THE
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE,
AND
JOOBNAL OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE,
>
(AND
JOURNAL
OF THE
(NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.
EDITED BY
W. S. W. VAUX, M.A., F.S.A.,
JOHN EVANS, F.S.A., F.G.S.,
AND
FREDERIC W. MADDEN, M.R.S.L.
NEW SERIES. VOL. III.
A
l y> H- >
vt\\ f ^>'''
Factum abiit monumenta manent. Ov. Fast.
LONDON:
JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36, SOHO SQUARE
PARIS : M. ROLLIN, RUE VIVIENNE, No. 12.
1863.
N(o
V.'|
641181
LONDON :
PKINTKD BY JAMK8 S. VIRTDK,
CITY ROAD.
CONTENTS.
ANCIENT NUMISMATICS.
Page
On Two Unedited Autonomous Coins of Colossse, in Phrygia,
with some Remarks on the Name of the City. By the Kev.
Churchill Babington, B.D 1
On some Coins of Lycia under the Rhodian Domination, and of
the Lycian League. By the Hon. J. Leicester Warren, M.A. 40
On the Coins reasonably presumed to be those of Carthage. By
W. S. W. Vaux, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., F.R.A.S ... 73
On two Unpublished Coins of a City unknown to Numismatic
Geography, which appears to be Berbis of Pannonia. By
the Rev. Churchill Babington, B.D 104
On an Inedited Numismatic Monument of the Reign of the
Emperors Diocletian and Maximian. In a letter to M. A.
de Longperier, by M. L. de la Saussaye .... 107
Account of a Hoard of Roman Coins found near Luton, Bedford-
shire. By John Evans, Esq., FJ3.A., F.G.S. . . .112
On a Full-faced Coin of Constantius I. By John Evans, Esq.,
F.S.A., F.G.S 119
Note on the Medallion of Diocletian and Maxiraian found at
Lyons. By C. Roach Smith, Esq., F.S.A 194
On the Coins inscribed OYEPBIANQN. By M. Adrien de Long-
perier . . .'*' 196
On a Rare Coin of Caracalla in a private Collection at Bonn. By 236
Edward Rapp, Esq.
Becker's Forgeries. By T. J. Arnold, Esq. . _ ". . .246
MEDIAEVAL AND MODERN NUMISMATICS.
Irish Coins of Copper and Billon. By the Rev. H. Christmas,
M.A., F.R.S 8
Anglo-Gallic Coins of Copper and Billon. By the Rev. H. Christ-
inas, M.A., F.R.S 22
VI CONTENTS.
Page
On Two Unpublished Coins of Egbert. By Richard Whitboura,
Esq., F.S.A 46
On a Hoard of Anglo-Saxon Coins found in Ireland. By John
Evans, Esq., F.S.A., F.G.S. 48
Kentish Tokens of the Seventeenth Century. By H. W. Rolfe,
Esq. . 55, 128, 198, 258
On a Medal of St. Benedict. By the Abbe Cochet, of Dieppe,
with some Remarks by John Evans, Esq., F.S.A., F.G.S. . 123
On Inedited Silver Farthings coined in Ireland. By Aquilla
Smith, Esq., M.D., M.R.I.A 149
Northern Evidence on the Short-Cross Question. By W. Hylton
Dyer Longstaffe, Esq., F.S.A 162
The Cross Pommee on Short-Cross Pennies of Henry II. and III.
By the Rev. Assheton Pownall, M. A ] 89
On Anglo-Saxon Coins found in Ireland. By Aquilla Smith, Esq.,
M D., M.R.I.A. 255
ORIENTAL NUMISMATICS.
Account of a Deposit found in an Ancient Chinese Statue of
Buddha. By John Williams, Esq., F.S.A 34
The Bactrian Alphabet. By Edward Thomas, Esq. . . .225
NOTICES OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS.
Engravings of Unpublished or Rare Greek Coins. By Lieut-
General C. R. Fox . . 67
An Essay on Greek Federal Coinage. By the Hon. J. Leicester
Warren, M.A. 68-
Description Historique des Monnaies frappces sous L'Empire
Romain, communement appelees Medaiiles Imperiales. Par
Henry Cohen 69
Description Generale des Monnaies Byzantines, frappees sous les
Empereurs d'Orient. Par J. Sabatier . . . . .69
Revue Numismatique 70, 140, 212, 265
Revue de la Numismatique Beige . 71, 142, 266
Berliner Blatter fur Miinz, Siegel und Wappenkunde . . .142
Catalogue Periodique de Medaiiles et Monnaies . . . .144
Monatsbericht der Koniglichen Preussischen Akaderaie der
Wissenschaften zu Berlin ..*..... 214
The Reliquary 215
CONTENTS. Vll
Page
MISCELLANEA.
Gold Medal of Queen Elizabeth . . ,. ... 72
Finds of Coins . . . V . . ... , . 145,215
Forgeries of Scottish Coins . ... .... . . .. 146
Visit to Hartwell . , . . . . , . ' . 147
Sales of Coins . . . . ... . . . ... .219
The late Colonel Leake's Collection of Greek Coins . . .266
The Florin of 1852 . . . . . . . .267
Find of Coins in the Isle of Wight . ' - . . -, . . 268
%* Plates I to O of Kentish Tokens are kiudly presented bjr H. W.
tiolfe, Esq. ; and Plate II., of Phoinician Inscriptions, by W. S. W.
Vaux, Esq.
LIST OF MEMBERS
OP THE
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY
OF LONDON,
DECEMBER, 1863.
LIST OF MEMBERS
OP THE
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY
. OF LONDON,
DECEMBEB, 1863.
An Asterisk prefixed to a name indicates that the Member has compounded
for his annual contribution.
ALLEN, WILLIAM, ESQ., North Villa, Winchmore Hill, Southgate.
ANDERSON, COL. WILLIAM, C.B., 19, Gloucester Square.
ARNOLD, THOMAS JAMES, ESQ., 59, Harley Street.
ASHBTJRTON, LADY, Bath House, Piccadilly.
*BABINGTON, REV. CHURCHILL, B.D., St. John's College, Cambridge,
BARTON, WILLIAM HENRY, ESQ., Royal Mint, Tower Hill.
BAYLEY, E. CLIVE, ESQ., H.E.I.C.S., India.
BERGNE, JOHN B., ESQ., F.S.A., Foreign Office, Downing Street, Vice-
President.
BIRCH, SAMUEL, ESQ., LL.D., F.S.A., British Museum.
BOYNE, WILLIAM, ESQ., F.S.A., 4, Lindsey Row, Chelsea.
BROOKS, G. G., ESQ., 29, Orchard Street, Portman Square.
BROWN, THOMAS, ESQ., 39, Paternoster Row.
BUNBURY, EDWARD H., ESQ., M.A., F.G.S., 15, Jermyn Street.
BURNEY, VENERABLE ARCHDEACON, D.D., F.R.S., F.S.A., Rectory,
Sible Hedingham, Essex.
BURNS, EDWARD, ESQ., 73, George Street, Edinburgh.
BUSH, COLONEL TOBIN, East Hill Place, Hastings.
CHAMBERS, MONTAGUE, ESQ., Q.C., Child's Place, Temple Bar.
COXE, W. H., ESQ., F.Z.S., British Museum.
DAVY, GEORGE BAYNTON, ESQ., 18, Sussex Square, Hyde Park.
4 LIST OF MEMBERS.
DICKINSON, W. BINLEY, ESQ., 5, Lansdowne Circus, Leamington.
DRYDEN, SIR HENRY, BART., Canon's Ashby, Northamptonshire.
EADES, GEORGE, ESQ., Evesham, Worcestershire.
EASTWOOD, GEORGE, ESQ., 27, Hay market.
ENNISKILLEN, RIGHT HON. THE EARL OP, HON. D.C.L., F.R.S.,
F.G.S., M.R.I.A., Florence Court, Enniskillen, Ireland.
EVANS, JOHN, ESQ., F.S.A., F.G.S., Nash Mills, Hemel Hempstead,
Secretary.
EVANS, SEBASTIAN, ESQ., M.A., 145, Highgate, Birmingham.
FAIRHOLT, F. W., ESQ., F.S.A., 24, Montpelier Square, Brompton.
FARROW, MORLEY, ESQ., M.R.S.L., Bridgewick Hall, Chapel, near
Halstead, Essex.
FORSTER, W., ESQ., Carlisle.
Fox, LIEUT.-GEN., Addison Road, Kensington.
FRANKS, AUGUSTUS WOLLASTON, ESQ., M.A., Dir. Soc. Ant., British
Museum.
FRASER, LIEUT.-COL. FREDERICK, Castle Eraser, Aberdeen.
FREUDENTHAL, W., ESQ., 4, Newington Place, Kennington Road.
GOLDING, CHARLES, ESQ., 16, Blomfield Terrace.
GRENFELL, JOHN GRANVILLE, ESQ., B.A., British Museum.
*GUEST, EDWIN, ESQ., LL.D., D.C.L., Master of Caius College, Cam-
bridge.
HARDY, WILLIAM, ESQ., F.S.A., Duchy of Lancaster Office, Somerset
House.
HARFORD, REV. F. K., M.A., F.S.A.* 13, Charles Street, Grosvenor
Square.
HARTWRIGHT, JOHN HENRY, ESQ., Tarvin Road, Chester.
HAWKINS, EDWARD, ESQ., F.S.A., F.L.S., 6, Lower Berkeley Street,
Portman Square.
HAY, MAJOR, H.E.I.C.S., Linden Lodge, Loan Head, Edinburgh.
HEWARD, PETER, ESQ., Cole Orton, near Ashby de la Zouch.
HOLT, HENRY FREDERIC, ESQ., 6, King's Road, Clapham Park.
HUNT, JOHN, ESQ., 40, Upper Hyde Park Gardens.
HUNT, J. MORTIMER, ESQ., 156, New Bond Street.
LIST OF MEMBERS. 5
JERUSALEM, LORD BISHOP OF, at the REV. D. VEITCH, 2, Warrington
Road, Maida Hill.
JONES, JAMES COVE, ESQ., F.S.A., Loxley, Wellesbourne, Warwick.
JUDD, CHARLES, ESQ., 5, Manor Terrace, High Cross, Tottenham.
LECKENBY, J., ESQ., F.G.S., 33, St. Nicholas Street, Scarborough.
*LEE, JOHN, ESQ., LL.D., F.R.S., &c., 5 College, Doctors' Commons,
Vice-President.
LIDDERDALE, E. K., ESQ., St. Peter's College, Cambridge.
LINCOLN, FREDERICK, W., ESQ., 462, New Oxford Street.
LOEWE, DR. L,, M.R.A.S., 46, Buckingham Place, Brighton.
LONGSTAFFE, W. HYLioN DYER, ESQ., 4, Catherine Place, Gateshead.
MADDEN, FREDERIC WILLIAM, ESQ., M.R.S.L., British Museum,
Secretary.
MARSDEN, REV. J. H., B.D., Great Oakley Rectory, Harwich, Essex.
MAYER, Jos., ESQ., F.S.A., Lord Street, Liverpool.
MIDDLETON, SIR GEORGE N. BROKE, BART., C.B., Shrubland Park,
and Broke Hall, Suffolk.
MOORE, GENERAL, Junior U.S. Club.
MURCHISON, CAPTAIN, R.M., 1], Gay Street, Bath.
MUSGRA.VE, SIR GEORGE, BART., F.S.A., Eden Hall, Penrith.
NICHOLS, J. GOUGH, ESQ., F.S.A., 25, Parliament Street.
NICHOLSON, REV. HENRY J. BOONE, D.D., F.S. A., Rectory, St. Alban's.
NORRIS, EDWIN, ESQ., F.S. A., 6, St. Michael's Grove, Brompton.
OLDFIELD, EDMUND, ESQ., M.A., F.S.A., 61, Pall Mall.
*PERRY, MARTEN, ESQ., M.D., &c., &c., Evesham, Worcestershire.
PFISTER, JOHN GEORGE, ESQ., British Museum.
POLLEXFEN, REV. J. H., M.A., St. Mary's Terrace, Colchester.
POOLE, REGINALD STUART, ESQ., M.R.S.L., British Museum.
POWELL, EDWARD Jos., ESQ., 8, Gordon Street, Gordon Square.
POWNALL, REV. ASSHETON, M.A., South Kil worth, Rugby.
PULLAN, RICHARD, ESQ., M.R.I.B.A., 15, Clifford's Inn.
RAMSAY, PROF. W., Rannagulzion, Blairgowrie, Perthshire.
RASHLEIGH, JONATHAN, ESQ., 3, Cumberland Terrace, Regent's Park.
6 LIST OF MEMBERS.
RAWLINSON, MAJ.-GEN. SIR HENRY C., K.C.B., HON., D.C.L., F.R.S.,
1, Hill Street, Berkeley Square.
*READE, REV. J. B., F.R.S., Vicarage, EUesborough, Bucks.
ROLFE, H. W., ESQ., 3, Punderson Place, Bethnal Green Road.
ROSTRON, SIMPSON, ESQ., 4, King's Bench Walk, Temple.
SALTS, J. F. W. DE, ESQ., Hillingdon Place, Uxbridge.
SHARP, SAMUEL, ESQ., F.G.S., Dallington Hall, Northampton.
SIM, GEORGE, ESQ., F.S.A.E., 7, Cambridge Street, Edinburgh.
SOTHEBY, MRS. LEIGH, Ivy House, Maiden, Kingston, Surrey.
SPENCE, ROBERT, ESQ., 4, Rosella Place, North Shields.
STRICKLAND, MRS. WALTER, 217, Strada San Paolo, Valetta, Malta.
TAYLOR, CHARLES R., ESQ., 2, Montague Street, Russell Square.
*THOMAS, EDWARD, ESQ., H.E.I.C.S., 1, Albert Place, Kensington.
TURNER, CAPT. FREDERICK C. POLIIILL, Howbury Hall, Bedfordshire.
VAUX, W. SANDYS WRIGHT, ESQ., M.A., F.S.A., F.R.A.S., British
Museum, President.
VEITCH, REV. DOUGLAS, M.A., 2, Warrington Road, Maida Hill.
VEITCH, GEORGE SETON, ESQ., Buccleuch Terrace, Edinburgh.
VENABLES, THOMAS, ESQ., Hamilton Terrace, St. John's Wood.
VIRTUE, GEORGE HENRY, ESQ., F.S.A., 1, Amen Corner, Paternoster
Row, Treasurer.
VIRTUE, JAMES SPRENT, ESQ., 294, City Road.
WADDINGTON, W. H., ESQ., 14, Rue Fortin, Faubourg St. Honore,
Paris.
WARREN, HON. J. LEICESTER, M.A., 3 2 A, Brook Street, Grosvenor
Square.
WEATHERLEY, REV. C., 65, Charrington Street.
WEBSTER, W., ESQ., ]7, Great Russell Street, Covent Garden. '
WHITBOURN, RICHARD, ESQ., F.S.A., Bank, GodalmiDg.
*WHITE, JAMES, ESQ., M.P., 2, Queen's Gate, Hyde Park.
WIGAN, EDWARD, ESQ., 17, Highbury Terrace.
WILKINSON, JOHN, ESQ., F.S.A., 3, Wellington Street, Strand.
WILLIAMS, JOHN, ESQ., F.S.A., Royal Astronomical Society, Somerset
House, Librarian.
LIST OF MEMBERS.
WILSON, FREDERICK, ESQ., 8, Little Moorfields.
WINGROVE, DRUMMOND BOND, ESQ., 30, Wood Street, Cheapside.
*WooD, SAMUEL, ESQ., F.S.A., The Abbey, Shrewsbury.
WORMS, GEORGE, ESQ., 27, Park Crescent, Regent's Park.
WYNDHAM, C. H. ESQ., Catherine Street, Salisbury.
HONORARY MEMBERS.
ADRIAN, DR. J. D., Giessen.
AKERMAN, J. YONGE, ESQ., F.S.A., Abingdon, Berkshire.
BARTHELEMY, M. A. DE, 39, Rue d' Amsterdam, Paris.
BEHR, THE BARON, La Belgique.
BLACAS, M. LE Due DE, 79, Rue de Grenelle, Paris.
CARRARA, PROF. DR. FRANC, Spalatro, Dalmatia.
CASTELLANOS, SENOR DON BASILIO SEBASTIAN, Madrid.
CAVEDONI, M., Modena, Dir. de la Bib. Roy.
CHALON, M. RENIER, 24, Rue de la Senne, Brussels.
CLERCQ, M. J. LE, Brussels.
COCHET, M. L'ABB, 128, Rue d'Ecosse, Dieppe.
COHEN, M. HENRI, 31, Rue de Navarin, Paris.
DELGADO, DON ANTONIO.
DIETRICHSTEIN, COUNT, Vienna.
DORN, DR. BERNHARD, St. Petersburg.
GONZALES, M. CAELO, Rome.
GROTE, DR. H., Hanover.
GROTEFEND, DR. C. L., Hanover.
GUIOTH, M. LEON, Liege.
HART, A. WELLINGTON, ESQ., L6, Ex Place, New York.
HlLDEBRAND, M. EMIL BROR, Stockholm.
HOLMBOE, PROF., Christiana.
IVANHOFF, THE CHEVALIER THEODORE, Smyrna.
8 LIST OF MEMBERS.
K(EHNE, M. LE BARON DE, Conseiller d'etat, St. Petersburg.
LAPLANE, M. EDOUARD, St. Omer.
LEEMANS, DR. CONRAD, Leyden.
Lis Y RIVES, SENOR DON V. BERTRAN DE, Madrid.
LONGPE"RIER, M. ADRIEN DE, Musee du Louvre, Paris.
MINERVINI, CAR. GIULIO, Rome.
NAMUR, DR. A., Luxembourg.
NORTHUMBERLAND, His GRACE THE DUKE OF, F.R.S., F.S.A.,
Northumberland House, Strand.
OSTEN, THE BARON PROKESCH D', Constantinople.
PERTHES, M. JACQUES BOUCHER DE CREVEC<EUR DE, Abbeville.
PIETRASZEWSKI, DR. IGNATIUS, Berlin.
RICCIO, M. GENNARO, Naples.
SABATIER, M. J., 30, Rue Antoinette, Montmartre, Paris.
SAULCY, M. F. DE, 5, Rue du Cirque, Paris.
SAUSSAYE, M. DE LA, 34, Rue de PUniversite', Paris.
SMITH, DR. AQUILLA, M.R.I.A., 121, Baggot Street, Dublin.
SMITH, C. ROACH, ESQ., F.S.A., Temple Place, Strood, Kent.
THOMSEN, HERR CHRISTIAN JURGENSEN, Copenhagen.
VALLERSANI, IL PROF., Florence.
VERACHTER, M. FREDERICK, Antwerp.
WITTE, M. LE BARON DE, 5, Rue Fortin, Faubourg St. Honore, Paris.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NUMISMATIC
.SOCIETY.
SESSION 186263.
OCTOBER 16, 1862.
W. S. W. VAUX, Esq., President, in the Chair.
The following presents were announced, and laid on the
table :
1. Collectanea Antiqua, Part I., vol. vi., 1862. ^Frorn C.
Roach Smith, Esq.
2. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol. xix., Part IV.,
1862. From the Society.
3. Revue Numismatique Beige, torn, vi., troisieme livraison.
From the Society.
4. Etat de la Population de Bouillon, by Renier Chalon. From
the Author.
5. Recherches sur la Seigneurie des Hayons, by Renier Chalon.
From the Author.
6. Bulletin de la Socie"te* Archeologique de 1'Orleannais, No.
40, 1862. From the Society.
7. La Numismatique de 1859 et 18&1, by M. A. de Bar-
thelemy. From the Author.
8. Annaler for Nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie udgivne
af det Kongelike Nordiske Oldskrift Selskab, 1861.
9. Medal of M. Soret, and Token of M. Durand. From M.
Durand.
Mr. Robert Barclay, Hon. Sec. of the Montrose Museum,
b
2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
exhibited the frame invented by himself for the exhibition of
coins in museums and elsewhere. An account of this invention
has already appeared in the Numismatic Chronicle, N.S., vol. ii.
p. 230.
Mr. Rolfe exhibited a bag of coins said to have been found
some years ago under the Coal Exchange. They consisted
chiefly of Bactrian, with a few Roman coins. The former could
not have been found where asserted.
Mr. Evans read a paper communicated by R. Whitbourn, Esq.,
" On Two Unique and Unpublished Pennies of Egbert, the so-
called monarch of England." This paper is printed in full in
the Numismatic Chronicle, N.S., vol. iii. p. 64.
The Rev. Churchill Babington, B.D., read a paper, by himself,
on " Two Unedited Autonomous Coins of Colossse in Phrygia,"
neither of which specimens could be much anterior to the impe-
rial times. Mr. Babington followed the description of the coins
with some interesting remarks on the name of the city, several
Biblical scholars having adopted KoXao-o-at, which occurs in
many manuscripts of St. Paul's Epistles, many versions and
Fathers, in preference to KoXo<r<ra/, which latter form Mr. Babing-
ton regarded as etymologically correct. This paper is printed
in fuU in the Numismatic Chronicle, N.S., vol. iii. p. 1 .
Mr. Williams gave the Society an account of the image of
Buddha and its curious contents, exhibited at the last Numis-
matic Soiree. The account will be found in full in the Numis-
matic Chronicle, N.S., vol. iii. p. 34.
NOVEMBER 20, 1862.
W. S. W. VAUX, President, in the Chair.
J. Granville Grenfell, Esq., B.A., of the British Museum,
was elected a member of the Society.
The following presents were announced, and laid on the
table :_
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 3
1. Letzteren Erz-miinze, by Dr. A. Bellerman. Bonn, 8vo.,
1859. From the Author.
2. Jahrbuch des Ve reins von alterthumsufreunden im. Rhein-
lande, No. 32. From the Society.
3. Bulletins de la Socie*te* des Antiquaires de Normandie.
Oct., Nov., Dec., 1861 ; Jan., Feb., March, 8vo., 1862, Paris.
From the Society.
Mr. Wilson exhibited a small collection of English gold and
silver coins, chiefly of Charles I., and a few Papal medals.
The Rev. J. H. Pollexfen exhibited an extremely rare brass
coin of Cunobeline, belonging to J. Bolton Smith, Esq., of Col-
chester, and found many years ago at that place. It is in very
fine condition, and bears on the obverse the legend CAMVLODVNO
within two compartments of a tablet ; on the reverse is CVNO,
with a sphinx crouching to the left. The type is engraved in
the Numismatic Chronicle, vol. xx. p. 157, No. 4:.
Mr. Pollexfen also exhibited a small brass coin of Eugenius,
of great rarity, with the legend VICTORIA AVGGG, and the type
of Victory marching ; in the exergue TR (Treveris). A similar
coin, found at Richborough, is engraved in Mr. C. Roach
Smith's account of that place, pi. vi. 15.
Mr. Pollexfen also exhibited a rare coin, in billon, of James IV.
of Scotland, the remarkable feature of which was the presence
of the Arabic numeral^ after the king's name. It was struck
at Edinburgh, and has a mullet in the centre of the reverse.
Captain Archer, of the 60th Rifles, exhibited a small collection
of Chinese coins, brought by himself from Pekin and Tien-tsin
last year. A short account of them was read by J. Williams,
Esq., F.S.A., from which it appeared that they comprised coins
ranging in date from some centuries B.C. to the present time.
The most remarkable are some specimens of the Taou or knife-
money, one of Wan Te, an emperor of the Chin dynasty, A.D. 555,
and some others, marked Pwan Leang and Woo Choo, of even
earlier date.
4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Mr. Evans exhibited some ancient British coins found during
the present year in various parts of the kingdom.
1. Of Cunobeline, in gold, 83 J grs., found at Lawshall, near
Bury St. Edmund's. The type is that of Ruding, pi. iv. 2.
2. Of Ounobeline, in copper, 33 grs., found near Cambridge.
Type of Ruding, pi. v. 18.
3. Uninscribed gold coin, 1H grs., found at Over, Cambridge-
shire. Type of Lelewel, pi. viii. 23. This, though it has been
considered to be a Gaulish coin, is probably of British origin.
4. Uninscribed brass coin, 48 grs., found at Conygore-hill,
near Dorchester (Dorset). Type of Ruding, pi. iii. No. 52.
5. Uninscribed coin in silver, 14| grs., found at Colchester,
and now in the collection of the Rev. J. H. Pollexfen. Obv.
Portions of a rude head in profile to the right, in front a rosette
of pellets and other objects. Rev. Horse galloping to the right ;
above an annulet, with a crescent below and on each side, below
the horse a quatrefoil, beneath its tail a V-shaped object, in
front a ring ornament, various pellets in the field. The type is
closely allied to that of the Uninscribed coins found at Nunney.
See Numismatic Chronicle, N.S., vol. i. pi. 1.
Mr. Yaux exhibited casts of some gold coins struck for Mel-
bourne, in Australia, of which only twenty-seven sets were struck
off, and twenty-five of them since melted down. One of the
remaining sets has been secured for the British Museum. This
proposed coinage was to have consisted of pieces containing two
ounces, one ounce, half an ounce, and a quarter of an ounce
respectively. On the obverse of each, is the legend PORT PHILIP
AUSTRALIA in sunk letters on a wide engine-turned border ; the
type is a kangaroo sitting up to the right; in exergue, 1853.
The legend on the reverse is sunk in the same manner as on
the obverse, and consists of the words PURE AUSTRALIAN GOLD,
and TWO OUNCES, or whatever may be the weight of the coin. The
central devices are the numerals 2, 1, , and . On the 2 and 1
are the words TWO OUNCES, and ONE OUNCE, in small sunk letters.
Mr. Evans read a communication from J. Y. Akerman, Esq.,
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 5
F.S.A., " On an Uninscribed British coin found by a gleaner
in a field about a mile to the west of Hampstead Norris, Berks."
The coin in question is of gold, weighing 94: grs., and is of the
type engraved in 0. Roach Smith's Coll. Ant., vol. i. pi. Ivi. 5,
from a specimen found at Farley Heath, Surrey. Others of the
same type have been found at Ruscombe and Maidenhead, Berks,
at Little Milton, and at Whaddon Chase.
Mr. Webster communicated an account of a remarkable
medal of Queen Elizabeth in gold, which appears to be unique.
Its size is 12 Mionnet's scale, and the weight nearly 26 dwts.
It is described in the Numismatic Chronicle, N.S., vol. iii. p. 72.
Mr. Madden read a paper by R. Stuart Poole, Esq., " On a
New Coin of Ancient Italy." This coin, which is in the British
Museum, has till now been classed among those of Poseidonia,
but appears undoubtedly to belong to a city hitherto unknown
to numismatists. It is of silver, of small size, and bears on the
obverse Neptune standing to the right, poising a trident in his
right hand, and with the chlamys on his extended left arm. The
legend is ALBA. On the reverse is a bull to the right, with a
flying Victory above, the bull apparently human-headed, and
the Victory probably holding a wreath. The important differ-
ence in the type of the obverse from that of the coins of Posei-
donia is, that Neptune has the chlamys only over his left arm
instead of over both. The legend may be read as either ALBA
or ABLA, and the type of the reverse is distinctly Campanian;
and the inference drawn by the author is that there was a city
Abla or Alba situated near Poseidonia, and near or within
Campania. A little to the north of Poseidonia was a Portus
Alburnus at the mouth of the river Silarus, which divided Cam-
pania from Lucania. In the same region was Mons Alburnus ;
and inasmuch as the final "urnus" is not radical, Mr. Poole
conjectures that the new city Alba was connected with the port
and the mountain. This paper is printed in the Numismatic
Chronicle, N.S., vol. ii. p. 300.
Mr. Madden read a paper, by himself, being " Remarks in
6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
reply to M. Cohen's Observations on the explanation of the
Letters CONOB, OB, TROB," &c., M. Cohen having entered some-
what largely into the interpretation of xxi, KA, KB, KF, &c., on
coins. The paper is of so technical a nature that it does not
admit of an abstract being given, that would do justice to it ; but
Mr. Madden's object was to show that the views of MM. Finder
and Friedlaender, corroborated by himself, must not be so
hastily set aside as they had been by M. Cohen. This paper
is printed in the Numismatic Chronicle, N.S., vol. ii. p. 24:0.
DECEMBER 18, 1862.
W. S. W. VAUX, Esq., President, in the Chair.
Sir G. N. Broke Middleton, Bart., C.B., Captain F. C. Polhill
Turner, G. Baynton Davy, Esq., G. Eastwood, Esq., P. Heward,
Esq., 0. Judd, Esq., F. W. Lincoln, Esq., S. Rostron, Esq., and
T. Venables, Esq., were elected members of the Society.
The following presents were announced, and laid on the
table :
1 . Taylor's Calendar of Scientific Meetings.
2. Raccolta del Cavaliere Carlo Mario.
3. Catalogue of the Smithsonian Collections.
4. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smith-
sonian Institution.
5. Report of the Regents of the University of New York.
6. Photographic Journal, No. 128.
7. Monnaies du Moyen Age. From M. Barthe"lemy.
8. Bulletin de la Socie"te* des Antiquaires de 1' Quest. From
the Society.
Mr. J. S. Virtue exhibited some of the notes of the new
postage currency of the Federal states of America. They are
for five, ten, twenty-five, and fifty cents respectively, and
receivable for postage stamps at any post-office, or exchangeable
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 7
for notes in sums not less than five dollars, or receivable in
payment of dues less than that amount. Those for five and
twenty-five cents are printed in chocolate on a buff ground, and
have fac-similes of the five cent postage stamps upon them.
Those for ten and fifty cents have fac-similes of the ten cent
stamp, and are printed in green on a white ground. The size
of the notes of the two smaller denominations is about 2 J in. by
If ; of the two larger, about 3 in. by 2.
Mr. Evans exhibited an ancient British gold coin, with the
legend CATTI on the reverse, which had formed part of the
hoard of British coins discovered at Nunney, near Frome. It is
engraved in the Numismatic Chronicle, N.S., vol. i. pi. 1, No. 1.
Mr. Williams exhibited a remarkably fine gold coin of Faus-
tina the Younger, and two rare gold coins of Francis Ximenez
de Texada, Grand Master of the Knights of Malta, bearing date
1773 and 1774.
The Rev. Assheton Pownall communicated a notice of a noble
of the third coinage of Edward III., lately found at Welford,
Northamptonshire. It differs slightly in the legend from that
engraved by Snelling, and reads as follows :
Olv. EDWARD DEI GRA * REX ' ANGL ' Z ' FRANC ' D * HYB.
Rev. IHS : AVTEM : TRANCIENS : PER : MEDIVM : ILLORV : IBAT.
Mr. Williams gave an account of a collection of Chinese coins
belonging to W. H. Black, Esq. It had been formed by a
Chinese numismatist, and the method of arrangement was
curious. The coins being all perforated, were strung on a
stout wire, with a loop at one end for suspension, and a padlock
at the other to secure the coins. These range in date from about
the Christian era to the present time, and each coin has a label
attached, with the principal part of the inscription and the date
upon it. Among the coins are some of most of the Emperors
of each dynasty the Yuen dynasty alone being unrepresented.
It was stated as a remarkable circumstance, that in three col-
lections of Chinese coins lately examined by Mr. Williams, there
8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
were no coins of that dynasty, though in each instance there
were both earlier and later coins in the collection.
Mr. Evans gave a detailed account of a hoard of Anglo-Saxon
coins discovered during the spring of this year in Ireland. The
date of the deposit must have been about the year 960, the
coins being of Edward the Elder, ^Ethelstan, Eadmund, Eadred,
Eadwig, Eadgar, and Anlaf. The most interesting are those
of the latter king, who was descended from the Danish kings of
Dublin, and who for a time reigned in Northumberland. The
type of his coins in this hoard, is that with the raven, the sacred
standard of the Danes, and with the Saxon legends ANLAF CVNVNC
and ABELFERD MiNETRi Anlaf the king, and Athelferd the
M inter. This paper is printed in the Numismatic Chronicle,
N.S., vol. iii. p. 48.
JANUARY 15, 1863.
W. S. W. VAUX, Esq., President, in the Chair.
The following presents were announced, and laid on the
table :
1. Bulletin Periodique dea Mommies, Nos. 8; and 9, 1862.
From M. Hoffmann.
2. The Sculptor's Journal, No. 1, January, 1863.
3. Annual Report of the Art-Union of London, 1862.
4. The Photographic Journal, January 15, 1863.
5. Coins of the Countries exhibited in the International Ex-
hibition, 1862, by J. Yates, Esq. From the Author.
Mr. T. Venables exhibited some Roman silver coins forming
a portion of a hoard lately discovered near Wookey Hole,
Somersetshire. They comprised coins of Constantius II., Juli-
anus, Valens, and Gratianus, including a fine silver medallion of
the latter emperor, with the reverse legend GLORIA EXERCITVS.
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 9
The Rev. Assheton Pownall sent for exhibition casts of a
British gold coin in the collection of Dr. Perry, of Evesham. It
was of the type commonly found in the western part of England,
and showed on the reverse portions of the legend VO-CORI. . . .
Mr. Akerman communicated casts of two coins found in
Oxfordshire. The one was in copper, of Cunobeline, with the
galeated head on the obverse, and the sow on the reverse,
similar to that engraved in the Numismatic Chronicle, vol. xviii.
p. 36, No. 2, but showing only portions of the legend. It was
remarkable as having the F in the exergue of the reverse, the
entire legend of the two sides of the coin being CVNOBELINVS
TASCIIOVANII F. It was found at Dorchester, Oxon. The other
coin is Saxon, and was found in a field on the Oxfordshire side
of the Thames, opposite to the town of Abingdon, in the spot
called " Andreseie." ( Vide " Chronicon Monasterii de Abing-
don," vol. i. p. 474.) It is a sceatta, of singularly neat execu-
tion, and of a type apparently unpublished. The obverse bears
a flower-like ornament, formed of three curved lines springing
from a central pellet, and in each of the spaces formed by these
lines a pellet within a small beaded crescent. The reverse shows
four rosettes arranged in a cross, with a pellet in the centre.
Each rosette consists of a central pellet within a beaded circle,
which is surrounded by a plain circle. There is a beaded circle
round the device on both obverse and reverse. Mr. Akerman
remarked that the type, like others of its class, is so unlike that
of the Anglo-Saxon penny, as to justify the assumption that the
mintage of these pieces dates prior to the conversion of the
Saxons.
Mr. Frederick B. Pearson exhibited two Chinese medals in
bronze, of uncertain age, on one of which are the names of the
eight Kwa, or mystical diagrams of Fo-hee. Mr. Pearson also
exhibited a silver coin, of 5 pesetas, struck in the name
of Ferdinand VII. by the Junta of Catalonia during the
French invasion of Spain. The piece is plain, but with a
wreath-like border, and has on the obverse 5 p 8 , FER., vn., 1809,
c
10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
and on the reverse the arms of Catalonia, all impressed by means
of five different puncheons.
Mr. Wilson exhibited a collection of Chinese coins, found at
Canton some years since. They were of the emperors Hang -he,
Kien-lung, Kee-king, and Tao-kwang.
Mr. Evans read a paper " On a Hoard of Roman Coins found
near Luton, Beds," on the estate of John Shaw Leigh, Esq., of
Luton Hoo. The coins, which must have been nearly a thou-
sand in number, had been deposited in an imperfectly burnt urn
composed of clay and pounded shells, and consisted of denarii
and small brass, ranging from the time of Caracalla to that of
Claudius Gothicus. This paper is printed at full in the Numis-
matic Chronicle, N.S., vol. iii. p. 112.
Mr. Allen also communicated an account of the same hoard,
giving a list of nearly a hundred coins which he had examined.
Unfortunately a large number of the coins had been dispersed
by the labourers who found them, of which these formed a part ;
those examined by Mr. Evans having been principally such as
had been given up to Mr. Leigh, the owner of the soil.
FEBRUABY 19, 1863.
W. S. W. VAUX", Esq., President, in the Chair.
George Eades, Esq., and 0. N. Wyndham, Esq., were duly
elected members of the Society.
The following presents were announced, and laid on the
table :
1. Sculptor's Journal, No. 2, February, 1863.
2. Bulletin de la Socle" te" Archeologique de 1'Orleannais,
No. 41, 1863. From the Society.
3. Catalogue des Ouvrages sur l'Arche"ologie. From M.
Gouvin.
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 11
4. Proceedings of the Kilkenny Archaeological Society,
vol. iv., N.S. From the Society.
5. "An Essay on Greek Federal Coinage, by the Hon. J. Lei-
cester Warren, M. A. From the Author.
6. Engravings of Unpublished Greek Coins, with descriptions
by Lieut.-Gen. Fox. Part II. Asia and Africa. From the
Author.
Mr. J. S. Virtue exhibited a one-dollar note, current in the
Federal States of America, and known as a " Greenback," from
the back of the note being printed in green ink. The formula
of the note is as follows :
" Act of July 11, 1862. The United States will pay the
bearer One Dollar at the Treasury in New York." " Washington,
Aug. 1, 1862," with the signatures of the " Register (sic) of the
Treasury," and the " Treasurer of the United States." On the
back, " This note is a legal tender for all debts public and private
except Duties on Imports and Interest on the Public Debt ;
and is receivable in payment of all loans made to the United
States."
Mr. George H. Virtue exhibited a one -dollar note of Kossuth's
Hungarian Fund, reading as follows :
No. 309.
" Dated at New York, Jan. 1, 1852. Hungarian Fund. On
demand one year after the establishment in fact of the Inde-
pendent Hungarian Government, the holder hereof shall be
entitled to One Dollar, payable at the National Treasury, or at
either of its agencies at London or New York : or to exchange
the same in sums of Fifty Dollars or over for certificates bearing
four per cent, interest, payable in ten equal annual installments
(sic) from one year after said event. L. KOSSUTH."
Mr. George H. Virtue also exhibited a receipt of the Fondo
Nazionale Italiano, dated February, 1848, and signed by Gius.
Mazzini, G. Giglioli, and A. Gallenga. He also exhibited two
Japanese silver coins.
Mr. Venables exhibited some Roman small brass coins found
at Wookey Hole, Somersetshire, with the silver coins and
medallion shown at a former meeting. They comprised coins of
" Urbs Roma," struck under Oonstantine, of Constans, Valen-
12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
tinian, Valens, and Gratianns (all with common reverses), and a
few barbarous imitations of Roman coins.
Mr. Evans exhibited casts of a sceatta lately found at Siberts-
wold, near Dover, which had been communicated to him by
Mr. C. Gordon, of the Dover Museum. On the obverse is a
barbarous figure of Victory, to the right, winged, draped, and
helmeted, holding in her left hand a spear, and in her right a
garland ; in front an unintelligible legend, possibly TRV. On
the reverse is a draped figure standing, facing, and holding a
long cross in each hand.
Mr. Madden read two short papers communicated by A. W.
Franks, Esq. The first was on some unpublished tokens of
the seventeenth century, presented to the British Museum by
C. Roach Smith, Esq., and issued at Egham, St. Edmundsbury,
Leighton, and other places. The second was an account of
some coins discovered in a barrow at Roustage, in Whichwood
Forest, examined by Mr. Moodie in 1858. The latter is printed
in the Numismatic Chronicle, N.S., vol. iii. p. 145.
MARCH 19, 1863.
W. S. W. VAUX, Esq., President, in the Chair.
Charles Golding, Esq., was duly elected a member of the
Society.
The following presents were announced, and laid on the
table :
1. Sculptor's Journal, No. 3, March, 1863.
2. Photographic Journal, March 16, 1863.
3. Constitution and Bye-Laws of the Numismatic Society of
Montreal, December 9, 1862.
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.
13
4. Notes on Coins, read before the Numismatic Society of
Montreal, by Stanley 0. Bagg, Esq., F.N.S., V.P. From the
Author.
5. Symbols ad rem Numariam Muhammedanorum, by John
Tornberg. From the Author.
6. Revue Numismatique Beige, 4 s Serie, torn, i., 1863.
Premiere livraison. From the Society.
7. Jahrbiicher des Vereins von Alterthums-freunden im
Rheinlande, xxxiii., xxxiv., 17th current year, 1, 2. Bonn, 1863.
From the Society.
8. Das Denkmal des Hercules Saxanus im Brohlthal, erlaeu-
tert, von Johannes Tornberg. From the Author.
9. Osservazioni sopra alcune antiche Monete Bizantine.
Modena, 1855, by M. C. Cavedoni. From the Author.
10. Ragguaglio Archeologico di un Antico Ripostiglio di
Monete Romane d'Argento, by M. 0. Oavedoni. From the
Author.
11. Nuove osservazioni sopra le Antiche Monete della Cire-
naica, by M. C. Oavedoni. From the Author.
12. Nuovi studi intorno alle Monete Antiche di Atene.
Modena, 1859. By M. C. Cavedoni. From the Author.
13. Nuovi studi sopra le Antiche Consolari e di Famiglie
Romane, by M, C. Cavedoni. From the Author.
14. Ricerche Critiche intorno alle Medaglie di Costantino
Magno e de suoi figliuoli, insigniti di tipi di Simboli Cristiani.
Modena, 1858, by M. C. Cavedoni. From the Author.
15. Appendix to the same, by M. C. Cavedoni. From the
Author.
16. Bulletin de la Socie*te* des Antiquaires de 1'Ouest.
Quatrieme trimestre de 1862. From the Society.
17. Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and
Cheshire, N.S., vol. ii., Session 186162. From the Society.
Mr. Evans read a communication from G. Sim, Esq., " On a
Find of Coins in the Town of Ayr."
Mr. Evans read a communication from M. F. Calori Cesis,
14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
of Modena, written in Latin, and describing a rare coin of Offa,
with the legend OFFA REX MEREOR and B. PETRVS. M. Cesis
wished to know something about it, stating that the only numis-
matic work at Modena was the Numismatic Chronicle.
Mr. Evans read a paper " On a Full-faced Brass Coin of Con-
stantius the First," in the collection belonging to the Bodleian
Library. This paper will be found in the Numismatic
Chronicle, N.S., vol. iii. p. 119.
Mr. Madden read a paper, communicated by E. J. Powell, Esq.,
"On Marking, not Milling," in which the author showed that
the former term is that which is applied at the Mint to what is
usually called the milling of the edges of coins.
APRIL 16, 1863.
W. S. W. VAUX, Esq., President, in the Chair.
The following presents were announced, and laid on the
table :
1. Photographic Journal, April 15, 1863.
2. Le Moniteur, March 7, 1863. Journal of the Hayti
Republic.
3. Catalogue du Cabinet de Monnaies et Medailles de 1' Aca-
demic Royale des Sciences a Amsterdam, by M. Ensche'de', et
J. P. Sim, 1863. From the Society.
The Rev. Assheton Pownall exhibited a gold solidus of
Valentinian I., and two of Valens, lately found near Melton
Mowbray. Though of common types, they are in remarkably
fine condition, and were struck at three different mints, Rome,
Lyons, and Aries. A small brass coin of Allectus, and another
undecipherable, were found with them. Mr. Pownall likewise
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 15
mentioned the discovery, in February last, of a hoard of upwards
of two thousand Eoman brass coins, of the time of Constantine,
in an earthen vessel at Llangym, Denbighshire. Those which
he had seen were for the most part badly preserved, but as
yet no numismatist had had the opportunity of examining the
whole hoard.
Mr. Madden read a letter, giving an account of the discovery
of some Roman coins at Upsall, near Thirsk, Yorkshire, by
some men engaged in draining. They comprised coins of Vic-
torinus, Tetricus, and Carausius, but the best of the coins had
been sold by the finders, and only a portion of them came into
the hands of Captain Turton, the lord of the manor.
The Rev. Churchill Babington, B.D., read a paper on two
unpublished coins of a city unknown to numismatic geography.
The two coins in question are in brass, of Faustina the Younger,
and of Commodus, with the legend OYEPBIANON on the
reverse, the type being on the one Diana, and on the other
Minerva. Mr. Borrell had been disposed to attribute the one with
which he was acquainted to a supposed city of Verbiana, whicli
from the fabric of the coin he thought must have been situate
either in Lydia or Phrygia ; but Mr. Babington, who possesses
the second coin known with this legend, derives Qvepftiavvv
from OvlpfliG, like Saptiiavvv from %ap$tg, and proposes to
assign the coins to Berbis, a town of Lower Pannonia, men-
tioned by Ptolemy, the name of which appears under several
Latin forms Berebis, Borevis, and Vereis. His only difficulty
is, that there are no coins known of any other city of Pannonia,
though there are still many coins which were struck by various
cities in the adjoining province of Msesia. This paper is printed
in the Numismatic Chronicle, N.S., vol. iii. p. 104:.
Mr. Webster gave an account of some modern forgeries of
Scotch coins, against whicli it will be well for collectors to be
on their guard. They are as follows :
16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
GOLD.
David IT., Noble Lindsay, PI. xii. 1.
Mary, Half Lion ,, xiv. 45.
Half Rial, 1555 xiv. 5.
SILVER.
John Balliol, Penny iv. 80.
iv. 87.
ix. 193.
ix. 194.
, Supp. xviii. 9.
Robert Bruce, Penny
Mary, Testoon, 1562
- Half-Testoon, 1562 . . .
David II., Farthing, MONETA REGIS ,
Besides these, there is a gold piece, purporting to be of Francis
of Scotland and Mary of England, which has been imitated and
adapted from the shilling of Philip and Mary. The forger
has even gone so far as to copy the xii. (which denotes the
value of the shilling in pence) on to the die for this gold coin,
but having discovered his error, he has erased the numerals
from the coin itself, though traces of them may still be discerned.
The forgery is known also in silver.
The Rev. Assheton Pownall communicated a paper on the
short-cross pennies of Henry, with the initial cross of the legend
on the reverse botone"e. Coins with this distinctive mark have
been struck at the mints of Canterbury, Durham, Exeter, Lincoln,
London, Norwich, Northampton, Rhyddlan, Bury St. Edmund's,
Winchester, and York; and it was suggested that these were
probably mutters' private marks to distinguish one issue of dies
from another, and that possibly they might afford some clue for.
determining in an authoritative manner the long mooted ques-
tion whether the short-cross pennies on which they appear were
struck under Henry II. or III. This paper is printed in the
Numismatic Chronicle, N.S., vol. iii. p. 189.
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 17
MAY 21, 1863.
W. S. W. VAUX, Esq., President, in the Chair.
John Hunt, Esq., J. Mortimer Hunt, Esq., and R. Pullan, Esq.,
were elected members of the Society.
The following presents were announced :
1. Coins and medals as aids to the study and verification of
Holy Writ, by Stanley C. Bagg, Esq., F.N.S. From the
Author.
2. Dichiarazione di tre monete di Giulio Cesare che proba-
bilimente si riferiscono alle cinquante due battaglie campali da
esso lui vinti, by C. Cavedoni. From the Author.
3. Bulletins de la Socie'te' des Antiquaires de T Quest. Premiere
trimestre de 1863. From the Society.
4. Photographic Journal, No. 133. May 15, 1863.
5. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol. xx., Part II., 1863.
6. Bulletins de la Socie'te' des Antiquaires de Normandie,
3 anne"e, 2 et 3 trimestres. 1862. From the Society.
7. M6moires de la Socie'te' des Antiquaires de Normandie,
3 e Serie, vol. v., l e livraison, Jan. 1863. From the Society.
8. Revue de la Numismatique Beige, 4 e Serie, torn, i., deuxieme
livraison, 1863. From the Society.
9. On the Scarcity of Home-grown Fruits in Great Britain,
with Remedial Suggestions. By C. Roach Smith, Esq. From
the Author.
10. Proceedings of the Kilkenny and South-east of Ireland
Archaeological Society, vol. iv. N.S., Jan. 1863, No. 39. From
the Society.
11. Publications de la Socie'te" du Grand Duche de Luxem-
bourg, anne"e, 1861, xvii. Luxembourg, 1862. From the
Society.
12. Observations sur la Machoire de Moulin- Quignon. By
M. de Quatrefages. From Mons. Boucher de Perthes.
d
18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
13. Note sur 1' Authenticity d'une Machoire Humaine, et des
Haches, etc., by M. Milne Edwards. From the same.
14. Note sur la Machoire Humaine Decouverte par M.
Boucher de Perthes dans le Diluvium d'Abbeville. Par M.
Quatrefages. From the same.
15. Bulletins de 1'Academie Royale, 2 e Serie, torn, xiii., 1861,
torn, xiv., 1862. From the Society.
16. Annuaire de TAcademie Royale de Belgique, 1863.
From the Society.
Dr. Lee exhibited an Oxford sixpence of Charles I., being
the only one in the hoard of 2,428 coins found at Hartwell
some years since, of which 181 were sixpences of Charles I.
Dr. Lee also exhibited as a curiosity a penny of George III.
reduced to an oval shape by rolling.
Mr. Evans exhibited a British coin, found at Bury St. Ed-
munds, of an unpublished type. It is of silver, weighing 18|
grains, and bears on the obverse a fairly-executed, bare, beardless
head in profile, to the left, with a curved object in front ; and
on the reverse a horse galloping, to the left, with a rosette and
an annulet above, and a ring-ornament below.
Mr. Evans read a paper communicated by W. H. D. Long-
staffe, Esq., F.S.A., and entitled, " Northern Evidence on the
Short-cross Question." The paper is of great length, and one
of the most valuable contributions to numismatic science that
has appeared for years. Its object is to prove from documen-
tary evidence, combined with the names of the moneyers upon
the various coins struck at mints in the North of England, that
the short-cross pennies, concerning which there has been so
much discussion as to whether they were to be assigned to
Henry II. or Henry III., were in reality struck under both
these kings. And not only so, but that -the short-cross type
which was first adopted at the great re-coinage of Henry IT.
was continued in use through the succeeding reigns of Richard I.
and John, as well as being that of the first coinage of Henry III.
It has long been known that no English coins bearing the name
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 19
of Richard I. have ever been discovered, while all the pennies
bearing the name of John are of Irish mintage ; but there has
been a difficulty in reconciling this state of things with the
documentary evidence which testifies to the existence of mints
in England during both these reigns. If, however, these two
monarchs, for the sake of the uniformity in the coinage which
had just been established by their father, continued to use pre-
cisely the same dies, still bearing the name of Henry, this dif-
ficulty disappears. Mr. Longstaffe even thinks that there are
certain peculiarities in the style of work which, taken together
with the names of the moneyers, may enable us to refer certain
types of the short-cross pennies to each of the four reigns during
which Jhey appear to have been struck. The summary of his
argument is as follows : 1. William was moneyer at Carlisle and
Newcastle during the whole of Henry II.'s first great re-coinage,
and no longer. His coins exhaust the varieties of the type of
the Tealby find ; therefore that type represents Henry II.'s
first great re-coinage only, 2. Alan was moneyer at Carlisle
during the rest of the reign of Henry II. He was the king's
moneyer. The earldom of Northumberland was in the king's
hand. There was at that time no mint at Durham. In the
reign of Richard I. the Bishop of Durham might cause him to
coin at Durham, being Earl of Northumberland. Alan ceased
office before John's coinage. His coins exhibit a plurality of
pearls in the diadem and the short-cross type. They occur for
both Durham and Carlisle, and are of the first or archaic variety
of the type. He lived at Carlisle, and, though his mint was
principally in Northumberland, no coins struck at Newcastle
have occurred to Mr. Longstaffe ; therefore Alan's coins, struck
at Durham, must be referred to Richard I.'s time, and Henry II.
did coin short-cross pennies, and those of one variety only, which
was continued into Richard I.'s reign without change of legend.
3. John's coinage was contemporary with Otho IV.'s of Ger-
many, who resigned before its completion, Thomas, son of
Alan, was not moneyer at Carlisle until the reigns of John and
20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Henry III. Otho's coins are in imitation of our short-cross
pennies with the quatrefoil mint-mark, which mint-mark occurs
on one variety only, and which variety, with and without that
mark, has been found in a worn state with new Irish pennies of
John. The coins of Thomas of Carlisle are of a short-cross
type; therefore, John continued to strike short-cross pennies
withour change of legend, and the type was thus continued to
the reign of Henry III. 4. Adam Tailor did not acquire a die
at Canterbury until the reign of Henry III. His coins are of
a short-cross type, differing in character from those above;
therefore Henry I II. 'a first coinages were also of a short-cross
type. This paper is printed in the Numismatic Chronicle, N.S^
vol. iii. p. 162.
JUNE 18, 1863.
ANNIVERSARY MEETING.
W. S. W. VAUX, Esq., President, in the Chair.
E. Burns, Esq., W. H. D. Longstaffe, Esq., and G. .Seton
Veitch, Esq., were elected members of the Society.
The minutes of the last Anniversary Meeting were read and
confirmed, and the following Report of the Council was read to
the meeting :
GENTLEMEN, In accordance with the usual custom cf the
Society, the Council have the honour to lay before you the
Report of the Numismatic Society, at this, another Anniversary
Meeting. The Council has more reason to congratulate the
Society on the flourishing condition it this day presents, than it
lias had the pleasure of doing for many years past. In the first
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 21
place there are no members deceased, 1 and in the second place
one only has resigned, George Prince Joyce, Esq., F.S.A.
The Council have the pleasure of recording the election of
the twenty following members :
Edward Burns, Esq.
George Baynton Davy, Esq.
George Eades, Esq.
George Eastwood, Esq.
Charles Golding, Esq.
J. Granville Grenfell, Esq., B.A.
Peter Heward, Esq.
John Hunt, Esq.
J. Mortimer Hunt, Esq.
Charles Judd, Esq.
F. W. Lincoln, Esq.
W. Hylton Dyer Longstaffe/Esq., F.S.A.
Sir G. N. Broke Middleton, Bart., C.B.
Richard P. Pullan, Esq., F.R.I.B.A.
Simpson Rostron, Esq.
Mrs. Strickland.
Captain Frederick C. Polhill Turner.
George Seton Veitch, Esq.
Thomas Venables, Esq.
C. H. Wyndham, Esq.
In the last Annual Report of the Council they were able to
congratulate the Society on the election of sixteen members, 2
their loss by death being three. This year there are twenty
elected, and one only has resigned. If the Council are able to
record the election of twenty members per session, it confidently
hopes that the Numismatic Society will be established on a firmer
1 Since this w r as written we have lost a member, Beriah
Botfield, Esq., M.P., who died on the 7th of August, and an
honorary member, Professor Joseph Arneth.
3 See the corrected table, Vol. iii., N.S., p. 72.
22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.
base than ever, and that it will again take its true position among
societies.
According to our Secretary's Report, our actual numbers are
as follow :
Original. Elected. Honorary. Total.
Members, June, 1862 9 75 45 129
Since elected 20 20
9 95 45 149
Deceased
Resigned I 3 1
9 94 45 148
The Council can confidently congratulate the Society on the
second volume of the New Series, which does not show any
falling off since the first was published, and they hope that
members will from time to time send papers for the meetings,
as without assistance the Chronicle cannot be regularly
produced.
During the past session, the Society's set of the Numismatic
Chronicle has been completed and bound for the use of Members.
It is to be regretted that Volume III. is missing, but a notice
of the loss having been already printed in the Third Volume
of the New Series, it is hoped that the volume may be found.
The deficiencies of the Revue Numismatique Frangaise have
also been filled up and the work bound for the use of the Society,
and next session it is hoped to do the same with the Revue Beige,
which at present is in a truly lamentable state.
The Report of our Treasurer is as follows :
George Prince Joyce, Esq., F.S.A.
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24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.
The meeting then proceeded to ballot for the officers of the
ensuing year, when the following gentlemen were elected :
President.
W. P. W. VAUX, ESQ., M.A., F.S.A., F.R.A.S.
Vice - Presidents .
J. B. BERGNE, ESQ., E.S.A.
JOHN LEE, ESQ., LL.D., F.R.S.
Treasurer.
GEORGE IT. VIRTUE, ESQ., F.S.A.
Secretaries.
JOHN EVANS, ESQ., F.S.A , F G S.
FRED. W. MADDEN, ESQ., M.E.S.L.
Foreign Secretary.
JOHN YONGE AKERMAN, ESQ., F.S.A.
Librarian.
JOHN WILLIAMS, ESQ., F.S.A.
Members of the Council.
THOMAS JAMES ARNOLD, ESQ.
W. BOTNE, ESQ., F.S.A.
RT. _HoN. THE EARL OF ENNISKILLEN, Hon. D.C.L.,
F.R.S., F.G.S.
F. W. FALRHOLT, ESQ., F.S.A.
"W. FREUDENTHAL, ESQ.
J. GRANVILLE GRENFELL, ESQ., B.A.
EEV. F. K. HARFORD, M.A., F.S.A.
liEV. ASSHETON POWNALL, M.A.
H. W. ItoLFB, ESQ.
K. WHITBOURN, ESQ., F.S.A.
The Society then adjourned until October 15th, 1863.
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE,
i.
ON TWO UNEDITED AUTONOMOUS COINS OF
COLOSSJE IN PHRYGIA, WITH SOME RE-
MARKS ON THE NAME OF THE CITY.
)
THE coins of Colossse, whose description follows, are from
the collection of M. C. G. Huber, late Consul- General
for Austria in Egypt, which was recently sold by Messrs.
Sotheby and Wilkinson. So far as I can discover they
are unpublished, although the types are already known
on other coins of the place.
1. Obv. AHMOC KOAOCCHNON (the last six letters very
faint). Laureated head of the People to the
right.
Rev. . . . . AKTH . AN6@HK.eN . (most of the letters
very faint). The Sun standing adverse, with
flowing drapery, having his head radiated, and
bearing a torch in his right hand and a globe
in his left. M 8. (Present weight, 219 grains.)
The types are as n. 422 of Mionnet, vol. iv. p. 268, and
Hunter t. xix. f. 9, where, however, the Sun is in his
chariot. The legend of the reverse is also different on
their coins, being simply KOAOCCHNQN. On this coin
VOL. III. N.S. B
2 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
it is unfortunately much obliterated, but the name of the
fC dedicator " may possibly be 'EwaXXaKTrtg ; at any rate
the traces of the letters agree better with that word than
with any other that occurs to me. Compare Mionnet,
n. 420, 423, 425, for other coins of Colossse bearing
aveOrjKtv on the reverse, and for the meaning of the word
itself, Eckhel D. N. F., vol iv. pp. 368374, who regards
this class of coins as a kind of largess money, struck on
special occasions by liberal benefactors of their city.
2. Obv. Head of Serapis to the left.
Rev. KOAOCCHNON. Draped figure, apparently Jupiter
Aetophorus, standing to left. J& 4. (Weight,
nearly 51 grains.)
The types on both sides appear to be the same as on
coins of Mionnet, vol. iv. n. 421, and Suppl. vol. vii. n.
262 (for whose true legend see Waddington, Voy. en As.
Min. y p. 20), but the present coin has no legend on the
obverse, and that of the reverse is quite different. The
poor state of the preservation of the standing figure
makes it somewhat uncertain for whom it is intended.
There is every probability, however, that we have here
the same eagle-bearing Jupiter which is often represented
on other coins of Phrygian cities, more especially of
Laodicea.
The coins of Colossse are, without exception, rare, and,
to judge by the descriptions given in authors, usually in
indifferent preservation. Neither of the present speci-
mens can well be much anterior to Imperial times.
Perhaps the larger and thicker one is rather the older
of the two. Both have lost weight by circulation, but
especially the larger coin, which is moreover slightly
broken at the edge.
ON TWO UNEDITED AUTONOMOUS COINS OF COLOSSvE. 3
With regard to the name Colossse, few will deny that it
is connected with KoAocrdoc'j and it seems most probable
the city derived the appellation from possessing a
colossal statue of the Sun, a deity frequently represented
upon its coins. Certain it is that the statues of Apollo
or the Sun were often called colossi;^ more often, I think,
than the statues of any other deity whatever. Thus the
Colossus of Rhodes, seventy cubits high, the work of
Chares of Lindus ; the Colossus of Apollonia in Pontus,
thirty cubits high, the work of Calamis ; as well as the
Colossus in the Palatine Library, built by Augustus, were
all statues of the Sun. It is also sufficiently remarkable
that a colossus of Nero so Pliny and others call it was
afterwards converted by Vespasian into a colossus of the
Sun, as though he was the most fitting god to possess a
colossal statue. 2
A further and more difficult question remains : What
does the word colossus itself signify ? Liddell and Scott,
in their Greek Lexicon, as well as Mr. Rich, in his
instructive article on "Colossi" in Smith's " Dictionary of
Antiquities," do not hesitate to pronounce that its origin
is unknown. The derivation indeed of KO\OGGOG from
KoXovtiv, to curtail, by the author of the " Etymologicum
Magnum/' napa TO /coAouav TCI offdf Sid TO /uryaAoCj <*>c
JUT) $iK:voujUvtt>v rwv o^OaA^wv opdv (the huge size of the
Colossus cutting the view short because the eye was
unable to reach it), may provoke a smile, but his remark
that /coAocTdoe was iised for a statue generally , though more
1 See Plin. lib. xxxiv., c. 18, for the colossi here mentioned,
as well as for colossi of Jupiter, Hercules, and Nero.
2 Plin. 1. c. " Hie colossus erectus sub Nerone, refectus a
Vespasiano, ac dempto capite Neronis, et Solis adjecto cum
septem radiis, Soli dicatus fuit." (Seal, on Suet. Vesp., c. 19.)
