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PRESENTED     BY 


OYAL  ONTARIO  MUSEUM 


ARCHAEOLOGY* 


,THE> 


NUMISMATIC  CHRONICLE, 

/  /• 

/AND 

JOURNAL  OF  THE  NUMISMATIC  SOCIETY. 


EDITED    BY 

JOHN  YONGE  AKERMAN,  F.S.A. 

ONE  OF  THE  SECRETARIES  OF  THE    NUMISMATIC  SOCIETY, 

CORRESPONDING  MEMBER  OF  THE  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES  OF  EDINBURGH,  [  J    /       /      , 

AND  OF  NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE,   AND  FELLOW  OF  THE  ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES 
OF  COPENHAGEN. 


VOL.  VII. 

APRIL,  1844.— JANUARY,  1845. 


Factum  abiit — raonumenta  manent.— Ov.  Fast. 


LONDON: 
TAYLOR  &  WALTON,  28,  UPPER  GOWER  STREET. 

SOLD  ALSO  BY  M.  ROLUN,  RUE  VIVIENNE,  No.  12,  PARIS. 
M.DCCC.XLV. 


I 

N 
v.7 


LONDON: 

ITIIMTICI)  BY  JOHN  WfiRTHEIMER  AND  CO. 
CIRCUS  PI,ACK,  FIN'SBURY  CIRCUS. 


TO 

HIS    EXCELLENCY 

COUNT    MAURICE    DIETRICHSTEIN, 

KNIGHT    OF   THE    ORDER    OF    THE    GOLDEN    FLEECE, 

PRIVY    COUNCILLOR   AND    GRAND    CHAMBERLAIN    OF    HIS    MAJESTY 

THE    EMPEROR    OF    AUSTRIA, 

THIS, 
OUR    SEVENTH    VOLUME, 

IN 
ACKNOWLEDGMENT   OF    NUMEROUS    KIND    ATTENTIONS, 

IS 

RESPECTFULLY    AND   GRATEFULLY 
INSCRIBED. 


CONTENTS. 


ANCIENT  NUMISMATICS. 

I'AGE 

New  proposed   Reading    of   certain  Coins  of   Cunobelin 

(PL  V.) ;  by  Samuel  Birch,  Esq.,  British  Museum    .          78 

Note  on  some  Types,  on  Coins  of  Tarentum  ;    by  Samuel 

Birch,  Esq.,  British  Museum  ....        107 

On  the  Types  on  the  Coins  of  Terina ;  by  Samuel  Birch, 

Esq.,  British  Museum  .....        142 

The  adoption  of  the  Athenian  Standard  in  the  Coinage  of 
some  Italian  and  Sicilian  Cities,  about  Olympiad  75, 
B.C.  480,  corroborated  and  accounted  for  by  Historical 
Evidence;  by  Dr.  Henry  Barth  .  .  .  .156 

On  the  Date  of  some  of  the  Coins  of  Himera;  by  E.  H. 

Bunbury,  Esq 179 

On  the  Coin  attributed  by  Mr.  Borrell  to  Alexander  of 

Pherae;  by  Charles  Newton,  Esq.,  British  Museum    .        110 

Proposed  attribution  to  Allaria,  in  Crete,  of  a  Coin  at  pre- 
sent ascribed  to  Lacedaemon ;  by  Charles  Newton, 
Esq.,  British  Museum  114 

Some  unedited  Coins,  principally  of  Asia  Minor — Laus, 
Lucania — Pergamus  and  Sardis — Eumenia,  Phrygia 
—  Hierapolis  —  JEzanes,  Phrygia  —  Dionysopolis, 
Phrygia  —  Tiberiopolis,  Phrygia  —  Bagae,  Lydia  — 
Blaundus,  Lydia — Maeonia,  Lydia — Silandus,  Lydia — 
Aphrodisias,  Caria — Tabae,  Caria — Bubastites  Nomos ; 
by  Samuel  Birch,  Esq.,  British  Museum  .  .  5 

Some  unedited  Autonomous  and  Imperial  Greek  Coins — 
^Egae,  ^Eolia  —  Cyme,  ^Eolia  —  Myrina,  ^Eolia  — 
Neontichos,  ^Eolia  —  Temnus,  Molia.  —  Lesbos  — 
Eresus,  Lesbos  —  Methymna,  Lesbos  —  M itylene, 
Lesbos — Nasi  vel  Napi,  Lesbos — Pyrrha,  Lesbos — 
Arsinoe,  Ionia — Clazoniene,  Ionia — Ephesus,  Ionia — 


VI  CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

ErythraB,  Ionia  —  Leuce,  Ionia  —  Magnesia,  Ionia — 
Miletus,  Ionia — Neapolis,  Ionia  —  Phygela,  Ionia — 
Priene,  Ionia  —  Smyrna,  Ionia  —  Teos,  Ionia  —  Teos 
and  Lebedus,  Ionia — Saraos  ;  by  H.  P.  Borrell,  Esq.         45 
Unedited  Autonomous  and  Imperial  Greek  Coins — JEni- 
anes,  Thessalia — Crannon,  Thessalia — Cierium,  Thes- 
salia — Ctimene,  Thessalia — Eurymenae,  Thessalia — 
Histia30tis,  Thessalia — Lamia,  Thessalia — Alexander 
Tyrant  of  Pherse — Tricca,  Thessalia — Peparethus — 
Sciathus — Aleta,  or  Aletta,  Illyria — Apollonia,  Illyria 
—  Dyrrachium,    Illyria,    and   Leucas,   Acarnania  — 
Alexander  II.,  Epiri  Rex ;  by  H.  P.  Borrell,  Esq.     .        115 
On  a  Coin  of  Nero;  by  George  Sparkes,  Esq.         V         •        172 
On  Coins  of  Maximianus  and  Carausius  (Miscellaneous)   .   200-1 

MEDIEVAL  NUMISMATICS. 
On  some  Celtic  Ring  Money,  with  pointed  ends,  similar 

to  the  African  Ring  Money  ;  by  Edward  Hoare,  Esq.  1 

On  Merovingian  Coins,  &c.,  discovered  at  St.  Martin's, 

near  Canterbury ;  by  Charles  Roach  Smith,  Esq.      .       187 
On  some  Anglo-Saxon   Stycas  discovered  at  York  ;    by 

Charles  Roach  Smith,  Esq.     .         .         .         .         .   .'     99 

On  some  Stycas  found  at  York  ;  by  Joseph  Fairless,  Esq.  34 
Unpublished  Penny  of  Ethelstan  I.  of  East  Anglia ;  by 

Joseph  Kenyon,  Esq.  (Miscellanea)          ...         38 
Worcester   Penny  of  Alfred ;  by  Joseph   Kenyon,   Esq. 

(Miscellanea)         .         .  '      .         .;       .         ...       39 
Inedited    Saxon    and    English    Coins ;  by    the    Rev.    H. 

Christmas      .         .      ^.         .         .        ....         .       135 

Curious  Cufic  Coin,  with  Runic  Inscriptions  (Miscellanea)  105 
Siege  Money  of  Landau ;  by  Benjamin  Nightingale,  Esq.  25 
Curious  Error  on  a  Dutch  Duyt  (Miscellanea)  .  .  44 

ORIENTAL  AND  MISCELLANEOUS  NUMISMATICS. 
Tin- Money  of  the  Trading  Ports  of  the  Burman  Empire ; 

by  W.  B.  Dickinson,  Esq.       .....         29 


CONTENTS.  Vll 

PAGE 

Tin-Money  of  the  Trading  Ports  of  the  Burman  Empire ; 

by  the  Rev.  H.  Christmas       ..... 

Tin-Money  of  the  Trading  Ports  of  the  Burman  Empire ; 

by  Benjamin  Nightingale,  Esq.         .          .         .         .         27 
On  the  Term   "Bar,"    employed    in    African    Exchange 

Computation  ;  by  W.  B.  Dickinson,  Esq.  .         .         94 

Tin-Medal  from  Cha  Poo,  in  the  Province  of  Che  Keang 

(Miscellanea} 43 

On  Sycee  Silver  ;  by  S.  Birch,  Esq 173 

Russian  Beard  Token  ;  by  Walter  Hawkins,  Esq.     .          .       153 
On  Bullion  Currency  ;  by  W.  B.  Dickinson.  Esq.  85 
On  "  Ancient  Coyning  Yrons  ;"  by  John  Field,  Esq.  18 
Thomas  Simon  and  tho  Roettiers  ;  by  Benjamin  Nightin- 
gale, Esq .22 

Thomas  Simon  (Miscellanea)  .....         43 

Ditto  (Miscellanea)        .         .         .         .          .         .         .146 

Letter  from  Thomas  Wood  to  D.  Sloane  (Miscellanea)    .       105 
The  Coin  Forgers  (Miscellanea)     ...  .149 

NOTICES  OF  NUMISMATIC  PUBLICATIONS. 

An  Olla  Podrida ;  or  Scraps,  Numismatic,  Antiquarian, 
and  Literary ;  by  Richard  Sainthill,  Esq.  of  Tops- 
ham,  Devon  (Miscellanea)  .  .  37 

Italian  Medieval  Coins. — Notizie  ed  Osservazioni  sopra 
alcune  Monete  battute  in  Pavia;  par  Giulio  di  S. 
Quintino  (Miscellanea)  ......  40 

Contents  of  Koehne's  Zeitschrift  Fur  Miinz-Siegel-und 
Wappenkunde,  Berlin,  February,  March,  May, 
August,  1844  (Miscellanea) 147 

Contents  of  Leitzmann's  Numismatische  Zeitung,  January, 
February,  March,  April,  May,  June,  July,  August, 
1844  (Miscellanea) 148 

Revue  Numismatique,  July,  August,  1844  (Miscellanea).       150 

Journal  des  Savans  (Miscellanea)    .....          ib. 


Vlll  CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Schroder,  Initia  Monetae  Suecanae  .  201 

List  of  Recent  Numismatic  Publications  ....    202-8 

DISCOVERIES  OF  COINS. 

Greek — in  England,  p. 44. 

British — at  Banbury,  p.  44 — at  Springhead,  Kent,  with 
Roman,  p.  192. 

Gaulish — at  Saint  Gerans,  near  Moulins,  p.  196 — at 
Robache,  Department  des  Vosges,  in  France,  p.  198. 

Roman — at  Shotover,  p. 43 — at  Lilly  Horn,  p.  149  — at 
Helmingham,  Suffolk ;  at  Wootton,  Northampton- 
shire ;  in  Newcastle-street,  London ;  at  Broadstairs, 
near  Ramsgate ;  at  Felmingham,  near  Canterbury ; 
at  Guyton,  Northamptonshire,  p.  192 — at  New 
Grange,  in  Ireland — near  Stonehaven — at  Oundle, 
Northamptonshire — near  Frampton,  Gloucestershire, 
p.  193— near  Rede",  in  Brittany,  p.  195— at  Scrupt, 
Arrond.  de  Vitry  le  Francois — at  Sceaux,  in  the 
Dep.  du  Loire — at  Nazelles  (Indre  et  Loire),  in 
France,  p.  196 — at  Niederringelstein,  on  the  Rhine, 
p.  199. 

English — in  Friday  Street,  London ;  at  Breach  Downs, 
Kent,  p.  192 — near  Closeburn,  p.  193 — near  Dorking, 
p.  199— near  Dover,  p.  202. 

Foreign  Mediaeval — at  Rome,  p.  195 — near  Roquefort 
(Ariege) ;  at  Noyon  ;  near  Valenciennes,  in  France; 
at  Nogent  sur  Eure,  in  France,  p.  196 — at  Kopit- 
kowo,  in  West  Prussia,  with  Anglo  -  Saxon ;  at 
Luneville  ;  at  Wolgast ;  at  Dossow,  near  Wolgast ; 
at  Elsterberg,  p.  198 — near  Altenberg;  at  Lausanne, 
with  Roman  ;  near  Finsterwald,  in  Lausitz  ;  at  Ribe, 
in  Denmark;  at  Eichstett;  in  Colmar,  p.  199. 

Oriental — in  Medeah,  Cufic,  p.  199. 


NUMISMATIC  CHRONICLE. 


Original  .iie. 
I. 

ON  SOME  CELTIC  RING-MONEY  WITH  POINTED 
ENDS,  SIMILAR  TO  THE  AFRICAN  RING-CUR- 
RENCY. 

