THE
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE,
JOURNAL OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.
(THE )
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE,
'/
I/USTD
(JOURNAL
(^NUMISMATIC SOCIETY^
EDITED BY
W. S. W. VAUX, M.A., F.S.A,
JOHN EVANS, F.R.S., F.S.A., F.G.S.,
FREDERIC W. MADDEN, M.R.S.L.^ ^ |, (, ^
NEW SERIES. VOL. V.
Factual abiit monumenta roanent. Ov. Fast.
LONDON :
JOHN RUSSELL SMITH, 36, SOHO SQUARE.
PARIS: MM. ROLLIN ET FEUARDENT, RUE VIVIENNE, No. 12.
1865.
V''
n.s. ,
641183
LONDON :
FEINTED BY VIRTUE AND CO.,
CITY EOAD,
CONTENTS.
ANCIENT NUMISMATICS.
Page
Account of a Collection of Roman Gold Coins, presented by
Edward Wigan, Esq., to the Trustees of the British Museum.
By Frederic W. Madden, Esq., M.R.S.L 1, SL
The Coins of the Ptolemies. By Reginald Stuart Poole, Esq.,
M.R.S.L 126, 321
Note on some Gold Coins bearing the Name of Theodosius. By
Frederic W. Madden, Esq., M.R.S.L 161
Inedited Copper Coin of Evagoras. By D. Pierides, Esq. . . 105
On an Unpublished Tetradrachra of Lysimachus, probably struck
at Byzantium, reading AYSIMAXO, with Remarks on this
Form of the Genitive ; together with a Brief Notice of other
Unpublished Coins of Lysimachus in the Author's Cabinet ;
and of a Gold Octodrachm of Arsinoe, struck at Tyre. By
the Rev. Professor Churchill Babington, B.D., F.L.S. . .181
Remarks in Reply to the New Observations on " Jewish Numis-
matics " by M. F. de Saulcy, & propos of the Work entitled
" History of Jewish Coinage and Money in the Old and New
Testament." By Frederic W. Madden, Esq., M.R.S.L. . 191
Coins of Lesbos-Lesbi, considered as a City distinct from that of
Mytilene. By Maximilian Borrell, Esq. . . . . 337
Additional Observations on the " Jewish Coinage." By Frederic
W. Madden, Esq., M.R.S.L 342
On an Unpublished Gold Medallion of Constantine II. By
Frederic W. Madden, Esq., M.R.S.L 347
MEDIEVAL AND MODERN NUMISMATICS.
On a Hoard of Gold Ornaments and Silver Coins found in Bute.
By the Rev. John H. Pollexfen, M.A. . . ,. . . . 57
VI CONTENTS.
Page
On a Gold Coin found near Canterbury. By J. Y. Akerraan, Esq.,
F.S.A . .166
Penny of Ciolwulf, from Bedfordshire. By C. Roach Smith, Esq.
F.S.A. ." . . . . i- ' , . . . 168
Some Notes on the Eccles Find of Silver Coins. By W. S. W.
Vaux, Esq., M.A., F.S.A. . -, ' . . . . .219
The Short-Cross Question. By John Evans, Esq., F.R.S., F.S.A. 255
Note on the Legend of the George Noble of Henry VIII. By J.
B. Bergne, Esq., F.S.A. 296
Marking not Milling. By E. J. Powell, Esq 298
Coins of Archbishops Jaenberht and ^Ethilheard. By John Evans,
Esq., F.R.S., F.S.A. . 351
Who were the " Custodes Cuneorum " of the Royal Mint? By
F. W. Fairholt, Esq., F.S.A . ,361
Remarks on Mr. Powell's Second Paper " Marking not Milling."
By John Williams, Esq., F.S.A. .. . . . .365
ORIENTAL NUMISMATICS.
Bengal Coins. By Edward Thomas, Esq., H.E.I.C.S. . .217
NOTICES OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS.
Revue Numismatique Beige .... 73, 170, 315, 369
Rivista della Numismatica Antica e Moderna .... 73
Jahrbiicher des Vereins von Alterthumsfreunden irn Rheinlande 74, 316
P-evue Numismatique Fran9aise . . .169, 313, 314, 369
Proceedings of the Manchester Numismatic Society . ; . 317
Baron d'Ailly's Recherches sur la Monnaie Romaine depuis son
origine jusqu'a la morte d'Auguste 171
Durand's Medailles et Jetons des Numismates .... 371
Pichler's Repertorium der Steierischen Miinzkunde . . . 371
MISCELLANEA.
The Figures XCVI on Coins ....... 76
Berbis of Pannonia 77
CONTENTS. Vll
Page
Patterns for the New Coinage for Hong Kong . . . ' . 77
Mint-Marks on Current Coins . . . , . . . .80
Coin of a New City of Mysia . . . . . . .172
Nobles of Henry V. and VI. . . '. .,'... . .174
Finds of Coins . . . . . . . 175,179,318,371
Sales of Coins . - i . .-v-. -i . . . . . 320
The Wigan Collection of Roman Gold Coins . . . . 372
The late Prof. D. Celestino Cavedoni . 372
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NUMISMATIC
SOCIETY.
SESSION 18641865.
OCTOBER 20, 1864.
W. S. W. VAUX, Esq., President, in the Chair.
The following presents were announced, and laid upon the
table :
1. Photographic Journal, Nos. 147 150.
2. Dichiarazione di Alcuni esagi Bizaatini inediti, by C.
Cavedoni. From the Author.
3. Dichiarazione di Alcune monete Imperiale di Sicione dell'
Achaia, by C. Cavedoni. From the Author.
4. Bulletins de la Socie'te' des Antiquaires de 1'Ouest, 2d and
3d parts for 1864. From the Society.
5. Revue de la Numismatique Beige, 3e"me livraison. From
the Society.
6. Proceedings of the Manchester Numismatic Society,
Part I. From the Society.
7. Berliner -Blatter fur Miinz- Siegel- und Wappenkunde,
Berlin, 1864, vol. ii., first part. From M. de Kb'hne.
8. History of Jewish Coinage, and of Money in the Old and
New Testament, by Frederic W. Madden, M.R.S.L., 8vo.
1864. From the Author.
Mr. W. B. Dickinson exhibited a side-faced groat of the
second coinage of Henry VIII., and of the usual type, but with
the numerals VII. instead of VIII.
2 PROCEEDINGS OP THE
The Rev. J. H. Marsden communicated a notice of some
coins of ^Ethelred II., which formed part of the hoard dis-
covered at Ipswich in the autumn of last year. They are all of
the Hand of Providence type, and comprise coins minted at
Canterbury, Dover, Huntingdon, Ipswich, Maldon, Norwich,
and Thetford.
Mr. Evans read a paper on a counterfeit groat of Henry VIII.,
which had lately been found with several other pieces of the
same character, including one of the half-groat size, at Paris.
It is printed in the Numismatic Chronicle, N.S., vol. iv.,
p. 248.
Mr. Williams read a paper " On an example of Chinese Paper
Currency of the Ming Dynasty." This paper is printed in
full in the Numismatic Chronicle, vol. iv., p. 255.
Mr. Madden read a paper by himself "On a Collection of
Eoman Gold Coins presented by Edward Wigan, Esq., to the
Department of Coins and Medals, British Museum," in which he
pointed out the value and importance of the gift, no donation of
a similar kind, except that of Mr. de Salis in 1859, having ever
been made to the Museum during the lifetime of the donor. Out
of the 291 coins selected for the Museum there are no less than
92 only existing in this collection, including some of the greatest
rarities of the Roman series. The total value of the collection,
as given by M. Cohen in his work on Roman coins, amounts to
79,924 francs, or about 3,200 ; but there is not much doubt
that many of the specimens are undervalued. This paper is
printed in full in the Numismatic Chronicle, vol. v., p. 1 and
p. 81.
NOVEMBER 17, 1864.
W. S. W. VADX, Esq., President, in the Chair.
S. F. Corkran, Esq., and Captain Stubbs, R.H.A., were
elected members of the Society.
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 3
The following presents were announced, and placed upon
the table :
1. Medal of Lieut.-General Fox. On the obverse L T .
GEN L . C. K. FOX J3T. SV^E LXVI NOV. VI. 1862. His
bust to the left. On the reverse an open book, inscribed :
GREEK COINS.
N . . . 285
M= . ... 3580
JE = . 6168
Total . . . 10033
Below, the fac-simile of the signature, 0. R. Fox. From
General Fox.
2. Photographic Journal, November 15, 1864, No. 151.
3. Disaniina della nuova edizione della Numismatica Co-
stantiniana del P. Raffaele Garrucci, by C. Cavedoni. From
the Author.
4. Zeitschrift des Vereins zur erforschung der Rheinischen
Geschichte und Alterthiimer im Mainz, 1864. From the
Society.
5. Supplements to the Transactions of the Deutsche Morgen-
landische Gesellschaft, III., No. 2, 3. 4. No. 2, Sse-schu,
Schu-King, Schi-King, in Mandschuischen Uebersetzung, mit
einem Mandschu-Deutschen Worterbuch, by H. C. von der
Gabelentz. II. Heft. No. 3. Die Post- und Reise-routen des
Orient, by M. A. Sprenger. I. Heft. No. 4. Indische
Hausregeler Sanskrit und Deutsch, by M. Adolf Friedrich
Stenzler. 1 Afvalayana. 1 Heft, text.
Mr. C. R. Taylor exhibited three double-Rigsdaler pieces
of Denmark. 1. Of Frederick VII., struck on his accession in
1854 ; 2. A memorial piece, with the heads of Frederick VII.
and Christian IX. on the obverse and reverse, and recording
the date of the death of the one, and of the accession of the
other ; and 3, of Christian IX., with the date 1864.
4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Mr. Gunston exhibited a large number of small brass coins
lately found in excavating for the foundations of a warehouse in
Southwark.. They are nearly all of Tetricus I. and IT., and of
Victorinus, or barbarous imitations of the coins of those
Emperors, probably struck in this country, and which so
frequently occur associated with Roman remains.
Mr. Cecil Brent also exhibited about thirty coins of the same
class, and from the same find.
Mr. C. Roach Smith exhibited, by permission of Mrs. Sil-
vester, the owner, two coins found at Springhead, near South-
fleet, a spot where several ancient British coins have been
found, as well as numerous Roman remains, some of which
are described in the Collectanea Antiqua, vol. i., and in
the Archceologia, vol. xiv. Both coins are of brass : the one
British, and presenting a hitherto unpublished type ; the other
Gaulish, and also apparently unpublished. The British coin is
in very poor preservation, but appears to be as follows : Obv-
Head in profile to right, the hair formed by open crescents
arranged round two beaded lines at a right angle, which divide
it from the face. Rev. Horse to the left ; above, a crescent. JE.
The Gaulish coin belongs to a class which has been ascribed to
the JEdui : Obv. Bear walking to the right on a beaded
exergual line. Rev. Horse to the right ; above, a straight line
running down to the back and terminating in a small annulet ;
in the field various annulets. J&.
Mr. Akerman communicated a notice of a small gold coin
found near Canterbury. This paper is printed in full in the
Numismatic Chronicle, vol. v. p. 166.
Mr. D. Pierides communicated an account of an inedited
copper coin of Evagoras, found in Cyprus. This paper is
printed in full in the Numismatic Chronicle, vol. v. p. 165.
Mr. Madden read a paper by himself " On some Gold Coins
bearing the name of Theodosius," in which he showed that M.
Cohen has erred in attributing to Theodosius I. some gold coins
with the full-faced holmeted buet, which may with far greater
NUMISMATI6 SOCIETY. 5
show of reason be assigned to Theodosius II. This paper is
printed in full in the Numismatic Chronicle, vol. v. p. 161.
Mr. Evans read a letter from Mr. J. Harland, F.S.A., accom-
panied by some extracts from the Manchester Guardian of Aug.
16, 1864, respecting the find of silver coins at Eccles. A hope
was expressed that the officials of the Duchy of Lancaster, who
have claimed the coins, will allow them to be examined by
some competent person, as they will no doubt throw some light
on the still agitated " short-cross' question." They have since
been sent to the British Museum for examination, and the bulk
of them afterwards passed into the possessien of Mr. Evans.
See Numismatic Chronicle, vol. v. p. 219 and p. 255.
DECEMBER 15, 1864.
W. S. W. VAUX, Esq., President, in the Chair.
T- W.U. Robinson, Esq., was elected a member of the Society.
The following presents were announced and laid upon the
table :
1. Rivista della Numismatica Antica e Moderna, edited by
Agostino Olivieri. Vol. i. Fascicolo II. and III. Asti, 1864.
From the Editor.
2. Jahrbiicher des Vereins von Alterthums-freunden im
Rheinlande, xxxvi., Achtzehnter Jahrgang ii., 1864. From the
Rhiu eland Archaeological Society.
3. Die Gripswalder Matronen- und Mercurius-steine, by Franz
Fielder. From the Author.
4. Proceedings of the Kilkenny and South-East of Ireland
Archaeological Society, vol. iv., N.S., April, 1864, No. 44.
From the Society.
5. Curiosites Numismatiques, Monnaies rares ou in6dites, by
M. R. Chalon. From the Author.
Mr. C. Roach Smith exhibited a penny of Ciolwulf found in
6
Bedfordshire, and of a hitherto unpublished type. His account
of it is published in the Numismatic Chronicle, vol. v. p. 168.
The Eev. J. H. Pollexfen exhibited a Greek imperial coin of
Commodus, found at Colchester, struck at Nicomedia, with the
legend NIKOMHAION AIS NEOKOPON.
Mr. Smallfield exhibited a specimen of leather money for
"five shillings," struck for the overseers of the Birmingham
workhouse at the beginning of the present century; also an
impression of the plate for one of the value of half-a-crown.
Mr. Madden read a paper, communicated by the Kev. C.
Babington, B.D., " On an Unpublished Tetradrachm of Lysi-
niachus, probably struck at Byzantium, reading AY^IMAXO,
with Remarks on this Form of the Genitive ; together with a
Brief Notice of other Unpublished Coins of Lysimachus in the
Author's Cabinet, and of a Gold Octodrachm of Arsinoe, struck
at Tyre." This paper is printed in full in the Numismatic
Chronicle, vol. v. p. 181.
Sir Charles G. Young, Garter King of Arms, communicated
some notes " On some Variations in the Bearing of the Royal
Arms as exhibited on Coins." This paper is printed in full in
the Numismatic Chronicle, vol. iv. p. 252.
Mr. E. J. Powell communicated a paper " On Marking not
Milling," in which he maintained the correctness of his views as
to the proper use of these terms, notwithstanding the objections
raised by Mr. "Williams. This paper is printed in full in the
Numismatic Chronicle, vol. v. p. 298.
The Rev. J. H. Pollexfen read a paper " On some Gold
Ornaments and Silver Coins found in June, 1863, in the Island
of Bute." This paper is printed in full in the Numismatic
Chronicle, vol. v. p. 57.
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 7
JANUARY 19, 1865.
W. S. W. VAUX, Esq., President, in the Chair.
Cecil Brent, Esq., Arthur Coombs, Esq., T. D. E. Gunston,
Esq., and J. Wentworth Roughton, Esq., were elected members
of the Society.
The following presents were announced, and laid on the
table :
1. Photographic Journal, Nos. 152, 153, Dec. 18th, Jan.
1865.
2. Bulletins de 1' Academic Royale de Belgique, 32 annee,
2eme Serie, t. xv. t. xvi. 1863, t. xvii. 1864. From the Academy.
3. Godefroid de Bouillon, by M. le Baron de Hody. From
the Author.
Mr. C. .Roach Smith exhibited a drawing of a small silver
piece found in the garden of the Benedictine convent at Win-
chester. On the obverse is a full-faced bust of a bishop, in his
right hand a crozier, to his left a crescent. On the reverse is
an ornamental cross, the ends patee and with annulets on the
limbs, crescents and pellets being alternately in the angles formed
by the cross. It resembles very closely the coin engraved in
Lelewel's " Numismatique du Moyen Age," pi. xx. No. 29, and
was probably struck by a Bishop of Cambrai in the thirteenth
century.
Mr. Freudenthal exhibited patterns, twenty -two in number,
for the new copper and silver coinage of Hong-Hong, of which
he gave a short description. See Numismatic Chronicle, vol. v.
p. 77.
Mr. C. Roach Smith exhibited two Anglo-Saxon coins found
at Bradwell-juxta-Mare, Essex, in the ruins of what is sup-
posed to be the lost station Othona. One is a sceatta, of much
the same type as Ruding, pi. i. No. 71 ; the other i& appa-
rently of the same general character as the penny of Coen-
wulf (Ruding, pi. vii. No. 24), but the obverse legend is
8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
retrograde, and that on the reverse TVR.
The name of TVR does not seem to occur in the published
lists of the moneyers of Coenwulf; and judging from the large
size and general character of the coin, it would appear to be an
imitation of the period. The coins are in the possession of Mr.
J. Oxley Parker, of Woodham Mortimer, Maldon, who was also
the discoverer of the Roman station.
Mr. G. Sim sent a notice of recent finds of coins in Scotland,
some of which were discovered near a ruin called " the Luggie,"
on Fala Muir, and others on the farm of Lewinshope, in Sel-
kirkshire. The former find consisted of twenty-one coins of
Charles I., Charles II., and George II.; the latter of short-cross
pennies of Henry III. (?)
Mr. Madden read a paper by himself " On Roman Coins
bearing the numerals XCVI," in which he advocated their inter-
pretation as " 96 pieces to the pound of silver." See Numis-
matic Chronicle, vol. v. p. 76.
Mr. Madden read a paper by himself " On a coin of a new
city of Mysia reading rPIMENOOYPEftN." See Numismatic
Chronicle, vol. v. p. 172.
Mr. Madden read some remarks by himself on a paper re-
cently published by Mr. Edward Rapp, of Bonn, entitled " An
as yet unknown Silver Coin of the Time of the Roman Civil
War," which is attributed by this gentleman to Sertorius. Mr.
Madden gave reasons for regarding it as a fabrication. See
Numismatic Chronicle, vol. v. p. 74.
FEBRUARY 16, 1865.
W. S. W. VAUX, Esq., President, in the Chair.
Samuel Smith, Esq., was elected a member of the Society.
The following presents were announced, and laid upon the
table : ' .
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 9
1. Photographic Journal, No. 154, Feb. 15th.
2. MMailles du Comte Jean de Tilly. Tirage a part. By M.
le Baron de Kohne. From the Author.
3. Luoghi notevoli di Tertulliano dichiarati co' Riscontri
de' Monumenti Antichi, by M. Celestino Cavedoni. From the
Author.
4. Fiihrer in dem Museum des Vereins zur Erforschung
rheinischer Geschichte und Alterthiimer im Mainz. 1865.
5. Bulletins des Stances de la.classe des Sciences. 1863.
From the Academie Royale de Belgique.
6. Annuaire de 1'Acade'niie Royale de Belgique. 1864.
From the same.
Mr. C. Roach Smith exhibited impressions of a third-brass
coin of Carus, found near Walton, Norfolk. It was silvered,
and had gold rings inserted through it, probably indicating
its having been used as a Saxon ornament.
Mr. Arnold exhibited some Paduan forgeries one a mould or
bronze die for a medallion of Lucius Verus ; a medallion of Dido ;
and the mould of its obverse. The medallion of Dido bears on
the obverse her bust to the right, her hair plaited, but with long
tresses on her neck. The legend is AIAO BA2IAI22A. On
the reverse is a walled town, representing Carthage, with water
and ships in front. In the exergue KAPXHAON. This
medallion is engraved in Patin's " Suetonius," p. 311, with a
cave to the reader not to take it for an ancient coin, " figmentum
est eruditi sculptoris Itali." Mr. Arnold also exhibited a dollar
of John George II. of Saxony. On the obverse is the Elector
on horseback to the right, and the legend DEO ET PATRICE,
1657, and there is a long list of his titles on the reverse. A
curious circumstance connected with this coin is, that the
obverse die, as originally engraved, had DEO behind the horse,
and this being considered irreverent, it was re-engraved with
the legend differently arranged, and the first issue called in.
Mr. Vaux read a paper by himself, " On the Eccles Find,"
in which he gave full details of the remarkable find of coins
10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
which took place on Aug. 11, 1864, in the parish of Eccles,
near Manchester. This paper is printed in full in the Numis-
matic Chronicle, vol. v. p. 219.
MARCH 16, 1865.
W. S. W, VAUX, Esq., President, in the Chair.
The following presents were announced, and laid on the
table ;
1. Photographic Journal, No. 155, March 16.
2. Bronze Medal commemorating the public entry into the
city of London of H.R.H. the Princess Alexandra, 9th March,
1863. From the Corporation of London.
3. Numismatiques Merovingiennes, Etudes sur les Mon-
noyers, les noms de lieux et la fabrication de la monnaie. By
M. Anatole de Barthelemy. 1865. From the author.
4. Bulletins de la Society des Antiquaires de 1' Quest. X e Se'rie.
Annies 1862, 1863, 1864. From the Society.
5. Notices on the Life and Writings of Carl Christian Rafn.
1864. From the Geographical Society.
. 6. Proceedings of the Kilkenny and South-East of Ireland
Archaeological Society, vol. iv., N.S. July, 1864. No. 45.
From the Society.
Mr. Webster exhibited six nobles of Henry V. and VI.,
with various slight peculiarities in the legends and types.
The most remarkable was one which might probably be referred
to the last coinage of Henry VI., on account of the great
similarity of the portrait and general character of the obverse
to that of the excessively rare nobles of the first coinage of
Edward IV. It is remarkable that the H in the centre of the
reverse is upside down, and that the same is the case with the
die from which the reverse of the nobles of Edward IV. were '.
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 11
struck, au E having however been punched in over the H.
(See Numismatic Chronicle, vol. v. p. 174).
Mr. Evans exhibited a third-brass coin of Diocletian, found
in Hertfordshire, and struck under Carausius at London. The
reverse legend is PAX AVGGG, the three G's of which allude
to Carausius, Diocletian, and Maximian. In the exergue are
the letters M.L.XXL, and in the field S. P.
Mr. Vaux exhibited thirty milled sixpences of Elizabeth,
found by Gen. Sir Thomas Phillips at Peshawur, in the Pun-
jaub. It is curious that there is a tradition on the spot of an
Englishman having been murdered at that place about 250
years ago.
Mr. Farrar, M.P., |sent for exhibition some Roman coins
found at Chedworth Wood, near Foss Bridge, Gloucestershire,
on the site of a Roman villa. Of these Mr. Madden gave a
short account. They consisted of coins of Antoninus Pius,
Victorinus, Tetricus, Allectus, Constantius Chlorus, Constan-
tine I. and II., Constantius II., Magnentius, and Valeutinian I.
One of the coins of Allectus is remarkably fine, and of larger
module than ordinary. (See Numismatic Chronicle, vol. v.
p. 175).
Mr. Madden read a letter from the Rev. J. G. Joyce, rela-
tive to finds of coins at the excavations now being carried on
at Silchester ; they usually consist of coins of Diocletian,
Maximian, and the Constantino period, the most interesting at
present found being two of Carausius, one of which, with the
obverse legend VIRTVS CARAVSI AVG, and the helmeted
bust to the left, though already known, is still of great rarity.
The other has the legend PAX AVGGG on the reverse, the
same as on the coin of Diocletian before described.
The Rev. A. Pownall exhibited a portion of a find of fifteenth-
century groats, which were discovered in an earthen jug in
the village of Clay Colon, on the borders of Northamptonshire.
Mr. Pownall also read a paper giving a description of the
hoard, which consisted of coins of Henry VI., Edward IV.
12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
and V., Eicliard III., and Henry VII., the bulk being those
of Edward IV., and including coins struck at London, York,
Coventry, Bristol, Norwich, Dublin, and Drogheda, with every
well-recognised mint-mark. A single specimen from the
London mint bears the m.m. of the fleur-de-lys, which, though
common enough on York coins, has not before been noticed on
any of London. There were in the hoard seven of the groats
with the name of Edward, but with the m.m. of the rose and
sun united, as used under Richard III., and which are there-
fore assigned to Edward V. The groats of Richard III. were
sixteen in number, and there were seven of the rare first
coinage of Henry VII., with the open crown, and thirteen of
his second coinage. The total number of groats in the hoard
was 433. Mr. Pownall directed attention to the numerous
minute differences in the mint-marks and symbols on the coins
of the period of English history represented by this find, and
suggested their being made the subject of more careful study
than has hitherto been accorded to them.
APRIL 20, 1865.
W. S. W. VAUX, Esq., President, in the Chair.
W. Stavenhagen Jones, Esq., was elected a member of the
Society.
The following presents were announced, and laid on the
table :
1. Le Principal! Questioni Riguardanti la Numismatica
Giudaica diffinitivamente decise. By C. Cavedoni. From the
Author.
2. La Numismatique en 1863. Paris. 8vo. 1864. By M.
Anatole de Barthelemy. From the Author.
3. Photographic Journal. No. 156. April 15th.
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 13
Mr. Evans exhibited a small collection of Roman gold coins
in fine preservation. Among them were aurei of Vitellius,
Plotina, Lucilla, Pertinax, Severus, Elagabalus, Tacitus, and
Maximinus Daza. The most remarkable was a coin of Geta,
with the reverse NOBILITAS, which, though well known in
silver, had not before been observed in gold.
He also exhibited a very fine specimen of the rare Felicitas
Britannise medallion, struck in honour of the Restoration of
Charles II., May 29, 1660 ; and a 'bank-note of the New United
States Fractional Currency, for three cents.
Mr. "Wmtle exhibited a square silver rupee of Akhbar, struck
A.H. 987, and an early Indian coin, probably struck in imitation
of a Greek coin, of the period when the square lower die had
usually a cruciform ornament upon it.
Mr. Yaux, referring to the discovery at Peshawur of a number
of milled sixpences of Elizabeth, some of which were exhibited
at the last meeting of the Society, mentioned that General Sir
Thomas Phillips had in his possession a model of the tomb of
. *
the Englishman who was murdered at that place early in the
seventeenth century, and who was probably the original owner
of the coins.
Mr. Edward Rapp, of Bonn, communicated some remarks
upon the denarius bearing the head of Sertorius, and on the
reverse, his fawn, with the legend PROVIDEN. MILITAR.,
a coin which, though usually considered a modern fabrication,
he was inclined to repard as possibly genuine, notwithstanding
the apparent anachronisms in its types and legends. Mr.
Madden has since seen this coin, and thinks that there is a
possibility of it being a restoration of the Galba period, but
even this is not certain, as the coin is not satisfactory at the first
coup d'aeil.
The Rev. J. H. Pollexfen communicated a letter from Mr.
Lindsay, of Cork, accepting the proposed attribution of certain
coins to David I. of Scotland, which had been engraved in
Mr. Lindsay's " Coiziage of Scotland " as being of Alexander I.,
14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
a mis-attribution, such as the barbarous character of the legends
on the Scottish coins of that period renders most excusable,
when but two or three specimens of the type are known.
MAY 18, 1865.
W. S. W. VAUX, Esq., President, in the Chair.
The following presents were announced, and laid on the
table :
1. Revue Numismatique Beige, vol. iii., l re livraison. From
the Society.
2. Bulletins de la Socie'te' des Antiquaires de 1'Ouest, l re
trimestre, 1865. From the Society.
3. Photographic Journal, No. 157. May 15.
4. Manual of Roman coins, by W. B. London 8vo., John-
stone, 1865. From the Publisher.
Mr. W. Allen exhibited four copper medalets of the old Pre-
tender, which had formed part of a hoard of about 600, found
in the cellar wall of a house near Smithfield, which was pulled
down to make room for the Metropolitan Railway. All the
medalets bear upon them the youthful head of the supposed son
of James II., with the legend JAG. WALLLE PRINOEPS.
The reverse legends of the four varieties are as follows :
QVO COMPRESSA MAGIS CLARIOR E TENEBRIS
OMNIA FACIT IPSE SERENA, and MANSVR^E
NVNTIA PACIS. The date on all is 1697, and the dies
bear the initials N.R., showing that they were engraved by
Nicholas Roettier.
Mr. R. A. Jamieson communicated a note " On the coinage
of the Taiping or Great Peace Dynasty " of China.
Mr. Evans communicated a paper on the coins of Jaenberlit
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 15
and ^Ethillieard, Archbishops of Canterbury, more particularly
calling attention to two coins presenting slight differences from
the coins already published. This paper is printed in full in the
Numismatic Chronicle, vol. v., p. 351.
JUNE 15, 1865.
ANNIVERSARY MEETING.
W. S. W. VAUX, Esq., President, in the Chair.
The minutes of the last Anniversary Meeting were read and
confirmed, and the following report of the Council was read to
the meeting :
GENTLEMEN, In obedience to the usual custom of this Society,
the Council have the honour to lay before you their Report as
to the state of the Numismatic Society, at this, another Anni-
versary Meeting. The Council have to announce their loss, by
death, of the three following members :
The Ven. Archdeacon Burney, D.D.
Professor "W". Ramsay.
His Grace the Duke of Northumberland.
The first gentleman being one of our original members, and the
third an honorary member for many years. 1
1 Since writing this we learn that Herr Christian Jurgensen
Thomsen, Director of the Museum of Antiquities,of the Ethnolo-
gical Museum, and of the Cabinet of Medals, at Copenhagen, has
expired at the advanced age of 80. Also, to our great regret, we
record the death of Monsignor Abbate D. Celestino Cavedoni,
Bibliotecario della R. Palatina and Dir. del Cab. Numism., at
Modena. He was buried at Modena on the 28th of November.
We hope to give an account of the writings of both these
numismatists in our next Annual Report.
16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Also they have to record the loss by resignation of
Lady Ashburton.
The Lord Bishop of Jerusalem.
Kev. Douglas Veitch, M.A.
Thomas Venables, Esq.
On the other hand they have much pleasure in recording the
election of the nine following members :
Cecil Brent, Esq.
Arthur Coombs, Esq., M.A.
S. P. Corkran, Esq.
T. D. E. Gunston, Esq.
W. S. Jones, Esq.
T. W. U. Robinson, Esq.
J. W. Roughton, Esq.
Samuel Smith, Esq.
Captain Stubbs, R.H.A.
And of the two following honorary members :
M. J. P. Six, of Amsterdam.
Dr. Alexandre Colson, of Noyon (France).
According to our Secretary's Report, our numbers are as
follows :
Original. Elected. Honorary. Total.
Members, June, 18 G4
9
110
39 1
158
Since elected
9
2
11
9
119
41
169
Deceased
1
1
1
3
Resigned
4
4
Members, June, 1865
8
114
40
162
1 I am indebted to the Baron de Kohne for pointing out
that the five gentlemen whose names are omitted in the list of
the present year have been for some time dead. F. W. M.
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 17
A brief notice of those whom we have lost will not, we think,
be inappropriate.
The Venerable Archdeacon Charles Parr Burney, D.D.,
Archdeacon of Colchester and Rector of "Wickham Bishops,
Essex, died at Brighton, November 1, 1864, in the 80th year of
his age.
Dr. Burney was the grandson of Charles Barney, Doctor of
Music, so well known for his " History of Music," and the son
of the Rev. Charles Burney, D.D., an excellent Greek scholar,
whose valuable collection of ancient authors was purchased for
the British Museum by a special parliamentary grant. Miss
Burney (afterwards Madame d'Arblay) was his aunt, and Rear-
Admiral James Burney, who accompanied Captain Cook in his
last two voyages round the world, and who wrote several
volumes of voyages, was his father's half-brother. Dr. Burney
was born at Chiswick on the 19th of October, 1785, and even-
tually became a member of Merton College, Oxford, where he
graduated B.A. 1808, M.A. 1811, B. and D.D. 1822. In 1807
his name appears in the list of second-class men, aad in 1809
he obtained the Chancellor's prize for an English essay on " The
Love of our Country."
In early life Dr. Burney assisted his father in the manage-
ment of a private school at Greenwich, which, after his father's
retirement, he conducted alone. In March, 1838, he was pre-
sented to the Rectory of Sible Hedingham, in Essex, which he
held till 1848, when he resigned it to the son of his predecessor.
In 1840 the Bishop of London appointed him to the Arch-
deaconry of St. Albans ; but in 1845 transferred him to that of
Colchester, vacant by the death of the Rev. Sir Herbert Oakley,
Bart.
Archdeacon Burney married, December 24, 1810, Frances
Bentley, second daughter of George Young, Esq., of Black -
heath, and by this lady, who survives him, he had two sons and
four daughters. Dr. Burney was specially admired for his
kindness and unbounded generosity. We may mention the
18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
free gift of 6,000 for the purpose of establishing a Clergy
Relief Fund for his diocese, and a further sum of 2,000 towards
the endowment of poor parishes. It was a popular phrase in
his archdeaconry, when any one was soliciting funds for any good
object, to say, " I am ashamed to beg of the archdeacon ; he
always gives double what I ask." It was also said of him,
with reference to his father and his godfather (Dr. Parr), that
as a Greek scholar he was decidedly above par.
Dr. Burney was a Fellow of the Royal, the Antiquarian and
Geological Societies, the Royal Society of Literature, the Numis-
matic, and several other societies.
For the account of Professor Ramsay we are indebted to the
Edinburgh Gourant :
William Ramsay, for more than thirty years Professor of
Humanity in the University of Glasgow, died at San Remo,
near Mentone, on Sunday morning, the 12th of February, soon
after entering his 60th year. Mr. Ramsay's health had been
been for a long time in an unsatisfactory condition. Ever since
his severe illness in 1851 his right lung had been of little or no
service to him, and the consequent disorder had caused dis-
placement of the heart, which organ had, doubtless, also become
enlarged. It autumn last he was attacked by severe fits of
breathlessness, and it soon became evident that his intention of
passing the winter in London must be abandoned. He went
away to Mentone, where all the symptoms grew worse. He got
little or no sleep, lost weight rapidly, and was unable to take
any exercise at all. A change from Mentone to San Remo
failed to arrest this course of things, and the end came suddenly
at last, though without pain, on the morning of the 12th.
Mr. Ramsay was the descendant of a family of great antiquity
in Perthshire. For six centuries at least the Ramsays of Banff
have held land in the south-eastern corner of that county. Sir
Gilbert Ramsay, of Banff, was created a baronet in 1666, and
from this gentleman the late Professor, a third son of Sir
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY: 19
William, the seventh baronet, was lineally descended. Born at
Edinburgh in February, 1806, he received his first education at
the High School during the rectorship of Mr. Pillans. He also
attended the Universities of Edinburgh and Glasgow, from the
last of which he proceeded to Cambridge. He was still an
undergraduate at Cambridge, when he undertook the duties of
the Glasgow Mathematical Chair, which he discharged for two
years. In 1830 he graduated at Cambridge, and in 1831 he
was chosen to succeed Mr. Walker as Professor of Humanity in
the University of Glasgow. It was during his long tenure of that
office that his chief influence was exercised, and his reputation
as a scholar acquired. In 1840 appeared his " Extracts from
Tibullus and Ovid ; " in 1851 his " Roman Antiquities ; " in 1858
his edition of the " Pro Cluentio ; " and soon afterwards an
enlarged edition of his " Manual of Latin Prosody." Most of
these works have been widely circulated ; all are executed with
an admirable completeness, neatness, and finish, and are used as
text-books by the best schoolmasters. But the literary power
in its highest sense of Professor Ramsay is seen to greatest effect
in the biographies which he contributed to the well-known diction-
aries bearing the name of Dr. William Smith. His " Cicero," for
instance, is a masterpiece of lucid and vigorous narrative and
disquisition. Mr. Ramsay resigned his chair in May, 1863, amid
expressions of admiration and regret from his colleagues, which
touched him deeply, and passed the following winter in Rome,
with which city he was previously well acquainted. He em-
ployed himself there in collating the most important MSS. of
Plautus, an author on whom he had long laboured. His
" Prolegomena," and his text of some portions of " Plautus,"
must, we think, be ready, or nearly so, and will, we hope, be
given to the world by the nephew who succeeded him in
the Glasgow chair. But, undoubtedly, his ill-heath and
death have deprived us of much important work that he was
quite ready to execute under favourable conditions. Enough
remains, however, to secure him a permanent place among the
20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
scholars of this age, and Scotsmen will long remember with
pride and pleasure the name of a man who has helped to keep
alive the ancient literary glory of the land of Buchanan.
The Duke of Northumberland, K.G., expired at forty minutes
past two o'clock on Sunday morning, the 12th of February, at
Alnwick Castle, Northumberland, in the seventy-third year
of his age, having been for some time past a sad sufferer
from attacks of gout. His death, however, was quite un-
expected. The late Right Hon. Algernon Percy, Duke of
Northumberland, &c., was the youngest son of Hugh, the
second duke, by his second wife, Frances, third daughter of
Mr. Peter Burrell, and was born in December, 1792 ; con-
sequently he was aged seventy -two. He married in August,
1842, Lady Eleanor, eldest daughter of the Marquis of West-
minster. In early life he entered the navy, and obtained his
rank of post-captain in 1815. He saw, during the ten years
he was in the service, considerable active duty in the Mediter-
ranean ; but after obtaining his rank as captain he relinquished
the profession. In the year following namely, 1816 he was
created a peer by the title of Baron Prudhoe, of Prudhoe Castle,
and sat in the House of Lords as such till he succeeded his
brother, the third duke, in February, 1847 ; and, strange to state,
had enjoyed the dukedom exactly eighteen years to the day,
his brother having died on the eleventh of that month. The
late duke, shortly after leaving the navy, devoted himself to
travel, and with his friend, Sir Gardner Wilkinson, passed some
time in Egypt and the Holy Land. In 1852, on the Earl of
Derby being called upon to form an Administration, the late
duke consented to accept office as First Lord of the Admiralty,
and was sworn in a member of her Majesty's Privy Council.
He remained in the Cabinet until the Derby Government broke
up, in December, 1852. He was created a Knight of the Garter
in the same year. The late duke was Constable of Launceston
Castle, a trustee of the British Museum, President of the Royal
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.
United Service Institution, President of the Koyal National
Lifeboat Institution, a Fellow of the Koyal Society, President
of the Royal Institution of Great Britain, and several other
learned bodies. He was President of Westminster Hospital,
President of Middlesex Hospital, as well as a liberal supporter
of Charing-cross Hospital, the Seamen's Hospital Society, and
many other charitable institutions in the metropolis, besides the
local charities on his extensive estates in the north of England.
The Duke's possessions in Northumberland comprised 3,000
acres of woodlands, 116,200 acres of hill pasture, grass-lands,
&c., 38,900 acres of tillage occupation, and 4,700 waste, sea-
shore, rock, &c. ; in all, 162,8CK) acres. During his occupancy
his Grace, down to the 1st of January, 1864, had expended
39,689 in roads and bridges, 308,336 12s. 9d. in building
cottages, &c., and 176,582 4s. in drainage upon his vast estates.
35,203 acres of land have been thoroughly drained, and upwards
of 1,000 cottages have been either built or put into good repair.
"While improving the homesteads of his farmers and the cot-
tages of his labourers, the deceased nobleman has expended a
quarter of a million sterling upon the Prudhoe Tower and other
extensive works at Alnwick Castle ; and his great scheme of
church extension, just completed before his lamented death, has
involved an outlay of 100,000. His Grace was very anxious,
when he found his health was failing, to complete a large and
magnificent scheme that he had long contemplated, for the
education of the children of fishermen and seamen on the coast
of Northumberland ; and it is stated that the endowment of
schools in the villages of Whitley, Tynemouth, Percy Main, and
at North Shields, was completed shortly before his death. The
Duke of Northumberland built the Tyne Sailors' Home at a cost
of upwards of 7,000. He also established lifeboats and life-
boat stations at Hauxley, Tynemouth, Cullercoats, and New-
biggin, and was a magnificent supporter of all the local charities.
For many years of his life the Duke took a lively interest in the
explorations of the Roman wall which have been undertaken
22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.
from time to time. He also spent considerable sums of money
in making excavations at Greaves Ash and other old British
camps in the fastnesses of the Cheviot Hills. In default of male
issue, the ducal honours are inherited by the Earl of Beverley,
a son of the second son of Hugh, first Duke of Northumber-
land, and father of Lord Lovaine, M.P., and Major-General the
Hon. Henry Manvers Percy, C.B., late commanding officer at
Colchester.
The Council beg to congratulate the Society on the fourth
volume of the New Series of the Chronicle, and hope that
members will help the Editors .by contributing papers.
The report of our Treasurer is as follows :
I-HCOO o eo eo o o o
JO4 O * * 1C <O 00 O <* CO
r-t ii r-i rH r- I
moo-* * eo O oo eo 04 eo
CO
00 * 10 Tf rH
rH i i r-|
^jOOO O O * eo O
to o o o
OCOOOOOt-OCOOSOS
iWr-iO J O 00 T? rji
l-H rH rH
^(Moo
OrHOoocooeoc-Tji5t^ eo
^. 00 i-H i-H O CO Tjl ?
CM <N
rH OS rH CO
Oil O r-" IT- O4 O4 OS t- OO O * i 1
i-H CO r- 1 <N (J* to OS
Tjl >O
rH i-H
E
*' '5 * ^Sr7S ' ' ""
S S af ~
* j . IS !a ^
So 'E^tScvjo a ""
'> <* ' % o 2
"> .
S ' on. ^ "1 2 "**
!Ji flrS
o2 ^' ^
.^. w'S^ofe
I|f
1**I
^ - M- Sc
^ -ofo g|| o^s
o - o * *, ft, ^; a a
24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.
The meeting then proceeded to ballot for the officers of the
ensuing year, when the following gentlemen were elected :
President.
W. S. W. VAUX, ESQ., M.A., F.S.A., F.E.A.S.
Vice -Presidents.
ET. HON. THE EARL OP ENNISKILLEN, Hon. D.C.L.,
F.E.S., F.G.S.
J. B. BERGNE, ESQ., F.S.A.
Treasurer.
GEORGE H. VIRTUE, Esa., F.S.A.
Secretaries.
JOHN EVANS, ESQ., F.E.S., F.S.A., F.G.S.
FREDERIC "W. MADDEN, ESQ., M.E.S.L.
Foreign Secretary.
JOHN YONGE AKERMAN, ESQ., F.S.A.
Librarian. t
JOHN WILLIAMS, ESQ., F.S.A.
Members of the Council.
THOMAS JAMES ARNOLD, ESQ.
EEV. PROF. CHURCHILL BABINGTON, B.D., M.R.S.L.
S. BIRCH, ESQ., LL.D., F.S.A.
F. W. FAIRHOLT, ESQ., F.S.A.
"W. FREUDENTHAL, ESQ.
J. GRANVILLE GRENFELL, ESQ., B.A., M.E.S.L.
BARCLAY YINCENT HEAD, Esq.
JOHN LEE, ESQ., LL.D., F.E.S.
EEV. ASSHETON POWNALL, M.A., F.S.A.
E. WHITBOURN, ESQ., F.S.A.
The Society then adjourned until October 19th, 1865.
LIST OF MEMBERS
OP THE
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY
OF LOKDOtf,
DECEMBER, 1865.
LIST OF MEMBERS
OF THE
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY
OF LONDON,
DECEMBER, 1865.
An Asterisk prefixed to a name indicates that the Member has compounded
for his annual contribution,
ALLEN, WILLIAM, ESQ., North Villa, Winchmore Hill, Southgate.
ANDERSON, COLONEL WILLIAM, C.B., 19, Gloucester Square.
ARNOLD, THOMAS JAMES, ESQ., 59, Harley Street.
*BABINGTON, REV. PROF. CHUKCHILL, B.D., M.R.S.L., St. John's
College, Cambridge.
BAGG, STANLEY C., ESQ., Fairmount Villa, Montreal, Canada.
BAKTON, WILLIAM HENRY, ESQ., Royal Mint, Tower Hill.
BAYLEY, E. CLIVE, ESQ., H.E.I.C.S., India.
BERGNE, JOHN B., ESQ., F.S.A., Foreign Office, Downing Street, rice-
President.
BIRCH, SAMUEL, ESQ., LL.D., F.S.A., British Museum.
BOYNE, WILLIAM, ESQ., F.S.A., 4, Lindsey Row, Chelsea.
BRENT, CECIL, ESQ., 7, Albert Street, Mornington Crescent.
BROOKS, G. G., ESQ., 29, Orchard Street, Portaaan Square.
BROWN, THOMAS, ESQ., 39, Ludgate Street.
BUNBTJHY, EDWARD H., ESQ., M.A., F.tj.S., 35, St. James's Street.
BURNS, EDWARD, ESQ., 13, Bank Street, Edinburgh.
BUSH, COLONEL TOBIN, 14, St. James's Square.
CANE, HENRY, ESQ., Shackleford, Godalming.
CHAMBERS, MONTAGUE, ESQ., Q.C., Child's" Place, Temple Bar.
COOMBS, ARTHUR, ESQ., M.A., High West Street, Dorchester.
CORKRAN, SUTTON FRASER, ESQ., British Museum.
4 LIST OF MEMBERS.
*CORNTHWAITE, REV. TULLIE, Forest, Walthamstow.
COXE, W. H., ESQ., F.Z.S., British Museum.
CRUMP, ARTHUR, ESQ., Stockholm Bank, Stockholm.
DAVIDSON, JOHN, ESQ., 14, St. George's Place, Hyde Park Corner.
DAVY, GEORGE BAYNTON, ESQ., 18, Sussex Square, Hyde Park.
DICKINSON, "W. BINLEY, ESQ., 5, Lansdowne Circus, Leamington.
DRYDEN, SIR HENRY, BART., Canon's Ashby, Daventry.
EADES, GEORGE, ESQ., Evesham, Worcestershire.
EASTWOOD, GEORGE, ESQ., 27, Haymarket.
ENNISKILLEN, RIGHT HON. THE EARL OP, HON. D.C.L., F.R.S., F.G.S.,
M.R.I.A., Florence Court, Enniskillen, Ireland, Vice-President.
EVANS, JOHN, ESQ., F.R.S., F.S.A., Nash Mills, Hemel Hempstead,
and 65, Old Bailey, Secretary.
EVANS, SEBASTIAN, ESQ., M.A., 145, Highgate, Birmingham.
FAIRHOLT, F. W., ESQ., F.S.A., 24, Montpelier Square, Brompton.
FARROW, MORLEY, ESQ., M.R.S.L., 23, Clifton Gardens, Maida Hill,
and Bridgewick Hall, Chapel, near Halstead, Essex.
FORSTER, W., ESQ., Carlisle.
Fox, GENERAL, Addison Road, Kensington.
FRANKS, AUGUSTUS WOLLASTON, ESQ., M.A., Dir. Soc. Ant., British
Museum.
ERASER, LIEUTENANT-COLONEL FREDERICK, Castle Eraser, Aberdeen.
FREUDENTHAL, W., ESQ., 71, Kennington Park Road.
GOLD ING, CHARLES, ESQ., 16, Blomfield Terrace.
GREENWELL, REV. WILLIAM, Durham.
GRENFELL, JOHN GRANVILLE, ESQ., B.A., M.R.S.L., British Museum.
*GUEST, EDWIN, ESQ., LL.D., D.C.L., Master of Caius College, Cam-
bridge.
GUNSTON, T. D. E., ESQ., 80, Upper Street, Islington.
HARDY, WILLIAM, ESQ., F.S.A., Duchy of Lancaster Office, Somerset
House.
HARFORD, REV. F. K., M.A., F.S.A., 13, Charles Street, Grosvenor
Square.
HARTWRIGHT, JOHN HENRY, ESQ., 16A, Terrace, Kennington Park.
LIST OF MEMBERS. 5
HAWKINS, EDWARD, ESQ., F.S.A., F.L.S., 6, Lower Berkeley Street,
Portman Square.
HAY, MAJOR, H.E.I.C.S., Linden Lodge, Loan Head, Edinburgh.
HEAD, BARCLAY VINCENT, ESQ., British Museum.
HEWARD, PETER, ESQ., Cole Of ton, near Ashby de la Zouch.
HOLT, HENRY FREDERIC, ESQ., 6, King's Road, Clapham Park.
HUNT, JOHN, ESQ., 40, Upper Hyde Park Gardens.
HUNT, J. MORTIMER, ESQ., 156, New Bond Street!
JONES, JAMES COVE, ESQ., F.S.A., Loxley, Wellesbourne, Warwick.
JONES, W. STAVENHAGEN, ESQ., 79, Gracechurch Street, City.
JOHNSTON, W. H., ESQ., St. Antholin's Rectory House, 51, Watling
Street, E.G.
JUDD, CHARLES, ESQ., 3, Union Place, Lower Edmonton.
*LAMBERT, GEORGE, ESQ., 10, Coventry Street.
LEATHER, C. J., ESQ., Clarendon Villa, Bury Road, Gosport.
LECKENBY, J., ESQ., F.G.S., 33, St. Nicholas Street, Scarborough.
*LEE, JOHN, ESQ., LL.D., F.R.S., &c., Hartwell House, near Ayles-
bury, Bucks.
LIDDERDALE, E. K., ESQ., St. Peter's College, Cambridge.
LINCOLN, FREDERICK W., ESQ., 462, New Oxford Street.
LOEWE, DR. L., M.R.A.S., 46, Buckingham Place, Brighton.
LONGSTAFFE, W. HYLTON DYER, ESQ., 3, Raveusworth Terrace,
Gateshead.
MADDEN, FREDERIC WILLIAM, ESQ., M.R.S.L., British Museum,
Secretary, ,
MARSDEN, REV. J. H., B.D., Great Oakley Rectory, Harwich, Essex.
MAYER, Jos., ESQ., F.S.A., Lord Street, Liverpool.
MEASON, REV. HENRY, Vicarage, Kingsto'n-upon-Thames.
MIDDLETON, SIR GEORGE N. BROKE, BART., C.B., Shrubland Park
and Broke Hall, Suffolk.
MOORE, GENERAL, Junior U.S. Club.
MURCHISON, CAPTAIN, R.M., Bath.
MUSGRAVE, SIR GEORGE, BART., F.S.A., Eden Hall, Penrith.
NECK, J. F., ESQ., Hereford Chambers, 10, Hereford Street, Park Lane.
O LIST OF MEMBERS.
NICHOLS, J. GOUGH, ESQ., P.S.A., 25, Parliament Street.
NICHOLSON, REV. H. J. BOONE, D.D., F.S.A., Rectory, St. Alban's.
NORRIS, EDWIN, ESQ., F.S.A., 6, St. Michael's Grove, Brompton.
OLDFIELD, EDMUND, ESQ., M.A., F.S.A., 61, Pall MaU.
*PERRY, MARTEN, ESQ., M.D., &c., &c., Evesham, Worcestershire.
PFISTER, JOHN GEORGE, ESQ., British Museum.
POLLEXFEN, REV. J. H., M.A., St. Mary's Terrace, Colchester.
POOLE, REGINALD STUART, ESQ., M.R.S.L., British Museum.
POWELL, EDWARD Jos., ESQ., 8, Gordon Street, Gordon Square.
POWNALL, REV. ASSHETON, M.A., F.S.A., South Kilworth, Rugby.
PRICE, W. LAKE, ESQ., 2, Cambridge Terrace, Hyde Park.
PULLAN, RICHARD, ESQ., M.R.I.B.A., 15, Clifford's Inn.
RASHLEIGH, JONATHAN, ESQ., 3, Cumberland Terrace, Regent's Park.
RAWLINSON, MAJOR-GENERAL SIR HENRY C., K.C.B., M.P., HON.
D.C.L., F.R.S., 1, Hill Street, Berkeley Square.
*READE, REV. J. B., F.R.S., Bishopsbourne Rectory, Canterbury.
ROBINSON, T. W. U., ESQ., Houghton-le-Spring, Durham.
ROLFE, H. W., ESQ., 3, Punderson Place, Bethnal Green Road.
ROSTRON, SIMPSON, Esq., 4, King's Bench Walk, Temple.
ROUGHTON, J. W., ESQ., 9, Bedford Place, Russell Square.
SALIS, J. F. W. DE, ESQ., Hillingdon Place, Uxbridge.
SCOTT, ALWYNE GILBERT, ESQ., Manor House, Ham, Surrey.
SHARP, SAMUEL, ESQ., F.S.A., F.G.S., Dallington Hall, Northampton.
SIM, GEORGE, ESQ., F.S.A.E., 7, Cambridge Street, Edinburgh.
SMALLMELD, J. S., ESQ., 10, Little Queen Street.
SMITH, SAMUEL, ESQ., Wisbeach, Cambridgeshire.
SOTHEBY, MRS. LEIGH, Ivy House, Maiden, Kingston, Surrey.
SPENCE, ROBERT, ESQ., 4, Rosella Place, North Shields.
STRICKLAND, MRS. WALTER, 217, Strada San Paolo, Valetta, Malta.
STUBBS, CAPTAIN, R.H.A., Dromiskin, Castle Bellingham,Louth, Ireland.
TAYLOR, CHARLES R., ESQ., 2, Montague Street, Russell Square.
*THOMAS, EDWARD, ESQ., H.E.I.C.S., 4 r Madeley Villas, Victoria Road
Kensington.
TURNER, CAPTAIN FREDERICK C. POLHILL, Howbury Hall, Bedfordshire.
LIST OF MEMBERS. 7
VATJX, W. SANDYS WRIGHT, ESQ., M.A., F.S.A., M.R.A.S., British
Museum, President.
VEITCH, GEORGE SETON, ESQ,, 5, Buccleuch Terrace, Edinburgh.
VIRTDE, GEORGE HENRY, ESQ., F.S.A., 1, Amen Corner, Paternoster
Row, Treasurer.
VIRTUE, JAMES SPRENT, ESQ., 294, City Road.
WADDINGTON, W. H., ESQ., 14, Rue Fortin, Faubourg St. Honore, Paris.
WARREN, HON. J. LEICESTER, M.A., 32A, Brook Street, Grosvenor
Square.
WEATHERLEY, REV. C., 4, Park Village East.
WEBSTER, W., ESQ., 6, Henrietta Street, Covent Garden.
WHITBOTJRN, RICHARD, ESQ., F.S.A., Bank, Godalming. .
*WmiE, JAMES, ESQ., M.P., 2, Queen's Gate, Hyde Park.
WIGAN, EDWARD, ESQ., 17, Highbury Terrace.
WILKINSON, JOHN, ESQ., F.S.A., 3, Wellington Street, Strand.
WILLIAMS, JOHN, ESQ., F.S.A., Royal Astronomical Society, Somerset
House, Librarian.
WILSON, FREDERICK, ESQ., Mason's Avenue, Basinghall Street.
WINGROVE, DRTJMMOND BOND, ESQ., 30, Wood Street, Cheapside.
*WooD, SAMUEL, ESQ., F.S.A., The Abbey, Shrewsbury.
WORMS, GEORGE, ESQ., 27, Park Crescent, Regent's Park.
WYNDHAM, C. H., ESQ., Catherine Street, Salisbury.
HONORARY MEMBERS.
ADRIAN, DR. J. D., Giessen.
AKERMAN, J. YONGE, ESQ., F.S.A., Abingdon, Berkshire.
BARTHELEMY, M. A. DE, 39, Rue d' Amsterdam, Paris.
BLACAS, M. LE Due DE, 79, Rue de Grenelle, Paris.
CASTELLANOS, SENOR DON BASTLIO SEBASTIAN, 80, Rue S. Bernardo,
Madrid.
CHALON, M. RENIER, 24, Rue de la Senne, Brussels.
CLERCQ, M. J. LE, Brussels.
COCHET, M. L'AsBi, 128, Rue d'Ecosse, Dieppe.
8 LIST OF MEMBERS.
COHEN, M. HENRI, 46, Rue de la Tour d'Auvergne, Paris.
COLSON, DR. ALEXANDRE, Noyon (Oise), France.
DELGADO, DON ANTONIO.
DORN, DR. BERNHARD, Actuel Conseiller d'etat, St. Petersburg.
GONZALES, CAV. CARLO, Palazzo Ricasoli, Via delle Terme, Florence.
GROTE, DR. H., Hanover.
GROTEFEND, DR. C. L., Hanover.
GUIOTH, M. LioN, Lie"ge.
HART, A. WELLINGTON, ESQ., 16, Ex Place, New York.
HILDEBRAND, M. SMIL BROR, Direct, du Musee d'Antiquites et du
Cab. des Medailles, Stockholm.
HOLMBOE, PROP., Direct, du Cab. des Medailles, Christiana. 8 ,
KCEHNE, M. LE BARON DE, Actuel Conseiller d'etat et Conseiller du
Muse"e de 1'Ermitage Imperiale, St. Petersburg.
LAPLANE, M. EDOITARD, St. Omer.
LEEMANS, DR. CONRAD, Direct, du Musee d'Antiquites, Leyden.
Lis Y RIVES, SE^OR DON V. BERTRAN DE, Madrid.
LONGPE"RIER, M. ADRIEN DE, Musee du Louvre, Paris.
MINERVINI, CAV. GIULIO, Rome.
NAMTJR, DR. A., Luxembourg.
OSTEN, THE BARON PROKESCH D', Constantinople.
PERTHES, M. JACQUES BOUCHER DE CREVEC<EUR DE, Abbeville.
RICCIO, M. GENNARO, Naples.
SABATIER, M. J., 6, Rue Couchois, Montmartre, Paris.
SATJLCY, M. F. DE, 5, Rue du Cirque, Paris.
SATJSSAYE, M. DE LA, 34, Rue de 1'Universite, Paris.
Six, M. J. P., Amsterdam.
SMITH, DR. AQUILLA, M.R.I.A., 121, Baggot Street, Dublin.
SMITH, C. ROACH, ESQ., F.S.A., Temple Place, Strood, Kent.
VALLERSANI, IL PROF., Florence.
VERACHTER, M. FREDERICK, Antwerp.
WITTE, M. LE BARON DE, 5, Rue Fortin, Faubourg St. Honore, Paris.
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
i.
PRESENTED BY EDWARD WIOAN, ESQ., TO THE DEPARTMENT OF
COINS AND MEDALS, BRITISH MUSEUM.
THE national cabinet of coins and medals has been
recently enriched by the munificent donation of the
Roman gold coins forming part of the collections of
Edward Wigan, Esq., no donation of such value, save
that of the entire collection of J. F. W. de Salis, Esq.,
in 1859, having ever been made to the Museum during
the lifetime of the donor.
This series of coins, from its well-known merits and its
intrinsic value, well deserves a few special remarks, and
will doubtless much interest those, readers of the Numis-
matic Chronicle who are fond of the study of Roman
coins. It may be considered the pick of some of the
grandest collections during the last century, the cabinets of
Pembroke, Devon, and Thomas having furnished many of
the finest specimens. Nor must we omit to notice the
collection of M. Dupre, which was bought by Mr. Wigan,
and which included most of the greatest rarities. M.
VOL. v. N.&. B
2 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Dupre's note, attached to the list of 163 coins bought by
Mr. Wigan, may as well be here given verbatim.
" CommencEe en 1800, a 1'Epoque et a 1'occasion de la de"cou-
verte du de"pot d'Ornois, elle s'est accrue de choix faite dans
celni d'Ambenay et dans les collections Incisa, Wiczay, Thomas,
Devonshire, Pembroke, c'est a d., dans des ventes et des circon-
stances qu'ou ne pent esperer voir se reproduire qu'a de longs
intervalles.
" L'examen des me"dailles prouve que pour la rarite" des te"tes,
des revers, et sons le rapport de la perfection de Tart, a chaque
Epoque de la se'rie, elles ne peuvent gueres etre surpasses, et
quant aux Evaluations de Mionuet, dont les bases sont prises
d'apres des ventes ante>ieures a 1800, il est Evident qu'elles
sont devenues trop faibles, eu Egard au taux de 1'argent, au
nombre des concurrents, etc., etc., on salt assez qu'aux ventes
publiques d'Ennery, de Rothelin, des tiroirs en bloc s'adjugeaint
a 15 et 20 sols par mEdaille d'ar^ 1 , et a 3 f. audessus des poids
pour Tor. II en 6tait de mme pour la serie grecque : le
Cabinet de France obtint pour 30 m. fr. la ceUebre Collection
Pellerin, bien superieure a celles Wiczay et Allier vendues
chacune 80 m. fr.
" Si nous passons a 1'examen des raritEs de notre serie, qui
BUI- le petit nombre de 164 pieces Impe>iales et Consulaires offre
pres de 100 regnes, nous trouvons dans les Families :
Antesfia, unique.
Domitius Ahenobarbus, inconnn a Morel.
Brutus, cite" seulement du Cabinet de Vienne; les 2 Brutus de
premiere conservation.
Me&cinia, Numonia, Rustia, second ex. connu, 1 toutes trois
ignorEes de Morel.
Vip&ania, tete d'Agrippaque Mionnet n'avait pas encore ren-
contrEe, et eur laquelle il faut consulter le catalogue
d'Hedervar, et sortie du Vatican, donne"e par le Pape.
Dans les ImpEriales :
Cn. Pompeius.
J. Ctesar, restituE, ex. d'Ennery.
Lepidus, de trs beau style, ce qui est tre"s rare.
1 I do not know if there ever existed another identical speci-
men of this coin, for Cohen does not mention it. Perhaps
M. Dupr6 alludes to the one engraved in Riccio with the two
busts jugate, which according to Cohen is entirely an invention
of this numismatist. (Med. Cons., p. 282, note.)
ROMAN GOLD COINS. 6
Augusfe, couronne" d'olivier, et en buste analogue probablement
a celni de'die' dans quelque temple, et de style supe'rieur a
l'e"poque.
Octavie, Lucius Caesar, fils d'Agrippa, tSte d'enfant, qui ne
pent repre"senter Auguste, qui ne recut ce titre qu'aprfcs
30 ans d'age.
Galha et Titus, restitue"s.
Julie de Tite, du plus beau style, et fleur de coin, ainsi que
Domitia.
Nerva, restitue, Trajan pere, et le,s 3 femmes de Trajan; les
3 reiers de Trajan et Hadrien les plus rares, surtout le
VOTA PUBL1CA.
2 Saline, chef d'oeuvre d'elegance, ^Elius, F * * (Fleur de
coin).
Didius Jiiliamts, Scantilla, la seule qui ait paru depuis 1800,
D, Clara, 2 et e'nfin, Aliinus, dont un seul exemplaire se
trouvait a Ornois.
Diadumenien ; Orliana, rapporte'e de Chypre par M. Guys,
Consul a Beryte, et tieur de coin.
Vient ensuite, Uranius, unique, un Maximin, de conservation
la plus remarquable, et dont il a te" offert mille francs.
Heremnvs, Hostilianus, jEmilianns, 4 Posfumes. dont un petit
me'daillon tete de face, Victorinus, un Tetricus, vu de face,
Claudius If., Urbica, Julian us, Carausius, Allectus,
Helena, celle-ci frapp6e sors Constantin ce que prouve sa
fabrique et 1'orthographe du revers, Maxentius, et enfin,
deux qiiinaires seule connue de Carinus et de Galerius
Maximinus.
" Je termine en exprimant le souhait que cette reunion de
raret^s ne soit point dispers^e, bien persuade 1 qu'il serait diffi-
cile de recomposer une seconde aussi remarquable sous taut de
rapports.
" P. D. [Prosper Dupre].
"20 Mars, 1854."
