THE
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE,
JOURNAL OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.
(THE
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE,
JOURNAL
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. \
W. S. W. VAUX, M.A., F.S.A.,
JOHN EVANS, F.S.A., F.G.S.,
AND
FREDERIC W. MADDEN, M.R.S.L.
NEW SERIES. VOL. II.
Factum abiit monumenta manent. Ov. Fast.
LONDON:
JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36, SOHO SQUARE.
PARIS : M. ROLLIN, RUE VIVIENNE, No. 12.
1862.
NU
n.s.
v.2*
641180
LONDON I
PRINTED BT JAMKS 8. VtRTOK,
CTTT BOAT1.
CONTENTS.
ANCIENT NUMISMATICS.
Page
Coins of the Kings of Cappadocia. By Maximilian Borrell, Esq.
Ancient German Coins. By F. W. Fairholt .... 37
Some Unpublished Roman Coins, historically illustrated. By
Fred. W. Madden, Esq., M.R.S.L 39
Description of Some Unpublished Jewish Coins. By the Rev.
Churchill Babington, B.D. 64
Unpublished Greek Imperial Coins. By the Rev. H. C. Reichardt,
of Cairo 104
On an Unedited Autonomous Coin of Pessinus, in Galatia, together
with some Remarks on the Origin of the Name of the City.
By the Rev. Churchill Babington, B.D 136
On a British Coin Inscribed BODVOC. By John Evans, Esq.,
F.S.A .153
Essay on the Classification of Ancient Coins found in Egypt. By
C. G. Huber, Esq 160
Remarks in reply to M. Cohen's observations on the explanation
of the letters CONOB, OB, TROB, &c., &c. By Fred. W.
Madden, Esq., M.R.S.L 240
Inedited Coins of Judaea. By the Rev. H. C. Reichardt, of Cairo . 268
On a New Coin of Ancient Italy. By Reginald Stuart Poole, Esq.,
M.R.S.L. 300
MEDIEVAL AND MODERN NUMISMATICS.
On the Anglo-American Copper Coinage. By the Rev. H.
Christmas, F.R.S 20
On a Sterling of Marie d'Artois. (A.D. 1337 to 1353.) By S.
Sharp, Esq., F.G.S . 32
vi CONTENTS.
Page
Kentish Tokens of the Seventeenth Century. By H. W. Rolfe,
Esq 69, 140, 219, 310
London Tokens of the Seventeenth Century. By Augustus W.
Franks, Esq., Dir. Soc. Ant 81
Remarkable Coin of Stephen. By the Rev. Assheton Pownall,
M.A 189
Copper Coinage of the British Colonies. By the Rev. Henry
Christmas, F.R.S. . . 191
On some Pennies of Henry II. found in a hollow stone at Ampthill,
and presented to the Numismatic Society. By the Rev.
Assheton Pownall, M.A 233
Irish Coins of Copper and Billon. By the Rev. Henry Christmas,
F.R.S 278
Discovery of Anglo-Saxon Coins at Whitehorse, near Croydon.
By the Rev. Henry Christmas, F.R.S. . . . . 302
Saxon Coins found at Chester. By John Peacock, Esq. . . 305
London and Middlesex Tokens of the Seventeenth Century. By
Joseph Mayer, Esq., F.S.A. 307
ORIENTAL NUMISMATICS.
Remarks upon an Article on Assyrian Antiquities, by H. Fox
Talbot, Esq., as to the Cuneiform Inscription on the Cylinder
of Sargon, in the British Museum. By W.B.Dickinson, Esq. 123
Bactrian Coins. By Edward Thomas, Esq. . . . 179, 259
On Chinese Knife Money. By W. B. Dickinson, Esq. . . 213
NOTICES OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS.
Revue Numismatique 77, 14-5, 226, 319
Revue Numismatique Beige . . . .79, 146, 228, 320
Berliner Blatter fur Miinz-, Siegel-, und Wappenkunde . .320
Beale Poste's Vindication of his Celtic Inscriptions . . . 322
Levy's Geschichte der Jiidischen Miinzen . . . . 322
MISCELLANEA.
Short Cross Pennies of Henry III 80
Sterling of Henry VII., Emperor of Germany, of the Meraude
Mint 147,228
CONTENTS. Vll
Page
Two False Coins of Mary, Queen of Scots .... 151
Coin Exhibitor 230
The W. H. Medal 323
Medal of Paul III 323
Coin of Henry III 324
Ancient British Coin found in Berks 324
Finds of Coins . . . . . . .80, 148, 230, 325
Sales of coins 152, 231
LIST OF MEMBERS
OF THE
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY
OF LOKDON,
DECEMBER, 1862.
OF LONDON,
DECEMBER 1862.
An Asterisk prefixed to a name indicates that the Member has compounded
for his annual contribution.
ALLEN, WILLIAM, ESQ., North Villa, Winchmore .Hill, Southgate.
ANDERSON, COL. WILLIAM, C.B., 19, Gloucester Square.
ARNOLD, THOMAS JAMES, ESQ., 59, Harley Street.
ASHBURTON, LADY, Bath House, Piccadilly.
*BABINGTON, REV. CHURCHILL, B.D., St. John's College, Cambridge.
BARTON, WILLIAM HENRY, ESQ., Royal Mint, Tower Hill.
BAYLEY, E. OLIVE, ESQ., H.E.I.C.S., India.
BERGNE, JOHN B., ESQ., F.S.A., Foreign Office, Downing Street.
BIRCH, SAMUEL, ESQ., F.S.A., British Museum.
BOTFIELD, BERIAH, ESQ., M.P., F.R.S., F.S.A., F.G.S., 5, Grosvenor
Square.
BOYNE, WILLIAM, ESQ., F.S.A., 6, Moore Park Villas, Fulham.
BROWN, THOMAS, ESQ., 39, Paternoster Row.
BUNBUEY, EDWARD H., ESQ., M.A., F.G.S., 15, Jermyn Street.
BURNEY, VENERABLE ARCHDEACON, D.D., F.R.S., F.S.A., Rectory,
Sible Hedingham, Essex.
BUSH, COLONEL TOBIN, East Hill Place, Hastings.
CHAMBERS, MONTAGUE, ESQ., Q.C., Child's Place, Temple Bar.
COXE, W. H., ESQ., F.Z.S., British Museum.
DAVY, GEORGE BAYNTON, ESQ., 18, Sussex Square, Hyde Park.
4 LIST OF MEMBERS.
DICKINSON, W. BINLBY, ESQ., 5, Lansdowne Circus, Leamington.
DRYDEN, SIB HENRY, BART., Canon's Ashby, Northamptonshire.
ENNISKILLEN, RIGHT HON. THE EAKL OP, HON. D.C.L., F.R.S.,
F.G.S., M.R.I.A., Florence Court, Enniskillen, Ireland.
EvANsi JOHN, ESQ., F.S.A., F.G.S., Nash Mills, Hemel Hempstead,
Secretary.
EVANS, SEBASTIAN, ESQ,, M.A., 145, Highgate, Birmingham.
FAIRHOLT, F. W., ESQ., F.S.A., 11, Montpelier Square, Brompton.
FARROW, MORLET, ESQ., M.E.S.L., Bridgewick Hall, Chapel, near
Halstead, Essex.
FORSTER, W., ESQ., Carlisle.
Fox, LIEUT.-GEN., Addison Road, Kensington.
FRANKS, AUGUSTUS WOLLASTON, ESQ., M.A., Dir. Soc. Ant., British
Museum.
FRASER, LIEUT.-COL. FREDERICK, Castle Fraser, Aberdeen.
FREUDENTHAL, W., ESQ., 4, Newington Place, Kennington Road.
GRENFELL, JOHN GRANVILLE, ESQ., B.A., British Museum.
*GUEST, EDWIN, ESQ., LL.D., D.C.L., Master of Caius College, Cam-
bridge.
HARDY, WILLIAM, ESQ., F.S.A., Duchy of Lancaster Office, Somerset
House.
HARFORD, REV. F. K., M.A., F.S.A., 13, Charles Street, Grosvenor
Square.
HARTWRIGHT, JOHN HENRY, ESQ., Tarvin Road, Chester.
HAWKINS, EDWARD, ESQ., F.S.A., F.L.S., 6, Lower Berkeley Street,
Portman Square, Vice-President.
HAY, MAJOR, H.E.I.C.S., Linden Lodge, Loan Head, Edinburgh.
HEWARD, PETER, ESQ., Cole Orton, near Ashby de la Zouch.
JERUSALEM, LOUD BISHOP OF, at the REV. D. VEITCH, 2, Warrington
Road, Maida Hill.
JONES, JAMES COVE, ESQ, F.S.A., Loxley, Wellesbourne, Warwick.
JOYCE, GEO. PRINCE, ESQ., F.S.A.,Quay Street, Newport, Isle of Wight.
JUDD, CHARLES, ESQ., 5, Manor Terrace, High Cross, Tottenham.
LIST OF MEMBERS. 5
LECKENBY, J., ESQ., Scarborough.
*LEE, JOHN, ESQ., LL.D., F.R.S., &c., 5 College, Doctors' Commons,
Vice-P resident.
LINCOLN, FREDERICK, W.,EsQ., 462, New Oxford Street.
LOEWE, DR. L. r M.R.A.S., 46, Buckingham Place, Brighton.
MADDEN, FREDERIC WILLIAM, ESQ., M.R.S.L., British Museum,
Secretary.
MAYER, Jos., ESQ., F.S.A., Lord Street, Liverpool.
MIDDLETON, SIE GEORGE N. BROKE, BART., C.B., Shrubland Park,
and Broke Hall, Suffolk.
MOORE, GENERAL, Junior U.S. Club.
MURCHISON, CAPTAIN, R.M., 27, Milsom Street, Bath.
MUSGRAVE, SIR GEORGE, BART., F.S.A., Eden Hall, Penrith.
NICHOLS, J. GOUGH, ESQ., F.S.A., 25, Parliament Street.
NICHOLSON, REV. HENRY J. BOONE, D.D., F.S.A., Rectory, St. Alban's.
NORRIS, EDWIN, ESQ., F.S.A., 6, St. Michael's Grove, Brompton.
OLDFIELD, EDMUND, ESQ., M.A., F.S.A., 61, Pall Mall.
*PERRY, MARTEN, ESQ., M.D., &c., &c., Evesham, Worcestershire.
PFISTER, JOHN GEORGE, ESQ., British Museum.
POLLEXTEN, REV. J. H., M.A., St. Mary's Terrace, Colchester.
POOLE, REGINALD STUART, ESQ., M.R.S.L., British Museum.
POWELL, EDWARD Jos., ESQ., 8, Gordon Street, Gordon Square.
POWNALL, REV. ASSHETON, M.A., South Kilworth, Rugby.
RAMSAY, PROP. W., The College, Glasgow.
RASHLEIGH, JONATHAN, ESQ., 3, Cumberland, Terrace, Regent's Park.
RAWLINSON, MAJ.-GEN. SIR HENRY C., K.C.B., HON., D.C.L., F.R.S.,
1, Hill Street, Berkeley Square.
*READE, REV. J. B., F.R.S., Vicarage, Ellesborough, Bucks.
ROLFE, H. W., ESQ., 3, Punderson Place, Bethnal Green Road.
ROSTRON, SIMPSON, ESQ., Springfield Park Road, Eccles, near Man-
chester.
SALIS, J. F. W. DE, ESQ., Hillingdon Place, Uxbridge.
6 LIST OF MEMBERS.
SHAEP, SAMUEL, ESQ., F.G.S., Dallington Hall, Northampton.
SIM, GEORGE, ESQ., 40, Charlotte Square, Edinburgh.
SOTHEBT, MBS. LEIGH, Ivy House, Maiden, Kingston, Surrey.
TAYLOB, CHARLES E., ESQ., 2, Montague Street, Russell Square.
*THOMAS, EDWARD, ESQ., H.E.I.C.S., 1, Albert Place, Kensington.
TUBNEB, CAPT. FREDERICK C. POLHILL, Howbury Hall, Bedfordshire.
VAUX, W. SANDYS WBIGHT, ESQ., M.A., F.S.A, F.R.A.S., British
Museum, President.
VEITCH, REV. DOUGLAS, M.A., 2, Warrington Road, Maida Hill.
VENABLES, THOMAS, ESQ., Hamilton Terrace, St. John's Wood.
VIRTDE, GEORGE HENRY, ESQ., F.S.A., 26, Ivy Lane, Treasurer.
VIRTUE, JAMES SPRENT, ESQ., City Road.
WADDINGTON, W. H., ESQ., 14, Rue Fortin, Faubourg St. Honore,
Paris.
WARREN, HON. J. LEICESTER, M.A., 32A, Brook Street, Grosvenor
Square.
WEATHERLEY, REV. C., Hillingdon, Uxbridge.
WEBSTER, W., ESQ., 37, Great Russell Street, Covent Garden.
WHITBOURN, RICHARD, ESQ., F.S.A., Bank, Godalrning.
*WHITE, JAMES, ESQ., M.P., 2, Queen's Gate, Hyde Park.
WIGAN, EDWARD, ESQ., 17, Highbury Terrace.
WILKINSON, JOHN, ESQ., F.S.A., 3, Wellington Street, Strand.
WILLIAMS, JOHN, ESQ., F.S.A., Royal Astronomical Society, Somerset
House, Librarian.
WILSON, FREDERICK, ESQ., 8, Little Moorfields.
WINGROVE, DRUMMOND BOND, ESQ., 30, Wood Street, Cheapside.
*Wooo, SAMUEL, ESQ., F.S.A., Shrewsbury.
WORMS, GEORGE, ESQ., 27, Park Crescent, Regent's Park.
HONORARY MEMBERS.
ADRIAN, DB. J. D., Giessen.
AKERMAN, J. YONGE, ESQ., F.S.A., Abingdon, Berkshire.
ABNETH, PROF. JOSEPH, Vienna.
LIST OF MEMBERS. 7
BARTHELEMY, M. A. DE, 39, Rue d'Amsterdam, Paris.
BEHR, THE BARON, La Belgique.
BLACAS, M. LE Due DE, 79, Rue de Grenelle, Paris.
CARRARA, PROF. DR. FRANC, Spalatro, Dalmatia.
CASTELLANOS, SENOR DON BASILIO SEBASTIAN, Madrid.
CAVEDONI, M., Modena, Dir. de la Bib. Roy.
CHALON, M. RENIER, Brussels.
CLERCQ, M. J. LE, Brussels.
COCHET, M. L' ABBS', 128, Rue d'Ecosse, Dieppe.
COHEN, M. HENRI, 31, Rue de Navarin, Paris.
DELGADO, DON ANTONIO.
DIETRICHSTEIN, COUNT, Vienna.
DORN, DR. BERNHABD, St. Petersburg.
GONZALES, M. CARLO, Rome.
GROTE, DR. H. 3 Hanover.
GROTEFEND, DR. C. L., Hanover.
GUIOTH, M. LEON, Liege.
HART, A. WELLINGTON, ESQ., 16, Ex Place, New York.
HILDEBRAND, M. EniL BROR, Stockholm.
HOLMBOE, PROF., Christiana.
IVANHOFF, THE CHEVALIER THEODORE, Smyrna.
KCEHNE, M. LE BARON DE, Conseiller d'Etat, St. Petersburg.
LAPLANE, M. EDOUARD, St. Omer.
LEEMANS, DR. CONRAD, Leyden.
Lis T RIVES, SE^OR DON V. BERTRAN DE, Madrid.
LONGPE"RIER, M. ADRIEN DE, Muse*e du Louvre, Paris.
MINERVINI, CAR. GITJLIO, Rome.
NAMUR, DR. A., Luxembourg.
NORTHUMBERLAND, His GRACE THE DUKE OF, F.R.S., F.S.A.,
Northumberland House, Strand.
8 LIST OF MEMBERS.
OSTEN, THE BARON PROKESCH D', Constantinople.
PERTHES, M. JACQUES BOUCHER DE CRBVEOEUR DE, Abbeville.
PIETRASZEWSKI, DR. IGNATIUS, Berlin.
RICCIO, M. GENNARO, Naples.
SABATIER, M. J., 30, Rue Antoinette, Montmartre, Pans.
SAULCY, M. F. DE, 5, Rue du Cirque, Paris.
SAUSSAYE, M. DE LA, 34, Rue de TUniversite", Paris.
SMITH, DK. AQUILLA, M.R.I.A., 121, Baggot Street, Dublin.
SMITH, C. ROACH, ESQ., F.S.A., Temple Place, Strood, Kent.
THOMSEN, HERB CHRISTIAN JURGENSEN, Copenhagen.
VALLERSANI, IL PROF., Florence.
VERACHTER, M. FREDERICK, Antwerp.
WITTE, M. LE BARON DE, 5, Rue Fortin, Faubourg St. Honore, Paris.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NUMISMATIC
SOCIETY.
SESSION 186162.
OCTOBER 24, 1861.
J. WILLIAMS, Esq., Librarian, in the Chair.
The following presents were announced, and laid on the
table :
1. Bulletin de la Societe de Antiquaires de Normandie.
January and February, 1861. From the Society.
2. Proceedings and Papers of the Kilkenny and South-east of
Ireland Archaeological Society, vol. iii., Part. I., 1860; vol. iii.,
N.S., January, April, and July, 1861, Nos. 31, 32, 33. From the
Society.
In the number for 1860 there is a very interesting article, in
nine sections, by Dr. Aquilla Smith, M.D., M.R.I.A., on the
" Money of Necessity, issued in Ireland, in the reign of
Charles I."
The plates of Tokens, so kindly presented to the Society by
Mr. Rolfe, were exhibited to the meeting.
Mr. Sharp exhibited an ancient British coin of one of the sons
of Commius; a variety hitherto unpublished. It is of gold,
weighing 8l grains. Obv. COM. F. on a sunk tablet ; above
and below, a ring ornament. Rev. A horseman galloping to right,
wielding his sword ; behind, a star, in exergue a legend, appa-
rently VIR. There is an exergual line. It differs from other
specimens in having the ring ornaments on the obverse.
2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Mr. Williams exhibited the first volume of a series of Elec-
trotypes of Roman large and second brass chiefly the former
taken by himself, and when finished to consist of six volumes,
folio.
Mr. Evans read a communication from M. le Baron de Kohne,
Conseiller d'etat at St. Petersburg, "On the system at present in
use in cataloguing coins for sale," in which he advocated giving
fuller descriptions of the coins, and distributing them into smaller
lots.
Mr. Williams read a paper, communicated by W. B. Dickin-
son, Esq., " On Chinese Knife-Money." It is printed in full in
the Numismatic Chronicle, N.S., vol. ii. p. 213.
Mr. Madden read a paper, communicated by R. S. Poole, Esq.,
" On a coin from the Cyrenaica, presented to the British Museum
by the late F. H.Crowe, Esq., H.M. Consul at Cairo." The
paper is printed in full in the Numismatic Chronicle, N.S., vol.i.
>. 201.
NOVEMBER 21, 1861.
W. S. W. VAUX, Esq., President, in the Chair.
Professor Ramsay, of Glasgow, the Rev. J. H. Pollexfen, M. A.,
Morley Farrow, Esq., M.R.S.L., Henry Hartwright, Esq., and
George Sim, Esq., were elected members of the Society.
Mr. Sharp, exhibited a groat of Edward III., with the bust
extended through the tressure, and nearly to the inner circle of
the legend.
Mr. Boyne exhibited three silver medallions, one of Elaga-
balus, and two of Diadumenian, minted at Antioch. The portrait
on one of those of Diadumenian is curiously similar to that of Ela-
gabalus, and but for the MAP. OH. preceding the ANTCJUNINOC
in the legend, the coin might have been attributed to him. The
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 3
reverses of all three have an eagle either to the right or left, with
the usual inscription, AHMAPX. GEYIIATOC.
Mr. Sharp exhibited a large brass coin of Titus, with the
IVDAEA CAPTA reverse, but with a male captive standing facing
the palm-tree, instead of having the usual seated female figure.
Unfortunately, the coin is but in poor preservation.
Mr. Evans read a paper, communicated by S. Sharp, Esq.,
giving an account of an extremely rare foreign sterling of Marie
d'Artois, widow of John III., Count of Namur, who died in 1331.
The legend of the obverse is MARIA DCA ARTESN, and that of the
reverse MONETA MERAVD. The position of this mint of Meraude
had long been a puzzle to continental numismatists, but M. de
Lafontaine, after much research, has established the identity of
Meraude with Poilvache, a castle on the right bank of the Meuse,
three leagues from Namur, which Marie d'Artois bought in
1342 of John of Bohemia. This paper is printed .in full in the
Numismatic Chronicle, N.S., vol. ii. p. 32.
The Rev. Churchill Babington, B.D., communicated an account
of some unpublished Jewish coins. Among them were coins of
Antigonus, Herod the Great, and Archelaus, and one struck
under Tiberius by the procurators in Judaea. The coin of
Antigonus is remarkable for having a Greek inscription on the
same side as the cornucopias. Those of Herod the Great present
varieties of the ordinary types of the tripod and helmet, but are
of smaller module than those published by De Saulcy. The
coins of Herod Archelaus are very curious, having on the
obverse two horns of plenty united into one stem, with the legend
HPO, and on the reverse a galley of five oars with the legend
69NA (E6NAPXOY), and two uncertain Hebrew letters. This
paper will be found in full in the Numismatic Chronicle, N.S.,
vol. ii. p. 64.
Mr. Madden read a paper on the Imperial Consular Dress, in
which he entered at some length into the nature and names of
the various dresses worn by the emperors, and especially those
which denoted the consular office. He showed that beside the
4 PROCEEDINGS OP THE
paludamentum, which so frequently figures in descriptions of
coins, there are various other dresses represented on Roman
coins ; and suggested that the representation of the bust on the
coinage of the Lower Empire might be divided into three
classes: 1, ordinary or civil; 2, military; 3, consular. The
first shows the usual honours of the Augusti the laurel-wreath,
the diadem, paludamentum, cuirass, &c. ; the second, the helmet,
shield, cuirass, spear, the globe with Victory on it, &c. ; the third,
the laurel-wreath, the diadem, the tunica palmata, the lorum,
cuirass, sceptre, mappa, &c. Specimens of all three classes
are to be found among the coins of Probus. This paper will
be found in full in the Numismatic Chronicle, N.S., vol. i. p. 231.
DECEMBER 19, 1861.
The meeting of the Society was not held on this day, in con-
sequence of the death of H.R.H. the Prince Consort.
JANUARY 16, 1862.
W. S. W. VAUX, Esq., President, in the Chair.
John Leckenby, Esq., of Scarborough, was elected a member
of the Society.
The following presents were announced, and laid on the
table :
1. Sur nne Monnaie d'Oleg, &c., by Gen. Bartholomsei, M.
Hildebrand, Victor Langlois, &c. From M. Victor Langlois.
2. Trois Bulles d'or. \ by M. R. Chalon, from the
3. Florin d'or de Tecklenburg ) author.
Mr. George Sim communicated an account of the discovery
of an ancient British gold coin, inscribed BODVOC, in the garden
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 5
of a newly -built house near Dumfries. The coin, which is now
in the collection of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, is not
in fine condition, but gives the whole of the inscription, which is
but rarely the case with coins of the same type. They belong
to a rather late period in the British series, and are usually
found in the district once inhabited by the Dobuni, or Boduni,
in and around Gloucestershire. This fact is conclusive against
the attribution to Boadicea, suggested by some antiquaries.
Indeed, there is but little probability of any coins having ever
been struck in her name. The finding of the present coin at a
place so far north as Dumfries is remarkable. An account of
this coin, by J. Evans, Esq., will be found in the Numismatic
Chronicle, N.S., vol. ii. p. 153.
Mr. Evans exhibited a small British gold coin found at Earl's
Barton, Northamptonshire. It is of the type engraved in the
Numismatic Chronicle, vol. xix. p. 64, No. 10, with a cruciform
ornament on the obverse and a horse to the left on the reverse.
Beneath the horse is a small object, which appears to have been
intended to represent a hare ; and below this is an annulet.
The weight of the coin is 20^ grains, and the type is closely
allied with that of the small gold coins reading EPPI, ANDO, &c.
The Rev. J. H. Pollexfen, INF. A., exhibited a denarius of
Pertinax, with the LAETITIA TEMPOR. cos. n. reverse, lately
found at Colchester-. It appears that this is the first coin of
that emperor which is recorded to have been found in England.
Mr. Fairholt read a paper on some ancient German coins, in
which he alluded to the recent work of Dr. Streber on the coins
known as Hegen-bogen-schiisselchen, or " rainbow-dishes," and
exhibited drawings of several of these coins preserved in the
Museum at Augsburg, and there termed Kelti&che Hdhl-Miinzen.
The obverse of most of them is plain and convex, and the device
on the reverse or concave side is usually a semicircular tore (?)
accompanied by six pellets, though occasionally other devices
appear upon them. Mr. Fairholt was inclined to ascribe these
coins to a considerably later period than that assigned to them
6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
by Dr. Streber in the work before mentioned. This paper is
printed in full in the Numismatic Chronicle, N.S., vol. ii. p. 37.
Mr. Vaux read a communication from Mr. Dickinson, of
Leamington, relative to an Oriental coin, said to have been
found in digging the foundations of a house at Leamington.
The coin, which is of gold much alloyed with silver, was struck
by Govindra Chandra Deva, a prince who reigned about the
year 1120 of our era, at Knouj, an ancient Hindu capital, which
was situated a little to the west of Lucknow.
Mr. Warren, of Ixworth, communicated an account of a
hoard of coins found in taking down an old building near
Bury St. Edmunds. The coins, of which about 380 were
examined, consisted of a penny of Edward II., half-groats of
Edward III. (much worn), halfpence of Richard II., half-groats
of Henry V. and VI., groats and halfpence of Richard III.
(one of each), and groats and half-groats of Edward IV. and
Henry VII. Among the groats of the latter were several
with the open crown of his first coinage, and those with the
arched crown are quite sharp and fresh, showing that the hoard
must have been hidden soon after they were struck. Besides
the English coins there were a number of French and Burgun-
dian groats included in the deposit. See Numismatic Chronicle,
N.S., vol. ii. p. 148.
Mr. Maximilian Borrell communicated a long and interesting
paper on the coins of the Icings of Cappadocia, in which he
entered fully into the history of the monarchs by whom this
series was struck, and gave a list of the various coins. In
consequence of there having been so many different kings
known by the same name, Ariarathes or Ariobarzanes, there
has been great difficulty in properly attributing the various
coins The task will, however, be rendered easier by means of
the information collected by Mr. Borrell in this valuable paper.
This paper is printed in full in the Numismatic Chronicle, N.S.,
vol. ii. p. 1.
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.
FEBRUARY 20, 1862.
W. S. W. VAUX, Esq., President, in the Chair.
The following presents were announced and laid on the
table :
1. Proceedings of the Kilkenny and South-east of Ireland
Archaeological Society, vol. iii. N.S., October, 1861. Prom the
Society.
2. Bulletin de la Societe Imperiale Archeologique Russe.
From the Society.
3. One hundred and forty-two pennies of Henry II. in a
stone found at Ampthill, in Bedfordshire, in 1839. From Lieu-
tenant-General Fox.
Mr. Madden read a letter from Lieutenant-General Fox,
stating that he had much pleasure in presenting to the Society
a hoard of 142 pennies of Henry II., found in Bedfordshire, in
a hollow piece of ferruginous sandstone in the year 1839. The
stone and coins are engraved in the Numismatic Chronicle, vol. ii.
p. 54:, and from the account there given it appears that they
were found at Bickerings Park, in the parish of Millbrook, near
Ampthill. The type is of the ordinary character, and the
hollow stone one of those indurated nodules so common in the
Leighton Sands, which form the subsoil near Ampthill. An
examination of the coins was undertaken by the Rev. Assheton
Pownall.
The Rev. Assheton Pownall, M.A., communicated a notice,
by Mr. Dickinson, of Leamington, of some coins found in the
church of Barnby Dun, near Doncaster, consisting of a penny
of Edward II., farthings of Robert Bruce and Edward III., and
a halfpenny of Henry IV.
The Rev. Churchill Babington, B.D., communicated a paper
on an unedited autonomous coin of Pessinus, in Galatia, with
some remarks on the origin of the name of the city. The
8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
paper is printed in full in the Numismatic Chronicle, N.S.,
vol. ii. p. 136.
Mr. Evans communicated a further notice of the British gold
coin inscribed BODVOC, found near Dumfries, and showed that
it belonged to the series of coins struck in the western part of
Britain, and could not by any possibility have been struck by
Boadicea, of whom no coins are known, nor even of her husband
Prasutagus, who, from his wealth and the peaceful occupation
of his territory accorded him by the Romans, was far more
likely to have coined money. Mr. Evans called attention to
an inscription in Glamorganshire, recorded in Camden's
" Britannia," which commemorates the death of a Bodvoc, and
shows that the name was still in use among the descendants of
the Britons some centuries after the date of these coins. This
paper will be found in full in the Numismatic Chronicle, N.S.,
vol. ii. p. 153.
Mr. Madden read a paper by himself, " On some unpublished
Roman coins," giving an interesting account of the history at
the time of Constantino, and the mint-marks of the period.
The paper is printed in full in the Numismatic Chronicle, N.S.,
vol. ii. p. 39.
MARCH 20, 1862.
W. S. W. VAUX, Esq., President, in the Chair.
Thomas James Arnold, Esq., was elected a member of the
Society.
The following present was announced and laid on the
table :
1. On the Russo- Byzantine coins formerly attributed to Oleg.
From M. le Baron de Kohne.
Mr. Vaux read a letter from J. R. Stewart, Esq., giving an
account of a find of Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Danish coins in
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 9
Ireland ; they were thirty-six in numher, and among them
were several fine specimens of Anlaf with the Raven type.
Mr. Evans exhibited an impression of a gold hexadrachm of
Berenice, communicated by the Rev. H. C. Reichardt, of Cairo.
Mr. Vaux read a paper, communicated by W. B. Dickin-
son, Esq., being remarks on an article on Assyrian antiquities,
in the seventh volume of the Transactions of the Royal Society
of Literature, by H. Fox Talbot, Esq. In this article Mr. Talbot
translates a Cuneitic inscription on the cylinder of Sargon, which
is in the British Museum, and of the date B.C. 721, as making
mention of coined money : " The money of the inhabitants of
this city ... I renewed both in silver and copper, in accordance
with their prayers : I made coins, but not of gold, which
money the people did not wish for, and gave them to the
inhabitants, both present and future, to be their own property."
Mr. Dickinson was not inclined to admit that this inscription
establishes the existence of coined money at a period antecedent
to that which numismatists, on grounds derived from history
and from coins, assign for the origin of coinage. This paper is
printed in full in the Numismatic Chronicle, N.S., vol. ii. p. 123.
Mr. Madden read a communication from A. W. Franks, Esq.,
giving an account of thirty-eight unpublished London tokens of
the seventeenth century, in the British Museum. The number
of tokens of London and Southwark and their suburbs, pub-
lished in Mr. Boyne's work upon the " English Tokens of the
Seventeenth Century," is 3,326, of which only 471 are wanting
in the Museum collection. See Numismatic Chronicle, N.S.,
vol. ii. p. 81.
Mr. Vaux read some notes on two Oriental coins in the col-
lection of Mr. Freudenthal. They are both Persian coins of
the last century, and their peculiarity is that the inscriptions,
instead of running from right to left, as is usually the case with
all Eastern languages, run from left to right, in the European
manner.
10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
APRIL 24:, 1862.
W. S. W. VAUX, Esq., President, in the Chair.
Frederick Wilson, Esq., was elected a member of the Society.
MM. le Due de Blacas, A. de Barthe'lemy, and Henri Cohen
were elected honorary members of the Society.
The following presents were announced, and laid on the
table :
1. Another pamphlet on Oleg. Tirage a part. From M. le
Baron de Ko'hne.
2. Memoires de la Societe Imperiale d'Emulation d'Abbe-
ville, 1857, 8, 9, 60, and 61. From the Society.
3. Bulletins de la Societe des Antiquaires de I 1 Quest.
1st Part, 1862. From the Society.
4. Merau de Robert Willocqueau, Abbe de St. Pierre, a
Gand. Tirage a part. From M. R. Chalon.
5. Monnaies, Medailles, Jetons, etc., inedites. Tirage a
part. From M. R. Chalon.
6. Un Sceau du Chapitre de Liege. Tirage a part. From
M. R. Chalon.
7. Bulletins de la Societe des Antiquaires de Normandie.
2nde annee, 2 et 3 trimestre.
8. Memoires de la Societe des Antiquaires de Normandie,
Se'me et 4:eme livraison, 1861. From M. A. Charma, through
Rev. Mackenzie Walcott.
Mr. J. Y. Akerman exhibited a cast of a brass coin of
Cunobeline, of the type engraved in the Numismatic Chronicle,
vol. xviii. p. 36, and Ruding, PL v. 29, having on the obverse
CVNOB, a horseman with shield, to the right ; and on the
reverse, TASCIIOVANTIS, an armed figure, standing. This coin
was found at Abingdon, and the legend of the reverse is
remarkable as proving that the name of the father of Cunobeline
was Latinised under the form of TASCIOVANS, as well as under
the far more usual form of TASCIOVANUS.
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 11
The Rev. J. H. Pollexfen, M.A., exhibited three coins
of Cunobeline, found at Colchester. The first was in gold,
of the small size and of the usual type. The legend on the
obverse is, however, CAM-CVN, instead of the ordinary CAMV,
though the die has been so much larger than the coin, that the
first letter does not appear on the coin, and only a portion of
the N is visible. There is no legend under the horse on the
reverse, but this is also probably in consequence of the coin
being smaller than the die, as on a coin with the same legend
on the obverse engraved in Gibson's Camden's "Britannia,"
(ed. 1698), PL ii. 12, the letters CVN are shown beneath the
horse. The second coin was a very fine specimen of the type
of Ruding, PL v. 21, with CVNOBELIN, and the head of Jupiter
Ammon, to the left, on the obverse ; and CAM., a horseman with
a round shield, to the left, on the reverse. The third coin was
of the same character as that engraved in the Numismatic
Chronicle, vol. xx. p. 157, No. 2, with a winged animal on the
obverse, and Victory on the reverse, with the legend CVN.
Mr. Vaux exhibited a cast of a groat of Henry IV., V., or
VI., found at Bermondsey, in the house of Sir John Pope,
which was built about the year 1420. This coin is in a
beautiful state of preservation, and has been presented to the
British Museum by J. C. Buckler, Esq.
Mr. Madden exhibited a cast of a rare silver coin of
Michael VII. and Maria (10711078), lately presented to the
British Museum by Madame Trenefidi.
Mr. Madden exhibited a cast of a pattern of a halfpenny of
the reign of George III. It is similar to the halfpennies
designed by the French artist Droz, save that Britannia is nude.
The work is beautiful, but the design evidently the mere whim
of the artist.
Mr. Rolfe exhibited a very finely-preserved brass coin of
Carausius, with the reverse ADVENTVS AVG.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE
MAY 15, 1862.
W. S. W. VAUX, Esq., President, in the Chair.
"W. H. Waddington, Esq., was elected a member of the
Society.
The following presents were announced, and laid on the
table :
1. Revue Numismatique Beige, lere livraison, 1862. From
the Society.
2. AperQU de 1'Histoire de 1'Ordre de Ste. Catherine. From
M. le Baron de Kdhne.
3. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol. xix. No. 3.
From the Society.
4. Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and
Cheshire, N.S., vol. i. vol. xiii. 1860-61. From the Society.
5. Kilkenny Archaeological Journal, vol. iv. N.S., No. 35.
From the Society.
6. Revue de la Numismatique Beige, 3eme serie, 2eme
livraison, 1862. From the Society.
7. Eine seltere Erzmiinze das Achaischen Bundesgeldes. By
C. T. Bittermann. From the author.
8. Annuaire de 1'Academie Royale de Bruxelles, 1862.
From the Academy.
9. Jahnbvicher in Rheinland, 16th year, No. 31. From the
Society of Bonn.
10. Das Bad der Romischen Villa bei Allenz. By E. Weerth.
From the author.
11. Bulletin de 1' Academic Royale, 30eme annee, torn, xi., xii.,
Bruxellee, 1861. From the Academy.
12. Inscriptions Runiques de Schleswig, Copenhagen, 1861.
By C. Rafn. From the author.
13. Memoires de la Societe Royale des Autiquaires du Nord,
185060.
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 13
14. War Medals in the collection of Robert Hudson, Esq.
From the author.
Mr. Rolfe called the attention of the Society to a leaden or
pewter religious medal of large size, which there was little
doubt was a modern fabrication.
Mr. Peacock exhibited through Mr. Roach Smith, some en-
larged drawings of several Saxon coins lately discovered in the
neighbourhood of Chester : they consisted principally of pennies
of Edward the Elder, St. Peter, and St. Edmund. A list of
them is given in the Numismatic Chronicle, vol. ii. p. 305.
Mr. Vaux exhibited some Oriental copper coins belonging to
"W. H. Crank, Esq., which were remarkable as bearing legends
in which English names and Roman characters were mixed
with those of native Indian origin.
Mr. E. Pretty exhibited impressions of a penny of Henry III.,
found at Northampton, and bearing the name of the moneyer,
NICOLE ON NORHAM. It is remarkable as being a plated coin,
for the forged coins of the period are merely washed with silver,
though the practice of plating them had been in common use
among the Romans.
Dr. Lee exhibited a half-shekel of Simon Barcocab bearing
the date of " the second year."
Mr. Madden read a notice, by R. Westmacott, Esq., of a
medal of Pope Paul III., on the reverse of which is a naked
youth (Ganymede ?), carrying on his shoulder a water-pot, with
which he is watering a lily. The legend is <EPNH ZHNO2
EYPAINEI, which is usually translated Dos Jovis bene irrigat.
In the " Tresor de Numismatique et de Glyptique " it is trans-
lated II arrose le don de Jupiter, which is evidently incorrect,
as <I>EPNH must be in the nominative case. Mr. Westmacott
suggests that the legend is a play upon the Pope's family name
and device. Paul III. was of the house of Farnese, $EPNH
ZHNO2 becomes then Farnesinus, and EYPAINEI " bene irri-
gat" his own family, represented by the Farnese lily; not by any
means an unusual proceeding on the part of sovereign pontiffs.
14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
The Abbe Cochet, of Dieppe, comnmnicated an account of a
cross or medal of St. Benedict, a sort of religious medal, the
origin of which is of considerable antiquity, but which was
especially in favour in the seventeenth century. That of which
a drawing was exhibited had been found in the grave of a
Benedictine monk, in the abbey of Fontenelle. It has a loop
for suspension, and bears on the one side a cross moline, on
which are the letters
c
8
N D S M D
M
L
In the angles of the cross are the letters C.S.P.B., which stand
for " Crux Sancti Patris Benedicti." The letters on the cross
are thus interpreted, "Crux Sancti Sit Mihi Lux Non Daemon
Sit Mihi Dux." On the centre of the other side are the letters
i H s with the three nails of the Passion, and around it the
legend v. R. s. N. s. M. v. s. v. Q. L. i. v. B. These mysterious
letters are the initials of the following couplets, or leonine
hexameters :
Vade Retro Sataua
Non Suadeas Mihi Vana
Sunt Vana Quse Libas
Ipse Venena Bibas.
In illustration of this communication Mr. Evans exhibited
a medal of a similar character from his own collection, but
having the figure of the saint upon the obverse ; and the cross,
together with the whole of the mysterious inscriptions, on the
reverse ; and read a short paper containing some farther remarks
upon the subject of similar acrostic inscriptions.
The Rev. Assheton Pownall, M.A., communicated an account
of the hoard of pennies of Henry II., found some years ago at
Ampthill, Beds., and lately presented to the Numismatic Society
by Lieutenant-General Fox. This account is printed in full in
the Numismatic Chronicle, N.S., vol. ii. p. 233.
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 15
JUNE 19, 1862.
ANNIVERSARY MEETING.
W. S. W. VAUX, President, in the Chair.
The Lady Ashburton, William Forster, Esq., Lieut. -Colonel
Frederick Fraser, the Lord Bishop of Jerusalem, Marten Perry,
Esq., M.D,, Mrs. Leigh Sotheby, and the Rev. Douglas Veitch,
M.A., were elected members of the Society.
The minutes of the last Anniversary Meeting were read and
confirmed, and the following Report of the Council was read to
the meeting :
GENTLEMEN, In accordance with the usual custom of the
Society, the Council have the honour to lay before you the Report
of the Numismatic Society, at this, another Anniversary Meet-
ing. The Council may certainly congratulate the Society on the
flourishing condition it this day presents, both as to the number
of new members added to its list, and to its comparatively small
loss by deaths.
The members whom we have lost by death are Leigh
Sotheby, Esq., F.S.A., F.R.G.S., and Walter Hawkins, Esq.,
F.S.A.
The honorary member who is deceased is M. le Baron de
Pirche.
The Council have, however, the pleasure of recording the
election of the eleven following members :
Thomas James Arnold, Esq.
The Lady Ashburton.
William Forster, Esq.
Lieut. -Colonel Frederick Fraser.
The Lord Bishop of Jerusalem.
' John Leckenby, Esq.
Marten Perry, Esq., M.D.
16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Mrs. Leigh Sotheby.
Rev. Douglas Veitch, M.A.
W. H. Waddington, Esq.
Frederick Wilson, Esq.
In the last annual report of the Council they were ahle to
congratulate the Society on the election of thirteen members,
their loss being only one. This year there are only eleven elected,
and there are two deceased. The Council trust that future reports
will show an increased number added yearly to their list.
According to our Secretary's report, our actual numbers are
as follows. It may be remarked, that several of the honorary
members whose names were counted as belonging to us last
June, and who were printed as such in the list of last December,
have been dead for some years, and consequently our numbers
this year will, in that division, be less. This will accoiint for the
sum total being smaller than it otherwise would have been.
Original. Elected. Honorary. Total.
Members, June, 1861 10 60 43 113
Since Elected 11 3 14
Deceased
Resigned
10
1
71
I
46
1
127
3
Total, June, 1862 9 70 45 124
We now proceed to give a short notice of our two deceased
members, taking first Mr. Sotheby, who, as it will be seen, was
one of the original members of this Society.
The late Leigh Sotheby was the younger son of Samuel
Sotheby, by his first wife Harriett Barton, of the Isle of Wight.
He was born August 31, 1805, and in 1842 married . Julia
Emma, youngest daughter of Henry Jones Pitcher, Esq., of
Northfleet, Kent, by whom he has left two daughters, Alice
Marian and Rosa Mary, and one surviving son, Frederic Petit
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 17
Wilkinson, aged twelve years. Mr. Sotheby lived for some years
at a residence near the Crystal Palace, "The Woodlands,"
Norwood. There he collected a number of cabinet paintings,
which he lately exhibited to the public gratuitously in the new
Fine Art Auction Gallery, erected for Messrs. Sotheby and
Wilkinson as an addition to their house of business.
The following is a list of Mr. Sotheby's publications :
" Unpublished Documents, Marginal Notes, and Memoranda
in the Autographs of Philip Melancthon and Martin Luther,
with numerous Facsimiles, and Observations upon the Varieties
of Style in the Handwritings of these Reformers." 1840.
" The Typography of the Fifteenth Century ; being specimens
of the productions of the Early Continental Printers. Arranged
and edited from the bibliographical collection of the late Samuel
Sotheby." 1845.
" Principia Typographica. The Block Books or Xylographic
Delineations of Scripture History, issued in Holland, Flanders,
and Germany during the Fifteenth century. To which is added
an attempt to elucidate the character of the Paper-marks of the
Period." 3 vols. imp. 4to. 1858.
" Memoranda relating to the Block Books preserved in the
Bibliotheque Imperiale, Paris." 1859.
" Ramblings in the Ehicidation of the Autograph of Milton."
Imp. 4to., with 27 plates. The profits of this work were to be
given to the " Booksellers' Provident Society and Retreat ; " " The
Literary Fund;" "The Printers' Provident Society;" and
" The Royal Dramatic College."
Mr. Sotheby left also a MS. collection relating to the works
of the early poets to the year 1660, commenced at the age of
fourteen, and continued to the time of his death. We believe
that Mrs. Sotheby contemplates publishing this.
Mr. Sotheby died in the fifty-fifth year of his age, on June 19,
1861, at Buckfast Leigh Abbey, of which he had taken a lease.
The circumstances of his death are very distressing, as he had
gone out for a ramble as usual, and it was not till the following
18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
morning that his body was found in the river Dart. It is sup-
posed that he was suddenly seized with disease of the heart,
when near the river.
The late Walter Hawkins was horn in London in 1787. He
was educated at Hackney, and was for many years in business
as a ship and insurance broker, by which he realised a handsome
competency, and was much respected for the scrupulous integrity
with which his affairs were conducted. About the year 1848
he retired from business, and devoted much attention to the
study of numismatics. In the year 1839 he caused a medal to
be struck, termed by him the " W. H." medal. It is peculiar,
inasmuch as the obverse is divided into two compartments and
presents us with three separate subjects. The upper compart-
ment is a representation of the well-known ancient story of the
aged stranger entering the theatre at Athens, and being received
with courtesy by the Spartans after having been rudely repulsed
by the Athenians. In the left section of the lower compartment
we see Socrates conversing with his friends, and about to take
the poison, typical of " Integrity?' The right section of this
compartment presents us with Demosthenes in the act of
declaiming on the sea-shore, alluding to "Industry." The
reverse has upon it simply the inscription, " W. H. To encou-
rage steady perseverance in industry, courtesy, and integrity,"
surmounted by an ornamental border. This medal he was in
the habit of presenting to young persons, in the hope it might
prove effectual in promoting the qualities mentioned on it.
Mr. W. Hawkins was the author of a paper published in the
Archaeologia, vol. xxxii., entitled " Observations on the use of the
Sling as a Warlike Weapon among the Ancients," and also of
the following, published in the NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE:
1. Note on the Change of Position in the Legend of the Dollar
of 1567, of John George II., Elector of Saxony, vol. iv., p. 169 ;
2. On a Russian Beard Token, vol. vii., pp. 153 155.
His collection of medals amounts to more than 2,000 in all
metals, and his coins, illustrating the currency of the various
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 19
nations, both ancient and modern, number from 2,000 to 3,000
specimens. They are arranged alphabetically under the names
of the respective states, and collectively are of great value and
interest, much of which would be lost were they to be separated
and dispersed. His coins, medals, and books on numismatics
are bequeathed to the Eoyal United Service Institution. His
other books and miscellaneous collections will shortly be sold by
auction.
Mr. Walter Hawkins died, after a short illness of about three
days, on the 27th Jamiary, 1862, in the seventy-fifth year of his
age, and is regretted by numerous friends and acquaintances.
The Council also have the honour to record the election of
the three following gentlemen as honorary members :
M. le Due de Blacas,
M. A. de Barthelemy,
M. Henri Cohen.
In concluding their report, the Council beg to call the attention
of the Society to the fact that it is the duty of each member to
strive to obtain, as far as private influence can manage, an
addition of members to those now enrolled; also, that it is
absolutely necessary that all the members should help by contri-
buting from time to time papers for the Chronicle, as it will be
impossible, without more funds and more cordial co-operation,
to produce the Chronicle with the same regularity as at present,
or to represent, in a fit manner, the state of Numismatic
Science in Great Britain.
The Council can confidently congratulate the Society on the
first volume of the New Series, produced last year, and sincerely
trust that future years will show no falling off, either for want
of funds or want of the assistance of members.
The balance sheet of our Treasurer is as follows :
00
3 ft
9 H
O
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CO
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H
H
at -3
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* K
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PROCEEDINGS OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 21
A list of the papers contributed to the ordinary meetings of
the Society was then read.
The meeting then proceeded to ballot for the officers of the
ensuing year, when the following gentlemen were elected :
President.
W. 8. W. VATTX, ESQ., M.A., F.S.A., F.R.A.S.
Vice -Presidents.
EDWAED HAWKINS, ESQ., F.S.A., F.L.S.
JOHN LEE, ESQ., LL.D., F.E.S.
Treasurer.
GEOEGE H. VIETUE, ESQ., F.S.A.
Secretaries.
JOHN EVANS, ESQ., F.S.A., F.G.S.
FEED. "W. MADDEN, ESQ., M.R.S.L.
Foreign Secretary.
JOHN YONGE AKEEMAN, ESQ., F.S.A.
Librarian.
JOHN WILLIAMS, ESQ., F.S.A.
Members of the Council. '
J. B. BEEGNE, ESQ., F.S.A.
W. BOTNE, ESQ., F.S.A.
F. W. FAIEHOLT, ESQ., F.S.A.
KEV. F. K HAEFOED, M.A., F.S.A.
REV. J. H. POLLEXFEN, M.A.
REV. ASSHETON POWNALL, M.A.
H. W. ROLFE, ESQ.
J. F. "W. DE SALTS, ESQ.
HON. J. LEICESTEE WAEEEN, M.A.
R. WHITBOTON, ESQ., F.S.A.
The Society then adjourned till October 16th, 1862.
I.
COINS OP THE KINGS OF CAPPADOCIA.
[Read before the Numismatic Society, January 16th, 1862.]
DATAMES.
CAMISSARES, Satrap of Cilicia, a Carian by birth, having
been slain in the war against the Cadusii, during the
reign of Artaxerxes II. Mnemon in B.C. 382, his son
Datames was appointed to succeed him in the govern-
ment of that province, and after having reduced to sub-
jection the revolted satraps, Thy us of Paphlagonia and
Aspis of Cataonia, he was entrusted by the Persian
monarch with the command of a force designed for the
recovery of Egypt ; but, while absent on that service, the
machinations of his enemies, at the court of Mnemon,
finally induced him to throw off his allegiance to the
Great King, and, making common cause with some other
revolted satraps, he withdrew with his troops into Cappa-
docia, where, after having successively defeated Arta-
bazus and Autophradates, who had remained faithful to
Artaxerxes, he succeeded in establishing an independent
authority, which he transmitted to his descendants, and
VOL. II. N.S. B
2 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
which was enjoyed by them for a period of about four
hundred years. He was, however, after a brief reign,
treacherously assassinated by Mithradates, the son of
Ariobarzanes, who had gained his confidence by affecting
hostility to the Persian king. The precise date of his
death is not known ; but as Cornelius Nepos states that it
took place before that of Mnemon, it has been approxi-
matively fixed at about B.C. 362.
ARIAMNES.
Notwithstanding the violent death of Datames, the
government of Cappadocia seems to have quietly devolved
upon his son Ariamnes, to whom Diodorus assigns a reign
of fifty years ; but this must be an error, for it appears
certain, as will be seen in the notice of the next reign,
that, in B.C. 350, the satrapy of Cappadocia was in the
hands of his son.
ARIARATHES.
This satrap king is distinguished in history for his great
affection towards his brother Holophernes, whom he sent
to assist the Persian monarch, Ochus, in the reconquest of
Egypt in B.C. 350. He appears to have reigned peaceably
till the death of Alexander the Great, when Cappadocia,
with Paphlagonia and part of Pontus, was conferred by
the regent Perdiccas upon Eumenes of Cardia, and on
the refusal of Ariarathes to submit to that arrangement,
a war ensued, in which he was unsuccessful, and being
taken prisoner, he is said to have been crucified, together
with many of his relations, by order of the conqueror,
in B.C. 322.
At this period there is much confusion in the chronology
of Cappadocia, for, instead of one, Diodorus records two
COINS OP THE KINGS OF CAPPADOCIA. 3
kings, or satraps, of the name of Ariarathes, between the
death of Ariamnes and the accession of Eumenes, and
thus we find in Eckhel (Doct. Num. Vet., iii. p. 196)
ARIARATHES I. cum Artaxerxe Ocho contra ^Egyptios arma
jungit. Holophernem fratrem regni socium adhibet.
ARIARATHES II. Eo regnante Alexander Persarum im-
perium evertit. Alexandro mortuo Perdiccas Eumenem mittit,
qui victo cassoque Ariarathe Cappadociam sibi subjicit u.c. 432
=A.X. 322.
EUMENES.
This personage, a native of Cardia, in the Thracian
Chersonesus, was originally grammateus, or secretary, to
Alexander the Great, and after the death of the con-
queror, became one of the most distinguished generals
among his successors, and having obtained possession of
the important provinces of Cappadocia and Paphlagonia, we
find him engaged in all the most important events which
occurred during the struggle for power between him and
the other generals of Alexander; but, eventually, after
being defeated in a great battle against Antigonus and
his son Demetrius Poliorcetes, he was treacherously de-
livered up by the Argyraspides, who, since the death of
Alexander, had to that time followed the fortunes of
Eumenes, and was shortly afterwards put to death in
B.C. 316.
In the British Museum there is a tetradrachm bear-
ing, on the obverse a diademed portrait, and, on the
reverse, the device of the Dioscuri, with the inscription
BASIAEQS . EYMENOY. This extremely interesting, and, ap-
parently, unique numismatic monument has been thought
to refer to the Eumenes now under consideration ; but the
title of BaffiAttDc, which occurs upon it, is fatal to such
an attribution, it being a well-attested historical fact that
4 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
the immediate successors of Alexander did not arrogate to
themselves the regal title till after the great sea-fight off
5 alarms, in Cyprus, in which Ptolemy, the then ruler of
Egypt, was defeated by Poliorcetes in B.C. 306, or ten
years after the death of Eumenes of Cardia.
ARIARATHES II.
(ARIARATHES III. Eckhel.}
On the murder of his uncle Ariarathes in B.C. 322, this
prince, who was the son of his brother Holophernes,
escaped into Armenia, and on the death of Eumenes in
B.C. 316, he, with the assistance of the Armenian monarch,
Ardoates, recovered Cappadocia, and slew Amyntas, who
appears to have been appointed to govern in the absence
of Eumenes ; but nothing more is known of him than that
he was succeeded by the eldest of his three sons
ARIAMNES II.,
Who seems to have shared his crown and authority during
his lifetime with his son and successor.
ARIARATHES III., .
(ARIARATHES IV. EckheL)
Of whom we only know that he was married to Stratonice,
a daughter of Antiochus II. of Syria. His death is said
to have occurred in B.C. 220, when he was succeeded by
his son of the same name.
COIN ATTRIBUTED TO THIS KlNG.
1. Head of the king, bound with a fillet, or regal diadem, to
right.
BA2IAEO2 . APIAPA0OY. Minerva seated on a throne,
the left arm resting on her shield, and supporting
a statuette of Victory on the extended right hand;
COINS OF THE KINGS OF CAPPADOCIA. 5
under the Victory, the monogram ^, and beyond
the legend, to right, an owl on a small bunch of
grapes, and to left, the letter A- (French
Museum. Mionnet, iv. 442, 1, and PL Ixxvii.
fig. 5.) M 8. Weight 253 1 grs.
This tetradrachm was, by Pellerin, appropriated to
Ariarathes I. or II. ; but should any coins come down to
us which, with any degree of certainty, could be attri-
buted to either of those monarchs, they would, in all
probability, bear a Persian, rather than a pure Greek
device. It is for that reason that Eckhel preferred to
ascribe it to the Ariarathes IV. of his list.
According to the present state of numismatic science,
the seated Minerva was first adopted as a monetary type
by Lysimachus, one of the immediate successors of Alex-
ander, and, after him, by the Philetseri at Pergamus. It
is, therefore, not surprising to find it on the money of
Ariarathes after he had become identified with the several
Macedonian dynasties then reigning in Asia, by his
marriage with the Syrian princess, Stratonice ; but what-
ever might have been the motive which influenced him in
the selection of that particular device, it will be seen that,
with the exception of the coins of Archelaus, it is the only
one in use on those of all his successors, though, after his
time, the deity is represented standing instead of seated.
The letter A on this coin probably denotes that it was
issued in the fourth regnal year of the king by whom it
may have been minted; but as we only know the date
of the death of Ariarathes III. (IV.), and not that of his
accession, the year to which it refers cannot be deter-
mined. It may, however, be incidentally observed, that
neither Eckhel nor Mionnet appear to regard it as a
numeral the former only says " in area noctua, et literae
solitaries," from which it might be inferred that he was
6 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
acquainted with more than one specimen, and the latter
even omits to notice it in his description, though it
appears on the figure in his " Recueil des Planches " as
cited above.
ARIARATHES IV.
(ARIARATHES V. Eckhel.}
This prince, a mere child at the period of his accession;
is represented to have reigned for no less a time than
fifty-seven years, namely, B.C. 220 to 163, a fact of great
numismatic and chronological importance, as it serves to
identify his portrait at an advanced age by means of a
silver drachm which is presumed to record his fifty-third
regnal year.
Having married the Seleucid Princess Antiochis, the
daughter of Antiochus the Great, King of Syria, he
assisted that monarch in his wars against the Romans ;
but on the defeat of Antiochus by Scipio at the battle of
Magnesia in B.C. 190, he, in consideration, as it is said,
of his daughter being about that time betrothed to
Eumenes, the then reigning King of Pergamus, and the
friend and ally of the Roman people, he obtained favour-
able terms by the treaty of peace he eventually concluded
with them.
Of Antiochis, the wife of this prince, a story is told
to the effect that, not having borne any children to her
husband, she introduced two supposititious sons, who
were called Ariarathes and Holophernes, but subsequently
becoming the mother of two daughters and of a son,
Mithradates, afterwards called Ariarathes, she then in-
formed the king of the deception she had practised upon
him, and, in consequence, the other two were sent away
one of them to Rome, the other to some city in Ionia.
COINS OF THE KINGS OF CAPPADOCIA. 7
COIN ATTRIBUTED TO ARIARATHES IV, (OR V.)
2. Diademed portrait of the king.
BA2IAEO2 . APIAPA0OY . EY2EBOY2 . TN. (Year 53
= B.C. 167.) Minerva, standing, and supporting
the simulacrum of Victory on her extended right
hand. (Cabinet of the late M. Allier. Mt. iv.
444, 17.) Ml.
The presumed regnal year on this drachm, as has been
already noticed, proves that it must belong to this king.
It is selected from many others bearing a similar portrait,
the same surname, and dates ranging from the first to the
thirty-third regnal year ; these, however, not being so
certain, will be found below, with others which cannot
be so satisfactorily appropriated. This remarkable date
was unknown to Eckhel, though he states that Belley had
affirmed that this monarch bore the surname of " Eusebes,"
or " The Pious."
ARIARATHES V.
(ARIARATHES VI. Eckhel.)
This monarch, previous to his accession called Mithra-
dates, succeeded on the death of his father in B.C. 163.
He is known to have been surnamed " Philopator/' and
to have been distinguished by his cultivation of philosophy
and the liberal arts.
In consequence of his having rejected, at the express
wish of the Romans, a marriage with the sister of
Demetrius Soter, King of Syria, that monarch made
successful war upon him, and brought forward Holo-
phernes, one of the supposititious sons of the late king,
as a claimant to the throne, and thus was Ariarathes
deprived of his kingdom in B.C. 158; but he was soon
afterwards restored by the Romans, who, however, appear
8 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
to have permitted Holophernes to reign jointly with him,
as is stated by Appian (Syr. 47) and implied by Polybius
(xxxiii. 20) .
By his wife, Laodice, Ariarathes had six sons, all of
whom, except the youngest, she caused to be put to
death, in order that she herself might continue to exer-
cise the supreme power in their name, without any inter-
ference on their part; but at length, roused by her
unnatural crimes, the people rose in insurrection, and
having put an end to her cruelties with her life, placed
her only surviving son on the throne of his ancestors.
COINS ATTRIBUTED TO ARIARATHES V. (OR VI.)
3. Diademed portrait of the king.
BASIAEO2 . APIAPA0OY . EY2EBOY2 <MAOIIATOPO2.
Minerva Victrix standing precisely as on the
money of his predecessor ; on the exergue, A.
(Regnal year 1 = B.C. 163.) (Northwick col-
lection. Mt. Sup. vii. 718, 10.) M 8. Weight
246 grs.
4. Same type, but with the date F. (Regnal year 3 = B.C. 161.)
(French Museum. Mt. iv. 445, 19.) M 8.
Weight 222 T 2 7 grs.
Neither of these tetradrachms were known to Eckhel ;
they are assigned to the 5th Ariarathes on account of the
surname " Philopator," though history is silent as to the
additional epithet, " Eusebes." Both varieties, as such,
are presumed to be unique. The late Lord Northwick' s
specimen was presented to him by his friend, Lord Edward
O'Brien, who purchased it of a Neapolitan peasant in the
streets of Naples, for a mere trifle, in 1799.
ARIARATHES VI.
(ARIARATHES VII. Eckhel.}
Succeeded to the throne in B.C. 130, and in return for
the services rendered by his father to the Romans in their
COINS OF THE KINGS OF CAPPADOCIA. 9
war against Aristonicus of Pergamus, they added Lycaonia
and Cilicia to the dominions of his son, who, then in
comparative infancy, continued to reign for a period of
thirty-four years, namely, from B.C. 130 to 96. This
prince was married to Laodice, the sister of Mithradates,
King of Pontus, and was eventually assassinated by one
Gordus, who, although a Cappadocian by birth, was the
emissary of that monarch in his ambitious designs upon
the dominions of his relative.
On the death of this Ariarathes, Cappadocia was seized
by the then King of Bithynia, Nicomedes II., who married
the widow of the late king, but he was soon expelled by
Mithradates, who placed on the throne his eldest nephew,
ARIARATHES VII.
ARIARATHES VIII. (Eckhel.*)
He was, however, almost immediately afterwards also
put to death, by order of his uncle, who then took pos-
session of his kingdom about B.C. 95.
Mithradates now reigned in Cappadocia; but his
habitual cruelties and violence soon brought about a
rebellion, which resulted in his expulsion, and the con-
sequent accession of
ARIARATHES VIII.
(ARIARATHES IX. Eckhel.}
The second son of Ariarathes VI., and brother of Aria-
rathes VII. ; but he was also speedily driven out by the
King of Pontus, and shortly afterwards died a natural
death. By this event the first royal family of Cappadocia
became extinct.
On the decease of this prince, Mithradates placed upon
VOL. II. N.S. C
10 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
the throne one of his own sons, who was only eight years
old. Nicomedes of Bithynia sent an embassy to Rome
to lay claim to the succession for a youth who, he pre-
tended, was the third son of Ariarathes VI. and of
Laodice. Mithradates sent another embassy to assert
that the youth he had placed upon the throne was a
descendant of that Ariarathes who fell in the war with
Aristonicus of Pergamus in B.C. 130. The Roman senate,
however, refused to listen to either of the claimants, and
granted liberty to the Cappadocians ; but as the people
preferred to be governed by a king, the Romans allowed
them to choose one for themselves, and their choice fell
upon Ariobarzanes, who thus became the founder of the
Second Royal Dynasty of Cappadocia.
REGAL COINS OF CAPPADOCIA OF THE FIRST
DYNASTY, INSCRIBED WITH THE NAME OF
"ARIARATHES."
I. WITH THE SURNAME " EUSEBES."
5. Diademed regal portrait.
BA2IAEQS . APIAPA0OY . EY2EBOY2. Minerva Victrix,
standing; and in the field, various monograms,
letters, and dates, the last usually on the exergue.
(Mt. iv. 442, 2 &c., and Sup. vii. 717, 1 &c.)
Weights ranging from 51^ to 65^ grs. M 4.
Although all these drachms bear the same surname,
they have been, according to the portrait, assigned to
different monarchs namely, either to Ariarathes IV. (V.),
or Ariarathes V. (VI.)