Dear  Sir, 

I  HAVE  read  with  very  great  pleasure,  in  the  January 
number  of  the  Numismatic  Chronicle,  a  most  interesting 
paper,  "  On  the  Jewel  or  Ring-money  of  the  Interior  of 
Africa,"  by  W.  B.  Dickinson,  Esq.,  of  Leamington,  on  the 
presentation  of  two  specimens  of  that  currency,  by  Mr. 
Hampden  and  Mr.  Dickinson,  to  the  Numismatic  Society. 

Those  rings  (of  which  an  engraving  is  given)  possess  a  new 
feature,  viz.,  the  pointed  ends,  which  Mr.  Dickinson  states, 
had  not  been  previously  noticed,  as  far  as  he  was  aware  of, 
in  the  Celtic  ring-money,  so  constantly  discovered  in 
Ireland,  and  which  is  also  of  great  variety  and  form. 

Specimens,  however,  of  the  Celtic  ring-money  of  Ireland 
with  the  pointed  ends,  are  known  in  this  country. 

VOL.    VII.  B 


2  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

I  enclose  you  an  engraving  of  a  very  curious  specimen  of 
such,  in  the  form  of  an  ear-ornament,  which  was  discovered 
on  the  15th  of  October,  1843,  in  a  turf-bog  (where  it  had 
lain  for  centuries  undisturbed),  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Macroom,  county  Cork,  and  is  now  in  my  collection. 
Its  weight  is  two  pennyweights,  five  grains,  and  it  is  of 
the  purest  gold.  The  spot  in  which  it  was  discovered, 
is  about  four  feet  below  the  surface  of  the  bog;  and,  as  is 
generally  the  case  in  Ireland,  no  other  article  whatever  was 
discovered  with  it,  as  stated  to  me  by  the  person  who  found 
it.  The  workmanship  is  very  rude,  and  evidently  the  pro- 
duction of  an  early  and  unskilful  age.  Though  in  the  form 
of  an  ear-ornament,  I  cannot  think  it  was  ever  used  as 
such,  as  there  is  not  the  slightest  sign  or  mark  of  wear  or 
attrition1  near  the  points,  which  must  have  taken  place  had 
it  ever  been  entployed  for  such  a  purpose ;  but  at  the  lower 
parts,  and  the  sides  about  it,  there  are  evident  marks  of  its 
having  been  much  used  or  in  circulation  5  it  wants  but  one 
grain  to  come  under  Sir  William  Betham's  standard  or 
graduated  scale  (viz.  fifty-three  grains,  nine  multiples  of 
six  being  fifty-four).  It  has  the  appearance  certainly  of 
having  lotet  that  grain  in  the  parts  previously  mentioned. 


Original  size. 


There  is  another  specimen  of  the  Celtic  ring-money  with 
pointed  ends,  in  the  collection  of  Redmond  Anthony,  Esq. 
of  Piltown,  county  Kilkenny,  which  I  have  seen.  It  is  a 
small  and  very  neat  one,  found  in  the  county  of  Dublin,  a 
few  years  since :  weight  one  pennyweight,  two  grains ; 
the  centre  is  carved  in  lines  lengthways. 


CELTIC    RING-MONEY    OF    IRELAND. 


Original  i 

There  is  also  a  specimen  with  pointed  ends  in  the  col- 
lection of  Robert  Bateson,  Esq.,  M.  P.,  of  Belvoir  Park, 
county  Antrim,  found  some  years  past,  near  Belfast,  as 
communicated  to  me  by  James  Carruthers,  Esq.  of  Glen^ 
negagh,  county  Antrim,  to  whom  it  formerly  belonged,  and 
who  has  also  very  kindly  sent  me  a  sketch  of  it.  It  weighs 
four  penny-weights,  and  bears  a  great  resemblance  to  mine 
in  the  lower  part,  though  otherwise  different :  it  is  more 
circular  or  crescent-like,  as  is  Mr.  Anthony's  also. 

A  very  respectable  jeweller  and  silversmith  of  Cork  has 
also  informed  me  that  he  had  one  precisely  similar  to  mine 
a  few  years  since,  but  which  he  melted,  being  at  the  time 
much  in  want  of  fine  gold. 

These  facts  would  shew  that  the  pointed  ends  are  not 
peculiar  to  the  African  ring-currency,  but  were  also  used 
in  the  Celtic  ringrinoney  of  Ireland,  and  as  such,  would 
seem  to  indicate,  or  add  another  link  to  the  eastern  con- 
nection of  Ireland  |n  bygone  days;  for  I  consider  the 
present  form  of  the  African  ring-currency  a  continuation 
of  an  ancient  fprm, — habits  in  those  countries  not  suddenly 
or  frequently  changing,  as  with  us, — and  of  the  interior  of 
which  country,  even  in  the  present  day,  we  know  very 
little,  and  where  few,  if  any,  of  the  European  customs  have 
as  yet  penetrated. 

I  can  hardly  think  that  the  penannular  form,1   in   the 

1  The  perfect  ring  has  been  generally  considered  as  the  emblem 
of  eternity,  having  no  beginning  or  end.  Could  it  be  possible 


4  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

Celtic  rings  I  have  enumerated,  was  for  the  purpose  of 
bending  and  unbending,  either  to  try  the  purity  of  the 
metal,  or  for  adapting  to  large  or  small  fingers,  as  Mr. 
Dickinson  supposes  the  object  of  that  form  in  the  African 
rings  to  be.  The  Celtic  rings  are  much  too  solid  for  such 
a  purpose.  In  my  humble  opinion,  some  other  purpose  in 
that  form  was  originally  intended,  but  what  that  may  have 
been,  I  could  barely  take  on  me  at  present  to  say.  Some- 
thing may,  however,  hereafter  turn  up,  which  may  throw 
more  light  on  the  subject  than  we  now  are  aware  of. 

A  friend  has  suggested  to  me,  and  I  think  with  great 
probability  of  truth,  that  it  is  possible  that  the  crescentic 
form  has  been  given  to  these  Celtic  rings  with  a  religious 
protective  view.  The  worship  of  the  moon  is  an  idolatry  of 
the  most  ancient  date,  and  the  crescent  form  may  have 
been  adopted  to  preserve,  by  its  sacred  character,  the  cir- 
culating medium  from  spoliation  or  debasement,  in  like 
manner  as  the  ancient  Greeks  impressed  the  images  of 
their  gods  upon  their  coins,  as  it  is  believed  by  many,  in 
order  to  vouch  for  their  purity  and  weight,  and  to  secure 
them  from  damage.  It  also  may  have  been  given  in  con- 
sequence of,  and  to  commemorate,  the  discovery  "  of  sailing 
by  night,  and  steering  by  the  moon,"  which  Sir  William 
Betham  so  fully  exemplifies  in  his  "  Etruria  Celtica,"  such 
voyages  being  always  undertaken  with  the  "  new  moon." 

Allow  me,  however,  to  add  my  full  concurrence  in  Mr. 
Dickinson's  opinions  as  to  the  jewel  and  ring-currency  of 
ancient  times ;  the  many  proofs  of  which  he  has  with  such 


that  the  penannular  form  was  intended  to  convey  the  idea  that 
riches,  although  existing  as  long  as  time  in  its  circular  duration, 
must  yet  come  to  an  end  ?  The  ancients  were  very  symbolical  in 
many  of  their  works  :  the  Bible  abounds  in  instances  of  such. 


PLATE,    .1 


Numismatic  Ckroniclr  ToLW-P  V. 


TOEMTISD 


London,  T'ublisliei  by  the  KoffiUQUdic  Socie^,1844 . 


UNEDITED    COINS    OF    ASIA    MINOR.  5 

zeal  and  intelligence  so  ably  and  convincingly  brought  for- 
ward, and  which  I  think  it  would  be  almost  as  useless  to 
add  to,  as  it  would  be  idle  or  vain  to  attempt  to  refute 
them. 

Believe  me,  dear  Sir, 

Very  faithfully,  yours, 

EDWARD  HOARE. 

Cork,  January  20M,  1844. 
To  the  Editor  of  the  Numismatic  Chronicle. 

P.S.  While  on  the  subject  of  the  Celtic  gold  ring-cur- 
rency, I  may  as  well  state,  that  there  is  a  very  curious  speci- 
men, in  the  form  of  a  horse-shoe,  in  the  collection  of  Mr. 
Anthony,  of  Piltown.  It  weighs  fifteen  pennyweights,  and 
was  found  in  1842,  in  the  county  of  Clare. 


II. 

OBSERVATIONS  ON  SOME  UNEDITED  COINS, 
PRINCIPALLY  OF  ASIA  MINOR. 

BY  SAMUEL  BIRCH,  ESQ. 

[Read  before  the  Numismatic  Society,  22nd  February,  1844.]  ; 

THE  coins  illustrated  in  the  present  paper  are  chiefly  from 
the  collection  of  Mr.  Steuart,  purchased  by  the  Museum. 
They  are  all  of  great  value  to  the  cabinets  of  the  Museum 
from  their  high  state  of  preservation,  and  many  of  the 
unedited  types  are  of  more  than  usual  interest.  Mr. 
Doubleday,  to  whom  the  task  devolved,  in  the  first  instance, 
of  examining  this  collection,  noted  the  new  types,  and  com- 


6  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

municated  them  to  me,  and  I  add  the  following  observa- 
tions on  them.  I  have  also  added  a  few  other  coins, 
selected  from  our  collection,  which  I  have  found  in  the 
course  of  my  researches  for  other  purposes. 

LAUS,   LUCANUE. 

ZAA.     Human-headed  bearded  bull  going  to  the  left  ;  head  re- 
verted ;  exergue  an  acorn. 

R.  —  ZAA.     Similar  bull  ;  no  adjunct  in  the  exergue.   All.  5. 

This  coin  only  differs  from  others  of  this  Lucanian  town 
by  the  adjunct;  but  I  have  introduced  it  into  my  list,  to 
shew  that  this  bull  is  either  the  type  of  the  Achelous,1  or 
else  of  the  river  Laus,  from  which  the  town  took  its  name. 
The  history  of  this  town  ha.s  already  been  given  by  M. 
Millingen.2  The  coin  is  of  the  tim,e  of  the  original  Achaean 
colonists,  and  prior  to  the  subjugation  of  the  state  to  the  Lu- 
canians,  B.  c.  390.  The  Achelous  is  mentioned  by  Sophocles, 
as  assuming  the  shape  of  a  bull,  a  serpent,  and  a  human 
body,  with  a  bulls'  head,3  or  horns.4  The  reasons  which 
induced  the  ancients  to  represent  rivers  as  bulls  with 
human  heads,  and  as  men  with  bulls'  horns,  I  have  already 
given  elsewhere  ;5  and  I  may  add  to  the  authorities  usually 
cited,  that  of  o  fiovicepug  Bpuxw»/»  or  "  bull-horned  Brychon" 


1  Thus  the  Achelous,  'A^Xoto  aOXov,  is  found  on  the  coins  of 
Metapontum.     Millingen  Anc.  Unedit.  Mon.  ;  and  Consid.  sur  la 
Num.  de  1'Anc.  Ital,,  p.  23. 

2  Consider,  sur  la  Numism.  de  1'  Anc.  Ital.      8vo.     Flor.  1841. 
pp.50,  51. 

3  'Avfyay  KVTEL  (SovKpavoQ.    Trachiniae,  1.  12.     Cf.  Scholiast  oi 
Trora/iot  ravpoKpavot  ^IETUTTOVITO,  K.  r.  X.  ;  but  this  is  not  strictly 
true  s*,  regards  works  of  art.     The  minotaur  is  the  only  type  to 
which  This  epithet  could  be  applied. 

4  The  other  reading  of  the  Trachiniffi,  avtyeiy  TVTTM  j3ovrrp^pog. 

5  Proceedings  of  Royal  Soc.  of  Lit.  1843.     Vase  of  Hercules 
and  Achelous. 


UNEDITED    COINS    OF    ASIA    MINOR.  7 

applied  by  Lycophron,  in  his  Alexandra,  to  that  river. 
The  inscription  on  each  side,  Acu,  the  commencement  of 
Aali'og,6  which  is  found  occasionally  divided  on  the  two 
sides.  The  reason  of  the  appearance  of  the  acorn  on  the 
currency  of  Laus  is  unknown  ;  and  the  name,  the  same  as 
that  of  people,  derived  by  etymologists  from  \aot,  stones, 
might  be  connected  with  the  Achaean  legend  of  the  oak, 
whence  ants,  the  autochthonous  Myrmidons,  derived  their 
origin.  The  river  Laus  divided  Lucania  from  the  Brut- 
tii. 