Tliis wish may be said to have been fulfilled, for all
M. Dupre's coins (162 in number), with the exception of
45, have been selected for the Museum, and these 45 do
not include any of the greatest rarities, as the Museum
possesses better and finer specimens. 3
2 This coin was returned by Mr. Wigan.
The : famous coin of Constans with the figures LXXII.
in the field, was previously exchanged by Mr. de Salis with
4 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
In the selection made for the British Museum, there
are no less than 223 coins taken, many of them only
existing in this collection, and the rest previously wanting
in that of the Museum ; 72 others have also been
picked out on account of their magnificent preservation,
and though the Museum already possesses specimens of
their types, yet those of Mr. Wigan are so superior, that
it has been thought advisable to retain them for the
national cabinet. The gross value of these coins, as
given by M. Cohen, in his recent work on Roman coins,
amounts to 75,935 francs for the 223 coins, and 3,989
francs for the 72, making a total of 79,924 francs, or
about 3,200 ; but there is not much doubt that many
are undervalued.
I now proceed to describe the 223 coins selected, with
references to the works of M. Cohen, 4 for those coins which
need not be described at length. Those only existing in
the cabinet of Mr. Wigan will be marked with a * ; those
unpublished, or only quoted by Cohen from Caylus, Tanini,
and others, will be marked with a cfr. In order further to
guarantee the authenticity of most of these coins, I
have added a capital D (for Dupre), after the description
of the 117 pieces from his collection. I may add, that of
Mr. Wigan, and is now in the Museum collection ; these figures
only occur upon two other gold coins one of Constantino I.
(British Museum), and the other of C f onstantius Gallus (Sabatier,
Icon. Byz., pi. xcvi., 8), and also on some copper coins of Con-
Btantius II. and Constantius Gallus (Cohen, Med. Imp., Nos. 226
and 39; Sab., Des Mon. Byz., p. 63; Num. Chron., N.S., vol. ii.
pp. 249, 257).
* Description generate des Monnaies de la Repvhlique Ro-
vnaine, communement appelees Medailles Consulaires, 4to, Paris,
1857; Description historique des Monnaies f rappees sous I" Em-
pire Romain, communement appelees Medailles Imperialet.
8vo. vols. i. vi., Paris, 18591862.
ROMAN GOLD COINS. 5
these 223 coins, there are no less than 94 only to be found
in this collection, of which 3.2 are either unpublished or
quoted from the works just alluded to.
1. CAMPANIAN COIN (?), marked VX behind the head of Mars
(Cohen, Med. Cons., No. 1, engraved, pi. xliii. No. 1). D.
2. CORNELIA FAMILY. (Cohen, Med. Cons., No. 38, engraved,
pi. xv.; Cornelia, No. 17.)
3. SEXTUS POMPEY, POMPEY THE GREAT, AND CNAETJS POMPET.
Rev. PRAEF.CLAS. ET ORAE MAR1T. EX. S. 0.
(Cohen, Med. Cons., No. 27 ; Med. Imp., No. 1 : engraved,
Med. Cons., pi. xxxiv., Pompeia, No. 10 ; Med. Imp.^
pl.i.) D.
JULIUS CJESAR.
* $> 4. Obv. J.IT. Head of Piety, to the right, crowned with
oak ; a necklace round her neck.
Rev. CAESAR. Trophy fixed on the trunk of a tree,
holding in right hand a shield, on which is appa-
rently a double anchor, and in the left the Gallic
trumpet; to the right an axe. (PI. I., No. 1.)
Published by Cohen (Med. Cons.. Julia, No. 17 ; Med. Imp.,
No. 11), from the Catalogue du Cab. des Mcdailles de 1(>85.
The type is known in silver, and is engraved in Cohen (Med.
Cons., pi. xx., Julia, 15).
Respecting the letters or numbers IIT (or reading them
the other way J.II, a few words may not be out of place.
Vaillant has interpreted them by secundum tropoeurn, and
Havercamp regards them simply as a monetary sign.
M. Cohen 5 does not admit either of these explanations,
especially as the same figures occur on two silver denarii,
and on a quinarius. Eckhel decides nothing, but gives as
his opinion (which is accepted by M. Cohen), that they are
perhaps the initial letters of Imperator iterum. " This in-
' Med, Cons., p. 157.
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
terpretation," saysM. Cohen, " would be completely satis-
factory, if a coin cited by him, and which Morell has placed
among the Goltzians, really exists, and if so, is authentic.
Its description is, IMP . ITER (Imperatoriterum). Head
of Venus to the right, with diadem. Rev. C. CAESAR.
C. F. (Caius Casar Caii filius). Trophy, with a chariot,
on which is a scythe ; to right, a captive king." M. Cohen
continues " Modern savants explain quite 'differently
these initials. Cavedoni [Ragguaglio, &c., p. 93, note
76], after the following phrase of Solinus, a writer of the
third century, ( Caesar signis collatis quinquagies et bis
dimicavit/ pretends that the number LII alludes to the
fifty-two battles gained by Csesar ; but putting aside the
question whether the ancients were in the habit of ex-
pressing so metaphysically their ideas, one must be very
sure that, at the time these coins were struck, Julius
Csesar had already gained fifty-two battles. Again, Nicolas
Damascenus assures us that Julius Csesar, in three hun-
dred and two battles, waged in Asia and Europe, was
never vanquished. The result is that these letters or
figures are still an enigma, and do not appear likely to be
so soon explained."
This account is very unsatisfactory, and no further
explanation is offered by M. Cohen in the first volume of
his Medailles Imperiales, where these coins are again
described. It has, however, been suggested by Borghesi 6
that perhaps the enigmatical letters XII represent figures,
and that they designate the age of Julius Csesar (viz. 52
years) when the coins were struck. This seems corro-
borated by the coins of Antony, struck at Lugdunum, on
which are the numerals XL. and XLL, which also, in all
8 (Euvres Numismatiques, Pari 1862, vol. i. p. 499.
ROMAN GOLD COINS. 7
probability, relate to the age of this latter. 7 Moreover,
we have positive proof that the form _L stands for L. (50)
in the coins of the Norbana family, on which it frequently
occurs, leaving no doubt as to its meaning. 8 Now Julius
Caesar, according to authorities, was born in B.C. 100, 9 and
died in B.C. 44. 10 This latter date is certain; but in order
to consider his age as fifty-two in B.C. 49, when these coins
were struck, it is necessary to - assume that he was born
two years earlier. 11 We know that he received the Con-
sulship in B.C. 59, and had he been born in B.C. 100, he
would only have been forty-one years of age when he
undertook the duties of this office, the legal age being
forty-three ; 12 whereas if we allow time for the requisite
inferior offices of aedile and praetor to have been gone
through by him previous to his being made consul, he must
have been born in B.C. 102, which would make the year of
age on these coins suit the year in which they were struck.
It is, however, to be remarked, that these regulations
were not always observed, for many previously had been
made consuls before the legal age : M. Valerius Corvus,
when only twenty-three; 13 ScipioAfricanus the elder, when
not thirty; 14 Pompey before he was thirty-six, 15 &c. ;
but the facts are historically recorded, and it is, in Caesar's
case, as Mommsen has already observed, difficult to
* Eckhel, vol. vi. p. 38 ; for their, representation, see Cohen,
Med. Cons. pi. iv., Antonia, Nos. 20, 21.
8 Cf. J.XXXXIII. on a coin of tlie Norbana family, en-
graved, Cohen, Med. Cons., pi. xxx., Norbana, No. 3.
9 Appian, Civ. ii. 106; Alacrob., Sat. i. 12.
Suet., Cees. 88 ; Appian, Civ. ii., 149 ; Plut., Cces., 69.
Mommsen, Romische Geschichte, vol. iii. p. 15, note.
Cic., Phil. v. 17.
13 Liv. vii. 26.
Liv. xxviii. 38.
Cic., Pro leg. ManiL, 21.
8 NUMISMATIC CHRON1CLK.
conceive how he could have been invested with all the
curule offices two years before the legal period, and no
mention made of it. In consequence, the above proposed
interpretation of these hitherto enigmatical figiires is the
best that has at present been offered.
The type of these coins is worthy of a few remarks, and
has nowhere, as far as I can ascertain, been properly
illustrated or explained. It is certainly Gallic in cha-
racter, and refers to the conquests of Caesar m Gaul.
The coin itself, as well as those engraved Cohen, pi. xx.,
Nos. 14, 16, was struck in Italy, in B.C. 49. The helmet
on the trophy has horns, and is similar to that on the
coins of Seleucus I., and other Syrian and Macedonian
kings, 16 and still more so to two represented in a painting
18 The remarks following, which are enclosed within inverted
commas, have been obligingly communicated to me by Mr.
Poole :
' On the coins of Lysimachus, Alexander is represented with
the horns of a ram. The same is the case with the head on
the coins of Alexander >^]gus, and with that of Arsinoe Phila-
delphi whether I. or II., or both, is not yet determined on
the silver pentadrachms and gold staters. A young head with
ranis horns is common on the copper coins of the Ptolemies.
It is generally, and, I think, conclusively, held that the horn on
these coins is that of Ammon, given to Alexander as the young
Ammon, and taken by the Ptolemies as kings of Egypt.
" The coins of Demetrius Poliorcetes, originally struck in
Asia, and those of Seleucus Nicator, represent those kings with
the horns of a bull. Perhaps the symbolism of earlier coins
may help us to an explanation of this case. On the coins of
the Persian satraps a lion is often represented tearing another
animal, usually a bull. The lion is to the present day the
symbol of Persian power ; the bull must represent the enemies
of Persia in a general or abstract sense, or a special conquered
nation or state. This question can only be decided by a
thorough examination of the ancient Persian coinage, to dis-
cover whether the representations are general or individual ;
but it may be observed in favour of the latter view, that the
first royal portrait occurs upon a Persian coin. Supposing that
ROMAN GOLD COINS.
of a trophy found at Herculaneum. 17 Diodorus Siculus,
in speaking of the Gauls, says, that they wore brass
helmets having large projections from them, and bearing
an immense image ; for either horns are attached to
them, or the faces of birds or quadrupeds stand out on
them in high relief. 18 Plutarch also relates that the
Cimbri had upon their helmets the open mouths of
terrible wild beasts, and the faces of animals of peculiar
view to be correct, the bull would probably represent Babylonia,
the only great power which was overthrown by the rise of
Persia, for the case of the Medes was an absorption rather than
an overthrow. As Alexander, to court the Egyptians, pre-
tended to be tbe son of Ammon, and tbe borns of Ammon
became a symbol of his succession in Egypt, it does not seem
unlikely tbat Demetrius and Seleucus the latter of whom made
Babylon for a time tbe seat of his empire adopted the bull's
horns to please the Babylonians."
In all probability it is a bull's horn which may be seen on
tbe denarii and second brass of Elagabalus. (Cohen, Med. Imp.,
vol. iii. p. 519.) Tbe Macedonian shield on the silver tetra-
dracbms of Antigonus I. Gonatas is adorned with tbe bead of Pan
with goats horns (Eckbel, vol. ii. p. 123) ; perhaps be adopted
the bead of Pan to recall the panic among tbe Gauls under
Brennus, in the war with the Achaean League (Pausan., x. 23 ;
Eckhel, 1. c.) Goafs horns also occur on the helmet of Philip V.
on a denarius of the Marcia family (Cohen, Med. Cons., pi. xxvi.,
Marcia, No. 5), and a very large goafs horn protrudes from a
helmet on the reverse of the tetradracbms of Trypbon (Eckhel,
vol. iii. p. 234). To enter further into tbe reasons of tbeir
adoption, would here be out of place. It is sufficient to have
noticed tbe different varieties.
'? Museo Borbonico, vol. vii. tab. vfi.
18 Kpav/; fie %aXicd Trepiridti'rai /iteyaXac t^o^ac t laurwv
'iyovTO. rat Tra/jLfjLeytdr] (fiavTaaiav f.Tn<pipovTa rote ^pwfiivoiQ. rote
fjLf.v yap TrpoVmrai (rvpfiuij Kepara, role 2t opviw rj TerpaTro^v
ajwv f.KTf.Tvir<j)p.ivat. Trporofiai. Lib. v. 30, 2. There is also
a nation mentioned by Herodotus, lib. vii. 76 (whose name has
been restored by Wesseling as " Cbalybians"), wbo wore brazen
helmets, and above them the ears and horns of an ox made
of brass (Trpoe ce roicri Kpaveat tiro, re rat ice'pca irpoaijv f3ooe
XaXrca). For the " Chalybians," see Rawlinson, Herod, vol. iv.
p. 72.
VOL. V, N.S. C
10 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
form, which, raised on high with winged crests, gave
them a greater appearance. 19
The axe, which it will be seen is surmounted with the
grotesque head of an animal, is doubtless a pontifical
emblem, as Julius Csesar was, at this time, Pontifex
Maximus. It usually goes by the name of secespita, which,
according to the statement of Antistius Fabeo, preserved
by Festus, 20 was a long iron knife (cultrum fcrreum)
with a round solid ivory handle, bound at the hilt with
gold and silver, studded with nails of Cyprian brass, and
used by the Flamines, Flaminicse Virgin es, and Pontifices
at their sacrifices ; also that it was called secespita a
secando. Paulus Diaconus, however, in his epitome of
Festus, 21 says, that some consider it to be an axe (securis),
others a celt (dolabra) , 22 and others a knife (cultellus) ;
whilst Servius 83 says that Virgil alludes to it in the
lines
" stellatus laspide fulva
Ensis,"
as he could not get the word secespita into the rhyme. It
appears, then, that the name secespita, as applied to the
axe on coins, only rests on the authorities of Festus and
Paulus.
The curious looking object in the left hand of the tro-
phy is more difficult to describe. It appears to be a kind
19 Kpaj/Tj p.ev tLKatr/jiir'a 6r)piu>v (pofiepwv %a.(rpa.<n Kal
ic)tO)UOjo0ote t^ovreQ, as eVajpoyuej'Oi \o0ote Trrepwro'is etc
0at'j'ovro ju/oi/e. In Mar. 25. Part of the Roman army are
also said to have worn on their helmets three purple or black
feathers, a cubit in height (oc irrf^yaioiQ TO uiytQoo). Polyb.
Hist., lib. vi. 23, 12.
20 Festus, ed. Miiller, 4to., 1839, pp. 348, 349.
1 Ed. Miiller, p. 336.
12 Cf. securis dolabrata, Pallad., De re Rust., \. 4!>.
28 Ad Virg., uEn., iv. 461'.
ROMAN GOLD COINS. 11
of tube slightly curved towards the end, which is orna-
mented with the head of an animal. The Roman trumpet,
known under the name of lituus, which differed from the
cornu^ and the tuba, 25 certainly partially answers to this
description, but it does not seem to be anywhere described
with a " monster-headed" extremity. Now> the coin being
struck to commemorate the Gaulish conquests, it is reason-
able to suppose that the object represents something Gallic,
and the trumpet called carnyx by the Gauls exactly answers
to its appearance on Roman coins. Eustathius, in his com-
mentary to the eighteenth book of Homer, in speaking
of the trumpet (aoXvry) which there occurs, names six
different varieties, to all of which I shall allude, and the
third variety he describes as follows : " The third, the
Gallic, is formed of cast metal, and is not very large, having
the wide [or lower] end of the trumpet in the form of an
animal, and the tube on which the trumpeters play of lead ;
it is of a shrill tone, and is called by the Celts carnyx."^
The Gallic trumpets are also described by Diodorus Sicu-
lus, who says, " they use barbarous trumpets after their
manner, which when blown gave forth a horrid sound,
which is well adapted to create warlike terror;" 27 and
24 Hor., Carm., lib. ii., Ode i. 1. 17.
25 Hor., Carm., lib. i., Ode i. 1. 23.
2(5 TpiTT), )/ TaXartKrj, ^wycur;), ov iravv /xeyaAjj, TOV Kw&ova
f.-)(ovffa 6r]pi6fj.op^)6v nva KOI auXov p,o\vffiivov, 'c ov t^vodaiv
01 <ra\7riorai' tort 2e o^u0tovoc Kal KaXeirai viro TWV KeXrwv tapvv.
Eustath. ad Horn., H., xviii. 219, vol. ii., Leipzig, 1829, p. 65
[p. 1139, 1. 57]. Eustathius' fourth, variety of trumpet is also
" monster-headed," the extremity bearing the face of an ox
(6 KwSuiv (Zoos TJIV Trporo/*))). He says it is of Paphlagonian
origin, rough-toned and dyc^voTjri/ (blown on like a flute?), and
is called fioivoe.
27 SoATTiyyafi e-^ovffiv tt)io0i;tc Kal j3ap(3apiKa ' i/
yap rauratg rai TrpofiaXXovaiv il\ov rpa^vv cat
. Diod. Sic., lib. v. 30.
12 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Polybius speaks of the number of trumpeters, both of horn
and brass instruments, in the army of the Celts. 28 In
both these latter cases it will be seen that the word
ad\Trij^is employed, a name which seems better to answer
to the tuba,** though there is a TvpaiivtKi) odXiriy^, de-
scribed by Eustathius as his sixth variety, having the
extremity bent (/ccoSwva Ke/cAcK^uevov eVoua-a) 30 , which the
late Professor Ramsaysi rightly understood to be the lituus,
28 'Avapidp.T)TOv pev yap -ffv TO TWV
irXrjdoQ. Polyb., Hist., lib. ii. 29. The carnyx, as in use among
the Britons, may be seen on a gold coin of Eppillus (Evans, Coins
of Anc. Britons, pi. iii., No. 11) and on two gold coins of Tas-
ciovanus (Evans, pi. v., Nos. 10, 12). It also occurs on a
Gaulish silver coin engraved in the Revue Numismatique, 1855,
pi. v., No. 9. It may likewise be met with on other coins of
J. Caesar (Cohen, Med. Cons., pi. xx., Nos. 11, 12, 13, 14, 16).
According to Mr. de Salis, Nos. 11 and 13 were struck in Spain,
the former in B.C. 45, the latter in B.C. 49: whilst No. 12 was
struck in the East in B.C. 48-47. They all allude to Caesar's
victories in Gaul.
29 The cornu is also called in Greek crrpoyyvXr) aaX-myZ, " a
circular trumpet" (Smith's Diet, of Antiq., s. v. Cornu}. Ac-
cording to Eustathius [his second variety], the orpoyyvX?/ was
used by the Egyptians, and invented by Osiris, being called by
them yvovri, and employed to call the people together to sacri-
fice. I cannot find that Sir G. Wilkinson makes mention
of this fact, but he says (Pop. Acct. of Anc, Egyptians, vol. ii.
p. 127) that Osiris invented " the pipe made of the straw of
barley," and that if this was his only invention, it does not
speak well for his musical talents. The word -xvovrf occurs in
Coptic. (Stephanus, Lex. s. v.) Eustathius' fifth variety is " of
reed," and of Median origin. Respecting his first, he says,
that it was invented by Athena, and hence she was worshipped
by the Argives as 2d\7riy 'Adrjva.
30 The Tyrrhenian origin of the trumpet is spoken of by many
Greek and Roman writers, and Sophocles (Ajax, 17) makes
Ulysses speak of the words of Athena as reminding him of a
"brazen-mouthed Tyrrhenian trumpet" (^aX/cooro/iow Kwluvoe
we TvpffrjvtKije). The scholiast explains ^aX^oaropov by o^v0wyo-
TaTrie, " very shrill," and Eustathius (L c.) speaks of it in the
same terms (\iav o^u0wvoe).
31 Smith's Diet, of Antiq , s. v. tuba.
ROMAN GOLD COINS. 13
called by Lydus 32 "the sacred trumpet" (lepariKri ad\-
7n-y). Hence Diodorus and Polybius would very naturally
call the bent trumpet of the Gauls by that name. Hesy-
chius calls the Gallic trumpet Ka'pvov, 33 and Liddell and
Scott (s. v.) have assumed it to be a nominative, and call it
TO KO'OVOV ; but as in Hesychius it may be an accusative,
it is just as probable that it was called d Kapvog. They
also give the Latin equivalent as cornu ; this may be cor-
rect as regards sound, but is certainly not so in reality, as
the above remarks will show. They further add that the
Gallic trumpet was called d KapwZ,, and give the authority
of Diod. v. 30. It will be seen, as I have above shown,
that this word is not in Diodorus ; it, however, occurs in
the explanatory note to this passage in the Wesseling
edition, to which Liddell and Scott refer. For those who
have not this edition a small point like this is worthy of
notice.
The shield (Oupdc) in the right hand of the trophy
which is ornamented with, what appears to be, a double
anchor, but which is perhaps a thunderbolt badly de-
signed (cf. Cohen, Med. Cons., pi. xiii., Coelia, No. 4),
doubtless represents one of the long oval shields, made
the height of a man and variously adorned, alluded to by
Diodorus, 34 Livy, 35 and Virgil. 36 The form 6vpe6g, which
has been applied to them, is, according to Eustathius,
derived from Ovpa, " a door/' and they were so called on
32 De Mensibus, iv. 50.
33 Kapvoy, ri}v 2a\7rtyya TaXarat. Hesych., Lex., 8. v.
34 "OTT\OIS t xpwvrai dvpto'iQ pei> d^poj^ijKeirt, TTTr
itdrp07rw. Diod. Sic., lib. v. 30. Cf. Trapa/u/jfiaje Ovpeoc-
Diod. Sic., lib. v. 39 ; also Paus. i. 13; viii. 50; x. 20, 21.
35 Liv. xxx viii. 17, 21.
36 " Scutis protect! corpora longis." Virg., jEn., viii. 662.
14 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
account of their great size. 37 They do not appear to have
been very broad, for the naked bodies of the bearers were
easily hit by the javelins of their opponents. 38 A similar
diamond-shaped shield occurs on a silver coin of Julius
Csesar (Cohen, Med. Cons., pi. xx., No. 16) with bars,
ornaments which also may be seen on the Gaulish coins of
Verotalus (Rev. Num., 1860, pi. vi., Nos. 16). It like-
wise is found on coins of Verica (Evans, pi. ii., No. 9),
and on coins of Tasciovanus (Evans, pi. vi., No. 2). No
Gaulish or British shields of this shape have as yet been
discovered.
5. J. OESAR. Ifev.A. HIRTIVS PR. (Cohen, Mid.
Cons., Julia, No. 20; Med. Imp., No. 2 ; engraved,
Med. Cons., pi. xix., Hirtia.)
G. J. CAESAR. Eev.L. PLANC. PRAEF. VRB.
(Cohen, Med. Cons., Julia, No. 23; Med. Imp.,
No. 16; engraved, Med. Cons., pi. xxviii., Mu-
natia, No. 2.)
JULIUS CAESAR AND M. ANTONY.
* $ 7. Obv. CAESAR DIC. Head of Julius Caesar, to the
right, laureated; behind, a sacrificial vase.
Rev. M. A NX). IMP. Head of M. Antony, to the
right, bare; behind, the lituus. (PL I. No. 2.)
This coin is quoted by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 1) from
the Catalogue du Cab. des Med. de 1701. The legend of
the reverse is given as M. ANTON. IMP., a form occurring
on the silver coins (Med. Cons., pi. iii., Antonia, No. 2).
This coin exactly corresponds to the one described in
37 Oi affTT/eioe d^og 0a<rt TOV Qvpebv, Trapwvv/uiovfjievoi' dvpy. 3ta
e. Euetath. ad Horn., Od., ix. 240, vol. i., Leip., 1829,
, , , , , ,
p. 339 [p. 1626]. vpa, in Herod, ii. 96, means * boards put
together like a door," i. e., "a raft ;" hence OvpeoQ, Liddell and
Scott, s. v.
38 Liv. xxxviii. -21 ; Polyb., Hist., lib. ii. 30.
ROMAN GOLD COINS. 15
Thomas's Sale Catalogue, p. 31, No. 223, and said to be
from the Trattle collection.
8. J. C^SAR AND AUGUSTUS. (Cohen, Med. Cons., Julia,
No. 36 ; Med. Imp., No. 2 ; engraved, Med. Cong.,
pi. xx., Julia, No. 21.)
BRUTUS.
9. Obv. BRVTVS IMP. Head of Brutus, to the right,
bare within a wreath- of laurel.
Rev. CASCA LONG VS. Trophy between two prows
of ships on which arms. Infield, to left, apparently
a L, but in probability part of the trophy.
(PI. I. No. 3.) D.
Published by Cohen (Med. Com., Junia, No. 30 ; Med. Imp.,
No. 3 ; engraved, Med. Cons., pi. xxiv., Junia, No. 17 ; Med.
Imp., pi. ii.).
Whether this coin only exists in the collection of
Mr. Wigan I am unable to say, as Cohen publishes it in
two places (Med. Cons., Junia, No. 30 ; Med. Imp., No. 3),
as being in the Cabinet des Meda'dles, whilst in another
place (Med. Cons., Servilia, No. 22) he states that it ex-
ists only in the Cabinet de M. Wigan. This coin, how-
ever, certainly appears to be the one sold at the Pembroke
Sale (Cat., No. 350), even to the description of the L on
the reverse, whereas the specimen engraved by Cohen omits
this peculiarity. Either it has been accidentally omitted,
or there is another example of this coin in Paris.
The Casca Longus on this coin was one of the legates
of Brutus in Asia, and is said to have aimed the first stroke
at Julius Caesar. 33 * He had a brother who was likewise a
conspirator.
CASSIUS.
* 10. Obv. M. AQVINVS LEG. LIBERTAS. Head of
Liberty, to the right, with diadem.
38 * Dion. Cass., xliv. 52.
16 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Rev. 0. CASSI. IMP. Tripod with the cortina and
two branches of laurel. (PI. I. No. 4.)
Published by Cohen (Med. Cons., Cassia, No. 17 ; engraved,
pi. xi., Cassia, No. 11).
This coin belongs to Caius Cassius, one of the murderers
of Julius Caesar. It was struck in B.C. 42. According to
Cohen, after Borghesi, the title of general (Imperator) was
given to him after his victory over the Rhodians, and the
tripod with cortina alludes to the sacred rites over which
he was quindecemvir.
LEPIDUS.
11. Obv. M. LEPIDVS IIIVIR R. P. C. Head of
Lepidus. to the right, bare.
Rev.L. REGVLVS I1IIVIR A.P.F. Vestal virgin,
standing, to left, holding the simpulum and a
spear. (PI. I. No. 5.) D.
Published by Cohen (Med. Cons., Livineia, No. 8 : Med. Imp.,
No. 3 ; engraved, Med. Cons., pi. xxv., Livineia, No. 7).
M. ANTONY.
* 12. Obv. M. ANTONIVS IIIVIR. R. P. C. Head of M.
Antony, to the right, bare.
Fev.L. REGVLVS I IIIVIR. A. P. F. Anteon, son
of Hercules, half-covered with a lion's skin, seated
on rocks, facing, holding spear* and club, and
leaning on shield. (PI. I., No. 6.)"
Published by Cohen (Med. Cons., Livineia, No. 9; Med. Imp.,
No. 64 ; engraved, Med. Cons., pi. xxv., Livineia, No. 8).
The L. Regulus on these last two coins, who was a
quatuorvir, a dignity inferior to that of prcefectus urbis, a
title occurring also on coins with the name L. Begulus (and
who could not have been quatuorvir after having held office
as preefectus urbis), must have been the son of this latter,
and, consequently, his coins were struck about B.C. 38.
ROMAN GOLD COINS. 17
L. Regulus as quatuorvir also struck coins in company
with Julius Caesar (Cohen, Med. Cons., No. 7 ; Med. Imp.,
No. 29 ; engraved, Med. Cons., pi. xxiv., Livineia, No. 6)
and Octavian (Cohen, Med. Cons., No. 10; Med. Imp.,
Nos. 338, 339 ; engraved, Med. Cons., pi. xxv., Livineia,
Nos. 9, 10). The letters A. P. F. on these last two coins,
only occurring on the gold, signify Auro ublico Yeriundo.
The figure of Anteon (or more properly Anton) on the
reverse of No. 12 bears allusion to Anton, the son of
Hercules, from whom M. Antony boasted he was de-
scended. 89
* 13. Obv. ANT. IMP. IIIVIR. R. P. C. Head of M.
Antony, to the right, bare ; behind, the liluus.
Rev. CK. DOMIT. AHENOBARBVS IMP. Prow
of a ship, to the right; above, a star. (PL 1.,
No. 7.) D.
Published by Cohen (Med. Cons., Antonia, No. 41 ; Med.
Imp., No. 53; engraved, Med. Cons., pi. xvj., Domitia, No. 6;
Med. Imp., pi. ii.).
The Ahenobarbus here mentioned commanded a fleet
against Domitius Calvinus, Octavian's captain, in B.C. 42,
and, completely defeating him, was saluted Imperator in
consequence. He deserted from Antony in B.C. 32, and
died the same year.
* $ 14. Obv. ANT. AVG. IIIVIR. R. P. C. Praetorian
galley.
Rev. CHORTIVM PRAETORIARVM. Legionary
eagle between two standards. (PL L, No. 8.)
This coin is quoted by Cohen (Med. Cons., Antonia, No. 106,
and Med. Imp., No. 5) from Mionnet. The type is known in
silver, and is engraved in Cohen (Med. Cons., pi. vi., Antonia,
No. 72).
The cohort es Pretoria were instituted by Augustus as
39 Pint, Ant., 4, 36, 60.
VOL. V. N.S. D
18 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
a body-guard for himself; and as this coin must have been
struck by Antony towards the end of his life, and during
his quarrel with Augustus, it can only have been issued to
gratify his vanity, and to emulate his troops. The same
may be said of his numerous legionary coins, and of the
one with the legend CHORTIS SPECVLATORVM
(Cohen, Med. Cons., Antonia, No. 107; Med. Imp., No. 3 ;
engraved, Med. Cons., pi. vi., Antonia, No. 72), a body of
men attached to the court of the Emperors, and employed
as scouts. The AVGr. on this coin signifies Augur.
15. ANTONY AND OCTAVIA. (Cohen, Med. Cons., Antonia,
No. 58 ; Med. Imp., No. 1 ; engraved, Med.
Cons., pi. v., Antonia, No. 34, and Med. Imp.,
pl.ii.) D.
1 6. OCTAVIAN. Etv. CAESAR DI VI F. (Cohen, Med.
Cons., Julia, No. 70 ; Med. Imp., No. 77 ; en-
graved, Med. Cons., pi. xxi., Julia, No. 42.)
17. AUGUSTUS. Rev. AVGVSTVS. (Cohen, Med. Imp.,
No. 53.)
18. Zev.-IOV. TON. (Cohen, Ib., No. 150.)
10. Rev. S.P.Q.R. ; on a shield, CL. V.
(Cohen, Ib., No. 210.)
* <i> 20. Obv. No legend. Head of Augustus, to the left, bare.
Rev. ARMENIA CAPTA. Victory subduing a bull.
A variety of Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 46), on the obverse of
which is the legend AVGVSTVS, and the head to the right,
bare.
This interesting coin was struck in B.C. 20, in which
year, in consequence of the Armenians complaining of
Artaxias, the son of Artavasdes 1., and requesting that his
brother Tigranes should be placed upon the throne in his
stead, Augustus sent Tiberius to depose Artaxias. This
latter, however, died previous to the arrival of Tiberius,
and Tigranes ascended the vacant throne without oppo-
ROMAN GOLD COINS. 19
sition, though Tiberius, it would appear, did not hesitate
to claim all the glory of the exploit ; for Horace 40 says :
" Claudi virtute Neronis
Armenius cecidit ;"
and the concluding lines of the quotation
" Jus, imperi unique Phraates
Csesaris accepit genibus miuor "
allude to the submission of the Parthian King Phraates
in the same year, when the standards taken from Crassus
"were restored; a circumstance attested by several coins
(Cohen, Med. Imp., Nos. 84, 197206, 297, 307, 330, and
361 363), on many of which a Parthian is represented
on his knees presenting a military standard, thus further
illustrated by Ovid 41 :
" Parthe refers aquilas, victos quoque porrigis arcus
Piguora jam nostri nulla pudoris babes ? "
This type also occurs on coins in connection with Ar-
menia (Cohen, Med. Imp., Nos. 299, 364).
The type of the coin we have above described is exceed-
ingly interesting. There is no doubt that the bull (taurus)
alludes to the Taurus mons, which runs through Cappa-
docia and Armenia towards the Caspian Sea ; and "Victory
conquering the bull " gives a fit emblematical represen-
tation of the " conquest of Armenia." 42 On Greek coins
a bull usually represents a river ; and Homer 43 speaks of
the Scamander, casting out the bodies thrown into its bed
by Achilles, roaring like a bull (juejuuKwe wre raupoc)- It
is curious that Nonnus, a native of Panopolis in Egypt,
40 Epist. i. 12, 2629. 41 Fast., v. 593.
42 Eckhel, Doct. Num. Vet., vol. vi. p. 99.. 43 H., xxi. 237.
20 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
who flourished about A.D. 530, in describing the fight of
Jupiter with Typhoeus and the latter' s defeat, says that
Mount Taurus bellowed like a bull
* * 21. Obv. CAESAR. Bust of Augustus, to the left, with
olive wreath.
Rev. AVGVSTVS. Cow, walking to the right.
(PI. I., No. 9.) D.
The type of the cow is known, but this coin differs
considerably from those in Cohen (Med. Imp., Nos.
59, 60).
The olive wreath on the head of Augustus is remarkable,
and I am unable to ascertain if it may be found on any
other Roman coin. The absurd woodcut given in Smith's
Diet, of Antiquities, p. 361, representing the olive crown
from a coin of Lepidus, is calculated only to mislead, for
it is taken from a very small silver coin struck at Cabellio,
in Gaul. On it the olive wreath certainly occurs. There
is, however, a Koman coin, of uncertain attribution, given
by Cohen (Med. Cons., Julia, No. 8, engraved, pi. xx.) to
the Julia family, the reverse legend being EX S.C, and
the type a cornu-copise, all within a laurel (?) wreath.
Augustus is known to have conferred upon his soldiers the
honorary wreath of the olive. 44 The coin was probably
issued in B.C. 26 or 27, and was certainly struck in the
East. The cow occurs upon other coins with his head
bare, the workmanship being usually of a very fine style,
and the head that of a young man. The bust on this
coin, as M. Dupre has already remarked (see p. 3), is
probably analogous to one dedicated in some temple.
44 Dion. Cass., xlix. 14.
ROMAN GOLD COINS. 21
MONEYERS OF AUGUSTUS.
* 22. Obv. CAESAR AVGVST VS. Head of Augustus,
to the right, laureated.
Rev. C. ANTIST. REGIN.IFOEDVS P.R. QVM
GABINIS. Two priests, veiled, standing, sacri-
ficing a pig on an altar. (PL I., No. 10.) D.
Published by Cohen (Med. Cons., Antistia, No. 15; Mid.
Imp., No. 289).
Antistius Reginus, a colleague of Antistius Vetus, who
also issued coins with a similar reverse type to the one
above described, but only in silver (engraved in Cohen,
Med. Cons., pi. ii., Antestia, Nos.6,7), was moneyer of Au-
gustus in B.C. 15. The type recalls the origin of the family
Antestia from the town of Gabii in Latium, of which town,
according to Dionysius of Halicarnassus, a certain Antis-
tius Petro was the most illustrious inhabitant. It also
records a treaty concluded between Rome and the Gabii
in the time of Sextus Tarquinius, to which Horace 45
alludes
" foedera regum
Cum Gabiis aut cum rigidis sequata Sabinis,"
and which was preserved in the Temple of Jupiter Fidius
at Rome. Dionysius relates that at this treaty a bull
was sacrificed, but the coin represents a pig, which, as
Livy informs us, 46 was generally employed at " a treaty."
A passage in Virgil 47 partially illustrates this coin :
" Post iidem inter se posito certamine reges 1
Armati, Jovis ante aras, paterasque tenentes
Stabant ; et ccesd jungebant fozdera pore "
45 Epist. ii. 1, 25. 46 Lib. i., ch. 24.
* jEn., viii. 639 611.
22 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
though the armati reges would better apply to the warriors
represented on the coins of the Veturia family (Cohen,
Med. Cons., pi. xli., No. 1), and on the gold coins usually,
but probably erroneously, given to Campania (Cohen, Med.
Cons., pi. xliv., Nos. 8, 9). The pig as an object of sacri-
fice, may likewise be met with on coins of the Sulpicia
family (Cohen, Med. Cons., pi. xxxviii., No. 1). On the
coins of the Vibia family, a pig is represented walking
before Ceres (Cohen, Med. Cons., pi. xli., Nos. 7, 8), to
which goddess these animals were sacrificed. Other ex-
amples may be found, both of the pig and boar, on coins,
but I hope shortly to call the attention of English numis-
matists to the nummus regius of Servius Tullius, published
in the Revue Numismatique for 1859, by the Duke de
Luynes, when I shall have more to say on this subject.
The archaic Qum for Cum is also remarkable.
23. Obv.C. CAESAR IIIVIR. R. P. C. Head of
Augustus, to the right, bare.
Rev. L. REGVLVS. IIIIVIR. A. P. F. tineas
carrying Anchises. (PL I., No. 11.)
Published by Cohen (Med. Cons., Liviueia, No. 10; Med.
Imp., No. 339; engraved, Med. Cons., Livineia, pi. xxv.,
No. 9).
To the L. Regulus mentioned on this coin I have already
alluded under M. Antony.
The reverse type of this coin bears reference to the
descent of the Julia gens from ./Eneas, who as father of
lulus or Ascanius 48 became the mythical ancestor of the
48 " At puer Ascanius, cui nunc cognomen liilo
Additur."
See Servius ad Virg. JEfo., i. 267, where an attempt has been
made to prove their identity.
ROMAX GOLD COINS. 23
race. A very rare silver coin of Julius Csesar restored by
Trajan, which is in the Musee Danois, also represents
^neas carrying Anchises (Cohen, Ned. Imp., No. 51).
Hence Ovid : 49
" Hinc videt ^Eneain oneratum pondere charo,
Et tot luleae nobilitatis avos."
21. Obv. IMP. CAESAR TR. POT. IIX. Head of
Augustus, to the right, laureated.
Rev. L. MESCINIVS. Augustus, seated on an estrade,
to the left, distributing prizes to two men stand-
ing beneath; in the exergue, AVG. SVP. P.
(Augustus sujftmenta populo [dedit]) ; on the
estrade, LVD. S. (Ludos sceculares [fecit]); ou
the ground, a basket. (PI. I., No. 12.) D.
Published by Cohen (Med. Cons., Mescinia, No. 6 ; Med.
Imp., No. 351 ; engraved, Med. Cons., pi. xxvii., Mescinia,
No. 7).
Mescinius Rufus was triumvir in B.C. 15. The first
celebration of the ludi sceculares in the reign of Augustus
took place in B.C. 17. They were usually celebrated
every 110 years, but Claudius within sixty-four years
afterwards assembled the people to games "that no-
body ever had seen or would ever see again " (quos nee
spectasset quisquam, nee spectaturus esset). 50 The letters
SVF. occur also upon a large brass coin of Domitian
(Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 305), and have in both cases been
interpreted " Suffimtnta " (incense's), and, in all probability,
correctly, for we learn from Zosimus 51 that " the quinde-
cemviri, previous to the games, seated on an estrade, dis-
tributed to the people [objects for] expiatory sacrifices
(/eafla'pcrta), and these consisted of torches, sulphur, and
bitumen (ravra St tan S^Stc KCU Otiov Kal aa
49 Fast., lib. v. 563.
50 Suet., Claud., 21. si Lib. ii.
24 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
* 25. Olv. Q. RVSTIVS FORTVNAE. Male head (?),
helmeted and beardless, and female head, with
diadem, facing each other.
Rev. CAESARI AVGVSTO. Victory, flying, ^ to
the left, and placing on a base a shield, on which
isS. 0. (PI. IL, No. 1.) D.
Published by Cohen (Med Cons., Rustia, No. 3 ; Med. Imp.,
No. 378 ; engraved, Med. Cons., pi. xxxvi., Rustia, No. 3).
Q. Rustius was monetary triumvir about B.C. 14. It is
a question if the helmeted head on the obverse of this coin
is a male one, especially as upon another coin of the Rustia
family (Med. Cons., pi. xxxvi., Rustia,, No. 2) there are
two female heads, very similar, and the legend FOR-
TVNAE ANTIAT. (Fortune Antiates). It is more than
probable that both the heads represent Fortune the one,
as M. Cohen suggests, " Fortune heureuse" and the other
' ' Fortune valeureuse" Antium was famous for its temple
of Fortune, alluded to by Horace 52 :
" diva gratum quse regis Antium"
This goddess was also much worshipped at Prseneste, and
the oracles known as the Sortes Prcsnestina were associated
with the worship of Fortune. A coin of the Plsetoria
family represents the bust of the divinity as a young man,
with the legend SORS, and another gives the frontal of
the temple of Prseneste (Cohen, Med. Cons., pi. xxxii.,
Plsetoria, Nos. 6, 7). From an inscription inGruter 53 we
learn that " Fortuna" was one of the "Dei Conservatores "
of the house of Augustus.
26. Olv. M. SANQVINIVS IIIVIR. Head of J.
to the right, laureated ; above, a comet.
52 Carm., lib. i. ode 35. 1. 1. 63 P. xviii., No. 3.
ROMAN GOLD COINS. 25
Rev. AVGVST. DIVI. F. LVDOS. SAE. Salian
priest, clothed in the stola, with a helmet orna-
mented with two feathers, holding a winged
caduceus and a round shield. (PI. II., No. 2.)
Published by Cohen ( Med. Imp., J. Caesar, No. 21 ; engraved,
pi. i.) The type exists in silver.
This coin was struck by the triumvir Sanquinius about
B.C. 14. The Salian priest alludes to the secular games
celebrated by Augustus, which I have already mentioned
above. (See No. 24.) Augustus was the first emperor who
had his name inserted in the songs of the Salii (Monu-
ment. Ancyr.} The comet over the head of J. Caesar com-
memorated, is explained by Suetonius 54 and Pliny, 55 who
state that, at the games at which Augustus was conse-
crated his heir, a stella crinita appeared and shone for
seven successive days, and that the people thought it was
the soul of Caesar received into heaven ; and for that cause
a star is added to his likeness on the top of the head (et
hac de causa simulacra ejus in vertice additur stella}. The
comet, as a reverse type, occurs on several of the coins of
Augustus (Cohen, Med. Cons., pi. xxiii., Julia, Nos.67 70).
A star also shone over the head of Augustus on the eve
of the battle of Actium, which was supposed to be that of
Julius.
" Hinc Augustus agens Italos in proelia Caesar
patriumque aperitur vertice sidus." 56
CAIUS CAESAR.
*27. Obv. CAESAR. Young head, to the right, bare
within a wreath of laurel.
54 In. Can., 88. N. H., ii. 23.
56 Virg., JEn. t viii. 678, 681.
VOL. V. N.S. E
26 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Rev. AVGVST. Large candelabrum within a wreath
composed of flowers, bucrania, and patera.
(PI. II., No. 3.) D.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 1.)
A similar type exists in silver. This coin was found at
Ambenay, and is of immense rarity. These coins were
formerly classed to Augustus, but have been restored to
Caius Csesar by M. Prosper Dupre.
M. AGRIPPA AND AUGUSTUS.
*28. Obv. M. AGRIPPA PLATORINVS IIIVIR.
Head of Agrippa, to the right, with the rostral
and mural crown.
Rev. CAESAR AVGVST VS. Head of Augustus,
to the right, laureated. (PL II., No. 4.) D.
Published by Cohen (Med. Cons., Vipsania, No. 6 ; Med. Imp.,
No. 2 ; engraved, Med. Cons., pi. xxxviii., Sulpicia, No. 8).
Sulpicius Platorinus is only known as monetary triumvir.
Mr. de Salis considers this coin to have been struck soon
after the death of Agrippa, in B.C. 12. The rostral crown
was given to Agrippa by Augustus for his defeat of Sex.
Pompeius in B.C. 36. History makes no mention of the
mural crown having been presented to him.
29. TIBERIUS. Rev. PONTIF. MAXIM. (Cohen, Med.
Imp., No. 1.)
30. CLAUDIUS. Rev. PRAETOR RECEPT. (Cohen, 76.,
No. 57.)
31. NERO. Rev. IVPPITER CVSTOS. (Cohen, II.,
No. 12.)
32. Kev. PONTIF. MAX. TR. P. VIII. COS.
IIII. P.P. EX. S.C. (Cohen, Ib, No. 49.)
33. Rev. SALVS. (Cohen, Ib., No. 61.)
34. OTHO. Rev. VICTORIA OTHONIS. (Cohen, Ib.,
No. 17 ; engraved, pi. xiv.) D.
ROMAN GOLD COINS. 27
35. VITELLIUS. Rev. CONSENSVS EXERCITVVM.
(Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 8, engraved, pi. xiv.)
36. Rev. PONT. MAXIM. (Cohen, 76.,
No. 28.) D.
37. VESPASIAN. Rev. ANNONA AVG. (Cohen, 76.,
No. 3 ; a very beautiful coin.) D.
38. Rev. IVDAEA. (Cohen, 76., No. 107.)
39. Rev. PACI AVGVSTI. (Cohen, 75.,
No. 131.)
40. Rev. VESTA. (Cohen, 76., No. 212.)
Obv. IMP. CAES. VESP. AVG. P.M. COS. IIII.
Head of Vespasian, to the right, laureated.
Rev. IMP. (in exergue). Vespasian in a quadriga, to
right, holding in left hand a sceptre.
A variety of Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 233), on the reverse of
which there is no legend.
*$42. Obv. IMP. CAESAE VESPASIANVS AVG. TR.
P. Head of Vespasian, to the right, laureated.
.Rev. VICTORIA AVGVST. Victory flying to
right, holding a shield with both hands over her
head.
43. TITUS. Rev. COS. V. (Cohen, Mid. Imp., No. 18.)
*$44. Obv. IMP. TITVS CAES. VESPASIAN. AVG.
P.M. Head of Titus, to the right, laureated.
Rev. TR. P. IX. IMP. XV. COS. VIII. P.P.
Crown placed on two curule chairs.
Published by Cohen (76., No. 99), from Caylut.
45. JULIA. Rev. DIVI TITI FILIA. (Cohen, 76.,
No. 3 ; engraved, pi. xvii.) D.
46. DOMITIAN. Eev. GERMANICVS COS. XV. (Cohen,
76., No. 60.)
47. Rev. PRINCEPS IVVENTVTIS. (Co-
hen, 76., No. 208.)
48,49. Rev. No legend. (Cohen, 76., No. 274;
two varieties, the obverse legend commencing on
different sides of the head.)
50. DOMITIA. Rev. CONCORDIA AVGVST. (Cohen,
76., No. 5.) D.
28 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
61. TRAJAN. Rev. PARTHICO P.M. TR. P. COS. VI.
P.P. S.P.Q.R. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 99.)
62. Rev. P.M. TR. P. COS. V. P.P. (Cohen,
Ib., No. 162.)
63. Rev. P.M. TR. P. COS. VI. P.P. S.P.Q.R.
(Cohen, Ib., No. 172.)
64. Rev. S.P.Q.R. OPTIMO PRINCIPI.
(Cohen, Ib., No. 275.)
**55. Obv. IMP. TRAIANO AVG. GER. DAC. P.M.
TR. P. COS. VI. P.P. Bust of Trajan, to the
right, laureated, with paludamentum and cuirass.
.ffet;. PROFECTIO AVG. (in exergue). Emperor
on horseback, to right, holding a long spear ;
an armed figure precedes him, and two follow.
(PI. II., No. 6.)
This coin commemorates the safe return of Trajan from
the Parthian war in A.D. 114. A gold coin, with the
legend PROFECTIO AVGVSTI, and the same type, ex-
cepting that three figures, instead of two, follow the
emperor, is published by Eckhel (Doct. Num. Vet., vol. iv.
p. 431), but is not recognised by Cohen. This latter coin,
however, is known in large brass (Cohen, Med. Imp.,
No. 367).
66. J. C-ESAR RESTORED BY TRAJAN. (Cohen, Med. Imp.,
No. 54: ; engraved, pi. i.) D.
67. MAROIANA. Rev. CONSECRATIO. (Cohen, Ib.,
No. 3 ; engraved, pi. iii.)
MATIDIA.
68. Obv. MATIDIA AVG. DIVAE MARCIANAE F.
Bust of Matidia, to the right, with diadem.
Rev. PIETAS AVGVST. Matidia, standing to left,
placing her hands on the heads of Sabina and
Matidia the younger. (PI II., No. 6.) D.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 6).
ROMAN GOLD COINS. 29
This same type occurs on the large and only brass coins
of this empress (Cohen, Med. Imp.,~No. 9j engraved, pi. iv.).
PLOTINA AND TRAJAN.
**59. Obv. PLOTINAE AVG. Bust of Plotina, to the
right, with diadem.
Rev. DIVO TRAIANO PATRI AVG. Bust of
Trajan, to the right, laureated, with paluda-
mentum and cuirass. (PI. II., No. 7.) D.
A variety of Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 1), the reverse legend
of which is given as DIVO TRAIANO PARTH. AVG.
PATRI.
HADRIAN.
**60. Obv. HADRIAN VS AVG. COS. III. P.P. Head
of Hadrian, to the right, bare.
^.ADVENT VI AVG. ITALIAE. The emperor,
standing to right, facing Italy, who holds a
patera and a cornu-copise; between them a lighted
altar.
A variety of Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 60), the obverse of
which gives the bust of the emperor with paludamentum and
cuirass.
*I>61. Obv. HADRIANVS AVG. COS. III. P.P. Bust of
Hadrian to the right, bare, with paludamenlum.
Itev. AEGYPTOS. Egypt reclining on the ground,
to left, holding a sistrum, and placing the left
arm on a basket ; before her, an ibis on a cippus.
(PL II., No. 8.)
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 74) from Caylus.
The type of this coin is peculiarly appropriate to the
country of Egypt. The ibis was the sacred bird, and the
sistrum was the instrument of all instruments, especially
holy and sacred to the Egyptian deity, Isis. Hence
Virgil 57 says
" Regina in mediis patrio vocat agmina sistro;"
57 uEn., viii. 696.
30 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
and Propertius,5s who, speaking of Cleopatra, sneers at its
rattling noise in comparison with the Koman tuba
" Romanamque tubam crepitanti pellere sistro"
*3>62. Obv. IMP. CAESAR. TRAIAN. HADRIANVS
AVG. Bust of Hadrian to the left, laureated,
with cuirass.
Rev. FEL. AVG (in field.) P.M. TR. P. COS. II.
Felicity standing to left, holding caduceus and
cornu-copise.
This is a variety from the specimen in the British Museum,
described by Cohen (Me A. Imp., No. 212), and on which the
head of the emperor is to the right.
* 63. Obv. HADRIANVS AVG. COS. III. P.P. Bust
of Hadrian, to the left, laureated, with paluda-
mentum.
Rev. NILVS. The Nile reclining on the ground to
the left, leaning on a sphinx, and holding a reed
and a cornu-copise ; beneath, a crocodile ; in
front, a hippopotamus. (PL II., No. 9.)
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 326).
The type of this coin, with the sphinx, the crocodile, and
the hippopotamus, is very appropriate.
The Egyptian sphinx differed from the Greek, inasmuch
as it is generally represented as an unwinged lion, crouch-
ing with the upper part of the body human, as also upon
this coin. (See the coin of Albinus described later,
No. 90.)
The crocodile, which has been identified with the Le-
viathan of Scripture, was a strict emblem of the Nile ;
and Pliny 69 says, that when the famous painter Nealces,
68 3, 9, 41. 59 N . H . xxxv. 11.
ROMAN GOLD COINS. 31
who flourished about B.C. 245, wished to represent this
river, he drew an ass's colt drinking on the shore, and a
crocodile lying in wait for it (asellum enim in litore bibentem
pinocit, et crocodilum insidiantem ei).
The hippopotamus, identified with the Behemoth of
Scripture, at one time frequented Lower Egypt, but is
now confined to Upper Ethiopia. 60
A long dissertation on ^the Nile, and the inquiry as to
who has discovered its sources, would here be out of place ;
but an interesting paper by our president, Mr. Vaux, " On
the Knowledge of the Ancients of the Sources of the Nile,"
may be consulted with advantage. 61
The same type, but without the legend, occurs on other
gold coins of Hadrian (Cohen, Med. Imp., Nos. 53 J, 532),
and the same with modifications, and with the legends
NILVS and S.C. on some of his brass coins (Nos. 984
994; 11241126).
64:. HADRIAN. Rev. COS. III. (Cohen, Med. Imp.,
No. 183.)
65. Rev. P.M. TR. P. COS. III. (Cohen,
Ib. No. 366.)
SABINA.
* 66. Obv. DIVA AVG. SABINA. Bust of Sabina, to
the right, veiled and crowned with ears of corn.
Rev. CONSECRATIO. - Sabina carried to heaven
on an eagle. (PI. II, No. 10.) D.
Published by Cohen (Mid. Imp., No. 13.)
* <D 67. Obv. SABINA AVGVSTA IMP. HADRIANI
AVG. P.P. Bust of Sabina, to the right.
Rev. No legend. Ceres seated to the left on a basket,
60 Wilkinson, Pop. Acct. of And. Egyptians, vol. i. p. 239.
61 Trans. Roy. Soc. of Literature, 2nd Ser., vol. viii. p. 35.
32 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
holding ears of corn and a torch. (PI. II.,
No. 11.) D.
Published by Cohen (Med. Cons., No. 34), from Wiczay. It
differs slightly in having the IMP., which does not occur on
any of the other gold or silver coins of this type.
68. JELius. Rev. PIETAS. TR. POT. COS. II.
(Cohen, Ned. Imp., No. 12.) D.
ANTONINUS Pius.
* <fr 69. Obv. IMP. CAES. T. AEL. HADR. ANTONINVS
AVG. PIVS. P.P. Head of Antoninus Pius to
the right, laureated.
Rev. PAX (in exergue). TR. POT. XIIII. COS. IIII.
Peace, standing to left, holding olive branch and
sceptre.
Published only in silver by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 206).
70. ANTONINUS Pius. Rev. LAETITIA. COS. IIII.
(Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 172.)
71. ANTONINUS Pius. Rev LIBER ALITAS. AVG.
III. (Cohen, 7ft., No. 176.)
72. Rev. TEMPORVM. FELICI-
TAS. COS. IIII. (Cohen, II., No. 248.)
73. 74. Rev. No legend. (Cohen, II.,
No. 368 ; two varieties, one with head of
Medusa on shield, and one without.) D.
FAUSTINA I.
* 75. Obv. FAVSTINA AVG. ANTONINI AVG. P.P.
Bust of Faustina to the left.
Rev. CONCORDIA AVG. Female figure seated to
left, holding patera, and leaning her left arm on
a statue of Hope ; beneath the chair a cornu-copise.
This coin is erroneously published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No.
62) as being the same as a coin in the French Cabinet (No. 60),
on which " Concord leans her arm on a cornu-copise, which
forms one of the arms of her chair ; " but he has corrected the
mistake in his general errata, vol. vi. p. 615.
ROMAN GOLD COINS. 33
* 76. Obv. Same legend. Bust of Faustina to the right.
Rev. IVNONI KEGINAE. Throne, on which are
placed a diadem and a sceptre, crosswise ; to the
left, a peacock; to the right, a basket of fruit.
(PL II., No. 12.)
Also published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 93), but incor-
rectly, for he gives the obverse legend as FAVSTINA
AVGVSTA.
M. Cohen has attached a note to the first of these two
coins, in which he observes, that numismatists have gene-
rally considered that all the coins of Faustina, with the
legends FAVSTINA AVG., and FAYSTINA AVG.
ANTONINI AVG. P.P., were struck during her life,
from A.D. 138 to A.D. 141, and that the rest, which have
the title of DIVA, of which we possess such numbers,
were struck after her death by Antoninus, who never ceased
to honour her memory and her early death three years
after her accession to the throne. But, from a study of
the coins a question has arisen, which M. Cohen has
thus treated : " How/' he says, " are we to explain the
types of the coins Nos. 65, 66, and 218 [read 217], which
commemorate the concord which existed between Faustina
and Antoninus, and on which we find the legend DIVA
FAVSTINA ? How also are we to account for the fact
that the type of the throne, with the sceptre and peacock,
occurs also with the legends AETERNITAS and AV-
GVSTA, which only belong to Faustina commemorated,
and at the same time with the legend IVNONI REGI-
N AE, where the obverse applies to Faustina while alive ? "
He concludes, therefore, that though there is no doubt
that the coins with the legend DIVA FAVSTINA were
struck after her death, yet, at the same time, others with-
out the epithet of consecration were also issued after her
decease, especially those on which is the type of the throne,
VOL. v. N.S. F
34 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
similar to the coins with the reverse legends AETEKNI-
TAS and AVGVSTA. Hence it is his opinion that it is
impossible to fix positively the date of any of the coins
of Faustina I.
In this case the coin above described with the legend
IVNONI REGINAE (No. 76), would be a consecration
piece.
77. FAUSTINA I. Rev. CONSECRATIO. (Cohen, Med.
Imp., No. 71.)
78. M. AURELIUS. Rev. OONCORDIAE AVGVSTOR.
TR. P. XVI. (Cohen, II., No. 23.)
79. Rev. CONSECRATIO. (Cohen, II.,
No. 38 ; a variety of this coin is in the
Museum.) D.
80. Rev. P.M. TR .P. XIX IMP. III.
COS. III. (Cohen, /&., No. 167.)
81. Rev. TR. P. XXIII. IMP. V. COS.
II. (Cohen, /., No. 301.)
82. Rev. VOTA. PUBLICA. (Cohen,
Ik, No. 355.)
83. LUCILLA. Rev. CONCORDIA. (Cohen, Ib., No. 1.)
D.
84. Kev. VENVS. (Cohen, II., No. 26.) D.
COMMODUS.
* 5. Olv. M. COMM. ANT. P. FEL. AVG. BRIT. P.P.
Head of Commodus to the right, laureated.
Rev. APOLLINI PALATINO. Apollo, dressed as
a woman, standing to the right, holding a
plectrum in his right hand, and placing a lyre
on a column. (PI. III., No. 1.)
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 10).
According to Suetonius 62 and Dion Cassius, 63 Augustus
62 In Aug. 29, 31. 63 xlix. 15.
ROMAN GOLD COINS. 35
built a temple to Apollo on the Palatine immediately after
the battle of Actium, and Horace 64 alludes to it, when he
states that Augustus built a library on the Palatine mount
near to the temple
" Scripta Palatinus qusecunque recepit Apollo"
It is not to be supposed that a man like Commodus
much reverenced the gods, inasmuch as he did everything
for his own pleasure rather than for religion's sake (ex libi-
dine potius quam religione), 65 and even built eating-houses
and brothels (popinas et ganeas)^ within the Palatine
temples themselves, among which was a temple to the god
represented on this coin. But Apollo, as well as Hercules,
was a favourite, for he is named also on the coins of
Commodus as APOL. MONET. The Palatine Apollo is
also commemorated on his silver coins, medallions, and
brass coins, and occurs on a medallion of Sept. Severus
(Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 461). The Palatine Apollo is
again said to exist on coins in the time of Gallienus, but
the coin is only quoted by Cohen from Tanini du Cabinet
d'Ennery (Med. Imp., No. 65). According to Ammianus
Marcellinus, 67 the temple was consumed by fire in the
reign of Julian the Apostate. At the same time as this
temple to Apollo was built on the Palatine, immediately
after the battle of Actium, the temple of Apollo at Actium
itself was repaired. This is commemorated on a silver
coin of Augustus, struck by his moneyer Antistius
Vetus (Cohen, Med. Cons., Antistia, No. 12; engraved,
pi. ii., Antistia, No. 5), and the word ACT. alone, with
64 Epist., lib. i. 3, 17. Lamprid, Comm. 16.
66 Lamprid, Comm. 11. 67 Lib. xxii.
36 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
the type of an Apollo, occurs on several of his imperial
coins (Cohen, Med. Imp., Nos. 143 159).
* 86. COMMODUS. Rev. CONG. COM. P.M. TR. P. XVI.
COS. VI. (Cohen, Mid. Imp., No. 14.) D.
* 87. Rev. P.M. TR. P. XVII. IMP. VIII.
COS. VII. P.P. (Cf. Cohen, /., No. 195 , :< a
variety, the hust heing to right, laureated, with
paludamentum and cuirass.)
* 88. Obv. CO MM. ANT. AVG. P. BRIT. Bust of Com-
modus, to the right, bare, with paludamentum and
AVG. (in exergue.} P.M. TR. P. X.
IMP. VII. COS. IIII. P.P. Commodus in
military dress on horseback, galloping to right,
directing his spear against a lion. (PI. III.,
No. 2.) D.
Published by Cohen (MM. fmp., No. 333).
Commodus was not content with killing wild beasts in
the public amphitheatre, but amused himself in the same
manner at home. 68 He was particularly adept at killing
lions, as represented on this coin, and on one occasion is
said to have killed, one after another, a hundred lions. 69
It was on this account that he named himself Hercules.
Caracalla wished also to be called "Hercules" when he
had killed lions and other beasts like Commodus. 70 The
same type occurs on the large brass of Commodus. The
festivities given by Sever us at the marriage of his son
Caracalla are represented by the coins with the legend
LAETITIA TEMPORVM, where may be seen several
animals in the circus (Cohen, Med. Imp., Severus, No. 154;
Caracalla, No. 78).
68 Dion Cass., Ixxii. 17. 69 Herodian, lib. i.
70 Spartian, in Carac., 5.
ROMAN GOLD COINS. 37
PERTINAX.
89. Obv IMP. CAES. P. HELV. PERTIN. AVG.
Bust of Pertinax to the right, with paludamentum
and cuirass.
Rev.VOT. DECEN. TR. P. COS. II. The Emperor,
veiled, standing to left before a tripod, holding a
patera, (PL III., No. 3.) D-
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 22).
ALBINUS.
90. Obv. D. CL. SEPT. ALBIN. CAES. Head of
Albinus, to the right, bare.
Rev. SAECVLO FRVGIFERO. Bearded divinity,
with the head covered with a tiara and veil,
seated on a throne to left, between two winged
sphinxes, standing, with the Phrygian cap (?)
on their heads; the divinity has the right
hand raised, and an open flower in the left. In
exergue, COS. II. (PI. III., No. 4.) D.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 41 ; engraved, pi. vi.)
The reverse of this coin, which presents more difficulty
than is usually to be met with on Roman coins, has been
described as above, by the late M. Ch.Lenormant, 71 whohas
written a very interesting and learned article upon this type.
He considers the word Seeculum a translation of the Greek
Aiwy, who is recognised as a divinity in several authors,
and that the divinity on this coin is the Phoenician ^Eon.
But how is a Phoenician deity to be accounted for on a
Roman coin? It appears that Albinus was born at
Hadrumetum, one of tbe chief cities of Africa Propria,
and the capital of Byzacena. Doubtless Phoenician
worship was hither brought from Carthage, which was
- 1 Rev. Num., 1842, p. 91.
6ti NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
not far distant, and Severus nattered Albinus by allowing
him to represent on his coins the divinity of his country.
Among other epithets the colony of Hadrumetum bore,
was also that of FrugiferaJ 2 " Is it not permitted to think,
then," says M. Lenormant, " that the surname did not
arise so much from the fertility of the territory of Hadru-
metum, but that the epithet related to the principal
divinity of the town ? And does it not remind one that,
according to Philo of Byblus, ^Eon first taught men to
rear fruits (ety>ctv &E TOV AtoTva rfjv airo TWV Sv/>a>i/
TpoQVv) ? "
The sphinxes with Phrygian caps, M. Lenormant
leaves unexplained, but gives an interesting note on the
various forms of sphinxes. For a thorough account of
this highly interesting and rare coin, the reader must
consult M. Lenormant's well-written paper. Sir G.