Those which have been presumed to offer the features
of Ariarathes IV. (V.) bear the following dates, or regnal
years : A, B, T, E, IB, IF, A, AA, BA, and FA (1, 2, 3,
COINS OF THE KINGS OF CAPPADOCIA. 11
5, 12, 13, 30, 31, 32, 33) ; and to these may be added
FN, or 53, already cited and described under the notice of
this monarch.
Those with the supposed portrait of Ariarathes V. (VI.)
are inscribed with the numerals B, A, E, Z, and IB (2,
4, 5, 7, and 12).
Assuming that these drachms, although inscribed with
the same surname, were, in reality, minted by two diffe-
rent kings, still it does not follow that because one of the
portraits very probably does belong to the 4th Ariarathes
(the 5th of Eckhel), the others should present that of the
5th Ariarathes (6th of Eckhel) ; on the contrary, like
those which follow, it is quite uncertain to which of the
series they really belong.
II. WITH THE SURNAME " EPIPHANES."
6. Types precisely as the preceding group, but with the epi-
graph BA2IAEQS . APIAPA0OY. EHI<I>ANOY2,
and the following dates, always on the exergue,
namely, A, Q', I, IA, IT, and IE id est, I, 6, 10,
11, 13, and 15. Mt. iv. M6, 2531, and
Sup. vii. 718, 13.) Weights ranging from BO^
to 64 T 7 U grs. M 4.
These varieties are appropriated in Mionnet's list to
the Ariarathes VII. of Eckhel, but there is no historical
evidence to attest that that particular monarch exclu-
sively used the surname of " Epiphanes," and it was for
that reason that Eckhel left them unappropriated; judging
however, from the portrait, they all appear to have been
issued by the same king.
III. WITH THE SURNAME " PHILOMETOR."
7. Types precisely as those of -the two preceding groups,
but with the legend BA2IAEQ2 . APIAPAOOY .
$IAOMHTOPOS, and the dates Q 1 , H, , IA, and
12 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
IB, equivalent to 6, 8, 9, 11, and 12. (Mt. iv.
447, 3236, and Sup. vii. 719, 1416.) Weights
ranging from 61-& to 63^ grs. M 4.
These pieces are, by Sestini and Mionnet, given to
Ariarathes VIII. (the Ariarathes IX. of Eckhel) ; but
until the numerals on these drachms cease to be consi-
dered as dates, such an attribution cannot be entertained,
simply because he did not reign more than one year.
Sestini, in the first edition of his " Classes Generates,"
assigns all the coins of the three groups above described
to the Ariarathes IX. of Eckhel ; but in his second edition
he divides them as we find them in Mionnet. It is worth
the passing remark, however, that Sestini makes no allu-
sion whatever to the presumed dates which appear upon
nearly all the known varieties of the class.
SECOND ROYAL DYNASTY OF CAPPADOCIA.
ARIOBARZANES I.
The election of this king, who from extant inscriptions,
we know was surnamed " Philoromseus," is computed to
have taken place about B.C. 93 an event which may be
said to have eventually resulted in the ruin of his power-
ful neighbour, Mithradates the Great, by whom he was
several times expelled from his kingdom, and he seems to
have been driven out almost immediately after his acces-
sion, as we find he was restored by Sylla in B.C. 92. He
was a second time expelled about B.C. 90, and fled to
Rome ; he was then restored by Aquillius about B.C. 89,
but was driven out a third time in the following year,
namely in B.C. 88.
In that year commenced the war between the Romans
and Mithradates, and Ariobarzanes remained deprived of
COINS OF THE KINGS OF CAPPADOCIA. 13
his kingdom till the peace of B.C. 84, when he again
obtained it from Sylla, and was formally re-established.
Ariobarzanes appears to have retained possession of his
dominions, though frequently harassed by his old enemy,
till B.C. 66, when Mithradates seized them during the
time that elapsed between the arrival of Pompey, and the
departure of Lucullus; the former, however, once more
restored him, and increased his dominions in the same
year. Soon after this, probably about B.C. 63, he appears
to have resigned his kingdom to his son, of the same
name.
COINS OF ARIOBARZANES I. (PHILOROM^EUS.)
8. Diademed portrait.
BASIAEO2 . APIOBAPZANOY . $IAOPOMAIOY. Minerva
Victrix, standing, precisely as on the money of
his predecessors; in the field, a variable mono-
gram, and the following varieties of dates F, ir,
IA, ICT, KB, KA, ZK, KH, K, A, AA, AT, AA
(equivalent to 3, 13, 14, 16, 22, 24, 27, 28, 29,
30, 31, 33, 34). (Mt. iv. 448, 3758, and
Sup. vii. 720, 17 22.) "Weights ranging from
56 T 3 7 to 65^ grs. M .
Clinton fixes the reign of this monarch at B.C. 93 63 ;
but as the 34th regnal year is recorded on some of his
numismatic monuments, he must have lived to a later
period, and, assuming that his election took place in
B.C. 93, it follows that he must have been living at least
as late as B.C. 59, and therefore outlived his great enemy,
Mithradates, who is supposed to have died in B.C. 62.
ARIOBARZANES II.,
Surnamed " Philopator," succeeded on the abdication of
his father Philoromseus, an event which, on the numis-
14 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
matic evidence just cited, must have taken place about
B.C. 59. Clinton fixes his reign at B.C. 63 42; but this
is certainly a most grave error, for within that period is
included that of his son also, and the name of Ariobar-
zanes III. is not mentioned in his "Fasti." Although
we have not only coins, but also inscriptions in proof that
there were two other kings named Ariobarzanes besides
Ariobarzanes Philoromaeus, the time of the death of
Ariobarzanes II. is not recorded ; but it appears to be
almost certain that his son was reigning in B.C. 51, and
as that year was probably the first of his reign, it follows
that Ariobarzanes II. would in that case have reigned
eight years, and that regnal year, or date, is precisely
what we meet with on some of his coins.
COINS OF ARIOBARZANES II. (PHILOPATOR.)
9. Types precisely as those of his father, but reading BA^I-
AEO2 . APIOBAPZANOY . ^lAOHATOPOS, and
on the exergue, H (regnal year 8), or without
any date. (Mt. iv. 451, 59-60.) Weight 53^ grs.
M4.
As has been already observed, the only known date on
the coins of this prince is of the highest importance,
serving, as it does, to fix the period of his reign almost to
a certainty at B.C. 59 51.
ARIOBARZANES III.,
Surnamed Eusebes Philoromseus on the evidence of his
coins, by the testimony of Cicero (ad Fam. xv. 2), and
also by an inscription which will be found partially tran-
scribed below, succeeded his father in B.C. 51.
In the war between Caesar and Pompey, this prince
came to the assistance of the latter with a body of five
COINS OF THE KINGS OF CAPPADOCIA. 15
hundred Cappadocian cavalry. Caesar, however, after the
battle of Pharsalia, with his accustomed clemency, not
only forgave him, but enlarged his territories. In the
subsequent civil war, consequent upon the assassination of
Caesar, he was less fortunate, being put to death by order
of Cassius, on the plea that he was plotting against his
interests in Asia. This took place in B.C. 42, when the
precarious succession to his dominions devolved upon his
brother Ariarathes.
COINS OF ARIOBARZANES III. (EUSEBES PHILOROM^EUS.)
10. Types precisely as those of his predecessors, but inscribed
BASIAEO2. APIOBAPZANOY. EY2EBOYS . KAI.
3>IAOPflMAIOY, and in the field, a star within a
crescent, and a variable monogram ; or the same
symbol, and the numeral (regnal year 9).
(Mt. iv. 451, 6164, and Sup. vii. 721, 23, 24.)
Weight, 55 T V to 60^ grs. JR 4.
It is a fact, worthy of remark that, like his predecessor,
the only known date on the money of Ariobarzanes III.
appears to be the last of his reign, his ninth regnal year
corresponding exactly with B.C. 42, the year in which he
is known to have fallen a victim to Cassius, one of the
assassins of Caesar.
The coins of this monarch are also further remarkable
for the star and crescent, which uniformly appear as an
adjunct, or minor type, in the field of the reverse. These
symbols, which also occur on the money of the great
Mithradates of Pontus, and as a principal type on the
rare and interesting gold stater of Dynamis, the daughter
of Mithradates and the wife of Asander, are presumed to
indicate, in all these instances, a claim to descent from
the ancient Persian kings. But in the case of Ariobar-
zanes, the adoption of the device or cognizance goes far to
16 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
prove that his grandfather, the first of his name, was
collaterally related to the first royal family, the founder
of which, Datames, being, as it was said, the grandson of
Anaphas, one of the seven chiefs who slew the Persian
Magi in B.C. 521, and who himself was a descendant of
Atossa, the sister of Cambyses, the father of Cyrus the
Great.
The following inscriptions, both of which will be found
cited at great length by Eckhel (Doct. Num. Vet. iii.
199, 200), most satisfactorily corroborate the evidence of
coins, that there were three kings of Cappadocia of the
name of Ariobarzanes, and not two only, as is stated on
an authority so high as the " Fasti Hellenici " of Clinton.
i.
BA2IAEA . APIOBAPZANHN . ^lAOHATOPA . TON . EK .
BA2IAEO2 . APIOBAPZANOY . <f>IAOPOMAIOY .
KAI . BA2IAIS2H2 . A0HNAIAO2, &c. &c.
II.
O . AHMO2 . BA2IAEA . APIOBAPZANHN . EYSEBH . <W-
AOPOMAION . TON . EK . BA2IAEO2 . APIO-
BAPZANOY. $IAOHATOPO2 . KAI . BA5IAI2-
2HS . A0HNAIAO2, &c. &c.
Here there is no room for any doubt whatever, it
being certain that there were three kings of the name
of Ariobarzanes, who, respectively and successively, bore
the surnames of Philoromseus, Philopator, and Eusebes
Philoromseus, precisely as we find inscribed on their
coins.
ARIARATHES IX.
(ARIARATHES X. EcJchel.'}
When after the defeat of Pompey and his allies, at the
battle of Pharsalia, Csesar confirmed Ariobarzanes III. in
his kingdom, he placed Ariarathes under his brother's
COINS OF THE KINGS OF CAPPADOCIA. 17
government, and after the death of Cassius at Philippi, in
B.C. 42, he succeeded to the vacant throne; but his reign
was soon brought to a close, for in B.C. 36 he was deposed
and put to death by Mark Antony, and thus terminated
the Second Royal Dynasty of Cappadocia.
COINS OF ARIARATHES IX. (OR X.), EUSEBES PHILA-
DELPHUS.
11. Types precisely as those of his predecessors, but with
the epigraph BASIAEO2 . APIAPA0OY . EYSE-
BOY2 KAI . $IAAAEA$OY; and in the field, a
small trophy, with or without a variable mono-
gram, but apparently without dates. (Mt. iv.
452, 65, 66, and Sup. vii. 721, 25.) "Weight,
51'JLgrs. A 4.
Like the star and crescent on the money of his brother,
the trophy on these pieces has, no doubt, also a particular
meaning, but I have not met with any attempt to explain
it possibly it may be in allusion to the victory at Phi-
lippi, to which he was indebted for his elevation to the
throne.
It will be observed that the brothers Ariobarzanes III.
and Ariarathes X. bore in common the surname of Eu-
sebes, or " the pious." Of that of Philadelphus, used by the
latter, Eckhel says, " <I>iXaSA0ou, rationem dabit Cicero,
apad quern Ariobarzanes Rex fratrem Ariarathem aman-
tissimum sui, et summa pietate prseditum appellat."
(Doct. Num. Vet. iii. p. 201, ex Cic. ad Fam. xv. 2.)
ARCHELAUS.
On the deposition and death of the last Ariarathes, in
B.C. 36, M. Antonius conferred the crown and govern-
ment of Cappadocia upon Archelaus, the son of that
VOL. II. N.S. D
18 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Archelaus who, being high priest of the temple of Bellona,
at Comana, was, after the Alexandrian war, deprived of
that high office by Csesar. The newly- appointed king was
also the great-grandson of another Archelaus, one of the
most distinguished of the generals of Mithradates the
Great ; though it appears to have been rather to the per-
sonal charms of his mother Glaphyra, than to the rank of
his paternal ancestry, that Archelaus was indebted for his
elevation to the vacant throne.
During the great struggle for power between Antonius
and Octavianus, Archelaus, as might be expected, attached
himself to the cause of the former ; but after the great
and decisive battle of Actium, in B.C. 31, Octavianus not
only left him in possession of his kingdom, but subse-
quently, in B.C. 20, added to it parts of Cilicia and of the
lesser Armenia.
On the death of Augustus, and the consequent accession
of Tiberius to the empire in A.D. 14, the latter, though at
first his friend, became the enemy of Archelaus for having,
it is said, paid greater attention to the youthful Caius
Caesar, one of the sons of Agrippa, than to himself; and
having enticed him to Rome, he there caused him to be
publicly accused before the Roman senate of harbouring
revolutionary schemes, and, in consequence of this grave
accusation, he was not permitted to return to his domi-
nions, but died shortly afterwards, namely in A.D. 17,
when Cappadocia was, with the usual formalities, consti-
tuted a province of the Roman empire, and from that
time governed by a Roman procurator.
COINS OF ARCHELAUS.
12. Diademed portrait of the king.
BASIAEOS . APXEAAOY . 4>IAOII ATPIAO2 . TOY . KTIS-
TOY, around a club; in the field, the numeral
COINS OF THE KINGS OF CAPPADOCIA. 19
K (regnal year 20 = B.C. 16), or KB (regnal
year 22 = B.C. 14). (Mt. iv. 453, 67, and
Sup. vii. 722, 26. Weight, 59_L grs. M 4.
13. Same types and same legends; on some, the portrait within
a wreath, and with the dates M (year 40 =
A.D. 4), MA (year 41 = A.D. 5), or MB (year 42 =
A.D. 6). (Mt. iv. 453, 69, 70, and Baron Behr's
Catalogue, 754.) M 4.
14. Young head of Hercules, to right, the lion's skin knotted
under the chin.
BA2IAEO2 APXEAAOY. A. (Year 39 = A.D. 3.) The
usual representation of Mount Argseus, probably
denoting that the coin was minted at Mazaca,
afterwards called Csesarea ad Argseum. (Mt. iv.
453, 68, from the Cousinery Collection.) M 4.
Relating to the device of the club, Eckhel says, " Clavae
ratio mihi ignota;" but it must be recollected that the
variety last described, with the head of Hercules, was
unknown to that enlightened numismatist. The two
types taken in combination clearly refer to the worship of
that hero.
The surname of Philopatris (or " the lover of his
country") is peculiar to the money of Archelaus. In
reference to the additional epithet KTISTOY (conditor,
or "founder"), Eckhel observes, "Dicitur idem KTIO-T^C,
haud dubie propter urbem Elseusam, quam sitam in insula
cognomine Ciliciee fere contigua de novo condidit et in
Augusti gratiam Sebasten appellavit." It may, however,
be in allusion to his elevation to the throne of Cappadocia,
when he may be said to have become the "founder"
of a new dynasty among the potentates then reigning in
Asia.
MAXIMILIAN BORRELL.
8, GUMMING STREET,
PENTONVILLE, LONDON.
20
II.
ON THE ANGLO-AMERICAN COPPER COINAGE.
AMERICAN NUMISMATICS is a much wider subject than
would at first sight appear probable. The great extent of
the Transatlantic continent, the vast amount of its com-
merce, and the rapid strides taken by its inhabitants in
all that tends to render nations wealthy and powerful,
make its coinages matters of peculiar interest, as well to
the mercantile as to the archaeological world.
It is only a portion of the Numismatic History of
North America in which English collectors are generally
interested. The coins of the aborigines for it seems
probable that such there were must be left to the
antiquarian research of Americans themselves. Those
of the United States belong to the class of Foreign
Numismatics, and the present notice will be confined to
the consideration of coins issued in what are now the
United States during the time that those states were
British colonies.
This series is very extensive, and presents many copper
pieces of considerable interest. Of these the earliest is
that struck in or for MARYLAND.
The history of the Maryland coinage is remarkable.
We are in the habit of venerating, even in this country,
the religious firmness of "the Pilgrim Fathers/' and
ON THE ANGLO-AMERICAN COPPER COINAGE. 21
sympathising with them in their voluntary exile ; but we
generally overlook another series of expatriations, equally
undergone for the sake of religion, and equally productive
in their results.
Sir George Calvert, one of the ablest and most energetic
promoters of colonisation, was a member of the Virginian
Company, and on the dissolution of that body was selected
by James I. to be one of the Royal Commissioners to
whom the government of Virginia was entrusted.
Shortly before the death of James I. Sir George re-
nounced the Protestant faith, and at once resigned his
post as Commissioner. By so doing he did not lose the
favour f the king; his name was entered on the list
of privy councillors, and he was shortly afterwards created
Lord Baltimore.
But at this time a persecuting spirit was abroad, and
was confined to no party. Lord Baltimore and his co-
religionists felt its effects ; and finding that he could not
establish himself in Virginia on such terms as he thought
desirable, he sailed up the Chesapeake, and there founded
a state where every man might worship God without
molestation, according to the dictates of his own con-
science.
Among the benefits which he conferred upon his new
community, one was a regular coinage. The silver pieces
were shillings, half shillings, and groats ; and the copper,
of which one specimen only has come down to our time,
consisted of pennies.
The Maryland penny was successively in the collections
of Mr. Hodsol and of Mr. Martin ; it is now no longer in
this country, having been purchased at the sale of the
last-named collection for the large sum of 75, and sent
to America.
22 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
BALTIMORE PENNY.
Obv. CLECILIUS D US TERR,E MARI^, &c.
Bust of Lord Baltimore, to the left. The head
bare, with long flowing locks, the bust slightly
draped.
MM. a cross patee.
Rev. DENARIUM TERR.E MARINE.
Two flags issuing from a ducal coronet ; both
flags flowing to the right.
MM. a cross patee. Wt. 4.0 grs.
The Baltimore coinage did not circulate till 1660, many
obstacles having been thrown in the way of the pro-
prietor's title. It is to be observed that the reverse pre-
sents a serious blunder, DENARIUM for DENARIUS. This
coinage was struck in England.
The reigns of Charles I. and Charles II., the Com-
monwealth, and the Protectorate, add nothing to this
series.
JAMES II. A.D. 16851688.
The next piece which falls under our observation is a
very curious one in an economical point of view. It
recognises a Spanish currency as generally prevalent in
the. American plantations, and offers the means of small
change in the terms of the Spanish mint. It is of tin,
and weighs 138 grs.
Obv. JACOBUS II. D. G. MAG. BRI. FRAN. ET HIB. REX.
Figure of James, on horseback, to the right, in
armour, laurelled, and wearing a wide sash. He
holds in his right hand a truncheon, which rests
on his hip. The horse stands on a pedestal, and
is rearing on his two hind legs.
Rev. VAL. 24. | PART. | REAL. | HlSPAN.
Four shields, cross-wise, crowned, the crowns
dividing the words as indicated ; the shields,
which are joined by chains, bear the arms of
England, Scotland, France, and Ireland.
ON THE ANGLO-AMERICAN COPPER COINAGE. 23
This piece has a milling round the legend and round
the edge. It has no date.
This is an ominous coin the acceptance of a Spanish
currency, the submission to Spain implied, the binding of
the arms of the various kingdoms together by chains, all
point out this piece as a numismatic curiosity. The dies
came some years ago into the possession of an English
dealer, who struck off many specimens, but those issued
at the time are rare.
WILLIAM AND MARY. A.D. 16881694.
Of this reign we have two American pieces the New
England halfpenny and that of Carolina. These appear
to have been private speculations, and to have had no
very extensive currency. They are both extremely rare,
and command high prices. They are of English manu-
facture, and there is no doubt that they are by the
same engraver as the London halfpenny of the same
period.
CAROLINA HALFPENNY.
Obv. An elephant, to the left.
Rev. GOD | PRESERVE | CAROLINA AND | THE LORDS |
PROPRIETORS | 1694.
In six lines. Wt. 156 grs.
NEW ENGLAND HALFPENNY.
Obv. An elephant to the left.
Rev. GOD | PRESERVE j NEW | ENGLAND | 1694.
In five lines. Wt. 160 grs.
These pieces are sometimes found of brass, and some-
times of copper, The obverse is not only similar to, but
absolutely from, the same die as the London halfpenny ;
but whereas the London halfpenny weighs from 210 to
24 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
240 grs., the heaviest of the Carolina and New England
halfpennies do not exceed 160 grs.
ANNE. A.D. 17021714.
The reign of this queen presents us with no examples
of colonial currency.
GEORGE I. A.D. 17141727.
The reign of George I. was at once remarkable and
unfortunate with regard to its Irish and American coinages.
That of Wood, for Ireland, has attained an unenviable
notoriety; that for America now claims our attention.
The former was sent over to its destination, and, mainly
through the exertions of Swift, almost universally refused;
the latter does not appear to have been sent to America
at all.
Wood's patent for America was altogether a failure.
The coins are of brass, or bronze, beautiful as works of
art, and, like those for Ireland, presenting a remarkably
fine portrait of the king ; but the project was exceedingly
unpopular, and, practically speaking, was never carried
out. The coinage is commonly called the ROSA AMERI-
CANA coinage, and consisted of pieces of three sizes. It
is usual to denominate these the penny, halfpenny, and
farthing, respectively ; but they were, in fact, two-penny
pieces, pennies, and halfpennies. The weight of fine
specimens are as under :
grs. gra.
Two-penny pieces from . . . 213 to 240^
Pennies ... 113 124
Halfpennies ... 63 75
Of this coinage there are various types.
ON THE ANGLO-AMERICAN COPPER COINAGE. 25
TWO-PENNY PIECES.
1. Obv. GEOBGIUS D. G. MAG. BRI. FBA. ET HIB. BEX.
Bust of the king, to the right, laureate ; the neck
bare.
Rev. ROSA AMEBICANA.
A full-blown rose, but no crown ; under it,
UTILE DULCI.
2. Obv. 'GEORGius. D. G. MAG. BBI. FBA. ET HIB. BEX.
Bust of the king as before.
Rev. ROSA AMEBICANA.
Arose as before ; under it, on a label, UTILE DULCI.
3. Obv. GEOBGIUS D. G. MAG. BBI. FBA. ET HIB. BEX.
Bust of the king as before.
Rev ROSA AMERICANA. 1722.
A rose as before; under it, on a label, UTILE DULCI.
4. Obv. GEOBGIUS D. G. MAG. BBI. FBA. ET HIB. BEX.
Bust of the king as before.
Rev. ROSA AMEBICANA. 1723.
A rose, fully blown, surmounted by the crown ;
under it, on a label, UTILE DULCI.
PENNIES.
1. Obv. GEOBGIUS DEI GBATIA BEX.
Bust of the king, to the right, laureate ; the
neck bare.
Rev. ROSA AMEBICANA. 1722.
The rose, fully blown ; under it, but not on a
label, UTILE DULCI. Before and after the words
ROSA AMEBICANA, a rose of six pellets.
2. Obv. GEOBGIUS DEI GBATIA BEX.
Bust of the king as before.
Rev. ROSA AMERICANA. 1723.
A rose, fully blown, surmounted by the crown ;
under it, on a label, UTILE DULCI.
3. Obv. GEOBGIUS DEI GRATIA REX.
Bust of the king, as before.
Rev. ROSA AMERI. 1724. UTILE DULCI.
A full-blown rose.
HALFPENNIES.
1. Obv. GEORGIUS DEI GRATIA REX.
Bust of the king as on the larger pieces,
Rev. ROSA AMERICANA ; under it, UTILE DULCI. 1722.
After the legend a rose of six pellets.
A full-blown rose.
VOL. II. N.S. E
26 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
2. Obv. GEORCUUS DEI GRATIA REX.
Bust as before.
Rev. ROSA AMERI. UTILE DULCI. 1722.
A full-blown rose.
3. Obv. GEORGIUS D. G. REX.
Bust of the king as before.
Rev. ROSA AMERI. 1722.
Full-blown rose ; under it, UTILE DULCI.
4. Obv. GEORGIUS DEI GRATIA REX.
Bust, as before.
Rev. ROSA AMERICANA. 1723.
A full-blown rose ; under it, on a label, UTILE
DULCI.
Snelling describes another piece which he had seen, of
the penny size
Obv. GEORGIUS D. G. MAG. BRI. FRA. ET HIB. REX.
Head of the king as on the Rosa Americana
coins, from the obverse die of which the piece is
struck.
Rev. BRUN. ET LUN. DUX SA. ROM. MI. (sic. for IM) AR,
THE. ET PRIN. ELECT.
A large 1 between wreaths of oak and laurel.
This piece is now in the cabinet of Dr. Freudenthal,
together with another, of which the obverse is struck
from the same die
Rev. DAT PACEM ET NOVAS PR^BET ET AUGET OPES.
1, crowned, but no wreath.
If these pieces were intended for American circulation,
as seems most probable, there can be no further question
as to the denomination to be attached to them. Their
great rarity too will be accounted for by the fact of their
bearing their value stamped upon them a device not
likely to be approved, when it appears that the coins
which by the patent were to be pennies, halfpennies, and
farthings, were not only intended to bear denominations
ON THE ANGLO-AMERICAN COPPER COINAGE. 27
of twice that value, but to be in reality current for six
times as much. We learn from an Irish pamphlet, pub-
lished on the subject of Wood's Irish halfpence, some
particulars about this American coinage. The writer
states that "he (Wood) had the conscience to make
thirteen shillings out of a pound of brass." '
Now if twenty-six pennies were struck out of a pound
of metal, and other coins in proportion, and it be
borne in mind that these pennies were intended to
pass for two pence sterling, but, that in those years
the exchange between sterling and currency was no less
than 270 per cent., we shall see that, in reality, thirteen
shillings sterling were struck out of a pound of brass.
This, too, will show why the coin bearing on it the
figure 1 was not allowed to circulate.
A sufficient reason for ranking these coins as pieces of
two pennies, one penny, and one halfpenny, instead of as
pennies, halfpennies, and farthings, will be found in the
fact that the nominal value of copper coins was about
twice as much in the colonies as in the mother country.
When the halfpence and farthings of 1672 appeared, they
were carried off to the colonies in great number on this
account. A newspaper, called the Loyal Impartial Mer-
cury, of October 6, 1682, says " From Bristol they
write that another ship is fitting out for Pennsylvania,
on board of which forty Quakers, with their families,
will embark, and, amongst other things, it is said they
carry three hundred pounds' worth of halfpence and
farthings, which in that colony go current for twice their
value." 2
1 "A Defence of the People of Ireland in the Unanimous
Refusal of Mr. Wood's Copper Money," p. 37.
3 Burn's " Beaufoy Cabinet," Preface, Ixxviii.
28 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Of these pieces there are several minute varieties, dif-
fering from those described merely in the number and
position of dots.
The large piece, No. 2, is extremely rare. It may easily
be distinguished from the others by the want of the label
on the reverse.
This coinage has been much sought for for some years
past by American collectors, and fine specimens fetch
very high prices, particularly the rarer varieties. These
are the two-penny piece, No. 1 ; the penny, No. 3 ;
and the halfpenny, No. 1.
GEORGE II.
Of George II. we have only one American coin, and
that of extreme rarity. It is a coin of the penny size,
struck in England, and intended probably as a pattern
for an American coinage. It occurs in the year 1733.
Obv. GEORGIUS II. D. G. REX.
Bust of the king, to the left, laureate, the neck
bare.
Rev. ROSA AMERI | CANA, 1733.
A rose-tree, bearing one full-blown rose, and
one bud, bending to the right ; the rose sur-
mounted by a crown, dividing the legend as
above. On a scroll, divided in two parts by the
stem of the tree, the words UTILE DULCI.
Of this piece only four specimens were known, and of
them one is now unfortunately lost, having been in the
Arctic steamer, on its way to America, when that ill-
fated ship went down.
A coinage was intended to be struck for North Carolina
during this reign, which was to have had the portrait of
the sovereign and his titles on the obverse, and on the
ON THE ANGLO-AMERICAN COPPER COINAGE. 29
reverse the arms of Carolina with the legend SEPT.
CAROLINA.
No specimens of this coinage exist, and it is probable
that none were ever struck. It is by no means impossible
that the apathy displayed by the mother country on the
subject of the colonial coinage, and the shifts to which
the colonists were put in consequence, may have tended
to foster the spirit of independence which afterwards
broke out so vividly. The Rosa Americana coins were
doubtless intended to be pennies, halfpennies, and far-
things ; but it seems equally clear that they were meant
to pass by denomination for twice, and in actual currency
for six times, those sums respectively in the colonies.
GEORGE III., 17601776.
During the first seventeen years of George III/s reign,
the " States" were colonies of Great Britain, and, conse-
quently, all the legitimate currency was struck by British
authority ; but we have already seen that the continental
coinage was greatly neglected by the mother country.
These seventeen years furnish us with only one small coin,
and even that does not occur till the year 1773, and we
have no proof that it is any more than a private specu-
lation.
VIRGINIA HALFPENNY.
Olv. GEORGIUS III. REX.
Bust of the king, to right, laureate, the neck
bare.
Rev. VIRGI | NIA.
Arms in an ornamental shield, divided by a
broad cross. 1st qtiarter, England and Scot-
land; 2nd, France ; 3rd, Ireland; 4th, Hanover;
the whole surmounted by a crown dividing the
date, 1773. Weight 121 grs.
30 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
There are several varieties of this coin, but they differ
only in position of dots. A few specimens are struck on
thicker and larger pieces of metal; these are called by
collectors, pennies ; they are very rare .
A silver proof exists of extreme rarity, and it is remark-
able as bearing date 1774 the year after the issue of the
current coin. Wt. 148 grs.
Before closing this notice, a few words must be said
about the private tokens by which it was attempted to
provide America with a currency between the years 1733
and 1776.
Of these, the principal are those respectively called
" the Granby coppers/ 5 and " the Pitt pieces." The first
are attributed to a blacksmith some say a physician
named Highly, residing at Granby, Connecticut.
Of these there are several varieties
1. Obv. VALUE ME AS YOU PLEASE.
A hind, to the left, standing in a circle ; at the
end of the legend a pentacle, and before it a hand.
In the exergue III.
Rev. I AM GOOD COPPER. 1737.
Three sledge hammers, each surmounted by a
crown; at the end of the legend a figure com-
posed of twenty-seven dots, before it a hand.
2. Obv. CONNECTICUT. A hand before the legend.
A hind, as before.
Rev. I AM GOOD COPPER. 1737.
Hammers, as No. 1.
3. Obv. VALUE ME AS YOU PLEASE. A pentacle.
A hind, as No. 1.
Rev. J CUT MY WAY THROUGH. 1737.
A broad axe ; a hand before the legend.
4. Obv. and Rev. as No. 3, but no date.
5. Obv. and Rev. as No. 1, but date 1739.
One variety of No. 1 has walue instead of value.
ON THE ANGLO-AMERICAN COPPER COINAGE. 31
These pieces are of very pure copper, and, when in good
preservation, are rare.
The other coin is called " the Pitt piece," and appears
to have been struck less as coin than as a medalet. The
dearth of currency, however, caused it to be turned to
the former purpose. It is of brass, but more than usually
brittle and debased.
The history of the Pitt piece is better known than that
of most American tokens. It is the design of Colonel
Revere, of Boston, and the work of Mr. Smithers, of
Philadelphia. The Stamp Act the most obnoxious of
all the measures adopted by the mother country against
the colonies was passed March 22nd, 1765, and repealed,
principally by the agency of the elder Pitt, March 18th,
1766.
Obv. THE RESTORER OF TRADE AND COMMERCE. 1766.
Bust of Pitt, to the left, in the ordinary tye
wig and dress of the period; under the head,
NO STAMPS.
Rev. THANKS TO THE FRIENDS OF LIBERTY AND TRADE.
A three-masted ship, sailing, to the left ; behind
the ship, obliquely, AMERICA.
H. CHRISTMAS.
III.
ON A STERLING OF MARIE D'ARTOIS.
(A.D. 1337 TO 1353.)
[Read before the Numismatic Society, November 21st, 1861.]
THIS sterling came recently into my possession by gift
from a gentleman (not a Numismatist), who could not
give me any account as to where or when it was found.
Upon my first examination, I roughly concluded, from
the character of the lettering and the general style of
the coin, especially of the reverse, that in date it was
coeval with our Edwardian period.
The obverse presents a crowned female head, full-faced,
or perhaps with a slight inclination to the left, with the
legend (as I read it) " MARIA . DCA . *RTOSN." The
reverse is precisely similar to that of the pennies of our
first three Edwards, and bears the legend, " MONETA
MERAUD."
I subsequently ascertained that this was a sterling of
Namur ; but, being dissatisfied with this scanty amount
of enlightenment on the subject, I sent a drawing of the
ON A STERLING OF MARIE D'ARTOIS. 33
coin, with a request for information, to M. Adrien de
Longperier, of Paris; from whom, in a post or two, I
received a very polite letter, embodying observations, in
effect, as follows :
" Your sterling is extremely rare. There is an example
of it in the collection of the Count de Robiano, at
Brussels ; but it is not so well preserved as yours. On
his, there is only legible < MARIA . DCA . A****N ;'
whilst upon your sterling we ought to find ' MARIA .
DCA.ARTESN/ (Maria Domicella Artesiensis) a legend
which is found upon moneys of a different type of the
same princess.
"Marie d'Artois was widow of John I., Count of
Namur, who died A.D. 1331. She had bought, in 1342,
of John of Bohemia, the Chateau of Poilvache, or
Meraude, situate upon the right bank of the Meuse, three
leagues from Namur. On the llth of September, 1353,
she made over this seigniory to her son William. It was,
then, whilst the latter was Count of Namur (1337 to
1391), that this princess struck money in her Chateau
of Meraude. Besides the most rare sterling, there are
known four varieties of her moneys in billon ; upon one of
which the legend is in French, ' MARIE . D'ARTOIS/ "
This did not convey all the information which I thought
might be obtained; and, by the kind assistance of Mr.
Madden and Mr. Pfister, of the British Museum, a Notice
of the Mint of Meraude was found in the Revue de la
Numismatique Beige for 1850, vol. vi., p. 353. This notice
is contained in a very amusing article by M. de Coster;
from which, in condensed form, I have extracted the
following particulars :
It was chiefly under the reign of Jean FAveugle (the
John of Bohemia mentioned by M. de Longperier) that
VOL. II. N.S. F
34 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
the mint of Meraude acquired its greatest activity; never-
theless, three distinct types of coins, which had issued
thence prior to his reign, are known; these types, and
their varieties, are in the possession of the Count de
Robiano, of Brussels, and are described in the fifth volume
of the Revue.
M. de Coster states that no other mint has provoked
so much patient research as that of Meraude, in the Duchy
of Luxembourg, the actual locality of which, down to a
late date, was unknown ; and proceeds, in a comic grandi-
loquent strain, to describe the long-continued search for
its whereabouts, and its ultimate identification.
" But where," he asks, " is the Luxembourgian locality
thus designated ' Meraude?" This question it seemed
impossible to decide. M. de Lafontaine, formerly governor
of the Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg, who possessed the
richest known collection of the coins of that province, and
who, more than any other Numismatist, had devoted him-
self to the solution of the problem, was almost induced to
abandon as hopeless the attempt to clear up this mystery
of Meraude. He had consulted all known documents and
manuscripts having reference to the history of the Duchy ;
innumerable parchments had been examined by him ; and
numerous numismatic correspondents (to whom he had
communicated his " tribulation/' and who sincerely sym-
pathised with him,) volunteered their aid in his arduous
researches : but all their efforts, united and often-repeated,
were without result the question as to the locality of this
fourteenth-century mint remained a scandal to Continental
Numismatology. At length " Meraude" was found ! In
a letter to M. de Coster, bearing date the 22nd of
January, 1850, M. de Lafontaine, with the expression of
a desire to make his friend a participator in his good
ON A STERLING OF MARIE D^ARTOIS. 35
fortune, announces this interesting discovery, which he
"holds worthy of being compared with the discovery of
America !" " I have found Meraude/^he says, " but who "
(with an emphatic exclamation inconvenient to translate)
"who could have thought of searching for Meraude
in its synonyme of Poilvache?" He then relates how
that, in examining a precious collection of charters, he
came upon one written in the earlier half of the fourteenth
century, in which mention is made of Henry, Count of
Luxembourg, and of his ' Castle of Meraude/ commonly
known as ' Poilvache. 3 " " Voila ! " he exclaims, " it is
as clear as the day ! " Poilvache was well known as being
situate on the right bank of the river Meuse, three
leagues from Namur.
M. de Coster then gives the fact (as stated in the
letter of M. de Longperier) of the purchase in 1342, by
Maria, widow of John I. of Namur, of the castle and
demesne of Poilvache, otherwise Meraude; and goes on
to state that Marie d'Artois held this important acqui-
sition in her own time, but that ultimately it was pos-
sessed by the Count of Namur and his descendants.
" Thus/' he says, " is explained the occurrence of this
sterling, having the head and name of Maria : it was
struck at Meraude (or Poilvache) during her widowhood,
and under the reign of the Count William I., her third
son." " This unique piece/' he adds, " is in the cabinet
of the Count de Robiano."
Count William I., upon succeeding to Meraude, found
a mint in full activity, and continued to coin money there,
several examples of such money being extant.
At page 438 of the same volume of the Revue, is a letter
from the Count de Robiano himself, dated "Brussels,
October 31, 1850," in which, after alluding to the then
36 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
recent discovery by M. de Lafontaine, he describes another
coin of this Maria, in his collection. It is in billon, and
bears on the obverse, not the head of Maria, but a chateau,
with the legend " MONETA . MERAV** ;" and, on the
reverse is a large cross, having the ends patee, within an
inner circle; a spread eagle (in place of the usual +),
preceding the legend " MARIA . DE . M****."
It is curious that this mint should have been in full
activity for so long a time several generations of coins (so
to speak) having issued from it and yet that, not only so
few types, but so few individual coins of any type, should
be extant; one only type of silver of this mint, and two
coins only of that type, being known that figured at
the head of this notice, and the one in the possession of
Count de Robiano.
With regard to the range of date assigned to this coin
by M. de Longperier (1337 to 1391), I would suggest
that it should be rather 1337 to 1353. It is unlikely
that Marie d'Artois would strike coins in her own name
at Meraude after the possession of the chateau and mint
had passed (in 1353) to her son, Count William I.'
S. SHARP.
IV.
ANCIENT GERMAN COINS.
THE notice recently published in the Journal of this
Society (New Series, vol. i. p. 250) of Dr. Streber's
curious volume on the ancient gold coinage of South
Germany, popularly known there as Regen-bogen-Schus-
selchen, or "rainbow-dishes/' induced me to refer to
sketches I made of several preserved in the Museum at
Augsburg, and there termed keltische Hohlmiinzen, As
they are little known in this country, and the book just
alluded to not easy of reference, I have engraved above
four varieties, that our members may obtain an idea of
their peculiarities. They were found, with many others,
near Augsburg, in excavating for the railway station.
They present the usual characteristics of the early Celtic
or Teutonic monies ; are dish-shaped, with one side plain ;
the device, whatever it be, generally on the concave side ;
though there is an instance to the contrary in our second
specimen. Our first example exhibits a semicircular figure
with pellets at each end ; a series of three pellets within
it, and three others below. Sometimes the central tripli-
cate only appears. This figure has been termed a semi-
38 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
circular torque, and is the commonest device upon these
coins; but in this, and in that beside it, I rather see a
debased reminiscence of the staters of Philip of Macedon,
so abundantly imitated by all the barbaric tribes of
Europe. The arc and pellets are not too far removed
from the worst - executed horse and adjuncts on the
British and Gaulish coins, to prevent us from seeing the
prototype there; nor are the wavy figures with globular
heads too barbarous to be received as vitiated copies of
the horses in the biga, upon the reverse of the well-
known original. The figure in the centre of our third
specimen bears strong resemblance to the lyre-shaped
figure seen beneath the horse on the reverses of several
Gaulish coins, on those of the Channel Islands, and on
some of the British Series ; the star of four points in the
fourth specimen is a common object in Greek decorative
enrichment.
The gold in which these coins are struck is of that
deep copper-colour usually seen in the British coinage ;
the dish-shaped character is, however, more strongly pro-
nounced in these South German monies. The work-
manship is generally good, and is characterised by much
vigour, though the design be bad. Taking their own
internal evidence, in conjunction with our knowledge of
the coinage of ancient Gaul and Britain, it seems im-
possible to come to the conclusion of Dr. Streber, that
they are works of the fourth or fifth century B.C. ; and
my own opinion would be, that they are more probably
the productions of moneyers about the commencement of
our own era; for we find that types (as they appear to
be) of the Greek coins, became more debased in an
inverse ratio to their antiquity, and were copied, and
re-copied, until the original design can scarcely be recog-
nised. F. W. FAIRHOLT.
39
V.
SOME UNPUBLISHED ROMAN COINS, HISTORI-
CALLY OR OTHERWISE ILLUSTRATED.
[Read before the Numismatic Society, February 20th, 1862.]
CONTENTS.
SEPTIMIVS SEVERVS. CARACALLA. CORNELIA
SVPERA. CARIN VS. CAR AVSI VS. The letter C.
on coins of Carausius, Diocletian, &c. CONSTANTIVS
I. (Chlorus). LICINIVS I. and II. The letters OBDV.
M AXENTIVS. Ostia as a mint. CONST ANTIN VS
I. Distinction between TJiessalonica and Tarraco as mints.
The Zodiac on Roman coins.- History from A.D. 306 to
A.D. 323. Serdica as a mint. The usurper IVLIANVS.
Table, showing political division of empire from Dio-
cletian to Theodosius I. Distinction between coins of
CONSTANTIVS II. and CONSTANTIVS III. ( Gallm).
VALENTINIANVS I. VALENS. Milan as a mint.
I HAVE much pleasure in laying before my readers the
following Roman coins, some of them unpublished, and
others of a rarity worthy of notice. To some I have
affixed no remarks, because there is nothing of importance
to say about them ; others have received the attention they
deserve. No further preface is necessary.
SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS.
1. Oh. L . SEPT . SEV . AVG . IMP . XI . PART .
MAX. Bust, to right, laureate, with paluda-
mentum and cuirass.
Rev. CONCORDLE . MILITVM. Concord, standing,
to left, holding in each hand a standard. N,
Described in silver in Cohen, 51.
40 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
2. Olv. SEVERVS . AVG . PART . MAX. Head, to
right, laureate.
Rev. P . M . TR . P . VIII . COS . II . P.P. Septi-
mius Severus, laureate, standing, to left, in mili-
tary dress, sacrificing before a lighted tripod, and
holding a reversed spear. N.
3. Obv. L . SEPT . SET . PERT . AVG . IMP . III.
Head, to right, laureate.
Rev. COS . II . P . P. Victory, running, to right, hold-
ing wreath and palui. -#". Quin. (PI. i. 1.)
There is a gold quinarius described in Cohen (66) with
after it, " Ancien Cat. du Cabinet des Medailles," and the
Victory, walking, to left. It seems likely that the above
coin, which is in the Museum, is the same as that men-
tioned by M. Cohen.
4. Obv SEVERVS . PIVS . AVG. Head, to right, lau-
reate.
. TR . P . X . COS . II. Victory, hold-
ing wreath and palm, walking, to left. M. Quin.
CARACALLA.
Obv. M . AVR . ANTONINVS . CAES. Young bust,
to right, bare, with paludamentum and cuirass.
Rev. SPEI . PERPETVAE. Hope, walking, to left,
holding a flower, and raising her robe. N.
Described in silver in Cohen, 330.
CORNELIA SUPERA.
Obv. COR . SVPERA . AVG. Bust, to right, diademed,
on a crescent.
Rev. IVNONI . AVG. Female figure, seated, to left,
holding torch and sceptre. M. (PI. i. 2.)
Cornelia Supera is not mentioned in history. Eckhel
quotes two coins of ^Egse, in Cilicia, given by Vaillant,
SOME UNPUBLISHED ROMAN COINS. 41
and one found at Pozzuoli (Puteoli), and sent to Rome,
in 1751, by Balding and says that all of them bear the
date 299, which answers to the year of Rome 1006, and
that, therefore, Cornelia Supera was the wife of ^Emilian.
M. Cohen adds, that neither of the coins exist in any
cabinet, and that he does not know what has become of
the one found at Pozzuoli.
CARINUS.
Obv. IMP . C . CARINVS . P . F . AVG. Bust, to right,
laureate, with paludamentum and cuirass.
.Ret). VICTORIA . GERMANICA. Victory in a biga,
to left, holding wreath and palm; beneath the
horses a captive. Jf.
Varied from Cohen, 28.
CARAUSIUS.
Obv. VIRTVS . CARAVSI. Bust, to left, helmeted,
showing right hand, which holds spear over right
shoulder ; on the left side half a shield.
Rev. LIBERALITAS . AVG. Emperor, seated on es-
trade, to left ; behind him a figure, standing ; on
his right side Liberality stands holding tessera
and cornucopias; a third figure is in the act of
mounting the estrade. In exergue, 0. M. (PI.
i.3.)
The type of the reverse of this coin of Carausius is
similar to that published in Cohen (No. 140), from the
" Monum. Hist. Brit.," though it differs slightly in the
reverse legend, and materially in that of the obverse.
The reverse legend in Cohen is LIBERALIT ., and the
obverse* IMP . CARAVSIVS . AVG ., with the radiate
bust to right, wearing the paludamentum. The legend,
VIRTVS . CARAVSI., is of less frequent occurrence than
42 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
that usually found on the Imperial coins, and, together with
the helmeted bust, seems imitated from the coins of Probus,
of which there are many examples of a similar obverse
type and legend. It occurs on the brass coins of Carau-
sius, with the following reverse legends : AD VENT VS.
CARAVSI (Cohen, 57, Bodleian Library, Oxford), FELI-
CITAS (Cohen, 87, Hunter), LAETITIA . AVG. (Cohen,
117, Hunter), PAX . AVG. (Cohen, 172, 173, Hunter\
182, British Museum, and cabinet of J. Evans, Esq), and
PROVID . AVG. (Cohen, 197, Monum. Brit.}. It is
only found with one type in the silver, ROMANO
RENOV. (Cohen, 34, Hunter], and one in gold with the
same reverse (Cohen, 35, Cabinet des Medailles). It will
thus be seen that there is only one specimen of the
VIRTVS . CARAVSI obverse in the British Museum,
and that with the more common reverse legend of PAX .
AVG. No comment need be made on the reverse legend
of our coin, as a Liberalitas Augusti was the most natural
thing for Carausius to offer to the broken-spirited Britons,
who always had been, and were at this time, oppressed by
the Roman governor and his inferiors. 2 To explain satis-
factorily the exergual letter C, is a matter of no slight
difficulty. It has generally been supposed to stand for
Camulodunum (Colchester or Maldon). Mr. Akerman,
in his " Coins of the Romans relating to Britain/' has
suggested Clausentum (Bittern, near Southampton), " as
coins with this mint-mark are frequently found there ;" but
so they are at Colchester. The writer of the article Camu-
lodunum, in Dr. Smith's " Dictionary of Biography, &c.,"
1 The latter (No. 173) has a variety in the obverse legend;
it reads VIRTVS . CARAVSI . AVG.
3 See Tacitus " Vita Agricolse," c. 15.
SOME UNPUBLISHED ROMAN COINS. 43
after an examination of the conflicting accounts relative
to what town Camulodunum should represent, concludes
as follows : " It is difficult to believe that the river
Coin took its name from Colonia, and it is not easy to
believe that Co/-chester is other than the camp on the
Coin. Notwithstanding the prevalence of the contrary
opinion, the present writer, after balancing the conflicting
difficulties, finds the best solution in doubting the identity
of Colonia and Camulodunum. The first he believes to
have been CoZ-chester, the second Maldon, name for name
in each case." Coins with the exergual letter C, which
certainly belong to a British mint, are of such a short
duration, 3 that letter only occurring on the coins of
Diocletian, Maximian, Carausius, and Allectus, that I
am inclined to give the preference to the more important
town of Colchester as their place of mintage. In that
case the letter C would represent Colonia.
CONSTANTIUS I. (CHLORUS.)
Obv. CONST ANTIVS.CAES. Head, to right, laureate.
Rev. COMITES . AVGG . ET . GAESS . N . N . N . N.
(Nostrorum). The Dioscuri, standing, holding
each a spear and globe. In exergue, AQ.
(Aquileia). (PL i. 4.)
M. Cohen has described and engraved a coin somewhat
similar, with the figures of Jupiter and Hercules, from
the cabinet of Major de Rausch, at Berlin; and in a
foot-note remarks, that there is another engraved in the
" Musee Murelli, with the figures of the Dioscuri instead of
those of Jupiter and Hercules ;" but by asking whether it
3 The letter C, coupled with a star, other letters, or numbers,
occurs in the exergue on the coins of Aurelian, Tacitus, and
Probus. Its signification is not at present ascertained.
44 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
was badly preserved or another variety, seems not to have
been aware of its actual existence. {Vol. v. p. 553.) The
above coin is in the British Museum, and in an excellent
state of preservation. It will be seen that there are, on the
reverse side, four N's two N's for the two Augusti, and
two for the two Caesars. In the year A.D. 292, Constan-
tius Chlorus was associated to the empire, as Caesar, by
Maximianus, and Galerius Maximinus by Diocletianus.
The empire was then held under two Augusti and two
Caesars. Maximianus gave to Constantius Chlorus, Britain,
Gaul, Spain, and Mauretania Tingitana; retaining for
himself Rhaetia, Italy, and Africa. Diocletianus gave to
his Caesar, Galerius Maximinus, Illyricum, and retained
Greece, Thrace, Asia, the East, and Egypt. Constantius
Chlorus was Caesar from 292 to 305, when, on the abdica-
tion of Maximianus, he became Augustus, as also
Galerius on the abdication of Diocletianus.
LICINIUS I.
Obv. LIOINIVS . AVG . OBDV . FILII . SVI. Full-
faced bust of Licinius I., with paludamentum
and cuirass.
Rev.lQVl . CONS . LICINI . AVG . Jupiter, half
naked, holding Victory on globe and sceptre,
seated, facing, on an estrade, on which is in-
scribed SIC . X . SIC . XX. At his feet, to left,
an eagle, holding a wreath. In field, to right, a
star. In exergue, S . M . AN . 6. (Signata
Moneta Antiochia 5.) N. (PI. i. 5.)
This rare and finely-preserved coin was brought from
the East by Mr. George Macleay, and purchased of him
for the Museum. There are three others in existence, or
at any rate of which we have some record. One (as I
believe) in the Paris collection, but very badly preserved ; a
second in the Vienna Museum (Mionnet), with the exergual
SOME UNPUBLISHED ROMAN COINS. 45
letters S . M . N . D. ; and the third was sold in the Pem-
broke sale for 20. Its exergual letters are S . M . N . A.
The compiler of the catalogue adds, " This most rare and
interesting coin as it came from the die." 4 There is also
a gold coin of Licinius II. in the British Museum, with a
full-faced bust, and the reverse legend IOVI . CONSEK-
VATORI . CAES. Jupiter seated on an estrade, on
which is inscribed SIC .V. SIC .X. In exergue, S . M . N . A.
(Signata Moneta Nicomedia 4). The letters OBDV.
have been a mystery to every numismatist. The expla-
nations have been various : " OB. Decennalia Vota,"
" OB. Data V. (Quinquennalia)," " OB. Duplicem Vic-
toriam," &c. Mr. de Salis has suggested " OB. D (iem)
V (Quintum) [Natal em understood] struck on the fifth
birthday of his son." This last suggestion is far superior
to the meaningless attempts above quoted, and seems
the most probable explanation. The following objection
to it has been raised. If any reliance can be placed
on the " Vows," the SIC X . SIC XX on this coin of
Licinius I. would fix the date of its issue to the year
A.D. 317, ten years after his accession. This same year,
Licinius II., who was born A.D. 315, was made Csesar
with his cousins Crispus and Constantinus. Such being
the case, this coin cannot be struck in A.D. 317, and also
on the fifth birthday of his son, for he was only about
twenty months old in that year. The SIC V . SIC X on
the coin of the younger Licinius, would also fix the date
of issue to A.D. 320. The vows, however, were conti-
nuous; the coin issued in A.D. 317 with SIC X . SIC XX
continued to be struck to the year of Licinius 7 death, in
4 Pembroke Sale Cat., p. 231. This coin is, I believe, in tlie
possession of Thomas Brown, Esq.
46 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
A.D. 323, and would have continued to A.D. 327, had he
lived. Thus the vows are of no chronological use, and
Mr. de Salis' explanation may be the right one.
Coins with the full-faced bust not being of frequent
occurrence, I may mention those, besides the Licinii, in
the Imperial series.
1. Three-quarter faced bust of Postumus. jr. (Cohen, 67.)
2. Full-faced bust of Poatumus. jr. (Cohen, 133.)
3. Full-faced bust of Carausius. J3. 5 (Cohen, 225.)
4. Obv. MAXENTIVS . P.F. AVG. Full-faced bust,
bare, with paludamentum and cuirass.
Rev. TEMPORVM . FELICITAS . AVG. N. Wolf, to
left, suckling Romulus and Remus. In exergue,
P . OST. (Prima Ostia.) jr.
5. Same obverse.
.Ret;. MARTI . VICTOR! . COMITI . AVG . N. Mars,
helmeted, in military dress, with left band on
shield, standing, to right, vis-a-vis to the em-
peror, bareheaded, in military costume, holding
a sceptre in the left band. They are holding
between them, with their left bands, a Victory on
a globe, which is crowning tbe emperor. In the
exergue, P.OST. (Prima Ostia). Jf. (Pl.i. 6.)
This last is unpublished.
The letters POST., MOSTP., MOSTQ., &c., have been
nearly always read to signify "money struck at Treves."
Ducange and Jobert assigned coins with those mint-marks
to Treves. Eckhel copies them, and gives no opinion of his
own. M. Sabatier, in his "Hotels Monetaires," places
them under Treves. In Rasche's " Lexicon," however, I
find these letters placed under OST. (Ostia), and I am
of opinion, rightly. At the time of Aurelian, Ostia was a
5 An account of tbis rare coin is in the NUMISMATIC CHRO-
NICLE, vol. xiv. pp.150 152. The helmeted full-faced bust
occurs for the first time on the coins of Constantius II.
SOME UNPUBLISHED ROMAN COINS. 47
flourishing town, and lie built there a forum, naming it
after himself. 6 This forum was decorated by his successor,
Tacitus, with a hundred columns of Numidian marble ; 7 it
is therefore probable that Ostia was a town of importance
till towards the close of the Roman empire. Maxentius
revolted at Rome in A.D. 307; and his father, Maximianus,
who had been recalled, defeated Severus, and Maxentius
then obtained possession of his share of the empire,
which was Italy, including Rheetia and Africa. In A.D.
308, Alexander, who had been appointed by Maxentius
governor of Africa, revolted, and assumed the purple,
but was defeated in A.D. 311. It is therefore probable
that the mint of Carthage was after this rebellion trans-
ferred to Ostia by Maxentius, this latter place being, from
its position and proximity to Rome, a likely place for him
to obtain. (See p. 54.) Soon after Maxentius' defeat the
mint of Ostia was transferred by Constantine the Great
to Rome. There are no coins of Maxentius struck in
Gaul, consequently the interpretation of these letters as
"money struck at Treves" is out of the question; the
only mints of which we have his coins are Tarraco, Kar-
thage, Rome, Ostia, and Aquileia, and of his son Romulus,
Rome and Ostia. Although there are coins of Maxentius
struck at Tarraco, this mint did not belong to him ; it
was in the Gallic division, and under the authority of
Constantine, who doubtless struck the coins of his
brother-in-law in his honour, being at that time friendly
with him. The coins of Constantius Chlorus and Galerius
Maximianus with M . OST . P., M . OST . S., &c., are
struck after their deaths by Maxentius.
As regards the letter P, which I have interpreted
6 Vopisc Aur. 45. 7 Vopisc. Tac. 10.
48 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Prima. The first mintage seems to have been employed
only for the gold, that is to say, I have not seen S . OST .
or T . OST., &c., on the gold coins. On the copper coins
we find M . OST . P., S., T., and Q., (Moneta Ostid
Prima, Secunda, Tertia, and Quarto), and also M . OST .
A., B., F., (1, 2, 3). Latin and Greek differentials are
used quite indiscriminately on the coinage of the West ;
but, generally, Greek are employed in the East. The only
silver coin with the mint-mark of Ostia that I have seen,
is one of Maxentius, with exergual letters M . OST . B.
The letter P., in such cases as above given, cannot signify
either Pecunia or Percussa. The letters P., S., T., or Q.,
are sometimes used before the mint-mark, as P . CON.,
S . CON., &c. (Prima, Secunda Constantina (Aries), &c.),
and sometimes after, as R . P., R . S., &c. (Roma Prima,
Secunda, &c.) When there is a differential letter, either
in Greek or Latin, besides the P., as SISC . P . S.,
P . K . T., &c., the P. stands for Pecunia or Percussa,
" Siscia Pecunia or Percussa 7" " Pecunia or Percussa
Karthagine Tertia." The letters P.S. signify "Pecunia
Signata," and are usually after the mint-mark, asTR . P . S.,
MD.P.S., &c.; whereas S . M., " Siguata Moneta," are
usually before, as S . M . AQ., &c.
CONSTANTINUS I.
Obv. CONSTANTINVS . P . F . AVG. Head, to
right, laureate.
Rev. RECTOR . TOTIVS . ORBIS. Emperor, in
military dress, seated, to left, on arms (cuirass and
two shields), holding in right hand the zodiac,
and in left, uncertain object (parazonium ?).
Behind stands Victory, crowning him and hold-
ing a palm branch. In exergue, S . M .T . (Signata
Moneta Thessalonica). 8 Jf. (Plate i. 7.)
SOME UNPUBLISHED ROMAN COINS. 49
This coin commem orates the period when Constantino
became " ruler of the whole [Roman] world/' and it may
not be uninteresting to accompany its publication with a
short epitome of the events which tended to his assuming
such a significant title. Before, however, commencing the
history, let us briefly consider the reverse type. It will be
seen thatConstantine is holding in his right hand the zodiac.
This is, I believe, the only representation on a Latin
imperial coin of the emperor holding the zodiac ; though
on the well-known aureus of Hadrian, with the legend
SAEC . AVU, and the type a male figure standing,
(Trajan deified ?) holding in left hand a phoenix on globe,
and in right a circle which surrounds the whole, " this
circle may have been intended for the zodiac ; indeed, it
is so engraved in the Pembroke catalogue, and on referring
to the specimen in the British Museum I find that there
are still what seem to be traces of the signs. 9 On a large
brass coin of Antoninus Pius, we find the reverse type
" Italia, seated on a globe, around which is the zodiac ; "
8 The letter T on the coins that may be attributed to Thessa-
~,onica, can be distinguished from those of Tarraco by their
style and type, which resemble those of Constantinople and
other Eastern towns. The other mint letters of Thessalonica
are TES., ES., and TS. The letters TB. are always the
initials of Treves. The mint of Tarraco is the suggestion of
Mr. de Salis, who has given to that town the coins whose fabric
approaches most that of the mints of Italy. The first pieces that
were certainly struck there, are those of Aurelian, bearing the
marks P., S., T., Q., V., or VI., XXT. (Prima, Secunda, Tertia,
Quarta, Quinta, or Sexta, &c.) The usual exergual letters are
P.T., S.T., T.T., &c. (Prima, Secunda, &c., Tarracone).
This series ceases about the time that that of Aries commences,
and it is probable that Constantine transferred tlie monetary
establishment of Tarraco to his new capital.
See Pembroke Sale Cat., p. 135, note. Cohen, vol. ii.
p. 157, calls it merely " une aureole ovale."
VOL. II. N.S. H
50 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
and it may occur in many other instances on the globe.
On the reverse of a contorniate of Trajan, there is a zodiac
on a shield, 10 and on a contorniate of Constantiue the Great,
his head is surrounded by the twelve signs. This piece,
however, has been doubted. There is a long inscription
on the reverse, and, if true, it may have been struck to
commemorate the victory over Maxentius. 11 The twelve
signs may also be seen on several of the Greek Imperial
coins, and on Alexandrian coins of Antoninus Pius. 12 No
more fitting emblem of supremacy and power could have
been suggested to the mind of the artist ; and Constantine,
as ruler of the whole world, holds in his grasp the course
of the sun round that world, thus verifying in type what
can be read in the legend. The astronomy of the Romans
does not seem to have been very profound. Sir G. Cornewall
Lewis, in a work recently published, " On the Astronomy
of the Ancients " l3 from which several of the following
remarks are taken says, " Their (the Romans) inferiority
to the Greeks in this branch of science, as well as in other
departments of physical science, is fully recognised by the
Latin writers. Virgil includes astronomy among the sub-
jects in which he proclaims the pre-eminence of the Greeks,
while he vindicates to Rome the mastery in the art of
10 Eckhel, vol. viii. p. 306. Sab. Medaittes Contorniates
PL xii. No. 4.
11 Eckhel, vol. viii. p. 88. It is engraved in the Pembroke
Cat. See Sale Oat , pp. 296297, note.
12 The Perinthus medallion of Alex. Severus. Eckhel, vol. ii.
p. 40, &c. Zoega, pp. 92, 181, 182.
13 "An Historical Survey of the Astronomy of the Ancients."
London : 8vo., 1862. This work enters fully into the question
of ancient astronomy. Space permits me only to take a few
quotations from it, though there are many more passages
relative to this science among the Romans. The quotations are
within inverted commas.
SOME UNPUBLISHED ROMAN COINS. 51
government (^En., vi. 848) . Seneca states the comparative
recency of astronomy among the Romans (Nat. Qusest., vii.
25) " " The Romans were the tardy pupils of the Greeks
in astronomical and mathematical science ; and it may be
safely assumed, that while the astronomical science of the
Greeks was in its infancy, that of the Romans had no
existence/' " Astrology was also regarded by the Roman
state as a foreign and unauthorised superstition ; and as
early as B.C. 139, Cn. Cornelius Hispallus issued an edict
expelling the Chaldaeans 14 from Rome and Italy (Val.
Max. I., iii. 2). This did not long remain in force.
Cicero speaks of many predictions given by the Chaldseans
to Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar, which were never ac-
complished." " Julius Csesar is said to have studied
astronomy. Lucan represents him as saying, that even
in the midst of a campaign he always found time for
astronomical pursuits (x. 185)." "Nigidius Figulus is
said to have foretold the future greatness of Augustus."
Thrasyllus, the astrologer, had great influence over
Tiberius. It is related by Tacitus, that Tiberius acquired
the knowledge of foretelling to Galba, when he was only
14 " The Romans understood the name of Cbaldseans to repre-
sent astrologers ; and by degrees the name lost its national
significance and came to denote an astrologer, though he might
not be of Babylonion extraction. (Non ex artis, sed ex gentis
vocabulo nominati Cic. De Div. I. 1). See Juv., vi. 553."
[also x. 93.
" Tutor haberi
Principis Augusta Caprearum in rupe sedentis
Cum grege Chaldseo "].
''Censorinus calls astrology exclusively a Chaldsean art (c. 8).
They were also called genethliaci, because their divinations
were usually founded on births. Mathematics was also an
astrologer. Tiberius was the first to expel them from Home
(Suet., in Tib. 36)."