PERGAMUS    AND    SARDIS. 

IIEPrAMHNON  KAI  SAPAIANiiN.     Old  bearded  figtire  on 
the  right,  standing,  and  crowning  another. 

R.—  CEBACTON    KE4>AAIftN   TPAMMATEYtoN.     Di- 

style  temple,  in  which  is  a  figure  standing,  holding  a 
lance.     &.  4£.      (Pi.  i.  fig.  2). 


The  Sf/Saorov  is  immediately  over  the  temple,  the  rest 
diffused  through  the  area.  An  unedited  coin  of  Aezanes, 
in  the  same  collection,  subsequently  cited,  completely 
explains  the  meaning  of  the  obverse  of  the  present  type. 
The  two-aged  figures  represent  the  respective  demi,  or 
personified  people  of  Pergamus  and  Sardis  ;  one,  in  sign  of 
an  alliance,  conferring  a  civic  crown  upon  the  other.  The 
sepulchral  stelae  of  Asia  Minor  shew  that  these  crowns 
were  very  liberally  bestowed  on  citizens.7  The  reverse 


6  This   was  the  ethnic  name.      Compare  Pi/yu-oe, 

iOQ,  Naytddfop,  on  their  respective  coins. 

7  In   this   respect  the  type  brings  to   our   remembrance  the 
statues  of  the  demos  of   Syracuse    crowning    that   of   Rhodes. 
Polybius  (Hist.  v.  fol.  Par.  1609,  p.  419),  given  the  Rhodians 
by  Hiero  II.  and  Gelo  II.,  and  placed  in  the  Deigma  of  Rhodes, 
and  the  decree  of  the  Byzantians,    in  the   Oratio   De  Corona, 
of  Demosthenes,   ardaat  tie  KOI  eiKovac  rpetQ  tKKai^tKaTrrj^etg  iv 
TV    BooTrojO/)^   are(j)ai'ovp.tvot>    TOV    3d/uoi'   TOJV   'AOeiWwi/   (/TTO   TM 


NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 


bears  testimony  to  the  erection  of  a  temple  to  Augustus, 
which  is  confirmed  by  Tacitus ;  since  they  alone,  among 
the  eleven  cities,  when  contending  for  a  similar  honour 
to  Tiberius,  relied  upon  the  aedes,  or  small  chapel  of 
Augustus  erected  by  them.8  As  on  the  occasion  of  this 
contention  the  people  of  Sardis  and  Pergarnus  were  rivals, 
it  is  probable  that  the  coin  was  not  struck  during  the  reign 
of  Tiberius ;  and  as  a  similar  alliance  of  these  two  towns 
has  been  published  by  M.  Mionnet,9  during  the  reign 
of  Domitian,  while  a  Claudius  Cephalion10  was  praetor,  for 
the  second  time,  under  Hadrian ;  the  true  epoch  to  which 
the  present  coin  should  be  assigned,  is  probably  that  of 
Domitian,  or  Nerva. 


EUMENIA    PHRYGI^. 

KAISAP.     Head  of  Augustus  to  the  right. 

R.— OYAAEPIOS     ZMEPTOP1#    EYMENE&N.       Bull 
going  to  the  right.     ^E.  4£. 

The  name  of  the  magistrate,  probably  an11  apxiepevg,  is 
new,  and  the  type.  It  is,  however,  like  all  those  under 
Augustus,  without  the  titles  of  the  emperor.  The  bull 
may  refer  to  the  river  Glaucus,12  in  whose  vicinity  it  was 
located,  or  the  Cludrus.13  Bulls  were  also  sacred  to 
Cybele,  the  national  deity. 


TWV  Bv£a?r<W  icat  IIepi»>0tW.   ed.  J.  Bremi.     8vo.     Lond. 
1837.  pp.  172-3. 

8  Tacit.    An.  iv.  55.        Pergamenos   eo   ipso   nitebantur   sede 
Augusti  ibi  sita,  satis  adeptos  creditum.     This  temple  was  dedi- 
cated to  Roma  and  Augustus.     Cf.  Tacit.  An.  iv.  37. 

9  Suppl.  v.  431.  10  Ib.  p.  436,  No.  978-9. 

11  ^Cf.  Sestini,  Classes  Generales,  No.  122.  Mionnet. 

12  Sestini,  loc.  cit.  and  Mus.  Fontana,  tab.  iii.  17,  p.  114. 
18  Pliny. 


UNEDITED    COINS    OF    ASIA    MINOR. 
HIERAPOLIS. 

AHM(OC).     Youthful  head,  with  flowing  hair,   to   the  right, 
countermarked  with  a  small  figure. 

R. — IEPAII N  NEOKOP&N.     Table,  on  which  are 

placed  two  prize  vases,  beneath  two  diotas.     IE, 

The  games  celebrated  in  this  city  were  the  Pythian  and 
Actian.14  The  neocorate  is  common  to  the  autonomous 
currency,  and  commences  with  Caracalla ;  those  under  the 
previous  emperors  being  without  it.  This  would  bring 
down  the  autonomous  coin  to  the  epoch  of  Caracalla. 

AEZANES    PHRYGIJ2. 

TIANOS  KAISAP  SEB.  TEP.     Bust  of  Doraitian  to  the 

right. 

R.— AHMOS  AIZANEON  AHMOS  KAAOHNilN.     The 

demi,  represented  with  short  dresses,  and  endromides 
on  their  feet,  shaking  hands  ;  the  one  to  the  right  holds 
a  lance.  JE.  (PL  i.  fig.  3). 

The  demi  are  represented  as  ancient  Phrygians.  Many 
of  these  alliances  were  merely  honorary,  and  were  generally 
engraven  on  columns,  or  stelae,  in  the  respective  cities. 
These  figures  may  have  represented  actual  statues,  like 
those  on  the  coin  of  Pergamus  and  Sardis,  already  noticed. 

DIONYSOPOLIS    PHRYGI^. 

IOYAIA  AOMNA  CGBAC.  .Bust  of  Julia  Domna  to  the  right. 

R.— AIONYCOnOAGiraN  XABHC  ANGeHKGN.  Diana 
Lucifera  holding  in  each  hand  a  torch,  full  face ;  at  her 
left  side  a  smaller  similar  figure.  JE. 

Independent  of  the  fabric  of  the  above  coin,  the  follow- 
ing reason  may  be  given  for  assigning  it  to  the  Phrygian, 
rather  than  the  Mossiari  city,  viz. :  the  great  prevalence  of  the 
formula,u>'c0>fcc,  in  Phrygia;  for  out  of  thirty-two  of  these 

14  Sestini,  Classes  Generates,  p,  122. 
VOL.  vii.  c 


10  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

legends,  eleven  are  found  on  coins  of  Phrygia.15  The 
occurrence  of  a  magistrate's  name  is  an  additional  argu- 
ment in  favour  of  its  belonging  to  Phrygia,  for  we  do  not 
find  any  names  on  the  coins  of  the  Moesian  town.  The 
type  of  Diana  Lucifera  proves  the  worship  of  that  goddess 
there. 

TIBERIOPOLIS    PHRYGI&. 
ANTONINUS  PIUS. 

1.  AYT.    KAI.    AAP.    ANTONINOC.     Head    of  Antoninus, 

laureated  to  the  right. 

ft.—  TIBEPIO  ........  HN&N.     The  god  Lunus  stand- 

ing, dressed  in  long  garments  reaching  to  the   ancles  ; 
in  his  right  hand  a  ball,  in  his  left  a  long  spear.     JE.. 

GORDIANUS    PIUS. 

2.  AYT.  K.M.  ANTO.  TOPAIANOC.     Bust  of  Gordian,  lau- 

reated to  the  right, 

R.—  TIBEPIOIIO  AErmN  .     Male  stag  going  to  the  right, 
and  looking  back.      IEi. 

In  No.  2,  the  engraver,  by  mistake,  has,  in  the  first 
instance,  omitted  the  PI,  and  then  put  it  in  the  area 
beneath  the  E  and  O.  Little  is  known  of  this  Phrygian 
town,  except  from  geographers.16  It  was  in  the  vicinity  of 
Eumenia.  The  stag  on  the  reverse  of  the  coin  of  Gor- 
dianus  Pius  probably  alludes  to  the  worship  of  Apollo  and 
Diana  which  prevailed  there.17  The  latter  both  in  her 
ordinary  type,  and  in  that  of  the  Ephesian  Diana. 


AYT.  KA.  CEHT.  CEOYHPOC  HEP.     Bust  of  the  emperor, 
in  armour,  to  the  right. 


15  Cf.  Mionnet,  Supp.ix.  Index,  p.  181. 

16  Cf.    Ptolemaeus.      Council   of   Constantino  III.     Mannert, 
Geographic-— Kleinasien. 

17  Mionnet,  Supp.  vii.  pp.  662-8,  torn.  iv.  372-3. 


UNEDITED    COINS    OF    ASIA    MINOR.  11 

R>— EH!  TAIOY  APXONTOC  BAFHNiiN.  Figure  on 
horseback,  darting  a  javelin  at  three  bearded  barbarians, 
two  of  whom  are  fallen  under  the  horse's  feet.  A 
military  figure,  holding  a  spear  and  shield  (Mars), 
precedes  the  figure  on  horseback  ;  and  Minerva,  behind, 
assists  with  a  spear  and  buckler.  JE.  10. 

The  present  coin  is  probably  intended  to  record  the 
campaign  of  Severus  in  the  East,  when,  attended  by  his 
sons  Geta  and  Caracalla,  he  rapidly  made  himself  master  of 
Seleucia,  Babylon,  and  Ctesiphon,  and  advanced  far  into 
the  Parthian  territories.  The  fallen  figures  are  apparently 
Asiatic,  and  are  represented  as  entirely  overthrown  by  the 
emperor's  rapid  attack.  The  figure  in  armour  who  pre- 
cedes must  be  Mars  Gradivus,  the  especial  protector  of  the 
Roman  power,  while  Minerva,  typical  of  warlike  foresight 
and  success,  or  else  Bellona,  accompanies  Mars.  The 
same  Cams,  who  was  archon  under  Severus,  appears  on 
the  contemporaneous  coins  of  Geta,18  and  on  one  autono- 
mous type.  Little  is  known  of  Bagae.19 

BLAUNDUS    LYDI-E. 

1.  Old  bearded  head  on  a  fillet. 

R. — MAAYNAE&N.  Fortune  standing  ;  in  her  right  hand 
a  cornucopia ;  in  her  left  a  rudder.  JE.  3.  (British 
Museum.) 

TITUS. 

2.  TITOC  KAICAP.     Head  of  Titus,  laureated  to  the  right. 
R.— KAAYAIOC  ^OINI^ilN  MAKEAON^N  BAAOYN- 
AE&N.      Ceres  standing,  to  the  left,  holding  in  her  right 
hand   two   spikes  of  corn ;  in  her  left,  a  wand.     JE,  4. 
(British  Museum.) 


18  Mionnet,  Supp.  vii.  328.     Then  archon  for  the  first  time. 
Cf.  id.  iv.  p.  18.   No.  90.  Supp.  vii.  326.     The  coin  of  Geta  reads 
archon  only. 

19  Ex  eccl.  notitiis.      Eckhel  iii.  94.     Cf.  however,   Cramer's 
Asiatic  Geogr.  vol.  i.  345. 


12  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

CARACALLA. 

3.  AYT.  KAI.  M.  AY.  ANT&NEINOC.     Bust,  in  the  paluda- 

mentum  of  the  emperor,  to  the  right. 
R.— EH!  AP.  A.  AYP.  TEIMOGGOY  BAAYNAE&N. 
Hercules,  seizing  the  triple  Geryon,  who  is  about  to  fall, 
holding  his  shield.  The  hero  strikes  him  with  his  club. 
In  the  area,  two  zebus.  M.  12 }.  (British  Museum.) 
(PL  i.  fig.  4.) 

GALLUS. 

4.  A.  K.  HO.  T.  TAAAOC.     Bust  of  Callus,  laureated  to  the 

right. 