4 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
especially or properly for an image of great size, may
deserve our attention. 3 KoAo<r<rdc would appear to be
connected with /coAo^wv, a summit or pinnacle, which last
word is used almost synonymously with the cognate
/copv^r/, the proper meaning of which is the top of
the head, the word itself being a lengthened form of
/copve, the head or head-piece (helmet). Thus Plato's
expression /coAo^euva ewiOeivai is identical in sense with
Plutarch's /copu^rjv eTrmOtvcu, to put the finishing stroke to
a thing ; more literally, to add the head-piece to it. With
these words, KoAotrdde and /coAo$on>, are to be connected,
I conceive, the Latin columen, columna, culmen, of which
words the leading idea is the same ; and they all, I believe,
properly indicate the highest point or summit of a thing. 4
By a natural transition, colossus in Greek and Latin, and
columna in Latin came to be used for the whole length of
that which has a conspicuous summit, as a colossal statue
or column has. And here we observe the peculiar
propriety of designating the statues of the Sun by the
term colossi, since, as their summits were (in some cases at
all events) radiated, they would on that account be doubly
conspicuous. KoAco'v*/ and collis belong to the same class,
and must have been originally used for the brow of a hill ;
both, however, have come to mean the whole height of
the hill, and not merely its summit. Probably collum
may be a similar word, with the original signification of
head and neck, or even head only, though in practice used
principally for the neck only. 5 With collum again I should
3 KoXoo-troe arjiJLaivei KCU TO ei^wXov, KvpiiDQ %e Ko\off<rol Xeyovrai
ol vTrepneyeQeig av^piavreQ. (Etym. M., p. 525. Gaisf.)
4 " Columen in summo fastigio culminis, unde et columns
dicuntur." (Vitr., lib. iv. c. 2.)
5 In Lucan (Phars., lib. ii. v. 160), " Colla ducum pilo trepi-
dam gestata per nrbem," the colla undoubtedly include their
ON TWO UNEDITED AUTONOMOUS COINS OF COLOSSI. 5
connect the Anglo-Saxon col, a helmet (head -piece) : com-
pare Kopvs and Kopv<f)Yi.
In the case of KoXoaabg and columna, magnitude is more
or less blended with the idea of height, so that these
words can hardly be used of anything which is very small.
In process of time, however (as now amongst ourselves),
colossal came to be exclusively applied, contrary to original
Greek usage, 6 to that which is surpassingly great ; 7 and
conversely our modern word column, contrary to original
and ordinary Latin usage, can be used of so small a matter
as the thread of mercury in a thermometer. 8
We may, in conclusion, notice a variation in the
orthography of the name of the city of Colossse, and
also the double form of the adjective derived from
it. Instead of KoXocrda), we have in many MSS. of
St. Paul's Epistle to the Colossians (chap. i. ver. 2), also in
heads. But by Cicero (In Verr., lib. v. p. 241 A) the words caput
and collum are contrasted : " Coronam habebat unam in capite,
alteram in collo."
6 Schweighssuser, in his Lexicon to Herodotus, who often uses
the word, rightly interprets " Statua, prce&ertim (no more)
majoris molis." Herodotus speaks of KoXoacrol jueyaXot, which
would seem superfluous, if immense size were the primary
meaning. He also designates statues of seven cubits, i. e. about
twice the size of life, Ko\o(raroi.
JEschylus alone (as it seems), of extant Attic writers, lias once,
and once only, used the word /coXoo-o-oe, thereby designating a
statue of Helen : v^uop0cov fie KoKoaawv li^derat xaptQ av^pi i. e.
her beautiful statue, in which Men.elaus so much delighted when
the original was his own, now disgusts him after she has run
away from him with Paris. Agam., v. 406, where see Blom-
field's Glossary. He simply translates statua; and Liddell and
Scott say, " seemingly a statue without reference to size"
In later Greek, however, it appears always to mean a statue of
gigantic size ; and similarly in Latin writers.
7 The author of Etym. Magnum (see above) imagined this to
be the primary sense.
8 To express this the Latins would say columella.
6 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
many versions and patristic citations, the form KoXaaaat,
and this reading is adopted by Lachmann, Tischendorf,
Alford, and Ellicott. Dr. Wordsworth, however, after
remarking that many other MSS., versions, and Fathers
have KoAotnrat, goes on to observe very justly, that the
form KoXoa<Tat is etymologically correct ; such a form as
KoAaoWe for the simple substantive seems to be unknown.
The evidence, moreover, of the coins hitherto found is
unanimous in favour of KoAoo-o-rjvoe, as the adjectival form
derived from the name of the city ; some of which appear
to be anterior to Imperial times, while others are as late as
the age of Commodus and Gordian III. 9 There is no doubt
however, both from the MSS. of the New Testament and of
other works, that the town was often called Colasscs 10 in
later times ; perhaps from about the third century 11 down-
wards. This form Dr. Wordsworth, with great plausibility,
looks upon as ' ' probably a Phrygian accommodation of the
Greek word Colossse." The Phrygians, like the Dorians,
with whom they partially mingled in the Peloponnese,
appear to have made many dialectical vowel-changes ; in
some Phrygian inscriptions Augusta becomes 'Ayautrro,
9 In Bockh's Corp. Inscr. only two inscriptions are given from
Colossse (viz. n. 3955, and n. 3956), neither of which contain
the name of the town. For the coins see Mionnet, Leake, and
Waddington.
10 Such a form would make it resemble Sagalassus, Tityassus,
&c., where the coins sanction the a in the penultima. These
names, however, appear to involve a Pelasgic word (CHTCTOG,
77<ro-oe), signifying town or castle on a strong height. (See
Leake's Num. Hell., pp. 112, 132, As. Gr., and p. 75, Eur.
Gr.) Possibly, indeed, the termination oo-o-oe of Colossus may be
Pelasgic also, and indicative of height ; compare Ossa, Molossus.
11 The Vatican MS. of the New Testament originally had in
the title of the Epistle to the Colossians, KoXacraaels, but the
reading has been corrected to KoXoo-o-aetg. In the text of the
Epistle, we now learn from Cardinal Mai that it reads (chap. i.
ver. 2), KoXoorcraic. The MS. is probably of the fourth century.
ON TWO UNEDITED AUTONOMOUS COINS OF COLOSSI. 7
and Paula IIwAAa. 12 But, what is most to the purpose, on
no less than seven imperial coins of Cotiseum in Phrygia,
we have the form 'Ep^a^u'Aou as the barbarised name of
P. JE1. Hermophilus, who held the office of archon there
during the reigns of Severus Alexander, Maximin, and
Maximus. 13
It is remarkable th'at on the coins invariably, and also in
Strabo, KoAoo-trrjvoc occurs as the adjectival form; but in
the New Testament, KoAo<r<raue (or KoAao-^aeuc). Pre-
cisely in the same way Sagalassus gives rise to the forms
2ayaAa<r<r7voe and SayaAa(r<rai>c, and Docimium to
AoKtytrjvoc and Aofct^cue- Strangely enough, Stephanus
of Byzantium tells us that Aojctyicuc is the correct form,
but that AOKI/ZJJVOC is the form in use ; whereas the coins
in this case sanction AoKifievQ, but know nothing of
CHURCHILL BABINGTON.
12 Bockh's Corp. Inscr. 3989 (b and I.}, from the neighbour-
hood of Laodicea combusta.
13 Mionnet, vol. iv. pp. 276, 277 ; and Suppl. vii. p. 549. The
natural form, 'Ep^uo0/Xov, occurs on other coins, and in authors,
and 'E|o^a0iXoe must, I think, be a mere provincialism. Com-
pare 'EppoyevriQ, &c. ; also vavTo^'iKai, vavroXdyog, irepirovoiJLOQ.
We have, indeed, licera^oKog, in JEscliylus, yet the prose form,
in Eustatliius, is IKETO^O'XPQ (compare ffre0avi70dpoe,<rr0avo0dpoc);
but I should suppose that the a in 'EppafaXog was meant to be
short. A few other examples of the change of o into a are
to be found. Thus Hesychius tells us that the Cretans called
ovetpov avttpov. Both Theocritus and Callimachus change eiKoan
into etKari. In Latin, the Greek form Xdy^ is replaced by
lancea. These examples are from Maittaire de Dialectis,
p. 519. Ed. Sturz. Similarly, not appears in Skelton's poems
under the form nat. We have also the double forms got, gat
(pret. of get], and plot, plat. Similar changes, I understand,
occur in some Sanskrit words. We may just observe in conclu-
sion, that Phrygia is not the only country which has corrupted
KoXo<7<ro ; we need not travel far to discover a building which is
designated by the worse than Phrygian appellation of Coliseum.
It
IRISH COINS OP COPPER AND BILLON.
(Continued}.
BY THE REV. HENRY CHRISTMAS, M.A., F.R.S.
WILLIAM AND MARY. (16881694.)
THE coinage of the new sovereigns for Ireland resembled
the first issue of James II. The gun-money was allowed
to pass current the larger half-crowns and the crowns at
one penny each, the smaller half-crowns at three farthings,
and the shillings and sixpences at one farthing each.
There was something saturnine and drily satirical on the
part of William in allowing his rival's coinage to proclaim
tiie style and titles which were no longer his, and at the
same time pointing out their true value by assigning them
to their proper denominations a shilling with King
James was only a farthing with King William.
The first coins struck in Ireland by the authority of the
new sovereigns were halfpennies. Simon, and Mr. Lindsay
after him, speak of farthings as well as halfpennies, but
none have ever been discovered. None were struck
by Charles II. from 1680, and none by James II.
while King of Great Britain. It is, therefore, probable
that William and Mary struck only the same coins that
their immediate predecessors had found sufficient.
IRISH COINS OF COPPER AND BILLON. 9
These halfpence are of the same type as those of
Charles II. and James IT., already described.
HALFPENNY.
1. Obv. GVLIELMVS ET MAKIA DEI GKATIA.
The busts of the king and queen, side by side,
to the right ; that of the king only laureate ; the
necks bare.
Rev. MAG. BR. FR. ET BIB. REX ET REGINA.
The harp, crowned ; the date divided by the
lower part of the crown. 1690.
These coins occur of the.years 1690, 1691, 1692, 1693,
1694. They are very variable in weight, some amounting
to 110 grs., others weighing no more than 80 grs. A
remarkably fine one in my own cabinet weighs 114 grs.
Simon states that there were also some struck of this
type in tin, and with a stud of brass or copper in the
middle ; but he admits that he had never seen any. It
would not be astonishing if coins of this nature were to
be discovered, for there was a coinage of halfpence and
farthings of this description struck for England. On the
other hand, although the English coinage of James II. of
halfpence and farthings was in this metal, yet it is tolerably
certain that the only coins struck by him for Ireland
during his legitimate reign were halfpence of copper, and
the same remark applies to the tin coinage of Charles II.,
which was not extended to Ireland. It seems, on the
whole, most probable that no tin coins were issued for
Ireland by William and Mary, and no farthings in any
metal. It is, however, not impossible that some of the
tin pennies of James may have passed through the mint
of William and Mary, and made their appearance as half-
pennies of the new reign. Such coins would of course be
rare, and must be regarded as numismatic accidents.
VOL. III. N.S. C
10 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
WILLIAM III. (16951702.)
The coins of William alone call for no remark; they
differ from the preceding only by the removal of the
portrait and titles of Mary.
HALFPENNY.
1. Obv. GVLIELMVS III. DEI GBA,
Bust of the king, in armour, and laureate, to
the right.
Rev. MAG. BE. FEA. ET HIB. REX.
Same type as the preceding. 1695.
Another occurs of 1696, and of this date there is a proof
in silver.
HALFPENNY.
2. Obv. GVLIELMVS III. DEI GEA.
As before, but the neck bare.
Rev. MAG. BE. FEA. ET HIB. EEX.
As before. 169(5.
This coin is extremely rare.
ANNE. (17021714.)
No coins were struck in Ireland during this reign.
GEORGE I. (17141727.)
It was not till the year 1722 that any coins bearing the
stamp of George I. were issued in or for Ireland; but in
that year the celebrated ' ' Wood's halfpence " made their
appearance. Copper coin was beginning to grow scarce,
and a patent was granted to William Wood, Esq., autho-
rising him to coin three hundred and sixty tons of half-
pence and farthings for the use of Ireland. The terms of
the patent were such that Mr. Wood would have gained
60,000 by their strict execution ; but so far short of the
IRISH COINS OF COPPER AND BILLON. 11
due weight were the coins when they did appear, that
the gain to the patentee would have been no less than
82,168 16*., had the weight of the lightest issued been
adopted for the rest. A great commotion was immediately
raised; Swift attacked the scheme in his " Drapier's
Letters;" and so strong was the public opposition, that
in 1724 Mr. Wood surrendered his patent.
These coins are of three different types.
HALFPENNY.
1. Obv. GEORG1US DEI GRATIA. REX.
Portrait of the king, to the right, laureate, bare
neck.
Rev. HiBERtfiA. 1722.
Figure of Hibernia, sitting, her left arm leaning
on a harp, her right holding a palm branch.
This coin occurs with the dates 1722, 1723, 1724.
Copper and silver proofs exist of the year 1723, and
copper proofs of 1722 and 1724.
HALFPENNY.
2. ObvAa No. 1.
Rev. HIBERNIA. 1722.
Hibernia, facing the spectator, and with both
hands on the harp, which is held in front.
This coin is much rarer than the preceding, and occurs
only of the date 1722. Proofs, though extremely rare,
are to be found in copper.
HALFPENNY.
3. Obv. GKORGIVS D.G. REX.
Bust as before, but of inferior work ; the neck
disproportionately long.
Re V. HZBERNI^.
Figure of Hibernia, as on No. 2, but looking
back on a rock. In the exergue, 1722.
12 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
This coin is much rarer than either of the others. The
rock, if rock it be, looks like a cloud ; and the coin is
rarely found in good preservation. The dates are 1722
and 1723. A copper proof of the former date is in the
British Museum.
FARTHING.
4. Obv. and Rev. as No. 1.
Dates only 1723 and 1724.
A silver proof exists of the former date.
FARTHING.
5. Obv. and Rev. as No. 2.
Date only, 1722.
This is probably only a pattern ; it is extremely rare,
and is only found as a copper proof.
There is another pattern halfpenny and farthing.
HALFPENNY.
6. Obv. GEORGIUS DEI GRATIA REX.
Bust as No. 3.
Rev. As No. 1, but the date 1724 in the exergue.
FARTHING.
7. Olv. GEORGIUS D. G. REX.
Bust as No. 6.
Rev. As the preceding.
FARTHING.
8. Ob v. and Rev. as No. 3.
This coin is not now known, but it is recorded by
Snelling as one which he believed to exist.
HALFPENNY.
9. Obv. As No. 1.
Rev. HIBERNIA.
Hibernia pointing with the right hand to the
sun.
This coin is partially described by Snelling in his
IRISH COINS OF COPPER AND BILLON. 13
appendix to Simon, but is not now known. The fol-
lowing are also described by Snelling :
HALFPENNY.
10. Obv.As No. 6.
Rev. REGIT VNVS VTROQUE. 1724.
The sceptre and trident connected by a knot ;
words and date divided by roses.
FARTHING.
11. Obv. and Eev.A& No. 10.
Snelling does not publish these coins as halfpence and
farthings, but as jettons. They seem rather to claim a
place as coins, for, in the first place, he describes them as
having the same obverse ; that is, from the same dies as
Wood's coins ; next, they are of the requisite and propor-
tionate sizes ; and, lastly, the type of the reverse had
already appeared on patterns of Charles I. On these
accounts we are inclined to accept Nos. 10 and 11 as
patterns for a halfpenny and farthing respectively.
Wood's coins were, with all their defects, the best which
had ever been made for Ireland. The workmanship is
fine, and the portrait of the king the most accurate known
anywhere. Their weight is various, but a fine proof half-
penny of 1723, in my cabinet, weighs 127 grains.
GEORGE II. (17271760.)
The coinage of George II. for Ireland presents no pecu-
liarities worthy of notice. It consists of halfpence and
farthings only, there are two varieties of each.
HALFPENNY.
1. Obv. GEORGIUS II. REX.
The bust of the king, with short hair, laureate,
to the right, the neck bare.
14 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Rev. HIBERNIA.
The crowned harp, The date divided by the
bottom of the harp. 1736.
This coin is beautifully executed. Proofs occur in silver
and bronze of the date 1736; dates of the coin, 1736,
1737, 1738, 1741, 1742, 1743, 1744, 1746, 1747, 1748,
1749, 1750, 1751, 1752, 1753, 1755.
FARTHING.
2. Obv. GEORGIUS II. HEX.
The bust as No. 1.
Rev. HIBERNIA. 17 37.
As No. 1.
Proofs occur in bronze of 1737.
The dates are 1737, 1738, 1744.
HALFPENNY.
3. Obv. GEORGIVS II. REX.
Bust as before, but older.
Rev. HIBERNIA. 1760.
As before.
FARTHING.
4. Obv. GEORGIVS II. REX.
Bust as No. 3.
Rev. HIBERNIA. 1760.
As before.
It may be noticed that in all the above coins, from 1736
to 1746 inclusive, the name is written GEORGIUS; after
that date GEORGIVS.
The year 1760 was signalised by an issue of halfpence
and farthings, of which the coins themselves are the sole
records. We may perhaps never know with certainty
under what circumstances and by whose authority the
VOCE POPULI coins made their appearance.
IRISH COINS OF COPPER AND BILLON. 15
HALFPENNY.
5. Obv. VOCE POPULI.
A laureate head to the right ; neck bare.
Rev. HIBERNIA.
Figure of Hibernia sitting on a globe, holding
in her right hand a lance ; in her left a flower ;
by her side a harp; in the exergue 1760.
There are many varieties of this coin ; some have a P.
under the bust ; some before the face ; some on the
reverse ; some have two small crosses behind the harp :
some, two roses j some have a cross after VOCE ; some, a
rose ; some, a point ; in many there is no trace of the
globe on which Hibernia is sitting.
FARTHING.
6. Obv. VOCE POPULI.
Head as No. 5.
Rev. HIBERNIA. 1760.
As No. 5.
This coin is very rare. A proof of better workmanship
than the rest exists of the halfpenny, and one also is known
of the farthing.
In the absence of evidence as to the origin of these
pieces, conjecture has taken a wide range. The first ques-
tion is, who is the person whose portrait is represented ?
Some have said it is a bad portrait of George II. There are
several objections to this. The coinage is admitted to have
been a private speculation; and if private loyalty desired to
exhibit itself on a coin, it would take some pains to be
understood. George II. was popular nowhere, and pro-
bably less so in Ireland than in England. The portrait is
by no means like the king, and certainly, were it intended
for him, should have had the name to make it clear. But
there was nothing either in the character of the king or in
the circumstances of the year 1760 which could make an
16 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
expression of loyalty in the shape of a private coinage at all
intelligible. George II. had been on the throne thirty-
three years ; his family were undoubtedly placed there
VOCE POPULI, but it was as the symbols of law, order, and
national independence that they were respected, and cer-
tainly not for their personal qualities. If it be said that
the real object of a private coinage is gain, and that its
forms are not to be too scrupulously examined, we reply,
that probability must still guide us as to the meaning of
types which we find actually in existence. But in the
year 1760 George II. died, and was succeeded by his
grandson, George III. Looking again on the VOCE POPULI
coins, we find an indication that they are intended for the
coinage of a new reign. The head is turned to the right,
as are those of George III. All those of George II. turn
to the left. It might be easy to understand a burst of
enthusiasm on the accession of a new and native sovereign,
and to interpret the VOCE POPULI to mean that the young
monarch reigned by the voice of his people as well as by
the right of his birth ; but this supposition is at once
negatived by the portrait itself, which is that of a man at
or beyond the middle of life.
Another theory states that the bust is that of the Old Pre-
tender claiming to be James III., born in 1688, and there-
fore, in 1760, seventy-two years of age. This hypothesis has
several points in its favour : it accounts for the conclusion
df a reign being taken as the occasion for a popular demon-
stration ; it gives a reason for a change in the position of
the head ; and makes it perfectly explicable why the head
is neither that of George II. nor George III. ; moreover,
there is a great resemblance between the portrait and that
of the Old Pretender.
Still, rough and bad as the execution is of the VOCE
IRISH COINS OF COPPER AND BILLON. 17
POPTJLI coins, it is easy to see that they do not, and are not
intended to, represent the head of a man seventy-two years
of age. But is there no other person for whom they may be
meant ? They do resemble the portraits of Charles
Edward, who, at the time when they were struck, was in
his 41st year. Granting that the great object of the
coinage was gain, there might be also a political signifi-
cancy in a portrait and legend like those which it presents ;
and it appears to me that the VOCE POPULI coins do present
us with a rude portrait of the Young Pretender ; and that
the letter P. found on many, though not all of them, is
intended as the initial of the word PRINCEPS, and meant
as a salvo to the claims of his father.
The weight of these coins is very various. A fine proof
in my cabinet weighs 136 grains ; some are as light as
105 grains.
GEOKGE III. (1760-1820.)
The supposition that the VOCE POPULI coins were intended
to have a political signification, is, to some slight degree,
corroborated by the circumstance that there was no great
necessity felt of copper coins in Ireland at the accession of
George III. It was not till 1766 that any legitimate
coins appeared of the new reign, and the first coinage was
one of halfpence only ; they resemble those of his grand-
father.
HALFPENNY,
1. Obv. GEORGIVS III. REX.
Bust of the king to the right; laureate, and
with the neck bare.
Rev. HIBERNIA. 1766.
The harp crowned.
Another issue took place in 1769 of the same type.
VOL. III. N.S. D
18 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
These coins are not common, for on each occasion only
fifty tons of copper were used. Indeed Ruding was not
aware that any coins existed of the former date. The
small amount of copper coined was by no means sufficient,
nor did the coin itself give much satisfaction. The por-
trait is unfavourable ; it is not only extremely youthful,
but has an unintellectual appearance; the chin is too
retreating, and the whole aspect verging on idiocy; it
contrasts unpleasantly with the bust on the Northumber-
land shilling and on the English copper coinage of 1770.
In 1773 a pattern was prepared, a specimen of which is in
the British Museum. It resembles that which was adopted
two years later, save that the face is somewhat fuller and
rounder.
The next coinage was in 1775. Like the former, it
consisted of halfpennies only.
HALFPENNY.
2. Obv. GEORGIDS III. REX.
Bust of the king to right ; laureate ; the hair
drawn back from the forehead.
Rev. HIBERNIA. 1775.
Type as the preceding.
There is a beautiful proof of 1775, and coins occur of
1775, 1776, 1781, 1782, 1783.
There are also forgeries of the years 1776 and 1783,
very inferior in workmanship, and of the years 1781, 1782,
and 1783, of coins equal in workmanship to the original,
but of lighter weight ; the copper is tolerably good. It is
said that these coins were made at a button manufactory
in Smithfield.
In the cabinet of Dr. Aquilla Smith is a halfpenny of
the date 1776 ; weight, 101 grains ; reading, GRUMRIUS in.
IRISH COINS OF COPPER AND BILLON. 19
REX., and on the reverse, HIRARMIA. It is needless to say
that this is a forgery.
No other coinage for Ireland took place till 1805. The
great coinage of 1797 passed over without any provision
for the sister kingdom; but previous to the next Soho
mintage for England there was a large issue of copper
coins, bearing the harp. This consisted of pennies, half-
pennies, and farthings.
PENNY.
3. Ob V. GEORGIUS III. D. G. REX.
Bust of the king to the right, robed and lau-
reate ; under the shoulder a small K.
Rev. HIBERNIA. 1805.
A crowned harp ; the date underneath.
HALFPENNY.
4. Obv. and Rev. As No. 3.
FARTHING.
5. Obv. and Rev. As No. 3.
The farthing also occurs of 1806.
There are proofs of all these in gilt and plain bronze.
All are milled round the edge. They were the work of
Kuchler.
There is another halfpenny (6), a pattern, differing from
No. 3 only in having the harp and crown much larger ;
and there is also a pattern farthing (7) of the date 1806,
with larger letters than the current coin. Both these
patterns are extremely rare.
A pattern for a penny was prepared by Mr. Mossop in
the year 1789, but before six pieces were struck the die
broke, and the project was abandoned. It is a coin of great
beauty of execution and ingenuity of design. It may be
described as follows :
20 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
PENNY.
8. Olv. GEORGIUS III. REX.
The king's head to the right, the neck bare ;
tinder the neck a harp.
JRev. CONCORDIA .
Two figures representing Britannia and Hi-
bernia; the former standing to the right, the
latter to the left of an altar, their hands joined over
it ; a flame is burning on the altar, and under it
are two cornucopias. Hibernia holds her harp ;
Britannia a lance and shield; in the exergue, 1789.
In 1813 a pattern was produced by Mr. Thomas Wyon.
PENNY.
9. Obv. GEORGIUS ur. D. G. BRITANNIARUM REX.
The bust of the king to the right; laureate
and slightly draped.
Rev. HIBERNIA. 1813.
The harp crowned ; under it the date.
Another pattern of the same year occurs.
PENNY.
10. Obv. GEORGIUS III. D. G. REX.
A large head, laureate and draped.
Rev. HIBERNIA. 1813.
The harp crowned ; slightly differing in its
ornaments from that of the preceding.
This is occasionally met with gilt. Both 9 and 10 are
of the greatest rarity. The obverse of No. 9 is from the
same die as the Ceylon piece of two stivers; and that
of No. 10 from the same die as that of the Demerara
and Essequibo coin of the same denomination ; both struck
in the same year.
GEORGE IV.
With George IV. concludes the series of Irish coins.
In 1822 a coinage, consisting of pennies, halfpennies, and
IRISH COINS OF COPPER AND BILLON. 21
farthings, was ordered, but the last-mentioned coin was
never issued, and is extremely rare.
PENNY.
1. Obv. GEORGIUS IV. D. G. REX.
Bust of the king, draped and laureate, to the
left.
Rev. HIBERNIA. 1822.
The crowned harp as usual.
HALFPENNY.
2. Obv. and Rev. As No. 1.
FARTHING.
3. Obv. and Rev. As No. 1.
These coins also occur of 1823. There are a few proofs,
but they are extremely rare.
Patterns exist of a penny and halfpenny of great rarity.
PENNY. ,
4. Obv. As No. 1.
Rev. As No. 1, but the harp and crown much smaller. 1822,
HALFPENNY.
5. Obv. and Rev. As No. 4=.
III.
ANGLO-GALLIC COINS OF COPPER AND BILLON.
No series of coins is more historically interesting than
that struck by English kings and princes in France. It
begins very early so far back indeed as Henry II., and
it does not terminate till the reign of the eighth monarch
of that name. The billon and copper coins, however, do
not embrace so long a period. They commence with
Edward III. and terminate with Henry VI.
In deciding what coins are to be included in the
present notice, we shall be guided by the same rule to
which we have adhered in our remarks on the Irish coins :
we shall rank coins by their denomination, and not by the
quality of their metal. 1 Were we to rank as billon coins
all which are really so, we should have to include many
groats, half-groats, pennies, and half-pennies, which, by
their denomination, belong to a different series, one
which does not come under our observation at all. We
are materially assisted in our selection by the terms
employed in the documents of the period, in which a dis-
tinction is made between black money and white, or silver.
1 The gun-metal coins of James II. make no exception to this
rule, for it was the avowed intention of the king to replace
them by .coins of silver they were in fact but tokens, though
their acceptance was made compulsory.
ANGLO-GALLIC COINS OF COPPER AND BILLON. 23
Thus the groats and half-groats of Henry Duke of
Lancaster, though extremely base, scarcely indeed worthy
to be called even billon, must be considered as parts of
a silver series, and would be out of place here.
The black money was either of very base billon, or of
copper washed with silver, and fulfilled the offices of a
copper currency. It is possible that some of the pieces
termed counters may have really been money of this
description, but it is beyond the power of any numis-
matist to say whether this were actually the case or not,
and if it were, which are the pieces to be thus distinguished.
The variety of types presented by the Anglo- Gallic
coins furnishes another difficulty. There are some types
which belong peculiarly to gold, some to silver, and some
to billon or copper; but, again, there are coins whose
proper denomination we are unable to ascertain; such,
for example, are the so-called Lion groats of Henry V.,
some of which are of pure copper, and the best of silver so
debased as scarcely worthy to be called billon. Were the
type of these disgraceful coins that of a recognised groat,
they could have no place here, notwithstanding the baseness
of their material ; but as it is, they have a type peculiar to
themselves, which, taken into consideration together with
the character of the metal, permits us to notice them.
Passing over the Ponthieu penny of Edward I., which
contains one-third of fine silver, the first coins which
require description are two of Edward III. The author
of ( ' The Illustrations " 2 calls them trial pieces, and
describes them as follows :
2 "Illustrations of the Anglo-French Coinage," published
anonymously in the year 1830. The author was the late
General Ainslie.
24 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Obv. In two concentric circles
The inner, ED : REX : ANGLTE :
The onter, BNDICTU : SIT : NOME : DNI : NRI : DE. 3
A cross patee.
Rev. DUX : AGITANIE.
Within an outer border of thirteen arches.
Within each a strawberry leaf. A building
resembling a church.
Weight, 206J grs.
The metal of which this piece is composed is a kind of
bronze, consisting of four-fifths copper and one-fifth tin.
The type of this coin makes it extremely probable that
it is really a trial piece, and that the issue was intended
to be of silver or fine billon, and to be, in fact, a coinage
of groats. This supposition will derive additional weight
from the appearance of the next piece, brought forward in
the same work, and likewise described as a trial piece :
Obv. In two concentric circles
Inner, ED' : REX : ANGLIE :
Outer, BNDICTU : SIT : NOME : DNI : NRI : inv :
XRI. 4
A cross patee.
A small cross between A and N in ANGLIE.
Rev. DUX AGITANIE.
A building as in the last.
A small cross between A and N in AGITANIE.
Weight 168 grs.
The metal of this coin is rather better than that of the
last ; it has a trace of silver, and is stated to be one-tenth
fine silver, and nine-tenths alloy.
The former of these two pieces is considered by M.
Mongez to be "a kind of pass or ticket, given by the
keepers of the e peages ' to people carrying goods by land
or on the rivers, to pass through the territories of the
3 For " Benedictum sit nomen domini nostri Dei."
4 "Benedictum sit nomen domini nostri Jesu Ohristi."
ANGLO-GALLIC COINS OF COPPER AND BILLON. 25
prince whose title it bears." The author admits that this
explanation is not satisfactory ; and, indeed, there seems
little reason to look upon either of them as more than
trial pieces.
The next coin which claims attention is the Double, or
Double-denier. This is believed by the author of " The
Illustrations " to have been an imitation of a similar
piece struck by Philip VI., A.D. 13471348. Of these
there are three varieties, differing very much in fineness
from four parts of fine silver in twelve, to pure copper, or
nearly so.
DOUBLE.
Obv. EDWARDUS REX.
No inner circle. A crown of five fleurs-de-lis.
Rev. MONETA DUPLEX.
A cross Calvary patee flurt, barred at the
lower limb, which extends as far as the letters of
the legend.
The specimen in my cabinet weighs 25 grs., and is of
very base metal. It does not appear to be at all equal in
fineness to that described by the author of " The Illustra-
tions," which is said to be three parts fine silver, and nine
of alloy.
DOUBLE.
Obv. ED. RPX AXGLIE.
An inner circle. A lion passant to left, over
it 3; under it a line, and under the line G-T.
Rev. MONETA DUPLEX.
A Greek cross couronnee.
This piece is described by the author of ' ' The Illustra-
tions" to be of one part fine silver, and nine parts alloy ;
weight 16 grs.
VOL. III. N.S. E
26 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
DOUBLE.
Obv. ED' REX : ANGLIE.
A singularly formed crown ; under it a lion ;
between the legs of the lion a rose.
JReV. MONETA DUPLEX.
A cross patee; in the alternate angles a crown.
This coin is described as four parts silver and eight
parts alloy, and as weighing 18 grs.
The next coins to be noticed are the Lion deniers in
very base billon, having from ten and a half to eleven
parts out of twelve alloy. Of these there are several
varieties, chiefly in the attitude of the lion's tail. One,
however, has on obverse and reverse alike, the Aquitaine
title alone, which is probably a blunder.
LION DENIER.
Obv. ED : REX : ANGLIE.
A lion passant guardant to right.
Rev. DNS AGITANIF.
A cross patee.
Weight U grs.
Under the lion is B, for Bordeaux or Bayonne.
LION DENIER.
Ob v. ED : REX : ANGLIE.
A lion passant guardant to left, his tail termi-
nating in a bunch over his back, under it B.
Rev. DNS AGITANTE.
A cross patee.
There is a coin, called a half-denier by the author of
" The Illustrations/' which resembles the above in type,
but is of very different fineness, being from four to eight
parts out of twelve of fine silver. It is not, therefore,
described here.
ANGLO-GALLIC COINS OF COPPER AND BILLON. 27
PONTHIEU.
FARTHING (?)
Obv. EDWARDUS REX. MM. cross.
A cross patee, with an annulet in each angle.
Rev. In five lines, a cross between two annulets | MONETA |
A lion guardant to the left. | POTIVI. | A large
annulet between two smaller ones. | The lion is
separated from the legend by two strong lines.
It is difficult to say what is the denomination of this
coin. It is extremely thin, so much so as to float upon
water, and it does not appear to contain a trace of silver.
The specimen in my cabinet weighs 7 grs.
EDWARD THE BLACK PRINCE.
This great prince, born in 1330, created Prince of
Wales 1340, and deceased 1376, was, by his father,
Edward III., made Prince of Aquitaine in the year
13G2, the province, which had heretofore conferred the
title of duke, being now erected into a principality.
In this capacity the Black Prince struck a great number
of coins in gold, silver, and billon, all of which are
extremely interesting, and some of the highest degree
of rarity. His billon coins, cr black money, are not
common. The coinage was extremely unpopular, and,
together with his tax on hearths, did much to render
the Prince odious in the eyes of his Aquitaine subjects.
From some supposed connection between the two, these
billon coins have been called "fouage" or "hearth
money." There are two types only.
FIRST TYPE.
1. Ob v. ED : PRIMO : GEHITUS.
To the right a lion couchant guardant, crowned;
between the fore and hind paws the letter B, for
Bordeaux.
28 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Rev. PRINCEPS AQITANIE.
A cross patee.
This coin is of very base metal two parts silver and
ten of alloy, weight 12J grs.
2. Olv. ED : PMO : GENITUS.
Like the foregoing, but the lion passant.
Rev. PBINCEPS AQITANIE.
A cross patee.
Weight 15J grs.
A variety has the lion's tail more bushy ; another has
the cross on the reverse more slender. The workman-
ship is neat.
SECOND TYPE.
3. Obv. ED : PO. GEHS. KEGI. AN6L.
An annulet between N and s in PO. GENS. The
area is divided into four quarters; in the first
and fourth the fleur de-lis; in the second and
third the lion passant guardant to the right.
Rev. PEIKCPS AQITAXI.
A cross patee.
Weight of two specimens in my own cabinet, 12 and 14
grs. respectively.
4. Ob V. ED. PO. GENS REGIS ANGLI. L.
Same type as the last. L for Lectoure.
Rev. PE1NCEPS AGITANIE.
A cross patee.
6. Olv. ED; POGENITUS BEGIS ANGLIE.
Same type as the last.
ReV. PKINCEPS AQT7ITANIE N.
A cross patee. N for Niort.
This coin, which is in my own cabinet, is the only one
known of this mint.
King John, in 1215, established a mint at Niort, in
ANGLO-GALLIC COINS OF COPPER AND BILLON. 29
Poitou, as appears from the following extract, ex. ROT.
LITT. PATENT. IN TURRI, LOND., ANNO 17, Johan. 1215,
p. 160, b, de Moneta fadenda. REX MAJORI ET PROBIS
HOMINIBUS NIORTHI, &c., &c. " Sciatis quod volumus et
concessimus, quod fidelis noster Emereus [Emericus?]
monetarius monetam nostram pict'. faciat in villa vestra.
tanquam ille ad quern monetam ilia pertinet facienda jure
hereditaris et bene legius homo noster est nee volumus
quod alius earn faciat et ideo vobis mandamus quod habet
ita fieri faciatis. Teste me-ipso apud Mauling, viii. die
Decembris, anno regni nostri xvii. Eodem rnodo scribitur
majori et probis hominibus de Rupell. Teste eodem, data
eadem anno eodem."
RICHARD II.
Of this prince we have deniers in base metal, presenting
the same type as that last described of his father Edward
the Black Prince.
DENIER.
Obv. RICABD REX ANGLIE. FHACIE.
The area divided by a very slender cross into
four ; in the first and fourth quarters the fleur-
de-lis; in the second and third the lion.
Rev. DOMINTJS AGITANIE.
A cross patee.
Weight 13 grs. One in my own cabinet 10
grs.
A variety has the cross on the obverse much broader,
and reads " Fraie."
These coins are very rare. They are composed of two
parts silver and ten alloy. On my own specimen the
words of the legends are separated by fleurs-de-lis.
30 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
HENRY IV.
Of Henry IV. there are deniers like those of Henry II.,
but there are two distinct types one on which the title
of France is omit ted , and which the author of " The Illus-
trations" considers to have been struck before the year
1410, in which year Henry sent an army under the
command of the Duke of Clarence to relieve the Duke
of Orleans, then besieged in Bourges by the French king,
Charles VI., in person; and another in which Henry is
styled King of France as well as of England. Both types
are extremely rare.
DENIER.
Obv. ENIUCUS BEX ANGLE.
The area divided as before.
Rev. DOMIXUS AGITANIE.
A Greek cross.
Weight 15 grs.
A variety in my cabinet reads ENRIC, and has the words
divided by roses. It weighs 13 grs., and does not exhibit
the slightest trace of silver.
Another variety has the cross patee from the centre,
instead of being so merely at the ends.
Another reads ENRIC ANGLIE REX, and has a small
cross before REX.
Another has B at the end of the legend of the obverse,
for Bordeaux; and the lions and lilies placed at right
angles to lines proceeding from the centre of the circle.
DENIER.
Obv. HENRIC EEX ANGLIE.
The lions and lilies as in the last variety.
Rev. FRANCJE. D. AGITANIE.
A cross patee.
ANGLO-GALLIC COINS OF COPPER AND BILLON. 31
HENRY V.
It might naturally be expected that the reign of this
illustrious prince should add considerably to the series of
Anglo- Gallic coins ; and accordingly we find of him and of
his successor a greater number and greater variety than of
all the preceding princes ; and, as might also be looked
for, it is not always easy to distinguish the coins of the
father from those of the son. In the copper or billon
series this difficulty does not present itself, as we have
only one description of base coins which can be attributed
to the fifth Henry. What the coins in question should
be called it is difficult to say.
They are very base, varying from one-sixth to one-
tenth part of silver, the rest being alloy, and many
appear to be of pure copper. They are undoubtedly of
Henry V., as they bear the title " Heir of France." They
are called "LION GROATS," and are probably of several
mints. Only two, however, are known with certainty.
GROAT.
Obv. H : REX : ANGL : HERES : FRANC :
A crowned lion passant guardantto right; over
it a lily ; MM. cross.
Rev. SIT NOMEN DXI. BENEDTCTU.
A cross patee within a beaded circle ; in the
centre the letter H ; trefoils issuing from the
centre.
The weight of these " groats " varies from 29 to 34
grs., and they are of very rude workmanship. There is a
variety with a pellet under the first letter of each legend,
which is the mark of the Rouen Mint ; and another with
a pellet under the second letter of each legend, which is
the mark of the St. Lo Mint. Some, however, exist in
which the roundel is omitted.
32 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
HENRY VI.
The base billon or copper money of Henry VI. presents
us with but three varieties : the Denier Tournois, the
Denier Parisis, and the obole, or farthing. Of these the
most commonly met with is the first-named, though even
this is a rare coin, and very difficult to procure in good
condition.
DENIER TOURNOIS.
Obv. HENRTCUS REX.
A lion and a lily, side by side, the lily to the
left.
Rev. TURONUS FRANCTE.
A cross patee.
MM. a cross Moline, fleur-de-lis, lion, rose ; weight
from 15 to 20 grs., and usually having three parts silver
to nine of alloy. A specimen in my cabinet weighs only
12 grs., and is apparently much more debased.
DENIER PARISIS.
1. Obv. FRACORTT AGL. REX.
HERI under a crown; below, a lily and a lion
passant to right.
Weight 16 grs. (Illust.)
Rev. PARTSITJS CLVIS.
A cross patee flurt, dividing the legend into
four parts ; MM. an open crown.
This is a coin of great variety. The specimen in my
cabinet weighs 20| grs.
2. Obv. FRACORU. AGL. REX.
HERI under a large crown ; no lion nor lily ;
under HERI a broad line.
Rev. PARISIUS civis.
A cross patee flurt within the inner circle.
MM. a crown.
Weight 1G T V grs.
ANGLO-GALLIC COINS OF COPPER AND BILLON. 33
OBOLUS, OR FARTHING.
Ob V. HENEICFS REX.
A lion passant to the left ; above it a large
cross dividing the legend, and coming within the
inner circle.
Rev. OBOLUS civis.
A lily, or fleur-de-lis ; above it a large cross,
as on the obverse.
This obolus is described by the author of ' ' The Illustra-
tions" as being composed of three parts fine silver and nine
of alloy, and as being of the -weight of 11^ grs., and in very
fine preservation. He ascribes it to the mint of Paris on
account of its excellent workmanship, and considers a
roundel or pellet between the cross-bar of the fleur-de-lis,
and the c in civis as a private mark.
The coin was then considered unique; there are now
several known.
The specimen in my cabinet weighs 9J grs., is in fair
preservation, but does not exhibit any peculiar excellence
of workmanship. With this coin closes the series of
Anglo- Gallic copper or base billon coins. The silver
series extends to the reign of Henry VIII.
H. CHRISTMAS.
VOL. in. N.S.
36 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
large sheets of white paper have characters upon them
written in a very pale ink. The remainder are written
in vermilion on yellow paper. The copies of the wheel
of Buddha are also on yellow paper, and are much
mutilated, in consequence of some of the cement having
penetrated to them, and thus prevented their being
extracted whole. They had also two coins of the Tang
dynasty inscribed Kae Yuen rolled up in them. The
printed paper appears to be a kind of bank-note, or
official order for money. It purports to be of the epoch
Hung Woo, being that of the earliest of the Ming
emperors, who ascended the throne A.D. 1370, but it
has neither the date nor the amount filled in. It also
had two Tae Ping coins enclosed within it. The small
mirror, although at first sight apparently hopelessly tar-
nished, still possesses its original surface in excellent
preservation, and its polish appears to be capable of being
in a great measure renewed. The pieces of silk were
possibly employed to separate the strings of coins from
each other, and are curious as specimens of the manu-
facture of the time. Two Kae Yuen coins were also found
rolled up in the wheels of Buddha.
The core of the idol is of wood, roughly brought to the
required shape. Over this a thin coat of very fine plaster
has been laid, and the minuter details appear to have
been modelled while the plaster was soft. Upon closely
examining some parts of the figure, especially where the
missing arms have been broken away (twelve only of the
original eighteen remaining), there is every indication of
there having been at least two renewals of this plaster
coating since the first construction of the image. The
ornaments of the dress are extremely rich, and the whole
has been finished with the utmost care.
DEPOSIT FOUND IN AN ANCIENT CHINESE STATUE. 37
LIST OF THE TEN STRINGS OF COINS.
No. 1. Ten coins.
Brought forward . 204
Kae Yuen . . 4
Tae Ping . . 2
Tsung Ning . 1
Yuen Foo . . 2
No. 8. Thirty-eight coins.
Hung Che . . 35
YnngYo . . 1
Wan Le . .
. 2
10
Teen Ke . .
. 1
No. 2. Thirty -two coins.
38
Teen Ke . . . 1
Hung Che . . 19
No. 9. Thirty coins.
Wan Le . . .12
32
Wan Le . .
1
No. 3. Twenty-six coins.
Lung King .
Kae Yuen
. 1
. 13
Wan Le . . .18
Hung Che . . 7
Kea Tsing . . 1
Tae Ping
Tae Chung .
Kea Tsing .
. 7
. 1
. 1
26
No. 4. Twenty coins.
Hung Che .
Teen Ke
. 1
. 1
Kea Tsing . . 8
Ta Sing . .
. 1
Teen Kea . .2
T s ung Ching
. 1
Kae Yuen . . 8
Keen Yuen .
. 1
Wan Le . . . 1
Hwang Sung
. 1
TaKwan . . 1
30
20
No. 5. Thirty-seven coins.
No. 10. Thirty-three
coins.
Hung Che . .13
Wan Le . . 17
Woo Choo .
. 1
Tae Chang . . 1
Kea Tsing . . 3
Tsung Ohing . 2
Teen Ke . . . 1
Kae Yuen .
Keen Yuen .
TaTing . .
Tae Ping . .
. 13
. 1
. 1
. 8
37
Teen Ke . .
. 1
No. 6. Thirty -four coins.
Kea Tsing .
Wan Le . .
. 1
. 1
Hung Che . . 34
Lung King .
. 1
No. 7. Forty -five coins.
Tae Chang .
Teen Che .
. 1
. 1
Hung Che . . 44
Tsung Ching
. 2
Wan Le . . . 1
Seuen Ho
. 1
45
33
Carried forward . 204
305
36 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
large sheets of white paper have characters upon them
written in a very pale ink. The remainder are written
in vermilion on yellow paper. The copies of the wheel
of Buddha are also on yellow paper, and are much
mutilated, in consequence of some of the cement having
penetrated to them, and thus prevented their being
extracted whole. They had also two coins of the Tang
dynasty inscribed Kae Yuen rolled up in them. The
printed paper appears to be a kind of bank-note, or
official order for money. It purports to be of the epoch
Hung Woo, being that of the earliest of the Ming
emperors, who ascended the throne A.D. 1370, but it
has neither the date nor the amount filled in. It also
had two Tae Ping coins enclosed within it. The small
mirror, although at first sight apparently hopelessly tar-
nished, still possesses its original surface in excellent
preservation, and its polish appears to be capable of being
in a great measure renewed. The pieces of silk were
possibly employed to separate the strings of coins from
each other, and are curious as specimens of the manu-
facture of the time. Two Kae Yuen coins were also found
rolled up in the wheels of Buddha.
The core of the idol is of wood, roughly brought to the
required shape. Over this a thin coat of very fine plaster
has been laid, and the minuter details appear to have
been modelled while the plaster was soft. Upon closely
examining some parts of the figure, especially where the
missing arms have been broken away (twelve only of the
original eighteen remaining), there is every indication of
there having been at least two renewals of this plaster
coating since the first construction of the image. The
ornaments of the dress are extremely rich, and the whole
has been finished with the utmost care.
DEPOSIT FOUND IN AN ANCIENT CHINESE STATUE. 37
LIST or THE TEN STRINGS OF COINS.
No. 1. Ten coins.
Brought forward . 204
Kae Yuen . . 4
Tae Ping . . 2
Tsung Ning . 1
Yuen Foo . . 2
No. 8. Thirty-eight coins.
Hung Che . . 35
YungYo . . 1
Wan Le . .
. 2
10
Teen Ke . .
. 1
No. 2. Thirty -two coins.
38
Teen Ke . . . 1
Hung Che . . 19
No. 9. Thirty coins.
Wan Le . . .12
32
Wan Le . .
. 1
No. 3. Twenty-six coins.
Lung King .
Kae Yuen
. 1
. 13
Wan Le . . .18
Tae Ping
. 7
Hung Che . . 7
Kea Tsing . . 1
Tae Chung .
Kea Tsing .
. 1
. 1
26
No. 4. Twenty coins.
Hung Che .
TeenKe
. 1
. 1
Kea Tsing . . 8
Ta Sing . .
. 1
Teen Kea . .2
T s ung Ching
. 1
Kae Yuen . . 8
Keen Yuen .
. 1
Wan Le . . . 1
Hwang Sung
. 1
TaKwan . . 1
30
20
No. 5. Thirty-seven coins.
No. 10. Thirty-three
coins.
Hung Che . . 13
Wan Le . . 17
Tae Chang . . 1
Kea Tsing . . 3
Tsung Ching . 2
Teen Ke . . . 1
Woo Choo .
Kae Yuen .
Keen Yuen .
Ta Ting . .
Tae Ping . .
. 1
. 13
. 1
. 1
. 8
37
Teen Ke . .
. 1
No. 6. Thirty-four coins.
Kea Tsing .
"VVan Le .
. 1
. l
Hung Che . . 34
Lung King .
. 1
No. 7. Forty-five coins.
Tae Chang .
Teen Che
. 1
. 1
Hung Che . . 44
Tsung Ching
. 2
WanLe ... 1
Seuen Ho
. 1
45
33
Carried forward . 204
305
38
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
GENERAL SUMMARY.
Very early coin, Woo Choo, in ancient characters
I
TJ
Ti
Sr
Sv
K
M
)ynasty.
mg .
mg, or
n g
ing .
n . .
ng .
Epoch.
. Kae Yuen .
. Keen Yuen .
1 Tae Ping
Emperor.
(Kaou Tsoo
. -j or
vYuen Tsung
. . Luh Tsung .
Date, A.D.
633 to 654 }
or
745 to 752 )
752 769
38
2
17
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
153
14
2
53
3
8
5
. Hwang Sung
. Tsung Ning
. Ta Kwan . .
. Seuen Ho . .
. Yuen Foo . .
. Ta Ting . .
. Yung Yo . .
. Hung Che .
. Kea Tsing .
. Lung King .
. Wan Leih .
. Tae Chang .
. Teen Ke . .
. Tsung Ching
. . Lin Tsung . .
. . Hwuy Tsung
Id.
Id.
. . Che Tsung .
. . She Tsung
1014 1063 .
1100 1125 .
Id.
Id.
1085 1100 .
. . Hwuy Te . .
. . Heaou Tsung
. . She Tsung. .
. . Muh Tsung .
. . Shin Tsung .
. . Kwang Tsung
. . He Tsung . .
. . Chwang Le .
1401
1486
1520
1565
1571
1619
1620
1627
1423.
1504.
1565.
1571 .
1619 .
1620.
1627 .
1643 .
305
From this we see that the coins range from the
beginning of the Tang dynasty, A.D. 633, to the sub-
version of the Ming, A.D. 1643, a period of 1,010 years.
There being no coins of the present dynasty (the Tsing)
in the deposit, while there are five coins of the last
emperor of the Ming who ascended the throne in 1627,
and destroyed himself lest he should fall into the hands
of the Tartars in 1643 it is but reasonable to con-
clude that the coins and other objects were deposited in
the statue some time within these dates, possibly about
1630. But ifc may be objected there are no coins of the
Yuen, the former Tartar dynasty which preceded the
Ming, and, consequently, the absence of the coins of
DEPOSIT FOUND IN AN ANCIENT CHINESE STATUE. 39
the Tsing does not prove that the statue must of ne-
cessity have been constructed before the accession of that
dynasty ; that the deposit may have been made, not by
the Tartars, but by the Chinese, and that this omission of
Tartar coins might be intended to show their feelings
of nationality as Chinese; and, consequently, that the
date of the deposit may be very much later than that I
have mentioned. Had such been the case, there can
be no reason assigned for the omission of the coins
of Mo Choo Wang, Woo San Kwei, and. other princes
of the Ming dynasty, who resisted the Tartars to the
utmost, and for many years maintained their indepen-
dence. No coins of these chieftains are in the deposit,
although they all struck coins ; and as there are but five
of those of the last emperor of the Ming, who reigned
about sixteen years, I feel myself fully justified in assign-
ing a date at the beginning of his reign as the approxi-
mate time of the deposit having been made.
The coins are, generally speaking, in fair preservation,
some exceedingly good. In eight of the bundles they
are strung so as to lie flat. They are strung together
with red cord, which appears to be nearly as strong as
it was when the deposit was first made. The coins in
the tenth bundle were loose, and have been strung by me
since their discovery. Two of these, of the epoch Kae
Yuen, were rolled up in the wheels of Buddha, and two
Tae Ping coins were found in the embroidered bag with
the order for money. The coins in the bundle marked 9
are strung on silk threads, and are not flat, as in the eight
bundles before mentioned. They are preserved exactly as
they were found.
JOHN WILLIAMS.
JUNE 17, 1862.
40
V.
ON SOME COINS OF LYCIA UNDER THE RHODIAN
DOMINATION, AND OF THE LYCIAN LEAGUE.
THE numismatic history of Lycia and its League has of
late years received very able illustration at the hands of
M. Wadding ton 1 and M. Koner. 2 By their exertions a
nearly complete list of the twenty-three Lycian League
towns of Artemidorus has heen furnished from numis-
matic evidence, of which only the names of the six
largest were known to us from history. 3 While earnestly
advising all persons interested in this subject to consult
the two excellent monographs above referred to, I ven-
ture to subjoin a few coins struck in Lycia which may
perhaps help to elucidate further its interesting numis-
matic annals.
The first three coins of my plate belong to an interest-
ing class whose Lycian attribution was first established by
M. de Longperier. 4 They bear the Rhodian type, but are
distinguishable by the eagle on the cheek of the Apollo,
as well as by their letterings, when any lettering is found.
Such pieces doubtless record the period of the Rhodian
1 Revue Numismatique, vol. xviii. 1853.
2 Beitrage zur alteren Miintzkunde. Berlin, 1851.
3 See Strabo's account of the League, xiv. 3.
4 Revue Numismatique, 1840, 1843. They had been given
to the Narbonensian Rliodanusia.
Num. ChronMS. VoLMfU.
COINS OF LYCIA UNDER THE RHODIAN DOMINATION
AND OF THE LYCIAN LEAGUE .
ON SOME COINS OF LYCIA. 41
domination in Lycia, and they must, accordingly, have
been struck between the cession of Lycia by Rome to
the Rhodians, B.C. 188, and the Lycian deliverance from
Rhodes in B.C. 168.
The three coins I give of this period are :
1. Obv. Full-faced head of Apollo; an eagle on the right
cheek.
Rev. The pomegranate flower (fiaXavvrtov). HI MY
reading from left to right.
M. PI. i. No. 1. British Museum.
2. Obv. As before.
Rev. As before, but with II. below Z or N, and, to left,
probably APY. (See plate.) The last in mono-
gram.
M. PI. i. No. 2. British Museum.
3. Obv. As before.
Rev. As before, but with DA and APE, the last partially
in monogram. (See plate.)
M. PI. i. No. 3. British Museum.
The last of these three coins has already been explained
by M. de Longperier as commemorating an alliance
between Patara and Arendse (Trebenna). That such
letters are to be explained by town alliances on similar
coins is, I think, nearly established by the undoubted
coin in the British Museum 5 of Patara and Xanthus in
alliance. I publish the present specimen of Patara and
Arendse in alliance as slightly varied from, and corrobo-
rative of, the coin in the French cabinet. I would venture
to suggest on these analogies that the coin No. 1 on my
5 Published by Mr. Waddington in the Revue Numismatique,
1853, and there engraved in his plate. See also M. de Long-
perier's analogous coins of Xanthus and Massicytes in alliance,
and of each of these towns coining separately.
VOL. Til. N.S. G
42 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
plate may be of Pinara and Myra in alliance. We cer-
tainly have to read it from left to right, which, though not
unprecedented in the coinage of Lycia, diminishes some-
thing from the certainty of this attribution, which I do
not insist upon, any more than that of the coin which
follows. It is, however, interesting to get even a probable
coin of Pinara, one of the six first-class cities of the
Lycian League, struck at this period. We have autono-
mous coins of this town, but, strangely enough, none
struck under the League.
The coin No. 2 in my plate may likewise be of Patara
and Arycanda in alliance. The APY in monogram is
nearly the same as the form in which the name of Arycanda
appears on the certain League copper coins, of that town,
engraved by Mr. Waddington. (See the plate to his
article, Rev. Num., 1853.) 6 The real difficulty, however,
is the Z or N which occurs below the II, which I cannot
explain. There is, however, a strong analogy between
Nos. 2 and 3, and should the letters on No. 2 be explain-
able otherwise than by a town alliance, this would go
some way towards rendering doubtful the Patara and
Arendss attribution of No. 3. The remaining coins in
my plate were all struck under the Lycian League, and
may be called federal Lycian coins. I shall pass them
singly in review.
4. Obv. Head of Artemis, to left; a quiver behind her
shoulder.
Rev. AY. A torch ; above, to left, a crescent ; all in an
incuse square.
M. PI. i. No. 4. In my possession.
6 Nos. 1 and 2. On the last the AP appears in ligature, the
Y alone : on the former PY, the A alone. A monogram of the
three letters would, by analogy, be almost identical with ours.
ON SOME COINS OF LYCIA. 43
Mr. Borrell (Num. Chron., vol. x. p. 80) was the first to
publish some copper federal coins of the Lycian League,
reading merely " of the Lycians," with no particular
Lycian city specified. This is a silver coin belonging
to the same category. Such pieces may have been among
the earliest struck by this league. The type of my silver
coin rather supports this supposition.
5. Obv. Head of Artemis.
Rev. A. stag. KP. above TA.
M. PI. i. No. 5. In my possession.
M. de Longperier has published the only Lycian silver
alliance coin, which I know, of Cragus and Tlos. Its type,
which is unusual, closely approximates to No. 4. Here
is a new copper coin of these same towns in alliance. The
present type is the commonest and most prevalent of the
federal copper types in Lycia, and is used by various
Lycian cities. I' should have no hesitation in classing a
coin of this type to the Lycian League, even if the con-
firmatory AY- AYKI- or AYKION- of League acknow-
ledgment were not added to the particular city name.
The same remark applies to the next coin of Phaselis : -
6. Obv. Head of Apollo.
Rev. The lyre ; above, <E>ASHAI ; to right, a hand ; to
left, a torch ; all in an incuse square.
M. PI. i. No. 6. British Museum.
Here the AY of League recognition is wanting, but
the type is so distinctly what is, with a few exceptions,
the one League silver type, that, on the authority of this
and similar coins, I believe Phaselis to have been at one
period a constituent city of this League. The torch and
hand both occur on coins of other Lycian cities which
44 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
bear the AY. This coin is not very uncommon, but the
specimen in the British Museum is of unusually good
workmanship, besides being historically important.
7. Obv. Head of Artemis.
Rev. Head of Artemis repeated, smaller ; above, AYKION.
Beside the head, HA. All in an incuse square.
1&. PL i. No. 7. British Museum.
8. Ob v. As before, but the quiver showing behind the head.
Rev. As before, but with IIA beside the head.
M. PL i. No. 8. In my possession.
These two corresponding coins of Xanthus and Patara
were, I believe, among the earliest struck by the Lyciari
League. Under the Rhodian domination we have a coin
of these very cities, Xanthus and Patara, allied, and the
identity of this unusual type seems to indicate the closest
connection between these two cities still subsisting under
the first years of the League. The comparative rarity of
the League coins of Xanthus is explainable from its
destruction by Brutus another reason for dating these
two coins early in League times. The League coins of
Patara are also scarce. Any how, I have no doubt of
the anteriority of this copper type, the small Artemis
head in the incuse square, to the more common and later
stag reverse, as on No. 5.
9. Obv. Head of Apollo, with the stiff curls; to left, a
faint A.
Rev. Bow and quiver, crossed ; round them AELO. All
in the incuse square.
jE. PL i. No. 9. The collection of E.
Wigan, Esq.
This most interesting coin establishes the fact of the
Lycian Apollonia having formed one of the twenty -three
ON SOME COINS OF LYCIA. 45
constituent League cities of Artemidorus. Sestiiii has
published an almost similar coin. The Y of the AY is
invisible, from the coin being rather worn where it should
occur.
10. Obv. Head of Augustus.
Rev. The lyre ; to left, a palm branch ; KP above AY.
JE. PL i. No. 10. British Museum.
The corresponding coin of Massicytes with the head of
Augustus is well known, but this is the only coin of
Cragus, which I know of, under Augustus. The full
imperial titles accompany the emperors' portraits first
under Claudius on coins of the province of Lycia. This
illustrates the fact that this emperor put an end to
Lycian freedom.
J. L. AVAllllEN.
46
VI.
ON TWO UNPUBLISHED COINS OF EGBERT.
I HAVE the pleasure of submitting to the Numismatic
Society copies of two pennies of Egbert, the first so-called
sole Monarch of England, both of which are, I believe,
unique, and hitherto unpublished.
The first is unfortunately damaged at the edge, but is
clearly a coin intended for circulation in the Mercian
dominion. The obverse reads E[CGBE]RHT REX CO,
with a cross potent in the centre. The reverse bears
the Saxon monogram in the centre, and MONE, (the
money er's name illegible).
The second coin is remarkably fine, and has on the
obverse the legend ECGBEORHT REX, with what I
think must be the letters MEO, in double monogram,
in the centre, for Merciorum; and on the reverse the
moneyer's name, BEAGGOVND MONET, with a cross
potent in the centre.
ON TWO UNPUBLISHED COINS OF EGBERT. 47
These coins were probably struck after the battle of
Wilton, in A.D. 823, and from that date the coins of
Egbert had current circulation in Mercia, he being in
fact the sovereign of that kingdom, and the titular kings
tributary to him.