52 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
consul " Thou too, Galba, shalt some day taste of the
empire." 15 When Claudius was dying, Agrippina kept
secret his illness; and not till the favourable moment
arrived, according to astrological prediction, did she reveal
his death. 16 Many succeeding emperors put faith in
astrology ; but the art of the Chaldseans was always con-
sidered illicit, and numerous edicts were issued, banishing
them from Rome and Italy. Maternus Firmicus wrote
on astrology towards the end of the reign of Constan-
tine.
It will thus be seen from the few remarks above, relative
to Koman astronomy, that there is no scientific import-
ance to be attached to the fact of the emperor holding
the zodiac. It merely designates that he possesses, meta-
phorically, the whole world, and is, as I have before
remarked, the best emblem that could have been found to
illustrate the legend.
And now to return to the history or epitome of events
leading to the time when such a coin might be struck.
On the death of Constantius I., in A.D. 306, Galerius
Maximianus conferred the title of Augustus on his son
Severus, who only retained as his share what he had held
while Ctesar, viz., Italy, Rhsetia, and Africa. Constan-
tine, however, was proclaimed Augustus by his army, but
recognised only as Caesar by Galerius ; he still retained
15 Tac. Ann., vi. 20. Suetonius says that Augustus predicted
the same thing. (In Galb., c. 4.) Dio says it was Tiberiiis,
57, 19. Thrasyllus was brought from Rhodes by Tiberius
about A.D. 3, and always lived with him, and died in A.D. 36.
Galba was consul in A.D. 33. Tacitus says of Galba, turn
Consule, at the time of the prediction, Suetonius says puero
adhuc.
16 Tac. Ann. xii. 68.
SOME UNPUBLISHED ROMAN COINS. 53
his father's dominions Britain, Gaul, Spain, and Maure-
tania Tingitana. In this same year, Maxentius, the son
of Maximiamis Herculeus (who from incapacity, or some
other cause, had been passed over when his father and
Diocletian abdicated), revolted at Home against Severus,
and in the following year (A.D. 307) persuaded his father,
Maximian, to quit his retreat and reassume the purple.
Severus, of course, had a strong objection to be ousted
out of his share of the empire, and entered Italy at the
head of a large army. He was soon pursued by Maxi-
mian, and obliged to shut himself up in Ravenna, and its
strong fortifications were sufficient to enable him to defend
it for a long time ; he, however, was persuaded by treachery
to surrender, and the only mercy he received when cap-
tured, was permission to choose the manner of his death.
Galerius, at the death of his son, then associated Licinius
as Augustus, without first giving him the title of Caesar,
and gave him Illyricum. Maximian, elated at the success
of his expedition against Severus, as also against Galerius,
hastened to ally himself with Constantine, and gave him
his daughter Fausta in marriage. Maxentius and Maxi-
mian, who were now in possession of Severus' share of the
empire, acknowledged Constantine as Augustus. Galerius
was obliged to recognise the claims of his nephew Maxi-
minus Daza, who was made Ceesar in A.D. 305 on the
abdication of Diocletian, receiving at that time, as
his portion, the East and Egypt, and who felt rather
slighted at Licinius being raised at once to the rank of
Augustus. In order to appease him, and at the same time
to partially approve of Constantine having been made
Augustus by Maxentius and Maximian, he gave them
both the title of Filii Augustorum. He was, however,
compelled to recognise them as emperors in the following
54 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
year (A.D. 308). We thus find the Roman Empire
governed by six rulers :
The East. The West.
GALERIUS. MAXIMIANUS.
LICINIUS. MAXENTIUS.
MAXIMINUS. CONSTANTINUS.
During the next year, Maximian, who had not actually
held any part of the West since his recall, for it had been
divided between his son Maxentius and his son-in-law
Constantine, again abdicated, in consequence of not
agreeing with his son ; he, however, once more assumed
the purple, and was driven out of Italy by Maxentius, and
put to death by his son-in-law in Gaul. In A.D. 311
Galerius died, and Licinius took the European and Maxi-
minus the Asiatic part. In the same year, an Alexander,
who had been appointed Governor of Africa by Maxentius,
revolted, and assumed the purple. Coins are extant of him
with the exergual letters P. K. (Pecunia or Prima Kartha-
gine) . Maxentius sent one of his generals against him, and
he was soon subdued and put to death. Carthage suffered
severely from fire and sword, and the whole country was
ravaged. 17 (See page 47.) Maximian having been disposed
of, Maxentius soon found a pretext for quarrelling with
Constantine, and a war soon ensued, in which the latter
17 Carthage was not destroyed till the Vandal invasion, in
A.D. 439. Its magnificence is attested by Ausonius (Clarse
Urbes II.), who compares it to Eome and Constantinople :
" Constantinopoli adsurgit Carthago priori,
Non toto cessura gradn, quia tertia dici
Fastidit, non ausa locum sperare secundum,
Qui fuit ambarum," &c.
SOME UNPUBLISHED ROMAN COINS. 55
was victorious : Maxentius perished while endeavouring to
escape over the Milvian bridge/ 8 being drowned in the
river Tiber. Constantine was now sole master of the
West. In the East, Licinius did not long agree with
18 The Milvian bridge is famous for the battles that have
taken place near or on it. Tacitus alludes to it in several places
when speaking of the wars of the times of Otho, Galba, and
Vitellius (Hist. i. 87, ii. 89, hi. 82), and it was on it that Didius
Julianus was defeated by Severus (Viet. Gees. xix.). Witiges
also occupied it during the siege of Rome, in A.D. 537, and it
was the only bridge preserved by Totila in A.D. 547. There
seem to be two stories relative to the victory of Constantine over
Maxentius ; one, that on the night previous to the battle, Con-
stantine was admonished in a dream to inscribe the shields of
his soldiers with the monogram of Christ, and that by so doing
he was victorious : the other, that he saw in the sky the cross
inscribed with the words, "By this conquer" (~Ev TOVTO vim). In
the second civil war with Licinius L, the labarum, a standard
on which was the monogram of Christ (~p or ^), was employed,
and so discouraged the adverse army, that Constantine was an
easy victor (Cf. Gibbon). Whether any truth can be attached
to these stories is doubtful ; however, this is certain, that the
monogram of Christ occurs on the coins of Constantine, and
that coins of Constantius are extant with the type, " the em-
peror holding the labarum, on which is inscribed the mono-
gram of Christ and the legend HOC . SIGNO . VICTOR .
ERIS (by this sign thou shalt conquer)." This type and legend
occurs on coins of subsequent emperors. The Greek legend
EN TOYTO NIKA, was first introduced on the copper coins in
the early part of the seventh century ; these " were probably
coined for the use of the troops and the provincials during the
Persian campaigns." (Finlay, " Greece under the Romans,"
p. 54:5. Appendix i.) The Hon. J. Leicester Warren, in a paper
on the above, and ANANEO2I2 types, says that " the idea of
connecting the EN TOYTO NIKA pieces with the Persian cam-
paigns of Heraclius, for paying the army and passing current
among the provinces, deserves a conspicuous place among the
theories propounded on the origin of this type. Such a type
would be peculiarly appropriate in a war against the crescent
and the infidels, thus readopting the labarum motto translated
however thereby showing how essentially Greek the empire
had become." (Num. Chron. N.S. vol. i. pp. 229, 230.)
56 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Maximinus, and a battle took place near Heracleia, in
which the latter was defeated, and fleeing to Tarsus in
Cilicia, there died or poisoned himself, in A.D. 313.
Licinius thus became sole master of the East. Now
(A.D. 314) came the tug of war between the two remain-
ing emperors ; two battles were fought, one at Cibalis, in
Pannonia, where Licinius was utterly defeated, and
another at Mardia, in Thrace, which so worsted him that
he sought for peace ; and Constantino, to seal this sup-
posed friendship, gave him his sister Constantia in
marriage. By this Constantine added Illyricum to his
dominions, leaving Thrace for Licinius. The town of
Serdica, in Moesia, at which there was a mint, was given
up to Constantine, who transferred the mint to Sirmium,
In the list of letters, &c. in the exergue of the small brass
coins of Aurelian, as given by Cohen, vol. v. p. 122, there
are the letters SEDD. and SFRD. These should no doubt
be SERD. The next coin we know of Serdica as a place of
mintage, 19 is a small brass coin, of the Emperor Probus,
published in Eckhel, vol. vii. p. 501, and Cohen, 384,
quoted from Tanini, with the exergual letters SERD.
Of the emperors Cams, 20 Numerianus, and Carinus, there
are coins with the exergual letters S. M.S. XXI, which may
designate Siscia or Serdica. There is also a coin of
the usurper Julianus, in the exergue, XXI F. S. This
may also be either Siscia or Serdica. 21 At the time of
19 There are Greek Imperial coins from the time of the
Antonines. Serdica was called Ulpia by Trajan, and the
legend on these coins is always OYAIIIAC . CGPAIKHC.
20 These are Consecratio coins of Carus.
11 The reverse legend is PANNONIAE . AVG. I was
anxious to find out something ahout this Julian, and looked to
Dr. Smith's Dictionary, but there is no such person mentioned
there ; consequently it may not be out of place to say a few words
SOME UNPUBLISHED ROMAN COINS. 57
Diocletianus and Maximianus, when mint-marks became
more prevalent and more distinct, we find, of the former,
second brass coins, struck after his abdication, 22 with the
about him. On turning to Aurelius Victor, we find a confusion of
names. As far as one can judge, there seem to have been three
Julians about this period ; one, under Carus and his sons, and
the two others under Diocletian and Maximian. The passages
from which we gain our information are from the " De Caesari-
bus *' and the " Epitome de Csesaribus," both usually attributed
to Aurelius Victor. The writer, however, of the article Victor
in Smith's " Dictionary," says that " Aurelius Victor flourished
under the Emperor Constantinus and his successors, and at a
subsequent period was elevated by Theodosius to the office of
city prsefect. The time of his death is not known ; but as the
first series terminates with Constantius, and the second cornea
down as low as Arcadius and Honorius, it seems clear that the
Aurelius Victor who compiled the ' Epitome ' cannot be the
same as the writer of 'De Csesaribus,' but probably copied,
consulting other sources, &c." (For fuller particulars see article
Victor, Smith's " Diet.," vol. iii. pp. 1256-7.) The passages are
as follow: " [Carinus] Illyricum propere Italise circuitu petit.
Ibi Julianum pulsa ejus acie obtruncat." De Cces., xxxix. 9, 10.
" Hinc Sabinus Julianus invadens imperium a Carino in campis
occiditur." Epit , xxxviii. 6. These are no doubt the same
man, though the accounts of the place of the defeat are varying.
As to the name Sabinus, it does not occur on coins, the usual
legend being IMP . . M . AVR . IVLIANVS, &c. " Eodem
tempore orientem Persse, Africam Julianus graviter
quatiebant." De C<es., xxxix. 22. " Hoc tempore Charausio
in Galliis, Achilleus apud Egyptum, Julianus in Italia, Impera-
tores effecti diverse exitu periere." Epit., xxxix. 3. These are
the two under Diocletian one in Africa, and the other in Italy.
Of them there are no coins.
22 I cannot refrain from expressing my disapproval of the
system adopted by M. Cohen relative to the exergual letters
in his fifth volume, and which, I conclude, will be continued in
his sixth and last. Here is a case in point, showing the in-
utility of a mere catalogue of coins, by which none (save the gold
and silver) can possibly be identified. Not having a specimen
in the British Museum of a second brass coin of Diocletian struck
at Serdica Before his abdication, I looked naturally in Cohen to
find if such a coin existed. The type of that of Maximian is
GENIO . POPVLI . ROMANI. Now this type occurs with
VOL. TI. N.S. I
58 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
exergual letters S.M.SD. : and of the latter, who was
born in the neighbourhood (Eutrop. ix.), gold and silver
coins struck before abdication, and second brass coins,
struck before and after abdication, with the same exergual
Betters. Of Constantius I. there is a gold coin in Cohen,
13, quoted from Tanini, and second brass coins; of
Maximianus II., and Valeria, second brass coins ; of
Severus, gold coins one published in Cohen, 11, from
Eckhel, vol. viii. p. 51, two others in Cohen, 13 and 14,
and second brass coins; and of Maximinus II., gold
and second brass coins. All of these have the exergual
letters S.M.SD. I have only seen one coin of LiciniusL,
struck at Serdica, and that is of gold, with exergual
letters SEE. After his reign, as I have said above, the
mint ends.
In A.D. 317, Crispus, Constantinus II., and Licinius II.
(a baby hardly two years old), were made Casars. For
nine years there was peace, when the war between Licinius
and Constantine again broke out; the former was de-
feated and put to death at Thessalonica by his conqueror.
Thus, after seventeen years' struggle (from A.D. 306 to
a variety of exergual letters. The exergual letters in Cohen
being in one place, and the descriptions of the coins in another,
how is it possible for any one to tell whether a coin of Diocle-
tian has been struck before abdication at Serdica or not ?
M. Cohen's note in vol. v. p. 121, is sad in the extreme. I
quote only two sentences : " Ces lettres peuvent avoir d' im-
portance .... mais il est rare que ce soit tel revers plutot que
tel autre qui acquiert de 1'importance par la presence c*es lettres,
nombres, ou symboles ;" and again " Quant a la reunion de
lettres qui commencent des noms de villes, 1' interpretation d'un
grand nombre est conjectural." It is to be regreited that such
opinions as here quoted should be expressed in a work which it
was hoped would bave been a standard one on Roman numis-
matics. It is doubtful whether volumes v. and vi. will be of the
.slightest use for real numismatic study to any but the amateur.
SOME UNPUBLISHED ROMAN COINS. 59
A.D. 323), and thirty-seven years after Diocletian had first
divided the empire, was Constantine sole master of the
Koman world, and truly was he entitled to strike coins
commemorative of the event. We will, then, leave the
Great Constantine as RECTOR . TOTIUS . ORBIS . ;
to illustrate the redivision of the empire, would not only
require as long a dissertation as already before you, but
would be foreign to our purpose. 83
In order that my readers may better understand the poli-
tical division of the empire, I have drawn up a small table,
here annexed, of the division from the time of Diocletian
to that of Theodosius the Great. All the mints can here
be seen at a glance j here and there I have mentioned the
commencement or ending of a mint. The principal object
of the table is to show the extent of Constantino's empire.
It will be seen that, at his period, many mints end, and
many new ones are founded. A full history of each mint
would be here out of place, and the subject requires still
further work, there being many points yet to be cleared
up and decided.
23 For a chronological list of the most important events from
Diocletian to Theodosius I., see " Handbook to Roman Numis-
matics," p. 151. London : J. Russell Smith. 1861.
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SOME UNPUBLISHED ROMAN COINS. 61
CONSTANTIUS III (Gallus).
Flavius Julius Claudius Constantius married, in A.D.
351, Constantina, the widow of Hanniballianus, and the
eldest daughter of Constantine the Great and Fausta, and
was the son of the youngest son of Constantius Chlorus and
Theodora, and, consequently, nephew of Constantine the
Great. He was appointed Caesar in A.D. 351, by his cousin,
Constantius II., and the command of the army against the
Persians was given him. He, however, was cruel and
disobedient, and was soon (A.D. 354) put to death at Pola, in
Istria. 34 There may exist some doubts as to the coins to be
given to Constantius II. and Constantius Csesar. These
may easily be settled by the one rule, that the bust or
head on the coins of Constantius Csesar is never laureate
or diademed, but is always bare. On the coins that bear
the letters IVN. (Junior) no comment need be made ;
likewise on those that have the legend D . N . FL . CL .
CONSTANTIVS . NOB . CAES ., for the name of Clau-
dius does not occur on the coins of Constantius II. The
following legends, with the title of Caesar (for Gallus was
never Augustus), are what I have met Vith on their dis-
tinctive coins :
CONSTANTIUS II.
FLA . CONSTANTIVS . NOB . C.
FL . IVL . CONST ANTIVS . NOB . 0.
FL . IVL . CONSTANTIVS . NOB . CAES.
CONST ANTIVS . NOB . CAES. Obv. and Rev.
CONSTANTIVS . CAESAR. Rev.
24 His wife, Constantina, died the same year. She is described
as being a 'fury, with an insatiable thirst for blood. (Megsera
quidem mortalis, inflammatrix ssevientis assidua, humani cruoris
avida, nib.il mitius quam maritus. Amm. Marcell., xiv. ch. i. 2.)
62 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
CONSTANTIUS &ALLU8.
D . N . CONST ANTIVS . IVN . NOB . C.
D . N . CONST ANTIVS . NOB . CAES.
D . N . FL . CL . CONST ANTIVS . NOB . CAES.
CONST ANTIVS . CAE.
It will thus be seen that the letters D . N. do not occur
on the Ccesar coins of Constantius II. ; but none of these
arguments are required, for the one reason mentioned
above that the bust or head of Constantius II. is always
laureate or diademed, that of his cousin always bare.
VALENTINIANUS I.
Obv D . N . VALENTINIANUS . P . F . AVG. Bust,
to right, diademed, with paludamentiim and
cuirass.
Rev. FELIX . ADVENT VS. AVG . M. (N?). Em-
peror, on horseback, to left, raising his right hand.
In exergue, MED. (Mediolano). N. (solidus and
a half).
The type of this coin is not unknown, but the exergual
letters are unpublished. On the reverse may be noticed
the letter M. instead of N. (Nostri).
Query ? Is it a blunder ? After a long examination
of the coin, which is in the finest preservation, I have
come to the conclusion that the M. is too clear and too
well formed to be a mistake. What may it signify ? Per-
haps Magni, or Maximi ? Or, should the legend read as
follows : " Felix Adventus Augusti Mediolano ?" There
is a strong proof of this from the exergual letters repre-
senting positively that the coin is struck at that town.
History does not make mention of any particular " Felix
Adventus;" but, after the empire was divided in A.D. 364,
S. VoiJJ.PL..
UNPUBLISHED ROMAN COINS
SOME UNPUBLISHED ROMAN COINS. 63
between Valentinian and Valens (the former taking the
West, including Illyricum and Africa; the latter the East,
comprising Asia, Egypt, and Thrace), Valens set out for
Constantinople, and Valentinian for Italy, and took up
his residence at Milan, where he stayed till the com-
mencement of A.D. 365. 25
VALENS.
Obv. D . N . VALENS . PER . F . AVG. Bust, to right,
diademed, with paludamentum and cuirass.
Rev. GLORIA . ROMANORUM. Emperor, on horse-
back, to left, the right hand raised. In field, to
left, -P. In exergue, ANOBS. (Antiochia, 72,
or Obryzata, 26 6th mintage.) N. (solidus and a
half.) (PI. i. 8.)
This coin is unpublished.
FRED. W. MADDEN.
25 Eckhel quotes a coin of Valens, from Banduri, with two
legends, FELIX . AD VENTVS . AVG . N., and AVGGG.,
and the same type. Of coiirse, if the latter coin exists, it would
bear reference to the three Aiigusti, Valentinianus, Valens, and
Gratianus, who was associated in A.D. 367, and would tend to fix
the date of the coins of this type later than A.D. 365, and the
suggestion about M would be useless. Milan was first employed
as an imperial residence by Maximian I., and future emperors
followed his example. Of its magnificence as a city, Ausonius
bears witness (Clarse Urbes, V). Coins do not appear with an
exergual mint-mark of this town till under Constantius II., who,
after the death of his brother, defeated Magnentius and Vetranio,
regained the West, and thus became sole Emperor in A.D. 353.
It is after this date that coins with the Milan mint -mark were
struck.
26 The question as to whether OB. means 72 or OBryzata, or
both, is even still a disputed one ; I reserve further remarks
thereon to a future time.
64
VI.
DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME UNPUBLISHED
JEWISH COINS.
[Read before the Numismatic Society, November 21st, 1861.]
THE following Jewish coins are not contained in De
Saulcy's recent work, entitled " Recherches sur la Numis-
matique Judaique" (Paris, 1854), and are, so far as I
know, unpublished, although some of them are by no
means unique. The first-named coin of Herod the Great,
and the first-named of Herod Archelaus, are fine ; that of
Tiberius is well preserved ; the others are more or less
imperfect. The interpretation of these pieces, even when
the state of their preservation interposes no additional
obstacle, is not always easy ; and it is far from certain
that the explanations here offered are in every case accu-
rate. In these and similar instances, however, conscien-
tious descriptions, accompanied by figures, may often lead
to the truth, even when they do not themselves attain to it.
ANTIGONUS.
Ob v. Wreath ? (side-struck and very much obliterated),
no legend visible.
Rev [B]ASIA[EfiS] [A]NTirONO[Y] in two straight
lines, between them a single horn of plenty, filled
with fruit (grapes ?) hanging over. JE 3.
(PI. ii. 1).
Found in Palestine, together with the coins sold in
July, 1861. Deplorably imperfect as the specimen is, its
attribution is nevertheless certain ; and it is remarkable
as being the only specimen yet described which has a
Greek inscription on the same side as the horn of plenty.
Whether there was or was not a Samaritan inscription on
SOME UNPUBLISHED JEWISH COINS. 65
the obverse it is impossible to say. There are, apparently,
traces of the same broad leaves in the wreath, as on the
other coins of Antigonus. The first and last letters of the
name ANTIFONOY are wholly off the coin ; all the rest
may be read or traced. This appears to be the smallest
coin of Antigonus yet discovered.
HEROD THE GREAT.
1. Ob v. A rude tripod, flat at the top, standing on the
ground, represented by a straight line ; on each
side a palm branch, within a circle of dots.
Rev. A rude helmet ? (front view) around HPoA.Y
BA[Cl]AoC (the last four letters indistinct), all
within a circle of dots. M 4. (PI. ii. 2).
Procured in 1858, near Jerusalem, by J. A. Beddome,
Esq. Other specimens exist in private collections.
This coin is formed upon the type of the well-known
larger copper coins of Herod the Great (De Saulcy,
PI. vi. No. 1.), but the form of the tripod is very different,
and the type of the reverse could not be conjectured to be
a helmet, except from a consideration of the larger coins.
It resembles the Greek capital Q, having within it a mark
like the letter X. The legend is written with barbarous
consistency, the Q being twice inverted, and the dot repre-
senting the O being placed below the A ! It perhaps also
deserves to be noted that this coin has the sigma formed
like a C ; while on the larger coins of the same king, the
older form (2) is adopted. On another of his coins in my
possession the form L occurs (type of De Saulcy, vi. 3).
It seems much better to call the type of the larger coins
a tripod than a fire-altar, 1 as indeed Mr. Akerman has
already hinted (Num. 111. of New Test. p. 3). On the
present co.in it is clearly a tripod ; and the occurrence of
1 Of course a tripod might serve the purpose of a fire-altar, and
on Herod's larger coins a flame seems to be represented therein.
VOL. II. N.S. K
66 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
such a representation on a Jewish coin illustrates the
paganising spirit of Herod, who adopted it in all likelihood
from the coins of the Seleucidse, where there is a manifest
connection of the tripod with the worship of Apollo. In
a like spirit both he and Archelaus stamped their coins
with the figure of the caduceus, the symbol of Hermes.
2. Obv. Rude tripod resting on a wavy line representing
the ground, within dotted circle.
Rev. Rude helmet, around it HPoA[OY BAClAEn]C,
within a dotted circle. M 2|. (PI. ii. 3).
Both sides are ill struck, but the types appear to be
substantially the same as on the preceding coin. The
helmet seems to be of the same form as on the coins of
Archelaus.
HEROD ARCHELAUS.
Two varieties of the same type.
A.
- Obv. Two horns of plenty, united below into one stem,
filled with flowers and fruit, bunches of grapes
hanging from the outer side of each ; below, to
right, HP!}., all within a circle of dots.
Rev. Galley of five oars without mast, having on deck a
tower (?) near the poop; in field, crescent (?)
and two letters above (NX ?) : over the whole,
the legend G0NA, all within circle of dots.
M 41. (PI. ii. 4.)
B.
Obv. Two horns of plenty, as before, but showing two
leaves at the base of the stem ; remains of legend
unintelligible, 2 and no dotted circle apparent.
Rev. Galley of five oars, with mast and sail ; near the
poop, in field, crescent, and two letters above
(NX ?) ; legend entirely obliterated ; a dotted
circle partially visible. JE 4. (PI. ii. 5.)
2 Since this paper was written I have obtained another speci-
men from Mr. Whelan, in very poor condition, but showing an H
on the left side of th', obverse. The legend was therefore, in all
likelihood, HPOAOY. Perhaps an ill-formed A may be traced in
our figure.
SOME UNPUBLISHED JEWISH COINS. 67
The reverses of these two coins present great difficul-
ties. The object on the left of the field, near the poop,
is certainly a crescent in B, and probably also in A, and
may be a symbol of Astarte. What I have supposed to
be a portion of the galley in A (a wooden covering, or
tower, such as is seen in figures of some ancient vessels)
may possibly be the Greek letter n ; and the remaining
two letters on each coin are not easily determined with
certainty, although the first described specimen is in very
good condition. The galley, a frequent type on the coins
of Tyre, Sidon, and Ascalon, now appears for the first
and last time on the money of a prince of Judea. It
no doubt symbolises his naval power, the foundation of
which had been laid by his father, who constructed the
port of Caesarea.
The coins having the title of Ethnarch are now classed
to Archelaus.
Another, and much smaller coin, perhaps also belonging
to Archelaus, now in the British Museum, the obverse of
which bears the letters HP, but has no intelligible type,
has for the reverse a galley and letters, which are described
in the catalogue of the same sale (Lot 479) as *I CNX (in
two lines) . It must be left to others to consider whether
any interpretation can be given to these letters, which
are possibly not Greek at all.
REIGN OF TIBERIUS. (Belonging to the class of coins
thought to be struck by the Procurators.)
Obv. Two horns of abundance, placed cross-wise ; between
them a caduceus ; above, TIBEPIOC ; below,
L.F. (A.D. 17): all within a circle of dots.
Rev* KAICAP, in two lines within a wreath. JE 2i.
(PL ii. 6.)
From Lord Northwick's collection, (part of Lot 1457.)
68 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Two other specimens of this rare coin occurred in the
sale mentioned at p. 66 (Lots 499 and 500) ; and there is
another in the British Museum, which reads TIBEIPOC.
The type of the double cornuacopise, which occurs on the
regal coins both of Egypt and Syria under various forms,
had been adopted by the Jews, both under the Maccabees
and under the first two Herods. This coin gives almost
the latest example of its use in the Jewish series. 3 The
united symbols of the obverse, which occur also on coins
of Alexander Zebina, Alexander Jannaeus, and Herod the
Great, symbolise peace and plenty.
CHURCHILL BABINGTON.
3 There is, indeed, a coin of Agrippias Anthedon, having
this reverse, and on the obverse according to Mionnet follow-
ing Sestini a portrait of Herod Agrippa I., with legend
BafftXtvc AyptTTTra /ueyaXoc ! (Suppl., vol. viii. p. 364.)
It is found somewhat later on Greek imperial coins of other
parts of Palestine, as on coins of Tiberias of Galilee, struck by
Trajan (Mionnet, vol. v. pp. 484, 485), and on a coin of Neapolis
of Samaria, struck by Domitian (id. p. 500). It is singular that
this exact type should be found on the coins of more than one of
the Maccabean princes (Judas and Jonathan) before we find it
on those of the Greek kings of Syria, Alexander Zebina being
the earliest king of Syria mentioned by Mionnet who uses it.
Arsinoe, however, wife of Philadelphus, had long before employed
on her golden octodrachms, some of which were struck at Tyre,
(Thomas' Col., No. 27,) the double cornuacopise with united
stems.
Num.. Ghrcn.N.S.Tol.EPll
fKfiM6t.WLMit.ie.
UNPUBLISHED JEWISH COINS.
69
VII.
KENTISH TOKENS OF THE SEVENTEENTH
CENTURY.
THE collection of the trade and tavern tokens of the
seventeenth century of the towns of Sandwich, Deal,
Ramsgate, Margate, Dover, and Canterbury, formed by
that esteemed and zealous member of the Numismatic
Society, the late W. H. Rolfe, Esq., was long thought
by him to comprise complete sets of all that had been
issued. As such, they were nearly all etched by me a
few years since, but never published.
The plates containing them I have much pleasure in
placing at the disposal of the Numismatic Society, and
as I find that in the collection of W. Boyne, Esq., F.S.A.,
there are several tokens of Dover and Canterbury not
included in them, I intend, through his kindness, to etch
these additional tokens, should health and ability be
granted me, and thus render the engraved series as com-
plete as possible.
Trusting they will not be useless to the Kentish col-
lector, nor totally devoid of interest to the members of
the Society, and general readers of the NUMISMATIC
CHRONICLE, we commence with
SANDWICH.
PLATE A.
No. 1. A farthing of Richard Asberniden, of Sand-
wich, has on each side the letters R.S.A. the initials
of the issuer and of his wife.
70 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
No. 2. A farthing of Anne Atkins, widow, has a
flower the pink. From this we may imagine that Anne
Atkins was a miliner, or a maker of artificial flowers
herself the ' ' pink of fashion."
No. 3. Joanna Austin's farthing has no mark to trace
her vocation. From the absence of the word ' ' widow,"
we can only conclude she was unmarried.
No. 4. A halfpenny of George Burford, with the arms
of the Grocers' Company a chevron between nine cloves ;
six in chief, and three in base.
Grocers were incorporated A.D. 1344; they were before
called pepperers.
No. 5. John Casbe, host of the Fleur-de-lis. A tavern
in Sandwich still bears this sign.
No. 6. Richard Crisp exhibits on his farthing two
swords in saltire a part of the Cutlers' arms.
William Crispe was Mayor of Sandwich in 1536, and a
William Crispe was also mayor in 1583. In the "Annals
of Sandwich, 1578," William Crispe, jurat of the town,
bears testimony to an earthquake. The extract may not
be without interest :
" Mem. On the vjth of april, xxijnd of Elizabeth, about six
o'clock in the evening, there was heard from the southwest, a
marvelouse greate noyse, as thoughe the same had been the
shott of some greate batterie, or a nomber of canons shott off at
one instante, withoute decernynge of any dyfferance of tyme in
the going of the same shott. Which noyse semed to be, from
the place wheare yt was herde, as thowghe yt had been mydwaie
betwene Calleis and Dover. But sodenlie, and in the twingling
of an eye, the same noyse was, as thoughe yt had ben round
aboute the hearers; and therwith began a moste feirce and
terrible earthquake, which with the noyse aforesaid, and other cir-
cumstances, contymied not above the tyme, as we commonlie call
yt, of a paternoster while. The place wheare the inhabitants of
Sandwiche fyrste herde the same was coming out of Sandowne,
wheare weare mr. Cobbe, mr. Rawe, mr. Peeke, mr. Crispe,
KENTISH TOKENS OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 71
jurats ; Robert Bonham, recorder of Sandwich ; Villers Aldey,
mynister ; Charles Aldey, Robert Griffin, and others, from
whence yt passed into the towne, being theare universally to
the greate feare of all the people ; and that with such ratlinge
as thoughe a nomber of persons with chaynes shakinge had ben
presente ; and yet, thankes be to God, dyd little harme saving
that in the ende of the north vale of St. Peter's Church yt
shaked downe the gable and the copinge of the gable ende
thereof, and dyd shake and cleave fower arches in St. Maries
chirch, aiid overthrewe a peece of a chymney in the howse of
Katherine Christmas, wyddowe, and with the fall thereof brake
certen pottes and other earthen vessels of one Jerome Pynock.
This earthquake coutynewed so much longer in the towne as yt
did with them at Sandowne. The shippes in the seae, as also
8\ich as weare at the keye, and wythin the havon at the beacons,
felt the lyke. Somthing before nyne of the clocke, the same
nighte, the same began againe, but endured a verie shorte space,
as also a lytle before eleven of the clocke in the same nighte
with lyke shortnes ; and a small noyse was herde about fower of
the clocke the next mornynge, but no shakinge; and within one
halfe hower after a like noise and a litle shakinge."
No. 7. The crest of the Prince of Wales.
No. 8. John Couchman only tells us his farthing was
issued 1656.
No. 9. Joseph Doe, in his halfpenny, has the lower
part of another letter between the " PH " of his name.
The partly obliterated device of the reverse is a man
dipping candles; from which we may learn he was a
tallow chandler.
Nos. 10 and 11. A farthing and halfpenny of Henry
Furnice have the arms of the Cinque Ports. 1
This name is asserted to have been written Furnace,
Furnice, Furnise, Furness, Furnesse, Furnese. Henry
1 The following extract is from the registers of the Cinque
Ports :
" 5. H. VIII. Every person that goeth into the navie of ihe
portis shal have a cote of white cotyn, with a red crosse, and
the armes of the portis underneathe, that is to sey, the halfe
li/on and the halfe shippe."
72 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Furnese was a sergeant of dragoons, and married Ann,
daughter of Mr. Andrew Gosfright, one of the jurats of
Sandwich. Upon his marriage he settled at Sandwich^
as a grocer and tallow chandler, in a small house on the
west side of the fish-market, in which their son, after-
wards Sir Henry Furnese, was born. This house was
pulled down in 1786, and the ground formed part of the
site of the Rose Inn. He was admitted a freeman of the
corporation, by marriage, December 10th, 1657, and died
June 12th, 1672, in the forty-third year of his age.
No. 12. We learn from the halfpenny of Thomas
Kingsford that he was postmaster of Sandwich.
"1569. A common post for carriage of letters appointed."
" 1661. The mayor and jurats solicit the Duke of York for a
continuance of the privilege of a foot post, to carry money and
goods to and from Sandwich, Deal, and London, according to
ancient custom, notwithstanding the act of Parliament for
creating the post office. 1 ' Annals of Sandwich.
PLATE B.
No. 13. Daniel Pichley, in Sandwich, in 1656.
No. 14. John Revell, in Sandwich, was landlord of
the Bell Inn, still the principal inn at Sandwich.
" May 22nd, 1648. A letter from the mayor and jurats of
Sandwich, dated May 20th, giving account of a person there
affirming himself to be Prince of Wales. The person to be sent
for." Journals of the House.
" Thi? was one Cornelius Evings, or Evins. He came to the
Bell, at WTiitsuntide, and sent for the mayor and jurats, and
made them believe that he was Prince Charles. Peter Van-
derslaet, of Stanner, sent him 100 in gold, and Mr. Culling
gave him a good gelding, but, ere long, he ran away through
the haven, like a rogue as he was."
" 1669. The King, Duke of York, Prince Rupert, and the
Earl of Sandwich, came to town, and the mayor presented his
Majesty with a glass of sack at the Bell Tavern door, which
his Majesty drank on horseback." Annals of Sandwich.
KENTISH TOKENS OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 78
Nos. 15 and 16 are farthings of Ralph Robins, and show
us the portrait of the Sandwich hoy, in 1655, the earliest
date on the Sandwich tokens. In the " Annals" so freely
quoted from, we read, " 1643. Farthings put down/'
These were the farthings that had been struck from the
patent granted by James I. to Lord Harrington, 1613, and
further extended in the reign of Charles I., but which
Were put down, when the civil wars broke out, by the
order of Parliament, 1644. The token in lead, found in
Sandwich, No. 22, having the same device and initials,
" R. R." was assigned to Ralph Robins, and thought to
have been circulated by him before he issued his copper
farthings in 1655. His example, in the following year,
was followed by five of his fellow townsmen. Notwith-
standing steam navigation and railways, the hoy still
plies between Sandwich and London. It formerly had
accommodation for the conveyance of passengers as
well as merchandise. In 1802, the Margate hoy was
wrecked off Reculver, and twenty-three passengers were
drowned.
No. 17 has a cherry-tree, much cultivated in Kent when
David Rogers issued his farthing.
In 1520, cherry-trees were first planted at Teynham,
in Kent, by Richard Haynes ; and, in 1540, a cherry
orchard of thirty-two acres, in Kent, produced in one
year 1,000.
In an account passed in 1561, belonging to St. Bartho-
lomew's Hospital, Sandwich, is, "for kottenge downe
of our chere trees in Blaxefeld vj.d."
No. 18. In this halfpenny, Thomas Sandum has left
us in no doubt as to his vocation of a gardener, having a
spade and hoe crossed. He was a supposed descendant of
the Walloons, who, persecuted on account of their religion,
VOL. IT. N.S. L
74 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
in Brabant and Flanders, under the cruel administration
of the Duke of Alba, about 1567, fled in great numbers to
all the Protestant parts of Europe, soon enriched by their
valuable manufactures. Many found an asylum in Kent,
over which they distributed themselves that they might
not interfere too much with each other. The workers in
say, baize, and flannel, chose Sandwich, and located them-
selves at the mouth of the river Stour, that they might
have communication with the interior parts of Kent, and
the means of an easy export to the Continent. The silk-
workers settled on the banks of the same river, at Canter-
bury ; the workers in thread, upon the Medway, at Maid-
stone. A body of gardeners at once discovered the nature
of the soil about Sandwich to be extremely favourable to
the growth of all esculent plants, and there fixed them-
selves, to the great advantage of the landholders, whose
rents were considerably increased ; and of the inhabitants
of the town and neighbourhood, whose tables were supplied
with a variety of new and wholesome vegetables at a cheap
rate. 2
These advantages were increased by means of the seeds
and other useful plants, which grew in their new soil in
the highest perfection, and were conveyed by the hoys to
London, to be dispersed over the kingdom.
These industrious men cultivated also with advantage,
flax, canary, and teazle. The growth of the second article
-was long confined to this part of Kent, and it is still
cultivated there to a very great extent.
Nos. 19 and 20. John Vandebrouck, evidently a de-
2 Anderson, in his " Rise and Progress of Commerce," asserts
that, in 1509, there was not a salad grown in all England ;
cabbages, carrots, turnips, and other plants and roots, were
imported from the Netherlands.
KENTISH TOKENS OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 75
scendant of the Dutch settlers, already, I fear, too largely
described. His farthing has the date 1656, and, from his
trade-mark, which is known in heraldry as" Lacy 's knot," .
he is supposed to have been one of the manufacturers of
baize.
No. 21. Thomas Young issued his farthing 1666, and
would have us to understand he sold tobacco, no mean
traffic, when it sold for its weight in silver. In the
Sandwich charter, granted by Charles II., 1685, Thomas
Young, mariner, is named as one of the Common Council.
" Thomam Young nautara." ....." Fore et esse prhnos et
uiodernos communes consiliarios ville et portus predicti."
No. 22 is in lead, already described.
No. 23, also in lead, and of very similar workmanship,
and found at Sandwich.
No. 24. In lead, has a pelican, feeding its young ; on
the reverse, a monogram.
The Pelican Tavern, in Sandwich, has long ceased to
hold a place in the street to which it has left a name.
In a list of quit-rents of lands, &c., belonging to St.
Peter's Church, Sandwich, collected between the years
1646 and 1661, there is,
" The Widow White for house in the high streete, 3s. 4</.,
formerly the Three Mariners, now the Pelican."
The letter W., forming part of the monogram on the
reverse, favours the idea that this token was the Widow
White's.
" Edward Parbo, Esq., by his will, dated 26th October, 1640,
besides many legacies, bequeathed to the mayor and jurats of
Sandwich, governors of the Grammar School, an annuity of ten
pounds, out of his messuage, or inn, called the Pelican, in Saiid-
wich, of which four pounds to the master of the school, and five
pounds to the rector, and fellows, and scholars of Lincoln College,
Oxford, in augmentation, &c., of the scholars sent from Sand-
76 MM1SMA1H- lllKONUl.K.
wich. If none sent, the money to remain in the governor's
hands, to accumulate for such scholars as shall he afterwards
elected. The remaining twenty shillings to the mayor and
jurats for wine at their ordinaries, when they shall hold the same
at the Pelican."
Ill the description of Queen Elizabeth's progress through
Sandwich, 1572, the chronicler writes :
" Then her Majestie went towards the town, and at
Sandowne Gate were a lion and a dragon, all gilt, set up uppun
ii posts at the hridge ende, and her armes was hanged up uppon
the gate."
" All the towne was graveled, and strewed with rushes, herhs,
flags, and such lyke, every howse haviuge a nomher of grene
bowes standing against the dores and walls, every howse paynted
whyte and black. Her Majestie rode into the towne, and in
dy vers places, as far as her lodgiuge, were dyvers cords made of
vine branches, with their leaves hanking crosse the streats ; and
uppon them dyvers garlands of fyne flowers. And so she rode
foith till she came directly over against Mr. Oripp's bowses,
almost as far as the Petticane"
H. W. ROLFE.
(To be continued)
Nu-m i '.'>'. flat
Niun Chrim. VolIL N.S.PlaJ.
A M r\\A/'fPl-[
77
NOTICE OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS.
In No. 6 (November and December), for 1861, of the Revue
Numismattque, are the following articles :
1. "Pieces Gallo-Grecques de Marseille," by M. A. Car-
pentin.
2. " On coins of Serapeum and Memphis. Find at Myt-
Rahineh," by M. Adrien de Longperier.
3. " Dissertation on the coins struck at Lucques, during the
rule of the Franks, in the eighth and ninth centuries," by M. D.
Massagli.
4. " On an ecu d'or of Charles, Duke of Orleans," by M. Adrien
de Longperier.
5. " Essay on the monetary history of the Counts of Flanders
of the House of Burgundy, and description of their gold and
silver money." Third article, by M. L. Deschamps de Pas.
In the Bulletin BibliograpJiique is the first notice of M.
Cohen's work, "Les Medailles Imperiales," vols. i. and ii., by
M. 1'Abbe Cavedoni.
In No. I (January and February), for 1862, of the Revue
Numismatique, there are the following articles :
1. " Letter No. XIV. of M. de iSaulcy to M. A. de Longperier,
on the ' Numismatique Grauloise,' " giving an interesting account
of a portion of an extensive find at Chantenay.
2. " On some coins of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa," by M. A.
de Longperier.
M. A. de Longperier here publishes a rare and curious second
brass coin of Agrippa, with the chest covered with a lion's skin,
and on the reverse the usual figure of Neptune, the letters S . C,
and the countermark TI . AV. He has not seen the original,
which is described in the catalogue of M. le Conseiller Aulique
Leopold Wolz de Wellenheim, but sees no reason for doubting
it. M. de Longperier remarks that the lion skin is not new on
Roman coins ; and refers to the excellent articles by M. le Baron
de Witte, " On some unedited coins of Postumus " (Rev. Num.,
1844, p. 330), and " On the Roman Emperors who took the attri-
butes of H*ercules " (Rev. Num., 1845, p. 226). Some of the
coins of Agrippa, especially those with the legend COL . NEM,
occupy the rest of the paper.
78 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
3. "Coins of Cologne (Colonia Agrippinensis)," by M. le
Baron de Witte.
After noticing the various forms in which Colonia Agrippina
(Cologne) is found in the different authors and inscriptions, and
its foundation as a colony, M. de Witte proceeds to determine
what Roman coins there are struck there. Those of Claudius,
Nero, and Vitellius, published in Goltz, Morell. &c., do not
exist ; the only authentic Roman coins are a few of Postumus.
M. de Witte quotes some second brass coins of Postumus, from
Banduri, Le Pere Caronni, &c. ; but their descriptions are so
imperfect, and disagree so much with each other, besides the fact
that none have come down to the present day, that he decides that
coins of Postumus, of second brass, struck at Cologne, do not exist
either. There are, however, some small brass coins of Postumus
with the legends COL. CL.AGRIP. COS. IIII,andC.C. A. A.
COS . 1III (Colonia Claudia Augusta Agrippina). The colony
sent out under the auspices of Agrippina, A.D. 50, received the
name of Claudia in honour of the Emperor Claudius, husband
of Agrippina (Tac. Ann., xii. 27). 1 Of the first of these coins
there are only two examples, and of the second there are three ;
aHfive are abroad (Compare Cohen, vol. v. p. 15. Nos. 7 and 10).
M. de Witte publishes also another piece of Postumus, in the
collection of M. Pery, at Bordeaux, with the legend IOVI .
V1CTORI, and in the field, to left and right, the letters . A .
(Colonia Agrippinensis). He then remarks on the probable
date of these coins, and the fourth consulship on them tends to
fix it. Gold coins with TR . P . VII have the third consul-
1 This is the same passage as that quoted by M. de Witte at
the commencement of the paper. It is as follows : " Sed
Agrippina .... in oppidum Ubiorum, in quo genita
erat, veteranos coloniamque deduci impetrat ; cui nomen
inditum vocabulo ipsius." I cannot, for my part, see that there
is here proof of the name Claudia being given to the colony.
W r e only know of that name by the inscription in Gruter (p. 436),
also given by M. de "Witte, though, of course, it is probable that
it received this latter in honour of the Emperor Claudius.
Eckhel is also mistaken in saying so (see vol. i. p. 74). In
another passage of Tacitus (Germ c. 28) we find that the Ubii
were willingly (libentius) called Agrippinenses, from the name
of their founder (conditoris sui), as if Agrippa had founded the
colony. If so, Agrippina reconstituted it, and gave it her name.
There are also, it is said, Roman remains at Cologne, supposed
to be the old Porta Claudia, with the inscription C . C . A . A.
(Cf. Smith's ' Diet, of Geography," vol. i. p, 646). F. W 7 . M.
NOTICE OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS. 79
ship; this is A.D. 264. Some billon and small brass coins have
TR . P. VIIII and COS . IIII ; this is A.D. 266. At any rate
M. de Witte thinks that the date of the fourth consulship should
be fixed to A.D. 265, the same year that Postumus associated
Yictorinus. Having thus explained the letters C . A, occurring
in the field, M. de Witte suggests the possibility of deciphering
the other letters on the coins of Postumus, either in the field, or
the exergue. In the field, with the legend ORIENS . AVG, the
letter P occurs. In the exergue of varioiis reverses, the letters
P, S, and T. " Ought one to see," says M. de Witte, " in these
three letters, P, S, T, the initials of towns or of people as
Pictones or Petrucorii, Senones, Santones or Sequani, Treviri
or Turones f I do not think so, and I believe that they signify
the numbers of the mintage, Prima, Secunda, Tertia." We
are quite of M. de Witte's opinion.
4. " Notice of different coins from the eighth to the fifteenth
century,'" by M. Feuardent.
5. " Letter to M. A. de Longperier, on the collections of
Italy," by M. Ch. Robert.
In the Bulletin Bibliographique is the second notice of M.
Cohen's work, vols. i. and ii., by M. 1'Abbe Cavedoni.
In the Chronique is a letter of M. Laprevote to M. Ch.
Robert, " On a denier of Mirecourt ; " and some notices of recent
publications.
In the quatrieme livraison of the Revue Numismatique Beige
for 1861, there are the following articles :
1. " On a coin of Massilia," by M. le Baron Chaudruc de
Crazannes.
2. " Supplement to the essay on the classification of the
money of Georgia, from the earliest date to the present day," by
M. Victor Langlois.
3. " Catalogue of the coins of the principality and bishopric
of Liege," by M. Perreau.
4. " Gold florin of Tecklenbourg," by M. R. Chalon.
5. " Three bulles d'or of the Belgian Emperors of Constan-
tinople," by M. R. Chalon.
6. " Numismatic documents," by M. Alex. Pinchart.
7. " Biography of the Belgian engravers Ghislain, Carpen-
tier, Jean de Gouy, Robert de Gouy, Bauduin Yerkembaut,
and Blancpain," by M. Alex. Pinchart. (Second article).
8. " Documents pour servir a 1'histoire des monnaies," by M.
de la Fons-Meliocq.
In the Necrologie is a notice of M. Joachim Lelewel.
80
MISCELLANEA. .
SHORT CROSS PENNIES OP HENRY III. During the summer
of 1861, I paid a visit to Yorkshire, and was fortunate in pro-
curing a number of short cross pennies of Henry III., such as
those described by Mr. Pownall, in the last number of the
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE. They were said to have been found
in the neighbourhood of Doncaster, and are all of the small size
and of neat fabric. Four of them are different from those on
Mr. Pownall's list. One has GIPFKEI ON NORW (Nor-
wich) ; another WALTER ON LV (London) ; the third, a
very well preserved specimen, reads ALISANRE ON R
(Rochester), and may be of the same moneyer as Mr. Pownall's
ALIS ANDRE ON C,.placed to Canterbury. The fourth reads
WILLELM ON LE (probably Lynn), to which place, and
not to Lincoln, the type NICOLE ON LEN, described by
Mr. Pownall, should, I think, be referred.
W. BOYNE.
FINDS OF COINS. In the Vigie de Dieppe, of the 13th
December last, is a notice, by the Abbe Cochet, of a find of
Roman gold coins on the seashore at Pourville, on the same
spot where about a hundred gold coins of the later emperors were
found in 1846. Such of those now found, as have been
examined by the Abbe, belong to Valentinian I., Valens,
Theodosius the Great, Arcadius, and Honorius, and are in the
finest state of preservation. In the same journal is a notice of
another find of coins, of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, in
the Chapel of Caudecote, near Dieppe. They were thirty-five
in number, all in gold, and comprised specimens of the coins of
various princes and countries. Of France there were coins of
Louis XII., Francis I., Henry II., and Charles IX.; of Spain,
Ferdinand and Isabella, Joanna and Charles, Charles V. and
Philip II. ; of Portugal, J ohn 1 1 1. and Sebastian I. ; of Hungary,
Matthew Corvinus ; of Italy, Alphonso I. and Hercules II.,
Dukes of Ferrara ; and of Switzerland, a single coin of the city
of Geneva. The Abbe Cochet is inclined to regard the hoard
as having been deposited about the period of the massacre of
St. Bartholomew 1572.
81
VIII.
LONDON TOKENS OF THE SEVENTEENTH
CENTURY.
ADDITIONS TO THE LIST PUBLISHED IN " BOYNE's TOKENS OF THE
SEVENTEENTH CENTURY," 8vo., London, 1858.
THE collection of Seventeenth Century Tokens in the
British Museum consists chiefly of the Tyssen collection,
with additions from that formed by Miss Banks, and
from other sources. With regard to the Country tokens,
it is far from complete, but the series of Metropolitan
tokens is unrivalled. The whole collection was formerly
arranged alphabetically, under the names of the issuers
an arrangement which has not been disturbed for the
present as regards the Country tokens, but the Metro-
politan series has been sorted out and carefully arranged
under the names of streets. As the division of Counties
is not adopted in the general collection, it has been
thought advisable to include, in London, the tokens of
Limehouse, Shad well, and Westminster, in Middlesex;
and of Lambeth, Newington Butts, Rotherhithe, and
Southwark, in Surrey. Some collectors may perhaps
entertain doubts as to the propriety of this classification,
which, however, was adopted in Akerman's "London
Tokens," and in Bum's " Catalogue of the Beaufoy
Collection." In the more extended work by Mr. Boyne,
the tokens are placed under the Counties to which the
suburbs of London above alluded to belong.
VOL. n. N.S. M
82 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
The series of London tokens thus formed, comprises no
less than 2,893. It has been carefully examined by Mr.
Boyne, who has described all the specimens excepting
thirty-eight, which have been added or deciphered subse-
quently. The whole number which he describes under
London, Southwark, and the other suburbs mentioned
above, is 3,3.26, of which there are only 471 not in the
Museum.
If any members of the Society should have any dupli-
cates of the London series, they would be conferring a
benefit on the National Collection if they would give it the
refusal of them.
Thinking that a list of such tokens as are not described
by Mr. Boyne might be of interest to the Society, I
have appended it to this communication, and I have
retained his separation of London from Southwark. This
list comprises the thirty-eight Museum tokens before
mentioned (which are designated by an asterisk), as well
as others from the collections of Mr. Freudenthal,
Mr. Charles Golding, and Mr. J. S. Smallfield. Mr. Boyne
has also, in the most obliging manner, added considerably
to the list, from his notes for an intended supplement to
his book, and has likewise given a few corrections of the
descriptions in the list he has already published.
AUGUSTUS W. FRANKS.
ALDERSGATE STEEET.
1. 0. HENRY . RVDDLE . IN . 1666 = A sugar-loaf . H . . . .
JR. ALDERSGATE . STREETS = HIS HALFE PENNY.
ALDGATE.
*2. O. IOHN . LANGHAM . AT . THE = The Grocers' Aims.
R. GVN . AT . ALGATK = A cannon.
LONDON TOKENS OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 83
BARBICAN.
3. 0. AT . THE . LAMBE = The Paschal Lamb couchant. }
R. IN . BARBICAN = E . S
BASING LANE.
4. 0. AT . THE . BALL . 1659 = A ball. i
R. IN . BASSING . LANE = M . A
5. 0. GEORGE . SHERLEY . AT . Y E . HARTS = A pair of hart's horns.
R. HORNS . IN . BASING . LANE = G . S.
BETHLEM (Buhopsgate Without).
g. 0. THOMAS . LEARE . IN = A crescent moon.
R. BEDDLAM . 1662 = T . L
BILLINGSGATE.
*7. O. YEWMEN . OF . THE . WATER = A lobster.
R. SID . AT . BILLINGS . GATE = A Scallop shell.
This Token fixes the locality of the uncertain Token in 'Boyne,' page 530,
No. 56.
BILLITEE LANE.
8 0. IOHN . HAWKINS = A crooked billet. }-
R. IN . BILLITER . LANE = I . S . H
BISHOPSGATE STEEET WITHIN.
9. 0. IOHN . IVES . WITH = I . M . I i
R. IN . BISHIPGATE = 1657-
10. 0. HENRY . NAPTON . IN = The Pewterers' Arms.
R. BISHOPSGATE . STREET = HIS HALF PENY. 1670.
*ll. 0. AT . THE . MITER . TAVERN = A mitre.
R. IN . BISHOP . GATE . STREETE = R . M . R
BISHOPSGATE STEEET WITHOUT.
12. 0. IOHN . BARNARD . AT . THE = A globe. i
R. WITHOVT . BISHOPSGATE = HIS HALF PENY.
13. 0. AT . Y E . RED . LYON . WITH = A lion rampant. i
R. OVT . BISHOPSGATE = I . C. 1657.
14. 0. THOMAS . DOLLISON . AT . Y E = A plough ; Over it T . D %
R. WITHOVT . BISHOPSGATE = HIS HALFE PENY. 1667.
15. 0. IOSEPH . FOSSEY . MEALMAN = A wheatsheaf. y
R. WITHOVT . BISHOPSGATE = HIS HALF PENY. 1668.
84 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
BLACKFEIAES.
16. 0. WILLIAM .HOVLDER = A gateway. i
R. BLACKE . FRYERS .GATE = W . A . H
17. 0. IOHN . TVDOR . AT . BLAK = I . E . T i
R. FRIEARS . STEARES = An angel.
BOW LANE.
*18. 0. WILL : BINGAM . DARK = A lion sejant. i
R. HOVSE . BOW . LANE = W . I . B
I may here mention that the Token of Barkshale, referred by Mr. C. R. Smith
and Mr. Boyne, No. 301, to Bow Lane, belongs to Shoe Lane.
19. 0. IOHN . MICHELL . IN . BOW = Arms of Michell, Lord Mayor of
London in 1424 and 1436 ; a chevron between three es-
R. LANE . APOTHECARY = I . C . M [callop shells.
BEICK LANE.
20. 0. THOMAS . ELY . AT . THE . GVY . OF = Guy standing, holding a
spear. ^
R. WARWICK . IN . BRICK . LANE . 1666 = HIS HALFE PENNY.
BEIDE LANE.
*21. A variety of 'Boyne,' No. 338, with the initials w . H.
BEOAD STEEET.
22. 0. HVGH . LVMBARD . AT . THE = Prince of Wales's feathers. |
R. IN . BROAD . STREET .1667 = HIS HALF PENY. H . I . L
23. 0. STEPHEN . MABBERLY . AT = The Pewterers' Arms. %
R. BROAD . STREET . EAND = S . E . M. (16)67.
BUDGE EOW.
24. 0. AT . THE . DYALL . IN = A clock-face with hand. \
R. BVDG . ROW . 1657 = M . M . S
BULL AND MOUTH STEEET.
25. 0. DRINGS . COFFEE . HOVSE . IN = A hand pouring from a coffee-
pot. 1
R. BVLL . AND . MOVTH . STREET . BY = ALLDERSGATE. 1671.
LONDON TOKENS OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 85
BULWARK GATE (Tower Hill).
26. 0. THO . TONGE . AT . THE . SHIP = A ship.
R. IN . THE . BVLWORKE = T . C . T
CANNON STEEET.
27. 0. FRANCIS . HEATH . IN = Hercules standing with a club on his
R. CANNON . STKEETE = F . I . H [shoulder, near a beacon.
CATEATON STREET.
28. 0. THOMAS . BETTON . AT = Three lions couchant.
R. CATTEATEN . STRET = T . B
*29. 0. GEORGE . FRANCKLIN = Bustof a Turk holding a coffee-cup.
R. IN . CATEATEN . STREETE = HIS HALF PENY.
30. 0. GEORGE . WADE . AT . Y E = The Sun in splendour. $
R. IN . CATEATEN . STREET = G . R . W
CHANCERY LANE.
31. 0. THOMAS . HARRIS . 1667 = A castle.
R. IN . CHANCERY . LANE = HIS HALFE PENNY.
*32. 0. IOHN . TVRNER . AT . THE = A Friar's head. \
R. IN . CHANCERY . LANE . 1668 = HIS HALFE PENNY. I . D . T
CHANDOS STREET.
33. 0. ROB . RISBEY . IN . SHANDOES = A double-headed eagle. -J
R. STREET . IN . COVENT . GARDEN = HIS HALF PENY. R . A . R
34. O. GEORGE . WARNER = A man holding a harpoon. *
R. SHON D . ST H . BED F . BERY = G . A . W
CHARING CROSS.
35. 0. THO . DARLING . AT . 3 . TVNS = Three tuns. $
R. NEARE . CHARING . CROSS = T . D. (16)57.
36. 0. MIDLETON . HARINTON . AT . Y . BLV = A bell.
R. AT . CHARING . CROSS . . . . = M . A . H
CHEAPSIDE.
*37. 0. IOSEPH . CLIFTON = HIS HALF PENY. 1
R. BVLL . HEAD . YARD . CHEPSIDE = I . C. 1663.
86 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
CHICK LANE.
38. 0. IARVIS . GARNON . AT . Y E . CORNER = A wheatsheaf.
R. OF . CHICK . AN . FEE . LANE = I . G
39. O. RACHELL . UOVLSMITH = The Salters' Arms:
R. IN . CHICK . LANE . 1665 = CHANDLER.
CHISWELL STREET.
40. 0. EDWARD . ADAMS . AT . Y E . LAMP = A light burning in a lamp.
R. IN . CHISWELL . STREET = HIS HALFE 'PENNY . 1669. ^
41. 0. STEPHEN . WILKINSON = (MucJl
R. IN . CHISWELL . STREETE = S . L . W
CHURCH LANE.
42. 0. AT . Y E . GENERAL . MVNKES = W . R . M
R. HEAD . IN . CHVRCH . LANE = Full-faced bust of Monk.
CLERKENWELL.
43. 0. THOMAS . BROWNE . AT . THE = A SUgar-loaf. T
R. IN . CLERKENWELL .1667 = HIS HALFE PENNY. T . E . B
CLOTH FAIR.
44. 0. THOMAS . GAS COYNE = The Merchant-Tailors' Arms.
JR. IN . CLOATH . FAIRE . 1668 = HIS HALF PENY.
45. O. WILLIAM . HOW . AT . Y E . HARRO = A haiTOW.
R. IN . CLOATH . FAIRE . 1667 = HIS HALFE PENNY. \V , E . H
COLE HARBOUR.
46. O. ANDREW . ELLIS . AT = The Dyers' Arms.
R. AT . COLE . HARBER . GATE = A . S . E
COLLEGE HILL (Thames Street).
47. 0. FRANCIS . TROWELL = 1664.
JR. ON . COLLEGE . HILL = F . T
COYENT GARDEN.
48. 0. ELLEN . PRICK . IN . B(OW . S T ?) = A bush. -
R. IN . COVEN . GARDEN . (16)59 = E . P
LONDON TOKENS OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 87
COW CROSS.
49. 0. WILLIAM . RICHARDSON = The Fruiterers' Arms.
R. AT . COW . CROSSE = W . H . R
CREED LANE.
50. 0. THOMAS . GREEN . AT . Y E . THREE = Three pigeons.
R. PIGEONS . IN . CREED . LANE = HIS HALFE PENY.
CRIPPLEGATE.
51. 0. AT . THE . SVNNE . TAVERN = The Sun in splendour.
R. AT . CRIPPEL . GATE = I . E . H
CUSTOM HOUSE QUAY.
52. 0. AT . THE . TAVERNE . NERE = Bust of a Queen.
R. THE . COVSTVM . HVSE = S . E . T
EAST SMTTHFIELD.
53. 0. RICHARD . BRIGSTOCK = Seven stars.
R. IN . EST . SMITHFEILD . (16)66 = R . G . B
54:. 0. AT . THE . WHITE . HORSE = A horse.
R. IN . EAST . SMITHFEILD = T . A . G
55. 0. IOHN . IELLVS . IN = Seven stars.
R. EAST . SMITHFILD = I . G . I
56. 0. EDWARD . LEADER . IN = A heart.
R. EAST . SMITHFIELD = E . M . L
57. 0. HENRY . STILLEMAN = HIS HALF PENY.
R. IN . EAST . SMITHFEILD = A swan on a coronet.
58. 0. AT . THE . LYNN . TOWNE = (MucJl WOTU.}
R. IN . EST . SMITHFEILDE = I . E . W
EXCHANGE.
59. 0. AT . THE . GLOBE . COFFEE . HOVSE = A globe on a stand.
R. ON . THE . BACK . SIDE . OF . THE = ROYALL EXCHENG.
FASHION STREET.
60. 0. ROBERT . BOSWORTH . IN . FASSON = A lion rampant.
R. STREETS . IN . SPITTLE . FEILDS = R . A . B. 1670.
88 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
FETTEE LANE.
61. 0. THOMAS . HILL . AT . THE . BLACK = An Indian hold ing a spear.
R. PRINCE . IN . FETTER . LANE = HIS HALF PENY. 1669.
62. 0. IOHN . SIMCOE . IN = A sugar-loaf. $
R. FITTER . LANE . 1666 = HIS HALF PENY.
63. 0. AT . THE . SVGAII . LOAFE = A sugar-loaf. ^
R. IN . FETTER . LANE = W . A . T
FINCH LANE.
64. 0. AT . THE . HOUSE . SHOOE = A horse-shoe, i
R. IN . FINCH . LANE . 1652 = R . H
FINSBUEY.
65. 0. IOHN . RVDVCK . AT . FINS = A Catherine- wheel.
R. BVRY . WIERDRAWER = I . E . R
FLEET STEEET.
66. 0. IOHN . ASHTON . 1664 = Three kings crowned.
R. IN . FLEET . STREETE = I . L . A
67. 0. AT . Y E . THREE . HATS = Three hats.
R. AT . FLEET . CONDVIT = E . B
68. 0. AT . THE . HORNE . TAVERN = A bugle-hom.
R. IN . FLEET . STREETE = P . S . P
*69. 0. THE . HORNE . TA\EREN = A bugle-horn.
jR. IN . FLEET . STREET = I . A . W
FEIDAY STEEET.
*70. 0. AT . Y . WHIT . HORS . TAVRAN H.E.I
R. IN . FRYDAY . STREETE = A horse running.
GOLDEN LANE.
71. 0. SAMVELL . EVANS . AT . THE = A chequered square.
R. IN . GOVLDING . LANE . 1666 = HIS HALFE PENY.
GOODMAN'S YAED.