R.— EIII  APX.  A.  AY.  HAHIOY YNAEftN.  Horse- 
man, holding  in  his  right  hand  a  ball ;  in  his  left  a. ... 
horse  led  by  Mercury.  JSi.  12.  (British  Museum,) 

The  little  that  is  known  of  the  town  of  Blaundus, 
is  chiefly  enhanced  by  the  medallic  light  thrown  upon  it 
by  its  interesting  currency.  It  was  previously  known  to 
have  been  a  colony  of  Macedonians  ;  but  the  coin, 
No.  2,  proves  that  it  was  also  connected  with  the 
Phrenicians,  who,  as  they  are  first  mentioned,  had 
probably  formed  an  earlier  settlement.  Although  not 
perfectly  distinct,  the  female  figure  is  probably  Deme- 
ter.  No.  3,  struck  under  the  archonship  of  Aurelius 
Timotheus,  offers  the  myth  of  Hercules  and  Geryon, 
treated  in  the  Asiatic  manner.  It  appears  from  He- 
cateeus,  that  Geryon  was  king  of  the  continent  round 
Ambracia  and  Amphilochus,  and  not  of  any  island  beyond 
the  sea  named  Erythia,  nor  of  Iberia;20  and  this  version, 
which  would  so  well  account  for  the  appearance  of  Geryon 
on  the  oldest  fictile  Greek  vases,  where  he  is  generally 
represented  as  three  Hellenic  warriors,21  would  also  coin- 
cide with  the  supposition,  that  the  myth  formed  part  of  the 

20  Hecataeus  in  Arrian,  Exp.  Alex.  II.  16.     According  to  Arrian, 
the  Tyrian  Hercules  was  worshipped  at  Tartessus. 

21  De  Witte,  Description  d'une  Coll.  des  Vases  peints.     8vo. 
Par,  1837,  pp.  81,  124,  139. 


UNEDITED    COINS    OF    ASIA    MINOR.  13 

tradition  of  the  Macedonian  colonists,  among  whom  the 
exploits  of  Hercules  were  held  in  national  veneration. 
The  later  mythologists  placed  the  scene  of  his  exploits  in 
Iberia,  and  the  island  of  Erythia,22  near  Gadeira,  and 
described  his  form  as  a  union  of  three  human  bodies 
(rpi&v  'iyttiv  av^pHJv  ffvpfyveQ  <roi/za  avv^y^ivov  elf  kv  Kara  T^V 
yaarepa  eff^ia pevov  tie  elg  rpele  OLTTO  Xayovwv  re  /cat  yuT/jOwv),  which 

is  attested  by  all  works  of  a  late  art.  I  will  not  insist  here 
on  the  relation  which  Geryon  bore  to  Pluto,  the  analogy 
of  his  name  with  that  of  Charon,  and  of  his  two-headed 
dog  Orthros  with  that  of  Kerberos,  or  of  the  strange  inter- 
mixture of  the  herds  of  Geryon  and  Hades  (Pluto)  at  the 
river  Anthemus  ;23  but  it  is  singular  that  the  oxen  of  Ge- 
ryon are  called  QoivUe g  POVQ,  " red"  or  "  Phoenician  coivs" 
An  enchorial  tradition  placed  the  sepulchre  of  Geryon  at 
the  Lydian  town  of  Temenothyras,24  so  that  it  is  not 
improbable  that  there  may  have  been  another  scene  x>f  the 
exploit.  The  last  type  either  represents  Priam  led  by 
Mercury  to  the  tent  of  Achilles,  or  else  the  emperor  under 
the  protection  of  this  god  advancing  to  the  campaign. 

M.EONIA    LYDLZE. 

NEPftN  KAISAP.     Head  of  Nero  to  the  right. 

R.— MAIONilN   MENEKPATOY  (area)     §    TI.    Veiled 

K.A 

figure  standing  in  a  peplus,  looking  to  the  right.     JE.  4|. 

A  coin  in  a  most  beautiful  state  of  preservation.  The 
legend  of  the  reverse,  of  course,  reads  'ETT*  Tifiepiov  KXavtitov 
MeveKpctTovG  Matovwv.  The  figure  is  probably  Juno,  or 
Agrippina  Junior,  then  wife  of  Claudius,  under  the  attri- 

82  Arrian,  loc.  cit.  Apollod.  Biblioth.  ii.  sc.  v.  p.  10. 

23  Apollod.  loc.  cit. 

24  Paus.  lib.  i.  Attic.      According  to  the  Greeks  of  Pontus,   he 
\vcnt  to  Scythia  (Herodot.  iv.  8).     Cf.  Tret.  Chil.  iv.,  No.  176,  for 
an  account  of  trees  distilling  blood  at  his  sepulchre. 


14  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

butes  of  Juno.  A  coin  of  very  inferior  preservation  already 
existed  in  the  Museum,  from  Mr.  BorrelFs  collection. 
The  present,  a  perfect  gem,  is  from  that  of  Mr.  Steuart. 

SILANDUS    LYDLE. 

1 .  Head  of  Hercules,  to  the  right. 

ft. — SIAANAEON.  River  god  (Hennas),  reclining  to 
the  left.  IE.  4. 

COMMODUS. 

2.  AYT(O)  KAI.  AYPH OAOC.      Bust   of  the   emperor, 

laureated  in  the  paludamentum,  to  the  right. 

R.— EH!  CTP.  TA(T)IANOY  CIAANAEilN.  River 
god  reclining,  holding  a  branch  and  urn ;  before  it 
another  figure,  kneeling,  clasps  a  tree  with  the  right 
hand,  and  holds  a  pedum  in  the  left.  JE.  9. 

LUCILLA. 

3.  EEBAETH  AOYKIAA-     Head  of  Lucilla,  to  the  right. 

R. — CIAANAE(QN).  Female  figure,  completely  veiled; 
on  her  head  a  calathus ;  at  her  left  side  an  ear  of  corn. 

JE.5i. 

Little  or  nothing  is  known  of  Silandus,  now  Silendi,  from 
ancient  authorities ;  and  of  the  three  types  autonomous, 
the  one  represents  the  head  attributed  to  Hercules;  and 
the  reverse,  the  Hermus,  in  whose  valley  the  city  was 
situated.  The  second  type,  that  of  Commodus,  perhaps, 
presents  some  local  myth  connected  with  the  same  river;  for 
Fauns,  holding  the  pedum,  or  under  trees,  are  not  uncommon 
on  Asiatic  coins.  Since,  however,  the  artists  frequently 
adopted,  for  reasons  now  unknown  to  us,  general  stories, 
and  the  hair  of  the  figure,  bound  by  a  fillet,  is  long  and 
unlike  that  of  the  Fauns,  this  type  may  be  intended  for  Nar- 
cissus admiring  himself  in  the  waters  of  the  fountain.  The 
coins  of  this  town,  already  published,  were  struck  under  the 
same  Tatianus,25  who  appears  to  have  held  the  functions  of 

25  Mionnet,  Supp.  viii.  pp.434,  435, 


UNEDITED    COINS    OF    ASIA    MINOR.  15 

archon,  or  high-priest,  and  strategos,  during  this  reign. 
The  last  type  is  that  of  a  Greek  deity,  treated  in  the 
Asiatic  style.  Mionnet  sometimes26  calls  it  the  Samian 
Juno,  and  sometimes  the  image  of  Proserpine.  Now  since 
this  is  a  common  type  of  Sardis,  and  appears  accompanied 
with  the  epithet27  Kojo*?ta,  and  XpyvovOeiva,  in  reference  to 
the  game  instituted  in  honour  of  Proserpine,  or  Phere- 
phatta,  and  often  with  the  attributes  of  an  ear  of  corn  and 
poppy,  [krifjniTpiaKuv  /capTrwj/,]28  it  is  probable  that  this  type 
was  rather  that  of  Ceres  or  Pherephatta,  than  of  Juno, 
to  whom  it  offers  few  points  of  relation.  On  a  gem  in  the 
Museum,  a  female  figure,  similarly  treated,  is  attended 
with  the  attributes  of  the  Sun  and  Moon :  in  allusion, 
perhaps,  to  the  enchorial  worship  of  Dindymene,  who,  we 
know  from  Herodotus,  had  a  temple  at  Sardes.29 

APHRODISIAS    CARI^:. 
1 .  Bust  of  Eros  to  the  right. 

R.— A$POA..IE&N.    Rose.    JE.  1.     (British  Museum). 

2 AHMOC.     Bearded  head,  bound  with  a  laurel,  to  the 

right. 

R. — A$POA..C1E£}N.  Philosopher  seated  on  a  stool, 
draped  from  the  waist,  and  the  drapery  passing  over  the 
left  shoulder,  extending  right  hand  as  if  speaking.  He 
places  his  left  hand  on  the  stool.  JE.  5|.  (British 
Museum.)  (PL  i.  fig.  1.) 

3.  A$POAICIEON.  Protome  of  Pallas,  wearing  the  segis,  to  the 
right. 

R.— AHOAAONIOC  TIOC  A$POA(1C1E£2N).  Ephesian 
Diana,  full  face,  in  a  distyle  Ionic  temple ;  shield  in  the 
pediment ;  on  one  side  of  goddess  a  seated  draped 

26  In  the  types  of  Sardis,  Supp.  vii.  p.  429. 

7  Miori.  loc.  cit.  pp.  426-27.     Sestini,  Class.  Gen. 

8  Diod.  Sic.     Cf.  also  Cereale  papaver. 

2y  'Ei/  ce  a'jrrjvi  (Sajodicri)  KOI  ipov  fcTTi^wp/^g  deov  Kvf3t]j3rj£. 
Herod.  Terps.  102.  This  was  burnt  by  the  Athenians,  and  was 
the  cause  of  the  Persian  war. 


16  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

figure  ;  on  the  other  a  bust,  or  Hermaic  stele.  JE.  5. 
(British  Museum.) 

No.  2  is  a  coin  of  more  than  ordinary  interest,  from  the 
type  of  the  reverse,  which  may,  perhaps,  enable  us  to  add 
another  personage  to  the  Greek  iconography.  I  believe 
that  it  represents  Apollonius  of  Aphrodisias,  whose  works 
have  unfortunately  been  lost,  but  scattered  notices  of  which 
have  been  preserved.  He  was  high  priest  probably  of  this 
very  city  ;  and  as  the  officer  under  whom  the  currency  was 
issued  appears  to  have  been  an  apxiepevc,30  this  coin  may 
have  been  issued  during  his  high  priesthood.  His  known 
works  are  :  a  treatise  on  the  affairs  of  Caria31  (TO.  Kaputa), 
eighteen  books  of  which  are  cited  by  the  author  of  the 
Etymologicum  Magnum  ;32  and  another  on  those  of 
Tralles.33  There  is  also  some  reason  for  supposing  that 
he  wrote  in  Alexandria  a  general  geography.3*  He 
wrote  also  concerning  Orpheus  and  his  mysteries,35  and 
he  has  even  been  claimed  as  a  Christian;36  but  his 
office  was  rather  that  of  high  priest  of  Aphrodite,37  the 
characteristic  deity  of  that  city;  or  else  of  the  Ephesian 
Diana,  whose  worship  is  proved  by  the  type  of  the  second 
coin  which  we  have  given. 

The  coin,  No.  3,  is  probably  of  the  period  of  the  civil 
war,  as  'ATroXXwvioe  VIOQ,  or  Apollonius  the  younger,  is  found 
on  the  coins  of  the  same  city  on  reverses  of  Augustus 


30  Mion.  Supp.  vi.   pp.  455,  456.      'ETTI   Zriv&v(oo) 
xtveoK(opov)  K.  T.  X. 

31  Suidas  voce.    Fabricius  Biblioth.  lib.  iii.  c.  21.     *O  TO. 


32  Etymolog.  Mag.  voce  ^wX 

33  Suidas  et  Etym.  loc.  cit. 

34  Opusc.  Myth,  e  Gall.    8vo.     Lond.     Preface. 

35  Suid.  loc.  cit. 

36  Franckius,  as  cited  by  Boeckh,  C.  I.  Grac.  Ad.  No.  2746. 

37  Dorvill.  Ad.  Chariton,  init.   Boeckh,  C.    I.   Graec.  p.  102. 
Parsxii.  sect.  4,  No  2749. 


UNEDITED    COINS    OF    ASIA    MINOR.  17 

and  Livia.  M.  Millingen  seems  to  incline  to  the  opinion 
of  the  Abbe  Belley,38  who  conjectured  the  woe  to  be  in 
relation  to  the  divinity,  as  'ATTO\\UJVLOQ  vios  'A^joockrrje, 
"  Apollonius,  the  son  of  Venus ;"  but  a  coin,  in  a  far  better 
state  of  preservation,  belonging  to  a  cabinet  of  a  noble 
collection,  has  the  completion  of  the  legend  'AtypoSeffiEwv  in 
the  exergue.  The  connection  of  Apollonius  Molo,  the 
tutor  of  Cicero,  a  native  of  Rhodes,  to  whom  the  coins  in 
the  inscription,  No.  *2,  have  been  referred,  is  not  distinctly 
proved. 