Wilkinson, 73 in speaking of head-dresses, says, " The
King, in religious ceremonies, put on a striped head-
dress, probably of linen, which descended in front over
the breast, and terminated behind in a sort of queue bound
with riband. This last is the one generally worn by
sphinxes, which were emblems of the king." Perhaps it
is this cap which is on the head of the sphinxes on this
coin.
The sphinx alone occurs on the coins of Augustus
(Cohen, Med. Imp., Nos. 249 251), who, as we learn
from Suetonius, 74 Pliny, 75 and Dion Cassius, 76 adopted it
as his seal before he made use of the head of Alexander
72 Gruter, p. 362.
73 Popular Account of Ancient Egyptians, vol. ii., p. 324.
74 In Aug. 50.
75 N. H. xxxvii. 1.
7 <j li. 3.
ROMAN GOLD COINS. 39
the Great. It may also be seen on the coin of Hadrian
(No. 63) above described, and is of frequent occurrence,
and naturally, on the Alexandrian coins.
SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS.
*#91. Obv. L. SEPT. SEV. PERT. AVG. IMP. III.
Head of Severus, to the right, laureated.
Rev. DIS. AVSPICIB. TR. P. II. COS. II. P.P.
Hercules and Bacchus, naked, standing to left.
Hercules holds a club and lion's skin, and
Bacchus a cup and thyrsus; between them a
panther. (PL III., So. 5.)
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp,, No. 74) from the Ancien
Cat. du Cabinet des MSdailles.
According to Dion Cassius, 77 Severus built a magnificent
temple to Bacchus and Hercules, and from this we may
suppose that he considered these gods his "auspices."
The same legend and type occur on the brass coins of
Severus (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 501), and the same type
with the legend DI PATRII on some others of his brass
coins (No. 500). This latter legend, with same type,
may be found on a gold coin of Caracalla (No. 34), and
on a second brass coin of Geta (No. 131).
92. SEPT. SEVERUS. Rev. CONSECRATIO. (Cohen, Med.
Imp., No. 53.)
93. Rev. LEG.XIIII.GEM.M.V.TR.P.
COS. (Cohen. Ib., No. 172 ; engraved, pi. vii.)
* 94. Rev. P.M. TR. P. XIIII. COS. III.
P.P. (Cohen, lb., No. 299.)
95. Rev. P.M. TR. P. XV. COS. III.
P.P. (Cohen, Ib., No. 301.)
* 96. Rev. VICT. AVGG. COS. II. P.P.
(Cohen, Ib., No. 399.)
77 Ixxvi. 16.
40 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
*$97. Obv. SEVER VS PIVS AVG. BRIT. Head of
Severus to the right, laureated.
Rev. VICTORIAS BRIT. Victory running to the
left, holding wreath and palm. (PI. III., No. 6.)
This coin was struck in A.D. 210, to commemorate the
journey of Severus to Britain, and victories over the
British. Spartian 78 says that the Emperor adopted the
title of Britannlcus on account of the wall he built, but as
Dion Cassius says nothing about this wall, and as Spar-
tian in another place 79 informs us that Hadrian first built
a wall in Britain a fact again omitted by Dion the cir-
cumstance may well be doubted. Severus did not long
enjoy his envied honour, for he died at York, in the
February of A.D. 211.
98. SEPT. SEVERUS, DOMNA, j ^_ PELICITAS SAE .
CARAOALLA AND GETA. j
CVLI. (Cohen, lied. Imp., No. 4; engraved,
pi. vii.) D.
SEPT. SEVERUS AND GETA.
* 99. Obv. L. SEPT. SEV. PERT. AVG. IMP. VIIII.
Bust of Severus, to the right, lanreated, with
paludamentum and cuirass.
Rev. IMPERII FELICITAS. Busts facing each other
of Severus and Geta, both with paludamentum
and cuirass; the bust of former laureated, of
latter bare. (PL III., No. 7.) D.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 1).
100. J. DOMNA. Rev. VENERI GENETRICI. (Cohen,
Ib., No. 95.) D.
101. Rev. VENERI VICTR. (Cohen, Ib.,
No. 102.)
102. DoMN4, CARAOALLA AND GETA. Rev. AETERNIT.
IMPERI. (Cohen, Ib., No. 1, engraved, pi. ix.)
78 In Sever. 18. 79 i n tfadr. 11.
ROMAN GOLD COINS. 41
103. CARACALLA. Rev. MINER. VICTRIX. (Cohen,
Mtd. Imp., No. 104.) D.
104. Rev. P.M. TR. P. XVIII. COS. IIII.
P.P. (Cohen, &>., No. 177.)
Olv. ANTONINVS AVGVSTVS. Bust of Cars -
calla, to the right, laureated, with paludamen-
tum and cuirass.
Rev. P. MAX. TR. P. III. Rome, helmeted/seated
on a shield to left, holding a Victory and spear.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 123) from Wiczay.
The P. MAX., as is observed by Eckhel, should be
interpreted "Parthicus Maximus/' and not "Pontifex
Maximus," as Caracalla did not attain the dignity of
high-priest till after his father's death, and this coin is
dated A.D. 200. He received the title of " Parthicus "
after the expedition he made with his father against
the Parthians.
**106. Obv. ANTONINVS PIVS AVG. Head of Cara-
calla, to the right, laureated.
Rev. VOTA SOLVT. DEC. COS. III. Caracalla,
veiled, standing to right, before a tripod; op-
posite, a man raising a hatchet and about to
strike an ox ; behind the tripod, a flute-player.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 374) as autrefois, Cabinet
det Medailles.
CARACALLA AND PLAUTILLA.
*107. Obv. ANTONINVS AVGVSTVS. Young bust of
Caracalla, to the right, laureated, with paluda-
mentum and cuirass.
Rev. PLAVTILLAE AVGVSTAE. Bust of Plau-
tffla, to the right. (PI. III., No. 8.)
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 2).
VOL. V. N.S. G
42 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
CARACALLA AND GETA.
*108. Obv. ANTONINVS PIVS AVG.PON.TR.P.ini.
Young bust of Caracalla, to the right, laureated,
with paludamentum and cuirass.
Rev. P. SEPT. GETA CAES. PONT. Young bust
of Geta, to the right, bare, with paludamentum
and cuirass. (PL III., No. 9.) D.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 6).
PLAUTILLA.
109. Obv. PLAVTILLA AVGVSTA. Bust of Plautilla,
to the right.
Rev. CONCORDIA AVGG. Concord, seated to the
left, holding patera and double cornu-copise.
(PI. III., No. 10.) D.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 3) ; a very beautiful coin.
*110. Obv. PLAVTILLAE AVGVSTAE. Bust of Plau-
tilla, to the right.
#ev. CONCORDIAE AETERNAE. Plautilla,
standing to right, giving her hand to Caracalla,
who stands facing her. (PI. III., No. 11.) D.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 7 ; engraved, pi. xii.).
These last two coins were struck on the marriage
of Caracalla and Plautilla, and the last one especially
relates to this event, which took place in A.D. 202. The
festivities and fetes which ensued on this occasion, and to
celebrate the decennalia, are recorded by Dion Cassius, 80
and I have already in a former paper described them more
fully. 81 Two coins of Caracalla more especially relate to
this event, one, which is at Vienna, with the legend
PROPAGO IMPERI (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 297), and
80 Ixxvi. 1.
1 Num. Chron., N.S., vol. i. p. 101.
ROMAN GOLD COINS. 43
the other, which is in the British Museum, with the legend
CONCORDIA FELIX (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 15).
The word CONCORDIA is here quite out of place, for
from the first Caracalla detested Plautilla, and even after
marriage refused to recognise her as his wife, treating her
shamefully after Severus's death, and eventually ordering
her to be killed, after he had murdered his brother Geta.
Yet even Plautilla has not escaped without onus, for she
is termed by Dion Cassius 82 " a most impudent woman/'
(ywaiK\ avatSfffrarrj). As regards the frequent occurrence
of the word concordia on the coins of Caracalla, Plautilla,
and Geta, the words of Dion Cassius may perhaps furnish
the reason for its adoption. He says, 83 that it was decreed
by the Senate that Caracalla should sacrifice to the
immortal gods for the peace of each, and especially to
the goddess Concord herself. An interesting large brass
coin of both Caracalla and Geta, with the legend CON-
CORDIAE AVGG, represents them shaking hands, the
former being crowned by Hercules, the latter by Bacchus
(not Apollo, as Cohen, Med. Imp., Nos. 392, 128), thus
corroborating the fact (already alluded to) that mag-
nificent temples were erected to these deities by Severus.
GETA.
*<lll. Obv. P. SEPTIMIVS GETA CAES. Bust of Geta,
to the right, bare, with paludamentum and
cuirass.
Rev. VICTORIAE AVGG. Victory in biga, to the
right. (PI. III., No. 12.)
*112. GETA. J2ev.-PONTIF.COS.il. (Cohen, Med. Imp.,
No. 55.) D.
113. MACRINUS. Rev. VOTA PVBL. P.M. TR. P.
(Cohen, II., No. 66.) D.
82 Ixxvi. 3. g3 Ixxvii. 1.
44 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
DIADUMENIAN.
114. Obv.M. OPEL. ANT. DIADVMENIAN. CAES.
Bust of Diadumenian, bare, to the right, with
paludamentum.
Rev. PRINC. IVVENTVTIS. Diadumenian, stand-
ing facing, looking to the right, holding a
standard and a aceptre; to the right, two
standards. (PI. IV., No. 1.) D.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 2).
This young prince, who was killed with his infamous
father, Macrinus, at the early age of nine years, is always
called Diadumenianus on coins and inscriptions, as also
by the Greek historians Dion Cassius and Herodian, but
Lampridius 84 calls him Diadumenus, and gives two reasons
for the cause of the adoption of this name. One, on
account of the diadem round his head, with which he was
born, and which was fixed on so firmly, that it could not be
torn off; the other, that he derived the name from his
maternal grandfather. The first reason is of course absurd,
though it really appears that he was born with a caul ; and
the latter is as good a one as can be found. 86 Mionnet 86
says that on a colonial coin the name Diadumenus is
given instead of Diadumenianus. But what colonial coin ?
All the Roman coins of this young prince have only the
title of C&sar, although the Augustan writer, Capito-
linus, 87 was doubtful whether he was ever Augustus, as
84 In Diad. 4.
86 A magnificent statue by the famous sculptor, Polycleites,
representing a youth binding his head with a fillet, was called
6 Smdov/zevoe, and is mentioned and valued at a hundred talents
by Pliny, "diadumenum molliter j'uvenem, centum talentis nobili-
tatum." (Plin., N.H. xxxiv., ch. 8.)
86 Med. Rom., vol. i., p. 341.
87 In Macr. 10.
ROMAN GOLD COINS. 45
indeed, he is called by Lampridius, 88 Patri Augusta Filius
Augustus. Dion in several places calls him a'uTofcpartop
(Imperator), and on many of the Greek Imperial coins,
notably those of Antioch, he is styled AVT. K., and on
the authority of Pellerin, Vaillant, and Eckhel, some have
even the word CGB.
JULIA M^ESA.
115. Olv. IVLIA MAESA AVG. Bust of Msesa, to the
right.
Rev. IVNO. Juno, veiled, standing to left, holding
a patera and a sceptre. (PI. IV., No. 2.)
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 6).
ALEXANDER SEVERUS.
* 116. Obv. IMP. ALEXANDER PIVS AVG. Bust of
Alex. Severus, to the right, laureated, with
paludamentum and cuirass.
Rev. LIBERALITAS AVG. V. Liberality, stand-
ing to the left, holding a tessera and a cornu-
copise. (PI. IV., No. 3.) D.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 56).
This highly interesting and rare coin was struck in A.D.
233, after the defeat of Artaxerxes, the Parthian com-
mander, on the plains beyond the Euphrates. According
to Lampridius, 89 Alexander Severus held a concio imme-
diately after receiving the congratulations of the Senate,
and addressed the people as follows : " Quirites, vicimus
Persas, milites divites reduximus, vobis congiarium polli-
cemur, eras ludos circenses Persicos dabimus." He even
gave them another congiarium a few days after. It is
recorded by the same author 90 that this emperor gave a
88 In Diad. 8. 89 In Alex. Sev. 57.
90 In Alex. Sev. 26.
46 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
congiarium to the people three times, and gifts to the
soldiers three times; but the coins only inform us of "five
Liberalities." Coins of Liberalitas V. are more rare than
any of the other four. A specimen in silver is in the
Musee de Vienne (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 58), and there
are two different types of this Liberality in large brass
(Cohen, Med. Imp., Nos. 288, 289). The silver specimen
of this type omits on the obverse the name Pius, which
commences on the coins of the 10th Tribunitian Power
in A.D. 231. It also has on the reverse AVGG, instead of
AVG. It is of barbarous work, which will account for
these mistakes. Alexander took the title of Pius after
the other members of the Severus family, especially as he
was adopted by Elagabalus, and was even talked about as
the reputed son of Caracalla. He far more deserved the
title of Pius than any of his family, for he not only was
a good sovereign and much beloved by the people, but he
was continually inculcating the grand Christian truth
" Do unto others as you would they should do unto you."
(Quod tibi fieri non vis, alteri ne feceris] . 91
117. ALEX. SEVERUS. Rev. P.M. TR. P. VI. COS. II.
P.P. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 134.)
SALLUSTIA BARBIA ORBIANA.
* 118. Obv. SALL. BARBIA ORBIANA AVG. Bust of
Orbiana, to the right.
.R W ._CONCORDIA AVGVSTORVM. Concord,
seated to the left, holding & patera and a double
cornu-copiae. (PI. IV., No. 4.) D.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 3).
For a long time this empress was classed as the wife of
91 Lamprid. In Alex. Sev. 61.
ROMAN GOLD COINS. 47
Decius, as there is no mention of her in history, at least
by name, though Lampridius 92 speaks of the wife of Alex-
ander Severus as a pattern for the Roman matrons, and
may allude to Orbiana, although in a previous passage 93
he gives the name of his wife as Memmia Sulpitii Filia,
and in a later, 94 he says that he was married to a daughter
of a certain Martianus, who being detected attempting
his life, was put to death, and his daughter like-
wise; of neither of these (if indeed they are separate
persons) are there any coins. Large medallions of Alex-
ander and Orbiana now prove whose wife she was.
The quinarius with two heads, published by Khell, and
the one said to exist in the museum of Cardinal Buon-
compagni, 96 are works of Becker. On comparing the
Alexandrian coin of Orbiana, with the date L. 6, with a
coin of the same year and type of Alexander, it is certain
that she was married in the fifth year of his reign. A silver
coin, published by Cohen, from D'Ennery (Med. Imp.,
No. 5), has the legend PROPAGO IMPERI, with type
similar to the coin of Caracalla, to which I have already
alluded ; Alexander and Orbiana shaking hands also
occur on the large brass of Orbiana (Cohen, Med. Imp.,
No. 12, engraved, pi. ii.). Whether Orbiana had any
children is unknown, though there is a medallion with the
legend FECVNDITAS TEMPQRVM, and with the type,
the empress, seated, presented with a cornu-copia3, by
Fecundity, on her knees, the latter at the same time
holding two children (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 9, engraved,
pi. ii.).
92 In Alex. Sev. 41.
93 In Alex. Sev. 20.
M In Alex. Sev. 49.
95 Eckhel, Doct. Num. Vet., vol. vii. p. 235.
48 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
URANIUS ANTONINUS.
*119. Obv. L. IVL. AVR. SVLP. VRA. ANTONINVS.
Bust of Uranius Antoninus, to the right, lau-
reated, with paludamentum and cuirass.
Rev. CONSEPVATOP (sic} AVG. A conical sacred
stone enveloped in a shawl, the ends of which
are fastened in front with a brooch (?) and
hang down ; on either side a parasol. (PI. IV.,
No. 5.) D.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 1 ; engraved, pi. iii.).
The description of the reverse is given by Cohen as
follows ; " Pierre conique entouree de draperies ; en
dessous, un objet, qui parait etre la representation des
parties sexuelles exterieures de la femme ; de chaque cote,
un parasol." It is sufficient to say that I prefer my own
description.
This rare and highly interesting coin has been illus-
trated (like that of Albinus above described) by the late
M. Ch. Lenormant, in the Revue Numismaiique for 1843,
p. 255, in which he has given a good account of this
usurper. It appears that, according to Zosimus, 96 two
usurpers took up arms in the East against Alexander
Severus, one named Antoninus, the other Uranius ; whilst
Aurelius Victor 97 states, that a certain Taurinus having
been proclaimed Augustus, was so horrified that he threw
himself into the Euphrates. There is not much diffi-
culty in identifying the Uranius of Zosimus with the
Taurinus of Victor, and as the coin above also gives us
the name of Antoninus, it is sufficiently evident that
Zosimus has made two persons out of one usurper.
Two other coins, struck at Emesa, seem to indicate that
96 i. 12. 97 Epit. xl.
ROMAN GOLD COINS. 49
it was at this city Uranius first established his authority ;
a third which has been recently acquired for the British
Museum was struck at Antioch, and has the usual eagle
on the reverse. All these coins have on the obverse the
legend AVTOK. COYAII. ANTODNINOC CB. For
the discussion which arises from the date on the large
brass coin of Emesa, see M . Lenormant's paper. Suffice
it to say that Haym has considered this dated coin to
refer to a usurper in the time of Valerian, whose name is
given by Zosimus 98 as Antoninus, which is quite out of
the question, and Eckhel has wished to restore them to
Elagabalus, which would gire to this Emperor prcenomina
that he never possessed. The identification of the Sul-
picius Antoninus of the Greek Imperial coins with the
Sulpicius Uranius Antoninus of the Latin, may be con-
sidered as established.
In the curious object on the reverse of this coin, we
must recognise a representation of the god " Elagabal,"
like that on the coins of Emesa, on which also may be
seen parasols similar to those on this aureus ; and a denarius
of Elagabalus, with the legend SANCT. DEO SOLI
ELAGABAL., represents the car in which this emperor
carried the god of Emesa to the new temple at Rome
(Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 127). To follow the argument
of M. Lenormant through his ingenious paper, would take
up too much space, and I must therefore refer my readers
to his remarks for further information.
In conclusion, I may add, that the only other Latin
coin, also of gold, of Uranius Antoninus, is also in the
British Museum. There was a specimen of this type in
the Cabinet de Medailles, but it was stolen in 1831, and
93 i. 38.
VOL. V. N S. H
50
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
was never recovered. The piece in the Museum was, a
short time ago, sent from the East to Paris, when, falling
nto the hands of Mr. Curt, it passed into those of Mr. de
Salis, and came, with the rest of his valuable collection,
to the British Museum. On account of its great rarity
and interest, it may not be out of place to give here an
engraving and description.
Olv. L. IVL. AVR. SVLP. VRA. ANTONINVS.
Bust of Uranius Antouinus, to the right, lau-
reated, with paludamentum and cuirass.
Rev. FECVNDITAS AVG. Fecundity (with the
attributes of Fortune), standing to the left,
holding a rudder and a cornu-copise.
Published by Cohen (Mtd. Imp., No. 2 ; engraved, pi. iii.).
It will be seen that the obverse legend of these coins is
identical ; and it may be remarked, that their fabric (espe-
cially of the former one) is peculiarly similar to that of
the coins of Elagabalus and Alexander Severus, struck in
Syria.
Eckhel, who never saw this latter coin, doubted it on
account of the reverse legend not agreeing with the type ;
but, as M. Lenormant has suggested, the value of Latin
words could not have been well understood in the town in
which this piece was struck.
120. MAXIMINUS!. Rev PAX AVGVSTI. (Cohen, MM.
Imp., No. 13.) D.
121. PHILIP I. Rev. LIBERALITAS AVGG. II. (Co-
hen, Ib., No. 37.) D.
ROMAN GOLD COINS. 51
OTACILIA.
* 122. Obv. MARCIA OTACIL. SEVERA. AVG. Bus
of Otacilia, to the right, with diadem.
Rev. PIETAS AVG. Piety, standing to the left,
raising the right hand, and holding a box of
perfumes. (PI. IV., No. 6.) D.
Published by Cohen (MM. Imp,, No. 14).
This empress is only known from coins and inscriptions-
She was the mother of Philip II., who was killed with his
father in A.D. 249; and Zosioms" relates, that a wife of
Philip I. had a daughter who was married to one Severia-
nus. She is supposed to have turned Christian ; and a
letter addressed to her by Origen is even mentioned by
Eusebius. 100
PHILIP II.
*123. Obv. M. IVL. PHILIPPVS CAES. Bust of
Philip II., to the right, bare, with paluda-
mentum.
Rev. PRINCIPI IVVENT. Philip II. in military
dress, standing to the right, holding a globe
and a spear. (PI. IV., No. 7.) D.
Published by Cohen (Ned. Imp., No. 31 ; engraved, pi. x.).
ETRUSCILLA;
124. Obv. HER. ETRVSCILLA AVG. Bust of Etros-
cilla, to the right, with diadem.
Jfev. PVDICITIA AVG. Female figure seated to
the left, raising her veil and holding a sceptre.
(PL IV., No. 8.) D.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 11).
This empress, the wife of Trajanus Decius, is also only
known from coins, and from one inscription given by
99 i. 19. 10 H. E. vi. 36.
52 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Muratori and Maffei, which was found at Carseoli. Besides
the names of Herennia and Etruscilla, she bore those of
Annia and Cupressenia, the former given by Pellerin, as
existing on a coin of Tarsus, and the latter on the Alexan-
drian coins (GP. KOYn. AITPOYCKIAAA C6B. Pel-
lerin, Rec. III. p. xix.), and on the inscription above
referred to.
125. TREE. GALLUS. Rev. FELIOITAS PVBLICA.
(Cohen, Med. Im.p., No. 21.) D.
* 126. VOLUSIAN. Rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS. (II.,
No. 58.) D.
*127. Obv. IMP. AEMILIANVS PIVS FEL. AVG.
Bust of yEmilian, to the right, radiated.
Rev. ERCVL. (sic) VICTORI. Hercules, naked,
standing to the right, leaning on his club,
holding a bow, and a lion's skin suspended
over his left arm. (PI. IV., No. 9.) D.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 7).
The other names of this emperor are Caius, Marcus, and
Mmilius, the two last of which occur on a silver coin
(Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 18). His reign was not of long
duration, and Eutropius sums up his life with the words,
" obscurissime natus, obscurius imperavit."
Another ^Emilian, who is said to have taken the name of
Alexander or Alexandrinus, 101 was one of the thirty tyrants
who assumed the purple in Egypt under Gallienus. Mr. de
Salis has assigned to him an Alexandrian coin, with the
legend AOMITIANOS CeB, and the date L. B. (Cohen,
Med. Imp., vol. v. p. 10), which differs considerably in fabric
101 Treb. Poll, XXX. Tyr. 22 ; cf. in Gall 4.
ROMAN GOLD COINS. 53
from coins with a similar legend, and which evidently
belong to a later Domitian, who, on his Latin coins, is
called Domitius Domitian (Cohen, Med. Imp., vol. v. p. 549).
It is curious, too, and somewhat corroborative of the
former attribution, that a Domitian conquered Macrianus
and his son. 102
*128. VALERIAN I. Rev. FIDES MILITVM. (Cohen,
Med. Imp., No. '44.) D.
129. MARINIANA. Rev. CONSECRATIO. (Cohen, II.,
No. 1.)
GALLIENUS.
* 130. Olv. GALLIENVS AVG. Head of Galliemis, to
the right, covered with the skin of the head of
a lion.
Rev. FIDES MILITVM. Faith, standing to the left,
holding two standards. (PI. IV., No. 10.) D.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 155).
This coin has been published by M. de Witte, in the
Revue Numismatique for 1845, p. 268, and engraved
pi. xiii. The attributes of Hercules, as M. de Witte ob-
serves, were without doubt assumed from Postumus, of
whom coins exist with the same reverse legend and type.
It is certainly remarkable to find the fidelity of the soldiers
recorded by Gallienus, when it is well known that at no
time were the military so defective in fealty. On the
contrary, we know^that Postumus 103 was elected by accla-
mation of the soldiers. M. de Witte has suggested that this
coin was struck when Victorinus, in A.D. 265, deserted to
Postumus, and when Gallienus became afraid that the
example of Victorinus and his legions might be followed
by the whole army.
102 Treb. Poll., XXX. Tyr. 13.
103 Treb. Poll., in Gall. 4; in Post.
54 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
The obverse type of this coin again occurs on a large
brass medallion of Gallienus (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 719)>
with, on the reverse, the legend MONETA AVG., and the
type, the three Monetce standing with their attributes. As
Tristan has observed, 104 Gallienus might compare himself
with Hercules, who went through every country freeing
them from monsters and robbers, as the exterminators of
the tyrants who arose against his authority.
The valour of Gallienus, when he was called upon to
exert himself, has never been questioned, and numerous
coins, with the legend VIE/TVS AVG., represent him
under the form of Mars.
131. O^.-GALLIENAE AVGVSTAE. Head of Gal-
lienus, to the left, crowned with reeds.
jfi^. VBIQVE PAX. Victory in a liga, to the
right, holding a whip. (PL IV., No. 11.) D.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 545 ; engraved, pi. xvii.)
The explanation of this rare and interesting coin has
long been a qucsstio vexata to Numismatists. Eckhel in-
deed, himself, after lengthy discussion of it, finishes with
the opinion of Barthelemy, that these coins are ' c I'ornement
d'un cabinet et le desespoir des antiquaires." Two opinions
have, however, been advanced, which merit attention. The
first, that of Vaillant, who supposes that they were struck
in the rebellious provinces to show up the effeminacy of
Gallienus ; and the second, that of Eckhel, who suggests
that Gallienus may have thought fit to assume the attri-
butes of Ceres, as Nero assumed those of Apollo, and Corn-
modus those of Hercules. As an addendum to Vaillant,
the late M. Ch. Lenormant, in the Tresor de Numisma-
tique et de Glyptique, recognising their ironical nature,
104 Comment. Hist., iii. p. 71.
ROMAN GOLD COINS. 55
imagined that they were struck by Postumus in ridicule
of Gallienus.
There is not the slightest doubt that these coins are
ironical. 105 Even the reverse legend of " Universal Peace "
at a time when the Roman state was never so harassed
by usurpers, is an additional proof of the fact. There is
also a remarkable passage in Trebellius Pollio, 106 in which
he states that Celsus was invested with the imperial dignity
by a certain woman of the name of Galliena (per quandam
mulierem, Gallienam nomine] , the cousin of Gallienus (con-
sobrinam Gallieni]. Here, also, may be a covert allusion
to the effeminate emperor, though Goltzius has published
a coin, which is certainly spurious, supposed to belong to
the Licinia Galliena of this passage.
The crown, also, on the head of Gallienus, is not without
interest, and has been generally and erroneously described
as " a crown composed of ears of corn," though, by Har-
douin and Tanini, as " a crown of grass." Pellerin, indeed,
whose manuscript catalogue (as M. Cohen informs us) is
preserved in the Cabinet des Medailles, calls it, and with
justice, corona arundinea (a crown of reeds). M. Cha-
bouillet, the keeper of the Cabinet des Medailles, has sug-
gested, that, in the same manner as the Jews offered to
105 A second brass coin of Faustina junior (Cohen, Med. Imp.,
No. 226) has also been supposed by- antiquaries to be satirical.
It represents Faustina, as Venus, trying to hold Mars, who is
naked, and Faustina's love for gladiators being well known, it
is thought that here is represented Faustina holding back the
gladiator Narcissus. From the fact, however, that this coin
bears the mark of the authority of the Senate (S. C.), 1 .cannot
but agree with the opinion of M. Cohen, who, whilst recognising
the figure of Faustina, thinks " that the moneyer wished to offer
homage to this princess, in borrowing, from mythology, the
names of Mars and Venus, and, from sculpture, the attributes in
which the ancients always represented these two divinities."
106 In Cels.
56 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
our Lord a reed for a sceptre in derision, so those who
wished to ridicule Gallienus crowned him with reeds
instead of with laurels.
The same crown occurs on other coins of Gallienus, and
M. Cohen (Med. Imp., vol. iv. p. 417) is of opinion that
they offer a gradation of satire, at first slight, and at last
assuming an aspect of contempt, that could not easily
escape general observation. He places the coins as
follows :
1. P.M. TR. P. VII. (Mid. Imp., No. 446.)
2. VICTORIA AVG. ( No. 596.)
3. FIDES MIL. ( No. 148.)
4. VBIQVE PAX. ( Nos. 547, 548, 549.)
These four with the simple crown of reeds. 107
5. VICTORIA AVGVSTI (MM. Imp., No. 616,) and
6. VBIQVE PAX. ( Nos. 545, 546.)
These two with the crown of reeds and the name
GALLIENAE AVGVSTAE.
* 132. Olv. GALLIENVS P.F. AVG. Bust of Gallienus,
to the right, radiated.
Kev.VOT. X. ET XX., within a crown of laurel.
(PI. IV., No. 12.)
Published by Cohen (MM. Imp., No. 711).
133. GALLIENCS. Rev. VIRTVS AVG. (Cohen, Med.
Imp., No. 648.)
*134. Rev. MONETA AVG. (Cohen, Ib.,
No. 6 ; large medallion.)
135. SALONINA. Rev. VENVS GENETRIX. (Cohen,
Ib., No. 80.)
FREDERIC W. MADDEN.
(To be continued.)
107 There is also a large brass medallion of Galiienus in the
collection of M. Dupre (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 724) on which
the crown of reeds also occurs, with the legend on the reverse
MONETA AVG., and the three monetes standing. Cohen
explains it by comparing the bankruptcy of the state with the
type of the three monetce who personified the public credit.
. II.
ON A HOARD OF GOLD ORNAMENTS AND SILVER
COINS FOUND IN BUTE.
[Read before the Numismatic Society, Dec. 15, 1864.]
IN the third volume of the new series of the Numismatic
Chronicle, there is a short notice by Mr. George Sim of
some gold ornaments and silver coins which had been
discovered in the island of Bute, on the 7th of June,
1863 ; and he there expressed a hope that I would furnish
a more particular^description of them. Illness, however,
and other causes, prevented me from carrying out his
wish long ago. The objects found had come, by the law
of treasure trove, into the possession of her Majesty's
Exchequer in Scotland ; and it was through the kind
intervention of Mr. Sim that I obtained a cursory in-
spection of the gold ornaments, and a more careful
examination of the coins. They are all now deposited
in the Museum of Antiquities in Edinburgh ; and Mr.
McCulloch, the curator, has kindly furnished me with
more particular information about the ornaments than I
could obtain during the slight examination I was able to
make of them.
They consist of 1. A plain gold penannular ring,
without any ornament, thickest in the middle, and
tapering gradually towards each end. It weighs 190
grains.
VOL. v. N.S. i
58 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
2. A gold ring, weighing 202 grains, composed of two
strands twisted together, thickest in the middle, and
having the (smaller) ends welded together so as to form a
disk, as if for a signet ring. The resemblance is probably
accidental, for the workmanship is of a very rude de-
scription.
3. A band or fillet of gold, 17 inches long, and about
3-16ths of an inch in width, with a hole at each end,
apparently for the purpose of fastening it to the person
or dress. It is ornamented to the extent of 2| inches at
each end, with a zig-zag, or Vandyke pattern, of the
simplest kind, with a pellet in each angle ; and it has a
beaded line, running throughout the whole length, on
both edges. It weighs 55 grains, and is, of course, very
thin and flexible.
4. A similar band, 13 inches long, and 43 grains in
weight, with the same kind of ornamentation extending
for 3j inches at each end.
5. Another band, broken, 9^ inches long, and 5-16ths
of an inch broad, weighing 50 grains. In this case it is
ornamented with two zig-zag dotted lines, forming a row
of diamond-shaped figures.
There was also (6) a small bar of silver, If inches
long, and weighing 228 grains.
The coins found with the above, though few in number,
possess more than ordinary interest to those who study
the early coinage of Scotland. There are in all only 27,
four of which are in fragments ; but in this comparatively
small parcel there occur coins of David I. of Scotland,
and of his contemporaries, Henry I. and Stephen of
England one which I am altogether unable to appro-
priate, and another of doubtful attribution. Several of
the coins of David are of a type which is unpublished as
GOLD ORNAMENTS AND SILVER COINS. 59
belonging to him, though identical with a type which is
common in the coins of Stephen, and indeed is the one
on those of Henry and Stephen found in this hoard.
There is an indication, also, of a new place of mintage,
hitherto unknown in the whole range of the coinage of
Scotland; but, unfortunately, from the imperfection of
the legend, we can at present only conjecture what place
was intended. I will, however, before entering on these
points, which are matters for discussion, give as accurate
a catalogue as I can of the coins themselves.
1. Obv. nENRlCVS.-.J Crowned head with sceptre to
the right.
Rev. Legend illegible. "Cross moline, pierced at the
end ; the terminations meet and form a tressure
fleury internally." See Ruding, Sup. Part II.
pi. ii. fig. 8, and Hawkins, pi. xx. fig. 259.
Plate V. Fig. 1.
2. Obv. IEFHE REX. Crowned head with sceptre
to the right.
Rev. R LD : ON u^rJ) [HARD]. Type
as the last. Ruding, pi. i. fig. 17; Hawkins, pi.
xxi. fig. 270.
3. Obv. ^TIFENE. As No. 2.
Rev.fc CAAPINE : ON - AS - As No. 2.
4. Obv. hSTIEFNE - As No. 2.
Rev.* RODBERT .ON As No. 2. Plate
V. Fig. 2.
5. Obv. -RVNO +
Rev. Legend illegible. Cross fleury, a pellet in each
angle. Plate V. Fig. 3.
6. Obv. Barbarous legend.
Rev. S/vD . Cross fleury, with stalked pellets
in the angles. See Num. Chron., Vol. xii.,
p. 181, fig. 7.J
7. Obv. AVIT : R retrograde.
Rev. HV - - TR - - - As No. 6. Plate V. Fig. 4.
CO NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
8. Obv. Legend illegible.
Rev. Ditto. As No. 6.
9. Obv. and Rev. as the last.
10. Obv. + D I - - REX.
Rev. JL.ART : ON - A - - Cross fleury
over a smaller cross terminated by pellets. Plate
V. Fig. 5.
11. Obv. T : REX :
Rev. LLART : OI/I hA . Cross fleury
- with a pellet in each of three angles, and an annulet in the
fourth. Plate V. Fig. 6.
12. Obv. * D - - o IT . REX.
Rev. - VGO . ON ROC A Cross fleury with a
pellet in each angle. Plate V. Fig. 7.
13. Obv. AVID R - -
R ev . . . 1.BOLT5 : O VP. The type is
the same as that on the coins of Henry and
Stephen, described above. Plate V. Fig. 8.
14. Obv. + DAVID RE-
Rev. * - RIN - : CT ON : . As the last.
15. Obv. + D D REX.
Rev. ON : - - - . As the last.
16. Obv. DNVI - - REX.
Rev. Legend indistinct. Type as the last.
17. Obv. T orWI + (+DAVI ?).
Rev. Legend illegible. Type as the last. Plate V.
Fig. 9.
18. Obv. - - - - eX retrograde.
Rev. As the last.
19 23. Five coins more or less illegible, but all of the same
type as the preceding.
24 27. Four coins of the same type in fragments.
I have followed Ruding and Hawkins (Ruding, Sup.
Part II. pi. ii. tig. 8, and Hawkins, pi. xx. fig. 259) in
GOLD ORNAMENTS AND SILVER COINS. 61
attributing the coin of Henry to the first English king
of that name ; but it may possibly be questioned by
some, more particularly as it is a coin of very rare
occurrence, whether it really belongs to that monarch,
and whether it ought not rather to be given to Prince
Henry of Scotland, the son of David I. The absence of
the word Rex, though certainly by no means unusual in
the coins of Stephen, and occasional in those of Henry I.,
may be thought to favour this view, and the type of the
reverse, being the same as that on those of Stephen found
with them, may be supposed to strengthen this opinion,
since several of the coins already known and attributed
to this Northumbrian prince are similar in workmanship
and type to another of Stephen's coins (vide Lindsay,
pi. i. figs. 19, 20, 21 ; and compare with pi. xviii. fig. 21).
The illegibility of the place of mintage on the reverse
unfortunately stands in the way of positively settling the
point ; but the mere circumstance of a single coin of this
type being found along with several Scottish coins, ought
not to shake our faith in the correctness of the previous
attribution of the type to Henry I., more particularly as
other coins undoubtedly English were found in the same
hoard.
The three coins of Stephen are all of the same type,
and that the most common one viz., that figured by
Hawkins, pi. xxi. fig. 270. On the obverse of No. 2 the
N in the king's name is written H, and the place of
mintage seems to be HARD = Carlisle a mint from
which we should naturally expect coins to find their way
into Scotland. But that of No. 3 is at the other
extremity of the kingdom apparently Hastings. The
first letter is indistinct; but I know not how else to
explain the following letters, AS.
62 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
The only letters which are legible on the obverse of
No. 5 of this list are RVNO (See Plate V. Fig. 3), and are
insufficient to enable me to assign it to any Scottish king.
And the legend on the reverse is even more imperfect, so
that we have not the advantage of knowing where it was
minted a knowledge which would of course aid in the
correct attribution. The fourth letter is more indistinct
than the others. I was at one time almost disposed to
regard it as a C, and to read the first letter as a D, and
to attribute the coin to Duncan II., of whom no coins
have been discovered. But the first letter is certainly R,
and the fourth seems to be O. I must therefore leave it
to some one more skilled in these matters to determine to
whom it ought to be given. The easiest mode of getting
over the difficulty would be to regard it as one of the
baronial coins of the period ; but that would really bring
us very little nearer to a correct knowledge of the coin,
unless we could also indicate the baron by whom it was
struck. Besides, I much question whether the type on
the reverse is ever to be found on the baronial coins. I
am aware that Mr. Rashleigh has given a figure of a coin
with this reverse (see Num. Chron., vol. xiii., p. 181,
fig. 7) as a baronial coin ; but, with the greatest respect
for his judgment on such a point, I cannot but regard it,
and also fig. 8 of his plate, as illegible Scottish coins,
probably of David I. an opinion in which I am per-
suaded Scottish numismatists in general will coincide
with me.
All the remaining coins of this hoard, though differing
in appearance, in type, and in workmanship, belong, in
my opinion, to David I. One, indeed. No. 6, is so
barbarous in fabric, and the legend is so indistinct, that
it might be attributed either to Alexander I. or to the
GOLD ORNAMENTS AND SILVER COINS. 63
earlier mintage of David I. Others, like too many of the
coins of the period, are so ill-struck, and the legends so
illegible, as to render it a matter of uncertainty to deter-
mine from the coins themselves to which monarch they
belonged ; but their presence amongst others of certain
attribution, and their identity with them in type and
general character, leave little room for doubt.
No. 7 (fig. 4), though of rude workmanship, reads very
legibly - AVIT : R - - retrograde, and is evidently similar
in type to Lindsay, pi. i. fig. 12. But it seems to me to
resemble, even more closely, his fig. 7, which he attributes
to Alexander I. ; and, after careful consideration, I am
disposed to assign to David two out of the three coins
attributed by him to Alexander viz., his Nos. 7 and 8.
"With regard to his No. 7, I have no doubt ; on comparing
it with our Fig. 4, its identity will be apparent. About
his No. 8 I am less certain ; but to me it appears to read
- - VIT retrograde, the T being more blundered than the
other letters, and made to resemble an A. The coin
figured in our plate is evidently in much better condition
than those figured by Mr. Lindsay ; and but for my
better fortune in meeting with a more perfect specimen,
which seems to throw light on the others, I should not
have ventured to call in question the correctness of their
attribution by so distinguished and so accurate a numis-
matist.
It may be observed that I have arranged the coins of
David according to their types, placing those which I
consider the earliest first. Nos. 6 to 10, both inclusive,
have the cross fleury with stalks and pellets in the angles.
No. 11 has the cross fleury with a pellet in each of three
of the angles, and an annulet in the fourth a variety
which I have not before observed, and which I believe is
64 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
unpublished. No. 12 has a pellet in each angle. The
others, Nos. 13 to 27, are all of the new type, like those
of Henry and Stephen found with them.
Though Nos. 10 and 1 1 differ on the reverse, I believe
they were both minted in the same place, and by the
same moneyer (see Figs. 5 and 6). Unfortunately we
have, on both coins only the concluding letters of the
moneyer's name, and merely the first two letters of the
place of mintage. The more distinct of the two is No.
11, which reads LART : ON RS . This mint
is entirely new on the coinage of Scotland, and it is much
to be regretted that we have not a third letter to aid us in
fixing its site. The only places in Scotland, of any note,
whose names begin with HA, are Hamilton, Hawick, and
Haddington. The first of these may be at once dismissed,
as being of much more recent date. I had almost come
to the conclusion that Hawick was the place indicated,
partly because of its proximity to Roxburgh and Berwick,
the only two places where coins of David I. had hitherto
been known to be struck ; but chiefly because, in almost
all the topographical works which I had within reach, the
present name is said to have been given to Haddington
at a somewhat later period. However, on consulting Dr.
David Laing, the learned librarian to the Signet Library
in Edinburgh, whose antiquarian researches are univer-
sally known, he informed me that Haddington was much
the more likely place of the two to have had a mint at
that time, and kindly pointed out to me charters granted
in the reign of David I., in which Haddington is men-
tioned as a place of very considerable importance, even at
that early period, whereas Hawick was not then a place
of any note. The probability, therefore, is, that these
two coins were struck in Haddington; but it is remark-
GOLD ORNAMENTS AND SILVER COINS. OO
able that we have no evidence of coins having been minted
there in any subsequent reign. 1
The only Scottish coin in this hoard whose place of
mintage can be fixed with certainty is No. 12. It is from
the Roxburgh mint. As may be seen from the plate,
Fig. 7, it is in fine condition, though the legend is not
complete on either side. On the coin itself the termina-
tion of the king's name, on the obverse, reads more
distinctly IT than is represented in the plate. The
moneyer seems to have been KVGO, though the initial
letter of the name is obliterated. His name appears in
connection with the Roxburgh mint on the fine coin
formerly in Mr. Hay's possession, now in the Museum of
the Scottish Society of Antiquaries in Edinbugh, and
figured by Lindsay, pi. i. fig. 9, as well as on a coin now
in my possession, and which I have caused to be inserted
in the Plate for comparison (Fig. A). On each of the
coins the legend on the reverse varies.
On Mr. Hay's coin . . + HVGO ON ROCK.
On Fig. A . . . . + h - - - : OH ROCAS.
On No. 12 .... - VGO - ON ROCA - - -
It will be observed that on the first the whole of the
legend is legible, and I am not aware of any other
instance in which Roxburgh is so written. In the second
(Fig. A), we can have no hesitation in supplying the
blanks in the money er's name, there being just room for
1 A distinguished antiquary in Edinburgh was greatly
shocked by rny asking him whether he thought it possible that
the letters HA on this coin might indicate Aberdeen, as that
city was known to have had a mint at the commencement of
the reign of Alexander III., and probably earlier. " No, no,"
was his reply, " we do not use the aspirate in that way on this
(the north) side of the Tweed." I reminded him, however,
that in the Chronicle of Melrose the name is spelt Habirden !
VOL. V. N.S. K
G6 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
three letters, and the name of the place of mintage is
legible throughout. On the third (Fig. 7) there is space
for several letters, which are illegible, between the A in
BOCA and the V in VGO. How would this space have
been filled had the legend been perfect ? On the coins
of William the Lion we find an endless variety in the
mode of designating Roxburgh, from the initial R to the
lengthened forms of the name ROCEBVR, ROCESBVR,
ROCAB - , ROCEBVRG, &c., and I have, therefore,
little doubt that the full legend on this coin was either
+hVGO ON ROCABVR or ROCASBVR. This same
Hugo was evidently a skilful artist. So far, indeed, as
we can judge from the specimens he has left us, he was
the very best of his day, at all events in Scotland ; and I
think his coins will bear comparison with the best of
those struck in England at the same period. I have
another coin in my possession which I am satisfied was
struck by him, and, though much rubbed and mutilated,
it bears traces of very superior workmanship. It is
figured by Mr. Lindsay, pi. i. fig.]15, where the legend on
the reverse reads - - SO . ON P, but it ought to be
- - GO . ON R . The G is much rubbed, though
that is not indicated in Mr. Lindsay's plate, and the
upper part of the letter so overlaps the lower, that it
requires very careful inspection to perceive that it is not
an S.
The remaining coins, from 13 to 27, inclusive, are of
the same type, hitherto unpublished as belonging to
David viz., that so common on the coins of Stephen
see Plate V. Fig. 8. They are all of very rude fabric, and
seem to be somewhat similar in workmanship to two
coins of Stephen found in the hoard of "Coins of
Henry I. and Stephen discovered in Hertfordshire in
GOLD ORNAMENTS AND SILVER COINS. 67
1818," and described by Mr. Rashleigh in the Num.
Chron., vol. xii. p. 138. He says " There are of the
Cardiff (?) mint two coins, which, in the workmanship
both of the head and legend, are very different from
every other coin in the collection. Their peculiarities,
as they are extremely rare, have been hitherto unnoticed.
The letters are of the character of those on the early
Saxon coins, having no serifs, and the portrait is consi-
derably more rude than usual (see pi. fig. 9)." [This
should have been fig. 10.] Mr. Rashleigh doubted the
correctness of the attribution of these two coins to Cardiff.
Perhaps he would now assign them to Carlisle. I should
certainly be disposed to do so after reading Mr. Long-
stafiVs able paper, " Northern Evidence on the Short
Cross Question." See especially his note on the " Ortho-
graphy of Carlisle," Num. Chron., N.S., vol. iii. p. 165.
It is very much to be regretted that on not one of the
coins of David of this type can the place of mintage be
made out. In size and general appearance they bear a
considerable resemblance to the so-called baronial coins
of the period. Some of them are so rude in fabric, and
the legend so barbarous, that I should have considered
the attribution hopeless, had I not been guided by the
presence, in the same hoard, of others a little less bar
barous, but of the same type. They are interesting, how-
ever, as furnishing us not only with an unpublished type,
but also with a new mode of spelling the king's name.
Hitherto, in all the published coins of David I., the final
letter of the name was T . In two, or perhaps three, of
the coins before us viz., Nos. 13 (see Plate V. Fig. 8),
14, and 15 (?) the letter D is substituted. In the other
coins of this type the legends are too imperfect to enable
us to make out the concluding letter. The money er of
68 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
No. 13 (Plate V. Fig. 8) was probably FOLPOLD. There
was such a moneyer in Roxburgh in the time of William
the Lion; and in the same reign there was a FOLPOLT
at Perth. At the end of the reverse legend of the same
coin may be observed something like a monogram, which
I am unable to decipher. In No. 16 some of the letters
are formed even more rudely than those on the coins
immediately preceding, and the legend on No. 17 (see
Plate V. Fig. 9) seems to be an imitation by an illiterate
artist of one which was already barbarous enough. The
remaining coins are more or less illegible, not merely
from the rudeness of the workmanship, but from their
having been imperfectly struck.
The discovery of this small hoard establishes com-
pletely the propriety of the attribution of the coins with
the cross fleury and pellets to David I. The hoard seems
to have been hidden about the middle of the twelfth
century probably not earlier than 1140 nor later than
1160. It seems to me absurd to suppose that any of the
coins in this hoard could have belonged to David II., for,
if so, they would not have been associated with the com-
paratively rare English coins of Henry I. and Stephen,
which must then have been about two hundred years old.
But if mixed with English coins at all, we should have
found with them, as in the case of the recent discovery at
Kinghorn, the extremely common coins of his contem-
porary, Edward III., and of his immediate predecessors ;
nor should we have failed to find amongst them many
specimens of the common pennies of Alexander III., with
some probably of Robert Bruce and of John Baliol ; and,
if there had been any of an earlier date, they would have
been those of William the Lion. The great similarity, also,
in general appearance and workmanship of many of the
GOLD ORNAMENTS AND SILVER COINS. 69
coins of David to those of Henry and Stephen, and the
identity in type of many in this hoard, tend still further
to prove that they must have been struck about the same
period. Indeed in some the resemblance is so strong as
to induce the belief that they may possibly have been the
work of the same artist. The fact that David, in his early
years, was much at the English Court Matilda, the wife of
Henry, having been the sister of David and that Stephen
created Henry, David's son, Earl of Northumberland,
render the supposition by no means improbable; May it
not have been that Prince Henry caused coins to be struck
at Carlisle, both for Stephen and for David? Or were
these coins of the Stephen type struck by order of David
himself at Carlisle, when he had gone to reside there
after Prince Henry's death ?
But while the discovery at Bute proves the existence of
coins of David I., it has gone a long way towards shaking
my confidence in the correctness of Mr. Lindsay's attri-
bution of coins to Alexander I. There may not, indeed,
be any sufficient reason why coins of that monarch should
not be found ; but if I be correct in supposing that the
coins Nos. 7 and 8 figured by Lindsay belong to David,
then the actual existence of coins of Alexander rests on
the authority of a single specimen, and that again on a
single letter (A) common to both names. I confess that
I should be glad to have some stronger evidence.
The three coins, A, B, and C, figured on the same
plate, are in my own collection; and they are here
inserted to afford an opportunity of comparing the first
two with the coins described above, and because the
third, Fig. C, is a new and unpublished type.
Fig. A so exactly corresponds with the description given
70 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
by the late Rev. Dr. Jamieson of a coin in his possession,
that I was disposed to think it must be the identical coin,
and subsequent inquiries (with a view to trace the
Doctor's specimen) have only tended to confirm this
impression. If so, it is interesting as being, so far as I
am aware, the first coin which was correctly appropriated
to David I., and published as belonging to. him. It is
scarcely necessary to say that the coins previously pub-
lished by Anderson as belonging to this monarch were
incorrectly attributed. Dr. Jamieson's paper, in which
this coin is described, was read in February and March,
1832, and was published in the " Transactions of the
Royal Society of Literature" in 1834. Mr. Lindsay,
whose admirable work on "The Coinage of Scotland"
was not published till 1845, does not seem to have been
aware of Dr. Jamieson's paper ; and it is a strong proof
of the correctness of their views in assigning the coins of
this type to David I., that they should have arrived, inde-
pendently of each other, at the same conclusion. The
obverse reads T DAY - - REX, and the reverse, as I
have described above, +H : OH ROC AS. Dr.
Jamieson supposed the moneyer's name must have been
HVE, but the vacant space could not have been filled up
by only two letters.
The obverse only is given in Fig. B. The king's name
is here to be seen at full length, which is very rarely the
case in the coins of David, as almost all of them are very
badly struck, or much worn. The final letter is D, as in
two or three of the Bute coins ; but in this instance the
workmanship is very superior, and the type on the reverse
is quite different, being the cross fieury and pellets, as in
Fig. A. The legend on the reverse is, unfortunately,
illegible, but the quality of the work leads me to think
GOLD ORNAMENTS AND SILVER COINS. 71
that the moneyer may possibly have been Hugo, and that
the coin was minted at Roxburgh.
Of the next coin (Fig. C) only the reverse is figured.
The head on the obverse is almost obliterated, but the
legend is distinctly DAVIT : E. - - . The head, as usual, is
looking to the right, with a sceptre in front. Reverse,
+ FOLPM ----- Cross fleury, with a rose of pellets
in one angle, in the opposite angle a star, and in each of
the alternate angles a pellet.
Mr. Lindsay informs me that the type is new to him,
the only impression he had previously seen having been
one made from this very coin, and sent to him by Mr.
Webster, before it came into my possession. There is,
however, another coin of the same type in the Museum
of the Scottish Society of Antiquaries, which I discovered
in 1863, when looking over their collection. On com-
paring the type on the reverse of this coin with that on
the coin figured in Lindsay, pi. i. fig. 5, and ascribed by
him to Malcolm III., it will be seen that they bear a
close resemblance to each other, and the presence of the
rose of pellets in both induces me to think that they must
have been struck nearly about the same time. The style
of work also leads to the conclusion that the type was
probably adopted at a late period in David's reign, and I
am therefore inclined to attribute the coin figured by Mr.
Lindsay to Malcolm IV., the grandson of David, who
succeeded him on the throne. Judging from the plate, I
cannot imagine that, if coins were struck at all in Malcolm
Canmore's reign, there were any artists in Scotland at
that time capable of producing such a coin. The state
of Scotland at the time renders such a supposition ex-
tremely improbable, and the absence of all coins of the
four kings who intervened between Malcolm III. and
72 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
David (for I regard the evidence on which coins have
been attributed to Donald and Alexander I. as insuf-
ficient) tends to the same conclusion, viz., that if any
coins were minted in the reign of Malcolm III. they must
have been of a very rude description. In considering
this question, it should be remembered that sixty years
elapsed between the termination of Malcolm III.'s reign
and the accession of his great-grandson Malcolm IV. to the
throne, and also how great a change was effected in the
state of the country within that period, or rather during
the latter half of that period, i.e. during David I/s
reign. It has been said of this royal saint, that, by his
residence at the English court during his early years,
"his manners were polished from the rust of Scottish
barbarity." The impressions there made on his mind in
youth produced fruit in later years ; and we know that
during his reign he did all in his power to encourage
arts and commerce and civilisation, by inducing natives
of other nations, more civilised, to immigrate to Scot-
land. A comparison of his own coins also will show
that there was a vast improvement in the mintage during
his reign, his earlier money being extremely rude in fabric,
while his later coins bear evidence of excellent workman-
ship. This improvement was, no doubt, effected by the
introduction of foreign artists, of whose presence we see
no evidence during any preceding reign.
I cannot conclude without acknowledging the accuracy
of Mr. W. F. Miller's illustrations of the coins, and
thanking him for the great care he has bestowed upon
them. The reader is also indebted to him; for a much
better idea of the coins themselves is given in the Plate than
could be conveyed by my imperfect descriptions of them.
JOHN H. POLLEXFEN.
73
NOTICE OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS.
In the quatrieme livraison of the Revue Beige for 1864
there are the following articles :
1. " Gallo-Belgic Numismatics, or Monetary History of the
Atrebates, the Morini, and Gallo-Belgic nations in general "
(continuation), by M. Alexandre Hermand.
2. " Gold Crown of Charles V., Lord of Tournai," by M. le
Comte de N6donchel.
3. " Numismatic Curiosities : Bare or inedited Coins "
(seventh article), by M. R. Chalon. Among these is a penny
of St. Edmund (Hawkins, 139), with the legend + WINER
MONE on the reverse.
4. " Documents pour servir a, 1'histoire des monnaies," by
M. de la Fons-MSlicocq.
5. " Documents pour servir a 1'histoire des monnaies des
XIV e et XVI e siScles," by M. de la Fons-Melicocq.
In the Correspondance is a letter from M. P. E. Thomas to
M. Renier Chalon, on the " Poids de table de Toulouse."
In the Melanges are notices of various recent numismatic
publications.
The second and third Fascicolo of vol. i. of the Rivista
della Numismatica Antica e Moderna, for 1864, published at
Asti under the editorship of Prof. Agostino Olivieri contains
the following articles :
1 . " A review of the notice, by Prof. T. Mommsen, of the
find of Roman denarii in Spain," by Signer Cavedoni. ,
2. " A coin of Tirinto," (Ttpuj/c), by Signer Promis.
3. " Medallion of Marcus Aurelius Caesar," by Signor
Promis.
4. "A denarius of Charlemagne struck at Florence," by
Signor Tonini.
5. '"Coins of Hugo and Lothario of Lucca," by Signor
Promis.
6. " Note on a coin attributed to Luni," by M. A. de
Longp6rier.
7. " Additions to the Memoir of Zanetti on the mint of
Massa Marittima," by Signor Promis.
8. " On an iuedited coin of Francis I. of France," by Signor
Maggiora-Vergano.
9. "James III., Mandelli, Count of Maccagno, and his
coins," by Signor Kunz.
VOL. V. N.S. L
7-1 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
10. " Coins and medals of Landi di Valditaro," by Signer
Pigorini.
11. " Milanese denarius of Harduin, King of Italy," by
Sign or Bertoletti.
12. " Coin of Francesco Vico struck in Viterbo," by Signor
G. Porro.
13. " Coin of Brescello," by Signor Cavedoni.
14. " Of the mint of some coins of Geneva Introduction,"
by Signor Olivieri.
15. " An inedited Luigino of the mint of Arquata, in
Liguria," by Signor Olivieri.
16. "On two inedited coins of Charles of Orleans, struck
at Asti," by Signor Maggiora-Vergano.
17. " Of the mint of Albenga, in Liguria," by Signor
Olivieri.
The number concludes with some notices of seals and of
recent numismatic works ; also a chronicle of events, among
which may be noticed the publication of an important work
by the Swiss numismatist, Signor A. Durando, entitled Les
Medailles des Numismates.
In vol. xxxvii. of the Jahrbucher des Vereins von alter-
thumsfreunden im ftheirtlande, 1864, p. 166, there is a short
paper, by M. Edward Rapp, of Bonn, " On an as yet unknown
silver coin of the time of the Roman civil war." It is necessary
to make a few remarks upon it. The coin (of which an
engraving is given) may be described as follows :
0&t,._Q. SERTORI VS. Bare head to the left ; behind,
a caducevs.
Rev. PROVIDEN. MILITAR. A hind walking to
the right. M.
Respecting the authenticity of this very remarkable coin, M.
Rapp remarks : " To put an end to every doubt on the genuine-
ness of this coin, it is sufficient to add, that it is already without
hesitation acknowledged as authentic by the first numismatic
authorities in Paris ; and the piece itself was shown to me by
the royal Belgian state architect, M. Francois Derre, at Brussels.
The place where it was found was the neighbourhood of the
town of Hal, about four litues south of Brussels, towards Mons,
where, at the works of a new railway, the navvies came upon
the remains- of a Roman road. . . . The design, from
which our drawing is taken, is from a tinfoil (btanniolabdmck),
which I took myself. The movements of Roman armies in
Belgium have been very numerous, and it is impossible to find
NOTICES OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS. 75
more classical ground where it is likely that such a coin could
be discovered."
The authenticity of this coin being thus satisfactorily esta-
blished, M. Rapp has attributed it to the famous Q. Sertorius,
who so long kept at bay the Roman armies in Spain, and who
eventually, in B.C. 72, was murdered at a banquet by ten
Roman conspirators.
Whether it is to be allowed that Sertorius struck money in
Spain is still a question to be solved, but this much is quite
certain, that he never issued the above described coin. I have
not the slightest hesitation in condemning it as a grcss fabrica-
tion, notwithstanding the opinion " of the first numismatic
authorities in Paris." Let me attempt to substantiate my
assertions.
Looking at it from a forger's point of view, the reverse type
is well suited to the accounts of history. For did not Sertorius
have a fawn, which used to accompany him in his walks, and
be with him on all occasions (Plut. &rf.), and which has even
in modern times been commemorated in a novel, " The Fawn
of Sertorius"? (London, 1846). But here the allusion (qy.
illusion ?) to the time is at an end. Insuperable objections
present themselves to the numismatist. Putting aside the
question that no coins have been ever attributed to Sertorius,
there are two reasons against the authenticity of the piece
first, it bears a head previous to B.C. 72; and second, it has
a legend and type nowhere known as existing during the
republican period.
It is well known that Julius Caesar was the first who ever
put his own head on the coinage, and this he did not venture
to do till created dictator for life, and consul for ten years, in
B.C. 44. The coins issued during this year were struck by the
four following magistrates 1, L. Smiling Buca (Cohen. Med.
Cons., pi. ii., ^Emilia, nos. 14, 15, 16, 17); 2, Mettius
(Cohen, pi. xxviii., Meltia, nos. 3, 5) ; 3, Sepuliius Macer
(Cohen, pi. xxxvii., Sepullia, nos. 4, 5, 6, 7), and Julius Caesar
being killed the same year, the head is veiled, and the coinage
continued by Sepuliius Macer (Cohen, pi. xxxvii., Sepullia,
nos. 8, 9) ; and 4, Maridianus (Cohen, pi. xvi., Cossulia, nos.
2, 3, 4). It is therefore perfectly impossible that any coinage
with the head of a living personage existed previous to B.C. 44.
Tt is very certain that the legend PROVIDED. MILITAJR.
is an Imperial one. I have not been able to ascertain on what
coins (if it exists) it may be found. Rasche (Lex. s. v.) gives
it as occurring on two silver coins of Pescennius Niger, with
the type of the fawn ; but they are unknown to Cohen. The
legend PROV1D. or PROV1DENTIA alone, or the same
76 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
with AVG. or DEORVM, occurs downwards from the reign
of Augustus. The type of the fawn occurs on coins of Salonina
(c. A.D. 268), but with the legend IVNONI CONS. AVG.
(Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 50). I am also unable to give the
earliest coin on which it may be found, but I do not think it is
likely to occur earlier than the time of Philip (A.D. 244 249),
and am inclined to regard it as entirely a reverse of the
Gallienus period. The two points that I am here unable at
present to ascertain will be clearly proved when the promised
supplement to M. Cohen's work makes its appearance (see
Cohen, vol. vi., p. 593). It is to be observed that Rasche
(Lex., s. v. Sertorius) gives two coins in silver from the
Comtesse de Bentinck one similar to that published by Mr.
Rapp (Cat., Amst., 1787, p. 78), and another, but without
the Q. on the obverse (Suppl., Amst., 1788, p. 52). Under
" Providen. Militar," however, he quotes from the first mentioned
passage of Bentinck, a coin of Sertorius in second brass.
This is an error, as, on referring to Bentinck, the coin is
there stated to be of " silver." It is needless to add that
these specimens must have been also forgeries.
Taking these facts into consideration, I cannot but conclude,
as I feel sure every numismatist must do, that the coin of
Sertorius, with his head and his fawn, must still remain among
the "as yet unknown silver coinage of the Roman civil war."
A forgery, identical with the coin published by M. Rapp,
and another slight variety, exist among the " forgeries " in the
British Museum. F. "W. M.
MISCELLANEA.
THE FIGURES XCVI ON COINS. In vol. v., p. 387, of M.
Cohen's Medaittes Imperiales, there is a long note on the coins
of Diocletian and Maximian Hercules with the figures XCVI
on the reverse, in which he gives the various interpretations by
Borghesi, Cavedoni, Marchant, &c. The argument he adduces
against these numbers signifying "96 pieces to the pound of
silver " is, that in the cabinet of Vienna there is a coin of
Diocletian and of Maximian, according to Banduri, with the
figures XCVIIT, which have been explained by Cavedoni
(Ann. Arch., 1860, p. 442), as XCVI ITalicam [libram^.
The errata of M. Cohen (vol. vi. p. 627) now point out that
Eckhel and Banduri both misread these coins, a fact, as regards
the Vienna one, confirmed by the late M. Arneth (Cavedoni,
Bull. deW Jnstit., 1863, p. 220). Tho coins with these figures,
MISCELLANEA. 77
as at present known to us, consist of XCVI, XCVIAQ (struck
at Aquileia), and XCVIT (struck at Tarraco, not Treves as
Cavedoni, L c.). A coin of Constantine I., struck at Carthage,
with the legend CONSERYAT. KART. SVAE, also has the
figures XCVI in the exergue. (Cohen, vol. vi. p. 98, No. 38.)