72. 0. WILLIAM . BARTON . AT . Y E . RED = A lion ; above it a shoe.
R. IN . GOODMANS . YARD . 1667 = HIS HALF PENY. W . I . B
LONDON TOKENS OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 89
GRACECHURCH STREET.
73. 0. BOVRES . HEAD . IN = A boar's head. i
R. GRACECHVRCH . STBE = W . H. (16)53.
GRAVEL LANE.
74. 0. ESDBAS . AMERY . IN = A Spur. i
R. NEW . GRAVELL . LANE = E . I . A
75. 0. THOMAS . CAPON . IN = A wheatsheaf. T
R. NEW . GRAVELL . LANE = T . B . C
GRAY FRIARS.
76. O. FRANCIS . SMALLET . IN = F . E . S
R. GRAY . FRYERS = A friar.
GRAY'S INN LANE.
77. 0. BENIAMIN . BENNET . IN = A CrOSS.
R. GRAYES . INN . LANE = B . A . B
78. 0. THE . SWAN . TAVERN . AT = I . C
R. GRAYSING . LANE . END = A swan.
GREAT QUEEN STREET.
79. 0. THOMAS . GREENE . AT . Y E = Bust of a Queen.
R. GREAT . QVEENS . STREET = T . A . G. |-
GREEN YARD (Leadenhall Street).
80. 0. FRANCIS . LEONARD = A double-headed eagle displayed.
R. IN . GREENE . YARDE = F . L
HATTON GARDEN.
81. 0. Thomas . (Home ?) . His . Halfe . Penny. (In four lines.)
R. AT . Y E . GOLDEN . IN . HATTON . GARDEN = A ball Suspended.
HENRIETTA STREET (Covent Garden}.
82. 0. AT . Y E . DOLPHIN . IN = A dolphin. i
R. HENERATY . STREETE = E . M . W
VOL. II. N.S. N
90 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
HOLBORN.
83. 0. AVGVS . BRYAN . AT . THE = St. George and the dragon.
R. GEORGE . HOLBORNE . BRIDGE = A . A . B
8-1. 0. GEORGE . YARD . IN . HOBORN = King's bust crowned, full face,
R. BY . GRAYES . INN . GATE = HIS HALFE PENY. [T . C i
85. 0. MARTHA . CHAPMAN . NERE = M . C 3-
R. TVHN . STIL . IN . HOLBORNE = M . C
86. 0. EDMOND . CLAY . AT . THE . GOLDEN = A falcon. %
R. FALCON . IN . HOLBORNE . (16)67 = HIS HALFE PENNY.
87. 0. THE . FETHARES . AT = The Prince of Wales's feathers. i
R. HOLBVRNE . BARRS = O . F
88. 0. IOHN . TVRNER = A stick of candles within a crescent. i
R. IN . HOLBORN . 1657 = I . B . T
89. 0. IOHN . TWYNE . TOBAGO = A roll of tobacco.
R. ROWLE . HOLBVRNE = I . R . T
90. 0. THE . FLEECE . AND . AT = A fleece and a small rose.
R. ROSE . IN . HOLBORNE = I . H . W
91. 0. SAV1LL . WRIGHT . IN . COKE = A COck.
R. ALLEY . HOLBORN . CONDVIT == S . A . W
HOUGHTON STREET (Clare Market).
92. 0. WILL . IONAS . HOWTING = A greyhound's head.
R. STREET . NEW . MARKET = W.A.I
93. 0. GILES . ELY . 1669 = Five bells and a hand-bell.
R. IN . HOUNSDITCH - HIS HALF PENY. G . B . B
IRONGATE.
94. O. IOHN . NOBLE = I . N
R. AT . THE . IRON . GATE I . N
KING STREET (Westminster').
*95. O. IOHN . HVDSON . AT . Y E . BRVRS . (sic) YARD = The Woodmon-
R. KINGS . STREET . WESTMINSTER = I . H [gers' Arms.
96. 0. CROS . KEYS . KING . SIRE = Two keys crossed.
R. WESTMINSTER . 1657 = G . L
LONDON TOKENS OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 91
LEADENHALL STEEET.
*97. 0. THE . KINGS . HEAD . TAVERN = Head of James I. with cap and
R. IN . LEADDEN . HAL . STREETE = I . I . A [feather.
This is a variety of 'Boyne,' No. 1312.
98. 0. IOHN . ROWLAND . MEALMAN = The Tallowchandlers' Arms.
I . R
R. IN . LEADENHALL . STREETE = HIS HALFE PENNY. 1669.
LILYPOT LANE (Foster Lane).
99. 0. IOHN . DOWSE = The Drapers' Arms.
R. IN . LILLY . POTT . LANE = I . M . D
LITTLE EASTCHEAP.
100. 0. IOHN . BEALE .1664 = A crown. %
R. IN . LITTLE . EAST . CHEP = I . A . B
*101 0. SAMVELL . HALLVM = A Crown. %
R. IN . LITTLE . EAST . CHEAP = S . A . H
LONG ACEE.
102. 0. MARGARET . BROOKES . IN = M . B. 1670.
R. LONG . ACRE =
103. O. MARTHA . CHVRCHER = HER HALFE PENNY. -y
R. IN . LONG . AKER = M . C . M. 1667.
LONG ALLEY (Finsbury).
104. 0. THO . LEAWOOD . BAKER . IN = A baker's peel and pair of scales.
R. LONG . ALLY . IN . MOREFEILDS = HIS HALF PENY. T . M . L. |
LOVE LANE (Billingsgate).
106'. 0. IOHN . MVRDINE . TALLOW = I . M . M. 1666.
R. CHANLER . IN . LOVE . LANE = BY BILLINGSGATE.
LUDGATE.
The Token 1485, page 264, 'Boyne,' erroneously placed to John Vertue,
Without Ludgate, belongs to Aldgate Without, and is correctly described at page
188, No. 85. A specimen is in the British Museum.
92 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
MAKK LANE.
106. 0. WILLIAM . PAYNE = A chandler.
E. IN . MARKE . LANE . 1667 = HIS HALFE PENNY. W . A . P
107. 0. THE . CARPENTERS . ARMS = The Carpenters' Arms. %
R. IN . MARLOES . RENTS = A . B
MILFOKD LANE (Strand).
108. O. AT . THE . GRAYHOVNDE = A greyhound. i
R. IN . MILLFORDE . LANE = I . A . H
MINORIES.
109. 0. AT . THE . CAMMELL = A camel lying dovra.
R. IN . THE . MINNORES = W . I . P
MUTTON LANE (ClerJcenwell).
110. 0. EDWARD . VSHER . IN . MVTTON . LA N = Three tuns. I
R. IN . CLARKENWELL . GREENE = HIS HALFE PENNY. I . M . R
The initials do not agree with the issuer's name.
NEW CRANE (tapping).
111. O. CLEM T . NIXON . BY = C . B . N
R. Y E . NEW . CRANE = A bunch of grapes.
NEWGATE.
112. 0. IOSEPH . HOLLED = Two sugar-loaves and a tea-chest sus-
R. AT . NEWGAT . GROCER = I . A . H [pended. 7
NEWGATE MARKET.
113. 0. AT . THE . 3 . TOBACO . PIPS = Three tobacco-pipes. i
R. NEER . NEWGATE . MARKET = W . F
NEW PALACE YARD.
*114 0. SIMON . NORCOTT . AT . Y . GOLDEN = A star.
R. STARR . IN . THE . NEW . PALLACE = HIS HALF PENY. S . S . N
*115 A variety of ' Boyne,' No. 1646, has the initials w . A . R
LONDON TOKENS OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 93
NIGHTINGALE LANE (East Smithjield).
HO- O. TIMOTHY . BARKER = The Bakers' Arms. -}
R. IN . NIGHTINGAL . LANE = T . B
117. 0. HENRY . CRVMP . 1665 = Three leopards.
R. IN . NIGHTINGAL . LANE = H . 8 . C
OLD BAILEY.
118. 0. ROBERT . TOWNSOND = Bust of a Divine.
R. IN . LITTLE . OVLD . BALY = R . A . T
OLD STEEET.
119. 0. MARY . ROW . IN . BLEW . ANGKOR HER HALFE PENY. J
R. ALLY . IN . OVLD . STREET . 1667 = A roll of tobacco.
PICCADILLY.
120. 0. ABBETT . NEVILL . IN = (MucJl WOrtl.} %
R. PICCEDILLI . 1657 = A . A . N
121. 0. AT . PICKIDILLY . (16)57 = The Blacksmiths' Arms.
R. IN . Y E . HAYMARKET = W . E . P
PIE COENEE (SmUlifield).
122. 0. IOHN . MARSTON . PYE . CORNER = Half moon, seven stars, and
stick of candles. %
R. TALLOW . CHANDLER . (16)59 = I . D . M
POPE'S HEAD ALLEY (Cornldll).
*123 0. IOHN . SAWYER . IN = The bust of a Pope. $
R. POPESHEAD . ALLEY = 1 . E . S
POPPING'S ALLEY (Poppin'i Court, Fleet Street).
124. 0. SIMON . PENYCOTT . GREEN = A dragon.
R. IN . POPENG . ALLEY = S . D . P
PEINCES STEEET.
125. 0. THOMAS . SNELLING . OILMAN = HIS HALFE PENY.
R. IN . PRINCES . STREET = The Bakers' Arms.
This issuer was probably an ancestor of Thomas Snelliiig, the antiquary.
94 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE,
PUDDLE DOCK.
126. 0. BENIAMIN . HOWE . IN . THAMES = St. George and dragon. \
R. STREET . AT . PVDDLE . WHARF HIS HALFE PENNY. B . E . II
QUEENHITHE.
127. 0. QVEENS . HEAD . TAVERN = 1662.
R. AT . QVEENHITHE = A Queen's head veiled.
*128 0- AT THE NOBLE . GARTER = Three fishes in pale. j
R. AT . QVEENE . HIFE = B . M . F
QUEEN STREET (Cheapside).
129. 0. EDWARD . NORTHEN = A crown.
R. IN . QVEENE . STREET = E . E . N
EATCLIFF CEOSS.
130. 0. PHILLIP . BVRGES .1667 = The Merchant-Tailors' Arms.
JR. AT . RATCLIFE . CROSS = P . A . B
EATCLIFF HIGHWAY.
*131 0. IOHN . FLY . DISSTILER = The Distillers' Arras.
R. IN . RATCLIFE . 1669 = HIS HALF PENY.
132. 0. WILLIAM . HANES = 1664. $
R. IN . RATLEFE . HIWAY = W . M . H
EEDCEOSS STKEET.
133. 0. ALEXANDER . HAN KIN '= A Turk's head.
R. IN . REDCROSSE . STREET = A . M . H
KOSEMARY LANE.
134. 0. HENRY . CRISP . . . Two pipes crossed and a stick of candles.
R. ROASE . MARY . . . . ='H . M . C
135. 0. HENERY . LOFT . IN = Three birds ? A
R. ROSE . MARY . LANE = H
EUSSELL STEEET (Covent Garden).
136. 0. WILL . THOMPSON . IN A pair of scales.
R. RVSSELL . STR. . MEALMAN = W . B . T
LONDON TOKENS OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 95
SAFFRON HILL.
137. 0. WILLIAM . ORCHARD = A harp.
R. SAFRON . HILL . 1660 = W . E . O
ST. GILES IN THE FIELDS.
138. 0. NATHANIELL . ABBOT = DISTILLER . 1659. i
R. GILES . IN . ? E . FEILDES = N . S . A
139. 0. AT . THE . HELMET . IN = A helmet.
R. GYLESES . IN . THE . FEILDS = E . C
140. 0. IOHN . REDDELL . AT . Y E . ROSE . = A full-blown TOSC.
R. CHVRCH . STREETS . S T . GILES = I . R . R
141. 0. IOHN . SLADE . IN . S T . GILESES = Three barrels and a sugar-
loaf, i
R. MIDDELL . ROW . 1668 = HIS HALF PENY.
ST. JAMES'S MARKET.
142. 0. ANDREW . PORTER . IN . Y E . MARKET = The Butchers' Arms.
R. PLACE . WESTMINSTER . 1670 = HIS HALF PENY. A . E . P \
ST. JOHN STREET.
143. 0. GEORGE . GRADEN . AT . Y E . FOX = A fox passant.
R. IN . S T . IOHN . STREET . 1668 = HIS HALFE PENY. G . M . G
*144 A variety of ' Boyne/ No. 2065, reads SINGIN . STREET.
145. 0. THOMAS . WILKINSON . AT = A bear.
R. IN . S T . IOHN . STREET . 1667 = HIS HALFE PENNY.
ST. KATHARINE'S.
146. 0. RICHARD . GILBVRT = HIS HALF PENY.
R. IN . S T . KATHARINS = St. George and the dragon.
*147 0. WILLIAM . STANION == A gridiron.
R. IN . S T . KATHERNS . LANE = A SUgar-loaf.
ST. MARTIN' S-LE-GRAND.
148. 0. THE . BLACKMORES . HEAD = Head of a negro.
R. IN . S . MARTINS . ALDERSG. = E . A . F
149. 0. IOHN . FVLLERTON . IN = Three horse-shoes.
R. S T . MARTINS . LE . GRAN = I . F
150. 0. IOHN . WALLER . HIS . HALF . PENY = An angel.
R. IN . S T . MARTINS . LE . GRAND . (16)64 = I . I . W
96 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
ST. MARTIN'S LANE.
*151 0. IOHN . BERIMAN . AT . THE = A SUgar-loaf.
R. IN . S T . MARTINS . LAINE = I . B. 1657.
152. O. THOMAS . DIMBLEBY = HABERDASHER.
R. AT . S T . MARTINS . LANE . END = CHARING . CROSS.
153. 0. AT . THE . TOBACCO . R. = W . M . N
R. IN . S T . MARTYNES . L. = A roll of tobacco.
154. 0. IOHN . WICKS . BAKER. (In three lines across the field.)
R. IN . S T . MARTINS . LANE . (16)66 = The Bakers' Arms.
ST. MARY-AT-HILL.
155. 0. EDMOND . LAWRENCE = HIS HALF PENY.
R. ON . S T . MARYS . HILL = The Fishmongers' Arms.
ST. NICHOLAS SHAMBLES.
156. 0. AT . THE . HARROW . BEHIND == A harrow.
R. S . NIKLES . SHAMBLES = L . I . D
157. 0. RICHARD . HVRST . AT . THE = A Swan.
R. IN . S T . NICOLAS . SHAMBLES = HIS HALFE PENY.
*158 O. AT . THE . BVTCHERS . ARMES = The Butchers' Arms.
R. IN . NICKLES . SHAMBLES = I . S . M
ST. PAUL'S CHURCHYARD.
159. 0. THE . TOBACCO . ROWLE = A roll of tobacco.
R. IN . PAVLES . CHVRCH . YARD = S . M . H
ST. SWITHIN'S LANE.
1GO. 0. AT . THE . MEALE . SHOP? = A wheatsheaf. i . c
R. IN . SWETHINS . LANE, . 1666 = HIS HALF PENY.
ST. THOMAS APOSTLE.
161. 0' GEORGE . SPENCER . BACKSIDE = The Dyers' Arms.
R. S T . THOMAS . JLPOSTLE . SILK . DIER = HIS HALF PENNY.
G . A . S
SCALDING ALLEY (Poultry-).
162. 0. FRANCIS . BVSSELL . IN = The Clothworkers' Anns.
R. SCAVLDING . ALLEY . (16)57 = F . E . R
LONDON TOKENS OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 97
SHOE LANE.
163. 0. IOHN . BRIGHTMAN = A CTOSS. |
R. IN . SHOW . LANE = I . I . B
164. 0. WILLIAM . IOHNSON . AT . Y E = Bust of |
R. IN . SHOE . LANE = W . S . I. HALFE PENNY.
SHOEEDITCH.
*165 0. AT . THE . CROWN = A crown.
R. IN . SHORDICH . 1656 = N . L . S
SMITHFIELD (West).
166. 0. FRANCIS . BLECHLEY . AT . THE = A goat.
R. (GOAT?) . IN . WEST . SMITH . FEILD = HIS HALF PENY. 1666.
167. 0. IOHN . REEVE . IN = HIS HALFE PENY. i
R. WEST . SMITHFIELD = A bull and still.
168. 0. THE . BLACKE . BVLL . (16)57 = A bull. J
R. WEST . SMITHFIELD = I . S
169. 0. THOMAS . TAYLOR . AT . THE = A coach and horses. \
R. IN . WEST . SMITHFEILD . (16)67 = HIS HALFE PENNY. T . T
SMITHFIELD BAES.
*170 0. SALOMON . SIBLEY . wiTHOV = A cage. ^
R. SMITHFEILD . BARRS = S . K . S
A somewhat larger token of this issuer, differing in the arrangement of the
inscription, is engraved in ' Boyne,' Plate XX. No. 3, but is not quite correctly
described in the text.
SNOW HILL.
171. 0. ALLEN . SARTAN = Eolls of tobaCCO. i
R. ON . SNOW . HILL = A . E . S
SPITALFIELDS.
172 0. RALPH . WILKES . COFFEE . MAN = R . R . W
R. IN . SPITTLEFIELDS . AT . THE = Bust of a Turk holding a coffee-
cup.
TOL. II. N.8.
98 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
STANHOPE STREET (Clare Market).
173. 0. IN . STANVP . STREETE = Two keys crossed, i . A . K i
R. NEARE . NEW . MARKET = A dog and duck.
174. 0. THO . SCARDEFEILD = A figure standing. ^
It. IN . STANVP . STRET = T . E . S
STRAND.
175. 0. WILLIAM . CONSTABLE = The Prince of Wales's feathers. %
R. IN . THE . STRAND . 1664 = HIS HALF PENY.
*176 0. ROBERT . FAWCETT . IN . Y E . STRAND = HIS HALFE PENNY.
E. A . MEALE . MAN . 1666 = R . E . F
*177 0. THE . FOVNTAINE . TAVERNS = A fountain. i
R. IN . THE . STRAND . 1657 = E . H
*178 0. FRAN : IEFFERY . HIS . |- . PENY = F . A . I
R. THE . GOLDEN . BY . YORK . HOYS = A lion rampant.
179. 0. THO . ROGERS . MEALE = 1658. T
R. MAN . IN . Y E . STRAND = T . K
*180 O. GEORGE . SMITH . GROCR = A Sllgar-loaf. T
R. IN . THE . STRAND . 1658 = G . A . S
TEMPLE BAR.
181. 0. FRANCIS . STONE = MEAL MAN. ^
R. WITHOVT . TEMPLE . BARR = A wheatsheaf.
THAMES STREET.
182. 0. IOHN . HEMING . IN = A greyhound.
R. THEAMS . STREET = I . R . H
183. 0. BENIAMIN . HOWE . IN . THAMES = St. George and dragon. \
R. STREET . (AT . PVDDLE ?) . WHARF = HIS HALFE PENNY. B . E . H
184. 0. HENRY . MORTON . AT . Y E = Crossed swords.
R. IN . THEMES . STREET = H . V . M
THREE COLT ALLEY (Cinnamon Street, near Trapping Dock').
185. 0. AT . THE . BELL . IN = A bell. ^
R. 3 . COVLT . ALY . 1653 = T . N . O
TOWER STREET.
186. 0. EDWARD . DRAYNER = King's head crowned.
R. IN . TOWER . STREET = E . A . D
LONDON TOKENS OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 99
TURNMILL STREET.
187. 0. EDWARD . BAKER . & = SIMON . SOVLE.
R. IN . TVRNMILL . STREET A Camel ?
188. A variety of this token reads " EDWARD . BEAKER . & ."
VINE COURT.
189. 0. JOHN . SMITH . VINE . COVET = Checkers.
R. BY . THE . CVSTOM . HOVSE = I . B . S
WAPPING.
190. 0. AT . THE . FISHMONGERS = The Fishmongers' Arms.
R. ARMES . ON . WAPING . WALL = I . D . B
191. 0. AT . THE . BLOW . ANKER = An anchor.
R. WAPING . OVLD . STARES = I . I . B. (16)58.
192. O. ROB T . BRISTOW . CHESMVNGER = The Pewterers' Arms. %
R. AT . WAPING . WALL = R . M . B
193. 0. Y E . COPPENHAGEN = L . E . E i
R. IN . WAPPING = A castle gateway, on which is a coat of arms.
194. DANIEL-HOWES-IN-WAPPING . D . G . H. (This was among the
papers relating to Mr. Hoare's coins lately sold.)
195. 0. RICHARD . HVNNING = A pear-tree bearing fruit.
R. IN . WAPPING = HIS HALF PENY
196. 0. WILL . NODES . AT . THE A bear. I
R. WHIT . BEARS . WAP . WALL = W . E . N
197. O. ARTHVR . PHILLPOT . IN . COCKE = HIS HALFE PENY.
R. ALLEY . IN . WAPPING . 1667 = A . M . P
*198 0. FRANCIS . RICHARDSON . AT = A leg between F . R J
R. IN . WAPPIN . SOPE . MAN . (16)66 = HIS HALF PENY.
WATER LANE.
199. 0. IN . WATER . LANE . NERE = A crowned bust with sceptre.
R. THE . CVSTOM . HOVSE = E . S . S
WELLCLOSE STILE.
200. 0. IOHN . BEWER . AT = HIS HALF PENY.
R. WELLCLOSE . STILE = The Fruiterers' Arms.
100 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
WENTWOKTH STREET (Petticoat Lane).
201 . 0. AT . THE . SVGAR . LOAFE A sugar-loaf. \
R. IN . WENTFORTH . STREET = I . E . W
WHITECHAPEL.
202. 0. AT . THE . STILL . IN = A still.
R. WHITE . CHAPPEL = I . A . D
WHITECEOSS STEEET.
203. 0. IOHN . HARBISON . HIS . HALF . PENNY = I . M . H
R. IN . WHITE . CROSS . STREET . 1665 = A bible.
204. 0. IOHN . MVLLOCKE . 1666 = A dog with a glove in its mouth.
I . A . M
' JK. IN . WHITE . CROSS . STREET = HIS HALFE PENNY.
*205 O. DANIELL . PAGE . AT . WHITE = A SWan. \
R. IN . WHITE . CROSS . STREET = D . A . P
i
206. 0. THE . GOVLDEN . ANCHOR = An anchor.
R. IN . WHIT . CRSS . STREETS = W . V . S
207. 0. TALLOE . CHANDLER = The Merchant-Tailors' Anns.
R. IN . WHIT . CROSS . STREET = I . A . W
WHITE HAET YARD.
208. o. IOHN . SYMONDS . AT . THE = A crown.
R. TAVERN . IN . WHIT . HART . YARD = I . M . S. 1663.
WOOD STEEET.
209. 0. IAS . RAGDALL . VPER . END = A chandler.
R. GREAT . WOOD . STREET = I . R
AND ITS LOCALITIES.
SOTJTHWAEK.
210. 0. AT . THE . STARE . TA VERNE = A star of seven rays.
R. IN . SOVTHWARKE = W . E . B
211. 0. WILLIAM . DAVIS = A sun.
R. IN . SOVTHWARKE = W . I . D
LONDON TOKENS OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 101
*212 0. RICHARD . FARMER = The Salters' Arms. %
R. IN . SOVTHWARK . 1656 = R . E . F
213. 0. IOHN . GREEN . IN . sovTHw K = A roll of tobacco.
R. AT . THE . TOBACO . ROLE = I . E . G
214. 0. RICHARD . HETHER = The Salters' Arms. i
R. IN . SOVTHWARK . 1664 = R . T . H
*215 0. ROGER . MIDLETON . AT . Y E = The Brewers' Arms.
R. IN . SOVTHWARKE . 1668 = HIS HALF PENY.
See another token of this issuer at St. Mary Maudlin's, London, ' Boyne,'
page 266, No. 1506.
*216 0. WILL . PALMER . AT = A mop (?) A
R. IN . SOVTHWARKE . 1663 = W . I . P
217. 0. THOMAS . POTTER . IN . row = A stag with chain attached. |
R. LANE . IN . SOVTHWARK . 1667 = HIS HALFE PENNY. T . A . P
No doubt FOW . LANE is intended for roui . LANE.
218. 0. AT . Y E . DEATHES HEAD = A skull. \
R. IN . SOVTHWARKE . (16)5? = I . H . W
219. 0. DANIELL . WRIGHT . IN = The Eoyal Arms.
R. MERMAID . CORT . SOVTHWARKE = HIS HALF PENY.
BANKSLDE.
220. 0. HENRY . BAYLEY . AT . THE = A cannon. i
R. BANKE . SIDE . 1657 = H . S . B
221. 0. MARTIN . CRAWLEY = A fleur-de-lys. i
R. ON . BANCKE . SIDE = M . I . C
222. 0. EDWARD . SHAPARD . AT . THE = Three tuns. \
R. BANCK . SIDE . SOVTHWARK = HIS HALF PENY.
223. O. AT . Y K . PRINCES . ARMES = R . . W
R. AT . Y E . BANKE . SIDE . (16)59 = ThePrinceof Wales'sfeathcrs.
BATTLE BRIDGE.
224. 0. HENRY . HAWARD = H . H i
R. AT . BATTELL . BRIDGE = 1652.
BEEMONDSEY.
225. 0. PAVL . I AMES . MEALLMAN = HIS HALF PENY. |
R. IN . BARNSBY . STREET = P . E . I. 1668.
226. 0. WILLIAM . RICHARDSON = A wheatsheaf.
R. IN . BARNABY . STREET = W . M . R
102 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
BLACKMAN STREET.
227. 0. WILLIAM . COLLARD . AT . THE = A ball. W . A . C
R. BALL . IN . BLACKMAN . STREET = HIS HALF PENY.
228. 0. IOHN . PRINCE . IN = A unicorn. \
R. BLACKMAN . STRET . SOVTHWA K = I . E . P
HOESELTDOWN.
229. 0. TAMES . BVRLY . THREAD = A hank of thread.
R. MAKER . AT . HORSLY . DOWN = i . D . B
230. O. KINGS . HEAD . TAVERN = James I. head crowned.
R. AT . HORSLY . DOWN = T . A . S
231. 0. THOMAS . SHIMMINES = T . S . S. 1667. \
R. IN HORSEY . DOWNE = HIS HALF PENY.
MAID LANE.
232. 0. WILL . HVMPHREY . IN = The Bakers' Arms. \
R. MAID . LANE . AT . BANKSIDE = W . A . H
MONTAGUE CLOSE.
233. 0. MARY . LOVDELL . IN = M . L
R. MOVNTGOV . CLOOS = M . L
NEW RENTS.
234. 0. IOEL . VAVSE . AT . THE = A mermaid. \
R. IN . THE . NEW . RENTS = I . M . V
ST. GEORGE'S CHURCH.
235. O. ELIZABETH . HOARE . AT = 1657 ^
R. S T . GEORGES . CHVRCH = E . H
ST. SAVIOUR'S.
236. 0. SAM"- . MANSELL . AT . Y E . 2 . LASTS = Two lasts.
R. AT . SAVORIES . DOCK . HEAD = HIS HALFE PENNY. S . G . M
1660.
237. 0. IOHN . SHILEN . IN = A windlass. \
R. SAVERES . DOCK . 1659 = I . M . S
LONDON TOKENS OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 103
ST. THOMAS.
*238 0. THE . TALLOV . CHANDLER = A tallowchandler.
R. IN . TOMAS . SOVTHWARK = I . A . C (?)
SHAD THAMES.
239. 0. EDW . WINCEHVST . SHAD = An anchor.
R. THAMES . HIS . HALF . PENT = A horse. (Octagonal.}
STONE STREET.
*240 0. THE . SHIP . AT . 8TON . STRETE = A ship.
R. END . IN . SOVTHWARKE = I . H . L
TOOLEY STREET.
241. 0. WILLIAM . BEROW = W . S . B
R. IN . TOOLEY . STREET = A boar's head.
242. 0. AT . THE . 3 . DOVES . IN . s = Three doves. \
R. TOLIYES . SOVTHWARKE = W . A . R
UPPER GROUND.
*243 0. GEORGE . HOLLYWELL = A goat.
R. IN . Y E . VPPER . GROVND = G . A . H
244. 0. PETER . SALLWAY . IN . Y E = Three nags' heads. -J-
R. VPPER . GROVND . 1666 = P . M . S
WINCHESTER YARD.
245. 0. WILLIAM . RIVERS . IN . WINCHES = A lion and lamb. |
R. TER . YARD . IN SOVTHWARK = HIS HALFE PENNY. W . M . R
246. 0. EDWARD . ROBERTS . AT . Y E . WHIT = A SWan. i
R. IN . WINCHESTER . YARD . SOVTHWARK = HIS HALFE PENNY.
AUGUSTUS W. FRANKS.
104
IX.
UNPUBLISHED GREEK IMPERIAL COINS.
COELESYRIA.
CAPITOLIAS.
JULIA DOMNA.
1. Obv. . . . . A . CGOYHP. Head of the empress, to the
right.
Rev. KAIIITCJD . AY . IEP . AS . HP. (an. 108 = 198 A.D.)
Astarte, standing, crowned by Victory, who stands
on a pedestal ; all within a hexastyle temple.
M 7. Weight, 13153 grammes. Obtained at
Jerusalem.
DAMASCUS.
SABINA.
2. Obv.- CABGINA . CGBACTH. Head of Sabina, to the
right.
Rev. AAMACKHN .... POH ..... In exergue L . MY.
=A.D. 128-29. The prow of a vessel.
DECAPOLIS.
ANTIOCHIA AD HIPPUM.
COMMODUS.
3. Obv. AYT . KAI ---- KOMOAON. Laureate head of
Commodus, to the right, with the paludamentum.
Rev. AN . . . T(JO . IIP . I. The emperor, standing on an
estrade, holding a spear in his right hand ; before
him, Fortuna, with her attributes.
M 5. Found in the neighbourhood of Nablous.
UNPUBLISHED GREEK IMPERIAL COINS. 105
PELLA.
ELAGABALUS.
4. Obv. . . . . K . M . AY . ANTODNINOC . CGB. Laureate
head of Elagabalus, to tlie right, in the paluda-
mentum.
Rev. IieAAAIQN . GT . HOC. (an. 278.) A naked male
figure (Bacchus) standing in a tetrastyle temple ;
in exergue, IIOMII (scarcely legible.)
M 9|. Weight, 14-93 grammes.
The type of this medal is not quite clear, but it appears
to me that the naked male figure in the temple is Bacchus,
represented with the same attributes as we find with him
on coins of Berytus. (Mion., v. p. 349, No. 95.)
PHOENICIA.
BERYTUS.
AUTONOMOUS.
5. Obv. Turreted female head, to the right, holding a palm-
branch over her shoulder.
Rev. Neptune, holding in his right hand a dolphin, and
in his left a trident, seated on the prow of a
vessel; in exergue, BHPY.
MB.
6. Obv. Laureate head of Jupiter, to the right.
Rev. 9 9 (" in ) above the prow of a vessel ; in exergue,
IIIIII NN h]V. (an. 36.)
M 3. Weight, 3-85 grammes.
IMPERIAL.
JULIA DOMNA.
7. Obv. IVL . AVG . PIA . FELIC. Head of Julia, to
the right.
Rev. COL . BER . AAT. (an. 331.) Neptune, standing,
to the left, with his right foot on a rock, holding
a dolphin in his right hand, and a trident in his
left.
M 6. Weight, 7'77 grammes. (PL iii. No. 1.)
VOL. II. N.S. P
106 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
This is a very interesting coin, inasmuch as it is the only
one of the imperial coins of this city which bears any date.
Unfortunately, the sera of Berytus, as used at this time,
is lost; but it is probable that this city adopted the
peculiar sera of Tyre, commencing in the year 628 u.c.
(Noris, Epoch. Syro.-Maced., p. 399), and if so, the coin
was struck in the year 206 A.D., at the time when Septimius
Severus was in Britain, and Julia Domna had actually the
reins of government in the East in her hands.
PHILIPPUS SENIOR.
8. Obv. PHLIPP Laureate head, to the
right.
Rev. COL . IVL BER (in exergue). Pallas,
seated, and Neptune standing.
M.
CLESAREA AD LlBANUM.
MACRINUS.
9. Obv. EL . MACRIN . Laureate head, to
the right.
Rev. CQ L . CAESARIA . LIB . BA$. (an. 532.) Head
of Serapis, to the left.
M 6. Weight, 9*2 grammes.
DEMETRIAS.
AUTONOMOUS.
10. Obv. Turreted female, veiled, to the right.
Rev. L .B. (an. 2.) AH. Victory, with a branch in her
right hand, marching .to the left; all within a
laurel wreath.
M 6. Weight, 9-72 grammes.
TRIPOLIS.
MACRINUS.
11. Obv. AYT . KAIC . MAKPINOC . CGB. Laureate head,
to the right.
UNPUBLISHED GREEK IMPERIAL COINS. 107
Rev.- TPinOAITGON. Three temples, joined to form one
building; in the middle one stands Astarte,
crowned by a Victory, standing on a pillar ; in
exergue, K3>. (an. 529.)
M 8. Weight, 29-1 grammes. (PI. iii. No. 2.)
TYRUS.
AUTONOMOUS.
12. Obv. Laureate head of Hercules, to the right.
Rev. TYPOY . IEPAC . KAI . ASYAOY. Eagle, standing,
to the right, having on his shoulder a palm-
branch ; in the field, a club, PM (an. 140) ; behind
eagle KP, and monogram m between the eagle's
feet the Phoenician character } .
M 4. Weight, 6-772 grammes.
13. As Mionnet, V. p. 422, No. 576, but with date 15.
(an. 210.)
14. Obv. Veiled and turreted female head, to the right.
Rev. Astarte, standing on a galley, her right hand ex-
tended, holding in her left a cornucopias ; in the
field, the monogram M^ (MHT . TYP) 12
(an. 219) ; in exergue, 9^^- (->^).
M 2. Weight, 1-14 grammes.
The date on this coin probably corresponds with the
year of our Lord 94, referring to an sera which commenced
in the autumn of 628 u.c. (Noris, Epoch. Syro.-Maced.,
p. 399.)
15. Obv. Veiled and turreted female head, to the right.
Rev. -^ . MHTPOnOAGCDS . IEPA2 . KC. (an. 229 =
104 A.D.J A palm-tree in the field.
108 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
PALESTINA.
GALILVEA.
Ace. (PTOLEMAIS.)
AUTONOMOUS.
16. Obv. Turreted female head, to the right.
Rev. AKH . IG . K . AC. Type not quite clear ; some-
thing like a rudder.
M 3.
IMPERIAL.
JULIA DOMNA.
17. Obv. IOYAIA . AOM. Head of Julia, to the right.
Rev. . . . PTOL. The Dioscuri, standing.
JE 5. Bought from a peasant on the road from
Mount Carmel to Ace.
PHILIPPUS SENIOR.
18. Obv. L . PHILIPPVS . P . F . AVG. Laureate
head, to the right.
Rev. COL . PTOL. Nude Venus, in the attitude of
Venus of Medici, standing within an arch; at
her right hand a cupid, riding on a dolphin, and
at her left a caducous.
JE 8. Weight, 245 grammes. Obtained at
Sebastieh, the ancient Samaria. (PI. iii. No. 3.)
PHILIPPUS JUNIOR.
19. Obv.M . IVL . PHILIPPVS . NOB . CAES. Laureate
head to the right.
Rev. COL . PTOL. Astarte, with her attributes, crowned
by Victory, standing on a small pillar to her left.
JE 8. Obtained at Jerusalem.
TREBONIANUS GALLUS.
20. Obv. IMP. O.C.VIB. TRIE. GALLO . AVG. Lau-
reate head, to the right.
UNPUBLISHED GREEK IMPERIAL COINS. 109
Rev. COL . . OL. Neptune, standing with one foot on
the prow of a vessel, to the right, holding a
trident in his left hand and a dolphin in his right,
which is extended at a wild boar, running towards
him ; behind, a military standard, or trophy ;
and above, in the field, something resembling a
mountain (Carmel?).
J$ 6*.
This medal was obtained at Jerusalem ; its type com-
bines all the interest connected with the locality at the
time when it was struck.
SALONIKA.
21. Obv. COKNEL . SA Head of Salonina, to the
right.
Rev. COL . PTOL. The Ephesian Diana, in a tetra-
style temple.
M 7. Bought at Tiberias.
S A M A E I A.
C^ESAREA.
CARACALLA.
22. Olv. . ...P.M. AVG . ANT. Laureate head, to the
right.
Rev. COL . A . . . P . F. Jupiter Cassius in a
quadriga.
JE 6. Weight, 7'621 grammes.
Csesarea was created a Roman colony by Vespasian,
with the name of Colonia Prima Flavia Augusta Csesarea
(Plin., v. 14). In the time of Caracalla, however, it
received the title of Antoniniana, (Vaillant, Col. Numis.
Pt. ii. p. 50.) The legend on the above coin I venture
110 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
to read as follows : Col. Antoniiiiana-Csesaria, Csesarea
Prim a Flavia. Obtained at Nablous.
HERENNIUS ETRUSCUS.
23. Obv.C . MES . Q . EREN . ETRVSCO . DECIO . C AES.
Radiated head of Herennius Etruscus, to the
right, in the paludamentum. ^
Rev.CQL . PR . F . AVG .P.O. C AES . P . S. The
emperor, standing, to the left, his head radiated,
his right hand lifted up, and holding with his left
the parazonium.
JE 8. Weight 20'451 grammes.
ETRUSCILLA.
24. Olv. ERENNIA . ETRVSCILLA . AVG. Her head,
to the right.
Rev. COL . PR . FL . AVG . CAES . MET . S . P.
Pallas, dressed in a stola, sits to the left, holding
in her right hand a small Victory, leaning with
her left hand on a staff; between the feet of the
chair a shield.
M 8. Weight, 17-02 grammes.
HOSTILIANUS.
25. Obv. HOSTILIANVS . QVIN Diademed head,
to the right.
Rev. COL .P.F S. METROP. Astarte,
to the left, holding in her right hand a human
head, and in her left a staff; at her feet, behind,
a small seated figure.
M 6. Weight, 10-05 grammes.
VALERIANUS SENIOR.
26. Olv. PIANVS .P.F. AVG. Laureate head,
to the right.
Rev. COL .P.F. AVG An eagle with outspread
wings, on which a garland; within, a turreted
female bust, to the right.
M 7. Weight, 12-G5 grammes.
UNPUBLISHED GREEK IMPERIAL COINS. Ill
JOPPE.
ELAGABALUS.
27. Olv. AVTOK . M . A . ANTONI Laureate head
of the emperor, to the right.
Rev. lOnnHC . <AA. (an. 531.) Pallas, standing, to the
right, with a spear in her left hand and a shield
in her right.
M 5%. Weight, 8*32 grammes.
Of Jaffa, the ancient Joppe, only one coin is known.
(Vide Mion., v. p. 499, No. 68.) The above is now the
second, but the first of the imperial coins of this place.
It was obtained from a peasant in the neighbourhood of
Jaffa itself. The legend is complete, and the high date
proves that Jaffa still continued, in the time of the Roman
emperors, to use the Seleucidan sera.
This coin was struck A.D. 218-19, probably in memory
of the occasion when the troops, after the defeat of
Macrinus, near Antioch, June 8th, A.D. 218, had saluted
Elagabalus as their sovereign by the title which is found
on the obverse (Herodian, v. 5) of this coin.
NEAPOLIS.
CARACALLA.
28. Obv. AVT .... ANT . NINO. Bust of the emperor,
laureate, to the right, in a cuirass.
Rev. $A . NGAIIOAeODC. Mount Gerizim, on the summit
a tetrastyle temple.
M 5. Bought at Jerusalem.
DlADUMENIANUS.
29. Olv. M . OH . ANT M6NIANOC. Crowned head,
to the right.
Rev. $A . N6AC A mount with a temple on its
summit; in exergue, an eagle with outspread
wings.
JR 6. Bought at Jerusalem.
112 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
PHILIPPUS SENIOR.
30. Obv. . . . M . I VL . PHILIPPVS . AVG. Radiated
head of emperor, to the right.
SERG . NEAPOL. A garland; within a
mountain, with a temple on its summit
an eagle with outspread wings.
OTACILIA.
31. Obv. M . OT . SEVERAE . AVG . M . C. Head of
Otacilia, to the right.
Rev. NEAPOL . NEOCORO. A mountain, walled round
at the base ; on its summit, to the left, a temple,
with a flight of steps leading to it ; on another
peak, to the right, another building ; between this
and the temple a star. In the exergue, COL.,
and an eagle with outspread wings.
JE 7. PI. iii. No. 4. Obtained from a peasant near
Nablous, on the road to Sebastieh (Samaria.)
PHILIPPUS JUNIOR.
32. Obv. IMP . . M . IVL . PHI ____ Laureate head of
emperor, to the right.
Rev. NEAPOLI . NEOCORO. A figure driving two
oxen attached to a plough; above, a mount
(Gerizim) with a temple ; in exergue, COL.
-3Z 7. Bought from a dragoman, at Cairo, who
had brought it from Palestine.
33. Obv. IMP . M . IVL . PHILIPPO. Laureate head, to
the right.
Rev. COL . NEAPOLI . NEOCORO ... A mountain,
enclosed at its base, with a temple on its summit;
in the exergue, an eagle, as before.
M 7.
GALLIENUS.
34. Obv. Head of the emperor, to the right, having a caduceus
on his left shoulder.
. COL . S . NGAP. A lighted altar.
J 3. Weight 1'98 grammes.
UNPUBLISHED GREEK IMPERIAL COINS. 113
SEBASTE (Samaria).
TRAJANUS.
35. Obv. . . . . SAP . 2GB .... Bare head of Trajan, to
the right.
Rev. 2GBA CTHN . N . SYP . L . AMP. (an. 141). Fortuna,
seated, to the left, holding a cornucopias on her
left arm, and her right arm extended.
JE 61. Weight, 13-22 grammes. Obtained at
Jerusalem.
JULIA DOMNA.
36. Obv. IOYAIA . CGBACTH. Head of Julia, to the right.
Rev. CGBACTHN. Two females, dressed in the stola,
standing facing each other, and joining hands ;
between them, at their feet, are some letters, but
illegible, probably a date.
M 7. Weight, 14-22 grammes. Procured at
Jerusalem.
SCYTHOPOLIS.
JULIA DOMNA.
37. Obv. IOYAIA . A. . . Head of Julia, to the right.
Rev. Jordan personified ; above him, CKY, and in exergue,
NYC.
JE 3. Weight, 4-77 grammes. Procured near
Nablous.
GOKDIANUS Pius.
38. Obv. AVT . K . M . ANT . TOPAIAN. Laureate head,
to the right.
-Rev. NYC . CKY. Two figures, dressed in the stola,
standing facing each other ; the one to the left is
turreted, carrying a small figure in her left arm,
towards which the other stretches out her hand ;
both carrying staves.
JE 6. Weight, 12-87 grammes. Bought from
one of the wandering Bedouins near Tiberias.
VOL. II. N.S. Q
114 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
JDD^A.
VESPASIANUS.
39. AVTOKP . OYE2II . K AI . SEE. Laureate head, to the right.
Rev. IOYAAIAS . E AACJOKYI A2. Victory, standing before
a palm-tree, on which is fastened a shield, whereon
Victory inscribes the above legend.
M 5^. Weight, 7'62 grammes. Bought at
Jerusalem.
CAPITOLINA (Jerusalem).
HADRIAN.
40. Olv. IMP ..... HADRIAN. Laureate head, to the
right.
Rev. COND. Turreted figure, standing, to the left, in
a hexastyle temple ; in exergue, CO . AE . CAP.
M 7. Weight, 18-71 grammes. (PL iii. No. 5.)
Jerusalem was made a Roman colony in the time of
Hadrian, who restored the city. It received the name
of ^Elia from its founder (conditor), j3lius Hadri-
anus ; and that of Capitolina, in honour of Jupiter
Capitolinus. In the above coin we have now a second
specimen attesting the above-mentioned historical fact.
The first is given by Pellerin Mel., i. p. 239. (Vide
Eckhel, iii. p. 442.)
ANTONINUS Pius.
41. Olv. IMP . ANT . AVG . P . P . P. Laureate head of
Antoninus Pius, to the right, with the paluda-
mentum.
Rev. Jiipiter Capitolinus, with his attributes, seated in a
tetrastyle temple ; before him, a flying eagle ; in
exergue, C . A . C.
.2E 6. Obtained at Jerusalem.
M. AURELIUS
42. Obv. CAESAR ..... Laureate head, to the right.
Rev. COL . A . CA. Head of Serapis, to the right.
-<E 2J. Obtained at Bethlehem, near Jerusalem.
UNPUBLISHED GREEK IMPERIAL COINS. 115
L. VERUS.
43. Obv. AVR AVG. Laureate head of L.Verus,
to the right.
Rev. COL CAP. Turreted female head, to the
right.
.2E 8. Weight, 17' 75 grammes. Obtained at
Jerusalem.
JULIA DOMNA.
44. Obv. 1 VLI A . DOMNA. Head of the empress to the right.
Rev. COL . CAP .COM . P . F. A turreted female
(Astarte), seated, to the left, holding a cornucopias
on her left arm.
JE 5. Weight, 8'24 grammes. Obtained at
Jerusalem.
This is the first known coin of this empress struck at
Jerusalem. It bears the title of Commodiana, in honour
of the Emperor Commodus.
GETA.
45. Obv. P . SEP . GET . CASAP (sic) . AVG. Head of
Geta, to the left, dressed, with the paludamentunt.
^-. COLONIA . AELI . CAP. COM . P. FELIK (sic).
Naked Bacchus, to the left, holding a bunch of
grapes in his right hand, and a thyrsus in his
left ; at his feet a panther.
M 6. Weight 12'42 grammes. Obtained at
Jerusalem. (PL iii. No. 6.)
It is again a pleasure to me to be enabled to add
another name of the Roman emperors hitherto unknown
in this series of coins. The coin itself is in an excellent
state of preservation. The type of the reverse, however,
is not a new one ; it is found on a coin of Antoninus Pius.
ELAGABALUS.
46. Obv* IMP . C . M . AVP . ANTONINVS . AVG.
Laureate head of emperor, to the right, in the
paludamenlum.
116 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Rev. COL . AVP . AEL . CAP. Romulus and Remus,
suckled by a wolf; in exergue, P . F.
M 8. Weight 16 -99 grammes. Obtained at
Jerusalem. (PL iii. No. 7.)
The name of AVP. does not occur on any other medals
of this city.
47. Oh. IMP NTONIN Laureate head,
to the right.
Rev. COL . AEL . CAPIT. Astarte, standing in a
tetrastyle temple ; two other deities at each side
of her, standing on globes, in the spaces between
the pillars ; in exergue, letters (probably P . F),
but, unfortunately, illegible.
-2E6.
TRAJANUS DECIUS.
48. Obv.Q . TR . DECIVS AVG. Radiated head,
to the right.
Rev. L . KAP . COM . P . F. Turreted female head,
to the right.
JS6.
M. de Saulcy (p. 185) has published a similar coin, but
of a smaller size (petit module).
49. Obv. . . . N . T . CG . Q . TR Laureate head, to
the right.
Rev. COL . AEL . KA. Astarte, standing, holding a
globe in her right hand, and a staff in her left ;
Victory, placed on a pillar behind, crowns her ;
in front, at her feet, a vase.
JEG.
50. Obv. IMP . CAES . . TRAI . DEKI VS. Laureate head,
to the right.
Rev. COL . AEL . KAP. A female, standing, to the left ;
on her left arm she holds a cornucopias ; her right
- hand stretched out, holding something which is
not very distinct.
-E4.
UNPUBLISHED GREEK IMPERIAL COINS. 117
ASCALON.
AUTONOMOUS.
51. Obv. Veiled and turreted female head, to the right.
Rev. ACK AA . NITCJDN, written in two lines over a galley ;
below, AHMOY.
JE3.
52. Obv. As above. Rev. Alt. (an. 211.) Prow of a vessel.
M 3.
53. Obv. AEK, as above. Rev. AH. (an. 214.) Prow of a
vessel. JE 3.
54. Obv. As above. Rev. AC. (an. 230) AC. Prow of a
vessel. M 3.
55. Obv. As above. Rev. ACK above the prow of a vessel ;
below it, the date ZMC. (an. 247.) M 2.
56. Obv. Laureate head of Neptune, to the right; behind, a
trident.
Rev. EHS. (an. 265) ZKAAftNITON . AHMOY. A prow
of a vessel, on which stands a bird (a pigeon).
In exergue, IEP . A2Y.
JR 4. Weight, 7'25 grammes.
57. Obv. A laureate head, to the right.
Rev. AC. The prow of a vessel; below it, the date
L . NT. (an. 53.)
^4J.
58. Obv. As No. 57. Rev. As No. 57, but with the date
NZ. (an. 57.) M 3.
The date on these two last coins seems to refer to
another epoch than the former ones. The type of the
obverse is changed. The turreted female head the usual
type of autonomous Syrian coins has given way to a
laureate male head, probably representing that of a
governor or magistrate of a foreign power. The dates
53 and 57 may refer to an epoch found on coins with a
duplicate era (Pellerin, Rec. ii. p. 236) commencing about
57 B.C. (Eckhel, iii. p. 447), when Gabinius entered Judaea.
118 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
IMPERIAL.
AUGUSTUS.
59. Obv. Laureate head of Augustus, to the right.
R Vt AE. Helmeted male figure, standing, to the left,
holding in his right hand, ears of corn, and in his
left a portion of his dress.
60. Obv. EGB . . . TO. Laureate head, to the right.
Rev.AI.KAAl. Astarte, holding in her right hand a
staff, and an acrostolium in her left, stands between
an altar and a dove ; in the field, AIP. (an. 211.)
JE6.
TIBERIUS.
61. Obv. Laureate head, to the right.
Rev. AEKA .... Type as the preceding one ; in the
field, ZAP. (an. 137.)
TFjl /?
TITUS.
62. Ob v. . . . . TITO. Laureate head, to the right.
Rev. AEKAA . . . AIIP. (an. 191.) Type as No. 59.
DOMITIANUS.
63. Obv. Legend effaced ; laureate head, to the right.
Rev. . . . AP ? (an. 190.) A military figure, holding a
sword in his right hand, which is lifted up : and a
shield, with a palm branch, in his left hand.
TRAJANUS.
64. Obv. EGB . . TO. Laureate head, to the right.
Rev. AE .E. (an. 209 = A.D. 106.) Type as the pre-
ceding one. JE 4.
65. Another, with the date IE. (an. 210 = A.D. 107.) Type
as No. 60.
66. Another, with the date KE. (an. 220 = A.D. 117.) Type
as No. 60.
67. Obv. CGBA. Laureate head, to the right.
Rev. ACKA . AKC. (an. 221 = A.D. 118.) Type as No. 63.
UNPUBLISHED GREEK IMPERIAL COINS. 119
HADRIANUS.
68. Obv. ..... Laureate head, to the right.
Rev. ACKAA. Type of Astarte, as No. 60 ; in the field,
TKC. (an. 223 = A.D. 120.)
MS.
69. Another, but with the date ARC. (an. 224 = A.D. 121.)
JE&.
ANTONINUS Pius.
70. Obv. ANTOONINOC . CGBACTOC. Laureate head, to the
right.
Rev. ACKAAOD . GNC. (an. 255 = A.D. 152.) Celestial
Venus, or Astarte, with a crescent on her head,
holding a palm branch in her left hand, and the
parazonium in her right hand ; and standing on
the prow of a vessel.
MS.
11. Obv. ANTOO ............... Laureate head, to the right.
Rev. ACKAA . EEC. (an. 262 = A.D. 159.) Type as No. 63.
JE&
L. VERUS.
72. Obv. EEB ...... Laureate head to the right.
Rev.KL . AOC. (an. 271.) Type as No. 63. M 4%.
ELAGABALUS.
73. Obv. ...... ANTCDNIN. Laureate head, to the right.
jj ev . ACK . . . BKT. (an. 322.) Astarte, with her attributes,
standing on a Triton, carrying a cornucopias.
MS.
74. Obv. ...... ANTODNINO. Laureate head to the right.
. BKT. (an. 322.) Hercules standing, to
the left, holding a club in his left hand, and a
human figure in his right hand.
75. Obv. ...... A.ANTODNIN... Laureate head, to the right.
Rev. AC ...... BKT. (an. 322.) Type as No. 63. M 6|.
120 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
GAZA.
AUTONOMOUS.
76. Obv . Laureate head of Jupiter, to the right.
R ev ^ pAZ . ON (retrograde). A tripod.
M 3. Weight, 2-93 grammes.
ANTONINUS Pius.
77. Obv.. . . BAG . . . ANTODNI. . . Laureate head, to the right.
B V . rAZA . AC. (an. 201.) Nude Hercules, standing,
resting with his right hand on his club, and hold-
ing with his left a lion's skin ; in the field, the
monogram / / .
^E4. /7
78. Obv . AAPIA . . . AN. . . Laureate head, to the right.
Rev. AC (an. 204) . TAZA. Turreted and veiled female
head, to the right; in the field the monogram / / .
M 9. Weight, 22-86 grammes.
COMMODUS.
79. Obv.... K ... ROM Laureate head, to the right.
Rev. FAZA MC. (an. 240.) A turreted female,
holding a cornucopias in her left, and a staff in
her right hand, stands, to the left; at her feet,
on the left, a heifer, and on the right, the mono-
gram / / ; countermarked GHC round a star.
JE 7. 7 /
This coin appears to have been thus countermarked in
the reign of Septimius Severus, an.. 265 of the epoch of
Gaza.
80. Olv. AVT . K . A . KOMMOAOC. Laureate head, to the
right.
Rev. eiCC . . AZA. Two females, standing, and joining
hands, one of them having a cornucopias in her
left arm ; in exergue, GMC. (an. 246.)
M5.
SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS.
81. Obv. C . CGOHP . P . neP... Laureate head, to the
right.
UNPUBLISHED GREEK IMPERIAL COINS. 121
Rev. FA2A . ZNC. (an. 257.) Type as No. 79, likewise
countermarked with a star, round which the
numerals AOC.
M 7.
This was countermarked in the year 271 of the epoch
of Gaza, = 215 A.D., when Caracalla came to Syria.
82. Another, with the date TEC (an. 263), and with another
date, rOC in a countermark.
JE7.
83. Another, with the date GHC (an. 265), but without a
countermark.
M. 7.
GETA.
84. Obv.. . . IOC . CGHTI ............... NO. Laureate bust, to
the right, in the paludamentum.
Rev. rxC . TAZA. Two figures, standing within a
temple ; between them the monogram /_/ .
JE 6. Weight, 9'8 grammes. PI. iii. No. 8.
CARACALLA.
85. Obv. ______ AV.ANTQDNI ...... Laureate head, to the
right.
Rev. FAZA . AHC. (an. 261.) Type as No. 79.
M 6.
JULIA
86. Obv. IOYAIA . MAICA. Head of Julia Msesa, to the
right.
Rev. . AZA . ALTC. (an. 281.) Type as No. 79, with a
countermark.
This coin was struck in the year A.D. 221, when Julia
Msesa prevailed on Elagabalus to adopt his first cousin,
Alexander Severus, proclaiming him Caesar. It is like-
wise the first medal at present known to ha ye been coined
at Gaza, in honour of this empress.
VOL. II. N.S. R
122 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
GoRDIANUS PlUS.
87 Obv. NTODN AIANOC. Laureate head, to
the right
Rev FAZAIOD . IEP . AS. Jupiter Serapis, with his attri-
butes, seated, to the left.
JE 8. Weight, 1O75 grammes.
RAPHIA.
SEVERUS ALEXANDER.
88. Obv. AVT . K . M . AVP . CGOY . AA Laureate
head, to the right.
Rev. PA4>lA . AHO. (an. 281.) Jupiter, with his attri-
butes, seated, to the right.
JE 6. Weight, 1O9 grammes.
The scale used here is that of Mionnet.
The weight is given in French grammes ; one gramme
= 15*434 troy grains.
H. C. REICHARDT.
Num.Chron.N.S.VolJLFi
? KfaHAUf.?*. <MtScU.lt> -
GREEK IMPERIAL COINS.
123
X.
REMARKS UPON AN ARTICLE ON ASSYRIAN
ANTIQUITIES, BY H. FOX TALBOT, ESQ. AS
TO THE CUNEIFORM INSCRIPTION ON THE
CYLINDER OF SARGON IN THE BRITISH
MUSEUM.
In Vol. VII., New Series, of the Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature.
[Read before the Numismatic Society, March 20th, 1862.]
ToW. S. W. VADX, ESQ., President of the Numismatic
Society.
MY DEAR SIR,
I forward to you a copy of a letter addressed by me
to Mr. H. Fox Talbot on the subject of his translation of
the cuneiform inscription on the cylinder of Sargon, which,
having obtained Mr. Talbot's permission so to do, I beg
to submit to the consideration of the Numismatic Society,
should you deem it deserving of their attention.
I remain, my dear Sir,
Very faithfully yours,
W. B. DICKINSON.
Leamington, March 3, 1862.
MR. TALBOT'S TRANSLATION. ASSYRIAN.
[40.] 1 Kima zigir sumi-ya sha ana nassarikti u mishari sit,
suttshur la likhi la kabalat simbu inni Hi Rabi.
1 The numbers refer to the lines in the inscription.
124 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
[41.] Kaship asibut ir shasu ki pi ummati sha yamanu-su,
kaspa u takabar ana inni-sun wetaru.
[42.] Asm rikkati la rusie, sha kaship asibut la tsibu : asib
mikhar asib akhar, panu-sun attan sunuti.
ENGLISH TRANSLATION. MR. TALBOT.
[40.] As the great gods have given renown to my name, which
is triumphant and victorious, so also have they given
to me the government of affairs unconnected with
battle and victory.
[41.] The money of the inhabitants of this city (as with unani-
mous voice they decreed) I renewed, both in silver
and copper, in accordance with their prayers.
[42.] I made coins, but not of gold (which money the people
did not wish for), and gave them to the inhabitants,
both present and future, to be their own property.
NOTES BY MR. TALBOT, AS FAR AS THEY APPLY TO THE QUESTION
OF COINED MONEY.
JTaship I translate " money," from aim, kasheb, to compute or
to count. (Gesenius, 377.) So also in modern Arabic, but pro-
nounced hasheb. Doubtless from the same root as spa, kaspa,
" silver," also used in Hebrew for " money " generally. So also
in French, argent means " money," whether it be of silver or
not.
Rikkati, coins, or pieces of stamped money. This is the
most important word. I can hardly doubt that it comes from
the Hebrew ypi, rika, which means, to strike metal with a
hammer so as to spread it out. Gesenius explains it, tundendo
expandit, aut diduxit, ut laminam, malleo. Hence the sub-
stantive a*vpi for lamince of metal. Hence, also, the more
forcible verb Ppi, of reduplicate form, explained by Gesenius,
tutudit, tundendo expandit.
If these pieces of silver and copper, used for money, were
not coins, but pieces of given weight, to what purpose should
they be beaten or spread out with hammers ? If they were not
coins they were laminae, but surely such would be inconvenient
in practice, and unsuited to the affairs of life.
REMARKS ON THE CYLINDER OF SARGON. 125
To H. Fox TALBOT, ESQ.
Leamington, 20th February, 1862.
DEAR SIR,
I have read carefully your translation of the Assyrian
inscription, and though I think it a very valuable addition
to written history upon the subject of money, yet I am not
inclined to admit that it establishes the existence of coined
money at a period antecedent to that generally recognized
by numismatists. Nay, I think the real value of the
notice weakened by the endeavour to extend it to a
supposition opposed to the testimony of both written and
art history.
Before entering upon observations as to your cuneiform
translation, it may be well to refer to the evidence of
written and art history. Herodotus states (Clio, sect. xciv.
Beloe) that the Lydians invented the art of coinage. 2
His history may be dated about B.C. 450. Another 1
authority states, that Phidon, King of Argos, is said to
have coined the first silver money at ^Egina. Art history
lays before us the coins of Lydia and JSgina ; and they
both present proofs of having been struck in the very in-
fancy of the art ; and perhaps a fair review of them may
tend to reconcile the two authorities stated as to the in-
ventors of medal money. If any one will examine, in a
first-class collection of coins, such as that of the British
Museum, or any other national collection, a series of the
coins of Lydia and ^gina, he will see in the former lumps
of gold or silver, of an oblong, almost rude, amygdaloidal
2 Perhaps the following may be a literal translation " The
Lydians were the first of men, so far as we know, who struck
and used a current coinage of gold and silver."
126 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
shape/ impressed on the upper side with an open-
mouthed head of a lion, or the same, generally, with a
bull's head looking towards it, with, on the under side, a
rude indentation of a metallic stud, this indentation being
in some specimens two small squares joined together.
Here is seen just what might be expected in an artist's
first rough attempt at a new work ; and these specimens
would certainly warrant the historian in calling them the
earliest instances of coinage. The early coins of .ZEgina
are scarcely so rude as those of Lydia, though presenting
at first the reverse rude stud-mark. They are in silver
(as will hereafter be stated), the first species of bullion used
for currency in commerce. But whilst the obverse of the
jiEginetan coins presents from the first the figure of a
tortoise, the reverse very speedily offers to view a singular
indented square, divided into four parts by elevated lines,
3 It is not intended to convey the idea that lumps or pieces
of weighed bullion were generally of this amygdaloidal form. In
the Lydian coins it was a matter of convenience, to afford space
for the obverse design of a lion's head and a bull's head opposite
to each other. There is no indication of pieces of bullion having
been cast in a mould in early coins, or of having been stamped
out of rolled metal, as blanks in our mode of coinage. On the
contrary, the metal appears to have been molten and cast from
the crucible into accidental forms, the wrinkling of the cooling
and contracting bullion sometimes appearing on the edge of the
piece. The die was then so applied as to obtain the largest
portion of the design which the shape of the metal would permit.
It is my own opinion that before weighing for each separate
piece, the fabricators must have granulated their bullion by
the process of pouring molten metal into water from a height.
The granules thus obtained would afford the means of rapidly
weighing the amount of each piece. Mr. Sainthill, of Cork,
imagines the bullion was struck whilst yet hot, to obtain high
relief; and at his request Mr. Leonard Wyon, the chief engraver
at the Royal Mint, made the experiment of striking balls of
metal whilst yet hot from the melting, and found that the metal
took more easily the impress than when struck cold.
REMARKS ON THE CYLINDER OF SARGON. 127
the fourth quarter being again divided by a diagonal bar,
so as to form, in fact, five compartments ; and this peculiar
indented square is seen on nearly all the multiples and
divisions of the drachma of silver, as far as size will
permit. 4 It has been thought, that the lion's head on the
Lydian coins symbolises the city of Sardis, devoted to the
worship, or under the protection, of the goddess Cybele, of
whom the lion was an attribute ; and the bull's head has
been supposed to be a type of the river Pactolus, which
ran through the city. Various causes have been suggested
for the adoption of the tortoise device by the ^Eginetans,
of which it will be needless here to speak; but a few
words may be said, as to the reverse, of the very remark-
able indented square. Writers have, 1 believe, generally
dismissed this as simply the impress of the stud used to
hold the metal fixed whilst hammering the die, to raise the
bold relief of the tortoise. But from the almost constant
five divisions of the square, it may be surmised that it was
intended to represent some idea, as of a monogram of the
name of the island, or the plan of a city or fortress with
its lines of roads or streets. It is certainly dangerous to
speculate in archaeology ; but this surmise is only thrown
out to instigate inquiry as to the real object of this device.