TABJE    CARI^E. 

Old  bearded  head  to  the  right. 

R. — APTEMIiN  HAniOY  AP.  TABHN&N.  Jupiter 
standing,  profile  to  the  right,  holding  on  his  left  arm  an 
eagle,  and  launching  a  thunderbolt  with  his  right,  which 
is  raised.  AR.  3. 

This  city  having  been  already  discussed  in  the  Dissertation 
of  Mr.  Whittal,39  it  is  unnecessary  to  do  more  than  notice 
the  type,  which  presents  some  differences  from  the  small 
brass  coin  published  by  that  gentleman.  The  object  on 
the  left  arm  of  Jupiter  is  his  eagle ;  and  a  small  bronze 
figure  in  the  Museum  represents  him  with  the  same  bird. 
The  word  AP,  probably  the  initial  APX  of  'Apxovroe,  is  als& 
additional  on  this  coin  ;  but  is  found  on  another  drachm. 

Obv. — Same  head. 

R.— APTEM^N  HAHIOY  AP.  TABHN&N.  Diana,  pro- 
file to  the  right,  and  holding  a  torch  and  bow, 

BUBASTITES    NOMOS. 

Head  of  Hadrian,  laurelled,  to  the  right. 

R. — BOYB AC.  ..She-cat,  going  to  the  right.  JE.  2|. 
(British  Museum.} 

38  Memoir  de  1'Acad.  d.  Inscr.  and  Belles  Lettres,  vol.  xv. 

39  Numism.    Chron.  Vol.  III.   p.  99,   et  seq.      Taba  was  the 
Carian   word  for  rock,  and  was  founded  by  the   hero   Tabus. 
Cramer,  Geogr.  of  Asia  Minor,  ii.  211. 

VOL.  VII.  D 


18  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

Only  one  coin  of  this  name  has  been  edited,  the  one 
which  appears  in  the  work  of  M.  Tochon  D'Annecy,40  and 
is  copied  by  M.  Mionnet  into  his  lists.  It  belongs  to  the 
French  collection.  The  present  coin,  which  represents  a 
she-cat,  identifies  the  anirnal  seen  upon  the  hand  of  the 
figure  of  that  type  to  be  a  cat,  as  M.  Tochon  had  conjec- 
tured; but  as  no  coin  of  this  type  had  come  under  my 
notice  in  our  collections,  and  as  the  engraving  in  M.  Toch- 
on's  work  was  not  very  distinct,  owing  to  the  small  size  of 
the  object  on  the  coin,41  I  did  not  feel  myself  authorized,  on 
a  former  occasion,  to  recognise  this  animal.  The  worship 
of  the  cat  at  Boubastis,  the  city  of  the  Egyptian  Pasht,  or 
Diana,  of  which  this  animal  was  the  living  emblem,  perfectly 
agrees  with  Egyptian  tradition;  but  the  remark  of  Ste- 
phanus  Byzantinus,  cited  by  M.  Tochon,  with  regard  to  the 
Egyptians  calling42  a  cat  Boubastos,  is  not  agreeable  to  our 
knowledge  of  the  Coptic,  or  the  sacred  language.43 


III. 
ANCIENT  "COYNING  YRONS." 

[Read  before  the  Numismatic  Society,  January  25,  1844.] 
Cursory  Observations  upon  the  Ancient  Dies  or  Coining  Irons 
for  the  Hammered  Money,  as  used  in  England  from  the 
earliest  period,  from  actual  inspection  of  a  considerable 
number  of  them  accidentally  discovered  a  few  years  lack,  in 
one  of  the  Vaults  of  the  Record  Office,  Westminster. 

ALTHOUGH  Ruding  and  others  talk  of  the  "  Coyning  Yrons," 
the  "Stapells  and Punzones,"  i.e.  Standards  and  Puncheons, 

40  Medailles  des  Nomes  de  1'Egypte.    4to.     Par.  1822.  p.  172. 

41  Num.  Chron.  Vol.  II.  p.  100. 

42  Bov/3aorov   TOV   aiXovpov   QCHTI.     Steph.  Byz.  de  Urb.  voce. 
This  might  refer  to  the  deity  Bubastus,  a  male  type  of  Pasht. 

43  In  Coptic,  and  in  hieroglyphics,  a  cat  is  ttj£/tf.     Cf.  Cham- 
pollion,  Gr.  Eg.  p.  83. 


-pi  -pp  /fo>»  .CJirim,.  Vol.  W  p. 18  . 

ANCIENT      COINING     IRONS. 


2. 


of 


19 

Dies,  &c.  for  the  Hammered  Money,  they,  in  no  instance 
that  I  am  aware  of,  describe  their  actual  form,  or  the  mode 
of  their  application,  or  speak  of  them  as  if  they  had  seen 
them.  I  am  aware  it  will  be  considered  by  some  too 
trifling  a  subject  for  particular  notice;  yet  still  I  have 
reason  to  believe  there  are  many  others  who  will  appre- 
ciate, with  pleasure,  any  circumstance,  however  trifling, 
which  tends  to  illustrate  the  rise  and  progress  of  the 
numismatic  art  in  this  country,  from  the  rude  and  bar- 
barous state  in  which  it  existed  two  centuries  ago,  com- 
pared with  the  improved  mode  of  coinage  in  use  at  the 
present  time,  with  the  perfect,  beautiful,  and  expeditious 
machinery  as  employed  in  the  Royal  Mint. 

About  the  end  of  December  1834,  the  periodicals  of  the 
day  published  the  following  brief  account. 

"  SOCIETY  OF  ANTIQUARIES. — Sir  Henry  Ellis  then  read 
a  communication  from  Sir  Francis  Palgrave  to  himself  on 
some  Numismatic  Antiquities  in  his  charge,  as  keeper  of 
the  Records  of  the  Chapter  of  Westminster  Abbey.  His 
predecessors  in  this  Office  appear  to  have  been  Treasurers, 
or  even  Masters  of  the  Mint  to  the  Kings  of  England,  from 
the  time  of  Canute  down  to  a  comparatively  recent  date. 
And  there  now  remain  in  the  Office  a  great  number  of 
Dies  and  a  Bag  of  Coins,  the  former  being  of  various  eras, 
and  generally  much  worn,  and  the  latter  for  the  most  part, 
counterfeits  of  the  time  of  Henry  VII.  Two  of  the  Coins, 
and  impressions  in  Wax  from  some  of  the  Dies  accom- 
panied this  communication,  from  this  sole  representation, 
as  Sir  Francis  himself  remarks,  of  the  Saxon  Cabinet." 

About  the  beginning  of  the  year  1 835,  I  was  introduced 
to  Sir  Francis  Palgrave,  at  the  Record  Office  Treasury 


20  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

of  the  Exchequer  Chapter-House,  Poets'  Corner,  West- 
minster, who  submitted  to  my  inspection  the  coining  irons 
above  alluded  to.  They  consisted  of  sixty-four  standards, 
and  one  hundred  and  twenty-three  trussells.  The  whole  of  them 
(with  the  exception  of  two  or  three  that  had  been  cleaned 
a  little  to  impress  the  wax  above-mentioned)  were  com- 
pletely encrusted  with  a  thick  coat  of  rust.  He  also  showed 
me  a  leathern  bag,  containing  a  great  number  of  the  coun- 
terfeit groats  of  Henry  VII.  They  are  cast  in  white 
metal  (tin  and  lead).  A  specimen  accompanies  this 
paper. 

The  account  which  Sir  F.  Palgrave  gave  of  them  was, 
that  they  had  been  recently  discovered  in  one  of  the  vaults 
of  the  Record  Office,  amongst  much  lumber,  together 
with  the  bag  of  coins,  where  they  must  have  lain  for  ages. 
Sir  Francis  having  expressed  a  wish  for  their  preservation 
from  further  decay,  and  feeling  considerable  interest 
myself  to  assist  in  that  object,  I  willingly  undertook  to 
clean  them,  and,  as  far  as  possible,  prevent  further  corro- 
sion ;  and  for  that  purpose  they  were  placed  in  my  hands. 

After  much  care  and  trouble,  I  succeeded  in  removing 
the  impervious  veil  which  the  ruthless  hand  of  time  had 
so  unsparingly  spread  over  them,  and  was  rewarded  by 
finding  that  some  few  still  sufficiently  retained  their  im- 
pressions to  be  identified ;  but  the  greater  part  were  so 
worn  by  use,  and  corroded  by  rust,  as  to  be  almost  illegible. 
After  having  done  all  that  appeared  necessary  for  their 
preservation,  I  had  a  cabinet  constructed,  in  which  they 
were  placed,  and  returned  to  Sir  Francis. 

These  coining  irons  were  for  the  silver  monies  of 
Edward  III.  and  Henry  VII. ;  viz.  groat,  half-ditto,  and 
penny,  mostly  of  the  York  mint.  I  shall  now  attempt  to 
describe  their  appearance  when  delivered  to  me,  and  the 


ANCIENT    "COYNING    YRONS."  21 

mode  of  their  application,  from  observations  and  conclu- 
sions deduced  from  the  appearance  of  the  tools  themselves, 
in  the  state  in  which  the  coiner  had  left  them. 

All  the  standards  (see  plate,  fig.  1),  or  under-dies,  have 
the  impression  of  the  obverse  side  of  the  coin  engraved  upon 
them ;  from  which  I  conclude  it  was  always  engraved  on 
the  standard,  or  lower-die,  in  preference  to  the  trussell ;  as 
by  this  means  a  more  certain  and  perfect  impression  was 
obtained,  on  account  of  the  greater  steadiness  of  this  die. 

The  trussell-puncheons,  or  upper  dies,  all  have  the  im- 
pression of  the  reverse  side  of  the  coin  engraved  thereon. 
(See  plate,  fig.  2). 

The  standard,  or  lower-die,  appears,  from  its  formation, 
to  have  been  strongly  fixed  into  a  block  of  wood  or  iron, 
by  means  of  the  square  spike,  or  tang,  which  forms  the 
lower  part  of  this  die. 

The  trussell-puncheon,  or  upper  die,  is  a  round  punch, 
with  the  impression  engraved  on  it,  as  before  stated.  When 
the  blank  piece  of  metal  intended  to  be  coined  was  laid 
carefully  upon  the  standard  or  lower  die,  the  trussell 
was  then  placed  upon  it,  and  probably  held  over  it  in  a 
clipped  or  twisted  hazel  stick.,  held  in  the  hand  of  the  coiner, 
while  a  labourer  struck  the  trussell  with  a  sledge  hammer; 
a  similar  practice  being  in  use  to  the  present  time,  by  the 
smith,  in  the  use  of  his  small  punches  in  the  forging  of  iron. 

The  whole  of  these  dies  were  much  worn;  and  being 
considered  unfit  for  further  use,  were  returned  to  the 
Exchequer,  and  new  ones  obtained  in  lieu  of  them,  as 
appears  to  have  been  the  custom  of  that  period. 

The  number  of  standards,  compared  with  the  trussells, 
found  upon  this  occasion,  seem  to  correspond  exactly  as  to 
the  proportion  usually  delivered  to  the  different  mints  at 
that  period ;  viz.  about  two  trussells  to  one  standard,  the 


22  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

greater  portion  of  the  labour  being  upon  the  trussell,  or 
upper  die,  from  the  concussion  of  the  repeated  blows  of 
the  hammer;  which  is  evidenced  from  the  appearance 
of  these  dies,  all  the  trussells  having  a  mushroom-top 
formed  by  the  continued  beating  of  the  hammer;  many  of 
them  being  also  split,  from  the  force  of  the  blow  in  bring- 
ing up  the  impression,  which  at  last,  perhaps,  was  but  im- 
perfectly effected. 

Several  of  these  trussells  had  the  steel  face  entirely 
broken  off,  from  the  force  of  the  concussion ;  and  many 
others  were  so  much  defaced  about  the  table  of  the  impres- 
sion, that  nothing  remained  to  distinguish  what  coin  they 
were  intended  for. 

During  the  time  these  coining  irons  were  in  my  posses- 
sion, I  attempted  to  take  some  impressions  in  silver;  but 
I  could  not  succeed  so  well  as  I  hoped  to  have  done,  on 
account  of  the  corroded  and  worn  state  of  the  dies. 