I think that to this circumstance is to be attributed
the extreme rarity of the coins of the Mercian kings
subsequent to Ceolwlf, who were contemporary with
Egbert. Ceolwlf reigned but one year; yet his coins
are much less rare than the aggregate of Beornwlf,
Ludica, and Wiglaf, the collective period of whose reigns
was about twenty years. The cross potent on both these
coins indicates they are concurrent in dates, and Beag-
mund being a moneyer of Ethelwlf, the successor of
Egbert, fixes the period of their issue to the latter por-
tion of Egbert's reign. It will be observed that the
Saxon monogram on the first coin is on the reverse ; I
believe this does not occur on any published specimen
of Egbert's money. It may probably be intended to
announce that Egbert, as King of Mercia, ordered his
Saxon money to be current there.
I am indebted to Mr. Evans for the notice of the
first coin, which is in the possession of Humphry Wick-
ham, Esq., of Strood, Kent, and was found in the city of
Rochester many years since.
The other coin is in my own cabinet ; it was dug up
near Godalming about seven years ago.
These are, I believe, the only known specimens of
Egbert's money on which he is styled King of Mercia.
RICHARD WHITBOURN.
GODALMING, OCTOBER 16, 1862.
48
VII.
ON A HOARD OF ANGLO-SAXON COINS FOUND
IN IRELAND.
[Read before the Numismatic Society, December 18th, 1862.]
IT will be remembered that at our meeting in March last
Mr. Vaux read a letter from J. R. Stuart, Esq., giving
some account of a find of Anglo-Saxon coins which had
taken place in Ireland. It was then supposed that the
coins numbered thirty-six in all ; but since then twelve
more, which were found at the same time, have been sent
over to this country, making the total number forty-eight.
Though presenting no great features of novelty, there are
some minor varieties among the types and inscriptions
which it will be well to notice; and as, without excep-
tion, no two in the whole hoard were exactly alike, I
have thought it may be of interest to the Society to have
a detailed list of all the coins comprised in the find.
They are of the following kings: Eadweard I., ^Ethel-
stan, Eaclmund, Eadred, Eadwig, Eadgar, and Anlaf.
EADWEARD THE ELDER. 901 925.
I. Obv. -f EADWEARD REX. A small cross. Type
of Ruding, xvi. 7.
Rev. SIDOT MONETA. Same type.
ANGLO-SAXON COINS FOUND IN IRELAND. 49
2. Obv. As No. 1. Type of Ruding, xvi. 22.
Rev. VVLFLAR + A building. Same type.
*3. Obv. As No. 1. Broken. Type of Ruding, xvi. 7.
Rev. ALDR ED MO. Same type.
^THELSTAN. "925941.
*4. Obv. + JEDELZTAN REX. Bust, to right. Type
Hawkins, 186.
Rev. + BIORNEARD MO LOND El. Engraved in
Hawkins, 186.
5. Obv. As No, 4.
Rev. -f BEAMRED MO LOND EL Engraved in
Ruding, xvii. 10.
6. Obv. As No. 4.
Rev. + J3LF)?ALD MO LOND EIVI. Type of
Hawkins, 186.
7. Obv. As No. 4.
Rev. MANNEN ONORDPETI? Small cross. Type
Hawkins, 186.
8. Obv. As No. 4. Type of Ruding, xvii. 6.
Rev. + EADEAR IP ON NORDJ7. Same type.
9. Obv. ^IDELZTAN RE. Small cross. Type of Ru-
ding, xvii. 15.
Rev. ANVS STEF (STEFANVS). Same type.
10. Obv. J3DELSTAN REX. Type of Ruding, xvii. 14.
Rev. PITIT MONE. Two pellets between two crosses ;
otherwise as Ruding xvii. 14.
*11. Obv. As No. 10. Ruding xvii. 14.
Rev. HLDV LF MEO. Same type.
*12. Obv. As No. 10. Same type.
Rev. BOTA MONE. Same type.
13. Obv. As No. 10. Same type.
Rev. FVHEL MONET. Same type.
VOL. III. N.S. H
50 . NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
14. Obv. As No. 10. Same type.
Rev. PINE LE MO. Same type.
*15. Obv. + jEDELSTAN REX. Small cross. Ruding,
xvii. 13.
Rev. ELFST AN MO. Same type.
Irt. Obv. ^EDELSTAN REX. Same type.
Rev. VVLF ZTAN. Star of pellets below; otherwise,
same type.
*17. Obv. + JEDELSTAN RE. Small cross. Ruding,
xvii. 15.
Rev. LI.TI i . MAN. Same type.
*18 Obv. + ^EDELZTAN R. Same type.
Rev. ERIS TIHN. Same type.
19. Obv. + EDELSTAN REX TO BRIT. Small cross.
Ruding, xviii. 23.
Rev. -f REENALD MO EFORpIC. Cross and triangle
of pellets.
20. Obv. + EDELST-A-N REX TO BRIT. Small cross,
and crescent with six pellets round it.
Rev. As No. 19. Small cross. Ruding, xviii. 23.
21. Ob v. As No. 19. Small cross, with billet above.
Rev. + REGNA-LD MO EFORpIC. Small cross.
Ruding, xviii. 23.
*22. Obv. + EDELSTAN REX TO B. Rosette of seven
dots. Ruding, xviii. 26.
Rev. + MEGRED MON LECIGE. Rosette of seven
dots. Same type.
23. Obv. + EDELSTAN REX TO BRIT. Small cross.
Ruding, xviii. 23.
Rev. -f BERHTEL MO SEROB. Same type.
* EADMUND. 941 946.
24. Obv. + EADMVND REX. Rosette of pellets. Ru-
ding, xviii. 5.
Rev. AMVM DEZ MO. Same type.
ANGLO-SAXON COINS FOUND IN IRELAND. 51
*25. Obv. EADMVND REX. Small cross. Ending, xviii. 3.
Rev. VVLF STAN. Ending, xviii. 9.
26. Obv. As No. 24. Small cross. Ending, xviii. 6.
Rev. EEEN VLF M. Ending, xviii. 9.
EADRED. 946955.
27. Obv. + EADEED EE. Bust, to right. Type Haw-
kins, 195.
Rev. + MANNEM ON E. Small cross. Same type.
28. Obv. + EADEED EEX 0. Small cross. Ending,
xix. 18.
Rev. BEEN EEEM. Same type.
29. Obv. As No. 28. Same type.
Rev. SIEFE EEDI. Same type.
*30. Obv. + EADEED EEX. Small cross. Ending, xix. 8.
Rev. DVEF EEDMO. Ending, xix. 14.
31. Obv. EADEED EEX. Small cross. Type of Ending,
xix. 5.
Rev. WILA F MON. Ending, xix. 11.
*82. Obv. + E-A-DEE-D E-EX W.
Rev. DEODM AEEM. Ending, xix. 14.
EADWIG. 955959.
*33. Obv. + EADWIG EEX. Small cross. Ending xx. 7.
Rev. EADM VNDM ON + EO. Same type.
,34. Obv. EADVVIDE EEX. Small cross. Same type.
Rev. As No. 33. Same type.
*36. Obv. + EADpIC EEX GO. Small cross.
Rev. ^LEV LF MO. Ending xx. 4.
*36. Obv. + EADpin EEX. Small cross.
Rev. IEEIC EE MO. Ending, xx. 4.
52 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
EADGAR. 958 975.
*37. Obv. + EADDAR REX. A small cross above M.
Rev. LEFINE ES MON. Ending, xxi. 10.
*38. Obv. + EADDAR REX MT' Small cross. Ruding
xxi. 9.
Rev. + LEOFNEL MONET. Ruding xxi. 16.
39. Obv. + EADDAR REX TO. Small cross.
Rev. + FASTOLFES MO. Small cross. Ruding,
xxi. 14.
*40. Obv. + EADDAR REX OD. Retrograde. Rosette of
pellets.
Rev. + DYRMOD MON/.ET. Retrograde. Rosette
of pellets.
41. Obv. + EADDAR RE. Small cross. Type Ruding,
xxi. 12.
Rev. + FROD RIE'M. Same type.
*42. Obv. + EADD-A-R REX ^ Small cross.
Rev. + ANBEN MONET. Ending, xxi. 9.
ANLAF. 941945. (?)
43. Obv. + -A-NL-AF EVNVNE. Raven. L "l on either
side of beak.
Rev. + ADELFERD MINETR. Small cross.
44. Obv. H NL-A-FEVNVNEi: Small cross. Broken.
Rev. H FERD MINETR. Small cross.
45. Obv. + ANLAF EVNVNE. Raven. :- /. on either
side of beak.
Rev. + -A'DELFERD MINETR. Small cross.
46. Obv. + ANLAF EVNVNEF. Raven. on either
side the beak.
Rev. + ADELFERD MINETRIF. Small cross.
ANGLO-SAXON COINS FOUND IN IRELAND. 53
47. Olv. + A-NL-A-F EVNVNES. Raven. - - on either
side of beak.
Rev. + ADELFERD MINETR. Small cross.
48. Olv. + ANLAF EVNVNE. Raven. ^ on either
side of beak.
Rev. + ADELFERD MINETRF. Small cross.
There is nothing very remarkable in the types of any
of these coins, though a good many of them present the
names of moneyers not found in Ruding's list. These I
have marked with an asterisk. The most interesting
feature in the hoard is the number of varieties which it
presents of the rare coin of Anlaf, with the Danish raven,
as all six of the coins comprised in it seem to be from
different dies. The principal differences are in the small
adjuncts that appear on either side of the raven's beak,
which show considerable inventive faculty on the part of
the money er, Athelferd. Anlaf, who is styled King of
Ireland, was driven out from Northumbria, where these
coins were struck, in 952, but the presence of coins of
Eadgar in the hoard proves that it could not have been
deposited until, at all events, after the year 958. Whether
by one of the adherents of Anlaf, who can say ? It seems
needless to offer any remarks upon the raven on the
coins, as the history of the sacred standard of the Danes
is so well known. The descent of Anlaf from the Danish
Kings of Dublin will of course account for its presence
on his coins. The purely Saxon inscriptions of ' f Anlaf
the King," and ' ' Athelferd the Minter," are interesting
examples of the use of the vernacular instead of the Latin
tongue. I am aware that it may be questioned whether
the word MINETR: or MINETRI, is not an error for
MONETR; but looking at the forms in which Mint and
54 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Minter have come down to us, I think we must here
recognise a Saxon- form " Mynetere " of the Latin word
" Monetarius." In one instance we have the word
' ' Cununcs " in the genitive case, as if to say " of Anlaf
the King/' and I think that on another coin (No. 39)
we have the name of the moneyer also in the genitive,
FASTOLFES MO, "of Fastolf the Moneyer." On
another coin (No. 9) we find the Latinised form of the
Greek name Stephanas, instead of the later form of
Stiefne, or Stephen.
I may add that a stone axe or celt was sent over with
the coins, as having been found at the same time. It is
of greenstone, of the ordinary form, and ground all over,
but the probability seems to be rather against its having
been in reality associated with the coins. At the same
time, it is difficult to fix the date when the use of such
stone axes was discontinued in Ireland. There is no
doubt that they remained in use long after the knowledge
of the use of metals, and though I am not aware of any
direct proof of their having been still employed in Ireland
in the tenth century, it is by no means impossible that
such was the case.
JOHN EVANS.
55
VIII.
KENTISH TOKENS OF THE SEVENTEENTH
CENTURY. (Continued}.
CANTERBURY.
PLATE I.
No. 1.- " Thomas Burden of Canterbury 1667 his
halfe penny T.V.B." A pot of flowers.
The name on this token no longer occurs among the
present inhabitants of Canterbury, but the issuer still has
his representatives in Kent and the neighbouring counties.
By them it is known that their ancestor was a brewer, and
possessed the Flower-pot tavern and brewery.
John Burden was one of the monks of St. Augustine's
Monastery, at the time of its dissolution The deed of
surrender, " on the last day but one of July anno 30 king
Henry VIII.," was signed by the abbot and thirty of his
monks, to whom, on the 30th September following, pen-
sions, varying from 5 to \3 6s. 8d. per annum, were
granted, until they should be promoted to one or more
benefices of the same value, or upwards. John Burden
was assigned 8.
No. 2 has a hand holding a pair of scales, exactly
balanced, and the words, "Tho. Baker cheesmongr of
Canterbury 1667 his dubble toaken." Thomas Baker, in
56 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
announcing his trade and his " dubble toaken" or half-
penny, transmitted a curious specimen of the orthography
of the period.
No. 3. The old inn, the Wheatsheaf, on Wincheap
Green, was pulled down a short time since, and a house
with a new, appropriate nineteenth century sign, the
" Railway Tavern," is now erected near its site. As the
words at the are not found on Francis Banick's farthing,
its device, a wheatsheaf, was only a shop or trade sign, and
could therefore have no reference to the old inn above
recorded.
No. 4. The name on this token is not known among
the present inhabitants of the city in which it was ac-
knowledged as a farthing by " John Cardon in Canterbury
1656."
The device has been called a weaver's shuttle; it is
unquestionably a roll of bread. The objections to the
first supposition are, that the ends .are too much turned ;
that the lines forming the opening to receive the bobbin,
or reel, on which the silk is wound, meet at their ex-
tremities a construction which would not allow the reel to
revolve. On the contrary, the shuttles on the halfpenny
tokens of the seventeenth century have the apertures
rectangular, like those in use at the present day. John
Cardon was doubtless a baker, and, from his name, is sup-
posed to have been a descendant of the Walloons, who
fled from the persecution of the Spaniards, in the reigns of
Edward VI. and Elizabeth. In the reign of the former,
a few of them took refuge in Canterbury, where they were
kindly received, and found protection. On the accession
of Mary, they were again dispersed ; but when Elizabeth
established the Protestant religion, England once more
became their asylum ; and it is said, among other marks
KENTISH TOKENS OP THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 57
of royal favour, the queen granted them for their church
that portion of the crypt of the cathedral, under the west
part of the choir, still called the French Church. " This/'
says Somner, the historian of Canterbury, " being spacious
and lightsome, hath for many years been the strangers'
church, a congregation for the most part of distressed
exiles, grown so great, and yet daily multiplying, that the
place in a short time is likely to prove a hive too little to
contain such a swarm."
This prediction in a few years was verified, for after the
revocation of the edict of Nantes in 1685, in the reign of
Louis XIV., many French refugees having joined them,
their numbers were so greatly increased that they removed
from Canterbury to Spitalfields and Bethnal Green, where
very many of their descendants are living at the present
time. In the " Catalogue of the Names of the Artisans,
Strangers, Denisons, and English borne of the Wallon
congregation of Canterbery" extracted from the Domestic
State Papers, James I., vol. cxxxi., art. 100, published in
the Lists of Foreign Protestants, &c., edited for the
Camden Society by W. Durrant Cooper, Esq., F.S.A.,
occurs the name of Jaques Cardon, possibly the father of
the issuer of this token.
The mayoralty records of Canterbury, of the date of this
token, 1656, contain the following :
" At the sessions in this mayoralty, John Alcock, late of St.
Paul's, in Canterbury, labourer, is indicted for feloniously killing
one Thomas Slawter, at Canterbury, in the parish of St. Paul,
and ward of Burgate, by striking him on the head with a crab-
stick ; and being found guilty by the jury,- it is presently asked
of him if he knows anything to say for himself, wherefore the
court here to judgment and execution of him of and upon the
premises ought not to proceed ; who says, that he is a clerk,
and prays the benefit of clergy, in this behalf to be allowed ; and
thereupon comes James Lamb, clerk and ordinary, and the book
VOL. III. N.S. I
58 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
being delivered to the said John Alcock by the court here, the
said John Alcock reads as a clerk; therefore it is considered by
the court that the aforesaid John Alcock be burnt in his left
hand, according to the statute, &c."
No. 5. The farthing of " Henrey Carpenter in Canter-
bery 1658 H.S.C."
No. 6. The halfpenny of the same Henry Carpenter,
issued in 1667, nine years after his farthing. This name
is common among the present inhabitants of Canterbury.
No. 7. James Cheever in Canterbury (16)57. A hand
holding a pair of shears. I.C.
There is another farthing of James Cheever, with the
date (16)62.
No. 8. James Cheever's halfpenny, issued in 1663,
with the same device as his farthing.
These were probably the tokens of a woollendraper.
The shears are formed after the manner of the Roman and
Saxon spring-shears, and are similar to those now used for
sheep shearing.
No. 9. " Edward Crayford in Canterbury Grocer
E.B.C." A black boy smoking, and having a large roll of
tobacco under his left arm. Although many persons now
smoke with inverted bowls , the enormously disproportioned
bowl of the pipe of Edward Crayford's Virginian is here so
represented, not so much to designate a certain class of
smokers, as to avail of the opportunity to obtain space to
show the form without encroaching on the letters.
No. 10. " Tho. Enfield in Mercery Lane in Canter-
bury 1666 his half peny." The Grocers' arms. Thomas
Enfield was elected Mayor of Canterbury in 1674.
No. 11. The farthing of the same, having the Grocers 3
arms, and " Thomas Enfield in Mercery Lane in Canter-
bury 1666 T.S.E."
KENTISH TOKENS OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 59
Gostling, in his " Walk in and about the City of Canter-
bury," writes, ' ' that not only a great part of Mercery Lane,
but many of the houses in its neighbourhood, seem formerly
to have been built for great inns, for receiving the swarms
of pilgrims who visited the cathedral. Also, that many
of the present shops and tenements were originally one
house, can be proved by the roofs, several of which are of
great extent, and very old. The spacious vaults under
these houses show that if they were not built for inns,
they were very fit for that purpose, and their situation
was the more commodious for being near the gate of the
monastery, where so very many paid their vows and
offerings/'
No. 12 is a farthing without a date, and has the
Grocers' arms. " Anthony Fagg Grocer in Canterbury
A.M.F."
The old incorporated trade companies of Canterbury were
six the Drapers and Tailors (being considered as one),
Mercers, Grocers, Carpenters, Smiths, and Shoemakers.
Fellowship Weavers were incorporated at Canterbury in
1676.
PLATE J.
No. 13 was issued by I. and M.P., and has a
miniature portrait of their sign, " The Sarison's Head in
Canterbury 1653."
No, 14 " Thomas Feild in Canterbury 1666 his half
peny " has also a Saracen's head, with long straight hair,
very like the then fashionable periwig, sadly out of curl.
The Saracen's Head is a sign probably as old as the
time of the Crusades, and his grim portrait, the " monstrum
horrendum," appears to have been traditionally handed
down. Addison graphically confirms this in the incident of
60 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
the old servant of Sir Roger de Coverley, who, to do honour
to his master, had, unknown to Sir Roger, put him up in
a sign-post before the door. Sir Roger, upon the discovery
of this, finding that his servant's indiscretion proceeded
wholly from affection, told him that he had made him too
high a compliment, and added that it was too great an
honour for any man under a duke, and continued that it
might be altered with a very few touches. Accordingly
they procured a painter, by the knight's directions, to add
a pair of whiskers to the face, and by a little aggravation
to the features, to change it into the Saracen's Head.
Mr. Spectator could not forbear discovering greater
expressions of mirth than ordinary upon the appearance
of this monstrous face, which was made to frown and stare
in a most extraordinary manner. Something similar to
this, in inversion, we may imagine, actually occurred in
Canterbury a little more than half a century before,
when, according to Canterbury historians, the Saracen's
Head was changed into the King's Head; but whether
any resemblance of the former likeness remained, as was
the case in the story sketched from, is not recorded ; but
doubtless, in this, as in that, "much might be said on
both sides." This King's Head inn could not have been
the Saracen's Head of our tokens, as the change was
made some years before their issue ; for of Somner, who
relates the incident, it is recorded in the Annals of
Canterbury, in 1640, that " Mr. William Somner
presented to the Mayor and Commonalty his book entitled
The Antiquities of Canterbury." There is still an old inn
in Burgate Street with this sign, and the name Feild is
not lost from the present inhabitants of Canterbury.
No. 15. The octangular token of "Thomas Hutten
peuterer in Canterbery 1669," has the Pewterers' arms ;
KENTISH TOKENS OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 61
azure, on a chevron, or ; between three antique limbecks,
argent ; as many roses, gules ; seeded, of the second ;
barbed, vert.
Crest, a mount, vert, thereon two arms, embowed,
proper; vested, argent, cuffed, gules; holding in both
hands erect a dish, of the third.
Supporters, two sea-horses, or; their tails proper.
Motto, " In God is all my trust."
The griffin on the reverse was probably the shop sign.
This token is peculiarly interesting, from the fact of its
being the only penny token in the whole Kent series.
The value, Id., is marked beneath the griffin.
No. 16 is also octangular. The word " Canterberry " is
not the only subject for remark in Jeremiah Masterson's
halfpenny, payable at the Chequers, since it directs atten-
tion to the old Chequers inn, the most interesting house in
Canterbury. This curious relic of a past age was built
in the form of a quadrangle, with an open courtyard ; the
suites of rooms projected in front over each other, and were
supported by pillars, forming a colonnade; the vaulted
ceiling is still perfect. The entire building occupied
almost half the west side of Mercery Lane, and extended
with its gates some way down the High Street. From the
great alterations it has undergone, the extent of the old
house can only be guessed at by its roof.
Although it is now divided into three tenements, occu-
pied by a bookseller, a linendraper, and an upholsterer, it
is still called " Chaucer' s Inn," from being the supposed
place of lodging of Chaucer and his motley troop of
pilgrims, who visited the shrine of St. Thomas a Becket at
Canterbury. Its proximity to the cathedral naturally
made it the resort of such pilgrims as were able to pay for
good lodgings.
62 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
In the description of the arrival of Chaucer's party,
given by the author of the supplement to the " Canter-
bury Tales/' written not long after Chaucer's death, we
are told how the pilgrims arrived in Canterbury at
( ' mydmorowe " (the middle of the forenoon), and took up
their lodging at the Chequer
" They toke their in and loggit them at mydmorowe, I trowe,
Atte Oheker of the hope, that many a man doth knowe."
The house now offers externally few features which
would be recognised by Chaucer's pilgrims. The most
remarkable part is the row of stone arches on the ground-
floor, which now form the windows and door of the corner
shop, and which appear to have been a kind of open
portico, serving as the grand entrance to the inn. Gostling
tells us that in his time people remembered more of these
arches running along the street, which had been demo-
lished to make new fronts to the houses. This is thought
to be the oldest part of the building. A staircase formerly
led to a wooden gallery which ran round the house. The
large room at the top, which occupied the whole upper part,
until it was cut up into small rooms and lofts, is supposed
to have been the one which the poet had in his mind as
that occupied by his pilgrims, and it is still called the hall
of the hundred beds. This inn is mentioned in the early
municipal documents of Canterbury.
In 1475, while Edward IV. was on a visit at Canter-
bury, the city gave an entertainment at the Chequers to
the Earl of Essex, Treasurer of England, and many other
noblemen and gentlemen, with wine and other costly fare,
the whole expense of which, including a porpoise, a rare
dish in those days, and 8d. paid to the cook for dressing
the dinner, amounted to the large sum of 15*.
KENTISH TOKENS OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 63
1501. "For Mr. Poyning's horsemeat at the Chequers,
5s. 3d."
"For a pottle of wine at the Chequers, spent on his
servants, 5d."
1506. The Prince's players acted in the Chequers, before
the mayor and corporation.
No. 17. " Thomas Jeninges of Canterbury 1669"
advertised on his halfpenny that he was a tallow-chandler
and tobacconist, by his device a man smoking a pipe while
at work dipping candles.
No. 38. The same Thomas Jenings of Canterbury, on
his farthing, without date, has the Grocers' arms, the
word " grocer," and the letters T.B.I.
Much has recently been written on the subject of
changing names : it is instanced in many of these tokens,
as in the two before us, how easily this was effected in the
seventeenth century.
No. 19. The sign of this tavern a mermaid, with her
accustomed attributes no longer allures the unwary to a
fatal Charybdis by an unrestrained indulgence in Kentish
ale, for among the changes of ever-changing time, the
old house now invites attention to good entertainment
within under the sign of the " Music Hall Tavern."
No. 20 "T.M.S. at the Marrenors in Canterbery"
is not to be regarded as being only an example of the
vicious spelling of the period, but as containing in its
interesting device an illustration of the then mode of
conducting the most important branch of navigation, that
of taking the altitude of a heavenly body at sea, in order
to ascertain with certainty the latitude and longitude of
the ship's place in the pathless ocean. Of the three
mariners shown on the device, the second is represented
in the act of making an observation with the instrument
64 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
called the cross staff, and his attendants the one on
his right holding a good pocket-watch appear to be
anxiously waiting to work out the result.
The use of the cross staff was followed by Davis's
quadrant, or back staff, called by the French, Quartier
Anglais. The first account we have of taking angles at
sea by reflection is by Hooke, who communicated to the
Royal Society, probably in 1666, a description of his in-
genious instrument. This is called, in Sprat's " History
of the Royal Society/' "a new instrument for taking
angles by reflection, by which means the eye, at the same
time, sees two objects, both as touching in the same point,
though distant almost a semi-circle, which is of great use
for making exact observations at sea."
In 1699,. Newton exhibited to the Royal Society an
instrument described as "the old instrument, mended
of some faults." At a later time he communicated
to Dr. Halley a scheme for an instrument which was
probably never executed, but of which a drawing and
description were found among Dr. Halley's posthumous
papers, in 1742.
Hadley communicated to the Royal Society, May 13,
1731, the first account of the admirable instrument which
still bears his name. After this he invented a second con-
struction, greatly superior to his first, and which scarcely
differs from the present sextant.
No. 21. "Francis Mapelsdan in Canterbury 1666 his
half peny," which has a bunch of hops on the reverse.
No. 22 is very similar to the last, and doubtless by
the same issuer, the spelling in the name, Maplisden, is
the only difference.
Francis Maplisden was elected Mayor of Canterbury two
years after the date of the token bearing his name, 1668.
KENTISH TOKENS OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 65
The name still occurs among the present inhabitants of
Canterbury, in which city also there is an old inn called
the Hop-poles. Hops so extensively cultivated in Kent,
and associated with Canterbury in the old song, " The
Men of Kent :"
" The Dane of Knowle, by fame enrolled,
The church of Canterbury ;
The hops, the beer, the cherries there,
Oft serve to make us merry "
are said to have been introduced into England about the
year 1524, and are thus noticed by an old writer
" Hops, reformation, bays, and beer,
Came into England all in one year "
Or in Baker's " Chronicles "
" Turldes, carps, hoppes, piccarell, and beere."
From this line it has been inferred that the use of hops
first gave the drink the name of beer, to distinguish it
from the ancient and softer malt liquor called ale.
In a book published in 1616, it is said :
" The general use is by no means to put any hops in ale,
making that the difference between it and beer, that the one
hath hops, and the other none; but the wiser housewives do
find an error in that opinion, and say that the utter want of
hops is the reason why ale lasteth so little a time, but either
dyeth or soureth, and therefore they will, to every barrel of the
best ale, allow half a pound of good hops."
Tusser, some years before, thus sung the praises of the
hop:
" The hop for his profit I thus do exalt,
It strengthened drink, and flavoureth malt ;
And being well brewed, long kept it will last,
And drawing abide, if ye draw not too fast."
VOL. III. N.S. K
66 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
In another work, in 1649, it is said :
" Hops were then grown to be a national commodity ; but it
was not many years since the famous city of London petitioned
the Parliament of England against two nuisances; and these
were Newcastle coals, in regard to their stench, and hops, in
regard they would spoyl the taste of drink and endanger the
people."
No. 23. " Walter Maplisden in Canterbury W.S.M."
This farthing has the Tallow Chandlers' sign a dove with
an olive branch in its mouth one of the charges in the
shield of the Tallow Chandlers' Company.
No. 24. Thomas Mayne, among the variety of trades
included in that of a grocer, was probably also a distiller,
a strong water man, the device on his halfpenny being
a still on a furnace.
H. W. ROLFE.
(To be continued.}
.K>. \
CANTERBURY TOKENS
;.
C/vNTERB U RY
T O \ E N S
67
NOTICE OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS.
ENGRAVINGS OF UNPUBLISHED OR RARE GREEK COINS. BY
LIEUT. -GENERAL 0. R. Fox. Bell and Daldy, 4to., 1862.
We have much pleasure in hailing the appearance of the second
portion of General Fox's work upon the Greek coins in his rich
collection, and trust that his health and strength may be pre-
served so as to enable him to bring out even more than one
additional part. This portion of his work consists of a descrip-
tion, with engravings, of 167 coins, in gold, silver, and copper,
extending over a range of country from Colchis to Barce, and
comprehending specimens of the coinage of Pontus, Bithynia,
Mysia, Troas, JEolis, Ionia, Caria, Lycia, Pamphylia, Pisidia,
Cilicia, Cyprus, Lydia, Phrygia, Cappadocia, Syria, Judaea,
Egypt, and Africa. His plates have been faithfully executed
by Messrs. Dardel, West, and Basire, and give a sufficiently
accurate representation of the coins they profess to portray,
though we cannot go the length of saying that the portraits are
as good as they might have been. It is, indeed, very difficult
at the present time to find artists who are able adequately to
render the niceties of Greek portraiture ; nor are we likely to
attain this desirable result till sufficient inducement is held out
to artists to pay special attention to the study of the art of Greek
coins. General Fox has set an excellent example to other col-
lectors, in that he has not only drawn together a collection of
Greek coins, at present unrivalled, but that he has also been
willing to incur the considerable expense of making the more
remarkable specimens among them available, by means of en-
graving, to those who are not able to consult the originals. May
we hope that his example will have the influence it ought to
possess on such collectors as Mr. Wigan and Mr. Sparkes ?
Something in the same direction will, we believe, be accomplished
when the catalogue of the Greek coins in the British Museum
(a considerable portion of which is ready for the press) shall have
been published by the authorities of the British Museum. We
shall at least know, better than we have had any chance of
knowing for nearly fifty years, what can be effected by the
existing artists of this country. What could once be produced
may be seen in the unrivalled plates by Bartolozzi to Gough's
' Coins of the Seleucidse."
In conclusion, while we rejoice to notice this work of General
68 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Fox, we cannot but express a regret that he has left his book in
a form which will be interesting to professed Numismatists only.
There seems a fear, in this country at least, of the addition of
notes and historical memoranda ; and though Colonel Leake has,
in some degree, broken through this rule, even his work is too
much of a dry catalogue. Admiral Smyth alone, in modern
times, has produced a volume which is at once admirable for
its numismatic knowledge, and readable by those who are not
Numismatists ; and Mr. Waddington has done something of the
same kind, though, as a resident in France, he has preferred to give
it in a French garb. Why should not other English writers
follow examples so good ? General Fox tells us he has himself
picked up ancient coins of Priene in its now dry watercourses :
could he not also tell us something of the numismatic travels
which led him to make these, and, we doubt not, other discoveries
of a similar kind ?
AN ESSAY ON GREEK FEDERAL COINAGE, BY THE HON. J.
LEICESTER WARREN, M.A. Macmillan & Co. 8vo., 1863.
This essay, which is mainly intended to illustrate, by numismatic
evidence, Mr. Freeman's 'History of Federal Government," forms
not only an indispensable supplement to that work, but taken by
itself is an admirable introduction to the study of an interesting
branch of numismatics the various federal coinages struck
by the towns and districts composing the different leagues in
ancient Greece. Such leagues, of greater or less extent, were in
existence in many parts of Greece, during the most flourishing
part of her history, and occasionally were only of a monetary
and commercial character, but more generally political. Those
whose coinage is treated of in this book are of Phocis, Acarnania,
Epirus, Thessaly, Boeotia, Olynthus, and Chalcidice, Arcadia,
Lycia, Achaia, JEtolia, and Locris. Of these federal coinages
those of Achaia and Lycia are perhaps the most remarkable ; a
perfect uniformity of type having prevailed throughout the
whole of each league, though with distinctive marks or letters,
to designate the particular coinage of each town ; the number of
which, in the Achaean league, amounted to upwards of forty.
Carefully compiled lists of the various towns of mintage in the
different federations are given by Mr. Warren, together with
numerous interesting numismatic details, and disquisitions on
such points, as the causes of the adoption of certain types ; the
interpretation or proper reading of some of the legends ; the
attribution of certain coins, &c,, in which a vast amount of
information is condensed into a small space. In a limited notice
such as this we cannot enter into further particulars ; but it is
NOTICE OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS. 69
not for numismatic details alone that this work is to be com-
mended. As a compendious monograph of an important class
of coins, and as showing how admirably history and coins
mutually illustrate each other when investigated in a critical
and philosophical manner, it will always be of the highest value,
whether to the student of Grecian history or the collector of
Greek coins.
DESCRIPTION HISTOHIQUE DES MONNAIES FRAPPEES sous
L'EMFIRE ROMAIN, COMMUNEMENT APPELE"ES ME"DAILLES
IMPERIALES; PAR HENRY COHEN. 6 vols., 8vo., 1859 1862.
DESCRIPTION GENE"RALE DES MONNAIES BYZANTINES, FRAPPE" ES
sous LES EMPEREURS D'ORIENT ; PAR J. SABATIER. 2 vols.,
8vo., 1862.
The completion of those two important works demands some
notice at our hands, though from the fact of M. Cohen's work
having been some time in progress, its name must be familiar
to all of our readers, and most of those who are collectors of
Roman coins have no doubt long ere this provided themselves
with copies. If any have not, we strongly recommend them to
do so, as it is, and must be for many years to come, the standard
authority, to which reference must be made when describing
Roman coins. It is indeed the most complete authentic cata-
logue of that series which has ever been compiled, and possesses
the merit of each individual coin having been authenticated by
the author, or, in the few instances where this has not been the
case, the work from which the description is taken is cited. By
this means, what may be termed the hereditary errors of former
writers have been avoided. In addition to this, the types of
which Paduan imitations or " Bekkers " exist, are in all cases
pointed out. The notices of the lives of each emperor or
empress prefixed to the lists of their coins show considerable
research, and are in general trustworthy, as well as sufficiently
detailed to give all the principal occurrences of each reign, with
the dates of each event. Each coin also has its date assigned
whenever there are sufficient means afforded by the type or
legend to determine it. But another important feature in the
book is, that each coin has a money value assigned to it, and
though of course such estimates must of necessity be to a certain
extent imperfect, there being so many elements of value in a
coin condition, rarity, interest, and many other circumstances,
all affecting the market price of any given piece yet, as far as
we have seen, M. Cohen's valuations, applying as they do to
coins in fair but not extraordinary condition, are never very far
from the mark. At all events, the system of affixing values gives
70 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
a good idea of the relative degrees of rarity of the different
pieces. Of course, in a work such as M. Cohen's, some errors
will occur, and some portions of it will be open to criticism ;
such, for instance, as the explanation of the letters CONOR, &c.,
which called forth some remarks from Mr. Madden, in our last
volume ; but, taken as a whole, the book forms one of the most
important additions to numismatic literature which has appeared
during the present century. The work of M. Sabatier, which
is intended as a supplement to that of M. Cohen, follows much
the same plan, but enters considerably more into historical
details, giving " ephemerides " of the events of each year. It
relates to a class of coins in which of late much interest has been
taken, and which the researches of the author have done much
to illustrate. We cannot conclude this short notice without
expressing our hearty commendation of the plates which are
given in these works about 120 by M. Cohen, and 70 by M.
Sabatier. They are all engraved by Dardel, and add greatly
to the otherwise high value and interest of the two books. As
a series of plates, they stand unrivalled, both for the accuracy of
their details and for the admirable manner in which the peculiar
style of art, characteristic of each successive age, has been seized
upon and reproduced.
In No. 6 (November and December) of the Revue Numis-
matique, there are the following articles :
1 . " On a gold distater of Philip II., King of Macedon," by
M. Franfois Lenormant.
This remarkable coin resembles in all respects the ordinary
staters of Philip II., except in being of larger module, and
having the laureate head on the obverse to the left, instead of to
the right.
2. " Notice on some antique plombs" by M. R. Garrucci.
This paper is illustrated by two plates, comprising fifteen
specimens of curious leaden pieces, mostly of Roman fabric.
Among them is one with the legend HOC VALET AD
BIBERRIVM on the reverse, with the letters P.M. and a
portrait on the obverse, which M. Garrucci refers to Tiberius,
and finds in the whole legend the sobriquet given to Tiberius
by his military comrades, on account of his drinking propen-
sities, " Biberius Caldius Mero," being a play on his real name,
Tiberius Claudius Nero.
3. Letter from M. de la Saussaye to M. A. de Longperier,
" On an inedited numismatic monument of the reign of Diocletian
and Maximian."
M. de la Saussaye here publishes a magnificent had medallion,
which was evidently struck on trial for the reverse of a medallion
NOTICE OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS. 71
in honour of Diocletian and Maximian. On the upper part is
the legend SAECVLI FBL'IOITAS, and the two emperors,
each with a nimbus on the head, seated, while Rome, helmeted,
presents to them the German prisoners. In the lower compart-
ment Maximian may be seen, guided by Victory, crossing over
the Rhine,FL. RENVS,from the castle, CASTEUwm (Oassel),
to Mayence, MOGONTIACVM.
4. " Description of some Merovingian coins of Limousin,"
(llth and last article), by M. Max. Deloche.
5. " Essay on the monetary history of the Counts of Flanders
of the house of Burgundy, and description of their gold and
silver money : Marie (1477 1481)," by M. L. Deschamps de
Pas.
6. " On some jettons of ' La Sainte Chapelle,' at Paris," by
M. J. Rouyer.
In the Clironique is an account of the splendid donation made
by M. le Due de Luynes to the Biblioiheque Imperiale. The
collection presented consists of 6,893 ancient coins ; 373 gems,
cameos, stones, <fec. ; 188 gold ornaments ; 39 bronze statuettes ;
43 pieces of armour and ancient arms ; 85 Greek and Etruscan
vases, and many other monuments of different kinds.
M. C. Robert has been elected a member of 1'Academie des
Inscriptions et Belles-lettres de 1'Institut, in the place of M. le
Baron Chaudruc de Orazannes, whose death was noticed in the
last number.
In the quatrieme livraison of the Revue Numismatique Beige
for 1862, there are the following articles :
1. Letter from M. V. Lazari, Director of the Correr Museum,
to M. Victor Langlois, " On some unpublished Roman coins of
the museums at Venice."
2. Letter from M. Henri Sauvaire to M. F. Soret, " On some
inedited dinars of the Selgiouquides of Persia."
3. Letter from the Prince Alexandre Gagarine toM. F. Soret,
" On some inedited Oriental coins of his collection."
4. " On the earliest known coin of the Abbesses of Thorn,"
by M. R. Chalon.
5. " Notice on the coinage of Zaltbommel, and on the dies pre-
served in the archives of that town," by M. W. J. Devoogt.
6. " Notice on the numismatic cabinet of the University of
Leyden" (continuation and end), by M. P. Vander-Chijs.
In the Melanges are notices of different publications, finds of
coins, &c.
72
MISCELLANEA.
To the Editor of the Numismatic Chronicle.
SIR,
I have much pleasure in sending you the description of a
very extraordinary and beautiful medal in gold of Queen Eliza-
beth, which has lately been shown to me. It is circular, size
12| of Mionnet's scale, and weighs 25 dwts. 23 grains.
Obv. CADET . A . L ATERE . TVO . M e . ET . X . Ma.
ADEXTRIS . TVIS . ELTZ . REGINA . .
A most elaborately-ornamented bust of the queen,
having a very small crown upon her head, and
holding the sceptre and orb.
Rev. CASTIS . DIADEMA . PERENNE.
T7irxT i ' A female figure with dishevelled
HiKVA 02
hair, standing, having one foot on a dragon, and
the other on a snail ; above, the sun and moon,
from each of which issues a hand supporting a
crown.
I am, Sir,
Your obedient servant,
WILLIAM WEBSTER.
17, Russell Street, Coveiit Garden, 13th Nov., 1862.
Through an inadvertency caused by the list of Members being published in
December, and therefore including those gentlemen elected between the Anni-
versary Meeting in June and December of the same year, the names of some of
our Members, though returned in the December list of 1861, do not appear as
elected in the session of 1861-1862 in the list given in the Anniversary Meeting
of June 19th, 1862.
The names of the gentlemen omitted are :
Morley Farrow, Esq., M.R.S.L. Rev. J. H. Pollexfen, M.A.
Henry John Hartwrighr, Esq. Professor Ramsav.
George Sim, Esq., F.S.A.E.
In consequence of this oversight the table should be as follows :
Original. Elected. Honorary. Total.
Members, June, 1861 10 60 43 113
Since elected 16 3 19
10
76
46
132
Deceased
1
1
1
3
Resigned
Total, June, 1862
9
75
45
129
I regret that this mistake should have occurred, though I must congratulate
the Society that the error, instead of making our number smaller, adds the
names of five more gentlemen as Members of the Society.
FRED. W. MADDEN.
73
IX.
ON THE COINS REASONABLY PRESUMED TO BE
THOSE OF CARTHAGE.
[Read before the Numismatic Society, November 22, I860.]*
THE recent remarkable excavations, conducted by Mr.
Nathan Davis, on the site of ancient Carthage, and
the great success he has met with, in the discovery of
more than a hundred undoubted Phoenician inscriptions,
together with many other antiquities, have naturally
revived a question formerly much discussed on which,
however, more recent numismatic writers have been
silent as to whether we have any specimens of the
ancient coinage of Carthage, other than a few rude
pieces of late Roman date, bearing the legend, more or
less complete, of FELIX CARTHAGO. I have there-
fore thought it might be not uninteresting to the members
of the Numismatic Society if I were to put together, as
* [Since the following paper was read, the second portion of
M. L. Miiller's work/' Numismatique de 1' Ancienne Afrique," has
been published (in 1861). In this memoir nearly the same views
are taken relative to the class of coins attributable to Carthage
as are put forth in my paper. I have not, however, thought it
advisable to alter what I had originally written, but have occa-
sionally inserted in brackets some additional information derived
from M. Miiller's excellent memoir. W. S. W. V.]
VOL. III. N.S. L
74 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
concisely as I can, the principal arguments in favour of
the attribution to Carthage of a large number of coins,
gold, electrum, silver, and copper, which have been
usually classed with the Sicilian coins of Panormus, and,
at the same time, to give a list of the different types at
present in the collection of the British Museum.
Now, antecedently to any examination of the coins
themselves, it would certainly seem strange that a city
of such commercial eminence as Carthage should not have
had a mint of its own; but it must be remembered that,
in this respect, Carthage is not altogether singular ; that
none of the coins we purpose attributing to her, ascend
earlier than the first half of the fourth century B.C., pre-
vious to which time we may gather from ancient authors
that she had already attained the height of her power;
and that it is almost certain that the practice of striking
money was adopted by the rulers of Carthage from the
Sicilians, to whom this custom had been familiar from
remote times, when the fairest parts of that island had
become the prey of the Carthaginian armies.
It has been often argued that, as no coins distinctly
bearing the name of Carthage, except those attributable
to her under Vandal or Byzantine dominion, have been
found in situ, she could not have had a native coinage ; an
argument which, taken in conjunction with what we know
of Egypt before the time of the Ptolemies, and of Judaea
till the time of the Maccabees, would have much force if
entirely true. The fact is, however, that this statement
cannot be as fully confirmed as has been often asserted ;
for Cousiuery, a Numismatist who had great practice in
collecting (" Essaie sur les Monn. de la ligue Acheenne,"
p. 184), states that coins, differing widely from the pure
Greek- Sicilian type, are found not only in the country
ON COINS PRESUMED TO BE OF CARTHAGE. 75
round Carthage, but throughout Zeugitana, affording a
strong inference that they belong, if not to Carthage, to
some African city; while M. Victor Langlois (so well
known for his able papers on Oriental numismatics), in
a letter inserted in the Revue ArcheoL, vol. vi. p. 651,
1849, " On Coins found in the Province of Constantina
during the years 1840 45," speaking of the well-known
type of the head of Ceres (or Proserpine) on the obverse,
and of the galloping horse and Punic inscription on the
reverse, uses the remarkable words, " La grande quantite
de ces monnaies que Ton rencontre dans la regence de
Tunis, et dans la province de Constantino, nous a fait
attribuer ces monnaies a Carthage." It would seem, there-
fore, that these later researches ought to modify the opinion
which so long prevailed as to the non-existence on the
native soil of coins which might reasonably be deemed
Carthaginian ; and we may indulge the hope that syste-
matic researches, such as M. Beule is understood to be
making on the presumed site of the Byrsa, or citadel, of
the ancient Punic city, will procure as complete evidence,
in the case of Carthage, as Sir Charles Fellows obtained
for many forgotten towns of ancient Lycia ; the ultimate
appeal in cases of doubt between rival Numismatic theories
being admitted to be the evidence of the actual discovery
of coins themselves in situ.
But, besides what we may hope to learn from such
excavations as those conducted by M. Beule, there are
not wanting passages in ancient writers from which the
existence of a Carthaginian currency might reasonably be
inferred ; though I am quite ready to admit that the
evidence does not amount to mathematical proof. Thus,
in Polybius (i. 66) we have a casual notice that the mer-
cenary soldiers of Carthage were paid in gold after the
76 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
First Punic War; again, Diodorus (xxiii. 9) states that
Hanno was punished by a fine of 6,000 pieces of gold
(x/ovo-ote efaKtsxtXioig) for allowing the Romans to take
Agrigentum ; and, more than this, in Livy (xxi. 48), we
have it stated that Hannibal persuaded Dasius to give
up the town of Clastidium for the sum of 400 aurei (numis
aureis quadringentis) . Lastly, when we come to study
the mass of coins which have been hitherto attributed,
I venture to think, from a certain numismatic idleness,
to the one town of Panormus, in Sicily, we cannot
fail to be struck with the fact that a considerable pro-
portion of them, including all those in gold and electrum,
most of the silver, and the whole of the copper, exhibit
a peculiarity of workmanship, a stiffness and want of
grace, wholly different from the refined specimens of Greek
art on the money of Agrigentum, Syracuse, Messana, &c.,
works which have been rightly considered to exhibit
remarkable examples of the best colonial Greek dies.
Nor are we led to a different conclusion when we
study the leading symbols occurring on those pre-
sumed Carthaginian coins; for we cannot help noticing
that, with one or two exceptions, these adjuncts are
of African rather than of Greek origin. Thus, the
lion, the palm, the walking or galloping horse, 1 the
1 Libya was famous in antiquity for its horses. Thus Strabo
fxvii. p. 828) says, " fjtKpo~i "nnrotQ xp&fjiit>oi" and adds some
notice of the horse trappings peculiar to that country, " 'Ot
<7T7rorcu .... (T'^OLVO'^aXii'oiQ ^jowjuevoi TO~IQ \TTTTOLQ KCLL yvfjivolQ . . , .
/ecu IvTreidtari aW CITTO pafifilov 'oiciKiZevOai ' Trepl rpayqXta e
t,v\iva % rpi-^ivaj ct0' wv 6 pvrrjp dirfiprqrai." Appian (viii. 100)
speaks of " iWote HIKOOLQ jeeu remote" while we may gather
from other authorities (Polyb. iii. 65; Virg. JBii. iv. 41) that
the Numidian horseman did not make use of bits. The chief
characteristics of these horses may be observed upon their repre-
sentations on the coins, particularly on the gold.
ON COINS PRESUMED TO BE OF CARTHAGE. 77
Egyptian Urseus (or whatever name it may be best to give
to this type) ; above all, the curious symbol, No. 10,
which has been supposed to refer to the worship of Baal,
and has recently derived much illustration from its
representation on many of Mr. Davis' s Phoenician slabs,
decidedly point to Carthage rather than to Sicily for their
origin, and seem to maintain, beyond all cavil, the general
truth of the assertion that these coins were struck for
Carthage, even if they were not all coined at Carthage.
Moreover, I cannot see much force in the objection that
the finest of the silver coins have strong Sicilian resem-
blances. On the contrary, if there be good grounds for the
assertion that. Carthage did not make use of money before
her Sicilian conquests, what is more natural than that
the earlier specimens of coins struck by her command,
and, doubtless, by Sicilian artists, should have the closest
resemblance to the other Sicilian coins then prevalent in
that island ? and what more probable than this, that as
time went on, the pure Sicilian style should be gradually
lost, the artists who made the later coins being probably
native Africans, who would naturally impose upon their
works the peculiarities of their own minds, and produce
specimens of workmanship in every way inferior to the
models from which they worked ?
It appears to me that what happened, as is well known,
in the case of the Bactrian coinage, must have occurred,
and probably in the same way, in the case of the Siculo-
Phcenician coinage. As on the coins of Bactriana, we have
at first the purely Greek types and workmanship of the
early Bactrian rulers, Diodotus, Pantaleon, Euthydemus,
and Eukratides ; then the mixed style and language of the
later coins of Eukratides, Apollodotus, Menander, &c. ;
till, at length, the Greek workmanship and types are almost
78 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
wholly lost, the style becoming Indian, and the Greek
letters almost illegible : so, on these Siculo-Punic coins
we can trace a similar descent from the pure Greek to the
later Punic.
Yet, in spite of the apparent truth of this theory, and
the ease with which it would serve to explain the actual
facts of the case, it is remarkable how various have been
the opinions of professed Numismatists, and how little
unanimity there has been among those whose long studies
have justly entitled their opinions to great weight. This
may doubtless have arisen, in some degree, from the
much less perfect knowledge of Phoenician previously to
the researches of the scholars of the present century, and
especially of Gesenius, though even now we do not con-
sider that all the Phoenician numismatic legends are
deciphered with absolute certainty : and, partly, perhaps,
to the natural want of interest in coins, which, with the
exception of the silver specimens, have little to recommend
them on the score of art or beauty. Be this as it may,
we certainly do find authorities of nearly equal eminence
on both sides of this question. Some of these I shall
now proceed briefly to notice.
To begin with Eckhel, to whom the correct arrange-
ment and classification of coins owes so much, we find
him maintaining that all the Carthaginian coins were
Siculo-Phoenician (" Doctr. Num." p. 417; vol. iv. p.
136 187). Yet even he advances this opinion with some
modification ; for, while confuting some doubtful testi-
mony, such as the inscription on the Columna Rostrata,
presumed to have been set up in honour of Duillius ; he
expressly states that no decided judgment can be come to
on the subject, " Donee de literarum Punicarum valore
primum, deinde ipsa Poenorum lingua plus constabit"
ON COINS PRESUMED TO BE OF CARTHAGE. 79
(vol. iv. p. 136). It is not unreasonable to believe that
had he had as much Phoenician evidence before him as we
now have, both as relates to the language and also to the
discovery of genuine Phoenician coins in Carthage and
Zeugitana, he would hardly have said as much as he has said
above. Since his time, Mr. Taylor Combe, Colonel Leake,
M. Pinder, and M. Arneth have, more or less, coincided
in the same opinion, probably on the ground that there is
a marked similarity between the coinage attributed with
certainty to other cities of Sicily, and many of those
popularly classed with the Greek coins of Panormus. I
may also add that in the catalogues of MM. Mionnet and
Wellenheim, and in the works of Boeckh, Gesenius, and
Ugdulena, the same attribution has been supported. Some
writers, however, as MM. Mionnet and Gesenius, have not
been perfectly consistent in their views. On the other hand,
C. Combe (in his account of the Hunterian collection),
Pellerin, De Witte, Delgado, Gaillard, and Cousinery, have
maintained the Carthaginian theory I am now advocating,
by the classification they have adopted in the various col-
lections they have described. The judgment of Eckhel
(vol. iv. p. 137) seems mainly founded on the fact that
ancient authors state that, on two occasions, the spoil
captured by the Scipios is recorded only as so much
weight of silver, and that there is no assertion that this
silver was coined; whereas Livy and other writers, in
speaking of the spoil taken in the Spanish, Mace-
donian, and Asiatic wars, notice the presence of stamped
metal. Yet, with due deference to the weight of EckhePs
authority, this argument does not appear to be of much
force ; for it does not follow that all the spoil taken on
these several occasions has been recorded, or even that por-
tion which is mentioned has been classed with accuracy.
80 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
I proceed now to describe the classification which I
propose for the coins which have hitherto been usually
attributed, en masse, to Panormus, but which I consider
are more truly to be considered as money struck by or for
the Carthaginians; and in doing so I must premise that
I do not put forward this classification as an exhaustive
one, but rather with the view of indicating the principle
on which such an arrangement may be made. I am
well aware that, with regard to the great number of
copper coins, which have seldom more than one, or at
most two, Phoenician letters upon them, and in many
cases no letter at all, it will always be matter of doubt
whether they are strictly money of Carthage, or of some
other adjacent African city. This only I maintain, that
they are not Greek ; that there is no reason to suppose
them Sicilian ; and, furthermore, that they exhibit just so
much agreement, in their types and style of art, with the
fine silver coins which bear Phoenician legends, as would
lead one naturally to suppose them to be copies by inferior
artists from the earlier and more beautiful specimens.
In making this statement I do not forget that the in-
fluence of Carthage extended to its colonies in Numidia,
Mauritania, Spain, and Sardinia, and, therefore, that it is
within the bounds of possibility that some of these unin-
scribed, or partially inscribed, coins may belong to one
of these places rather than to Carthage itself. At the
same time, I must state that, after a tolerably careful
examination of the coins admitted to belong to Spain,
Africa, &c., and which exhibit on them, occasionally,
Phoenician letters, I have not been able to discover any
exactly like these which I am now classing with Carthage.
The same remark applies to the money of other towns of
Sicily which also bear Phoenician legends, but which arc.
ON COINS PRESUMED TO BE^ OP CARTHAGE. 81
1 believe,, equally distinct from these presumed Cartha-
ginian coins.
At the conclusion of my paper I shall give a list of
other coins and types which have been hitherto usually
associated with those of Panormus, but which I do not
believe belong either to that city or to Carthage, though
they are, almost certainly, the money of Carthaginian
colonies.
I proceed now with the classification, which I propose
at all events for the present. The numbers following the
Phoenician legends, letters, or symbols, refer to the plate
accompanying the paper. The descriptions of each coin
are purposely written as concisely as possible ; and, as most
of the coins are well known, peculiarities of dress, small
adjuncts, &c., &c., are omitted, except where there is some
special reason for noticing them.
I. TETRADRACHMS STRUCK BY GREEK ARTISTS IN SICILY
FOR CARTHAGE.
Of these we have the following subdivisions :
1. With Phoenician legend Kart-Khadasat. (No. 1.)
a. Half-horse, to right ; above, Victory flying ; before,
ear of corn.
Rev. Palm, and Ph. leg. (No. 1.)
ft. Same, but half horse, to left.
Rev. Same.
2. With Phoenician legends Kart-Khadasat (No. 1); and
Makhanat. (No. 2.)
a. Half horse, to right; Ph. leg. (No. 1.)
-Rev. Palm ; Ph. leg. (No. 2.)
VOL. III. N.S. M
82 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
ft. Half horse, to right ; above, Victory flying ; before,
ear of corn ; below, Ph. leg. (No. 1 .)
Rev. Same.
y. Half horse, to left; above, Victory flying; before,
grain of corn; below, two vases and Ph. leg. (No. 1.)
Rev. Same.
5. Horse galloping to left ; above, Victory flying ;
below, Ph. leg. (No. 1.)
Rev. Same.
3. With Phoenician legend Malchanat. (No. 2.)
a. Horse galloping to left ; above, Victory flying.
-Key. Palm, and Ph. leg. (No. 2.)
4:. With Phoenician legend Am-Makhanat? (No. 3.)
a. Head of Heracles, to left.
Rev. Horse's head, to left; behind, palm; below,
Ph. leg. (No. 3.)
ft. Head of Ceres, 3 to right ; round, dolphins.
Rev. Same.
y. Same, but head of Ceres to left.
Rev. Same.
5. Same, but before head of Ceres, shell.
Rev. Same.
2 Gesenins (p. 289) publishes another coin, read by him Am-
Ha Makhanat, which is interesting as giving the Semitic article,
Ha. See also Mionnet, Tab. 20, No. 18.
3 I have called the female head, which is more prevalent
on these coins than any other, the head of Ceres, because the
evidence whereby Numismatists have sometimes called one
head Ceres, and the other Proserpine, is, to say the least, vague
and doubtful. There are, no doubt, well-marked differences of
countenance, suggestive of different periods, artists, and possibly
places of mint ; but there are few adjuncts or accessories where-
by we can satisfactorily prove this distinction. [M. Miiller has
examined with great care the evidence producible from the
coins for the names, whether of Ceres or Proserpine, which he has
given to the female heads on these coins. I am inclined to
agree with much that he lias advanced, but must refer here to
his Memoir, pp. 110114, for the details. W. S. W. V.]
ON COINS PRESUMED TO BE OF CARTHAGE. 83
5. With Phoenician legend Sham- Makhanat. (No. 4:.)
a. Head of Ceres, to right, with Asiatic head-dress.
Rev. Lion walking to right ; behind, palm ;
below, Ph. leg. (No. 4.)
ft. Same, but head of Ceres to left.
Rev. Same, but lion to left.
y. Head of Ceres, to right ; round, dolphins.
Rev. Horse's head, to left ; behind, palm ; below
Ph. leg. (No. 4.)
6. With Phoenician legend Makhasbim. (No. 5.)
a. Head of Heracles, to right.
Rev. Horse's head, to left; behind, palm; below,
Ph. leg. (No. 5.)
ft. Same.
Rev. Same ; before horse's head, club.
y. Same.
Rev. Same ; before horse's head, astragalus.
5. Head of Ceres, to left; round, dolphins; before neck,
shell.
Rev. Same.
7. With one or more Phoenician letters, possibly contractions.
a. Head of Ceres, 4 to left; round, dolphins.
Rev. Horse's head, to left ; behind, palm ; below,
Ph. letters (No. 6).
ft. Same, but before face, caduceus.
Rev. Same.
4 [M. Miiller has published, p. 77, No. 29, a tetradrachm,
with obverse, head of Ceres, to right ; reverse, horse standing,
to right, raising near foreleg ; behind, palm ; and under horse
an inscription, which he reads " ^yira quelque autre ville
dont nous ne connaissons que le nom Grec, peut-etre Eryx"
(pp. 81, 82). It is, however, more likely that it is the name
of a magistrate than of a place, as the fabric would seem to be
identical with that of the other tetradrachms.]
84 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
y. Head of Ceres, to right ; before, lamp.
Rev. Horse standing, to right, raising near fore-
leg ; before, Victory and caduceus ; behind,
palm ; between legs, Ph. letters 5 (No. 7).
8. Head of Ceres, to left ; round, dolphins ; before
neck, dot.
Rev. Horse's head, to left ; behind, palm ; below,
Ph. letter (No. 8).
e. Head of Ceres, to left; behind head, Ph. letter
(No. 8).
Rev. Horse standing, to left, off foreleg raised ;
behind, palm.
8. Without any letters.
a. Head of Ceres, to left ; round, dolphins.
Rev. Horse standing, to right ; behind, palm ; in
field to left, crescent; between legs, pome-
granate.
/3. Head of Ceres, to left.
Rev. Horse walking to left ; behind, palm.
y. Same.
Rev. Horse prancing to right ; behind, palm.
. Head of Ceres, to left ; round, dolphins.
Rev. Same.
. Palm.
Rev. Horse galloping to right ; above, Victory.
. Head of Ceres, to left ; round, dolphins.
Rev. Horse's head, to right j beliind, palm.
5 [M. Miiller suggests that these letters, which certainly
may be transcribed Kh-b, are the initials of Hybla, or Abacsenum :
ny (ag), on another tetradrachm which he has published, he gives
to Agrigentum. I think, however, the remark in the previous
note applies to these as well as to the other tetradrachms.]
ON COTNS PRESUMED TO BE OF CARTHAGE. 85
That the Phoenician legends on the above coins 6 have
been correctly read there seems little doubt, almost all
the authorities agreeing upon this point. On their inter-
pretation there has been, however, some difference of
opinion. I am inclined to think, nevertheless, that there
is no reason to question that the first, Kart-Khadasat,
means ' ' new city ; " the second, Makhanat, " fortress " or
"castle;" the third, Am-Makhanat, "the people of the
fortress ; " and the fourth, Shdm-Makhanat, " of the
people of the fortress." About the reading of the fifth I
am at issue with Gesenius, who would read the fourth
letter an " R ; ' instead of a " B," and imagines that it
refers to Roman Panormus, for which the style of the
coin is evidently too early. The inscription, I believe, is
rightly transcribed Makhasbim, and I incline to the opinion
of M. Lindberg (De Numis. Melit., p. 47), that, in its
meaning, it answers to the Roman Qu&stor, being
derivable from nirn " computavit." Now since there
is a manifest agreement between these coins and other
well-known specimens of Sicilian workmanship, and as
Kart-Khadasat appears almost certainly to be the
same word as Carthage, I infer that the coins bearing
this legend must have been struck for Carthage in Sicily.
If this be so, there seems no reason to look for any other
place of mint than Panormus, which was notoriously the
chief seat in that island of the Carthaginians, and which
Polybius calls fiapvTaTfj. TroXic r^
6 It will be noticed that on some of these tetradrachms, and
much more frequently on the copper coins, dots, either one, two,
or three, occasionally occur on different parts of the field of the
coin. I have not generally noticed them in my description, as,
unless they are private marks of the moneyers, it is difficult to
understand what purpose they have served.