But shortly after these first forms of JSginetan money, they
introduced the letters AIF or AIFI, for AIFINHTQN, into
the upper compartment or compartments of the square, and
a small figure of a dolphin into one of the lower compart-
ments. As the dolphin has always been considered as an
emblem of the sea, it may be some guide as to the possible
4 In the sale catalogue of the coins of Henry Pershouse, Esq.,
lot 58, an i^ginetan reverse of eight divisions is mentioned, but
almost universally the divisions are only five.
128 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
allusions of the obverse and reverse. When these early
coins of Lydia and ^Egina are considered, we may discover
reasons for the two statements as to the origin of coinage.
The first idea of impress may be fairly assigned to Lydia ;
whilst the perfecting in silver, the early material of money,
of an obverse and reverse design, may have justified the
appropriation to the ^Eginetans of the honour of having
first completed the art of coinage. The period of this
useful invention has generally been supposed to be about
the year B.C. 600. The object in stating the character of
the earliest coins known, and the steps by which the art
advanced, is to endeavour to ascertain the form of bullion
money before coining was invented, and to show that
these two ancient states did not derive the art from others,
but themselves independently elaborated it. From the
accounts given, it seems that when the Lydians com-
menced coinage they operated upon rude lumps or pieces
of bullion, adjusted to specific weights, such pieces being
probably previously fabricated by any one, and not being
marked by any stamp to indicate any authoritative
guarantee for just weight and purity. Hence these
pieces were, before coinage, weighed in commercial trans-
actions, if doubted as to amount, and tested as to purity
by the Lydian touchstone ; whence the " Lydian stone "
became a proverb as to any mode or matter of trial.
Testing stones being generally called Lydian stones, may
lead to the inference that the Lydians first introduced
their use ; and this presumed fact will induce the belief
that they first of all turned attention to the establishment
of a regulated form of currency in trade. Probably,
almost certainly, previous to coinage, unstamped pieces
of bullion were current in commerce, far and wide, over
the south-western coasts of Asia and eastern coasts of
REMARKS ON THE CYLINDER OF SARGON. 129
Europe, from the most remote periods ; and this will lead
me to the only written record of bullion currency, the
Bible, unless your inscription should afford us another
glimpse of light from written history to guide us in the
consideration of the subject.
To understand clearly the question of uncoined bullion
currency, it is necessary to ascend to the first discoverable
period of its adoption as a representative of property, and
a medium of exchange.
The first notice of it which we have, is, when Abram
came up out of Egypt, "very rich in cattle, in silver, and
in gold." (Gen. xiii. 2.) It is scarcely needful to say
that this establishment of bullion as wealth, and the
means of obtaining articles of life without the inconveni-
ence of barter, was a mighty stride in social science, and
we may, with much probability, attribute it to that great
storehouse of wisdom, ancient Egypt ; for in the cata-
combs we see representations of rings of gold and silver
being weighed and recorded as amount of property. The
next step noticed is in the actual employment of silver for
the purchase of property. (Gen. xvii. 12.) We are first
told of the calculation of silver by weight, in the effecting
of a purchase, in Gen. xxiii. 9 16, " four hundred shekels
of silver, current with the merchant." This passage not
only tells us of silver as a commercial medium of ex-
change, but how it was passed, namely, by weights of a
specific amount, having a recognised value per given
weight ; and these conditions of currency widely acknow-
ledged and practised. That there were, for convenience
in traffic, divisions of the standard unit of calculation, in
separate pieces, we learn from Exodus xxx. 13, where the
half shekel is named, which must have been (see ver. 15)
an actual division, for no one was to give more, none less.
VOL. n. N.S. s
130 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Then there was the quarter shekel (see 1 Sam. ix. 8),
which must of necessity have been an actual piece, as it
was all the " silver" which the servant of Saul had. This
currency, passed by weight, continued to the Babylonish
captivity (see Jer. xxxii. 9, 10), and till after the return
(Zech. xi. 12), according to the received chronology to
the period B.C. 517. There is (2 Kings xii. 9) a curious
instance of the mode of receiving silver money, well
calculated for lump pieces. It is said the high priest
bored a hole in the lid of a chest, through which hole, as
in our money boxes and tills, the money was to be cast,
for security against pillage, no doubt. This money was
" the collection that Moses the servant of God laid upon
Israel in the wilderness," namely, half a shekel each. (See
2 Chron. xxiv. 9; and Exodus xxx. 15.) "When the chest
was emptied, the silver was bound up in bags, 5 and " told,"
that is, counted up as to amount.
I have been thus particular to show the exact state of
currency in Judea to a later period than that of S argon
(about B.C. 700), because Assyria being so near to Judea,
and having constant intercourse with it, we may suppose
that had coined money existed in either country, the
practice would have spread to the other.
But it may be objected, that if no coined money has been
found up to this period in Egypt, Assyria, or Judea, no
more have pieces of silver graduated to weights been found.
To this it may be answered, the idea of money, in modern
times, having attached to medal money only, if found
6 Bound up bags, probably containing pieces of silver, are
commonly seen in the hands of tribute bearers in processions
in the Assyrian sculptures. See also Psalm Ixviii. 30, "Kebuke
the company of spearmen till every one submit himself
with pieces of silver."
REMARKS ON THE CYLINDER OF SARGON. 131
such pieces would not have been noticed, but melted down.
Even whilst current they were melted down when col-
lected see marginal reading of 2 Cbron. xxxiv. 17 the
money, it is said, was "poured out, or melted." And that
this was not a mere figure of speech, but a fact, may be
presumed from the practice of Darius, son of Hystaspes,
who reigned near to this period (B.C. 521 485), of whom
it is said (Herodotus, Thalia, sect. xcvi. Beloe), " The
manner in which the king deposited these riches in his
treasury was this, the gold and silver were melted and
poured into earthen vessels; the vessel, when full, was
removed, 6 leaving the metal in a mass. When any was
wanted, such a piece was broken off as the contingence
required." The riches here spoken of, was the amount of
the tribute exacted by Darius from his twenty provinces
of the empire ; showing that no coinage existed in them
at that time. There is another reason why these bullion
pieces were not likely to be found. In the various wars of
these Eastern nations, the silver and the gold were violently
extorted from the conquered country ; 7 and if there was a
suspicion of concealment, torture was used to compel
discovery of it, as we may imagine from the cruelties seen
practised on prisoners in sculptures.
I have to request pardon for this long discussion, but
your translation seems so likely to cause unsettling of
the minds of numismatists as to the time and place of
6 The word" removed " does not here mean, was simply put or
stored away, but that the vessel or jar was broken off all round,
leaving the bullion in an ingot of the shape of the vessel, what-
ever that shape was.
7 See the statement of this in the wars of Sennacherib " I
broke opeVi his treasury. The gold and silver, and the vessels
of gold and silver, &c., 1 carried away." Assyrian
Texts, translated by H. F. Talbot, Esq.
132 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
the origin of coinage, unless clearly explained, that the
question cannot be too closely investigated.
Now then, permit me to enter upon your cuneiform in-
scription. It strikes me you may be perfectly correct as
to the passage recited referring to money currency ; but
from the facts stated, I decidedly doubt if it infers coined
silver or copper. 8 To have this admitted, you must
establish, upon construction allowed by all Assyrian
scholars to be beyond conjecture or doubt, that such a
statement is really meant; for you have to contend
against all written and art history on the point; and
to prove that there were two distinct, independent origins
of coinage, both taking the same course, and both pro-
ducing flat impressed coins in fact, medal money. As I
have said, your translation will be a very interesting addi-
tion to the history of money currency, even if limited to
unmarked, weighed pieces of bullion, of w r hich all we know
is from the Bible, whose object was not the explanation
of art or science, and which only refers to it incidentally
in the account of general transactions. Perhaps un-
stamped money being merely an affair of mercantile
and popular convenience, fabricated by any one, and not
8 In a private note from Mr. Talbot, since the receipt of my
letter to him, he remarks : " By coins I do not mean necessarily
figured images, such as, for instance, those bearing a lion's head.
I should consider lumps of silver marked with their value as
coins, provided the mark was made by a stamp." And coins
they would be, as much as the siege-piece currency of Charles I.,
s s a D d
stamped V , II . VI, XII, VI. ; and on others simply
dwts. grs. dwts. grs. dwts. grs.
the weights, 19 . 8, 9 . 16, 3 . 21., &c. (Ruding,
pi. xxvii. Ed. 1819.) But no such have ever been found.
As to "talents of gold, silver, and copper (or perhaps bronze),"
these were not currencies, but aggregate amounts.
REMARKS ON THE CYLINDER OF SARGON. 133
calling forth art or sentiment, and subject to be melted
down at each transit through the public treasury was
not considered worthy of a thought or record ; hence the
silence of all classical writers on this point. But when
states and kings took the currency in hand, art exhibited
its skill in beautifying, religion and sentiment threw soul
into it, and sovereigns and governments assumed to them-
selves the right of coinage as their own peculiar privilege ;
and the medallic art was deemed worthy of the notice of
the scholar and historian.
I will ask your indulgence whilst I freely criticise your
translation. That t)DD (Keseph, Lee) is applied to silver,
and, next, to money, from the verb signifying " to grow
pale," because silver was pale, and money was made of
silver, is allowed both by Lee and Gesenius; but whether
you can translate " Kaship," " to count," to mean money,
or connect it with "Keseph" (silver, pale), I hesitate to
admit, but do not feel competent to dispute critically ; and
question whether the Hebrew text will at all bear you out
in it, as " Keseph " is a word, I believe, invariably used
for money, silver abstractedly being the object understood,
irrespective of count. In the passage I have referred to
(2 Kings xii. 9), as to " telling" (counting) of money, it
does not seem to apply to money silver as an article
passed by tale, but only to the adding, up of the amount
collected. I should rather be disposed to consider "Ka-
ship," as the Assyrian analogue of " Keseph." " Rikkati," I
should also question as to meaning flat, stamped coins, from
yp~i " rika," " to strike metal with a hammer so as to spread
it out ;" Lee, " stamped on in order to stretch, stamped on."
But the word may apply to hammering in a more limited
sense, without establishing an impress, or medallic form ;
for there are money pieces of silver at this day the
134 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
ticals of Siam of a character combining lump, ring,
hammered,, and impressed money, and yet not at all medal
money, expanded or spread flat out. 9 The bullet-like
ticals of Siam, preserving to us (though now about to give
place to medal money) the pre-medallic ring and lump
money, seem to have been struck with a hammer to form
several flat surfaces, to prevent their rolling about on a
table or board. There may have been balls of silver
money in Assyria, so hammered, for such purpose ; or
even flattened lumps of bullion ; but never, I conceive,
coins after the Lydian or Grecian type. As to the men-
tion of copper money, such money is at variance with all
the tenor of ancient money in those parts, for it is ever
" Kesephj" " silver," to the last in the Bible. In Greece
copper was most reluctantly received as currency, and not
at first ; and was contemptuously spoken of; as bullion only
appeared to them to involve the idea of a representative of
property. I perceive, however, that you do not dwell
upon the word you interpret copper, so I will dismiss it.
I observe that the bullion money of Assyria to which you
refer, was a popular, and not a state fabrication ; and the
second verse of your translation bears out this view. It
was the money of the inhabitants of the city, decreed 10
9 Ticals. Tavernie"r compares them to hazel nute, flattened
semicircularly on four sides, but open like a horseshoe. Marsden
says, " The more simple way, however, of considering them is,
as cylinders cut in lengths of little more than twice the diameter,
and then beat by hammering, until the flat ends nearly meet."
10 Mr. Talbot states to me, in reply to a question which I
asked of him subsequently to writing my letter, " The city to
which Sargon refers was Nineveh ; it was in some sense a con-
quered city, for although the capital of Assyria, yet Sargon was a
usurper, and doubtless only succeeded after a conflict in wresting
Nineveh from the adherents of the rightful king." If the city
REMARKS ON THE CYLINDER OP SARGON. 135
(directed) by them, and renewed to them ; and that which
S argon made he transferred to the inhabitants as their
property and concern, apparently without his further
interference or control. This is at variance with usual
practice, ancient or modern, as to medal-money, the right
to make which has been only rarely and guardedly allowed
to individuals by governments, and therefore is adverse to
your idea of coined money. You question whether the
words " images of my majesty " (" Assyrian Texts Trans-
lated") 11 do not apply to coined money. This, I think,
must be negatively answered, from the absence of the dis-
covery of coined money in Judea, the country in point ;
and perhaps it will be admitted, from what has been said,
that Sargon, and probably, if not certainly, Sennacherib,
did not stamp their images on any currency of Assyria.
Such are my views as to your translation, and I hope if
I have not been able to agree with you in your conclu-
sions, I have not expressed myself in a manner offensive
or disrespectful towards you.
I remain, dear Sir,
Yours faithfully,
W. B. DICKINSON.
was a conquered city, as I surmised, then the edict of Sargon
was simply the permission to use their bullion money in cur-
rency, instead of yielding it up as spoil to him and his adherents,
ae common then in a conquered place.
11 In the annals of Sennacherib, as to the attack upon
"Zedekiah, king of Ascalon" (Judea), Mr. Talbot translates,
" katrie belluti-ya," " images of my majesty" ? " coin of the
empire" ? perhaps from the root " kat" r\3 } " cudit, percussit."
Again, " katrie belluti-ya" "images of my majesty" ? perhaps
some description of coined money.
136
XI.
ON AN UNEDITED AUTONOMOUS COIN OF PES-
SINUS, IN GALATIA, TOGETHER WITH SOME
REMARKS ON THE ORIGIN OF THE NAME OF
THE CITY.
BY CHURCHILL BABINGTON, B.D , FELLOW or ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE,
CAMBRIDGE.
[Read before the Numismatic Society, February 20th, 1862.]
THE coin, whose description follows, was obtained by me
from Mr. Maximilian Borrell, about two years ago.
Obv. Head of Cybele, to the right ; on it a turret, with
narrow base, hair rolled in front into a band,
extending to the neck ; around, 0EA IAEA.
Rev. Youthful head of Atys, to the right, in a Phrygian
cap, fillet hanging down behind ; hair appearing
below, in straight curls ; in front of neck, to the
right, a crook (pedum) ; around, in two lines,
HECCI NOY.
This very interesting coin is quite different from either
of the autonomous coins of Pessinus described by Mionnet
(iv. p. 391, Suppl. vii. p. 643), although on the obverse of
one of these are the heads of Cybele and Atys, side by
side. They were doubtless worshipped in the same temple
at Pessinus, the burial-place of Atys, as we know from
Pausanias 1 that they were jointly adored in Achaean
1 Pausan., lib. vii. c. 17. and c. 20.
ON AN UNEDITED AUTONOMOUS COIN OF PESSINUS. 137
temples. Atys on this coin bears the crook, a symbol of
his pastoral occupation, which is likewise connected with
him in other works of ancient art. 2 The legend Ota 'IScu'a
(IAEA) 3 corresponds to the /urjTy>oe Otuv Hfaaivtav of
another autonomous coin, c being barbarously written
for at in the second word, as in many coins, inscriptions,
and MSS., when the true pronunciation of Greek was
corrupted. This circumstance, coupled with the lunar
form of the Sigma (C), shows that the coin belongs to a
late period, perhaps not much before Roman times; the
workmanship, however, is good. The legend HECCINOY
seems to be the commencement of \\taaiv OWT'UDV ; the
same awkward abbreviation occurs, though rarely, on
imperial coins of Pessinus (Mionnet, Suppl. vii. p. 645).
The ordinary legend is TlEtraivouvriwv ; once only (in the
instance already named) TItaaivtav.* This last form seems
to point to a nominative other than Htaaivovg, which is
most probably Tltaaiva, or rather Utaaivoi.
The only forms, however, known to authors appear to
be Tleaaivovs (or as it is written in Pausanias, Kuhn's
edition, Yltaivovg), and Hiaivnvg. The word is very
absurdly derived by some of the ancients from TrtVrav, '
2 See Miiller's " Anc. Art." (Leitch's trans.), sect. 395, p. 521,
London, 1852 ; Sabatier, " Med. Contorn.," pp. 72-73 ; Rasche,
" Lex. Numm." sect. v. Atys.
3 It is somewhat singular, however, that a coin of Pessinus
should refer to her Idsean title, more especially as she was also
called Pessinnntis. " Ot QpvytQ 'Plnv
KoXovvTig Qtwv, KCU "AyfiiffTiv (cat <&pwyiav Qtbv
TU>V TOTTWV 'LSaiav /cat Aij/SvyuTjvTjf ecu ^
/cat KvftlXrjr." Strabo, lib. X. c. iii., sect. 12.
4 I suspect that ILeirffiveav stands for Hiiraivaiuv, but this is
not certain.
5 Pessinunta convertit(Julianns), visurus vetusta Matris Magnse
delubra quam autem ob rem hoc nomine oppidum sit appel-
latum variant rerum scriptores. Quidam enim figmento Dea;
VOL. II. M.S. T
138 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
the image of Cybele being considered to be a
Not much more convincing is the etymology of Apollonius
Aphrodisiensis (an author of unknown date), who invents
(as it appears) a Galatian chief, Pessimis, in the time
of Ptolemy Philadelphus, and derives the town from his
name. 7 Since we have other towns ending in ovg,
derived from plants as 2eAivoi>C; in Sicily, from aeXivov ',
; an Attic deme, from aAi/xoc, or aXipov ; 'Avfle-
, in Macedonia and Mesopotamia, from dvOe/uug, or
* so also it is natural to think that Pessinus or
coelitus lapso d?ro rov ireae'tv, quod cadere nos dicimus, urbem
asseruere cognominatam. Alii meruorant Hum Trois filium,
Dardauise regem, locum sic appellasse. Theopompus non Hum
id egisse sed Midam affirinat, Phrygiae quondam potentissimv.m
regem." Ammian. Marcellin , lib. xxii. c. 9. "Tovro tie (ro
titOTreres aya\/Jid) TrciXai pev e% ovpavov Karfyt^dfjvai \6yot; e'ig Tiva
rjjje <$>pvyiaQ ^(Jjpot'f TleaatvovG tit ovop.a avrw, rJ;^ $e Trpotrrjyopiav
\apttv ror TOTTOV tK rov TrevovroQ d-/a\parog ti ovpavov Kal irpwrov
iiC~itre ofyQijvai. we <j Trap irspoig evpopey, 'IXw rw 4>puyt Kal Tav-
raXw rai Au?w TroXe/J.ov licei "ytvloQtu \iyovtnr t ol (JEV irepl b^iav, oi 2e
Tavvfj.)]$ov apTrayrjg laoppoirov $e ETTI TTO\V rffQ yua^rjc
e l/carf/owfttv irtaiiv iKat'ovc, Kal TTJI> crvfityopav ovoua Sovvai
." Herodian. lib. i. c. 35.
6 The image was of flint. Arnobius (vi. 11) says, " Pessi-
nuntios silicem pro Deum matre (coluisse)."
' " TpeiQ Se TroXeic fxmmv (ol FaXarat), " AyKvpav dvo rov Kara
TOV iroXepoi' Tr\eovKrijfj.aToe, TTIV 2e CTTO TLtaaivovvroQ rov vp-
%ovroc } rffv tie Tavlav O.TTO TOV irepov ap^orrog." Ap. Steph.
Byz. s. v. "Ayicupa. (Miiller, Fragm. Hist. Gr., iv. 312, where
see the note.) Memnon, a writer of the first or second century
after Christ, simply relates that the Gauls founded the city
" icelftmm tit TroXttc, Tpwy/ioi p.sv "Ay/cupa^, ToXooro/Jdytoi tie
Tafilav, TfKroaayec tie TLiaivovvra" Ap. Phot. (Muller, u. s.,
vol. iii. p. 536.)
8 Since the above paper was written I have been favoured by
Mr. R. W. Taylor, Fellow of St. John's, Cambridge, with many-
other similarly formed names of places derived from plants, to
which I have added a few more. They are as follows :
KepaomJe, in Pontus ; katyvovQ, in Locris ; EXaioBg, in Thrace,
and elsewhere ; <f>oivu-oue, near Ery three ; 'Papvove, in Attica,
ON AN UNEDITED AUTONOMOUS COIN OF PESSINUS. 139
Pissinus is connected with wirvg, Triaaa, iriamvog. The
fir-tree (irirvg) may very probably have been also called
TT'IGGIVOV, pitch-tree, just as besides being called Pinus in
Latin,, it is also called Picea (Ital. Pezzo 9 ), from plx, picis.
Thus Pessinus will indicate a city of a fir-region, and it is
no small confirmation of this etymology to observe that
the fir-tree 10 is especially connected with the orgies of
Cybele. 11
also in Crete ; ^pivovq t in Bceotia and elsewhere ; Strove, near
Corinth ; Qlvove, in Laconia ; and what is still more interesting,
HirvovG, near the Black Sea. There are likewise various places
ending \novaad, or rather, owa, similarly described as 2toiWa,
Qlvovvaai, or Olt'ovaai (a group of islands), MopaSovo-o-a, Ttwr-
Xovcrffa (Thuc., viii. 42), 'EAtuowo-a, QaKOvaaa, and TliTvovaaa
or Tlirvovva, the name of more than one island, and also the
ancient designation of Lampsacus, which gave rise to the Iton-
mot of Croesus, that he would destroy it like a pine-tree, (irlrvoe
rpoTrov), which good Herodotus (vi. 37) has utterly misunder-
stood.
9 See Facciolati's " Lexicon," sect. v. Picea. Pliny (lib. xvi.
c. 16 18) distinguishes Pinus, Pinaster, Picea.
10 It is quite possible that ro Triawov (or rather, perhaps,
fl TTifftrivri) may have been the name of some particular kind of
pine more especially used for making pitch. Fraas (" Flora
Classica," p. 263) says of Pinus Laricio (by which he appears
to intend P. Maritima, Pall.), " Sie ist die TTEVKT) 'Icaia des
Theophrast und nicht P. Cembra, die dem Ida und seiner Flora
iiberhaupt fremd ist." The same author considers that the
TTITVQ of Homer, Herodotus, and Dioscorides is P. Pineta, L , but
that the TTITVQ dypia of Theophrastus is P. Sylvestris, L. (u .)
Asia Minor contains several species of 'Pinus, and I am not
able to say which of them grows near Pessinus. Probably the
Greeks and Romans often confounded the species of this difficult
genus.
11 ' Quid enim sibi vult ilia pinus, quam semper statis diebus in
Deiim matris intromittitis sanctuario ? Nonne illius similitude
est arboris, sub qua sibi furens manus et adolesceutulus (Atys)
intulit, et'genitrix Divum in solatium sui vulneris consecravit."
Arnob., lib. v. c. 16.
140
XII.
KENTISH TOKENS OF THE SEVENTEENTH
CENTURY. (Continued.}
DEAL.
PLATE C.
No. 1. A farthing of Thomas Brothers, of Deale, 1664,
has a pair of scales a grocer's sign.
Thomas Brothers, by the balanced scales, announced to
his supporters that they might expect justice from him ;
but,
No. 2 could not so well have adopted his namesake's
device, as he evidently gave a very small piece of metal
for " his half peny."
William Brothers, in Deale, 1666, probably kept a
tavern, frequented by Deal pilots and boatmen. His sign
was a boat, under sail the Deal-boat of his day, and
very similar to that in which the brave mariners of his
town have gained a world-wide fame, in ever showing
themselves ready, at the most imminent peril of their
own, to endeavour to save the lives of the wrecked crews
on the Goodwin Sands, who, without their aid, would
inevitably perish.
The pilots of Deal, like those of Dover, are appointed
by the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports. That they
KENTISH TOKENS OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 141
may find employment in their dangerous vocation, they
commonly venture farther out to sea than their brethren
of the Trinity House, to whom they are obliged to sur-
render their charge, when they meet their cutter with the
little red flag.
The descendants of the issuers of these tokens have had
their names on the pilot lists, and are still to be met with
among the inhabitants of Deal.
No. 3. Ann Cauterel, of Deale, 1669, has left a hand-
some token of her equitable dealings.
No. 4. John Clarke, in Deale, 1659, gave, we may
presume, his own figure, in a rather Dutch costume,
seated on a three-legged stool, and intently watching the
operation of a still, dropping its " strong water/' Hol-
lands, or the distillation of herbs, much used at that
period, into a neat spirit measure.
No. 5. James Coston, of Deall, 1653, the earliest date
on the Deal tokens, has a heart on each side of his
farthing, between the initial letters of his and his wife's
name, to show they had but one heart between them a
pretty device.
No. 6. T. F., in Deale, 1658, at the Dolphine. This
tavern is not remembered in Deal ; it was evidently
situated in the street now called Dolphin Street.
No. 7. Timothy Gardner, in Deale, 1666. A coat of
arms.
These arms are doubtless those of the Gardiner family
a chevron, ermine, between three griffins' heads, erased,
impaling his wife's arms ; a chevron, vair, between three
demi-lions, rampant. The plague that, in 1665, had so
severely visited London, extended, in the year in which
this token was issued, its sad and exterminating ravages
to the town of Deal.
142 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
" I met with Mr. Evelyn in the street, who tells me the sad
condition at this very day at Deptford, for the plague, and more at
Deale, within his precinct, as one of the commissioners for sick
and wounded seamen, that the town is almost quite depopu-
lated." Pepys' Diary, 166(i, Aug. 8th.
No. 8. Thomas Potter, in Deale, 1663, has on his
farthing the Grocers' arms.
No. 9. A farthing of Moyses Potter, at Deale, in Kent,
the Bakers' arms.
White hakers were incorporated in the first year of
Edward II., and had a new charter in the early part of
the reign of Henry VII., which was confirmed in each
of the succeeding reigns to James I.
The arms on the token are not complete ; it only gives
a chief, barry, wavy ; an arm issuing out of a cloud, proper,
holding a pair of scales.
No. 10. William Pittocke, in Deale, his halfe penny,
1668.
The profile with the flowing Vandyck curls, or periwig,
was intended for that of the Duke of York, Lord High
Admiral of England, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports,
Constable of Dover Castle, and afterwards James II. The
initials " D . Y." are Duke of York.
We learn from Pepys' Diary, that periwigs were not
first worn by Charles II. or his royal brother.
" 1663, Nov. 2nd. I heard the Duke say that'he was going
to wear a perriwigg ; and they say the King also will. I never
to this day observed that the king is mighty gray.
" 3rd. Home, and by-and-by comes Chapman, the perriwig
maker ; and upon my liking it, without more ado I went up,
and there he cut off my hair, which went a little to my heart,
at present to part with it ; but it being over, and my perriwig
on, I paid him 3 for it, and away went he, with my own hair
to make up another of; and J, by-and-by, went abroad, after I had
KENTISH TOKENS OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 143
caused all my inaids to look upon it ; and they conclude it do
become me ; though Jane was mightily troubled for my parting
of my own hair, and so was Besse."
We may conjecture William Pittocke kept a tavern
called the Lord Warden, or the Duke of York. There is
now no hotel in Deal of either of these names.
Walmer Castle, one mile from Deal, is the residence of
the Lord Warden pro tern.
No. 11. A farthing, with the Glovers' sign, issued
twelve years before the preceding halfpenny, has John
Pittock, without the final " e." The descendants of this
family are still to be met with in Deal.
No. 12. The farthing of Thomas Parksoen, in Dell,
1658.
PLATE D.
No. 13. A farthing of John Pears, in Deale, 1663, has
a heart sometimes an apothecary's sign.
No. 14. Richard Stutly, in Dell, 1653, on each side
of his token, has only the initials of his and his wife's
name.
No. 15. John Lobdell, in Deale, his half peny, 1669,
by his sign alone has left evidence that he was a
tailor.
No. 16. Peter Underwood, in Lower Deall, by the
same rule tells us he was a tallow-chandler.
When Sandwich Haven decayed, and the navy of Eng-
land increased, the Downs opposite to Deal became the
most commodious anchorage on the Kentish coast, and
the resort, not only of the king's, but of the merchant
ships of this and other nations.
This wrought a great change in the town of Deal ; it
soon became filled with stores and provisions necessary
for the shipping, and the rendezvous of seafaring people,
144 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
passengers, and others on their account, so that a new
town arose along the shore, and was called Lower Deal ;
the old town was then called Upper Deal.
No. 17. John Watts, of Deale, 1664, from his nice
farthing, was a woollendraper, or clothier, at the sign of
the Golden Fleece.
RAM SG ATE.
No. 1 . " Henry Noldred, in Romans-get, in y e Isle of
Tennet, his half peny," has three objects which have
puzzled all who have seen them.
No. 2. Richard Langley, of Ramsgate, 1657, R.P.L.
A man dipping candles.
No. 3. Clement March, at Romansgat, in Thanet,
1658, has a cheese-cutter, and the letters C.M.M.
There is a tradition in the Isle of Thanet, that when
Csesar's legions passed over from the opposite shore of
the Rutupian estuary to invade and possess Thanet, they
landed at the nearest valley, or port, and called it
Romansgatt.
In support of this, the author of " Oral Traditions of
the Cinque Ports V1 asserts that in all old deeds it was
written Romansgatt ; then quotes the name on the trade
tokens of the town ; next describes an excavation, where
many Roman coins and relics were found ; and continues,
with abundant evidence, to prove that, not only at Rams-
gate, but in other parts of the Isle of Thanet, the Romans had
" A local habitation and a name."
H. W. ROLFE.
(To be continued.}
2 K. B. Martin, 1850.
Num.Chrcn.VoTJLN.S.flate C
DEAL TOKENS
man.Ckron. VolEKS.PlattD.
.W.
DEAL a,?!,**, RAMS^CATE TOKENS
145
NOTICE OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS.
In No. 2 (March and April), of the Revue Numismatique,
there are the following articles :
1. Second part of Letter XIV. of M. de Saulcy to M. A. de
Longperier, on the " Numismatique Gauloise," giving an inte-
resting account of the find of Gaulish coins at Chantenay. It
comprised more than 400 pieces, including coins of Durnacus,
Orgetirix, Dubnorix, Litavicus, Togirix, and many others,
nearly all of central Gaul, though about 40 belong to Aquitaine.
By a careful comparison of the weight and condition of the
various coins of the hoard, M. de Saulcy traces with much
appearance of probability their order of succession. With the
Gaulish coins were found about 180 Roman family coins of
various types, ranging from A.U.C. 550 to 718, and proving
that the hoard could not have been buried until the year
B.C. 36 at the earliest. As the Gaulish coinage ceased in B.C. 27,
it would appear that certain coins of central Gaul, not comprised
in the find at Chantenay, but of the same class as those found
there, must belong to the last nine years of the native coinage.
M. de Saulcy's letter proves the value and extent of the infor-
mation to be gained from a careful examination of such hoards
as that found at Chantenay.
2. " On some Roman coins," by M. le Baron de Witte.
These are some of the most remarkable large and middle
brass coins in the collection of M. Gonzales. Of five of them,
engravings are given, comprising Agrippa with rev. of Augustus,
Vespasian CONCORDIA SENATUI, Hadrian with rev. of
^Elius, Faustina Junior with a new type of ETERNITAS, and
a large brass CONSECRATIO of Caracalla.
3. " On two deneraux of the thirteenth century," by M. Ed.
Lambert.
4. " Essay on the monetary history of the Counts of Flanders
of the House of Burgundy, and description of their gold and
silver money," fourth article (Philip the Good, 1419 1467),
by M. L. Deschamps de Pas.
5. " Notice of some coins and jettons of Bar, Lorraine, and
Champagne," by M. Leon Maxe-Werly.
In the Bulletin HibUographique is a notice of a work by M.
le Comte Hippolyte de Widranges, " On the ancient money of
VOL. II. N.S. U
146 NOTICE OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS.
Gaul, and a notice of some remarks on the legend KAAeTGAOY,' '
by M. E. Hucher.
In the Chronique is a letter of M. Gustave d'Amecourt to
M. de \Yitte, " On a leaden Gallo-Roman coin ; an account of a
find of Roman coins at Pourville, near Dieppe," &c. &c.
In the premiere livraison of the Revue Numismatique Beige
for 1862, there are the following articles :
1. " Some inedited Roman coins," by M. E. Cajot.
2. " On some semi-Roman tremisses, or barbarous Prankish
imitations of the Byzantine type," by M. le Docteur A. Namur.
3. Third letter to M. Soret, " On some unedited Cufic coins
found in Georgia," from M. le General de Bartholomaei.
4. " On some rare and unedited coins, medals, and jettons,"
by M. R. Chalon.
5. " The jettons of the Vanden Winckele family," by M.
Camille Picque.
6. " On a mereau of Robert Willocqueau, Abbe of St. Pierre,
at Ghent," by M. R. Chalon.
7. " On a demi-dalder of Nimeguen," by M. de Coster.
8. " On a seal of the Chapter of Liege," by M. R. Chalon.
In the Correspondance is a letter from M. le Baron Chaudruc
de Crazannes to M. R. Chalon, " On the Gallo-Greek coins of
Marseilles."
In the Melanges are notices of recent numismatic publications,
finds of coins, &c. &c.
M. Hoffmann, of Paris, has commenced the issue of a periodical
catalogue of coins and medals on sale by him, with the prices
affixed. It appeals on the 15th of each month, and is accom-
panied by a few pages of bulletin, giving an account of various
finds of coins, recent numismatic publications, past and forth-
coming sales, &c. In the last number, mention is made of a
discovery of upwards of twenty-six thousand small brass coins,
in the department of the Bas Rhin, which has come entire into
the possession of a collector at Strasburg. They comprise
mimerous varieties, some new and inedited, between the reigns
of Gordiamis III. and Constantius Chlorus; among them some
coins of Carausius. We hope that some further account of so
extensive a hoard may appear in the Revue Nuniismatique.
H7
MISCELLANEA.
STERLING OF HENRY VII., EMPEROR OF GERMANY, OF THE
M&RAUDE MINT. In the number of the NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE
for March, of the present year, Mr. Samuel Sharp has given a
notice of a sterling of Marie d'Artois, of the Meraude Mint, and
he says, " It is curious that this mint should have been in full
activity for so long a time several generations of coins (so to
speak) having issued from it and yet that not only so few
types, but so few individual coins of any type, should be extant ;
one only type of silver of this mint, and two coins only of that
type, being known that figured at the head of this (his) notice,
and the one in the possession of Count de Robiano." These
remarks of Mr. Sharp iccalled to my mind that twenty-five
years ago I presented to the British Museum a coin in silver of
Henry, King of the Romans, with a crowned head in the style
of the first Edwards, the reverse bearing a cross with a spread
eagle in each angle, and the inscription reading MONET MERAUD.
With this impression I wrote to M. Pfister, of the British Mu-
seum, to request that he would favour me by searching for this
sterling, which he kindly did, and found it in the German
Imperial series. The following is the exact description :
Obv. A crowned head, with full side curls; within an
inner dotted ring, HE1DRICVS . ROCD . REXT. Mint-
mark, a spread eagle.
Rev. Long cross, with a spread eagle in each angle ;
within a dotted ring, CDODETA . ODKRA.VD.
Mr. Pfister says, " The sterling you presented to the British
Museum twenty -five years ago is of the Emperor Henry VII.,
1308 1313, who was a Count of Luxembourg, to which county
this place Meraude in those days belonged. I have only to
add that the coin is exceedingly rare, and of course a very desi-
rable acquisition in the series of the coins of that emperor." In
a subsequent letter M. Pfister says it is a " rare (perhaps
unique) coin."
It is not necessary for me to allude to the singular discovery
of Meraude being long concealed under the name of Poilvache.
W. B. DICKINSON.
Leamington, May 17, 1862.
148
MISCELLANEA.
FIND OF COINS NEAR BURY ST. EDMUNDS. Sir, A few
months since, in taking down an old building near Bury St.
Edmunds, a considerable hoard of English silver coins was
found, of which the greater number have passed through my
hands. The finders had disposed of them to two different per-
sons, one of whom had about 220 of the coins, and the other
about 160. The first-mentioned portion of the find proved on
examination to consist of the following :
Edward II. .
Edward III. .
Richard II. .
Henry IV., V., VI.
Edward IV.
Richard III.
Henry VII., 1st coinage.
2nd
Penny .
Half-groats, London
Half-penny
Groats
York
Half-groats, Calais .
Half -pence, London
Groats
York
Bristol
Half-groats, London
Canterbury ,
York .
Bristol
Half-pence, London
Groats .
Half-pence
Groats, London
Half-groats, Canterbury
Half-pence
1
3
1
4
1
6
5
21
2
2
4
10
4
1
10
1
2
4
34
92
11
220
The half-groats of Edward III. are much worn ; but the
half-penny of Richard II. is in fair condition. Its mint-mark
is a plain cross, with a cross before and after ANGL. Of the
coins of the Henries, one of the groats is of Henry VI. (Haw-
kins, 342), of the London mint ; mint-mark a plain cross on
observe, and cross -pierced on reverse ; a lis between the words
on obverse and after DEVM. It reads HENRICV, and weighs
47 grains, though a little worn. Another London groat weighs
60 grains. It has a cross crosslet mint-mark, lis in the legend,
a pellet on each side of the crown, and a leaf on the neck ; the
bust differs from any that I have seen. The York groat has a
lis mint-mark, E on breast, and weighs 47 grains. There is a
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE. 1-19
half-groat of Henry VI., with the treasure of 11 arches (Haw-
kins, 331), small crosses or lis in the legend, an annulet after
POSVI, and between the pellets in two of the quarters of the
reverse. The five Calais half-groats appear to be of Henry V.,
and are not in a good state. The Calais half-penny has a rose-
before and a lozenge after REX. Of the London half-pennies,
one has mint-mark small cross, a pellet on each side of crown,
leaf on breast, and a small extra pellet in two of the quarters of
the reverse. Another, with cross crosslet mint-mark, reads
HERIC ; and a third, with rose mint-mark, has a trefoil on one
side, and a quatrefoil on the other side of the neck.
Of the groats of Edward IV. of the London mint, four have
the crown mint-mark on both sides, with quatrefoils on each
side of neck : two have crown mint-mark on obv., and sun on
rev. ; bust as before, but on one a quatrefoil on the breast ; a
large quatrefoil after FRNC., and a cross after DEVM. ; trefoil
in the legend : four have perforated cross mint-mark ; small
pellet on each side of neck ; in some cases crosses in legend,
and roses after POSVI . DEVM, or MEVM : three have a small
annulet mint-mark, both sides : one, a larger annulet on obv.,
and trefoil on rev. ; a small annulet after EDWARD and
REX. : two have cinquefoil mint-mark, obv. and rev. ; crosses
in the legend ; rose before MEVM on one, and after DEVM
on the other : two, sun mint-mark, obv. and rev. ; quatrefoils on
each side of neck ; small crosses in legend : one, rose mint-
mark, obv. and rev. ; bust and legend as last : one, cross fitchee
mint-mark, obv. ; sun, rev! ; trefoil on each side of neck ; crosses
in legend.
Of the two Bristol groats, one reads BRISTOLL, the other
BRISTOW.
The York groats have E on breast, quatrefoils on each side
of neck, and lis mint-mark.
The London half-groats of Edward IV. are as follows :
1, M.M. crown; quatrefoil each side of neck.
2, small annulet ; lis in legend.
1, small annulet, obv., rose, rev., annulet before
and after ANGL.
The Bristol half-groat reads BRESTOLL ; mint-mark, sun ;
quatrefoils on each side of neck.
Of York :
1, M.M. sun ; much worn.
1, lis ; E on breast ; quatrefoil each side of neck.
2, lis ; lis on each side of neck, and after DEVM.
150 MISCELLANEA.
Of Canterbury :
5, M.M. Millrine ; Bourchier knot on breast.
3, rose ; C on breast, and in centre of rev.
1, crown ; qmitref oil each side of neck.
1, ,, cinquefoil ; on breast ; lis in legend on rev.
The halfpennies of Edward IV. are all London : six with
cinquefoil mint-mark; one, annulet and pellet; two, rose, one
of which has a cross on each side of the neck.
The Richard III. groat has mint-mark rose and sun, united.
The halfpenny reads CIVITAS LONDON, with the pellets
conjoined ; mint-mark indistinct, but apparently a rose.
Of the early groats of Henry VII. with the open crown,
three have the rose on lis mint-mark, with small crosses or lis
in legend ; one of them has a rose on the breast. The fourth
has a rose mint-mark, small crosses each side of neck, crosses
and trefoils in legend.
His later groats are as follows, all of the London mint :
14, M.M. anchor : lis in legend, except in one instance.
1, leopard's head, crowned ; lis in legend.
7, escallop shell ; roses in legend ; two have the
peculiar E mentioned by Hawkins (No. 372.)
6, cinquefoil ; roses, trefoils, or crosses in legend.
2, greyhound's head ; trefoils in legend.
1, no mint-mark ; lis on each side of neck ; trefoils in
legend.
The half-groats are all Canterbury : eighty have the tun mint-
mark, generally on both sides, but on all the revs. : three have
mint-mark tun, obv. and rev. ; roses in legend : one has no
mint-mark, but a small rose in lieu of mint-mark on obv. Two
others, with tun mint-mark, have the legend POSVI DE'
instead of DEV. Another, with no mint-mark, has a lis on
each side of neck, M in centre of rev., and trefpils in legend.
The halfpence with single arched crowns have no mint-mark,
or other peculiarity. Of those with the double arch, one has a
crown on each side of the neck, and one a trefoil on one side, and
a quatrefoil on the other.
The groats and half-groats of Henry VII. are many of them
as fresh as when they came from the die.
The second portion of the find, consisting of about 160 coins,
I have not examined so carefully. They consisted principally
of groats of Edward IV., among which was one with a crescent
on the breast, mint-mark, cinqefoil ; another with a dot among
the pellets in one quarter on the rev. ; and two of the York
mint-mark, lis. A groat of Henry VII., with open crown, has
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE. 151
a cross on the neck, a dot on each side of the crown and among
the pellets in two quarters of rev. There were also two side-
faced groats of Henry VII.
In addition to the English coins, there were a considerable
number of foreign groats, mostly of Charles the Bold, Duke of
Burgundy.
I am, Sir,
Your obedient servant,
JOSEPH WARREN.
Ixvrorth, Nov. 21, 1861.
To the Editor of the Numismatic Chronicle.
SIR,
I have had recently under my notice two FALSE coins, in
gold, of Mary Queen of Scots, and if you think a description of
their little peculiarities of sufficient interest to be inserted in the
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE, I herewith send it :
HALF RYAL,' 1555. Lindsay, PI. xiv. No. 5.
Remarks. The weight nearly correct; but the colour, sound,
and quality of gold, very bad.
Olv. The R in Maria is formed thus, R, but afterwards
altered to this R, its proper shape at that period. The
remaining R's throughout the legend are under the cor-
rected form, proving beyond all doubt that the forger had
discovered his error before he had completed the legend.
Rev. The crown stands farther away from the top of the
shield than it does on any of the genuine pieces which have
passed through my hands. The surface and edge of the
coin are very defective ; they want equality of surface and
squareness of edge.
HALF LION, 1543. Lindsay, PI. xiv. No. 45.
Remarks. The same as on the half ryal.
Obv. Lettering bad. The centres of the O's in Scotorum
form the figure 8 ; the last figure in the date is thus, 3,
and it should be 3, of which shape it is invariably found
upon her gold coins.
Rev. The letters in Domini are too straggling, and the sur-
face and edge of the coin are as defective as in the half ryal.
I remain, Sir,
Yours faithfully,
WM WEBSTER.
152 MISCELLANEA.
SALE OF COINS AND MEDALS, 31sT MARCH IST APRIL,
1862, by Mr. Phillips, of New Bond Street. In this valuable
collection of coins of the late Hon. Mrs. Grieve, principally
formed by the late Lord Northwick, we find some remarkable
pieces worthy of special notice. Lot 25. Elizabeth sovereign ;
Ruding, pi. xi. 8 ; M.M., tun. A brilliant specimen 6 17s. Qd.
Lot 30. Elizabeth, pattern in gold of a sixpence ; Ruding, Silver
Coins, pi. xv. 9. A charming specimen of medallic art ; though
possibly, as Snelling suggests, it is only a jetton 20. Lot 37.
James I., spur rial ; Ruding, xii. 2. Fine 8 15s. Lot 37*.
James I., fifteen shilling piece ; Ruding, pi. xii. 6. Fine
13 5s. Lot 42. Charles I., crown; M.M., portcullis; Ruding,
pi. xviii.'3. Very fine 4. Lot 44. Charles I., Tower crown ;
M.M., harp ; Ruding, pi. xviii. 8. Very fine 5. Lot 50.
Charles I., shilling and sixpence by Briot, and a proof sixpence ;
M.M., portcullis. A brilliant piece, probably a pattern rather
than a proof 20. Lot 53. Charles I., Oxford pound piece,
1642 ; Ruding, pi. xxiii. 1 5 5s. Lot 57. Charles I., pattern
half-crown by Briot, 1630 ; M.M., St. George and the Dragon ;
Snelling," Pattern Pieces, pi. vi. 1 ; there described as a pattern
for a broad, and such it may be. A truly beautiful piece, and
supposed to be the one referred to by Snelling as unique, in the
collection of Joseph Browne, Esq., of Shepton Mallet 30.
Lot 58. Charles I., pattern half-crown, 1628 ; Ruding, pi. xxii. 2;
4 16. Lot 75. Oliver Cromwell, termed Tanner's crown. Yery
fine 4 10. Lot 76. Oliver Cromwell, termed the Dutch
crown. Extremely fine 7 5s. Lot 84. Charles II., crown,
1662; a fine proof: half-crown and shilling, 1663 12 15s.
Lot 91. Charles II., pattern for a broad, by Simon; rev., FLO-
RENT CONCORDIA REGNA, 1662. Very fine 3 16. Lot 92.
Charles II., pattern for a broad, by Simon ; rev., MAGNALIA
DEI, 1660. In the highest state of preservation 9. Lot 116.
William III., shilling, half-crown, and sixpence, with plumes in
the angles. A fine set 3 3s. Lot 142. George I., crown,
1723, &c. : this lot contained a proof half-crown, 1715, plain
edge. Extremely rare and very fine 8. Lot 173. George III.,
pattern shilling, 1775, plain edge, by Tanner. Very fine
3 6s. Lot 175. George III., pattern for a shilling ; bust of
the young king, without drapery, in high relief, with his titles ;
rev. plain. This is simply a piece de plaisir, from one of the
Hanoverian dies 6 6s. Lot 179. George III., pattern five-
guinea piece, 1777. In a brilliant state of preservation, and of
extreme rarity for the date 24 10s. Lot 180. George III.,
pattern two-guinea piece, 1768 ; plain edge. Extremely fine
8. Otho, N ; rev., SECORITAS , the goddess standing, holding
a wreath and spear. Very rare 10 10s.
153
XIII.
ON A BRITISH COIN INSCRIBED BODVOC.
[Read before the Numismatic Society, February 21st, 1862.]
THE coin, of which a woodcut is given above, was found
on November 27, 1861, in a recently enclosed garden at
a place called Birkhill, near the town of Dumfries, by-
Mrs. Lilias Christie, or Kinross, mother -in- law of
Mr. Robert Cowan, seedsman, the owner of the spot.
These facts are extracted from the official account of
the finding of the coin, which was claimed by the Scottish
Exchequer, and is now in the Museum of the Society of
Antiquaries of Scotland. For a copy of this account
and for impressions of the coin, I am indebted to
Mr. George Sim, of Edinburgh. Mr. W. G. Gibson, of
Dumfries, has also kindly communicated a drawing of
the coin, and a notice of its having been found.
The type is already well-known, but this specimen,
though not in fine preservation, is remarkable as giving
the whole of the legend : either the initial B or the final
C being usually wanting on these coins, on account of
the flan being generally smaller than the dies, as is so
commonly the case with the coins of this series. On the
obverse is BODVOC in large letters across the field, and
on the reverse is a disjointed three-tailed horse to the
right ; above two ring ornaments and a crescent ; below
VOL. II. N.S. X
154 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
a wheel, behind a. pellet; in the field three small pointed
crosses. From some specimens, the whole appears to
have been surrounded by a circle of pellets set at a little
distance apart. The usual weight of these coins is from
83 to 85 grains, in the present instance it is 80f grains,
the coin having lost to some extent by wear.
There are two slight varieties of them, one having the
letters rather larger than the other, and being also more
convex and concave. The Dumfries coin is of the flatter
kind, with the smaller letters. On both there is a slight
indentation round the edge of the letters, showing that
they were not engraved, but punched into the dies, and
that the burr thus occasioned was not removed from the
face of the dies, probably with the view of giving greater
apparent relief to the letters on the coins.
Though the legend upon them occupies the same
position as the TING and COM . F. on the coins found
in Hants and Sussex, yet it differs materially from them
in its not being placed in a sunk recess like a counter-
mark, but standing up in relief on the field. When we
look at some of the British coins with a plain convex
obverse, such, for instance, as those found at Whaddon
Chase (Num. Chron., vol. xii. PI. i. Nos. 8, 9), we at once
perceive that this presents the most eligible place for an
inscription on coins struck after that pattern, and the
reverse of these BODVOC coins testifies to some such
prototype having been used.
The small crosses upon the field of the reverse are
found also upon the coins reading CATT1 and VO-
CORI . . . , as well as on those of Antedrigus. 1 The
same cross appears under the horse's head on the gold
1 Num. Chron., N.S. vol. i. p. 11.
ON A BRITISH COIN INSCRIBED BODVOC. 155
coin found at Mount Batten, near Plymouth, engraved
in Hawkins, pi. i. 6, as well as on the silver coins
both inscribed and uninscribed, of which a number
were found at Nunney, near Frome. The small cross
which occasionally is found on the gold coins of Cuno-
beline (see Akerman's " Cities and Princes," pi. xxiii. 1, 2),
differs in character from these, and has more the appear-
ance of being a sort of mint-mark.
In workmanship, the coins inscribed BODVOC are
rather neater than the other inscribed coins of the
same district Somerset, Gloucestershire, and Oxford-
shire. They are heavier and of finer gold than those
of Antedrigus, though some few of the coins inscribed
CATTI and VOCORI. . . ? exceed them in weight. In
the following notice of the places where these coins have
been found, and the works in which they are mentioned,
I have not attempted to discriminate between the two
varieties already referred to, but have regarded the coins
as being all of one type.
One specimen was found at Rodmarton, Gloucester-
shire (Arch. Journ., vol. i. p. 388), where also Roman
remains have been discovered. Another at Birdlip, in
the same county (Arch. Assoc. Journ., vol. ii. p. 336),
and a third at Stanlake, Oxon, which is now in the
Ashmolean Museum at Oxford. An account of this coin
was communicated to the Ashmolean Society of Oxford,
by Dr. Ingram, who regarded it as a coin of Boadicea.
(Gentleman's Magazine, 1849, p. 629.)
It will thus be seen that the occurrence of a coin of
this type so far north as Dumfries, is very unusual,
though of course there may be exceptions to the general
rule, that they and all other British coins are found in
the districts where they were originally struck. It is
156 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
needless to speculate whether it was carried northward
by some Southern Briton driven from his home by the
Roman conquerors, " who made a solitude and called it
peace," or whether we have here a relic of some member
of that patriotic band who made so noble a stand against
their invaders under Galgacus.
A specimen engraved in the Archseologia, vol. xxxiii.
pi. ix., is erroneously stated to have been found at Beck-
ford, Gloucestershire. This mis-statement has no doubt
arisen from the fact that a silver coin bearing the in-
scription BODVOC, was found in that parish in the
year 1805. It is engraved in Ruding App., pi. xxix. 4;
Smith's Coll. Ant., vol. i. p. 181 ; Akerman's " Cities and
Princes," pi. xxiv. 20, and elsewhere. The legend is on
the obverse, in front of a bare, beardless head in profile
to the left. On the reverse is a horse galloping to the
right; above, a ring ornament and two crescents; below,
a rosette of pellets, and in the field, various small crosses
and pellets. The type of the obverse is evidently connected
with that of the Nunney coin (Num. Chron., N.S. vol. i.
pi. i. 11), though of much better art, and turned in the
opposite direction. The type of the reverse bears also
considerable resemblance to that of some uninscribed
coins peculiar to the west of England.
The gold coins have long been known, having been
engraved by both Camden and Speed ; and most of the
earlier writers on British coins, and some of the more
recent, who have not gone deeply into the subject, have
been inclined to assign them to Boadicea, or Bunduica,
queen of the Iceni, the leader of the revolt against the
Romans in A.D. 61, which is described by Tacitus, and by
Xiphilinus in his Epitome of Dio Cassius. There can,
however, be no doubt that such an attribution is erro-
ON A BRITISH COIN INSCRIBED BODVOC. 157
neous, as not only have the types no connection with
those of the coins which are usually found within the
Icenian territory, but the recorded places of finding
of the coins inscribed BODVOC, are all on the opposite
side of Britain. These coins, moreover, form only a part
of a series peculiar to the western part of England, of
which probably -they are the earliest, while the latest
were in all probability struck some years before the
revolt under Boadicea.
There is, indeed, no ground for supposing that any
coins were struck by Boadicea, who never seems to have
exercised the queenly power, unless as the leader of a
short-lived revolt, and whose chief complaint against
the Romans was that the kingdom left by her husband,
Prasutagus, to which possibly she hoped to have succeeded,
was overrun and pillaged by their troops, she herself
scourged, and her daughters put to shame. There are,
besides, no coins which can safely be attributed to Prasu-
tagus, who, from his wealth and the peaceful possession
of his territory, was far more likely to have struck coins.
There is much more probability of truth in the suppo-
sition which originated with Camden, that the inscription
on these coins bears some relation to the Boduni, or
Dobuni, a tribe whose capital, according to Ptolemy,
was Corinium (Cirencester) and who were located in and
around Gloucestershire, the county in which the coins
have principally been found.
The passage in Dio Cassius relating to this tribe,
is rather obscure He says (lib. Ix. s. 20) that Aulus
Plautius, in A.D. 43, brought to terms of peace some of
the Boduni who were under the dominion of the Catvel-
lani "yitepoc ri TOJI BoSouvwv uv tTrrip^v KarovEAActvoi
from which it is difficult to determine whether
158 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
the whole tribe of the Boduni were subject to the Catvel-
lani, or only that portion which submitted to Plautius.' 3
From numismatic evidence, I should be induced to
think that the latter was the case, as coins of Cunobeliiie
are of not unfrequent occurrence as far west as Oxford-
shire, while I have no record of any having been found in
Gloucestershire. Besides this, a distinct coinage appears
to have been maintained in Somersetshire, and what may
be called the western district, up to at least as late a
period as the time of Claudius.
However this may have been, the form BODVOC can
hardly be intended simply to represent the name of the
tribe, but more probably that of some prince whose name
may have borne an allusion to the tribe over whom he
reigned, and the legend occurring round the head on the
silver coins, rather favours this regal attribution. It is
possible that the discovery of some other specimens may
supply the termination of the. legend, unless indeed
BODVOC is the complete form.
In Camden's Britannia (Ed. 1637, p. 645; Gough's
Ed., vol. iii. p. 123) is a notice of an inscription at
Mynydd Margan, in Glamorganshire, of which a rude
woodcut is given. It runs as follows
BODAOO HIC IVCIT
FIMAS CVTOTIS IRNI
PRONEP0S ETERNVH
VE DOMVA.
The last words are read by Camden " j-Eternali in domo,"
2 Dr. Latham, writing in " Smith's Dictionary of Geography,"
is doubtful whether the Catvellani are to be identified with the
Catyeuchlani or no ; but there seems much probability that the
same tribe is intended by both names. His doubts appear in
part to have arisen from not recognising Salinae and Urolanium,
the two chief towns of Ptolemy's Catyeuchlani, as indisputably
Sandy in Beds, and Verulam in Herts.
ON A BRITISH COIN INSCRIBED BODVOC. 159
but in whatever manner the inscription is to be read, it
would seem as if it were in memorial of BODVOC, who
spelled his name in precisely the same way as it appears
on these coins, as there can be no doubt that the fourth
letter is a V, from its recurring in the same form in
FILIAS. The A's are also reversed in the same manner
in IVCIT and ETERNVLI. The coincidence in the name
is very remarkable, though some centuries must have
elapsed between the two Boduocs, whose names are pre-
served, the one on the coins, and the other on the stone
of Maen Llythyrog. Some remarks, both on the inscrip-
tion and the coin, are given in the Archaeologia Cambrensis,
vols. iv. and v., by Professor Westwood. BODVOCF
(BODVOC FECIT) occurs also among the Potters'
marks from the Allies. 3
The supposed connection between BODVO and the
Boduni, may therefore, after all, be purely imaginary, as
besides these instances, we meet with the same syllables
entering into the composition of some Gaulish names,
such as Boduognatus, a prince of the Nervii mentioned
by Caesar (to whom these coins have by some been attri-
buted), and Boduogenus, whose name occurs as the maker
of an elegant bronze vessel discovered in the Isle of Ely,
and engraved in the Archseologia, vol. xxviii. p. 436, who
must probably have been of Gaulish origin.
Unsatisfactory as it may appear, the whole that can
with certainty be predicated of these coins is, that they
were struck in the western part of England at a rather
late period of the British coinage. To this may be added
the probability that on them is preserved a portion, or
possibly the whole of the name of some prince, and that
he reigned over the Boduni. J. E.
3 See Roach Smith's Coll. Ant., vol. vi. p. 72.
160
XIV.
ESSAY ON THE CLASSIFICATION OP ANCIENT
COINS FOUND IN EGYPT.
FORMING PART OF THE COLLECTION OF M. C. G. HUBER,
Imperial Court Counsellor, formerly Consul-General of Austria in Egypt.
AMONG the ancient coins which are found in such great
numbers in Egypt, I will mention in the first place the
tetradrachms of Athens, of primitive workmanship.
These coins, of which the average weight is 17'2
grammes, bear on the obverse the head of Pallas, of
archaic style, and in profile ; the physiognomy bearing
much resemblance to that of the Egyptian sphinx, and
distinguished from the analogous tetradrachms found in
Greece and elsewhere, by the eye being cut into the form
of an almond, as may be constantly seen on the side-
faced heads of the Egyptian haul-reliefs.
These tetradrachms were struck by the Athenians for
their international commerce with Egypt, whence they
had procured corn from time immemorial.
The ancient Egyptians, not having had before the time of
the Satrap Aryandes, and especially before the time of Alex-
ander the Great, native money, but using for their com-
merce rings, and pieces in gold and silver of determinate
weight, accepted willingly the Athenian tetradrachms of
ancient style ; inasmuch as these coins contained pure
ANCIENT COINS FOUND IN EGYPT. 161
silver, and were of the required weight of 17'2 grammes,
which doubtless corresponded to the native weight of
Egypt.
It was on account of this international commerce, that
the Athenians, even after the time of Pericles, and after
they had introduced into Attica the tetradrachms of
the second form, continued to strike the spherical (bombes)
tetradrachms of rude archaic style, always keeping the
resemblance to the Egyptian sphinx for the head of
Pallas, and in no way changing the type made sacred by
use for centuries.
It is even probable that during the period after the in-
vasion of the Persians, and before the Ptolemies, many
of these tetradrachms were struck in Egypt, and especially
at Thebes ; at any rate, our hypothesis seems supported
by the immense number of spherical (bombes) coins of
Athenian types found iii Egypt; a number which infi-
nitely surpasses that of the Attic tetradrachms of archaic
style, found in any other ancient classical country of the
world.
When Egypt had become a Persian satrapy, the coins
of the Achsemenid kings found their way into the
country; perhaps they had to be forced on the ancient
Egyptians, on account of the aversion they fostered for the
manners and customs of the people of Aryan origin.
It is an established fact that many of the Persian satraps,
always acting in the name of the great king, struck
money for the use of the provinces under their administra-
tion. Aryandes, satrap of Egypt, under Darius the son of
Hystaspes, struck coins in great numbers, not only Darics,
but, as it appears, coins also with types having more or
less reference to the native religious worship of Egypt.
My collection, which was recently distributed by sale
VOL. II. N.S. Y
162 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
at Messrs. Sotheby and "Wilkinson's, contained several
inedited pieces belonging to the Persian occupation ; they
were found in Egypt, Arabia Petrsea, and Nabloos in
Syria. (See Sale Catalogue, 1862 ; lots 887, 890, 895,
897, 898, 905908.)
The coins, however, of which I have just spoken, were
of foreign origin, either Athenian or Persian.
The autonomous coinage of Egypt dates only from
B.C. 323, when, after the death of Alexander the Great,
Ptolemy, son of Lagus, had obtained as his share the
regency of Egypt, the Cyrenaica, and Southern Syria, a
regency which he held in the name of the heirs of the
deceased great king. Ptolemy, having always had much
more loyalty for the family of Alexander the Great than
the other " Diadochs " (AmSo^ot, successors), did not
take the title of king till eighteen years after the death
of his old master, when he had survived all the heirs of
Alexander.
The classification of the coins struck by Ptolemy I.
can, in my opinion, be divided into four series :
I. The first series contains the coins struck by the first
Lagid, for the seven years from B.C. 323 to B.C. 317,
proving his regency to have been in the name of the heirs
of Alexander the Great.
"We first of all meet in the series the famous tetra-
drachms struck by Ptolemy I. in memory of Alexander,
as founder (KTICTHC) of the town of Alexandria.
These pieces, which are among the rarities of ancient
coins, have on the obverse the head of Alexander the
Great, not covered with the lion's skin, but with that of
an elephant, the symbol of the town of Alexandria, as
may be seen also on its imperial coins >fhich bear on
the reverse the Genius of this town. The reverses of
ANCIENT COINS FOUND IN EGYPT. 163
the above-mentioned pieces have the type of Jupiter
(aTo00|t>oe), the usual type of the tetradrachms of
Alexander the Great ; but in the field there is a thunder-
bolt, the first attempt of Ptolemy to denote his own
regency. The weight of these coins is that of the tetra-
drachms of Alexander the Great, and is connected with
the Attic-Macedonian scale.
In my collection there were two of these rare tetra-
drachms, with monograms varying on the reverse. (Sale
Cat., lots 942, 943.) These two pieces, which are in
perfect condition, were found in the Delta of the Nile, in
an ancient vase, with tetradrachms of Alexander the Great
and Ptolemy Soter.
M. Miiller has established in his excellent work, that
Ptolemy I. continued during this period to strike gold
staters and tetradrachms of Alexander the Great with the
usual types.
II. The second series comprises the coins of Alexander
the younger, first king of Egypt, struck by Ptolemy I.
from B.C. 317 to B.C. 311, when Alexander the younger
died.
After an interregnum of seven years from his father's
death, the young Alexander (^Egus), son of Roxana (an
Eastern princess) and Alexander the Great, was recognised
as the first king of Egypt, but always under the tutelage
of Ptolemy, who continued governing the kingdom, as
before.
In my collection there were twelve pieces belonging to
this second series ; that is to say, five tetradrachms, one
drachm, and six brass coins, of which some are inedited.
(See Sale Cat., lots 944, 949.) All these pieces were found
as usual in Egypt.
The tetradrachms and drachms of this series have on
164 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
the obverse the head of the young Alexander to the right,
covered with an elephant's skin; the reverse bears the
legend. AAEHANAPOY. The type, however, instead of
being Jupiter (atTofyopos} is Pallas (Trpojua^oc), a divinity
especially venerated by the family of Alexander. In the
field, on all these pieces, may be seen an eagle standing,
the symbol of the Lagid family, by placing which upon
the coins of Alexander the younger, Ptolemy showed
the tutelage he exercised over the young king. Subse-
quently this type became the general type of the Ptolemaic
coinage.
