AND    L18T   OF   PLATES.  '■ 


^H- 


Advertisements  of  Zoological  Objects  and  Zoological  Books  only  accepted. 


Subscriptions   for  the    present   Volume   are   due    NOW. 


Dr.  STAUDINGER  &  BANG-HAAS, 

BLASEWITZ-DRESDEN, 

la  their  New  I'rice  List,  Ko.  XUV..  offer  more 
than  15.000  fSpecies  of  well-named  LEPIDOI'TERA. 
set  or  in  P.ipers,  from  all  parts  of  the  world,  in 
finest  condition  ;  1,300  kinds  of  PREPARED 
LARVAE  ;  numerous  LIVING  PUPAE,  etc.  .Sepa- 
BATE  Price  List,  XX..  for  t'OLEOPTERA 
(21,000  .Species),  wntli  Index  of  4000  tienera. 

Lists  V,  and  VI..  for  HVMEXOPTERA  (2,800 
Species),  DIPTERA  (1,860),  HEMIPTERA  (1,5,50), 
NEDROPTERA  (.540),  ORTHOPTERA  (S.50). 

LiherttI  DUmnint  fi'r  Cash  OftJfr.^.     Prices  hnu. 


W.  F.  H.  ROSENBERG, 

Importer  of  EXOTIC  ZOOLOGICAL  COLLECTIONS, 

57,  HAVERSTOCK  HILL,  LONDON,  N.W. 

Fresh   consignments   are  constantly  arriving,  in- 
clnding      MAHHALS,       BIKDS,     BISDS'    EG6S. 

EEPTiLEs,   Amphibians,    fishes,    insects 

OF   ALL   ORDERS,    SHELLS,   etc.,   etc.,    from   all 

parts  of  tlie  world. 

Localities    Guaranteed. 

Spkcimess    Sent    ok    Approval. 


Zoologi >!(.■<  arf  iftrifcd  t'>  ipr'de,  iiidiratiTig  t/tti*- 
special  braiic1tc»  of  afvifj/,  yclicn-  perioifical  lists  <>/ 
frcfi/i  watcrial  icVJ  he  .tent  thrm. 


WiLHELM  SCHLUETER, 

HALLE-a.-S.,  GERMANY. 

LARGEST    STOCK     OF 

European    and    Exotic    BIRD    SKINS. 

European   and    Exotic   BIRDS'    EGGS. 


In  stock:  nearly  10,000  Bird  Skins  and  BO.odo  Birds'  Eggs 

1.4T1.ST    rRH:K-LIflT9   POST    FRFF.   ON    API'LICATIOS. 

A  iteic  Catnlt'i/ue  nf  Sxotic  Bird-'<.  c/mtainhtf/  mure 
tliaii  2,000  xjtccirt,  leill  he  jmUixhecf  ulurrthi. 


Skins    and    Eggs    sent    on    approval    if   desired. 

Collectors  in  many  parts  of  the  VTorld. 


f.argest    EMtnbtiMlttHfiit   on    the    f'ntiti tteitt. 


Brazenor  Bros., 

TAXIDERMISTS,  OSTEOLOGISTS,  &c. 

ESTABLISHED  1863. 

All  Kinds  of  f^ATURAL  HISTORY  SPECIMENS 

Preserved  and  N|ounted. 

OSTEOLOGICAL  Specimens  Macerated  &  Articulated. 

LARGE  STOCK  OF  WELL-MADE  BIRDS'  SKINS. 

BWfiwfi   flirrfw  a  Speciality, 

Mounted  Skeletons  of  Animals,  Birds,  Reptiles,  &e. 
39,  LEWES  ROAD,  BRIGHTON. 


ROWLAND   WARD,  ud., 

"The  Jungrle," 
166,  PICCADILLY,  LONDON,  W., 

Invite  Enquiries  for  MAMMALS 
from  Museums. 


R.   TANCRE, 

ANKLAM,  POMMERN,  GERMANY, 

receives  every  year  from  his  collectors  Large 
Collections  of  LEPIDOPTERA  from  CEN- 
TRAL ASI  A(Turkestaii,  Kuldbcha, Northern 
Thibet)  and  KA  STERN  SIBERIA  (Amoor). 
and  sells  all  his  Duplicates  at  very  Moileratc 
Prices.  Price  J,ists  post-  free  to  any  a(l(h-es.- 
on  application. 

K.  TANCRE. 


Annwtl  .Snhscriptio'it  tu  "  Sm-ilales  Zoologicae,"  £,1   Is. 

Price   of  Yearl//   t'olume,  vlien  completed,  £1    10s.      (Commigsion  for   Booksellers  on 
covipleted  vohnuea  onh/. ) 

Communications,  etc.,   n^ay   be  addreesed  to 

THE    EDITORS    OF    >' NOVITATES    ZOOLOGICAE," 

ZOOLOGICAL     MUSEUM, 

TRINC. 


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