86 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
'sTrap^'ia^ (i. 38. 7). In this case Makhanat would refer
to the citadel or chief fortress of the same city. The only
other place of sufficient importance to have struck these
coins, if the idea of a mint at Panormus be considered
inadmissible, is Lilybaeum, a very strong place, which long
resisted the attempts both of Pyrrhus and of the Romans.
It is curious that a portion of the city of Panormus
was termed, like a part of Carthage, NfctTroXtc, while we
further learn from Solinus (c. 27) that the native pronun-
ciation of the name of the city was Karthada (evidently
a modification of Kart-Khadasat), a form which the
Greeks changed into Kapx^wv, and the Romans into Car-
thago. We have, besides this, the statement of Servius
on JEn. i. 336 and vi. 670, that " Carthago est lingua
Poenorum nova civitas;" and of Isidorus (Orig. xv. 13),
that another Punic word, Magar, had a similar meaning.
It seems not unlikely, as has been suggested by Barthe-
lemy and others, that Makhanat may have been the
name whereby the Phoenicians recognised their city of
Panormus, which is, at least, more probable than the
notion of De Saulcy, that it means " camp," and that,
therefore, these beautiful coins were struck in the Phoeni-
cian camp for the payment of the soldiers. At all events
it is clear, by the occurrence of the names Makhanat
and Kart-Khadasat on opposite sides of the same coins,
that the places they refer to, were intimately connected
together.
With regard to the silver coins which have simply
one or two Phoenician letters, it should be observed
that, in two instances, the letters are the initial ones of the
words Makhanat or Makhasbim, and, in another case,
are, as already noticed, Kh-b. It is possible, therefore, that
the former represent those names contracted. It is, how-
ON COINS PRESUMED TO BE OF CARTHAGE. 87
ever, on the whole, more probable that they all refer to
the names of magistrates who bore sway when they were
issued, and that they do not, as some have thought,
indicate other places of mint than Panormus. The
character of the workmanship, indeed, on all the tetra-
drachms, inscribed or uninscribed, is so alike as to forbid
the last hypothesis. The system of weight used in these
tetradrachms is the Attic ; and, judging from the style of
art, we may presume they were minted between B.C. 380
and B.C. 254, when Panormus fell into the hands of the
Romans. The types, for the most part, are found on
other Sicilian coins ; and as we know from Diodorus (xiv.
63 and 77) that the Carthaginians adopted the worship of
Ceres from the Syracusans, we might expect they would
adopt the types appropriate to other Greek deities. At
the same time it should be borne in mind that the lion is
unquestionably an African type ; that the horse (when
free and unconnected with the chariot) may naturally
refer to Lybia, which, as I have stated, was famous
for its horses ; and, lastly, that the head of Heracles
corresponds with that of the Phoenicia Melkart. 7
II. COINS STRUCK IN GOLD AND ELECTRUM IN AFRICA,
AND PROBABLY FOR THE MOST PART AT CARTHAGE
ITSELF.
1. AT. Head of Ceres, to left.
Rev. Horse standing, to right.
2. El. Same as No. 1.
Rev. Same.
7 Compare the coins attributed, and I think rightly, to
Heraclea, in Sicily, which exhibit the head of Heracles, with
the Phoenician inscription, Resh - Melkart, i. e., "" Head of
Heracles."
88 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
3. El. Same as No. 1.
Rev. Horse standing, to right; above, Ph. symb.
(No. 9.)
4. N. Same as No. 1.
Rev. Horse standing, to right, near foreleg raised.
5. El. Same as No. 1.
Rev. Same as No. 4.
f>. N. Same as No. 1.
Rev. Horse standing, to right, head turned back.
7. N. Same as No. 1.
Rev. Horse standing, to right; behind, palm.
8. N. Same as No. 1.
jto.Horse galloping to right; above, Ph. symb.
(No. 10.)
9. N. Same as No. 1.
Rev. Palm.
10. N. Horse's head, to right.
Rev. Palm.
About these gold or electrum coins, we venture to
think there can be little doubt of the correct attribu-
tion of all of them to Carthage. The expression of the
countenance of Ceres has a hardness not seen on the
purely Greek coins of Sicily ; the horse and the palm
(as already noticed) are essentially African and Phoenician.
The Uraeus, or Egyptian symbol (No. 9), most likely
refers to the worship of Osiris, the god of the Sun,
who, at other Phoenician places, as Byblus and Cyprus
appears to have been considered the same as Adonis,
and who was also connected with Baal, the chief god
ON COINS PRESUMED TO BE OP CARTHAGE. 89
of the Phoenician system. (See Mover's "Phonizier,"
vol. i. p. 235 )
The symbol (No. 10) (as mentioned before) is a well-
known Phoenician one, and is found on the votive monu-
ments of stone (both early and late Phoenician), as well
as on the coins of Cossura. It has been considered by
Gesenius to be a representation of Baal or Astareth, and
the same view has been recently taken by Mr. Franks, in
his able paper in the Archaologia on Mr. Davis' s dis-
coveries at Carthage. 8
III. COINS IN SILVER, STRUCK IN AFRICA, AND PRO-
BABLY FOR THE MOST PART AT CARTHAGE ITSELF.
1. Head of Ceres, to left.
Rev. Pegasus, to right. Ph. leg. (No. 11.)
2. Same as No. 1.
Rev. Horse galloping to left.
3. Same as No. 1.
Rev. Horse standing, to right; above, star of eight
rays.
4. Same as No. 1.
Rev. Horse standing, to right.
6. Same as No. 1.
Rev. Horse standing, to right; above, Ph. symb.
(No. 9.)
8 For the principal authorities on this subject, see Sestini,
" Class. Gen.," p. 23 ; Gesenius, " Mon. Phoen.," tab. xvi., xvii.,
&c. ; A. W. Franks, " Archseol.," xxxviii. pp. 209220 ; and
" Phoenician Inscriptions from Carthage in British Museum,"
fol. 1863, edited by me, PI. i. 3, ii. 4, &c. [M. Miiller has
added some varieties not in the collection of the British Museum.
W. S. W. V.]
VOL. 111. N.S. N
90 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
6. Same as No. 1.
Rev. Horse standing to right : above, star ; below ,
Ph. letter (No. 12).
7. Same as No. 1.
Rev. Horse standing, to right ; above, Ph. letters
(No. 13. Numerals).
8. Same as No. 1.
Rev. Horse standing, to right; above, Ph. letters
(No. 14. Numerals).
9. Same as No. 1.
Rev. Horse standing, to right, behind, palm.
10. Same as No. 1.
Rev. Horse standing, to right, head turned back.
11. Same as No. 1.
Rev. Horse standing, to right, head turned back ;
behind, palm ; before, star of eight rays.
12. Same as No. 1.
Rev. Horse walking to right, head turned back.
13. Same as No. 1.
Rev. Horse trotting to right ; above, rose ; edge of
coin serrated.
i4. Same as No. 1.
Rev. Horse galloping to right ; above, star of eight
rays.
15. Same as No. 1.
Rev Horse's head, to right.
IV. COINS IN POTIN, OR BASE METAL, STRUCK IN
AFRICA, AND PROBABLY FOR THE MOST PART IN
CARTHAGE ITSELF.
1. Head of Ceres, to left.
Rev. Horse standing, to right ; above, star.
2. Same as No. 1.
Rev. Horse standing, to right ; behind, palm.
ON COINS PRESUMED TO BE OF CARTHAGE. 91
3. Same as No. 1.
Rev. Horse walking to right, head turned back.
4. Same as No. 1.
Rev. Horse walking to right, head turned back ;
below, Ph. letter (No. 12).
What has been said with reference to the types on the
tetradrachms, and on the gold and electrum coins, applies,
generally, to the types of the silver, potin, and base
metal coins. There are, however, one or two peculiar
legends which call for some remark. Of these the most
remarkable is that on type No. 1, which I have no
doubt in reading nsnKn, although to this reading some
other Phoenician scholars, as Pellerin, Barthelemy, and
Geseriius, have made objections. The last writer has
read it nNiNn, and has endeavoured (Monum. Phcen.,
p. 294) to make it refer to the Fountain of Arethusa at
Syracuse, by translating it " Fons signi sc. miraculi" A
careful examination of the two specimens in the Museum
collection ought, however, to leave no doubt that the
fourth letter is a X, and not an N, in which case Gesenius's
theory falls to the ground : I may add further that the X on
these coins is identical with its represention on the Mar-
seilles inscription, in which it occurs several times (Journ.
Asiat., Serie IV. t. x. p. 488), and on Inscript. 90, PI. xxxii.
of the " Phoenician Inscriptions from Carthage in British
Museum."
On the other hand, Bayer and Bellermann have read
it as I do, with the additional supposition that in it
may be recognised the name of the famous citadel of
Carthage, the Byrsa. In favour of this view, it is certain
that the word Birtha (of which Byrsa may be con-
sidered as a dialectical variation) occurs constantly in the
92 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Semitic languages for the name of places ; as for instance,
in more than one instance in Mesopotamia, as Birtha
(now Tekrit); on the Euphrates, an ancient ruin, still
called Bir; and at a place to the south-east of Thap-
sacus. It is also connected with the name of the famous
Borsippa ( Journ. Roy. Asiat. Soc., vol. xviii. pp. 30, 38 ;
Journ. Asiat., Serie V. t. ix. p. 500), now called the
Birs-i-Nimriid. There can be little doubt that renN s n
is connected with the Hebr. msn (Bozrah) which means
"fortress;" and that, therefore, the identification with
Byrsa is, unquestionably, probable. 9
The occurrence of the type of the Pegasus is no
objection to these coins being referred to Carthage, as
the original legend of this symbol is of African origin,
the Pegasus being fabled by the Greeks to be the offspring
of Neptune and Medusa (Hesiod. Theog. v., 281 ; Apollod.,
ii. 3, 2), and to have been born in Libya.
The letters occurring on Nos. 13 and 14 are certainly
numbers. The first is indistinct, but may perhaps read
60, the sign for 20 being apparently repeated three times.
The second certainly reads 25. (Cf. Gesenius, " Monum.
Phcen.," pp. 87 and 300.) Similar symbols for numbers
occur on the coins of Cossura, Aradus, &c. It is doubtful
whether they refer to an era, which has been supposed
by the Due de Luynes in the case of the coins of Cossura
("Bull. Archeol. de 1'Athen. Franc.," 1855, p. 80) ; it is
more probable that they denote either the local value of
the coins (which we are not able now to ascertain), or else
that they refer to different issues of the mint.
9 [M. Muller has generally confirmed these views, v. " Mem.,"
pp. 122 125, and has added the publication of a gold coin
with the same legend, which appears to be in the collections at
Paris and Madrid. ( Mem.," p. 86.) W. 8. W. V.]
ON COINS PRESUMED TO BE OF CARTHAGE. 93
Generally, it may be remarked that the silver coins,
like the gold, have few individual Phoenician letters 011
them. 10
IV. COINS IN COPPER, STRUCK IN AFRICA, AND FOR THE
MOST PART PROBABLY AT CARTHAGE.
1. Head of Ceres, to right.
Rev. Horse standing, to right ; behind, palm.
2. Same as No. 1.
Rev. Horse standing, to right ; behind, palm
between hind-legs.
3. Same as No. 1.
Rev. Same as No. 2. Before horse, Ph. letter (No. 15).
4. Same as No. 1.
Rev. Same as No. 2. Under horse, Ph. letter (No. 16).
5. Same as No. 1.
Rev. Same as No. 2. Under horse, Ph. letter (No. 18) ;
before horse, Ph. letter (No. 17).
6. Same as No. 1.
Rev Horse standing, to right; under, Ph. letter
(No. 17).
7. Same as No. 1.
Rev. Same. Before, Ph. letter (No. 17).
8. Same as No. 1.
2ie V . Same. Under horse, Ph. letter (No. 18).
9. Same as No. 1 .
2tev. Same. Under horse, Ph. letter (No. 19) ; before
horse, Ph. letter (No. 20).
10. Same as No. 1.
Rev. Same. Under horse, Ph. letter (No. 21).
[M. Mitller has noticed a few instances of their occurrence.]
94 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
11. Same as No. 1.
Rev. Same. Under horse, Ph. letter (No. 22).
12. Same as No. 1.
Rev. Same. Under horse, Ph. letter (No. 8).
13. Same as No. 1.
Rev. Same. Under horse, Ph. letter (No. 12).
14. Same as No. 1.
Rev Same. Above horse, Ph. symb. (No. 23) ; before,
Ph. letter (No. 12).
15. Same as No. 1.
Rev. Same. Under horse, Ph. letter (No. 12).
16. Same as No. 1.
Rev. Same. Behind horse, caduceus ; before, Ph.
letter (No. 15).
17. Palm.
Rev. Same. Horse standing, to right; behind, ca-
duceus ; before, (?)
18. Head of Ceres, to right.
Rev. Same. Above, Ph. symb. (No. 9) ; before,
Ph. letter (No. 12).
19. Same.
-Rev. Same. Before horse, Ph. letter (No. 15).
20. Same.
Rev. Same. Under horse, Ph. letter (No. 15).
21. Same.
Rev. Same. Before horse, Ph. letter (No. 24).
22. Same.
Rev. Same. Under horse, Ph. letter (No. 25).
23. Same.
Rev. Same. Before horse, caduceus; over which,
wreath.
24. Same.
Rev. Same. Above, Ph. symb. (No. 9.)
ON
COINS PRESUMED TO BE OF CARTHAGE. 95
25. Same.
Rev. Same. Horse raising near fore-leg; behind,
caduceus; under, Ph. symb. (No. 10.)
26. Same.
R eVw Horse standing, to left, raising near fore-leg.
27. Same.
jR eVf Same. Above horse, star ; below, three dots.
28. Same.
Rev. Horse walking, to right.
29. Same.
2lev.$a,me. Under horse, Ph. symb. (No. 26.)
30. Same.
Rev. Same. Above horse, Ph. symb. (No. 9) ; below,
Ph. letter (No. 17).
31. Same.
Rev. Horse standing, to right, head turned back.
32. Same.
R ev . Same. Before horse, Ph. letter (No. 17).
33. Same.
Rev. Same. Before horse, Ph. letter (No. 17); under,
Ph. letter (No. 27).
34. Same.
Rev. Same. Behind horse, caduceus ; before, Ph.
letter (No. 15) ; under, Ph. letter (No. 18).
35. Same.
Rev. Same. Before horse, Ph. symb. (No. 28); under (?)
36. Same.
Rev. Same. Above horse, star; before, Ph. letter
(No. 18).
37. Same.
Rev. Same. Behind horse, palm.
38. Same.
Rev. Same. Under horse, Ph. letter (No. 15).
96 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
39. Palm.
Rev. Horse standing, to right, head turned back.
40. Same.
Rev. Horse standing, to right, head turned back,
and raising off foreleg.
41. Same.
Rev. Horse walking to right, head turned back ;
under, Ph. letter (No. 22).
42. Same.
Rev. Same. Under horse, Ph. symb. (No. 29.)
43. Same.
Rev. Horse galloping to right.
44. Same.
Rev. Horse's head to right.
45. Same.
Rev. Horse's head, to right ; before, palm.
46. Same.
Rev. Same. Before, caduceus.
47. Same.
Rev. Same. Before, caduceus ; above head, star.
48. Same.
-Rev. Same. Before, Ph. letter (No. 12).
49. Same.
Rev. Same. Before, star.
50. Same.
Rev. Same. Before, Ph. letter (No. 8).
51. Same.
Rev. Same. Before, Ph. letter (No. 25).
52. Same.
.Kev.Same. Before, Ph. letter (No. 30).
53. Same.
Rev. Same. Before, Ph. letter (No. 15).
ON COINS PRESUMED TO BE OF CARTHAGE. 97
54. Same.
.S&me. Before, Ph. symb. (No. 23.)
55. Same.
Rev. Same. Before, Ph. letter (No. 17).
56. Palm.
Rev. Horse's head, to right.
The coins in copper call for no especial remark, but are
interesting from the insight they give ns into the forms of
the letters of the Phoenician language chiefly in use on the
north coast of Africa, several of which differ materially
from the types current in Sicily and in other Phoenician
dependencies. This variation, indeed, which is mainly
confirmed by the legends on the large collection of
inscriptions procured by Mr. Davis, which I have recently
published, has been one reason why I have attributed
so large a number of these copper coins to Carthage
itself, rather than to Panormus ; for had these coins
been struck at the latter place, we might have counted
on finding the same characters which we recognise on
the coins of Heraclea, Segesta, Motya, &c. It may be
further remarked that we occasionally find the same
letter represented under forms considerably modified. I
do not, however, think that this fact interferes with the
attribution to Carthage, unless indeed it can be shown
that any of these forms of letters are peculiar to other
towns or districts.
The shape of the letter or letters (No. 19) under the
horse on Type 9 is peculiar, and suggests a combination
similar to what we see in the Bactrian alphabet. It
probably represents s n or ns. That on Type No. 10 is
uncommon, but unquestionably represents the rr. u And,
1 [M. Muller, who has published a very long series of the
VOL. III. N.S. O
98 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
generally, I would call attention to the fact that a very
large proportion of these copper coins are inscribed with
one letter, and occasionally with two. As before, I should
prefer considering such letters as the initials of different
magistrates, or as the marks of a sequence in the mints,
rather than as the first letters of different places.
It will be observed that in making the above classi-
fication I have omitted a considerable number of coins
which it has been usual to arrange with the other coins
attributed to Panormus. The reason I have done this is,
that the types are in no case so certain that we should
be warranted in asserting that these coins were actually
struck at Carthage, while, at the same time, the general
character of their work, and the occurrence, on their
obverses or reverses of presumed Carthaginian types, lead
to the inference that, if not Carthaginian, they belong
either to Carthaginian colonies or to towns under Car-
thaginian influence. A few of them bear Phoenician
letters, and the form of these letters is African rather
than Sicilian ; but I much doubt whether it is possible
to connect them satisfactorily with any known African
towns. We must, in fact, be content to wait till we can
obtain the direct evidence of local discovery, when we
may hope to do for these unknown Phoenician types
what Sir Charles Fellows accomplished so successfully in
the case of the coins he discovered during his researches
in Lycia. I propose, therefore, merely to give a list
of the coins themselves, grouping them according to
copper coins, with many forms of letters on them differing from
any in the Museum collection, has also noticed a gold piece in
the cabinets of the Due de Luynes and Copenhagen (see p. 84),
which reads rr^ - NH. On this coin the ft is the same as on our
copper coin.]
ON COINS PRESUMED TO BE OF CARTHAGE. 99
certain leading types, portions of which, as we have already
seen, are found on those we have ventured to assign to
Carthage.
I. BULL TYPES.
1. #. Head of Ceres, to right.
Rev. Bull walking to right : above, star ; below,
Ph. symbol (No. 23) : before, Ph. letters
(No. 31) ; and Ph. symb. (No. 23.)
2. JE. Same.
Rev. Same. Before bull, Ph. letters (No. 32).
3. JE. Same.
Rev. Same. No legend.
4. M. Male (?) head, to right.
Rev. Same.
5. M. Youthful male head, to left, with diadem.
Rev. Same. Above, Ph. symb. (No. 9.)
6. M. Head of Juno, (?) to left.
Rev. Man -headed bull, to left ; above, star ; below,
Ph. letters (No. 33).
II. HORSE TYPES.
1. M. Youthful male head, to left.
Rev. Horse standing, to right ; behind, palm.
2. M. Same.
Rev. Same ; without palm.
3. JE. Head of Pallas, helmeted, to left.
Rev. Horse standing, to right.
4. JE. Youthful and laureate male head, to right (Apollo?).
Rev. Horse standing, to right ; above, Ph. symb.
(No. 9.)
5. M. Bearded and laureate head, to left (Heracles ?).
Rev. Horse standing, to left ; behind, caduceus.
100 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
6. JE. Bearded head, to left.
Rev. Horse standing, to left; above, Ph. symb.
(No. 23.)
7. M. Unbearded head, to right.
Rev. Horse galloping to right; below, Ph. letters
(No. 34).
8. &. Same.
Rev. Same ; below, Ph. letter (No. 15).
9. M. Youthful male head, to left, between ears of bearded
wheat.
Rev. Horse galloping to right.
10. M. Bearded and laureate head, to left (Neptune ?) ; under
neck, Ph. letters (No. 35).
Rev. Horse galloping to left; below, Ph. letters
(No. 36).
11. JE. Same. No Ph. legend.
Rev. Same.
12. M. Old bearded head, to left.
Rev. Same. Under, Ph. letters (No. 6).
13. M. Youthful bearded head, to left.
Rev. Horse galloping to left.
14. JE. Phoenician symbol, (No. 23) ; below, xxxx.
Rev. Same.
^5. JE. Bearded head, to left.
Rev. Horse galloping to left; above, star; below,
Ph. letters (No. 37).
16. M. Same.
Rev. Same. No Ph. legend.
17. M. Youthful unbearded head, to left.
R V . Pegasus to right ; below, Ph. letters (No. 38).
18. M. Palm.
Rev. Pegasus to left.
ON COINS PEESUMED TO BE OF CARTHAGE. 101
19. JE. Unbearded and laureate head, to left.
Rev. Horse's head, to right ; before neck, Ph. lett.
(No. 17.)
III. PALM TYPES.
1. JE. Youthful male head, helmeted, to right.
Rev. Palm.
2. JE. Helmeted head of Pallas, to left.
Rev. Palm.
IV. EARS OF CORN TYPE.
Obv. Head of Ceres, to left.
Rev. Three ears of corn; above which, Ph. symb.
(No. 23.)
V. PLOUGH TYPES.
1. Obv. Head of Ceres, to left.
Rev. Plough.
2. Obv. Same.
Rev. Same. On or within the plough, Ph. lett.
(No. 39.)
On these coins I have to remark, generally, that the
heads of Ceres on Bull types, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 ; on Horse
type, No. 17; on Ears of Corn type; and on Plough
types, Nos. 1 and 2, are identical with those on the coins
previously attributed to Carthage ; tbat the same is true
with regard to the majority of the horses, especially on the
copper coins ; and tbat the palms on the Palm types are
evidently the work of artists familiar witb the presumed
Carthaginian types. Secondly, that while the types above
noticed directly connect these coins witb Carthage, or with
tbe coins above given to ber, tbere are many heads, and
102 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
occasionally other symbols, which show that the coins we
are now considering were not actually those of Carthage
itself. Thus the heads of the silver coins (Horse types,
Nos. 2 and 3) are evidently portraits, and have a strongly
Roman character, though I have not been able to find any
portraits exactly like them.
Again, the bearded and laureate heads (Horse types,
Nos. 12 and 13) have great analogy in workmanship with
those belonging to Juba I. : while the helmeted head on
Palm type No. 1 is almost identical with that on the
coins of the Bruttii, except that it is turned to the
right. Some of the types that occur are very curious,
and not easily to be explained. Of these, the most in-
teresting is that of Bull type No. 6, where we find
a man-headed bull, at once recalling us to Southern
Italy, with a head on the obverse, purely Greek in style,
which I have ventured to call that of Juno, from its strik-
ing resemblance to the portraits of Juno Lacinia on the
coins of Elis. The Phoenician inscription No. 33, on the
specimen of the Museum, is unfortunately much defaced ;
and the engraving only represents it so far as it was pos-
sible. The same remark applies also to Phoenician inscrip-
tions Nos. 37 and 38, both of which are sadly indistinct.
I will only add that M. Spano, a well-known Sardinian
archaeologist, in a recent paper (Bullet. Sard., 1858,
p. 104), attributes the coins with the single letters, Nos. 8,
15, 18, and 22, to the towns Bosa, Chornu, Macomer, and
Ghilarza, the names of which respectively begin with
these letters. That these towns were either of Phoenician
origin, or were, at all events, inhabited by people of
Phoenician descent, is determined by the abundance of
Phoenician antiquities which have been found on their
sites. Again, Horse type No. 4, with the laureate head
ON COINS OF CARTHAGE.
and
13
TO
12,
23
'
20 J 30
ON COINS OF CARTHAGINIAN COLONIES:
3Z 33
39
P H CE N i C I A N INSCRIPTIONS.
ON COINS PRESUMED TO BE OF CARTHAGE.
103
of Apollo, and Horse types Nos. 17 and 18, with the
Pegasus and palm, though, as in other cases, exhibiting
one type with tolerable certainty referring to Carthage,
approach in other respects much more nearly to the Sici-
lian money, and are, at the same time, clearly not of
African fabric. The same is equally true of Horse type
No. 9, with the youthful male head to left, between ears
of corn; of Horse type No. 3, with the helmeted head
Pallas ; and of Bull types Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, though
I much doubt whether any of these were struck in Sicily.
Unfortunately the remains of the coinage of all the islands,
with the exception of Sicily, which were at different times
subject to the Carthaginians, are so scanty, that it is al-
most impossible from analogies of style and workmanship
to draw any satisfactory inferences on this subject.
W. S. W. VAUX.
Transcript in Hebrew Letters of the Words, fyc., occurring
on the Plate of Phoenician Legends :
l. nunrrmp
13. Numeral, 60 ?
27. S
1-2. nunnrnp
14:. Numeral 25.
28. ?
and mnia
15. n
29. ?
2. rorr73
16. D
30.
3. rmTsDy
17. N
31. 373
4. rwTTaDyti)
18. n
32. rej
5. cnrona
19. s n or ra.
33. ?
6. 7373
20. ?
34. nrr
7. nrr
21. rr
35. p or ^73
8. 73
22. 3
36. nrr
9. Egyptian symbol.
23. Phoenician symbol.
37. rr . . ?
10. Phoenician symbol.
24. u>?
38. ?
11. ns-iNn
25. a or -[.
39. n?
12. y
26. Phoenician symbol.
104
X.
ON TWO UNPUBLISHED COINS OP A CITY UN-
KNOWN TO NUMISMATIC GEOGRAPHY, WHICH
APPEARS TO BE BERBIS OF PANNONIA.
BY CHURCHILL BABINGTON, B.D.
[Read before the Numismatic Society, April ] 6, 1863.]
CONSIDERABLE excitement was raised in the February of
1862 among the collectors present in Messrs. Sotheby
and Wilkinson's auction-rooms, when a coin was pro-
duced which was not only unknown in itself, but belong-
ing to a city likewise presumed to be unknown. I have
been so fortunate as to procure a second coin of the same
place, having the same legend, but a different type, which
I shall now proceed to describe, as well as to notice the
other coin, of which an account has already been given
by Mr. Maximilian Borrell in the sale catalogue of his
brother's coins.
ON TWO UNPUBLISHED COINS OF A CITY UNKNOWN. 105
1.
Obv. [3>]AYC[TeiNA] CGBACTH. Head of Faustina
junior, to the right.
Rev. OYEPBIAN12N. Female in flowing drapery (Diana?)
running, to the left, looking back, holding in her
left hand a bow, and an arrow (as it seems) in
her right. M. 4.
The legend of the obverse is almost obliterated, but
there is very little doubt that the empress represented is
Faustina the younger. That of the reverse is quite clear,
except only the IA, of which, however, faint traces seem
to be visible. The right hand and arm of Diana are also
much injured, but it is most probable that she held an
arrow in her right hand.
[In my possession.]
2.
Obv. AY. KAI ROM. ANTON6INOC. Young laurelled
bust of Commodus, to the riglit.
Rev. OYEPBIAN&N (every letter quite distinct). Minerva,
to the left, holding a pointed javelin transversely
with the right hand, and a patera in the extended
left. JE. 6.
[In Mr. Addington's possession.]
The description is by Mr. Borrell, to the accuracy of
which I can testify, having an electrotype of the identical
coin before me, beautifully taken by Mr. Augustus Borrell.
He proceeds to add: "The city of Verbiana, which,
judging from the fabric of this coin, was situated either in
Lydia or Phrygia, appears to be not only unknown to the
Numismatist, but probably to the geographer also. Con-
sidered, therefore, as a monument of a lost town, this
unique piece is of the highest interest and value."
On this, it must be remarked that the natural form of
VOL. in. N s. p
106 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
the adjective derived from Verbiana would rather be
piavalw (as Kajj-apivaiw, from Cainarina), or
(as UpoffTawlw, from Prostanna) . Till some better sug-
gestion be made, I shall propose to derive OvepftiaviZv from
QvepftiG, like 2<ap3iava)i> from 2d,o3ie. Now as V in Latin is
equally represented by OY and by B in Greek/ this Ove/>/3ie
may be the same as Ptolemy's (ii. 16, 6) BtjO^tc. The
Berbis of Ptolemy which has several Latin forms, Berebis,
Borevis, and Vereis is, according to Dr. Schmitz, "a
town in Lower Pannonia, identified by some with the
modern village of Brecz, and by others with a place near
Gyorgg, on the right bank of the Drave." 2
To this town I would refer these coins, whose fabric
(without being in any way peculiar) is not much unlike
that of the imperial coins of the adjoining province of
Mcesia those of Viminacium and Istrus for example.
The only difficulty about doing so is this, that not only
have we no coins of Berbis, but no coins of any single city
in all Pannonia, the only coins belonging to that region
being the nummi metallorum of Trajan. At the same
time there is no reason why a city in that province
may not have struck money, seeing that in Mcesia, which
adjoins it, several cities have a considerable numismatic
series of their own.
1 Thus, OvLovlov represents Vibiiin Dion Cassius, p. 317, c.
8 Smith's " Diet, of Anct. Geogr.," s. v. Berebis, vol. i. p. 391.
107
XL
ON AN INEDITED NUMISMATIC MONUMENT OF
THE REIGN OF THE EMPERORS DIOCLETIAN
AND MAXIMIAN.
IN A LETTER TO M. A. DE LONGP^RIER, BY M. L. DE LA
SATJSSAYE.
[Translated by permission from the R*vue Numismalique, 1862, p. 476.]
MY DEAR ADRIEN, You are aware that until lately the
Saone in its course through the town of Lyons, and
exactly under the middle arches of the bridge of Nemours,
presented a ridge of rocks as injurious to navigation as it
was favourable to inundations. The rough surface of
these rocks, when they were left bare during droughts,
commonly contained little relics of antiquity and of the
middle ages, that the floods had deposited there, and
among them valuable discoveries were sometimes made
by the curious. It was an inexhaustible fund, for it was
perpetually renewed.
The Commarmont collection, so unfortunately dispersed,
contained a considerable number of pieces from this source,
and especially some of those highly convex Gaulish coins,
published in the Revue of 1838, pp. 1 7, pi. i.
The efforts of engineers have succeeded, after protracted
attempts, in destroying the rocky barrier under the bridge
of Nemours, and have consequently exhausted this precious
mine, which has just furnished its last tribute to archaeolo-
gists. The learned and zealous curator of the Museum of
108 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Antiquities at Lyons, has there collected some interesting
specimens, which he has made the subjects of a series of
communications to the Lyonnese Academy, and M.
Vaganay, an antiquary well known among connoisseurs,
has collected specially all which related to numismatics.
If his collection contains few ancient medals, it includes
a numerous series of meraux from the Merovingian period
to the fifteenth century, some coins of the middle ages,
some Papal and corporate leaden bulls, &c. But among
these objects, of more or less interest, shines forth, in the
first rank, a veritable marvel of numismatics ; it is the
leaden medallion of which a drawing accompanies this
letter, 1 and on which two subjects are represented in two
pictures placed one above the other, and dividing the field
into two equal parts. It is evidently the trial piece of a
die for the reverse of a medallion, struck in honour of two
emperors. Who were these emperors ? The small size
of the portraits renders their attribution doubtful. You
have been good enough yourself to help me to find it out,
by furnishing me with the following means of comparison.
"The inscription SAECVLI FELICITAS, is seen on
coins of different imperial personages, such as Faustina
the Younger, Sept. Severus, Julia Domna, Mcesa, Mamsea,
Gordian III, Trebonianus Gallus, Valerian, Gallienus,
Postumus, Marius, Victorinus, Aurelian, Probus, Carus,
Carinus, Constantius Chlorus, Maxeiitius, Constantino,
and Crispus Caesar, his son, who died before him. It ceases
then at the reign of Constantine." On a gold coin in the
Imperial Museum of Vienna, we read on one side round
1 See Plate III. For this plate and for the permission to
publish the account of it, we are indebted to the courtesy of the
accomplished Editors of the Revue Numismatiyue, MM. A. de
Longperier and J. de Witte.
ON AN INEDITED NUMISMATIC MONUMENT. 109
the bust of Maximianus Hercules, MAXIMIANVS P.
F. AVG, and on the other, FELICITAS SAECVLI
AVGG. NN., accompanied by two victories, holding a
laurel wreath, within which are inscribed these words :
VIC . AVGG. This type is found again on a gold coin
of Severus, bearing the title of Augustus, that is to say,
struck in A.D. 306. 8 Here then is an instance of the in-
scription FELICITAS S^ECULI being applied to a victory
gained by two emperors, of whom one is Maximianus
Hercules. This is a first step towards the explanation of
our medallion. The nimbus which adorns the heads of
these emperors already exists on a coin of Antoninus Pius ;
it is found in the paintings of Pompeii, consequently,
before the year 79. It cannot then furnish an epoch ; or
to speak more correctly, the nimbus belongs to every
epoch. It is true that one finds it employed with a certain
persistence on five gold medallions of Valens, preserved at
the museum at Vienna. 3 We see the nimbus also on a
medallion of Arcadius, and on the great disc of silver
which represents Theodosius and his sons, a relic discovered
at Almendralejo, and published by our good friend and
fellow-member of the Royal Academy of Madrid, Don
Antonio Delgado. 4
The bridge joined to a defensive tower, covered with
2 Tanini " Num. Imper. Rom.," suppl., pp. 206233, et
tab. iv.
3 Steinbiichel, " Not. sur les Medallions en or du Musee I.
et R. de Vienne." Cf. Vaillant, t. iii. p. 259, and Tanini, pi.
vii.
4 " Memoria historico-critica sobre el gran disco de Theodosio
encontrado en Almendralejo," Madrid, 1849, 4to. For emperors
with the nimbus round their heads, see also the special work
of M. Ludolf Stephani, " Nimbus und Strahlenkranz in den
Werken der alten Kunst," p. 131, et seqq., St. Petersburg, 1 859
4 to., extracted from the " Memoires de 1' Academic Impe*riale
des Sciences."
110 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
a hemispherical roof, is known on the great bronze me-
dallion of Constantine the Great, preserved in the Imperial
Museum at Vienna. Underneath we read : DANVVIVS. 5
The diameter of this medallion approaches singularly near
to that of our lead the beaded circle on which is 75
millimetres in diameter. The subject also offers much
analogy. The gold medallions of Valens are, 72, 75, and
97 millimetres in diameter. You remember the great
Tetricus, and the Justinian 6 of 84 millimetres, which were
in the Cabinet of Medals before the robbery of 1831. The
size of the lead from Lyons agrees, then, well with that of
a medallion.
The silver coins of Maximianus Hercules, of Diocletian,
of Constantius Chlorus, show us the Praetorian camp,
with the towers surmounted with roofs like those which
we see here.
M. F. Lenormant, who examined our trial piece at the
house of M. Vaganay some months since, had no hesitation
in perceiving in the two persons with the nimbus, Diocle-
tian, and Maximianus Hercules. Without having been
apprized of this circumstance, you have also recognised
them from the impression that I brought you, and on
examining it with a magnifying glass, one cannot, in fact,
mistake the profiles of these two emperors. It is just the
epoch indicated by the style of the work ; we will now see
whether the events of history do not equally correspond.
In A.D. 288, Maximianus Hercules, who had just repulsed
6 Joseph de France, Numism. Cimelii Csesarei Regii, pars. ii.
pi. 105.
6 For the coin of Tetricus, see G. de Boze, " Acad. des
Inscript.," vol. xxvi. p. 504, reproduced by H. Cohen, " Descript.
des Monn. Impe'r.," vol. v. pi. vi. That of Justinian was pub-
lished by G. de Boze, " Mem. de 1'Acad. des Insc.," vol. xxvi.
(1759) p. 523, and reproduced by Finder and Friedlander " Die
Miinzen Justinians," Berlin, 1843, pi. ii.
Num. Chron. N. S. Vol. III. PL 111.
MEDALLION OF DIOCLETIAN AND MAXIMIAN,
ON AN INEDITED NUMISMATIC MONUMENT. Ill
some bands of barbarians that had come almost under
the walls of Treves, where he then resided, resolved to
pursue them even into their own territory. He crossed
the Rhine, ravaged Germany with fire and sword, made
there numerous captives, and if one may believe Mamer-
tinus, his panegyrist, 7 subdued great part of the country.
You will see as I do, I think, in the lower design on our
lead, Maximian, led by Victory, crossing the Rhine, on
his return from his expedition, and going out of Castel,
CASTELlum, a strong castle, built by Drusus, on the
right bank of the Rhine, FL. REN VS. 8 to serve as tete de
pontto the fortified town of Mayence MOGONTIACVM. 9
The upper design shows us the representatives of the city
of Rome, helmeted, presenting the German prisoners to
the two emperors.
I should be very happy, my dear Adrien, if the curious
relic, the elucidation of which I have just attempted,
should receive its first publicity in the magazine that I
so long edited, and which is indebted to our excellent
colleague, J. de Witte, and to yourself, for a new life, and
an authority which increases every day.
Accept, I beg of you, the assurance of my lasting
attachment to you, and to our dear " Review."
L. DE LA SAUSSAYE.
Paris, 22nd December, 1862.
7 Mcimert., ap. Paneg. vet.
8 Kcu erepov ((fipovpiov, castellurti] iv Xarroig irap'avry r> r\vy.
" Dio. Oass. Hist.," liv. 33.
9 It was almost always by the bridge of Mayence that the
passage of the Rhine was effected when an expedition was made
against the Germans. In the bed of the river may still be seen
the ruins of the bridge whose origin must date back to the
foundation of the fortified town of Mayence, by Claudius Drusus
Germanicus.
112
XII.
ACCOUNT OF A HOARD OF ROMAN COINS FOUND
NEAR LUTON, BEDFORDSHIRE.
[Read before the Numismatic Society, January 15, 1863.]
THROUGH the kindness of John Shaw Leigh, Esq., of
Luton Hoo, I am enabled to communicate to the Society
an account of a hoard of Roman coins discovered on
the Jind of December last upon his estate. They were
enclosed in a coarse earthenware vase, which lay but
little below the surface of the soil, and which was
broken in pieces by the labourers who discovered it, who
immediately proceeded to appropriate the spoil. The
number of coins that was found has been variously reported
as from 1,000 up to 10,000; but, in point of fact, I
believe, from all the circumstances which have come to
my knowledge, they hardly exceeded 800 or 1,000 at the
outside. Some fragments of the urn which contained
them have been preserved, and from them it appears that
it did not exceed four inches in external diameter, so
that it would require ingenious packing to get the coins
into the urn had they been as numerous as some reports
made them. The material of which the urn was formed
was clay mixed with pounded shells I think cockle
shells. It was but imperfectly burnt, and, as far as can
ON A HOARD OF ROMAN COINS FOUND NEAR LUTON. 113
be judged from the fragments, devoid of ornamentation
of any kind. Of the coins, about 350 came into the
possession of Mr. Leigh, who obligingly allowed me to
examine them ; others fell into the hands of various
persons in the neighbourhood, and of these I have added
to the list I made of Mr. Leigh's coins such as have
come under my notice. I have also received from one of
our members, Mr. Allen, of Winchmore Hill, an account
of this same discovery, with a list of nearly one hundred
coins which he has examined, which added the names of
Caracalla, Macrinus, and ^Emilianus to those with* which
I was already acquainted. In the subjoined catalogue of
the coins comprised in this hoard I have incorporated
Mr. Allen's list with my own, and given the reverse legends
of such coins of each reign as I have seen, though without
discriminating the number of coins of each type.
List of Coins found at Luton Hoo.
CARACALLA .2
MACRINUS . m ........ 1
ELAQABALUS.
CONCORDIA MILIT 1
JULIA M2EBA.
PVDIOITIA . 2
SEV. ALEXANDER.
P. M. TR. P. VI. COS. II. P.P., PROVIDENTIA AVG. 6
GORDIAN III.
AEQVITAS AVG., AETERNITATI AVG., FELI-
CIT. TEMPOR., 10 VI CONSERVATORI, LAE-
TITIA AVG. N, LIBERALITAS AVG. III.,
P. M. TR. P, II. COS. P.P., SAECVLI FELICI-
Carried forward . 11
VOL. III. N.S. Q
114 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Brought forward . .11
GORDIAN III. (Continued.}
TAS, SEOVRIT. PERP., VICTOR. AETER.,
V1RTVTI AVGVSTI . . . 15
PHILIPPUS SEN.
AEQVITAS AVGG., ANNONA AVGG., ROMAE
AETERNAE, SECVRIT. ORBIS ... 10
OTACILIA.
CONOORDIA AVGG., PIETAS AVGVSTAE . 2
PHILIPPUS JUN.
AETERNIT. IMPER. . . . . . .1
TRAJANUS DECIUS.
ABVNDANTIA AVG, ADVENTVS AVG., GENIVS
EXERC. ILLYRIOIANI, PANNONIAE . . 6
ETRUSCILLA.
FEOVNDITAS AVG. . . . . . . " 8
HERENNIUS.
PIETAS AVGG. . . ~ . . . . 2
TREBONIANUS GALLUS.
FELIOITAS PVBLICA, PAX AETERNA, PIETAS
AVGG., VICTORIA AVGG. ... . .4
VALERIANUS.
APOLINI CONSERVA., FIDES MILITYM, LAE-
TITI A AVGG., LIBER ALIT AS AVGG., ORIENS
AVGG., P. M. TR. P. II. COS. II. P.P., P. M. TR.
P. V. COS. IIII. P.P., S ALVS AVGG., VICTORIA
AVGG., VIRTVS AVGG. . . ... 31
GALLIENUS.
APOLLINI CONS., AVG. (Griffin and Centaur) CON-
CORDIA EXERCIT., DEO MARTI, FIDES
MILITVM. GERMANICVS MAX. V., IOVI
VICTORI, - IMP. C. E. S. LAETITIA AVG.,
LIBERO P. CONS. AVG., ORIENS AVG., PAX
Carried forward 87
ON A HOARD OF ROMAN COINS FOUND NEAR LUTON. 115
Brought forward . .87
GALLIENUS. (Continued.)
AETERNA AVG, PAX AVGG., PIETAS
AVGG. PROVIDENTIA AVG., PROVI. AVG.,
PROVIDENTIA AVGG., VBERTAS AVG.,
VICTORIA AET., VIOT. GERMANIOA, VIR-
TVS AVG. .... 43
SALONIKA.
AETERNITAS AVG., DEAE SEGETIAE, FELICI-
TAS PVBLIOA, IVNO REGINA, PVDICITIA
AVG., VENVS FELIX, VENVS VICTRIX. . 17
SALONINUS.
IOVI CRESCENTI, PIETAS AVGG., SPES PVB-
LICA, CONSECRATIO . . U
VALERIANUS JUN. (?)
DEO VOLKANO 1
POSTUMUS.
COS IIII, DIANAE LVCIFERE, FELICITAS AVG.,
FIDES MILITVM, HERO. DEVSONIENSI,
HERC. PACIFERO, IOVI CONSERVATORI,
LAETITIA AVG., MONETA AVG., NEPTVNO
REDVCI, OR1ENS AVG., PAX AVG.- P.M. TR.
P. COS. II. P.P., PROVIDENTIA AVG., SAE-
CVLI FELICITAS, SALVS POSTVMI AVG.,
SALVS PROVINCIARVM, SERAPI COMITI
AVG., VICTORIA AVG., VIRTVS AVG. . 205
VlCTORINUS.
INECT\rS, PAX AVG., PIETAS AVG., SAECVLI
FELICITAS, SALVS AVG., VIRTVS AVG. . 106
MARIUS.
VICTORIA AVG . 1
CLAUDIUS II.
FELICITAS AVG., FIDES EXERCL, GENIVS
EXERCL, IOVI STATORI, P.M. TR. P. II. COS.
P.P., PROVIDENT. AVG., SALVS AVG., SPES
PVBLICA, VICTORIA AVG., VIRTVS AVG. 32
506
116 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
The coins are all of silver, billon, or small brass, and
extend from the time of Elagabalus, A.D. 218 222, to
that of Claudius Gothicus-, A.D. 268. They do not appear
to present any very remarkable reverses, though some few
of them are rather scarce. The only one which I shall
more particularly cite is one in billon of Postumus, with
the reverse DIANAE LVCIFERE (sic), Diana marching
to the right, with a quiver on her shoulder, holding a
dart or spear in both hands; at her feet a dog (?). As
no coins of Tetricus are present, and Marius who may be
regarded as his immediate predecessor in the empire of
Gaul, though his reign is reported to have been but of
three days has his coinage represented in the hoard,
there can be but little difficulty in assigning a date for
its deposit. In the following short summary of the
events of that eventful period, I have followed the chro-
nology given by M. Cohen in his short summary of the
reigns of each emperor prefixed to the catalogues of
their coins in his "Medailles Imperiales." In the year
267, Victorinus, who had been associated with Postumus
in the empire of Gaul and Western Europe about A.D. 265,
was assassinated at Cologne; Galliemis being still the
more legitimate representative of the Csesars. The mother
of Victorinus (Victorina), upon his death, having first
succeeded in getting her grandson, Victorinus the younger,
(of whom no coins are known), elected as emperor by the
army at Cologne ; on his being assassinated, as his father
had been before him, nominated Marius as his successor,
at the beginning of A.D. 268. He also was assassinated,
after a reign of three days, in the provinces of the Rhine,
though M. de Witte has shown that it is probable that
he had already for some time been proclaimed as emperor
in the west of Gaul. But in March, 268, Gallienus was,
ON A HOARD OF ROMAN COINS FOUND NEAR LUTON. 117
after the manner of the Roman emperors of that period,
murdered at Milan ; and on the 24th of that month
Claudius Gothicus was, by general acclamation, called to
be his successor. In the meantime, in Gaul, Tetricus
had been, on the death of Marius, nominated by Victorina
as his successor, and was proclaimed at some time in
A.D. 268 before the month of March. By this account it
would appear that Claudius Gothicus, at Milan, and
Tetricus, at Cologne, were both proclaimed emperors at
much the same time ; but we learn from Trebellius, that
the accession of Tetricus was prior to that of Claudius ;
and yet in this hoard of coins, discovered in Britain,
those of the Eastern Roman emperor are present, while
those of Tetricus, whose rule comprised Gaul, Spain,
and Britain, appear to be absent. Now in what manner
is this to be explained ? It appears to me that the
only solution is to be found in the fact that at the
time of the election of Tetricus he himself was absent,
and it was only on his arrival at Bordeaux that he was
installed as emperor. We may, therefore, well imagine
that his coinage does not date from quite so early a period
as his proclamation as emperor, and that though Claudius
and Tetricus may be said to have mounted the imperial
throne at the same time, yet that the coins of Claudius
commence at a slightly earlier period. It is, perhaps,
hardly safe to assume the entire absence of the coins of
Tetricus from this hoard, as the whole of it has not been
examined, but it seems extremely probable. Still, some
of the coins of Claudius bear the second year of his
tribunician power upon them. It is, however, a curious
circumstance that none of the money of that emperor
bears the date of the first year of his tribunician power.
Under any circumstances, there can be but little doubt
118 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
that this hoard of coins must have been deposited either
in the year 269, or, as appears to me more probable, in
the summer or autumn of 268. The immediate neigh-
bourhood of Luton has not, I believe, been prolific of
Uoman remains ; but several antiquities of the Roman
period have been discovered at Harpenden, midway
between Luton and St. Alban's (Verulamium), and it
seems probable that a road existed at that time, running
much the same course as the present road from St. Alban's
to Luton.
JOHN EVANS.
119
XIII.
ON A FULL-FACED COIN OF CONSTANTIUS I.
EVER since the discovery of a full-faced third-brass coin
of Carausius at Wroxeter, which was communicated to
this Society some twelve years ago 1 by Mr. C. Roach
Smith and Mr. J. B. Bergne, the coins of that period (the
end of the third century) bearing similar representations
of the emperors in whose name they were struck, have
attracted much attention from English Numismatists.
Such coins are indeed extremely rare, and usually
occur in gold alone. Only seven are cited by Mr. Madden
in his paper on unpublished Roman coins, printed in
the Num. Chron., N.S., vol. ii. p. 45, but some others
exist. These appear to commence with Postumus, A.D.
258 267, of whom two coins are known one with the
bust three -quarter-faced, and the other full-faced (Cohen,
67 and 133) the latter of which has the head of the
same emperor to the left on the other side. Of Tetricus,
1 Num. Chron., vol. xiv. p. 150.
120 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
A.D. 269 273, a single gold coin of the small size is known
with his bust three-quarter-faced (Cohen, 88). This coin
is in the collection of E. Wigan, Esq. Next comes the
third-brass coin of Carausius, A.D. 287 293, already
mentioned (Cohen, 225), and then some coins of Max-
entius, A.D. 306 312 one in gold, engraved in the
Num. Chron., N.S., vol. ii. pi. i. 6 (Cohen, 16), and
others, both in gold and silver, engraved by Cohen
(No. 20). Following these we find some gold coins of
Licinius, A.D. 307323 (Cohen, 18; Num. Chron., N.S.,
vol. ii. pi. i. 5), and of his son, Licinius II., A.D. 317 326
(Cohen, 4), together with two of Constantine the Great,
A.D. 293 337, one a medallion three -quarter -faced
(Cohen, 27), and the other in gold, of the ordinary size,
and full-faced (Cohen, 143). Under the family of Con-
stantine the full-faced coins become rather more abun-
dant, and, subsequently, extremely common.
It will thus be seen that, from the time of Postumus
to that of Constantine, the full-faced coins are all in
gold, except that of Maxentius in silver, and that of
Carausius in third-brass. There is, however, another
exception, to which I now wish to call your attention. In
Cohen's " Medailles Imperiales," vol. v. p. 583 (No. 328),
is an account of a small brass coin of Constantius Chlorus,
with the reverse, SALUS AUG., and with a full-faced obverse.
The type, however, had never been seen by M. Cohen,
who cites it from the Musee Tiepolo, and puts a note of
interrogation as to its being of small module. During
a late hurried examination of the collection of coins in
the Bodleian Library, I was fortunate enough to meet
with another specimen of this type, for impressions of
which I am indebted to the Librarian, the Rev. H. O.
Coxe. A woodcut of it is prefixed to this paper,
ON A FULL-FACED COIN OF CONSTANTIUS I. 121
and it will be found in all respects to correspond with
that described by Cohen, with the exception of reading
AVG G. instead of AVG. on the reverse. The types are
as follows :
Obv. CONSTANTIVS NOB. C. Laureate full-faced
bust, draped at the shoulders.
Rev. SALVS AVGG. Salus seated, to the left ; in her
right hand a patera, from which she feeds a
serpent coiled round a cippus.
M. Size 4.
The coin is of rather smaller size than the ordinary
third- brass coins of Con stan tins, and is considerably less
than the full-faced coin of Carausius, which is nearly
Size 7 of Mionnet's scale. It is, unfortunately, not very
well preserved ; but the fabric is good, though not in that
high and exaggerated relief which is found on some of
the coins (more especially of gold and silver) of that
period. The bust is remarkable as bearing a laurel
wreath, with what appears to be a jewel of some kind at
the junction of the two branches above the forehead, as
all the other full-faced coins, previous to the time of Con-
stantine, have the head bare, with the exception of one
coin of Postumus, on which it is radiated. The figure of
Salus on the reverse of this coin is gracefully drawn, and
has much of the style of art of an earlier period. It is a
curious circumstance, that on all the coins of the period,
with the exception of a single coin of Carausius in the
Hunter Collection ("Mon. Hist. Brit./' pi. xiii. 5), Salus
is always represented standing, and never seated, as on
this coin, which is, moreover, the only coin of Constantius
with the legend SALVS AVGG. It is not a little
remarkable that the full-faced Carausius has also the
same type of Salus (though standing, and not sitting) on
VOL. III. N.S. R
122 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
the reverse, but probably this is only fortuitous. Look-
ing, however, at the fact that Britain was included in
that portion of the Roman empire which fell to the lot of
Constantius (who, indeed, re-annexed it to the empire by
the defeat of Allectus), and that it was in this country
that he died, I should be glad to find any grounds for
claiming this full-faced coin as of British fabric, as that
of Carausius undoubtedly is. But I must confess that
there is no evidence on which to form such a supposition,
beyond the circumstance that one out of the two speci-
mens of whose existence there is any record, is preserved
in an English collection.
JOHN EVANS.
128
XIV.
ON A MEDAL OF ST. BENEDICT,
BY THE ABBE COCHET, OF DIEPPE,
WITH SOME REMARKS BY JOHN EVANS.
[Read before the Numismatic Socie-ty, May 15, 1862.]
I HAVE been favoured by the Abbe Cochet, of Dieppe,
with the following notice of a religious medalet, which
he thought might possibly be occasionally found in
England, and which he has lately discovered in the
Abbey of St. Woudrille, in Normandy, in the grave of
one of the Benedictine monks of that foundation.
Note sur la Croix ou Medaille de St. Ben6it.
Cette croix, on medaille myste'rieuse, est e"galement connue
sous le nom. de Croix ou Medaille de S. Soiliers (" Magasin
Pittoresque de 1841," t. ix. pp. 92, 93). Son origine est assez
ancienne, cependant elle a te" surtout en faveur au XVIleme
siecle. A cette e"poque elle siibit un renouvellement ou une
transformation. Cette pratique de devotion parait avoir eu son
berceau dans la Baviere.
Du reste, nous ne tarderons pas a connaitre completement son
histoire, car nous savons que le savant Abbe de Solesmes, Dom
Gue>anger, prepare sur elle une notice de 100 a 200 pages,
qui est actuellement sous presse. Elle sera intitule " Essai sur
V Origine, la Signification, et les Privileges de la Medaille ou
Croix de St. Ben6it." En attendant cette publication, per-
mettez-moi de vous donner en deux mots l'interpre"tation de la
croix medaille de St. Woudrille, qu'on m' assure 6tre plutAt
124 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
1'oeuvre de la congregation de St. Sonnes que de celle de
St. Maur.
Du cote" de la croix, les quatre lettres C.S.P.B., places dans
les angles, signifient " Crux Sancti Patris Benedict! ; " dans le
champ meme de la croix les lettres qui vont de haut en bas,
C.S.S.M.L., signifient "Crux Sancti Sit Mihi Lux;" les cinq
lettres du croisillon, au contraire, N.D.S.M.D., veulent dire
" Non Daemon Sit Mihi Dux ;" enfin, au verse de la croix on
voit le monogramme du nom de J6sus, I H S, et au dessous
les trois clous de la Passion ; autour sont les lettres V. R. S. N.
S. M. V. S. M. Q. L. I. V. B., ce que Ton traduit par ces quatre
vers le*onins :
Vade Retro Satana
Non Suadeas Mihi Vana
Sunt Mala Quse Libas
Ipse Venena Bibas.
Comme on peut & la rigueur trouver de pareilles m^dailles
en Angleterre, peut-e"tre jugerez-vous utile de faire part de
celle-ci a vos lecteurs.
L'ABBfc COCHET.
Dieppe, le 10 Avril, 1862.
This note is accompanied by a woodcut of the medal,
which appears to be of the seventeenth century, and was
found attached to a wooden rosary. It is of copper, with
a projecting eye for suspension, and about three quarters
of an inch in diameter.
I find two other varieties of the medal engraved by
Picart in the plates numbered xix. and xxviii. of the
fourth volume of the abridged edition of the " Ceremonies
et Coutumes Religieuses de Tous les Peuples du Monde "
(1789), but they are not accompanied by any elucidation
in the text.
There is also in my own collection another specimen
belonging to the same class of medals, but differing from
that described by the Abbe Cochet and those engraved by
Picart in several particulars. It is of brass, an inch in
diameter, and has had an eye for suspension, which, how-
ON A MEDAL OF ST. BENEDICT. 125
ever, has been broken off, and a hole drilled through
instead. From the style of work, it is of later date than
the other, and probably belongs to the first half of the last
century. On the obverse is the figure of St. Benedict,
holding in his right hand a small cross with pointed ends,
and in his left a book (?). At his feet, to his right, are a
mitre and crosier ; to his left, a raven, with a loaf in its
mouth. The legend is CRYX S. P. BENEDIC. On
the reverse is a circular boss, with a cross patee upon it.
In the angles C. S. P. B. ; and on the cross
S
N D S M D
M
L
above, I H S; and around V. R. S. N. S. M. V. S. M. Q. L.
I. Y. B. We have, therefore, on this variety the whole
of the enigmatical inscriptions collected together on one
side of the medal, and certainly, without some such clue
as that afforded by the Abbe Cochet, the meaning of this
confused assemblage of initials would be shrouded in
impenetrable mystery. In the case of coins there is
usually something to guide us, and even the M. B. F.
ET. H. REX. F.D. B. ET. L. D. S. R. I. A. T. ET. E. of
the shillings of the Georges might yield its meaning to
an unassisted but patient inquirer, as nebulae which have
refused to be resolved by telescopes of ordinary power,
have yet succumbed to that of Lord Rosse. But with
religious medals of this kind the case is different, and
a sentence represented only by the initials of its con-
stituent words, bids fair to become in time utterly
unintelligible. The Lemlein Medal, the inscription on
which has caused so much discussion, but which appears
126 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
at last to have had its mysteries unravelled by Dr. Loewe
(Num. Chron.j xix. p. 237), maybe cited as an instance of
the extreme difficulty of such cases, but many more such
will occur to the minds of my readers. There has, indeed,
always been attached a great value to all such outward
signs as those, which while presenting either a mysterious
or a simple appearance to the uninitiated, conveyed at
the same time a meaning of deep import to the initiated.
The IX0Y2, or fish, of the early Christians is a good
instance of this species of symbolism, in which the mere
representation of a fish brought home to the minds of
the initiated the name and titles of the Author of their
faith, " 'Iqffove Xptoroe, eov 'Y/OG ^wrTjjo." There was among
the Jews a great tendency to these anagrammatical forms;
and, as aids to memory, these quintessential extracts of
sentences are still occasionally used. Some of us pro-
bably may remember the Hebrew servile letters by Moseh,
Ethan, ve Caleb, as our fathers remembered the seven
planets of their days by the formula of SIMSUM and the
Moon _ "Post SIM SVM sequitur, vltima Luna subest."
In the CABAL of the days of Charles II. were recog-
nised the initials of Clifford, Arlington, Buckingham,
Ashley, and Lauderdale, though the word itself had been
in use some time before the days of the notorious cabinet
of 1671. In these later times there have been frequent
instances in books where the name of the author, or some
point in connection with the history of .the book, has
been preserved by the initials of the chapters, or of the
first lines or words, being so arranged that they can be
read as an anagram. Not to mention Mr. E. H. Barker,
O.T.N., the letters after whose name were found to mean
"of Thetford, Norfolk/' nor the more modern instance
of the country mayor who conferred upon himself the
ON A MEDAL OF ST. BENEDICT, 127
honorary degree of LL.D., as " Late Linen Draper."
I may cite from Disraeli 1 a most curious instance of this
kind that of the first Protestant Bible, at the end
of which some verses are annexed, commencing as
follows :
" Lectenr, entends si ve'rite' adresse ;
Viens done ouyr instament sa promesse,
Et vif parler," &c.
The first letters of every word of those ten verses form
a perfect distich, containing information important to
those to whom the Olivetan Bible was addressed, but
which must have been concealed from all uninitiated
readers. It is as follows :
" Lea Vaudois, peuple evangelique,
Ont mis ce thre"sor en publique."
I have no doubt that the French Protestants had as
much satisfaction in possessing the secret of these mys-
terious verses as their B,oman Catholic fellow-subjects
had in mastering the hidden meanings of these initials on
the cross of St. Benedict.
JOHN EVANS.
i " Our. of Lit.," 12th ed., p. 430.
128
XIV.
KENTISH TOKENS OF THE SEVENTEENTH
CENTURY. ( Continued.)
CANTERBURY.
PLATE K.
No. 25 is the farthing of the same Thomas Mayne,
having on the reverse the letters T. M. M. and the date
1654, ten years earlier than that of his halfpenny, on
which the still is of a different form from the one here
represented, in action, with flames issuing from the fur-
nace.
No. 26 has on the obverse ' ' Thomas Ockman " in the
field, a coat of arms, over which are the letters T. O. ; on
the reverse, " in Canterbury his halfpeny."
No. 27 is the farthing of the same person as the last,
Thomas Ockman, and is similar in device to his halfpenny.
The arms appear to be those of Okeham of Upminster,
in Essex Gules, a fess between three crescents, argent
or of Okeham or Okham of Ockham, in Surrey. It has
not been proved whether Thomas Ockman belonged to
either of the above families, or assumed their arms ; it is,
however, certain that he was a person of some note in
Canterbury, of which city he was mayor in 1658, and
again in 1665.