It may be noticed that the weight of this series is
Phoenician or Asiatic. It is the same weight as the first
Ptolemy adopted for his own coinage, when he abandoned
the Attic Macedonian scale.
III. The third series contains the coins struck during
the first eighteen years of the government of Ptolemy I.,
before he had accepted the title of king, from B.C. 323
to the end of B.C. 306.
The brass coins attributed to this Ptolemy, as well as
all the brass coins of his successors, bear the legend
nTOAEMAIOY . BA2IAEQ2., which at any rate
proves that they were not struck before the end of
B.C. 306, that is to say, before Ptolemy accepted the title
of king. 1
It is evident, however, that even before this epoch the
need of small coins was as much felt as it was at a later
period ; and the more so as the small autonomous coinage
1 Demetrius Poliorcetes having besieged the town of Rhodes,
Ptolemy came to its deliverance in B.C. 304, and by this obtained
from the Rhodians in return the surname of Preserver (Soter),
an epithet which ordinarily was given only to divinities.
ANCIENT COINS FOUND IN EGYPT. 165
of the Greek towns had only a limited circulation in Egypt,
even when the native mints had already commenced to
strike coins.
This want, so much felt, was supplied under the regency
of Ptolemy I., by the issue of obols and half-obols in
silver, and of small pieces in brass. But these small
pieces had only a short existence, for they ceased when
Ptolemy, in B.C. 306, accepted the title of king and
introduced in place of the silver obols, a brass coinage
of a weight more or less heavy, which served for daily
use. The silver obols and the small brass pieces of
the first period disappeared altogether, and in conse-
quence are of great rarity, and none seem to have been
hitherto published. In my collection there were eleven of
these interesting pieces, all found in Egypt, of which I
here give a description :
OBOLS.
1. Obv. Head of Hercules.
jj ev> Pegasus (two specimens). M. 1.
2. Qbv. Mask, with tongue out.
Rev. Head of Bucephalus (horse with horns) bridled, to
the right. JR. 1.
3. One similar. JR. f .
4. Olv. Head of Young Hercules, to the right.
ev . Winged hippocampus to the right. Beneath, IIT
(Ptolemy). JR. 1.
5. oi v . Head of female crowned with ears of corn, and
with hanging hair.
Rev. Eagle to the left. JR. 1.
ti. Ol v , Head of Pallas, facing, crowned with leaves of olive.
Rev. An owl to the right ; before, a diota on a pedestal ;
behind, an olive leaf; all in a sunken square.
JB.U.
166 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
According to the opinion of the late Dr. Schledehaus,
a distinguished numismatist, this last piece was struck for
the use of the Athenian colonies in Egypt. It was found in
the desert between Suez and Akaba.
HALF-OBOLS.
1. Obv. Bearded head, facing, with the horn of Ammon.
Rev. Young helmeted head, to the right. JR. f .
2. Obv. Head of Pallas, to the right.
Rev. Head of the Egyptian god Besa, the Typhon of the
Greeks. -3J. 1.
BRASS.
1. Obv. Young helmeted head, to the right.
Rev. Fore-part of Pegasus, to the right.
2. Obv. Head of Pallas to the right.
Rev. Bearded head of Jupiter Ammon, facing.
IV. The fourth series comprises the coins struck by
Ptolemy I., after he had accepted the title of king, during
a period of twenty years, from the end of B.C. 306 to
B.C. 285.
It is with this series that numismatists in general, and
even those who have the arrangement of the different
national collections, commence the ancient coins of Egypt.
The three previous series of which I have just spoken,
have however a rightful claim to be placed before the
regal coins of the Ptolemies, and to begin the series of
the Lagids.
M. Lenormant having thoroughly treated of this fourth
series, in his learned " Essay on the Classification of the
ANCIENT COINS FOUND IN EGYPT. 167
Silver Coins of the Lagids," and having furnished many
new suggestions on the coins of the first Lagid king,
which bear the inscription I1TOAEMAIOY 2QTHPO2,
or BASIAEQS., I confine myself here to a few observa-
tions which may serve to justify my opinion, when I differ
from that of this distinguished numismatist.
After the fall of the Persian empire, and when, through
the genius of Alexander the Great, the Greek element
was spread over nearly all the provinces of the vast Mace-
donian rule, the Greek colonies on the borders of the Red
Sea, and on ' the Isthmus of Suez, made a rapid and
astonishing stride. Besides possessing the liberty of com-
merce, and a certain degree of " autonomy " that the
wise administration of Ptolemy had given to these new
colonial foundations, their state, notwithstanding the
aridity of the soil and the difficulty of communication,
became soon very flourishing. The system of barter of
the ancient Egyptians, and the interchange of Persian
coins, no longer sufficed for these towns ; their opulence,
which developed itself in direct proportion to their wants,
required more coins, and the adoption of a system of
coinage more useful for international commerce.
Ptolemy, as we have before remarked, following the
example of the other " Diadochs," struck after the death
of Alexander the Great, staters and tetradrachms, bear-
ing the types of this latter monarch. Through piety
for the great deceased, and through loyalty for his heirs,
he hesitated for a long time to renounce the title of
"administrator of Egypt, in the name of the heirs of
Alexander the Great," and to adopt for himself and for his
descendants the title and dignity of a king ; and it was
not till towards the end of B.C. 306, six years after the
death of Alexander the younger, that he decided on this
168 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
measure. Then he commenced to strike gold, silver, and
bronze coins, adopting, as he had already attempted in the
coins of Alexander the younger, the Phrenician scale,
then become general in Asia, instead of the Attic Mace-
donian scale. The mints of Ptolemy Soter were established
at Alexandria, Tyre, and Sidon, and perhaps at some other
town also of Syria, the southern part of which belonged
to the kingdom of Egypt.
It is not very probable that all the towns, of which
we find the names in monogram on the gold and
silver coins of Ptolemy Soter, possessed the right of
coinage, and establishments for mintage, and that for an
issue, often of such a limited extent, they should have
established mints and organised means of producing a
native coinage which was always very expensive, as may
be seen from the beauty of the style of these coins. One
may rather suppose that the towns lately founded, situated
on the Isthmus of Clysma (Suez) and on the borders of
the Red Sea, sent either to Alexandria, or to some other
town where there was a mint, bars of gold and silver, for
the value of which the government struck for them money
for their commerce ; always visibly placing on the reverse
of the coin the name of the town or towns which had
furnished the metal. Many times towns between which
there existed a commercial intercourse, united themselves
with the object of coining " money of alliance;" and it is
then that we find in concurrence on the same coin, two
or more monograms, which designate, without doubt, the
names of the towns between which this commercial alli-
ance existed. The form and style of the coins belonging
to the towns situate in Egypt, show that they have been
struck at the mint of Alexandria, whilst the pieces struck
in Syria differ considerably from the analogous coins of
ANCIENT COINS FOUND IN EGYPT. ] 69
Alexandria, either in the head of Ptolemy Soter, or in the
style and character of the reverse. The legend also,
HTOAEMAIOY . SQTHPO2 is only found in preference on
the coins struck in Syria.
My collection contained inedited tetradrachms of the
following towns: Asiongaber (Eziongeber of the Bible),
Damascus, Gaza and Alexandria, Gaza and Hypaton,
Phacousa and Apollonia, Ptolemai's, Memphis, and This
(Thinites), with the year 33 ; Sidon and Diospolis, with
the years 29, 33, 34, and 37 ; Sidon and Nicopolis Seleu-
cidis, Sidon and Stratonos-Pyrgos, with the year 3J ;
Tyrus and Abiia-Leucas, in Decapolis, with the year 30 ;
Tyrus and Marathus, with the years 32 and 34 ; lastly,
the tetradrachm of an uncertain town, with the letters
XHP in monogram. The tetradrachms with the monogram
XAP have been attributed by me to Charakmoba, a town
situated in the district of Petra, instead of to Carthage,
this town never having belonged to the kingdom of the
Lagids.
The tetradrachm with the head of Soter and on the
reverse an eagle, no monogram and no date, is generally
attributed to Alexandria. We have however tetra-
drachms of Ptolemy Soter with the letter A either alone
or beside other monograms, which can only be attri-
buted to Alexandria. It is not very probable that this town
was sometimes designated by an A, and that sometimes its
coins had no monogram whatever. On examining more
closely the above-mentioned tetradrachm without mono-
gram, its form, the formation of the letters of the
legend, as also the position and plumage of the eagle, I
think I can determine that this coin was struck in
Cyprus, By Ptolemy Philadelphus. The island of Cyprus
was annexed to the kingdom of Egypt by Ptolemy Soter
VOL. II. N.S. Z
170 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
twelve years before his death, and he gave the govern-
ment of it to his eldest son and heir Philadelphia. This
latter king established there a mint, at which were struck
nearly the whole series of the silver coinage of the
Lagids.
Ptolemy Philadelphia was, then, the first of the dynasty
of the Lagids who commenced striking money in Cyprus.
The existence of mines of silver in this island, and the
rarity of this metal in Egypt, political considerations, and
the uncertainty of the Egyptian possessions in Syria,
exposed as they were to continual warfare, doubtless
decided the successors of Ptolemy Soter to transfer the
coinage of the silver to the island of Cyprus. Mints
were established in the three capital towns Citium,
Paphos, and Salamis, designated on the coin by the
initial letters KI, DA, and 2 A. All the silver coins of
Philadelphus and of his successors, with few exceptions,
were struck in Cyprus in the three towns above-
mentioned. Under Ptolemy VI., Philometor, the mintage
of silver was confined only to Paphos, and the two towns
Citium and Salamis ceased to have mints. The tetra-
drachms struck in Cyprus bear on the reverse a date,
marked by the letter L, the ancient form of A as the
initial letter of the word Aujca'jSae which signifies year.
The ancient form L was employed in the place of A, be-
cause this last form having also the numerical value thirty,
might have caused great confusion. 8
3 The opinion given here by M. Huber is the one most
generally adopted. Eckhel cites from Belley a coin of Ves-
pasian with the inscription AYKABANTO2 . AEKATOY, but
this may well be doubted, as it is unknown to all subsequent
writers. The word AYR [ABAS] occurs on a coin of The-
ipisonium, but as a title of Apollo AYK.CilZfiN ("Melanges
ANCIENT COINS FOUND IN EGYPT. 171
The dates marked on the Egyptian coins offer much
difficulty; they are nevertheless the sole guide for
the probable classification of the tetradrachms of the
Ptolemies which bear the same general legend, I1TOAE-
MAIOY BA2IAEQ2, and of which the portraits from
their marked family likeness offer but very rarely a firm
basis for the classification of the coins.
The date on the coins of Ptolemy Philadelphus com-
mences with the Dionysian era, which coincides with the
accession of Philadelphus in B.C. 285 . 3 The weight of
the tetradrachms of Philadelphus is the same as that of
those of the first Soter, the mint of Cyprus having kept the
Phoenician scale.
My collection contained thirty-nine tetradrachms of
Philadelphus, of which many are inedited, and the dates
of which extend as far as L. A9 (year 39), the last year
of the reign of this king, who died in B.C. 246.
Among the copper coins attributed to Philadelphus, I
may allude to that described in the Catalogue, No. 990 :
de Nuimsmatique," p. 110, by "W. H. Waddington). Another
interpretation has been offered. Mr. Salemann, the Vice-
Consul for Russia at Alexandria, told my colleague, Mr. Poole,
that it had been recently suggested that the letter L on the
Egyptian coins was the demotic ideographic sign for " year."
That it should be some such sign of a hieroglyphic kind seema
evident from the Greek ETO2 being used in its place, as
ETOYS . TPITOY . ETOY2 . TETAPTOY, &c. The demotic
character was used for most of the official acts, and therefore it
would probably be adopted on the coins. The only difficulty
is, that the sign does not perfectly correspond to the L on the
coins, being either a simple line a little curved inwards towards
the top, or else like an L with the perpendicular limb prolonged
beneath the horizontal limb which is in its centre, and not more
than about a quarter of its length. (" Handbook to Roman
Numismatics," pp. 163, 164). F. W. M.
8 M. Lepsius has determined this era in his Konigs-buch.
172 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Rev. HTOAEMAIOY . BA2IAEQ2. Eagle to the left,-
holding in his talons the symbol of the goddess
Hat-hor, the Venus of the Egyptians : in the
field the date L. AF (year 33)
Ptolemy III., Euergetes (B.C. 246 to B.C. 221), con-
tinued on the tetradrachms usually attributed to him,
the Dionysian era commenced by Philadelphus. The
dates of his coins are from L. M (year 40, which is his
first year) to L. NA (year 54). These coins, which are
all of good fabric, are distinguished from the tetra-
drachms of Philadelphus as much by the head on the
obverse, as by certain peculiarities on the reverse.
My collection contained fourteen tetradrachms, attri-
buted to Ptolemy III., of which the most part were
inedited. These pieces, which were struck at Salamis,
Paphos, and Citium, bear the following dates : L. MA
(year 41 of the era of Philadelphus and second year of
Euergetes), MA (44), ME (45), M9 (49), N (50), NA
(51), NB (52), NF (53), and NA (year 54 of Philadelphus
and fifteenth year of Ptolemy III.)
The government of Euergetes I. was marked by the
military expeditions that he undertook in Asia and in
Africa. Peace was not re-established for twelve years.
To this period belong the two inedited tetradrachms
(lots 996 and 997) which have on the reverse the
double date of L. N (year 50) and A (year 1), with
two stars between these dates. One of these pieces was
struck at Paphos, and the other at Salamis. The year
50 of the era of Philadelphus was the eleventh year of
Euergetes I., and, as it appears, the first year of the
co-regency of his wife Berenice II., indicated on these
coins by the two stars and A. (year 1). The two tetra-
drachms of the year 53, struck at Salamis and Citium,
ANCIENT COINS FOUND IN EGYPT. 173
are distinguished by having a winged thunderbolt above
the eagle.
Ptolemy IV., Philopator (B.C. 221 to 204), continued to
strike silver coins in the mints of Cyprus, and among the
great number of tetradrachms of uncertain Ptolemies,
there are, doubtless, many pieces which should be attri-
buted to this king. The attribution, however, of tetra-
drachms struck in Cyprus will remain always more or
less doubtful, seeing that the legend is always the same
IITOAEMAIOY . BA2IAEO2, and that they do not bear the
epithets by which the coins of the Ptolemies struck in
Syria are distinguished. Besides the feeble evidence
afforded by the head on the obverse, there is only left to
us the date on the reverse, which might justify the
classification of these coins.
I was disposed to attribute to Ptolemy IV. two
tetradrachms (lot 1002 of the Catalogue) which are
distinguished as much by the head on the obverse as
by the fine style of their fabric. These pieces have
on the reverse the dates L. I . IIA (year 19, Paphos),
and L. K . 2 A (year 29, Salamis). They distinctly differ
from the tetradrachms of Philadelphus, marked with the
same dates and struck in the same towns. Moreover
they cannot be placed amongst the coins of the kings
who follow, from which they differ in every respect.
I have observed above that Ptolemy III., Euergetes I.,
continued the era of his father Philadelphus. Ptolemy IV.,
Philopator, seems to have dated his silver coins counting
from the first year of the co-regency of Berenice with
his father, Euergetes I. In consequence, the year 16
of that era, which is the last year of Euergetes I., would
be the commencement of the reign of Philopator. In
admitting this era, the two tetradrachms, with the dates
174 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
L. I (year 19) and L. K (year 29), which we have
attributed to Ptolemy IV., Philopator, were struck in
the years 4 and 14 of his reign.
The coins of base and pure silver attributed to
Ptolemy VI., Philometor (B.C. 181 to B.C. 146), and to
Ptolemy VII., Euergetes II. (B.C. 146 to B.C. 117), are
known.
At this period, the mints of Citium and Salamis being
suppressed, the coinage was concentrated at Paphos.
This town having become henceforward the only mint-
place of Cyprus, remained, as it appears, inseparable
from the crown of Egypt; even when the rest of the
territory of the island of Cyprus, from the quarrels
between the different reigning members of the family
of Ptolemy, was temporarily detached from the Egyptian
government.
Taking into consideration the attributions made by
M. Lenormant, and other numismatists, and guided by a
long experience acquired by examining thousands of coins
of this series, I have attempted to classify the numerous
tetradrachms which are described in Mionnet as ' ' coins
of uncertain Ptolemies." These coins have the monogram
of the mint of Paphos. Their dates commence with
L. A. (year 1), and extend to L. KT. (year 23). The
style of their fabric, which is less careful, differs visibly
from that of the tetradrachms of which I have spoken
above. The head on the obverse, as well as the absence
of symbols and other characteristic signs, give me reason
to maintain that these tetradrachms cannot be attributed
to any of the Lagids before Ptolemy VIII., Soter II.
Neither do they belong to Ptolemy XI. or Ptolemy XII.,
whose coins are well known.
On the strength of the dates that these coins present,
ANCIENT COINS FOUND IN EGYPT. 175
I have classed them among the coins of the two brothers
Soter II. and Alexander, and of their mother Cleo-
patra III., widow of Ptolemy VII., Euergetes II.
The tetradrachms of this series (lots 1010, 1011, 1012,
1013 of the Catalogue) bearing the dates L. A. (year 1)
to L. I. (year 10) have been attributed to Ptolemy VIII.,
Soter II. Their dates give us the era of this king, who
struck them whilst he was in possession of the crown of
Egypt.
Among the copper coins attributed to Soter II., I may
mention an inedited piece in my collection :
Obv. Helmeted head of Pallas, to the right.
Rev. Eagle ; in the field 1 (monogram of Soter II.), and
the date L. A. (year 4). M. 4.
This piece corroborates my opinion, that similar coins,
which have been till now considered as uncertain
(Mionnet, vi. 44, 396), can be attributed in all probability
to this king.
Another piece of my collection (lot 1009 of the Cata-
logue), with the head of Hercules, Rev. Eagle; mono-
gram , and the date L. F. (year 3), also proves that
coins with analogous types may be classed to Soter II.
After the expulsion of this king began the co-regency
of Cleopatra III., the widow of Euergetes II., and of her
son Alexander, whom I call Alexander II., seeing that
the son of Alexander the Great and of Roxana was the
first king of Egypt of this name. This co-regency, which
falls between the years B.C. 106 and B.C. 101, was repre-
sented in my collection by four tetradrachms with double
dates. (See lot 1014 of the Catalogue, where erroneously
they are given to Ptolemy VIII. instead of Ptolemj IX.).
Cleopatra III., the widow of Ptolemy VII.,
Euergetes II., after the death of her husband in-
176 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
trigued against her eldest son, Soter II., in favour of
her second, Alexander, for whom she at last succeeded
in procuring the crown of Egypt. The supposition of a
co-regency of Cleopatra III. and of Soter II. is as much
devoid of probability as that of a co-regency of the
two brothers Soter and Alexander, who from the death of
their father were continually opposed to each other.
Cleopatra III. reckoned the dates of her regency from
the year of the death of her husband, whilst her son
Alexander commenced his era three years later than his
mother, so that there is a difference of three years be-
tween the era of the mother and that of the son.
The tetradrachms of this co-regency bear the following
dates :
L. IA. (year 11 of Cleopatra III.) and L. H. (year 8 of
Ptolemy VIII., Alexander).
L. IB. (year 12 of the mother) and L. 6. (year 9 of the
son).
L. IF. (year 13 of the mother) and L. I. (year 10 of
the son.)
4. 1C. (year 16 of the mother) and 4. IF (year 13 of
the son).
I have also restored to this same co-regency of Cleopatra
and Alexander the copper coins with the two eagles on the
reverse which are attributed by Mionnet to Ptolemy VIII.
and Ptolemy IX. (Vol. vi. 30, 236 sq.)
After the death of his mother, Ptolemy IX. (Alex-
ander II.) reigned alone in Egypt from B.C. 98 to B.C. 88.
This period of ten years was represented in my collection
(lots 1017, 1018, and 1019 of the Cat.) by a series of
tetradrachms which bear the dates L . I A (year 14 of Alex-
ander II., thus continuing his era marked on the coin of
the co-regency) until L. KF (year 23). These tetra-
ANCIENT COINS FOUND IN EGYPT. 177
drachms bear without exception the monogram of the
mint of Paphos, 11 A. Taking this circumstance into
consideration, one may doubt if these coins were struck
by Ptolemy IX. (Alexander II.), since that his brother
and adversary, Soter II., who was then ruling in Cyprus
would not have permitted him to use the mint. But I
have remarked above, that it is in no way proved that
Paphos had recognised the authority of Soter II. after he
had lost the crown of Egypt ; on the contrary, it is much
more probable that this mint had never ceased to be
attached to the Egyptian government during all the time
that the Lagids were recognised as lords of the Island of
Cyprus. From the year B.C. 57, Cyprus, taken by Cato,
became a Roman province, and in consequence the last
Lagids were obliged to abandon the mint of Paphos.
Of the copper coins of the uncertain Ptolemies, there
was one in my collection inedited (lot 1020 of the Cat.) of
which the type of the obverse appears to me very in-
teresting :
Ob v. Pegasus flying, to the right.
Rev. HTOA[EMAIOY . BASI"] AEfiS. Isis standing on a
pedestal. JE 4.
The beautiful fabric of this piece gives me reason to
suppose that it was struck by one of the earlier Ptolemies.
C. G. HUBER.
VOL. II. N.S. A A
178
XV.
BAOTRIAN COINS.
BY EDWARD THOMAS, ESQ.
IN the year 1856, I compiled a summary catalogue of
Bactrian coins, which was printed in extenso in the
19th vol. of the Numismatic Chronicle'. Owing to the brief
space, necessarily allotted to each specimen of so exten-
sive a series, added to the absence of illustrative plates,
there was but little to attract the attention of the
majority of readers. In the present, and possibly
succeeding papers, I trust, in a measure, to obviate this
reproach, and while keeping the original catalogue in
view, and supplementing to it the latest acquisitions of the
day, I propose both to illustrate the text by engravings,
and to comment in more detail upon such coins as may
promise to elucidate the dynastic questions involved, or
afford data whereon to amplify or correct the scanty
written history of the period.
As appropriately introductory to the Bactrian proper
coinage, I again refer to the obviously local mintage of
Antiochus Theos, upon the identical types of which the
issues of Diodotus were based namely, those bearing
the device on the reverse of an erect figure of Jupiter, an
innovation on the prevailing and almost conventional
monetary emblem of the early Seleucidse, "the Apollo
seated on the cortina."
BACTRIAN COINS. 179
These provincial pieces have hitherto been held as of
extreme rarity, 1 but I am now in a position to refer to no
less than nine examples of the class, though the value
attaching to many of them is diminished by their
imperfect state of preservation, and the omission or
obscuration of the customary mint-marks, which, in the
then transitional stage of territorial distribution, might
otherwise have afforded valuable geographical indications
of the metropolitan cities of the kingdom of Bactria. 2
1 Prinsep first published an engraving of one of these coins
from the Burnes' collection in 1833. (See " Journ. Asiatic Soc.,"
Bengal, vol. ii. pi. xii. fig. 2 ; Prinsep's " Essays," vol. i. pi. ii.
fig. 2.) This piece was subsequently re-engraved in Burnes'
" Bokhara," pi. iii. fig. 8, and has been noticed by Wilson
(" Ariana Antiqua," p. 219), figured in the " Tresor de Numis-
matique," plate Ixxii. p. 3, and commented on by M. de Bar-
tholomaei, M. Kaoul Rochette (" Journal des Savants," 1844,
p. 115), and others.
2 'I am now fully prepared to accept certain of -these mint-
marks as monograms representing the names of the cities in
which the coins were struck. Since my previous paper was
published in this journal, I have had occasion to express else-
where my opinions on the general subject, which I here
subjoin. I have already had occasion to refer to a paper by
Major Cunningham, entitled, "An Attempt to explain some of
the Monograms found upon the Grecian coins of Ariana and
India," published in the Numismatic Chronicle, vol. viii. I have
now again to advert to it, in somewhat more detail, in connec-
tion with this, the earliest attempt at the explanation of these
symbols by James Prinsep. The general subject of mint
monograms is necessarily a difficult one, and, until lately, was
rather shirked and avoided by numismatic writers; in the
present instance, it will be seen to be unusually complicated in
the later Bactrian coinages, not only by the use of two distinct
alphabetical series, Greek and Arian, but in the multiplicity of
the signs, and their frequent association to the number of four
and five varieties on single specimens of the siiborclinate series
of coins ! "Since Major Cunningham's essay was written, how-
ever, not only has great progress been made in the comparative
geography of India and Central Asia ; but the special question
180 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
The following additional specimens of the local Bactrian
type of the coinage of Antiochus Theos have been
communicated to me since the publication of the original
catalogue in this Journal.
1. Tetradrachm. Weight 256'7 grains; Plate IV. fig. 1,
monogram No. 9 of the Num. Chron. [vol. xix. p. 12.] Plates
of monograms, or No. 12, pi. xi. c. Prinsep's " Essays."
Major Hay. British Museum.
The portraiture of the head of Antiochus on this series
of coins does not coincide with the likenesses produced
at various periods of his life, on the Syrian coins of
of the interpretation of mint monograms has received more
attention and illustration from the learned in Europe. And
now when we are fully prepared to admit the accuracy of the
verification of the monogrammatic expression of the mints of
Alexander the Great in the western section of his dominions ; *
and are equally ready to recognise the Parthian employment of
combinations of Greek letters to typify the mints of Drangiaf
and Chorasmia,^ hesides carrying on the evidence of the
abbreviated definition of the local mints, in the Pehlvi cha-
racter^ down to the date of the Arab domination in Persia
we can scarcely hesitate to concede the probability that the
Bactrian Greeks observed some such custom. The obstacles
to any conclusive assignment of the purport of these symbols,
consist not alone in the endless transpositions to which the
various letters of any given monogram of ordinary complication
may be subjected, but in the parallel practice, which, we have
reason to believe, obtained, of inscribing on the currency the
names of mint masters and others connected with this fiscal
branch of state government, couched in similarly combined
literal ciphers. (Prinsep's " Essays," edited by E. Thomas,
London, 1858, vol. i. p. 56.)
* Ex. gr. " Aradus," Mionnet, Supp. iii. 198.
j- Lindsay.
j Unpublished Parthian (British Museum) Monogram, XOP.
" Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society," xiii.
BACTRIAN COINS. 181
Antiochus II. ; 3 indeed, if it was necessary to force an
identity with one or the other, the Eastern profile would
perhaps depart less from the general similitude of Antio-
chus III.'s mint personification. But it is a curious
coincidence, that these Eastern coins preserve, in their
own series, a single ideal, and reproduce a given face with
a uniformity which shows that their artists were not so
much incompetent followers of a fixed model, as that
that model itself was probably an imperfect prototype sent
officially to the distant East and copied there, without
much regard for the absolute correctness of the original
likeness, or the changing appearance of the monarch
marked from time to time with more attention in the
mints of his western dominions.
2. Tetradrachm (worn coin). Weight 257 grains; no
monogram, no chaplet. Major Hay.
3. Ditto. Monogram 18 a, N.C. or Prinsep A a. Colonel
Abbott.
4. Drachm. Monogram B, No. 1, or Prinsep 0. Major
Hay.
5. Ditto. Monogram 9, Prinsep No. 12. Colonel Abbott.
The Bibliotheque Imperiale coin, the monogram of which
was omitted in the previous catalogue, bears the impress of
No. 21 N.C., or fig. B of Prinsep's plate.
In all, therefore, we have six varieties of monograms :
1st. N.C. No. 9, Prinsep 12; 2nd. Prinsep C; 3rd. Prinsep
C a N.O. B; 4th. Prinsep A, N.C. A; 5th. A, with a
second mint-mark, an ? enclosed within an O ; and lastly,
Prinsep B c, N.C. No. 21.
3 I write this on the evidence of the coins themselves as pre-
served in the British Museum. I am aware that M. R. Rochette
has stated, "La tete du roi offre beaucoup de ressemblance avec
celle d'Antiochus II." (" Journ. des Savants," 1844, p. 115), but
this was on the faith of a single coin.
182 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
I. DlODOTUS.
No. 1. -A r . Size, 4 ; weight, 132'3 grains. Major Hay,
PI. IV. fig. 2.
Obv. Head of the king, to the right.
Rev. Erect figure of Jupiter, to left, in the act of hurling the
thunderbolt ; ^Egis on the left arm, beneath which
is a chaplet, and in advance of the foot of the
figure an eagle. In the field, below the right arm,
is a spear head.
Leg. BA2IAE02 AIOAOTOY.
No. 2. N. Size, 4ij weight, 131-3 grains. Major Hay.
PI. IV. fig. 3.
Similar types and legends to No. 2, but the execution of the
reverse die is more perfect.
These coins, in addition to their extreme rarity, claim
attention under the aspect of their artistic execution,
demonstrative, apparently, of different periods of the
newly-asserted independence of the potentate whose effigy
they bear.
It has been asserted by an experienced numismatist,
that the obverse head of No. 3 manifests indications of
having been retouched, or, as it is technically termed,
tooled ; in short, that No. 3 was an improved coin from
the same die as No. 2. This supposition, coupled with the
fact that both coins, in common, bear marks, though of a
different nature, over the B of the BASIAEO2, and equally
somewhat similar indentations on the back of the neck of
the bust on the obverse, sufficed to exclude them from our
National Museum.
To my apprehension there is no valid ground to distrust
the genuineness of either piece ; they are unexceptionable,
whether as regards the weight or apparent purity of the
metal, they are fairly and evenly struck, and the very high
BACTRIAN COINS. 183
style of Greek art on the obverse forbids any idea of
either a modern or an Oriental imitation from an ancient
or Hellenic prototype. Nor can I discover anything to
detract from the original authenticity of the coins in the
subsequent test, or other trade manipulations of Eastern
goldsmiths. 4
The notion that No. 3 is a chiseled improvement upon
No. 2, even if it were mechanically possible, is negatived
at once by the superficial appearance and the equable weight
of the former ; it is more probable that the latter may have
been, as I suppose, the earlier issue with a younger head
conjoined to an inferior reverse device, and may well have
been produced from dies which were afterwards modified
and improved upon, so as to develop the older and more
finished bust with the far more perfect reverse displayed
by No. 3.
The silver coins of Diodotus, which uniformly follow
the devices of the gold coinage, are noticed in this place,
with a view to the record of the various monograms to be
found on their surfaces, which furnish a valuable link
between the series of mint-marks of Antiochus II. and
those of Diodotus' own local successors.
No. 3. Tetradrachm. Weight, 235*4 (much worn) ; similar
to Coin No. 2, page 21, vol. xix., N.C. ; no monogram, no
chaplet. Major Hay.
Monograms previously cited : No. 1, N.C., with 31 ;
No. 2, N.C., with the first symbol engraved under B ;
and No. 2a, N.C.
4 As I understand Major Hay, both coins were obtained from
one person.
184 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
No. 4:. Tetradrachm. 6
Obv. Head with fillet, to the right.
Leg. AIOAOTOY 2QTHPOS.
Rev. Erect figure of Jupiter, as on previous coins.
Leg. BA2IAEYONTOS AFAQOKAEOYS AIKAIOY.
Monogram No. 3, N.C. No. 3, Prinsep.
Mr. Gibbs' coin has the monogram XpC, figured more exactly
as No. 4, Prinsep, pi. xi. a. 6
No. 5. Tetradrachm. Cast. Major Hay, British Museum.
Plate iv. fig. 7. t
Obv. Head with fillet.
Leg. AIOAOTOY 2QTHPO2.
Rev. Erect figure of Jupiter, as above, with chaplet and
eagle.
* M. de Bartholomsei, pi. iii. fig. 2, p. 65. B. Koehne'a
" Zeitschrift fur Miinz-Siegel-und Wappen-kunde," &c., Berlin,
1843. M. De Bartholomsei in describing this coin, which was
obtained originally by M. de Khanikoff, at Bokhara, designates
the obverse device as " Tete diademee de Diodote ;" and again,
"La tete est bien celle de Diodote" ("Reponse a Mr. Droysen,"
p. 147.) The likeness as rendered in his Plate, though not
identical with the profile on the other coins of that king now
available for reference which indeed vary, to a certain extent,
among themselves is in sufficient accord with the head on the
obverse of the then unique drachm of Diodotus in the same Plate
(line-ruled and re-engraved simultaneously from the original
piece, by the same artist), to justify the obvious inference that the
die was designed to represent the features of the monarch in
question.
6 See also Prinsep's " Essays," vol. i. p. 27.
7 On its first publication in the Num. Chron. (vol. xix. p. 27),
this coin was imperfectly described from Major Hay's epistolary
announcement of his acquisition. The piece is now in the
British Museum. Though a cast, it is evidently a reproduction
of a veritable original. A fragment of a second cast from the
same mould exhibits more of the sharpness of the prototype,
and has been taken advantage of in the accompanying engraving
to remedy the defects of its unmutilated duplicate. The late
Mr. Brereton had secured a third cast counterpart of this coin.
BACTRIAN COINS. 185
Leg. BASIAEYONTO2 ANTIMAXOY 6EOY.
Monog. AN.
II. EUTHYDEMUS.
No. 6. Tetradrachm. Unique. Mr. J. Gibbs?
Obv. Head of the king to the right.
Leg EY0YAHMOY . 6EOY.
Rev. Hercules, naked, seated on a rock, with his club in
his right hand.
Leg. BASIAEYONTOS AFAOOKAEOYS AIKAIOY.
Monogram, No. 17a, Num. Chron. ; No. 5, Prinsep's Essays.
I have placed the three preceding coins together, some-
what out of the usually accepted order, for the purpose
of noticing them in connection with each other, as illus-
trating a novel phase in the ordinary course of mintages,
and as throwing new light on the political organisation of
the Greek kingdoms in Bactria.
On the first publication of coin No. 4, by M. de Bartho-
lomaei, he supposed the combination of the names of the
two monarchs, on one and the same medal, to imply an
Mr. James Gibbs, of the Bombay civil service, was so oblig-
ing as to communicate to me a notice of this coin, as it chanced,
in exact time for its publication on a fly-leaf, in my edition of
Prinsep's " Essays on Indian Antiquities " (J. Murray. London,
1858). Subsequently, Mr. Gibbs sent home a drawing of the
medal by a native artist, from which an engraving has been
made by Mr. Ford. As the original sketch clearly failed to
define the true portraiture of the king's profile, the artist, apart
from his other shortcomings, being manifestly incapable of
appreciating Greek art, I have not thought it desirable to repro-
duce this necessarily imperfect copy. Mr. Gibbs himself, in
comparing-the coin with other published engravings, remarks
the " head is similar to that figured in No. 2, pi. L, ' Ariana
Antiqua,' but seems older."
VOL. II. N.S. B B
186 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
issue by Agathoeles in posthumous honour of Diodotus.
This attribution was contested by M. Droysen, who,
rightly as we must now admit, explained the association of
names by a subordination of Agathoeles in his local king-
ship to the suzerainty of Diodotus. This revised assign-
ment evoked a spirited reply from M. de Bartholomsei in
support of his own view j the arguments made use of
turning largely on the grammatical value of the word
BA2lAEYoNTo2, which unquestionably, in other parallel
cases, was used in the higher sense, 9 or as the titular
designation of the superior as opposed to the mere
BA2IAEY3 of the inferior potentate. However, whatever
may have been the custom on other occasions, the new
medals just described necessitate the translation of the
participle by the simple meaning of" reigning/' "ruling"
or, paraphrased from this position, "during the reign of."
The three coins, as I interpret their bearings upon one
another, fall into the following systematic arrangement :
No. 4 was struck by Agathoeles, as local king, with an
obverse in acknowledgment of Diodotus' supremacy.
No. 5 following the same practice, was issued by Anti-
machus Theos, in another satrapy, equally confessing sub-
ordination to the sway of Diodotus.
No. 6 marks the continued reign of Agathoeles, probably
in the same kingdom (though in a different city), but at
a time when the supremacy of the Bactrian provinces had
passed into the hands of Euthydemus.
This last determination singularly accords with the
tenor of Euthydemus' own words, in his justificatory
9 Roeetta Stone; Mionnet, Supp. v. p. 105, coin No. 568;
Lindsay Arsaces xii. ; Num. Chron. Bactrian Catalogue
Arsaces, No. xxxv., vol. xix. p. 02.
BACTR1AN COINS. 187
address to Teleas, whom he sent to A.ntiochus, to seek for
peace. 10
The passage in question has been recognised, from the
first, as of the highest importance in its bearing upon the
early history of the severance of the Bactrian satrapies
from the dominions of the Seleucidas ; as such it has been
commented on, and its meaning canvassed, with a view
to adapt it from time to time to the existing state of
inferential knowledge.
Hitherto some difficulty has been experienced in recon-
ciling its purport with the indications derived from the
available coins; but the novel acquisitions I have just
noticed are not only satisfactorily attributed under the
sanction of its text, but they by their own evidence permit
us to restore that text to its most simple and legitimate
import.
There could be little question about any portion of the
original, with the exception of the possible interpretation
of the word e/cyovouc, descendants, which Bayer proposed to
alter from the "posteros" of ordinary translations into
sobolem, an emendation which need not now be refuted.
A more important difficulty presented itself in the brief
period that could be supposed to have elapsed between the
diriXoyi^tTO (paffKwv, oe ov ?t(ca/wc avror
flaffiXtiag eKJ3a\lr <nrov$ati' yeyovivai yap OVK auroc
rov j3aai\l<ac; } aXX', iriptav aTroardvrcoj', tT
TOVQ tKcii'tov tKyovovg, ovTd) Kparijcrai rijs Ba^rptavaiv
Polyb., xi. c. 34.
" Euthydemus .... endeavoured to justify his conduct, and
said that Antiochus had no reason for attempting to deprive
him of his kingdom, since lie had never rebelled against him,
but had only obtained possession of Bactriana by destroying the
descendants of those who had before revolted." Hampton's
" Polybius," xi. 8.
188 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
assertion of Bactrian independence and the accession to
power of Euthydemus, which permitted but scant opportu-
nity for the creation of descendants, properly so called. But
the mistake usually made by commentators seems to have
been that they acknowledged only owe eparch, Diodotus I.,
as having accomplished the Bactrian revolt, and hence
they supposed that his individual progeny alone were the
victims of Euthydemus. The moment, however, the necessity
is recognised of allowing its full force to the plural form
employed by Polybius in speaking of the originators of the
rebellion, the perplexity about descendants or successors
vanishes ; and this is precisely what these binominal coins
teach us, that instead of there having been a single
revolting satrap, there must have been many local rulers
combined, though united, possibly, on certain occasions,
under one head ; and such is the position in which
Diodotus in the one case, and Euthydemus in the other, is
exhibited on this special coinage of the less powerful
monarchs. In short, the nature and extent of the country
embraced, equally with the conventional idea of local
government by kings owing conditional allegiance to the
most powerful among themselves, must have necessitated
such a state of polity ; and Euthydemus may well have
exterminated in some cases grandchildren, as well as sons,
nephews, or other successors of those originally banded
with Diodotus, even as he seemingly showed his policy in
accepting the submission of others, who, like Agathocles,
may have been willing to acknowledge his leadership,
while possibly too powerful to be assailed in their own
strongholds.
(To be continued.}
Niun.CkvnJlS. VoULFLiy.
B ACT R I AN COINS
189
XVI.
REMARKABLE COIN OF STEPHEN.
To the Editor of the " Numismatic Chronicle.''
SIR,
I have a penny of Stephen in my cabinet, presenting
a peculiarity not observed before, which may make it
worth a notice in the CHRONICLE. It is an ill-struck
coin, a good deal worn at the edges ; but, looking at the
obverse, you see that a not quite rectangular cross has
been rudely cut into the die from which it came, causing
such defacement that 'Stephen's profile is nearly gone, and
the letter E after FN is] run through, or over ; a portion
of his crown and sceptre is, however, still visible. Every
one who has examined it considers this obliterating cross to
be the work of Stephen's time, or at least of a time very
soon after it. The questions arise how does this added
cross come, here ? and for what purpose was it cut into
the die ? Can the die have fallen into the hands of
Stephen's opponents, who_desired to use it, yet not to be
190 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
issuing money bearing his effigy ? or was it only that tlie
king's moneyer, on the accession of Henry II., or for
some reason unknown to us, defaced his own work with
intention, and then by accident used the die again ?
An ingenious friend has suggested the exact date when
this defacement of the coin possibly occurred. He names
the year 1141, A.D., when King Stephen had been taken
prisoner at Lincoln and conveyed to Bristol Castle. The
Empress Maud upon this event was acknowledged as
queen, and crowned at Winchester. 1 Since not more than
two or three coins of the empress are known to us, he
thinks their scarcity suggests a likelihood of Maud's having
at once used another means at her command for quickly
turning specie into money ; and maintains it to be a fair
presumption that this " cross-die " was hastily cut to
supply the necessities of state for a new currency, and
that money was issued from the old coining irons, but
with the effigy of the king as much removed as possible.
"Whether the origin of this " lusus numismaticus " is here
indicated or not, I must leave to you and others to decide.
Believe me,
Yours faithfully,
ASSHETON POWNALL.
SOUTH KILWOKTH RECTORY, RUGBY.
1 Numismatic Chronicle, vol. xiv. p. 66.
19.
XVII.
COPPER COINAGE OF THE BRITISH COLONIES
IN AMERICA.
PASSING from the coinage of those states, once colonies
of Great Britain, but now independent republics, we
come to the currency of those which still retain their
allegiance to the mother country ; and we commence with
the North American colonies in the order in which they
were founded, but must first notice the
COLONIAL COINAGE OF GEORGE IV.
In the years 1822 1823, an attempt seems to have
been made to institute one universal coinage for the
British colonies, in the terms of dollars and cents ; copper
pieces were struck of this class of one and two cents, or
the 50th and 100th part of the dollar respectively.
These are seldom found except as proofs, and are very
rare.
PENNY.
1. Obv. GEOR : iv : D : G : BRI : REX :
Bust of the king to left, laureate and draped.
Rev. COLONIAL :
In a wreath of oak leaves.
^ ^V
DOLLAR.
In exergue, 1823. Weight, 268 grains.
192 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
HALFPENNY.
2. Obv. GEOR : iv : D : o : BRI : REX :
King's bust, as the last.
Rev. COLONIAL :
Wreath of oak leaves within.
T&77
DOLLAR.
In the exergue, 1823. Weight, 145 grains.
This coinage has plain edges, and is beautifully
executed, the head is the same as that on the Irish
halfpenny and penny of the same year.
BRITISH NORTH AMERICA.
The currency, and particularly the copper currency, of
British North America consists chiefly of tokens. Many
of these are issued by banks, some by private persons
some were struck in England and sent over to be issued in
America, and some are the work of native artists.
The first colony planted by the British power in North
America, among those which now acknowledge allegiance
to the British crown, is Newfoundland, which dates so
far back as the year 1500. Of this colony we have two
tokens.
1. Obv. PER MARE PER TERRAS.
The legend on a scroll under the Rutherford arms
within a tressure of roses and thistles argent, an
orb gules ; in chief, three martlets, sable ; sup-
porters, two horses ; crest, a mermaid.
Rev. R. & J. S. RUTHERFORD * NEWFOUNDLAND *
A fleece suspended ; beneath it, ST. JOHN'S.
2. Obv. PER MARE PER TERRAS.
On a scroll under the Rutherford arms, as on
the last ; below, the date 1846.
Rev. RUTHERFORD BROS. * NEWFOUNDLAND *
A fleece suspended ; below it, HARBOUR GRACE.
!
COPPER COINAGE OF THE AMERICAN COLONIES. 193
Next in order comes Cape Breton, founded A.D. 1584,
of which colony we have no coins.
Next rank Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, both
dating from 1622.
Of coins issued by the authority of government for
Nova Scotia, there are none save of the present reign ; they
are the work of Mr. Wyon, and are worthy of his repu-
tation. We have cents and half cents of the date 1861.
CENT.
1. Olv. VICTORIA D. G. BRITT. REG. F. D.
Bust of the queen to left, laureate and draped,
as on the English halfpenny.
ReV. ONE CENT. NOVA SCOTIA.
Within a wreath, 1861 ; beneath it, a crown.
HALF CENT.
2. Obv. VICTORIA D. G. BRITT. REG. F. D.
Bust of the queen, as before.
Rev. HALF CENT. NOVA SCOTIA.
Within a wreath, 1861 ; beneath it, a crown.
The earliest tokens of Nova Scotia are of the reign of
George III., and present his portrait ; they are struck at
Halifax, and are all halfpennies.
3. Obv. HALFPENNY TOKEN.
Bust of Geo. III. to right, draped and lau-
reate ; beneatb, 1815.
Rev. PAYABLE BY JOHN ALEXR. BARRY.
A ship in full sail ; beneath, HALIFAX.
Another specimen has a larger bust.
4. Obv. HALFPENNY TOKEN.
King's bust as before, within a circle ; beneath,
1814.
.Rev. PAYABLE BY HOSTERMAN & ETTER.
A public building ; beneath, HALIFAX.
VOL. II. N.S. C C
194 . NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
5. Obv. HALFPENNY TOKEN.
The king's bust, as No. 2, but larger and
without 'the circle ; beneath, 1815.
Rev. Same as No. 2.
6. Obv. HALFPENNY TOKEN.
The king's bust, as No. 1, but larger and
coarser ; below, 1814.
Rev. PAYABLE BY CARRITT & ALPORT.
A ship in full sail ; below, HALIFAX. Edge
milled.
Another specimen has the edge plain and smaller letters.
7. Obv. BROKE HALIFAX, NOVA SCOTIA.
Bust to left in uniform.
Rev. BRITANNIA.
Figure of Britannia as on the English coins of
1806 ; in the distance two ships. In exergue,
1814. Edge milled.
Another specimen has a larger bust.
8. Cbv. STARR AND SHANNON, HALIFAX.
An Indian to left with bow and arrow, a dog
by his side; beneath, 1815.
Rev. HALFPENNY TOKEN NOVA SCOTIA.
A ship in full sail. Edge engrailed.
9. Obv. COMMERCIAL CHANGE.
Indian, as No. 6.
Rev. As No. 6. Edge plain.
10. Obv. PAYABLE AT W. A. <fc S. BLACK'S, HALIFAX, N.S.
A cask marked NAILS & SPIKES, between a
scythe blade and a sickle ; above it two spades
crossed.
Rev. WHOLESALE & RETAIL HARDWARE STORE.
Front view of a house ; beneath, 1816.
11. Obv. HALIFAX NOVA SCOTIA.
Same as No. 8.
Rev. Same as No. 8.
COPPER COINAGE OF THE AMERICAN COLONIES. 195
12. Obv. HALFPENNY TOKEN.
Within a circle a cask marked SPIKES, NAILS,
&c. ; date below, 1815.
Rev. IMPORTER OF IRONMONGERY, HARDWARES, <fec.
Within a circle, in six lines, PAYABLE | BY |
MILES W. | WHITE | HALIFAX | N.8.
HALIFAX HALFPENNY.
13. Obv. HALFPENNY TOKEN.
Portrait of George III. to right, laureate
and draped; underneath, 1815.
Rev. A three-masted ship sailing to the right; in the
distance to the left, another ship. In the exergue,
HALIFAX. Weight, 101 grains.
The portrait on this token is copied from the English
halfpenny of 1806. It is milled on the edge in straight
lines.
GEORGE IV.
There is a series of penny and halfpenny tokens of
Nova Scotia, ranging from 1822 to 1832, bearing the
portrait of George IV.
PENNY.
14:. Obv. PROVINCE OF NOVA SCOTIA.
Bust of George IV. to the left, laureate and
draped.
Rev. ONE PENNY TOKEN.
A two-leaved thistle. In the exergue, 1824-.
Weight, 260 grains.
This coin is coarsely executed, bat the workmanship is
not bad ; it is milled round the edge. It occurs of the
following dates, 1824 and 1832.
The portrait of George IV. is continued on the coins
struck during the reign of his brother, William IV.
196 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
HALFPENNY.
15. Obv. PROVINCE OF NOVA SCOTIA.
Bust of George IV., as on the penny.
Rev. HALFPENNY TOKEN.
A two-leaved thistle. In the exergue, 1823.
Weight, 115^ to 144 grains.
This coin is milled on the edge, and occurs of the dates
1823 and 1832.
VICTORIA.
Of the same type as the foregoing we have pennies
and halfpennies of the present reign.
PENNY.
16. Obv. PROVINCE OF NOVA SCOTIA.
Head of Queen Victoria to the right, filleted;
the neck bare.
Rev. ONE PENNY TOKEN.
A two-leaved thistle. In the exergue, 1840.
Weight, 267 grains.
HALFPENNY.
17. Obv. PROVINCE OF NOVA SCOTIA.
Head of Queen Victoria to the right, filleted ;
the neck bare.
ReV. HALFPENNY TOKEN.
A two -leaved thistle. In the exergue, 1840.
Weight, 142 grains.
The coins which bear the head of Victoria are very
inferior in point of workmanship to those which present
the portrait of George IV. Indeed, it would be difficult
to find anything in modern art more despicable.
The penny occurs of the dates 1840, 1843, 1856; and
the halfpenny of the dates 1840, 1843, 1856. Both are
milled on the edge, and no proofs in any metal are known,
either of these or the similar coins bearing the head of
George IV.
COPPER COINAGE OF THE AMERICAN COLONIES. 197
Another type of the Nova Scotia token is of far better
workmanship. 1
PENNY.
18. Obv. VICTORIA : D : G : BRITANNIAR : REG : P : D. 1856.
Head of the queen to left, wearing an open
coronet, of which only the front is seen ; the
neck hare.
Rev. PROVINCE OP NOVA SCOTIA PENNY TOKEN.
An abundant sprig of the May -flower, with
leaves and blossoms : edge plain. Weight, 235
grains.
HALFPENNY.
1 9. Obv. VICTORIA : D : G : BRITANNIAR : REG : F : D : 1856.
Head of the queen, as on the penny.
Rev. PROVINCE OF NOVA SCOTIA. HALFPENNY TOKEN.
Type as the penny. Weight, 116 grains.
NOVA SCOTIA AND NEW BRUNSWICK.
HALFPENNY.
20. Obv. NOVA SCOTIA AND NEW BRUNSWICK.
A ship in full sail. In exergue, SUCCESS.
Rev. HALFPENNY TOKEN.
A female seated on a hale of goods ; in her
right hand scales, in her left a cornucopia ; in the
distance a ship. Edge milled.
21. Obv. PAYABLE AT THE STORE OF J. BROWN.
A ship in full sail.
Rev. NEMO ME IMPUNE LACESS1T.
A four-leaved thistle.
1 There are a penny and a halfpenny which are often supposed
to belong to the colony of Nova Scotia, on account of the similarity
of workmanship which they display to the coins of George IV.
already described. The halfpenny bears the legend :
Obv. PURE | COPPER | PREFERABLE | TO | PAPER |
In five lines.
Rev. In a wreath of oak and shamrock, an Irishman with
a shillelagh in his right hand, and a sprig of
198 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
NEW BRUNSWICK.
Of coins issued by the authority of government, for
New Brunswick, there are none save the cent recently
issued ; it is like that of Nova Scotia, from the hand of
Mr. Wyon.
CENT.
1. Obv. VICTORIA D. G. BRITT. REG. F.D.
Bust of the queen to the left, draped and
laureate, as on the English halfpenny.
Rev. ONE CENT. NEW BRUNSWICK.
Within a wreath the date, 1861 ; beneath it, a
crown.
Of tokens there are two distinct coinages, both executed
in England. The first presents the head of the queen,
with an open crown ; the second filleted.
shamrock in his left. An embodiment of the
line, " With a sprig of shillelagh and shamrock
so green." Edge milled.
This seems only connected with the penny by the legend of
the obverse; it is alight coin, weighing only 113^ grains. The
penny now to be described weighs 173J grains, and has the
edge plain.
PENNY.
Obv. PURE COPPER PREFERABLE TO PAPER.
A rough, coarse portrait of George IV. to the
left, draped and laureate.
Rev. TRADE AND NAVIGATION.
A figure representing commerce to the left,
seated on a bale of merchandise, holding in her
right hand an olive branch, and in her left a
caduceus. In the distance, to the right, a ship.
In the exergue, 1838.
These coins are, however, only provincial tokens of the
mother country.
COPPER COINAGE OF THE AMERICAN COLONIES. 199
First Coinage.
PENNY.
2. Obv. VICTORIA DEI GRATIA REGINA.
Bust of the queen to the left, wearing an open
crown ; beneath the head, 1843.
HeV. NEW BRUNSWICK. ONE PENNY TOKEN.
A frigate to the left, with her standing rigging,
but without sails. Weight, 268 grains.
Bronze proofs exist of this coin, which, is of the highest
order of workmanship.
HALFPENNY.
3. Obv. VICTORIA DEI 'GRATIA REGINA.
Bust, as on the penny.
Rev. NEW BRUNSWICK. HALFPENNY TOKEN.
Ship, as on the penny. Weight, 1 35 grains .
Bronze proofs exist, but are very rare.
Second Coinage.
PENNY.
4. Obv. VICTORIA DEI GRATIA REGINA.
Bust of the queen to left, filleted ; beneath,
1854.
ReV. NEW BRUNSWICK. ONE PENNY CURRENCY.
Cinquefoils divide the parts of the legend.
The frigate as before.
HALFPENNY.
5. Obv. VICTORIA DEI GRATIA REGINA.
Bust of the queen, as on No. 3 ; beneath, 1854.
Rev. NEW BRUNSWICK. HALFPENNY CURRENCY.
Cinquefoils divide the legend. The frigate as
. before.
200 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
ST. JOHN'S, NEW BRUNSWICK.
HALFPENNY.
6. Obv. FOR PUBLIC ACCOMMODATION.
A ship in full sail.
Rev. ST. JOHN'S, NEW BRUNSWICK:.
Star of eight points ; in the field, in three
lines, HALF | PENNY | TOKEN. Edge milled.
MAGDALEN ISLAND.
PENNY.
1. Obv. MAGDALEN ISLAND TOKEN.
Within a circle, a seal ; below, -f- 1815 +
Rev. SUCCESS TO THE FISHERY. ONE PENNY.
"Within a circle, a cod-fish, split for salting.
Edge engrailed.
PRINCE EDWARD'S ISLAND.
HALFPENNY.
1. Obv. SPEED THE PLOUGH.
A plough.
Rev. SUCCESS TO THE FISHERIES.
A cod-fish split for salting. Struck about 1840.
2. Obv. PRINCE EDWARD'S ISLAND.
In the field, 1855.
Rev. SMLF I GOVERNMENT | AND | FREE | TRADE.
In five lines.
Another has date 1857, but Edward, for Edward's.
CANADA.
Of this important portion of the British empire, we
have a considerable number of coins. These may be
divided into three classes :
COPPER COINAGE OF THE AMERICAN COLONIES. 201
I. Those struck for circulation in botli provinces.
II. Those for Upper Canada.
III. These for Lower Canada.
Of the first class the chief coins will be the beautiful
pieces prepared by Mr. Wyon, and which consist of cents
only.
CENT.
1. Obv. VICTORIA DEI GRATIA. REGINA. CANADA.
Within a beaded circle, the queen's head to
left, laureate.
Rev. Within a wreath of leaves, iu a headed circle, ONE |
CENT | 1858. In three lines.
This coin occurs also of 1859.
The head on this coin, and, indeed, the whole obverse,
was designed for an English coinage ; but the inner beaded
circle not being approved, the design was rejected. It
may be observed, that this inner circle, very rarely seen
on coins of the present day, was copied, by desire of the
Master of the Mint, from the bronze coinage then recently
issued by the Emperor Napoleon III.
HALFPENNY.
2. Obv. FOR PUBLIC ACCOMMODATION.
A ship in full sail.
Rev. CANADA I HALF | PENNY | TOKEN.
In four lines.
3. Obv. TOKEN.
Bust of George IV. to right, laureate and
draped ; under it, 1820.
Rev. NORTH WEST COMPANY.
A beaver. Edge engrailed.
VOL. II. N.S. D D
202 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
4. Obv. CANADA | 1830.
In two lines.
Rev. HALF | PENNY.
In two lines.
Another has the date 1841.
CENT.
5. Obv. ONE I 1855 | CENT.
In three lines.
Rev. F1SHEEIES. AGRICTTLTTTBE.
In the field, AND.
UPPER CANADA.
PENNY.
6. Obv. BANK OF TTPPEE CANADA.
St. George on horseback, to the right, slaying
the dragon. In the exergue, between two roses,
1850. On the ground, under the dragon,
K. K. & Co.
Rev. BANK TOKEN . ONE PENNY.
Arranged so as to be read without turning.
Two cornucopias ; on the outer side of each a
small rose ; between them, an axe. an arrow, an
anchor, and a sword, bound together by a wreath
and by a cable ; the whole surmounted by the im-
perial crown, over which is a small rose. To the
right of the crown, the Union Jack partially
displayed.
Weight, 245 grains.
HALFPENNY.
7. Obv. BANK OF UPPER CANADA.
As the penny.
Rev. BANK TOKEN . HALFPENNY.
As the penny.
"Weight, 118 grains.
These coins are extremely well executed, and the device
on the obverse is copied from Pistrucci's crown piece.
Both occur of the dates, 1850, 1852, 1857.
COPPER COINAGE OP THE AMERICAN COLONIES. 203
Of private tokens there are a considerable number,
some dating back so far as 1794.
HALFPENNY.
S, Obv. ONE HALFPENNY.
Within a circle, COPPER ) COMPANY | or TOPEE |
CANADA, in four lines.
Rev. FERTILITATEM DIVITIASQUE CIRCUMFEREMUS.
Legend on a raised border. A river god, with
trident in his left hand, leans his right arm on an
urn from which water flows ; on the exergual line
PONTHON. In exergue, 1794.
9. Obv. SUCCESS TO THE COMMERCE OF UPPER AND LOWER
CANADA.
A ship under sail.
Rev. SIR ISAAC I BROCK, BART. | THE HERO OF | UPPER
CANADA | WHO FELL AT THE | GLORIOUS BATTLE OF |
QUEENSTOWN HEIGHTS | ON THE 13TH OCTR. | 1812.
In nine lines. Edge milled.
10. Obv. SIR ISAAC BROCK, THE HERO OF UPR. CANADA.
Two angels holding a wreath over an urn
placed on a pedestal inscribed, Fell Oct. 13, 1812.
Rev. SUCCESS TO COMMERCE, AND PEACE TO THE WORLD.
In the field, 1816 ; above and below the date,
a star. Edge milled.
11. Ob V. HALFPENNY TOKEN, UPPER CANADA.
A sloop under sail.
Rev. COMMERCIAL CHANGE.
An Indian, to left, with bow and arrow, a dog
by his side. In exergue, 1815. Edge milled.
12. Obv. Same as No. 11.
Rev. COMMERCIAL CHANGE.
An anvil ; above it, two spades crossed ; below,
1820. Edge milled.
13. Obv. Same as No. 11.
Rev. COMMERCIAL CHANGE.
A cask inscribed UPPER CANADA ; below, 1821.
Edge milled.
204 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
14. Obv. Same as No. 11.
Rev. TO FACILITATE TRADE.
A plough ; beneath, 1823. Edge milled.
This coin occurs also with the date, 1833.
15. Obv. Same as No. 11.
Rev. COMMERCIAL CHANGE.
Between a scythe-blade and a vice, an anvil,
with hammer and tongs; above, two spadea
crossed; below, 1833.
16. Obv. PROVINCE OF UPPER CANADA.
Bust of George IV. to the left, laureate and
draped.
Rev. HALFPENNY TOKEN.
Britannia, copied from the English coinage of
1806. In exergue, 1832. Edge engrailed.
17. Obv. LESLIE & SONS TOEK, KINGSTON, & DUNDAS.
Justice, with sword and scales.
Rev. PROSPERITY TO CANADA. LA PRUDENCE ET LA CANDEUR.
A plough; above it, TOKEN; below it, HALF-
PENNY.
TWOPENCE.
18. Obv. LESLIE & SONS, TORONTO & DUNDAS. 1822.
Justice, standing, as in No. 17.
Rev. PROSPERITY TO CANADA. LA PRUDENCE ET LA CANDEUR.
A plough ; above it, TOKEN ; below it, 2i>.
CURRENCY.
LOWER CANADA.
PENNY, OR PIECE OF TWO SOUS.
19. Obv. PROVINCE DU BAS CANADA, | DEUX SOUS.
A huntsman in frock and trowsers, his left
hand extended, in his right a whip ; on his head
a conical cap.
COPPER COINAGE OF THE AMERICAN COLONIES. 205
Rev. BANK TOKEN.
Within a garter, on which is inscribed CON-
CORDIA SALUS, and which is ornamented with
scroll work of foliage, the arms of the province ;
argent, a cross saltire gules ; in the four com-
partments respectively, a rose, a thistle, a sham-
rock, and a beaver. On a scroll, proceeding on
both sides from the garter, near the buckle, CITY
BANK, in sunk letters. In the exergue, 1837;
and below the date, ONE PENNY. Weight, 185
grains.
This coinage is beautifully executed ; the edges are plain,
and proofs are met with, though rarely, in bronze.
20. Obv. PROVINCE OP CANADA.
A view of the Bank of Montreal; under it,
BANK OF MONTREAL.
Rev. BANK TOKEN.
Same as the last, only that it bears on the scroll
BANK OF MONTREAL, and the date in the exergue
is 1842.
ONE SOU.
21. Obv. PEOVINCE DU BAS CANADA. UN SOU.
Huntsman, as on penny No. 19.
Rev. BANK TOKEN.
Arms of the province, as penny No. 20, but
date 1837. Weight, 146 grains.
22. Obv. AGRICULTURE AND COMMERCE.
A bouquet, consisting of a two-headed thistle,
a rose on a stem, a sprig of shamrock, and two
ears of corn ; below it, + BAS CANADA +.
Rev. Within two laurel branches, UN | sou, in two lines;
above, TOKEN; below, MONTREAL.
There are several varieties of this coin, differing in the
arrangement of the bouquet and in the dates ; rosettes or
crosses before and after the words BAS CANADA.
23. Obv. Same as No. 22. BAS CANADA, without dots or
crosses.
Rev. BANQUE DU PEUPLE, MONTREAL.
UN | sou, in two lines, between laurel branches.
206 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
24. Obv. Same as No. 23, but * BAS CANADA. *
Rev. Same as No. 23, but UN | sou within a wreath of fine
large leaves,
25. Obv. TRADE AND AGRICULTURE, LOWEE CANADA.
Bouquet as before, but with two roses.
Rev. BANK OF MONTREAL TOKEN.
UN | sou, in two lines, within a laurel and
palm wreath.
26. Obv. Same as No. 25.
ReV. BANK TOKEN, MONTREAL.
UN | sou, as No. 25.
TWO SOUS. PENNY.
27. Obv. Same as No. 19.
Rev. Same as No. 19, only on the scroll, BANK OF
MONTREAL.
28. Obv. Same as No. 19.
Rev. Same as No. 19, only on the scroll, BANQUE DU
PEUPLE.
29. Obv. Same as No. 19.
Rev. Same as No. 19, only on the scroll, QUEBEC BANK.
sou.
30. Obv. Same as No. 21.
Rev. Same as No. 21, only on the scroll, BANK OF
MONTREAL.
31. Oii;. Same as No. 21.
Rev. Same as No. 21j only on the scroll, BANQUE itr
PEUPLE.