F. W. M.
BERBIS OF PANNONIA ? In the third volume of the Numis-
matic Chronicle, N.S., p. 104, the Rev. Churchill Eabington pub-
lished two coins, of Faustina II. and Commodus, with the legend
OYE FBI ANON, attributing them, for reasons there given, to
Berbis in Pannonia. At p. 196 of the same volume, M. A. de
Longpe"rier suggested that the Berbiani might be found on the
road to Odessus, along the Dniester, as the coins had an Odes-
sian or Tomian appearance. It seems to have escaped the
notice of both these gentlemen that a coin of Julia Mamsea,
with the same legend, was published in 1861, in the Annali
delV Instit., 1861, p. 353, by M. A. Postolacca, and attributed
by him to Verbia in Pamphylia. M. Cavedoni (Bull, dell'
Instit., 1863, p. 215) strongly objects to the attribution of
Mr. Babington, and even prefers that of Mr. Borrell, to Ver-
biana, a city of Phrygia or Lydia (Oct. Borrell, Sale Cat., 1862,
No. 80), saying, that the argument of Mr. Babington
which supposes the adjective derived from Verbiana, would
rather be Ovcpftiavewv than Ovepfitavvv is of no value, as
we already know of BPIANON on a coin of Briana (Num.
Chron. vol. viii., p. 18 ; Ann. Arch., 1861, p. 149). More-
over, Hierocles, in his SuveK^/ioc or " Travelling Com-
panion" (ed. Wesseling, 1735, p. 680), could just as well have
written Bep/3ic or BfpySt'a, as Suidas, who writes AaA^ie, could
have written AaX^jj or AaX^ta (Wesseling, ad Itin, p. 670), and
of this latter place there are coins with AAAAlANflN ; so that
BEPBIANQN could very well be OYEPBIANQN by the change
of B and V. Cavedoni, besides, considers the types of these
coins to be appropriate to the cities of Pamphylia or Phrygia,
and cites a list of names of cities from Phrygia and Lydia,
ending in tavos KAY2TPIANON, KIABIANON, AAAAI-
ANON, SAPAIANfiN, &c. The question is worthy of Mr.
Babington's consideration.. F. W. M.
PATTERNS FOR THE NEW COINAGE FOR HONG KONG. The
following list comprises all the varieties from which a selection
was ultimately made :
PATTERNS FOR THE SILVER COINAGE OF HONG KONG.
1. Qbv. Between two laurel branches TEN | CENTS.
Legend HONG-KONG, and at bottom the date, 18G2.
78 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Rev. A small circle surrounded by four Chinese
characters : above, " Heang ; " below, " Keang ; " at the
side, to right, "Yih" (one); to left, " Haou " (denomi-
nation of the coin). Size of the half-farthing.
2. Obv. VICTORIA D:G:REG: Lower legend NEW
BRUNSWICK The Queen's head laureate to the left.
Rev. Same as Obv. No. 1.
3. Obv. VICTORIA QUEEN. Crowned bust of the
Queen to the left, same as on the India coinage. Rev.
Same as No. 1.
The coin approved of is the following :
Obv. VICTORIA QUEEN. Crowned bust of the
Queen to the left, as on the florin. Rev. HONG-
KONG. Lower legend, TEN CENTS 1863, be-
tween rosettes. Within a beaded circle the four Chinese
characters as above, and in the middle a dot.
PATTERNS FOR THE COPPER COINAGE OF HONG KONG.
!. Cents:
1. Obr>. Between two laurel branches a small circle ; above,
ONE; below, CENT. Legend HONG-KONG be-
tween two small crosses; at bottom, 1862. Rev. In
the middle a small circle surrounded by four Chinese
characters, placed crosswise ; at top and bottom,
" Heang," " Keang ; " to the sides, from right to left,
"Yih" "Seen" (one cent). Penny-size.
2. Same as before; to the left of the date, a hammer and
retort 1 crossed ; to the right, a lion passant to left.
3. Same as No. 2, but to the left of the date a lion passant to
right.
4. Same as No. 1. The date between a regal crown and a
griffin.
5. Obv. Same as No. 1. The date between an anchor and a
lion passant to left. Rev. Same as No. 1. "Within the
small circle St. George and the Dragon; "Heang,"
between the anchor and lion passant ; " Keang," be-
tween R. W. (Royal Mint) and T. Q. (Thomas Graham).
1 The intended mint mark of the Royal Mint, being em-
blematical of mechanics and chemistry.
MISCELLANEA. 79
6. Same as last. In Obv. within the circle a regal crown ;
and instead of the small crosses, to the left T. 6., to the
right K. m.
7. Obv. Same as No. 3 ; and within the circle a regal
crown. Rev. Same as No. 5.
8. Obv. Within a beaded circle ONE CENT | a small
bar | HONG KONG | 1862. Rev. Same as No. 1.
Another specimen with Rev. as No. 6.
9. Obv. VICTORIA D: G: BUITT : REG: F: D:
Bust of the Queen to the left, draped and laureate, as
on the English bronze penny. Rev. Same as No. 1 .
a. The same, with Rev. same as Obv. No. 2.
b. The same, with Rev. same as Ob v. No. 4.
c. The same, with Rev. same as Obv. No. 8.
10. Obv. Same as No. 9. Rev. HONG-KONG. Lower
legend ONE CENT 1863, between rosettes. Within
a beaded circle the four Chinese characters as before,
No. 1, and in the middle a dot.
11. Obv. VICTORIA REGINA. Crowned bust of the
Queen to the left, as on the East India coinage. Rer.
Same as No. 1.
a. With Rev. same as Obv. No. 8.
b. With Rev. No. 10.
12. Obv. VICTORIA QUEEN. Crowned bust of the
Queen to the left, as on the florin. Rev. Same as
Ob v. No. 1.
a. Rev. Same as Obv. No. 2.
b. Rev. Same as Obv. No. 3.
c. Rev Same as Obv. No. 4.
d. Rev. Same as Obv. No. 5..
e. Rev. Same as Obv. No. 6.
f. Rev. Same as Obv. No. 7.
g. Rev. Same as Obv. No. 7, but instead of the small
crosses, to left T. 6., to right R. JR.
Ji. Rev. Same as Obv. No. 8.
i. Rev. Same as No. 10.
k. The same as last, but only halfpenny size. This coin
was approved of, with the alteration of the Chinese
characters being placed closer together, and the dot in
the middle being omitted.
80 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
II. Cash, or Mil :
13. Obv. HONG - KONG. Lower legend, ONE CASH.
In the middle a round hole within a square. Rev. The
square as obverse, surrounded by four Chinese characters ;
above, " Heang ; " below, " Keang ; " and at the sides,
to right, " Yih ; " to left, " Oan " (cash). Size of the
bronze farthing.
14. The same ; but in the obverse, above the square, a regal
crown ; below, W 3R (in Old English type) ; and to the
sides 18 - 63.
15. Same as No. 13, with MIL instead of CASH.
16. Obv. HONG - KONG. Lower legend, ONE CASH.
In the middle a round hole; above, a regal crown;
below, V R ; and to the sides, 18 - 63. Rev. Same as
No. 13, without the square. Size of the silver three-
penny piece.
17. Same as No. 16 ; the hole in obv. and rev. within a circle.
18. Same as No. 16 ; the hole in obv. and rev. within a square.
19. Same as No. 18 ; with MIL instead of CASH ; without
the dots in the legend, and the hole in obverse and
reverse surrounded by a circle within the square. This
coin was adopted, with the omission of the circles
surrounding the holes.
W. FHEUDENTHAL.
MINT-MARKS ON CURRENT COINS. On a portion of the gold
coinage of 1863, and on the whole of that of 1864, a minute
number is placed under the wreath on the reverse, and on the
silver coinage of 1864 a similar number is placed in the case of
the sixpences and shillings on the reverse, under the wreath,
and of the florins on the obverse, under the bust. These numbers
are private marks, belonging to the dies. The coins of one deno-
mination, which bear any particular number, are all from the
same individual die, and a change of number on the coin indicates
a change of die. Each denomination of coin has its own series
of numbers, and they are reckoned from the beginning of the
year. A high number will indicate a large coinage, the average
number of pieces to a die being pretty uniform 100,000
sovereigns, for instance, to one die or number. By adding five
ciphers, therefore, to the highest number observed on the
sovereign of any year, the total number of sovereigns issued in
that year will be approximately known. The same rule applies
to sixpences. For shillings, on the other hand, the multiplier
is not 100,000, as for the two former coins, but more nearly
60,000 ; and for florins 25,000. Atkenceum.
.
COINS FROM THE WIG AN COLLECT
PL. I .
flum.CkrenN'S'. VolVffll.
COINS FROM THE WIGAN COLLECTION.
PL.II.
Nvm ChrmJf.S. VcLFFlM.
COINS FROM THE WIGAN COLLECTION.
PL.IIL
ffim.ChrenNS. YolV.FLN.
COiNS FROM THE WIGAN COLLECTION,
P L . I V.
Num. ChrenNS VolVPIV
Del.&Sc.
COINS FOUND IN BUTE,&c.
III.
PRESENTED BY EDWARD WIGAN, ESQ., TO THE TRUSTEES OP
THE BRITISH MUSEUM.
(Continued.)
SALONINUS.
*136. Obv. LIC. COR. SAL. VALERIANVS N. CAES.
Bust of Saloninus, to the right, bare, with
paludamentum.
Rev. PIETAS AVGG. Lituus, knife, patera, sacri-
ficial vase, simpulum, and aspergillum ? (PI. V.,
No. 1.) D.
Published by Cohen (Mid. Imp., No. 37).
*137. Obv. SALON. VALERIANVS CAES. Bust of
Saloninus, to the right, radiated, wit
Rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS. Saloninus, in
military dress, standing to the left, holding a
short wand and a spear ; to the right, a trophy,
at the foot of which are five shields. (PI. V.,
No. 2.)
Published by Cohen (Ned. Imp., No. 46).
Both these coins belong to the eldest son of Gallienus,
whose names, as we learn from coins and inscriptions,
were "Cams, Publius, Liciuius, Cornelius, Saloninus,
Valerian us." Coins, however, with the legend SALON.
VALERIANVS CAES. (like No. 137 above), have been
classed by M. Deville, in an " Essay on the Coins of the
VOL. v. N.S. M
82 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Family of Gallienus," 1 to Saloninus Valerianus, who
we learn from Aurelius Victor was the second son ot
Gallienus, and substituted by him in the place of his
eldest son, who was killed by Postumus in A.D. 260. It
may, however, be stated as a certainty, that if any coins
could be attributed to the second son of Gallienus, they
would necessarily be of the base metal of the later years
of Gallienus, and hence a gold coinage would be out of the
question. 2
POSTUMUS.
*138. C>&i>.-POSTVMVS PIVS AVG. Head of Postumus,
to the right, laureated and radiated.
Rev. FIDES EXERCITVS. Four military standards,
the two middle of which are surmounted, one
with a hand and the other with an eagle.
(PI. V., No. 3.)
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 38).
The fidelity of the army to Postumus, who was elected
by them in Gaul with acclamation, has already been
alluded to under a coin of Gallienus, of a somewhat
similar type. (No. 130 g.v.)
139. Obv. POSTVMVS PIVS FELIX AVG. Head of
Postumus, to the right, laureated, yoked to the
bust of Hercules, also laureated.
Rev. CONSERVATORES AVG. Bust of Mars,
helmeted, with a cuirass, yoked to the bust of
Victory, laureated, holding a wreath and palm.
(PI. V., No. 4.) D.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 15).
*140. Obv. POSTVMVS AVG. Bust of Postumus, to the
left, helmeted, with the cuirass.
1 Rev. Num., 1861, p. 257.
2 Num. Chron., N.S., vol. i. p. 194.
ROMAN GOLD COINS. 83
Rev. HERCVLI DEVSONIENSI. Head of Her-
exiles, to the right, laureated. (PI. V., No. 5.) D.
Published by Cohen (Ned. Imp., No. 51).
The singular veneration of Postumus for Hercules
must have often been observed by those who have
examined any series of coins of this Emperor; but
the question of the origin of this worship was never
thoroughly investigated till 'M. de Witte wrote his
able paper " On the Origin and Motives of the Worship
rendered to Hercules by Postumus." 3 M. de Witte has
divided the coins of Postumus connected with Hercules
into three classes : (1) those with different surnames,
taken from places where Greek mythology have placed
his exploits ; (2) those which allude to the religion of the
country which witnessed the victories of Postumus, and
thus recall local epithets ; and (3) those on which
appear the attributes of Hercules, as emblems of the
Imperial power assimilated with the power of the god.
From the extraordinary number of the coins bearing
allusion to Hercules, it is remarkable that no statement
in the history of Postumus affords .us any clue why
this emperor especially venerated this god. Of the
several other emperors who especially worshipped Her-
cules among whom may be mentioned Caligula, Nero,
Galba, Hadrian, Commodus, Caracalla, and Severus
Alexander there are historical statements, as well as in
most cases, numismatic examples illustrative of their devo-
tion to this deity ; of Postumus we only know that he fol-
lowed the example of Commodus in calling himself Hercules
Romanus (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 65). It would indeed ap-
pear, as M. de Witte states, that Postumus, not possessing
3 Rev. Num., 1844, p. 330.
84 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Italy or the capital of the empire, imitated in every possi-
ble manner the customs at Rome, especially as we find
that he created a senate in Gaul (attested by the coins with
S. C.)> and even struck coins with the legend ROMAE
AETERNAE (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 152). But another
and even stronger reason for this worship seems to be the
remarkable likeness between Postumus and Hercules, as
any one may see on examining his coins, and it may be
assumed as nearly certain that this resemblance had much
influence on Postumus in his selection of a tutelary deity.
Yet, notwithstanding this, Postumus often is repre-
sented with the attributes of Mars, and it will be seen
that the bust of this god occurs upon the reverse of the
coin above (No. 139). This is easy of explanation, when
we remember that Mars was also one of the tutelary gods
of Rome, and next to Jupiter enjoyed the highest
honours. Mars, as the god of war, and Hercules, as his
protector, were fitting deities for such a powerful usurper
as Postumus, and the coinage itself is a convincing
proof of his power, for not only are his gold pieces of
beautiful workmanship, but even his denarii of billon
far surpass those struck during the reigns of Valerian and
Gallienus.
The reverse type of No. 140, which belongs to what
M. de Witte terms the " second class," has the legend
HERCVLI DEVSONIENSI. This legend appears
to have much puzzled all who have met with it, for I
am unable to find the reason for its adoption satis-
factorily explained. I think it may be assumed that
Hercules received this surname from some locality, and
as we know that the limits of the empire of Postumus
were contained in Gaul, Batavia, and the borders of the
Rhine, the locality must have existed in these countries.
ROMAN GOLD COINS. 85
Indeed, St. Jerome positively states that there was a place
called Deuso, in the country of the Franks (Saxones caesi
Deusone in regione Francorum) . 4 This town Tristan has sup-
posed to be what was called in the middle ages Duizia, and
now Deutz, the town on the Rhine opposite Cologne ; and
perhaps it may be so, for Deutz was called by the Romans
Divitia, 5 and DEIOV is always changed into DIV., as
may be seen from the coins' of Divitiacus, an JMuan
prince, where his name is given as AGIOY1CIIACOS, while
a Gaulish coin of Divona has the legend AGIOYIN. 6
Eckhel, however, states that there is no occasion to cross
the Rhine to identify this town, as on this side of it, at
the present day, there are several towns (oppida varia)
called Duisburg, which may take their origin from Deuso.
Whether there be several towns of this name on this side
of the Rhine I am unable to ascertain, but if so, they
were towns of not the slightest importance at any
period, and hence arises the objection of assign-
ing the Deusonian Hercules to an obscure town. The
same remark may also be applied to Deutz, which was
only a fort, erected to maintain the bridge from Cologne. 7
There is, however, a famous Duisburg* in Rhenish Prussia,
4 In CTiron. Euseb. an. 376.
s Amm. Marcell., xxvi. 7; xxvii. 1.
6 Duchalais, Des Jlfed. Gaulois, No. 24.
7 It is here worth mentioning that there are small brass coins
of Postumus existing, struck at Cologne (Cohen, Med. Imp.,
Nos. 7, 10), with the legend COL. CL. AGRIP. (orC. C. A.A.),
Colonia Claudia Augusta Agrippinensis. Does this fact assist
the idea that a temple to Hercules was erected on the opposite
side ? For these Cologne coins, see Rev. Num., 1S62, p. 41 ;
and Num. Chron., N.S., 1862, p. 78.
8 I find in a German geographical dictionary that this
Duisburg was called Castrum Deusonis, but there is no autho-
rity given for it ; it is also named Dispargum (J. H. Moller,
86 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
called in Roman times Teutiburgium, or Teutoburgium, on
a mountain near which the Roman legions under Varus
in A.D. 9 suffered so severely. This town also appears to
be trans Rhenum.
In concluding these unsatisfactory remarks, it may be
mentioned that the authors of La Religion des Gaulois g
think this Hercules is the same as the Hercules Magusanus
of other coins of Postumus, an opinion in which I cannot
participate. This Magusanian Hercules seems to be
almost as obscure as the Deusonian, though several
suggestions have been made. 10 An inscription to this
deity is said to have been found in West-cappel, an island
on the Scheldt.
*141. Obv. POSTVMVS AVG. Three-quarter bust of
Postumus, to the left, with the cuirass.
Rev. INDVLG. [P]IA POSTVMI AVG. Postumus
seated to the left in a curule chair ; at his feet
a captive on his knees, supplicating. (PL V.,
No. 6.) D.
Published by Cohen (Ned. Imp., No. 72). The bust is not
radiated as stated by Cohen.
This remarkable coin is in a magnificent state of pre-
servation, and is the more interesting from having a
three-quarter bust. Coins with either this form of bust
or full-faced are not often met with in the Roman series:
a list of them, therefore, has been given in previous papers
of the Numismatic Chronicle. 11 Excepting that the " indul-
Geograpliiscli- Statist! sches Handworterbuch, s. v. Duisburg.
Gotha, 1840). Dispargum is also a name for Disburg, or
Burgslieidungen, in Thuringen (J. G. Th. Graesse, Orbis
Latinus, s. v. Dispargum. Dresden, 1861).
9 iii. c. 8.
10 Eckhel, Doct. Num. Vet., vol. vii. p. 444.
11 N.S., vol. ii. p. 46; vol. iii. p. 119.
ROMAN GOLD COINS. 87
gence of Postumus" is made more marked by being called
" pious/' the reverse of this coin offers no peculiarity.
VlCTORINUS I.
*142. Obv. IMP. CAES. VICTORINVS P. F. AVG.
Bust of Victorinus, to the right, laureated, with
cuirass.
Rev. INVICTVS. Bust of the sun, to the right,
radiated. (PL V., No. 7.) D.
Published hy Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 28).
The worship of the Phoenician sun-god " Elagabal " was
introduced into Rome by Elagabalus, who made himself
the Invictus Sacerdos. The legend Invictus (sc. Sol) is more
unusual than the legend SOLI INVICTO COMITI
AVG., "which is of frequent occurrence on the coins of the
later emperors.
143. Obv. IMP. VICTORINVS P. F. AVG. Bust of
Victorinus, to the left, laureated, with cuirass,
on which is the head of Medusa, and armed
with a spear and a shield, on which are repre-
sented two figures, one vanquishing the other.
Rev. VOTA. AVG-VSTI. Busts, facing each other,
of Apollo, laureated and with paludamentum,
and of Diana, with a bow over her shoulders.
(PL V., No. 8.) D.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 83 ; engraved pi. iii.).
* 144. Oil-. IMP. VICTORINVS AVG. Half-length bust
of Victorinus, to" the right, laureated, with
cuirass, on which is the head of Medusa,
and armed with a spear and shield.
.Ret;. VICTORIA AVG. Bust of Victory, laureated,
to right, with wings, holding wreath and palm.
(PL V., No. 9.) D.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., p. 76, No. 1 ; engraved
pi. iii.).
These last two coins deserve a few remarks. They are
88
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
especially beautiful, and the busts on the reverses in each
case seem much too good to be only intended for gods
and goddesses; we, therefore, prefer supposing them to be
portraits. But of whom ? M. Cohen has already attributed
the bust on the reverse of No. 144 to Victorina, the
mother of Victorinus, and has suggested that the Diana
on No. 143 is a portrait of Victorina. Certainly
Victorina (or, as she is also called, Victoria) was a woman
of some note, for according to Trebellius Pollio, 12 after
the death of her son she was called Mater Castrorum,
and coins of gold, silver, and brass were struck for her,
especially at Treves. This statement, in any case, as
regards the silver and copper, cannot be received ; and the
copper specimen in the Pembroke collection (No. 1445) has
already been pointed out as false. There cannot, how-
ever, be any reasonable doubt that her portrait occurs on
the coin with the legend VICTORIA AVG V above
described (No. 144), and if we allow this, and also that it
is perhaps the same portrait on two other very rare coins of
Victorinus here engraved, the first in the British Museum,
the other in the collection of the Due de Blacas (Cohen,
Med. Imp., Nos. 37 and 60), the statement of Trebellius
Pollio is not so untrue.
As regards the two busts on No.'143, it seems better to
suppose that they represent the son and daughter of
12 XXX. tyr. 6, 30.
ROMAN GOLD COINS. 89
Victorinus, rather than the mother, who would not be
represented by a maiden divinity like Diana, and especially
by one who was the sister of Apollo. Of this daughter
we have no record, but the son was made Caesar shortly
before his father's death, and was killed himself soon after.
An inscription at Cologne 13 is said to record their inter-
ment, as follows : HIC DVO VICTORINI TYRANNI
SITI SVNT.
MARIUS.
145. Obv. IMP. C. M. AVR. MARIVS P. F. AVG. Bust
of Marius, to the right, laureated, with palu-
damentum and cuirass.
Rev. SAEC. FELICITAS. Felicity standing to the
left, holding a caduceus and cornu-copise.
(PL V., No. 10.) D.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 11), who describes
Felicity as holding a sceptre, but, in all probability, erroneously.
The reign of this usurper was remarkable for its short
duration, which did not exceed two, or at the most, three
days; and yet the number of the coins that have come
down to us far surpasses what we should have expected.
M. de Witte suggests that when Marius arrived on the bor-
ders of the Rhine, he had already been proclaimed emperor
in the West of Gaul, and that the legions recognised
his authority for three days after the death of Lselian.
Marius was by trade a blacksmith, and if history may
be credited, a man of singular strength. He is reported u
to have been able to drag a cart with his fore-finger, and
to smash the strongest vehicles with one finger, as if they
had been struck with wood or iron. This reminds us of
13 Treb. Poll., XXX. Tyr. 7
14 Treb. Poll., XXX. Tyr. 8.
VOL. V. N.S.
90 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Maximinus, a man whose height exceeded eight feet, and
whose wife's bracelet he employed as a thumb-ring, for he
too was enabled to drag loaded waggons, to crush stones,
and tear up trees. His digestive organs were also of the
most peculiar nature, for he used daily to consume an
amphora of wine (= 6 gallons) and from 40 to 60 pounds
of meat. 15
TETRICUS I.
*146. Obv. IMP. TETEICVS AVG. Bust of Tetricus I.
to the left, laureated, with the cuirass, armed
with a spear and a shield, on which are repre-
sented two figures, one vanquishing the other.
Rev. SPES PVBLICA. Hope walking to the left,
holding a flower, and raising her dress. (PI. V.,
No. 11.) D.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 26).
147. TETRIOUS I. Rev. VIRTVS AVG. (Cohen, MM.
' 9., No. 34.) D.
*$148. Obv. IMP. C. G. P. ESV. TETRICVS AVG. Bust
of Tetricus I., to the left, laureated, with
cuirass.
Rev. VICTORIA AVG. Victory running to the
left, holding wreath and palm. (PL V.,
No. 12.) D.
*149. Obv. IMP. C. TETRICVS AVG. Three-quarter
bust of Tetricus I., to the right, bare, with
paludamentum and cuirass.
.S^. VOTIS DECENNALIBVS. Victory standing
to the right, placing her foot on a globe, and
writing X on a shield, which she holds on her
knee. Quinarius. D.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 38; engraved pi. vi.).
5 For further particulars concerning this monster, see Capit
in Max.
ROMAN GOLD COINS. 9l
TETRICUS II.
*<l>150. Obv C. P. ESV. TETRICVS OAES. Bust of
Tetricus II., to the right, bare, with paluda-
mentum.
Rev. SPEI PERPETVAE. Hope walking to the
left, holding a flower, and raising her dress
(PL VI., No. 1.) D.
*$151. Obv. G. PIV. ESV. TETRICVS CAES. Bust of
Tetricus II., to the right, bare, with paluda-
mentum.
Rev. SPES PVBLICA. Same type. (PI. VI.,
No. 2.) D.
The reverse only of this coin is given by Cohen ( Med. Imp.,
No. 5) from Mionnet.
The pranomina of Tetricus I. have hitherto been always
stated to be C. Pesuvius, and those of Tetricus II. C.
Pesuvius Pivesus. The writer of the article " Tetricus "
in Dr. Smith's Dictionary of Biography says, "The family
designation Pesuvius or Pesubius seems established, be-
yond a question, by coins and inscriptions ; but we cannot
so readily admit Pivesus, which Eckhel supposes to have
been derived by the son from a mother Pivesa. In the
first place, Pesuvius and Pivesus, or their contractions,
are never found together upon the same piece. Secondly,
PIVESVS (sic.), FIVES, and PIV. appear only on the
silver and small brass coins, all of which are of rude and
inferior workmanship ; while the gold, which are executed
with care and skill, present uniformly C. PES. (sic.)
TETRICVS CAES., and hence we are inclined to conclude
that Pivesus was a mis-pronunciation by barbarous lips of
Pesuvius, and had no real existence as a distinct name."
The solution to this puzzle is to appear in M. de Witters
grand work " Oil the Gallo-Roman Tyrants ; " mean-
92 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
while M. Cohen, (Med. Imp., vol. v. p. 162) gives us
M. de Witters opinion, which is, that the names of both
father and son were Pius Esuvius, and for this M. de
Witte guarantees strong proofs. A corroboration might
at present be obtained by examining the engraving in
Cohen (pi. vi.) of the fine brass medallion of Tetricus II.,
preserved in the Musee de Grenoble, where the legend may
be read C. PtV. ESVVIVS TETRICVS CAES., and
where also there appears to be just room for the S of Pius
between PIV. and ESVVIVS. It is also to be hoped
that an interpretation of the G (Gnceus?} on the obverse
legend of No. 148 will at the same time be given.
The types of these coins do not offer any peculiarities,
but the full-faced quinarius (No. 149) is a remarkable
coin.
CLAUDIUS II.
*152. Obv. IMP. C. M. AVR. CLAVDIVS AVG. Bust
of Claudius II., to the right, laureated, with
paludamentum and cuirass.
Rw. VIRTVS CLAVDI A[VG]. The emperor in
military dress, on horseback, to the right, about
to throw his spear against a prostrate enemy ;
others are under the horse. (PI. VI. No. 3.)
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 17).
The reverse legend of this coin is erroneously described
by Cohen as VIRTVS CLAVDII. A more careful
examination convinces me that VIRTVS CLAVDI AVG
is the correct reading. The type doubtless alludes to the
victories of Claudius over the Goths, in A.D. 269, from
which he gained the surname of Gothicus, a name he is
generally known by. There appears to be only one small
brass coin actually recording the victory by name, with
ROMAN GOLD COINS. 93
the legend VICTORIAS GOTHIC., and sometimes in
the exergue S.P.Q.R. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 221).
AURELIAN.
153. Obv. IMP. 0. L. DOM. AVRELIANVS P.F. AVG.
Bust of Aurelian, to the right, radiated, with
cuirass, and cegis.
Rev. ADVENTVS AVG. The emperor, in military
dress, on horseback, to the left, raising the right
hand and holding a spear reversed. (PI. VI.,
No. 4.) D.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 2 ; engraved pi. v.).
*154. Obv. IMP.C. L. DOM. AVRELIANVS AVG. Bust
of Aurelian, to the right, radiated, with cuirass
and aegis.
Rev. CONCORDIA AVG. Concord seated to the
left, holding patera and a double cornu-copiae.
(PL I., No. 5.) D.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 5) ; the bust erroneously
described as laure.
*155. Obv. IMP. C. DOM. AVRELIANVS AVG. Bust
of Aurelian, to the right, laureated, with cuirass
and aegis.
Rev. FIDES MILIT. Female figure standing to the
left, holding two standards. In exergue, S.
(PI. VI., No. 6.) D.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 12).
*156. Obv. IMP. AVRELIANVS AVG. Bust of Aurelian
to the right, radiated, with cegis.
Rev. FORTVNA REDVX. Fortune seated to the
left, on a wheel, holding rudder and cornu-
copias. In exergue, * P. (PI. VI. No. 7.)
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 15).
The reverse legends of the above-described coins of
Aurelian do not offer us any basis for observation. The
most interesting is the small medallion (No. 153) with the
94 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
legend ADVENTVS AVG., but we are unable to decide
from which of his numerous victories it records his safe
return.
Aurelian, called by his comrades for his prowess " Hand-
on-Sword" (manu adferrum), was the first emperor who
dared to put upon his coins the impious and arrogant titles
of "God and Lord" (DEO ET DOMINO NATO
AVRELIANO AVG., Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 170), 17
though Domitian, at the amphitheatre, encouraged the mob
to hail his empress and himself as " our Lord and Lady "
(Domino et Domince feliciter] ; and shortly after permitted
his Procurator to write in a public document, " our Lord
and God orders this to be done " (Dominus et Deus noster
hoc fieri jubet). Carus also followed the example of
Aurelian (see later). Augustus, on the contrary, was
horrified when saluted as " Lord." 19
TACITUS.
**157. Obv. IMP. CL. TACITVS AVG. Bust of Tacitus,
to the left, laureated, with a cuirass, holding a
spear and a shield, on which is the head of
Medusa.
Rev. EOMAE AETERNAE. Rome, helmeted,
seated to the left, holding a globe and spear;
beneath the chair a shield. (PI. VI., No. 8.)
A variety of Cohen (Med. Imp., Nos. 9 and 12.)
16 Vopisc. in Aurel., 6.
17 The mother of Aurelian having been priestess to Sol, no
doubt influenced his worship of this deity, to whom he is said to
have built a magnificent temple, and whom he addresses on coins
as SOL DOMINVS IMPERI ROM AN I (Cohen, Med. Imp.,
Nos. 394:1).
18 Suet, in Dom. 13.
19 Suet, in Aug. 53 ; Dion. Cass, Iv. 12.
ROMAN GOLD COINS. 95
FLORIAN.
158. Olv. VIRTVS FLOKIANI AVG. Bust of Florian,
to the left, laureated, with cuirass, holding a
spear and a shield.
AVGVSTI. Mars, helmeted, naked,
with a flowing mantle, walking to the right,
and holding a spear and trophy ; at his feet a
captive with his hands tied behind his back.
(PI. VI., No. 9.)
Published by Cohen (Ned. Imp., No. 8).
PROBUS.
159. Olv. IMP. PROBVS AVG. Bust of Probus, to the
left, helmeted, with cuirass, holding a spear
and shield, on which is represented the emperor
on horseback subduing a foe.
Rev. SOLI INVICTO COMITI AVG. Bust of the
sun, to the right, radiated, with paludamentum.
(PI. VI., No. 10.) D.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 38 ; engraved, pi. viii.).
Another example of this coin is in the British Museum, but the
ornamentations of the helmet are different, and the bust of the
sun much larger.
The obverse of this coin is a very good example of the
" military " insignia of the emperor, this type of the bust
not coming into great use much before this time, though
the helmet is met with for the first time on the coins
of Gallienus. I have already, in a previous article, called
attention to the different modes of representing the bust
of the emperors of this period. 20
Of the worship of the sun I have spoken under Uranius
Antoninus, Victorinus, and Aurelian.
20 Num. Chron., N.S., vol. i. p. 231.
96 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
CARUS.
*160. Obv. IMP. CARVS P. F. AVG. Bust of Carus, to
the left, with cnirass, holding a spear and shield,,
on which is the head of Medusa.
Rev. FORTVNA AVG. Fortune standing to the
left, holding a rudder and a cornu-copias.
(PI. VI., No. 11.) D.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 3).
161. Obv. IMP. 0. M. AVR. CARVS P. F. AVG. Bust
of Carus, to the right, laureated, with the palu-
damentum and cuirass.
Rev. SPES PVBLICA. Hope walking to the left,
holding a flower and raising her dress.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 10). A variety of this
coin is in the Museum.
*3>162. Obv. DEO ET DOMINO CARO AVG. Bust of
Carus, to the right, laureated, with paluda-
mentum and cuirass.
Rev. VICTORIA AVG. Victory standing to the
left on a globe, holding a wreath and palm.
(PL VI., No. 12.)
A variety of Cohen (Med. Imp.) No. 14 ; engraved pi. ix.).
I have already alluded to the title of " God and Lord,"
under Aurelian. From a small brass coin of Carus, with
the same legend, and with the radiated busts of the sun
and Carus (Cohen, Med. Imp.) No. 45, engraved pi. x.), it
is probable tbat the Deus may refer to the sun as the deity,
and the Dominus to Carus as the emperor. Still, finding
these titles together, and only the bust of Carus on No. 162,
the theory requires some modification; and Carus must be
considered as impious and blasphemous as his predecessor
Aurelian.
ROMAN GOLD COINS. 97
NUMERIAN.
163. Obv. IMP. NVMERIANVS P. F. AVGT. Bust of
Numerian, to the right, laureated, with paluda-
menturn and cuirass.
Rev. VIRTVS AVGG. Hercules,. naked, standing
to the right, and holding a lion's skin, placing
his right hand behind him and leaning with his
left on his club, placed on a rock. (PI. VII.,
No. 1.)
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 10).
CARINUS.
*164. Obv. IMP. CARINVS P.P. AVG. Bust of Carinus,
to the left, laureated, with cuirass and aegis.
Rev. FELICITAS PVBLIOA. Felicity standing
to the left, with her legs crossed, holding a
" O * O
caduceus, and leaning the left arm on a column.
(PL VII., No. 2.) Quinarius. D.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 4).
The reverse of this coin of this homo omnium contamina-
tissimus 21 does not offer any special peculiarities.
The period we are now entering upon, together with some
of the coins of it we are about to describe, is interesting from
many points ; and more especially from two particular ones:
(1) the division of the empire ; and (2) the more prevalent
introduction of exergual letters, most of which are now
satisfactorily proved to be mint-marks.
Diocletian mounted the tbrone in A.D. 284-, after having
fulfilled the prophecy of the Druidical priestess, that he
must first kill tbe wild boar (aper), the praetorian prsefect,
who murdered Numerian. Finding, however, that the
empire was too large to manage, he resolved on taking a
21 Vopisc. in Car. 1.
VOL. v. N.S.
98 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
colleague, and his choice fell on Maximian Hercules, whom
he named Augustus at Nicomedia, in A.D. 286.
The proper management of the empire still being found
too difficult to be undertaken by only two, it was determined
to elect two Caesars, who should take a share, and Diocletian
selected, in A.D. 292, Galerius Maximianus and Maximian
Constantius Chlorus. The empire was thus divided be-
tween four, and while Diocletian gave to his Caesar,
Illyricum, retaining Thrace, Asia, the East, and Egypt for
himself, Maximian assigned to his protege, Britain, Gaul,
Spain, and Mauretania Tingitana, keeping for himself
Rhsetia, Italy, and Africa. 22
The Empire was by this means divided into East and
West, and the Emperors who reigned in each respectively
till it was again reunited under Constantine, were as
follows :
Hast. West.
Diocletian. Maximian Hercules.
Gal. Maximianus. [Carausius and Allectus,
[Valeria.] usurpers.]
Maximinus Daza. Constantius Chlorus.
Licinius I., and Severus II.
Licinius II. Maxentius.
We shall first describe the coins of the Emperors of
the East, and then those of the Emperors of the West.
EMPIRE OF THE EAST.
DIOCLETIAN.
165. Olv. DIOCLETIANVS AVGVSTVS. Head of
Diocletian, to the right, laureated.
Rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI. Jupiter, naked,
standing to the left, a mantle hanging from his
22 Num. Chron., N.S., vol. ii. p. 44.
ROMAN GOLD COINS. 99
shoulders, holding a thunderbolt and sceptre.
In the exergue S.M.N. (Signata Moneta Nicome-
did}. (PI. VII., No. 3.) D.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 47).
This coin was struck at Nicomedia, where, as above
stated, Diocletian named Maximian Augustus, and associ-
ated him in the Empire. The reverse legend and type is
one very prevalent at this period, and the more so as
Jupiter was the favourite deity of Diocletian, in the same
manner as Hercules was that of Maximian. We are told
by Aurelius Victor that the former emperor took the title
of Jovius, and the latter that of Herculeus a fact more
than once attested by the coins (see especially the large
brass medallion published by Cohen, Med Imp., Diocletian,
Nos. 105, 115 ; Maximian, No. 126) and assumed, accord-
ing to the panegyrists, " in order to declare to the world
that while the elder possessed supreme wisdom to devise
and direct, the younger could exert irresistible might in
the execution of all projects." 23
GAL. MAXIMIAN.
*166. Obv. MAXIMIANVS NOB. C. Head of Gal. Maxi-
mian to the right, laureated.
Rev. PIETAS AVGG. ET CAESS. NN. Piety,
standing facing, looking to the right, and hold-
ing two infants in her arms ; on her right a
child. In the exergue TR. (Treviris). (PI.
VII., No. 4.) D.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 17), and incorrectly.
The same legend and type occur on a coin of Diocletian
preserved in the Museum collection. The date of the
adoption of Treves as a place of mintage is uncertain ;
the mintage probably commenced before Diocletian ; it
23 Smith's Diet, of Biography, s. v. Diocletianus.
100 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
certainly ended with the death of Jovinus, of whom we
have coins with the mint-marks TR., when the Franks
in A.D. 413 sacked the town and reduced it to ashes. 24
*$167. Obv. MAXIMIANVS N. 0. Head of Gal. Maximian
to the right, laureated.
ev.VOTI$ X SIC XX within a laurel wreath.
(PI. VII., No. 5.) Quinarius. D.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 39) as autrefois, Cabinet
de M. Sabatier.
On the vows of the emperors at this period M. Cohen
has already made some observations ; and we extract the
following remarks from his work (Med. Imp., vol. v. p.
384) : " Public vows were made by the emperors from
five to five years, or from ten to ten. Hence the reason
that we find in the Upper Empire the legends VOTA
SVSCEPTA DECENNALIA when the vows were made
for ten years, and VOTA SOLVTA DECENNALIA
when the ten years were accomplished or elapsed. At a
later period the vows were suddenly carried on further
than the limit, increasing five or ten years. It is for this
reason that we meet with the strange forms (phrases
bizarres] which appear to have no sense, as VOTIS X
MVLTIS XX, SIC X SIC XX, VOTIS V MVLT1S
X, VOT. XX SIC XXX, &c., which one must interpret,
' We make public vows for ten years, and for many more
still (MVLTIS) up to twenty years ;' or again, ' As (SIC)
our vows are for ten years, so (SIC) are they for twenty
years/ Often indeed, for flattery, the emperor anticipated
the years far over the number which had elapsed since
their fulfilment ; for example, Valens only reigned fourteen
24 Num. Chron., N.S., vol. i. p. 125.
ROMAN GOLD COINS. 101
years, and we find on his coins vows for twenty and thirty
years (VOT. XX MVLT. XXX), whilst the vows for
thirty years ought not to have been made till the twenty
had expired."
The question of the distinction between the coins of
Maxiraian Hercules and of Galerius Maximian, is one that
need not be here discussed. M. Cohen has already
devoted five pages of his work to its criticism.
VALERIA.
*168. Obv. GAL. VALERIA AVG. Bust of Valeria to
the right, with diadem.
Rev. VENERI VICTRICI. Venus standing to the
left, holding an apple and lifting her veil. In
the field to left. In the exergue S.M.A.X.
(Signata Moneta Antiochid, 7) between a
crescent and a star. (PL VII., No. 6.)
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 2) ; but the legend is
wrongly given as VENERI VICTRICI NKLV (in two mono-
grams) XC. This coin at one time formed part of the Mey-
naert collection (see Meynaert, Sale Cat. p. 69 ; engraved pi.
ii. No. 14. Gand. 1852).
The gold coins of this unfortunate lady, who was
daughter of Diocletian and wife of Galerius Maximiau,
are of great rarity. Only four others exist, struck at
Nicomedia (Cab. des Medailles ; British Museum), at
Serdica (Cab. de M. le Due de Blacas), and at Siscia
(Cab. de M. Hoffmann) . A silver coin, struck at Alexandria,
is only known from Banduri and Tanini, and not certainly
genuine. There are, however, several second brass coins
attributed to her.
MAXIMINUS DAZA.
* 169. Obv. MAXIMINVS P. F. AVG. Head of Maximinus
Daza to the right, laureated.
102 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Rev. X. MAXIMINI AVG. S. M. A. (Signata,
Moneta Antiochia) in five lines within a laurel
wreath. (PI. VII., No. 7.)
Published by Cohen (Mid. Imp., No. 30.)
170. MAXIMINTTS DAZA. Rev. CONSVL. P. P. PROCON-
SVL. In the exergue S.M.A.S. (Cohen, Med.
Imp., No. 1.)
171. Rev. IOVI CONS. CAES. In
the exergue S.M. A5. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No.
6.) D.
172. Rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTV-
TIS. In the exergue P.R. (Prima Roma).
(Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 12.)
On No. 171 occurs the legend IOVI CONS. CAES.,
to which we have already alluded, under Diocletian.
Maximinus Daza also received the title of Jovius, which
is further attested by his coins (Cohen, Med. Imp., Nos.
31, 129).
LICINIUS I.
* 173. Obv. LICINIVS P. F. AVG. Head of Licinius I.
to the right, laureated.
Rev. PRINCIPIS PROVIDENTISSIMI. Column,
on which is written in three lines the word
SAPIENTIA ; on the top of the column an
owl ; to the left, at the base of the column, a
helmet ; to the right, a shield and a spear ; in
the exergue Q. ARL. (Quarto, Arelatd). (PL
VII. No. 8.) Quinarius. D.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 24).
This type is evidently connected with Minerva, and
consequently a few remarks about this goddess will not be
here out of place.
The Minerva at Rome was in all respects the same as
Athena at Athens, and all the attributes of the latter
were transferred to the former. Taking a rapid numis-
matic glance over the coins of those emperors who seem '
ROMAN GOLD COINS. 103
more especially to have taken this goddess as a coin-type,
we notice, first, that the statue of Minerva with the owl
is represented on the estrade with the Emperor Nero and
attendants on the occasion of his two congiaria (Cohen,
Med. Imp., Nos. 110 117). Some fine brass coins of
Vespasian (Cohen, Med. Imp., Nos. 407 410) give us
the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, huilt by Vespasian, in
which Minerva stands on the right of Jupiter, and Juno
on the left ; a type also occurring on the coins of Anto-
ninus and Aurelius, and afterwards repeated by Hadrian
on the coins struck by him for JElia Capitolina. 25 The
preference thus given to Minerva dates from an early
period, for Livy, 26 writing of the year B.C. 363, says,
" Fixus [clavus] dextero lateri aedis Jovis Optimi Maximi,
ex qua parts Afanerva templum est." It thus appears that
the Romans paid more veneration to Minerva than to
Juno, and even Horace 27 says
" Unde nil majus generatur ipso [JoviJ
Nee viget quicquam simile aut secundum,
Proximos illi tamen occupavit
Pallas honores."
The Emperor Domitian paid special and superstitious
attention to Minerva (superstitiose colebat), 23 and ordered
the quinquatria, a festival sacred to this goddess, to be
celebrated every year in his Alban villa. 29 The goddess
may be found represented on numbers of his coins.
Minerva was also a " goddess of providence," and as such
is described on a coin of Septimius Severus (Cohen, Med.
25 F. W. Madden, Hist, of Jewish Coinage, p. 214, No. 3.
26 Lib. vii. 3.
27 Carm. i. od. 12.
28 Suet., in Dom. 15.
29 Suet., in Dom. 4.
104 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Imp., Nos. 351353). She is even called MINERVA
SANCTa on a coin of the same emperor (No. 210). On
many other coins, too numerous to mention here, the
goddess or her attributes maybe met with, and very often
as "Minerva Victrix."
The type of the above-described coin of Licinius occurs
also on a gold coin of Constantiue I., published by Cohen
(Med. Imp., No. 92), from Caylus and Beger. It is ren-
dered even more interesting by another of the coins of
Licinius, the legend of which is SAPIENTIA PRIN-
CIPIS, and the type an altar surmounted with an owl,
a spear placed crosswise, with, to the left, a shield, and
to the right, a helmet (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 130; cf.
the similar coin of Constantine I., No. 450).
Minerva was recognised by the Greeks and Romans as
the wisest of the goddesses, and the more so as her father,
Jupiter, was lord of heaven, and her mother, Metis, the
goddess of prudence. Indeed, Cicero expressly calls her
Sapientissima Dea. 30 Hence " the wisdom of the most
provident prince " is accompanied by her attributes on this
coin ; on the top of the column is the owl (yAai>) ; 31 on
one side the helmet, on the other the shield and spear, all
three thus alluded to by Ovid 32
" At sibi dat clypeum, dat acutae cuspidis hastam,
Dat galeam capiti, defenditur segide pectus.'
The aegis does not occur on any of these coins, but is
of frequent occurrence on the bust of the emperors.
The mintage of coins at Aries was commenced under
30 Orat. pro Milone, iii. 8.
!1 Cf. yXavKuirie 'Atf//*^. Horn., 11. xviii. 227, &c. ; some-
times y\au/ca>7ric alone, II. viii. 420, owl-eyed, large, fierce-eyed.
32 Metamorph. vi. 71).
ROMAN GOLD COINS. 105
Constantine I., and the letters ARL. occur for the last
time on the coins of Constantius II. and III.; the coinage
still continuing at this city, but under its new name of
Constantina, which it received from Constantine I., when
he improved the town and built a new one on the opposite
side of the Rhone. 33 Respecting the interpretation of
Q, as Quarta, I have already elsewhere spoken at length. 34
174. LICINIUS II. Rev. 10 VI CONSERVATORI CAE8.
In exergue, S. M. N.A. (Signata Moneia Nico-
medid 4.) (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 4.)
EMPIRE OF THE WEST.
MAXIMIAN HERCULES.
175. Obv. MAXIMIANVS P. AVG. Head of Maximian
Hercules, to the right, laureated.
Rev. HERCVLI DEB ELL AT. Hercules, naked,
to the left, striking the hydra with his club,
which he holds in his right hand, and seizing
one of the heads with his left. In the exergue,
P.T. (Prima Tarracone}. (PI. VII., No. 9.)
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 42).
To the assumption of the name of Herculeus by Maxi-
mian, I have alluded under Diocletian; and it is not
therefore surprising that Hercules should occur in various
forms upon his coins. The above type represents one
of the twelve labours of Hercules the fight against
the Lernaean hydra, whom Hercules, with the assistance
of lolaus, eventually subdued, notwithstanding that for
every head cut off two grew in its place, and that a large
crab came to help the hydra. This type is very strikingly
treated on a coin of Phsestus, in Crete, and with such
33 Num. Chron., N.S., vol. i. p. 120 ; vol. ii. p. 60.
34 Num. Chron., N.S., vol. ii. pp. 48, 243, 244.
VOL. V. N.S. P
106 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
strict adherence to the Greek mythology, that even the
crab is represented about to wound Hercules on his heel.
The Roman coin of Maximian gives a poor idea of the
admirable treatment of the type on the Cretan.
Coins were first attributed to the mint of Tarraco,
which owes its origin to the Emperor Aurelian, of whom
pieces are extant with the marks P., S., T., Q,., V., and
VI., XXT. (Prima, Secunda, Tertia, Quarta, Quinta, and
Sexta XKTarracone), 35 by Mr. de Salis, and the Western
fabric of the coins enables them to be easily identified
from those coins of Thessalonica which also in some cases
have the letter T.
176. MAXIMIAN HERCULES. Rev. HEROVLI VICTORI.
In exergue, $. M. N.VI. (Signata Moneta Nico-
medid 6.) ' (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 49.) D.
177. Rev. XX MAXIMIANI
AVG. S. M. T. (Signata Moneta Thessa-
lonicd.) (Cohen, II., No. 118.)
CARAUSIUS.
* 178. Obv. CARAVSIVS P. F. AVG. Bust of Carausius,
to the right, lanreated, with cuirass.
Rev. CONSERVATOR! AVGGG. Hercules, naked,
standing to right, with, a quiver on his right
shoulder, and holding a club and a bow. In the
exergue, M. L. (Moneta Londinio.) (PI. VII.,
No. 10.) D.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 12).
ALLECTUS.
* 179. Obv. IMP. C. ALLECTVS P. P. AVG. Bust of
Allectus, to the right, laureated, with the
paludamentum.
35 Num. Ohron., N.S. vol. ii. pp. 49, 243.
ROMAN GOLD COINS. 107
Rev. ORIENS AVG. The sun, radiated, half-naked,
standing to the left, raising the right hand, and
holding a globe ; at his feet two captives, seated.
In the exergue, M. L. (Moneta Londinio.)
(PI. VII., No. 11.) D.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 2).
* 180. Obv. Same legend. Bust of Allectus, to the right,
laureated, with paludamentum and cuirass.
Rev. SALVS AVG. Female figure standing to the
right, feeding a serpent which she holds in her
arms. In the exergue, M. L. (Moneta Lon-
dinio.} (PL VII., No. 12.)
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 6).
The histories of Carausius and Alleetus, the usurpers in
Britain, are too well known to require any account here ;
and the coin types do not offer any peculiarities of them-
selves worthy of special illustration. The coin of Carau-
sius, with the three G's to AVGGG., alluding to Diocle-
tian, Maximian, and Carausius, is very interesting, and in
comparing its fabric with that of the coins of Maximian
with the legend SALVS AVGGG. and the exergual
letters M.L., we do not doubt that these latter were also
struck in London by Carausius. The emperors were
obliged to recognise him, and his determined character
is shown by his striking a coin with the singular legend
CARAVSIVS ET FRATRES SVI, giving his own head
radiated, whilst those of his brothers, Diocletian and
Maximian, are bare. This brass coin was struck at Col-
chester, and is very rare, if not unique : it is now in the
collection of the British Museum.
The mint of London was not of long duration. It
commenced, as we have seen, with Carausius, who issued
coins there of Diocletian and Maximian. It is again met
with on the coins of Constantius I. and Maximian II.,
108 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
and on those of the family of Constantine ; and it exhibits
as a rule the letters L., LN., and LON. Recent dis-
coveries have also led to the attribution to London of
certain coins of Maxentius with the exergual letters
AVGOB. (struck at Augusta, 72), Augusta being the old
name for London/ 6 as suggested by Mr. de Salis. 37 The
Museum has also lately acquired a barbarous coin of
Theodosius I ., with the same mint-mark.
181. CONSTANTIUS CnLORus. Rev. HERCVLI CONS.
OAES. In the exergue, S. M. A. S. (Signata
Moneta Antiochid 7). (Cohen, Mid. Imp.,
No. 20.)
SEVERUS II.
#182. Obv. SEVERVSNOB. CAES. Head of Severus II.
to the right, laureated.
Rev, HERCVLI COMITI CAESS. NOSTR. Her-
cules, naked, but with the lion's skin, standing
to the left, holding a branch of olive (?) and a
club. In the exergue, S. M. T. (Signata Moneta
Tarracone). (PI. VIII., No. 1.)
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 9).
The special peculiarity about this coin is its exergual
letters, it being the first example at present found giving
the mint of Tarraco preceded by the letters S. M. (Signata
Moneta). As I have already often shown in previous
papers, and alluded to in this one under the coins of
Maximian Hercules, the usual formula is P. T., S. T., &c.
On comparing, however, the fabric of this coin, especially
the head, with the brass coins of Severus indubitably
struck at Tarraco, there cannot be the slightest doubt that
36 Amm. Marcell., xxvii. 8 ; xxviii. 3.
37 Num. Chron., N.S., vol. i. p. 122, note S.
ROMAN GOLD COINS. 109
it was struck at that mint. Usually the letters S.M.T.
signify that the coin was minted at Thessalonica, and it
is worthy of observation that at present I know of no
coins of Severus, though doubtless they exist, issued at
the latter town. The mint of Tarraco ceases about the
time that that of Aries commences, and it is probable
that Constantine transferred the. monetary establishment
of Tarraco to his new capital.
183. SEVERUS II. Rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS. In
the exergue, S.M.SD. (Signata Moneta Ser-
dicd). D.
MAXENTIUS.
*$184:. Obv. MAXENTIVS P. F. AVG. Head of Maxentius,
to the right; laureated.
Rev. HERCVLI COM1TI AVGG. ET OAES. N.
Hercules, naked, standing facing and looking
to the left, with a quiver on his shoulder,
leaning on his club, and holding a bow and a
lion's skin on his left arm. In the exergue,
P. R. (Prima Romd}. (PI. VIII., No. 2.) D.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 11) from Caylus.
It was at Rome that Maxentius, in A.D. 306, rebelled
against Severus, and was elected Emperor by general
acclamation of the people, all Italy yielding at once, and
Africa also acquiescing. He is known as CcBsar from
coins only, and those tbat bear this title were struck at
Carthage (Cohen, Med. Imp., Nos. 5 and 88). They were
probably issued in error by this mint, when Maxentius
proclaimed himself emperor at Rome. A few years after
(A.D. 311), this magnificent city suffered severely from fire
and pillage, owing to the revolt of Alexander, the governor
appointed by Maxentius. 38
38 Num. Chron., N.S., vol. ii. p. 54.
110 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
*$185. Obv. MAXENTIVS P.P. AVG. Full-faced bust
of Maxentius, bare, witb paludamentum and
cuirass.
^.VICTORIA AETERNA AVG. N. Victory,
half-naked, standing to the right, holding a
shield (on which is inscribed VOTIS X), on
a pedestal, and placing her left foot on a prow ;
behind her, a captive seated on the ground,
his hands tied behind his back. In the exergue,
P. OST. (Prima Ostid). (PI. VIII., No. 3.)
This coin appears to be the same as that formerly in the
Pembroke collection (Sale Cat., No. 1105). It is erroneously
described by Cohen (No. 24), from the Pembroke catalogue,
as having " the head laureated to the right."
*$186. Obv. MAXENTIVS P. F. AVG. Head of Max-
entius, to the right, laureated.
Rev. VICTOR OMNIVM GENTIVM AVG. N.
Maxentius, in military dress, standing to the
right, holding in the left hand a spear, and
receiving a Victory from Mars, helmeted,
standing to the left, holding a trophy ; between
them, a figure prostrate at the feet of the
emperor. In the exergue, P. OST. (Prima
Ostid}. (PI. VIII., No. 4.) D.
The reverse legend and type of this coin occur upon
second brass coins of Maxentius (Cohen, Med. Imp.,
No. 108).
The full-faced bust occurs upon other coins of Maxen-
tius, two of which I have published in a previous paper, 39
and on many others of the Imperial series, to which I have
already alluded under Postumus (No. 141). The reverse
legend of No. 186 is in the usual superfluous and arro-
gant style of the period, for Maxentius never had any
power either in Gaul, or in Illyricum, or in the East;
though he is said to have celebrated a triumph at Rome
39 Num. Chron., N.S., vol. ii. p. 46.
ROMAN GOLD COINS. Ill
after his disgraceful sacking of Carthage. Yet Maxen-
tius, though considered a usurper, seems to have had much
love and respect for his family, for he struck coins dedi-
cated to his father (PATBI, Cohen, Med. Imp., Nos. 141
144); to Galerius Maximian, his father-in-law
(SOCERO, Cohen, Med. Imp., Nos. 50, 51) ; to Constan-
tius Chlorus, his relation 40 (ADFINI, Cohen, Med. Imp.,
No. 78 ; COGNATO, Nos. 7982) ; and to Romulus,
his son (FILIO, Cohen, Ned. Imp., Nos. 4 7).
Respecting the proper interpretation of the letters
P . OST., and their positive identification with the mint
of Ostia, I have in a former paper spoken at some
length. 41 There is no doubt that after the defeat of
Alexander the mint of Carthage was transferred by Max-
entius to Ostia, and after the defeat of Maxentius by
Constantine, to Rome. Though Gaul, as I have above
stated, did not belong to Maxentius, yet some of his coins
show that they were minted at Tarraco, these having
probably been struck there in his honour by his brother-
in-law, Constantine, previous to their quarrel.
Maxentius having been killed in A.D. 312, Constantine I.
found himself sole Emperor of the West ; and in the fol-
40 The relation of Maxentius to Constantius Chlorus is rather
complicated. Maxentius was the son -of Maximianus Hercules
and Eutropia, whose daughter, Flavia Theodora, by a former
husband, had been united to Constantius Chlorus, when he was
made Caesar, Flavia being, in this way, half sister to Maxentius.
By this marriage of his step -sister with Constantius Chlorus,
the latter became his brother-in-law.
But Maxentius had also a real sister, Fausta, who married
Constantine the Great, son of Constantius Chlorus by his first
wife, Helena.
Thus Constantine became the brother-in-law of Maxentius,
and so both father and son were his brothers-in-law.
41 Num. Chron., N.S., vol. ii. p. 46.
112 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
lowing year, by the death of Diocletian, the defeat and
death of Maximinus, and in the year after by the defeat
of Licinius, Constantine was enabled to add Illyricum to
his dominions. In A.D. 323, the defeat and death of
Licinius made Constantine sole master of the Roman
world.
CONSTANTINE I.
*<t>187. Obv. CONST ANTINVS NOB. C. Head of Con-
stantine I., to the right, laureated.
Rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS. Constantine, in
military dress, standing to the left between two
standards, raising the right hand and holding
a spear. In the exergue, TR. (Treviris*),
(PL VIIL, No. 5.)
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 83) from Caylus.
Notwithstanding that Constantine in A.D. 306 was
elected Augustus by the whole of the Western legions,
yet Galerius' refused to acknowledge him other than
Ccesar, so that he was not actually Augustus till A.D. 307,
when Maxentius and Maximian recognised him as such,
Galerius himself being unable in the following year to
withhold his consent.
*$188. Obv. CONSTANTINVS P.F. AVG. Head of Con-
stantine I., to the right, laureated.
tfev.VIRTVS AVGVSTI. Constantine, on horse-
back, galloping to the right, about to spear an
enemy lying under his horse's feet ; shields and
spears lie on the ground. In the exergue, TK.
(Treviris}. (PL VIIL, No. 6.)
A somewhat similar coin, with the legend VIRTVS
AVGVSTI N., and in the exergue P. TR. (Prima
Treviris}, is in the British Museum. (Cohen, Med. Imp.,
No. 146.)
ROMAN GOLD COINS. 113
189. CONSTANTINO I. Rev. CONSTANTINVS AVG.
In the exergue, S. M. TS. (Signata Moneta
Thessalonicd}. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 43.)
190. Rev. P. M. TRIE. P. COS. IIII. P.
P. PROCOS. In the owrgrue, P.TR. (Prima
Tremris}. (Cohen, It., No. 78.)
191. Rev. VBIQVE VICTORES. In
the exergue, P. TR. (Cohen, II., No. 108.)
Quinarius. D.
CONSTANTINE L, CRISPUS, AND CoNSTANTINE II.
**192. Obv. IMP. CONSTANTINVS P. F. AVG. Bust
of Constantino I., to the right, radiated, with
jpaludamentum and cuirass.
Rev. CRISPVS ET CONSTANTINVS IVN.
NOBB. CAESS. Busts of Crispus and Con-
stantino II., laureated, facing each other, with
the paludamentum and cuirass. In the exergue,
SIS. (Siscid). (PI. VIII., No. 7.) D.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 1) as " autrefois cabinet
de M. Dupre."
FAUSTA.
193. Obv. FLAV. MAX. FAVSTA AVG. Bust of
Fausta, to the right, hare.
Rev. SPES REIPVBLICAE. Fausta standing facing,
looking to the left, holding two infants in her
arms. In the exergue, SIRM. (Sirmio).
(PI. VIII., No. 8.) D.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 3).
According to M. Cohen, the two infants represent the
two eldest sons of Fausta, Constaiitine II., and Constans,
so that in consequence the coin was probably struck in
A.D. 317 or 318.
The names of Fausta, in Smith's Dictionary of Bio-
graphy, are given as Flavia Maximiana Fausta, and
naturally, for she was the daughter of Maximian Her-
cules. It appears, however, from her large medallions
VOL. v. N.S. Q
114 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
(Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 1), that the proper explanation
of MAX. is Maxima.
The coins bearing the name of Fausta, with the title
of Nobilissima Femina, or abbreviated N. F., are now
proved to belong to this Fausta, and the small brass coins
with these latter letters have helped to the proper attri-
bution of the coins of Helena, to which I shall shortly
allude.
The mint of Sirmium, which was established by
Constantine I., continued to the time of Arcadius and
Honorius, when its name totally disappears.
HELENA.
194. Obv. FL. HELENA AVGVSTA. Bust of Helena,
to the right, with diadem.
Zev. SECVRITAS REIPVBLICE (sic). Female
figure, veiled, standing to the left, holding a
branch of laurel, and raising her robe. In the
exergue, SIRM. (Sirmio}. (PL VIII., No. 9.) D.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 1).
The coins bearing the name of Helena have been for a
long time a stumbling-block to Numismatists, as it could
not be decided whether they should be attributed to
Helena, the wife of Constantius Chlorus, Helena, the wife
of Crispus, or Helena, the wife of Julian the Apostate,
nor has the writer of the article " Helena/' in Smith's
Dictionary of Biography, arrived at a satisfactory con-
clusion, notwithstanding that articles had been written
upon this subject by the Baron Marchant (Lettres,
xvii.) and by M. Ch. Lenormant (Rev. Num., 1843,
p. 88), satisfactorily settling the question. Eckhel, in
his dissertation on this point, concludes by assigning
certain coins to each of these ladies, but only gold coins
to Helena, wife of Julian, and principally because of the
ROMAN GOLD COINS. 115
word REIPVBLICE, a form very prevalent at that
period. It would be useless to here repeat the arguments
pro and con in this question, as they have already been laid
before English readers by the late Dr.W. H. Scott. 42 Suffice
it to say that all the coins bearing the name of Helena are
to be restored to Helena, wife of Constantius Chlorus.
As Helena was repudiated by Constantius Chlorus
immediately after his accession to the throne in A.D. 292,
it does not require any great stretch of imagination to
suppose that none of her coins were struck during the
lifetime of her husband.
After the death of Constantius Chlorus and the rise of
Constantine into power (A.D. 306), Helena, who had been
leading a private life, was recalled by her son, made
Augusta, and, according to Eusebius, gold coins were
ordered to be struck with her effigy (xpvaois TE voyutV/zairt KOI
rriv avrrjc tKrvirovadai ejKova), 43 a statement repeated by Theo-
phanes, but without naming the metal. Hence, it is
proved that certain gold and brass coins of Helena were
struck by Constantine in honour of his mother during her
life-time. The brass coins are of third brass size.
There are some brass coins of Helena bearing the letters
N. F. (Nobilissima Femina], similar in every respect to
those of Fausta above alluded to. These coins have
been classed by Marchant to A.D. 307, in which year
Constantine took in marriage Fausta, and not being him-
self universally recognised as Augustus, could not bestow
upon "his wife the title of Augusta, but was content to
call her Nobilissima Femina, and at the same time issue
coins of his mother with the same title.
The small brass coins of Helena, with the legend in the
42 Num. Chron., vol. xv. p. 188.
43 Euseb., Vit. Const., iii. 47.
116 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
dative case, as well as those of his mother-in-law,
Theodora, were struck by Constantino after their deaths.
It will be seen that they do not bear the title Diva, for
they were both Christians.