No. 28. " Joseph Sherwood, in Canterbury, grocer,
KENTISH TOKENS OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 129
I. A. S." The device on this farthing was probably the
sign of Joseph Sherwood's shop a woolpack, or a bag of
some favourite article of trade. Coffee was introduced to
this country a few years before the commencement of the
period of these tokens. In the year 1657, James Farr,
barber, residing at the ' ' Rainbow" in Fleet Street, Lon-
don, was presented by the inquest of St. Dunstan's in the
West, for making and selling a " sort of liquor called
' coffee '," which was described as a great nuisance and pre-
judice to the neighbourhood. Of tea, Pepys wrote :
" 1660, Septr. 25. I did send for a cup of tee (a China
drink), of which I never had drank before." 1671, in
"an Act for granting a subsidy to his Majesty for the
supply of his extraordinary occasions/' every gallon of
chocolate, sherbert, and infusion of tea was taxed eight-
pence, and every gallon of coffee made and sold, twopence.
No. 29. The heraldic device, a lion rampant passant, on
the token issued by John Simpson, in Canterbury, 1653,
is believed to refer to a Lion tavern in Canterbury!; but
which the red, white, golden, or black is not easy to
ascertain .
In "1406 the bailiffs purchase the Lion in St. Mary
Bredman's, and in 1408 make several considerable altera-
tions therein, and in the Moothall adjoining."
There was a Red Lion in Westgate, or St. Peter's
parish, in Canterbury, city property. Gostling conjec-
tures that the " fair Hall/' so named by Somner, the late
refectory of the monks in St. Augustine's Monastery,
was pulled down to furnish materials for the Red Lion inn,
in High-street, which belonged to the then owner of the
monastery ; for the wainscoting of the great parlour was
said to have been brought from the hall of St. Augustine's ;
and continues, " it probably was so, having been painted
VOL. III. N.S. S
130 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
with pieces of Scripture History, as hanging up in frames;
but some years ago an attempt to clean and recover one
of these pictures having failed, the whole was battened,
to resemble pannel work, and painted over of one colour/'
There is still a White Lion, an old sign, in St. George's
Street.
John Simpson was Mayor of Canterbury in 1667.
No. 30 is without a date, and has the Grocers' Arms,
and "Richard Smith in Canterbury R. E. S."
No. 31. Sibb Smith left no sign; the initials of his
name occupy that place ; and the legend on his farthing,
without a date, informs that it was payable ' ' neer West-
gate Canterb."
Westgate, with embattlements, portcullis, and machi-
colations standing between two massive, lofty, and spa-
cious round towers a fine and perfect specimen of
mediaeval military architecture, at the foot of a bridge
over the western branch of the Stour, in front of a very
long and wide street was, says Somner, " re-edified in
King Richard I.'s days, by Archbishop Sudbury," who
was a great benefactor to the city of Canterbury.
Gostling writes :
"This gate is now the city prison, both for debtors and
criminals, with a large and high-pitched room over the gateway,
and others in the towers. The way up to them is through a
grated cage on the gate, level with the street, where the
prisoners who are not more closely confined may discourse with
passengers, receive their alms, and warn them, by their distress,
to manage their liberty and property to the best advantage, as
well to thank God for whatever share of those blessings he has
bestowed upon them."
A note to his third edition tells us, "This comfort (I)
the poor prisoners are now deprived of, the cage having
been taken down in 1775."
KENTISH TOKENS OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 131
The municipal records relate that in " 1449 a certain
hermit named Bluberd (Bluebeard), who headed an insur-
rection, was taken by the mayor and citizens of Canter-
bury, and sent to the king at Westminster, and there
adjudged to be hanged and decapitated; and that his head
was placed over the Westgate of this city." Also from
the same records " 1521. Pay Is. for a riband of silk to
bind the keys of Westgate when delivered to the em-
peror."
No. 32. "Will Terrey at the Globe in Canterbury
W. E. I." The sign, a globe, is neatly and correctly
given, with the great circles, the equator, ecliptic, and
meridians.
No. 33. " E. A. W. at the 3 kings in Canterbery."
The site of this tavern is not known in Canterbury. It is
supposed, from its sign, to have been one of the ' ' great
inns," before alluded to, " for receiving the swarms of
pilgrims " who visited the shrine of St. Thomas-a-Becket.
The device, commonly named the three kings of Cologne,
owes its origin to the " wise men from the east," who
went to Bethlehem to worship the infant Saviour.
A shrine in the cathedral of Cologne is shown as con-
taining their remains ; and there still exist traces of a tradi-
tion of the sanctity which was formerly attached to their
names. There is good evidence that it was participated
in by the inhabitants of many places in this country. It
was formerly far from an uncommon sign. Localities in
London still go by the name ; and a few years since a
curious relic, in the form of a pix of lead, was found in the
bed of the Thames, on which were the figures of the
three kings, with their names, Caspar, Melchior, and
Balthazar, surrounding them, and in a separate compart-
ment the image of the Virgin and Child.
132 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
No. 34." Richard White, barber/' at the sign of the
Comb, "in Canterbury 1656. R. A. W."
The following, relative to the vocation of Richard
White, is from an ordinance of the barbers and surgeons
in the city of Canterbury, who were reincorporated A.D.
1544.
'* Also we orden, that no man r of forener, whatsoer he be,
from hensforth, shall come into the seyd citie, w l any pott,
basen, knyf, or shavyng cloth, or any other thyng belongyng to
the seyd crafte and mystery, to th'entent to shave or poll any
man, or otherwyse to trym any berd, except he be free of the
seyd crafte and mystery in the seyd cytie; uppon payne to
forfyt, for ev'y tyme doyng the contr'y, iijs. iiijd. Also we
orden, that yf any p'sone or p'sones, whatsoer he or they be,
shall from hensforth washe or shave any berd, or polle any lied,
or otherwyse trym any berd on the Sonday ; except at fower
Sondayes, in the tyme of harvest, whiche fower Sondayes shall
be appoynted by the master and wardens of the seyd crafte and
mystery of barbers and surgeons ; and also except it be at tymes
of necessete, for sum grete man, or for maister maier, or any of
his brethren ; nppon payne to forfyt, for ev'y default, iijs. iiijd.
Also we orden, that no p'sone or p'sones of the seyd crafte and
mystery, shall take no less for the washyng of a hed, and
shavyng of a berd than jd. ob., that is to say, for the washyng
of ev'y hed jd., and for the shavyng of ev'ry berd ob. ; uppon
payne of forfettor, for ev'y tyme doyng the contr'y, xijc?. Also
we orden, that no p'sone or p'sones, of the seyd crafte arid
mystery, shall not take no less for polling of a hed than jd. ;
uppon payne of forfettor, for ev'y tyme doing the contr'y, v\jd. ;
and shall not poll any hed, and trym a berd, under the price of
ijd. And that, if it shall fortune, any of the seyd craffe and
mystery to shave any man by the quarter, that then, if he be a
tempall man, he shall pay for the shavyng, by ev'y quarf, vjd.,
and no lesse ; and, if he be a spuall, then to pay viijd. by the
quart 1 ", or else the seyd man to pay for ev'y shavyng, jd.
In a more ancient ordinance of the Canterbury chamber,
13 Henry VII., A.D. 1498, a regulation ordains that no one
belonging to the said craft of physicians, surgeons, and
barbers shall not shave no man on a Sunday, upon pain of
forfeiting 6*. 8d. Until the reign of Henry II., the
KENTISH TOKENS OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 133
monks of St. Augustine's Monastery used to shave one
another, though sometimes very roughly ; for Abbot
Roger then ordained, with consent of the body, that to
prevent the hurts and dangers often owing to the clumsy
and ignorant in that business, secular or lay barbers should
have a room near the bath-room for shaving upon occasion,
when three collects were to be said in memory of this
benefaction, and for the soul of Roger the Abbot.
No. 35. "Jarvise Willmatt in Canterbury 1664 his
halfpeny " a horse, saddled and bridled.
The issuer was probably a carrier, and kept horses for
the accommodation of travellers.
Long before the period of our token, and for many years
after, it was a common thing to carry merchandise, and to
take long journeys on horseback. We learn from Shak-
spere's " Henry IV.," that in the middle of the sixteenth
century people used to travel on horseback with carriers,
who conveyed goods on pack-horses, the packages being
secured across their backs. In Act ii., Scene 1, we find
two carriers in the inn yards at Rochester, the then route
from Canterbury to London ; one has " a gammon of bacon,
and two razes of ginger, to be delivered as far as Charing
Cross," and the turkeys in the pannier of the other are
quite starved. That persons travelled in companies is
proved by one of the carriers saying, " Come, neighbour
Mugs, we'll call up the gentlemen ; they will along with
company, for they have great charge ;" and that they were
travelling on horseback is certain by Gadshill bidding the
ostler bring his gelding out of the stable, and one of the
travellers saying, " The boy shall lead our horses down the
hill : we'll walk afoot awhile, and ease our legs."
Canterbury records, 1176. " Six men are paid xijs. for
themselves, their horses, and expenses, riding from hence to
134 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Rochester, witli the men coining from the French king, cum
reddit Edw. IV., for safe custody."
1512. "The town-clerk is paid iijs. viijd. for riding to
London to the Lord Admiral for gunpowder for the city."
In a manuscript diary, from 1732-55, written by T.
Miller, a master of the Free School, New Romney, Kent,
notices frequently occur of this mode of travelling, and of
the use of the pillion, which was occasionally seen in Kent
at the commencement of the present century. It is now
quite obsolete, but its adjustment to the saddle, and use,
are shown in the Horse Armoury of the Tower of London.
"1734, June 22nd. I carry'd my wife (being Satfday) on
Mr. Wellden's horse to Wye, and we came home again on
tuesday y e 25th, by Alderlington 1 chery garden."
"1736, Dec 1 ". 1. Mr. E. Sanders carried his wife up to Mr.
Mapp, at London."
" 1733, Oct. 5th. I carryed my wife up to see John Culver-
house at Lymn, and we had a dancj, and came home next day
on Mr. Wellden's horse."
If another extract may be allowed, it will be shown that
the poor horse's back sometimes accommodated three
persons.
" 1733, June 23rd. I carry'd my wife and Polly to Wye,
and fetch'd y m again, July y e 1st, 1733."
No. 36. " Thomas Best, Cooper in Canterburye, 1650 "
the earliest date on the Canterbury tokens. In the field
on the obverse three tuns; on the reverse, the letters
T. M. B.
Three tuns are the charges in the arms of the Vintners
Company ; as cooper is added to the issuer's superlative
Aldington.
KENTISH TOKENS OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 135
name, it follows he was the " Best Cooper in Canterburye,"
although he has not left the best orthography of the place
of his fame.
PLATE L,
No. 37 affords a curious coincidence in the name and sign
" Tho. Bullock at the Bull Head in Canterbury T. B."
The initials tell that the issuer was a bachelor. It is
supposed he did not continue in this state, for a Thomas
Bullock, possibly his son, was mayor of Canterbury in 1724.
The site of the ' ' Bull Head " is not known in Canter-
bury.
No. 38, a tallow chandler's halfpenny, has "Edward
Fray in Canterbury 1667. His half peny E. S. F."
The Tallow Chandlers' Arms.
No. 39. The farthing of "M. S. K. at the Ship;"
device, a ship under sail, with flags flying at the mast-
heads, "in Canterbury 1653."
There is still in Canterbury an inn called the Ship, at
the bottom of St. Martin's Hill. The age of the sign is not
known, but the house, or rather, as there are no marks of
antiquity about the present building, a former house on its
site, belonged to the city of Canterbury more than five
hundred years ago. A lease of the same for five hundred
years expired about ten years since, and was immediately
renewed, in accordance with a clause which stipulated it
should be once again renewed for the same term, at the
same rent, namely, fourpence a year ! There is also a
Ship in Ivy Lane, St. Paul's, and a third in Burgate. The
Ship in Ivy Lane was part of the property once belonging
to the suppressed monastery of St. Augustine, and was
afterwards held by the city.
The foregoing are descriptions of the whole of the present
136 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
known number of Canterbury tokens; of these tokens,
thirty-three were from the collection of the late' Mr. Rolfe.
Nos. 25, 34, 36, 37, and 39, were kindly lent to be
engraved, by Mr. Boyne, and No. 27 was copied from the
collection in the British Museum.
The remaining tokens on this plate are of the adjoining
parishes Chilham, Godmersham, and Wye.
No. 40. "John Coleman 1664," a coat of arms, a
chevron between three fleurs-de-lis. " In Chillom in Kent,
his half peny."
The name of the issuer is common among the present
inhabitants of Chilham.
Chilham, admired for its beautiful and picturesque
scenery, its hills crowned with foliage, its richly stocked
and highly cultivated valleys, is about six miles from
Canterbury, and nine from Ashford. In Domesday it is
called Cilleham ; in Saxon, Cyleham ; and by some authors
Julham, or Juliham, the station of Julius, from the supposi-
tion that Caesar encamped here in his second expedition to
this country ; also, that it was here the tribune Quintus
Laberius Durus was slain by the Britons in the battle
that occurred on the return of Caesar from the inspection
of his shattered fleet. A mound or barrow of earth called
JuHiberries grave, a supposed corruption of Jul. Laber.
or Julii Laberius, is said to have taken its name from
him.
Coins, and various antiquities which have been found,
afford a more substantial proof than that of conjecture
that this neighbourhood has been the scene of Roman
operations.
When Sir Dudley Digges pulled down the old mansion
of Chilham, and dug deeper foundations for the present
magnificent edifice, the basis of a much more ancient
KENTISH TOKENS OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 137
building was discovered, and fragments of Roman pottery
were found.
The present ivy-mantled keep, or castle, has no traces
of Roman antiquity visible in or about it.
No. 41. "James Odden 1659 the Grocers' Arms in
Chillom in Kent I. O."
No. 42. A halfpenny of the same person as the last,
with a similar device ; and although issued five years after
the farthing, it has the same vicious spelling of the place.
No. 43 has also the Grocers' Arms, and William Plumer,
of Chilham, in Kent. Of the initials in the reverse, the
letter W. is placed higher in the field than the letter P.
No. 44. " Robert Oakley of Godmasham in Kent,
his half peny Grocers' Arms.' 1
Godmersham, in Domesday Gomersham, is a small
village in the valley of the Stour, between Chilham and
Wye. The most remarkable feature of this pleasant
village is its beautiful park of about five hundred acres,
well stocked with deer.
No. 45. "M. A. Marie Allen in Wye 1666 her half
peny."
In the " Villare Cantianum " of Philpot, published in
1659, it is stated that Wye derived its name from an old
British word Wy, analogous to the Latin Vaga, " wan-
dering" being given to many places in respect of some
stream or brook. Lambarde says that the word signified
an egg in the ancient language of Britain. In Domesday
and old records it has been variously written, Gwy, Wy,
Wi, Wie, Wye. The town is situated on the east bank
of the fertile vale of the Stour, eleven miles from Canter-
bury. Harris, in his History of Kent, 1719, writes :
" The town of Wye stands between the greater Stour, and
the high hill called Wye Down, which Wye Down is
VOL. III. N.S. T
138 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
part of a ridge of hills beginning at Chartham, and con-
tinued to the sea between Folkstone and Hythe ; and they
afford a most lovely prospect all the way as you ride over
them. From the top of this hill, as well as from the
opposite one in Eastwell Park, may both the seas be
plainly seen, viz. that at the buoy of the Nore, at the
joint mouth of the Thames and Medway, towards the
north; and the other, the south, over Romney Marsh,
towards the coast of France."
No. 46. " Thomas Allen at the Sarasans Head in
Wie T. R. A."
The name o^ the last two tokens frequently occurs
among the present inhabitants of Wye and its neigh-
bourhood.
The Saracen's Head is not to be met with in Wye ; the
King's Head is now the principal inn.
No. 47. John Coulter has also his representatives in
the neighbourhood, in which his farthing was issued in
165.2, having for its device the Grocers' Arms. The name
Coulter occurs in an inscription on Wye Bridge. " This
bridge was built att ye only charge of this county of
Kent, in ye yeare 1638, and repaired at the only charge
of ye sd covnty in ye yeare 1684. John Marshe, gent,
Richard Simmonds, gent, Henry Coulter, and John Ken-
nett, being surveyors, and expenditors, John Bigge, junior,
Alexander Butcher, Caleb Bigge, and James Taster, work-
men."
No. 48. " Thomas Dan, weaver," at the sign of the
Coiled Snake " in Wye 1652 T. M. D."
An old inhabitant of Wye recollects, many years since,
a family in that town who were believed to have been
descendants of Thomas Dan, a weaver of the products of
the industry of those young women who had acquired the
Jurrt.CkronI.S}
C A N T E R BURY TOKENS
t,
CANTERBURY
TO K E N S
KENTISH TOKENS OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 139
name of spinsters, from having spun enough thread or
yarn to enable a weaver to make the requisite linen for
a prospective household.
The snake is not here regarded as a symbol of hidden
danger, " anguis in herba ; " its coil forms the weaver's
eight knot, which, like another knot, when properly tied,
cannot be loosened.
No. 49. " Richard Whittingham at the Flying Horse
in Wye," a winged horse, R. F. W.
No. 50. The octangular halfpenny of the same issuer,
" Richard Whittingham in Wye 1667," in five lines ; on
the reverse a large winged horse, and in the exergue,
" his i peny."
This inn is still in Wye. It was new fronted a few years
since ; the interior was not then altered, and is believed
now to be much the same as when Richard Whittingham
was host of the FJying Horse, on the green, the oldest,
and formerly the principal inn of the interesting old
town of Wye.
H. W. ROLFE.
(To be continued.)
140
NOTICE OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS.
In No. 1 (January and February) of the Revue Numisma-
tique for 1863 there are the following articles :
1. " Notice on a coin of Amphipolis, in Macedonia," by
M. Pr. Dupre".
On the obverse of this coin, which bears the usual head of
Apollo, and which is in the collection of M. Dupre", there is a
large crab fastening itself to the neck of the god, just under the
right ear. From its size, and the conspicuous place it occupies,
it cannot be a money er's mark, but must certainly allude to
some particular mythological event connected with Apollo.
M. Dupre* calls attention to the coin of Phaestus, in Crete, on
which Hercules is represented fighting the hydra, whilst a crab
is attacking him and biting his feet ; this coin being an exact
representation of the legend recorded by Panyasis in his " He-
racleia." The crab on this coin is an enemy of Hercules, but
also associated with Apollo, by whom he is employed to annoy
Hercules in one of his labours. The crab on the coin of Am-
phipolis is thus explained. It occurs on many other coins.
2. " Letter to the Directors of the Revue Numismatique
(Roman coins, Byzantine weights, and Byzantine coins)," from
M. J. Sabatier.
Among the Roman coins here published we are surprised to
find a solidus of Constantine the Great, described from the
cabinet of M. Hoffmann, which was offered to the British
Museum some time ago, and which was kept at the time for
the National Collection. We do not think it quite right that
impressions of coins which are brought to England for sale
should be given away for publishing and engraving that then
the coin should be sold, and afterwards published and engraved
as from the cabinet of the seller.
3. " On a gold Merovingian tremissis, struck at Charroux,
department of La Vienne" by M. Max. Delocjie.
4. " Dissertation on the coins struck at Lucca, under the
Emperors of Germany and the Kings of Italy, in the tenth,
eleventh, and twelfth centuries," by M. D. Massagli.
5. " On a gros of the Bishop of Lausanne (Bartholomseus,
Administrator)," by M. Feuardent.
In the Bulletin JBibliographique there is an excellent article
by M. Huche, on " Monuments des anciens Idiomes Gaulois,"
by M. Monin.
NOTICE OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS. 141
The Chronique contains a few notes on coins, by M. le Baron
de Witte and M. A. de Longpe"rier.
In No. 2 (March and April) of the Revue Numismatique for
1863, there are the following articles :
1. Letter to M. A. de Longperier from M. Ferd. Bompois,
" On two inedited Greek coins."
The first of these coins is a small copper one, bearing on the
reverse the letters KEP. A similar coin is described by Sestini,
with the letters XEP., and also by Mionnet with KEP. It has
been attributed by some to Cerasus, and by other to Crithote
of the Chersonese. M. Bompois, however, considers both these
attributions as unlikely, and does not hesitate to affirm that tbe
coin is of Macedonian fabric. In Macedonia there are two
places that will answer to the initial letters Cermorum cf Pliny,
a place between Posidium and Ampliipolis ; and Cerdylium,
also situated near Amphipolis. The first place is only named
by Pliny, and seems apparently only to have been a village,
while Cerdylium is mentioned, in connection with historical
facts, by Thucydides, and M. Bompois sees no reason why this
town should not have struck money in the same manner as the
other small towns round about. The second coin illustrates an
alliance between Pharcadon and Crannon.
2. " On some coins witliAramsean legends," by M. A. Judas.
3. " On a tremissis of Grenoble," by M. Gustave Vallier.
4. " On a denier of Charlemagne bearing the legend FLO-
RENT," by M. Fr. Pellegrino Torrini.
5. " Remarks on the coins struck at Melle," by M. Rondier
(de Melle).
6. " L'Hommage de 1'Obole d'Or a Moissac," by M. A. de
Longpe>ier.
In the Bulletin Bibliograpliique is a notice of a second
volume of M. Streber's Regenbogen-Schu&selchen (the ancient
gold coinage of Southern Germany), by M. A. de Longperier.
In the Chronique there are a few words from M. de Witte
relative to the coin of Apamsea, in Bithynia, bearing the busts
and names of Julia, Drusilla, and Agrippina, the three sisters
of Caligula, and which is in the British Museum. M. Cavedoni
has thrown some doubts on its authenticity, but M. de Witte
has seen a second example, parfaitement authenfique, in the
cabinet of MM. Rollin and Feuardent. I may add that the
coin in the British Museum, though it has been badly used, is
perfectly genuine. F. W. M.
There is also a notice by M. 1'Abbe" Cochet, on a find of
gold coins of the 16th century, at Houdetot (Seine- Inferieure),
in 1862.
142 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
In the premiere livraison (4me Se"rie, tome i.) of the Revue
de la Numismatique Beige for 1863, there are the following
articles:
1. " Notice on the jettons of Artois," by M. L. Deschamps
de Pas.
2. "Inedited coin of Gillei-Franquemont," by M. Morel-
Fatio.
3. "Coins of the Tae-Pings," by M. P. 0. Vander Chijs.
4. " Catalogue of the coins of the principality and bishopric
of Li&ge" (3rd article), by M. A. Perreau.
5. "Documents pour servir a 1'histoire des monnaies," by
M. de la Fons Mlicocq
In the Melanges are notices of various publications.
In the deuxieme livraison of the Revue de la Numismatigue
Beige for 1863, there are the following articles ;
1. Letter from M. Sabatier to M. Chalon, " On some inedited
autonomous and imperial Greek coins." An important paper,
illustrated by four plates.
2. " On some inedited coins of Tournai," by M. le Comte de
Nedouchet.
3. ' Catalogue of coins of the principality and bishopric of
Lie"ge," (4th article), by M. Perreau.
4. "Documents pour servir a 1'histoire des monnaies," by
M. de la Fons-Melicocq.
There is a letter from M. le Comte de Robiano to M. Chalon
on some mediaeval coins.
In the Melanges are notices of different numismatic publi-
cations.
The second part of Vol. I. of the Berliner Blatter fur
Mtinz, Siegel und Wappenkunde has now made its appearance.
It is illustrated by three plates, and contains the following
articles :
13. " Notice of the collection of coins of Prince von Waldeck,
at Arolsen." This collection consists of about 8,000 ancient
coins, among which there are about 1,500 Gjeek, and among
the Roman coins about 200 are in gold. The coins selected as
most remarkable by Dr. Friedlsender, comprise a number of
Greek, both autonomous and imperial, and a few Roman coins.
Of the latter, a third brass coin of Maximianus, with Hercules in
the garden of the Hesperides on the reverse (a variety of
Cohen, No. 423), and a full-faced Solidus of Licinius the
Younger, may be cited. The remarkable mythological coin of
Julianus II., described by Cohen, No. 133, from Tanini, is also
now engraved by Dr. Friedlsender for the first time.
NOTICE Of RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS. 143
14. " Coins of Poinerania during the Middle Ages," by
M. Dannenberg.
15. " Coins of the Kingdom of Naples in the thirteenth, four-
teenth, and fifteenth centuries." Part II., by Dr. Ernst Strehlke.
16. " The First Seal of the University of Dorpat," by the
Baron Bernard von Kohne.
17. "The Great Seal of the Historical Society of Branden-
berg," by Vossberg.
18. Miscellanea.
This section is headed by a few words by Dr. Julius Fried-
Isender, relative to M. Cohen's objection to the interpretation of
B, &c. by 72. As I recently had occasion to make a few re-
marks upon this subject, it may not be uninteresting to the
English reader to hear what one of the original proposers of this
interpretation says, in reply to M. Cohen :
" In the excellent work of M. Cohen, ' On the Roman impe-
rial coinage,' it is said (vol. vi. p. 112), ' The initials B on
the field of the reverse of the rare coin of Valentinian I., and of
another similar of Valens, 1 cannot be numerals, nor can they
indicate the value 1|72 of the gold-pound, because, on the coins
of the kings of Syria, Bithynia, and other Greek coins, numerals
which represent a single number are in no case found in the
field separated?
" Any glance, however, at the Alexandrian coins, will show
that numerals, which together form a number, very often stand
separated, as, for instance, L I || H the eighteenth year of
a reign separated by some figure exactly as B on these coins
of Valentinian and Valens. This new argument against the
explanation of B by 72, accordingly falls to the ground.
" We had also produced the rare gold coins of Constantine the
Great and his sons, which have LXXII. in the field. M. Cohen
says, ' If O B had the same signification as LXXII., then would
LXXII. also stand thus separated.' We might reply to this,
that the way in which the numerals are placed, whether sepa-
rated or together, may be immaterial, but a glance at the coins
with LXXII. shows the reason why LXXII. does not stand
separate ; for, on one side of the figure stands LXXII., and on
1 M. Cohen does not mention the coin of Yalens in this note,
and in describing it in its proper place, does not give the letter
as occurring in the field, but only B. (Vol. vi. p. 416, No. 46.)
I believe that I was the first to call attention to this coin of
Yalens, which is in the British Museum, and now regret that I
did not give an engraving of it (see Num. Chron., N. S.,
vol. i. p. 177, note; vol. ii. p. 253). F. W. M.
144 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
the other is a star, or the monogram of Christ. Moreover, they
could not write the LXXII. separate the space and symmetry
would not allow it.
" Whoever considers without prejudice this combination,
P- II LXXII 0||B _J B|| V _
SMAN CONS CONOB COB OB.XX.'
can certainly have no doubt that LXXII. and B have always
the same meaning.
" And for that reason the last supposition of M. Cohen, that
B, when it stands in the field, signifies some city yet un-
known, 2 certainly requires no serious confutation."
I must add, that I perfectly coincide with the remarks of
Dr. Friedlsender. F. W. M.
Among the other miscellaneous matter is a notice of the col-
lection of coins at the British Museum, and of the division of
labour in the Medal room ; and also of the remarkable collection
of copper coins formed by the judicious labours of our colleague
Mr. Freudenthal.
19 and 20. Notices of recent Medals and Numismatic and
Heraldic publications conclude the part.
The Catalogue Periodique de Medailles et Monnaies of
M. Hoffmann, still continues to make its appearance on the
15th of each month. Apart from its value as a detailed cata-
logue, giving a good general notion of the present market
prices of different coins in different states of preservation, the
bulletin prefixed often contains interesting matter in the shape
of original articles, correspondence, and accounts of recent sales
and discoveries of coins. In the January number, for instance,
is an article by M. Sabatier, "On Numismatic Palaeography,"
which will bear attentive perusal, and a list of some newly-
discovered unpublished Roman coins, among them gold coins
of Vitellius (with the head of his father on the reverse),
Aurelian, and Constantine the Great. In the June number,
" The Natural History of the Different Varieties of the Genus
Numismatist," from the pen of M. Cohen, is written with great
spirit, and will assist our readers in classifying their numismatic
friends should they be so inclined. We are glad to see that in
1 This exergual mark is a strong point with M. Cohen. See
some observations on the same, in the Num. Chron. } N. S.,
vol. ii. p. 246, seq. F. W. M.
2 OlBiopolis! (vol. vi. p. 443). F. "W. M.
MISCELLANEA. 145
nearly all cases where the discovery of a hoard of Gaulish coins
is recorded, it is also mentioned that the greater part of them
have passed into the hands of M. de Saulcy, who, as is well
known, is preparing by far the most comprehensive work upon
that series that has ever been attempted.
MISCELLANEA.
FIND OF COINS. In March, 1858, a barrow in Whichwood
Forest was examined by Mr. Moodie, which presented some
features of interest to numismatic science. The barrow in
question was situated at Roustage. It was about 50 feet in
diameter, and 5 feet high in the centre ; it was formed of small
loose stones, which must have been brought a considerable
distance, and laid on the natural surface of the ground, which
happened not to have been disturbed; the whole was then
covered with a slight covering of soil. In the barrow, at
some distance apart, were found five coins, four of them Roman
brass, and one British silver. The latter is a coin of Ante-
drigus (type of Num. Chron., N.S., vol. i. pi. i., 6), unfortu-
nately injured. The former are
1. 2d. Brass, Augustus, barbarous, with reverse of Neptune
from coins of Agrippa.
2. 2d. Brass, Nero. Reverse, Victory.
3 and 4. 2d. Brass, Vespasian, Reverse, Providentia and an
altar.
The bones in this barrow appear to have been human, and to
have been burnt. A. W. FRANKS.
FIND OF COINS. During the demolition of St. Thomas's
Hospital, Borough, a small lot of twenty -eight short-cross pennies
of Henry were found, which fell into the hands of Mr. W. H. John -
son, coin dealer, 3, Queen Street, Cheapside. They are an interest-
ing lot, from the fact that amongst them were two, which are un-
hesitatingly assigned to Henry II., of the same type as the Tealby
find, and as usual most wretchedly struck. On one the name of
the town, CES (Chester), is clearly distinguishable. No doubt
the others must also be assigned to Henry II., though as yet we
have no certain grounds to place them to him. The short-cross
pennies, with the cross botone in each quarter, have on the
obverse the bust of Henry, with many curls on each side the
VOL. III. N.S. U
146 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
head, hand holding sceptre, reading HENRICVS. REX. They
are all of the large size, and of very coarse workmanship. The
reverses have the following towns and moneyers on them :
Canterbury . . . RICARD. ON. CANT.
Lincoln .... LEFWINE. ON. NICO.
London .... D AVI. ON. LVND.
London .... FIBRES. ON. LVND.
.... FIBRES. M. ON. LVND.
.... RAVL. ON. LVNDE.
.... RICARD. ON. LVND.
.... WILLELM. ON. LVN.
Winchester . . . GOCELM. ON. WING.
... OSBER. ON. WINC.
... RODBERT. ON. WINC.
York . . . -..-.- . HVE. ON. EVERW.
WM. BOYNE.
6, Moore Park Villas, Fulham.
FORGERIES OP SCOTTISH COINS. I have the pleasure of
laying before the Society a gold coin of Francis and Mary, which
has been submitted to me for my opinion by the owner. The
following is its description :
Obv. FRANC . ET . MARIA . D . G . REX . ET .
REGINA . SCO . A . Heads of Francis and
Mary face to face ; above, a crown ; below, the
date 1558.
Rev. POSVIMVS . DEVM . ADIVTOREM . NOS-
TRVM . The arms of England and Scotland,
on an oval garnished shield ; above, a crown.
After a very careful examination I am unable to find any
arguments in favour of this coin being genuine, but the argu-
ments I intend to offer in condemnation of it are many and
strong :
1. The quality of the gold is not contemporary.
2. There is no instance on record of anv coin reading
SCO . A .
3. The bodice of Mary is an exact facsimile of that of
Mary I., on the shilling of Fhilip and Mary the date (1558)
under the busts of Francis and Mary, is not composed of
figures of the period, although they are very well imitated,
except the 8 being formed 8, which is not known on any Eng-
lish or Scotch coin, but it is found on a copper jetton of Philip
and Mary struck for Lisle : from these striking circumstances
MISCELLANEA.
147
one is bound to infer that the forger of the coin not only had
the shilling of Philip and Mary to work upon, but also the
copper jetton of Lisle.
Reverse.
1. The legend "Posuimus Deurn Adjutorem nostrum" belongs
to Philip and Mary.
2. The lion rampant, for Scotland, is turned the wrong way,
i. e., to the observer's right instead of left.
3. Now, we have the strongest evidence possible to prove
the falsity of the piece, and the ignorance of the forger : above
the arms, and divided by the crown, are the numerals XII.,
indicating 12 pence, or a shilling. This egregious error the
cunning rogue discovered before sending out the piece, and in
order to conceal that, the clearest of all evidence, he has very
ingeniously, either with a scratch -brush or with some other
instrument, erased the XII., or at least so much of it as only
to leave trifling traces behind of his blundering skill.
As a sequel to the above short notice, it may be as well to
caution the coin-collecting public against the large number of
well- executed forgeries in the Scotch series, both in gold and
silver, which are continually being offered at high prices to the
collectors far north. From reliable information the locality of
the forger's atelier is well known. Collectors are advised to be
very chary should any of the undermentioned pieces be sub-
mitted to them for sale :
David II. Noble .
Mary Half Lion
Ditto Half Rial, 1555
GOLD.
SILVER.
John Baliol Penny .
Robert Bruce Penny
Mary Testoon, 1562 .v , . ,
Ditto Half Testoon, 1562
David II. Farthing, MONETA REGIS
Lindsay pi. 12 n.
14
14 i
4
4
9
9
18
17, Russell Street, Covent Garden, April 15, 1863.
Supt.
WM. WEBSTER.
1
4:5
5
80
87
193
194
9
VISIT TO HARTWELL. On Wednesday, the 29th of April,
several of the members of the Council of the Numismatic Society
assembled at Hartwell House, at the kind invitation of Dr. Lee,
Vice -President of the Society, to examine the collection of Dr. Lee,
148 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
and also that formed by Admiral Smyth, and described by him in
his work " On Roman Coins." The members of the Council who
were present were W. S. W. Vaux, Esq., M.A., President of the
Society ; John Evans, Esq., and Fred. W. Madden, Esq., Hon.
Secretaries ; G. H. Virtue, Esq., Treasurer ; W. Boyne, Esq.,
J. B. Bergne, Esq., and the Rev. Assheton Pownall, members
of the Council. Several gentlemen from Aylesbtiry, as well as
several ladies, were present in the evening, and Mr. Vaux, the
President, having taken the chair, Dr. Lee read a paper " On
a find of Coins which took place at Hartwell in the year 1835."
The find consisted of the following coins :
Edward VI. Shillings . . . 16
Sixpences . . . ' 8
Philip and Mary. Shillings . . / . 12
Sixpence . /. * . ' 1
Elizabeth. Shillings . .' . ; ' . 281
Sixpences . : .- ; , . 790
James I. Shillings . V .' . 174
Sixpences . ., ., 112
Charles I. Shillings ".'.//V; . 861
Sixpences . "'>"' 181
2436
The whole value of this find would amount to between 200
and 300 of our money. Dr. Lee had kept 474 coins for his
own collection, and had distributed the remainder amongst
various learned bodies and private collections, including the
British Museum, the Numismatic Society, &c. Mr. Bergne
remarked that the most remarkable feature of this find was the
completeness of the series of the coins of Elizabeth, ranging
without interruption from 1559 to 1598. In this collection the
sixpences of Elizabeth commence in 1559, and end in 1599, the
only missing years being 1600 and 1601, the last coinage having
been struck in 1602. It would almost seem as if the original
collector had endeavoured to get a complete series. Many
others present made remarks upon Dr. Lee's paper, and a
vote of thanks having been passed to Mrs. Lee and the
ladies for their attendance, 'and especially to Mrs. Lee and Dr.
Lee for the hospitable reception the Society had received, the
meeting was adjourned. During the evening several of the
vistiors obtained a splendid view of the moon from the tele-
scope of the Hartwell Observatory, and Mr. Birt kindly pointed
out the remarkable features presented at the moment. Most of
the members of the Numismatic Society returned to town by
the early train the following morning.
149
XVI.
ON INEDITED SILVER FARTHINGS COINED IN
IRELAND.
BY AQUILLA SMITH, M.D., M.R.I. A.
IN February, 1858, the late Mr. John Donegan, of Dame
Street, Dublin, submitted to my examination a large
number of silver coins which he had purchased from a
person, resident at Newry, in the county Down, who
stated that the hoard was discovered in the north of
Ireland. I made further inquiry from time to time
respecting the locality where the coins were found, but
without obtaining any more particular information.
Finding in the hoard many small coins of a type which
I had not met with before, I examine^ the 1,115 coins with
great care, and the result of my investigation is given in
the following list :
5 pennies of William the Lion, King of Scotland, A.B. 1165-
1214.
2 full-faced halfpence of John, Lord of Ireland, A.D. 1185-
1199.
1 halfpenny of the same type, with the unpublished legend
CAPVC IOHANNIS.
10 Mascle farthings of John
5 of the moneyer AD AM.
1 GERF. (Gefrei).
1 ROBE. (Roberd).
1 NORM. (Norman).
2 unintelligible.
VOL. III. N.S. X
150 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
289 pennies of King John. Moneyer, ROBERD ON
DIVE (Dublin), in very good preservation, with a few
exceptions.
1 penny. Moneyer, IOHAN ON DIVELI.
1 penny. Legend blundered.
2 halfpennies. Moneyer, ROBERD ON D.
1 farthing. Moneyer, ROBERD.
534 English pennies of Henry; short double cross on the
reverse. Many of these coins were worn by circulation.
5 halves of Henry's pennies, cut to pass as halfpence.
264: small coins, from which were selected the best examples
of the several types, to be described in the following
pages. These coins were black and very brittle, many
of them were mutilated, and there were numerous frag-
ments besides, not enumerated, each of which was less
than one half of a perfect specimen. About nine-tenths
of these coins had DE DVNO on the reverse.
As there is no clue to the history of these coins, except
such as may be suggested by their types and legends, the
most satisfactory course to pursue is, first to describe all
the coins, and then to endeavour to ascertain by whose
authority, and at what period and places they were coined.
SECTION I.
The coins Figs. 1, 2, and 3, have on the obverse a
small cross, which indicates the beginning of the legend
PATRICII ; and within the inner circle a cross supported
on a staff with a boss, which extends to the margin of the
coin, between the letters T and R on Figs. 1 and 2, and
on Fig. 3 between R and I. Reverse, a small cross and
the legend D' DVNO, or DE DVNO ; within the inner
circle a cross without a staff, and with a crescent in each
quarter. These coins weigh 5 '5, 6, and 5 '5 grains. One
coin is incuse, and shows only the obverse of this type.
INEDITED SILVER FARTHINGS COINED IN IRELAND. 151
SECTION II.
Division I.
The type of the obverse of Figs. 4, 5, and 6, is similar
to the coins described in the first section,, but the staff
of the cross, which is without a boss, is between the letters
T and R, and Fig. 6 has a point or dot before the letter
P. Reverse, a small cross with the legend CRAGFEVF,
and Fig. 5 has a dot at the end of the legend ; within the
inner circle a cross potent voided. These coins weigh 5'9,
5 -8, and 6*1 grains.
Division II.
The obverse of Figs. 7, 8, and 9, is almost identical with
the coins in the first section; the staff of the cross is
between the letters T and R. Reverse, a small cross with
the legend CRAGF, and a mark of abbreviation attached
to the final letter ; within the inner circle a double cross,
with a lunette at the end 5 of each arm. These coins weigh
5'3, 4'4, and 5 '3 grains.
Division III.
The cross on the obverse of Figs. 10, 11, and 12, is
somewhat larger than on any of the preceding coins, but
the type is similar, the only difference being that the staff
of the cross, with a boss, is between the letters R and I.
Reverse, a small cross with the legend CRAGF, and
a mark of abbreviation on the final letter; within the
inner circle a double cross pommee, with a dot in the
centre. These coins weigh 4'9, 5 '4, and 5*6 grains.
152 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
SECTION III.
The coins Figs. 13, 14, 15, and 16, resemble in type
those already described, but differ from them in many
particulars. Besides the small cross which indicates the
beginning of the legends PATRIC, and^PATRICII, there
is another cross at the end of the word on Figs. 15
and 16. Fig. 13 has PI instead of PA, and on Figs. 13
and 14 the Irish or Saxon t is very distinct. The cross
within the inner circle is without a staff, and is much
smaller than the cross on the coins in the other sections.
They weigh 4'9, 6'2, 3*8, and 4*9 grains. Fig. 17 has on
the obverse the Roman T instead of the Irish letter ; it is
broken and weighs only 3' 7 grains.
Reverse, a small cross and the legend GOANDQVRCI,
made up from the letters which are distinct on the four
unbroken coins; within the inner circle a short double
cross. The workmanship of these coins is rude in com-
parison with the coins in the first section.
SECTION IV.
The coin Fig. 18, which weighs only 2*7 grains, is in
its original condition. The type of the obverse resembles
the other coins. On the reverse it has within the inner
circle a single cross, with an imperfect letter in each
quarter, somewhat like the type of the reverse of the
mascle farthings coined by John while he was Lord of
Ireland.
What first impresses the mind on an inspection of the
engravings of these coins, Figs. 1 to 17, is the simi-
larity of the type on the obverse of all of them ; and the
INEDITED SILVEE FARTHINGS COINED IN IRELAND. 153
cross with the name PATRICII would not fail to sug-
gest that the type of these coins, found in Ireland, was
adopted by some person influenced by enthusiastic venera-
tion for the patron saint of this country.
The variety in the legends on the reverses would not so
readily lead the observer to a satisfactory conclusion
respecting their meaning, as, previous to the discovery of
these coins, no standard existed with which they could be
compared, so as to determine by whose authority they
were coined, or where they were minted.
In 1839 Mr. Lindsay published the following description.
" A small coin bearing on one side a short double cross,
and the word CRVX, and on the other a short single one
and the word PATRICII, and weighing six grains, was
found a few years since at Arldow, county Wicklow,
together with two triangle farthings of John ; it is in the
cabinet of the Dean of St. Patrick's, and is engraved in
PI. 4, No. 94, of this work." View of the Coinage of
Ireland, p. 26.
This coin, which is now in the cabinet of the Royal
Irish Academy, is identical with Fig. 7, but from the
imperfection of the legend on the reverse, which consists
of only the letters CR, no clue was given as to the place
where it was minted, and in Mr. Lindsay's plate the word
" uncertain " is over the engraving.
The word PATRICII, which is complete on some of
these coins, being in the genitive case, it may be that the
cross on a staff is symbolic of the word CRVX, a con-
jecture which is supported by the type of two coins of
Canute VI., King of Denmark, who died in 1202, and was
contemporary with our King John. These coins have on
one side a short sword between the letters R and X. The
sword or Ensis seems to be symbolic of the letter E, for the
154 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
word REX occurs across the field of another Danish coin,
of Christopher I., who died in 1259. 1
It is remarkable that the letters CR, on the coin pub-
lished by Mr. Lindsay, should have given rise to the
conjecture that the legend was CRVX PATRICII, which,
however, is not the correct reading, as will appear here-
after.
The form of the cross on these coins is probably the
same as that carried by St. Patrick, the Apostle of the
Irish, but the heraldic " St. Patrick's cross," of modern
times, is " a saltire gules, on a field argent," which differs
only in heraldic colours from the cross of St. Andrew, " a
saltire argent, on a field azure ;" 8 and it is still the custom
in Ireland, on the 17th of March, the anniversary of the
patron saint, for children to wear a plain " Patrick's
cross " made of ribbon, or coloured paper, pinned to the
left sleeve of their dress.
The standard weight of the English silver penny, accord-
ing to the earliest record, was 24 grains of the Tower
pound, equivalent to 22 \ grains Troy, by which standard
the Irish coins of King John were regulated ; and therefore
the farthing of his time should weigh 5 grains, which is
the exact weight of some of the coins now under con-
sideration. The total weight of the unbroken coins, Figs.
1 to 16, is 85'5 grains, which gives an average of 5*34
grains for each, and therefore it may be inferred that they
are farthings.
The next thing to be considered is the place of mintage
of these coins, heretofore unknown.
I do not hesitate to assert that Figs. 1, 2, and 3 were
1 Bircherod Specimen Antique Rei Monetarisc Danorum,
Hafnire, pp. 85 and 101. 4to. 1701.
2 Boutell's Heraldry, p. 27. 8vo. 18G3.
INEDITED SILVER FARTHINGS COINED IN IRELAND. 155
coined at Down, or Downpatrick, as it is now called, for
Dimum, in Irish bun, is the well-known Latinised name of
Down, which, at the time of the invasion of Ireland by
Henry II., was " the chief town in the surrounding terri-
tory." 3
The D ' with the elision of the letter E, on the reverse
of Fig. 1, is remarkable there were only two instances in
a large number of coins; and the preposition DE before the
name of a place is very unusual. It occurs, however, on a
few of the halfpence coined at Waterford by John, while
he was Lord of Ireland, e.g. WILL61MVS Da WA.
The letters on these coins are well formed, and the
workmanship is superior to that of the coins described
in the other sections.
The legends on the reverses of the coins Figs. 4 to 12,
are CRAGFEVF and CRAGF, the latter with a mark of
abbreviation attached to the final letter, which names, I
have no doubt, signify the ancient town of Carrickfergus,
in the county of Antrim, a few miles north of the town of
Down.
In the Calendar of the Irish Chancery Rolls, and other
early records, the words Cragferg 9 , Cragfgus, and Crag-
fergus, occur frequently, and mean Carrickfergus. The
words "cnaij" and " canpaic," in Irish, have the same
signification a rock.
One or more letters are wanting on the reverse of each
of the coins Figs. 13, 14, 15, and 16, but by supplying the
deficiency on one with letters from the others, the legend
GOANDQVRCI is obtained, which may serve to deter-
mine by whose authority they were coined, and also to fix
within narrow limits the time when they were minted.
3 Reeves's Ecclesiastical Antiquities, p. 143.
156 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
The letter G, which is very distinct on Figs. 16 and 17,
may have been used phonetically for I or J, the sound of
which letter it has in the words, Grin, Gibe, &c. ; and the
initial letter on Fig. 13 seems to have been I, certainly
not G. This latter coin was struck from different dies, as
it has PI, instead of PA, on the obverse.
The letter D with the elision of E, as it appears on
Fig. 1, represents the preposition DE.
Some proper names in the Irish language which begin
with C, have Q substituted for the primary letter in the
Anglicised form of these words ; thus " cumn " becomes
Quin, and "cuijic" is changed to Quirk.
From the preceding observations, and other reasons to
be mentioned hereafter, I infer that the name on the
reverse of these coins is IOAN[nes] DE CURCY, which
occurs in many entries in the Patent and Close Rolls of
John, in the Tower of London ; and in the Patent Roll, 4
John, A.D. 1202, and the Close Roll, 3 Henry III., A.D.
1219, the name is written DE CIJRCL, in which form it
also occurs in the " Chronicon Mannise."
The 264 coins, which constituted nearly one-fourth of
the entire hoard, comprised 238 of Down, 17 of Carrick-
fergus, and 9 of De Curcy's farthings.
The name of John De Curcy 4 is first mentioned in the
Annals of the Four Masters, s.a. 1177, in which year he
invaded the north of Ireland, and plundered and destroyed
the town of Down. He gained many victories up to 1203,
when he was defeated by Hugh de Lacy, the younger, in
4 Sir James Ware, and all Irish historians since his time,
write De Courcy, but I prefer the name as it is written in the
early Rolls, and especially because it is more in accordance with
that on the coins.
INEDITED SILVER FARTHINGS COINED IN IRELAND. 157
a battle at Down; and in 1204 he was driven into Tyrone,
and proceeded thence to Carrickfergus, after which there
is no mention of De Curcy in these Annals.
In the Chronicon Mannia3, s.a. 1.205, De Curcy's
defeat is recorded, and the entry concludes with the words,
"Ex quo tempore Johannes de Curci nunquam terram
suam recuperavit ;" and in the same year King John
granted to Hugh de Lacy " terram de Ultonia cum per-
tinenciis suis habendam et tenendam sicut Johannes de
Curci earn tenuit die qua idem Hugo eum in campo
devicit, vel die proximo precedent!, salvis tarneii nobis
crociis 5 de terra ilia." Rot. Pat. 6 Johann, in Turr.
Lond.
In 1181, De Curcy, as a reward for his services, was
created Earl of Ulster by Henry II., being the first
Englishman dignified with any title of honour in Ire-
land, by a formal creation, with a grant by patent to him
and his heirs that they should enjoy all the land in
Ireland he could gain by his sword, together with the
donations of bishoprics and abbeys, reserving from him
onty homage and fealty. In 1185 he was constituted sole
governor of Ireland, and in 1 189 he was removed, when
he retired to his earldom. ArchdalPs Peerage, vol. vi.,
p. 139. 8vo. 1789.
The grant made by King Henry does not seem to have
been enrolled. The jurisdiction and rights, however,
which De Curcy exercised may be collected from several
deeds executed by him, which deeds are witnessed by his
Seneschal, his Constable, his Chamberlain, fyc. Lynches
Feudal Dignities, p. 144. 8vo. 1830.
5 " Crocium, a mulct, or compensation for a fault : Pretinm
hominis occisi." Blount's Law Dictionary.
VOL, III. N.S. Y
158 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Jocelin, the monk of Fumes, who wrote a life of St.
Patrick at the request of Thomas, Archbishop of Armagh,
Malachy, Bishop of Down, and John De Curcy, styles
the latter, in his preface, Prince of Ulster, and adds " qui
S. Patricii specialissimus dilector et venerator esse digno-
scitur." Colgan Acta Sanctorum, torn, ii., p. 64.
Giraldus Cambrensis, who came to Ireland in 1185,
gives a full description of the character and personal
appearance of De Curcy, and adds, "Et quanquam in
armis immoderatus, et plus militis quain ducis habens,
inermis tanien modestus, ac sobrius, et Ecclesise Christi
debitam venerationem prsestans, divino cultui per omnia
deditus; gratise supernae, quoties ei successerat cum gra-
tiarum actione totum ascribens, Deoque dans gloriam,
quoties aliquod fuerat gloriosum." Hibernia Expugnata,
lib. ii., cap. xvii.
Archdall states that De Curcy was betrayed by his
servants, and that Hugh De Lacy took him prisoner,
' ' when the earl, walking unarmed and barefoot five times
round the churchyard of Downpatrick for penance, was
attacked unawares, and having nothing to defend himself
with but the pole of a cross, was overpowered, and forced
to yield, after he had killed thirteen of Lacy's men, and
lost two of his brother's sons, who were slain in his
defence." Peerage of Ireland, vol. vi., p. ]41. Edit.
1789.
In 1183, the Cathedral of Down, which was occupied
by secular canons, and consecrated to the Blessed Trinity,
was, by persuasion of De Curcy, dedicated to St. Patrick,
and Benedictine monks of the Abbey of St. Werburgh, of
Chester, were introduced in place of the secular canons.
-Ware's Bishops, p. 39, fol. 1704.
Pembridge, in his Annals, relates that John De Curcy
INEDITED SILVER FARTHINGS COINED IN IRELAND. 159
removed the shrine of the Holy Trinity, and, instead of
it, "in magna ecclesia posuit imaginem S. Patricii."
Down has long been celebrated as the resting-place of
the remains of St. Patrick, St. Brigid, and St. Columba,
which is commemorated in the following Leonine verse
" In burgo Duno, tumulo tumulantur in uno
Brigida, Patritius, atque Columba pins,"
by Giraldus Cambrensis, who was in Ireland when the
translation of the relics took place in the year 1186, at
Down : " Johanne vero de Curci tune ibidem prsesidente,
et hoc procurante." Topographia Hibernia, dist. iii.,
cap. 18.
In the year 1182, De Curcy established a colony at
Carrickfergus; and in a plan of that town as it stood in
1550, there is in the market-place a conical mound, sur-
mounted by a cross, called " Great Patrick." M'Skimin's
History of Carrickfergus, 2nd edit., pp. 10 and 105.
De Curcy founded at Carrickfergus a house for Canons
of the Order of Premontre, which he dedicated to the
Blessed Mary; and in the year 1183, " Willielmus, prior
de Cragfergus," witnessed one of De Curcy's charters
to Down Cathedral. Reeves's Ecclesiastical Antiquities,
pp. 60 and 275.
The type of the obverse of the Carrickfergus coins indi-
cates that they were contemporary with the Down and
De Curcy farthings ; and the crosses on the reverses of
Figs. 4 and 10, are similar to crosses on the halfpence
coined by John, Lord of Ireland, between the years 1185
and 1199; and the type of the reverse of the Down
farthings is identical with one of the five coins of William
the Lion, in the same hoard.
De Curcy's veneration for St. Patrick, as stated by the
160 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
monk Jocelin, his piety, mentioned by Cambrensis, who
was not disposed to exaggerate his merits, and his defend-
ing himself with the pole of a cross at the time of his
capture, as Archdall relates, seem to account for the
device of the cross, and the legend PATBICIT ; and as
he was so actively engaged for some years in extending
and establishing his conquests, it may be that he did not
coin any money until after the year 1189, when he retired
to his earldom in Ulster.
The discovery, after the lapse of nearly seven centuries,
of so large a number of coins, presenting five different
coinages, and three distinct types, two of towns not pre-
viously known to have coined silver money, and one with
the name of a subject on the reverse, is a very remarkable
fact.
With the power and authority which De Curcy acquired
by his conquests in the north of Ireland, and the great
privileges conferred on him by Henry II., it is not sur-
prising that he should have coined money in his own
name, which act may have been suggested by the exam-
ples set by Henry, Bishop of Winchester, the illegitimate
brother of King Stephen, and Robert, Earl of Gloucester,
the illegitimate son of Henry I., who coined money
bearing their names. Hawkins* Silver Coins of England,
figs. 279 and 280.
King John, however, shortly after he came to the throne,
when he appointed Meiler Fitz Henry Chief Justice of
Ireland,, in the year 1200, reserved to himself, "omnia
placita Hibernye spectantia ad coronam nostram, et
monetam, et cambium. " Charter Boll. Turr. Lond.
2 John m. 28, dorso.
By an ordinance, dated the 9th of November, 1207, at
Windsor, King John prohibited the currency of all money
A.SnrithMD. Del* 1858.
SILVER FARTHINGS FOUND IN IRELAND^
INEDITED SILVER FARTHINGS COINED IN IRELAND. 161
except his own, " super forisfacturam vite et membra-
norum, quod nullus vendat vel emat per aliam inonetam,
quam, per monetam nostram Hibernie, quoniam earn per
totum regnum currere volumus, et not aliam. " Rot.
Pat. 9 Johann. 75 b. in Turr. Lond.
The conclusions which I deduce from the preceding
observations, are :
1. That all the coins, Figs. 1 to 17, were current as
farthings.
2. That Figs. 1 to 3 were struck at Downpatrick.
3. That Figs. 4 to 12 were struck at Carrickfergus.
4. That Figs. 13 to 17 were coined by John de Curcy.
5. That the seventeen coins having the same type on
the obverse, were all probably coined by De Curcy's autho-
rity ; those with his name, before 1189, in which year
he was deprived of his office of sole governor of Ireland,
and retired to his earldom in the north. The reservation
by King John respecting (( monetam et cambium," in the
year 1200, may have deterred De Curcy from issuing
money in his own name, but, probably, did not prevent
him from coining money at Down and Carrickfergus
before he finally quitted Ireland in the year 1204.
Whatever doubt may be entertained respecting the
conjectures I have advanced, it 'will be admitted that
the discovery of these farthings has contributed some
interesting additions to the history of the Anglo-Irish
coinage.
AQUILLA SMITH.
JUNE 29iH, 1863.
162
XVII.
NORTHERN EVIDENCE ON THE SHORT-CROSS
QUESTION.
IN collecting for a new list of Durham coins, various
disputed types have had to be considered, and it will be
alike convenient to the numismatic world and myself if,
pending the preparation of my list (for which I seek con-
tributions of impressions), I bring my conclusions from
time to time for the consideration of my superiors. I
may fairly claim their indulgence, as there are no general
works in which documentary evidence has been critically
applied to coins, and I may excuse that absence by the
apathy of government and the expensive clumsiness of
government publications. Fortunately for me, the northern
antiquaries, with their small means, have been able to pub-
lish, in a compact form, the Pipe Rolls for the four northern
counties up to Henry III., and for Northumberland to
the close of his reign. 1 These conclusive rolls were made
up at Michaelmas, and that date must be understood when
I speak of the roll of any particular year. The subject of
Northumberland, in Mr. Hodgson's history of that county,
part 3, vol.jii. ; Cumberland and Westmorland, and Durham,
by the Newcastle Society of Antiquaries, under Mr. Hinde's
editorship.
THE SHORT-CROSS QUESTION. 163
my'present paper is the long controverted question of what
are the respective coinages of Henry II. and Henry III.
The palatinate of Durham sprang from the Saxon king-
dom of Bernicia, which continued in a tolerable state of
independence as the palatine earldom of Northumberland.
And we can understand the statement in the contemporary
Dialogue of the Exchequer that, previously to Henry II/s
institution of " one weight and one money/' the counties
of Northumberland and Cumberland might use pennies of
any sort, " not having moneyers of ancient institution."
For all money which was struck there before that time,
was struck palatinally. Only two palatine mints have
occurred the Carlisle 2 one of Henry, Earl of North-
umberland, and the Durham one of the bishops. During
2 Coins of Henry, Earl of Northumberland. This was
written on the information of a friend that two of Mr. Weddell's
specimens read WILEL : M : ONICA and WILE : M : ON OA.
Lindsay, in his "Coinage of Scotland," has : WILE : M : ONIO :
H (?) and WILEL : MONCI. The two last forms are evidently
transpositions. I regret that my own specimen does not give
the last letter satisfactorily ; hut ONCI : is plain enough. The
obverse of mine explains Lindsay's NEN : CON. It reads
Jrfft : EN : CON. The mark of contraction on the first N is
very plain, and the formula is probably NORHUMBERLAND
(as in the headings of the Pipe Rolls) ENRICUS CONSUL.
It does not follow that the place of mintage was not Carlisle,
merely because these coins were struck for Northumberland,
for Henry was earl both of Carlisle, or Cumberland, and Nor-
thumberland, and might elect the site of his mint. We shall
find that "the silver mine of Carlisle" extended into both earl-
doms, or counties. Earl Henry acquired Cumberland in 1135,
and Northumberland in 1139. He died in 1153.
The reading, " Firma de Chaerliolio," in the Roll of 31 Henry I.,
may explain the dubious letter, if it is H. The introduction of
I is less intelligible. I once thought that the N answered a
double purpose, that ON NIC A might be meant, and that New-
castle was the locality ; but I do not think that the last letter on
my coin is an A. Besides, Henry II. first coined there.
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
the whole of Henry II.' a reign, Hugh de Puteaco, com-
monly called Pudsey, was palatine BUhop of Durham, and
the great survey of the rents due to him, made in 1 183,
and called " Boldon Buke," records the new institution of a
royal mint at Newcastle, the earldom being then in the
king's hands. " The dies of money (says the Survey) were
wont to render 10 marks, but the Lord King Henry II.,
by the dies which, in Newcastle, he first placed, diminished
the rents of 10 marks down to 3 marks ; and, at last, he
took away the dies holden from many ages past."
The first of these operations, the establishment of a
Newcastle mint, was unquestionably at the great coinage
of one weight and one type, mentioned by the Exchequer
writer. Howden places it in 1156, the writer de Antiquis
Legibus in 1159. It must have occurred in or before
1158, as the Sheriff of London accounts in that year for
" the commutation of money. " Already, in 1156, the
silver mine (or more strictly lead mine yielding silver),
called that of Carlisle, but which was partly in the county
of Northumberland and partly in that of Cumberland, was
leased by the crown to William, the son of Erkembald, 3
who, in 1164, is called William the Moueyer, in the Pipe
Rolls for both counties. We have later evidence that
the Northumb r ~land portion of the mine was, at least
3 I reserve the palatine coins of the earlier reigns for further
consideration, not wishing, moreover, to burden the text with
matter unnecessary to the argument. The mine of Carlisle was
in existence in 1129, and one William, wilh the sheriff, rented it
in 1130. In 1133, it seems to have greatly increased in value,
by the discovery, chronicled by Robert de Monte, of fresh veins
of silver, and a William v\as Earl Henry's moneyer between
113U and 1153 ; but I dare not assert as a fact that William of
1130, and William Fitz Erkembald, the bankrupt of 1160, are
the same person.
THE SHORT-CROSS QUESTION. 165
eventually, the richest; and in 1166, when William's son
Wilekin owed 30 marks " for lead found underground/'
the father is styled of Newcastle, where we again find him
in 1176 exporting a regal gift of lead for the church of
Grosmunt, and in the same roll he is expressly called le
Colnere de Novo Castro. Up to 1170 the mine had been
profitable to him. He had paid the rent, though it had
increased threefold. But from that period he sank into
hopelessly large arrear. His tenancy ceased with the first
quarter of the 26th fiscal year of Henry, viz., October to
December, 1179, the second great coinage taking place in
1180, and a new money er, as we shall soon see, occurring
in 1181.
William's coins, therefore, are those of Henry's first
coinage, and those only \ and in his time the Durham mint
was still partially worked.