32. Obv. Same as No. 21.
Rev. Same as No. 21, only on the scroll, QUEBEC BANK.
33. Obv. Same as No. 21.
Rev. Same as No. 21, only on the scroll, CITY BANK.
PENNY.
34. Ol> V. BANK OF MONTREAL.
A side view of the bank. In exergue, 1839.
Rev. Same as the penny No. 20, but without the date.
COPPER COINAGE OF THE AMERICAN COLONIES. 207
HALFPENNY.
35. Obv. Same as the penny No. 20, only below the date,
HALFPENNY.
Rev. Same as No. 20.
36. Obv. and Rev. Same, date 1844.
PENNY.
37. Obv. Same as No, 19, but without the word BAS.
ReV. QUEBEC BANK TOKEN.
A female sitting to right, with cornucopias in
her right hand, the arm resting on a shield with
the arms of the city of Quebec ; gules a lion
passant gardant, holding a key in his right paw.
To the right, a beaver ; to the left a beehive ; in
the distance, a fortress upon a rock, and a ship
at sea. In the exergue, 1852, and below the date,
ONE PENNY.
SOU, OR HALFPENNY.
38. Obv. As No. 37, only UN sou.
Rev. As No. 37, only HALFPENNY.
39. Obv. No legend. Between a scythe blade and a vice, an
anvil with hammer and tongs ; above it, two
spades crossed.
Rev. T. S. BROWN & CO. I IMPORTERS j OF | HARDWARES |
MONTREAL.
In five lines.
HALFPENNY.
40. Obv. HALFPENNY TOKEN. 1816.
Within a circle, a bust of the Duke of Wel-
lington, to left, laureate, and in uniform.
ReV. MONTREAL.
Within a circle, a ship under sail.
41. Obv. No legend. A teapot between a vice and a hand-
saw ; above, a scythe blade and spade crossed ;
below, a knife and fork crossed.
ReV.-*-3. SHAW & CO., IMPORTERS OF HARDWARES, UPPER
TOWN, QUEBEC.
Edge milled.
208 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
42. Obv. No legend. A large sloop under sail.
Rev. "Within a circle of cordage, w. OWEX, MONTREAL
ROPERY. Edge milled.
WEST INDIES.
ANTIGUA FARTHING.
1. Obv. A palm tree dividing the date 1836 and the letters
H.C. In the exergue, ANTIGUA.
Rev. A wreath of oak and laurel ; within, ONE . FARTH-
ING . s.t.g. In three lines.
The abbreviation for sterling, s.t.g., is in small letters,
not capitals.
BAHAMA ISLANDS.
Of these islands we have only one coin. Ruding states
that in the year 1806, copper coins to the value of 500
were ordered to be struck for the Bahamas. They were
struck in Mr. Boulton's mint in Soho, and were intended
to supply the negroes with small money ; but the negroes
refused to take them, and the project came to nothing.
These coins consist of halfpennies only, and are now
very rare, especially proofs. The issue is remarkable as
presenting a historical ' reverse. They appear to have
been absorbed into the English currency of the time.
The Bahama islands had been a noted resort for
pirates and just previously to the year 1806, they had
been rooted out by a British naval force, and commerce
restored in those seas. The Bahama coin has the same
obverse as the English halfpenny of that year.
Obv. GEORGES m. D.G. REX.
The king's head to the right, laureate ; the
shoulders draped ; under the head, 1806.
Rev. BAHAMA.
A three-masted ship in full sail to the right ;
in the distance, two other ships and a rocky
island. In the exergue, Piratis expuhis reslituta
commercia, in three lines.
COPPER COINAGE OP THE AMERICAN COLONIES. 209
ISLAND OF BAKBADOES.
Of this interesting island we have two distinct coinages
one of 1788, and one of 1792. Of the first coinage we
have pennies only.
1. Obv. A negro's head crowned and plumed; beneath it,
I 8EEYE.
Rev. BAEBADOES PENNY, 1788,
A pine-apple. Weight, 240 to 270 grains.
Of this kind there are three varieties, differing only
in the position of the plumes on the crown, which is an
open one.
The next coinage is of 1792, and consists of pennies
and halfpennies.
PENNY.
2. Obv. i SERVE.
Negro's head as before.
Rev. BAEBADOES PENNY.
Portrait of George III. in a car drawn over
the waves by two sea-horses, the king is crowned
and royally robed, and in his right hand he holds
a trident. In the exergue, 1792. Weight, 240
to 260 grains.
HALFPENNY.
3. Obv. i SERVE.
Negro's head as before.
ReV. BAEBADOES HALFPENNY.
George III. in a car as the last. In the
exergue, 1792. Weight, 140 to 162 grains.
There are two varieties of this coin differing in the
position of the plumes.
Bronze proofs exist, but they are rare. It will be
observed, that there is a great variety in the weights of
different coins, the heavier ones here given are fine proofs,
VOL. n. N.S. E E
210 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
the lighter ones, coins struck for circulation. Of the
coinage of 1792, only the value of 200 was issued.
HALFPENNY (Token).
4. Olv. MOBES TOLANTO.
A bale of goods marked M. T. ; underneath,
BABSADOES.
Jfofl. FREEDOM WITHOtTT 8LAVEBY.
A cask.
THE BERMUDA ISLANDS.
These islands hoast of the earliest Anglo-American
coinage with which we are acquainted. Discovered in
1527 hy Juan Bermudas, or Bermudez no attempt was
made to colonise them till 1612, and then chiefly because
Sir George Somers had been cast ashore on them in
1609. From this circumstance, they received the name
of the Somer's islands, a title which has sometimes
been imagined to mean summer islands. 1 The Virginia
Company sent out John More to colonise them in the
year 1612, and he was shortly succeeded in command
by Captain Daniel Tucker.
Captain John Smith, the author of the " History of
Virginia," states that, "besides meat and drink and
clothes, they had for a time a certain kind of brass
money with a hog on one side, in memory of the abund-
ance of hogs which were found on their first landing."
Of this " brass money" one specimen only is now known
to exist ; it was in the collection of the late Rev. Joseph
Martin, of Ketley, and at the sale of his coins, was
purchased for an American collector for the large sum
of 29. It may be described as follows :
1 [In some French maps they are found with the title of
" lies de 1'ete." Ed.']
COPPER COINAGE OF THE AMERICAN COLONIES. 211
1. Obv. BOMEH ISLANDS.
A wild boar, with the Roman numerals XII.
over it. MM. a mullet of five points.
Rev. A ship under sail firing a gun.
In the year 1793, a beautiful pattern was engraved by
Droz, for a halfpenny intended to circulate in these
islands.
2. Obv. GEORGITJS m. D.G. REX.
The king's bust laureate, to the right; the
neck bare.
Rev. BERMUDA.
A three-masted ship in full sail; behind the
ship a mountainous shore. In the exergue, 1793.
Edge plain. Weight, 193J grains.
JAMAICA.
This beautiful and important island presents us with
only two tokens.
HALFPENNY.
1. Obv. M. HOWARD.
A carriage with two horses. In exergue,
FERRY GRASS.
Rev, KINGSTON.
A groom holding a horse by the bridle. In
exergue, JAMAICA. Edge milled.
2. Obv. BRITISH COLONIES.
A bust, to left, in modern dress.
ReV. TO FACILITATE TRADE.
A female figure, to left, sitting on a bale of
goods, and holding a laurel-branch in her right
hand. In exergue, 1825.
COLONIES OF DEMERARA AND ESSEQUIBO.
These colonies in Guiana now usually called British
Guiana were originally planted by the Dutch; they were
surrendered to the British in 1796, but restored to the
212 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Dutch 1802. In 1803 they were permanently annexed
to the British colonial empire.
We have coinages for this colony in the years 1809,
1813, 1816, 1832, but the only copper coins occur in the
year 1813. The issue consists of stivers and half-stivers,
most of the inhabitants at the time being of Dutch origin,
and accustomed to reckon by guilders and stivers.
STIVER.
Olv. GEOBGITTS HI. D.G. BEX.
The king's head to the right, laureate; the
bust draped. On the shoulder, W. for Wyon.
Rev. COLONIES OF ESSEQTJEBO & DEMEBABY TOKEtf, 1813.
Between two oak branches, ONE STIVER, sur-
mounted by a crown. Weight, 290 grains.
This is a beautifully executed coin, has a milled edge,
and is found in plain and gilt bronze ; the latter is rare.
HALF-STIVER.
Olv. GEOEonrs in. D.G. BEX.
King's bust, as on the stiver, but under the
shoulder T. W., identifying the coinage as the
work of Thomas Wyon.
Rev. COLONIES or ESSEQJTEBO & DEMEBABY TOKEN, 1813.
Between two oak branches, HALF-STIVER, sur-
mounted by a crown. Weight, 140 grains.
The weight of these coins is very accurate; there is
rarely more than a grain difference between those of the
same denomination.
The spelling of the names is different from that which
prevails at the present time ; the colonies are now called
Demerara and Essequibo. On the coins of 1816 and
1832, the latter named colony is called according to the
present fashion and Demerara, still called Demerary, is
placed first in order but of these dates there are only
silver coins. HENRY CHRISTMAS.
3, DANE'S INN, STRAND, AUGUST, 1862.
213
XVIII.
ON CHINESE KNIFE MONEY.
[Read before the Numismatic Society, October 24th, 1862.]
To W. S. W. VATJX, ESQ., President of the Numismatic Society, 8fc.
MY DEAR SIR,
Upon various occasions I have addressed to the Numis-
matic Society communications upon the early forms of
a circulating medium, in the shape of jewels of various
kinds, of a specific weight, in the form of silver wire,
and in masses of silver and gold adjusted to a standard
of purity, weight, and value ; such forms being known to
us through ancient records, or still remaining in use in
various parts of the world. I have recently endeavoured
to show how masses of weighed bullion gradually assumed
on the western coast of Asia and the opposite coasts of
Europe, the form of coined or medallic money.
But there is a currency having no relation to a bullion
or jewel origin, and in no way connected with medal
money as to its origin, at least in my own judgment I
mean the perforated copper coinage of the Chinese. To
a person taking up one of these well-known coins, it
might seem to be a species of medal-money perforated to
adapt it to the purpose of being threaded upon a cord, or
slid upon a square rod of wood. But I conceive that it
has had. an entirely independent origin, and has arisen
from different principles and habits. It seems to have
214 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
had a simpler and more homely derivation, bespeaking
an origin in a more remote and far ruder state of society
than that in which bullion currency is first discovered.
It strikes me we must ascend to the ancient " Taou " and
" Poo " currency of China, to arrive at the true explana-
tion of the rise and form of the present coinage.
The Taou money, as has been shown by Mr. Williams,
a distinguished Chinese scholar, from Chinese books
and plates, and as is evidenced by specimens in the
British Museum, is in the shape of a knife or razor,
having a handle, and at the top of it a loop or ring
whereby to thread it upon, and suspend it from, the
owner's girdle. The name of it in Chinese, Taou, implies
a knife.
The " Poo " money is of a different form, being in the
shape of a flat, furcated piece of metal, having also a
perforation at the upper end for suspension, as the Taou
money.
Mr. Williams says, in a paper at page 53 of volume xvi.
of the NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE, that the money of the
two first dynasties of China, the HEA, B.C. 2218, and
the SHANG, B.C. 1762, is of the kind called Poo, and
Taou, and that their inscriptions are in ancient characters,
and very rude, and are not entirely intelligible even to
the Chinese themselves. Mr. Williams further says, that
the earliest round money was struck in the CHOW
dynasty, B.C. 1118, and was "simply a flat, round disc,
with a square hole in the middle, and had no inscription."
Not to enter into the question of the above remote dates
which might require much evidence to establish, the
quotations will be abundantly sufficient to prove two
points ; the first, the very great antiquity of the Taou
and Poo coins ; the next, that they preceded the round
ON CHINESE KNIFE MONEY. 215
money by many ages. If any one will look at No. 1 in
the Plate, he will see how completely the form of a knife
or razor is represented; and if he will look at No. 2,
copied from a knife of the Romano-British period in the
Roach Smith collection (No. 326) in the British Museum,
he will observe how very much they resemble each other. 1
Next, in looking at No. 3 of the Plate, he will see the
blade of the Taou much shortened in proportion to the
perforated end, whilst the handle is almost lost ; and in
carrying on the eye to No. 4, he will see the blade and
handle dwindled down to a mere ornamental appendix to
the looped end. 2 If the perforated ends of Nos. 3 and 4
were to be cut off, we should have the form of the present
Chinese round money as perfectly represented as in a coin
issued at the present day. (See No. 9, a coin of the Emperor
Kae Yuen.) From these circumstances I am disposed to
believe, that the origin of the Chinese copper currency
has been the gradual diminution of the blade and handle
of the knife, till only the suspensory ring has been
left.
I will now venture a few observations upon the Poo
money, which I am inclined to consider has had a similar
domestic origin with the Taou species. If we look at the
shape of No. 5 in the Plate, we shall see an implement
well calculated to hold down a portion of food whilst
being divided into morsels, the end being furcated to
1 It is necessary to state, that the figures in the Plate from
No. 1 to No. 7 inclusive, are upon a reduced scale from the
original; but that Nos. 8 and 9 are of the size of the original
objects.
2 The remainder of the handle of this specimen is in the
shape of a small, human male figure, very similar to the figures
on the tops of our apostle-spoons.
216 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
admit the point of a knife. I am not aware whether the
name indicates this use or not, but certainly the shape
suggests it. In Nos. 6 and 7 we see the original inten-
tion gradually lost sight of, so that No. 7 scarcely affords,
space for the insertion of the tip of the knife, and the
handle part is not separated from the body of the piece.
Mr. Birch, in a communication to the Numismatic
Society in 1837 (see Proceedings of Numismatic Society,
page 57) says that the Chin Paou, amongst other notices,
gives the following: "Knife found in the fifth year of
Suenho, in a field near Kin hen, a village of Mungching,
inscribed with a perpendicular inscription, in an old court
hand, Fang tsun-pe-ho-poo-woo-pih : Heart-shaped spoon
currency, 500." This notice exactly describes No. 7, so
that we may imagine the Poo was used both as fork and
spoon, to hold down the food whilst being cut, and after-
wards to convey it to the mouth. There is, moreover,
amongst the specimens of Chinese Taou and Poo money
in the British Museum collection, an actual small spoon
or ladle, and, it is to be presumed, placed there as a
coin, upon good authority. This spoon is more like
a salt-spoon than anything else. (See No. 8 in the
Plate.)
From the whole of these particulars, I think we may
conclude that the Taou and Poo currency arose in a very
remote and rude period, amongst a people who had
nothing wherewith to purchase food, or other articles,
than the implements which they used, such implements
gradually becoming recognised as media of exchange.
It is true that as they became wealthy, knives were
fabricated, as Mr. Birch says, in silver and gold, as
well as iron and brass, but still, from attachment to old
habits and traditions, the knife form was maintained.
ON CHINESE KNIFE MONEY. 217
Mr. Bircli adds, " the standard dictionary of China,
called the Kang-he-tsze-teen, under the radical Ta6u, a
knife, distinctly explains it as a coin; and when round
money appears, it is still only a part of the knife, being
merely the suspensory ring by which it was carried at the
girdle." 3
In all this I do not see any very great difference
between the origin of the jewel and bullion currency,
and of the Taou and Poo circulation. The Egyptian and
Arabian bought with the golden or silver cup which he
used, or the ring and bracelet which he Avore, what
commodity he wanted ; the Chinese did the same with his
copper knife, fork, and spoon. When he grew rich, he
exchanged the baser metals for silver and gold, but his
money was still in the form of the implements which he
used. The gold and silver articles in Western Asia having
been passed by their weight and value as bullion, the
workmanship was soon laid aside as having no equivalent
in the transaction, till eventually the weighed masses
were marked to distinguish their weight, quality, value,
and place of issue, and the beautiful form and execution
of the medal were the result. The Chinese, a race little
given to change, have preserved the trace of their starting
point an origin, it appears to me, entirely independent
of that of Western Asiatic coinage.
If we could dispossess ourselves of the idea that stamped
3 In No. 3 (a Taou coin), though the general form of a
knife has been preserved, yet it is only conventionally so, for
there is a thick rim all round the blade, close up to the edge
part, so that the middle of each side is sunk, and for the purpose
of cutting it would be inefficient. The Poo specimens may
also bear only a general resemblance to the fork, spoon, or
ladle from which they were derived.
VOL. II. N.S. F F
218 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
round discs of metal alone deserve the name of coins,
we might make a little allowance for the Chinese
preserving a form of currency at least as convenient
in the affairs of commerce as our unattachable pieces of
money.
I remain, my dear Sir,
Yours very truly,
W. B. DICKINSON.
LEAMINGTON, AUGUST 13TH, 1862.
DESCRIPTION OF PLATE V, 1
No. Page.
1. Ancient Taou-coin ..... 214
2. Romano-British knife .... 215
3. Taou-coin, shortened handle . . . 215
4. Taou-coin, blade lost . . . . 215
5. Poo-money, furcated .... 215
6. Poo-money, furcation lessened . . 216
7. Poo-money, furcation almost lost . .216
8. Complete Spoon -money . . . . 216
9. Coin of the Emperor Kae Yuen, modern
Chinese coinage . . . ... 215
This Plate is kindly presented by W. B. Dickinson, Esq.
CtwuNS 7oLff.Pl. V.
KNIFF-UHNFV
219
XIX.
KENTISH TOKENS OF THE SEVENTEENTH
CENTURY. (Continued.)
DOVER.
PLATES E AND F.
No. 1. The sign of the "Anchor" or "Hope/* on
David Adamson's farthing, is not known, or remembered
to have been, among the taverns in Dover.
No. 2. The descendants of John Brian are not to be
found in the town in which he circulated his signless
farthing in 1652.
No. 3. " At the Skoch Armes," a unicorn, " in Dover,
1658, LA.B."
The unicorn, one of the supporters of the royal arms
of Scotland, upon the accession of James I., was made one
of the supporters of the royal arms of Great Britain, and
on our token is used as a sort of heraldic metonymy for
the arms of Scotland : or, a lion rampant, within a double
tressure fleury counter fleury, gules.
No. 4 I.M.C. "At the Queene of Bohemia in
Dover" has the crowned portrait of the Queen of
Bohemia, Elizabeth, daughter of James I., born in
Scotland on the 19th of August, 1596, and married on
the 14th of February, 1612-13, to Frederick V., Elector
Palatine of the Rhine, and afterwards (1619) King of
220 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Bohemia, by whom she had eight sons, Prince Rupert
being one, and five daughters the youngest, Sophia, was
the mother of George I.
The Queen of Bohemia was left a widow November 29,
1632, and at the Restoration came from Holland to reside
in London, where she died February 13, 1661-62, at
Leicester House, on the north side of the present
Leicester Square, to which she had removed only five
days previously from Drury House in . Drury Lane, the
residence of Lord Craven, and was buried in Henry VII.'s
Chapel.
No. 5. The farthing issued by Edward Chambers
alone remains to perpetuate that he lived in Dover at the
Grocers' Arms in 1649, the earliest date on the Dover
tokens.
No. 6. Richard Cullen, grocer in Dover, 1656, has also
the Grocers' Arms, and on the reverse, the initials of his
and his wife's name, joined in monogram to the figure
denoting the value of his token. The descendants of the
issuer are still to be met with in Dover and its vicinity.
"Nich. Cullen, by will in 1696, gave a house and
land, the yearly income to be distributed every Sunday
evening to twenty poor widows of St. Mary's, Dover.
He likewise gave another small cottage, the rent of it to
be distributed in bread/'
No. 7. The representatives of " Richard Cooke in
Dover Seignior, 1669," are still to be met with in Dover.
Nos. 8 and 9. A halfpenny and farthing, Town Pieces.
"A halfpenny, 1668, for the poore of Dover "" Dover
farthing, 68." St. Martin, the tutelary saint of Dover,
on horseback, dividing his cloak with his sword to shelter
a poor man from the cold ; and on the reverse the Cinque
Ports' arms.
KENTISH TOKENS OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 221
These devices were partly taken from the great seal
of the Corporation of Dover, thus described by Boys in
his " History of Sandwich :"
" The corporation seal is a large, round seal of brass,
and was engraved in 1305. On the obverse is an antique
vessel, with a bowsprit, and a mast with a pennon of
three tails ; the sail furled ; a forecastle, poop, and
round-top, all embattled ; the steersman at the helm ;
two men on the forecastle blowing trumpets, another
climbing up the shrouds, and two more below forward at
a rope ; a flag at the stern charged with the port's arms,
inscribed, ' ' Sigillum commune baronum de Dovoria "
the common seal of the barons of Dover. On the reverse
is St. Martin on horseback, passing through the gate of
Amiens, and dividing his cloak with his sword to cover a
person naked to the waist, and leaning on a crutch. The
whole within an orle of lions, passant gardant, in separate
compartments respecting one another."
The following minutes 1 are from the corporation records
of Dover, 1667 and 1668 :
" Dovor. At a common assembly holden the 13th day of
January, 1667.
" It is ordered and decreed, that a certain quantity of
farthings and halfpence be provided and stamped by the Cor-
poration, for the use of the overseers of the poor and others ;
and to be stamped in manner and form as shall be advised and
directed by Mr Mayor, Mr. John G older, Mr. George West,
Mr. John Carlisle, Mr. William Pepper, Mr. John Matson,
Mr. Richard Barley, jurats; the chamberlains for the time
being Warren Hugeson, and Bartholomew Anderson ; or as
any five or more of them shall think fit, upon the account of
thia Corporation.
" Examined, ALEXANDER WELLARDE,
Common Clerke."
1 For the correctness of these extracts I am indebted to the
kindness of Edward Knocker, Esq., of Dover.
222 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
" Dovor. At a common assembly holden the 30th day of
March, 1668.
" Whereas, according to a late decree, there is provided and
put into the chamberlains' hands the value of xxxij. lb., or
thereabouts, in farthings and halfpence, for the use of the Cor-
poration ; it is thought fit, and so ordered, that the chamber-
lains do, upon all occasions, exchange so many of them, as
hath or shall, at any time hereafter, be delivered out to any
person or persons whatsoever of the said town and port."
"Examined, ALEXANDER WELLARDE,
Common Cleric"
No. 10. "AttheLeopouldus,inDover, 1651. C.M.D."
A draped portrait, having a baton in the right hand, and
an arched crown in the field, over the left shoulder.
No. 11. A farthing of the same tavern as the last, struck
fifteen years after, when Or. and M. F. were host and
hostess of the " Leopuldus, in Dover, 1666."
The " edax rerum " has only left these tokens to record
that there was once such an inn in Dover. As the Em-
peror Leopold was not crowned until 1658, the sign must
have represented some other distinguished person of the
same name probably Prince Leopold, the uncle and
guardian of the emperor, who was governor of the Low
Countries for some years from 1647.
No. 12. The name on this plain token occurs among
the inhabitants of the town in which it was circulated in
the last year of the Commonwealth. It contains the only
variation hitherto seen in the Dover series of the ortho-
graphy of the place, here given, as in Leland's " Itinerary,"
" Dovar ys xii. myles fro Canterbury, and viii. fro Sand-
wich."
By the Romans it was written Dubris, the Saxons, Dofra
and Dofris, later historians, Doveria, in Domesday, Dover e ;
and frequently in writs, deeds, &c., at the time of our
token and after, Dovor. A fine specimen of Martha Ford's
KENTISH TOKENS OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 223
farthing was dug up in May last in the garden of the
Rev. II . Dombrain, Deal. This is one of the many evi-
dences that these media of "charitie and change" had a cir-
culation " reaching farther than the next street or two."
PLATE F.
No. 13. "Thomas Fidg, at the Mayden Head, in
Dover." The Mercers' Arms.
Mercers were incorporated A.D. 1394. Their arms are
gules, a demi- Virgin, couped below the shoulders, issuing
from clouds, all proper ; vested, or ; crowned with an
eastern crown of the last, her hair dishevelled, and wreathed
round the temples with roses of the second, all within an
orle of clouds, proper. Motto, " Honor Deo."
In Strype, we read that " when any one of this com-
pany is chosen mayor, a most beautiful Virgin is carried
through the streets in a chariot, with all the glory and
majesty possible, with her hair all dishevelled about her
shoulders, to represent the maidenhead which the com-
pany gives for their arms."
No. 14. Among the gallants of Dover none of the
descendants of " Robart " are to be met with, but the
tourist may still find
" His warmest welcome at an inn "
where " Robart Gallant " dispensed his good cheer, and
exchanged his farthings, " at the White Horse," the che-
rished emblem of the county from the time that the Saxon
standard of the rampant white horse floated on the downs
of Kent.
No. 15. "Thomas Green, of Dover, at the Rose, 1666,
his halfe penny, T.M.G." The "Rose" has not faded,
and the family of the issuer is said to continue verdant in
Dover.
224 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
No. 16. John Hall has no sign on his small farthing,
with the date 1666. This name occurs among the present
inhabitants.
No. 17, "John Haynes, Baker, in Dover, 1655," and
No. 18, " James Homard, Baker, in Dover," have the
Bakers' arms and like letters on the reverses. These names
are not known in the present population.
No. 19." William Keylocke, in Dover, 1667, W.M.K."
The Goldsmiths' Arms.
Goldsmiths were incorporated 1327. Their arras are
quarterly, gules and azure ; in the first and fourth, a
leopard's head, or j in the second and third, a covered
cup, and in chief, two round buckles, the tongues, fessways,
points to the dexter, all of the third.
Crest a demi-lady, her arms extended, proper, issuing
out of clouds, of the last ; vested, gules, garnished or, cuff
argent, round her neck a ruff, of the last ; in her dexter
hand a pair of scales, of the third ; in her sinister hand a
touchstone, sable. Supporters, two unicorns, or, armed,
crined, and hoofed, argent. Motto, " Justitia Virtutum
Regina." Another motto is occasionally used by the
Company " To God only be Glory." The crest is vested
in the dress of the reign of Elizabeth.
No. 20. "Thomas Kite, in Dover, 1655." A boat
having portholes and one mast, with main stays, shrouds,
and a small flag at the mast-head ; the main-sail furled.
This was probably a packet-boat.
In the records of Dover there is frequent mention of
farecosts, crayers, passagers, and bayliugs, which are dif-
ferent names for the passage-boats. These all paid two
shillings a voyage for the fareship box, which was under
the charge of four wardens, and the money was appro-
priated to the maintenance of the wyke, or old harbour.
DOVER TOKENS .
Ni im Chrm.KSVolKPl.F.
Lt,
DOVER TOKENS
KENTISH TOKENS OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 225
The name on this and on the following token occurs
among the present inhabitants.
No. 21. A halfpenny of Pines Kite, with the Bakers'
arms, having the latest date on the Dover tokens, 1670.
No. 22. A farthing without a date, and with only the
initials of the name of the issuer and his wife, D.M.N.,
at the French Arms.
There is no remembrance of this or of the following
sign in Dover ; but
No. 23 John Parker, host of the Three Doves, "at
the peere," has his representatives now living in Dover.
No. 24. The plain token of " Samuel Partrich, Mil-
lener, in Dover," is not to the credit of his trade, which,
for many years, on account of the great change in the
costume of gentlemen, has not been associated with the
employments of men. It has no date, but it is quite
evident that it was issued in the days of " anarchy and
confusion."
H. W. ROLFE.
(To be continued.}
VOL. II. N.S. G G
226
NOTICE OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS.
In Nos. 3 and 4 (May to August) of the Revue Numis-
matique, there are the following articles :
1. Letter XV. of M. de Saulcy on the " Numismatique Gau-
loise," and relating to the coins of the Lexovii. In this paper,
which is illustrated by a plate of ten of the coins, M. de Saulcy,
on the faith of recently discovered coins, makes several correc-
tions in the classification previously adopted for them. The coin
which had been attributed by La Saussaye to Viridovix is shown
to have merely the ethnic legend on both sides, LIXOVIATIS.
The coins with the name of CI SI AM BOS alone on the obverse,
prove to have a lion and not a horse on the reverse ; and those
with the name of ARCANTODAN turn out to have that of
MAVFENNIVS conjoined with it. The coins of Maufennius
and Arcantodan have the same legend on the reverse as the
better-known coins of Cisiambos and Cattos, the Vergobretus,
SIMISSOS PVBLICOS LEXOVIO. M. de Saulcy's history
of the coinage, and his proposed arrangement of it, must be read
in extenso.
2. " On some inedited coins struck by Demetrius I., Soter,
with the name of two towns of Syria," by M. Feuardent.
These coins are both drachms ; the one, with the abbreviation
<IAin, belongs to the writer; the other, with KA, is in the
British Museum. M. Feuardent supposes that the first inscrip-
tion denotes some Philippi or Philippopolis of Syria, and that the
second denotes the Caranus (Kapctvoe) of Strabo, supposed to
designate the same city as the better-known Carne. But we are
disposed to think that the former abbreviation, at least, is that of
the name of some great officer, bearing in mind the occurrence of
TPY on the coins of Antiochus VI.
3. " Essay on the Roman autonomous coins of the Imperial
period," by M. Le Due de Blacas.
The Due de Blacas here gives a list of all the autonomous
coins that he has met with, and, in many cases, Imperial coins
that correspond with them. He gives an interesting account of
many of the types, with suggestions as to the period to which
they should be assigned.
4. " Description of the Merovingian coins of Limousin," by
M. Max. Deloche.
5. " On a coin of Charles VIII., struck at Marseilles," by
M. Fernand Mallet.
NOTICE OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS. 227
6. " On some rare or inedited coins in the ' Bibliotheque,' at
Marseilles, and in the collection of M. le Comte de Clapiers," by
M. A. Carpentin.
7. " French moneyers in Great Britain during the 12th and
13th centuries," by M. A. de Longperier.
In this paper, which is of great interest to the English reader,
the author begins by expressing some surprise that no English
coins have yet been found of Louis, son of Philip Augustus of
France, who was called over by King John's barons, in June,
1216, and remained in England until September, 1217. It is,
however, to be remarked, first, that Louis, though acknowledged
as sovereign by one section of the kingdom, was never actually
crowned king of England ; secondly, that while in England he
was perpetually engaged in warfare, and, moreover, must have
despaired of the crown when Henry III. was crowned on the
28th October, 1216, in the presence of the Pope's Legate; and,
thirdly, that there appears to have been no English mint in
operation at the time of his landing. There seems, therefore,
no probability of any English coins having been struck in his
name. Passing from this, M. de Longperier instances the coins
of William the Lion, of Scotland, with legend LE REI WIL AM,
and points out that the names of most, if not all, of his moneyers
are French HVE WALTER (who is shown to have minted at
Roxburgh), PIERES, HENRI LE RUS (LE ROUX), RAVL,
&c., and that the same is the case with some of the moneyers of
his successor, Alexander II. It is, however, on the coins of
Henry III. of England that French names occur most frequently,
asARNAVD,BENEIT,GILEBERT,REINIER,&c. Among
other instances cited, are the Lincoln coins struck by HVE and
RA VF, on which the name of the town appears as NICOLE
a form of spelling which M. de Longperier thinks may be
attributed to their ignorance of the English language; but,
from whatever cause this singular metathesis arose, Nichol or
Nicole seems to have been the established Norman- French
name of the town, occurring in charters as well as on coins, and
even in Caxton's " Chronicle,'' so that it can hardly be laid to
the charge of the moneyers. It is, however, curious to
find the Saxon ON combined with the Norman NICOLE.
M. de Longperier's paper is well worthy the attention of English
numismatists, and though possibly some of the moneyers he
mentions may have been of English extraction, yet in most
cases the claims raised for their being regarded as French
must be allowed.
In the Bulletin Bibliographtqiie are reviews of the following
works :
228 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
1. Article on M tiller's " Greek coins having for type the sign
tau," by M. de Longperier. 2. Article on M. Cohen's " Me-
dailles Romaines," by M. Cavedoni. 3. Article on M. Sabatier's
" Medailles Byzantines," by M. A. de Barthelemy. 4. " Numis-
matique Bethunoise. By L. Daneoisne." Article by M. Rouyer.
In the Chronique is an account of a find of gold coins of the
16th century in a chapel of Caudecote, near Dieppe.
In the deuxieme livraison of the Revue Numismatique Beige,
for 1862, there are the following articles :
1. Letter from M. Victor Langlois to M. R. Chalon, " On some
in edited or little known (pen connues) coins of the dynasties of
Mesene," apropos of the memoir of M. Reinaud, in the Asiatic
Journal. (Aug. Sept., 1861, pp. 161263.)
2. " On some inedited Byzantine coins." By M. C. Penon.
3. " Catalogue of the coins of the Principality and Bishopric
of Liege." (Second article.) By M. A. Perreau.
4. " Some observations on the meraux of Arras and Saint-
Omer." By M. Adolphe Deuismes.
5. " Documents pour servir a 1'histoire des monnaies (15th and
16th centuries)." By M. de la Fons-Melicocq.
In the Melanges are notices of recent numismatic publications.
A portrait of M. Joachim Lelewel accompanies this number.
MISCELLANEA.
STERLING OF HENRY VII., EMPEROR OF GERMANY, OF THE
MISRAUDE MINT (A.D. 1308 1314). In my short notice of
a Sterling of Marie d'Artois, inserted in the NUMISMATIC
CHRONICLE of March last, p. 32, I stated that " one only type in
silver of the mint of Meraude, and two coins only of that type,"
were known. I derived this impression from a hasty perusal
of articles by M. de Coster and the Count de Robiano, in the
Revue de la Numismatique Beige of 1850. Subsequently, an
MISCELLANEA. 229
obliging communication from M. A. de Longperier informed
me that 1 was in error, and directed my attention to papers
upon the coins of the Counts of Luxembourg, by M.de Lafontuine
and the Count de Robiano, in the Revue de la Numi&matique
Beige of 1849, in which are described other silver coins of this
miut viz., jive of "Henri II., III., IV." ? (1226 to 1309);
eleven of John of Bohemia (1310 to 1347) ; and one of Charles
IV. (1346 to 1353) aU Counts of Luxembourg.
No mention is made in these articles of the long-looked -for
sterling of the Count of Luxembourg who became Henry VII.,
Emperor of Germany, the unique example of which was pre-
sented so long ago to the British Museum by Mr. Dickinson,
and which (from the information liberally afforded to me by
M. A. de Longperier) would seem to fill a gap between the
Meraude moneys of the above Henries of Luxembourg and those
of John of Bohemia, and a gap also, according to M. Barthelemy,
in the monetary series of the German emperors.
As in the case of the coins of our Henries IV., V., and VI.,
there would seem to be great difficulty in assigning rightly to
each the coins of these Henries of Luxembourg; and it appears
that there is much uncertainty as to the right numerals by which
these counts should be designated and individualised.
M. Barthelemy, in his list of the Counts of Luxembourg
("Manuel de Numismatique du Moyen Age etModerne") gives
" Henri I.," " Henri II.," " Henri III.," with dates ranging
from 1226 to 1309 excluding from this enumeration "Henri
1'Aveugle " (1150 to 1196), whom he had previously mentioned :
M. de Lafontaine includes in his enumeration this same "Henri
1'Aveugle ;" whilst M. A. de Longperier would commence the
series of the Henries of Luxembourg with a still earlier Henry
of 1036-96. Thus, the Henries " I., II., III." of M. Barthe*-
lemy, " II., III., IV." of M. de Lafontaine, and " III., IV., V."
of M. A. de Longperier, are the same three Henries who were
successively Counts of Luxembourg between the years 1226 and
1309: the Henry "III." of Barthelemy, "IV." of Lafontaine, and
" V." of Longperier, being that one Henry who became Count of
Luxembourg in 1288, King of the Romans in 1308, King of
Italy in 1311, and " Henry VII." Emperor of Germany in 1312.
Of this Henry, probably, the only certainly known coin is the
unique sterling figured at the head of this notice, and described
by Mr. Dickinson in the NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE for June.
With reference to the discovery of this interesting sterling,
M. A. de ^ Longperier remarks, " It seems certain now that
Henry IV. or V. (whichever you may please to call him) con-
tinued the mint of Meraude, or Poilvache, after his election to
230
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
the empire." The sterling has been examined by M. A. de
Longperier, who pronounces it to be in a very satisfactory state
of preservation.
SAMUEL SHARP.
Dallington Hall, Northampton, September 1, 1862.
COIN EXHIBITOR. Mr. Robert Barclay, Honorary Secretary
of the Montrose Natural History and Antiquarian Society, has
kindly enabled us to give the annexed illustration of a method
invented by him for the exhibition of coins in museums and
elsewhere, in such a manner that, though safely preserved under
glass cases, both sides of the coins may be inspected at pleasure.
As will be seen by the drawing, the coins are held in their
JL
SCOTLAND
ROBERT II.
A.D.I37I.
places between blocks of wood by means of two
small bolts, and there are pivots at each end of
the row of coins, one of which, by projecting
through the sides of the glass case, affords the
means of turning the coins in either direction.
The bolts are formed of plated wire (about eleven
gauge), with small brass nuts. The slips of
wood are about an eighth of an inch thick, and
slightly grooved at the edges for the reception
of the wires. They may be prepared in any
length, and wires being put in the grooves,
strong paper is glued round the whole ; the
wires being afterwards removed, the strip is cut
into portions of the proper depth to separate the
coins, and then threaded again upon the wires
to receive them. A small groove cut in the
wood to receive the edge of each coin assists to
* steady them. Twelve or fifteen inches is found
a convenient length for the files of coins, and three or four dif-
ferent sizes or breadths are sufficient for an ordinary collection.
Mr. Barclay suggests that collectors who adopt this system
should send a few duplicates to the Montrose Museum by way
of royalty for the use of the invention.
JAMES III.
A.D. 1460.
FINDS OF COINS. A discovery of Roman coins has been lately
made in the neighbourhood of Chepstow, for a notice of which we
are indebted to Dr. Orrnerod, F.R.S., &c., of Sedbury Park. The
coins, which according to report were all of small brass, and
amounted to several hundreds in number, were found in Wol-
laston parish, between Chepstow and Gloucester, at the foot of
Bowlash Hill, half way between the small Roman positions of
MISCELLANEA. 231
" The Ohesters" and " Oldbury -field." All those that have been
examined are coins of Constantino the Great, his sons Crispus
Constantinus II. and Constans as Caesars, Helena and Fausta,
VRBS ROMA and CONSTANTINOPOLIS, and are of the
ordinary types.
An Aureus of Nero, with the reverse of IVPPITER
CVSTOS, was found in June last at Newstead, near Melrose,
Roxburghshire, by a man hoeing potatoes. It is in poor pre-
servation. G. SIM.
A hoard of Saxon coins was found in June last at Whitehorse,
near Croydon, of which we hope to give a more extended notice
in our next number. It comprised coins of Ethelward and
Eadmund of East Anglia, Burgred of Mercia, Ethelred, and
Alfred, as well as some of Charles le Chauve and Louis le
Debonnaire.
A small hoard of coins was discovered in August last at
Bankhead, in the parish of Newhills, Aberdeenshire, which were
forwarded to the Scottish Exchequer. They were 32 in number,
and consisted of 9 shillings and 6 sixpences of Elizabeth ;
6 shillings and 3 sixpences of James I. ; half-crown and shilling
of Charles I., mint-mark triangle ; and a dollar, half dollar, and
4 quarter dollars of Philip IV. of Spain. All are in poor pre-
servation except the shilling of Charles I. The date of the
deposit must be about 1640. G. SIM.
SALE OP COINS AND MEDALS, HTH AUGUST, 1862, by
Messrs. Sotheby and Wilkinson. In this valuable collection of
coins, formed by the late Miss Richardson Currer, there are a
few of sufficient importance to merit special notice. Lot 42.
Didia Clara, M; rev., HILAK TEMPOK. An unusually fine
denarius 7. Lot 66. Edward I., Berwick farthing ; rev.,
VILLA BERVICI, bear's head in two quarters of the cross. Fine :
the only other specimen known was bought by the British
Museum at Dr. Neligan's sale 2 2s. Lot 93. Charles I.,
Oxford shilling, 1644; M.M., plume; bust to left, with R for
Rawlins under the shoulder; rev., M.M., anemone, and the
same flower before and after the plumes, a lozenge between
each word of the legend, and before and after the date and OX ;
two lozenges after RELIG, &c. Extra fine, more resembling a
pattern than an ordinary coin 10 10s. Lot 104. Inchinquin
sixpence, stamped 1 dwt. 22 grs. ; rev., six annulets within a
232 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
circle. Supposed to be the finest specimen known 6.
Lot 109. Oliver Cromwell, pattern ninepence, 1658, with en-
grailed edge. Fine 6 2s. 6d. Lot 112. James II., crown
of the gun money type, 1690, with inscribed edge. A fine
proof in silver 4 8s. Lot 120. George IV., proof crown,
1821, TERTIO 5 12s. Qd. Lot 123. Oliver Cromwell,
pattern farthing, JE>, OLIVAR PRO, &c. ; laureate head to left ;
rev., CHARITIE AND CHANGE, arms crowned. Fine 4 16s.
Lot 125. Anne, pattern halfpenny, with ANNA, DEI GRATIA,
and her head on each side, plain edge. Very fine 3 17s. 6d.
Lot 128. Anne, pattern farthing, JE, 1713; rev., PAX. MISSA.
PER. OiiBEM., Peace in a biga, to right. Perfectly genuine, but
not fine 2 6s. Lot 129. Anne, pattern farthing, JE, 1713 ; rev.,
Britannia seated under a portico. Very fine 4. Lot 146.
Richard III., angel ; M.M., rose and sun conjoined ; St. Michael
and Dragon. Extremely fine 10. Lot 150. Henry VIII.,
sovereign, 34th year; M.M., fleur-de-lis. Fine 6 6s.
Lot 163. Elizabeth, rial, GLIZ^B, &c., queen standing in a
ship ; rev., M.M., escallop, IKS. SVT, &c., radiated rose within
a tressure, &c. 9. Lot 174. James I., fifteen-shilling piece ;
M.M., spur rowel ; lion crowned, siipporting the royal arms ;
rev., same M.M., S.DNO, &c., radiated rose within a dotted
tressure. Very fine 9 2s. Gd. Lot 175. James I., spur
rial ; -M.M., trefoil, king standing in a ship ; rev., same M.M.,
S.DNO, &c., radiated rose within a beaded tressure. Fine
9 15s. Lot 187. Charles T., Oxford half-sovereign, CARO-
LVS. D : G : MAG : Bit : FR : ET : HI : REX., &c., reading
from left to right; head crowned, and the bust dividing the
legend; behind, X; rev., EXVRGAT, &c., in a continuous
scroll: above, three plumes; below, 1644, OX. Extremely
fine 43.
SALE OP COINS AND MEDALS, 12TH 16TH AUGUST, 1862.
Miscellaneous cabinets of coins, formed by the late Colonel
George Thomas, and others. The following pieces are selected
as deserving of notice : Lot 109. Beornwulf, King of Mercia,
AD. 820 to 823, BEORNVVLF. RE. A., portrait in profile;
rev.. VERBALD. GDONE, in three lines. Very fine, found
near Cambridge 50. Lot 281. Phillip IV. of Spain, six-
and-a-quarter dollar piece, 1628. Very fine and very rare
6 2s. &d. Lot 702. James I., thirty-shilling piece, 1619,
M.M. spur-rowel; king enthroned, the field highly ornamented
with roses and fleurs-de-lis ; rev., S.DNO. FSCTUM, &c.,
royal arms on a cross-fleury ; above, XXX. Very fine 5.
Lot 705. Commonwealth twenty, ten, and five-shilling pieces,
1651. A very fine set '5 17s. &d.
233
XX.
ON SOME PENNIES OP HENRY II. POUND IN A
HOLLOW STONE AT AMPTHILL, AND LATELY
PRESENTED TO THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY
BY LIEUT.-GEN. C. R. FOX.
[Read before the Numismatic Society, May 15th, 1862.]
I NOW return the coins which were entrusted to me by
the Numismatic Society, with such observations as my
examination of them has enabled me to make. The
condition of by far the greater number is so deplorably
bad that not more than forty-eight have I considered it
needful to register in the following table ; the rest are in
such a state that they offer to the eye little else than
mere fragments of names, from which nothing of any
interest to us could be determined. The type of them all
is the same, or very nearly the same (like No. 285,
Hawkins' Silver Coins), and identical with that of the
Tealby find. The mailed arm shows itself more plainly
in some than it does in others, where the impress of the
die has not caught the metal ; but where this is the case
it is usually at the cost of some portion of the legend, so
that the instances are rare indeed where the full figure of
the king's bust, as well as his name, can be completely
discerned. Besides certain minute differences in the
arrangement of the hair, and the shape of the crown, I
have detected on the reverse of some of these pennies
a slight variation upon the Tealby type (as figured in
VOL. II. N.S. H H
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Ruding and Hawkins), in which the rays issuing from
the angles formed by the intersecting limbs of the cross
have been omitted ; but it is a variety owing probably
to a want of finish in the workmanship, rather than to
any intentional departure from the recognised and more
common type. It occurs, however, frequently enough
to make it necessary for me to call attention to its
existence.
LIST OF MONEYERS.
Canterbury .
Exeter
Ipswich
Lincoln, or Lynn ?
London ...
1.
2
3
4
5.
6
7.
8
9.
10.
11.
12.
13
14
15.
16
17
18.
19.
20.
21.
Oxford . . . . 22.
23.
Bury St. Edmunds . 24
25.
26.
27.
Thetford ... 28.
Wilton .... 29
Winchester ... 30
Northampton
Norwich ..
Worcester, or some) Q1
unknown mint . J 6L
[EICJARD : ON : CAN.
ON : CAN.
ON : CAN.
ON : EXCS.
NICOLE : ON : GI.
ON : GI.
TVRSTAN : ON : GIF.
N : GIPE.
ROGIER : ON : LEN.
SWET[MAN] : ON : LVN.
GIL . . . ON : L.
. . . . . ON : LVND.
ON : LVN.
ON : LVN.
GO ..... : LVN.
: ON : LVND.
: ON : NORH.
PICOT : ON : NOR.
. . . : ON : NOR.
[PIJCOT : ON : NOR.
PICOT : ON : NOREV.
. . . : ON : . O . . .
... ON :. ...
N : S : ED.
... ON : S : EDM.
... ON : S : EDMV.
WILLE . . . ED.
TVRSTAIN : ON : TE.
ON : WIL
ON : PIN.
ON SOME PENNIES OF HENRY II. 235
32. [GJE[F]REI : ON . . .
33. ROGIER . ON . . .
34. [NIO]OLE .ON ...
35. SI WAT . . ON : . .
36. GODW
37. RICARD
38. WARN . . ON : . .
39. ADAM
40. PIERB N
41. SVETGOLE
42. [WjILLEM
43. [GJODWI
44. GOD . .
45. TVR
46. RAVL : ON
47. [RJAVL : ON
48. GE . , . : ON . N
I may observe, on the Norwich coins, Nos. 18, 20, 21,
that the older English P is used for W in the moneyer's
name, PICOT for WICOT (Ruding), and the same form
is preserved in No. 30, the single coin afforded us by
the Winchester mint, where ON : PIN stands for ON :
WIN. This is the more remarkable because in the
names SIWAT . WIL (for Wilton) and SWETMAN,
the later form of the letter appears. I do not know
whether this contemporaneous use of both forms has been
noticed before, but I notice it now, because it seems to
fix with something like certainty the very period of that
transition which the shape of the letter underwent.
A coin reading ON : VIP (No. 31), has much puzzled
me. I feel confident that the letters stand upon it as I
have given them, and yet from them what are we to
make out ? In Ruding there is WIW, as an unassigned
place of mintage ; but that is not quite the same as this,
even if we consider the P to be a W. Could we say the
V was by some chance a mistake for G, the case would
be simple enough, but I suspect the statement would not
236 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
be generally convincing. Before my own mind, the case
stands in this way, either the penny is to be read VIW,
and represents some mint not known at present, or we
may suppose the P an incomplete R, and give the coin to
the mint of Worcester. I suggest the last alternative
doubtingly; but should it be supported by any other
evidence, the coin would develop for us an interesting
fact, because the mint of that town was unrepresented
among all the 5,700 of the large find at Tealby.
Some persons may feel disappointed because this curious
stone and its contents have preserved so little for us ;
that most, if not all of which it tells, we knew before. I
am tempted, therefore, to add to this dry enumeration of
names and mints, and to offer the Society some remarks
upon a word which very frequently catches the eye in the
list I have given above. It is the word ON in the
moneyer's legend that I refer to. From the time of
Ethelred II. to that of Edward "the greatest of the
Plantagenets," a period of nearly three hundred years,
the monosyllable ON is found in this place on our
English money. "What is its meaning ? Like other small
things, I fear it has been passed over as unimportant, for
our great numismatic writers have not stooped to notice
it. Some collectors, I believe, have been content to
regard the word not even allowing it an individuality
of its own as another form of the preposition OF, or
else, as being a contraction for " moweta," as " moneta "
was of " monetarius." With proper deference to the
opinion of my learned " betters," I am inclined to think
these explanations not satisfactory, and to say we must
look elsewhere for the truth. OF was used by our Anglo-
Saxon forefathers with its modern acceptation, and very
commonly with the sense of from " adrifen of his rice,"
ON SOME PENNIES OF HENRY II. 237
" driven from his kingdom," for instance. But used by
them also was our word ON, having the meaning of IN
amongst others (see Bosworth's " Anglo-Saxon Dic-
tionary "), and this, I venture to suggest, is its proper
signification in the moneyer's legend of our early English
coins. When therefore it appears on the reverse of a
York penny, thus, DA VI . ON . EVER, I should say we
ought to understand it as " DAVI IN YORK," rather
than " DAVI OF YORK f that is, David exercising his
office as minter in York, rather than David of (or living
at) York. The following sentences, taken from the
A. S. Chronicle, will at once illustrate their common use
of this particle ; speaking of Severus, it says, " He rixode
seofontyne gear, and iSa ge-endode on Eoferwic" (in
York), the very words which occur on our coins. Again,
in the year 924, A.D., the Chronicle records the death of
King Eadweard and his son JElfweard, " Eadweard cyning
gefor on Mearcum, and ^Elfweard his sunn swrSe hrseiSe
j?ses gefor on Oxenforde ; and heora lie licgaiS on Wintan-
ceastre." Here we have, only at full length, the " ON :
OXEN" and " ON : WIN " with which our eyes have
been so long familiar. If I am allowed to assume this
view to be correct, let me go on to remind numismatists
how often the same moneyers' names are repeated in
coins of different towns, and, occasionally, how rare names,
like Asketil, are found on coins of different mints the
mints of neighbouring places ; e. g., in the list of Henry II.
pennies given in this paper, Turstan (or Turstain) mints
both at Ipswich and Thetford. May we infer from this
fact that the right of striking the king% money was per-
mitted to be exercised by the same individual in more
places than one ? And does the above explanation of the
word ON bear out this inference? Whether you allow
238 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
my conjecture to be reasonable, or not, I submit this
word, as it stands on a Norman or Plantagenet penny,
to be an example of the persistent use of an Anglo-Saxon
form in the legend, some time after Anglo-Saxon had
ceased to be the language of the state.
Some interesting observations were made by Mr. Taylor
Combe on the weight of the coins found at Tealby; it
therefore became incumbent on me to examine those
which have formed the subject of my paper with reference
to this particular point. I found that the whole number,
being 142 coins, weighed 6oz. lOdwts. 8| grs. ; and that,
taken in lots of twenty-five at a time, the sum was thus
made up :
1st lot weighed 23 dwts. 0-J- grs.
2nd lot 23
3rd lot 22
4th lot 22
5th lot weighed 23
6th lot (17 coins) 15
The mean weight of each coin will therefore be a frac-
tion over 22 grains, and the loss in weight on each, some-
thing less than half a grain ; a fact which the evidence of
the eye will almost sustain.
Great irregularity of form characterises these coins,
just as it did the coins of the much more important find
of 1807, A.D., at Tealby. I suppose there are not more
than twelve of the 142 before me which can with justice be
described as round ; of sixty-seven more it might be said
they are certainly not round ; thirty-six of the remainder
approach more nearly still to a rude square, or five and
six-sided figure ; and four are positively quadrangular, as
much so as they could be cut with the shears.
I know that with some numismatists it has been a
20
20
ON SOME PENNIES OF HENRY II. 239
question whether we do not find in this class of Henry II/s
money, the coinage of Philip de Aymary, of which Diceto
has recorded that it was made round (I cannot quote the
passage, for I have not access to the book; but it is a
well-known statement, and has been often referred to).
Such a conclusion is, however, invalidated, if not dis-
proved, by the marked want of roundness which distin-
guishes this coinage, I might say, from all others. Whether
we can discover, with Mr. Hawkins, Philip de Aymary's
work in another coinage, yet remains to be proved re-
mains to be proved, because, unfortunately, Mr. Hawkins
asserts it without offering proof; and so some continue
sceptical, notwithstanding the value and acknowledged
weight of his authority. If I dared trust my own judg-
ment in a question where men far more capable seem at
issue, I should feel inclined to decide that in these bar-
barous coins the improved coinage of the foreign artist is
not to be recognised.
It only remains for me to thank the Society for the
opportunity I have had of examining at my leisure this
most interesting legacy of the past, and to congratulate
its members generally on possessing, through the kindness
of one of their body, a curiosity so valuable in the esti-
mation of every numismatist.
ASSHETON POWNALL.
SOUTH KILWORTH, MAY 12TH, 1862.
240
XXT.
REMARKS IN REPLY TO M. COHEN'S. " OBSERVA-
TIONS ON THE EXPLANATION OF THE LETTERS
CONOB, OB, TROB, ETC. ETC."
I HAVE in the following remarks to call the attention
of my readers to the matter contained in pp. 392
395 of M. Cohen's sixth volume of " Les Medailles Im-
periales." For the benefit of those who may not, perhaps,
have an opportunity of seeing the*work itself, I have made
extracts of most of M. Cohen's arguments. It is with
regret that I feel myself forced to make some obser-
vations on the system proposed by MM. Finder and
Friedlaender, and admitted by myself, though opposed by
M. Cohen. And I am the more grieved, as M. Cohen's
work will remain for years and years a standard one
on Roman Numismatics, indeed will, possibly, be in
existence and consulted by numismatists, when my few
remarks shall have been long forgotten. Nothing that I
can say will wholly remedy the damage done by the hasty
conclusions of M. Cohen.
Before actually entering upon the subject, I will give
my readers two extracts from M. Cohen's work. At page
447 of Vol. V v in remarking upon the commencement of
the monograms so frequent in the Lower Empire,
M. Cohen says, " Ici, comme d'ailleurs, je me conten-
ON THE LETTERS CONOB, OB, TROB, ETC. 241
terai d'indiquer a-peu-pres de quelles lettres ils se com-
posent, n' ay ant pas assez d' erudition, et ne me sentant pas
1'imagination assez vive pour me permettre d'en proposer
dans un ouvrage qui deja ne donnera peut-etre que trop de
prise a la critique." Is the professing not to have assez
d' erudition, and the modest phrase ne me sentant pas I 'ima-
gination assez vive, a sufficient excuse for shirking entirely
many important questions relating to the coinage of the
Lower Empire ? At page 319 I find the remark that
" les deux derniers volumes d'Eckhel trahissent un peu de
fatigue." From the reasons assigned by M. Cohen for
neglecting this important subject, I am the more surprised
that he should have devoted four pages to a less impor-
tant one.
I will now proceed to give in English a few of the
observations of M. Cohen in opposition to the opinions
expressed by MM. Finder and Friedlaender. He com-
mences by saying "that notwithstanding the ingenious
interpretations that many numismatists have given, it is
with profound regret, but boldly (mats hardiment], that we
are of opinion that the explanation of the letters CONOB,
or of the letters OB, has not made one step the last two
hundred years. I will say more," continues M. Cohen,
" unless some at present unknown text of a contemporary
writer be found, giving the exact sense, it is not probable
that we shall ever be edified upon this point."
Such strong assertions would seem to be unanswerable ;
it is, however, in no tone of dogmatism that I venture to
lay before my readers the following reply to the strictures
of M. Cohen. In attacking the interpretation of OB. by
72, M. Cohen has entered somewhat largely into the
question as to whether the letters K A on the small brass
of Aurelian signify 21, and says that it must be proved
VOL. II. N.S. I 1
242 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
that the Romans used two or more Greek letters together
as numerals for example, SB for 62, KA for 21, PIA
for 114. "If this is not proved," says M. Cohen, "the
strongest arguments (les plus beaux raisonnements)
that any one can make to show that OB signifies 72
will fall at once to the ground." It is my object, in part,
to prove this.
On the accession of Aurelian (A.D. 270275) to the
throne, he attempted to remedy the disordered state of
the coinage, and to restore it from its degraded state
under Gallienus. His first object was to put an end to
the continual fluctuations in the price of gold, caused by
the quantity of base money, which was issued from the
imperial mint. To effect this with as little injury as
possible, he reduced the base denarii in circulation to the
rate at which they then circulated, which appears to have
been 500 or 525 to an aureus ; and he consequently
issued from the mint pieces equal to 20 or 21 of these
copper denarii as equivalent to a denarius of account.
The weight of the common copper and plated coins of
Aurelian and his successors, which have XX and XXI in
the exergue, varies from fifty-six to sixty-six grains, and
consequently from twenty to twenty-one are equal to four
of the large copper coins, or sesterces of Alexander
Severus and Gordianus III. 1 The numbers XX. and XXI.
occur also on the coins of Probus, but the former was dis-
continued after his reign, whilst the latter occurs to the
time of Constantine. 2
M. Cohen denies that these numbers represent the
value of the piece. For my part I think that the short
account of the coinage given above affords a far simpler
1 Finlay's " Greece under the Romans," pp. 530 531.
2 " Handbook to Roman Numismatics," p. 1 60.
ON THE LETTERS CONOB, OB, TROB, ETC. 243
explanation of the difficulty. On coins of Aurelian and
his successors, \ve also find the Greek letters KA [i.e. 21] .
M. Cohen suggests that they may just as well stand for
Karthagini A (Primd), as for 21 ! 1 have again carefully
examined a number of the coins of Aurelian and his suc-
cessors, and am quite prepared in the first place, to " pre-
tend," and in the second to maintain, with MM. Finder
and Friedlaender, that XXt represents the value of the
coin (notwithstanding that these gentlemen have passed
over in silence the number XXIV, which I will attempt
to explain), and that the letters KA represent 21.
With the number XX we find only Latin differentials
PXXT, SXXT, TXXT, QXXT, VXXT, V1XXT.
These letters maybe explained Prima XX Tarracone,
Secunda XX Tarracone, Tertia XX Tarracone, Quarto, XX
Tarracone, Quint a XX Tarracone, Sexta XX Tarracone. 3
With the numbers XXI we find both Latin and Greek
letters associated :
I. XXIP, XXIS, XXIT, XXIQ, XXIV, XXIVI,
XXIVII; PXXI, SXXI, TXXI, QXXI, VXXI,
VIXXI.
II. XXI A, XXIB, XXIT, XXIA, XXIG, XXIS, XXIZ ;
AXXI, BXXI, rxxi, AXXI, exxi, sxxi.
I particularly call the attention of my readers to the
XXIV, which MM. Pinder and Friedlaender, according to
M. Cohen, have passed over in silence. It can be ex-
plained by XXI Quinta. The reason we have here a
3 MM. Pinder and Friedlaender explain the letter T by
Treveris. ^ Mr. de Salis was the first to assign the coins to
Tarraco, as I have already stated. (Num Chron., N.S. vol. ii.
p. 49 ; " Handbook to Rom. Num.," p. 160.)
244 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
number instead of a letter is clear. Were Q, put for
Quinta, and S for Sexta, there would have heen no
distinction between Q, for Quarta, or S for Secunda.
Again, the Latin numerals are sometimes separated from
the number XXI, and placed in the field. Of the Greek
I have only met with F and H in the field, but no doubt
others occur. It would be impossible to ascertain every
variety to show the reasonableness of my view, and I have
merely stated enough for my purpose.
And now to speak of KA. These letters are found on
coins of similar size, ranging from Aurelian to Numerian
and Carinus. In calling in question the interpretation of
these letters by 21, M. Cohen wishes to know why, if
these letters indicate the value, we find on the coins of
Tacitus KA (24), and on the second brass of Maximian
Hercules, KB, KA, and K, signifying 22, 24, and 25 ?
I will attempt to answer this question.
On coins of the period named above I have noticed the
following letters in the exergue :
These signify 21, 211 (Primd), 212 (Secunda),
213 (Tertia), 214 (Quarto), &c. M. Cohen forgot to
examine the series, when he selected only the letters KA.
If KA is translated Karthagini A (Prima], may I ask
M. Cohen how KAZ, or the others, should be explained ?
M. Cohen also asserts that KA occurs on the coins of
Tacitus. (Query, KA ?) I am willing to admit that
KAA occurs, and that the system is precisely the same
as the one just discussed. As regards the second, and
small, brass coins of Maximian Hercules, the letters
KA, KB, KF, KA, KG, certainly do occur, and may
ON THE LETTERS CONOB, OB, TROB, ETC. 245
also be found on coins of his colleague Diocletian. One
great objection to interpretiug these last-mentioned
letters as 21, 22, 23, &c., is that in the whole system of
what may be called the " KA (21) series," from Aurelian
downwards, we have never found KB, KF. The letters
are always KA, then KAA, then KAB, &c. ; and it is
difficult to imagine that coins of the same size and weight
are some of a scale of 21, some of 22, some of 23, &c.,
when we know that the " KA (21) series " can be satis-
factorily traced from Aureliau to Carinus. Another
objection is, that these letters on the coins of Maximian
Hercules and Diocletian should be interpreted Kyzico 1.,
Kyzico 2., &c. struck at Cyzicus 1st mintage, 2nd
mintage, &c. It is now well known that, after the time
of Diocletian, mint-marks become more prevalent and
much clearer, and that coins can be classed in a satisfactory
manner by their mints. KA, as signifying 21, is discon-
tinued after Carinus, though XXI occurs till the time
of Constantine. Besides the letter KA, KB, &c., for
Cyzicus, I may notice MKV (Moneta Kyzico), a mint-
mark with different letters in the field from A (1) to S (6) ;
and also SMK (Signata Moneta Kyzico), which exhibits
the numbers II. to VI. in the field. 4
M. Cohen asks for an examination of the tables of letters
placed at the head of each Emperor, from Aurelian to the
end of the sixth volume, and says ' ' if one can prove to
4 The coins that belong to Carthage have also K, such as
PK, PKA, PKB, PKT, PKA, PKQ, &c. (Pecunia Kar-
thagini 1, 2, 3, &c.) The word KART, too, is sometimes used
in the legend ; the fabric also is so apparent that no mistake
could be made. The use of Latin as well as Greek letters
is noticeable, as Q, for Quarta. The K A (21) series . is only
found on coins struck in the West, but XXI is on some coins of
Aurelian and Probus, winch may liave been struck in Africa.
246 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
me once that the union of two letters, such as KB, KA,
Cr, NF, &c., signifies undeniably 22, 24, 203, and 53, I
will willingly admit that OB signifies 72 ; but until that
is done this interpretation, far from being a certainty, is
not even a probability, it is hardly a possibility."