Helena does not appear to have borne the name of
Maxima, as did Fausta, for the coin on which this name
occurs is only given by Eckhel on the authority of Strada
and Tristan.
The orthography of REIPVBLICE (sic) was Eckhel's
strongest point in favour of these coins belonging to the
period of Julian ; but he could not have been aware that
the same form occurs upon the coins of Fausta (Cohen,
Med. Imp.,~No. II), and of Magnentius (Cohen, Med. Imp.,
No. 29) some years previous to the reign of Julian.
Notwithstanding, however, that all the coins bearing
the name of Helena are thus restored t<4 the wife of
Constantius Chlorus, M. Cohen has attributed to Helena,
wife of Julian, the coins with the name and attributes
of his Faria how far correctly, I am unable at present
to say.
And now a few words respecting the type of the coin
of Helena we have described above. According to M. Ch.
Lenormant ^ it does not represent the " figure of secu-
rity," but rather a statue of Helena, to whom the long
stola, the veiled head, and the branch of laurel would
admirably apply. According to Suidas, Constantine
raised a statue to his mother in the faubourg of Antioch,
called Daphne, and hence the branch of laurel (Sa'^vij)
may, possibly, allude to the locality where the statue was
placed.
195. HELENA. A barbarous coin.
44 Rev. Num., 1843, p. 08.
ROMAN GOLD COINS. 117
This coin has already been treated of by Mr. Evans, 45
who has given a woodcut of it. It is thought to be an
amulet, as during the middle ages the coins of Helena
were supposed to be endowed with healing powers. It
seems to have been imitated from a coin of Constans,
and though looking very like a Roman coin, is assigned
conditionally, by Mr. Evans, to the fifth or sixth century
of our era.
CRISPUS.
*$196. Olv.~ FL. IVL. CRISPVS NOB. C. Bust of Orispus
to the left, laureated, showing the back, across
which is slung a band, to which is fixed a
shield ; he also holds a spear.
Rev. PRINCIPI IVVENTVTIS. Crispns, in mill-
tary dress, standing to the right, holding spear
and globe ; at his feet a captive on either
side. In the exergue, AQ. (Aquileid~). (PL
VIII., No. 10.)
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 13), from Tanini.
* 197. Obv. FL. IVL. CRISPVS NOB. CAES. Bust of
Crispus to the right, laureated, with paluda-
mentum and cuirass.
Rev. VBIQVE VICTORES. Crispus standing to
the right, in military dress, holding spear and
globe ; at his feet, on either side, a captive
seated on the ground. In the exergue. TR.
(Treviris}. (PL VIII., No. 11.) Quinarius. D.
Published by Cohen ..(3/eV. Imp., No. 16).
There is also a coin of Constantine I., precisely similar
(excepting the exergual letters) to this one, in this col-
lection, and mentioned above (No. 191).
45 Num. Chron., vol. xx. p. 43.
118 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
EMPIRE OF THE WEST.
CONSTANTINUS II.
*198. Obv. D.N. CONSTANTINVS IVN. NOB. CAES.
Bust of Constantine II. to the right, laureated,
with paludamentum and cuirass.
Rev. PRINCrPI IVVENTVTIS. Constantine II.
laureated and in military dress, holding a
standard and a sceptre ; behind, two standards ;
in the exergue, SIRM. (Sirmio). D.
Published by Cohen (Med. Imp., No. 6). Small medallion.
Crispus and Constantine II. were made Caesars in
A.D. 317. The former was put to death by his father in
A.D. 326, at the instigation of his stepmother, Fausta;
the latter, in A.D. 335, took a share of the Western
Empire with his brother Constans.
199. CONSTANS. Rev. VICTORIAE DD. NN. AVGG.
In the exergue, SIS. (Siscia}. (Cohen, Med.
Imp., No. 23.) Small medallion.
EMPIRE OF THE EAST.
CONSTANTIUS II.
*<D200. Obv. D.N. CONST ANTIVS P. F. AVG. Head of
Constantius II. to the right, with diadem.
Rev. GLORIA REIPVBLICAE. Rome, helmeted,
seated facing, and Constantinople, turreted,
seated to the left, the right foot placed on the
prow of a ship, holding between them a shield,
on which is inscribed VOT. XXXX. ; both
hold spears. In the exergue* TES * (Thessa-
lonicd}.
This coin is probably the same as the one published by
Cohen (Med Imp., No. 89) from Caylus, though he gives the
obverse legend as CONSTANTIVS P. F. AYG., and the
type, " bust with diadem to the right, and with paludamentum."
ROMAN GOLD COINS. 119
201. CONSTANTIUS II. Rev. GLORIA _REIPVBLICAE.
In the exergue, S.M.N. (Signata Mbneta Nico-
media). (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 74.)
Constantius II. died in A.D. 361, and Julian became
sole Emperor.
From this time to the period of Theodosius I. there are
no coins in the present collection ; so, passing over the
next 34 years, we arrive at A.D. 395, the year of the death
of Theodosius I., and final division of the Eastern and
Western Empires. Arcadius became Emperor of the
East, and Honorius of the West. The latter empire came
to an end not many years after, and its coins form the
concluding portion of M. Cohen's Medailles Imperiales ;
whilst the former existed for many years, and is treated of
separately by M. Sabatier in his Monnaies Byzantines.
The few coins of these two series in the collection are
of the usual style and types, except in one instance, and
therefore I shall only give references to the two works o^
Cohen and Sabatier. 46
EMPIRE OF THE WEST.
202. CONSTANTINE III. Rev. VICTORIA AAAVGGGG.
In the field, LD. (L^^ffduno) ; iu the exergue,
COMOB. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 4.)
203. VALEXTINIAN- III. Rev. No legend. In the exergue,
COMOB. (Cohen, II., No. 26.) Tremissis.
204. AVITUS. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG. In the field,
AR. (Arelato]; in the exergue, COMOB. (Cohen,
/&., No. 1.)
46 Description generale des Monnaies Byzantines frappees sous
les Empereurs d 1 Orient depuis Arcadius j'usqu' a la prise de
Constantinople par Mahomet II. 8vo. Yols. I., II. Paris, 1862.
120 NUMISMATIC CHEONICLE.
205. MAJORIAN. Rev. VICTORIA AVGG&. In the
field, AR. (Arelato) ; in the exergue, COMOB.
(Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 1.)
206. JULIUS NBPOS. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG. In the
field, MD. (Medioland) ; in the exergue, COMOB.
(Cohen, Ib., No. 2.)
207. Rev. No legend. In the exergue,
COMOB. (Cohen, Ib., No. 9.) Tremissis.
The successor of Julius Nepos, Romulus Augustus, or,
as he was called by the Romans on account of his youth,
Augustulus, was the last Emperor of the West, being
deposed by Odoacer, chief of the Goths, in A.D. 476, who
only took to himself the title of King.
"Thus," says M. Cohen, "ended the Empire of the
West, in the year 1229 of the foundation of Rome
(A.D. 476), 521 years since Julius Caesar was declared
perpetual dictator, 507 years after the battle of Actium,
502 years since the government, by -the will of the senate,
received a monarchical form, decreeing to Octavian the
grand surname of Augustus, and 146 years since Constan-
tine destroyed the ancient prestige of Rome in transferring
the seat of the empire to Constantinople."
It is a fact worthy of notice that the last Emperor of
the West bore the names of the first King of Rome
(Romulus) and of the first Emperor (Augustus).
EMPIRE OP THE EAST.
208. ARCADIUS. Rev. "VICTORIA AVGGG. In the
field, MD. (Mediolano} : in the exergue, COMOB.
(Sabatier, Mon. yx., No. 18.)
209. EUDOXIA, WIFE OF ARCADius. Rev. SALVS REI-
PVBLICAE. In the exergue, CONOB. (Saba-
tier, Ib., No. 3.)
210. PULCHERIA, WIFE OF MARCIAN. Rev. No legend. In
the exergue, CONOB *. (Sabatier, Ib., No. 7.)
ROMAN GOLD COINS. 121
211. VERINA,WIFEOFL.EOI. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG.
In the exergue, CONOB. (Sabatier, Mon. Byz.,
No.l.)
212. ZENO. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG. In the exer-
gue, CONOB. (Sabatier, II., No. 1.)
213. Rev. No legend. In the exergue, CONOB.
(Sabatier, Ib., No. 7.) Tremissis.
214. ANASTASIUS. .Ret;. VICTORIA AVGGG. I. In the
exergue, CONOB. (Sabatier, Ib., No. 2.)
215. Ditto, ditto.
216. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG. S. Ditto.
217. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG. A. Ditto.
218. TIBERIUS CONSTANTINE. Rev. VICTORIA A VGG. T.
In the exergue, CONOB. (Sabatier, Ib., No. 1.)
219. CONSTANS II. (Sabatier, Ib., No. 2.)
220. CONSTANTINE IV. POGONATUS, HERACLIUF, and TIBE-
RIUS. (Sabatier, Ib., No. 3.)
221. CONSTANTINE IV. POGONATUS. (Sabatier, Ib., No. 22.)
222. CONSTANTINE V. COPRONYMUS, and LEO III. (Saba-
tier, Ib., No.
BASIL I. AND CONSTANTINE IX.
**223. Obv. bASILIHS .... hr AHqq. Busts facing
of Basil I. and Constantino IX., holding be-
tween them a long cross.
Rev. IhSMS .... ISTOS *. Bust of our Lord
facing. (PL VIII., No. 12.)
In consequence of the similarity of the obverse type of
this coin to those known of Basil I. and Constantine IX.,
and of that of the reverse to the head of Christ on the
coins of Michael III., it seems here to be correctly attri-
buted. It weighs no less than 276 3 grs., and equals 4
solidi.
And now to speak briefly of the 72 coins selected on
VOL. v. N.S. R
122 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
account of their magnificent preservation. As they are
all well-known coins, it will be sufficient merely to give
their names, with references to Cohen.
1. CASSIA FAMILY. (Cohen, Med. Cons., No. 14; engraved,
pi. xi., Cassia, No. 11.) D.
2. CLAUDIA FAMILY. (Cohen, Med. Cons., No. 13 ; engraved,
pi. xii., Claudia, No. 8.) D.
3. BRUTUS. (Cohen, MM. Imp., No. 5 ; Med. Cons., No. 29;
engraved, pi. xxiv., Junia, No. 18.) D.
4. J. CAESAR. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 17; Med. Cons.,
No. 3 ; engraved, pi. xxviii., Munatia, No. 3.)
5. M. ANTONY. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 63 ; Med. Cons.,
Antonia, No. 12; engraved, pi. xxix., Mussidia,
No. 10.)
6. M. ANTONY AND OCTAVIAN. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 4 ;
Med. Cons., No. 8 ; engraved, pi. iii., Antonia,
No. 7.)
7 to 15, AUGUSTUS. (Cohen, Med. Imp., Nos. 4, 68, 104,
120, 128, 143 [two specimens], 187, 192.)
No. 143. D.
16. MONEYER OF AUGUSTUS. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 390). D.
17. AUGUSTUS, CAIUS, and Lucius. (Cohen, Ib., No. 86.)
18. TIBERIUS. (Cohen, Ib., No. 5.)
19. TIBERIUS and AUGUSTUS. (Cohen, Ib., No. 4.)
20. NERO DRUSUS. (Cohen, Ib., No. 3.) D.
21. ANTONIA. (Cohen, Ib., No. 1.)
22. CALIGULA. (Cohen, Ib., No. 7.)
23 & 24. CLAUDIUS. (Cohen, Ib., Nos. 39, 45.)
25 to 28. NERO. (Cohen, Ib., Nos. 3, 5, 9, 64.) No. 5. D.
29. NERO & AGRIPPINA I. (Cohen, Ib., No. 5.)
30. VITELLIUS. (Cohen, Ib., No. 26.)
31 & 32. VESPASIAN. (Cohen, Ib., Nos. 81, 197.)
33. VESPASIAN and DOMITILLA. (Cohen, Ib., No. 1.)
34 & 35. TITUS. (Cohen, Ib., Nos. 28, 53.)
36 & 37. NERVA. (Cohen, Ib., Nos. 9, 15.)
38 to 41. TRAJAN. (Cohen, Ib., Nos. 46, 95, 138, 289.)
ROMAN GOLD COINS. 123
42 GALBA RESTORED BY TRAJAN. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No.
251.) D.
43. NERVA RESTORED BY TRAJAN. (Cohen, II., No. 124.) D.
44 to 49. HADRIAN. (Cohen, II., Nos. 84, 174, 267, 489,
504, 518.) No. 518. D.
50. SABINA. (Cohen, II., No. 25.)
51. ANTONINUS Pius. (Cohen, II., No. 327.)
52. M. AURELIUS. (Cohen, Ib., No. 15^.) D.
53 & 54. FAUSTINA II. (Cohen, II., Nos. 79, 81.) D. D.
55 & 56. L. VERUS. (Cohen, II., Nos. 39, 73.)
57. COMMODUS. (Cohen, Ib., No. 106.) D.
58. PERTINAX. (Cohen, Ib., No. 17.)
59. DIDIA CLARA. (Cohen, Ib., No. 1.)
60 & 61. J. DOMNA. (Cohen, Ib., Nos. 84, 107.)
62. CARACALLA. (Cohen, Ib., No. 324.) D.
63. CARACALLA, SEPT. SEVERUS, and DOMNA. (Cohen, Ib.,
No. 2.) D.
64. GETA and CARACALLA. (Cohen, Ib., No. 1.) D.
65. ELAOABALUS. (Cohen, Ib., No. 7.) D.
66 & 67. TRAJ. DECIUS. (Cohen, Nos. 25, 49.) No. 25. D.
68. HOSTILIAN. (Cohen, Ib., No. 20.) D.
69 & 70. NCMERIAN. (Cohen, Nos. 1, 5.) D. D.
71. JULIAN. (Cohen, Ib., No. 1.) D.
72. LICINIUS I. (Cohen, Ib., No. 16.) D.
Before concluding this description, I may observe that
the following coins, published by M. Cohen as being in
the cabinet of Mr. Wigan, are not in the collection of that
gentleman ; or, at least, are not in the cabinet presented
by him to the Museum, as containing his collection of
Roman gold coins.
1. ANTONINUS Pius. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 50.)
2. M. AURELIUS. (Cohen, Ib., No. 20.)
3. (Cohen, Ib., No. 35.)
4. COMMODUS. (Cohen, Ib., No. 75.)
5. SEPT. SEVERUS. (Cohen, Ib., No. 363.)
124 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
6. SEPT. SEVERUS (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 368.)
7. (Cohen, II., No. 430.)
8. CARACALLA. (Cohen. Ib., No. 26.)
9. (Cohen, Ib., No. 115.)
10. (Cohen, Ib., No. 168.)
11. (Cohen, Ib., No. 236.)
12. (Cohen, Ib., No. 286.)
13. * (Cohen, Ib., No. 356.)
14. GETA. (Cohen, Ib., No. 79.)
15. (Cohen, Ib., No. 110.,
16. MACRINUS. (Cohen, Ib., No. 50.)
17. ELAGABALU'S. (Cohen, Ib., No. 59.)
18. (Cohen, Ib., No. 104.)
19. ALEX. SEVERUS. (Cohen, Ib., No. 64.)
20. GORDIAN III. (Cohen, Ib., No. 108.)
21. GALLIENUS. (Cohen, Ib., No. 607.)
22. AURELIAN. (Cohen, Ib., No. 1.)
23. PROBUS. (Cohen, Ib., No. 29.)
24. CARINUS. (Cohen, Ib., No. 3.)
' 25. (Cohen, Ib., No. 27.)
26. DIOCLETIAN. (Cohen, Ib., No. 58.)
27. (Cohen, Ib., No. 61.)
28. (Cohen, Ib., No. 64.)
29. MAXIMIAN I. (Cohen, Ib., No. 20.)
30. (Cohen, Ib., No. 23.)
31. CONSTANTIUS I. (Cohen, Ib., No. 54.)
32. MAXIMINUS II. (Cohen, Ib., No. 11.)
33. MAXENTIUS. (Cohen, Ib., No. 1.)
34. CONSTANTIUS II. (Cohen, Ib., No. 101.)
Of these coins, Antoninus, Cohen, No. 50 ; Aurelius,
Cohen, No. 20 ; Caracalla, Cohen, Nos. 26, 168 ; Geta,
Cohen, No. 110; Macrinus, Cohen, No. 50; and Probus,
Cohen, No. 29, are in the Museum collection. Where the
remainder may be, I am unable to say.
ROMAN GOLD COINS. 125
The coin of Caracalla (Cohen, No. 168) has been
noticed by M. Cohen in his Errata (vol. vi. p. 620), and
Musee Britannique, is to be placed after it, whilst Cabinet
de M. Wigan is to be transferred to No. 155. No. 155
does not, however, exist in Mr. Wigan' s collection.
Three coins published by M. Cohen as being in the
Museum, are in the collection of Mr. Wigan.
1. CASSIA FAMILY. (Cohen, Med. Cons., (No. 17.),
2. POSTUMUS. (Cohen, Med. Imp., No. 38.)
3. (Cohen, 16., No. 93.)
In these statements relative to the coins published by
M. Cohen from the Museum and Wigan cabinets, I do
not guarantee to have mentioned every example. I only
give those I have noticed in my examination of this
collection.
I think I need not recall to the reader, who has fol-
lowed me thus far in my remarks, the immense value and
importance of this magnificent public gift.
FREDERIC W. MADDEN.
N.B. By an oversight the letter D has been omitted after
the name of Marciana (No. 57). The coin of Augustus (No.
20) is the same as that published by M. Cohen, consequently
the star and the <1> are both mistakes. The star attached to the
coin of Faustina I. (No. 75) is also a mistake, as other speci-
mens exist. The number of coins only existing in this collection
is, consequently, 92. The coin of Faustina (No. -76) is unpub-
lished, and therefore there should have been a <l> before it. The
same reverse type, with the obverse legend FAYSTINA
AVGYSTA, is in the British Museum, as published by Cohen
(Med. Imp., No. 93) ; and, consequently, my note attached to
it is not correct. The unpublished coins number 35, and not
32, as stated early in the paper.
126
IV.
COINS OF THE PTOLEMIES.
(Continued.}
THE following letter, fromM. J.-P. Six, of Amsterdam, who
has kindly permitted its'publication, renders it advisable
that I should reconsider the principal matters discussed in
the part of this memoir relating to the coins which are of
the reign of Ptolemy I., or have his title 2QTHP in their
inscriptions. I have thrown my observations into the form
of a reply.
Monsieur,
C'est avec un vif interet que j'ai lu vos deux premiers
articles sur les monnaies des Ptolemees, et je viens vous remercier
de la bonte que vous avez eue de tenir compte de mon opinion
sur le classement a Philadelphe des monnaies communement
attribuees a Soter. Mais, quoique je reconnaisse toute 1'impor-
tance de la serie datee, qui ne m'etait connue qu'en partie, et que
je suis bien heureux d' avoir trouve re"unie dans votre memoire,
vous ne m'en voudrez pas, je 1'espere, Monsieur, si je vous
demande la permission de vous exposer les motifs qui m'ont
portes a me former une> opinion contraire a la votre opinion que
je ne ferais aucune difficulte d'abandonner, si votre classement
pouvait resoudre les difficultes qui me paraissent subsister encore.
Car M. Stark me semble avoir demontre que les villes de la
Phenicie sont restees, apres la bataille d'Ipsus, d'abord en pos-
session de Demetrius, puis en celle de Seleucus, mais que
Ptolemee I. n'en a pas ete le maitre dans ces temps la. (K. B.
Stark, Gaza u. d. Philistaische Kiiste, Jena, 1852, p. 359
366). Les monnaies a la tete diademee de Soter ne peuvent etre
anterieures a 1'annee 305 av. J. C., dans laquelle il prit le nom et
les insignes de roi. De 306 a 302 la Phenicie resta au pouvoir
COINS OF THE PTOLEMIES. 127
d' Antigone (Stark, Gaza, p. 358), et la courte expedition que
Ptolemee fit en Celesyrie en 302 (Stark, Gaza, p. 359, 360)
n'etait vraiment pas un moment favorable pour introduire dans
ce pays un monnayage si different de poids et de types, des
stateres et des tetradrachmes Attiques et Pheniciens, qui y
avaient cours alors, et des derniers desquels Ptolemee lui-meme
avait fait frapper une partie, soit en 317 316, soit en 312 311,
temoin la piece de ma collection au nom d'Alexandre (fils de
Eoxane), n. 947 du catalogue Huber, avec le nom de Gaza en
monogramme IA .
Cependant je conviens que M. Stark peut s'etre trompe ; mais
alors, je desirerais avoir les preuves, non seulement qu'il y a des
monnaies frappees en Phenicie, qui ne peuvent etre que du
premier Ptolemee, mais encore qu'il n'y en pas de Seleucus ou
d'Antiochus I. et c'est ce que le riche Medaillier du Musee
Britannique voua permettra mieux qu'a moi, monsieur, de
verifier. Pourtant je retrouve sur un tetradrachme de Seleucus I.,
au type du Jupiter Nicephore, les monogrammes AI et t 2 ^, bien
connus dans la numismatique des rois d'Egypte ; sur un triobole
du meme roi $j , et sur un tetradrachme d'Antiochus I., au
type de 1'Apollon assis, les monogrammes d'Aradus et de Dora,
A $t-
Puis nous connaissons, par 1'ouvrage de M. Miiller, la serie de
tetradrachmes aux types d'Alexandre le Grand, frappes en Phe-
nicie. Or est-il vraisemblable qu'on ait emis simultanement a
Sidon de 295 a 293, et en 291, des, tetradrachmes d'Alexandre
aux dates M,AM, MB et MA, et des didrachmes de Soter aux
dates A,AA,AB et AA?
Et surtout, qu'a Ace, on ait mis en cours en 300, 295, et 289
des tetradrachmes avec les dates n m H S , H K , et m m S t! ,
et le nom d'Ace en Phenicien, et en meme temps des didrachmes
de Ptolemee avec les dates K , A, et A C^, et le nouveau nom
Grec Ptolemais PI ? Et c'est justement cette serie d'Ace con-
tinuee jusqu'en 289, qui me semble prouver que si Soter a ete le
premier a emettre en Phenicie les didrachmes au type de 1'aigle,
qui y resterent le type constant dans la suite, ce ne fut que dans
les quatres dernieres annees de son regne, et qu'en tout cas la
serie datee ne peut lui etre attribuee.
De plus, outre la monnaie d'or d'Arsinoe Philadelphe, a la
date c (6) et les initiates de Sidon, que vous avez fait graver
PI. ii. n. 7 (groupe, auquel j'ajoute 1'an 2, LB n, Mion. Suppl.,
t. ix. p. 9, n. 49, Eckhel Kumi Veteres Anecdoti, p. 290) et
qui correspond a la meme date sur le didrachme n. 6 de votre
*M
PI. ii., il y a d'autres stateres d'Arsinoe a dates elevees, KF p,
an 23 de Stratonos Pyrgos, Mion., t. vi. n 120 ; AA -^ massue
128 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
0, an 34 de Tyr, catalogue Huber, n. 994, et catalogue de la
vente a Londres du 2 Juin, 1863, n. 37; AM 21 AI, an 37 de
Sidon, Mionnet, t. vi. n. 122 ; et AH SI w , an 38 de Sidon,
Musee Royal a la Haye (sans compter celles de Chypre, LA HA,
Schledehaus dansGrote Miinzstudien, t. ii., p. 861, et LAP IIA,
Mion., vi. n. 199, etc.). Ces pieces correspondent aux dates AA
a Tyr; AM SI AI, Schledehaus, 11. p. 901, n. 49, Catalogue
Huber, n. 967 ; et AH W SI AI, Mion., Suppl. IX. n. 7. Mais
Arsinoe ayant epouse Philadelphe en 277, et etant morte en 249
environ, suivant M. Lepsius (IT. e. Ergebn. d. Aegypt. Denkm. f.
d. K. d. Ptolemaer Geschichte, p. 49), les chiffres 33, 37, et 38
ne peuvent indiquer que des annees du regne de Ptolemee II., a
compter depuis 285, c'est a dire 253, 249, et 248 av. J. C., ou bien
se rapporter a une ere commengant par exemple en 295, 1'an de
la conquete de Chypre par Soter, ce qui me parait moins probable.
Ce sont surtout ces stateres d' Arsinoe qui m'ont engage a classer
a Ptolemee II les didrachmes dates, depuis KM de Sidon (Rev.
Numism., 1854, p. 178, n. 4), K de Tyr (Rev. Numism., 1854,
PL ix., n. 4), et K de Gaza (Eev. JNumism., 1854, p. 164),
jusqu'a 39 de Joppe et Gaza r^- H , von Prokesch Osten, Inedita
Wien, 1859, p. 33. Car je n'osais pas considerer K a Tyr
(Schledehaus d. Grote, Miinzst., t. ii. p. 902, n. 52), et &
Sidon (Rev. Numism., 1854, p. 178, n. 2) et les monogr. | et K,
que je connaissais par des pieces de ma collection comme expri-
mant des dates, avant de connaitre la serie entiere, que vous
venez de publier. Le monogr. E, que vous expliquez KE, ne
signiflerait-il pas plutot KM , et qu'est-ce que Kl a Tyr (Rev.
Numism., 1853, PI. xix., n. 4)? Est-ce KH?
Puis le didrachme en argent d' Arsinoe (Catalogue Huber,
Planche n. 995) me parait etre favorable a mon opinion, puisque
1'aigle est tout a fait identique de pose et de style a 1'aigle sur la
piece au monogr. j| de ma collection. C'est la meme pose droite
et elancee, grosse tete, queue en eventail, les pattes degarnies de
plumes a toute la partie inferieure. II faudrait alors expliquer
les dates basses (par exemple T et ^ , n. 5 et 6 de votre Planche
ii.) comme 1'a fait M. Pinder (Beitrage z. a. Miinzkunde, i. p.
218) en admettant qu'Euergete ait continue pendant quelques
annees le monayage de ses parents tout en datant depuis son
avenement, et qu'ainsi le statere d' Arsinoe de 1'an 6 (e) ait
ete emis sous Ptolemee III. Car la tete d' Arsinoe n'a pu etre
placee sur les monnaies avant qu'elle eut regu les honneurs divins,
mais apres sa mort on pouvait bien continuer de la representer
comme toute autre divinite. Ce qui est certain, en tout cas, c'est
yiT Y { AT^
que les didrachmes de ma collection avec M AB ; '
AM, SI r SI cr i.-j k _i!
ffl MHWffiHW so tenement identiques de style et de
COINS OF THE PTOLEMIES. 129
fabrique, qu'ils doivent avoir ete frappes a tres peu d' annees de
distance, et ne peuvent differer de 30 ans.
J'ai encore mis en compte les monnaies d'or. Les tetroboles
Attiques qui ont la tete diademee, et au revers la Victoire, les
dates F et ffi, 6 et 7 et la crabe, symbole de Sozusa (Apollonia)
en Cyrenaique (Huller, JSTumism. de 1'Afrique, i. p. 137 139),
ne peuvent avoir ete frappees qu'en 300 et 299 av. J. C. Voila
encore un fait qui me semble mettre hors de doute que Ptolemee I.
datait depuis 305, et que les didrachmes au type de 1'aigle et aux
dates E et X, que vous placez dans ces annees, appartiennent a
son successeur. Les autres monnaies d'or, qui presentent la tete
de Soter et 1'aigle sur le foudre, sont entierement differentes par
les poids des stateres d'Arsinoe, des Euergetes, des Philopators,
et d'Epiphane. Elles se rattachent par 1'absence de dates et du
titre Soter aux didrachmes non dates a legende IITOAEMAIOY
BA2IAEQ2, et me paraissent preceder les stateres d'Arsinoe
Philadelpbe, qui, par leurs dates, appartiennent a la serie datee.
Si done Ptolemee I. a reellement frappe monnaie en Phenicie
depuis 302, je lui donnerais de preference ces pieces (debon style
s'entend), et en cas contraire je les classerais au dix-neuf pre-
mieres annees de Philadelphe, a qui je laisserais en tout cas la
serie avec les dates jusqu'a 39.
Vient la serie si interessante, a dates elevees, que vous avez
reunie sur vos Planches iii. etiv., et qui, a 1'exception de la piece
frappee a Ptolemais 1'an HE (que j'ai cite d'apres M. Lenormant),
ne porte pas d'indication du lieu ou elle a ete emise. Sur un
diclrachme sans date, et avec BASIAEO2, du meme style, de ma
collection, on voit les deux astres qu'on rencontre plus d'une fois
PUT les monnaies d'Epiphane. Yous comparez cette serie au
didrachme de Philopator, et a un autre aux types de Soter, tous
deux frappes a Tyr. Mais ces monnaies bien connues (Mionnet,
S. ix. PI. iv. 1 ; Tresor de Glypt. Rois Grecs, PI. Ixxxv. n. 16
mon. )^< ; Eev. Num. 1853, PI. xx. n. 78), quoique de meilleure
fabrique que la serie datee, peuvent tout aussi bien lui etre con-
temporaines ou anterieures que posterieures ; et sur le didrachme
que j'ai devant moi, de 1'an HA (et IIH-^q, a ce qu'il parait\ 1'aigle
ressemble plus a celui des monnaies d'Epiphane qu'a celui qu'on
gravait du temps de Philopator. II est plus penche en avant,
moins elance, plus gros et ramasse, et a les pattes plus eloignees
1'une de 1' autre. Je ne crois done pas avoir eu tort en pla9ant
1'an HE en 221 au commencement du regne de Philopator. L'an
q tombe alors en 196, ce qui s'accorde parfaitement avec les
monnaies d'Epiphane datees A NI, A NI, H NI, NI, dont la
derniere annee, (Rois Grecs, PI. Ixxxvi. n. 3), tombe, en
comptant depuis 204, dans la meme annee 196. En outre,
Monsieur, j'appelle votre attention sur le didrachme d'Epiphane
frappe a Berytus 8i (grave Rois Grecs, PI. Ixxxvi. n. 4).
VOL. V. N.S. S
130 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
L'aigle ne differe de celui de la serie datee A A *Z que par la
queue, qui est un peu moins etalee. Puis-je, je vous le demande,
separer cette monnaie de la serie, que vous attribuez a Soter, par
un intervalle de 75 ans ? Selon ma maniere de voir, 37 ans me
paraissent bien assez. Et puis-je placer cette meme monnaie
plus tard que 1'hemidrachme a la date PE, le seul, avec une
drachme sans date de meme fabrique, que je puisse consulter,
car votre Planche iv. n'accompagnait pas le dernier numero du
Numismatic Chronicle. J'en doute fort. Yeuillez au contraire,
Monsieur, comparer cette piece (PE) aux bronzes frappes en
Egypte par Antiochus IY (170, 166164 av. J. C.) ; aux
didrachmes Pheniciens d'Alexandre I (Balas) depuis 150; a
celui de Philometor (Eoi de Syrie en 147, 146) de Ptolemais
(Rois Grecs, PI. Ixxxvi. 6 ; et Musee Eoyal a la Haye du Cabinet
d'Ennery) ; a celui de Tryphon, egalement de Ptolemais (Mus.
de la Haye du Cabinet d'Ennery), etc. J'y vois non seulement
tout-a-fait le meme aigle, et qui ne ressemble plus a celui des
rois precedents ; mais encore la tete parait etre celle de Philo-
metor, tout en gardant encore, surtout dans 1'arrangement des
cheveux, beaucoup d' analogic avec celle de Soter.
Une grave objection reste toujours a resoudre. Non pas celle
qu'on se soit servi tant6t du nom de Soter, tantot du titre de roi,
d'autres fois des epithetes de Philopator ou d'Epiphane ; car on a
pu continuer dans quelques villes de frapper des monnaies une
fois acceptees par le commerce, sans y faire de changements,
tandis que, dans des ateliers peut-etre voisins, on variait la tete
ou la legende a chaque nouveau regne. Que de monnaies de
Philippe, d'Alexandre, et de Lysimaque ont ete mises en circu-
lation par des villes longtemps apres la mort de ces rois !
Mais peut-on admettre qu'apres qu' Antiochus III se fut
empare de la Phenicie, les ateliers de cette contree continuerent
a battre monnaie aux types et a la legende des rois d'Egypte ?
Je pourrais observer que les graveurs et les monnayeurs peuvent
s'etre retires en Egypte, et avoir etabli leur atelier sur la fron-
tiere a Pelusium ou a Khinocorura ; et qu'entre 1'an 196 ( NI
d'Epiphane) et les didrachmes a 1' aigle d'Alexandre Balas il y a
une lacune de pres de 50 ans, que la serie datee PB PIZ pourrait
combler en parfcie. Mais il est surtout remarquable que Cleopatre,
fille d' Antiochus III, qui fut mariee a Epiphane, reQut en dot
la Celesyrie, la Samarie, la Judee, et la Phenicie ; et quand
meme on ne dusse entendre par la que les revenus de ces pro-
vinces (selon Stark, Gaza, pp. 426 430), est-il impossible
d'admettre que Cleopatre ait eu le droit d'y battre monnaie, et
qu'apres sa mort en 172-171 son fils Philometor, qui pretendait
etre heritier de ces provinces par sa mere (Stark, Gaza, p. 431),
ait use du meme droit ?
COINS OF THE PTOLEMIES. 131
En somme, il me parait qu'avant de pouvoir etablir une classi-
fication definitive, il y a encore mainte difficulte a resoudre, mais
qu'avant tout il nous manque un catalogue aussi complet que
possible de toutes les monnaies des Ptolemees, et de toutes celles
des rois de Syrie, jusqu'a Antiochus IV, dont les monogrammes
doivent etre rapportes a des villes de la Phenicie, de la Samarie,
et de la Judee ; car il suffit souvent d'une date nouvelle pour
renverser tout un systeme.
J'espere, Monsieur, qu'en faveur du sujet, qui nous interesse
tous deux si vivement, vous voudrez excuser les nombreuses
objections que je yiens de faire, et la longueur de ma lettre.
Agreez, Monsieur, etc.
Amsterdam, 27 Decembre, 1864.
MY DEAR SIR,
I am very much obliged by your interesting letter
of the 27th of December, which has opened to me new
Jines of inquiry. I will examine your objections in detail,
in the hope that we shall end in agreement.
1. The opinion of M. Stark upon the difficult period
of the history of Phoenicia, during which I suppose
Ptolemy I. to have struck dated coins there, though
worthy of great respect, must give way to that founded
on the evidence of the coins, if the latter evidence be
positive. On this point I must refer you to my fuller
statement of the evidence for the attribution to Ptolemy I.
of these coins, and especially to the proof from the coin
of Demetrius Poliorcetes with double date that the alliance
concluded in the year B.C. 299 was an important treaty. I
must also remark that I do not suppose Ptolemy I. to
have struck coins at any Phoenician or Palestinian city
except Tyre before his 24th year, B.C. 301-300, nor at any
such city uninterruptedly after that year.
2. I have been unable to discover any coin of the early
Seleucidse, or of Antigonus and Demetrius Poliorcetes,
132 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
struck in any one of the coast-towns of Phoenicia or
Palestine. The mint-monograms are, however, very
difficult. For instance, what could be more probable
than that the monogram IOH, as in Plate I. No. 12, was of
Joppa and no other town ? Yet we know that in a form
differing only in the direction of the n, it indicates a
mint of the Cyrenaica (Miiller, Ancienne Afrique, torn, i.,
p. 138, no. and fig. 363). A virtually-identical monogram
may, therefore, not indicate the same mint.
3. I am not convinced that the letters you cite from
coins of Alexander of Sidon are dates. These letters
with the letters of the town are thus given by Miiller :
M 21, A M SI, M B SI, M A 31. (Num. d' Alex. pi. xix.
14014).
I must first observe that the supposed tens and units are
not written, as in the case of undoubted date-numerals,
close together. The doubt is increased by the occurrence
on another tetradrachm so-called of Sidon of the letters
and monograms 21 M A and A in II (No. 1419). I also
find in the British Museum collection a didrachm of
Ptolemy I. Rev., HTOAEMA ^ i BA2IAEO2. In field, left,
M
^ T ; this can scarcely be a date.
4. The dates on coins of Ace with types of Alexander
may be reckoned from three epochs, that of the accession
of Alexander, that of the battle of the Granicus, and that
of the battle of Issus, the second and third of which are
suggested by M. Miiller (Num. d'Alex. p. 81). In the
following table I have given the dates occurring upon the
coins, distinguishing those taken from staters by Roman
numerals, and have added the Syro-Macedonian years B.C.
corresponding on the three hypotheses, supposing that the
first year in each case was that within which the event
COINS OF THE PTOLEMIES.
133
fell, therefore B.C. 337, 335, and 333. I have also given
the years of Ptolemy I. corresponding to the Syro-
Macedonian years of the supposed reckonings. The dates
are those of the commencements of the Syro-Macedonian
years :
Dates on Coins
of Ace.i
DraofAlex.
Years of
Ptol. I.
Era from Granicus
or Issus.
Years of Ptol. I.
6
332
-
330 328
9
329
327 325
11
327
225 323
2
14
324
1
322 320
3 5
20
318
7
316 314
9 11
21
317
8
315 313
10 12
22
316
9
314 312
11 13
XXIII.
315
10
313 311
12 14
24
314
11
312 310
13 15
XXV. J
313
12
311 309
14 16
XXVI. )
312
13
310 308
15 17
27
311
14
309 307
16 18
28
310
15
308 306
17 19
29
309
16
307 306
18 20
30 \
XXX. /
308
17
306 304
19 21
31
307
18
305 303
20 22
32
306
19
304 302
21 23
00 N
oo f
XXXIII. j
305
20
303 301
22 24
34 )
XXXIV. i
304
21
302 300
23 25
35
303
22
301 299
24 26
qc \
OU 1
XXXVI.]
302
23
300 298
25 27
37
301
24
299 297
26 28
40? \
XL.)
298
27
296 294
29 31
XLVI. j
292
33
290 288
35 37
These results may be compared with the dates on coins of
Ptolemy L, inscribed HTOAEMAIOY 2QTHPO2, certainly
or possibly struck for Ptolemais of Phoenicia.
i All these dates, excepting 40? are from Mxiller, Num.
d'Alex., p. 304, pi. xix. nos. 14301451 ; xx. 14521463 ;
xxix. no. 1451a. Is the date 5 an error ? (no. 1429) cf. p. 304.
134 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
R P
Year of
Ptolemai's. PtolemaVs.
JD.V*
Ptol. I.
Mon. HT. Mon. HT in O.*
300-299
25
K
299-298
26
298-297
27
297-296
28
296-295
29
295-294
30
A
294-293
31
AA
293-292
32
AB
292-291
33
AF
291-290
34
AA
290-289
35
AE
289-288
36
AE
288-287
37
A!
287-286
38
286-285
39
If we adopt Miiller's hypothesis it is quite possible that
the coins with dates of Ptolemy I. were struck during the
gap after year 40, only once interrupted at year 46 in the
examples known to me. In this case the era would pro-
bably be from the battle of the Granicus. Surely it is
somewhat in favour of my conjecture that there is no gap
in the series of Ace which would admit of the issue of
Ptolemy's coins except this, for the single coincidence of
dates is not enough to overthrow the evidence of a gap at
the end of eighteen consecutive dates.
5. I now come to the difficult series with the inscription
AP2INOHS <S>IAAAEA$OY, to which I did not pay the
attention it deserves.
First, I will state the main facts known of the two
Arsinoes, wives of Philadelphus.
Arsinoe I., daughter of Lysimachus and Nicsea (?),
married to Philadelphus, according to the general opinion,
soon after his accession ; banished about B.C. 279, his
2 There is a coin dated 24, with the second monogram IIT
in O, of which more hereafter.
COINS OF THE PTOLEMIES. 135
6-7 year; mother of Ptolemy III. Euergetes, Lysimachus,
and Berenice, wife of Antiochus II. She is supposed by
Niebuhr to be the same as the Arsinoe, wife of Magas,
King of Cyrene, who was mother of Berenice II., wife of
Euergetes. Arsinoe, wife of Magas, outlived him; his
death took place B.C. 258 (Ptol. II., year 27-28).
Arsinoe II., daughter of Ptolemy I. and Berenice,
married Lysimachus B.C. dr. 300 ; after his death, which
took place B.C. 281, came to Egypt and married her
brother, Ptolemy II., B.C. dr. 279 (Ptolemy IT., 6-7
year). Her husband outlived her.
Some of these matters are well ascertained ; others are
very uncertain. In the case of Arsinoe I., I can find
no proof of her having been a daughter of Nicsea, nor
can I determine the date of her marriage ; that of her
separation or divorce cannot well be _ placed later than
B.C. dr. 279, and as she had at least three children by
this marriage, there is a strong wish to place the latter
event at the very beginning of Ptolemy II.'s reign.
I will now describe the portraits on coins that have
been or may be assigned to the two Arsinoes, beginning
with those of which the attribution is certain or probable,
and then noticing the doubtful.
I. ARSINOE -II.
a. Coins of Ephesus, with the name Arsinoe.
Veiled head to the right, hair broad, in horizontal bands,
eye deep sunk, nose projecting, veil falling and bound
across the throat. (PL V., Nos. 1, 2.)
b. Coin of Chalcis in Eubcea.
Yeiled bust to the right, wearing tiara ; hair broad, below
tiara, in horizontal bands, eye deep sunk, nose bridged,
136 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
veil falling and drawn round the throat, throat thick,
wearing ear-ring.
Rev. Female (?) figure in quadriga, hoi ding sceptre in right
hand ; above, XAAKIA . . . ; in exergue,
EENoKPATHS, all in oak-wreath. (PI. Y., No. 3.)
This coin evidently bears the portrait of a queen, and
the reverse seems to represent a monumental chariot, like
that placed on the summit of the Mausoleum at Halicar-
nassus. I conjecturally explain it by the following
passage in Diogenes Laertius, at the close of the account
of the celebrated Xenocrates :
<$ rat aXXoi EeJ'OKpare c 'o re raicriKog
<70oc)pa * * Kal 6 ffvyyevrig apa rat TroXirrjg rw
0iXo<ro0w, 0prcu $e avrov Xdyoe '
cnrodavovariG. iv. 2, 13.
The celebrated Xenocrates was a native of Chalcedon
(XaX/cTjcJovioc, iv. 2, 1), and this less known one was, there-
fore, according to Diogenes, of the same town, and
related to him, which latter circumstance might, perhaps,
be conjectured of a fellow- townsman. The Arsinoe in
question is probably Arsinoe II., wife of Philadelphus,
for the following reasons : (1) Philadelphus paid great
honour to the memory of this Arsinoe, which we do not
know to have been done in the case of any other of the
few royal personages bearing this name who are spoken
of in history. (2.) The commemoration by a philosopher
of Chalcedon, or possibly Chalcis, points either to the time
when the Ptolemies ruled or influenced Asia Minor and
the islands of the ^Egsean Sea, or to that when the court
of Alexandria was the great resort of Greek philosophers ;
in either case to the period from the accession of
Ptolemy I. as governor, to about the beginning of the
reign of Ptolemy V. Epiphanes.
COINS OF THB PTOLEMIES. 137
That the coin under consideration was struck by the
influence of Xenocrates, who wrote the elegy on Arsinoe,
may be inferred for several reasons. The combination
of the name Xenocrates, with a bust of a queen re-
sembling Arsinoe' II. (cf. I. a, sup. c, inf.) upon a coin of
Chalcis, (which, from its reverse, would appear to be
commemorative), the date of the coin being about B.C.
250, certainly not much earlier nor much later, is too
like the commemoration of an Arsinoe, probably Ar-
sinoe II., who died about the time just mentioned, by
a Xenocrates of Chalcedon, not to be probably another
form of the same act of regard.
e. Gold staters of Ptolemy II. Philadelphia, and Arsinoe II.,
with Ptolemy I. Soter, and Berenice I.
These coins are of two classes :
(1.) Struck during the reign of Ptolemy II. Philadelphus.
Obv. EON. Busts, jugate, of Ptolemy I. and Berenice I.,
to right, diademed.
Rev. AAEA<&ON. Busts, jugate, of Ptolemy II. and
Arsinoe II., to right, diademed. (PI. V., No. 4.)
(2.) Struck after the reign of Ptolemy II.
Obv. Busts of Ptolemy I. and Berenice I., as
before.
fiev. OHQN AAEAvLi Busts of Ptolemy II. and
Arsinoe II., as before. (French collection.)
Upon the first class of these coins the title EON
evidently distinguishes the dead sovereigns from those
living. Upon the t second it is given to the latter, in
addition to their distinctive title AAEAfcQN. In the latter
case it is not certain that the obverse of the only speci-
men known to me ever had an inscription ; and it might
be supposed that the inscriptions of both sides were
VOL. v. N.S. fr
138 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
united on the reverse ; but such a case is without example,
and it is very probable that Ptolemy Euergetes would have
imitated his father, by giving him and his queen this
title of deification. I am aware that all the Ptolemies in
the hieroglyphic inscriptions, and as far as is known
in the Greek, take this title ; but upon the coins of the
earlier ones it is reasonable to suppose a special use,
particularly as the profanity is not known to have been
usual on coins of reigning kings until a later time.
That Arsinoe II. is represented on both classes may, I
think, be thus proved. The title af\0j was common
to the queens of Egypt, from Berenice I., whether sisters
of the kings or not, as Letronne has proved (Recueil, pp.
3, 9) . We could not, therefore, argue from its occurrence
whether Arsinoe I. or Arsinoe II. were intended; but
the use of the term ac\0ot is different, and implies positive
relationship. In this case there can thus be no doubt that
the second Arsinoe is represented on these coins. If
we add the coin 0EON AAEA$ON, as almost certainly
struck by Ptolemy III., who recognized the second Arsinoe
as his mother, and bear in mind that the children of
Ptolemy and Berenice would naturally combine their own
portraits with those of their parents, the evidence seems
irresistible.
The portrait of Arsinoe II. upon the reverses of these
coins is extremely like that of her mother, Berenice, upon
the obverses. No doubt allowance must be made for the
kings' heads having been the chief objects of the care of
the engraver; the queens' heads being in a subordinate
position, and partly hidden, are less carefully engraved.
It is also difficult to compare these half-faces with the
complete ones of other coins. To this must be added
the poverty of the work, which in these coins is singularly
COINS OF THE PTOLEMIES. 139
coarse and unskilful. It is, however, possible to detect
the main characteristics of the face. The hair is braided
in bands, the eyes full, the nose pointed, the mouth drawn
in, and the chin double. It is the face of a woman past
middle age. It resembles the head on the coins of
Ephesus, with those exceptions that the lapse of years
would explain ; the eye is more deeply sunk, the mouth
has fallen in, and the form of the chin is more defined.
II. ARSINOE I. and II.
Gold staters and silver pentadrachms inscribed
Before examining the portrait or portraits of this class,
it will be well to ascertain the meaning of the term
0iXa&X0oc, as here .used, and its history as applied to
Ptolemy II.
The distinctive surnames of the Ptolemies were common
to both king and queen, the queen taking her title from
the king, or the lesser from the greater sovereign. For
instance, in the inscription
BASIAISSA KAEOHATPA KAI BA2IAEY2 UTOAEMAIOS
EOI MEPAAOI <S>IAOMHTOPE2 [KAI SOTHPJE2 KAI TA
TEKNA K . T. X. (Boeckh, 0. I. iii., p. 362, No. 4716 e.)
Ptolemy Soter II. takes the title Philometor from his
mother and co-regent, Cleopatra, who originally took it
from Ptolemy IX. Euergetes II V or Ptolemy VII. Philo-
metor. Arsinoe was therefore called Philadelphos, from
her husband.
In the Greek inscription of the Rosetta Stone we find
three queens thus qualified by their husbands* surnames.
AAO$OPOY BEPENIKH2 EYEPFETIAOS IIYPPA2 THS
3>IAINOY KANHfcOPOY AP2INOHS 3>IAAAEA$OY APEIAS
THS AIOFENOYS IEPEIA2 APSINOHS SIAOHATOPOS
EIPHNHS THS HTOAEMAIOY. 11. 5, 6.
140 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
" Pyrrha, daughter of Philinus, being athloplioros of Berenice
Euergetis ; Areia, daughter of Diogenes, Canephoros of Arsinoe
Philadelphia ; Irene, daughter of Ptolemy, priestess of Arsinoe
Philopator."
The inscription APSINOH2 0IAAAEA$OY is therefore
to be read like IITOAEMAIOY OIAOnATOPOS [repre-
sentation or coin] of Arsinoe Philadelphos. An example
of the occurrence of this title in literature, occurs in the
epigram by Posidippus, given by Athenseus
Tovro, Kal if 7roret/zw, rat err! ^Qovl, rrjg <t>t\alt\(j)ov
iXaaKtadat itpov 'Apo-tvoTje
avaKOvpaviovcrav iiri Ze0i;p?jt'ooc a<TrJQ
o vavap\pc 6?/(caro
'H Se Kal evTrXoirjf Swaei, rat
To irXarv \iaaofjiivoiG ticXtTrayeT
(Athen. vii. c. 19, p. 318.)
Respecting the time at which Ptolemy II. received the
epithet Philadelphus, I find two hypotheses to be current,
both unsupported by citations of ancient authors.
The general opinion is that he took this surname, or
received it from his flatterers, on account of his marriage
with Arsinoe II., his sister, or after that event. It has
been also suggested, but with hesitation and ambiguity,
that Philadelphus, instead of being a surname, was a
nickname, like Kakergetes, Physcon, Auletes, &c., given
to Ptolemy II. on account of his cruelty and hostility to
his brothers. This idea may be dismissed at once, as the
occurrence of the surname in the hieroglyphic inscrip-
tions shows that it was used officially, unlike the popular
nicknames of later Ptolemies. The first hypothesis re-
mains. To judge of its probability, I must first examine
the evidence as to when such surnames were given, and
then see to what conclusion the history of Ptolemy II.
would lead.
It is first to be observed that after Ptolernv I. no
COINS OF THE PTOLEMIES. 141
sovereign of his family appears on the throne without
a surname. The cases of Ptolemy VI. Eupator, son of
Ptolemy V. Epiphanes, and Ptolemy VIII. Philopator II.,
son of Ptolemy VII. Philometor, neither of whom reigned
a year, are very much to the point. The surnames may
be divided into two classes : such as could scarcely have
been taken before accession, because they imply regal
dignity, as Epiphanes, Soter ; and those which could have
been so taken, as merely indicating family affection or
the like, as Philadelphus, Philopator, Eupator, &c. The
balance of evidence would seem to be in favour of these
surnames having also been taken on accession. The case
of Ptolemy II. Philadelphus, as the first, might possibly
be an exception to the general later usage.
Ptolemy I. gave two sons his own name, his eldest
son, afterwards called Ptolemy Ceraunus, and his third,
afterwards called Ptolemy Philadelphus. He seems to
have originally designed Ceraunus for his heir, but to have
set him aside for Philadelphus, and to have marked the
latter as his successor by his name. 3 There were thus in
the same family a king and two sons bearing the same name.
Is it likely that they would have continued to do so with-
out any distinction ? Though we see no difficulty in the
king and one son's having the same name, this cannot be
said of the brothers. These, however, might have been
3 Ptolemy II. Philadelphus gave the name Ptolemy only to
his elder son and successor, Euergetes, and a natural son, calling
his second legitimate son Lysimachus, after his maternal grand-
father. Ptolemy III. Euergetes called his elder son and suc-
cessor Ptolemy (Philopator), naming his second Magas, probably
after his maternal grandfather, Magas, king of Gyrene. Ptolemy
IV. Philopator left but one son, Ptolemy V. Epiphanes, who,
for the first time after the reign of Ptolemy I., gave the name
Ptolemy to all his three sons, distinguished as Eupator, Philo-
metor, and Euergetes II.
142 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
distinguished as "the elder" and "younger." So far
the balance of probability favours the supposition that the
distinctive surnames by which they are known were given
to these Ptolemies in the reign of their father. But
at what time of life is it likely these surnames were given ?
Ktpauj'oc, the Thunderbolt, might have been given to the
elder son at any time. His impetuous disposition must
have been apparent in childhood, and certainly never
left him. <&t\d2\0oe was more applicable to the younger
son in his sickly childhood than in later years, when his
0iXaSe\0/a was limited to a political marriage to Arsinoe II.,
and an affection to Philotera, which probably was only
designed to keep her in the kingdom, lest she should
contract an alliance that might prove dangerous. With
the other children of Ptolemy I. his relations were gene-
rally hostile, sometimes indifferent. If he were, as
I believe, safe of the succession from his childhood,
he could have had no reason to disguise his liking or
disliking, and it may be fairly supposed that his true
character would have appeared before he attained man-
hood. If the surnames were given in childhood, then the
impetuous Ceraunus would have been well contrasted
with the sickly, and seemingly-amiable, Philadelphus.
The surname Philadelphus must have been given not
later than the accession of the king, to avoid a confu-
sion between him and the old king; and it may be
observed that this state of things would be the same
as the difficulty occasioned by two princes having the
same name, with the important exception that it might
be officially embarrassing. It is therefore possible that
the second Ptolemy bore this surname from an early age,
but perhaps, on the whole, probability is in favour of
his not having received it before his accession.
COINS OF THE PTOLEMIES. 143
From this inquiry it follows that both Arsinoes might
have been called Philadelphos ; therefore there is nothing
in the use of the surname to determine who, if but
one queen, is represented on the coins under exami-
nation.
These coins present three varieties in the portrait, which
may possibly be of two persons. The varieties may be
described as follows, and the dated specimens indicated.
Unfortunately I have not seen examples or casts of coins
bearing all known dates, and therefore I cannot speak
with certainty as to the relation of the varieties of the
portrait to the different dates. The relation of these
varieties to the mints seems more certain, as generally
more than one example or cast of a coin of each important
mint has been examined by me.
(1.) Gold staters and (all) silver pentadrachms.
Obv. Yeiled head, to the right, wearing tiara ; hair broad,
below tiara in bands rising towards the back of head, and loose ;
under ear is seen end of ram's horn; above head, point of sceptre.
Portrait youthful; work fine; dates, 34, 37,38, 1, 3, 4; towns,
Tyre, Sidon, Joppa. (PI. V., Nos. 5, 6.)
(2.) Gold staters.
Hair narrow, below tiara tightly bound, eye sunken, nose thin
and with bridge, mouth drawn in, chin double and pointed,
throat thin. Portrait middle-aged; work good ; date, 16;
town, Citium. (PL Y., No. 7.)
There are points of similarity to this in the stater of year 33,
Paphos, in the French collection. Its portrait resembles
No. 3. The stater of year 23, Joppa, is also peculiar.
(3.) Gold staters and didrachm.
Hair narrow, below tiara tightly bound, nose thin and straight,
or slightly retrousse, eye large, eyebrow raised (semicircular),
mouth drawn in, chin double and pointed, throat thin. Portrait
middle-aged ; work bad, and probably a hundred years later
144 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
than the reign of Ptolemy II. (PI. V. Nos. 8) : it resembles
that of the unique silver tetradrachm of Cleopatra, Queen of
Syria, B.C. 138-7, although it seems in most examples better.
The first class bears the portrait of a young and beau-
tiful woman, not unlike the portrait of Arsinoe II. on the
coins of Ephesus with the name Arsinoe, and the supposed
portrait on the coin of Chalcis in Euboea, but more of the
correct classical type. The second class bears what may
be a later portrait of the same woman, but one charac-
terized not merely by the indications of middle age, but
by a nearer approach than the former to the portraits on
coins of Ephesus- Arsinoe, and Chalcis. The third class
bears a clearly-posthumous and very conventional portrait,
influenced by the base ideal of the period, yet so marked
as to indicate that it represented a very characteristic
original ; it rather resembles the second than the first
portrait and this is the more characteristic of the two.
It may be useful to compare these portraits with
those of Berenice I., sister and wife of Ptolemy I., and
Berenice II., cousin or sister of Ptolemy III. It must
be remembered that Berenice I. was the mother of
Arsinoe II., and that Berenice II. was grand-daughter
of Berenice I., her father, Magas, having been step-son of
Ptolemy I. It is also thought by some that Arsinoe I.
was mother of Berenice II. The portrait of Berenice I., not
unmarked by a likeness to that of Ptolemy I., is strikingly
like that of her grand-daughter (PL V., No. 10), and both
are more like that of the second class, and the portraits of
Ephesus- Arsinoe, and Chalcis, than that of the first class.
The finest gold tetradrachms of Berenice II., deviating
from her usual portrait, have an ideal aspect that recalls
the first class (PI. V., No. 9). Thus the more marked
portrait of the gold staters seems undoubtedly to be that
THE COINS OF THE PTOLEMIES. 145
of a princess of the Ptolemaic family, a daughter of the
first Berenice, and an aunt of the second. The more
ideal portrait, though it has a certain resemblance to one
of Berenice II., of similar style, which would be note-
worthy were they certainly of mother and daughter, is
unmarked by these traits. It may indeed be said that
as the coins of Berenice II. present both an idealized
and a realistic portrait, so may the coins of Arsinoe II.
The reply is that the idealized portrait of Berenice II. is
an exception perhaps restricted to a single die ; but that
the idealized portrait of an Arsinoe Philadelphos is one
of two contemporary portraits upon a large series of gold
money. It may therefore be safely asserted, on the
evidence of this comparison, that the second class of gold
staters bears the portrait of Arsinoe II., whereas this is
not certain of the first class. I have still te discuss the
order of the issue of these coins, the gold currency and
silver pentadrachms having the name Arsinoe Phila-
delphos.
The key to the classification is of course to be found in
the two groups of dated gold staters, those of the
Phoenician cities and those of the cities of Cyprus. These
groups may best be first examined separately in order to
discover the sequence of the dates, and then compared.
The coins of the Phoenician cities evidently belong to
the latest part of one reign and the earliest part of
another. This is clear from a comparison of them with
coins of the same cities attributed by me to Ptolemy I.
and II., by you to Ptolemy II. and III., as may be seen
by the following list : -
VOL. v. N.S.
146
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
GOLD STATEES OF AESINOE.
SILVER DIDEACHMS OF PTOLEMY.
AJfD
Date.
34
37
38
1
3
4
6
23
Town.
Tyre
Sidon
Sidon
Tyre
IOF
Tyre
Sidon
I0n
Date.
34
37
5
6
23
Town.
Tyre
Sidon
Tyre
Sidon
Ptolemais
There can be no question that the lower dates, except
23 of Arsinoe, form the continuation of the higher dates
preceding them in the list. In the case of the staters of
Arsinoe, the connection is shown by the occurrence of
the same monogram HA on those dated 38 and 6. The
whole monogram does not occur upon the second, only H
being on the field ; but a comparison with the correspond-
ing coin of Ptolemy II. or III., leaves no doubt as to the
identity of monograms upon these two staters. In the
case of the didrachms of the Ptolemies, the connection
has been already proved; and it has been shown that
the date 23 of Ptolemais is of the second reign ; the date
23 of IOII of Arsinoe is, therefore, probably of the same
reign.
The second group, if arranged in the order of dates,
presents the following series :
STATEES OF AESINOE.
Date. Town.
2 Paphos.
6 Salamis ?
13 Salamis.
16 Citium.
30 Paphos. '
33 Paphos.
It is remarkable that all these coins except the first
THE COINS OF THE PTOLEMIES. ]47
seem to be struck at intervals of 3i years, dividing
decennial periods counted from the first year of the king,
thus
3 6 10 13 16 20 23 ? 26 30 33.
The date 23 is conjecturally inserted from the previous
series.
The ancient Egyptians seem to have similarly divided
the thirty-year periods which were connected with the
reigns of their sovereigns. Thus, Barneses II. is recorded
in tablets at Silsilis, in Upper Egypt, to have celebrated
festivals in the following years : 30, 34, 37, 40, [44], 47.
(Champollion, " Monuments," torn, ii., pi. cxv., cxvi.,
cxviii., cxix., in the last of which plates 45 is a mistake
for 47.)
Did the same custom prevail under the Ptolemies ?
Epiphanes is certainly styled in the Rosetta Stone KYPIOY
TPIAKONTAETHPIAON (1. 2).
It is most reasonable to suppose that the two series are
for the greater part of each two portions of a whole, the
first beginning late in the reign of one king, and being
discontinued early in that of his successor ; the second
beginning early in the second reign. In this arrangement
the only exceptional case is that of 1OII dated in the
23rd year. The order would then be as follows :
GOLD STATERS OF ABSINOE.
Date. Town. Date. Town. Date. Town.
34 Tyre
37 Sidon
38 Sidon
1 Tyre
2 Paphos
3 ion
4 Tyre
148 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Date. Town. Date. Town. Date. Town.
6 Sidon 6 Salamis ?
13 Salamia
16 Citium
23 lOH
30 Paphos
33 Paphos
If this arrangement be correct, the two reigns can only
be those of Ptolemy I. and Ptolemy II., the third
Ptolemy not having reigned 30 years. But the dates
themselves afford evidence that is independent of my
arrangement. The abandonment of the coinage of Tyre
and Sidon appear to have taken place in or after the sixth
year, and the regular coinage of the towns of Cyprus to
have begun either in the same year or in the thirteenth.
This change is apparently marked by a change of portrait,
at least it is certain that two varieties of portrait are
found in the two classes respectively. It was about this
time, in the reign of Ptolemy II., that he married Arsinoe
II., and the earlier reign in the arrangement would ac-
cordingly be that of Ptolemy I., and the later that of
Ptolemy II.
You have rightly laid great stress upon the corre-
spondence of the dates on didrachms inscribed IITOAE-
MAIOY 2OTHP02, with those on staters of Arsinoe of
the first group given above. If these didrachms can be
certainly classed, then the question of the coins of Arsinoe
will be settled. In my first paper I endeavoured to show
that the coins in question were of the latter part of the
reign of Ptolemy I. and the earlier part of that of
Ptolemy II. In my second paper I so far changed my
view as to consider a coin dated KF or C to be of the
year KT (23), and of the second instead of the first
Ptolemy. Since these papers were written a consideration
THE COINS OP THE PTOLEMIES. 149
of your arguments has induced me to make a more
minute examination of the coins I had ascribed to
Ptolemy I., and the result I have arrived at seems to me
to clear up the difficulties, not merely of this class of the
Egyptian coinage, and that for the illustration of which I
cite it, but also to establish several points of importance
for the whole series.
The coins of Ptolemy L, inscribed HTOAEMAIOY
BASIAEOS, are of two classes, without dates and dated.
The coins without dates are so similar, that it is evident
that they were struck within a short period. They bear
evidence that tends to corroborate this, and shows an
additional fact of far more importance. My lamented
colleague, Mr. Burgon, in the Pembroke Catalogue, first
observed an artist's initial upon a coin of this class. He
thus descirbes the coin :
" 1283. Another [of Ptolemy I.], but with BA^IAEOS. Old
portrait ; the eye-lashes expressed ; in f. 1. [field left], P above
HAP in mon. Pemb. p. 2, t. 56 (as Philadelphia) ; a very fine
tetradrachm. Size, 7; weight, 219^- grs. * * * Behind the
ear of Ptolemy is a very small Delta, in a curl of a lock of the
hair, no doubt the initial letter of the artist's name. This
[occurrence of an artist's initial or name] is extremely unusual,
except in Sicily." p. 273.
A careful examination of the specimens in the Museum
of the coins of the class under' consideration, has con-
vinced me that this letter is to be seen in almost all in
which the portion of the coin where it occurs is both
clearly struck and well preserved. The following is the
result of my examination, which I have thought suffi-
ciently interesting to be put on record in a tabular form.