Now, in the Tealby find there were coins of this William
struck both at Carlisle 4 and Newcastle, along with coins
4 Orthography of Carlisle- The coins with CAR, increasing
in length to CARDVL, have been attributed in the text to Carlisle
without hesitation, although I am aware that Ruding has given
some of them to Cardiff, and, apparently upon that ground
alone, has presumed that a mint existed at that place. So
unskilfully, however, was this attribution put forward, that he
ascribed Henry II.'s CAHDV and CARDVL to Carlisle, and
Henry III.'s CARDV to Cardiff. Later antfcij&ries, perceiving
that he also gives CARL and CARLEL under Henry III. (long-
cross pennies, I believe), to Carlisle, have been inclined to transfer
to Cardiff all the coins reading CARD, with its enlargements.
Whether Camden's Caerdiffe, or Kaer D % tdh, ever allowed of
the identification of CARDV and CARDVL with it, I am too un-
skilled in Cambrian antiquities to say. But as to Carlisle,
Cardel and Carleolium occur in the same roll as early as 1167,
in William the Moneyer's and Henry II.'s time. In Alan the
Moneyer's and Kichard I.'s time, the forms Carduil, Cardvill,
and Cardoil, become very plentiful, continuing with Carleolium
to the end of the reign of John, when I lose the Cumberland
VOL. III. N.S. Z
166 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
struck by Walter and some other raoneyer (apparently
John), 5 at Durham. That find (Hawkins, No. 285) is
therefore assigned to Henry's first great re-coinage, in strict
Pipe Rolls. But I see Cardoill and Oardoil in those of Northum-
berland to the tenth year of Henry III. Carleolium is freely
declined, but Oarduil and Cardoil never ; and only very occa-
sionally does the final I occur with a bar of contraction. I
therefore inferred that Oarduil and Carleolium bear the same
relation as Duresme or Durham, and Dunelmia, and the accu-
racy of the conclusion is proved by the city being called Cardeol
by the French historian, Froissart, at a much later date.
It will then be granted that Carlisle has at least as good a
claim as Cardiff to the coins in question, and it has the vantage-
ground of a well-known mint in active operation, with the very
sequence of moneyers, William, Alan, and Thomas, that is found
on these coins. To suppose that Cardiff in documentary times
had an unrecorded mint, with the very same moneyers as the
recorded mint of Carlisle, and that the coins of the unrecorded
mint should be not unfrequent, and those of the recorded one
absolutely unknown, requires very strong faith.
I have not traced Ruding's CARDIC, and his more probable
CARDVL, for Henry II., and his CARDS for Henry III., but I
find in the Tealby coins that some William struck at CA, CAR,
CARD, and CARDV, and in the early short-cross type that Alan
struck at CARD, CARDV, CARDI, and CARI, the last letter being,
probably, in both instances incomplete. I find, moreover, that
Thomas struck a later short-cross type at CAR., and that CARL,
CARLEL, and CAERLEL, do not occur until a new set of moneyers
arose with the long-cross type, between the short-cross type and
which we have other reasons for inferring that in the north of
England a considerable interval elapsed.
I know of no other moneyers for the above forms than those
recorded at Carlisle, except for the form CA. If Earl Henry's
coins read as stated, we have William striking at CA in the reign
of Stephen for an earl who had no jurisdiction at Canterbury;
and in the next reign we find both William and Goldhavoc
striking at CA. Now we have of the same Tealby type coins of
Goldhavoc at CAN, but not at CAR, and of William at CAR, but
not at CAN. CA must therefore be considered as common to
both places, and coins bearing it can only be applied with
certainty by the aid of extraneous evidence.
5 Pudsey had another moneyer at Durham, called Christian,
as we know from the work of Reginald on the miracles of
THE SHORT-CROSS QUESTION. 167
accordance with northern facts. My specimen, whether
found at Tealby or not, of William's Newcastle coinage in
this type, is infinitely superior to the general run of the
find. The letters are delicate, and the coin has been
struck in a collar, consequently it is quite round, and
complete in impression. In my coins of other moneyers,
I see one with two cross bars on each of the side limbs of
the king's sceptre instead of the patee form, and the cross
on the reverse has only a small square dot in place of the
central quatrefoiL These may be mere contemporaneous
varieties, but it is strange that the books do not dis-
criminate the broad flat type, the specimens of which,
though differing among themselves, and possibly admitting
of a more minute division, may readily be distinguished,
independently of general character, by one of three pecu-
liarities : 1. The absence of AN GL. 2. The not unfre-
quent absence of the central quatrefoiL 3. The presence
of a curl, or an attempt at the representation of hair.
Some of these coins occur for William at Newcastle.
Although highly curious for their varied and transitional
features, they, are, after all, only a sub-class, and not a
distinct coinage, or nova moneta. Some of them have
rather a base appearance, explaining Howden's reason for
the coinage of 1180.
There are no other types of William. The Tealby type,
more or less modified, must have existed from 1158 to
1180, and, as there is no decided variety of it which does
not exist for William, the re -coinage of the latter year, in
which he had no share, must have been different.
St. Cuthbert. Let me here place on record also, that, in 1204,
King John confirmed to the monks of Durham some land in
Nottingham, of Oincar, the son of Alnot the Moneyer, whose
coins, wherever struck, may he expected to date previously.
168 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Howden and the Liber de Antiquis Legibus place the
new coinage in 1180. The Bermondsey annals state that
the money was changed at Martinmas, 1181. Matthew
Paris gives both dates. Under 1180, he says: "Nova
moneta in Anglia facta est ; " and under 1181 : " Eodem
anno, moneta veteri in Anglia reprobata, nova successit in
festo Sancti Martini/' Although the sheriffs may not
have accounted very punctually, yet their rolls are in
respect of definite periods, and they seem t show that
the coinage was in 1180, and that the old money was
absolutely prohibited before Martinmas, 1181. In the
Northumberland Roll, closing at Michaelmas, 1180, the
sheriff delivered some rents, amounting to 9 6s. 8c?., in
veteri moneta. It is evident that the new coin was issued,
yet he was quit. But in the Cumberland Roll, closing at
Michaelmas, 1181, the sheriff's clerk is amerced for suf-
fering the old money to pass after the Justiciaries' prohibi-
tion, so that the Northumberland sheriff had just been in
time. In 1183 the issue of new coin was large and com-
plete as far north as Yorkshire, as we find large debts of
the old money paid by smaller sums of the new ; but in
1184 the exchange was still going on in Devonshire. 6 As
late as 1185 a fine occurs on the Cumberland Roll against
the sheriff himself, whose term of office ended in the
beginning of that year, for having sustained the currency
of the old money after the general prohibition.
We can hardly doubt that the total withdrawal of the
dies from Durham (and it may be that the passage includes
those of Newcastle 7 ), recorded in the Survey of 1183, was
6 1 Madox's Exch. 280.
7 As to Newcastle, the reason of the withdrawal was, pro-
bably, nothing more than that the minter, living at Carlisle, kept
all his dies there.
THE SHORT-CROSS QUESTION. 169
effected by the non-issue of the dies of this re-coinage.
The privilege was not restored until 1196, late in Richard
I/s reign, and we ought not to have any Durham coins of
Henry II/s second coinage.
It is fortunate that William's successor at Carlisle over-
stepped the law by selling wine above the assize imme-
diately after the coinage commenced, in fact in 1181, and
from the fine we gather our first notice of Alan the
Money er of Carlisle. But he did not become lessee of
the mines until 1186, at a much more prudent rent than
that paid by William, and then only in partnership with
one Richard. In the interim they had been unsuccessfully
farmed by various adventurers, none of whom appear to
have disturbed Alan in the possession of the dies ; and
we have no notice of any other mint than Carlisle, or
moneyer than Alan, during the rest of Henry's reign,
which terminated in July, 1189.
It is necessary to anticipate events, and to say that
Alan's son Thomas had supplanted him long before the
accession of Henry III. The Society will understand the
importance of this in connection with the coins of Alan.
His penny struck at Carlisle is figured in SainthilPs " Olla '
Podrida," pi. xviii. fig. 9, and is of the short-cross type. It
is therefore absolutely certain that Henry II. did originate
this type ; but before considering this particular coin, it
will be convenient to consider some further evidence,
because it resembles one coined at Durham, a place where
Henry II.'s coins were not struck coined, too, by this
very Alan, who did not strike in the reign of Henry III.
In the third roll of Richard I., Alan appears as sole
lessee of the mine. His partner had been a defaulter.
But out of his 100 rent he only pays 10 for that
portion of the mine " which remained in the king's hands
170 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
when he gave to Hugh, Bishop of Durham, the earldom
of Northumberland." The gift was on Nov. 25, 1189,
and the bishop was forcibly dispossessed in 1194, the year
before his death. The charter expressly mentions mines
of silver, and the roll shows that the bishop got the lion's
share. He was now, like the previous earls, in a position
to coin money irrespective of the suspended episcopal
right. It is as improbable that he would permit the
coinage and exchange to go on at Carlisle, as far as his
portion, by far the largest, was concerned, as that he
would prefer Newcastle to the capital of his own episcopal
franchise, which for the moment had joined its parent,
and where he could also coin the silver of Weardale in the
bishopric in addition to the proceeds of the mine of
Carlisle. The keepers of the bishopric after his death in
1195, account for lead bought and sold at a profit, and
also pay 130 13s. Sd. } ad cambium faciendum i.e. to pro-
vide material for the mint; and account for 174 Os. 4d.
in platdj de proficuo minariae et cambii. This was by the
royal writ, and looks like a render in rough bullion to
some other mint, confirming the conclusion that there
still was no episcopal mint at the time, as distinguished
from that afforded by the earldom while Pudsey held it ;
and that when Howden, in recording Richard's license
in 1196 to the next bishop to make money in his city of
Durham, adds that the liberty had not been permitted for
a considerable time before, he was quite correct.
Alan's rent to the crown again increased (though not to
its former amount) after Pudsey's time, and he continued
to be lessee until the last year of Richard's reign. In the
first roll of John, 1199, Alan, or some one for him, pays
10, but only for arrears, and the sheriffs account for their
respective two half years ; and henceforth their successors
THE SHORT-CROSS QUESTION. 171
seem to have farmed the mine as they did the county.
The roll comprehends more of Richard's reign than of
John's ; therefore death, or some reason other than
change of reign, had occasioned the change. 8
The Society will have anticipated the inevitable conclu-
sion, that Alan's coins of Durham could only be struck
there in the time of Richard I. In John's reign we shall
find further proof of the strange fact, for so I can hardly
hesitate to call it, that while some of the short-cross
pennies bearing the name of Henry are those of Henry
II. and Henry III., the bulk of them were struck in the
reigns of Richard I. and John, which have been blanks in
our cabinets, although we knew that both coined money.
For, taking Cambium in its limited sense, what could bul-
lion be imported for, in the quantities shown in Richard's
Compoti Cambii, except for coinage ? "What but coinage
could induce Alan the Money er to pay a substantial rent,
and what but an active coinage could induce the new
bishop to obtain dies in the old right ?
After ] 180 there is no trace of a general change before
the introduction of the long cross, and for the persistence
of legend it is not difficult to account. Had Henry VII.
not used numerals, there would not have been any change
in his dies while Henry VIII. used them. At the earlier
period under consideration there were more cogent reasons
for avoiding alteration. I put out of the question Richard's
remorse and posthumous respect for his father but we
know that one of the leading features of that father's life
was the reduction of coins to uniformity. Facsimile
8 The reader will find, in a subsequent note, a coincidence
which might induce the supposition that Alan had removed to
London.
172 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
execution was unattainable, but a tolerable uniformity of
legend and design might be understood. It may be that
the custom of continuing the name of the founder of a
type was more common than we have conceived. 9 May
it not explain the extraordinary circumstance that until
the long cross was adopted we have no Irish money but
what bears the name of John, the introducer of new
money there ?
But whatever the custom or parallel cases, I only bow
to the facts of the particular instance, and having started
to the conclusion, proceed to the coins.
Short-cross pennies may be conveniently divided into
two great classes : 1. With the diadem having the pearls
in a row of more than five, or confusedly. 2. With the
pearls very distinctly five in number. The former class
comprehends the two coins of Alan already mentioned, 10
which, as to the diadem, resemble the later coins of the
contemporary king of Norway, Sverre Sigurdson, whose
reign began in 1177, three years before Henry II.'s later
coinage, and ended in 1202, three years after John's acces-
sion. His reverses are of a foreign type, but his obverses
have a face occupying the whole inner circle, and of the
9 My own researches are cramped by my Durham predilections,
and it is to Mr. Boyne that I am indebted for the information,
that in the French series of coins there are abundant analogous
cases of several kings of different names all placing one common
name on their coins, as if the type was the only thing desired.
Mr. Pownall gives me a very apt illustration in respect to
Kichard I. himself. " The French numismatists unhesitatingly
ascribe some of the conventional CARLVS REX R. type to
Richard I. M. Poey D' Avant says, ' II est a mes yeux incon-
testable que Richard a commence" par faire frapper des monnaies
au type ordinaire de Melle. C'est aussi I'opinion de M. Lecon-
tre Dupont.' "
10 But he struck in some of the earlier five -pearled forms, and
specimens have recently occurred to me.
THE SHORT-CROSS QUESTION. 173
character of that on our short-cross pennies, even to the
dot on the chin. The curls are numerous, and destitute of
pellets. In some of his pieces we have a crown with three
fleur-de-lis, as in the Tealby type; in others, of a some-
what ruder treatment, we have the short-cross diadem of
the first class. Sverre's reign began the same year as the
Irish lordship of John, whose half-pennies show a full
face with a short double cross, annulets being substituted
for quatrefoils.
The two pennies of Alan, struck at Carlisle and Durham,
which resemble each other, may be thus characterised :
Pearls, 8 ; curls to the dexter, 3 ; to the sinister, 1 ;
lettering and the devices on the reverse narrower and
feebler than in later short-cross pennies. The Durham
penny, which, by the kindness of my brother collector,
Mr. W. S. Stowell, jun., of Darlington, is now mine,
reads DVRO, thus coming nearer to the succeeding
DVR and D VRE than the DVNO of another penny of
Alan in my cabinet, which gives seven pearls, and only
one curl on each side. (See the Plate, No. 3.) In this
respect it resembles a penny of GOLDWINE ON C., who
gives the treatment (see the Plate, No. 1) narrower still,
and with every appearance of being engraved, as in
Henry II.'s old coinage, and not punched. I lately
purchased a very much worn short-cross penny of the
single curl type, struck by VLARD ON CA. It occurred in
a find of John's pennies, which appeared to be fresh or
nearly so. 11
11 These were said to come from Newry, and, since the above
was written, I have had a number of short-cross pennies from
the same source. They were mostly of the types prior to the
common type of four pelleted curls hereinafter ascribed to John,
and in a poor state. Among them was a coin of Alan at Car-
lisle, of the e/rliest type. See No. 2^of the Plate.
VOL. III. N.S. A A
174 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Two Museum specimens of Alan's Durham money seem
to yield the same results as my own; DVN exhibiting
one curl on each side, and DVRA two curls on the dexter
and three on the sinister. The Museum has also a
valuable penny of Alan's character, but struck by PIRES
ON DVNOL. It seems to have the single curls only,
and is exceedingly rude, and different from his later
pennies. ADAM ON DUE. was also coining.
I also hold among these earlier short-cross pennies, the
single curl type struck by TVRKIL ON EVER, and the
double or treble curls of RICARD ON LVN, and HENRI ON
LVND. In all of my many-pearled coins we may detect a
further characteristic. The upright strokes of the letters
have a tendency to run through the thin cross strokes.
On the whole I should be disposed to give the early
coins with the single curls only to Henry II., except such
few specimens as must, from documentary evidence, be
continued into the reign of Richard I. The specimens
with an increased number of curls lead naturally to a
well-marked first type of the five-pearled pennies, in which
there are two curls to the dexter and five little curls to the
sinister. The letters have materially increased in breadth.
I have never seen a Durham coin of this type. It singu-
larly coincides in place with the statement of Trivet and
Brompton, that in 1194 (the very year of Pudsey's loss of
the earldom), Richard carried an uniform coinage into
effect ; but the silence of other chroniclers forbids much
reliance upon it, and had such a coinage been exclusive,
the design would have been more different. Yet these
coins may nevertheless be placed under Richard I. and
considered as originated by him. 12 The recall of the dies
12 Junction of the Coinage of Richard I. and John. Of the
2-5 curl coinage the earlier specimens are smaller, are superior in
THE SHORT-CROSS QUESTION. 175
and taking counsel about money-making by John, in 1208,
prove a falling off in quantity and quality in his earlier
years, and perhaps we should place in the interim the
very broadly treated and barbarous coins with five pearls,
but only one curl on the dexter side, and two on the
sinister. Both my specimens are by RAVL ON LVNDE.
(See Plate V., No. 8.)
All the above coins sever themselves from succeeding
ones by a certain coarseness of execution, whether the
letters are narrow or broad, by their larger size, and by
the uniform absence of dots or pellets in the curls.
During their period, William the Lion of Scotland, who
acceded in 1165, introduced a change of coinage, for
which the date of 1195 is given by Balfour. The crown
gives way to numerous pearls, and a double short cross is
introduced, but the detail is sui generis, and no guide in
our English researches.
workmanship, and have a pellet after HENRICVS. They compose
the first class of five-pearled coins. "When Bishop Pudsey's life,
as well as earldom, terminated in 1194, Alan, in becoming-
lessee of the whole mine of the crown again, only paid 50 rent,
instead of 100, his old rent. The mine, therefore, was seriously
depreciated. We lose him in the rolls as lessee more than half
a year before Richard I.'s death. Did he coin in London also ?
A strange coincidence lends countenance to the conjecture. I
know nothing about the ordinary coins struck by an Alan at
London, but there are some distinguished by the unusual initial
V ALAIN .V. ON LVND. Mr. Sainthill's (see Plate, No. 6) is
a good specimen of the 2-5 curl type. Does not V stand for
Vintner, just as William's T and Ta. stand for Tailor f If so,
it is not likely that two vintners of the name of Alan joined
minting to vintning at the same time. And it will be remem-
bered that our first introduction to Alan of Carlisle was because
he sold wine above the price fixed by law.
I observe in my Newry coins that the single curls of Henry II.
increased, became bolder, and settled into a many-pearled type,
with three bold curls on each side. Ulard was still at Canter-
bury, striking from dies which were remarkably well engraved,
176 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
I hardly know whether the strange absence of New-
castle short-cross pennies is owing to an arbitrary with-
drawal of the dies on the resumption of the earldom by
the crown, or Alan's preference for Carlisle, or a scarcity
of mineral. Perhaps all three reasons may be given, and
perhaps each bears much upon the other, and no one is
satisfactory per se. The silver was decreasing, no doubt,
and the sheriff's rent during the reign of John fell to
10 marks. The money er was never again lessee, but his
name appears in 1210, when Alan, the son of Alan of
Carlisle, owed 30 marks (t de Cambio de Carduil, qui
requirebatur in Lond." The name of the son is erroneous,
or he was immediately succeeded by a brother, for in 1211
we have the entry : " Thomas, son of Alan de Carlisle,
owes 30 marks for the Cambium of Carlisle, for which the
Constable of Chester who received them ought to answer."
Similar entries occur in 1212 and 1213. That a very
considerable issue of money took place at this time is
especially in the hair and beard. Then the pearls were reduced\to
jive in the 2-5 curl pennies. That these, whoever Alan V.
was, were before John's great coinage, is proved by a remark-
able penny in Mr. Boyne's possession. It is of the second and
larger variety of the 2-5 curl type, without the dot after HEN-
RICVS, and it was struck by LEFWINE ON NICO. (see
Plate, No. 7.) Now, in the Pipe Roll of 4 John (1202), " Lef-
winus monetarius debet v marcas," and as his name has not
occurred in any of the finds of the later short-cross pennies, we
may assume that he ceased to coin soon afterwards. After the
2-5 coins, the three curls on each side were re-introduced in
company with a short sour face, the pearls remaining five.
Alan, whatever his London engagements or failure of his lease,
was still coining at Carlisle (see Plate, No. 9). The summit of
the diadem is sometimes composed of four pearls instead of three;
sometimes a dot occurs after Henricus, and now and then the cross
pomelle'e (its first appearance, as far as I am aware) occurs as a
mint-mark. The last two characters are also found in the earlier
examples of John's great coinage.
THE SHORT-CEOSS QUESTION. 177
evident. The keepers of Durham for 1208 to 1211,
during the long vacancy which followed the death of
Bishop Philip, charge themselves with 18 11s. for profit
of the dies. Mr. North calculated that, according to the
usual rate of coinage, this would be for 1,484, or 356,160
pennies. In 1212 there was only one die profitable, and
the result was 4 Is. OJc?. In 1213 dies are again men-
tioned, and the profit was 18 Us. as before. The Roll
of 1211 is for nearly four years, beginning at Midsummer,
1208, but from the amount the profit seems to have been
that of one year only. It is impossible to resist connect-
ing with this evidence the coinage contemplated in John's
letters patent of 7th October, 1208, commanding all
moneyers, &c., at London, Carlisle, Durham, &c. (no
mention of Newcastle) to appear the same month at
Westminster with their dies, and all workers of money
and others who could give counsel as to making of money;
and it is observable that the Carlisle entries are precisely
in the same years as the Durham ones. A new silver
penny was much more easily counterfeited than an old
one, and rogues seem to have been more than usually
busy at new coinages. They are mentioned in West-
merland after Henry II/s re-coinage, in the Roll of 1184 ;
and Ruding gives an anecdote of 1212, when this coinage
of John was going on, about him and a clerk who had
counterfeited the money. But it is very remarkable that
no chroniclers call the coinage nova moneta, as they do that
of Ireland, which followed the appointment of a justiciary
there in 1210. It must have been of an old and familiar
type.
I shall mention the money of Thomas of Carlisle, in
the place to which it seems to fall. It is quite unlike
the early varieties (see Plate V., No. 11) ; but its maker,
178 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
unfortunately, flourished in the reigns of both John and
Henry III. Ilger's name also is not conclusive, for the
fact that he was custos monetce in 1221 only proves that
his money ership was before or after that date. Richard
de Neketon and Adam de Bedley were moneyers in London
in 1230, but the first Christian name is on Henry II.'s
first coinage, as well as on Henry III.'s last ; and for
Adam, though his money falls into the second series of
the short-cross pennies, we have neither commencement
nor close. So that the only money er affording to us any
certain light is William the Tailor, who succeeded, in
1230, to the die of Simon Chich, deceased, in Canterbury.
His money is characteristic, and will be described under
Henry III. 13 Let us proceed to appropriate to John the
coins of that earlier and most common type, in which the
pearls are five, and the curls two on each side, wherein
pellets for the first time appear.
1. In this array of curls and pellets, they resemble the
Irish pennies bearing the name of John, though they
differ in the legend and design, and possess a broader
treatment, necessary to connect them with the previous
coinages still circulating in England.
2. They are not later than the Irish coins, and are
earlier than some of them, for, in Num. Chron., vol. xvii.,
p. 58, Mr. Hoare mentions that the 200 English short-cross
pennies, found with 50 pennies of the Dublin mint, were
in a very bad state, much rubbed and worn, whereas the
Irish coins were fine, and apparently little used.
3. In that Irish find were some of the rarer of these
short-cross pennies, which bear a cross pomellee, or quatre-
13 Simon's own money is the ordinary type appropriated to
John in the text.
THE SHORT-CROSS QUESTION. 179
foil, as a mint-mark, on the reverse. The coins of Peter
of Durham, the contemporary of Alan, are not uncommon
of this type, and they present both mint-marks ; but
those with the cross pomellee more uniformly read D VRE
than DVR, and such as I have seen give a pellet after
HENRI. (See Plate, No. 10.) This pellet, if it occurs
at other mints, does not uniformly do so. Where there
is a difference between the pennies with the cross pomellee
and those with it patee, the treatment is slightly older
in those with it pomellee, especially in the form of the
S (which is frequently reversed) ; and I have not observed
in them such a tendency to ogee lines in the curls as we
sometimes get in the other type. Now, there are some
short-cross sterlings of the Emperor Otho IV. which have,
properly enough, been adduced to show that, when the
English coins of John should occur, some at least would
be found to present a short-cross reverse. But I do not
remember that it was noticed that those sterlings present
the rarer mint-mark, the cross pomellee, which must
have been used immediately before or at the very time
that Otho's coins were copied. Otho, who, in 1207, had
been a fugitive in England, received a large sum of money
from his uncle, King John, in 1209, and in the same year
was consecrated emperor. He resigned the diadem in
1212, during John's coinage, and died in 1218. This
evidence seems to place 1212 as the very latest date to
which the introduction of that mint-mark can be referred.
It occurs on one type of short- cross pennies only. 14
14 An exception must be made of a few Khudlan pennies of
the previous type. Probably most of the ordinary coins so
marked give the sceptre between RE and X instead of R and
EX, and present a more cheerful face than those with the cross
pate"e. Sometimes there is an additional little curl or an ear under
180 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
4. When Bishop Walter acquired seisin of dies for the
new long-cross coinage in 1253, it was by producing
" antiques cuneos" and it is observable that we have no
short-cross pennies for Durham of William Tailor's type,
which must be Henry III.'s. Whereas those of Peter's
time are numerous, but before the long cross was introduced
they were ancient.
5. The coins in question are as different from William
Tailor's type as they are from Alan's. But among them
are money ers of both generations. Goldwine of Canter-
bury and Peter of Durham had coined with Alan, and
Ilger of London was destined to coin with William Tailor.
Alan lived in 1180, Tailor in 1230, a period of 50 years,
infinitely too long for one generation in the eyes of any
practical chronologist or genealogist. Everything is in
favour of an intermediate position for coins wrought by
two generations. And it is curious to contrast the old
with the young money ers. I got the works of Goldwine
and Ilger from the same find. But old Goldwine makes
his G in one way, (^, and young Ilger in another, (^.
Goldwine adheres to the plain saltire $> for his X. Ilger
expands it into ^. 15
6. The extremely small percentage of names identical
between the long and short-cross coinages can only be
accounted for by a considerable lapse of time between
them. A comparison between the tables, even as they
the two curls, and in one of Willelm on Lu. (Cab. Lindsay) the
pearls are once more seven. Such anomalies do not alter
general character. I cannot resist the notion that the cross
pomelle'e indicates early coins of the common type. The later
use of the mm. by Nichole on Can. and Lun. is noticed on
p. 183.
15 As a rule, however, the plain saltire was mostly used to
the end of the chapter.
THE SHORT-CROSS QUESTION. 181
stand, and the coincidences with Saxon money ers in the
Beaworth find, is striking ; and it will be more so when
the table shall be dissected into types, and when the
coincidences with the Tealby find shall be deducted.
On the above grounds, I give the common type of short-
cross pennies to John, and believe that no extensive
coinage followed for some time. 1213 just preceded the
thickest of John's troubles. He died in 1216, and there
is no trace in the historians of any new money of his suc-
cessor, until the long-cross coinage of 1247, when his name
first appears on the Irish coins. There is, it is true, a
note in Ending, by Mr. North, of a writ, in 1219 or 1220,
for changing the legend of the coins from the name of
John to that of Henry III. But on looking from the
reference to the calendar or abstract of the Patent Eoll
indicated, the instrument seems to be confined to the
Cornwall stannary, probably to the cuynage thereof, 16 and
a friend was unable to find any mention of change of type
or legend. In 1222 a large coinage seems to have been
contemplated. In 1226, Thomas, son of Alan, rented the
house in Newcastle, which had been that of his father's
predecessor, William, son of Erkembald, and for which
the sheriff had accounted since 1195. But we have no
Newcastle pennies of his coinage, and his name occurs
no more there. In 1230 William Tailor received his die
(Simon Chich's) at Canterbury. By 1247 the coinage was
intolerable, and in that year the long cross was adopted.
Scanty though it be, this is all the evidence of moment
that we have for Henry III.
16 Let all such doubtful references be corrected in a Chroni-
con. I append the calendar notices, "Pat. 4 Hen. III., m. 3.
n. 1. Cunea et Stagnaria Oornubise commissa." "Pat. 4 Hen.
III., B. m. 1. n. 2. Mutatio cunei Regis ac inscriptio monetse
ejusdem de stagnario Regis comitatus Cornubise."
VOL. III. N.S. B B
182 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
The addition of surnames is probably peculiar to
Henry III.'s money. 17 I have before me the penny of
ROGER OF R. ON CA., a small coin. The H is very
different from the same letter on former coins, and has
the tail sweeping round below. The workmanship, too, is
much improved. The letters come more sharply from the
field ; the five pearls are severed and minute. The curls
are three on each side, with pellets, and the face is rather
old, but it is a great advance on the old savage face with
the elf locks. The penny of NICHOLE ON CANT, agrees in
workmanship; but there are no pellets in the curls, of
which there are two on the dexter, and three on the
sinister side. I understand this to be the character of
the later coins of Ilger and those of William Tailor, as also
of the coin reading TER . RI., 18 &c. These little coins wear
down (and the appearance after wearing is a good criterion)
like the long-cross pennies, keeping a sharp appearance to
the last. They may safely be assigned to Henry III., but
as I have no proper collection of them, I cannot express
an opinion whether his types differed materially. I have,
however, sometimes thought that, as Thomas of Carlisle's
penny has three curls to the dexter and two to the sinister,
with pellets, and has a younger and more delicate face
than the two curl pieces, with a more compressed treat-
ment, it might be an early coin of this reign. 19 With the
! ' That is, in the general. There are earlier examples, such
as Alain V.
18 T do not see the dividing stop on an impression sent to me,
and the name TVRRI occurs at an early period.
19 Since writing the above I have acquired several coins of
the six-curl type of Henry III., and I find that there is a well
defined type with the improved lettering, a triangular face
and bristly whiskers. I have engraved a coin of WALTER ON
CAN, in addition to that of Thomas fitz-Alan, as a sample of
this type. In many of the later coins the pellets disappear from
THE SHORT-CROSS QUESTION. 183
long crosses Newcastle revives, Durham is more active,
Thomas ceases to coin at Carlisle ; and my paper must
conclude, not without many thanks to my correspondents,
whom I do not name 20 because I have not made the first
approaches, and should perhaps have put myself into com-
munication with others ; and not without frankly acknow-
ledging that I understand the Rev. Assheton Pownall
has already come by a different road to the conclusion,
that the short- cross pennies must be divided among the
two Henries ; but I have " no notice " of him or others
the curls, but I am not sure that this absence was universal or
persistent in this period, as the pellets exist in. the long-cross
pennies. I have only found room for William Tailor's mintage
(No. 13 of the Plate). Nichole on Lvn. struck the anomalous
coin which closes my Plate (No. 14:). In this last coin the
quatrefoil reappears as a mint mark, yet the severance of the
pearls, the forms of the letters, and the general finish, lead us to
the position in which it is placed, and in some particulars there
is a direct transition to the long-cross pennies. The II found on
them first appears ; the annulet-shaped eyes resemble those on
some of them ; the three dots on both sides after the names (a
customary division of that time) may by some be conceived to
be the first attempts at a numerical definition of the monarch ;
the old crescent, or top of the robe, under the head, is supplied
by the indication of a neck, or rather shoulders, and the three
curls are diminishing to the two of the long-cross type by the
upper curl being carried round (not an independent pellet, but)
the outermost pearl of the diadem, which has not yet given way
to a crown. The shoulders and eyes resemble those on Mr.
Boyne's long-cross penny reading HENRICVS REX III
RLN ON DOVE, winch seems to be early in the style. In an
approximating short-cross coin of Nichole on Can. (Cab. Saint-
hill), and in a peculiar 2-2 curled coin (Cab. Pownall) of Nichole
on Lvn. (probably the same eccentric moneyer), the cross
pomellee also occurs saltirewise for X in REX. To him we
perhaps owe the curious coin reading LVNDE CIVITAS, in
which the pearls are increased to six, but the two central ones,
with the three above (which usually form a cross), are larger
than the rest, and form a cinquefoil. (Cab. Pownall.)
20 Yet I cannot omit acknowledging the trouble that Messrs.
Boyne, Pownall, and Sainthill have taken in making impressions
for me.
184
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
being involved in my very heterodox opinions about the
reigns of llichard and John, to which I have only been
driven by " the inexorable logic of facts." 21 For con-
venience I append a summary of the short-cross types.
W. HYLTON DYER LONGSTAFFE, F.S.A.
i
SUMMARY OF THE SHOET-CROSS TYPES.
i One curl at each side . HENRY II.
Pearls more
Large size
No pellets
The same occasionally,
than five
in curls
when warranted by
*
special evidence, to
be referred to . .
RICHARD 1.
Two or three curls at
each side ....
TRANSITION.
Pearls five (
Two curls at dexter,
five at sinister . .
RICHARD I.
I
Fewer curls ....
TRANSITION.
Middle ^ Pellets in ( Two curls at each side,
size
curls
[some of] the earlier
examples with cross
\ \
pomellee for mm. .
"
JOHN.
\
1
Three curls at dexter,
In the last
two at sinister . .
TRANSITION.
type the
Three curls at each side
HENRY III.
pearls are
V V
minute and
severed.
Small size
^
Generally three curls at each side,
.sometimes without pellets . .
HENRY III.
POSTSCRIPT.
Since writing the foregoing paper, I have been per-
mitted to lay it before Mr. Hodgson Hinde, the facile
21 None of the numerous coins which have occurred to me
lately have given me difficulty in their application, and perhaps
to many persons sound grounds for my opinion will be found,
irrespective of my details. They will consider the impossibility
of giving so many types to either Henry II. or Henry III.
exclusively, or of finding such a transitional blending of styles,
had the type been suspended between those reigns.
THE SHORT-CROSS QUESTION. 185
princeps of our northern antiquaries when critical con-
sideration of documentary evidence is required, and I
venture to copy his endorsement of my views : " I have
read your paper with great interest. I have no doubt
that your explanation of the Durham penny of Henry II.
is the true one. No doubt Pudsey, as Earl of North-
umberland, had a right of coinage in any part of his pala-
tinate, Durham included; and it is quite in character
with the conduct of himself and of his predecessor, as
Earl and Bishop Walcher, that he should exercise the
right in a place where he might hope to transmit it to
succeeding bishops of Durham, rather than at Newcastle,
which would revert to the crown at his death. Your
theory as to pennies of Richard and John continuing to
be coined with the dies of Henry II. must also, I think,
stand uncontroverted until (which is a very unlikely occur-
rence) a hoard of English coins [with the names] of
Richard and John turns up."
To prevent the possibility of my description of the
coins being misunderstood, I have in Plate V. appended
sketches of the principal varieties. And as, on re-
perusal, I am not sure that my paper is as clearly
arranged and composed as it might have been by a more
practised numismatist, I have also appended what seem to
be the four corner-stones of my fabric in a tabular form,
showing the history, the coins, and the deductions. In
this I have confined myself to the one question, irrespective
of details, Did only Henry II., or only Henry III., or both,
coin the short-cross pennies which all read HENRTCUS
REX, with remarkable general similarity of arrangement
and character -, or did not all four sovereigns, Henry II.,
Richard I., John, and Henry III., do so ?
W. H. D. L.
186
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
SHORT-CROSS PENNIES.
SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT.
II.
DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE.
William was moiieyer at Carlisle
and Newcastle during the
whole of Henry II. 'a first
great recoinage, and no longer.
NUMISMATIC EVIDENCE.
His coius exhaust the varieties of the
type of the Tealby find.
Therefore : that type represents Henry II. 's first
great recoinage only.
Alan was moneyer at Carlisle
during the rest of the reign of
Henry II. He was the king's
moneyer. The earldom of
Northumberland was in the
king's hand. There was no
mint then at Durham. In the
reign of Richard I . the Bishop
of Durham might cause him to
coin at Durham, being Earl of
Northumberland. Alan ceased
office before John's coinage.
His coins exhibit a plurality of pearls
in the diadem and the short-cross
type. They occur for both Durham
and Carlisle, and are of the first or
archaic variety of the type. He
lived at Carlisle, and though his
mine was principally in Northum-
berland, no coins struck by him at
Newcastle have occurred to me.
His later coins have the pearls con-
fined to five, and are of the type in
which the cross pomellee mint-mark
is first found.
Therefore: Alan's coins struck at Durham must be
referred to Richard I.'s time, and Henry II. did coin
short-cross pennies, and those of one variety only,
which was continued into Richard I.'s reign without
change of legend.
III. John's coinage was contemporary
with Otho IV. of Germany,
who resigned before its com-
pletion. Thomas, son of Alan,
was not moueyer at Carlisle
until the reigns of John and
Henry III.
Otho's coins are in imitation of our
short-cross pennies with the cross
pomelle'e mint-mark, which mint-
mark ordinarily occurs on two varie-
ties only, and which varieties with
and without that mark have been
found in a worn state with new Irish
pennies of John. The coins of
Thomas at Carlisle are of a short-
cross type.
Therefore : John continued to strike short-cross
pennies without change of legend, and the type was
thus continued to the reign of Henry III.
IV. William Tailor did not acquire a
die at Canterbury until the reign
of Henry III.
His coins are of a short-cross type,
differing in character from those
above.
Therefore : Henry III. 's first coinages were also of a
short-cross type.
THE SHORT-CROSS QUESTION. 187
EXPLANATION OP PLATE V.
Fig. 1. A thin-lettered and early specimen of the old, or Henry
II.'s type, struck by Goldwine on 0. Some marks
across the parts in relief, omitted in the drawing to
avoid confusion, indicate that this piece was restruck.
(Cab. Longstaffe.)
2. The same type struck by Alein on Car., he being the
moneyer there of Henry II. and Richard I. (Cab.
Longstaffe.)
3. The same type carried into the reign of Richard I., and
struck by Alein on Duno., during Bishop Pudsey's
possession of the silver mine. (Cab. Longstaffe.)
4. Another piece of Alein on Duro. The 1-1 curls become
3-1. The style, therefore, changing before 1194.
(Cab. Longstaffe.)
5. The type continued by a penny of Alein on Cardi.
Another curl. The number now is 3-2. (Cab.
Sainthill.) It increased to 3-3.
,, 6. A new type, introducing the five pearls and a dot after
Henricus. Curls 2-5. This specimen struck by
Alain V. on Lund. (Cab. Sainthill.) The diadem of
this type, as in the specimen engraved, is frequently
rather arched.
7. The same type, having lost the dot after Henricus, and
growing coarser. Struck by Lefwine on Nico., who
was moneyer there in 4 John. (Cab. Boyne.) Mr.
Pownall has a specimen struck by Alain on Card.
8. The short-cross coinage in its worst state, broad and
barbarous. The curls run into a resemblance of 1-2.
(Cab. Longstaffe.)
9. A somewhat better type, in which the cross pomelle"e
first occurs as mm. This example struck by Alan on
Card. (Cab. Sainthill.)
10. The improved coinage of John. Pellets introduced in
the curls, which are 2-2. The cross pomelle'e mm.,
which was copied by the contemporary emperor, Otho
IV. Struck by Peres on Dure. (Cab. Brockett.)
The cross pomelle'e is not the usual mm., and is per-
haps early in the style.
188 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE (continued).
Fig. 11. A penny of Tomas on Car., who succeeded his father
Alan there, and flourished temp. John and Henry III.
The face thinner, and the curls tending to 3-3. (Cab.
Boyne.)
12. The curls decidedly 3-3. The lettering improving, the
reverse of this penny of Walter on Can. being un-
usually free. (Cab. Longstaffe.)
13. The later type of Henry III. struck by William Tailor
at Canterbury. (Cab. Pownall.)
14. A curious transitional penny of Nichole on Lun., lead-
ing to the long-cross manner. (Cab. Longstaffe.)
189
XVIII.
THE CROSS POMM^E ON SHORT-CROSS PENNIES
OF HENRY II. AND III.
A CERTAIN number of the short-cross pennies bear the
initial cross of the legend on the reverse, pommee. Many
of these coins having lately passed through my hands, I
have made a list of those on which this peculiar mark
occurs, and I now offer it to the readers of the NUMIS-
MATIC CHRONICLE, for the benefit of those collectors who
may likewise be interested in the subject.
Mints.
CANTERBURY.
DURHAM .
.
EXETER .
LINCOLN .
.f.
$,
J.
Moneyers.
COLDWINE ON 0.
COLDWINE ON CA.
ARNAVD ON CA.
ERNAVD ON C.
HVE ON CANTE.
IOHAN ON CAN.
IOHAN ON CANT.
NICHOLE ON CAN.
NICHOLE ON CANT.
SAMVEL ON CAN.
SIMON ON CAN.
PERES ON DVRE.
NICHOLE DV.
RICARD ON ECCE.
ALAIN ON NICO.
ALAIN ON NICOL.
VOL. III. N.S.
c c
190
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
LINCOLN
LONDON
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
RICARD ON NICOL.
FVLKE ON LVND.
FOLKE ON LVND.
FVLKE ON LVN.
FVLKE ON LVN).
HENRI ON LVN)E.
NICHOLE ON LVN.
RICARD ON LVN
WILLEM ON LVN.
WILLEM ON LW.
WILLEM ON LV.
WILLELM ON LVN.
.... ON LVNDE (a half-
penny).
IOHAN ON NORW.
RENALD ON NOR.
SIMON ON RVLA.
SIMOND ON RVLA.
SIMVND ON RVLA.
TOMAS ON RVLA.
IOAN ON SANTE.
IOHAN ON SANTED.
ADAM ON WIN.
HENRI ON WINCE.
IOAN ON ...
DAVI ON EVERW.
EVERARD ON V. (?)
NICHOLE ON EVER.
I know several duplicates of the above forty-five
varieties ; in all fifty-seven coins. Of these ten belong to
Mr. Sainthill (who was the first to call attention 1 to
this peculiarity among the short-cross pennies) ; fifteen
more are in my own collection ; and twenty-four of the
remainder, as well as the half-penny, are in the British
Museum. Though I have no reason to consider the time
NORWICH ....
*
NORTHAMPTON . .
*
RHYDDLAN . . .
*
, . .
*
...
*
...
*
BURY ST. EDMUND'S
*
*
WINCHESTER . .
*
...
*
V ...
*
YORK ....
4*
V
*
1 " Olla Podrida," vol. i. pi. xviii.
ON THE CROSS POMMEE. 191
wasted which was bestowed on the investigation of this
rare mark, I cannot, however, feel that my inquiry leads
at present to any result of importance. Specially must I
say that I am not expecting from it now, as I once hoped
I might, any clue to a correct conclusion of that case,
several times tried in the pages of the NUMISMATIC
CHRONICLE, as to the rightful attribution of these coins
either to Henry II. or Henry III. a case tried several
times, but as yet without an issue which has been
generally accepted. For we may still go to the cabinet of
one collector and find all these pieces given to Henry III.,
while we see them in that of another, and in our national
collection, deliberately assigned to his grandfather,
Henry II. This is much to be regretted. That Mr. Long-
staffed 8 way of dealing with them, so far as it affects the
claims of these two sovereigns (I say nothing at present
about Richard and John), will be thankfully accepted by
our disputing numismatists, I incline to think. Speaking
for myself, for some time past I have been of opinion that
some of them justly belong to one king, and some to the
other.
With respect, now, to the cross pommee, though I do
not imagine it will serve as evidence in the decision of
this interesting question, it is not altogether without an
interest of its own. Occurring not often enough to lead us
into clearly-defined conclusions, it is, however, found on
well-executed pieces too frequently to allow us to consider
2 This paper was read before the Society in April of the
present year. I then knew that Mr. Longstaffe's valuable
evidence on this subject was forthcoming, but had not then
enjoyed the opportunity of forming an opinion upon his whole
case ; indeed, I cannot say that I yet have, at the time of
writing this postscript.
192 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
it the sign of a bastard coin, the issue of a workman's
blundering negligence. In the two hoards described in
the CHRONICLE (New Series, vol. i. p. 204), amounting
together to more than a thousand coins, as many as nine
were found to bear this unusual mark. Since it seems to
be a peculiarity not confined to any moneyer, mint, or
type, it might be regarded as the result of caprice in days
when a precise uniformity of design was little studied or
insisted on. But I do not regard it so myself. Though
possessing no positive proofs of its legitimacy, I cannot
help suspecting a reason for its use. It may, for instance,
have separated part of a money er's work from the rest,
distinguishing one " delivery " of coins from another ;
just as the mullet of six points added to the letter E on
Queen Anne's Edinburgh money is said to have distin-
guished her coinage of A.D. 1708 from that of the pre-
ceding year. Or, if not identifying the work of the same
artificer at different periods, it may have specially stamped
the handiwork of one who bore some common name, the
name of a fellow ' f monetarius " engaged in the same
mint; or, in a case where father and son, both being
called William, were employed together in the same place,
this distinctive cross would point out the coins for which
each William was to be lield responsible. (See note,
Simon's "Irish Coins," p. 6).
These conjectures can be strengthened. A Canterbury
coin of Hue in the British Museum, though of the same
date and type as the coin * HVE ON CAN, referred to
in the above list, is in my judgment certainly the produc-
tion of another hand. Again, a moneyer, named Henry,
mints at Canterbury the easily-recognised early type, which
I think belongs to the twelfth century and Henry II.;
but then, amongst the later issues of short-cross pennies
ON THE CROSS POMMEE. 193
from that mint, attributed generally to Henry III., I find
a' Henry was at work, and this second Henry uses the cross
pommee. These examples could easily be multiplied. I
will briefly say that I notice distinctions of this sort
between Johns at Canterbury, with and without the
cross !; between London Henries, Nicholes, and Richards;
between the coins struck at Norwich by John and Renald,
as well as by those of Everard and Nichole of York, all
of which I have had good opportunities of comparing.
The less observed marks on these pieces deserve more
attention than they get, and might well be considered in
connection with the subject of this paper ; I mean such
as these when dots are inserted amidst the letters of a
proper name ; thus, LVN'D, GOLD-WINE ; or where
the letter X of the word REX, in a Lincoln penny of my
own, is represented by the cross pommee. These I suppose
are usually considered to be moneyers' private marks
rather than mint-marks recognised by State authority.
When I venture to class the cross pommee among them,
it is a satisfaction to feel my own opinion supported by
that of Mr. Sain thill, who has long been engaged in the
study of these coins, and to whose kindness I owe much
for information given respecting them. It served a pur-
pose, may be, such as I have now suggested, but one
which numismatic research cannot with certainty be
expected to divine.
ASSHETON POWNALL.
APRIL, 1863.
194
XIX.
NOTE ON THE MEDALLION OF DIOCLETIAN AND
MAXIMIAN, FOUND AT LYONS.
Temple Place, Strood, Kent,
August 13th, 1803.
MY DEAR SIR,
While I readily accept my friend De la Saussaye's
attribution of the interesting medallion found at Lyons
to the Emperors Diocletian and Maximian, I venture to
submit to his consideration, through the medium of the
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE, a suggestion.
I am disposed to recognise in the two groups three im-
portant personages, instead of two ; and I am inclined to
lay the scene at a somewhat later period in the reign of
the two emperors.
If we consider the warrior led by the two Victories in
the lower compartment to be Maximian, we must see him
repeated under two different forms in the same picture :
while it would appear that the whole is intended for one
subject, the upper being a continuation of the lower
division. But if we regard the military figure returning
through Castellum to Mogontiacum as Constantius
Chlorus, we remove the duality of the same person ; and,
I think, invest the subject with at least equal interest, and
with greater consistency.
In the lower division, then, I view Constantius returning
MEDALLION OF DIOCLETIAN AND MAXIMIAN. 195
from his crowning victory over the German peoples,
represented by the group introduced to the two uimbcd
figures, Diocletian and Maximiari, who, apparently, receive
them in a friendly spirit. None of the figures appear to
be captives, for they have not the hands tied, as is the
ordinary way in which subjugation is depicted upon Roman
coins : on the contrary, the representation conveys the
idea of a beneficent reception ; and this leads me to sug-
gest, further, that it is probable this medallion may also
have been intended to commemorate the introduction of
the conquered Franks across the Rhine into Gaul, and the
ratification of this wise measure of Constantius by Diocle-
tian arid Maximian. They had formerly been settled in
the districts of the Nervii and Treviri by Maximian ; and,
thus now, says Eumenius, "per victorias tuas, Constanti,
Caesar invicte, quicquid hifrequens Ambiano, et Bellovaco,
et Tricassino solo, Lingoriicoque restabat, barbaro culture
revirescit." '
The die for this medallion, it is very probable, may
have been engraved at Lugdunum.
1 am, my dear air,
Very truly youra,
C. ROACH SMITH.
JOHN EVANS, Esq.,
Sec. Num. 8oc. t fyc.
1 Panegyric. Constantio Caes., v. 21.
196
XX.
NOTE ON THE COINS INSCRIBED OYEPBIANON.
THE discovery of an unpublished name of city on a
numismatic monument is always a matter of interesting
inquiry and useful discussion. The time is past when
Sestini and Mionnet could afford in every volume of their
publications, a number of new geographical appellations ;
and our best thanks are due to Mr. Churchill Babingtoii,
for his attempt to elucidate the legend on the two brass
coins reading OYEPBIANON.
But even after the advances made by so learned a
scholar, there still' remains some doubt about the pos-
sibility of finding a Greek legend on a coin struck in a
place situated between Siscia and Sirmium, more than
two hundred miles westward from Viminacium, in an
entirely Latin country.
And further, we may trace some elemeijts of uncertainty
in the authority of Ptolemy alluded to ; as we find in the
Itinerarium of Antoninus, as well as in the Itinerarium
Hierosolymitanum, the name VEREIS, written in various
manuscripts VERCIS, VERICIS, in accordance with the
modern form Brecz, identified by Reichardt. It may be
very easily understood how, in the course of ages, and by
the mere effect of mistake or want of attention, BEPEIC
ON THE COINS INSCRIBED OYEPBIANQN. 197
or BEPKIS could have assumed the form BEPBIS under
the pen of a copyist ; especially when manuscripts were
written in uncial characters.
On the other hand, Constantinus Porphyrogenitus,
accounting for the peculiar mode of life adopted by the
Russians in his time, says that in the month of November
they used to leave the cold and uncomfortable countries
in which they had spent the summer-time, and move
towards more pleasant countries inhabited by Sclavi :
Berbianij Drugubites, and others. "Hyouj/ ete rag 3/cXamae
TUV re Bepiavtav KOI r&v Apovyou^irwv, KOI KjOitr(ov KCU TVV
3e/>twv rat XOITTWV ^fcXaCwy. (De ddmmistr. imper. cap. ix.,
p. 79.) Gallicia at this epoch was subject to Russians. If
the oppidum of the Drugubites can be identified with the
actual Drohobitz (seven leagues east of Sambor, south of
Lemberg), we should look for the Berbiani along the
Dniester, on the road to Odessus, a town where Greek
legends are met with. The type of Minerva is well known
on some coins of Odessus. It even appears that the coins
inscribed OYEPBIAN12N have an Odessian or Tomian ap-
pearance (as far as I can judge from the woodcut).
Therefore, without being able to point to the very spot
where the coins published by Mr. Churchill Babington
were issued, I venture to recommend that learned antiquary
to pursue his studies by an examination of the several
parts of Bessarabia where the Berbiani are very likely to
be found. His great knowledge of ancient literature will
supply him with some good and satisfactory solution of
the enigma.
ADRIEN DE LONGPERIER.
VOL. in. N.S. D D
198
XXI.
KENTISH TOKENS OF THE SEVENTEENTH
CENTURY. (Continued.)
MARGATE.
PLATE M.
No. 1. " George Freind, at Margeeit, in the He of
Thanett, G.M.F." has a tobacconist's sign, three pipes,
commonly called " fairy pipes," of the character of those
so frequently dug up in both London and country excava-
tions. When complete, they have straight stems about
seven inches in length, rather thicker than those of the
present day, with very small egg-shaped bowls, well
adapted to the price of tobacco when it sold for its weight
in silver. Their truthfulness of shape will be also readily
admitted by all who are familiar with Teniers' interiors
and admirable smoking scenes. The name of the town on
this farthing is remarkable, as being the only instance of
such spelling.
No. 2. The halfpenny of " Steven Greedier of Marget
in Thannet " was from a deep sunk die, and is to be met
with in excellent preservation; it has the Fishmongers'
arms azure, three dolphins, naiant, in pale, argent;
finned, and ducally crowned, or ; between two pair of luces,
in saltire, the sinister surmounting the dexter, proper;
over the nose of each luce a ducal crown of the third ; on
a chief, gules ; three pair of keys in saltire, or. Crest, two
KENTISH TOKENS OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 199
cubit arms erect, the dexter vested, or ; the sinister, azure ;
both cuffed, argent ; holding in the hands, proper, a regal
crown of the last. Supporters : the dexter a merman
proper, on his head a helmet ; the body only, covered in
armour ; in his dexter hand a sabre, all of the first. The
sinister a mermaid, proper, crined, or ; in her sinister hand
a mirror, of the last. Motto, " All worship be to God
only."
No. 3. A farthing of " Chreston Houdgben, of Marget,
in Kent, C. H." The device is a trade, or merchant's,
mark.
No. 4 is a cheesemonger's token, having a cheesecutter
for its device, and the legend " Joseph Jewell, 1669, in
Margitt in Kent, his half peny, I. E. I."
No. 5. The halfpenny of a tallow-chandler, at the sign
of the Tallow-chandlers' Arms, " Richard Langley at
Margit in Tenit, his halfe peny, 1667."
No. 6. " Joseph Mackrith, of Margeret in Kent,
I. I. M." A sugar loaf.
This token, if correctly assigned to Margate, has a very
curiously blundered spelling of the name.
Margate, having no land to bound its horizon, and the
wide-spread German Ocean for many miles open before it,
is said to have derived its name from the early sea-rovers,
who called it "Mer" or "Mar" (mare) "gett," gate
Sea-gate.
No. 7. The boat under sail on the farthing of " Sarah
Eeade of Margit in Cent," is very similar to that on
No. 39 of the Canterbury series, where it serves for the
sign of the " Ship." There is an inn with this sign at
Margate, and the issuer's name occurs among the present
inhabitants of that town. The orthography of the county,
" Cent," is remarkable.
200 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
No. 8. This token contains all the history that can be
gleaned of " William Savage of Marget in Kent." The
device and initials tell that he was a grocer, and un-
married.
No. 9 is the last in the present known list of Margate
tokens, and has the latest date on that series. John
Skinner was unmistakably proprietor of a Margate hoy.
Pepys, according to his diary, availed himself of the
services of such a boat for the conveyance of his luggage.
" 1661, June 16th At night resolved to hire a Margate
hoy, who would go away to-morrow morning, which I did, and
sent the things all by him."
It has been observed in these notes that the hoy was
much used as a passage boat. The following from the
New Romney MS. diary is minutely descriptive of a
journey to and from London, partly undertaken in the
hoy, and gives an excellent idea of middle-class travelling
in the early part of the last century.
"1748, February 17th, Friday. -Eliz. Miller, J. Walk's wife,
and Thos. Baimewell, all set out. Jo n . Walk and Thos. Miller
carried them beyond Elham, and Thos. brought the horses
home ; y e night, they to Mark Walks, at Bourn, and lay there ;
a Satterday (y e 18) they three to Canterbury. Jo n . Walk home
to-day, dined at Mrs. Mount's, at 4J got into y e caravan, by
seven to Whitstaple, went on board Mr. Coultrup's Hoy, up at
Bear key, 1 o'clock a Sunday (ye 19) to Mark Walk's 2 o'clock,
laid there that night. Charles came to them 12 o'clock a
Monday (y e 20). E. M. had lodging in Ked Lyon Street,
Clerkenwell, and a Tuesday spent her time w h Mr. Walk and
Chas.; a Wednesday (y e 22) Chas. and she all about London,
the same to Thursday, five o'clock in the even*, and then went
on board a Feversham hoy and came to Bro r . Fox's just five
o'clock a Friday (24) and staid there till Monday (y e 27) and
then to Wye in a waggon, to Mr. Law's, tea by three o'clock,
but laid at Mr. Back's ; at ten o'clock (y e 28) she came out of
Wye on foot. Thos. Law came to Bilsington Cross w b her,
KENTISH TOKENS OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 201
for one shilling, and spent five pence, and home just four and a
quarter o'clock, being Tuesday, in good health, and had fine
weather all y e time."
No. 10, the halfpenny of John Dyer, payable at the
sign of the Sugar Loaf, it is thought constituted the only
medium for small change in Minster, an extensive parish
and considerable village about five miles from Ramsgate.
The railway passes close to the church, and affords, from
the station, an excellent view of that ancient structure,
with its tower and spire. The abbey is at a short
distance to the north of the church. A few years since it
underwent a complete repair, when the new work was
made to correspond as much as possible with the ancient
walls.
No. 11 has on the obverse, " Richard Baker/' and the
" Grocer's Arms/' on the reverse, " in New Rumney
R.M.B."
Time has not yet suffered that this humble token
should be the only memorial of a good man, whose name
and family are still remembered on account of their
charities. A very old and much-defaced altar-tomb in
the church of New Romney has an early notice of the
name, " Ricardus Baker/' and the date, "1637." Also
inscribed on a slab, and on the stone at the head of the
tomb, is the following :
" Here lieth the body of Richard Baker, Minister of God's
Word, as also late Governor of the Hospitall of the foundation
of Mr. John Southland of this town, Gent."
Also on the side
" Emisit tenues, haud vitam amisit, in auras,
Non delendus ahit, saepe dolendus obit :
Dum vixit, vixit pietatis amator abunde,
Tune pietate fluens, nunc Deitate fruens."
202 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
The token has no date ; it was probably issued by the
Richard Baker who was mayor of New Romney in 1650,
and again in 1655. Through the kindness of the Rev. R.
Smith, Vicar, and H. B. Walker, Esq., of New Romney,
it is ascertained that the church register of that town
commences with the entry of his marriage.
" Nuptias solennes . . . etc. A 1662."
" Richardus Baker et Amisia Munus, Vidua Jan : 28 vo ."
He did not long survive this marriage. A badly
written and scarcely legible entry in the register of deaths
records, that in "1665 Richard Baker was Bouried
May ij."
His son Richard, from the register of burials and the
inscription on his monument in the church of New
Romney, was born about 1651, by a former marriage,
during which the token having " M " for the initial of
the wife's name, was probably issued.
" 1725. Mr. Richard Baker, jurat bur*. May 1st."
On a monument in the church is
" Here lieth interred the body of Richard Baker, Gent.,
jurate, and eight times mayor of this Corporation. He married
Martha, daughter of John Sheaf, of Rolvenden, Gent. He
died April 27th, 1725, JR*. 74, and left issue by her one
son."
It has been suggested from the coincidence of " M "
with Martha, that the last mentioned was the issuer of
the token, but this could hardly have been possible, for
at the latest date of these tokens, 1672, when they were
put down by royal proclamation, he was only twenty-one
years of age, and the appearance of the token itself
evidently indicates an early date.
The registers show they had two sons, " Baptisms,
KENTISH TOKENS OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 203
1695, August xxviij. Richard, the son of Mr. Richard
Baker, Jurat, by Martha his wife, was born the seventh
day of July ult." This child died at an early age.
"Anno Dni. 1704, October xxij. Richard, the son of
Richard Baker, Gent., was here buryed the two and
twentieth day of October, 1704." The entry of the
baptism of Thomas in 1696, or about that time, is not
found; his death occurred in 1733. "Mr. Thomas
Baker was bur d December the 28th."
In Miller's diary is, " 1733, Dec'. 21st, Mr. Thomas
Baker dyed at London, and was brought home a Christ-
mas Day."
A tablet in the church has the following inscription :
" Here also lieth interred Thomas Baker, son of Richard Baker,
Gent. He departed this life December y e 21st, 1733. ^Etat 37.
" Whose death by all is much lamented. His life being exem-
plary, virtuous, and charitable ; following the example of his
deceased father at his death, that the poor might not forget their
kind benefactor, lie left a valuable endowment to the hospital of
the four widows in this town and port, and five pounds per
annum to the poor of this parish, to be paid perpetually on y e
14th day of October."
The family became extinct on the death of Thomas,
and Mr. John Coates, of New Romney, was his heir and
executor.
Romney, from its Saxon title, Rumen-ea, may be con-
sidered to mean Roman Island ; a claim further corro-
borated by Holinshed, who calls it " Insula Romanorum."
The origin of New Romney is attributed to the decay
of the ancient port and haven of Old Romney. It had
the privilege of being one of the Cinque Ports, and in
the period of our early sovereigns, was divided into twelve
wards, had five parish churches, a priory, and hospital for
the sick.
204 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
In a few years this state of prosperity was overthrown
by a succession of storms and tempests, the first of which
took place in the reign of Henry III. A fourth tempest
arose in 1334, which drove in such an immense quantity
of beach at the mouth of the R,umenea, as to occasion
the main portion of the waters of this river to seek a
new channel further to the westward, at the distance of
about three miles from the present mouth of Rye harbour ;
the sea at the same time receded, and the town then fell
rapidly to decay.
In the accounts of the treasurers of Sandwich for the
year 1498, is this entry :
" Paid to iij parishe chirchis at Romenell, every churche
ij s. vj d."
Leland writes :
" Rumeney is one of the v portes, and hath bene a jietely
good haven, yn so much that withyn remembrance of men
sliyppes have cum hard up to the towne and cast ancres yn one
of the chyrch yardes. The se ys now a ij myles fro the towne,
so sore thereby now decayed, that where tlier wher iij great
parodies and chirches sumtyme, is now scant one wel may-
teined."
Henry VI., at the intercession of Archbishop Chiche-
ley, granted the priory to All Souls College, Oxford,
from which it was alienated, and eventually became the
property and residence of the issuer of . the token last
described.