The  three  impressions,  which  accompany  this  paper,  are 
those  struck  by  me  in  the  dies  of  Edward  III.  The  coun- 
terfeit coin  is  one  of  those  found  in  the  leathern-bag, 
before-mentioned. 

JOHN  FIELD. 

January,  1844. 


IV. 
THOMAS  SIMON  AND  THE  ROETTIERS. 

SIR, 

1  HAVE  been  favoured  by  Peter  Cunningham,  Esq.,  of  the 
Audit  Office,  with  the  sight  of  a  document  preserved 
among  the  records  of  that  establishment,  entitled  an 


THOMAS    SIMON    AND    THE    ROETTIERS.  23 

"  Accompt  of  Sir  William  Parkhurst,  and  Sir  Anthony  St. 
Leger,  Knights  Wardens  of  H.  M.  Mint,  for  payments  and 
disbursements  from  31  Dec.  1662  to  20  Dec.  1666." 

Under  the  head  of  "  Annuities  and  Speciall  Warrants" 
occur  the  following  items : — 

"  To  Thomas  Simonds,  Graver,  Annuity  £50  for 

3  years £150     0     0 

(In  the  margin)  "  N.B.  deduct  £12,  10*. 
"    Peter  Blondeau,  Engineer,  Annuity  £100  for 

2  years 200     0     0 

"    the  three  Roettiers,  Gravers          .         .         .     50     0     0" 

Under  the  head  of  "  Salaries"  we  have — 
"  To  the  Chief  Graver  at  £30  for  4  years    .         .     120     0     0 
«          Under  Graver  at  £40  for  2|  .         .     110     0     0" 

These  notices  are  interesting  and  useful,  as  evidence  of 
a  fact  (the  date  of  Simon's  death),  which  from  Vertue's 
time,  until  within  the  last  two  years,  had  baffled  the 
researches  of  every  antiquary.  The  discovery  of  Mrs. 
Simon's  Petition1  to  government,  for  money  due  to  her 
"  late  husband,"  afforded  inferential  evidence  that  he  died 
in  1665;  the  subsequent  discovery  of  his  Will,2  which  was 
proved  in  August  1665,  shewed  that  it  was  previous  to  that 
date;  and  now  the  payments  above  mentioned  furnish 
proof  that  it  occurred  subsequent  to  30th  June  of  that 
year,  for  the  deduction  of  12Z.  10s.  (one  quarter's  pay)  from 
the  total  amount  of  the  three  years'  annuity,  shews  that  he 
had  entered  on  the  third  quarter  of  the  third  year  (1665), 
but  had  not  entered  on  the  fourth,  evidencing  that  he  was 
living  on  the  1st  July  1665,  while  the  circumstance  of  the 
Will  proves  he  had  "  departed  this  life"  previous  to,  or  very 
early  in,  August.  Thus  the  period  of  his  decease  is 

1  See  Num.  Chron.  Vol.  IV.  p.  211.         2  Ibid.  Vol.  V.  p.  161. 


24  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

brought  within  as  brief  a  compass,  as  the  absence  of  any 
proof  of  the  exact  day  could  lead  us  to  expect. 

Another  interesting  fact  is  gathered  from  this  "  Accompt ;" 
viz.  that  Simon's  "  Annuity"  was  much  greater  than  the 
joint  pay  of  the  three  Roettiers ;  and  we  observe,  that  in 
addition  to  this,  he  was  receiving  other  remuneration  as 
graver,  under  the  term  of  "  Salary."3 

Thus  we  see  Simon  in  receipt  of  his  full  pay  at  the  mint, 
to  the  period  of  his  death ;  and  all  the  misrepresentations 
that  have  heretofore  prevailed  as  to  his  being  dismissed 
from  his  official  employment,  and  superseded  by  the 
Roettiers,  are  by  this,  and  the  other  authenticated  papers 
alluded  to,  for  ever  and  entirely  dissipated. 

Had  Vertue,  when  he  was  compiling  his  account  of  the 
"  Coins,  Medals,  and  Great  Seals  of  Thomas  Simon,"  had 
access  to  these  documents,  throwing  such  light  upon  the 
very  points  where  his  keenest  researches  failed,  how  they 
would  have  gladdened  the  heart  of  that  industrious  artist 
and  zealous  antiquary. 

B.  N. 

To  the  Editor  of  the  Numismatic  Chronicle. 


3  Simon's  "  Salary"  involves  a  question,  Was  he  Chief  or 
Under  Graver  ?  If  the  latter,  the  item  of  salary  for  two  years 
and  three  quarters  agrees  with  the  period  of  the  annuity  ;  if  Chief 
Graver,  then  the  charge  is  for  four  years,  which  can  only  be  made 
out  by  reckoning  from  2nd  June  1661,  the  date  of  his  patent,  as 
"one  of  His  Mties  Chief  Gravers,"  to  July  1665,  when  he  died, 
exactly  four  years.  But  then  the  "  Accompt"  only  includes  pay- 
ments from  1662.  Moreover,  in  Simon's  patent  of  appointment, 
his  salary  is  said  to  be  £50  ;  but  the  sums  in  the  accompt  are,  for 
the  Chief  Graver  £30,  and  the  Under  Graver  £40,  curious  dis- 
crepancies, involving  the  fact  of  the  Under  Graver  receiving  more 
than  the  Chief. 


of  I,a 

-^'f/i. s'/i.rvf'  by  fit*    JVtcmismMtic.    Seciety 


SIEGE-MONEY    OF    LANDAU.  25 

V. 
SIEGE-MONEY  OF  LANDAU. 

[Read  before  the  Numismatic  Society,  February  23,  1843.] 

THERE  are  not  less  than  four  towns  in  Continental  Europe, 
bearing  the  name  of  Landau ;  but  the  place  of  which 
we  have  now  to  treat  comprises  a  city  and  a  fortress  in 
Rhenish  Bavaria,  in  the  district  of  Wisseinbourg,  a  tract 
of  country  formerly  appertaining  to  France.  Its  position 
is  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine,  in  49°  13'  north  lat.,  and 
8°  10'  east  long.  Being  situated  in  the  very  heart  of  the 
country  that  was  the  chief  theatre  of  operations  during  the 
war  that  was  called  the  "  war  of  succession,"  it  was  sub- 
jected to  all  the  horrors  and  constant  apprehensions  which 
its  locality  necessarily  entailed  upon  it ;  and  within  the 
space  of  eleven  years  it  underwent  no  less  than  four  sieges, 
being  alternately  taken  and  retaken  by  the  hostile  forces, 
its  possession  being  considered  a  point  of  considerable 
importance,  inasmuch  as  its  situation  rendered  it  the  key 
to  the  States  of  Germany. 

The  first  siege  occurred  in  1702,  when  the  Margrave 
Louis  of  Baden,  commanding  the  army  of  the  Rhine 
under  the  emperor,  and  in  conjunction  with  the  troops  of 
the  associated  circles,  blockaded  it  in  the  month  of  June, 
and  compelled  it  to  surrender  on  the  10th  of  September 
following. 

In  1703  it  was  besieged,  and  taken  by  a  French  army 
under  Marshal  Tallard,  who  had  defeated,  in  an  obstinate 
engagement  at  Spire,  a  division  of  the  allies  which  had 
advanced  under  the  Prince  of  Hesse,  to  relieve  the  town. 
It  capitulated  on  the  17th  November. 

In  1704  it  was  again  besieged,  and  after  holding  out  for 

VOL.    VII.  E 


26  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

two  months,  was  retaken  by  the  allies  "commanded  by  the 
emperor's  son,  the  Archduke  Joseph,  the  young  king  of  the 
Romans.  The  garrison,  under  the  command  of  Monsieur 
de  Laubanie,  made  a  determined  resistance,  but  ineffec- 
tually. Several  medals  were  struck  on  this  occasion  to 
commemorate  the  archduke's  success. 

The  fourth  siege  took  place  in  1713,  when  Marshal 
Villars,  the  commander  of  the  French  forces,  having  taken 
Spire  and  Worms,  and  reduced  Friburg,  invested  Landau 
in  the  month  of  June,  and  on  the  21st  August  compelled 
the  garrison,  amounting  to  seven  or  eight  thousand  men, 
under  the  government  of  Prince  Alexander  of  Wirtemberg, 
to  capitulate. 

Obsidional  pieces  were  struck  only  during  the  first  and 
last  of  these  sieges.  Monsieur  de  Melac,  the  French 
governor  of  the  place  during  the  siege  of  1702,  being  in 
want  of  money  for  the  garrison,  melted  his  own  plate,  and 
had  it  coined  into  four  and  two  livre  pieces,  of  which  the 
largest  of  the  two  pieces  herewith  exhibited  is  a  specimen. 
It  is  stamped  with  the  arms  of  the  governor,  and  in  a  com- 
partment below  the  arms  is  the  name  of  the  city,  and  the 
year  of  the  siege.  It  was  current  for  four  livres  and  four 
sous.  The  Jleurs  de  Us  stamped  around  it,  appear  to  have 
been  intended  as  a  protection  against  clipping,  while  they 
served  as  the  obvious  distinction  of  a  French  coin. 

The  smaller  piece  was  coined  during  the  siege  of  1713, 
when  the  Prince  of  Wirtemberg  was  commander  of  the 
fortress.  He  struck  a  variety  of  pieces,  both  in  silver  and 
gold.  It  is  stamped  with  the  arms  of  the  prince,  sur- 
rounded by  the  initial  letters  C.  A.H.  Z.  W.,  Carl  Alex- 
ander Herzog  Zu  Wirtemberg,  below  which  is  the  date 
1713.  In  a  compartment  in  the  upper  part  of  the  coin 
we  read  "PRO  CJESarc  ET  IMPerio  "  and  in  another 


BURMESE    TIN-MONEY.  27 

compartment  below,  "  BELagerd  LANDAV.  2  florins  8x" 
(creutzers),  or  one  rix  dollar.  In  each  corner  is  impressed 
the  cypher  of  the  prince,  surmounted  by  a  ducal  coronet. 

The  rarity  of  these  pieces,  as  well  as  their  historical 
interest,  may  render  them  worthy  of  the  notice  of  the 
Numismatic  Society. 

B.  N. 

Clare  Cottage,  Priory  Road, 
February  20,  1843. 


VI. 


TIN-MONEY    OF   THE    TRADING    PORTS    OF    THE 
BURMAN  EMPIRE. 

[Read  before  the  Numismatic  Society,  November  23,  1843.] 

Clare  Cottage,  Priory  Road, 
November  4,  1843. 

MY  DEAR  SIR, 

DURING  a  recent  visit  to  Leamington,  in  Warwickshire,  I 
met  with,  in  the  cabinet  of  Mr.  Binley  Dickinson  (a  mem- 
ber of  the  Numismatic  Society),  several  specimens  of  the 
tin-money,  which  forms  the  common  currency  of  the  trad- 
ing ports  of  the  Burman  empire ;  two  of  which  pieces  that 
gentleman  has  forwarded  to  me  for  presentation  to  the 
Society.  The  larger  specimen  is  termed  "  Kabean,"  but 
the  denomination  of  the  smaller  piece  I  am  unacquainted 
with. 

One  of  these  large  tin-coins  I  presented  to  the  Society 
in  1837;  but  Mr.  Dickinson's  specimen  offers  a  remark- 
able difference  in  the  type :  for  the  animal,  whether  it  be 
horse  or  buck,  appears  to  be  attached  to  a  chariot,  and 
bears  a  branch  on  its  raised  fore-foot,  which  will  remind 
the  collector  of  the  Roman  consular  series  of  the  biga  of 


28  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

branch-bearing  centaurs,  which  forms  a  well-known  device 
on  the  coins  of  the  Aurelia  family. 