I think I have, at any rate, established that KA on the
small copper signifies 21, from the time of Aurelian to that
of Carinus, and that KA, KB, KF, &c., on the second, as
well as on the small brass of Maximian I., Diocletian,
and their successors, have nothing to do with the value
of the pieces, but indicate the mint at which they were
struck. To prove then, only in one single instance, that
the letters named by M. Cohen (the two last of which I
do not remember meeting with) signify numbers, would
most assuredly be "hardly a possibility." At the time of
Justinian, however, there are certain letters on some of
the small silver coins which are generally supposed to
represent the value of the pieces, CN = 250, PKG = 125,
PK = 120. Is there, in fact, any doubt about the expla-
nation of these ? Perhaps PK should represent Prima
Karthagini ! I should as soon think of questioning the
numerical interpretation of these letters as of questioning
the numerical interpretation of KA on the small copper.
M. Cohen continues " But how will the partisans of
the interpretation of OB by 72, explain the solidus of
Focas. published by M. Sabatier in his ' Description des
Monnaies Byzantines/ p. 252, and which has in the exergue
of the reverse OB. XX ? " 5
5 At page 508, of vol. vi., M. Cohen describes a gold gui-
narius of Valentinian III., from Wiczay, with XIIX. CONOB
in the exergue. In a note he adds, " This coin furnishes .a
new argument against the interpretation of these letters by 72.
Perhaps the partisans of this system will maintain that the
ON THE LETTERS CONOB, OB, TROB, ETC. 247
I have referred to the book and to the plate, and cer-
tainly there is a coin with OBXX. The specimen in the
British Museum, however, reads OB + * . On a coin of
Justin II. we find OB * + * (Sab., Mon. Byz., PL xxi. 2) ;
while, on one of Justinian II., in the British Museum,
there is also OBXX. This is not published in Sabatier.
Further, on a coin of Heraclius I., and his son Heraclius
Constantinus, BOXX (see Sab., Icon. Byz., x. 5) occurs.
But is a theory to be entirely rejected simply on a few
anomalous and exceptional coins of a late period ? When
these coins were struck, the mint-marks CONOB and
COMOB were only conventional. May we not imagine an
ignorant moneyer ? Observe the coin of Focas, described
from that in the Museum, and the coin of Justin II. May
not the -f- have been in some specimens struck the other
way and made X? And then, what is the meaning of
BOXX ? It is indeed useless to waste more words on these
coins. In my opinion these exceptional and anomalous
coins do not injure our theories in the slightest degree.
On further consideration, I am the more inclined to
regard the letters OB as a numerical representation than
as signifying OBryzatus; not that I resign that word
because, as M. Cohen and M. Sabatier declare, these
number XIIX signifies the eighteenth year of the reign of
Placidius Valentinianus." What can be said to such arguments ?
The coin, in the first place, is only described from Wiczay, and,
secondly, is as late as Valentinian III., at which period no
value can be placed upon the legends on coins. The spirit
in which M. Cohen writes is shown by the manner in which
he has ended his observations at p. 395, giving there, as his
conclusion, the opinion of one of the antagonists of the Pere
Hardouin : " Yes, my father, the letters CONOB that the
antiquaries have had the foolery to explain by Constantinopoli
obsignatus] evidently signify, Cusi omnes nummi officina Bene-
dictinorum."
248 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
letters occur on the silver and copper, but because it is
much more likely that a numerical representation was
intended. M. Sabatier and M. Cohen assert that these
letters occur on the silver and copper. The former refers
to his observations "~De For, de 1' argent," &c., (see
pp. 85 101) ; the latter does not give any examples,
excepting that, here and there, the reader may find a silver
coin quoted from D'Ennery or some other catalogue as,
for example, that of Gratian, No. 5, TEOBT, &c. M. Saba-
tier, in speaking of the money of the "Byzantine Empire,"
says that the silver coinage does not offer, in general, any
indication of a mint, and gives the only eleven examples
he has met with. 6 Of these eleven, I may remark on
Nos. 2, 3, 5, and 10, as they are of importance to the
present subject.
No. 2. Anastasius. .Rev. GLORIA . ROMANORVM.
In exergue CONOB. The emperor, standing, to left,
holding a globe.
No. 3. Justinianus I. Rev. The same. Emperor, to right.
No. 5. Justinianus I. Rev. MVLT . HTI in an olive
crown. In exergue CONOB.
No. 10. Leo V. and Constantino VII. Rev. VICTORIA .
AVG . CONO. Cross pattee. On either side the
letters I . A.
No. 2 is engraved in De Saulcy, PI. i. Fig. 3, from the
Soleirol collection. It is of very barbarous work, and
may be compared with a coin of Justinian, of similar fabric,
in the British Museum but not published by M. Sabatier,
which has apparently the letters COB in the exergue.
These coins were probably copied from a similar one of
6 " Des Monnaies Byz.," pp. 41, 42.
ON THE LETTERS CONOB, OB, TROB, ETC. 249
Theodosius II., with CON in the exergue, which was
struck at Constantinople. (Sab., Mon. Byz., PI. v. 10.)
The coin of Justinian (No. 3), M. Sabatier publishes as the
same as No. 2, and, therefore, with the letters CONOB
in the exergue. He refers to Finder and Friedlaender's
" Die Miinzen Justinians," PI. iii. 6. In the plate to
which he refers there is certainly the coin of Justinian, but
without exergual letters. No. 5 is also a coin of Justinian,
with CONOB. M. Sabatier refers to his Icon. Byz.,
PL suppl. xii. Fig. 34. The exergual letters there drawn
are CONOS, and they are CONOS on all the coins I have
seen. MM. Pinder and Friedlaender, " Die Miinzen Jus-
tinians," engrave the coin with the exergual letters, CON.
(PI. iii. 7). For an engraving of No. 10, M. Sabatier
refers to his Icon. Byz., PI. xxi. Fig. 33, in which I
find the exergual letters given as CON. None of these
coins at all affect our theories ; most, if not all of them,
being barbarous, and in most cases incorrectly described.
As regards the copper coins, the letters NICOB are said
frequently to occur on them. Of this mint-mark, in
relation to the copper coins, I will speak presently.
Before, however, entering further on the question, I
think it will not be uninteresting to English readers to
give the reasons why we think OB is a general form for
the number 72. We have three specimens of the solidus
introduced by Constantine the Great, with the figures
LXXII in icefield? Now a special law of Yalentiniau I.
ordered that seventy-two " solidi " should be coined
from one pound of gold; a law which, in fact, only
confirmed and enforced what had been the custom thirty
7 Constantine the Great (De Witte, " Annotations a la nou-
velle ed. des Lettres du Baron Marchant," 1851, p. 423, British
VOL. II. N.S. K K
250 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
years before. 8 M. Sabatier has entered upon this sub-
ject in the introduction to his " Monnaies Byzantines."
I take the following remarks from that work : -
"I believe, with MM. Finder and Friedlaender, that
the letters OB, which are found in the exergue of the
solidus and its subdivisions at the end of the names of
the mints, and sometimes even alone, as on a solidus of
Justin II., I believe, I repeat again, that these two letters
express, generally, the numerical value of 72, and hence
indicate the monetary scale of the imperial gold. Very
numerous objections, however, exist to this rule, which I
have already published (' De For, de F argent, du cuivre,
&c./ p. 85 101), and it remains to be explained why
these same letters, OB, may be found equally, and at the
same period, on the large gold medallions, on many silver
coins of different sizes, and especially on the copper, in
great quantity and of different sizes." 9 He then gives a
woodcut of a unique solidus of Valentinian I., in the
French collection, on the reverse of which is a figure
of Victory, seated, writing VOT . V, MVL . X on an oval
Museum) ; Constantius I. (Chabouillet, Rev. Num., 1849, p. 10,
Brit. Mas.) ; Constantius Gallus (Sabatier, Icon. Byz., PL xcvi. 8).
8 We have every reason to suppose that the edict of Valen-
tinian was caused by the decline of the coinage in the ^Yest
under Magnentius. After the time of Constantine, coins of
former emperors were called in and re -struck. This accounts
for our having so few gold coins of Constantine. Valentinian I.,
on enforcing the above edict, first issued coins at Treves, with
the new mark in the exergue" (" Three Valentinians," Num.
Chron., N.S. vol. i. p. 124. See " Table of Mint-marks," p. 126.)
9 M. Sabatier refers to the following articles on this subject :
M. J. de Petigny, Rev. Num., 1857, p. 112, seq. ; 0. Senckler,
Rev. Num., 1847, p. 401, and to his own book. De Petigny
eeems to incline towards OBryza, and Senckler gives some
doubtful interpretations to these letters, and to the various mint-
letters, some of which will be found in my paper " On the Three
ON THE LETTERS CONOB, OB, TROB, ETC. 251
shield ; and, in the field but separated by the figure of
Victory, the letters O B, and in the exergue CONS * .
" Usually," says.M. Sabatier, " the letters OB are placed
at the end of the initial of the mints in the exergue, as
CONOB, NICOB, ANOB, TESOB,or THSOB, AQOB,
TROB ; but it is for the first time, and only on this
solidus of Valentinian I., that we find the letters written
in the field, in the same manner as RM, RV, MD, &c.,
which designate Roma, Ravenna, Milan, &c. If these
letters, then, on account of their being placed in the field,
were meant to designate the name of a town [which I
do not believe] , I do not know what town to name, with
the exception of OlBiopolis [as M. Cohen thinks, though
in this I do not agree with him], which, at this period,
could have issued imperial money, and especially gold
coins. It is more probable, it is even nearly certain,
that as the use of these two letters, OB, was introduced
under Valentinian, various trials were made as to what
place they should occupy, and that they were placed in
the field, before definitely adopting the custom of placing
them in the exergue at the end of the initials of the mints."
Such is the account at present given by M. Sabatier.
I am the more surprised as I know he was formerly
much opposed to the interpretation of OB by 72 : and,
even now, he says that very numerous objections exist
to this rule, and that it remains to be explained why
these letters are found on the large gold medallions, on
many silver coins of different sizes, and especially on
Valentinians," Num. Chron., N.S. vol. i. p. 124. Senckler also
publishes a silver quinarius of Julius Nepos, from the collection
of M. de la. Fontaine, governor of the grand-duchy of Luxem-
bourg, with CONOB in the exergue, which, I am inclined to
think, is struck from the gold die.
252 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
the copper, in great quantity and of different sizes.
This question I have already discussed fully in my paper
" On the Coins of Theodosius I. and II., with some
remarks on the mint-marks COMOB and CONOB," to
which I refer M. Sabatier. As regards the gold medal-
lions, I have never seen one with OB and the mint-
letters in the exergue, though M. Cohen has published
several so inscribed in his sixth volume. 10 They seem
to have been money not in general circulation (like our
5 pieces), perhaps given as rewards for merit, service, &c.,
and are the multiples of the solidus, which solidus, as
above stated, was struck at seventy-two to the pound. 11
It does not seem to me that there is anything very
difficult in this explanation. The large gold medallion
of Justinian, published in the " Memoires de V Academic
des Inscriptions," t. xxvi. p. 523, and elsewhere, 12 which
was barbarously melted when stolen from the French
collection, shows by its weight that it was equal to thirty-
six solidi. That these letters occur on the silver or
copper I have always doubted. It is true that speci-
mens in silver and copper occur, but they are, doubtless,
either casts of the gold, or struck from the gold dies.
10 Valens, No. 3. Size 11, TROBS, engraved PL xiii. ;
No. 10. Size 14, without the circle, TGSOB, Musee de Vienne.
Gratian, No. 1. Size 11, TROBC or TROBS; No. 2, Size 7,
TROBT or AQOB. Valentinian II., No. 2, Size 1\, TROBT,
Musee de Berlin; No. H, Size 13i, AQOB (PL xv.) or
TROBT, &c.
11 " On the Coins of Theodosius I. and II., &c." Num. Chron.,
N.S. vol. i. p. 179.
12 Mionnet, t. ii. p. 406 ; Pinder and Friedlaender, " Die
Miinzen Justinians," PL ii. ; Sabatier/ " Monnaies Byzantines,"
pp. 176, 177; Finlay's "Greece under the Romans," Frontis-
piece.
13 " On the Coins of Theodosius I. and II.," &c., I. c.
ON THE LETTERS CONOB, OB, TROB, ETC. 253
M. Sabatier goes on to speak of the unique coin of
Valentinian I. in the French collection, with the letters
OB in the field : on which I have already remarked as
follows : " In the British Museum there is a gold coin
of Valens, with to left and right in the field the letters
OB, and in the exergue CONS . "What else can these
letters mean than 72 ? The above coin of Valens, with
OB, in the field, may be the commencement of the
CONOB mint-mark ; and in consequence of our having
a gold coin of Valens with ANOB (Antioch), as well as
TROB (Treves), it is very probable that the form CONOB
was adopted late in the reign of Valens (though at present
I have not seen an example), as Valens, Gratianus, and
Valentinianus II. were colleagues from A.D. 375 to A.D.
378, and we have the CONOB mint-mark of the two
latter." 14 As regards the opinion of M. Cohen 15 concern-
ing these letters in the field, I can only say that I do not
agree with him ; nor do I imagine that many will accept
his view. M. Sabatier further states, in a note, that
RV. (Ravenna) occurs for the first time in the field on
a quinarius of Jovian ! an error I have already pointed
out in the paper to which I have more than once
referred. 16
14 " On the coins of Theodosius I. and II.," &c. Num. Chron.,
N.S., vol. i. p. 177, note.
15 " Let any one look over all the coins of the kings of Syria,
Bithynia, the Bosphorus, all the coins of Antioch, Sidon. or any
other town where some era is announced, and oue will always
see the mimbers which form the total united. Since then
LXXII, which is composed of five figures, is engraved on the
same side of the field, why is B, which only contains two
letters, separated in two ? Cannot one see in B the initials of
some town, like MD, LD, &c." (Vol. vi. p. 112.) " Could it
not be OlBiopolis ? " p. 443.
16 Coins of Theodosius I. and II., Num. Chron., N.S. vol. i.
254 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
I will now speak of the one example of the OB, which
is said to occur on the copper ; thereby, of course, destroy-
ing the interpretation of OBryzatus, and not being much
in favour of 72. M. Sabatier himself told me and
M. Cohen publishes, that the letters NICOB occur fre-
quently on the copper coinage, and that therefore the
theory of MM. Finder and Fried laender, corroborated by
myself, was not defensible. Having been forcibly struck
by the statement of M. Sabatier, supported as it was by
the publication of M. Cohen, I determined to see whether
there were any grounds for this assertion. After an
examination of a few of the copper coins of the Byzan-
tine series, I am ready to confess that NICOB does
occur; and I must now inquire how far this admission
harms the theory. 17
At the time of Anastasius, the forms of the mint-mark
designating Nicomedia are NIC., and NIKOMI. (Sab.,
Mon. Byz., vol. i. PL ix. 4). On coins of Justin I., I
find NIKM, with the varying letters A and B in the field-
(Sab., Mon. Byz., PL x. 6.) Coins of Justinian I. have
NIKM, with A and B in the field, and NIKO with the
same. On coins of Justin II. we find NIKO and the
same letters. NIKO or NICO (see Plate xxxi. 21, 22)
seem to be after this the usual abbreviation of Nicomedia.
Of the five letters then brought forward against us, we
have obtained four. I will now refer my readers to the
coins of Tiberius Constantine, engraved on Plate XXIII.
p. 181 ; vol. ii. p. 60, table. " Handbook to Eoman Numis-
matics," p. 159. Cohen, vol. vi. p. 386, note.
17 There is an exceptional and probably barbarous copper coin
engraved in M. Sabatier's second volume, PI. xxxvi. 11. It
is of Constantino IV., Pogouatus. In the exergue, CONOB.
There is no specimen in the British Museum.
ON THE LETTERS CONOB, OB, TROB, ETC. 255
of M. Sabatier's first volume. They will there see the
following letters in the exergue :
NIKO (No. 4. The usual mint-mark).
NIKOA (No. 5. Nicomedia 1).
NIKOB (Nos. 9, 10. Nicomedia 2).
Coins of Mauricius Tiberius also have NIKO in the
exergue, with A and B in the field ; and NIKOB too
occurs in the exergue (PI. xxvii. 2). On coins of Focas
may be seen NIKOA, NIKOB (PI. xxvii., 2) ; and no
doubt many other examples could be found. I have, I
think, selected enough for my purpose. We have, then,
in this word NIKOB nothing more than a mint-mark
of a town with its numeral letter; and we may safely
dismiss this long-maintained case of NIKOB v. OB. with
a verdict for the defendant. 18
Lest, however, any enterprising person should again
urge upon us the occurrence of OB on the copper, I
must call the attention of my readers to PI. xv., Nos. 7
and 17, of M. Sabatier's work. They will there find, if
they look as hastily as M. Cohen would seem to have
looked in the case of NIKOB, the letters OB in the
exergue of some coins of Justinian I.
No. 7. No. 17.
Apart, however, from the absurdity of taking the final
18 It would be better to pronounce the five letters N, I, K, 0, B,
as NIKO. 'A. is pronounced, viz., NIKO. B, and not NIKOB ;
as this would tend to prevent mistakes.
256 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
letter of ANNO to add to the B, we have proof enough to
satisfy any one at PL xxii. 4. There may be seen
HI
o
This OB, then, if brought forward, would not certainly
hold its ground.
In the matter, then, contained in the four pages devoted
by M. Cohen to the refutation of OB being 72, I find
only one point which I conscientiously can retract. In
my paper on the coins of Theodosius I. and II., I said
that we have the mint-marks TROBC, TROBS, TROBT,
and AQOBF, and that as we know S represents $ecwwefo,
and T Tertia, C may represent 3, and F 6. This perhaps
was hasty, and as I cannot at present offer a better ex-
planation for the letters C and F, I can only say that at
present they must remain among the " uncertain." It
certainly, as M. Cohen remarks, is not likely that the
Romans would have adopted a third measure of annota-
tion, using Latin letters after the Greek system. We
know that they employed the Latin letters P, S, T,
Q, &c., and the Greek A, B, f, A, &c., indiscriminately,
though the Greek more frequently in the East ; but we
do not know, nor, indeed, is it likely, that they employed
Latin letters A, B, C, D, E, F, on the Greek plan.
As a fit conclusion to my paper, I may notice an in-
teresting discovery made by M. Sabatier, and not hitherto
published, respecting some of the small copper of the
Constantine period, and I have not the slightest doubt
that his hypothesis is correct. M. Sabatier says, "I have
found the proof that under Constantius II. the half-folles
ought to have been the same weight as the solidi and the
ON THE LETTERS CONOB, OB, TROB, ETC. 257
cxayiums of copper, by discovering three examples in the
imperial cabinet of France, of which two bear the effigies
of Constantius II., and one that of Constantius Gallus." 19
He then gives a woodcut of one of these coins, and the
following description :
Obv. FL . IVL . CONSTANTIVS . P . F . AVG.
Diademate bust of Constantius II. to the right ;
behind A.
Rev. FEL . TEMP . REPARATIO. The emperor, in
military dress, standing to the left, and piercing
with his lance a prostrate enemy whose horse has
fallen. In the field the numerals LXXII and S.
" This number LXXII, then," he continues, " which we
have also noticed as written in the same manner on the
solidi of Constantino I., Constantius I., and Constantius
Gallus, is an evident proof that during the interval between
Constantine the Great and Anastasius, the Romans with
a pound of copper struck 72 half-folles of the period."
There are also five specimens in the British Museum, two
of Constantius II., and three of Constantius Gallus. On
the obverse of the two of Constantius II. there is D. N.
CONSTANTIVS . P . F . AVG., and not FL . IVL.
which is a guess of M. Sabatier, as from the woodcut
one can only read .... NSTANTIVS . P . F . AVG.,
unless the other specimens read as described. On the
obverse of the three of Constantius Gallus there is D . N .
CONSTANTIVS . IVN . NOB . C. On all the examples
the letter A is behind the head. The reverse legend is
FEL . TEMP . KEPARATIO., and the type that described
by M. Sabatier. The letter S is in the field of the two of
Constantine II., and of one of Constantius Gallus ; the
second of Gallus has no letter, and the third the monogram
9 ' Des Mon. Byz.," p. 63.
VOL. II. N.S. L L
258 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
of Christ. The exergual letters of the two of Constan-
tius II., are AQ. P, AQ. T (Aquileia prima, Aquileia
tertia). Those of Gallus, of which only two are legible,
are AQ . S, AQ, . T (Aquileia secunda, &c.). M. Sabatier
says that the second Paris example of Constantius II. has
AQ . T, and that the Gallus has AQ. These examples
have escaped my notice, though they have been for a long
time in the collection, and I have great pleasure in making
these remarks on M. Sabatier' s new discovery. 20
I have now finished my attempt to maintain the opinions
of MM. Pinder and Friedlaender, already on a former
occasion admitted and confirmed by myself. It is for
numismatists to judge whether M. Cohen or myself has
made out the best case.
FRED. W. MADDEN.
20 M. Cohen (vol. vi. p. 311) in a note says that Banduri gives
a second brass coin of Constantius II. with the number LXXII,
and that if this coin exists, the number signifies nothing at all
concerning the weight. I do not think Banduri has sufficient
claims for us to renounce M. Sabatier's theory.
259
XXTI.
BAOTRIAN COINS.
By EDWARD THOMAS, ESQ.
(Continued from p. 188.)
I RESUME the few remarks I have still to make upon the
important historical developments suggested by the coins
Nos. 4, 5, and 6. It will be seen from the classified lists
of kings, embodying the conclusions of previous com-
mentators, quoted in detail at pp. 13 to 19, vol. xix. Num.
Chron., that the obstacle most prominently felt in attempt-
ing any satisfactory arrangement of the monarchs supple-
menting the Bactrian dynasty founded by Diodotus, has
been the inordinate number of princes in proportion to
the given period within which they had to be compressed ;
a disproportion which has been progressively increased
by numismatic discoveries, from the seven sovereigns
recorded in ancient history, to the fifty potentates whose
extant money claims for them a place in the monarchical
series. The problem has been properly solved, in regard
to the later princes in the general list by a separation
and distribution of kingdoms, and a similar process is
now found to be necessary in respect to the initial section
of the line ; so that, instead of the division and severance
of provinces -taking effect in a gradually increasing pro-
gression, we must admit a considerable distribution,
perhaps even beyond what the new coins definitively
260 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
show, dating from the very commencement, though tem-
porarily suppressed and suspended on various occasions,
when the major part or the entire dominion fell under
the sway of Euthydemus, Eucratides, and others, but
which readily reverted to its earlier divisions and even
more extensive subdivisions under the, from time to time,
failing fortunes of the central power.
So far as the evidence of the coins at present authorises
a conclusion, Agathocles and Antimachus Theos, instead
of having been the successors, are shown to have been
the living contemporaries of Diodotus ; which fact in itself
greatly relieves the pressure for time so obstructively
experienced to the extent of authorising the substitution
of the average duration of one reign in lieu of the sup-
posed three. But while disturbing the preconceived
arrangement of the dynastic order, the new medals, in
establishing the existence of separate provincial govern-
ments, of necessity afford comprehensive materials for a
more close determination of the definite place and location
of each potentate ; and if hereafter, it may be possible to
solve the enigmas of their monogrammatic combinations,
and to prove that these letters constituted indices of towns
and cities, the correct assignment of the specific territories
ruled over by each king should follow as a matter of
course, and a check be provided against any margin of
error in the limits to be appropriated to the several
kingdoms.
If the attribution of the coins proposed at p. 186 remains
uncontested, I have still to account for the personal or
proper coinage both of Diodotus himself and the indi-
vidual issues of Agathocles and Antimachus. These I
understand to have been designed as follows : That
Diodotus issued money bearing his own image and super-
BACTRIAN COINS. 261
scription for the use of the provinces over which he him-
self directly ruled, and in like manner Agathocles and
Antimaclms followed a similar practice, and that their
proper currencies, in each case, formed the ordinary cir-
culating medium of their satrapies; while the medals
Nos. 4, 5, and 6 constituted the exceptional or specifically
occasional mintage, struck in limited numbers with the
political object of overt confession of subordination to
the most powerful ruler in their general system of a col-
lective confederation of provinces, which clearly had not
yet attained the permanent condition of an established
and independent kingdom.
The various monograms on the coins of Agathocles are
limited to the following: No. 3, N.C., Plate, p. 12,
vol. xix. ; No. 4, Prinsep's Plate, Xp( ; Nos. 4 and 17, N.C. ;
in addition to which the copper coins give the uncombined
mint-letters <I and 2H.
The currency of Antimachus Theos is marked with the
subjoined monograms : N.C., vol. xix., p. 12, Plate, Nos.
7, 19 a, 26, and 82, together with the new monogram,
composed of the letters AN, on coin No. 5 of this paper
(p. 184) - 1
PANTALEON.
No. 7. Debased silver. Unique. Mr. Brereton.
Obv. Head of Bacchus, with spear.
Rev. Panther, with a small vine.
Leg. BA2IAEQ2 HANTAAEoNToS-
EUTHYDEMUS.
No. 8. Gold. Size, 5.
1 I suspect that Colonel Cunningham's monogram for XO,
which I have quoted at p. 27, vol. xix. N.C., is only an imper-
fect tracing of No. 82, N.C. (See Jour. As. Bengal, ix. 872.)
262 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Major Cunningham, in his third supplementary plate
of Bactrian coins, has engraved a new specimen of the
gold coinage of this prince.
Obv. Laurelled head of Apollo, to the right.
Rev. Tripod.
Leg. BA2IAEOS EYOYAHMoY. Monog. No. 17, N.C.
There seems to be little doubt as to the correct attri-
bution of this piece, as its devices are nearly identical
with the didrachm of Euthydemus published by R. Ro-
chette, "Jour, des Sav.," 1838, p. 741, and quoted as
No. 4 of my previous catalogue.
The engravings of the obverse surfaces of coins Nos. 9,
10, 11, have been inserted in pi. iv., with the view of
illustrating a theory strenuously advocated by the late
Mr. Burgon, that the contrasting portraits prove that
there were two Bactrian kings of the name of Euthy-
demus. For this inference, it must be admitted there
is no shadow of historical authority ; the question has,
therefore, to be determined solely on the typical evidence
of the coins themselves. The engravings of Nos. 9 and
10 exhibited under figs. 4 and 5, pi. iv., are taken from
the class of coins described under No. 2, p. 23, vol. xix.,
N.C., bearing the standard reverse of Hercules, seated,
to the left,- while No. 11 or fig. 6 gives the obverse of
It will be remembered that as the reverse device of the
coins of Diodotus was borrowed from one of the types of
Antiochus II., so the reverses of one class of Euthydemus'
money are assimilated to the seated Hercules device of the same
king ; though in this instance, unlike the parallel offshoot of the
ordinary coinage (p. 181 ante), the medallic portraiture of the
prototype is well sustained in/ its identity with the marked phy-
BACTR1AN COINS. 263
the money classed under No. 3 of the original catalogue,
which is marked by the reverse device of Hercules,
standing, to the front. A comparison of the two portraits
on figs. 4 and 5, pi. iv., which present their originals at
about the same period of life, will satisfy the most casual
observer that, if ordinary capacity is to be attributed to
the engraver in each case they were not intended to
represent one and the same person, the one giving the
Greek profile with considerable skill, the other, both in
cast of countenance and configuration of the head, ap-
proaching more nearly to the ideal of an Asiatic cranium.
The numismatic question turns mainly upon the credit
to be assigned to the artists and die-sinkers of the day, in
regard to their power to originate and reproduce accurate
likenesses ; 3 and certainly, though the entire series of the
common Euthydeinus' coinage does not, in all cases,
retain a single and unvarying type of head, yet the simili-
tude is 'sufficient for all ordinary purposes, whereas the
contrast between the busts on the two sets of mintages
under review is marked and palpable; and if aptitude
in the art of statuary portraiture be conceded, the younger
siognomy and singularly sunken, eye of the best engravings of
Antiochus produced by the Western mints.
At present, I merely desire to refer to a single monogram
which connects the three issues. The mint-mark figured under
A of the N. C. plate, vol. xix. p. 12, is found on the coins of
Antiochus II., discriminated by the standing figure of Jupiter,
as well as on those bearing the emblem of the seated Hercules
(B.M.), and is likewise of frequent recurrence, under various
modified forms, on the coins of Euthydemus of the latter fabric.
3 Those who have not an opportunity of examining the
original coins, will find two additional examples of the Asiatic
portrait, most carefully engraved by Mr. Ford, in pi. xlii. vol. ii.
Prinsep's " Essays." There are also less perfect sketches of the
same coinage in " Ariana Antiqua," pi. i. figs. 11 and 12, and
" Tresor de Num.," pi. xxii. 10. See also Num. Chron. xiii. p. 90.
264 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
profile of fig. 6 can neither be taken for the Euthy-
demus of more mature years, nor for the same indi-
vidual at an earlier period of his life, unless we were to
suppose that the one set of likenesses embodied the con-
ception of a given group of mints a suggestion that is
easily answered in the negative under the testimony of
the mint-marks of each class of coinage : not to compli-
cate the argument with a reference to the total number
of the joint monograms, it may be sufficient to compare
the four ascertained monogrammatic cyphers of the
standing Hercules type, these are confined to Nos. 4, 7,
15, and 17, 4 all of which, with the exception of No. 4,
recur on the money distinguished by the seated Hercules
device. Such, then, is the present state of the inquiry;
and under the evidence now available, I should certainly
be disposed to infer that there were two kings bearing the
name of Euthydemus. 5
I intentionally abstained from referring, in the original
catalogue, to a class of coins that have hitherto been
dubiously associated with the money of Euthydemus, being
looked upon by some numismatic authorities as mere
barbarous imitations of the mintages of that monarch.
I advert to them, in this place, only for the purpose of
expressing my conviction that they are not derivations
from Bactrian originals, but properly belong to some
of the divisions of the Characene series. I need not
4 No. 4 is an unpxiblished monogram on this class of coin.
It occurs on a specimen in the possession of J. Gibbs, Esq.
3 I am aware that the adoption of the standing Hercules
device of Demetrius, the son of the great Euthydemus and
adversary of Antiochus III., may be taken to militate against
this conclusion; but there are many other ways of accounting
for the appropriation of an accepted mint symbol.
BACTRIAN COINS. 265
recapitulate in detail the arguments which have been
advanced for and against either proposition; 6 it will be
sufficient to state the grounds upon which I base my own
conclusion founded, as it is, rather upon palseographic
than upon numismatic data. I pass over the intermediate
stages of degradation of type, where, though distinct
traces of the Greek title of BA2IAEQ2 are perceptible, it
is difficult to determine the proper name the debased
legends designed to represent and commence with the
examination of those coins that have arrived at the
extreme limit of typical debasement, 7 and in which all
traces of the normal Greek have been merged into some
local writing, and the BASIAEO2 is replaced by a tran-
script of the Semitic ND^TD, Malkd, necessarily engraved in
the reverse direction, and reading from the opposite initial
point, that is, from right to left, instead of from left to
right. When the configurations of the four -letters con-
stituting the title are analysed, they prove to represent a
varietyof the Syriac alphabet, counterparts of which are to be
found on the Mesopotamian and Characene coins described
and so ingeniously deciphered by Dr. Scott, published in
vol. xviii. of the first series of this Journal. The letters of
the name which follow present a more serious difficulty,
for in the not inconsiderable number of specimens I have
had an opportunity of examining, I have been unable to
find one that furnished a satisfactory outline of any com-
bination of letters of the associate alphabet, and the
nearest approach to intelligibility I am able to arrive at,
has been reached by applying the extraordinary process
6 Sestini ; M. R. Rochette, " Jour, des Sav.," 1834, p. 386 ;
1835, p. 515 ; " Ariana Antiqua," p. 224.
7 " Ariana Antiqua," pi. i. figs. 9, 10 ; Prinsep's "Essays,"
pi. ii. fig. 6.
VOL. II. N.S. M M
266 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
of reading the name, through the medium of a different,
though proximately current, series of phonetic symbols,
and which may be plausibly rendered by means of the
Pehlvi alphabets (Num. Chron., vol. xii. p, 91), as :o >1
Esag, which I conjecture to be a consistently barbarous
expression of the designation of Arsaces. Supposing this
somewhat hazardous assumption to be well founded, the
anomaly of the use of the letters of two distinct languages
in a single consecutive legend is accounted for at once ;
for the Parthians, as far as is known, had no means of
writing even their own language, and had, from the first,
to express their titles in Greek words, and their names in
Greek letters. It would be little singular, therefore, if
they adopted a lingua franca, including both some of the
terms, and, occasionally, the interchangeable alphabetical
signs of the conterminous nationalities in which their
hordes were momentarily located.
I would explain the other seeming inconsistencies apper-
taining to the class of coins under review by assuming
them to have been an original imitation of the local
currency of the same mintages of Antiochus II. as served
for the model of Euthydemus' coinage, fabricated in the
camps of the armies of occupation of the earlier Parthian
kings 8 in and around southern Mesopotamia. While
their frequent discovery with the true coins of Euthy-
demus might readily be accounted for by the tendency of
the wealth of the subject provinces to concentrate near
the early homes of the conquerors.
I anticipate the order of progressive reference to the
J " The province of Characene itself seems to have formed a
fixed portion of the dominions of Arsaces V., though it is not
clear when it was first taken possession of by the Parthians."
(Lindsay, quoting Isidore of Charax, p. 7.)
BACTRIAN COINS. 267
original catalogue with a view to bring into the present
volume an explanation of the remaining figures of pi. iv.
Fig. 8 is a unique Didrachm of Archebius, weighing 139 grs.,
in the possession of Colonel J. Abbott, imperfectly described at
p. 38, vol. xix. N.C.
Obv. Bare head of king, to the right.
Ze^. BA2IAE&2 AIKAloY NIKHSoPoY APXEBIoY.
Rev. Jupiter, standing, to the front, with spear and
thunderbolt.
Arian Leg. Mdhdrajasa Dhramikasa Jayadharasa
Arkhabiyasa. Monogram, No. 10 b.
Fig. 9. Didrachm. Weight, 147-5 grs. Unique. Colonel
J. Abbott.
Obv. Helmeted head of the king, to the left, with javelin.
Leg. BA2IAEO2 AIKAloY NIKH$oPoY APXEBIoY.
Rev. Jupiter, facing, as in fig. 8.
Arian Leg. Mdharajasa Dhramikasa Jayadharasa
Arkhabiyasa. Monogram, No. 75 a.
268
XXIII.
INEDITED COINS OF JUD.EA.
BY THE REV. H. C. REICHARDT, OF CAIRO.
1 SIMON. (143135 B.C.)
1.* 5 Obv. rwnpn o^im* (Jerusalem the holy). A twig sprouting
out into three branches, at each end a blossom.
Rev. bpvn -vn (the half of a shekel). A cup-shaped vase,
above which is written a w i. e. anno 3.
M 4J. One weighs 6*55 grammes, another
6 '055 grammes. PL vi. 1.
M. de Saulcy remarks of this coin, in his " Recherches,"
p. 20 " Le demi-sicle de Fan III., s'il existe, n'a pas
encore ete retrouve." Of its existence there can no longer
be any possible doubt. In my cabinet there are two
specimens, both obtained in the neighbourhood of Jeru-
salem. Their genuineness can likewise not be called into
question. They were covered with horn-silver at the time
when they came into my possession, but still all the letters
upon them were legible. One of them has since been
cleaned, but the other piece is left untouched. The latter
weighs 6'55 grammes, whereas the other has lost a little
1 " Autonomous coins struck in the reign of Alexander the
Great." De Saulcy.
2 The coins marked with an asterisk have already been
published, without the notes, in a German publication (" Zeits-
chrift der Deutsch. Morg. : Gesellschaft," 1857, pp. 155 and 156.)
INEDITED COINS OP JUDAEA. 269
in cleaning, and weighs only 6'055 grammes. A half shekel
of the first year in my cabinet, but much worn, weighs
6-035 grammes ; another, however, of the second year, but
in good preservation, weighs 7 '02 grammes.
2.* Obv. rwnpn abunT (Jerusalem the holy). A twig sprouting
out into three branches, at each end a blossom.
Rev. "7NW bpw (shekel of Israel). A cup-shaped vase, above
which is written -\ w i. e. anno 4. PL vi. 2.
M 6. Weight, 14-057 grammes.
This piece, no doubt, will give a satisfactory answer to
the question which has been raised, whether the Jews
issued silver coins after the third year of Simon's reign ?
The above piece is in an excellent state of preservation,
bearing the date i VD, " anno 4" (in which year it has been
thought no silver money had been issued from the Hebrew
mint vide De Saulcy, " Recherches," p. 24). My cabinet
likewise contains a plated coin of the same size and the same
description as the above, but weighing 11-005 grammes.
This piece affords additional evidence of the existence of a
shekel coined in the 4th year of Simon's reign. It was
obtained from a peasant living amongst the hills of Judah,
in the neighbourhood of a village called Beit-Sakarieh,
about 3| hours' ride S.W. of Jerusalem.
JOHN HYRCANUS. (135 104 B.C.)
3. Obv. in* i. e. Jochanan, the high priest and chief of
the doctors 3 (amongst the Jews.)
Rev. A double cornucopise.
3 The Hebrew word inn has been explained by Rabbi E.
Levita, in his book called " Thishbi," as follows : "Sub. voce nan :
-on v"ixn ny is'xif *o ba xipS una N-IO:Q i.e. in the Genara (Tamlud)
they are accustomed to call every one who is not an illiterate
man a Chaber nan."
270 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
4. Obv. nin Jehoch . . . . , the high-priest. The rest
n pan inexplicable.
nnnn V
inTi
Rev. A double cornucopia.
JUDAS ARISTOBULUS. (107 105 B.C.)
Of the various arrangements proposed for the series of
coins which bear the name of Jehuda, I believe that of
Cavedoni, in his " Biblische Numismatik," Part II.
Germ, ed., p. 18, is the most correct. He assigns them
to Judas Aristobulus, who held for more than one year
the sacred office of the high priesthood. In my collection
there are three specimens, all in a good state of preser-
vation, and in consequence I am enabled to correct an
error into which M. de Saulcy has fallen at page 84. The
word which follows ^mrr he there reads 'b*b^ ) instead of
>TT:I, as on all other coins. Now, on two coins in my
cabinet the adjective Imn is quite clear, and the legend on
these coins runs as follows, irr ~am ^rrarr psn TIPP.
ALEXANDER JANNAEUS. (105 79 B.C.)
5. Obv. -jban jnyirv (Jehonathan the king). A branch occupy-
ing the field.
Rev. A flower.
M 3. PL vi. 3.
This piece is in an excellent state of preservation, and
was obtained at Jerusalem.
ANTIGONUS. (40 38 B.C.)
6. Obv. ANTITONO , written round a garland.
Rev. -n -on Two cornucopise joined together ;
between them a v i. e. an. 2.
M 6. Weight, 12-7 grammes.
INEDITED COINS OF JUD^A. 271
HEROD THE GREAT. (40 B.C. 4 A.D.)
7 * Obv. BASIAEOS HPJ3AOY. A caduceus.
Rev. A pitcher and a palm branch.
^E 4. PL vi. 4.
8.* Obv. ..... O2 . HPOAOY. An acrostblium.
Rev. Type not quite clear.
MS.
9.* Obv. BA2IAEQ2 HPOAOY, written round a garland;
within the garland, monogram -.
Rev. A helmet ; on each side a palm branch.
.4.
10. Obv. HqW (sic] ..... , written in the field.
Rev. A helmet.
HEROD ARCHELAUS. (Ethnarch.)
11. Obv. HP. A double cornucopia.
Rev. 6N ...... A galley.
^E4.
12. Obv. HPGD- A double cornucopias.
Rev. 6N written above a galley, all within a garland.
These two coins have the same type and the same in-
scription, and vary only in size. The first is much worn,
but the second is in an excellent state of preservation.
By order of the Emperor Augustus, Archelaus was put
in possession (an. 750 u.c.) of the sea-coast of Judaea, and
received the seaports of Joppe and Csesarea ( Josephus Ant.,
xvii. 11, 4). It is probable that the type of these coins
bears reference to this circumstance.
272 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
HEROD ANTIPAS. (Tetrareh of Galilee, 4 B.C. 39 A.D.)
13. 01 v. HPCJOAOY. A palm-brancli.
T
Rev. /-,, witliin a laurel garland.
M 2. PL vi. 5.
My cabinet contains another piece of this prince, men-
tioned by Eckhel, iii. p. 427. The above is similar, but
much smaller. The title, tetrarch, is omitted, and in-
stead of TIBEPIAC being written in full, as it is on the
other in my possession, on this it is abbreviated, having
only the initial T and final C within a garland. The coin
is in a good state of preservation, obtained at Siloam, a
village outside of Jerusalem.
AGRIPPA I. (37 44 A.D.)
14. Obv ArPIII Type obliterated.
Rev. Three ears of corn in a small vessel with two handles.
In the field, L.H. (Anno 8.)
The above date (anno 8) completes this series of coins
belonging to Agrippa I. Eckhel, on the authority of
others, has published the dates 5, 6, 7, and 9. All these
dates are met with on coins in my collection, all in a
more or less good state of preservation ; the dates, at least,
are distinct and legible.
Eckhel and Cavedoni assert that if a coin of the year 9
does exist, it cannot belong to Agrippa I., but to the
second, inasmuch as the former only reigned seven years.
Now these eminent men have forgotten that we have
coins of the second year of Roman princes who only
reigned a few months; nor is it likely that they were
aware that the Jewish kings counted their reign of one
day of the year for a whole year, commencing that year
INEDITED COINS OF JUD.EA.
273
on the 1st of Nisan. 4 So, if one king ascended the
throne the day before the 1st of Nisan, that one day
would have been said to be the first year of that king's
reign, and on the following day, the 1st of Nisan, it
would have been said he entered upon his second year.
Agrippa, therefore, though only reigning for the space of
seven years, might put the ninth year on his coins, as
may be seen by the following table :
Agrippa was made king by Caligula
790 u.c. before the 1 Nisan A.D. 37, counting this as his 1st year.
from the 1 Nisan
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
when Agrippa died, in his fifty-fourth year.
Coins struck in the Name of the Roman Emperors by the
Procurators in Judaea.
AUGUSTUS.
Coins of this emperor are not scarce, but, inedited, I
have none. Since, however, M. de Saulcy has ventured
to call into question the correctness of Eckhel's statement
4 Gemar. Bab. Tract., " Rosh ha-shana," fol. 2 b, pio r*
ID-JO KbK(a s 3 l 7ob)onb, i. e., the reigning years of Jewish kings
are not counted, except.from the month Nisan, (April).
Again : row aiwn rowa inx an a-abab ruwn wtt~\ p':, i. e., This
month, Nisan, is the new year of the Jewish kings, and one day
in the year is counted as a whole year.
Again, ibid. : row aiwn row t^oa inx or, i. e., One day at the
end of the year is counted as a whole year.
VOL. II. N.S.
N N
274 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
respecting the dates on coins before the year 36, I cannot
pass over this subject without saying a few words, as I
have it in my power to verify the assertion of this eminent
numismatist. Whilst residing at Jerusalem, numbers of
coins belonging to this reign were brought to me by the
peasants who live in the neighbourhood, from whom I
procured two coins with the date 33 and 35. The P on
the first coin cannot be mistaken. It is quite different
from the E or C^ which stands for the numeral 6 ; there
is likewise sufficient space to see that it is not the half of
a C. The other coin, with the date A6 is equally clear
and distinct, and not, as M. de Saulcy supposes, a badly
preserved piece of the year A.
TIBERIUS. (14 37 A.D.)
15. Obv. KAICAP, within a garland.
Rev. TIBEPIOY . L . I\ (an. 3). Two cornucopia} ; between
them a caduceus.
7fj\ Q
xtl O.
A similar coin in the Berlin cabinet has been commu-
nicated by Dr. Friedlaender, in the German edition of
Cavedoni's work " On Biblical Coins/' Part II., p. 48,
with the difference, however, that the one at Berlin seems
to be without the caduceus.
AGRIPPA II. (4899 A.D.)
16. Obv. BACIA .... ArPinilOY. Laureate head, to the
left.
Rev. L . I. (an. 10.) An anchor.
There cannot be any doubt that the above coin belongs
to Agrippa II. The juvenile countenance of the king,
INEDITED COINS OP JUDAEA.
275
and the date, anno 10, settle this question. Now Agrippa I.
died A.D. 44, from which time it appears Agrippa II.
counted the years of his reign. He did not assume the
government at once, but A.D. 53, or u.c. 806, being the
tenth year of his reign, when he received the title of
king (Ba<r/\ue) at the hand of Claudius, 5 on which occa-
sion he thought himself entitled to cause coins to be
struck in his name as king, of which the above is the only
specimen at present known. 6 This privilege, if ever pos-
sessed, was soon withdrawn, for all the money afterwards
issued from the Jewish mint under this reign bears on the
obverse the head of the Roman emperor, a standing wit-
ness of Agrippa' s acknowledged submission to the Roman
authority, as may be seen from the two following inedited
coins.
DOMITIAN AND AGRIPPA.
*17. Obv AVTOKP CAP . TEPMANI. Laureate head
of Domitian, to tlie right.
Rev. ETOY . EA. (an. 35) BA . ArPIIIIIOY, in two lines,
in the field. Victory, marching, to the right,
holding a crown in her right hand, and a palm
branch, in the left arm.
5 Josephus Ant., 20, 7, 1 ; Bell. Jud., 2, 12, 8.
6 The following chronological table will illustrate the above-
mentioned fact :
797 u.c. A.D. 44, death of Agrippa I., till Nisati 45, Agrippa II. 's 1st year.
2nd
8rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
when Agrippa II. assumed the title Ba<r/Xvs.
798
t
, 45 from
1 Nisaa
799
46
800
47
801
48
802
49
803
50
804
51
805
52
806
53
276 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
18. Obv. AVTOKP KAICAP . rEPMANI. Laureate
head of Domitian, to the right.
Rev. ETOY . EA (an. 35) BA . APPIim .... Turreted
female (Fortuna), standing on the prow of a
vessel, holding in the right hand a diadem, and
in the left a cornucopias.
M 7. Weight, 19-12 grammes. PI. vi. 6.
Coins struck by the Jews during their Second Insurrection
against the Romans, in the time of Hadrian, headed
by Barchocheba, who is called on the coins Simeon.
(132136 A.D.)
COIN WITHOUT A YEAR.
*19. Obv. "WIT rvnnb. (For the Freedom of Jerusalem.) A
bunch of grapes.
Rev. obitnT, in two lines. A date-tree.
Mi 4. Weight, 5'5 grammes.
Found at Bether, an hour and three quarters' ride south of
Jerusalem.
OF THE FIRST YEAR.
*20. Obv. bNiir 'in 1 ? N'V. A lyre, with three strings.
Rev. r v ab nnx rav. A bunch of grapes.
M 4. "Weight, 3-2 grammes.
OF THE SECOND YEAR.
*21. Obv. 'KIT 'in 1 ? a"w. A pitcher and a palm branch.
Rev. you>, within a garland.
M 4. Weight, 3-54 grammes. PL vi. 7.
*22. Obv. V 'inb n'V. Two trumpets; between them an oblong
square.
Rev. yiytf, within a garland.
- 4. Weight, 3 grammes.
ANCI ENT JEWISH COI NS _
278
XXIV.
IRISH COINS OF COPPER; AND BILLON.
BY THE REV. HENRY CHRISTMAS, M.A., F.R.S.
THE Irish copper coinage commences at a much earlier
date than that of England, and in point of variety of
types, it is considerably more extensive. So extremely
rare are many of the pieces, that anything like a complete
series is nowhere to be found. Many coins exist which
are accounted for by neither acts of parliament, royal
proclamations, nor any other public documents ; while,
on the other hand, numerous coinages are indicated of
which no specimens have ever been met with. These
observations apply to the copper and billon coinage of
Ireland as much as to that of silver.
The first copper coinage for Ireland is of the reign of
Henry VI. In the year 1463 (EdwardlV.) an actwas passed
authorising German Lynch to make certain coins, among
which were farthings and half-farthings of brass, and re-
ferring to a similar coinage struck by authority of Henry VI.
As these coins do not exhibit the name of any prince, and
as their weight cannot be regarded as very exact, it is of
course difficult, if not impossible, to distinguish between
those which belong to the earlier and those which must
be assigned to the latter reign. They were to consist of a
piece called the Irlandes d' Argent, which was to weigh
half a quarter of an ounce, and to be of "the value of a
penny sterling. This coin was, in spite of its name, to be
IRISH COINS OF COPPER AND BILLON. 279
a billoii coin, and was to have " a crown imprinted on one
side, on the other a lion/' None, however, have been
yet discovered. In addition to the billon penny thus
described, there were also to be pieces of brass or copper at
four to the penny and eight to the penny or, in other
words, farthings and half-farthings. The " Irlandes d' Ar-
gent" was, in all probability, never coined, as in an
adjourned sitting of the parliament which first decreed it,
the decree was declared to be utterly void.
The farthing and half-farthing were struck, and a few
have reached our times corresponding exactly with the
description given in the acts in question. With these,
therefore, we shall commence our series of the Irish copper
coinage.
EDWARD IV. (14611483.)
FARTHING.
1. Obv. PATRICIUS. A bishop's bust, mitred and robed,
full-faced, the mitre very rich ; before the legend
a sun, after it a rose ; the bust descending to the
edge of the coin, and dividing the legend into
two parts.
Rev. SALVATOR. The letters divided by roses and suns
alternately ; a cross pate extending to the edge of
the coin, or nearly so ; within an inner beaded
circle roses and suns in the alternate quarters.
Weight, 9 grs.
(Dr. Aquilla Smith.)
HALF-FARTHING.
2. Obv. PATRIK. A branch ; an open crown within a circle
of pellets.
Rev. A cross within a circle of pellets.
A variety has the crown closed, but not arched ; another
variety has a different, but illegible legend. MM. a cross.
280 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
FARTHING.
3. Oh. Straight strokes in lieu of legend. A bust full-faced
and crowned, the usual type of the silver coin of
the period.
Rev . Legend, if any, defaced ; the usual cross and pellets.
This piece may be, in the opinion of Dr. Smith, a
farthing coined by the authority of the Lord Deputy, who
had the privilege of striking such at his discretion a
privilege which, from its lucrative character, was hardly
likely to remain unused.
Another coin, presumed to be a farthing, is of much
better workmanship : it is of brass, weighs 9 grs., and is
thus described :
Obv. EDWARDUS D. On a shield three crowns two and
one. MM. rose. Above the shield a square block,
or " delft," as it is heraldically termed.
Rev. CIVITAS DUBLINIE. In the centre a rose, from which
issue the arms of a cross, dividing the whole coin
to the edge of the outer circle ; in each quarter
three rays extending to the inner circle.
Of this coin but three or four specimens are known/
and all from different dies.
ELIZABETH. (15581603.)
From the beginning of the reign of Edward IV. we pass
to the conclusion of that of Elizabeth, nearly one hundred
and fifty years, during which time the coinage of Ireland
was in a most disgraceful condition. Most of the coins
struck by Henry VII., Mary, and Elizabeth were in fact
billon, and often little more than copper washed with
silver; but as they boasted the denomination of silver
IRISH COINS OF COPPER AND BILLON. 281
coin, they do not come within the cognizance of this
essay. In the year 1601, however, Elizabeth, who
would not consent to a copper coinage for England,
allowed the experiment to be made in Ireland an insult-
ing step, and savouring too much of the maxim, "Fiat
experimentum in corpore vili" The copper coins circu-
lated by her authority in Ireland were pennies and half-
pennies : farthings were mentioned, but it does not appear
that any were ever struck.
PENNY.
1. Obv. ELIZABETH .D.G. AN . FR. ETHIBER. RE. MM. a Star.
A plain shield with the arms of France and Eng-
land quarterly, between E. R.
Rev. POSUI DEUM ADJUTOREM MEUM. A crowned harp
dividing the date 1601. MM. star.
The MM/s are the trefoil and star for the year 1601, the
martlet for the year 1602.
HALFPENNY.
2. Obv. ELIZABETH . D . O . AN . FR. ET H1B. RE. MM. a Star.
Same type as No. 1.
He Vm POSDI DEUM ADJUTOREM MEUM. Same type as No. 1.
MM.'s and dates as the penny.
JAMES I. (16031625.)
No copper coinage was issued in this reign peculiar to
Ireland. The Harrington tokens were intended for both
England and Ireland, and large quantities were sent over
from England for currency. It has often been imagined
that the harp on the reverse of tokens was an indication
that they were chiefly intended for Ireland, but that was
not the case.
VOL. II. N.S O O
282 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
CHARLES I. (16251649.)
During the early part of this reign there seems to have
been no other copper currency than the royal farthing
tokens, and it is possible that the king's government never
issued any other not even a pattern having been preserved
to our times ; but there are, nevertheless, certain coins
which, though not issued from any royal mint, must yet
find a place here. The first we shall mention are the
Kilkenny halfpenny and farthing of the " rebels/' in 1642,
or, as they are called in their own documents, " the
confederated Catholics." These coins are of extremely
rude workmanship, and variable weight.
HALFPENNY.
1. Obv. CAROLUS D.G. MAG. BRI.
Within an inner circle two sceptres in saltire
within a crown. MM. harp.
Rev. FRAN. ET HIBER. REX.
A crowned harp between the letters C. R.
The weight of these pieces varies from 50 to 124 grains.
The similitude of the workmanship to that of the half-
crown commonly called " the blacksmith's half-crown"
which the learning and skill of Dr. Aquilla Smith has
satisfactorily assigned to Kilkenny would of itself be
sufficient to prove the origin of those coins ; but several
varieties are counter-marked with the letter K, and a
shield bearing a castle, the arms of Kilkenny.
FARTHING.
2. Obv. OARO. D.G. MAG. BRI.
Crown and sceptres.
Rev. FRA ET HIB. REX.
Harp crowned, and C. R. Weight from 40 to
60 grains.
The type is, it will be perceived, borrowed from that of
IKISH COINS OF COPPER AND BILLON. 283
the farthing tokens, to which, however, these are as inferior
in workmanship as they are superior in weight. They
are wretchedly struck, few pieces exhibiting the whole
device, and they are frequently much thicker in one part
than another; none are circular, being cut out roughly
with shears.
The next coins which fall under our notice are the
pennies and halfpennies of St. Patrick. These are greatly
superior both in design and execution to the former, and
were in all probability struck in Dublin, the arms of which
city the penny bears on a shield.
PENNY.
3. Obv. FLOKEAT HEX. MM. star.
A king kneeling and playing on a harp ; he is
crowned with a radiated crown, and is looking up
towards a crown of a different metal brass or
bell-metal let, into the copper.
Rev- ECCE GREX.
St. Patrick mitred, and holding in his right
hand a trefoil, in his left a crozier ; at his right
stands a group of seven persons ; at his left, two
figures, supporting a shield with the arms of
Dublin three castles, two and one.
HALFPENNY.
Obv. As the penny. No MM.
Rev. QUIESOAT PLEBS.
As the penny : only that instead of a crozier,
the saint holds a long double cross ; lias no tre-
foil ; no groups of people ; and in lieu of the
Dublin shield, there is a church. Before the saint
is a serpent or group of serpents, which he appears
to be driving away.
The halfpenny occurs in silver as well as in copper, and
the penny is, though very rarely, found in the same metal.
I know only of one specimen, which is in the cabinet of
Dr. Aquilla Smith.
284 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
It is extremely uncertain, at what time and by what
authority these coins were struck. It is no longer main-
tained that they were the currency issued by the confede-
rate assembly at Kilkenny, whose coins are now known to
be of a totally different type. Dr. Smith thinks it by no
means impossible that they belong to Charles II., which
was also the opinion of Evelyn.
We are next called on to notice a few provincial tokens,
which appear, nevertheless, to have been issued by autho-
rity of the parliamentary army during the year 1646, in
the towns of Cork, Bandon, Kinsale, and Youghall.
In 1642 all Munster save these four towns was in the
possession of the rebels; and four years later, we learn
that the same places were in possession of the parlia-
ment, who had distributed among them an army of 300
horse and 4,000 foot. It will be remembered that the
rebels professed to be fighting on behalf of the king, so
that there were two parties coining copper money at this
time one, the confederate assembly, issuing the Kilkenny
halfpenny and farthing already noticed ; and the other
striking rude " money of necessity," in the four towns
above mentioned.
CORK.
FARTHING (?)
1. Obv. CORK. Within a beaded circle.
Rev. A ship sailing out between the two towers of a
castle, within a beaded circle. .
FARTHING (?)
2. Obv. CORK. Within a circle of diamond- shaped dots.
Rev. A castle within a similar circle.
These two pieces are square. Weight, about 40
grains. B.M.
IRISH COINS OF COPPER AND BILLON. 285
FARTHING.
3. Obv. CORK. Italic capitals. Within a double circle ;
above, a small crown.
Rev. What is said to be a lion's head, beneath two olive
branches.
This piece is struck on a piece of brass much larger than
the die.
BANDON.
FARTHING.
1. Obv. B. B.
With a circle of small lozenges.
Rev. Three castles.
The original name of this town was Bandon
Bridge, and the arms of its corporation three
castles. Weight, 31 grains; shape, octagonal;
but irregular.
(Dr. Aquilla Smith).
KlNSALE.
FARTHING.
1. Obv. K.8.
Within a dotted circle.
Rev. A chequered shield. Weight, 53 grains.
FARTHING.
2. Obv. K.S. as before.
Rev. Shield bearing fourteen pellets.
YOUGHALL.
FARTHING.
1. Obv. A galley within a double .dotted circle.
Rev. Y. T. Weight, 15 grains. Over it a bird ; beneath,
1646.
FARTHING.
2. Obv. A galley within a double linear circle. Weight,
14 grains.
Rev. As before, within a double linear circle.
286 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
FARTHING.
3. Obv. As No. 2.
Rev. As No. 2, but a branch instead of a bird. Weight,
22 grains.
FARTHING.
4. Obv. As No. 2, but fine concentric circles.
Rev. As No. 2, but neither bird nor branch. Weight,
55 grains.
FARTHING.
5. Obv, On a shield, within a circle of small triangles, a
galley. Weight, 20 grains.
Rev. Y. T. within a circle of small beads ; at a consider-
able distance an outer circle of larger beads.
FARTHING.
6. Olv. YOUGHALL.
On a shield, a galley ; the whole within a circle
of small triangles.
Rev.Y. T.
Within an ornamented circle ; the whole within
a circle of small triangles. Weight, 26 grains.
This last piece is very neatly executed ; the others are
all rude. All are struck on square flans of brass.
FARTHING.
7. Obv. A fish, with a dotted circle. Weight, 9 grains.
Rev. Y. T. within a dotted circle.
This is a very rude piece.
All the above Youghall farthings are described by Dr.
A. Smith, in the Journal of the Kilkenny Archaeological
Society.
To Youghall also I should be inclined to attribute a
piece which is figured in Mr. Lindsay's book (plate 7,
fig. 150).
IRISH COINS OF COPPER AND BILLON. 287
TWOPENCE (?)
8. Olv. A galley, within a double circle.
Rev. II. 164:6. In two lines.
This is a square piece of brass, and there is some diffi-
culty in assigning to it either a locality or a denomination.
It is undoubtedly very small for a half groat ; and such a
coin, in brass, would not be likely to be either understood
or accepted in Ireland in 1646.
Again, as to the locality, Mr. Lindsay attributes it pro-
bably to Cork, but the type is decidedly that of Youghall.
THE COMMONWEALTH. (16491660.)
The only coins which appear to have been struck by
authority in Ireland during the Commonwealth are the
Cork farthings. Many of these coins are struck on double
tournois of Louis XIII., and bear traces of their former
impression.
FARTHING.
1. Olv. A COEKE FAETHING.
A shield with St. George's cross.
Rev. A COEKB FAETHING.
A harp. Weight, 67 grs.
There are several varieties of this coin, which is very
rare.
FARTHING.
2. Obv. A COEKE FAETHIN.
As No. 1.
Rev. A COEKE FAETHIN.
As No. 1. Weight, 13 grs.
Some of the Cork farthings are tolerably well engraved,
but the greater part are both of bad workmanship and
badly struck.
288 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
KERRY. (?)
Snelling gives, on his own authority, in his " Supple-
ment to Simon's Irish Coins," an account of two pieces,
one of which was probably of Kerry.
Obv. Square shield, bearing, per pale, the cross of
St. George and the harp.
Rev. KER.
This coin is struck on a small square piece, and is very
rude in execution. Another, with similar obverse, has an
inscription in which all but the letter E is defaced ; but
from Snelling's representation, PI. i., " Supplement,"
No. 38, it seems likely to have been KER. or KERRY.
CHARLES II. (16601685.)
Of Charles II. there are but two ascertained coinages
in Ireland one by virtue of a patent granted to Sir
Thomas Armstrong for twenty-one years, to the exclusion
of all others, and one by an additional patent to the same
Sir Thomas Armstrong and Colonel George Legge, in
1681, for twenty-one years from that time. Of the first
very few were struck ; they closely resembled the royal
tokens of Charles I.
FARTHING.
1. Obv. CAROLT7S II. D.Q. M.B.
Through a crown, two sceptres in saltire.
Rev. FEA. ET HIB. BEX. MM. plume.
A crowned harp. Weight, 22 grs.
In this coin the legend, obverse and reverse, is in an
inner circle, commencing at the side, and not at the top.
Simon gives a representation without any inner circle,
and Mr. Lindsay describes one with a fleur-de-lis MM.,
but I have never seen either of these.
IRISH COINS OF COPPER AND BILLON. 289
THE DUBLIN HALFPENNY. This very rare piece was
probably struck by the corporation of Dublin ; it is fairly
executed, and weighs 170 grs.
HALFPENNY.
2. Olv. LONG LITE THE KING.
A harp, crowned.
Rev. THE DUBLIN HAXFPENNIE.
Arms of Dublin; on a shield over it, 1679.
MM. a cross.
It is not impossible that the appearance of this hand-
some coin may have induced the patentees, Armstrong
and Legge, to furnish a respectable coinage for Ireland,
for in the next year we have the first halfpenny of an
entirely different type, well executed, and of competent
weight. This new coinage consists solely of halfpennies.
HALFPENNY.
3. Obv. CAROLUS II. DEI GEA.XIA.
The bust of the king, to the right, draped and
laureated.
Rev. MAG. BE. PEA. ET HIB. EEX.
A harp, crowned, between 16 80. Weight,
110 grs.
A more neatly executed coin, with smaller letters,
appeared in 1681, and continues with the dates 1682,
1683, 1684.
A halfpenny with the larger letters occurs of 1681.
Proofs occur in silver of the dates 1680 with the large,
and 1681 with the small letters.
All are milled on the edge.
There is, in the collection of the British Museum, a
pattern halfpenny of Charles II., without date, but pro-
bably earlier than 1680. It is rather smaller than the
current halfpenny, and differs chiefly from it by having
the royal cypher in lieu of the bust.
VOL. II. N.S. P P
290 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
HALFPENNY.
Ofa. - CAEOLITS H. DEI GEATIA.
CO and ER. in script characters, the CO
direct and the RR. retrograde, surmounted by a
large crown.
Rev. MAG. BE. FBA. ET HIB. EEX.
The crowned harp.
JAMES II. (16851688.)
The coins struck by James II. for Ireland during his
actual reign are of the same type as those last described ;
they are halfpennies only.
HALFPENNY.
1. Obv. JACOBUS H. DEI GEATIA.
The king's bust, to the left, laureated and
draped.
Rev. - MAG. BE. TEA. ET HI 