No. 12. " Isaac Rutton at y e Georg/' St. George and
the Dragon, " in New Rumnay in Kent his half peny."
" 1739, March 31st. I removed from y e Geo. yard
to y e new school house" is in the New Romney diary.
The " George" was certainly then a tavern, but when
its sign was taken down, and it became a private house,
KENTISH TOKENS OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 205
is not known. Isaac Rutton, the issuer, was the son of
Isaac Rutton, Lieutenant of Sandown Castle, near Deal,
and great-grandson of Abraham Rutton, citizen and
brewer, of London ; he was born in 1567, and married in
1586, Susannah Van Lent, of Sandwich, and afterwards
came to that town, and brewed for the navy. He died
during his mayoralty, in 1608, possessed of several estates
in London and elsewhere.
The name of this family, distinguished at various
periods in the learned professions, is now scarcely to be
met with in Kent. Some of its descendants are still
living in Ireland. Neither the marriage nor death of the
issuer is found in the church register of New Romney,
but the births and deaths of several of his children are
there recorded.
No. 13 has a sexfoil and " William Sudell his half
peny Lidd in Kent 1669 W.F.S." between three sexfoils.
No. 14. The farthing of the same William Sudell,
having for a device three cloves, part of the charge on
the arms of the Grocers' Company ; on the reverse, " in
Lidd 1662 W.S."
From the letters "W.S." we learn the issuer was a
bachelor in 1662, and from the letters " W.F.S." on the
halfpenny issued in 1669, that he had married in that
interval; also, that his wife's Christian name commenced
with the letter " F." The church registers do not record
this event; but, in the register of marriages, only two
short years after the issue of his halfpenny, is, " 1671.
William Sudell, Esq., Bayliff of Lydd, married Ann
Knight, Widdow." This latter marriage, like the first,
was of short duration for, in five years after, in the list
of burials, is, " 1676, Jan ry . Mrs. Sudell, the wife of
William Sudell, Juratt." Neither the burial of William
VOL. Til. N.S. E E
206 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Sudell, nor any of that name, or anything more concern-
ing them, can be found in the church registers of Lydd ;
and, although his name and family have for many years
passed away from among the inhabitants of that town,
he is now shown, through the kind investigation of the
Rev. B. Cobb, to have been a man of influence and
authority in his day.
The town of Lydd is about three and a half miles from
New Romney, dividing a large open tract of land into two
parts, named the East and West Ripe ; the sand-hills of
the former, and the long parallel banks of the latter,
show that they derived their name from " ripa/' as the
town itself from "littus," on account of its situation
near the sea- shore. It is within the liberty of the Cinque
Ports, and a member of the town and port of New Romney,
and a corporation by prescription. A most interesting
notice of this parish occurs in the charter of Offa to Arch-
bishop Janibert. The original document was, and, it is
believed, is still in the Surrenden library. A copy of it
is printed in Somner's "Roman Ports and Forts in
Kent," 1693 :-
" In nomine Jesu Salvatoris Mundi, etc., Ego, Offa, rex
totius Angliorum patrise, dabo et concede Janibert Archiepiscopo
ad Ecclesiam Christi aliquam partem terrse, trium aratrorum,
quod CantianitS dicitur, ' three Sulinges ' in occidentali parte
regionis quae dicitur Mersware, ubi nominatur ad Lyden, et
hujus terrse sunt hsec territoria ; mare in oriente, in aquilone, et
ab austro terra regis Edwy . . . nominant Dengemere, usque ad
lapidem appositum in ultimo terrse, et in occidente, et aquilone
confmia regni ad Bleechinge."
Dengemarsh, Bleechings, and Stone End still keep
these names. Near the latter, there was once a great
heap of stones; the spot, to the present day, being tradi-
tionally pointed out as the tomb of St. Crispin and Cris-
KENTISH TOKENS OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 207
pianus, who, it is said, lost their lives by shipwreck on
that coast, and were buried there.
Batteley, in his Antiquitates Ruiupina, conjectures that
a stone might once have borne the name, or have been
traditionally reported to have been set up by some of the
family of the Crispini among the Romans, who had the
command here in Britain, and in process of time, through
ignorance and superstition, received the name tradition
still assigns. Cardinal Wolsey had the living of Lydd ;
he was inducted in 1506.
The following unpublished account of the- landing of
George I. in the west part of the parish, was extracted
many years since from the church register :
" Mem. That on the 7th day of January, 1724-0, his
Majesty King George came from Rye to Lydd } in his way to
London from Hanover. He was driven to Rye by a storm,
and landed on the beach about Juriesgap, and walked from
thence to Rye, very much fatigued. He was detained there
till Friday by a deep snow-storm. He was received at Lydd
by the Bailiff and Corporation against Mr. Lee's door. The
trained bands were under arms and lined the street, the bells
rang, a large ship's flag was displayed on the great pinnacle of
the steeple, and the great guns and small arms were fired.
" His Majesty passed through the street. Mr. Bailiff, upon
the stopping of his Majesty's coach, made him a short com-
pliment upon his safe arrival after the danger and fatigue of the
storm, and then offered the ensigns of his office, which he was
desired to keep for his Majesty's use. Immediately, when Mr.
Richard Noble, then Bailiff, had ended his compliment, Mr.
Henry Wood, then curate, began the following speech to his
Majesty :
" ' May it please your Majesty, we, your Majesty's most
dutiful and loyal subjects, the Bailiff, Jurats, and Commoners,
Minister and Parishioners of your Majesty's ancient town and
corporation of Lydd, humbly beg leave, with hearts full of
gratitude to the Divine Providence, who hath preserved your
Majesty from the imminent danger of the sea, joyfully to con-
gratulate your arrival into your kingdom of Great Britain, to
wish your Majesty a safe and speedy journey to your capital,
and a long and happy reign over a dutiful and an affectionate
208 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
people, who only want to show your Majesty that they love your
sacred person with the most ardent affection, and to return the
felicity they enjoy under your mild and gracious administration
with the profoundest and most cheerful obedience There is
yet one wish remaining, which we reserve for the last, because
we know it sits nearest to your royal heart, even yet, if it may
please the Divine Providence, to prosper your Majesty's pious
endeavours for the protection and security of the Protestant
Faith at home and abroad, to the maintenance of true religion,
to the confusion of superstition and tyranny, to the lasting
honour of your Majesty's name, and to the brightening of the
crown of glory that awaits your Majesty in the next life.
" ' May it please your Majesty, I have a sense of the great
honour I now enjoy, but I am not forgetful of the rigour of the
season, and therefore, in tenderness to your Majesty, I must do
violence to myself by putting an immediate stop to the most
grateful employment, that of prayers and good wishes for the
prosperity of your Majesty and Royal Family, but they shall
always have their full scope elsewhere, even in the desk, the
pulpit, and the altar ; and herein all considerate persons will,
in their several stations and capacities, follow my example, as
being entirely convinced that, whilst they are praying for your
Majesty and your Royal Family, they are in an effectual
manner praying for a continuance of their own preservation
and happiness.
" ' I humbly hope your Majesty will be pleased graciously to
excuse a flattering tongue, unable to express the affection of a
heart overawed by your Majesty's presence.'
" Lord Townsend said his Majesty was well pleased with
every part of the speech, and so they drove on."
PLATE N.
Ashford, called in ancient records Estefort, Essetesford,
and Esshestisford, is said to have taken its name from
the river running close to it, which Lambarde says
ought not to be called the Stour until it has passed this
town, but Esshe, or Eschet, a name now quite forgotten,
the river being known from its rise at Lenham, through
its whole course, by the name of the Stour only. Phili-
pott writes, Asliford was originally named Eshetisford,
KENTISH TOKENS OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 209
from the numerous ash-trees growing about the ford.
This implies that the river was then forded where the
bridges now are, as it is at the present day near the water-
mill, approaching Great Chart.
The tokens of this town are fifteen.
No. 1 has " James Bassett in Ashford 1669 his
half peny," St. George on horseback, in a tunic, and
encased in armour, with an immense scimetar in his
uplifted right hand, threatening destruction to the dragon
under his horse's feet.
The "George" is still in Ashford, and has, apparently,
undergone but slight alteration since the days of James
Bassett.
No. 2." Frances Baylef at the Pyd Bull in Ashford."
" Frances " conveys the idea that Fanny Baylef was
hostess of the fe Pyd Bull" The initials on the reverse
correct this error, and inform us that the host's name was
Frank, and that his fair partner's commenced with I or J.
The curious little animal, with its large erect head, and
raised foot, stamping as in anger, was doubtless a favourite
sign in a grazing and agricultural district, and intended
as a representation of the far-famed Yorkshire breed of
pied cattle, as much admired in the fertile pastures of
Kentish farmers, two centuries since, as at the present
day.
No. 3 is the halfpenny of "William Bottingof Ashford
in Kent 1669;" the device, a malt shovel, points to his
trade.
No. 4 has " Benjamin Bowyer in Ashford 1664 his
half peny," and the Haberdashers' arms.
Haberdashers, anciently called Hurrers and Milleners,
were incorporated 26 Henry VI. Their arms are, Barry>
nebulee of six, argent and azure; on a bend, gules; a
210 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
lion, passant, guardant, or. Crest, two arms, embowed,
proper, issuing from clouds of the last ; holding a chaplet
of laurel, vert. Supporters, two Indian goats, argent ;
attired and unguled, or. Motto, " Serve and obey."
No. 5. The irregularity of the margin in this and in
several tokens on the plate is intended to show that the
metal was not properly placed on the die, attributable to
the hurried and careless manner in which they were struck.
It will possibly be sought by some, as the county is not
here given, how it is to be proved that this token was
of Ashford, Kent, since there is a town of that name
in Derbyshire, and also a village in Middlesex. This
requirement will be satisfied as by an axiom, for the
Chittendens in Ashford, for centuries past to the present
time, have not wanted a man to represent their name.
In the reign of Elizabeth, they were eminent clothiers
at Hawkhurst, in Kent, and possessed Lilsden, in that
parish.
The tankard, or pot, is said to have been of the form
of a segment of a cone cut parallel to its base, from the
delight of our ancestors in taking a toast in their ale ; for
this purpose, the base was broad, so that the composure
of the drinker, when near the end of his draught, might
not be suddenly dissipated by the descent of the sop with
a splash into his eyes and face.
No. 6. We here find Thomas Clerke, in 1668, had
taken "y e Pyd Bull in Ashford," and accommodated
customers with "his half peny," of the device of which
they doubtless said, as poor Cassio of lago's second song,
" Why this is more exquisite than the other ! " The name
of Clerke is still to be met with among the old inhabitants
of Ashford and the neighbouring villages.
No. 7. The name on this token is of very frequent
J&m, C&ro-n, ./VS VolJUTlM
M ARC AT ,
TOKENS
KENTISH TOKENS OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 211
occurrence in Kent ; but nothing more is known of John
Denn, of Ashford, in 1669, than can be gleaned from
" his half peny."
No. 8. The mark, a lozenge,, pierced, is a peculiarity on
the farthing of "Thomas Tenner at Ashford in Kent;"
also the joining of the figures 5 and 7, denoting the date
(16)57, and the circular base of the shield, bearing the
Grocers' arms. This token also is thought to contain all
that is known of the issuer.
No. 9. "Thomas Flint in Ashford 1664" across the
field; and on the reverse the letters "T. S. F." An old
inhabitant of Ashford is the last of the family of this
name in that town, where it has been respected and
valued, both in gentlemen and traders. The clocks and
watches of the latter, marked with the name, and scat-
tered over the county of Kent, will possibly not so
effectually serve to transmit it to posterity as the little
farthing token.
No. 10. The mark is here a pierced mullet, and the
legend "William Osborne of Ashford 1663 W. S. O.;"
device, the Grocers' arms. Richard Osborne, Esq., of
Ashford, was the father of Sir Edward Osborne, cloth-
worker, Lord Mayor of London in the twenty-fifth year
of Elizabeth, and the direct ancestor of Osborne, Duke of
Leeds.
No. 11 is a farthing, having " Thomas Redfeild of Ash-
ford in Kent," a chequered square, and the letters ff T. A.R."
The "Chequers" inn was pulled down many years
since ; it stood on the north-east side of the church.
No. 12. Mary Steed marked her halfpenny with a
little flower of five petals ; if not intended, yet it may be
regarded as a forget-me-not !
H. W. ROLFE.
(To be continued.)
21:2
NOTICE OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS.
IN No. 3 (May and June) of the Revue Numismatique for 1863
there are the following articles :
1. Letter XVII. to M. A. de Longpe"rier on the Gaulish
Coinage ( Gaule Narbonnaise], from M. F. de Saulcy.
2. "Note on the termination OS in the legends of some
Gaulish coins." By M. A. de Longperier.
3. " Note on two Mints of Alexander the Great." By M.
Franpois Lenormant.
The first series of coins of which M. Lenormant treats, is that
small series composed of seven varieties of drachms and a
stater, on which the symbol is a rat. M. Miiller has left these
coins of Alexander with the rat among the uncertain of Mace-
donia and Thessaly ; but M. Lenormant, from a passage in
Stephanus of Byzantium where it is said that " the Thracians
call a rat apyiKov" and from this cause named Argilus, a town
founded by them has assigned these coins to Argilus in Thrace,
a town which at the close of the reign of Philip II. was com-
prised in Macedonia. The second series is that with the
bipennis which has already been assigned by M. Miiller to
Tenedos in Caria, and to the uncertain of Thrace, Macedonia, and
Thessaly. M. Lenormant has attributed one drachm (No. 581)
to Pagasse, an important town of Thessalian Magnesia.
4. "A Gold Stater of Athens." By M. Beule\
5. " Did the Assyrians make use of Coin?" By M. A. de
Longperier.
This article is a notice of the recent paper by our member,
Mr. Dickinson, against the arguments of Mr. Fox Talbot. It
will be needless to repeat them, but it may not be uninteresting
to add here the translation of the same passage made by
M. Jules Oppert.
Line 40. Kima %ikir sumiya sa ana nasar kitti u
Sicvt (est) appellatio nominis mei quo ob servatum foedus et
misarisu sutisur la liJii la kabal insi inbuinni
pactum ejus, ob regnum sine superbia, sine injuria debilium nominarunt me
iluhi rabi.
Dii magni.
Line 41. Kasap kidinni ir sasu M pi dippati sa aima-
Explicalionem legum urbis illius secundum labulas religionis
msu kasap u zabar ana bilisunu utir.
ejits, ex argenio et cere dominis eorum attali.
NOTICE OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS. 213
Line 42. Assu riggati la rusie sa kasap Icidinni
f< Prceterect, normas sine ambiguitate, qua (est) explicatio legwn
la siba Icidinni misar kidinni asar panesunu addinsunuti.
sine arbitrio, legumjustitice, leg urn directionis fader um eorum dedi illis.
Line 40. " As it is the signification of my name, by which
the great gods have named me, because I have observed the
sworn faith and justice, and because I have reigned without
violence, and without oppressing the weak."
Line 41. " I have communicated to the chiefs of the inhabi-
tants the explanation of the laws of this town, conformably to
the tables of the religion written on silver and on brass."
Line 42. " Besides, I have given them statutes free of ambi-
guity, which form the explanation of the laws without arbitra-
tion, laws of justice, laws which shall guide them in their acts."
M. de Longpe"rier states that the nature of the Revue Numis-
matique does not permit him to enter into full philological
details, nor to reproduce the observations communicated by
M. Oppert. He, however, notices, relative to line 41, that
M. Place collected at Khorsabad tables of gold, silver, bronze,
another metal (perhaps zinc), and lead, and that all these tables,
of which four are in the Louvre, bear an inscription by order of
Sargon. It will be seen that Mr. Dickinson and M. Oppert
have arrived at the same results by different ways.
6. '" Notices on the inedited Coins of Charles VIII. and
Francis V." By M. Henri Morin-Pons.
7. " Coins of Pfalzel, of Thiouville, of K&nilly, and of
Remelange." By M. Charles Robert.
In the Bulletin Bibliographique is the third and last article
of M. Cavedoni on the " Me"dailles Consulaires" of M. Cohen.
In the Chronique is a short note from M. Le Due de Blacas
correcting an error of M. Sabatier's in describing two Byzantine
weights. (Rev. Num., 1863, pp. 6 18.) Instead of AP should
be read To -f- A, To being simply the Greek sign indicating the
ounce.
There is also a notice of a find of Andalusian coins at
Centres, in the Departement of Loir-et-Cher, not far from Blois.
In No. 4 (July and August) of the Revue Numismatique for
1863 there are the following articles :
1. " Coins of the Kings of Pontus, from a find in Amasia.
Confederation of some towns of Asia Minor. Orontes, satrap
of Mysia and Ionia. Cetripolis, dynast of Thrace," by Mr. W.
H. Waddington.
2. " Domitia Lucilla, mother of Marcus Aurelius," by M. A.
de Longpe"rier.
The coin which M. de Longpe"rier has attributed to Domitia
VOL. III. N.S. F F
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Lucilla, mother of M. Aurelius, has upon the obverse the legend
AOMITI . AOYKIAAAN NEIKAIEIC, and upon the reverse M.
AYPHAIOC OYHPOC KAICAP. It was struck at Nicaea in
Bithynia. This coin could not be given to Lucilla, the daughter
of M. Aurelius, for she was of the family Annia, and from the
adoption of her father by Antoninus, would have been called
Aurelia. Aurelius also named one of his children Domitia
Faustina, probably after his mother ; and the coins of the eldest
of the family, Lucilla, wife of ;Verus, bear ANNIA AOYKIAAA.
Nor can there be any reason for assigning this coin to Domitia
Lucilla, the supposed wife of ^Elius Verus, for no text or monu-
ment has revealed to us the name of the daughter, of Nigrinus,
whom ^Elius married. From the fact that this coin does not
give to Aurelius the title of consul, it was probably struck in
A.D. 39, when he was eighteen years of age. M. Borghesi
has already, in the Giornale Arcadico (March, 1819, p. 359, se^.),
given an account of Domitia Lucilla. Her virtues are spoken of
by several authors.
3. " On a ' Heaume d' argent ' (silver helmet), or * Gros
Heaume",' a royal coin of France," by M. le Baron Jerome
Pichon.
4. " Coins of Provence," by M. A. Carpentier.
5. " On some coin weights," by M. L. Deschamps de Pas.
In the Necrologie are notices of the decease of Count Albert
Ferrero della Marmora, and M. Domenico Spinelli, Prince of
San-Giorgio, Director of the Museum of Naples.
In the Monatsbericht der Koniglichen Preussischen Akademie
der WissenscTiaften zu JBerlin for June is an interesting paper
by Signer Zobel de Zangroniz, of Madrid, on a discovery of
Hispano-Phoanician silver coins at Carthagena, communicated
by Professor Mommsen. -It has been found impossible to as-
certain the exact number of the coins discovered, but about a
hundred of them have been examined, of which several are
unpublished. Of these the two most remarkable are what are
apparently hexadrachms, weighing 361J and 3Mf- grains troy
respectively. They may be thus described :
1. Obv. Youthful male head, to left.
Rev. Horse, standing, to right, in front of a palm-tree.
2. Obv. Laureate youthful male head, to left ; behind, a club.
Rev. Elephant, walking, to right, its trunk partially coiled.
Other coins, of smaller denominations, but with nearly the same
types, were found with them, which it is probable were all of
Spanish mintage. The paper contains a valuable dissertation
on the weight and proportions of the Spanish -Carthaginian cur-
MISCELLANEA. 215
rency, and is illustrated by two plates of the Phoenician coins
which, according to the author's view, were struck in Spain.
In the Reliquary for July last, No. 13, edited by Llewellynn
Jewitt, F.S. A., is an article by the editor on the traders' tokens of
Derbyshire, in which the tokens issued in the various towns com-
prised alphabetically between Alfreton and Ashford are noticed.
The account is illustrated by wood-cuts of most of the tokens,
and by notes, where practicable, on the family history of the
issuers. We see that the account is to be continued ; and as,
when complete, it will be by far the most comprehensive account
of the -tokens of Derbyshire which has ever appeared, we call
our readers' attention to this carefully edited periodical, in
which will be found a great store of antiquarian and topogra-
phical lore, combined occasionally with numismatic essays.
MISCELLANEA.
FINDS OF COINS. On the 30th of July last, some workmen,
in pulling down an old house in Dean's Yard, Westminster, fell
upon a store of gold coins. In the course of the same day they
disposed of the bulk of them, amounting to more than 210, to a
refiner, from whom they received 212 10s. as their value in old
gold, and these are said to have been immediately melted. Eleven
of the coins that had not been sold have been examined. They are
all English nobles, six of Edward III., and five of Richard II.,
most being in good preservation, though a few are clipped.
Of the six nobles of Edward, four bear his title as REX ANGL.
z FRANC. D (ominus) HIB (erniae) \_var. HYB. H.], coined after
1353 (An. Reg. 27), asserting his claim to the kingdom of
France ; and either before the treaty of Bretagne in 1360 (An.
Reg. 34), when he renounced that claim, or after 1369 (An.
Reg. 43), when he resumed it. The other two bear his title,
REX ANGL. DNS HIB. z (sic) AQ (uitanise), and were struck between
1360 and 1369, during the period that he had renounced the
claim to the French crown.
Of the five nobles of Richard, four bear his title as REX ANGL.
z FRANC. DNS \var. D.], HIB. z AQ. ; and one bears REX ANGL.
DNS HIB. z AQ. Coins of this latter type are suggested by
Leake to have been probably struck after 1396 (A. R. 20),
when the king married the Lady Isabel of France, and a truce
for twenty-eight years was established between the two king-
doms ; when Richard may have thought it expedient to drop
his title of King of France. (See Ruding.) T. J. A.
216 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
FINDS OF COINS IN LEICESTERSHIRE. A gold solidus of
Valentinian I., and two of Valens, were found 2J miles S.E.
of Melton- Mowbray, early in this year, by a labouring man,
who was employed in working the stone of the country. As
he was digging down, and before coming to the native rock,
his progress was interrupted by a large stone, broken in two,
which, in shape, dimensions, and character of its tooled surface,
resembled a mill-stone. On the top of this stone was a quan-
tity of loose black soil, and as the man shovelled the soil into an
adjoining canal, he perceived these three coins, together with
two small brass coins, one of which is undecipherable, and the
other is of the Emperor Allectus.
Close to these coins, and among the black earth, were found
also the remains of some ornaments, one piece looking like a
portion of a bracelet.
The three gold coins are in very fine condition, and were
struck respectively at Rome, Lyons, and Aries. A. P.
FIND OF COINS IN DENBIGHSHIRE. On the 18th of February
last, a labouring man, while engaged in draining a field in the
parish of Llangyur, discovered an earthen vessel containing
upwards of 2,000 Roman coins of the time of Constantine. The
coins were of the common types so far as they are known, but
no numismatist has had the opportunity of examining them.
The condition of those which I have seen was, for the most part,
very poor. The earthen vessel was, unfortunately, broken to
pieces by the man's pick. A. P.
FIND OF COINS. At the latter end of March, or early in
April, a gang of drainers, in the employ of Captain Turton, found
from thirty to forty coins of the usurpers Carausius, Victorinus,
and Tetricus, in a field near Upsall Castle, Thirsk,' North Riding,
called "the wood field." The best of them were sold to a
painter in Thirsk, who again sold them to a person calling him-
self a commercial traveller, and they were conveyed to London.
The rest came into the possession of Captain Turton, the lord of
the manor.
RECENT FINDS IN SCOTLAND. On the 7th of June some
workmen were engaged on the hill or moor of the farm of
Plan, in the south end of the island of Bute, at a distance of
about 300 yards from the ruins or remains of the ancient chapel
of Saint Blane, building a wall and quarrying stones. One of
them had occasion to remove a large stone with his pick, which
was near the site of the wall. After removing the stone he
threw up some soil which had been under it, and in doing so
he discovered some coins. He then called his companions,
MISCELLANEA. 217
who were close at hand, and a number of coins and other relics
were found near the spot from which the stone had been
removed.
List of articles found :
26 silver coins (and some fragments) ;
2 gold rings (one twisted) ;
3 gold bands; and
A small bar of silver.
The coins are of Henry I. of England, Stephen, David I. of
Scotland, and others uncertain, of which we hope to receive an
account by the Rev. J. H. Pollexfen.
On August 5th, 1863, 1 examined, at the Scottish Exchequer,
a hoard of coins lately found at Kilmarnock, and another hoard
found at Kippendavie, Stirlingshire, and a very massive silver
chain found in Aberdeenshire, weighing between 70 and
80 ounces, which is very like that already in the Museum of
the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.
The Kilmarnock coins are :
German dollars 17th century 107
half-dollars 17th century 6
James I. shilling 1
Charles I. shilling 1
Charles II. merks 9
quarter-dollars 2
shilling 1
In all 127
I have reason to know that the Procurator Fiscal was not
successful in recovering nearly all the coins that were found.
The Kippendavie coins are :
Spanish dollars 2
half-dollar. . '-V*. v 1
German dollars 2
Philip and Mary shilling, poor 1
sixpence, poor 1
Elizabeth shillings 5
sixpences 3
James I. shillings 6
James VI. Scottish half-crown, after accession to
English throne 1
Charles I. half-crown 11
shillings .16
sixpence .1
50
218 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
August 27th, 1863, I examined, at the Exchequer the treasure
trove lately found at Oanonbie, in Dumfriesshire, and found the
same to consist of seventy -six silver coins, two gold rings, and
other ornaments, as described below.
1. Fifteen jet beads, which may have been part of a necklace,
there being two larger beads for the centre.
2. A gold finger-ring (with a set pebble).
3. Ditto ditto but finer, and having something like a
relic below the pebble or precious stone.
4. An ornamental silver brooch, formed of a ring nearly
3 inches in diameter, with flowers, &c., at intervals
round the circle of the ring. The pin of this brooch is
wanting.
5. About the third part of another silver brooch, having the
same style of ornament, but smaller in circumference.
There is a detached fragment of a pin, which may have
belonged to this brooch.
6. About the third part of another silver brooch, formed of a
ring, and having three diamond-shaped ornaments at
equal distances apart. Part of the pin is still attached.
7. A circular ring-shaped brooch, with pin (detached), about
2J inches in diameter, inscribed on the flat surface or
front of the ring, in rudely-formed letters,
+I.H.GSVS NSZSRGNVS R6X
The coins are all pennies, with three exceptions, and are :
Edward I. of the mint of Dublin .... 1
Edwards I. and II. London .... 40
Canterbury . . .13
Durham .... 9
York 2
Berwick .... 2
Bristol 2
. Bury St. Edmund's 1
halfpennies Berwick .... 3
Alexander III. of Scotland penny ... 1
John Baliol pennies, " Rex Scotorum," and
" Civitas S' Andre " 2
~76~
Edinburgh. GEORGE SlM.
MISCELLANEA. 219
SALES OF COINS. The important collection of Ancient
Greek coins, formed by the Chevalier N. Ivanoff, was dispersed
under the hammer of Messrs. Sotheby and Wilkinson, on the
29th June, 1863, and five following days. In this valuable
collection the undermentioned Lots are specially selected for their
rarity, and the great historical interest attached to many of them.
Lot 4. Thasus. N s. 2 ; weight 43 J grs. Young head of
Bacchus to right; rev., ASION, Hercules kneeling, and dis-
charging an arrow; all within a linear square. An unpub-
lished variety 12. Lot 10. Abdera, 15; weight 213 grs.
A Griffin seated to left ; rev., a Lyre within a linear square ;
around it, EIII. AHMOKPITO. Ascribed to the great philoso-
pher, Democritus of Abdera 10 2s. 6d. Lot 31. Lycceius,
King of Pseonia, M 5J-; weight 194 grs. Young head of
Apollo, laureated, to right ; rev., Hercules seizing the Nemaean
Lion ; above, [AYK]KEIOY ; below, a bow and quiver. Of
the highest degree, of rarity. Sestini speaks of it as unique, in
the Florentine Museum 26. Lot 40. Chalcidice, M 6 ;
weight 222 grs. Laurelled head of Apollo, in remarkably high
relief, to left ; rev., KAAKIAEON around a seven-stringed lyre.
Very fine, presumed to have been struck at Apollonia 11 5s.
Lot 60. DEMETRIUS POLIORCETES, Jf 3-J; weight 133 grs.
Diademed head of the king, with a horn in front, to right ; rev.,
BA2IAEO2 AHMHTPIOY in two lines, divided by a horseman
galloping, to right, wearing the Macedonia causia, and with
a long spear in his right hand ; behind the horse AP in mono-
gram, and under it, the head of a trident. Very fine, valued by
Mionnet at 1,200 francs 135.
Lot 94. THEB^E, M 4 J ; weight 1 85 grs. Boeotian shield ;
rev., EBA, a draped female seated on a throne without a back,
to right, holding up a crested helmet in her left hand, all within
a shallow sunk square 70.
Lot 107. MESSENE, M 6J ; weight 255 grs. Head of Ceres
to right; rev., MES2ANI [ON], Jupiter Ithomatas hurling a
thunderbolt, and supporting an eagle on his extended left arm ;
before him, the letters SOK over a tripod ; between his feet, A,
and behind him, IO (/*arae) 79.
Lot 111. Argos, M 3J ; weight 81|- grs. Crowned head of
Juno, to right; rev., APFEION. Diomedes carrying off the
Trojan Palladium. Unknown to Mionnet 9 1 5s, Lot 125.
Pergamus,Cistophorus ? C.FABI. M.F. PROCUS.andAHMEAX
Unpublished, and very fine 8 15s. Lot 131. Thyateira,
Cistophorus (the letters @YA off the coin) ; over the quiver a
thunderbolt; on either side of the serpents a human head back
to back ; between the coils of the serpents, across the field,
BA-EY (an allusion to Eumenes, King of Pergamus) ; below, A
220 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
(the regnal year of that monarch), and under all, AIIOA Apol-
lonis (?) proving an alliance between the two cities. Unpublished,
and very fine 9. Lot 150. Hadrian ; rev., COS. II. (sic ?),
between a star and a crescent, a primitive terminal statue, pro-
bably of the Aphrodisian Venus ; before it is Cupid discharging
an arrow from his bow. Unpublished, and possibly unique
5 10s. Lot 152. Electrum, or gold, s. 5 by 3J; weight 219
grs. Possibly of Ephesus. A large bee ; rev., three deep and
rough indentations; that in the centre oblong, the others square,
but of different sizes. Probably unique 10. Lot 153. Pale
electrum, s. 5 by 3 ; weight 220 grs. Of Lampsacus. The
forepart of a bridled horse, to right ; above, an object having the
appearance of one half of the Rhodian balaustium ; rev., three
deep incuses, the centre one oblong, and the others square 14.
Lot 189. Cyzicus, N s. 4 by 3 ; weight 247 grs. Nude helmeted
figure in a crouching attitude, to right ; behind, a large fish ;
rev., a rude quadripartite incuse square. Fine primitive work
and condition 21 10s. Lot 190. Cyzicus, jf s. 6 by 3J ;
weight 245 grs. Head of Mercury on a fish (?) to left ; rev.,
quadratum incusurn of four equal parts. Differs from any of
the Oyzicene staters described by Mionnet 11. Lot 191.
Cyzicus, N 4; weight 247 grs. A goat kneeling on a fish, to
left ; rev., a square indentation, as the two preceding. Not in
Mionnet 7 15s. Lot 193. Mithradates VI., King of Pontus,
M 9 ; weight 255 grs. Of the usual type and legend, with the
surname of Eupator. Fine 16 15s.
Lot 195. AMASTRIS, Paphlagoniae, M 5; weight 145 grs.
Youthful head of the Persian deity, Mithras, to right, wearing
the Phrygian bonnet : rev., AMASTPIEQN, the Queen Amastris
seated on a throne, to left, holding a Victory and a sceptre ;
before her, the Rhodian flower. In fine condition 26. Lot
197. Sinope of the Satrap Ariarathes I., M 3|-; weight 69 grs.
Head of the nymph Sinope ; rev., an eagle perched upon a
dolphin ; below are six Aramean letters, equivalent to the name
of Ariarathes. The attribution of this coin to Ariarathes is on
the authority of Mr. Waddington, but the Duke de Luynes had
assigned it to an unknown Satrap, named Arcapadates 8 8s.
Lot 230. Ilium, M 10 ; weight 258 i grs. Head of Minerva,
the helmet crested and laureated, to right ; rev., the usual
representation of Minerva Ilias ; legend, A0HNAS . IAIAAO2 ;
exergue, MHTPIKETOY. Unpublished, and fine 23. Lot
285. Miletus, 1 5J; weight 163 grs. Head of Apollo, to left;
rev., lion to left, looking back at a star; exergue, EIIIKPATH2.
An unpublished name 8 8s. Lot 287. Smyrna, M 9 ; weight
247 grs. Head of Cybele, to right; rev., ffiMYPNAION, in
two lines, within a wreath of oak-leaves 15 15s.
MISCELLANEA. 221
Lot 291. Chios, M 5J ; weight 232 grs. Androsphinx
squatting, to left ; in front, a bunch of grapes over a pointed
amphora; rev., BASIAEIAH2, on one of the bars of a cross,
dividing a sunk square. Extremely fine, and the magistrate's
name unpublished 24. Lot 292. Chios, as before, but in-
scribed HPliN. Unpublished 13. Lot 293. Chios, as the
two preceding, reading EPMAPXOX Unpublished 11.
Lot 342. Halicarnassus, M 5 ; weight 139J grs. The fore-
part of Pegasus, on a shallow sunk field, to right ; rev., a pan-
ther squatting, on an engrailed exergual line, to left, its right
fore-paw lifted up. Fine 40.
Lot 357. lalysus, Rhodi. M 5 ; weight 222 grs. A winged
boar, as on the coins of Clazomense, to left; rev., within an
engrailed square, the head of an eagle, to right ; under it,
IEAY3ION., and over it, in the angle, to right, an uncertain
symbol. Rather fine 32.
* Lot 358. Lyndus, Rhodi, M 4 ; weight 213 grs. Head of a
lion, with the mouth wide open, to right ; rev., two oblong
parallel indentations, divided by a bar inscribed AYNA., the first
letter being well defined. Apparently the first example ever
offered to public competition 30. Lot 383. Euromus, JEt 6,
of Tiberius and Livia, or rather of Nero and Agrippina ; rev.,
EYPOMEON ; the statue of Zeus Euromeus, with the labrys in
the uplifted right hand, a sceptre in the left, and an eagle on
the left side. A finely patinated unpublished coin, the reverse
in perfect condition 25. Lot 387. Mylasa, JE 10, of Geta ;
rev., MYAACGliN ; the statue of Zeus Euromeus, in a tetrastyle
temple. A fine medallion 30. Lot 404. Uncertain, of Lycia,
M 5 by 3 ; weight 123 grs. Male head, with conical cap, orna-
mented with a wreath of laurel, to right ; rev., a triquetra, with
several undecipherable Lycian letters, in a sunk square. Not
in Fellows 25. Lot 405. Uncertain, of Lycia, M 2; weight
28^ grs. Helmeted head, in a beaded circle, to right; rev.,
helmeted head, to left ; above, two Lycian letters, as Fellows,
pi. xviii. 8 ; and in front, a small duoquetra ; all in a sunk
beaded circle 18. Lot 407. Uncertain, of Lycia, M 4 by
3 ; weight 148 grs A dolphin, to right ; below, a double hook ;
rev., AV-V } and other letters illegible, partially off the coin,
around a triquetra ; all within a shallow sunk beaded circle.
Not in Fellows 29 10s. Lot 408. Uncertain, of Lycia, M 4 ;
weight 150 grs. Pegasus, on a convex circular shield, passing
to left; rev., ENi , in the angles of a triquetra; all in a sunk
beaded circle. Very fine ; not in Fellows 12 10s.
Lot 412. Lycia, Techchefeeve. ^14 ; weight 148 grs. Female
head, to left, the hair turned up behind in a fashion similar to
Fellows, pi. i. 7; rev., TiXXEFiFBE; a four-pronged grapnel.
VOL. III. N.S. G G
222 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Extremely fine, and presumed to be unique ; not in Fellows
32 10s. Lot 413. Lycia, Techchefeeve, M 2; weight 39 grs.
Bald horned head of Silenus, full face ; rev., same type and
legend as the preceding. Extremely fine, and probably unique
30 10s. Lot 415. Lycia, Troes, M 6 ; weight 150 grs.
Front view of lion's scalp ; rev., TPB, between the limbs of a
triquetra ; in the field, a club ; all in a sunk square. Very fine ;
not in Fellows 10 5s. Lot 416. Lycia, Troes, M 2 ; weight
24 grs. The Lycian legend MO+OI X in three sections,
between the limbs of a triquetra; rev., TPBB ^ NEM in three
sections, between the limbs of a triquetra. Fellows, pi. iv. 8,
from this coin ; also pi. iii. 5 from the Glasgow Museum 11 5*.
Lot 421. Lycia, Araxa (?), M 6; weight 150 grs. The usual
lion's scalp, with a small triquetra under it; rev., FiA in the
angles of a triquetra. A variety of Fellows, pi. iv. 3 ; extremely
fine 16 15s. Lot 424. Lycia, Coprlle (or, perhaps, the Oorycus
mentioned by Strabo), .51 2 by 1 ; weight 4 i grs. A human
eye ; rev., KO. a triquetra ; all within a sunk beaded circle.
Very fine ; Fellows, pi. xii. 8 15. Lot 425. Lycia, Coprlle,
M 4; weight 147 grs. A goat passing to left; rev., KOTI.
between the limbs of a triquetra ; all in a shallow sunk
square with beaded border. Fellows, pi. xii. 10 20 10s.
Lot 426. Lycia. Arina (later, Xanthus) in alliance with Coprlle,
M 2 ; weight 41 grs. APE above a bull walking to left ; rev.,
KOIIPAAE around a triquetra, in a beaded sunk square. Ex-
tremely fine, and presumed to be unique ; Fellows, pi. xii. 7,
from this coin 23. Lot 428. Lycia, Coprlle, M 2 ; weight
41 J- grs. Front-faced head of panther ; around it KOIIPAAE,
retrograde; rev., a triquetra in a beaded sunk circle. Very
fine, of the highest rarity, and not in Fellows 19 10s. Lot
435. Lycia, Arycanda Gordian, JE 8 ; rev., horseman, galloping,
to right, with the legend APYKANAGODN. Fine, and extremely
rare 10. Lot 437. Lycia, Arycanda of Tranquillina, M 7J ;
rev., APYKANAGGDN, an eagle, with the wings open, holding a
boar's head in its talons. Not in Mionnet, but published by Wad-
dington from this coin ; supposed to be unique 6 15s. Lot
449. Lycia, Cyanaea of Tranquillina, ^E8|; rev., KYANGITOQN,
a helmeted horseman, riding at full speed, to right. In excel-
lent condition, and unpublished 11 5s.
Lot 462. Pamphylia, Perga, M 1%; weight 232 grs. Head of
Diana, with quiver behind the neck, to right ; rev., APTEMIAO3.
HEPFAIAX in two lines ; between them, the full-length figure
of Diana Pergaea, to left, with a wreath in her right hand, and
a stag at her feet. Somewhat oxydated, but in very satisfactory
condition; the specimen in the British Museum weighs 257 T % grs.
41. Lot 483. Pisidia, Beige, M 6. Two wrestlers; in the
MISCELLANEA. 223
field, B . AH, having reference to Demetrius Poliorcetes ; rev.,
3E AFEQN, a slinger adjusting his sling ; before him a triquetra
over a club and a cornucopia, and between his feet the letter K.
Unpublished, and if properly attributed, of the highest historical
interest 18 10s. Lot 507. Cilicia, Mopsuestia of Hadrian,
M 6 ; weight 210 grs. ; rev., AAPI . MO^EATQDN . IIOAEGDC,
an eagle with open wings. Fine, and unpublished 42.
Lot 536. Lydia, Acrasus of Severus, M 10 ; rev., 6 . CTP .
ONHCITOPOY . ALTO A . B . AKP ACIOTON, ApoUo and Marsyas,
opposed ; the former semi-draped, with the right hand raised
over the back of the head, and leaning on a column with the
left ; the latter with the lower part of the body capriform, and
the right hand raised between the horns issuing from the
forehead. A very fine medallion. 12 5s. Lot 544. Lydia,
Hierocaesareia of Antoninus, M 4; rev,, IGPOKAICAP6ON .
TAAYKOC, the river-god, Glaucus, in the usual recumbent
position, to left. Unpublished 10 5s.
Lot. 575. Phrygia, Appia of the Philippi, M 9. AYT.K.
M . IOYA-$IAiniIOI, the portraits of the Philips, father and
son, within a wreath of laurel leaves ; rev., within a wreath, the
personification of the city, seated, to left, and crowned with a
wreath by a military figure from behind ; before the city stands
Fortune, with her usual attributes; legend, AIIIIIANON (on
the exergue) EHI . M . AVP . ANTEPOTOC . ZOTIK . NE .
APX. The Archon Anterotus is cited under Apameia by
Sestini, Cl. Gen., p. 118, and Mionnet, vol. iv. p. 238. A
medallion of very fine work, in perfect condition 42. Lot
582. Phrygia, Colossse, M 3. Bust of Serapis, to right ; rev.,
KOAOCCHNON, Isis holding up the cistrum. Very fine 9 5s.
Lot 602. Phrygia, Philomeleum of Severus Alexander, M 6 ;
rev., ^lAOMHAGaN . EHI . JIAYAOY . AA; exergue, PAAAOC;
the river-god, Gallus, in a recumbent position, holding a cornu-
copia and a reed. Fine, and unpublished 10 15s.
Lot 612. Galatia, Tavium of Severus, ^E 7 ; rev., C6 . TP .
TAOYIANliN ; exergue, AAYC ; the river-god, Halys, in a
recumbent position, his right hand pointing to a galley, and
holding a branch of an aquatic plant in his left. Fine, and
unpublished 14. Lot 629. Syria, Antiochus Hierax, M 8 ;
weight 262 grs. Portrait with plain diadem ; rev., the usual
seated Apollo, with a long torch in the field in front of the deity.
Very fine 12 5s. Lot 636. Syria, Antiochus III., M 7J ;
weight 258^ grs. A very fine portrait; rev. BA^IAEOS ANTI-
OXOY in two lines, separated by an elephant passing to right ;
behind, HP in mon. Very fine 35. Lot 689. Ptolemy I.,
jV 2^; weight 65 grs.; head of Minerva, to right; rev.,'
IITOAEMAIOY, Victory with wings open and holding a vexillum;
224 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
in the field, to left, an oval shield, and at the feet of the EY<E> (?)
the drachma or Hemistater of the type of Alexander. Unpub-
lished, and presumed to be unique 10. Lot 696. Arsinoe,
Philadelphi, M 9 ; weight 536 grs. The decadrachm, veiled
portrait : behind it, AA ; rev., APSINOH2 3>IAAAEA3>OY, a
double cornucopia, or diceros, with fruit, pendent grapes, tarnise,
&c. In very good condition 24.
Lot 741. Bactria, Agathocles, JR 8; weight 240 grs.
Filleted head of the king, to right ; rev., BA2IAEQ2 APAo-
KAEoY^ ; Zeus standing attired in the pallium, with winged
ancles, his left hand resting on a spear, in his right a three-faced
figure of Artemis, holding a torch in either hand. Ariana
Antiqua, pi. vi. n. 3, mon. 88. Very well preserved 18 10s.
Lot 745. Bactria, Demetrius, M 9; weight 251 grs.
Filleted head of the king, to right, covered with the head skin
of an elephant; rev., BA2IAEO2 AHMHTPIoY. Hercules
standing to the front, placing a wreath upon his head with his
right hand, the club and lion skin supported by his left arm.
Ariana Antiqua, pi. ii. n. 2, mon. 9. Slightly double struck on
the reverse, but otherwise extra fine 20 10s. Lot 761.
Bactria, Hippostratus, M 8 ; weight 146 grs. Bust, to right,
with fillet and chlamys, BA^IAEOS . SOTHPDX IimDS-
TPATCDY; the Demeter standing, looking to left; beneath her
extended right hand, a monogram (Num. Ohron. xix. n. 103)
and under a cornucopias in her left hand, the Arianian letter A.
Extremely fine 12. Lot 762. Bactria, Hippostratus, M 8 ;
weight 144 grs. Legend as before, but with addition of
MEFAAD Y. Bust nearly similar to the previous one, but having
the ends of the fillet broader and shorter ; rev., the king with
helmet and fillet, on horseback, galloping to right, the ground
indicated by a dotted line. In perfect condition 14 5s.
Lot 769. Bactria, Azes, M 8 ; weight 140J grs. BA2IAEO2.
BA2lAEON.MErAAoY.AZoY. Horseman, with lance couched,
to right; rev., Zeus erect, in his right hand a thunderbolt, in his
left a spear ; the radiation around the head of Zeus is formed of
seven letters of the Arianian alphabet. A most perfect and
beautiful specimen 8 17s. 6d.
ERRATA. We claim the indulgence of our readers to correct
the following errors which occurred in our last Number :
For page 128 read page 123.
Page 123, for St. Woudrille, read St. Wandrille.
Page 123, for de S. Soiliers, read des Sorciers.
Page 124, for St. Sonnes, read St. Vannes.
Page 124, for Sancti, read Sancta.
Nwn. Chnm.NS. VollPLV.
VARIOUS TYPES OF SHORT-CROSS PENNIES.
225
XXII.
THE BACTRIAN ALPHABET.
IN my last paper on Bactrian coins (Num. Chron., N.S.,
ii. 259) I reached that period of the mint history of the
Greek rulers of Ariana, at which they had progressed
beyond the normal practice of recording their names and
titles solely in the classic language and character, and had
introduced a corresponding legend in the local dialect,
suitably expressed in Oriental letters. This will be a
fitting occasion, therefore, to explain the nature and
phonetic powers of the characters of the binary Eastern
alphabets employed on the class of money under review,
as well as to present a brief summary of the derivation
and meaning of the parallel titular designations, which,
in the early cases, merely answered to the Greek originals,
but were subsequently derived from independent sources,
according to the nationality or predilection of the reigning
monarch.
I commence with a reference to the Indian-Pali alpha-
bet, which is found in two instances only throughout the
series, on the copper coins of Agathocles and Pantaleon.
This character, from which all our modern Indian systems
of writing are derived, is proved by extant inscriptions to
have been in current use over nearly the entire continent
at this epoch.
VOL. III. N.S. H H
226 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
The alphabet itself will be seen to possess, in an eminent
degree, the merit of simplicity combined with extended
distinctive capabilities and remarkable facility of lection ;
it is formed from a very limited number of literal elements,
and its construction exhibits not only a definite purpose
throughout, but indicates, moreover, a high order of
intellectual culture on the part of its designers, who dis-
criminated, by appropriate letters, gradations of sound
often inappreciable to European ears and seldom suscep-
tible of correct utterance by European organs of speech.
It clearly constituted an independently-devised and locally-
matured scheme of writing, 1 adapted, with singular felicity,
1 I advert to this fact the more directly because a tendency
exists in many cultivated minds to depreciate the originality and
antiquity of Indian civilisation. Max Miiller, reasoning from
negative evidence alone, will not admit that the Indians
acquired the art of writing till a comparatively late period
(" Sanskrit Literature," p. 516). Dr. J. Wilson, of Bombay,
asserts that Asoka's Buddhists derived their letters from Greek
and Phoenician models, while their numerals were obtained from
the Chinese. Dr. Weber affirms that the characters under
review are emanations from a Phoenician stock, notwithstanding
that we have in full contemporaneous development a series of
letters adapted to Indian wants, which not only declare their
derivation in their own forms, but show how inconceivable a
series of transmutations must have been gone through in the
other instance, to produce so innately dissimilar a set of
characters from one and the same source. But the question
which most concerns numismatists is the startling assumption
put forward for European acceptance by M. F. Lenormant, in a
late number of the "Gazette des Beaux- Arts" (Paris, 1863,
vol. xv. p. 331), that the Indians derived the art of coining
from the Greeks. Apart from the relative advancement of the
two nationalities in early days, it is rather venturesome to
affirm that the people of India, who, both from extant internal
evidence, and from the external testimony of the Greek authors
themselves, are proved to have been remarkably self-cultured,
whose elements of civilisation in all its branches were so
exclusively local and of indigenous growth (Diod. Sic., ii. 38 ;
THE BACTRIAN ALPHABET. 227
for the exhibition of the language of the country ; and as
such, was competent to express all that was needed in the
ancient vernaculars,, equally as, in its but little changed
Strabo, xv. 1, 6), need have borrowed such a minor mecha-
nical contrivance as that of producing a two-faced coin from
a nation who themselves only acquired the the craft from others.
(Herodotus, i. 94.)
There is simply this to be said, if the Hindus received the
first idea from the Greeks, and waited till " Alexander instructed
them," how is it that we find the serial mechanical steps, and
every artistic gradation of the inventive process progressing
from the second stage beyond mere barter to the final produc-
tion of a perfect coin testified to by absolute metallic docu-
ments, the numismatic relics of the early civilisation of the land,
which the plough or other chances now brings to the surface ?
Had the gif't of forming finished pieces of money been com-
municated to them ready perfected in all its branches, is it for
a moment to be supposed that so acute a race of men,
as Alexander's historians confess them to have been, would
voluntarily have relapsed into the primitive barbarism of the
art, and have repeated all the inventive efforts to develop so
simple a measure of artificers' skill ? For India can show
within her own boundaries what neither Greece nor her in-
structress, Lydia, can the alpha and the omega of coinage, com-
mencing with rude bits of silver and copper of fixed weight
but uncertain shape, subsequently legalised by the test marks
of succeeding dynasties, punched on their surfaces with diminu-.
tive intaglio dies ; advancing onwards to cameo single-surfaced
coins ; thereafter progressing, in more ready invention and
technic aptitude than their so-affirmed Western tutors, and, in
lieu of the incused square which the Greeks retained too long,
producing the far nearer approach to the true conception of
medal money in a fairly struck obverse with the reverse type
in relief, formed from a die sunk in the anvil, which, though
smaller, was of equal execution with the leading device. From
this point, to the fabrication of ordinary coins, the Indians had
need of but scant intellectual exertion, and such pieces, bearing
every sign of independent treatment, both as regards types,
devices, conventional forms, or artistic renderings, clearly
existed in India long how long it would be difficult to say
before the Greeks learnt all the Indians might have taught
them.
228 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
though more cursive and elaborately combined forms, it
suffices at the present day for all the demands of the
multifarious dialects or the finer precision of the highest
grammatical structure of the Sanskrit language.
As partially illustrative of the limited changes that
twenty-one centuries have produced, as well as for the
display of the divisional classification, I annex, in type,
a modern Devanagari, or Sanskrit alphabet, which, it will
be seen, exemplifies extensive divergence of outline without
any essential departure from the corresponding letters of
the primitive character entered in the first column of the
Plate accompanying this article. 2
ALPHABET.
Gutturals .
. .
. k
kh
9
gh
ng
Palatals . .
. .
. ch
chh
J
jh
ny
Cerebrals .
.
t
th
d
dh
n
Dentals . .
.
t
th
d
dh
n
Labials . .
, .
- P
ph
b
bh
m
Semi-vowels,
etc. .
. y r
I
V
s
h
Vowels . .
a
i
e
u
rl
It remains for me to advert, for the needful explanation
of the legends on the coins, to the method of introducing
medial vowels into the body of the writing. The u and
the e may be distinguished in the Indian-Pali name of
3 It is to be borne in mind that the top line of the modern
character does not form a necessary portion of the letter. Those
who are curious in Palseographic studies will find this question
fully discussed and illustrated by James Prinsep, to whom we
owe all our present knowledge of the subject, in his " Essays on
Indian Antiquities," London, 1858, ii. pp. 8, 35; and " Journ.
As. Soc. Bengal," 1837, iv. p. 474; Ibid., 1838, vii. 275.
THE BACTR1AN ALPHABET. 229
Agathwklayesa and the an in Pcwtalevasa. 3 The sound of
the short a being inherent in each consonant rendered
it necessary to combine those letters for the purpose of
eliding the vowel, an example of which occurs in the kl
of Agathu#/ayesa.
The Bactrian, Arian, or Arianian alphabet, which is the
more especial subject of this note, unlike its southern
contemporary, has no pretension whatever to an indige-
nous origination ; it would seem to have accompanied or
followed, in its archaic and imperfect form, the Aryan
immigration from Media, based as it manifestly is upon
an alphabet cognate with the Phoenician. We are unable
to trace its progressive adaptation from the scanty literal
signs of early Semitic writing, as we first find it, in an
advanced stage of maturation, in an inscription on the
Kapurdigiri rock in the Peshawar valley (lat. 34 20',
long. 72 12'), where it embodies the substance of the edicts
of Asoka, whose corresponding manifestoes in the Indian-
Pali character are so largely distributed over the continent
of India, 4 and the general date of whose incision may be
approximative^ fixed at 246 B.C. 5 How much further
south this character may have penetrated at this period
we have no direct evidence to show, but it is to be
3 "Ariana Antiqua," pi. vi., figs. 7, 8, 9 11; "Prinsep's
Essays," ii. 179.
4 Rock Inscriptions : 1. Girnar, in Guzerat. 2. Khalsi,
on the Upper Jumna. 3. Dhauli, in Cuttack. 4. Naugaum,
in Ganjam. 5. Bhabra, in Jaipur.
Monolithic inscriptions : 1. Khizrabad, on the Upper
Jumna. 2. Meerut (both moved to Delhi). 3. Allahabad.
4. Radhia, in Sarun. 5. Mattiah, in the same locality.
5 " Journ. Royal Asiatic Soc.," xx. 101 ; " Prinsep's Essays,"
ii. 15, et seq. I must remind my readers that certain of these
inscriptions record the names of Antiochus (Theos), Ptolemy,
Antigonus, Magas, and Alexander (of Epirus).
230 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
remarked that the same king Asoka simultaneously re-
tains the Indian proper alphabet in his monumental
inscriptions at Khizrabad 6 and at Khalsi, 7 near the de-
bouchement of the Jumna from the Himalaya range; while
the employment of the latter character by Agathocles and
Pantaleon would imply its currency within, or proximately
south of the province of Arachosia. Then again, certain
coins of a kingdom on the Upper Jumna, pertaining to a
native dynasty of indeterminate date, 8 but whose epoch
may not be very distantly removed from the period under
review, are found to be inscribed with the Arian cha-
racter on the one surface, with a corresponding legend in
Indian-Pali on the reverse. In this instance also, the
internal evidence would seem to show that the latter was
the alphabet of the mint artificers, while the former may
reasonably be supposed to have constituted the official
writing of the ruling classes. Under this view, it may be
conjectured that the Arian palaeography encroached upon
and intermingled with the indigenous system of letters as
the dominant Northern races extended their dominions,
in successive waves, further into Hindustan, till the intru-
sive alphabet reached Mathura 9 (lat. 27 30', long. 77 45'),
which is the lowest point at which any indications of its
progress are to be found. 10 Whence, however, it was
speedily to be thrown back, and very shortly superseded
6 " Prinsep's Essays," ii. 324.
7 " Journ. As. Soc. Bengal," 1862, p. 99.
8 Coins of Kunanda, " Ariana Antiqna," pi. xv. fig. 23 ;
" Prinsep's Essays," i. pi. iv. fig. 1, p. 203; Ibid., ii. pi. xix.
fig. 16.
9 Arrian Indica, M.t6opa, viii. p. 5. Pliny, Methora, vi. 23.
10 Mathura Inscription, dated in Bactrian figures, "Journ. As.
Soc. Bengal," 1861, p. 427; Coins, "Prinsep's Essays," ii. 197.
THE BACTRIAN ALPHABET. 231
and extinguished by its more flexible and congruous asso-
ciate of indigenous growth.
The earliest discoveries connected with the numismatic
form of this alphabet were effected by James Prinsep, in
1835. 11 He was followed in the inquiry by Grotefend, in
1836, and by Lassen, in 1838. A more important advance
was made by Mr. Norris's publication, 12 in 1845, of a partial
decipherment and complete alphabet of the Kapurdigiri
Inscription, which was subsequently translated and com-
mented on in detail by Professor H. H. Wilson. 13 Captain,
now General, A. Cunningham, from the time of his early
association with J. Prinsep to the present day, 14 has
devoted himself, with much success, to the elucidation of
these characters, and I myself have had occasion to review
the entire question in editing Prinsep's collected essays, in
1858. 15 The most material progress, however, that has yet
been made is due to Professor Dowson's translation of the
Taxila copper-plate inscription, in which the letters are
better formed and more carefully discriminated than in the
ordinary lapidary epigraphy; this, together with the im-
proved aptitude in the manipulation of the character, due to
the advanced period of its incision, aided by Mr. Dowson's
extensive knowledge of kindred Indian languages, has
enabled him to explain the document in question as well
as the majority of the scattered monumental or numis-
matic legends hitherto discovered, the alphabetical results
of which I have endeavoured to incorporate in the
subjoined Plate.
11 "Journ. As. Soc. Bengal," iv. 329, June, 1835; see also,
Ibid., July, 1838, p. 636 ; "Prinsep's Essays," i. 178 ; ii. 125.
12 "Journ. Royal As. Soc.," viii. 303, March, 1845.
J 8 Ibid., xii. 153, February 1849.
^ " Journ. As. Soc. Bengal," 1863, p. 139.
5 " Prinsep's Essays," ii. 144.
232 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
The alphabet, as I have already stated, is obviously
derived from a Phoenician source; it is written in the
same direction, and not only do the more prominent test
letters, mi, which are common to both literal series,
establish this, but the numeral figures employed in the
Eastern inscriptions are found to be identical with known
Phoenician originals. 16 A casual observer might fail to
detect the general similarity of the two styles of writing,
but many causes have combined to alter materially the
alphabet of the East ; most influential among these has
been the requirements of the more precise language the
primitive letters were called upon to satisfy. The limited
characters of Semitic origin had not only to be converted
or amplified to produce double the number, but had to
provide for the discrimination of long and short vowels,
&c. ; the most serious modification, however, the old
series had to be subjected to, was the insertion of medial
vowels in the body of the covering consonant, a thing
unheard of in the caligraphy of the West. The design
for effecting this was clearly adopted from the Indian
Pali system with which the crude Phoenician was brought
into contact, while the adapted alphabet was affected in
many of its other details by identical influences, and
especially as to the method of producing the isolated
forms of the series of vowels, which was grounded on the
practice of the South, in taking the A as the basis, and
discriminating the other sounds by minor additions to the
normal outline of that letter. I will not detain my
readers with further details, but refer to the Plate, which
16 " Gesenius," p. 87. M. Pihan, " Signes de Numeration
usit6s chez les Peuples Orientaux" (Paris, 1860), p. 105;
" Journ. Roval As. Soc ," xx. 228.
THE BACTRIAN ALPHABET. 233
will, I trust, sufficiently show the various processes
employed. But the severest trial this most inapplicable
alphabet had eventually to be subjected to, was the com-
bination of consonants, for the elision of the short A,
previously adverted to in the parallel alphabet, with
reference to the transliteration of the name of Agathocles.
For this purpose, the character was, from its mechanical
configuration, in every way unsuitable, and it is greatly
owing to the necessarily arbitrary methods in which these
compounds were formed, that the decipherment of later
Bactrian inscriptions has been hitherto retarded a
reproach we may trust to see removed from Oriental
archaeology by the ample list of combinations figured in
the Plate, which have either been detected by, or stood
the test of, Professor Dowson's acute criticism.
This sketch would be incomplete without a passing
reference to the course and survival of the Greek alphabet
in India, which followed the conquering progress of the
Bactrian Hellenes, as the affiliated alphabet of Semitic
origin attended the domestication of the Aryan races.
The accessory incidents differed, however, in this respect,
that the classic language was naturally less completely
domiciled, and was retained more exclusively by the ruling
classes, though its vitality was preserved in a degraded
form, possibly even beyond the duration of the currency
of the Arian character. Its geographical extension may
be defined as nearly parallel to that of the Arian writing
towards the Gangetic provinces, while it penetrated in a
comparatively independent identity to the Western coast.
It is singular that there is no trace of any solitary
inscription in the Greek language in all India, but in its
numismatic form it remained the leading vehicle of official
record, with a subsidiary vernacular translation, during more
VOL. in. N.S. i i
234 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
than two centuries under Greek and Scythian auspices. It
was similarly employed in conjunction with Arian legends
by the Kadphises Indo-Scythians, 17 while the Kanerki
Horde used it exclusively in the definition of their bar-
barous titles. 18 The gold coins of the latter merge into
those of the Guptas, but the Greek gives place to a
cultivated type of Indian Pali letters ; 19 while the Gupta
silver money, based upon the standard of Western cur-
rencies, about to be noticed, retains, in scarcely legible
outlines, the titular PAO NANO PAO, of Kanerki
origination. 20 At a period much antecedent to the spread
of the Guptas, which is variously assigned to the second
third, or even fourth centuries 21 A.D., a very imperfect
form of Greek had found its way into Guzerat, where it
figures on the obverse of the coins of the Sah kings of
Surashtra, in association with an elegant and highly-
finished Sanskrit legend on the reverse. The nearest
approach to sense any of these debased imitations of Greek
admit of, is furnished by a coin of Rudra Sah, the son of
Jiwa Dama, 22 where something like the name of Dionysius
(AIOAYICIYI, sic.) may be seen. The epoch of the Sah
dynasty is now attributed to 125 to 22 B.C. 23
I have still to indicate briefly whence the materials for
the construction of the accompanying Plate (pi. vi.) are
derived. Column 1 exhibits the Indian-Pali alphabet.