The striking and preservation referred to in the table arc
those of the portion where the letter is found :
150
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
No.
Mint, letters or monograms,
symbols, &c.
Striking.
Pre-
servation.
A
Absent.
Visible.
Not
Visible.
1
Tyre mon. TYP club
Clear
jood
2
Hclub
Clear
Good
3
Id.
Bad
4
Id.
Bad
5
Oclub
Clear
Fair
6
Sidon SI
Dlear
Good
7
Id. SI, M
Fair
Fair
8
Id. SI mon. N in O
Not Clear
fair
9
Id. FIT mons. APO ? AQ shield
Not Clear
Fair
10
FIT mons. APO ? AQ shield
Pair
Good
11
FIT mons. APO? MN shield
Bad
12
FIT mon. APIO shield
Fair
jood
13
FIT mon. AP shield
Fair
Poor
14
FIT mon. YF\A shield
Fair
Poor
?
14a
FIT mon. FT A shield
Poor
15
Mons. FIT AP shield
Very bad
16
Mons. TIT AQ shield
Fair
3ood
17
Mons. FFT AQ shield
Fair
Fair
18
Mons. TIT IA ? shield
Very bad
19
Mon. FIT KA shield
Clear
Poor
20
Mon. FIT KA shield
Very bad
21
Mon. FIT KA shield
Fair
fair
22
Mons. FIT MN shield
Clear
Very good
-(A?)
23
Mons. HAPT, FIT in O
Not clear
Bad
24
Mons. FFAPT, FIT in O
Clear
fair
25
Mons. IFAPT, IFT in O
Fair
fair
26
Mons. FFAPT, FIT ? in.
Clear?
fair
27
ST, mon. KAE, FIT
?oor
28
2T, mon. A in FT
?oor
29
ST, mon. A in FI
tfot clear
Bad
30
Mon. SA or AS, shield
Clear
?ine
31
Mon. SA or AS shield A
tfot clear
fair
32
Mon. SA or AS shield A
Not clear
5ood
33
Mon. SA or AS shield E
Clear
Fair
34
Mon. SA or AS shield E
Bad
f
35
Mon. 2 A or AS shield P
Not clear
Fine
36
Mon. SA or AS shield mon. AH
Clear
Good
37
Mon. SA or AS shield mon. \
H? A )
Clear
Fair
38
Mon. SA or AS shield mon. )
IA (or A) T )
Clear
Fine
39
Mon. SA or AS shield ..?
Bad
40
Mon. SA or AS (no shield)
Fair
Good
41
ST KI
Clear
Good
42
ST
Very bad
43
ST KI mon. XA
Bad'
44
A
Poor
45
A
Clear
Good
46
P, A
Clear
Very good
-(A?)
47
P, A
Bad
48
P, ac
Clear
Good
COINS OF THE PTOLEMIES.
151
No.
Mint, letters or monogram,
symbols, &c.
Striking.
Pre-
servation.
s
Visible.
__A
Not
Visible.
N
Absent.
49
P, S
tf ot clear ?
Poor?
50
P, $
31ear
Very good
51
P, mon. AP
?air
3ood
52
P, mon. M above A in n
Dlear
Good
53
P, mon. A reversed M
tfot clear
Good
54
P, mon. A in n
Very bad
54a
P, mon. A in II.
Vot clear
5ood
55
P, mon. I M
y ot clear
rood
-(A?)
56
P, mon. HAP
Clear
Good
57
P, mon. YII
Sot clear
Good
58
P, mon. XAP
Sot clear
Good
-(A?)
59
P, mon. XAP
Bad
60
*, A
Clear
Good
61
*, mon. A reversed MI
Fair
62
$, mon. A in II
Clear
Good
63
*, mon. XAP
Poor
64
EY, KA
Poor
?
65
EY, KA, A
Bad
?
66
EY, mon. KAE
Very bad
67
EY, mon. K? AE, A?
Poor
68
EY, mon XA.
Very bad
69
ST mon. XAP
Not clear
Poor
-(A?)
70
Mon. TAI, A
Very bad
71
Mon. TAI, A
Clear
Very good
72
Mons. TAI, IM
Clear
Very good
73
Mons. TAI, YII
5 Poor(ox-
i ydized)
-(A?)
74
Mon. AA
Clear
Very good
75
Mon. AAM
Clear
Fair
76
Mon. AA ? M
Clear
Good
77
Mon. EH
Clear
Good
77a
Mon. A reversed MI
Clear
Very good
78
Mon. MI
f Poor(ox-
(. ydized
79
Mon. IM
f Poor(ox-
(_ ydized)
-(A?)
80
Mon. IIAPT, A
Clear
Good
81
Mon. IIY
Not clear -
Poor
-(A?)
82
Mon. YII
Clear
Fair
83
Mon. XA
Not clear
Bad
84
Mon. XAP
( Very bad
( oxydized
85
Mon. XAP, AI
Not clear
Fair
41
21
26
It is obvious from this list that the greater number of
these silver didrachms must have been struck during a
152 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
limited period, and at one mint, for it is most improbable
that a single artist should have gone on executing dies in
precisely the same style and with the same initial letter,
nearly all the examples giving an undoubted A, for a long
time, and still more so that the dies should have been
engraved at one place, and the coins struck at various
mints. It must be added that the reverses show such an
unmistakable identity of style that we cannot suppose
they were engraved at local mints, but the head at a
central mint.
In my first paper I had no hesitation in supposing that
the dated coins inscribed HTOAEMAIOY BASIAEOS, which
are all of Tyre, and of the years, K (20), KB (22), KF (23),
and KA (24), follow those just described : at the same
time it is quite possible that they form the latest portion
of this class, as they are of only one mint. I also sup-
posed that the dated coins, inscribed HTOAEMAIOY
2OTHPOS, of Tyre and other mints, and of the years
KE (25), KC (26), Kl (27), K (29), A (30), AA (31),
AB (32), AF (33), AA (34), AE (35), AE (36), A a: (37),
AH (38), A (39), formed the continuation of those with
earlier dates. I have since been able to connect the two
dated groups. The Museum collection contains a didrachm
of Tyre, with a monogram, H KA (24), and the inscription
HTOAEMAIOY [S]O[T]HP[O2], the title being changed
from BAS[IAE]O[S], of which there are distinct traces.
(PL V., No. 11). Here there is a case of an altered die, in
consequence of the change of the king's title during a year.
It may also be remarked that beneath the date are the
letters El, also found beneath the date in a didrachm of the
year K (29). The theory of the change of title having
taken place during the 24th year of Ptolemy does not,
however, depend wholly upon the single evidence of this
THE COINS OF THE PTOLEMIES. 158
coin. There is another of the same date and with the
title LTTOAEMAIOY SOTHPO2, also in the Museum, with
three monograms besides that of the date. (PI. V., No. 12.)
These monograms are of Ptolemai's, Joppa ? and Gaza, as
will be shown in a future part of this essay. It is quite
certain that two are of different cities, and the custom of
striking for, and not at, cities explains such an exceptional
coin as this, struck for two or three cities, instead of each
city's having a separate coin. The change in the king's
title during a year of which coins had been already issued
with the old title, would explain this combination of cities
in a hasty issue with the new title, and it may be remarked
that the coin is not only from a carelessly-executed die,
but also hastily struck. In both these examples the form
of the monogram is different from that of the coins in-
scribed HTOAEMAIOY BA2IAEO2, of Tyre, with the date
K or K, read by me KA (24). The hypothesis that they
are of the 24th years of two different kings, ending and
commencing the two dated groups, is too violent to be
suggested ; besides that the proof I shall bring forward
that the monogram KE is of Ptolemy I., overthrows this
supposition, as it proves the class of coins with later dates
(KE to A) to be of Ptolemy I., and it is scarcely necessary
to show that the coins with earlier dates must be anterior
to them. It must also be observed, that the coinage of
the year KA (24) is followed by the issue, in the next year,
K (25), of coins of three cities, Ptolemai's, Joppa ? and
Gaza, of two if not three of which the monograms occur
together on one of its coins with the new title. It seems
just possible that the monogram last cited is t KA (21)
wanting in the series, and the other alone KA.
The group of coins dated KE (25) to A (39) has a
peculiarity which connects them with the undated coins
VOL. v. N.S. x
154 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
inscribed DTOAEMAlOY BA2IAEQ2, and the remarkable
coin of two or three cities just mentioned : although they
have the initial letters or monograms of several cities, Tyre,
Sidon, Ptolema'is, &c., they were all struck at one mint.
That this was the case is proved by the portraits they
bear changing in style according to date, not place : this
would be shown in a table, could I indicate the different
types in such a manner as to make it possible to trace
them in specimens by comparison. The differences are,
however, so slight in some instances, and a type so often
runs on beyond its year before disappearing, that I could
only give the evidence of the Museum specimens by a
very careful series of illustrations representing 39 coins.
I must remark, parenthetically, that the historical diffi-
culties attending the theory that the coins under conside-
ration were issued in the reign of Ptolemy I. almost
disappear when we know they were struck for, and not at
all the cities, or all the cities but one, which are designated
upon them. They may have been struck in Egypt, and
sometimes for the use of armies in the field near cities
not in the hands of Ptolemy I.
There is thus an important similarity between the
coins inscribed HTOAEMAIOY BASIAEflS without dates,
and the class just noticed. The latter class is further
shown to be a continuation of the former by the following
evidence.
The monogram N in O is found on a coin of Sidon,
inscribed HTOAEMAIOY BASlAEiiS, and without date,
and upon a coin of the same town, inscribed IITOAE-
MAIOY 2OTHPOS, and dated in the year KG (25), as well
as upon coins of the latter class of Tyre with later dates.
As this monogram occurs on coins of two cities, there can
be no reasonable doubt that it is not the initial of a title
THE COINS OF THE PTOLEMIES. 155
or epithet of those cities (like Metropolis), but of a
moneyer or other official of the central mint. The recur-
rence of a monogram of such a kind, twenty-five years or
more after its first occurrence, is extremely unlikely.
More conclusive, however, than the evidence of any of the
preceding data, is that of a tetradrachm of Demetrius
Poliorcetes, bearing a double date. It may be thus
described :
Obv. Head of Demetrius, to right, with bull's horn,
diademed.
Rev. AHMHTPIOY BA2IAEO2. Neptune, seated to
left, on rock, holding an aplustre and trident ; in
front, mon TAP ? beneath which, X ; behind,
mon. K, KG. (PL V., No. 13.)
The monogram KG differs from that marking the date
25 on the coins inscribed HTOAEMAIOY 2O THPO2, in but
one particular, the horizontal limb of the E is repre-
sented by a dot instead of a line. The occurrence of this
monogram suggested to me that it might be a date. If so,
of whom ? First, let us suppose of Demetrius. It is very
improbable that Demetrius could have counted a 25th
year, for he would have reckoned either from the date at
which he took the title of king, B.C. 306, or that of the
death of Antigonus, B.C. 301, the earlier of which dates is
but 21 years before his surrender to Seleucus, B.C. 286.
May it not be a date of Ptolemy I., who, if my attribu-
tion be right, struck in his 25th year, and used the same
monogram ? If so, the X might be the corresponding
date of Demetrius, and accordingly the 25th year of
Ptolemy corresponds to the 7th year, counting from
the taking of the title of king, of Demetrius. The only
objection that can be made to this explanation seems to
be this : that it rests upon the supposition that Ptolemy I.
156 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
and Demetrius reckon differently, the former from the
death of Alexander, the latter from the taking a title.
But it must be remembered that Ptolemy was governor of
Egypt, and virtually king, from the date he is supposed
by me to have adopted as that of his accession ; whereas
Demetrius acted as a general of his father's, Antigonus,
until he received from him the title of king, which would
necessarily make him a colleague. This explanation
throws an unexpected light upon the dated Attic gold
tetroboli, if we may use the term, of Ptolemy I., to which
you have drawn my attention. The coins differ from the
ordinary gold money of Ptolemy in two particulars,
in having as the reverse-type, like the gold staters of
Alexander, a Victory, the elephant-quadriga coin being
the only other exception in the series of Ptolemy I., all
other gold coins having the eagle ; and also in following
the Attic weight. It is not a little remarkable that the
Attic gold stater of Demetrius Poliorcetes in the Museum,
with the types of Alexander's gold staters, and, therefore,
the same reverse-type as the tetroboli just described, bears
the letter IE ; if a date, 7. It can scarcely be supposed that
Ptolemy I. struck coins with dates of the reign of
Demetrius without adding his own, yet the agreement of
date and reverse-type can scarcely be accidental, and it
seems, therefore, probable that the low dates of these
coins indicate that Ptolemy I. first dated from the taking
the regal title, and so from the same year as Demetrius.
It must be observed that the general adoption upon coins
of the dating from his accession as governor did not take
place, according to my theory, until the course of the 24th
year, and that the use of a local era might well have con-
tinued until the 25th. The occurrence, however, of a date
of Ptolemy I. on a coin of Demetrius Poliorcetes requires
THE COINS OF THE PTOLEMIES. 157
explanation. It was in the 25th 26th year of Ptolemy I.
that a treaty was concluded between him and Demetrius ;
it was in the 24th year that Ptolemy began to strike
dated coins for the cities of Phoenicia^and Palestine,
besides Tyre ; it was in the 25th that he commenced a
separate issue for each of those cities. No doubt Deme-
trius at the ratification of the treaty issued money with
Ptolemy's date as a mark of the closeness of their Dalli-
ance. The value of this double- dated_ t 'coin ^is, ^that it
carries us from the class ending in KA (24) into that
beginning in the same year, and continuing in KG (25) and
following years, and that it shows that the treaty between
Ptolemy I. and Demetrius was really an important one.
If the year KG here is that of Ptolemy I., the coins with
the same monogram inscribed HTOAEMAIOY SQTHPOS
cannot be doubted to be of the same sovereign.
To return to Arsinoe. If the coinage of Ptolemy I.
include the coins inscribed HTOAEMAIOY 2OTHPOS, dated
from the year KG (25) to A (39), it follows that the
coinage with the name of Arsinoe, omitting the very late
coins of base style, would fall under the following
classes :
1. Gold staters with young portrait, dated AA to E, and silver
pentadrachms. Arsinoe I.
2. Gold staters with older portrait, dated IF AT, and staters
with four heads. Arsinoe II.
The first class would have been struck in the later years
of Ptolemy I. and the earlier of Ptolemy II. ; the second
in the reign of the second king, except in the case of those
staters with four portraits, which are evidently of the reign
of Ptolemy III. I am aware that the suppositions that
Arsinoe I. was married to Ptolemy II. during his father's
reign, still more that coins were struck with her name
158 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
while both Ptolemy I. and Berenice I. were still living,
and the former had not taken his son as his colleague,
seem contrary to history and sound criticism. The coins
appear, however, so distinctly to point to those two
inferences, that I am justified in endeavouring to defend
them. The date of the marriage of Arsinoe I. is, I
believe, nowhere stated in ancient literature. The
definite statements of modern writers would then be
founded on nothing better than negative evidence, when
even positive evidence would not weigh against that of
monuments. The issue of a separate coinage by the wife
of a prince, possibly not even the heir to the throne,
presents greater difficulties, which unfortunately can only
be met by conjectures. The following points seem not
unworthy of notice. The staters of Arsinoe are virtually
a new coinage, Ptolemy I. having issued only pieces of
two-and-a-half drachms ; there would, therefore, be a
reason for issuing a new coinage with a new portrait. All
Ptolemy's gold coins are inscribed HTOAEMAIOY BA2I-
AEOS. If the silver coins dated KG to A are of his
reign, there are no gold coins with his name corresponding
to a silver series extending over 15 prosperous years and
abundant in quantity. Ptolemy was always ambitious to
gain the Macedonian kingdom ; Arsinoe I. was daughter
of Lysimachus, and Ptolemy may have originally intended
that Philadelphus should attempt to secure Macedon after
the death of Lysimachus. The coins of Arsinoe I., as far
as we know, were issued in or for Phoenicia or Palestine, not
in or for Egypt. They are thus, apparently, a local coinage,
and their issue might have been the first step towards
putting Ptolemy Philadelphus in the place of Ptolemy
Ceraunus as heir, a step not unlike the taking of
Philadelphus as colleague. The coins of Berenice I.
THE COINS OF THE PTOLEMIES. 159
bear the title BASIAI22H2; so those of Berenice II.
these have only API2NOHS $lAAAEA<i>OY ; to which
there are no parallels but the later coins with the same
inscription, if my classification be right, and the evident
imitations of Arsinoe III. inscribed AP2INOHS <&IAO-
IIAOTP02; the other three queens who struck coins,
Cleopatra I., III., and VI., taking the title queen, like
the Berenices. The first coins of Arsinoe I. might, there-
fore, have been struck before she was queen.
I must briefly notice your remaining observations.
You say that Arsinoe II. could not have been repre-
sented on her coins as a divinity in her lifetime. I would
reply that she is represented in the character of a divinity
rather than as a dead sovereign deified. The veil is here an
attribute of Juno or Isis, not of a deceased sovereign.
Otherwise the coins of Egyptian queens to Arsinoe III.
Philopator, except those of Berenice I., are posthumous.
The Attic gold tetroboli of Ptolemy I. I have already
noticed.
You lay, I think, too much stress upon the difference
and similarity of the eagles on the reverses of the coins
of the Ptolemies. If, for instance, you compare the eagle
on the coins of Ptolemy V. Epiphanes, extending cer-
tainly to his 5th year, with that of the didrachm of
Ptolemy VII. Philometor, with the latter title, dated in
his J4th year, you will see that they are very different,
especially in the leg-feathers, which seem to change more
regularly than any other peculiarities.
With respect to the dated coins inscribed HTOAEMAIOY
2QTHPOS, and undoubtedly posthumous, you will agree
with me that the view to be taken of their era depends
upon the attribution of the coins inscribed HTOAEMAIOY
2&THP02, dated KG (25) to A (39). If any dated coins
160 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
were so inscribed during Ptolemy's lifetime, then there can
be no reasonable doubt that later coins followed his era,
notwithstanding the issue by Ptolemy II. Philadelphus
of coins with the same inscription and his own dates. I
must, however, notice as confirmatory of the attribution
you propose, that the Bibliotheque Imperials contains a
hemidrachm with the date P0 (109) in the field, and a
letter E (5?) on the thunderbolt. According to my
theory the year of this era 109 corresponded to the 7th
of Ptolemy IV. ; according to yours, to the 5th of
Ptolemy VII. ; but I must remark that the letter on the
thunderbolt seems of very doubtful authenticity.
The other points you have raised I have not neglected
to examine, but I am unable to offer any new light upon
them.
Believe me, my dear Sir,
Yours very faithfully,
REGINALD STUART POOLE.
161
V.
NOTE ON SOME GOLD COINS BEARING THE
NAME OP THEODOSIUS.
(Read before the Numismatic Society, Nov. 17, 1864.)
Some time has now elapsed since I ventured to dispute
the conclusions arrived at by M. Cohen, relative to the
interpretation of the letters CONOB, OB, &c., and the
gratifying manner in which my remarks were received in
Germany and Belgium has offered me an inducement to
briefly notice what M. Cohen has said respecting the coins
of the two Theodosii.
It will be in the remembrance of my readers, that in
the first volume of the new series, of the Chronicle, there
is a paper by me on this subject, and from a perusal of
what M. Cohen has said, it appears that all the views
stated there are adopted with the exception of three the
first, relating to the gold coins with the helmeted full-
faced bust, and the legend D. N. THEODOSIVS P. F.
AVG. ; the second, respecting a tremissis of gold (Cohen,
Med. Imp., No. 35) ; and the third, respecting the classi-
fication of the silver and copper.
It is to the first two of these exceptions that I more
especially wish to call the attention of numismatists, and
it may be as well to give a description of the gold coins
in question, previous to producing my arguments
1. <%. D. N. THEODOSIVS P. P. AVG. Helmeted
head of a Theodosiue, faciug, with cuirass, hold-
ing a spear and a shield, on which is represented
VOL. V. N.S. Y
162 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
the Emperor, galloping to the right, about to
hurl a spear against an enemy.
Rev. CONCOIIDIA AUGGG (with various Greek dif-
ferentials). Rome, helmeted, seated facing, look-
ing to the right, placing the right foot on the
prow of a vessel, and holding a sceptre, and a
. globe on which is a Victory ; in the exergue,
CONOB; in infield, a star. (Cohen, No. 10).
2. Obv. D. N. THEODOSIVS P. F. AVG. Bust of a
Theodosius, to the right, diademed, with the
paludamentum and cuirass.
Rev. No legend. Trophy. On either side a star.
In the exergue, CONOB. (Cohen, No. 35).
Tremissis.
It is with some satisfaction that I notice that although
M. Cohen does not recognise the attribution of these
coins to Theodosius II., yet at the same time he has taken
care to mark his arrangement with a point of interrogation.
He argues that both these coins are of too good fabric to
belong to the period of Theodosius II., and are precisely
of the style of those of Gratian, Valentinian II., Arcadius,
and Honorius, and that moreover the horseman on the
shield of No. 1 is as well executed as that found on the
coins of Constantius II., of whom there are also coins
with the helmeted full-faced bust. " Lastly," says M.
Cohen, "if this coin belongs to Theodosius II., it must
have been struck during the period when this prince
reigned conjointly with Honorius, as also M. de Salis has
remarked to me."
It is not, however, my object this time to discuss the
fabric of these coins. I intend only to say a few words
about the star which occurs upon both the specimens above
described.
M. Cohen (vol. vi., p. 455, note") has already alluded
to it in the following words : " Mr. Frederic Madden
ON SOME GOLD COINS OF THEODOSIUS. 163
asserts that the star appears for the first time under
Honorius and Theodosius II., on the coins struck at Con-
stantinople. It appears to me that, occurring under
Honorius with this same reverse CONCORDIA
AVGGG it is quite natural to suppose that this star
must have commenced to figure for the first time under
Theodosius I., who was his (Honorius') father."
I beg now to give my reasons for maintaining my
former assertions.
Let the reader take four coins, all with the legend
CONCOKDIA AVGGG one of Theodosius I. (with the
usual side-faced bust), two of Honorius (one without, the
other with the star), and one of a Theodosius (with the
star], and a natural question will at once arise, at what
period were the coins of Honorius, without a star, struck ?
If the coins of Theodosius, with a star, are to be given
to the elder one, we must suppose that Honorius struck
a few without a star as an experiment, for all succeeding
Emperors use the star.
Is it not much better to classify the coins in the follow-
ing manner ? :
1. THEODOSIUS I. Side-faced bust. CONCORDIA AVGG.
No star.
2. HONORIDS. Full-faced bust. CONCORDIA AVGG.
No star.
3. HONORIUS. Full-faced bust. ' CONCORDIA AVGG.
Star. (A later coinage.)
4. THEODOSIUS II. Full-faced bust. CONCORDIA
AVGG. Star.
From this simple mode of classification we gain the in-
formation that, whereas Honorius in the early part of his
reign struck coins without a star, identical with those of
his brother Arcadius in the East, when he and his nephew
164 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Theodosius II. reigned together, they issued a new coin-
age, the same type, but with the addition of a star.
For the same reasons the tremissis above described
(No. 2) belongs to Theodosius II.
It is true that there is greater uncertainty about the
silver and copper. I have nothing, therefore, at present
further to add to the observations I have made in a pre-
vious paper (Num. Chron., N. S., vol. i., p. 182).
It is to be observed that M. Sabatier, in his work on
the Monnaies Byzantines, assigns these coins without a
word to Theodosius II., but on the other hand he has given
the second brass coin, with diademed helmeted bust and
the reverse legend GLORIA ROMANORVM (No. 28.,
pi. v. 14) to the same Emperor. Here he is decidedly
in error, for this coin must belong to Theodosius I., as
M. Cohen has also remarked, as the type of the bust and
of the reverse, and the style of it altogether, are exactly
similar to the coins of Gratian and Valentinian II.
FREDERIC W. MADDEN.
165
VI.
INEDITED COPPER COIN OF EVAGORAS.
Obv. BA. Helmeted head of Pallas, with ear-rings, to
right.
Rev. EYA. Lion, walking, to right; a star with eight
rays over its mane. JR. Size 3.
This coin was found in Cyprus, and is now in my pos-
session. Of the two Kings of Salamis bearing the same
name, we may safely give it to Evagoras I., for its reverse
is almost identical with that of the fine gold stater restored
to that prince by the late respected Mr. H. P. Borrell, of
Smyrna ; and although the obverse shows the head of
Pallas, which figures also on the coins attributed by that
learned numismatist to Evagoras II., this circumstance
does not alter my opinion in the least. Borrell admits
the possibility of his having made, in this instance, an
erroneous classification ; and in his brief memoir of
Evagoras II. ("Notice sur quelques Medailles Grecques des
rois de Chypre," page 42 46) we find it stated that this
prinqe was expelled from his dominions (most probably
within a very short period of his accession to the regal
authority), and that he was never reinstated.
With these facts before us, if we turn to the copper coin
I now publish, and observe its connection with both the
gold stater of Evagoras I. and with the coins classed to
Evagoras II., we shall have no hesitation in assigning our
coin to the founder of the dynasty, and in restoring to
him those supposed to have be en minted for his grandson.
D. PIERIDES.
Larnacee (Cyprus), October, 1864.
166
VII.
ON A GOLD COIN FOUND NEAR CANTERBURY.
Upwards of twenty years ago I published in the Nu-
mismatic Chronicle* an account of the discovery of a
number of Merovingian and other gold coins on a con-
tinuation of Bagshot Heath, at Crondale, Hants, in the
year 1828. Among these were several bearing a head
full-faced, and having on the reverse the legend
LONDVNI. These I did not hesitate to ascribe to the
episcopal mint of London, Since that time I have seen
no reason to doubt the propriety of that attribution.
There were other types in this find which I ascribed to
the Anglo-Saxon ecclesiastical mints, but in noticing the
rude pieces Nos. 24, 25, 26 I have inadvertently in-
cluded No. 27. 1 now forward for the inspection of the
Numismatic Society an impression of an exceedingly well-
preserved coin found near Canterbury. It is struck ap-
parently from the same die as No. 27, and I think it is in
finer condition. The runic 1X3 appears in the legend of
the reverse, and in fact the whole legend would seem to
be formed of runes, containing, perhaps, the name of the
1 Vol. vi. p. 171.
ON A GOLD COIN FOUND NEAR CANTERBURY. 167
moneyer. The obverse is without legend, and bears a
head in profile to the right. In the field is an object which
I am unable to explain. It may be intended for a mono-
gram, containing the name of the ecclesiastic by whose
order the coin was struck. Such an object can scarcely
be designed to symbolise the Trinity. We require, it is
true, successive findings to justify their appropriation to
the archiepiscopal mint of Canterbury. That they are
prelatical coins, struck by Anglo-Saxon bishops or arch-
bishops, I feel certain, and I think we shall not err in
assigning them to that city.
J. Y. AKERMAN.
Abingdon, Nov. 10, 1864. j
168
VIII.
PENNY OF CIOLWULF, FROM BEDFORDSHIRE.
. +EIOLVVLFREX. Head, encircled, to the right.
Rev. -- h^ELHYN. A cross, crosletted.
This coin appears to be altogether a new variety, both
as regards type and fabric. It has neither the plain nor
pearled inner circle common to coins of the period : and
the moneyer's name does not seem to be known, while
there are other peculiarities. Mr. Hawkins, who assigns
coins spelt Ciolwlf to the second Mercian king of that
name, does not rest his reasons for so doing solely on the
spelling. So far as I have been able, from materials at
hand, I have compared this with contemporaneous coins,
and am disposed to think it may rather be assigned to the
first than to the second Ceolwulf.
The coin is communicated to me by Mr. William
Horley, of Toddington, Bedfordshire, who states that it
was found there.
C. ROACH SMITH.
169
NOTICE OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS.
In Nos. 5 and 6 (September December) of the Revue
Numismatique Frangaise for 1864, there are the following
articles :
1. " On the anousvara in Gaulish Numismatics," by M. A.
de Longpe"rier.
" The Sanscrit word, anousvara, is composed of the pre-
position anou (after), and svara (sound) In the Indian
language this latter sound is always the nasal which requires
the consonant following, which forms or does not form part
of the same word. If there is not a consonant after the anou-
svara, it has ordinarily the value of M." Such is the interpre-
tation of this word, as given by M. A. De Longpe"rier, who
illustrates his paper with many examples ; among which may
be mentioned, COS for CONS, ROMA RENASCES and
RESVRGES for ROMA RENASCENS and RESVRGENS
on coins of Galba and Vespasian; IOVIS AXVR (cf. "Avo>p,
Diod. Sic. XIV., 16, 5.) on coins of the Vibia family, &c., &c.
The pith of the paper then follows, being examples and illus-
trations of the use of the anousvara on Gaulish coins.
2. " Examination of some ancient forgeries of the tetra-
drachrns of Syracuse, and of the pretended name of the en-
graver, Eumelus," by M. A. Salinas.
3. " Letter to M. A. de Longpe"rier ' On the Legend of a
Coin of Gortyna, in Crete,' " from M. Franyois Lenormant.
4. " New Observations on Jewish Coinage, apropos of the
work entitled ' History of Jewish Coinage,' of Mr. Frederic
W. Madden." London, 1864. Letter to M. J. de Witte, from
M. F. de Saulcy.
M. de Saulcy still persists, in spite of the authority and
opinion of Bayer, Eckhel, Ewald, Garucci, Cavedoni, Levy,
Reichardt, Poole, and Madden, in attributing the shekels and
half-shekels to the high-priest Jaddua. Some observations on
the opinion of M. de Saulcy will probably appear in the next
Part of the Numismatic Chronicle.
5. " Merovingian Numismatics. Rectifications and Inedited
Coins," by M. Anatole de Barthe"lemy.
6. " Coins of Lucca (Third Part). Of the Monetary Reform
of Frederick II., and the Types adopted at Lucca during the
Thirteenth Century," by M. Domenico Massagli.
7. " Notes concerning Mereaux, and other pieces of the same
kind," by M. J. Rouyer.
VOL. v. N.S. z
170 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
In the Bulletin Bibliographique are notices of the two fol-
lowing works : " On a Gaulish Silver Coin, with the supposed
representation of a Druid," by M. Franz Streber ; and " Seal
and Coins of Zuentibold, King of Lorraine; coin of his successor
Louis," by M. Ch. Robert.
In the Chronique there are some remarks by M. A. de Long-
pe'rier " On a Coin supposed to belong to Lepida, wife of
Galba."
This coin is published in the Archdologi&che Zeitung, by
M. Gerhard, and is of second brass, having on the obverse the
head of a female opposite that of a man, with the legend,
FA ABA ce[BA~|CTOC; and on the reverse Pallas, with the
word IAI [ewv].
M. le. Baron de Prokesch-Osten proposes to consider the
female head as that of Lepida ; whilst M. Gerhard suggests the
name of Livia, protectrice of Galba (Suet. Galb. V.).
M. Cavedoni decides for Livia, on account of the head-dress :
and M. A. de Longperier adds, " That which appears decisive
is the forward place given to the female bust, a place which
would be chosen for a person to whom Galba wished to acknow-
ledge his gratitude. The remark, therefore, of M. Gerhard is
of great value."
There is also in the Chronique an account of a Gaulish coin
with the legends BRI and CO[MA], found at Carthage, in
Africa ; and of a large brass of Maximinus, with the reverse
legend FIDES " MILITVM, found in an encampment of
French soldiers, near to Mytho, in Cochin-China, This coin
appears to be the first ancient piece which has been found at so
great a distance from the West.
In the premiere livraison of the Revue Beige for 1865
there are the following articles :
1. " Gallo-Belgic Numismatics, or Monetary History of the
Atrebates, the Morini, and Gallo-Belgic nations in general,"
(continued) by M. Alexandre Hermand.
2. Second letter to M. R. Chalon " On the Elements of Mus-
sulman Numismatics," from M. F. Soret.
3. " French Jetons relating to the Peace of the Pyrenees,
and to the Marriage of Louis XIV. with the Infanta of Spain,"
by M. A. Preux.
4. " Deniers of Louis IV. of Germany, struck at Antwerp,"
by M. Morel Fatio.
5. " Notice of an inedited Mereau of Doesbourgh," by M.
Hooft Van Iddekinge.
In the Correspondance is a letter from M. le Comte Nahuys
to M. R. Chalon, concerning the sterling of Vorst.
NOTICES OF RECENT NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS. 171
In the Melanges are notices of various numismatic pub-
lications.
In the Necrologie are short biographies of MM. G. Vander
Meer and Pierre Joseph Braemt.
In the fifth volume of the second series of the Opuscoli
Religiosi Letterari e Morali, published at Modena, there is an
article by Sig. Abbate Celestino Cavedoni, entitled " Le prin-
cipali Questioni riguardanti la Numismatica Giudaica diffi-
nitivamente decise."
This paper is an excellent and highly complimentary review
of Mr. Madden' s " History of Jewish Coinage and Money in the
Old and New Testaments." The Abbe" Cavedoni agrees with
nearly all the attributions and the suggestions in the work, and
considers that this " insigne e splendida opera," which is " nel
suo genere completa e perfetta" definitely settles all questions
relating to Jewish numismatics.
" Recherches sur la Monnaie Romaine depuis son origine jusqu'a
la mort d'Auguste," par M. Pierre Philippe Bourlier, Baron
d'Ailly. Tome I. Lyon, 1864. 4to. Forty-nine Plates.
WE have here the first volume of a magnificent work upon
what has commonly been known as the Roman Consular series,
which promises to give by far the most copious and detailed
account of these coins which has ever appeared. Printed on
toned paper, with handsome margins, and with plates such
as only the graver of Dardel can produce, it is as superior in
outward appearance to Riccio's book on the same subject, as it
is in carefulness of detail and fidelity of representation. The
only book we have at present that is at all worthy to be placed
by its side, is Cohen's Medailles Consulaires ; but to judge from
Baron d'Ailly's promises, his work will be as much in advance
of M. Cohen's, as M. Cohen's was of any of his predecessors.
In the present volume there are not, however, many grounds of
comparison between the two authors, as Baron d'Ailly's forty-
nine plates are almost exclusively devoted to the ^Es grave and
its parts, and the early gold and silver coins, with the Jani-form
heads, to which Cohen has given some five or six plates only.
At the first examination of the Baron d'Ailly's plates, the
impression is received that an unnecessary number of examples
of the various coins have been given ; the plates being often
filled with what would by many collectors be regarded as dupli-
cates ; but a closer inspection reveals the various differences in
style and details which characterise the coins, and proves the
amount of careful attention which has been bestowed by the
172 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
author on his subject. We cannot at present enter into any
critical examination of the descriptive part of the work, but it
must be evident that one who has been able to make such a
selection of coins as those exhibited in the plates, must have
had almost unparalleled opportunities of acquiring a thorough
practical knowledge of the coins of which he treats, and such
as must have enabled him to draw many, and among them
probably some new general conclusions from them.
In his method of treating the subject, the Baron d'Ailly has
introduced two or three innovations, on which, no doubt, there
will be differences of opinion, but on several points we think
the verdict of numismatists will be in his favour. One of these
consists in engraving the reverse of each coin below the obverse,
instead of, as usual, by its side. The great advantage of this
is the facility it affords for comparing the obverses or the reverses
of a series of nearly similar coins together, and of at once seiz-
ing the points of resemblance and difference. Another innova-
tion, which few will regret, is the introduction of the metrical
system of measurement, instead of the arbitrary scale of Mionnet.
We hope that ere long we may have to call attention to the
issue of the second volume of this valuable work ; but in the
meantime commend the present to such of our readers as are
interested in the early Roman coinage.
MISCELLANEA.
COIN OF A NEW CITY OF MYSIA. In January, 1863, I
received a letter from M. Henri Cohen, of Paris, informing me
that among a lot of coins supplied to him by M. Hoffmann, there
was one reading TPIMENOQYPEON. Astonished at this
reading, he consulted all the coins in the Cabinet des Medailles
given to Trimenothyrse, and found constantly TPI instead of TPI.
He therefore begged me to ascertain if there were any coins in
the British Museum with the same legend. To this I replied
in the negative, feeling at the time persuaded that TPIMENO-
VPEON was the correct form, especially as the reading in
Ptolemy (ed. "Wilberg. Lib. v. 2, 15) is always with a T
IvfuaKWTtpoi c)e TpipevoOovpiTai, wv tarty f) Tpcua I/OTTO Ate and
that the two specimens in the Museum, to all appearance, read
in the same manner. An additional argument in favour of T
may be drawn from the fact that other coins, either of a city
of Lydia, according to Pausanias (lib. I. 35, 7), or of Phrygia,
according to Hierocles (p. 688. ed. Wesseling), have the legend
THMENO0YPEON, a form given by Pausanias (I.e.) as
MISCELLANEA. 173
i, " gates of Temenos." The writer of the article " Teme-
nothyrae," in Smith's " Diet, of Geography," goes so far as to
consider these cities to be one and the same place.
Mr. Waddington, who published in the Revue. Numismatique
(1852, p. 94) two coins of Trimenothyrse, suggests that the
city, or rather that the capital, of the Trimenothyrei, took under
Hadrian, the name of Trajanopolis, as there is, in Paris, a
Greek Imperial coin of Hadrian bearing the name of the same
magistrate as on one of the coins of Trimenothyrse published
by him, and as the first certain coins of Trajanopolis are also of
Hadrian. Millingen (Recueil des quelques Med. Grecques, p. 74)
also suggested that Trimeuothyrse was changed to Trajanopolis.
Mr. Waddington considers that Trimenothyrae and Temeno-
thyne are neighbouring cities, and not one and the same place
(cf. Rev. Num. 1852, p. 32). 1
To return to the question of T or F. Last year M. Cohen
sent over to M. Gavedoni five impressions of the disputed coins,
one from the collection of Mr. Waddington, one from that of
M. Hoffmann, and the remaining three from the Cabinet of
France. Cavedoni, after examining them, is decidedly of
opinion that the true reading is TPIMENO0YPEON, and not
TPIMENO0YPEON, and quotes as an authority (Bull. delV
Instit. 1863, p. 63) Tzetzes, who, apparently following the above
quoted passage of Ptolemy, and writing of a city of Mysia,
says (Chiliad xi. ver. 974),
01 Ypip.tvoQovpl.Tai <)e Trpoe <W/nae TtaXtv
7 Ov // TpaVavov rvy^avet TroXtf, iroXiQ.
Cavedoni further suggests the re-examination of the best
codices of Ptolemy. I have myself consulted the only MS. of
Ptolemy in the British Museum, which dates early in the 15th
century, and the reading there is decidedly Tpatfierodvpirat.
Certainly the edition of Wilberg (1838), to which I have already
referred, and which is considered to be one of the best, gives
Trimenotliyrce in all the various readings.
1 An unpublished coin of Salonina, struck at Temenothyrae,
with the reverse legend TITIANOC APXIEPEYC THMENO-
0YPGYCI (last seven letters in exergue], in the collection of the
Rev. Churchill Babington, bears the following type : " Hercules
holding club, looking to right, placing his left knee on the belly
of a river god, who holds up his ri^ht hand to push him off; in
the field, a branching plant ; below to right, an urn pouring
out water." This would seem to establish the fact, as Mr.
Babington has remarked to me, that Temenothyrse was situated
on the banks of some river.
174 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
I cannot, however, refrain from remarking, that on re-exa-
mining the two coins in the Museum, the first letter of the legend
certainly resembles a T, and that what might naturally be taken
for the other limb, so as to form T, is the end of the long shoe
worn by the god Lunus.2 This coin is published by Mionnet
(Suppl., vol. v., p. 495, No. 1,261), under Trimenothyrei,
Mysia. I may also observe that Combe, in his description of
the Hunter collection, engraved (pi. 60, No. 6) a coin with the
legend rPineNOQYPGON (sic), which he has wrongly
attributed to Thurium in Acarnania. The type is similar to
the one engraved by Mr. Waddington (Rev. Num., 1852, pl.iv.,
No. 8).
There is still left the question whether Tpt/xevoc and Gvpcu
does not seem more veritable Greek than Tpifitvog and vpcu,
for I can find no word from which the latter could be derived,
whilst two or three derivations might be suggested for the
former. FREDERIC W. MADDEN.
NOBLES OF HENRY V. AND VI. The following description of
some varieties of nobles of Henry V. and VI. may be of interest.
No. 1. Obv. H^rtRICt x I>I x 6Rft x R^X x !STt6L 5
xFRSrUt i DnSxttXE *. Five ropes to the
ship ; star under the king's sword-arm ; an-
nulet between the arm and sword ; trefoil at
the side of shield ; on the ship's side a lion
with two fleurs-de-lis on either side, and lower
down an annulet.
Rev.m.m. pierced cross; IIi<{ x ftVT^JTC *
TRsnsi^ns x P^fi X^MDI v x JLLOR v
x IBST ' Usual type ; with a small cross by
the lion's head, within the second curve of
tressure. 107 grains.
No. 2. Obv. As No. 1 ; but there are only three ropes to the
ship.
Rev. As No. 1 ; but with a pellet at the tail of the
lion, in the eighth curve of tressure.
2 I have also, thanks to the kindness of General Fox and
Mr. Langdon, an impression of one of these coins in the
General's cabinet, and here also the r is quite distinct. An
impression which I took some time ago from an imperial coin
of Claudius of this city, belonging to M. Feuardent, again
affords sufficient proof that the letter T is correct.
MISCELLANEA. 175
No. 3. Weight, 107| grs. Obv. Legend as No. 1, biit with
lis after the king's name, and a trefoil after
each of the other words ; three ropes to ship ;
annulet under the king's sword-arm; on the
ship's side three fleurs-de-lis and two lions.
Rev. m.m. Lis. I!i'C[ * SVT i TRSTISI^TIS o
P^R D m^pivm o ILLORY o LBftT.
Usual type, with an annulet outside of tressure,
under IKC{.
No. 4. Weight, 111 grs. Obv. Legend as No. 1, but ending
B.IB, with a cinquefoil after each word, except
R[X, which has a diamond. Type as No. 3,
but with lis, instead of annulet, under the
king's sword-arm.
Rev. m.m. Lis. IHC[. VT. TRUCtl^RS (sic)
P^R. m^mVJTl, ILLORV. IBST. with a
leaf after each word, excep P^R, which has a
diamond ; small lis by the head of third lion,
under JTl^DI VAl ; and the B. in the centre
upside down.
No. 5. Weight, 108 grs. Legend as No. 1, but ending
hlVB. with a leaf after each word, except
R(JX. which has a diamond ; three fleurs-de-
lis and two lions on the ship's side.
Rev. m.m. Lis. IHC{. ftVT. TRftTTCl^S (sic)
p<3R. JMDivm, iLLORvm. IBST. with
a leaf after each word, except P^R, which
has a diamond ; small lis by the head of first
lion, under 7CVT.
No. 6. Henry VI. noble. Weight, 107J grs. His last
coinage.
Obv. H ^TVRICt' : DI o GR' R^X o 7m<3L x
5 x FRSRct o DTIS HY. Portrait like the
first type of Edward IV. ; under the shield a
fleur-de-lis, between a leaf and an annulet ; on
the ship's side three fleurs-de-lis and two lions.
Rev.-m.rn,. Lis. IKct x SVT x TRftnsi^TXS
P^R M^DlVAl ILLORV IBftT. with
the H in the centre, upside down, as on No. 4.
W. WEBSTER.
FIND OF ROMAN COINS. The coins of which a short descrip-
tion here follows, and for an examination of which the Numis-
matic Society is indebted to James Farrer, Esq., M.P., were,
176 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
found on the 20th June, 1864, at Chedworth Wood, near Foss
Bridge, Gloucestershire, on the estate of the Earl of Eldon.
They were found dispersedly over the villa which has been
there discovered, most of them within an area of twenty square
yards. One but which one I am unable to say was found in
the bath. They are nearly all barbarous coins. Those of
Allectus are very fine, and one more especially, the module
being larger than usual.
ANTONINUS Pius.
1. Obv. [ANTONINVS] AVG. PIVS P. P.TK. P. COS
[III]. Head to the right, laureated.
Rev. [SALVS AV]GG. Female figure standing to the
left, feeding a serpent, which is entwined roxmd an
altar, holding a patera and rudder, resting on a
globe. (Cohen, Mid Imp., No. 779.) JE. I. 1.
VlCTORINUS.
2. Obv. IMP. C. VICTORINVS P. F. AYG. Bust to
the right, laureated, with paludamentum.
Rev. PAX. AVG. Peace standing to left, holding an
olive branch and a sceptre ; in the field, to left,
V, and to right,*. (Cohen, No. 48.) JE. III. 2.
TETRICUS I.
3. Obv. IMP. TETKICUS P. F. AVG. Bust to the
right, radiated, with cuirass.
Rev. HILARITAS AVGG. Female figure standing to
left, holding a palm and a cornucopias. (Cohen,
No. 62.) M. III. 1.
4. Obv. Same legend and type.
jfov. SALVS AVGG. Female figure standing to left,
feeding a serpent, which is entwined round an
altar, holding patera, and a rudder placed on a
globe. ^B. III. 1. Unpublished.
5. Obv. [IMP. C. TETJRICVS P. F. AYG. As No. 4.
.fiev. [VIRTVS] AVGG. Mars helmeted standing to
left, leaning on a shield, and holding a spear.
(Cohen, No. 119.) M. III. 1.
ALLECTUS.
6. Obv. IMP. C. ALLEOTVS P. F. AVG. Bust to the
right, radiated, with cuirass.
.flew. P[AX] AVG. Female figure standing to left,
holding olive branch and sceptre. In the field,
to left and right S. A. In the exergue, M. L.
(Moneta Londinio). (Cohen, No. 33.) M. III. 1.
MISCELLANEA. 1 77
7. Obv. Same legend and type.
Rev. Same legend and type. In field, to right and left.
S. P. In the exergue, C (Camuloduno). (Cohen.
No. 33.) Large module. M. III. 1.
8. Obv. Same legend and type.
Rev. VIRTVS AVG. Vessel with sails, with and
without rowers. In exergue, Q. L. (Quarto,
Londinio]. (Cohen, No. 62.) JE. III. 2.
CoNSTANTITJS' I. CflLORUS.
9. Obv. CONSTANTIYS NOB. CAES. Head to the right.
laureated.
Rev. GENIO POPVLI ROMANI. Genius turreted,
half-naked, standing to left, holding a. patera and
cornu-copiae. In the field, to left and right,
B. F. In the exergue, TR. ( Treviris). (Cohen,
No. 138.) ^1. II. 1.
10. Obv. DIVO CONSTANTIO PIO. Bust to the right,
veiled and laureated, with cuirass.
Rev. MEMORIA FELIX. Burning altar, adorned with
garlands ; on either side an eagle. In exergue,
P. TR. (Prima Treviris). (Cohen, No. 184. N ;
M. II. 1.
CONSTANTINE I.
11. Obv. [IMP. C]ONSTANTINVS AVG. Head to the
right, laureated, with cuirass.
Rev. SOLI INVICTO COHITI. The sun, radiated.,
standing to left, raising right hand, and holding
a globe. In field, to left and right, T. F. In
the exergue, P. TR. (Prima Treviris]. (Cohen,
No. 470.) M. III. 1.
12. Obv. Same legend and type.
Rev. Same legend and type. In the field, to left and
right C. S. In the exergue, Q. ARL. (Quarta
Arelato}. (Cohen, No. 470.) M. III. 1.
CONSTANTINUS, Junr.,
13. Obv. CONST ANTINVS IVN. N. C. Bust to the left,
radiated, with cuirass.
Rev. BEAT A TRANQVILLITAS. An altar, on
which is a globe, above which three stars; on
the altar, VOTIS XX. In the field, to left and
right, P. A. In the exergue, P. LON. (Prima
Londinio}. (Cohen, No. HO.) M. III. 1.
VOL V. N.S. A A
178 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
CONSTANTIUS II.
14. Obv. CONSTANTIVS P. F. AVG. Bust to the right,
with diadem, and with paludamentum and
cuirass.
Rev. GLORIA. EXERCITVS. Two soldiers, helmeted,
facing each other, and each holding a spear, and
leaning upon their shields ; between them a
standard, on the top of which is a flag, inscribed
with the letter M. In the exergue, TR.S.
( Treviris prima). JE. III. 1.
15. Obv. As No. 14 ; behind the head the letter A.
Kev.FFT (sic} TEMP. REPARATIO. The Emperor
standing to the left on a vessel, holding Victory
and lab arum ; behind, on the vessel, Victory
seated, holding a rudder. (Of. Cohen, No. 213.)
M. II. 1.
16. Obv. A barbarous coin with same obverse, excepting the
letter A, and with the same reverse legend. The
type, an emperor dragging a captive. In exergue,
CON. (Constantind}. M. III. 1.
MAGNENTIUS.
17. Obv. D. N. MAGNENTIVS P. F. AVG. Bust to
the right, bare, with paludamentum and cuirass ;
behind, the letter A.
Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM. The Emperor on
horseback to the right, about to spear a suppliant
captive ; beneath the horse a broken spear and
shield. In the exergue, TR. P. (Treviris prima) .
M.U. 1.
VALENTINIANUS I.
18. Obv. D. N. VALENTINIANVS P. F. AVG. Bust to
the righ't, with diadem, and with paludamentum
and cuirass.
Rev. SEOVRITAS REIPVBLICAE. Victory walking
to the left, holding a crown and palm. In the
field, to left and right, OF. Ij(.0jficina I.). In
the exergue, CONST. (Constantina - Aries}.
(Cohen, No. 55.) M. III. 1.
19. A leaden reverse of the Vandal period. 1.
20. An uncertain piece, with apparently a B on either side. 1.
MISCELLANEA. 179
GENERAL SUMMARY.
JE. I. JE. II. M. III.
Antoninus Pius . . '. -. . 1
Victorinus . .'.,.. ^ 2
Tetricus I. .... 3
Allectus . . ... 4
Constantius I. Chlorus , . 2
Constantino I. . . 2
Constantino, Junr. , . 1
Constantius II. .. .. . 1 2
Magnentius . . . . 1
Yalentinian I. ... 1
Leaden piece . . . . 1
Uncertain , 1
1 4 17
FREDERIC "W. MADDEN.
FIND OP COINS NEAR SIDON. We extract the following as
giving an apparently truthful account of the discovery of a
large number of coins near Sidon, and as illustrative of the
numismatic knowledge of the author, who, in the head of
Pallas, recognises that of Alexander the Great, and is pleased
to find Phillip II. under the guise of Apollo, or the youthful
Hercules :
" About three years ago, some workmen, digging over the
ground of this garden on our left, in our good city of Sidon,
found several copper pots which contained a large quantity of
ancient gold coins. The poor fellows concealed the discovery
with the greatest care ; but they were wild with excitement,
and, besides, there were too many of them to keep such a secret.
The governor of the city heard of it, apprehended all who had
not fled, and compelled them to disgorge. He recovered two
of the pots, placed them beside him, and required them to refill
them with coin. In this way he obtained between two and three
thousand ; but it is certain that there remained hundreds, if not
thousands, which he could not get. The French consul told
me that the whole number was over eight thousand. They are
all coins of Alexander and his father Philip, of the most pure
gold, each one worth a little more than an English sovereign.
As there is no mixture of coins later than Alexander, the
deposit must have been made during his reign, or immediately
after. I suspect it was royal treasure, which one of Alexander's
officers concealed when he heard of his unexpected death in
Babylon, intending to appropriate it to himself, but being ap-
prehended, slain, or driven away by some of the revolutions
180 . NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
which followed that event, the coin remained where he had hid
it. If we remember how much more valuable gold was then
than now, the amount of this deposit will surprise us ; nor does
it seem likely that any private man in Sidon could have gathered
what was, probably, at that time equivalent to forty thousand
pounds, and all of this particular coin of Philip and Alexander.
The latter appears as he is usually figured, and his face is too
familiar to need explanation. Philip I had not seen before, and
was particularly pleased to find him associated with the chariot
and horses, of which he was so proud and so vain." From
" The Land and the Book," by Dr. W. M. Thomson, an American
Missionary in Syria and Palestine, p. 134.
To the Editor of the Numismatic Chronicle.
SIR, I am endeavouring to mal<e as perfect as possible a
list of coins of the STAMFORD MINT, in use from the time
of Edgar to Henry II. inclusive. Several leading numismatists
have kindly aided me with descriptions of coins of this mint in
their cabinets ; through the courtesy of Mr. Vaux, I have been
enabled to examine and particularise all the Stamford coins in
the British Museum collection ; Mr. Webster, of Great Russell
Street, has kindly contributed all the information upon the sub-
ject which his long experience and minute record have qualified
him to give; and I have extracted from Hildebrand's ample
catalogue the numerous descriptions of Stamford coins which it
contains.
Still, there are many coins of this mint (some perhaps, of
unique types, or unknown moneyers) in private hands, and in-
accessible to me directly. I shall feel exceedingly obliged if
the owners of any such coins will forward to me their exact
description, referring me to their types in Ruding or Hawkins,
and giving particularly the legends of obverse and reverse, with
any peculiarities of lettering or markings. For example, from
my own collection :
" Eadweard II. Martyr.
' Type : Ruding, pi. 21, no. 3 ; Hawkins, 202.
REX
M-0
Coins of Wm. I. and II. which have for town's name,
" BVRD " (or its variations), for Peterboro', are connected with
this mint, and I shall be glad to receive descriptions of such
coins also.
Yours, &c.,
SAMUEL SHARP.
Dallington Hall, near Northampton, March, 1865.
Num.0nvn.N.SY0L YFL TH.
COINS FROM THE WIGAN COLLECTION.
PL.V.
COINS FROM THE WIGAN COLLECTION.
PL. VI.
COINS FROM THE WIGAN COLLECTION.
PL. VII.
N-um Clu ,n y.S. Vol. YHJZ.
:W#<ii/rUt<W rt re .
COINS FROM THE WIGAN COLLECTION
PL.VML
Num. CtovnJTS YolFFLX.
COINS OF THE PT-OLE M I ES, PJ..V.
IX.
ON AN UNPUBLISHED TETRADRACHM OF LYSI-
MACHUS, PROBABLY STRUCK AT BYZANTIUM,
READING AYZIMAXO,
WITH REMARKS ON THIS FORM OF THE GENITIVE J
TOGETHER WITH A BRIEF NOTICE OF OTHER UNPUBLISHED
COINS OF LYSIMACHUS IN THE AUTHOR'S CABINET ; AND OF
A GOLD OCTODRACHM OF ARSINOE STRUCK AT TYRE,
BY THE KEY. PROFESSOR CHURCHILL BABINGTON, B.D., F.L.S.
(Read before the Numismatic Society, December 15, 1864.)
THE coin about to be described is remarkable, as being
one of the latest clear examples which exhibit the termi-
nation of the genitive in O in place of OY ; and on that
account may deserve a special notice.
Obv. Head of Alexander (?) with ram's horn, as
usual to right.
Rev. BASlAEfi[2] AYSlMAXo in parallel lines, the
omicron being smaller than the other letters.
Pallas Nicephorus as usual; monogram, )j{
immediately in front of her right knee. No
letter on the throne; and nothing visible on
the exergue, whic his, however, partly off the
coin. 2&. 8 ; weight, 263 grains.
Apart from the peculiarity of the legend, this coin
deserves notice as not occurring in L. Miiller's valuable
work entitled " Miinzen des Lysimachus " (Copenhagen,
1858), and I have therefore presumed it to be unpub-
lished. The fabric, without being barbarous, is not
fine when compared with the better pieces of money
VOL. v. N.S. B B
182 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
issued by this king. The obverse is very similar to the
coin figured on pi. ii., No. 5, of Muller, which is struck
at Byzantium, and I think that there is very little doubt
that our present coin was struck there also, as the mono-
gram reads IIY. The whole of the broad base of the
throne is visible, and certainly never had any letter or
symbol upon it. About the exergue it is not so easy to
speak positively ; but I think that a better spread speci-
men would show that it also was plain. Tetradrachms of
Alexander, struck at Byzantium, likewise read IIY in mono-
gram (though differing in form from the monogram on
this coin), and have no other symbol or letters in addition
to the legend.
About the form of the genitive a few words shall be
added. Our information is derived principally from the
regal series, especially the Macedonian. On the coins
of the early kings of Macedonia 1 the form in O is
always, so far as I know, employed in the genitive
instead of OY. Thus Alexander I., Archelaus, Aeropus,
and Alexander II., 2 have left coins reading AAEHANAPO,
APXEAAO, AEPOHO. On the money of Philip II. the
termination OY appears, for the first time, so far as I
1 A king named Amadocus, who reigned about 390 B.C., in
Thrace, is said by Sestini to have left coins with the legend
AMAAOKO. This is quite probable ; but he assigns other
coins with the legend AMAAOKOY to the same king. I sus-
pect that they belong to a later Amadocus. (See Smith's Diet.,
Gr. and Rom. Biogr. s.v.)
2 The remark is made on the authority of Sestini (Class.
Gen. p. 39), who gives no other legend. Mionnet (vol. i. p. 509),
indeed, refers to a coin attributed to this king, reading A.AES-
ANAPOY, It is figured by Dumersau in his catalogue of M.
Allier's collection (pi. v. fig. 4). But a more archaic-looking
coin, ascribed by M. Dumersan to the same king (pi. v. fig. 3),
has AAEEANAPO. I now see that M. Miiller (Num. d'Alex.,
p .20) ascribes the former coin to Alexander the Great. See also
his valuable note at p. 23.
UNPUBLISHED TETRADRACHM OF LYSIMACHUS. 183
am aware. The other form now becomes extremely rare,
and I have no recollection of having ever seen or read of
more than one coin which clearly reads t&IAIIHIO. 3 It
is a gold stater, preserved in the British Museum, and has
the same symbol as No. 301 of L. Miiller's catalogue of
Philip II.'s coins, which he classes among the uncertain.-
His [son and successor, Alexander the Great, has left
an immense multitude of coins ; and these, with very few
exceptions, read AAEHANAPOY; but at the same time
we do find lingering traces of the form AAEHANAPO.
Thus in the Thomas collection Mr. Burgon notes that a
gold stater of Alexander with a griffin in the field (pro-
bably struck at Abdera or at Teos) reads " AAESANAPO,
sic.," and I have lately seen a specimen with the same
symbol, recently sent over from Greece, which bears
every appearance of having the same legend ; though I
could not affirm quite positively that the Y might not be
off the coin. Mionnet likewise mentions a silver tetra-
drachm reading AAEHANAPO, which he (Suppl. vol. iii.
p. 207) assigns to Pitane, in Mysia, but which Miiller
(No. 378) attributes to Thrace. 4 I have seen a gold coin
with the same symbol, where the Y was likewise not
visible, but which I also suspect might have appeared on a
more fully spread specimen. A very clear and undoubted
example of this legend is figured by M. Miiller (Nnmis-
matique d'Alexandre le Grand, tab. ii. n. 12. Copenhagen,
8 Mionnet, indeed (Suppl. vol. iii., p. 18'i), mentions a gold
stater of barbarous fabric, reading <l?lAinnO. See also vol. i.,
p. 511 and p. 515. But little can be inferred from such coins,
except, perhaps, that the genitive in O survived somewhat
longer among barbarous tribes than elsewhere.
4 He likewise refers (Suppl. vol. iii., p. 199) to Neuuiaun tor
a coin reading . . . EEANAPO ; but it is possible that the Y may
have been off the coin. See his figure.
184 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
1 855) on a coin of Alexander, struck at Odessus ; which
is so much the more fortunate as it appears to have
been struck some time after the death of Alexander.5
I have not seen any later regal coin of Macedonia or
Thrace where the genitive ends in O, with the single
exception of the coin above described, which is as clear
and undoubted an authority as can be desired. No coin
of Lysimachus in the British Museum has such a legend. 6 ,
Little need be said of the older form on the civic coins.
An early coin of Metapontum has AXE AGIO A0AON, i.e.
'A^eXwow adXov (see Millingen, " Ancient Coins of Greek
Cities and Kings/' pi. 1, No. 21, Lond., 1831 ; and
Leake's " Num. Hell. Italy," p. 128). Millingen may be
right in thinking that a coin of Cnidus reads EOBQAO
(i.e. EvfiovXov), but it is evident from his figure, (pi. v.,
No. 16, of the same work), and from an impression of the
coin now before me, that 2 or Y may be off the coin. A
few coins of Abdera exhibit magistrates' names ending in
O in the genitive, e.g., EHI MEAANHIIIO; and besides
5 Since this paper was written I have examined all the coins
of Alexander in the British Museum and in Colonel Leake's
collection, and some others also. Some few specimens look as
though they may have read AAEEANAPO, but I can refer to
none with confidence.
6 Sestini (Class. Gen., p. 42) assigns a coin to Demetrius,
tyrant of Illyricum, about 220 B.C. ?, which reads AHMHTPIO.
He does not describe the type, and Mionnet had never seen it.
He also (Ibid., p. 35) mentions a coin of Cotys III. and
Sadales II. of Thrace, who reigned about 60 B.C., which is
said to read SAAAAO. But on the coins of Sadales only the
legend is 2AAAAOY. It is probable, therefore, that the Y is
"off" the former coin. I much doubt whether 2AAAAHS
woxild form 2AAAAO at all. Seuthes, the Satrap, contempo-
rary of Xenophon, has 2EY0A APITPION on his coins (De
Luynes, Num. des. Satr., t. vi.) ; another Seuthes, who reigned
just before Lysimachus, struck money with the legend SEY0OY
(Sestiui, Class. Gen., 34).
UNPUBLISHED TETRADRACHM OF LYSIM1CHUS. 185
these we have a magistrate's name sometimes reading
DTAAO on a copper coin of Arpi; on other specimens
IIYAAoY occurs. Sambon thinks the bronze money of
Arpi ranges from B.C. 400 to B.C. 212 ; 7 and we may
perhaps reasonably be of opinion that no civic coin
exhibits the O form of the genitive after the time of
Alexander ; but the dates of these coins are less certain.
The series of coins of the satraps of Caria throws some
light on our present inquiry. On the coins of Maussolus,
B.C. 377 353, the genitive appears always to end in O,
and the legend is constantly MAY22OAAO, or, according
to Sestini, MAYS2OAO. Pixodarus, however, who reigned
B.C. 340 335,has bothm^fiAAPO and III5OAAPOY, thus
showing, as Colonel Leake observes (Num. Hell. As. p. 64),
"the exact time when, at Halicarnassus, OY superseded
O in the second case of nouns in OS." Strictly speaking,
the O was not superseded ; for on the only coin of his suc-
cessor, Othontopates (B.C. 335 334), which is mentioned
by Mionnet, the legend is O0ONTOHATO.
With regard to the later series of regal coins,
European, Asiatic, and Egyptian, I "am not aware that
any clear instance of the form in O can be quoted from
them as a proof that it was in use after the time of
Alexander. 8
7 Monn. Anc. de Vital. Merid, p." 240, Napl. 1863.
8 Leake (Num. Hell. Kings, p. 17) gives AAEHANAPOY
TOY NEOI1TOAEMO, as the legend of Alexander I., King of
Epirus (B.C. 342 325) ; but an inspection of the electrotype will
convince any one that a vestige yet remains of the final Y. In
Smith's Diet., Gr., and Rom. Biogr. (vol. i., p. 1032) a coin of
Dionysius, tyrant of Heraclea (B.C. 338 306), is figured, which
reads AIONY2IO, as it would appear. Sestini, however, and
Mionnet, acknowledge no other legend than AIONY2JIOY. I
have endeavoured in this paper to refer as far as possible to coins
which 1 have myself seen.