These  Burmese  coins  appear  of  late  years  to  have 
attracted  some  attention.  They  were  noticed  by  Dr.  Lee 
in  his  presidential  address  to  the  Society  in  1837.  Mr. 
Cullimore  finds  symbols  upon  them  analogous  to  those 
found  on  Egyptian  monuments  ;  and  Mr.  Birch,  of  the 
British  Museum,  has,  in  a  recent  number  of  the  Numis- 
matic Chronicle,  offered  an  elucidation  of  the  inscription 
upon  one  of  them  ;  but  his  remarks  scarcely  apply  to  the 
coins  before  us,  inasmuch  as  the  letters,  or  characters, 
composing  the  inscription,  differ  very  materially  from  those 
given  in  his  statement.  Many  of  the  letters,  or  combina- 
tions of  letters,  which  he  adduces,  are  of  a  complicated 
and  angular  form,  while  those  on  our  specimens  are  of  a 
less  elaborate  and  more  circular  character.  After  a  close 
and  minute  examination,  I  can  trace  but  three  letters 
bearing  any  resemblance  to  those  adduced  by  him,  as  a 
comparison  of  the  following  fac-simile,  with  those  printed 
in  his  dissertation,  will  shew  :  — 


A  specimen,  from  the  cabinet  of  Mr.  Walter  Hawkins, 
is  exhibited  herewith,  for  the  purposes  of  comparison.  It 
will  be  seen  that  the  letters  differ  very  slightly  from  those 
on  Mr.  Dickinson's  coin  j  but  they  appear  to  be  inverted, 
and  read  the  contrary  way  :  — 


This    coin    also    differs   from    Mr.  Dickinson's,    in    the 
absence  of  the  pellets  between  the  spokes  of  the  wheel. 


BURMESE    TIN-MONEY.  29 

In  the  Asiatic  Society's  Burmese  Alphabet  are  two 
letters,  similar  in  form  to  a  corresponding  number  on  these 
coins,  which  have  the  sound  of  ka  and  be  ;  hence  the  sup- 
position, that  the  name  of  the  coin,  Kabean,  might  form  a 
part  of  the  inscription.  A  friend  of  the  writer's  was  for 
some  years  employed  in  trading  all  along  the  coast  of 
Tenasserim ;  and  at  Tavoy,  Martaban,  and  Rangoon,  as 
well  as  among  the  numerous  islands  adjacent,  he  found 
these  tin  Kabeans  the  universal  and  ready  currency; 
and  where  transactions  on  a  large  scale  occurred,  the  coins 
were  not  counted,  but  measured  by  the  basket.  The 
smaller  piece  was  current  only  at  Martaban. 

Mr.  Dickinson's  letter  to  me,  containing  an  interesting 
and  learned  dissertation  on  the  origin  and  purport  of  the 
device  on  these  coins,  accompanies  this,  and  may  be  laid 
before  the  Society. 

I  remain,  my  dear  Sir, 

Yours  very  sincerely, 

B.  NIGHTINGALE. 

To  J.  Y.  AKERMAN,  Esq. 
Hon.  Sec.  of  the  Numismatic  Society. 

VII. 

TIN-MONEY  OF  THE  TRADING  PORTS  OF  THE 
BURMAN  EMPIRE. 

[Read  before  the  Numismatic  Society,  November  23,  1843.] 

Leamington,  September  1,  1843. 

MY  DEAR  SIB, 

WHEN  you  did  me  the  favour  to  call  upon  me  in  Leaming- 
ton, you  expressed  some  interest  in  four  Burmese  coins  in 
my  possession ;  two  large  ones  of  tin,  and  two  small  ones 
of  potin,  or  mixed  metal  of  some  kind.  As  the  larger  coins 
varied  in  some  respects  from  the  Burmese  coin,  described 
by  you  to  the  Numismatic  Society,  in  a  letter  dated 


30  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

April  20,  1837;  and  as  the  smaller  ones  were  new  to  you; 
you  paid  me  the  compliment  to  request  that  I  would  sub- 
mit the  coins  to  the  Numismatic  Society,  of  which  I  have 
the  honour  to  be  a  member,  together  with  the  impressions 
which  the  examination  of  them  had  left  upon  my  mind. 
I  now  beg  to  transmit  to  you  one  of  each  of  the  coins,  and 
I  shall  feel  obliged  if  you  will  lay  them  before  the  Numis- 
matic Society;  and  verbally,  or  by  this  communication, 
submit  also  the  following  observations,  if  you  should  deem 
them  worthy  of  such  distinction. 

I  understand  from  you,  that  the  Burmese  coin  which 
you  exhibited  to  the  Numismatic  Society,  bears  on  the 
obverse  only  an  animal,  with  branching  feet  and  tail,  sur- 
rounded by  a  double  ring,  within  which  runs  a  circle  of 
pellets  or  studs.  My  large  coin,  in  addition  to  the  animal, 
which  supports  a  branch  upon  its  upheld  right  forefoot, 
shows  what  I  cannot  help  considering  a  rude  representation, 
of  a  male  or  female  figure,  leaning  over  from  a  chariot, 
much  in  the  style  of  the  unskilful  imitations  of  the  Greek 
or  Roman  chariots  of  victory  found  upon  ancient  British 
coins.  The  conjunction  of  this  chariot  type  with  the 
wheel  symbol  on  the  reverse,  has  forcibly  struck  me,  as 
showing  in  the  East,  a  similar  attempt  at  copying  the  coins 
of  the  classical  ancients,  as  we  find  amongst  the  rude 
Britons ;  and  as  habits  are  of  a  more  enduring  character  in 
the  East,  than  amongst  Europeans,  it  is  not  improbable 
that  this  Eastern  type  of  modern  coinage  was,  in  its  origin, 
of  an  era  nearly  contemporaneous  with  that  of  our  early 
British  coinage. 

I  shall  not  presume  to  say  a  word  about  the  question  of 
the  inscription ;  the  subject  is  at  present  between  yourself 
and  Mr.  Birch ;  and  therefore  it  needs  not,  as  it  could  not 
have,  any  elucidation  from  my  pen :  but  I  would  wish  to 


BURMESE    TIN-MONEY.  31 

offer  a  few  remarks  upon  the  doubtful  animal  represented 
upon  the  obverse. 

I   cannot  avoid  fancying  the  branches  about  the  head 
and  legs  of  the  animal,  to  have  some  allusion  to  the  lumi- 
nous rays  of  the  sun  or  moon ;  and  in  this  opinion  I  am 
strengthened  by  the  descriptions  of  other  coins  of  a  nearly 
similar    kind  found  in  the   East.       Captain   Cautley  dis- 
covered in   JBehat,  in  the  remains  of  a  submerged  town, 
coins  of  the  following  character.     On  one  side  a  female 
figure  clothed,  holding  in  her  right  hand  a  stalk,  with  a 
large  open  flower  on  its  summit :  on  her  right   side   an 
animal  standing,  with  a  stout  straight  back  or  body,  which 
might  pass  for  that  of  a  deer  or  horse,  but  that  the  head 
resembles  that  of  a  bird,  and  is  surmounted  by  a  radiated 
crest,  which  at  first  looks  like  horns.     I  quote  from  the 
description  given  in  that  esteemed  periodical,  the  Journal 
of  the   Asiatic   Society  of  Bengal ;  from  whence  I  obtain 
also    the    following    account.       At    Kanouj,    Lieutenant 
Conolly  found,  amongst  others,  a  coin,  having  on  its  re-- 
verse, with  several  symbols,  a  crescent,  or  new  moon,  and 
above   it   a   small   animal,    apparently  of  the  deer   kind. 
Amongst  the  symbols  is  the  tree-symbol,  in  the  upraised 
foot  of  the  deer,  or  antelope.     It  has  been  surmised  that 
this   deer   animal   is   the  antelope,  or  roe,    attendant   on 
Chandra,  or  the  moon.     Sir  William  Jones  alludes  to  this 
attribute  in  his   Hymn  to   Suria.     I  would  here  add,  by 
way  of  parenthesis,  can  this  have  a  common  origin  with  the 
stag  of  Diana,  and   can  the  chariot  be  the  copy  of  her 
chariot  drawn  by  white  stags  ?     Major  Moor,  in  his  Hindu 
Pantheon,  represents  Mahadeva,  or  Siva,  with  an  antelope 
in    his   hand,    which   he   says   is  called  Mrigu,  or  Sasin. 
"  Siva,"  says  Major  Moor,  "  is  Time,  the  Sun,  Fire,  the 
Destroyer,  the  Generator."     Mahadeva  has  often  the  sol- 


32  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

lunar  emblem  on  his  forehead.  Chandra,  the  kindred  God9 
or  the  Moon,1  is  represented  drawn  by  a  deer,  but  without 
the  peculiar  bird-like  head,  or  rays. 

From  the  above  particulars,  I  am  disposed  to  consider 
this  bird-headed,  head-and-leg-rayed,  branch-bearing  ani- 
mal, an  emblem  of  the  sun  or  moon.  I  rather  think,  from 
the  presence  of  the  rays,  of  the  former ;  and  I  imagine  the 
figure  altogether  upon  the  obverse  of  the  Burmese  tin- 
coin,  a  representation  of  the  Chariot  of  the  Sun  ;  or,  it 
may  be,  of  Mahadeva,  in  his  sol-lunar  character. 

I  am  inclined  to  believe  the  chariot  type  borrowed,  in 
the  first  instance,  from  ancient  coins,  from  the  following 
circumstance.  The  leaning-urgently-forward  attitude  of 
the  figure  in  the  chariot,  so  highly  expressive  of  swift  speed, 
is  entirely  at  variance  with  the  quiescent  representation  of 
objects  adopted  by  rude  nations,  and  evinces  an  origin 
from  designs  conceived  and  executed  by  a  people  of  refined 
taste,  and  far  advanced  in  the  arts.  And  whence,  it  may 
be  asked,  had  the  rude  Asiatics  this  type  ?  The  question 
may  be  answered  by  the  reply  which  has  been  given  to  the 
same  inquiry  as  to  the  rude  Britons — from  the  Greeks. 
With  his  arms  Alexander  carried  the  arts  of  polished 
society,  especially  that  of  coinage,  into  the  East,  as  we 
find  from  the  long  series  of  Bactrian,  and  other  regal 
coins ;  and  it  strikes  me  it  is  not  a  very  visionary  opinion 
to  suppose,  that  in  the  tin  Burmese  coin  exhibited,  we 
have  an  adaptation  of  the  Greek  chariot  to  the  peculiar 
attributes  of  the  Indian  solar,  or  sol-lunar  deity;  and, 


1  "  The  classical  ancients  made  the  moon  both  male  and  female  ; 
and  Deus  Lunus  was  worshipped  at  Charras,  Edessa,  and  all  over 
the  East." — Jacob  Bryant's  Analysis  of  Ancient  Mythology, 
vol.  i.  p.  314. 


BURMESE    TIN-MONEY.  33 

further,  that  this  type  may  have  been  continued  through 
many  remote  centuries  to  the  present  day. 

I  have  little  to  say  about  the  small  coin,  save  that,  like 
yours,  it  bears  only  the  animal  and  wheel ;  which  latter 
figure,  however  star-like  in  form,  is,  from  the  centre  per- 
foration, and  from  the  general  analogy  of  the  coin  to  the 
tin-coin,  easily  recognised  as  intended  for  a  wheel. 

If  you  should  consider  the  above  remarks  worthy  of  the 
time  and  attention  of  the  Numismatic  Society,  I  should 
feel  obliged  by  your  bringing  them  forward ;  and  especially 
if  you  would  add  to  them  any  additional  matter,  which 
may  compensate  for  the  paucity  of  my  information. 

Requesting  you  to  pardon  the  trouble  I  am  giving  you, 
I  beg  to  assure  you  that  I  am,  my  dear  Sir, 

Yours  very  truly, 

W.  B.  DICKINSON. 

To  BENJAMIN  NIGHTINGALE,  Esq. 


VIII. 

TIN-MONEY  OF  THE  TRADING  PORTS  OF  THE  ' 
BURMAN  EMPIRE. 

[Read  before  the  Numismatic  Society,  January  25,  1844.] 

Sion  College,  January  13,  1844. 