Column 2 shows the Arian character in the earliest lapidary
" Ariana Antiqua," pi. x. figs. 5, et segr.
18 Ibid., pis. xii., xiii., and xiv.
19 " Prinsep's Essays," i. 227, &c.
20 "Journ. Royal As. Soc." xii. p. 11.
31 Lassen, " Ind. Alt.," p. 752, &c.; "Prinsep's Essays," i. 276.
22 " Journ. lioyal As. Soc.," xii. 52 ; Ibid., ii. 88 ; Lassen,
" Ind. Alt.," ii. 794.
23 " Journal Asiatique," Oct., Nov., 1863.
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BACTRIAN ALPHABETS
THE BACTRIAN ALPHABET. 235
form yet discovered, as it exists on the Kapurdigiri Rock.
Column 3 displays the variations of the outlines of the
letters punched in dotted lines on the Taxila copper strip.
The 4th column is filled in with variants of the alphabetical
characters used on the Wardak brass vase, and other
lapidary or metallic inscriptions. 24 The four remaining
columns are devoted to the exhibition of the numismatic
alphabet, arranged according to the order in which the
letters occur in the serial sequence of the coins them-
selves. The lower portion of the Plate has been filled
in with compounds, whose derivation is in each case
specified.
EDWARD THOMAS.
24 It may he as well that I should recapitulate the leading
inscriptions in this language : 1. Hidda (No. 13), near Jellala-
bad, in Afghanistan. An earthen jar, having an Arian inscrip-
tion, written in ink, and dated in the year 8. " Arian a
Antiqua," p. Ill, and plate, p. 262. 2. A steatite vase from
Bimiran (Jellalabad), with a legend scratched on its surface,
undated. " Ariana Antiqua," pp. 52, 70, pi. ii. fig. 1 ; " Prinsep's
Essays," i. 107, pi. vi. 3. The Wardak (30 miles W. of Kabul)
Brass Vase, now in the India Museum, inscribed with dotted
letters, dated in the year 51, and recording the name of Hushka,
the OOHPKI of the coins; see "Ariana Antiqua," p. 118;
"Prinsep," i. 104, pi. x; " Journ. As. Soc. Bengal," No. iv.
of 1861 ; " Journ. Royal As. Soc.," xx. 37. The Taxila Plate,
dated 78, records the name of " Moga," identified with the
Moa of the coins ; " Num. Chron.," Bactrian List, No. xxv.
5. Manikyala Stone Slab (now in the BibliothSque Impe>iale,
Paris), dated in the year 18, contains the designation of
Kanishka ; " Prinsep's Essays, i. pi. ix. ; " Journ. Royal As.
Soc." xx. 251. From the same site was obtained the Brass
Cylinder now in the British Museum ; " Prinsep," pi. vi. To
these may be added two inscriptions from the Yusafzai country,
one dated 60: " Journ. As. Soc. Bengal," 1854, p. 705;
" Prinsep," i. pi. ix. : and the bi-literal inscription at Kangra
(Arian and Indo-Pali), "Prinsep," i. 159, pi. ix.
236
XXIII.
ON A RARE COIN OF CARACALLA IN A PRIVATE
COLLECTION AT BONN.
Obv. M. ANTONEINOC AYFOY^TOC. Laureate bust of
Caracalla, in full armour.
Rev.- IIPOYSAEON. The emperor, in festive garment,
stands on the right side, holding in his left hand
a hasta, and stretching his right with a patera
towards an altar in the centre, on the left side of
which appears a boar in an aggressive attitude.
Behind the animal, in the background, is an olive-
tree, and an eagle soars above the scene.
M 6. PI. vii. 1.
THE above described coin, which, according to the well-
known art of the ancients, comprises so grand a picture in
so small a frame, gives me an occasion for the present
remarks.
Not any of the celebrated numismatists, viz., Vaillant,
Rasche, Beger, or Gessner, nor even Eckbel, so deeply
versed in tbe science, knew of its existence.
Besides, it is not to be found among the rarities of the
British Museum. In Mionnet only (vol. ii. p. 482,
No. 393 of the Paris edition of 1830) we find the coin ;
it is there mentioned as rare, and its value placed at
12 francs, but no explanation of it is given.
To assign to the allegories upon it their probable mean-
ON A RARE COIN OF CARACALLA. 237
ing, according to researches I have been enabled to make,
is at present my task.
During the glorious period of Rome, particularly after
the destruction of Carthage, the consuls assumed for their
triumphs the epithets and impersonations of their various
gods, as, for instance, the Scipios appear on coins under
the figures of Mars and Neptune Pompey as Janus and
Neptune, and Julius with the epithet of Divos; while,
after the time of Mark Antony and Octavianus, the laurel
wreath was not considered sufficient, and was, consequently,
often replaced by the golden rays of Sol or Helios the
ruler of days. Added to which, Augustus is attended
by the significant emblems of lightning, of the Roman
eagle holding the globe in his claws, of the trident of
Neptune, of the head of Serapis, &c. &c.
We also find the allegory of Hercules as the invincible,
and the Erymanthean boar subdued by him, on Roman
coins, dating from the time of the subjection of the war-
like tribes in Greece, Asia Minor, and Spain, which would
lead us to presume, that when on his classical ground, the
Roman emperors selected the great deeds of the giant
god as a standard with which they liked to compare their
own, and therefore adopted on their medals many symbols
in commemoration of him. The worship of Hercules and
the boar identified with it, had been generally adopted
by the Celtic tribes after the Grecian custom be it when
these tribes were settled on the Adriatic coast, as the
Senonic Gauls \ or as Galati, in Asia Minor, or on the
Iberian peninsula, near the Pillars of Hercules, or in most
parts of Gallia Propria, or in Belgium, and the British
Isles. All over these countries we find the wild pug-
nacious beast also chosen as the signum militare of the
battle-field, and as such represented on their coins. The
238 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
boar and the head of Hercules appeared besides on the
brass coins of the Grecian settlements on the Adriatic
coast, as Venusium, Ariminum, &c. As also on those of
the Senonic Gauls and Etruria. The same emblem is
seen on the coins of Arpi, a colony of the ^Etolians on
the Adriatic. This easily accounts for the fact, that the
Romans, after having ultimately conquered the standard
of the wild boar, made it, on their own coins, the emblem
of great victories. As for instance, those of the Ccelia
family, with the head of Caldus between two ensigns, the
one inscribed HIS, and the other being a wild boar ;
those of the Volteia family, with the head of Hercules
and the Erymanthean boar; and the Greek coin of the
Thoria family, with Eftl AN9YIIATOY 6QPIOY, and
the device of a wild boar on the reverse.
In this established sense, to embody great warlike suc-
cesses, Augustus has evidently likewise selected the head
of the boar for the coin struck at Nicopolis after his
decisive victory near Actium.
M 2. 0Z>v. Head of Augustus. CEBACTOC . KTICTHC. 1
Rev. Head of boar. NEIKOIIOAECDC.
The fearful struggle which had preceded, between Mark
Antony and the great conqueror, had offered to his mind,
when so near the classical ground of the Calydonian
monster, the same symbol of the subdued boar, as most
suitable for a medal.
This view may have influenced his allegorical selection
so much the more, as he ascribed his great victory to
Hercules, and obviously was desirous to be regarded as a
revived conqueror of the Erymanthean boar.
1 Gessner, vol. ii. tab. xxviii. fig. 16.
ON A RARE COIN OF CARACALLA. 239
Moreover, there existed on coins of the neighbouring
.ZEtolia (where the myth of the Erymanthean boar had
experienced, as it were, a second edition in Meleager's hunt
of the Calydonian monster) similar symbolic allusions.
AETOLIA. JE 3. Obv. Female head, with petasw*
Rev. The Oalydonian boar. AITQAftN.
M 2, and M*. Rev. AITOAON. A boar. 4
And, again, the Erymanthean boar occurs on the coins
of Argos, in remembrance that Hercules had hunted
the wild beast down, for Eurystheus, king of Argos and
Mycene.
Several of the later Roman emperors also express their
veneration for the Erymanthean boar, by adopting his
image on the reverse side of their medals, chiefly of the
Neokoros kind, in complete accordance with what the
Consuls Caldus and Thorius, and even Augustus had done
before them in celebration of great victories.
The Emperor Domitian, and particularly his successors
of Spanish descent, impressed by the early remembrances
of the worship of Hercules 5 in their native country, did
the same ; and in this sense we find various coins under
the Emperors Galba, Trajan, 6 and Hadrian, stamped with
the head or club of Hercules on the obverse, and with
the boar on the reverse.
This naturally leads to the conclusion that the worship
of Hercules, with which the boar is connected, was then
2 Eckhel, vol. ii. p. 188.
3 Mionnet, vol. ii. p. 86, No. 6.
4 Gessner, vol. i. tab. vi. figs. 10, 11, and 12.
5 Vide Preller, "Roman Mythology," pp. 656, 657, &c.,
a Hercules worshipped as Sol on the Iberian peninsula."
6 Plate vii. 2.
240 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
extended as far as Rome, and that the imperial conquerors
of the world intended by such allegories to impress their
own invincible power and godlike standing upon the war-
like Romans.
The adoration of Hercules as (Deus Solis) Sol, whose
temple at Gades, the birthplace of Hadrian's mother, was
splendidly restored by that emperor, 7 took from his reign
a general extension in the Roman empire, and experienced
particularly in Thracia, Mysia, Bithynia, Lydia, and
almost the whole of Asia Minor a complete revival upon
the Grecian and Phoenician precedents; so that at last
the Emperor Heliogabalus, when in Syria, aspired to no
higher dignity, than being high priest of Sol.
Even as early as from the time of Tiberius, Claudius
and Domitian, there are coins existing, which prove that
these emperors perpetuated 8 Hercules as the founder of
Prusias ad Mare, formerly Cius-Bithynise.
Moreover, there were coins 9 struck by
1. L. VERUS at Pergamus, Mysise, and at Prusa ad
Hypium, Bithynise, with Hercules bearing the
skin of the Erymanthean boar on his arm, and
Hercules fighting Python.
2. SEPT. SE VERUS at Heraclea Pontica, very similar,
representing the victory of Hercules over the
Erymanthean boar. 10
3. GETA at Perinthus, Thracise, the presumed birthplace of
Hercules. 11
7 For the coin commemorating this event, vide Eckhel,
" Doctr. Num.," vet. vi. p. 504. Rev. Hercules c. clava et exuv.
leonis, HERCULI GADIT.
8 Eckhel, vol. ii. p. 436.
9 Ibid., vol. ii. p. 458.
1 Mionnet, Suppl. v. p. 60, No. 300.
11 Eckhel, vol. ii. p. 40.
ON A RARE COIN OF CARACALLA. 241
These symbolical allusions are evidently only the
regeneration of such as the Romans found on the auto-
nomous coins,, in the subjugated towns of Asia Minor. In
the places all round the Propontis, analogous coins
existed with allegories of Hercules, because the town of
Perinthus is said to have been his birthplace, and because
he was considered the founder of the towns of Cyzicus,
Cius (later called Prusias ad Mare), Heraclea, Nicsea,
and Nicomedia.
After having thus proved that the adoration of Hercules
was general in Bithynia, I may explain as an accessory
symbol to this Hercules-service, the various representa-
tions of the Erymanthean boar, and in particular that on
my coin of the Emperor Caracalla.
The inscription, HPOY^AEON indicates in itself a
locality sacred to the Herculean worship.
This Prusa ad Olympum, historically prominent as the
place where Hannibal, the personified African boar, who
had been chasing the Romans for so long a period, ter-
minated his glorious career of his own accord, might well
have attracted the notice of Caracalla as a place of
expiation. Its beautiful situation among the groves of
Olympus and the Propontis (although it was neither a
metropolis nor a Neokoros town), might have induced
the emperor to choose it for an offering to the evil-brood-
ing boar of Hercules, at the very time when he felt
Macrinus to be his antagonist, who was aiming at his
life.
In the neighbouring town of Prusias ad Mare, said to
have been founded by Hercules, Caracalla had landed, after
crossing over from Thracian Perinthus, and after having
marched down the Danube from the north of Germany,
and over the Haemus into Asia Minor.
VOL. III. N.S. K K
242 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
He had not succeeded in subjecting the Getse and
Dacians, fratricide smote his conscience, and he felt above
all, that his fair-haired Germanic mercenaries were not
true to him, although he wore a light coloured wig on
purpose to please them. 12 He was enraged at the insur-
rection in Armenia, at the opposition in Egypt, and
resolved to go there as avenger, after bringing an offering
to the Erymanthean boar, the image of evil, by which he
felt himself and his Roman eagle direfully threatened.
By this expiatory sacrifice (piaculum) he hoped to regain
from the mighty Hercules the blessings of peace, which
the olive-tree on the coin is intended to designate ; be-
tween this and himself the boar appears in an aggressive
attitude on the left side of the altar. Above this scene
appears the Roman eagle soaring, as if it were re-elevated
by this atonement, towards new triumphs.
This same tendency of explanation for the expiatory
sacrifices of Caracalla is also adopted by Preller in his
Mythologie, p. 657, and by Eckhel, Doct. num. vet. vii.,
p. 213.
In our Christian Mythos we still preserve the emblem
of the dragon conquered by St. George, akin to the old
Grecian legend of Hercules and Meleager slaying the
boar, as an image of the godly victorious over evil, or the
Divine principle triumphant over the diabolical.
Besides, we find many coins where Hercules, designed
also by the cognomen or surname of Pacator, or Pacifer,
appears with the olive branch in his hand, which bears
indeed an analogy to the olive tree behind the boar.
There are yet other coins of Caracalla which clearly
18 Dion Cassius, lib. Ixxviii. cap. 6.
ON A RARE COIN OF CARACALLA. 243
show his agitation of mind on his entrance into Bithynia,
as viz. :
PRUSA ad Rev. Ajax, kneeling, and falling on his
Olympum. sword. 13
PRUSIAS ad Rev. Hercules, with lion's skin on his
Hypium. shoulder, and club in his right.
HPOY^IEON . npoc . vmo. 14
NICLEA. Rev. Hercules strangling Antaeus (see also
Eckhel and Vaillant). 15
NICOMEDIA. Eev. Nemesis, her hand to her mouth, a
wheel at her feet. 16
These allegories seem to refer to Caracalla's threats
against his rivals, as well as to his remorse about Geta,
his brother. Whereas the next medal seems to express
plainly; i.e.
NICOMEDIA. Obv. Radiated head of Oaracalla with the
paludamentum and cegis.
Rev. Atlas carrying the globe, which he re-
ceives from Hercules. 17
that, after having overcome his antagonists and all his
difficulties, he anticipates he will regain his autocratic
sway by the assistance of the Giant- God.
In this manner the despot endeavoured to impress his
soldiers as well as his people with his personal notions.
In a similar sense we find another of his coins express-
ing his vengeance against the degrading reception he met
with in Alexandria ; on this medal he appears as indig-
nantly kicking the crocodile, emblem of Egypt :
13 Mionnet, Suppl. ii. p. 483, No. 394.
u Ibid., Suppl. v. p. 242, No. 1423.
5 Ibid., Suppl. v. p. 121, No. 673.
6 Ibid., Suppl. v. p. 197, No. 1164.
17 Ibid., Suppl. v.p.197, No. 1162; Gessner, vol.ii. tab. 146,
fig. 25.
244 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
CARAOALLA, (^E 1.) Rev. -p. M. TR p . xvni. IMP. in.
cos. iv. PP. s.c. The emperor kicking a croco-
dile with his right foot ; in front, Isis, holding a
sistrum. 18
On the other hand, we find in the coin on PI. vii. 5,
struck by Macrinus, at Ephesus, as it were an expression
of triumph, that he had, in the contest with Caracalla,
at last mortally wounded this boar of his career.
To Hercules and the Erymanthean boar, may also be
referred numerous coins of Thracia, Mysia, Bithynia,
Egypt, and Ionia, struck under Antoninus, Aurelius,
Verus, Commodus, Elagabalus, Macrinus, Alexander
Severus, Gordianus III., Gallienus, and Salonina, whereon
the emperors are mostly represented in full armour, and
with the victorious aegis about their shoulders. Some of
these are represented in PL vii. 3, 4, and 5.
Postumus and Probus, as late as the third century
(vide Banduri, t. i. p. 440), struck among the reconquered
German nations of the North their Roman coins, with the
symbol of Hercules Victor and Pacifer, and with the
attributes of the Nemean lion and the Erymanthean
boar, as signs of their invincible power : viz.
POSTUMUS, JE 1 and 3. Rev. HERCVLI. DEVSONIENSI.
(Billon.) Hercules, with cluh, how,
and lion's skin. 19
Rev. HEROVLI. MAGVSANO. Ditto. 20
and M Rev. HERCVLI. ERYMANTHINO.
Hercules carrying a boar,
at his feet a vase. 21
18 Eckhel, vol. vii. p. 215. Eckhel remarks on this, " Hie
nummus testis est Caracallse in ^Egyptum profectionis institutes,
ut de miseris Alexandrinis poenam sumeret, qua atrocior repeti
non poterat, si propalam obsequium exuissent."
19 Eckhel, vol. vii. p. 443, pi. vii. fig. 6.
30 Ibid., vol. vii. p. 448.
31 Ibid., vol. vii. p. 443 ; Banduri, vol. i. pp. 291 and 306 ;
Num. ChioiiN.SVoim.Pim.
.dMTr WiTJn.
CO! NS I LLUSTRATI VE OF TH E
WORSHIP OF HERCULES
ON A RARE COIN OF CARACALLA. 245
PROBUS, billon and M 3. Rev. HERCVLI. PACIFERO. Her-
cules, standing, with club,
and lion's skin ; in his right
an olive branch. 22
Diocletian, the much gifted emperor, ultimately was
superstitious enough to be frightened by the bugbear, in
the shape of the Erymanthean boar ; for, having in the
camp at Liege been told the prophecy, " that he was to
become emperor when he had slain a boar," he rested not
till he had succeeded in doing away with his rival,
" Arrius Aper."
Even after the epoch of the Christian reformation, we
meet with a Greek mythological application of the sym-
bolic boar, 011 a Dutch coin, struck by William of Orange,
on which we see the Lion of Batavia conquering the
Spanish boar, evidently meaning Alba, viz.
& Obv. Lion wrestling with a huge boar. sic. LEO.
dollar. BATAVVS. PRESSIT. APRVM. HISPANVM. 1578.
Rev. David and Goliath.
EDWARD RAPP.
Akerman, vol. ii. p. 52. Eckhel remarks that this must be the
vase in which Eurystheus hid himself for fear, at sight of the
boar.
22 Banduri, vol. i. pp. 448 and 466.
246
XXIV.
BECKER'S FORGERIES.
THERE is probably no coin collector through whose hands,
at some time or other, one or more of Becker's forgeries
have not passed, and that under not very agreeable cir-
cumstances. Most beginners, instead of making their
purchases of respectable numismatists, on whose judgment
and probity they might securely rely, are fond of exercising
their own discrimination; and sometimes at sales, but
more frequently in the shops of curiosity-dealers honest
men enough in their way, but devoid of any special know-
ledge of coins they will pick up specimens of beautiful
design and workmanship ; the possession of which will,
for a time, give them pleasure and pride, until, on
showing them to some better informed friend, they will
find to their mortification that the so-prized " gems " are
only " Beckers," of little more value, if any, than the
metal of which they are made.
Still, in more than one point of view, these forgeries are
very interesting, and an acquaintance with them is almost
io dispensable to a collector of the Greek or Roman series.
Many of them, indeed, are works of the most exquisite
finish, and without a close examination and comparison
are not to be distinguished from the originals of which
they are the imitations. It is impossible to deny that
247
Becker was an artist of consummate skill, and that he
combined great taste with an extraordinary amount of
learning, however vexed and indignant we may feel at the
prostitution of such qualities for the vile purposes to which
he applied them. His forgeries were more of the Chat-
terton than of the Ireland cast.
It is not unnatural, therefore, that one should wish to
know something of the history of the man, and of the
process by which he brought his counterfeits before the
public. Dr. Finder, in the preface to his detailed cata-
logue of Becker's forgeries, 1 has collected all the facts
that are known about him ; and it is principally from this
source that the following paper is compiled. It has been
thought that a regular translation of this preface, con-
taining, as it does, many details relating to mediaeval
coins of the continent and some more modern medals,
would be less acceptable to the English reader. 2
Carl Wilhelm Becker was born, about 1771, at Spires,
where his father held the municipal office of Syndic. The
young man devoted himself to trade, and having married
in Manheim, he set up business there as a draper, but
became bankrupt. 3 In 1806 he was working at the
1 " Die Beckerschen falschen Miinzen, beschrieben von
M. Finder." Berlin, 1843. (The counterfeit coins of Becker,
described by M. Finder. Berlin, 1843.)
2 A translation has appeared in French, (Numismatique
Beck6rienne, Re*cueil de Medailles contrefaites par Becker
de*crites par M. Finder. Paris, 1853). The name of the
translator is not given, but the avant propos is signed with the
initials, " XX." It is what is termed a free translation ; its
freedom, in fact, sometimes expanding into license, by virtue of
which the translator gives a totally different meaning to the
words employed by the original author. One or two specimens
of this license will be adduced in the course of this paper.
3 Er . . . " verheirathete sich in Manheim, errichtete daselbst
248 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
same place as a goldsmith ; and it has been discovered
that in that capacity he sometimes occupied himself in
copying Greek regal coins in gold. 4 He afterwards
removed to Offenbach, which became his permanent place
of abode, though he took frequent journeys. In this
place he established himself as a dealer in works of art,
and soon obtained the reputation of possessing a very
choice, though small, collection of such objects. It seems
that Offenbach was a pleasant and convenient residence
for him, as strangers were at freedom to carry on what
occupations they pleased without being subject to the
inquisitive curiosity of the police. The proximity of
Frankfort was also of advantage to him.
It was probably about 1814 that "the antiquary,
eine TucJihandlung, und machte bankerott." " II se maria a
Manheim, ou ses affaires riayant pas prospere, il fit faillite."
XX.
4 "According to A. von Steinbuchel (Beckersche falschen
Miinzstampel. Wien, 1836), Becker's own account of the
origin of his forgeries was as follows : " He had purchased a
false gold Roman imperial coin from a certain Baron von
Sch***m" (the number of asterisks prevents one reading the
name, ScJielm), "in Munich, and on his complaining to the
Baron, he was answered ' It served him right ; people should
not deal in what they do not understand.' Becker, who at this
time, knew nothing of die-sinking, betook himself at once to the
royal mint and studied the art ; he worked at it incessantly, till
he was able to produce so good an imitation of a Roman aureus,
as in his turn to have the satisfaction of taking in the Baron."
Finder, who is acquainted with Von Steinbuchel's pamphlet,
and refers to it, does not mention this anecdote, probably con-
sidering it apocryphal. He does not even refer to Becker's
sojourn at Manheim. But if the anecdote be true it would be
another instance to be added to the list of forgers in literary as
in other matters, who, commencing with an experimental hoax
of a not very culpable nature, have been misled by success, and
proceeded in downright fraud and with the sordid desire for
gain.
BECKER'S FORGERIES. 249
Becker/' as he was now called, became intimately ac-
quainted with the Prince von Isenburg, a general in the
French service, from whom he received the title of Court
Counsellor (Hofrath}. Goethe visited him in the year
1815, and thus records the circumstance in the c< Day and
Year-book" (Tag und Jahres-hafteri). (c Counsellor Becker,
in Offenbach, exhibited some important pictures, coins,
and gems, and was not indisposed to part with any object
to an amateur who should desire to possess it." Again,
in his Art and Antiquity (Kunst und Alterthum), he says :
" Herr Becker, a most excellent numismatist, has judi-
ciously arranged an important series of coins of all periods,
to illustrate the history of his studies. 5 He possesses also
some pictures of importance, well preserved bronzes and
antique works of art of various kinds."
The Prince von Isenburg appears to have been a great
patron of Becker. He had brought home with him from
the Spanish campaigns a fine collection of coins, and, in
particular, a complete series of those of the West Gothic
kings. He was seldom able to leave his room, and he
found an agreeable solace in the company of the ' ' Anti-
quary." The latter, while he played the part of a cour-
teous and intelligent admirer of the various works of art
in the possession of the prince, would himself occasionally
produce a rare coin, which he had been fortunate enough
to acquire by purchase or exchange. He was always ready
with a detailed account of where it had been obtained,
5 " Zur Auf klarung der Geschichte seines Fetches : " " Dans
1'intention den ecrire ensuite 1'histoire." The word Fach is
difficult to translate here exactly. Goethe means by it, Becker's
pursuits as an antiquary. What XX. understood by it, it is
not easy to make out.
VOL. III. N.S. L L
250 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
and even knew where a similar one was to be procured,
in quite as fine condition, but at a very high price. 6
By this and similar devices he succeeded in passing off
a few of his counterfeit coins ; but he was cautious and
wary, and the great bulk of them were disposed of by him
to the Jews of Frankfort.
By degrees the attention of numismatists was aroused.
Sestini, in a pamphlet, published in 1825, warns his
readers against the forgeries of the oltramontano ; and in
a paper, " Sopra i Moderni Falsifieatori," published in
1826, he expressly names un certo Becker di Hanau, and
describes several of Becker's coins. 7
About this time Becker considered it prudent to come
forward as an avowed copyist of ancient coins. He pub-
lished a catalogue of 296 specimens which he had made,
he said, for his own amusement, and which he was willing
to dispose of, either all together or separately, to collectors
who were unable to procure the rare originals.
6 The only original production by Becker is a small medallet
in honour of the Prince. It is thus described by Finder :
" Obv. Head of the prince, right, with the letters K. 3>. H. Y.
(Karl, Purst zu Ysenburg), within a double
circle bearing the legend, Carl, Furst zu
Isenburg, g. z. 6. (Charles, Prince of Isenburg.)
" Rev. DENKMAHL DER INNIGSTEN VEREHRUNG VON CARL
BECKER. ( A memorial of deepest respect from
Charles Seeker.) A laurel wreath and shield,
bearing AM 29 JUNY, 1818. (The 29th June,
1818.)"
If Becker had confined himself to productions of this class his
reputation for honesty would have been higher with those who
knew him, but his name would never have been heard of.
The prince died in 1820.
7 Sestini sometimes confounds the fabrications of Becker with
those of Smyrna.
251
The price of a perfect series of 266 pieces struck in fine
silver was 300 ducats.
The Greek series alone 110 pieces, 200
The Roman 126 100
The series of Gothic Kings .... 24 ,, 14
The Mediaeval German series ... 24 21
Moslem, from the 16th to the 18th cent. 12 10
This catalogue of Becker's, published in seven pages,
quarto, without date, is very imperfect. He either kept
back a portion of his coins, with a view of disposing of
them with greater security, 8 or he continued his furtive
labours after the publication of his catalogue ; possibly
both hypotheses are correct.
Becker died on the 30th April, 1830.
In 1836, A. v. Steinbiichel printed, at Vienna, a more
complete catalogue of Becker' s forgeries, which, however,
as far as concerns the Greek and Koman coins, contains,
for the most part, only Mionnet's description of the
originals copied by Becker ; so that the very characteristic
of the copies, consisting in minute differences from the
originals, is precisely what is overlooked. The remaining
coins are very briefly mentioned by Steinbiichel.
Dr. Pinder has taken great pains to make a full and
correct catalogue, and for that purpose, with the assistance
of a friend (Herr Parthey), he collected two sets of the
series, struck in lead. 9 He arrived at the following
result :
8 " Um diese desto sicherer an dem Mann zu bringen" " afin
de les vendre au plus grand profit." XX.
9 After Becker's death, his dies, the value of which he himself
fixed at 2,264 ducats, passed into the possession of Herr
Seidenstricker, in Homhurg, who sold copies of the whole
collection, consisting of 331 pieces, struck in lead, for 30 florins,
Rhenish.
To any one who wishes to educate lu's own judgment as to
252 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Greek coins 133
Eoman 136
West Gothic 25
Merovingian 1
Carlovingian and later Imperial .... 19
Mediaeval and modern coins and medals . . 7
Siege pieces 9
Medal of Prince Isenburg 1
331 10
It is, and probably always will remain, a mystery how
Becker could possibly execute a series of so many coins,
requiring more than six hundred dies, even after giving
him credit for the union of vast talent, eminent skill and
super-eminent industry. He could not venture to have
any associate in his labours, or he would have been dis-
covered sooner. Although among his Gothic coins there
are many which a skilled die-sinker might finish in one
day, on the other hand there are numerous exquisite
copies of Greek art which, would require from eight to
twelve weeks to perfect ; and it is to be remarked, that
Becker seldom, as other copyists have done, worked from
drawings, where a stroke more or less is of little moment ;
the genuineness of Greek and Roman coins this collection is
indispensable. Von Steinbuchel indeed points out that by a
careful comparison of a genuine coin with one of Becker's
forgeries of the same type, it is easy to detect the difference of
style in the treatment of various particulars ; such as the hair,
the form of the letters, &c. But every one has not the oppor-
tunity of making such a comparison ; and, without making it, it
would require a most accurate acquaintance with coins in order
to detect a forgery by Becker. Hence a collection of the
leaden casts becomes so valuable.
10 Dr. Finder admits, however, a doubt whether this catalogue
is yet complete, as he had not been able to obtain from Herr
Seidenstricker an account of the number of dies left by Becker.
Cohen mentions a gold coin of Gordianus Africanus I., which
is not contained in Finder's list.
253
but that, in order to attain his object, he was obliged to
follow his originals with the most scrupulous care, which
would, of course, require a much larger expenditure of time.
It is uncertain whether he made use of genuine old
coins to make metal casts from, which he afterwards
finished with a graver. Among his specimens there is not
the slightest trace of any such process of casting, which
would have been easily discernible in the field of the
coins. It is known that he sometimes made use of gold
and silver coins with common types, as blanks, by which
means the genuine size and weight were preserved. Some-
times he re-struck only one side of a genuine coin, where
the object was to present a rare head or reverse. His
coins were all struck by the hammer. In some of his dies
he artfully imitated the effect of double striking, by
giving two outlines, one deeper than the other.
It is said that, in order to give his coins the appearance
of age, he used to place them in a little box containing
iron filings, which was screwed on to the springs of his
carriage, and to drive backwards and forwards, watch in
hand, on the road between Offenbach and Frankfort.
According to the statement of Collin, an Offenbach Jew,
he used to call this, taking his old gentlemen a drive. He
is also said to have given his coins the recognised smell
and colour of antiquity, by burying them in manure.
It might have been expected that Becker, who was by
no means expensive in his personal habits, would have
amassed a considerable sum of money. A single set of the
genuine Greek and Roman coins which he had fabricated
would, according to the prices fixed by Mionnet, have
been worth the enormous sum of 66,723 francs 11 (about
11 Two valuable coins, that are not in Mionnet, are not
included in this account. Durow (" Tiibinger Kunstblatt,"
254 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
2,680). But Becker left no fortune behind him. This
has been accounted for by the fact that the greater part of
the profit fell to the share of the Jews, as Becker took
good care not to appear as a dealer in coins to any great
extent. He, moreover, embarked in many speculations,
which not unfrequently failed ; and he also had several
expensive tastes which cost him much money. 12
T. J. ARNOLD.
1827, Nos. 75, 76) gives the value of a set of all Becker's coins
72,000 francs (2,880);
12 " Auch hatte er viele LiebJidbereien, die ihm viel Geld
kosteten." " Et a tout cela il faut ajouter les depenses folles
occasioned par son gout pour lesfemmes." XX.
The Frenchman here may be said to have carried the
license of his translation into licentiousness.
255
XXV.
ON ANGLO-SAXON COINS FOUND IN IRELAND.
[Read before the Numismatic Society, October 15, 1863.]
ANGLO-SAXON coins have been frequently found in Ireland,
and occasionally associated with silver bracelets of a Saxon
type of ornamentation, three-sided ingots of silver, about
three inches in length, and Cufic coins.
That there was much intercourse between the Anglo-
Saxons and the Irish, during the first half of the tenth
century, may be inferred from the fact that a large pro-
portion of the Anglo-Saxon coins found in Ireland con-
sists of pennies of Eadweard the Elder, A.D. 901, and the
intervening sole monarchs, to Eadgar, whose reign termi-
nated in the year 975, after which date very few coins of
the sole monarchs, except of ^Ethelred the Second, A.D. 979
to 1016, have been discovered, and the coins of the kings
of England, up to the English invasion in the year 1172,
occur very rarely, and never, as far as I know, in any
considerable number.
The Anglo-Saxon coins found from time to time in
Ireland present the names of several moneyers which are
not mentioned in Ruding's lists.
The small hoard to be described presently comprises
eight pennies of Eadweard the elder, one of St. Eadmund,
256 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
and a Cufic coin, which were found along with some
ingots of silver in a sand-pit near Lugga, not far from
the town of Nobber, in the county Meath, about the
year 1843. The coins remained for many years in the
possession of the finder, and after his death they were
offered for sale in March, 1863, and purchased by Mr.
Edward Clibborn for the Museum of the Royal Irish
Academy.
The Cufic coin was struck at Samarkand, A.D. 914, by
Nasr Ben Ahmed II., 4th Prince of the Samanian dynasty.
EADWEARD THE ELDER. 901 924.
WITH THE KING'S HEAD. \
1. Olv. + EADWEARDE +. Bust, to right.
Rev. HE I On -1XIE I EB, in two lines. Weight, 19^ grains.
Legend, blundered. Type of Ruding xvi. 7.
2. Olv. + EADWEARD REX. Bust, to left.
Rev. ERAUV-VIXI-Ip, in two lines. Weight, 22 grains.
Moneyer in Ruding. Type of Hawkins, 179, and
Ruding, xvi. 1.
3. oiv. + EADWEARD REX. Bust, to left.
Rev. DARE - ARDMO, in two lines. Weight, 22^ grains.
Moneyer in Ruding. Type, same as No. 2.
'WITHOUT THE KING'S HEAD.
4. Olv. + EADWEARD REX. A small cross.
Rev. HEREMOD. A flower over the name. Weight,
22^- grains. Engraved in Ruding, xxviii. 1.
5. Olv. -f EADWEARD REX. A small cross.
Rev. EADE '. - LMMO, in two lines. Weight, 23 grains.
Type of Ruding, xvi. 7, except three dots, .', at
end of first line.
6. Olv. + EADWEARD REX. A small cross.
Rev. EADV -f - LFMO +, in two lines. Weight, 24^
grains. The small cross at the end of each line is
the only difference between the type of this coin and
Ruding, xvi. 7.
ON ANGLO-SAXON COINS FOUND IN IRELAND. 257
7. Oh. +EADVVEARD REX. A small cross.
Rev. FINED - E ARMO, in two lines. Weight, 24^ grains.
Type of Ruding, xvi. 7.
8. Oh. + EADVVEARD REX. A small cross.
Rev. DIIIIJQ - IEEITI, in two lines. Weight, 20^ grains.
Legend, blundered. Type, one pellet over the first
line and under the second ; three crosses between
the two lines.
SAINT EADMUND.
9. Obv. +SCEA + I+. The letter A.
Rev. + BADIMOI. A cross. Weight, 22^ grains. Type
of Ruding, xii. 1 to 5.
These coins, though few in number, present two rare
types Nos. 1 and 4 ; and three unpublished moneyers of
Edweard. Eadelm, No. 5, and Linegear, No. 7, are not in
any of Ruding' s lists ; the name Eadulf, No. 6, is not in
the list of Eadweard's moneyers, but it occurs on coins
of Burgred, King of Mereia, and on coins of ^Ethelbald,
.ZEthelstan, Eadmund, and Eadwig, sole monarchs.
The name Badimoi, on the penny of St. Edmund was
not previously recorded. Mr. Hawkins observes that
although Edward the Confessor granted, in 1066, a mint
to the Abbot of St. Edmundsbury, " it is not clear that
one had not been established there before," and adds that
the pennies bearing the name of Edmund are of a date at
least as early as those of St. Peter and St. Martin, or about
950. (Silver Coins of England, p. 49.)
The finding of this penny along with those of Eadweard,
and no other Saxon coins, not only supports Mr. Hawkins'
opinion, but implies that the coin was struck long before
1066, and probably was contemporary with the coins of
Eadweard.
AQUILLA SMITH.
July 0, 1863.
VOL, III. N.S. M M
258
XXVI.
KENTISH TOKENS OF THE SEVENTEENTH
CENTURY. (Continued.)
ASHFORD, PLUCKLEY, HYTHE, AND BROOKLAND.
PLATE O.
No. 13. This halfpenny contains all that is known
of the issuer ; it has on the obverse a cinquefoil, and
" Robert Wage 1688." In the centre, a small flower
ornament, around which are the letters R. M. W. between
three cinquefoils; on the reverse, "of Ashford in
Kent ;" and in the field, in three lines, " his half peny."
No. 14 is engraved from a token in the collection of
Mr. Evans, and is peculiarly interesting from being
hitherto inedited, and quite unknown to our greatest
Kent collectors. It is octangular, and has on the margin
of the obverse a pierced sexfoil, and the legend " Robert
Walbe of," and a repetition of the same sexfoil, or
flower ornament. In the field a pair of scissors, as to
form rather conventional, and here intended to refer to
the trade of the issuer, possibly a tailor or clothier. On
the reverse is " Ashford in Kent (16)69 his half peny."
The exergue is filled with the flower ornaments.
No. 15 is the last of the known Ashford series, but not
the least interesting, as it contains an excellent portrait
KENTISH TOKENS OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 259
of a Saracen's head, with a pair of immense whiskers,
much after the fashion of the present day, a terrific mous-
tache, and a forked beard. This halfpenny records that
" Samuel Wood 1666 at Ashford in Kent/' was host of
the Saracen's Head, still the principal inn of the town,
but very far removed from its former reputation, when it
was known as the only post-house of the then neat, quiet
little town, and the house at which the ' ' Old Folkestone/'
the only four-horse post-coach that passed through the
town, changed horses to and from London. On those
occasions a little knot of idlers used to assemble to see
the coach ' ' come in/' or an equipage or express change
horses a feat, in the height of posting celebrity, that
occupied a space of time something less than a minute.
Horses and postillions were always in readiness, and at
a given signal of an approaching change, trotted down
the yard to the front of the old Saracen's Head, accom-
panied by hostlers, supernumerary post-boys, and a sharp
' ' boots /' these, before a carriage fairly stopped, unpoled
and unhooked the panting horses, while others imme-
diately " put on " the relay, which, not waiting for the
incitement of whip and spurs, dashed off to the next
post town. Though the bustle and business of this once
famous inn have yielded to the railway station and train,
it still retains its sign and place, and may well be regarded
as an excellent type of an hostelry of the seventeenth
century .
No. 16. A farthing having the prevailing device of
the tokens of small villages, the Grocers' arms. It was
issued by " Edward Gooding of Pluckley in Kent
1663." In the field, on the reverse, are the letters
E. M. G. The traveller from London to Ashford by the
South-Eastern railway, passes through this parish for
260 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
about a mile and a half. The station is three-quarters of
a mile from the church founded by Richard de Pluckley,
who lived in the reigns of Stephen and Henry II. It
was rebuilt by Richard Bering, who died in 1481. Sur-
renden Dering, the seat of Sir Edward Cholmeley Dering,
Bart., is in this parish.
Hythe, one of the Cinque Ports, written in some ancient
records Hethe, thus noticed, says Boys, 1 in Domesday,
" Ad hoc manerium (Saltwood) pertinent ccxxv burgenses
in burgo Hedse. Inter burgum et manerium valebat
T. R. E. xvi libras. Quando recepit, viij libras ; modo,
inter totum xxix libras, et vj solidos, et iiij denarios"
was once governed by jurats only, and was a corporation
by the title of " The Jurats and Commonalty of Hythe."
In the seventeenth year of Elizabeth it was incorporated
by the name of ' ' The Mayor, Jurats, and Commonalty of
Hythe, in the county of Kent." It is curious that the
orthography of the town on the corporation seal, and on
each of the six tokens here engraved, is different in every
instance Hethe, Heath, Hithe, Hyth, Hid, Heth, and
Hythe.
The common, or corporation seal, is a single round
seal, having the figure of a vessel with one mast ; the sail
furled close, and a man on each yard-arm : forecastle and
poop embattled : the steersman abaft, and a man blowing
a horn or trumpet, forward. Seven fishes in the water
swimming in different directions. Inscribed " Sigillum
commune baronum de Hethe/' Described as follows by
Browne Willis, ' ' A hulk on the water, with two sailors
on the deck drinking to one another in it, and two naked
1 Collections for a History of Sandwich, p. 811.
KENTISH TOKENS OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 261
men, reposing themselves on the mainyard. In base five
fishes in the water."
The church, dedicated to St. Leonard, stands on the
side of a high and steep hill. The original tower sud-
denly fell down in 1748. The present steeple, with four
turrets, is built of quarry stones, with ashlar quoins arid
ornaments. The crypt under the east end of the middle
chancel contains a very great collection of human bones.
When they were seen by the writer, it was evident that,
from the decay of the bones near to the ground, the pile
was considerably lower than it once had been. Hasted
writes they were " twenty-eight feet in length, and eight
feet in height and breadth," and continues, " they are,
by the most probable conjectures, supposed to have been
the remains of the Britons slain in a battle fought on
the shore, between this place and Folkestone, with the
retreating Saxons, in the year 456, and to have attained
their whiteness by lying for some length of time exposed
on the sea-shore. Several of the skulls have deep cuts in
them, as if made by some heavy weapon, most likely of
the Saxons."
The popular tradition is that they are the remains of
a body of Danish invaders, who were totally routed by
the Britons in the neighbourhood. This legend is sup-
ported by reference to the fractured skulls and bones,
some of which, from the frequent handling and examina-
tion of so many visitors and contemplative Hamlets, have
received a high polish. At a recent investigation by the
Kent Archaeological Society, Mr. R. C. Hussey, F.S.A.,
though it is not likely he will overturn it, said that he
placed no faith in the Kentish tradition, and remarked that
Leland, although generally so minute in his descriptions,
did not even mention a collection of bones, although he
262 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
noticed the crypt ; and the presumption, therefore, was,
that they had been placed there since the Reformation.
No. 17, the first of the Hythe tokens, has on the
obverse " William Adcock in " and across the field the
date 1657 between two roses; on the reverse, " Heath in
Kent (16)57," and the letters W. E. A.
No. 18. " Fardinandp Basset F. M. B., in Hithe,
1658," a hart ; this is the only tavern sign on the known
Hythe tokens. The present White Hart, in High Street,
Hythe, is probably the house at which this token passed
current for a farthing.
No. 19 has around the margin " Jo n Bassett his half
peny," and across the field, in three lines, the letters
I. T. B., and the date 1670, the latest on the Hythe
tokens. On the reverse " in Hyth in Kent," and the
Grocers' arms.
No. 20. A Baker's farthing, " Peter Johnson of the
Port of Hid," the Bakers' arms } and the letters P. J.
No. 21. " Guy Langdon 1659," the Grocers' arms "in
Heth" G. E. L!
No. 22. A clothier's or draper's sign the Golden
Fleece, "David March in Hythe 1669 his half peny.
D. I. M."
No. 23. "John Eve in Brookland I. K. E." the
Grocers' arms.
No. 24. Is a halfpenny of the same issuer, having in
addition to the Grocers' arms the very late date 1671, and
in the centre of the reverse J encircled with the letters
I. K. E v sexfoils and stars; and around the margin,
"Brookline Grocer."
Brookland is a parish and village in the liberty of
Romney and Walland Marshes, situated about six miles
from New Romney, and five from Lydd. The village is
KENTISH TOKENS OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 263
scattered. The church, nearly in the middle of the
parish, is dedicated to St. Augustine, to whose monastery
it was attached until the Reformation, since which it has
been an advowson of the Dean and Chapter of Canterbury.
Like Lydd, New Romney, and many other churches in
the Marsh, it appears to have been built to accommodate
a larger population than at present exists in the parish.
It has three aisles and three chancels. " Ah ! " said a
countryman to the writer, when many years since he was
sketching Ruckinge church, on the borders of this Marsh,
" you should draw Brookland church the most curious
church that ever was the steeple is built away from the
church \" This is the case, and it is certainly rather a
curiosity in its way a tall spire of wood standing like a
huge extinguisher upon the ground, on the north side
close to the church door. Tradition reports that the very
ponderous timber with which it was erected was excavated
from the diluvial bed of the Marsh. It is divided into
five stories or floors, and at the present time contains five
bells, although the remaining fittings for other bells show
that it once contained a larger number.
A most interesting feature of this church is its leaden
font, standing upon a rude platform of stone raised three
steps above the level of the pavement, beside one of the
short Gothic columns of the nave.
The dimensions of this font, external measurement,
are two feet one inch in diameter, and one foot four
inches in depth. The circumference, of about six feet,
is divided into twenty compartments, each six by three
and a half inches ; these spaces are occupied by figures
symbolical of the months of the year and their occupa-
tions. Above the months are the signs of the Zodiac.
Eight of the twenty spaces have a repetition of the
264 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
symbols from March to October, inclusive. The spaces
are divided by small Anglo-Norman columns and arches ;
upon the latter are inscribed in Lombardic letters the
titles of the subjects beneath. The ornamentation of the
upper part of the font consists of two rows of sharks'
teeth, and two of cable scroll. Upon this bordering rest
three or four little tablets of the Resurrection ; there is
also a spout or lip for the overflow of the water.
Of the few leaden fonts known in this country, about
twenty in number, this is believed to be unique as to
design a mixed Gothic and classic character and was
probably made in a Norman or Flemish workshop of the
twelfth century.
H. W. ROLFE.
(To be continued.)
A S H F O H D
T O K t N S .
A s H r o P
- TOKEN
265
NOTICE OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS.
In No. 5 (September and October) of the Revue Numisma-
tiqiie there are the following articles :
1. Second letter from M. Hucher to M. de Saulcy, " On
Gaulish Numismatics."
This letter contains notices : First, of a gold coin attributed to
Camulogenus, the general-in-chief of the confederate Gauls at
Paris while Julius Csesar was carrying on the war among the
Arverni. The legend upon it is CAMVLO, which, from the
character of the coin, M. Hucher is no doubt right in referring
to Camulogenus rather than to Camulodunum. Second, of a
gold coin attributed to the Gabali. Third, of coins of the Aulerci
Eburovices, with the legend IBRVTX. Fourth, of coins with
the legends SENV and KOIIAKA. Fifth, of a coin with the
legend ALLIICORIX. Sixth, of a coin bearing VIRICIV.
Seventh, of a coin attributed to Divitiacus, with the legend
DEIVIGAG. Eighth, of a coin with the legend COMMIOS-
GARMANO.
2. " Restitution to Pergamus of some Coins found at Mitylene
(island of Lesbos)," by M. Ferd. Bompois.
In this article M. Bompois attempts to give to Pergamus two
coins which were formerly attributed by numismatists either to
Lesbos, in genere, or to Mitylene. The first has upon the obverse
two heads of calves facing each other, and between them a branch
of leaves and fruit ; and the second, the head of Medusa facing,
crowned with serpents. Both have for reverse an incuse
square. His principal reason seems to be on account of the
nature of the fabric, which is too good for Lesbos or Mitylene.
The article must be carefully read to fully comprehend M. Bom-
pois's suggestions.
3. " Meredates, King of the Omani," by M. A. de Longpe*rier.
In this paper M. Longperier has proved that no such person
as the Queen Uiphoba on the supposed coins of Meredates
and Uiphoba (see Numismatic Chronicle, vol. xx. p. 38) ever
existed, but that the legend on them should be read BACIAGYC
OMANO3>IAOC, " The King loved by the Omani:' Several
references are adduced relative to this nation ; and in conclusion,
M. de Longpe"rier thinks that these coins of Meredates were not
struck at Charax by a prince allied to the Omani, but by the
Omani themselves in honour of their master, perhaps their con-
queror. A woodcut at the head of the article shows the legend
of this coin in its correct form.
4. " Merovingian Coins (Agaune, Auxerre, Orleans, Famars,
N N
266 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Metz, Bellange, Toul, Mayence, Beauce", Lieuvillers, Jubleins)."
by M. Ch. Eobert.
5. " Douzains of Louis XIII.," by M. A. de Longpe"rier.
6. " Dissertation, whether there is any truth that a coin was
struck during the life of Louis I., Prince of Conde, giving him
the title of King of France," by M. J. E. Secousse.
In the troisieme livraison of the Revue Numnmatique Beige,
for 1863, there are the following articles :
1. " Catalogue of the Coins of the Principality and Bishopric
of Liege," by M. A. Perreau (5th article).
2. " Numismatic Curiosities. Coins and rare jetons" by
M. Renier Chalon, (5th article.)
3. "Billets de confiance et assignats des communes de
France," by M. J. Sabatier.
In the Correspondence is a letter from M. le Baron de Witte
to M. R. Chalon relative to the coins of Amphipolis, published
by M. Hoffmann in his Bulletin Periodique, and about the
authenticity of which M. Chalon had expressed some doubts.
M. de Witte assures M. Chalon of their authenticity.
In the Melanges are notices of various numismatic publications.
In the quatrieme livraison of the Revue Numismatique
Beige for 1863 are the following articles :
1. " Catalogue of the Coins of the Principality and Bishopric
of Liege (6th article)," by M. A. Perreau.
2. "Anglo-Saxon sceattas found in Friesland," by M. J.
Dirks.
3. '* The most ancient jetons of the Magistracy of Brussels,"
by M. Renier Chalon.
4. " A few words on some Coins of the eleventh century," by
M. J. Dirks.
5. " Coins of the north of France and Belgium, which were
current in Picardy at the end of the fifteenth century," by M. de
la Fons-Melicocq.
6. " A Coin of Anholt," by M. Renier Chalon.
7. " Documents pour servir & 1'histoire de la Variation des
Monnaies Yaleurs diverses de la livre de gros (1324 1671),"
by M. de la Fons-Me"licocq.
In the Melanges are notices of various recent numismatic
publications.
MISCELLANEA.
THE LATE COLONEL LEAKE'S COLLECTION OP GREEK COINS,
now offered to the University of Cambridge for the sum of 5,000,
MISCELLANEA. 267
will, it is to be hoped, not share the fate of many of its pre-
decessors, and be dispersed. It is certainly inferior to some
which have been sold by auction, notably to the Thomas and
Pembroke collections, and to the two finest now in private hands
in this country, those of General Fox and Mr. \Yigan, but it
has characteristics which make its dispersion especially undesir-
able. Colonel Leake was not what is called a connoisseur : he
did not collect for the sake of the beauty or the rarity of coins,
but on account of their value as illustrating his favourite studies
the geography and history of Greece and the Grecian colonies.
The character of the collection is, therefore, extremely high, and
it goes over more ground, and does so in a more thorough manner,
than any one of the larger and more costly collections known to
us. For an University it would be extremely valuable, both as
a nucleus for the formation of a first-class collection, and as
affording a body of evidence for the use of the Professors, both in
illustration of lectures, and in the prosecution of their private
studies. R. S. P.
THE FLORIN OP 1852. The omission of the initial letters
D. G., or the words Dei Gratia, in the legend on the florin
issued in the year 1852. raised a storm of remonstrance which
compelled the authorities to suspend the issue of the godless
florin, as it was termed.
The late Right Hon. Richard Lalor Sheil was Master of the
Mint at that time, and he being an Irishman and a Roman
Catholic, many persons were led to believe that the omission
was intentional ; but I am not aware that the fact of a precedent
for coining regal money "without the grace of God" was noticed
in any of the numerous letters which were published in the
newspapers on the subject. There were sixteen coinages of
halfpence and farthings for Ireland in the reign of George II.,
between the years 1736 and 1760, and seven coinages of half-
pence in the reign of George III., between the years 1766 and
1783, and during these two reigns the legends on the halfpence
and farthings were " GEORGIUS. n. (or in.) REX," and on the
reverse " HIBERNIA," but earlier examples of the omission of
" D. G." occur on the coins of Edward VI. Ruding, pi. ix.,
figs. 6 and 7.
The following verses were written on the omission of the words
Dei Gratia in the late coinage of halfpence :
" No Christian king, that I can find,
However queer and odd,
Excepting our's, has ever coin'd
Without the grace of God.
268 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
" By this acknowledgment they show
The mighty King of kings,
As Him, from whom their riches flow,
From whom their grandeur springs.
" Come then, Urania, aid my pen,
The latent cause assign :
All other kings are mortal men,
But GEORGE 'tis plain 's divine."
Select Poetical Works of the late William Dunkin, D.D., 4to.
vol. ii. p. 274:. Dublin, 1770. A. S.
To the Editor of the Numismatic Chronicle.
DEAR SIR,
I have much pleasure in sending the following notes
respecting a jar of coins lately discovered in one of the cuttings
of the Ryde and Ventnor Railway in this island :
The coins were found on September the 25th, 1863, near the
village of Wroxall, at the south of the island. They were all
enclosed in a jar of coarse earthenware, which was buried about
five feet below the surface of the ground. This jar was sur-
rounded by a rubble wall of loose stones. The locality was the
side of a steep rise near the fountain-head of a strong spring.
The jar was broken by the stroke of a pick, and many of the
coins were tipped into the railway embankment before it occurred
to anybody to secure them. The number of coins in the jar
was very great, probably amounting to 5,000. All of these
that I have seen were of copper, and most of them exceedingly
shabby. I should think that four -fifths of the whole number
were quite blank, and hardly one in twenty presented any
reliable face or inscription.
By the kindness of the authorities at the British Museum, I
have been enabled to identify some of these coins as bearing the
head and superscription of the following emperors; viz., Claudius
(Gothicus), Constantius, Constans, Valens, Valentiuianus II.,
Theodosius I., Arcadius, and Gratianus. All of the mintage
marks that can be deciphered are those of Lugdunum and
Constantina.
No Roman foundations or other antiquities have been met
with in the neighbourhood of the place where these coins were
found.
I am, Sir, yours very truly.
W. AIRY.
Prospect House, Brading, Isle of Wight.
November 17, 1863.
INDEX.
A.
JEthelstan, coins of, 49
Africa, coins struck in, 87
Alphabet, the Bactrian, 225
Anglo- Gallic coins of copper and billon, 22
Anglo-Saxon coins, 48, 255
Anlaf, coins of, 52
Antedrigus, coin of, 145
Apollonia, coin of, 44
Arendse, coin of, 41
ARNOLD, T. J., Esq. :
On Becker's Forgeries, 246
Arycanda, coin of, 41
Ashford tokens, 208, 258
B.
BABINGTON, REV. CHURCHILL, B.D. :
Berbis, in Pannonia, coins ascribed to,
104, 196
On two coins of Colossse, 1
Bactrian alphabet, 225
Becker's forgeries, 246
Benedict, St., on a medal of, 123
Berbis, in Pannonia, on two coins ascribed
to, 104, 196
Berliner blatter, notice of, 142
Boar on coins, 236
BOYNE, W., ESQ., F.S.A. :
Hoard of coins found in Southwark, 145
British coin found in Whichwood Forest.
145
Brookland tokens, 262
Buddha, Chinese statue of, 34
C.
CAMVLO, coins inscribed, 265
Canterbury tokens, 55, 128
Caracalla, coin of, 236
Carlisle: its orthography, 165
Carrickfergus, coius struck at, 155
Carthage, coins of, 73
Celt found with Saxon coin, 54
Chilham tokens, 137
Chinese coins, hoard of, 34
CHRISTMAS, Rev. H., F.R.S. :
Anglo- Gallic coins of copper and billon
22
Irish coins of copper and billon, 8
COCHET, THE ABB :
On a medal of St. Benedict, 123
COHEN, M. H. :
Me'dailles Impdriales, noticed, 69, 143
Colossse, two coins of, 1
Commodus, coin of, 105
Constantius I., full-faced coin of, 119
Courcy, John de, coins of, 156
Cragus, coin of, 43, 45
Cufic coin found in Ireland, 255
Cuneiform inscription, 212
D.
Dei Gratia, its absence on coins, 267
Diocletian, medallion of, 107, 194
Down, farthings struck at, 155
E.
Eadgar, coins of, 51
Eadmund, coins of, 50
Eadred, coins of, 51
Eadweard the Elder, coins of, 48, 256
Eadwig, coins of, 51
Edmund, St., penny of, 257
Edward III., coins of, 24, 215
Edward the Black Prince, coins of, 27
Egbert, unpublished coins of, 46
Elizabeth, gold medal of, 72
EVANS, JOHN, ESQ., F.S.A. :
Hoard of Anglo-Saxon coins found in
Ireland, 48
Hoard of Roman coins found near Luton,
Bedfordshire, 112
On a full-faced coin of Constantius I..
119
On a medal of St. Benedict, 123
270
INDEX.
Faustina the Younger, coin of, 105
Finds of Coins :
In Denbighshire, 216
At Hartwell, 148
In Leicestershire, 216
In Scotland, 21 6
At Southwark, 145
At Westminster, 215
In Isle of Wight, 268
In Yorkshire, 216
Florin, the, of 1852, 267
Forgeries, Becker's, 246
Fox, LIEUT.- GENERAL, C.R.
Engravings of Greek coins, noticed, 6?
G.
George I., coins of, 10
II., coins of, 13
III., coins of, 17
IV., coins of, 20
Gomersham tokens, 137
H.
Hartwell, visit to, 147
Henry II. or III., coins of, 162, 189
IV., coins of, 30
V., coins of, 31
VI., coins of, 32
Hercules on coins, 236
HOFFMANN, M. H. :
Catalogue periodique, notice of, 144
Hythe tokens, 260
I.
Ireland, Anglo-Saxon coins found in, 255
Irish coins of copper and billon, 8
Irish silver farthings, 149
K.
Kentish tokens, 55, 128, 198, 258
L.
LEAKE, COL. :
His collection of Greek coins, 266
LONGPERIER, M. A. DE :
On the coin inscribed OYEPBIANQN,
196
LONGSTAFFE, W. H. D., ESQ., F.S.A.:
Northern evidence of the short-cross
question, 162
Luton, Beds, Roman coins found at, 112
Lycia, coins of, 40
Lydd tokens, 205
M.
Margate tokens, 198
Maximian, medallion of, 107, 194
Minster tokens, 201
O.
OYEPBIANQN, the legend, 104, 196
P.
Patara, coin of, 41, 44
Phaselis, coin of, 43
Phoenician legends, coins with, 81, 214
Pluckley tokens, 259
POWNALL, REV., ASSHETON, M.A. :
The cross pomme'e on short -cross pen-
nies, 189
Prusa, coin of, 236
R.
RAPP, EDWARD, ESQ. :
On a rare coin of Caracalla, 236
Reliquary, the, noticed, 215
Revue Numismatique, notices of, 70, 140,
212, 265
Revue Numismatique Beige, notices of,
71, 142, 266
Richard I., coins of, 184
Richard II., coins of, 29, 21 5
ROLFE, H. W., Esq. :
Kentish tokens, 55, 128, 198, 258
Roman coins, hoards of, 112, 216, 268
Romney tokens, 201
S.
SABATIER, J., MONS. :
His Monnaies Byzantines noticed, 69
Sales of coins, notices of, 219
Sanskrit alphabet, 228
SAUSSAYE, M. L. DE LA :
On a leaden medallion of Diocletian and
Maximian, 107
Scotland, coins found in, 216
Scottish coins; forgeries of, 146
Short-cross pennies: their attribution, 162
Cross pommee, on, 189
SMITH, AQUILLA, ESQ., M.D. :
On inedited Irish farthings, 149
On Anglo-Saxon coins found in Ireland,
255
SMITH, C. ROACH, ESQ., F.S.A. :
On a medallion of Diocletian and Maxi-
mian, 194
Southwark, coins found in, 145
Stone celt found with Anglo-Saxon coins,
54
INDEX.
271
T.
THOMAS, EDWARD, ESQ.:
The Bactrian alphabet, 225
Tlos, coin of, 43
Tokens, Derbyshire, 215
Kentish, 55, 128, 198, 258
U.
Uiphoba, Queen, no such person as, 265
V.
VATJX, W.S.W., ESQ., M.A., F.S.A. :
On coins presumed to be those of Car-
thage, 73
Voce Populi halfpenny, 15
W.
WARREN, HON. J. LEICESTER, M.A. :
Coins of Lycia and of the Lycian League,
- 40
Essay on Greek Federal coinage, no-
ticed, 68
WEBSTER, W., ESQ. :
On a medal of Queen Elizabeth, 72
On forgeries of Scottish coins, 146
Whichwood Forest, coins found in a barrow
at, 145
WHITBOURN, K, ESQ., F.S.A. :
Unpublished coins of Egbert, 46
Wight, Isle of, Roman coins found in, 268
William and Mary, coins of, 8
William III., coins of, 10
WILLIAMS, JOHN, ESQ., F.S.A. :
Account of a deposit found in a Chinese
statue of Buddha, 34
Wood's halfpence, 10
Wye tokens, 137
X,
Xanthus, coin of, 44
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