186 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Perhaps I should mention here that a coin of Apollonia
in lllyricum, belonging to Mr. Merlin, was sold in No-
vember, 1861, which is now in Mr. Bunbury's collection,
the legend of the reverse of which is thus described by_Mr.
Langdon, Sen., who drew up the catalogue : " Rev. AIIOA.
TIMHNANAPO." He proceeds to observe : " This coin is
curious as presenting an example of the old form of the
genitive case at apparently a later period than we should
expect to meet with it." The coins of Apollonia are
probably of the first and second centuries B.C., and as it
is evident to every one who sees the coin itself that the
legend is complete, I had long supposed with my friend
Mr. Langdon that we had here a veritable example of this
old form in a late coin. But there is very little doubt that
TIMHN is the nominative of a proper name ; and ANAPO
is the abbreviation of another proper name, perhaps of
ANAPOMAXO2 ; and the coin is so described by Colonel Leake
(Num. Hell. Eur. p. 15). TIMHN and ANAPOMAXOS occur
separately on other coins of Apollonia.
Upon the whole we arrive at an approximate conclusion
respecting the dates of these forms of the genitive on coins.
The form in OY would appear to be but little older 9 than
9 This consideration leads me to think that Patraus and
Lycceins, ^dynasts of Poeonia, are little, if at all, earlier than
Philip II. It would scarcely be in place to enter here into the
question of inscriptions ; but the following note of Bockh, on
n. 159 (from Athens) of his Corp. Inscr. (vol. i., p. 259), may
be worth quoting : " Ex scripturse forma maxime quod diph-
thongus OY, uno loco excepto" (i.e. "xpvaos for -^VOOVQ, nom.
masc.) " plene scribitur, aliquot id Olympiadibus centesima "
(= B.C. 377) "recentius esse collegeris." In other words, Bockh
considers that OY came into the place of in Attic inscrip-
tions during the reign of Philip. He places the inscription
named in Olymp. Ill, 2, (=B.C. 335); it manifestly belongs
to the transitional period. Coins and inscriptions, therefore,
lead to much the same result.
UNPUBLISHED TETRADRACHM OF LYSIMACHUS. 187
the time of Philip II. of Macedon, B.C. 359336. In his
time, however, it was the most general form, in Europe at
all events ; while the other form existed also, and seems to
have predominated in Caria. From the time of Alexander
downwards the O form was almost superseded by
OY, both in Europe and Asia ; but vestiges of the
former are still to be discovered in Alexander's time, and
even, though very rarely, a little later still.
This paper shall be concluded by a brief enumeration
of a few coins of Lysimachus in my cabinet which are
not contained in Miiller's work, though all except the
first differ but slightly from some which he has described.
GOLD STATER.
1. Usual types and legend, of good work; having in the
field of the reverse the letters <J>O. Size 4.
Weight, 128 grains.
Stated to have been found in Bulgaria ; from M. Huber's
collection, whence it passed to Mr. Brett's. Nothing
seems more probable than Mr. Curt's attribution to
Phocsea in Ionia (Huber's Sale Catalogue, lot 181). A
tetradrachm of Alexander the Great, on which the letters
<Q occur, is referred by M. Miiller to Phocaea (No. 988).
No coins of Lysimachus are mentioned by Miiller as
belonging to Phocsea ; though there are many struck at
Ephesus and at Erythrse, and a few in other places in
Ionia.
SlLVEE.
(Types as before.)
2. Tetradrachm. Two monograms in the field of reverse
Fine work.
Resembling Miiller, No. 541, but slightly different if his
188 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
drawing be quite correct. 10 The line at right angles to the
stem of the Y only touches the left side of the n ; and
the A in the other monogram comes down lower than
the n. Probably struck in Thrace, to judge by the
fabric, but this is uncertain.
3. Tetradrachm of good work. A turreted head (the Amazon
Smyrna ?) with two battlements only to left, in
front of the knee of Pallas ; on either side of
the neck an object appears similar to a dagger ;
on the other side of AY^IHAXoY is a 3>. Struck
at Smyrna.
Only a single coin of Lysimachus is given by Miiller
(No. 405) as struck at Smyrna; the same symbol and
letter are given there also, but the head is differently
formed, having three turrets, and no notice is taken of
the objects on the side of the neck in the figure or descrip-
tion. Curiously enough there is the same variation, as
respects the objects, in the coins of Anthemusia in Mesopo-
tamia. The turreted head sometimes appears without
any adjunct, sometimes with two, which Mionnet con-
siders to be " deux epis paralleles couches/' A coin of
each form lately came into my possession, and I can
hardly think that they are ears of corn; they seem rather
to be weapons. 11 Various coins of Alexander the Great
are struck at Smyrna (Nos. 991 994 of Miiller), but these
also have the turreted head without the adjuncts, to judge
10 It becomes necessary to make this remark, as I now find
that a Rhodian coin of Alexander, which I have described in
this Chronicle as new, is the same as his 1159. I am indebted
to Mr. Bunbury for kindly pointing this out to me. It appears
that Miiller's figure is taken from a coin in the British Museum,
and this is substantially the same as mine. The figure, however,
is different.
1 This leads me to suppose that the Amazon Smyrna rather
than Sipylene is represented.
UNPUBLISHED TETRADRACHM OF LYSIMA.CHUS. 189
by his figure. At first I supposed that this coin of
Lysimachus had a spear-head in the field near the feet of
Pallas ; and indeed it cannot properly belong to the spear
of which the upper end is visible ; but I now incline to
think that the engraving, otherwise very good, is here
faulty.
4. Drachm. Tripod in the field of reverse : the letter <&
on the throne. Struck at Philippi.
From Mr. Roger's collection. The same as Muller
(No. 335) ; but his has no $ on the throne ; it may pos-
sibly have been obliterated. He mentions a tetradrachm
(No. 334) whose adjuncts are precisely as in this drachm.
This may not be an inappropriate place to describe a
gold octodrachm of Arsinoe, who was the wife of Lysima-
chus before she married Ptolemy Philadelphus.
Obv. Veiled head to right, as usual, no letter behind.
Rev. Two horns of abundance united below into one stem,
with fruit and fillets as usual ; but to the left of
the stem the letters AA ; to the right of it the
monogram of Tyre -^ and below. Legend
as usual, APSINOH2*IAAAEA$OY, but the
last two letters are nearly obliterated by filing.
N. Size, 7 ; present weight, '424 grains.
Formerly in Salzmann's collection, then in Huberts,
now in mine.
A coin formerly in the Thomas collection (Lot 2712),
weighing 428 grains, now in the British Museum, is from
a different die on both sides, and has moreover A in place
of AA. These may be dates, viz., 4 and 34 respectively. 12
The monogram of Tyre is also considerably larger and
12 They are considered as such by Mr. Poole, see p. 146 of
this volume ; the coins to which he tacitly refers being the
British Museum specimen and my own.
VOL. V. N.S. C C
190 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
much more distinct, but mine is, I believe, of exactly
the same form, though the loop of the P in TTP is now so
obscure, that one may be doubtful if it ever existed.
The in my specimen below the monogram is also faint,
but clearly traceable ; this letter, whatever be its mean-
ing, occurs also on a tetradrachm of Ptolemy, in my
cabinet, struck at Tyre, having the same monogram as
well as the club, and the date A, 30, besides another
monogram. My specimen has suffered somewhat by
circulation and by filing and scratching ; the Museum
specimen is much finer, but some knave in ancient or
modern times has cut a small slice of gold from the
obverse, and, what is much worse, from the reverse also.
Yet probably no letter or adjunct has been carried away ;
the A lies between the fillet and the stem ; the A A in my coin
is in the same position, and there is just enough of the
original surface on the other side of the fillet in the
Museum specimen to lead me to think that no letter was
ever there.
I understand from my friend Mr. Reichardt, that his
cabinet contains a coin similar to my own, which possesses
unusual interest, because it indicates the place of mintage
of one of these splendid gold pieces. Mionnet does not
mention any octodrachm of Arsinoe which bears the mono-
gram of Tyre. Others of the Ptolemies struck coins
there both in gold and also in silver.
CHURCHILL BABINGTON.
X.
REMARKS IN REPLY TO THE NEW
OBSERVATIONS ON "JEWISH NUMISMATICS"
BY M. F. DE SAULCY,
A PROPOS OF THE WORK ENTITLED " HISTORY OP JEWISH COINAGE
AND MONEY IN THE OLD AND NEW TESTAMENT."
IT is with some feeling of regret that I feel myself forced
to make some reply to the strictures of M. de Saulcy on
the various attributions of the Jewish coins preserved
in different Museums and in private collections. Without
doubt M. de Saulcy was the first who caused this neglected
branch in coin history to be carefully studied of late years,
and furnished an inducement to numismatists to take an
interest in Jewish coins ; but M. de Saulcy, 1 think,
cannot be congratulated on the manner in which he made
use of the ample materials before him. Criticism, and
very severe criticism, did his volume receive in Italy; in
Germany no better fortune attended it ; and in England,
1 Revue Numismatique, 1864, p. 370, seq. ; 1865, p. 29, seq.
It may be as well also to mention that M. de Saulcy made
some similar observations d propos of Sig. Cavedoni's memoir,
" Appendice alia Numismatica Biblica" (Modena, 1855), in the
Revue Numismatique for 1857, p. 280, in which he concludes
by expressing his conviction that Sig. Cavedoni would change
his views on many points which appeared evident to him when
writing his " Appendix." It does not, however, appear that
either Sig. Cavedoni or any other numismatists have altered
their opinions on the main points at issue.
192 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
those few numismatists who had ventured to consider the
subject, though some were at first attracted by his new
attributions, rejected entirely nearly all his theories.
It is not then surprising that we now find him a little
bitter against his fellow-labourers, but at the same time
it is next to impossible to understand why it is that he,
and he alone, will still persist in maintaining attributions
refuted by everybody. To quote the statement of a well-
known writer 2 on this subject : "Thus, whilst De Saulcy
in 1857 declared that he adhered more firmly than ever
to his new classification, and that there was no one,
with the exception of my unfortunate self, who had not
yielded assent to his novel distribution of these monu-
ments, the flower of the learned numismatists of Germany,
England, Spain, and Italy, namely, Levy, 3 Reichardt, 4
Mommsen, 5 Ewald, 6 Poole, 7 Madden, 8 Queipo, 9 and Gar-
2 Celestino Cavedoni, "Le principal! Question! riguardanti
la Numismatica Giudaica diffinitivamente decise," published in
the Opuscoli Religiosi, Letterari e Morali, vol. v., Series ii.
Modena, 1865.
3 " Geschichte der Jiidischen Miinzen." " But this collector
himself (De Saulcy) seems to have been so completely dazzled
by excessive abundance, that he has erred entirely from the
truth in taking away from Simon the Maccabee all the coins
which had hitherto been ascribed to him, and in giving them
to Jaddua, high-priest at the time of Alexander the Great"
(p. 113).
4 Num. Chron., N.S.. vol. iv. p. 174.
5 " Geschichte der Romischen Miinzen." Though Mommsen
quotes De Saulcy's work for weights, &c., he entirely ignores
his attribution (p. 717).
6 See the Introduction in " History of Jewish Coinage."
7 Art. " Money," in Dr. Smith's "'Diet, of the Bible."
8 " History of Jewish Coinage and of Money in Old and New
Testaments ; " Art. " Money," in " Kitto's Bibl. Cyclopaedia,"
new ed.
9 " Essai sur les Systemes M6triques et Mon6taires." " Mais
tout en avouant notre incompetence sur ces matieres, nous
craignons que M. cle Saulcy, en voulant re"soudre la difficult^
"JEWISH NUMISMATICS." 193
rucci, 10 supported the classification of Bayer and Eckhel,
followed and defended by me. The specious innovation
of the French academician dazzled for a period of ten
years those who were ill-informed, or those who were his
partisans ; but now that the work of Madden has been
published and well-considered, it must of necessity fall to
the ground. So true is the sentence of Tully, that
opinionum commenta delet dies."
qne pre"sente la classification des sides He"brenx d'apres Bayer,
n'ait fait que la deplacer " (vol i. p. 546). In a letter to Sig.
Cavedoni, M. Queipo writes, " M. de Saulcy, avec lequel j'eu
1'honneur de causser sur cette matiere, reconnait lui-meme que
son opinion nest quune simple hypothese" (Cavedoni, " Nuovi
Studi," etc., p. 4, note.}
10 " Vetri Cimiteriali." In the first edition of this work Sig.
Garrucci says, " I agree with Cavedoni, and not with De Saulcy's
new classification " (p. 16). In his second edition he says in
place of this (p. 48), " I cannot follow the new classification of
De Saulcy, which attributes the coins of the fourth year of the
Liberation of Israel, with a cedar between two lulab, or else
with a lulab between two cedars, to the high-priest Jaddua,
neither can I agree with the classification which assigns them
to the fourth year of Simon ; for which I give as a reason the
enormous difference of the palaeography and of the manner of
marking the year not by a sign, as in the first, second, and
third years, but at length." This objection, as regards these
copper coins only, is of no value, and as Cavedoni (" Prin-
cipali Question!," &c., p. 6, note) shows, Garrucci is not suffi-
ciently exact in putting " Liberation" instead of '' Kedemption,"
and the " enormous difference of the palaeography " consists
mainly in the form of the Scin, which on the smaller copper
coins is sometimes angular (W), and sometimes rounded (Q0)>
this latter form also occurring on the coins of John Hyrcanua
("Hist, of Jewish Coinage," p. 58). Cavedoni (I. c.) further says,
" In the shekels of the years I., II., III., and IV., the years are
marked by sign by reason of the restricted space of the area,
and in tbe copper coins, where the engraver had the whole of
the space round the type, he marked at full length the ' fourth
year.' In like manner, in the coins of the two revolts of the
Jews, the years are contemporaneously marked sometimes in
cipher, sometimes at full length, according as the engraver had
more or less space at his disposal."
194 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
De Saulcy has written two papers, the first embracing
the Jewish coinage from its earliest issue to the colonial
coins struck at Jerusalem ; the second containing a
thorough examination of the new attributions and sug-
gestions of Dr. Levy, of Breslau. It is much to be
regretted that De Saulcy concludes the former as follows :
tf En resume, vous voyez que la science des monnaies
Juda'iques a progresse. Elle progressera encore, n'en
doutons pas, lorsque les numismatistes que s'en occupent
regarderont comme peu dignes d'eux les critiques mal-
veillantes, et mettront leur amour-propre de cote, pour
servir leurs efforts a Pavancement de la science, et non a
leur gloriole personelle." The second paper is very dif-
ferent, and well worthy the attention of numismatists.
With these brief remarks I pass on to the examination
of the observations of De Saulcy.
SHEKELS AND HALF-SHEKELS.
M. de Saulcy holds more firmly than ever to his original
idea, that these shekels and half-shekels were issued dur-
ing the autonomy obtained by the high-priest Jaddua
from Alexander the Great. He still considers that the
metal, types, style, legends, and fabric are in flagrant
opposition to their attribution to Simon Maccabseus, as
there must be an interval of nearly two centuries between
their emission and the paltry pieces of John Hyrcanus ;
hence the permission granted to Simon by Antiochus has
not the slightest value in his eyes. Moreover, he is at a
loss to understand how it is that John Hyrcanus only
struck minute copper pieces, and with his name, whilst
Simon only issued silver without his name ; he, to whom
permission had been granted to strike money in his own
name (percussuram proprii numismatis) ; and also how it
" JEWISH NUMISMATICS." 195
is that no Jewish high-priest thought it right to copy the
system created by the first sovereign Jew who enjoyed the
right of coining ?
Another argument adduced by De Saulcy in favour of
his theory is the following : In 140 Simon received per-
mission to strike coins. His reign ended in 135. He
could then exercise this new right during five years. The
coins that many persist in attributing to him only repre-
sent four years, of which four years there are silver pieces;
but suddenly, in the fourth year, the silver pieces give
place to a copper coinage. " What is the cause," says
De Saulcy, " which occasioned the change in the mone-
tary system ? We know nothing of it. Where are the
pieces of the fifth year of Simon ? We do not possess
them."
Finally, De Saulcy lays the following suggestion before
us. " It would be extremely interesting to discover the
origin of the p s s nbb that occurs exclusively on the
copper coins of the year 4. I leave to those who have
the privilege of explaining everything, the trouble of find-
ing in the history of Simon for the year 136, the circum-
stances which could have suggested the adoption and
employment of this legend/ 7
Apart from these arguments, De Saulcy has drawn up
a comparative table of alphabets of the Jewish coins,
leaving the reader to form his own opinion whether the
characters on the shekels and half-shekels are not much
earlier than those on the coins of Hyrcanus and his
successors.
These remarks require a reply. To De Saulcy's objec-
tion as regards metal, style, legends, fabric, and palaeo-
graphy, I cannot do better than quote the words of a
numismatist who has paid much attention to the study of
196 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
ancient coins. Mr. Poole, in Dr. Smith's " Dictionary of
the Bible/' u says, " The fabric of the silver coins is so
different from that of any other ancient money, that it is
extremely hard to base any argument on it alone, and the
cases of other special classes, as the ancient money of
Cyprus, show the danger of such reasoning. Some have
been disposed to consider that it proves that these coins
cannot be later than the time of Nehemiah, others will
not admit it to be later than Alexander's time, while some
still hold that it is not too archaic for the Maccabsean
period. Against it being assigned to the earlier dates we
may remark that the forms are too exact, and that apart
from style, which we do not exclude in considering fabric,
the mere mechanical work is like that of the coins of the
Phoenician towns, struck under the Seleucidse. The
decisive evidence, however, is to be found by a comparison
of the copper coins which cannot be doubted to complete
the series. These, though in some cases of a similar
style to the silver coins, are generally far more like the
undoubted pieces of the Maccabees.
"The inscription of these coins, and all the other
Hebrew inscriptions of Jewish coins, are in a character of
which there are few examples. As Gesenius has observed
(Gram. 5), it bears a strong resemblance to the Sama-
ritan and Phoenician, and we may add, to the Aramaean of
coins, which must be carefully distinguished from the
Aramaean of the papyri found in Egypt. 12 The use of this
character does not afford any positive evidence as to age ;
but it is important to notice that although it is found
11 Art. " Money," vol. ii. p. 409 ; cf. Art. " Money," " Kitto's
Biblical Cyclopaedia," new edition, vol. iii. p. 201.
12 " See Mr.Waddington's paper on the so-called satrap coins.
(Melange de Numismatique.)"
" JEWISH NUMISMATICS." 197
upon the Maccabsean coins, there is no palzeographic
reason why the pieces of doubtful time bearing it should
not be as early as the Persian period."
Now here it may be observed that M. de Saulcy has
omitted to notice in his list of objections the most
important reason of numismatists for assigning these
pieces to Simon, namely, the weight. Let us quote again
from the same article: " M. de Saulcy, struck by the
ancient appearance of the silver coins, and disregarding
in difference the style of the copper, has conjectured that
the whole class was struck at some early period of pros-
perity. He fixes upon the pontificate of Jaddua, and
supposes them to have been first issued when Alexander
granted great privileges to the Jews. If it be admitted
that this was an occasion from which an era might be
reckoned, there is a serious difficulty in the style of the
copper coins ; and those who have practically studied the
subject of the fabric of coins will admit that though
archaic style may be long preserved, there can be no
mistake as to late style, the earlier limits of which are far
more rigorously fixed than the later limits of archaic style.
But there is another difficulty of even a graver nature.
Alexander, who was essentially a practical genius, sup-
pressed all the varying weights of money in his empire
excepting the Attic, which he made the lawful standard.
Philip hud struck bis gold on the Attic weight, his silver
on the Macedonian. Alexander even changed his native
currency in carrying out this great commercial reform, of
which the importance has never been recognised. Is it
likely that he would have allowed a new currency to have
been issued by Jaddua on a system different from the
Attic ? If it be urged that this was a sacred coinage for
the tribute, and that, therefore, an exception may have
VOL. v. N.S. D D
198 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
been made, it must be recollected that an excess of weight
would not have been so serious a matter as a deficiency,
and besides that it is by no means clear that the shekels
follow a Jewish weight/'
The silver shekel, which weighs 220 grains, gives a
talent of 660,000 grains. This is the same as the Eginetan,
which appears to be of Phoenician origin ; for the Phoeni-
cian cities under the Persians used the identical standard
for their coins. Both the Eginetan and Phoenician stand-
ards were disused under Alexander the Great, to whose
time and authority, notwithstanding, M. de Saulcy, would
assign the first Jewish shekels. It would not have been so
strange had he attributed them to the time of Ptolemy I., 13
for his silver coins follow the same standard as those of
the kings of Macedon to Philip II. inclusive, and are
thus of full Eginetan weight. 14 It will, therefore, be seen
that M. de Saulcy has assigned these shekels and half-
shekels to the very period in which it is utterly impossible
they could have been issued. I cannot for my part see how
this insuperable difficulty can in any way be replied to.
Besides these facts, surely the statements of Ewald and
Cavedoni are of some value. The whole story of Jaddua
in Josephus is very doubtful, and why should the coinage
have only lasted four years and not till the death of
13 For Ptolemy I. treated the Jews with great toleration after
he had carried them captive into Egypt, allowing those at
Alexandria equal privileges with the Macedonians themselves ;
many Jews, indeed, even of their own accord going into Egypt,
invited there by the liberality of Ptolemy (Joseph., Antiq., xii. 1) ;
but there is no more reason to suppose that they were permitted
then to coin money, than during their prosperity under Alex-
ander the Great.
14 See the chapter on " Weights " in my " History of Jewish
Coinage " a chapter M. de Saulcy seems entirely to have
ignored.
"JEWISH NUMISMATICS." 199
Alexander ? It is useless here to repeat the arguments, as
the reader will find them at full length in my Introduction
and in the works of every other writer upon Jewish
coins. 15
De Saulcy's argument respecting the absence of Simon's
name on the coins attributed to him does not seem to me
of very great value. The KO/U/JO Wtov vo/ir^a or percussuram
proprii numismatis do not of necessity imply that the pieces
coined were to have the name of the striker upon them,
and its absence can be accounted for in many ways. One
cannot suppose that De Saulcy has ever read WerlhoFs
preface to the second volume of his translation of Cave-
doni's Numismatica Biblica, or he would surely have men-
tioned that an attempt had been made to explain this
apparent difficulty. Werlhof 16 says, " that the name of
Simon does not appear on these coins might be sufficiently
explained from the fact that neither his position or rank
were hereditary nor even primarily secular, or else from the
fact that his unassuming nature might not have deemed
it suitable in a theocratic state to put forward his name
and rank as conspicuously as was done by the neighbour-
16 It must be remembered that, in accepting M. de Saulcy's
theory, which ia based upon a fictitious historical account of
an historian whose accuracy may be often questioned the pith
of which account is, that Alexander allowed the Jews to live
according to their own laws, nothing more genuine history
is entirely ignored, and no coins are given to the very Jewish
prince to whom a special grant of coinage was allowed, Jerusalem
being made by decrees " holy and free " ("epa ml tXevdlpa ;
nmp on the shekels, nbxa on the copper coins), and the yoke
of the heathen being taken away from Israel, the hill of the
temple (or Zion, art. " Jerusalem," Dr. Smith's " Diet, of the
Bible ;" iw nbxab on the small copper coins) being made stronger,
and the place of Simon's abode (1 Maccab., xiii. 52), Palestine
attaining a degree of prosperity that it had not known for a
long time.
18 " Biblische Nuniismatik," vol. ii., Preface, p.
200 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
ing heathen kings, especially as the origin and date of the
coins were marked upon them in a manner which was
perfectly satisfactory for the time." We well know how
much his successor Hyrcanus was under Greek influence,
his theocratic state being a secondary point, his princely
and worldly the first.
Respecting the dates of the issue of Simon's coinage I
have a few words to say. Had De Saulcy read the note
at p. 40 of my book, a note on which I expended a
considerable amount of time, he would have seen that
the idea that Simon had the right to strike coins for five
years is quite erroneous, for I have there demonstratively
proved that the coins just exactly answer to four years.
Moreover, a suggestion is there also made why a copper
coinage was introduced during the fourth year.
It cannot be denied that the style of the copper coins
induces one at first to pause before believing that they are
of the same age as the silver ; but yet their issue in the
fourth year after the silver shekel of the fourth year, as
also their types and inscriptions, do not leave us any
cause for much doubt. Even De Saulcy admits that the
silver and copper belong to the same period. Respecting
the reason of the employment of the legend p s s nbio$> on
the copper coins of the fourth year, perhaps some numis-
matist will be able to offer a suggestion satisfactory to
De Saulcy. 17 [See, however, my note 15.]
17 To show how the views of all the numismatists whom I
have quoted in my book, who have written upon the shekels
and half-shekels, have been received in England, I here give
extracts from two unbiassed reviews of my volume : " The
French numismatist dismisses with an unceremonious and un-
reasoning flippancy the arguments by which his theory is con-
troverted." (Morning Post, Sept. 28th, 1864.) " De Saulcy, an
ingenious but rash and inaccurate scholar, contributed a great
"JEWISH NUMISMATICS." 201
JOHN HYRCANUS.
That John Hyrcanus was the first Jewish high-priest
who issued the small copper pieces with his name is now
admitted by De Saulcy ; so that we pass on to the coins
attributed to
JUDAS ARISTOBULUS.
The doubts expressed in his paper by De Saulcy respect-
ing this classification, he has entirely repudiated later in
the same paper, so that it is needless to make further
comment.
ALEXANDER JANN^EUS AND ALEXANDRA.
Notwithstanding any hope that might have arisen
respecting the definitive classification of the coin of
Alexander Jannaus, it appears from the remarks of
M. de Saulcy that the question is not yet satisfactorily
settled. Let us briefly examine the facts.
It is certain, as observed by De Saulcy, that the coins
of Jannseus form four groups. The first and second
with the name of the high-priest, written py and
", the third and fourth with the double legend "f^arr
and AAEEANAPOY BASIAEOS. It is also certain
that these two latter groups belong to Alexander Jannseus.
All the groups have been classified by Levy and Poole in
the following manner :
Levy.
1. B.C. 105 92. Coins simply pontifical.
2. 9286. Bilingual coins.
3. 8678. Coins purely pontifical and without the
word -an.
quantity of fresh examples, and admirable illustrations, and some
questionable theories." (Guardian, Nov. 9th, 1864.) These
statements, in any case, prove what independent readers think
of the arguments pro and con.
202 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Poole.
1. Bilingual coins.
2. Pontifical coins.
To the latter classification De Saulcy raises an apparent
difficulty, namely, the law of the succession of types.
He says, " The Queen Alexandra, who was so submissive
to the Pharisees, struck bilingual coins identical in types
and style with those of her husband Alexander. That the
queen then who was such a friend of the Pharisees would
have adopted the type, the employment of which on the part
of her husband appeared to them an insult, and that after a
lapse of eight years this type would have appeared without
a shadow of a difficulty and without the least opposition ;
a priori it is difficult to admit, and yet we shall be obliged
partly to accept the classification." He continues, " If
all the coins of Jonathan, high-priest, belong to Alex-
ander Jannseus, some of them are incontestably struck
after the bilingual coinage with the flower and the
anchor ; but necessarily those with the star were issued
to the last days of his reign. The coin of the Queen
Alexandra proves this conclusively (le prouve jusqu'a
I 3 Evidence) ."
M. de Saulcy then goes on to speak of the re-struck
coins of Alexander Jannseus from which I concluded in
my book (p. 65) that Dr. Levy's suggestion about the
three coinages is not correct, and that we must accept the
arrangement given by Mr. Poole and says that " if it is
once established that the type with the Greek legend is
re-struck with the pure Hebrew type, it is, on the contrary,
the classification of Dr. Levy which receives a positive
confirmation." This statement is vague, for though it
is true that it confirms Levy's classification in part, as
much as it corroborates Poole's in full, yet Levy, De
" JEWISH NUMISMATICS." 203
Saulcy forgets, places also some pontifical coins previous,
to the bilingual, a classification with which I do not agree.
De Saulcy then gives what he considers a solution to
the problem, by publishing and engraving a coin, which
maybe described as follows: The piece is a Jonathan
written ]ro s ; to right of the pontifical legend may be seen
very clearly AEEA (AAEHANAPOY), and on the body of
the coin the Hebrew letters of the legend of Jonathan,
and traces of the circle, in the centre of which was the
anchor of the Seleucidae. On the reverse, under the two
cornuacopiae, may be seen the petals of the flower. " Done
cette fois plus d' incertitude" says De Saulcy, " it is here
clearly established that the pontifical group with the
name py was re-struck on the bilingual pieces with the
flower." I cannot say that this is any news, for the
Museum possesses several of these pieces, and Poole's
classification was formed from them. 18 De Saulcy, then,
assuming for certain that some bilingual coins were
struck to the end of the reign of Jannseus, on the autho-
rity of the coins of Alexandra, thus forms his own
classification : 1. Alexander Jannseus struck pontifical
coins with the name ^row, or, what is perhaps more
probable, he followed the example of John Hyrcanus, and
issued bilingual coins with the flower. 2. He re-struck
these coins when withdrawing them from circulation, and
applied to them the pure pontifical type with the name
ny ; and perhaps the pontifical type with the form ]ny,rr
is contemporary, for both kinds of bilingual coins have
constantly this form. 3. Lastly he issued, after having
made peace with the Pharisees, the royal bilingual coins
with the star.
18 K. S. Poole, Art. " Money," Dr. Smith's " Diet, of the Bible,"
vol.ii. p. 412; F. W. Madden, " History of Jewish Coinage,"p. 65.
204 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
It will then be seen that the whole of De Saulcy's objec-
tions arise from the coin of Alexandra the only piece
known of this queen first published by him; "every-
body/' he says, " agrees as to its attribution/'
But what will M. de Saulcy say if I assert that the
coin of the Queen Alexandra is a myth, and that
it does not even exist ? 19 It was never more than a
probable attribution, and when large classifications are
based upon such frail framework it becomes necessary to
re-examine that framework. This I have done, and I
have come to the conclusion that the coin attributed to
Alexandra is not in sufficiently good preservation to
warrant our forming any numismatic classification upon
it. All that remains of the Greek legend (for the
Hebrew has disappeared, save perhaps a n) is HAN
BA2iAJ(?). Now this may just as well be BA2KE with
the remaining letters OS invisible from the bad preserva-
tion of the piece. Indeed, I think I should not be far
wrong if I asserted after comparing these letters, as I
have done, with those on indubitable coins of Jannseus,
that the coin is positively one of Alexander. The AI2 is
19 I have, however, been informed by M. de Saulcy of the
following fact : " Dans un farrage de monnaies antiques que
viend de m'arriver de Jerusalem, j'ai eu la bonne fortune de
trouver un P. B. d' Alexandra portant de deux cot6s 1'ancre des
Seleucides et la ISgende AAEEANAPAE BA2IAI2 ; c'est une
tres jolie inMite ; mais elle est malheureusement en bien mauvais
etat de conservation" I have written to Mm to ask if it is
possible for me to see the coin, either by the hands of one of
his friends visiting England or of M. Feuardent, but I have till
now received no reply. The dreadful state of preservation in
which it appears to be, added to the form of BA2IAI2, and the
occurrence of the square and lunar sigma at the same time,
makes me pause before without seeing I accept this coin as
a veritable Alexandra; for objections similar to those I have
given above would also equally apply to this piece.
"JEWISH NUMISMATICS." 205
so vague that it is impossible to form important theories
upon it ; moreover there is no appearance of another s,
and the question suggests itself whether the word
Bao-tXiffora would have been divided in this manner? It
may also be observed that the n between the rays of the
star might just as well form part of the word jnyur as of
ri3*>a. In consequence the theory of De Saulcy falls to
the ground, and there are left the attributions of Levy and
Poole, the only difference between them being that the
former numismatist places some pontifical coins previous
to the bilingual, still keeping some of them to follow,
though at the time he so classified them he was ignorant
of our knowledge of the re- struck coins. It seems to me
that either classification can be adopted, though I give my
opinion in favour of that of Mr. Poole.
ALEXANDER II.
De Saulcy does not agree in the attribution of the
small coins with the legend AAEHANAPOY BASlAEilS to
this prince, and would feel obliged if any one could tell
him at what period Alexander II. could have issued
them ? He cannot, however, quite bring himself to
believe that they must be restored to Alexander Jannseus.
At the time he wrote he had not seen the description of
some small coins published by the Rev. H. C. Reichardt. 20
Do they at all alter his opinion, especially as Mr. Reichardt
proposes to give one of them to Hyrcanus II. ?
ANTIGONUS.
Of the coin attributed by the Rev. Churchill Babington
to Antigonus I shall have a few words to say under the
Herodian family.
30 Num. Chron., N.S., vol. iv. p. 175.
VOL. V. N.S. E E
06 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
HERODIAN FAMILY.
The classification of coins to Herod I. and Archelaus
offers no serious difficulty. De Saulcy is pleased that I
agree with him as to the interpretation of the monogram
on the coins of Herod I. 21 He does not, however,
agree with the attribution of the small pieces with the
type of an eagle and the legend HPQDA. BASIA. to Herod
of Chalcis. He denies that a single specimen has ever
been found in Jerusalem, rejecting altogether the idea
that they were employed by the pilgrims. He says,
" Quelle singuliere idee pour des pelerins ; ils emportent
de chez eux des centimes, raoins que des centimes, pour
21 Cavedoni (" Principal! Question!," &c., p. 13) still does not
like to allow this interpretation to be correct, not being able to
understand how the monogram, which occurs on pieces of dif-
ferent weights and of different sizes, can possibly designate a
monetary value. Dr. Rapp (" Das Labarum und der Sonnen-
cultus," vol. xxxix., Jdhrb. des Ver. im Kkeinlande) is also of
the same opinion. If, however, we suppose that there were
two systems, as I have already proposed (" Hist, of Jewish
Coinage," p. 295), the difficulty is not so very great. More-
over, a coin in the collection of the Kev. H. 0. Reichardt, with
the type of the Macedonian shield, weighing 41.9 grs., and
without the monogram -3? (Num. Chron., N.S., vol. iv. p. 184),
is decidedly in favour of its interpretation by Tp/xaXicofe ; for
were it not so, we should have found it upon this coin, which
weighs half the Tp/x a ^ K e> an d which, consequently, may be the
At'xaX/coi', of which at present a specimen is wanting. It would
thus belong to the lesser system of the coins of Herod I. It
might also be a ^aXKoi/c of the greater system (cf. " Hist, of Jewish
Coinage," I. c.). Mr. Reichardt's coin with the tripod (Num.
Chron., Z.c.), weighing 58'2 grs., is very heavy for the x a ^ K vG,
and proves that the lower denominations of coinage were struck
much heavier than the higher, for even tbe coin of Herod I.
with tbe helmet, belonging to Mr. Reichardt, weighs only
84*4: grs. (Num. Chron., 1. c.). Cavedoni (I. c.) has also entirely
misunderstood my arguments when be says that I consider tbe
aera minuta duo [two lepta] equivalent to two half quadrantes.
(due mezze quadrante). I consider them equal to one quadrans.
(" Hist. Jewish Coinage," pp. 296302.)
"JEWISH NUMISMATICS." 207
les semer partout, et pas un d'eux n'a 1'idee d'eraporter
un gros sou ! " I must confess that I am rather inclined
to agree with De Saulcy's objections, and to consider
these coins as issued by Herod I. 22
M. de Saulcy remarks that I have observed on the
inscription being written downwards, against their attribu-
tion to Herod I., but answers me by saying that a few
pages before I have published a coin of Antigonus with
the legend disposed in a similar manner. I have only to
say in reply that when I published the coin of Antigonus
I had had no opportunity of examining it, but took its
description and engraving from the publication of Mr.
Babington. I have now seen it, and the legend even is
very doubtful, though after long examination one may
fancy one can see the word ANTI[F]ONO. In any case it
is my opinion that it is not a Jewish coin.
AGRIPPA I.
De Saulcy still adheres obstinately to his statements
about the year 6, and says, " I will believe in another
date when I shall have seen it with my own eyes." I
here give woodcuts of the two coins with other dates which
I have seen, both in the collection of Mr. Reichardt,
without further comment. 23
M M. de Saulcy informs me that Dr. Levy is also of this
opinion.
23 The very difficult legend on a coin of Agrippa I., under
Claudius, which only seemed to indicate some connection between
Agrippa I., the Roman people, and the Senate (" Hist, of Jewish
Coinage," p. 109), has been studied by Sig. Cavedoni. He con-
208 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
ROMAN PROCURATORS OF JUDAEA.
M. de Saulcy is willing to agree in Mommsen's idea
respecting the coinage issued during the reign of Augustus,
when he shall have seen the eoins with the dates L . T and
L . 6. I do not know what more is required than the
woodcut with the date L . r, which I have given in my
book from a coin in Mr. Wigan's collection, which I have
seen and handled, and of which reading there is not the
slightest doubt. 2 *
eiders (" Principal! Question!," &c., p. 14) that there are two
distinct legends on the coin : the first, EVMXIA ((rvfjiua-^ia}
T [on] AHM [ov] PfiMAIllN ; and the second, BAE [*XcJ
ArPIIIIIA [rriv avv~] KAHTON (njua).
24 Sig. Cavedoni (" Principal! Question!," p. 7, note) has kindly
corrected two wrong references of mine, and at the same time
has suggested that I should have written Quirinius instead of
Quirinus for the name of the Prefect of Syria (" Hist, of Jewish
Coinage," p. 134), and principally on the authority of an inscrip-
tion given by Marini (" Atti e Monumenti degli Arvali," pp. 782,
787). Now this inscription came from Gurzenses, in Africa,
and its many mistakes show that no reliance can be placed on it
as regards correct orthography. Moreover, there is another
inscription, the genuineness of which was doubted by Marini
(" Att. e Mon. fra Arv.," p. 787), was thought false by Orelli
(" Inscr.," no. 623), and was considered by Zumpt ('' Commentat.
Epigraph." pp. 104 107) a turpe et magnum mendacium,
which gives the name of Quirinus, and the principal grounds
on which Zumpt rests his opinion is the mode in which this
proper name is spelt. Besides the inscription above alluded
to from Marini, Zumpt quotes the " Fasti Verriani," which were
not composed till the reign of Tiberius (Clinton, F. H., vol. iii.
p. 269). The arguments pro and con. of these inscriptions,
and their importance as regards the "taxing ofCyrenius," have
been carefully collected together by Mr. W. R. A. Boyle (" The
Inspiration of the Book of Daniel," p. 573 seq,, London, 1863),
and he certainly proves that there is not the slightest ground for
considering the inscription with Quirinus a forgery, as not only
is it the correct Latin form of Cyrenius, but the inscription in
Marini with Quirinius and the " Fasti Verriani " both afford
internal evidence that their authority and general correctness are
" JEWISH NUMISMATICS." 209
AGRIPPA I AND II.
This coin M. de Saulcy has found (but he does not
say where it is), and gives an engraving of it, from which
it appears that the reverse legend is ArPIIlIIA YIOY
BALlAEQt, and under the horseman the date L. B. It is
certainly a most remarkable coin.
IMPERIAL COLONIAL COINS STRUCK AT JERUSALEM.
Of these De Saulcy says, " Mr. Madden ha& given the
description of nine varieties which were unknown to me
when I published my work. It is an excellent acquisi-
tion. It is only to be regretted that he was unable to
engrave these rare coins."
This statement is not correct, for I published twelve
coins unknown to De Saulcy when he wrote his work, of
which I have engraved five, leaving seven, of which at the
time I had no means of obtaining the casts. 25
This concludes M. de Saulcy's first paper, and it is
really to be hoped that on calm reflection he will be
induced to accede to most of the attributions proposed
and received by every other numismatist. If not, one can
not to be depended xipon. Dr. H. A. W. Meyer (" Kritisch-Exeg.
Komment. uber das Neue Test.," vol. ii. p. 222, Gottingen, 1844
52) is said to be also of opinion- that Quirinus is the proper
Latin form for the Greek Cyrenius (Alford, " Greek Test.,"
Luke ii. ver. 2, voL i. p. 428,) but I have been unable to verify
this reference, as the book is wanting in the library of the British
Museum.
25 M. de Saulcy, at the conclusion of his second paper, haa
published two new coins of JGlia Capitolina one, a second-
brass of Caracalla, with his mother, Julia Domna ; the other, a
Diadumenian, slightly differing from that already known. He
also engraves the coin of Lucius Yerus, of which he has two
specimens, which I published, but did not engrave, from the
Reichardt collection.
210 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
only assume that he refuses to agree with them because
they were not created and invented on French soil. In
any case, it is certain that his Numismatique Juda'ique
cannot any longer be accepted as the " text book " for
Jewish numismatics ; and the only reason we can imagine
that it has been consulted for so long, is the circumstance
of it being written in French, the Italian and German
languages not being so well known in England or in
France. 26
A second paper by M. de Saulcy reviews the recent
investigations and attributions of Dr. Levy respecting the
coins of the revolts. He says, " To have a series of coins
of two different epochs separated by an interval of
sixty-five years, one must admit father that the coins of
the first epoch were preserved to be again employed, or
that they were servilely copied, in types, design, fabric, and
style, sixty-five years afterwards." . . . . " Do you know
of a single example in numismatics which, after having
suffered an eclipse of sixty-five years, is reproduced with
such an identity from every point of view that it is a prio?
impossible to distinguish the produce of the two fabrica-
tions as having more than half a century between them ?
" Do you know many ancient coins issued from the
same dies ? Is it not certain that in antiquity the dies
deteriorated with such rapidity that it is evident they
could not have been preserved from the first revolt,
ending in A.D. 70, to be employed again in A.D. 135 ?
26 It must be remembered that M. de Saulcy's volume does
not exhibit one quarter the research of the works of Cavedoni
and Levy, nor has he included in it the difficult series of the
coins of the Tetrarchs or the money of the Old and New Testa-
ments. Moreover, there is a great deficiency of references
classical and otherwise which in these days are so necessary
for the student in all branches of literature.
"JEWISH NUMISMATICS." 211
Is it not evident that the hypothesis should be en-
tirely rejected, if only for the single reason that, for
professed numismatists, the identity of the die of two
ancient coins is an enormous cause of suspicion ? Who
then, besides, after the taking of Jerusalem by Titus,
would have had the idea of carefully preserving the dies
which had served the chiefs of the insurrection, those
implacable men whose mutual hatred served so well the
projects of the Romans ? But enough on the hypothesis
of the preservation of the original dies ; let us pass on to
the second hypothesis, which admits that the types of the
first revolt were, sixty-five years later, reproduced with an
exactitude so evident, that, I repeat, it is impossible a priori
to distinguish between them the pieces struck from the
original dies and the pieces struck from the copied dies.
If this hypothesis is true, how can one explain the dif-
ference of the types, style, and fabric of coins, separated
by a much less interval, in a monetary series which has
not suffered interruption, as par exemple in the Roman
Imperial series ? etc
" If then we are obliged to divide this numerous class
of coins into two groups, one belonging to the first revolt,
the other to the second, that is to say, to that of Bar-
cochab, let us say, without hesitation, that we are in the
presence of a phenomenon unique of its kind, and which
has not its equal in the entire history of numismatics."
M. de Saulcy then examines the legends and the types,
and in remarking on the former, introduces a table of the
various Nasi of Israel, from which it appears that there were
no less than three bearing the name of Simon. Thus, says
De Saulcy, " Simon III., son of Gamaliel II., was then
Nasi during the great revolt of Bar-cochab, and hence
what reason have we, when the style, the fabric, and the
212 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
types of the coins forcibly make us pause, for assigning
these coins to Nasi Simon II. rather than to Nasi
Simon III. ? "
De Saulcy naturally observes that the entire classifica-
tion of coins to the two revolts is based upon the exist-
ence of the coins of Eleazar the priest, the Eleazar of the
siege of Titus. But even this attribution is objected to,
and an Eleazar who is said to have been put to death at
Bethar, by order of Bar-cochab, because he was suspected
of keeping up secret relations with the Romans, is pro-
posed as the proper issuer of the money. This attribu-
tion is supposed to be strengthened by the circumstance
that these coins bear only the date of the year 1, and if
they belonged to the Eleazar of the first revolt, we ought
to have found coins struck by his orders during the years
2 and 3. " Thus," says de Saulcy, " if we do not find
a coin of Eleazar of the year 2, we find in revenge the
second brass of Simon Nasi, with the legend ^xiTD s nnn&
a"ti). Is it likely that this legend should be again found,
after an interval of sixty-five years, on coins identical in
types, style, and fabric, which are now separated by the
only reason that one set are of Simon Nasi, and the other
of a Simon who did not bear the title of Nasi ? "
This last argument can be easily answered, as the coin
of Simon Nasi of the second year is now proved to have
never existed. 27
A curious incident and semi-corroboration of M. de
Saulcy's assertions, is the fact that in the first chamber
of the " Tomb of the Kings," visited by him in Novem-
ber, 1863, in which were several bodies, a number of coins
were found, consisting of money of Herod, Agrippa I.
(year 6, L.S.), and of the revolt years 2 and 3. As he
* Num. Chron., N.S., vol. iv. p. 180.
"JEWISH NUMISMATICS." 213
considers that these burials date from the siege of Titus,
he argues that " If the fabrication of these last small pieces
were preceded by that of all the pieces that one wishes
to attribute to Eleazar, Simon Nasi, son of Gamaliel, and
to Simon, son of Gioras, how is it that not one of these
coins of the first revolt were found in the pockets of one
of the Jewish bodies buried in the charnel house ? "
The remarkable coin first published by De Saulcy/ 8 with
the names in conjunction of Eleazar and Simon, and con-
sidered by him a forgery though De Vogue asserts that
he has seen a genuine specimen does not in any way
oppose itself to his views ; for, as it has been considered
a league coin between Eleazar and Simon, son of Gioras,
so now does De Saulcy consider it a league coin between
Eleazar Hamodai and Simon Bar-cochab. He says, " It
seems to me more rational that a coin of association
should be issued before the rupture of the two persons
who ordered them to be made, rather than after the recon-
ciliation of two foreign enemies, who consent, in the face
of a common danger, to reunite their efforts, without
very probably in any way abjuring their sentiments of
personal hatred."
From these several principal statements De Saulcy feels
himself forced to come to the following conclusions arid
classifications :
" 1. The pieces of small brass with the vase and vine
undoubtedly belong to the first revolt which preceded the
siege of Titus.
"2. All other coins without exception belong to the
second revolt, that of Bar-cochab.
"3. The coins of Eleazar the priest were issued by
28 "Num. Jud.," pi. xii. no. 7; " Hist, of Jewish Coinage,"
p. 162.
VOL. V. N.S. F F
214 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
the Eleazar whom Bar-cochab put to death under the pre-
text that he kept up relations with the Romans, but much
more probably because he saw in him a rival.
" 4. The coins of Simon Nasi were issued by the Pre-
sident of the Sanhedrim, Simon III., son of Gamaliel II.,
contemporary of Bar-cochab, who did not dare treat this
holy person as he had treated Eleazar.
"5, All coins with the name of Simon, without the
title Nasi, belong to Bar-cochab, of whom they reveal the
true name, a name which historians have not trans-
mitted to us.
" 6. As to the anonymous pieces with the legend D^ttPlT,
they were probably issued for an exclusively religious use,
and by the priestly body."
" By means of this classification," says De Saulcy, " I
do not put myself in opposition with any essential principle
of numismatic science, and I respect historical facts."
M. de Saulcy has also carefully examined the passages
from the Talmud collected by Dr. Levy, and translated
in toto by myself, and concludes that the only positive
fact which they establish is, that at the time when the
Talmudic writings were drawn out, the coins of Bar-
cochab existed in great quantities in the hands of the
Jews. This part of the subject I hope Dr. Levy will
again consider, not feeling myself competent to argue
thereupon.
To be just to M. de Saulcy, I must say that this second
part of his paper shows much greater thought, and gives
cause for more serious deliberation, than his first part.
His objections are in many ways very reasonable, but still
there is not one iota of proof for any. It is certainly re-
markable to find coins with identical types, style, and
fabric re-appearing after a lapse of sixty-five years ; but is
" JEWISH NUMISMATICS." 215
it more remarkable than finding if all the coins belong
to Bar-cochab the same ancient Hebrew character upon
them revived after a lapse of 175 years? The peculiar
national, and, if one may be allowed to say, fanatic
character of the Jews, at a period when their independence
was to be for ever wrested from them, might surely be
adduced as an argument in favour of types, style, and
fabric being so carefully imitated. Again, one is induced
to ask, why should Bar-cochab have issued so large a
coinage with the name Simon, a name unrecognised in his
history, whilst the well-known Simon contented himself
with the small copper pieces of the years 2 and 3 ? Again,
where are the pieces of the year 1 of the first revolt?
Here is a positive blank. Again, if Simon, son of Gioras,
did not enter Jerusalem till the third year, Bar-cochab
did not enter it at all. Why then is it more improbable
that Simon, son of Gioras, should have issued pieces with
the date year 2 of the deliverance of Israel, and without
date of the deliverance of Jerusalem thus agreeing with
the time of his government in Jerusalem, A.D. 69 and
A.D. 70, the latter being the coinage of the year of his
entry, the former that of his second year than that Bar-
cochab should have issued so many pieces both with and
without dates bearing the name of a city in which it is in
no way proved he ever even obtained an entrance ? Indeed,
it is more than probable that Jerusalem was in the hands
of the Romans the whole of the second revolt. Hypo-
theses in favour of both theories can thus be started, and
the whole question of the latter period of Jewish coinage
must again be carefully weighed. I hope that Dr. Levy
will re-consider these objections of De Saulcy to his
recent new attributions in the later History of Jewish
Coinage.
216 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
I have, however, one observation to make.
De Saulcy, in his table of the " Nasi of Israel/ 7 says
that Simon III. exercised the dignity of Nasi after the
death of Akiba and the taking of Bethar, and at the end
of his paper admits him as contemporary with Bar-cochab.
Now these two statements do not agree. Bethar was
taken and the death of Bar-cochab occurred in A.D. 135,
and the following year a colony was established at Jerusa-
lem by Hadrian, the city bearing the new name of jEZia
Capitolina. , Now, does De Saulcy mean to assert that
Simon III. Nasi issued a coinage after the death of Bar-
cochab and the total subjugation of the Jewish nation ?
Are we to receive as a fact that the coins with the legends
" Simon Nasi Israel," and " the first year of the redemp-
tion of Israel," were struck after A.D. 135 ? It is enough
to have to believe that they were issued at all during the
government of Bar-cochab ; it is too much to expect us to
conclude that M. de Saulcy's new attribution bears half
the likelihood of that of Dr. Levy.
For the present I reserve forming any further opinion
on the new theories started by De Saulcy.
FREDERIC W. MADDEN.
XI.
BENGAL COINS.
ABOUT two years ago, the fall of a river-bank in the terri-
tory of Cooch Behar, in Northern Bengal, disclosed the
accumulated treasures of some local Croesus, arranged in
a row of nearly disintegrated earthen pots, whose united
contents amounted to no less than 13,500 silver pieces, in
metallic value nearly 1,400. These were consigned as
bullion to the Calcutta Mint, from whose crucibles, however,
Col. Guthrie rescued rather more than a thousand picked
specimens, which have lately been examined by Mr. Thomas.
The historical data contributed by this selected series
are embodied in the accompanying table. For the infor-
mation of those who may be little conversant with the pro-
vincial annals, it may be stated that Shams-ud-din (No. 2)
was the son of Nasir-ud-din Mahmud, the heir of Balban,
Emperor of Delhi, 1 but who preferred the obscure repose
of a southern government to the higher and more onerous
dignity of succession to the throne of his father.
The eighth king represented by the coins was the first
conclusively independent monarch of Bengal. 2 The range
of the dates of the collection will be seen to extend from
A.H. 691 to A.H. 799, or from A.D. 1291-2 to A.D. 1396; and
whether in point of historical or geographical interest, it
is seldom that any single trouvaille has contributed so
large an amount of numismatic knowledge to the suc-
cessors of the ancient lords of the soil.
1 Num. Chron., vol. ix. (1846). "Marsden," No. DCXCV.
p. 624.
2 Shahab-ud-din and Bahadur were sons of Shams-ud-din,
the second not unknown to fame ; as was Mubarak Shah, the
fifth on the list, against whom Ala-ud-din All Shah (No. 6) held
for a time the capital of Bengal. Ikhtiar-ud-din Ghazi Shah
(No. 7), like Rukn-ud-din Kai Kaus (No. 1), claims a more
critical identification than the limits of this note admit.
S
NTS.
.
1-3
<J
o
W
PQ
and
and
1
l
*
5 g as
XII.
SOME NOTES ON THE ECOLES FIND OF SILVER
COINS.
[Bead before the Numismatic Society, February 16, 1865.]
I HAVE now much pleasure in laying before the Numis-
matic Society the general results of the lengthened
examination which has been made by my colleague, Mr.
Head, and myself, into the great hoard of coins recently
found at Eccles, near Manchester.
Before, however, I do this, it may be as well for me to
state such circumstances as have been ascertained with
reference to the discovery itself. It would appear, then,
that these coins were found on Thursday, August 11,
1864, by James Britch, a " card-room hand," in the
employment of Messrs. Gibb and Sons, of the Moorside
cotton mills, near a dwelling-house called Monk's Hall
(possibly part of Whalley Hall, which was suppressed at
the Reformation), in the parish of Eccles ; and that
they were forwarded to the solicitor of Her Majesty's
Mint by John Harland, Esq., F.S.A., of Swinton, in
the same parish, who had informed the finder that the
coins so found were, as treasure-trove, the property of her
Majesty the Queen, and who has since published, in the
Reliquary, vol. v. pp. 89 93, some details as to the circum-
stances under which they were discovered. From this
memoir, it appears that they were deposited in an earthen
pot (which is engraved in Mr. Harland's memoir), with
220 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
the mouth uppermost ; but so fragile is its material, that
the upper portion broke away with the least pressure of
the surrounding earth. This pot seems to have been
deposited close to a new footpath that flanks the Monk's
Hall premises, and the condition of the coins when I first
received them from the Earl of Clarendon, as Chancellor of
the Duchy of Lancaster, fully confirms the belief that they
must have been exposed to the action of the weather of
centuries, very little under the surface of the soil. The
whole weight was about 21 Ibs. avoirdupois. " The pot,
or vase," says Mr. Harland, "in which the coins were
contained was so much broken by the finder and after-
wards in exhuming it, that only the lower part is pre-
served. This fragment is four inches deep, having a
diameter at the bottom of five and a quarter inches, and
widening or swelling out at the height of three inches, to
a diameter at the fragmentary upper edge of nearly seven
inches. . . . It is of the commonest whitish earthenware,
the production of a lathe, and rudely ornamented with
bands of half an inch breadth to a height of about four
inches, above which it seems to have been decorated, while
the clay was soft, by a small square instrument, in square
shallow indents. . . . Inside, the pressure of some of the
coins flat against the sides of the pot has left distinct
indented discs."
The whole number of coins thus recovered is 6,217; of
which a very large proportion belong to a prince named
Henry, and are similar to those which are at present
attributed, in the National Collection, to Henry II. With
them were associated 104 specimens struck by John in
Dublin, 196 specimens of William I. (the Lion) of Scot
land, and 4 foreign coins : 198 were partially or wholly
illegible.
ON THE ECCLES FIND OF SILVER COINS. 221
The two following lists contain :
I. MINTS and the number of coins belonging to each.
II. MONEYERS arranged under their respective mint-
towns.
I. MINTS,
Bury St. Edmunds
Canterbury ....
Carlisle .
. 212
. 2278
. 15
Chichester
. .
. 31
Durham .
9 w
. 22
Exeter
m m
. 19
Ilchester ?
.
1
Ipswich .
Lincoln .
:.- ' ...
. 18
. 58
London .
. 2643
Lynn ,
Northampton
Oxford .
and Norwich
. 14
. 105
. 13
Rhuddlan
.
9
Rochester
....
. 18
Shrewsbury
Wilton
.
3
3
Winchester
.
. 142
Worcester
.
. 1
York
...
. 96
5,715
IRISH COINS.
Dublin .
. . .
. 104
SCOTCH COINS.
Edinburgh \
Perth .. . ;-. . . 196
Roxburgh )
FOREIGN.
Dortmund . . ... 1
Minister . . . . .1
Uncertain . , . . " . 2
PARTIALLY ILLEGIBLE . . . 198
Total of all classes . 6,217
VOL. V. N.S. G G
222
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
II. MONEYERS.
BURY ST. EDMUNDS.
FOLKS.
PVKQ:.
FYLKGt.
NOEM7VN.
NOE . M7VN.
TYNDEGtY.
7VNTEI.
7YEN7TYD.
7YENOLD.
CCOLDWICL
aOLDWINGC.
NYEM7UST.
EfiYF.
SIMYN.
SIMVND.
WILL6CLM.
CANTERBURY.
176CN . El.
J^NGCEI.
I07W.
IO . 7VN.
. N.
I01}7VN . B.
lOI^TVN . M.
IO7VN7VN. (double struck.)
IYN.
M6CINIE.
NOEMT^N.
OSMYND.
OSMYNDGC.
OSNVNDff.
ESN7VLD.
ESIN7VLD.
Eioa.
EOB6CED.
EOB6CET.
EOB6CT.
EODEED.
E066CE.
EOGffEOF.
E066CE . OF .
EOG6CEOF . E.
EOGaEOFE.
Eoea . OF. E.
EOSffE . OF . E.
S7VL6CMY.
ST^LffMYN.
STYMYGX.
SIMON.
SINON.
SIMYN.
SI . MYN.
SINYN.
8INYN.
TOM7VS.
YL7VED.
W7TLT6CE.
WTYLTIGCE.
W7VT6CE.
WILLffM.
WILL6CM . T.
WILLSN . T7L
7VL7YIN.
TILGCIN.
CARLISLE.
TOM7YS.
ON THE ECCLES FIND OF SILVER COINS.
223
PlffEffS.
EftVF.
E7SVLF.
TtLQIN.
7YLIS7YNDE.
TtLTTIN.
7YNDE6C.
ffDMYND.
NiaOLGC.
7TB6CL.
7TD7VM.
7VIMGCE.
7VL7TIN.
7VL7UN . V.
BGCNaiT.
D7TVI.
ffLIS.
& . LIS.
FltT^IMGCE.
FOLKS.
FYLKff.
GODDED.
CHICHESTEE.
EGCNTTYD.
EGCINT^LD.
SIMON.
WILLGXM.
DURHAM.
piaEas.
EXETER.
OSB6CE.
ILCHESTER (?).
lieCENTVYD ON I.
> IPSWICH.
LINCOLN.
LYNN.
LONDON.
E7VVF.
TOM7VS.
WLLLGCLM.
WLLL6CLM.
hec . LIS.
LLSffL.
ILGGCE.
ILSffEffE.
ILGIffE.
I6SE
LfflS (probably ffLIS
transposed).
224
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
OSB6CB.
PIGCESS.
pietsas. M.
E7VVF.
E7VVL.
E7VVLF,
EGCNffE.
EICCfiED.
EldTYED. B.
EldTYBD. T.
EOGGCE.
TffEIEL
TO: . EI.
T6CEEI.
TGCE . EI.
WTYLSetE.
W7VLT6CE.
WT^TSE.
WILL6CM.
WILLSM . B.
WILLffM . L.
WILL6CM . T.
WILLN . T.
WILSM.
WILL6CLM.
WILLGCLM . B.
WILLGCLM . L.
WILLGCLM . T.
WILL6CN.
NORWICH AND NORTHAMPTON.
7TD7TM. EfiVL.
FILIP. EetNTVLD.
OSMVND.
E7VNDVL.
T^ILWINff.
OXFORD.
ESINT^VD.
EOBCED.
EOBGCED . T.
WfiLTGCE.
WILLGCLM.
IFE6CI.
MIL6CS.
EldfiED.
RHUDDLAN?
SIMON.
T^LISTVN.
7VLIS7TNBE.
SIMOND.
TOM7TS.
ROCHESTER.
l?YNffFEGI.
I]VNFEeCL
(?)
SHREWSBURY.
1 IVff.
WILTON.
OSB6CE,
ON THE ECCLES FIND OF SILVER COINS.
225
WINCHESTER.
7TO7TM.
7TNDE6CV.
BTVETQXMff.
GOCtaLH.
LVK7SS.
MILGCS.
ML6CS.
D7VVI.
avaE
ffFET^ED.
6CEAED.
fjVGO.
MTLIS.
OSBSEN.
OSBaE.
E7YVF.
EICCTCED.
EODBffET.
WILLSLM.
WORCESTER.
OSBSE.
YORK.
NiaOLGC.
EfflNTTVD.
TOM7VS.
TVEKIL.
WIT7IM.
IRISH COINS. MONSTERS.
EOBGCED.
WILL6CLM.
WILSLM.
WILLSM.
SCOTCH COINS. MONEYERS.
IjGCNEI Lff ETJS.
t^GCNEI EW S:
17 Vff W7VLT6CE.
PffEIS TODfiH.
E7VVL.
WTVLTffE.
Of the 5,217 English coins, the following forty-one
are worthy of note, as having at the commencement of
the legends, on their reverses, the Cross-pommee instead
of the usual cross.
226
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
CANTERBURY.
dOLDWINGC ON d7f .
ttOLD .WINS ',' a.
I01]7YN
CC7YN.
IOf]7VN ON dTVNT.
EOBffED CC7V.
STYMYffL (ITtN.
SIMYN
8INVN
CC7VNT.
CHICHESTER.
ETVVLF ON aiaa.
DURHAM.
pemets ON DVE :
LINCOLN.
J-TSLTTIN ON NiaO.
TVNDEQ: Niao.
! ElttTTED ON NlttOL.
LONDON.
FOLKS
FYLK6C
ON
>
>
LYND.
LYN).
LYND.
LYN)6C.
LYN).
LYN)E.
LYND.
LY.
HENEI
EldTVED
ElttTTED ON LW.
EIGCaTVED LY.
WILLSM LV.
WILLGCM LYN.
WILffM LY.
WILLffLM LY.
LYI.
NORWICH.
ON NOEW. | E6CN7TLD ON NOE.
RHUDDLAN?
SIMON ON EYL7V. | SIMOND ON EYL7V.
WINCHESTER.
j^ecNEi ON wiNaec. I MILIS ON wiNa.
I01]7SN WIN. I
YORK.
} D7TYI
ON eCVGCEW.
, Y.
NiaOLGC ON eCYGCE.
To this peculiarity of certain specimens of the short-
cross money, our member, the Rev. Assheton Pownall,
ON THE ECCLES FIND OF SILVER COINS.
227
has already called* attention in the Numismatic Chronicle
for 1863 (New Series, vol. iii., p. 189). In this paper
Mr. Pownall has given a list of forty-five varieties then
known to him. This list we are now able to increase
by twenty other varieties from the Eccles find to wit :
t}vec o
I07TNT
EOBffED
N dTttf.T.
dfiNT.
cm.
dTTN.
CC7TNT.
dftN.
aiaec.
DVE.
Niao.
LVND.
EidTYED o:
EldfiED
EtadftBD
WIL6CM
WILLGCLM
ff LV.
LW.
LV.
LV.
LV.
LW.
NOE.
WIN.
WINd.
avaE.
SIMYN
SINYN
ETCVLF
PffESS
7YNDE6C
1}SNEI
EffNTTLD
lOtyfiN
MIL6CS
NiaOLGC
It seems, therefore, that there are now about sixty-five
recorded specimens of this variety.
Mr. Pownall suggests that the Cross-pommee may in-
dicate the separation of one part of a moneyer's work from
the rest, or may have served to distinguish the handiwork
of two moneyers who bore a common name, as, for
instance, that of a father and a son : suggestions which
are probable, but require further proof. This is, however,
I think, generally true, that in most cases there is a
marked difference in the workmanship of the coins which
exhibit the same moneyed s name, according as the Cross-
pommee is or is not used. On the other hand, Mr. Long-
staffe imagines that the occurrence of this peculiarity
indicates that the coin bearing it must have been struck
before the year A.D. 1212, the end of the reign of Otho IV.,
Emperor of Germany, because he fancies it was adopted
from these coins by that emperor.
The occurrence of this peculiar type on any of Otho's
money is certainly a curious fact : and, as the coin
that bears it is wholly different from all other known
228 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
specimens of Otho's coinage, it may be reasonably
supposed that it was struck between A.D. 1209, when
he left England, after having received a considerable
sum from his uncle John, and A.D. 1212, when he
laid down the crown ; if, indeed, it can be shown
that coins so marked were in circulation in England
previous to, or during, Otho's residence here. For
this, however, we have no conclusive evidence; though>
as I shall show hereafter, it is possible that three or four
such specimens may belong to the second coinage of
Henry II. It so happens that this particular type of
Otho is very rare, the Museum, up to the discovery of
these coins (among which is one of Otho), having only
one specimen. At the same time I may observe that the
Cross-pommee is not unknown on other specimens of
the coinage of continental Europe at nearly the same
period, and that we find it in places for which any direct
connection with England such as was the case with
Otho IV. -is nowise certain. Thus it occurs on the coins
of the Emperors Henry VI. (A.D. 11901197), Otho IV.
(A.D. 11981212), and Frederic II. (A.D. 12121250),
two of whose coins are in the present find ; possibly, too,
on one of Frederic I. (A.D. 1152 1190), if, indeed, this
coin be rightly attributed. It occurs, also, on coins of
the town of Miinster, in Westphalia, (one of which is here
also), of about the date A.D. 1198 1208 ; and on those of
Conrad, Bishop of Beltburg, A.D. 12271238. The type
is, however, evidently a rare one, and quite as uncommon
among the continental coins as it appears to have been
among the short-cross pennies.
If this be so, I do not see why we should (with Mr.
Longstaffe) expect that, if any undoubted English coins
of John should ever turn up, these coins would be marked
ON THE ECCLES FIND OF SILVER COINS.
229
with the Cross-pommee ; for, from the obvious rarity of
this type, the inference would surely be jnst the contrary.
All, I think, we can safely affirm is, that on the money of a
foreign ruler (Otho), who had some dealings with England,
and whose reign (from A.D. 1208 toA.D. 1212) was partially
coincident with that of his uncle John, the rarest of the
types of the short-cross pennies occurs. I should add
that on the foreign coins it is placed, not as on the
English coins, invariably at the commencement of the
legend of the reverse, but occasionally before that of the
obverse.
Lastly, I may state generally that the following
moneyers and places occur in the greatest numbers : thus
we find of
Abel on
Lunde
Lund
Henri ,
C;mt
Cante
Ilger
Lunde
I n T fi
Joan ,
JLJ ulill
Cante
Cant
Jun ,
Canter
Rauf
Lunde
Raul/
LjHlHi
Lund
Roger
Cant
Can
Tomas
Cant
Walter
Lu
Elia
Lund
Roger of. R,
Samuel on
-Ljunclc
onC
Can
Simun
Cant
Terri
Simon
Norman ,,
Lund
Cant
San
VOL. V. N.S,
. . 307
. . .91
. .153
. :...-, 85
.... 377
V . . '. 256
r- ;/ - > . 121
..68
.'...- .-108
/ : . ' .' . 252
#f 1. 99
., .- .- 90
. . . . 117
.- J . 75
fi .' . 150
-.- 136
. .. .' '. 63
. -. 96
^ - . . -^ 89
. . . . . 83
. . : :-'.-. so
.- . . : .-. .- 86
. . . .81
... 75
-. - r #. . 60
H H
230 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
or, in other words, sixteen money ers for London and
Canterbury absorb 3,200 coins, or more than half the
whole collection ; and, in this estimate, I have not speci-
fied any moneyer of whom less than sixty different or
similar specimens have been met with. The Irish coins
all belong to the reign of John : and to the second class
of that king's Irish money viz., to those struck after
he became King of England. They are 105 in number,
and were all struck at Dublin by the moneyers Robert
and William, in the proportion of 102 of the former to
three of the latter. They present no feature of interest,
and are in preservation about as good as those usually
met with.
It is, however, perhaps worth while to remark that
the peculiar type of this second class of John's money,
the triangle, is found on the money of many continental
rulers who were contemporary with or subsequent in date
to the reign of John; and further, that it appears as
heterogeneous among the usual foreign types of the period
as the Cross-pommee types of Otho IV. and Frederic II.
among their other and more usual coins. Thus we find
the triangle on coins of the Emperors Henry VI.,
Frederic II., Rudolph of Hapsburg, Ludwig IV., and
Sigismund, between the years A.D. 1190 and A.D. 1437 ;
on those of Primosa, Gertrudis, and Irmengarde, Abbesses
of Hervorden, between A.D. 1180 and A.D. 1295 ; and on
those of Conrad, Archbishop of Cologne, A.D. 1237 1261 ;
of Gottfried, Count of Arnsberg, A.D. 1324 1349; and
of Theodor, Count of Horn, A.D. 1376 1402 ; and lastly,
on the local coinage of Miinster, under Henry VI., A.D.
11901197, and under its Bishop, Ludolph, A.D. 1226
1248. In some instances local German symbols are in-
troduced, as the wheel of Osnaburg on some of the coins
ON THE ECCLES FIND OF SILVER COINS. 231
of Henry VI., but generally the form of the Irish triangle
is well preserved.
The Scotch coins, of which there are altogether 195
in this hoard, consist entirely of specimens of William
the Lion, who reigned from A.D. 116.5 to A.D. 1213.
No unusual or unknown types occur among them ;
and many of them are so badly preserved that it is not
possible to decipher them satisfactorily. Their occurrence
is so far important that it shows that the hoard could not
have been brought together and deposited till early in the
thirteenth century, though no conclusive inference can be
deduced from this fact in favour of the appropriation of
the short-cross pennies either wholly to Henry II. or
Henry III., or in part to each of these monarchs.
The four foreign coins in this hoard, to which we have
already alluded, are of peculiar interest from their rarity,
and from the analogy which, as I have already mentioned,
they exhibit with the Cross-pommee specimens of the
short-cross series.
They may be described as follows :
1. OTHO IV., A.D. 12081212.
Obv. OTTO [IMPERJATOR. Bust of emperor,
full-faced, crowned ; in right, sceptre.
Rev. * TRaGDONIA.RGHA (REGIA). [Dortmund]
Short cross, with four pellets in each angle.
(PI. xi. fig. 11.)
2. ]\IFNSTER, in Westphalia (about A.D. 12081212).
Obv. + SANCT[VS] [PAVL]VS. Bust of St. Paul,
full-faced, with nimbus.
Rev. * ODONASTeCRIVOD. Short cross, with four
pellets, joined together in each angle.
3. FREDERIC II., A.D. 12121250.
Obv. 4- FR[IDERI]^. S. Bust of emperor to right,
full-faced, crowned ; in right, sceptre.
Rev. * RO[MA1NVS . R^X. Short cross, with
four pellets in each angle.
232 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
4. FREDERIC II.
Obv.-~ * MX . FRIDaRIC[VJS. Bust of emperor,
full-faced, crowned ; in right, sceptre.
Rev. * ROOD AN VS . R^Xft. Short cross, with four
pellets in each angle. (PL XI. Fig. 12.)
"With respect to the coins of Otho IV. and of Dortmund,
I have nothing specially to remark ; but with regard to the
other two, it is of importance to determine, if possible,
whether they should be attributed to Frederic I., Bar-
barossa, who reigned from A.D. 1152 to A.D. 1190, or to
Frederic II., who succeeded Otho IV. in A.D. 1212, and
reigned till A.D. 1250 ; because, if the Frederic on these
coins is the first of this name, we have an instance of
the Cross-pommee type at least as early as A.D. 1190, and
probably still earlier. Now, I think that this question
may be satisfactorily determined in favour of Frederic II.
by a comparison of the heads on all the coins usually
attributed either to Frederic I. or II., with one exception.
On this exceptional coin, which I have engraved from the
National Collection (PI. XI. Fig. 10), the portrait (so to call
it) much resembles that which I have later in this paper
given some reasons for attributing to Henry III. of
England. Thus, on each side of the head we see two
curls of hair, each enclosing a pellet ; the face is bearded ;
and the whole is enclosed in a lozenge of dots. On the
reverse occurs the Cross-pommee, and the short cross
with the four pellets in each angle, the pellets in this
case being joined, so as to make a figure precisely the
same as the Cross-pommee ; the whole (as on the obverse)
is enclosed in a lozenge of dots. The place of mintage is
TREMANIA (Dortmund), as in the case of Otho IV.
I may add that this coin stands alone in the series
attributed to Frederic I., and bears no resemblance to
ON THE ECCLES FIND OF SILVER COINS. 233
any of his other money. On the other hand, the portraits
of Otho IV. and Frederic II. can only be distinguished
by the legends which surround the coins, and have no-
thing in common with the portrait on the so-called
Frederic I. It seems, therefore, probable that though
there are coins of two different Frederics, the two speci-
mens in this hoard belong to Frederic II., who succeeded
Otho IV. in A.D. 1212, and not in either case to
Frederic I.
But even supposing it be proved that this unique coin
is rightly attributed to Frederic I., we do not require the
theory that the Cross-pommee type was adopted by
Otho IV. directly from England ; for it is quite as likely
that Otho and his successors should have copied the coins
of a preceding emperor, as that they should have been
the first to imitate an English type. The presumed
Frederic I. may have been taken from types prevailing in
England between A.D. 1152 and A.D. 1190, though, as
we shall see hereafter, the evidence is not conclusive
as to this fact.
The general condition of the whole collection must be
considered good, the proportion of specimens actually
illegible being small. When, indeed, first brought to
me, many of the coins were found to be deeply covered
with mud and other impurities ; but on gently soaking
them in plain water, by far the ' greater part have been
rendered legible. I am inclined to think that some of
them have, at some period, been subjected to the action
of fire, many of their edges showing indications of fusion,
or at all events of injury more than would seem the
result of exposure to weather.
The detailed list given above shows the extent to which
modifications in spelling were in use at the time when
234 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
these coins were struck ; and some minor varieties,
occasioned by the insertion of dots between different
portions of the legends, which I could scarcely have made
intelligible to my hearers when I originally read this
paper.
A small proportion of the coins, perhaps 2 per cent.
certainly not more were noticed to have been doubly
struck, but rarely to such an extent that it was impos-
sible to determine the intended legends ; and, in one or
two instances, the types of the reverses were found to
have been struck upon the obverse, and vice versd.
I come now to the most important portion of this
paper the principles upon which it is, or is not, possible
to classify this large collection, and which directly bear
upon the whole theory of the correct attribution of the
short-cross coins. But before I enter upon this, I
must distinctly state that I had no previous prejudice
on the subject, and that the results at which I have
arrived are entirely from a comparison of the various
specimens. My friend Mr. Longstaffe seems to have
thought he could detect an earlier character in the coins
bearing the Cross-pommte ; on the contrary, with very
few exceptions, I feel persuaded that so far as their
workmanship or preservation afford an argument, one
way or the other, the types so distinguished ought to be
placed among the latest coins. It will, I believe, be
generally seen that the Cross-pommde coins are better
preserved than most of the other types; none, indeed,
of these coins exhibit such marked excellency over other
specimens of the same series, as may be noticed, for in-
stance, in the case of some of the coins of Offa, or, to take
the strongest instance of which I am aware, the Italian
coins of the Emperor Frederic II., as compared with
ON THE ECCLES FIND OF SILVER COINS. 235
the German money of the same ruler. I should rather
say that the reverses exhibit a remarkable uniformity of
style, the result, probably, of their having been made
for the most part at nearly the same period. I should add,
that a general comparison of the coins with and without
the Cross-pommee shows that in Series II. (those I attribute
to Philip Aimer) one place only exhibits the Cross-
pommee, viz. that which is doubtfully called Rhuddlan,
with two moneyers, Simon and Simond. In Series III.
(those I attribute to the earliest coinage of Henry III.),
and to which all the other Cross-pommee coins belong, we
find the following towns represented, with the number of
moneyers in each : to wit
Bury St. Edmunds . .
1 moneyer.
Canterbury
5
Chichester . . _ .
2
M
Durham . . . r
I
York
3
M
Exeter ....
1
Lincoln . ... .., .
3
M
London . . . .
5
M
Norwich . . .".
1
M
Northampton or Norwich .
1
M
Winchester ...
*3
In other words, there are twenty-six distinct moneyers
who make use of this peculiar type, and eleven towns.
On the other hand, six towns
Carlisle, - Northampton,
Ipswich, Oxford, and
Lynn, Kochester,
do not seem to have made use of this type : at all events,
are not represented in the Eccles collection. And on
extending the comparison further, I observe that twenty
out of the twenty-six Cross-pommee coins have the same
moneyers' names without the Cross-pommee a fact
236 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
which, as far as it goes, tends to bear out Mr. Pownall's
suggestion as to the meaning and object of this type.
The admitted dates of some of the coins, and- the in-
ferences deducible from this admission, I shall speak of
hereafter.
NoWj with regard to the obverses, I must confess that
from the first I encouraged the hope that some delmite
results, tending to clear up or to set at rest the whole
question, might be obtained from a close examination of
the different portraits on these coins. With this view
I subjected them to a very minute examination, and at
first fancied I could detect as many as twenty variations
in some part or other of the royal portrait, or of its
adjuncts. My colleague, too, Mr. Head, devoted many
hours to a very accurate study of this branch of the sub-
ject. The result has however been that we have at last
agreed that my original subdivision was too minute ; and
that, though some other variations may be detected, it
is best, on the whole, not to make more than the four
following classes, under one or other of which we have
therefore determined to group the whole of this collection.
I must add that these four divisions were not primarily
made with any chronological view; indeed, at the time
we made them, Mr. Head had less hope than I indulged
in as to any proof of dates to be derived from this clas-
sification. Now, as I shall show presently, I do cherish
the belief (slight though it be) that an uniformity of
style we find prevailing in each group does afford some
indication of the period to which different specimens of
these coins may on fair reasoning be attributed ; though
it is, at the same time, likely that other students may be
induced to accept a more minute subdivision.
I may state, generally, that these coins are all round,
ON THE ECCLES FIND OF SILVER COINS. 237
often, indeed, so round as to suggest the probability
that they have been struck in a collar ; that the king's
head is full-faced, within a plain circle, outside of which
appears the right hand holding the sceptre and the
legend containing the king's name and royal title;
beyond the legend, and close to the edge of the coin, is a
circle of dots. The king's head is not crowned, as on
the coins found at Tealby, > which have very generally
been considered the first type of Henry II. ; but in its
place we find a diadem of four or more pearls with a cross
in the centre, and surmounting it, resembling in character
the Cross-pommee. In two instances the sceptre is held
in the left hand. To prevent the chance of any misunder-
standing, I have engraved a specimen of each of the
classes into which we have subdivided the collection.
They may be described as follows :
Type I. (PI. XI., No. 1), as a rule, exhibits a middle-
aged face, with two curls on the right side of it, and
five on the left. The number, however, sometimes varies.
The curls are semicircular, and do not enclose pellets.
The square E and E occur in this type only : a fact which
forms a connecting link between the specimens so marked
and the money of the Tealby find. The face shows a beard,
and signs of whiskers and moustachio more or less
developed. Above the head is a diadem of four pearls,
surmounted by the cross described above. In the right
hand is a sceptre. Good instances of the type may be
noticed in the coins struck by REINIER ON WINCE, and
STIVENE ON LW. The following coins of this type ex-
hibit the square E and E :
7TSEETIN ON EXEEE.
IORD7VN EXE1}.
PIEEESM. LVN.
FILIP NORrjT.
VOL. V. N.S. I I
1?VGO ON NORf}T.
OSBEE WILT.
ELEGDENT,, WIN.
(PI. XI. Fig. 6.)
238 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
It ought, however, to be mentioned that some of these
coins have manifestly transitional legends, the round
letters being found on the same specimens as the square.
Type II. (PI. XI., No. 2). In this the face is generally
extremely rude, with one semicircular curl on each side of
the head ; the outlines of the cheeks being often altogether
wanting. Beard, whiskers, and moustachio, are rarely dis-
tinguishable. The diadem has generally five pearls. The
right hand holds the sceptre, as in Type I. In illustration of
this type, I have engraved a coin struck by IVE ON SALOP.
Type III. (PI. XI., Fig. 3) generally shows a long, thin
face, often youthful, with beard, moustachio, and whiskers.
On each side of the face are two or more curls enclosing
pellets. The diadem contains four or six pearls. From
the number of specimens of this type, it must be considered
the most common. Moreover, nearly all of the cross-
pomellee coins belong to it, as I have before stated. The
following are good specimens :
ON CCTTNTQ:.
7VL7YIN NiaO.
DTVVI
EldfiED ON LVN.
EldTVED . B LV.
JjffNEI
,, NO.
Note, first, that the two last coins have the first two curls
enclosing pellets, and one without, on each side of face ;
and the second, three curls on each side of face, each
enclosing a pellet.
And, secondly, that several coins with floreated or orna-
mented letters, such as those of
ON LVNDff.
(PL XI. Fig. 5.)
ILGffE ON LVNDGC.
W7VLT6CE dfiN.
belong to this type.
Type W. (PI. XI., Fig. 4) has a face shorter and more
compact than the preceding, representing, apparently, a
ON THE ECCLES FIND OF SILVER COINS. 239
person of mature age. On each side of the face there
are usually three curls, somewhat smaller than those on
Type III., aud, for the most part, not enclosing pellets.
There are, generally, beard and whiskers, and traces of
moustachio. The diadem has four pearls, and the sceptre
is disposed as usual. The coins struck by
ON dTYNT.
6CLI8 -LVNDffN.
are good examples.
Besides these leading types, there are a few specimens
which are not readily classed in any of the preceding
groups, and which may, perhaps, be attributed to acci-
dent rather than to any definite intention. Thus, the
three following coins,
ON V.
LffIS LVLN6C (probably for GCLIS ON LYNDGt)
and a coin with no moneyer's name, which reads
LVND6C dIVITTVS, have a five-pointed star-pomeltte (PI.
XL, No. 8), instead of the usual Cross-pommee, in the
centre of the diadem. Occasionally, too, we find such
blunders as DGCNKIdVS for IjSNBIdVS (PI. XI., Fig. 9).
The faces, too, of these coins differ in some ways from
those on any of the above-mentioned types. Two others,
I}6CNEI ON LYND.
FVLEH LVND.
have the peculiarity of the sceptre in the left hand (PI.
XI., No. 7), the portraits resembling those on Type I.
I may remark that the above main divisions are repre-
sented in Mr. LongstaftVs Plate (Num. Chron., N. S.,
vol. ii. pi. v.) as foUows : Type I. fig. 6; Type II.
fig. 3 ; Type III. figs. 10, 12 ; Type IV. fig. 13 ; and
that Mr. Longstaffe has noticed some fourteen varieties.
Let us now examine the evidence we have with regard
240 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
to the appropriation of the short-cross pennies, and
whether the occurrence of this large hoard throws any
light upon this much-disputed question.
Now, I think it must be admitted (from the discovery
made by the Rev. Mr. Haigh, in the Patent Rolls) that
William Ta (the Tailor, Gulielmus Scissor) succeeded
Simon Chick as moneyer at Canterbury in 14 Henry III.,
i.e. A.D. 1230 ; and that the Adam and Richard are probably
the Adam de Bedley and Richard de Neketon who, Madox
shows, were moneyers in London in the same year.
Further we know that Ilger, the king's goldsmith, was
"custos monetae" in 6 Hen. III., A.D. 1222. I think,
therefore, we are justified, by documentary evidence, in
assuming that some, if not all, of the short-cross money
coined by Simon Chick, and all those made by his suc-
cessor, William the Tailor, at Canterbury, together
with the London money of Ilger, Adam, and Richard
(if, indeed, the last two bore, respectively, as seems likely,
the surnames of Bedley and Neketon), belong to the reign
of Henry III. and not to that of Henry II. With these
names direct historical testimony ceases ; and, if any
more of the short-cross pennies are to be given to
Henry III., this attribution must be deduced from a com-
parison of other specimens with the coins presumably
struck by the above-mentioned moneyers.
Now, in examining the collection in the Museum, I
have not found any specimen actually bearing the name of
Simon Chick ; so that there may be a doubt whether the
coins simply reading Simon are really those of Simon
Chick, especially as the Christian name is common enough,
and occurs in other towns. But though we do not find
Simon Chick, we have several coins bearing that of Joan
Chic, all, too, struck at Canterbury ; and as this surname
ON THE ECCLES FIND OF SILVER COINS.
is not met with elsewhere, it seems fair to suppose that Joan
and Simon were of the same family. There is also this to be
said in favour of this supposition, that the portraits on the
coins of Joan are all alike (of the class we have called
Type III.), and that this, too, is the most common, though
not the invariable type of Simon's coins. I believe, there-
fore, that we shall not be very far from correct if we add
the money of Joan Chic to those which, for the reasons
given above, we have assigned to the reign of Henry III.
But, besides the coins reading Joan Chic, there are a con-
siderable number which read simply Joan ; and which are,
at the same time, precisely similar to those of Joan Chic.
These, too, must, I think, be classed with the above, and
considered to belong to Henry III. rather than to
Henry II. Whether or not Johan, Johan . B., and
Johan . M., are to be considered as the same as Joan, I
will not pretend to determine. Certain, however, it is
that they belong to Series III. The coins of Simon ex-
hibit the following modifications of spelling :
SIMON ON CT7YNT.
SIMVN dftN.
SIMYN dTVN.
SIMVN dftNT.
SIMVN ON
SI . MVN
SINVN dfiN . T.
and those of Joan the following :
ON dTtNT.
. T.
IO7VN ON dTVN . TffE.
dTtNTSE.
d^TSE.
I confess I do not see how the direct statementof Matthew
Paris, that the long-cross type was adopted by Henry III.
in A.D. 1248, with a view of rendering the practices of
the clippers and forgers less easy, can be wholly ignored,
or that his authority ought to be undervalued or set aside
because he does not give full descriptions of these coins :
242 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
moreover his assertion is, in some degree, confirmed by the
adoption of this type by Alex. III. of Scotland, in A.D. 1250.
If this, then, be true, either some of the short-cross coins
hitherto given to Henry II. exclusively must belong to
some period in the first thirty-two years of Henry III.,
or a whole coinage must somehow have disappeared. Now,
though such a disappearance does seem to have been the
case with the English money of John and Richard, it is
better not to have recourse to such an hypothesis, when it
is not absolutely necessary. Clearly there is no sufficient
reason for supposing that Henry III. struck no coius at
all without the numerals, though it may be true that
those bearing III., or TERCI, are assignable to him with
the most certainty. If these views, therefore, be correct,
or at least admitted as reasonable, I would suggest the
following as a possible arrangement of those coins which,
for the reasons assigned, I am inclined to give to
Henry III. :
Ilger, London, A.D. 1222.
Simon Chick, Canterbury, before A.D. 1230.
William Tailor, Canterbury, A.D. 1230.
Adam (de Bedley) ) T ,
T>- i, i i A xr i 1 \ f London, A.D. 1230.
Kicnard (de iseketon) j
Joan Chick, Canterbury, uncertain, but probably about A.D.
1230.
On the other hand, there is not less strong evidence for
appropriating some of the short-cross pennies to Henry II.
Thus Sir Henry Ellis, in 1837, was able to demonstrate
that certain moneyers (Aschetil and Lantier of Wilton),
whose coins were discovered in the Tealby find, un-
questionably belonged to Henry II., as their names are
given in the Chancellor's Roll of 11 Hen. II. (A.D. 1165),
and are there stated to have been the Royal moneyers in
that town. The presumption, therefore, is strong that
ON THE ECCLES FIND OF SILVER COINS. 243
other money found in the Tealby hoard, besides those of
Aschetil and Lantier, were coined by Henry II. ; and,
more than this, that the specimens in the Tealby find
belong to a period antecedent to the coming of Philip
Aimary, in A.D. 1180, and thus form a part of Henry II/s
first coinage of A.D. 1156. I am quite willing to admit
that this statement cannot be absolutely proved with re-
gard to the whole of them : at the same time it seems to
me more probable than many of the hypotheses which
have been started. Now, on examining the coins of
Aimer and Filaimer of which the National Collection pos-
sesses five specimens I can detect no difference between
them, but must conclude that they were struck by one and
the same person. They are also of rude execution, and
belong to what we have called Types I. and II. Again,
it seems to be stated on good authority that, though plenty
of short- cross coins have been found in Ireland, no coins
have as yet been met with that can with certainty be given
to Henry III. : hence the natural conclusion that this
ruler did not coin all the short-cross money, though he
may have coined some. The same conclusion may, I
think, be deduced from the further fact that the same
moneyers' names are seldom met with at the same places
on both the short and the long cross money ; which would
show that all the short-cross types cannot be attributed
to the king who coined the long cross, and that some of
them must be given to an earlier monarch.
With regard to the roundness of several of the Tealby
find, I can hardly think, with Mr. Bergne, that any argu-
ment can be founded thereon. Grant that some of the
specimens do look a little as if they had been struck in
a collar in other words, correspond with Ralph de
Diceto's statement, that the money of Henry II. was
244 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
round still, as it seems to me, there are many speci-
mens too irregular in their shape to have been made in
a collar ; a statement which applies with equal force to
the presumed later money of Aimer and Filaimer. It is,
of course, possible that many of these coins have since
been injured by clipping; still, however, there are some
which are perfectly round ; and yet, with rare exceptions,
in all other ways decidedly inferior to the specimens in
the Eccles find.
Assuredly, if, as I believe, an argument can be founded
either on their relative state of preservation, or on the
workmanship of the coins in the Tealby and Eccles find
respectively, I should have no hesitation in giving the
whole of the first to the early part of Henry II., and a con-
siderable number of the second to the coinage of A.D. 1180.
With reference to the occurrence of the same moneyers 5
names on the presumed early and later coins of Henry II.,
I do not think much can be inferred one way or the other
from this fact.
It seems generally admitted that it was the custom for
the moneyer's office to be handed down in particular
families, and for the names of grandfathers and fathers to
be reproduced on the money of their later descendants.
Moreover it should be remembered that a large majority
of the names so reproduced are among the commonest of
English Christian names. I must confess that I do not
myself set much store on the comparison of the names of
the mint towns and moneyers in the different series of
coins alluded to in the foregoing paper, whether they be
really those of Henry II. or of Henry III. As, however,
I find that some of my Numismatic friends attach much
interest to such an investigation, I will set down here, as
briefly as I can, the results of such comparisons as I have
ON THE ECCLES FIND OF SILVER COINS.
been able to make of the towns and moneyers of each
series at present preserved in the National Museum. In
doing so, I beg to state that simply for the purpose of
such a comparison I call
Series I. The Tealby type, which is generally admitted to
belong to Henry II.
Series II. Those coins I have attributed to Philip Aymary
and his followers.
Series III. Those coins I have assigned to the first coinage
of Henry III.
Series IV. The coins of Henry III., with long cross and
sceptre.
Series V. The coins of Henry III., with long cross, but
without sceptre.
Now, on comparing the First and Second Series, I find
that in the First there are thirty mint towns; in the Second,
twenty ; and that of these, fourteen occurring in Series I.
are not met with in Series II. ; while, on the other hand,
Series II. exhibits three mint towns of which we have no
representations in Series I. In the case of the moneyers,
I find only eight common to both series, and coining money
at the same places ; while there are no less than twenty -
one whose names are the same, but their places of mintage
different ; and, more than this, that there are sixty-two
moneyers' names in Series I. which are not found at all in
Series II.
Secondly, when we come to compare Series II. and III.
together, I find that of the sixteen towns in Series III.
all except three are met with in Series II. ; while on the
other hand, Series II. has seven towns not found in Series
III. Series I. contains all these sixteen towns with the
exception of Chichester, and has moveover seventeen places
VOL. v. N.S. K K
246 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
of mintage which do not occur in Series III. On com-
paring the names of moneyers, I find twenty-five in
Series III. which are not represented in Series II.,
and twenty-one whose names are the same in both
series. Further, I observe that of the moneyers who
bear the same name, thirteen occur at the same places in
each series ; while a considerable number who coined at
the same places are found also at towns widely separated
the one from the other.
When we come to Series IV. the admitted coins of
Henry III., with long cross and sceptre I notice that
there are in all only nine mint towns, and that of these
four are the same in Series III. and IV. ; twelve occur in
Series III., but not in Series IV. ; while five are met
with in Series IV., but are not found in Series III. With
regard to the moneyers, I find twenty-seven in Series III.
and not in Series IV. ; six in both series, and at the same
place; five also in both series, but at different places;
and three in Series IV. which are not found in Series III.
Lastly, when we come to Series V. the admitted coins
of Henry III., with the long cross, without the sceptre I
find nineteen places in all where coins were struck ; that,
of these, fifteen are in Series V. and not in Series IV. ;
four both in Series IV. and V. ; and five in Series IV.
which are not found in Series V. And on comparing
the moneyers in Series IV. and V., I observe that there
are twelve in Series V. which are not seen in Series IV. ;
five the same and at the same places in each series ; and
seven the same in each series, but coining at different
places.
Such is, I believe, a fair resume of the facts of the
case. The value of the results deducible therefrom 1 am
content to leave to others.
ON THE ECCLES FIND OF SILVER COINS. 247
Now, with regard to the further separation or appro-
priation of the short-cross pennies, I stated in an earlier
part of this paper that, in the absence of documentary or
historical evidence, the only thing we could rely on would
be a reasoning from analogy that is, by comparing the
rest of the short-cross coins, as closely as we can, with
the specimens of the money of Ilger, Simon Chick, &c.,
which we have already given, pn historical grounds, to the
reign of Henry III. The marked differences in workman-
ship that I have noticed between the coins thus given to
Henry III., led me to suspect that equal, if not greater
differences among those of the other types might, possibly,
lead to a similar classification. Thus I could not help
agreeing with the views put forward many years ago by
Major (now Major- General) Yorke Moore, with reference
to the apparent age of the portraits on many of these
coins. It is quite true that anything like real portraiture
is c wholly wanting on all of our early coins : indeed, can
hardly be said to exist earlier than the time of Henry VII.
Still if we find, with remarkable uniformity, on a series of
coins such as those of Ilger, a physiognomy manifestly
intended for that of a very young man, and on another
series a set of faces as clearly those of an old or middle-
aged personage, it seems not too much to assume that
these mark different periods of one and the same reign, or
exhibit attempted portraits of different kings. It must
be remembered that I am not arguing in favour of any
portraits, meaning by these, real likenesses ; both young
and old have probably little or no resemblance to their
originals : all I wish to say is, that a well-marked differ-
ence does' exist, which is not sufficiently explained by
merely saying that no portrait at all was intended by the
artist who made the dies. Now, in following out this
248 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
analogical train of reasoning, and by comparing each in-
dividual coin, I have arrived at this apparent conclusion
that the four leading types we have already adopted may
practically be reduced to two ; in other words, that Types
I. and II. represent varieties of the same king's face,
though for determination of age they are generally too
rude for any opinion to be expressed on this head : and
that Types III. and IV. represent the portraits of another
and the same king, with this additional distinction, that
Type III. is that of an youthful personage, Type IV., on
the other hand, that of an older man.
Now, on referring to the coins of Aimer and Filaimer
(which, as I have already said, are absolutely identical), I
can have no doubt that they belong to the older and ruder
specimens of Types I. and II. ; and that if Types III. and
IV. have, with any fair reasoning, been given to the reign
of Henry III., all other specimens closely resembling
those of Aimer should be given to an earlier king, and,
like Aimer's, to Henry II. On continuing this com-
parison I have found that in the collection of the Eccles
find, which has been deposited in the National Museum,
there are about 204 specimens, belonging to eighteen
towns and eighty moneyers, which are so like the Aimer
types that it is impossible to believe they have nothing in
common with them. These, then, on the assumption
that Aimer and Filaimer represent the Philip Aymary who
was brought to England in A.D. 1180, I consider to be the
money of Henry II/s second great coinage; it being,
moreover, not unlikely that, as Aimer was specially ap-
pointed to the London mint, the types he adopted there
should have been sent to various country mints for the
guidance of the local moneyers. No one, I think, looking
at these coins, could believe on Numismatic authority that
ON THE ECCLES FIND OF SILVER COINS. 249
they were issued at the same time as, or under the same
auspices as, the Tealby type (Series L), or under the
superintendence of Ilger and Simon Chick (Series III.).
Again, when I apply the same principles of analogical
reasoning to the remaining specimens of this collection,
and compare them with the types of Simon Chick and
William Tailor, I find there are about 412 specimens,
belonging to 15 towns and 107 money ers, which are
as alike to the above, as the other class is to the money
of Aimer. These, therefore, I assign to Henry III.
All these coins belong to our Types III. and IV., and
cannot, I think, be attributed to the same reign as
those in Series I. and II., even when, as is rarely the case,
the moneyers are the same, by any evidence derivable
from numismatic comparison. Here then, if the data I
have assumed are felt by other numismatists to have the
weight they seem to me to have, we obtain, at least, a
principle on which the great mass of the short-cross
pennies may be arranged.
I have not deemed it advisable to increase the length
of this paper by any inquiry as to whether the coins I
have ventured to assign to Henry II. are themselves sub-
divisible into two or more classes, though I am inclined to
think that this is possible ; nor have I felt it necessary to
examine into the grounds on which Mr. Longstaffe, in his
very able paper, has attributed many of the short-cross
pennies to the reigns of Richard and John, which are at
present barren of English money. Both these questions
I may refer to more fully on a subsequent occasion.
In the meantime I will only say that I do not feel con-
vinced by Mr. Longstafie's arguments that he has really
succeeded in filling up this gap in the English numismatic
series ; and that, so far as I have at present looked into
250
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
the question, I should rather give to the second coinage of
Henry II. the majority of the specimens he would refer to
Richard.
In conclusion, I wish to state that throughout this
inquiry I have been greatly assisted by the patient care
and good judgment of my colleague, Mr. Head; and I
trust the Society, as well as myself, will feel the debt they
owe to him for the time and the labour he has given to
the interpretation and classification of the long series of
the Eccles find.
The following is a list of the specimens which have been
added to the National Collection from this find :
FVLK6C
N S . 7ttD.
FVK6C
FOLKS
NOEMTCN
NOE . M7OT .
S.'TO).
S . 7VDM.
S . TtDM.
S7VNT.
S7YN.
BURY ST. EDMUNDS.
ET^VF
ON S7VNT6C.
: STYNTGL
SIMVND S7YNT.
WILL6CLM ST^N.
, S7VNT.
CANTERBURY.
dOLDWINGC
aoLDwia
tyffNEI
ON dTY.
dTTN.
d.
dTL
dM
El
El.
. TC
ff.
. T.
IVN
I07VN
ON dTV . NTGC.
dTVN . T.
dTVNT.
dTTNTeC.
dTVNT.
dT^NTeC.
dTYNTffE.
O dftNTSB.
ON dT^NTGCED.
dTTN . T6CE . D.
dTTNT.
dT^N . T.
dTVNTff.
dTVN . T6CE.
dTTNTGCE.
T^N ON dTVI.
Struck).
ON THE ECCLES FIND OF SILVER COINS.
251
I07TN
ON
aTTTffE.
E06CE.OF.E.
ON
i07tN.ai?ia,,
a?v.
STVMYffL
ON
a.
IOl]7VN
J>
OTTN.
>
an.
fTTTNT
OTWTG:
>
\JL / VJJN .
arcr.
(double struck).
S7VL6CMY
,
a?[N.
B
j
aft.
SIMON
(
OTYNT.
4. KTATW
rT*7T"\r
MGCINIE
a^NT.
T^ C^i\L V i/l
>
a?vN.
NOEMTCN OTtN.
.+ '8-
i
aTVNT
OSMYND
a?vN.
(double struck).
OSNYND
j>
ttTTNT.
SINYN
a?vN.
T.
EOBtT
a^NT.
SI.MYN
aT^NT
EOB6CED
j
a?v.
SIMYN
i>
aT^NT
EOBGCET
OTTN.
SIMYN
M
OTTNTG
EOBGCED
TOM7VS
>
a^N.
EODffED
II
a^N.
T.
EOBffED
aTTNT.
II
O7TNT
EIO6C . . .
aTTNT.
II
O7VNT
EOG6CE
aTTN . T.
YL7TED
II
aTTN.
EOGffEOF
E06ffE.OF.,,
EOG6C OF E OTT.
E066CE OF E ON aTTN.
E06GCE OF E ON O.
aTTNT.
W7VLT6CE aTT.
E066CE.OF.E.,, tt.
O7VN.
WTVTGCE ',', aTVNT.
WTVLTIGCE a?v.
WILL6CN . Tft ON ttTV.
CARLISLE.
T^LTVIN ON CmE. | TOMT^S ON
CHICHESTER.
ON a.
01.
aia.
piecEecs ON aiaec.
F ETVVLF aiaec.
SIMON aiaec.
DURHAM.
TVLffIN ON DVEO. I 4- PffEaS . ON DYE :
EXETER.
ON ecaa.
aa.
OSBGCE ON ecxec.
252 NUMISMATIC CHKONICLE.
ILCHESTER?
J?GCEN7VVD ON I.
IPSWICH.
71LIS7VNDEGC ON 6. | IOf?7VN ON 6IP6C.
LINCOLN.
* 7VL7UN ON NIGCO.
E7YVF ON NiaOL.
TUSDEaV NiaO.
^ ElttTTED
TODBaV NICC.
TOM7TS NlttO.
*7tNDEGC NiaO.
"NTT (TOT,
GCDMVND NiaOL.
WILLaLM NiaOL.
K)~V"fT
LONDON.
7TBGCL. ON LVNDGC.
* FOLKff ON LVN).
i7aNEia LVN.
> j
LTIND.
LVN).
LVN.
f^aNEI LVNDa.
LVNDGCN
T "\7~\m
7U)7VM ,, LVNDGC.
LVNDI
(double struck.)
LVN
LVNa.
* 1?GCNBI LYND.
7VIMGCE ON LVNDGC.
* fyGCNBI LY .
,, LVND.
I* hfTNET LVND ff
TCLTON.V LVND.
4* f]GCNEI ,, LVNDa.
BaNaiT LVNDGC.
laFEai LVND.
LYN).
T/TTT>
DfiVI LYND.
Ifotlxt ,,
lOhTVN ,, LVNDa.
GCLIS LVN . DGC.
GC . LIS LYNDGC.
ILGaB ,',' LVN.
LVND
aLIS LYNDGCN.
LVNDGC
j y -l.J V 1> JL/
LVNDa
LYNDa.
LVNDaN.
ILGaEaE LVND.
(double struck).
piasas LVND.
LGCIS LVLNGC.
(GCLIS ON LVNDGC ?)
I7GCLIS ON LVN.D.
l?a .LIS LYN . Dff.
FliTUMaB LVN.
FVLKa ,, LVND.
piaEas . M. ON LVN.
LVNDaN.
B7VVF LVNDa.
T VXTTk
ON LVN . Da.
,, JjVJMJJ.
4-FYLKa LYN).
LVN)a.
* LVND.
,, LVN.
-t. -rir\T TT'CT T A7~\T1T
T/VDfT.
ON THE ECCLES FIND OF SILVER COINS.
253
B7SVLF
ON LV . D.
LVN.
LVN . D.
LVND.
LVNDff.
LVNDff.
LVNDff.
LVN)ff.
LVN.
LVN.
" LVN).
LVNDI.
LW.
LW.
LV.
LV.
LV.
LV.
LW.
LVN).
LVN.
LVD.
LVND.
LVN . D.
LVXDff.
LVN . DC.
VN.
T.VXT r
WT^LGffE
WTVLTffR
ON LW.
LV.
LW.
LVN).
LVN)ff.
,',' LW.
LVN)ff.
LVN.
LVN).
LVN)ff.
LVN).
LV.
LV.
ONLV.
LV.
LVN).
',', LW.
LV.
LW.
LVN.
LVN).
,',' LVN.
LW.
LW.
L.
T.V
WLT^TffR
EffNffE
EffNffE
RIdTVED
WT^TffR
WILLffM
* WILLffM
. * WILffM
* WILffM
WILLffM. B
T
J*
BIdTVBD . B.
* BIffdTYBD
STIVffNff
* WILLffLM
E
TffEIEI
TffEEI
TffE . El .
TffE . EION
TffE . EL ON
TffE . EIONL
TfTT? PTfyNr
T.
T
rn
LYKtf.
ON LffNGC. | IOJ]7IN ON LffNN.
NORTHAMPTON.
FILIP
17V60
ON NORf].
NORljT.
R7YVL ON NOR7T.
ROBffRD NORJ].
NORWICH.
IffFRffI ON NOR.
IFRffI NORY.
NOEW.
IOl}7TN ON NORY.
OI]AN NOEW.
EOBffED.T. NQCR.
EITHER NORTHAMPTON OR NORWICH.
U7YXDVL
EfflNT^VD
EfflNT^LD
EffNTVVD
ON NO.
NO.
NOE.
NCR.
EOBffED ON NO.
EOBffED. T. NCR.
NO.
WTVLTffE NOfi.
'VOL. V. NJ3.
L L
254
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
OXFORD.
MILGCS ON
oas.
EICCTtED
ROCHESTER.
ON E.
TtLISTVNDE EO.
7VLIS7VN EOY.
ON EO.
EO.
RHUDDLAN. ?
SIMON ON EVL7V.
SIMOND EVL7V.
SIMOMD OI/I EVL71.
SHREWSBURY.
ivec ON STYLO?.
WORCESTER.
OSB6CE ON WIEia.
WILTON.
OSBGCE ON WILTV. | OSBGCE ON WILT.
WINCHESTER.
TCDTtM 0]
7YN)EGCV
rTEflftF-NT
ff wmaec.
WIN.
WIN
OSBffE
E7YVF
N WINtt.
wiNaet.
"WTXTfT
X-jiJ-UJj At/JLJ^i X
eoaecLM
VY XxN .
WTNfT
EGCINIffE
PTfTTTPTi
W1JN U-.
wma.
"WT
hffNET
VV .l.-i> VJL
WT^fTff
XiiJ-VX / VXiJL/
W.
\rr\TT
IO177VN
LVK7TS
YV J->1 VjLvLt
WIN.
WIN.
WIN (I.
EODBGCET
WJNJL.
WN.
WINtt.
.WTXT
OSB6CEN
OSBSE
WIN.
wiNaet.
WILL6CLM
WILL ....
VV -LIN .
WIN.
WN.
W. S. W. VAUX.
255
XIII.
THE SHORT-CROSS QUESTION.
[Read before the Numismatic Society, October 19th, 1865.]
THE interest which has been excited among numismatists
by the discovery of the large hoard of short-cross pennies
at Eccles, of which a detailed account has been given to
this society by Mr. Vaux and Mr. Head, seems to render
the present time favourable for passing under review the
question of the attribution of these pieces, while the
information to be derived from a careful examination of
so large an assemblage of coins may assist in determining
what is the proper solution of the question.
I propose, therefore, briefly to recapitulate the opinions
of various authors as to the monarch under whom they
suppose these short-cross pennies to have been struck :
and then to examine the various methods we have at our
command to determine the period to which they are to be
assigned.
It is, perhaps, needless to cite the opinions of our
earliest numismatic writers, but I may mention that a
double-struck short- cross penny is engraved as being of
Richard I., by l Speed; and that 2 Leake, 3 Bishop Fleet-
1 Historie, 2nd ed., 1623, p. 529.
2 Nummi Britannici, 1st ed., 1729, p. 12; 2nd ed., 1745,
p. 54.
5 Chronicon Preciosum, A pp. pi. i.
256 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
wood, and Wise* assign the short-cross pennies to
Henry II., and those with the long cross to Henry III.
Withy and Ryall 5 (or rather Mr. White) regard the
short-cross pennies as having been struck by Henry III.
before his thirty-second year, and the long-cross pennies
as having been issued after that time. Martin Folkes 6 and
Mr. North were also of the same opinion, in'which they were
followed by Ruding. 7 At a later period Mr. Hawkins 8
considered the short-cross coins to belong to the second
coinage of Henry II., and assigned none but long-cross
coins to Henry III. Mr. Sainthill, 9 however, and Mr.
Haigh dissented from this attribution, and showed cause
why the short-cross coins should be assigned to Henry III.
Mr. Saintbill also published a most valuable list of the
moneyers whose names appear on both the long and the
short-cross coins, but most unfortunately, though he lft sub-
sequently recognised the fact that there are at least three
distinct varieties of bust upon the short-cross coins, he
did not do so in time to distinguish the different moneyers
whose names appear upon the different varieties, and
several inaccuracies, both as to towns and names of
moneyers, have crept into the lists. Numerous writers in
the Numismatic Chronicle have also entered into the con-
troversy ; among them may be mentioned Mr. Haigh, 11
who maintained the same views as he advocated in the
" Olla Podrida ; " the Rev. Henry Christmas, 12 who fol-
4 Nummi Bodleiani, 1750, pi. xix.
5 Eng. Silver Coins., 1756, pi. v. Tables, 1773, p. 7.
7 Annals, ed. 1840, vol. i. p. 182.
8 Silver Coins of England, 1840, p. 87.
Olla Podrida, vol. i. p. 124. 10 Oil. Tod., vol. ii. p. 58.
11 Num. Chron., 1844, vol. iv. pp. 71 and 201.
12 Num. Chron., vol. vii., p. 138.
THE SHORT-CROSS QUESTION. 257
lowed upon the same side ; Major (now Major-General)
Moore/ 3 who disputed their conclusions, and adopted the
views of Mr. Hawkins ; and Mr. Bergne, 14 who, after an
elaborate examination of the question, assigned the short-
cross pennies to Henry III., and suggested that the coins
of the Tealby type (Hawkins, No. 285) may be of the
second coinage of Henry II. in 1180.
In the New Series of the- Numismatic Chronicle, Mr.
Sainthill 15 has communicated an account of a hoard of
short-cross pennies found at Newry, which he still
assigned to Henry III. ; and the Eev. A. Pownall, 16 who
has added materially to the list of the moneyers whose
names appear on the coins, and especially of those who
struck with the cross-pommee mint-mark, has given an
account of a hoard found in Yorkshire. His opinion was
in favour of some of the short-cross coins being regarded
as those of Henry III., and others as those of his
grandfather, Henry II.
But by far the most important memoir is that by Mr.
Longstaffe, 17 on the " Northern Evidence on the Short-
Cross Question," in which, mainly from documentary
evidence, he arrived at the conclusion that the issue of the
short-cross pennies bearing the name of Henry, com-
menced under Henry II., was continued under Richard I.
and John, and ceased in 1247 under Henry III., when
the long-cross type was adopted. Among the other than
documentary evidence adduced by Mr. Longstaffe, he
insists, and with reason, upon the great diversity of the
bust, and of the workmanship observable on the coins,
13 Num. Chron., vol. x. p. 21. M Ibid, p. 26.
15 Num. Chron., N.S., vol.i. p. 204.
16 Num. Chron., N.S., vol. i. p. 206 ; vol. iii. p. 189.
17 Num. Chron., N.S., vol. iii. p. 162.
258 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
and goes so far as to assign the different varieties to the
different raonarchs under whom they appear to have been
struck. As his paper must be in the hands of every one
interested in this question, I shall not attempt any farther
analysis of it, especially as I shall have hereafter to refer
to it, and to some extent travel over the same ground,
making use also of some of Mr. Longstaffe's arguments
and authorities, without possibly in all cases being able to
make due acknowledgment for them.
In approaching the question of the date of the short-
cross coins, the first point we have to determine is the
period during which there is any possibility of their
having been issued ; that is to say, to assign limits before
and after which they cannot have been struck.
In one direction this limit is readily found, for all our
chronicles agree in fixing the issue of the long-cross type
in the year 1247 or 1248. Matthew Paris, John de
Wallingforde, and John de Oxenedes, 18 have each given
sketches of the coin in the margin of their chronicles, and
the reason assigned for the prolongation of the cross to the
margin of the coin is the prevention of clipping. 19 The limit
in the other direction, though it has been to some extent
called in question by Mr. Bergne, 20 can, I think, also be
definitely assigned. Chroniclers agree in recording that
there were in the reign of Henry II. two great re-coinages
of money. The first of these took place about the year
18 Chron. Joh. de Oxenedes, edited by Sir Henry Ellis,
pp. xxv. and 160. See also Ann. de Burton, s. a. 1247; Ann.
de Winton, B. a. 1247 ; Earth. Cotton de Eege Hen. III., s.a.
1247 ; Chron. Major, et Vice-Corn. Lond. (Camden Soc.), s.a.
1247 ; Chronica de Mailros, s.a. 1247.
19 Ann. de Waverleia, s. a. 1247.
20 Num. Chron., vol. x. p. 39.
THE SHORT-CROSS QUESTION. 259
1158, 21 the second about 1180. 22 Hovederi 23 places these
coinages in the second and twenty-sixth years of Henry II.,
or 1156 and 1180; but most of the chronicles give the
years 1158 and 1180.
In the 24 preface to the Chronicle of John de Oxenedes,
Sir Henry Ellis makes the following remarks on this
point, which I cannot do better than transcribe. " In the
reign of Henry the Second two periods of coinage are
mentioned, not only by John de Oxenedes, but by most of
our historians, in the briefest manner. Of the first, under
the year 1158, it is said, ' Nova moneta fabricata est in
Anglia.' Of the second, under the year 1180, 'Nova
moneta fabricata est.'
"Benedict, Abbot of Peterborough, who lived at the
time, is the only writer who gives a rather more extended
notice of this last coinage. He says, 'Eodem anno,
scilicet ab Incarnatione Domini 1180, Henricus Rex
Anglise fecit in AngM novam monetam fieri, et praecepit
quod a festo Sancti Martini non caperetur alia moneta in
Anglia quam ilia nova ; vetus namque moneta corrupta
fuit et rex monetarios redeinit ; id est ad redemptionem
coegit.' The coins of the former sovereigns were with-
drawn from circulation."
The first of these coinages Sir Henry recognises in the
coins found at Tealby, the second he considers to have
been unquestionably of the short-cross type.
21 Earth. Cott. de R. Hen. II., s. a. 1158; Chron. Job. de
Oxenedes, B. a. 1158. See also Ruding, vol. i. p. 170.
22 Chron. Walter! Hemingford, s. a. 1180 ; Bart. Cotton de
R. Hen. II., s. a. 1180 ; Chron. Job. de Oxenedes, s. a. 1180 ;
Annales Cambrise, s. a. 1181 ; Ann. de "Wintonia, s. a. 1179;
Ann. de Waverleia, s. a. 1180. See also Ruding, vol. i. p. 171.
Chron. Petroburgense, Camden Soc.,s. a. 1179.
33 Hoveden, p. 282597, p. 491. M p. xvii.
60 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
The proofs adduced by Mr. Taylor Combe to show that
the Tealby coins were those of Henry II., will be found in
Ruding 25 and the Archseologia. 26 Sir Henry Ellis, how-
ever, has shown that Aschetil and Lantier, whose names
appear on Tealby coins of the Wilton mint, are mentioned
under the names of Anschetil and Lantier iii the chan-
cellor's roll of the eleventh year of Henry II. as moneyers
at Wilton; and as this was in the year 1165, or fifteen
years before the coinage of 1180, the presumption that the
Tealby coins were struck between 1158 and 1180 becomes
almost a certainty, especially when it is considered that if
we do not admit the Tealby type as that of the first coin-
age of Henry II., we have no other to assign to it. As
an additional proof that this type has been rightly appro-
priated, I will add that the name of Turstan, who was
one of the moneyers of the Tealby type at Thetford
(TVRSTEIN ON TEFP, &c.), is mentioned as one of
the moneyers of that place in the fourteenth year of
Henry II. (1168). 27 Lefwine Besant and Ailwine Finch, 23
moneyers of London, also paid that same year five and
two marks respectively towards an aid, " ad filiam regis
maritandam." Their names, too, appear 011 the Tealby
coins as ALWINE ON LVND and LEFWINE ON
LVN. In the same manner, William, the moneyer of
Carlisle, whom we find on the Tealby coins as WILLEM
ON CARDV, is mentioned in the roll 29 of the sixteenth
year of Henry II. (1170), and Mr. Longstaffe has
adduced other evidence to show that William, who had
leased a mine near Carlisle from the year 1156, became
25 Vol. i. p. 172. 20 Vol. xviii. p. 2.
27 Mag. Rot. 14, H. 2 ; Madox, Hist. Exch. p. 410.
28 Madox, p. 410. Madox, p. SS9.
THE SHORT-CROSS QUESTION. 261
bankrupt about 1179 or 1180, and was succeeded in 1181
by Alan, of whom no Tealby coins are known.
Against such cumulative evidence it is impossible to
stand, and we must therefore accept the Tealby type as
representing the coinage of 1158, and agree with Sir
Henry Ellis, that this type, more or less modified, must
have existed from 1158 to 1180. That this type was that
of the English coinage for a considerable length of time
is proved by the fact so that among the hoard of upwards
of 5,700 coins found at Tealby, minted at no less than
twenty-nine different towns, not a single coin of any other
type was present.
It may of course be urged that the new coinage of 1180
was only a re-coinage, and did not involve any change of
type; but such a view is untenable, as the coins are
spoken of as a " nova moneta," none other than which
was to be current, so that there must have been
some ready means of distinguishing them from the old
coins. We know, moreover, that a new artist was em-
ployed for this coinage, " Philippus Aymari natione Turo-
nicus." If therefore we are to place any faith in contem-
porary chronicles, there was a new coinage in 1180, on
which the name of Henry II. would appear, and as the
Tealby type is already appropriated, we are of necessity
compelled to assign the only other type which can, with
the slightest degree of probability, be attributed to
Henry II., viz., that with the short cross, to this second
coinage. We have, therefore, here the other limit which
was sought for. The short-cross pennies cannot have
been struck earlier than 1180, nor later than 1247.
But is there any record of any other coinages between
80 Archaeologia, vol. xviii., p. 1.
VOL V. N.S MM
262 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
these dates? Undoubtedly there is. In the Annales
Cambrise, under the year 1205, we read, "Mutatio
monetse facta est," and the same words occur in the
Annals of Waverley, under the same year. It would
appear, then, that after the cessation of the Tealby type,
in 1180, there was one alteration if not more in the coinage
before the introduction of the long-cross type in 1247.
We have now to consider what coins can be assigned
to the issues during the period of sixty-seven years
which intervened between those dates, and I think it may
fairly be assumed that no coinage of such an extent that its
first introduction was thought worthy of being recorded
in the chronicles of the time, can by any^'possibility so
entirely have disappeared that at the present day we have
no traces of it. It has by some been supposed that the
enormous sum of money paid for the ransom of Hichard I.
so entirely cleared the kingdom of money, that the whole
coinage of that king had disappeared ; but such a suppo-
sition is evidently absurd ; though the speech of the
German nobles, recorded by Bromton, 31 shows that those
who believed that this country would have been so easily
drained of all its money, erred in good company. We
must then assume that we have still extant all the types
that were issued intermediate, in point of time, between
the Tealby and the long-cross coins, and any one conver-
sant with the English series must at once acknowledge
that there are none but the short-cross coins to fill the
interval. Had all the kings of England, during this period
of sixty-seven years, been Henries, I do not think that any
numismatist would have felt the slightest difficulty in
tracing a chronological succession in the different varieties
81 Col. 1257. Ruding, vol. i. p. 174, note 2.
THE SHORT-CROSS QUESTION. 263
of the short-cross type, and in assigning them, at all
events approximately, to the different monarchs ; for all
will agree that there may be found quite as much dif-
ference in the style and workmanship of different short-
cross coins as to constitute varieties quite as well marked
as if the type had been distinct.
These varieties have already been described by Mr. Long-
staffe with considerable minuteness. I am, however, for
reasons which will subsequently appear, induced slightly
to vary the succession which he has adopted, and to
arrange the classes of coins as follows :
I. Large well-spread coins ; workmanship fair, though
in but slight relief; five pearls in crown, usually two
curls on dexter, five on sinister side, giving somewhat the
appearance of the bust being three-quarter faced (see PI.
XI., No. 1). Occasionally the curls are more numerous and
smaller, as many as seven or eight on one side, though
the general appearance is preserved. There are some
coins of this class having dots at intervals in the outer
circle, like PI. XI., No. 6. These appear to be the earliest
coins. Others, by the coarseness of their workmanship,
show a transition into the next class.
II. Coins rather reduced in size ; workmanship coarser ;
usually more than five pearls in crown, or frequently a
mere beaded line instead. The bust has the appearance
of being full-faced, but the number of curls varies from
four or five on a side down to a single curl, the number on
each side being generally equal (see PI. XI., No. 2). The
eyes are sometimes represented by annulets and some-
times by pellets ; the beard sometimes by pellets, some-
times by small crescents. Some full-faced coins of neater
workmanship, and with three curls on each side, the lower
ones enclosing pellets, appear to be intermediate between
264 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
this and the succeeding class. The coins, such as that
engraved in PL XI., No. 7, also probably belong to this
transitional period. Mr. Pownall suggests that the coins
of these two first classes may be designated as of " the early
short-cross type." Mr. Longstaffe also now regards the
coins in this class as later than those in Class I.
III. Smaller coins, of neat workmanship, and in good
relief, usually five (but very rarely seven) pearls in crown ;
two curls on each side, enclosing pellets ; a long face, with
the beard formed by straight strokes, and joining on to
the curls. There are two or three varieties of bust on the
coins of this class. The letters of the legend on the
reverse are frequently linked into monograms.
IV. Bust similar to the last, but with more than two
curls on one or both sides, though, as a rule, not exceeding
three (see PI. XI., No. 5). Sometimes the lower curl is
extremely small (see PI. XI:, No. 3). The busts on some
of the coins, with three curls on each side, show the transi-
tion into Class V.
These two classes might perhaps with more propriety be
termed varieties of one class. Together they constitute
what Mr. Pownall calls " the middle short-cross type."
To these two classes belong two varieties :
A. Coins with the cross-pommee mint-mark. These as
a rule are of good workmanship and relief. They usually
present the peculiarity of the S on the obverse being
reversed, 8, and the E&X is frequently divided by the
sceptre E6C X, instead of as usual E ffX. The coins
of this variety are characterised in the following tables
by a ^ When coins with the ordinary cross were also
struck by the same moneyer a + is added.
B. Coins with ornamented letters. These constitute a
variety not before noticed. The letters to which orna-
mented terminations have been given are the GC and ff,
THE SHORT-CROSS QUESTION. 265
the ends of which are frequently curled round, so as to
enclose pellets, Q& , and occasionally flourished, 6C*
There are some coins with merely two dots placed after
the CC: and 6D The TV's are also sometimes made orna-
mental H, as in PL XI., No. 5, and the upright strokes
of B's and D's and the transverse one of N's made double.
The tails of the B/s and ty's are also often prolonged and
curved. All these coins appear to belong to Class IV.
The moneyers who struck them are distinguished in the
tables by an *.
V. Smaller coins still; workmanship neat, but the
coins often carelessly struck ; bust placed low down in
inner circle, so as hardly to show any neck ; curls, usually
three on each side, and formed of crescents enclosing
pellets ; the pellets, however, often absent, and the curls
sometimes only two on each side. (See PI. XI., Nos. 4
and 9.) On one variety, probably intermediate between this
and the preceding class, the neck is shown, and the chin
terminates in a pellet. A number of coins of this class
have pellets interspersed among the letters of the legend
on the reverse, which very rarely occurs on the coins of
the preceding class. The coins of this fifth class may be
termed, as suggested by Mr. Pownall, of " the late short-
cross type."
Such is a general view of the classes into which these
short-cross pennies may readily be divided. There are,
no doubt, many kinds presenting slight peculiarities, some
of which seem to be intermediate between two of the classes
described, if they do not constitute, like Plate XI., No. 7,
a class by themselves. There are also the coins reading
CIVIT7VS LVXD6C on the reverse, which I need not here
adduce.
Looking over a series of the coins arranged in the
manner here proposed, it will be observed that Class I.
266 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
shades, by almost imperceptible degrees, into Class II.,
and that there is an extremely easy transition from Class
III. into Class IV., and again from that into Class V.,
while the passage between Class II. and Class III. is far
more abrupt ; the workmanship of the latter being very
much superior to that of the former. Whether or no the
different classes of coins followed each other in the order
I have proposed, and whether the whole five followed each
other without any lengthened break in the coinage
between the issue of one class of coins and another, may,
I think, be determined by numismatic evidence. For
if we find one money er commencing his coinage with
Class I. and continuing it under Class II. and III.,
another commencing with Class II. and continuing it
under Class III. and IV., and a third commencing under
Class III., and striking also coins of Class IV. and V., we
have evidence of a succession of moneyers striking
successive varieties of type; while the fact that one
moneyer struck as many as three classes of coins proves
that there could have been no very lengthened interval
between the issue of each.
In the following list of mints and moneyers, based on a
personal examination of upwards of six thousand coins, I
have arranged the latter in accordance with the classifica-
tion above proposed, which is also that adopted by my
friend, the Rev. Assheton Pownall, who has most kindly
assisted me in the preparation of the list, and with many
valuable suggestions. My thanks are also due to Mr.
Longstaffe. I have not attempted to give all the varieties
in the spelling of each moneyer's name, nor to notice all
the slight peculiarities in the coins, my object on the present
occasion being to give a general comprehensive view of the
whole question without encumbering it too much with detail.
TEE SHORT-CROSS QUESTION.
267
OQ
gps
g^tffcd
#> &i-3
PH SCSH
oSoH
^OP5^
O O
b PH
OQ
p^
13
PP
P^
15
^
tt
M
w
a
268
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
O
P3
T.
rn
s
p4
H
J
O3
^
1 1 M CQ
H3 8 K
p^ ^
<i o
CHICHE
bj W PH ^
S H H o
S u3 t> M
M M ^
W
^
+
|_3 H
THE SHORT-CROSS QUESTION.
269
~
n
w
o
rt
p
-
tf
o
o
i i
A
O
o
525
VOL. V. N.S,
N N
270
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
t-j (_J HH
^ ^ \^
tlJ fcd M
PQ PH PH
s
o
P^Pn
M^P
S^P
^p^l^dS . ^^ g3
K^^^^w^,
THE SHORT-CROSS QUESTION.
271
p
S^
oR
W
.
tf 525
gg.
So
SS
WEH
fc
o
H
PH
EH
P3
o
W
ooR
pH P3 K
B
wo
o
Sigl
272
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
a
CQ
fad
I S
*
Q
8
EH
02
PH
ta
w
CO
w
-
M O
THE SHORT-CROSS QUESTION.
273
EH
02
W.
W
O
w
i-6
iSi
E-"
02
to
OQ O
274
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
> 02 H; od
i
O u
CO "
p
R
PH
K
P
ft
P
a
P^
55 ,g
i 1
f^l to
t I <B
CQ ^
n a
THE SHORT-CROSS QUESTION. 275
Of course, in a list of this kind it is impossible to
prove the identity of the moneyers of the same name,
and at the same mint, striking differe 