MY  DEAR  SIR, 

AT  the  meeting  of  the  Society,  held  November  23,  1843, 
a  letter  was  read  from  Mr.  Binley  Dickinson,  of  Leaming- 
ton, accompanying  one  from  Mr.  Nightingale.  Mr.  Dick- 
inson presented  to  the  Society  two  of  the  large  tin-coins 
used  in  the  ports  of  the  Burmese  empire,  and  there  so 
common,  that  they  are  measured  by  basketfuls.  These 
coins  bear  various  inscriptions,  and  for  the  most  part  dis- 
play an  animal,  with  branching  horns,  on  the  obverse,  and 
a  wheel  on  the  reverse.  Mr.  Dickinson  himself,  in  the 

VOL.    VII.  F 


34  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

observations  which  accompanied  the  coins,  came  to  the 
conclusion,  that  the  animal  was  designed,  most  probably, 
to  represent  the  sol-lunar  character  of  Mahadeva.  Mr. 
Birch  replied,  that  the  ports  where  these  coins  were  cur- 
rent were  at  too  great  a  distance  from  any  part  where  Brah- 
minism  was  prevalent,  and  that  it  could  hardly  be  expected 
that  the  coins  should  bear  allusion  to  Brahminical  legends 
— that  the  religion  of  the  country  was  Budhuism,  and  the 
chief  object  of  worship  was  Budhu,  or  Bodh,  under  the 
form  of  Gaudma.  It  may  perhaps  be  agreeable  to  the 
Society  to  inspect  the  accompanying  MS.,  in  the  illumi- 
nated parts  of  which  the  history  of  Gaudma  is  depicted, 
and  in  each  stage  of  which  that  deity  is  accompanied  by 
the  sacred  hind,  an  animal  which  makes  a  considerable 
figure  in  Burmese  tradition.  The  MS.  itself  is  the  pro- 
perty of  the  Rev.  John  Bathurst  Deane,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  who 
has  kindly  forwarded  it  to  me,  for  the  purpose  of  being 
laid  before  the  Society. 

I  remain,  my  dear  Sir, 
Yours  faithfully, 

HENRY  CHRISTMAS. 

To  CHARLES  ROACH  SMITH,  F.S.A. 
Hon.  Sec.  Num.  Soc. 


IX. 
STYCAS  FOUND  AT  YORK. 

SIR, — Since  the  finding  of  the  York  stycas,  which 
abound  in  coins  of  the  prince  and  prelate,  Osberht  and 
Vulfhere,  .not  one  of  which  were  met  with  in  the  discovery 
at  Hexham,  other  types  and  varieties  have  turned  up  at 
York,  very  interesting  to  the  numismatist. 


STYCAS    FOUND    AT    YORK.  35 

A  correspondent  of  mine  has  favoured  me  with  some 
account  of  the  examination  of  a  considerable  number 
belonging  to  the  museum  at  York,  not  the  least  singular 
of  which  is  a  coin  inscribed  Aeilred  R.  Edilred  Rex.  The 
Aeilred,  he  says,  consists  of  rather  rudely  formed  letters. 
The  varieties  of  this  type  have  been  hitherto  found  difficult 
to  appropriate  with  certainty.  Indeed,  the  supposed  con- 
junction of  Ear- red  and  Edilred  on  some  of  those  pieces  is 
problematical.  The  coins  of  this  fabric,  in  my  possession, 
read  thus:  — 

ftEILRED  R.^EANREDR. 

AEILRED  R.  =  EANRED. 

AEILRED  R.  =  ftNRED. 

AEILRED  R.  =  EANRE. 

ftEILRED  R.  =  EAN-f RED. 

AEILRED  R.  =  LEOFDEtN. 

But  I  find  a  coin  already  published  from  the  Hexham 
series,  in  the  Archaeologia  (vol.  xxv.  PI.  51 .  p.  306.  No. 3 14), 
headed  (erroneously)  AEILREDA,  which  is  clearly  the 
same  coin  as  the  supposed  new  type  of  my  correspondent 
found  at  York,  reading  EDILRED  REX  =  AEILRED  R. 
only  advancing  us  a  step  or  two  to  leave  us  in  the  same 
perplexity;  and  I  fear  we  must  remain  so,  until  those 
other  coins  found  amongst  the  Hexham  hoard,  some  of 
undecided  appropriation,  and  others  not  hitherto  noticed, 
are  in  some  way  disposed  of — such  coins  as  ED1LVEARD, 
HERRETH,  CUNULF.  And  along  with  these  I  have 
three  coins,  the  obverse  all  from  the  same  die,  reading 
EDILREDD  REX,  the  reverses  all  differing.  One  reads 
FORDRED,  another  BRODER,  and  the  third  EDILVERLD, 
proving  the  same  regal  die  to  have  been  of  access  to  each 
of  those  moneyers ;  and  on  strict  examination  of  the  coins, 
this  system  runs  through  the  whole  series,  to  a  greater  or 


36  NUMISMATIC  ^CHRONICLE. 

less  extent.  The  letters,  too,  frequently  on  both  sides  of 
the  coin,  exhibit  a  marked  difference  in  the  formation  and 
workmanship,  although  the  moneyers,  Vilheah,  Vendle- 
berht,  Cunulf,  Eadvini,  and  Folcnod,  are  certainly  an 
exception  to  this  fact. 

J  have  another  unpublished  styca  found  at  Hexharn, 
inscribed  EftNBALD,  with  a  pelletted  circle,  and  a  cross  in 
the  centre.  On  the  other  side  jTEDILRED,  without  the 
cross,  in  the  absence  of  title  to  either,  perhaps  struck  on 
the  joint  authority  of  both  king  and  bishops.  Contempo- 
rary with  the  reigning  prince,  we  have  generally  the  coins 
of  the  archbishops,  evidencing  the  privilege  given  to  that 
influential  class,  whose  members  monopolised  the  entire 
literature,  and  probably  the  practised  arts  of  the  day,  sig- 
nally qualifying  them  to  perform  such  duties  as  the  fabri- 
cating and  striking  of  the  coins  in  question. 

The  precinct  of  the  church  has  for  the  most  part  been 
the  place  of  discovery  of  those  pieces.  As  several  of  those 
stycas  named  have  not  been  published,  their  connection 
with  those  of  uncertain  appropriation  induced  me  to 
hazard  these  few  remarks,  in  the  hope  that  they  may  assist 
others  more  competent  to  clear  away  the  difficulties  that 
still  hang  about  these  interesting  coins.  I  am,  &c. 

JOSEPH  FAIRLESS. 

Hexham,  February  12,  1844. 


MISCELLANEA. 


"  AN  OLLA  PODRIDA  ;  OR  SCRAPS,  NUMISMATIC,  ANTI- 
QUARIAN, AND  LITERARY."  BY  RICHARD  SAINTHILL,  of 
Topsham,  Devon. 

THE  limited  space  of  the  Numismatic  Chronicle  forbids  an  ex- 
tended notice  or  review  of  Numismatic  books ;  and  the  present 
handsome  volume  (printed  for  private  distribution  only,  and 
liberally  presented  by  the  author  to  his  friends)  might  be  con- 
sidered on  that  account  as  scarcely  coming  within  the  notice  of 
the  reviewer ;  but  its  appearance  has  led  to  a  train  of  reflections, 
in  which  the  recollection  of  what  has  been  done  by  the  little  band 
of  numismatists  on  the  other  side  of  the  Irish  Channel,  has  sug- 
gested a  comparison  with  what  has  been  done,  or  rather  with  what 
has  not  been  done,  in  England.  The  fact  is,  that  in  England, 
with  a  few  honourable  exceptions,  coins  are  collected,  and  often 
hidden  away  for  nearly  half  a  century.  In  Ireland  they  are 
examined,  studied,  and  illustrated.1  Here,  it  is  "  self-love,"  as 
gentle  Pinkerton  phrased  it,  "  indulged  in  the  extreme  ;"  a  veri- 
fication of  the  sneer  of  Voltaire,  that  every  man  is  greedy  of 
something.  Of  course  this  feeling  grows  with  age,  till  the  man 
thus  afflicted  thinks  of  nothing  else  but  the  acquisition  of  some- 
thing which  another  does  not  possess  ;  nay,  he  will  even  go  so  far 
as  to  buy,  at  exorbitant  prices,  two  coins  of  the  same  description, 
because  a  brother  collector  shall  not  boast  of  one.2  We  knew  a 
collector,  who  was  a  singular  example  of  this  most  odious  form  of 
second  childishness.  He  bought  and  hoarded  for  years,  but  as 
for  the  illustration  of  a  coin,  he  would  have  begrudged  the  out- 
lay of  the  smallest  piece  of  money  for  such  a  purpose.  He  is 
not  alone  in  the  list  of  *'  collectors"  (and  let  us  draw  a  wide 
distinction  between  this  designation,  arid  the  honoured  one  of 
"  numismatist,"  who,  though  not  blessed  with  the  pen  of  a  ready 
writer,  may,  in  many  ways,  promote  numismatic  science) :  two 
other  "  collectors"  could  be  named  as  belonging  to  the  same 
category  ;  for  though  they  amassed  a  princely  collection  of 
ancient  coins,  we  have  no  record  of  their  having  expended, 

1  Vide,  inter  alia,  the  works  of  Mr.  Lindsay,  and  the  sound 
and  excellent  papers  of  Dr.  A.  Smith. 

2  We  could  give  several  anecdotes  in  illustration  of  this  feeling, 
but  it  is  not  our  province  to  chronicle  such  amiable  traits. 


38  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

in  the  whole  course  of  their  lives,  a  single  farthing  in  the  promotion 
of  numismatic  studies.  To  return  to  the  volume  which  has  led  to 
these  remarks  :  it  contains,  as  its  name  expresses,  a  collection  of 
scraps,  consisting  of  contributions  to  newspapers  and  periodicals 
for  many  years  past,  illustrated  by  plates  of  coins,  among  which 
is  a  very  interesting  one,  illustrating  the  history  of  the  mint  of 
Exeter,  and  portraits  of  individuals  distinguished  for  their  attach- 
ment to  numismatic  pursuits.  Even  the  hyper-enthusiasm  of 
Mr.  Sainthill  on  some  of  his  favourite  topics,  evinces  the  ardour 
with  which  he  has  applied  himself  to  the  investigation  of  numis- 
matic remains,  the  most  lasting  and  the  most  significant  of  all 
ancient  monuments,  though  we  think  the  re-publication  of  some 
of  the  letters  relating  to  the  officers  of  the  mint,  which  appeared  a 
few  years  since  in  the  newspapers,  might  have  been  omitted : 
people  are  heartily  tired  of  the  abuse  of  one  party,  and  the  ful- 
some adulation  of  the  other,  and  we  sincerely  hope  the  subject  may 
not  be  revived  in  our  days.  We  have  no  intention  of  entering  into 
a  critical  notice  of  the  contents  of  the  volume,  which  contains  a 
vast  quantity  of  interesting  matter  relating  to  numismatics  and 
numismatists  ;  but  we  may  be  permitted  to  observe  in  regard  to 
the  triangle  on  the  Irish  coins  of  Henry  III.  and  the  Edwards, 
that  many  further  proofs  of  its  signification,  of  a  much  earlier 
date,  might  be  cited  ;  and  that,  so  far  from  marvelling  at  the  idea 
of  its  symbolising  the  Trinity,  the  wonder  is  that  people  could  be 
found  to  suppose,  for  one  single  moment,  that  it  signified  any 
thing  else. 

UNPUBLISHED  PENNY  OF  ETHELSTAN  I.  OF  EAST  ANGLIA. 
— IT  appears  to  be  now  generally  admitted,  that  Ethelstan,  sou 
of  the  chief  monarch  Egbert,  and  brother  to  Ethelwulf,  reigned 
over  East  Anglia,  from  about  the  year  828  to  about  841 ;  and  to 
him  are  assigned  the  greater  part,  if  not  the  whole,  of  the  coins 
attributed  by  Mr.  Hawkins  and  his  predecessors  to  Guthrum,  the 
Dane,  who  was  baptised  in  878,  by  the  name  of  Ethelstan,  on  his 
conversion  to  Christianity.  A  portion  also  of  the  pennies  figured 
by  Mr.  Hawkins  among  the  coins  of  the  sole  monarch  Athelstan, 
are  also  transferred  to  Ethelstan  I.  of  East  Anglia.1 

Already  there  are  ten  distinct  types  of  the  coins  of  this  king 
described  by  Mr.  Lindsay,  in  his  excellent  work,  "  A  View  of  the 
Coinage  of  the  Heptarchy  ;"2  and  a  well  preserved  penny  of  this 
monarch,  somewhat  differing  from  any  hitherto  noticed,  having 
lately  fallen  into  my  possession,  I  inclose  you  an  impression,  and 
hope  this  short  notice  may  not  prove  uninteresting  to  the  lovers  of 
Anglo-Saxon  coins. 

1   Silver  coins  of  England,  figs.  188,  189, 190.          2  See  p.  54. 


MISCELLANEA.  39 

The  obverse  presents  the  letter  'AS  with  a  short  line  over  the 
upper  part,  and  a  pellet  on  each  side,  all  inclosed  in  an  inner 
moniliform  circle.  Legend,  E>ELp)TA'N'I+  R. — A  cross 
potent,  in  a  similar  inner  circle.  Legend,  DAI R A E+D  tHD. 
The  last  letter  has  a  rather  straight  stroke  to  the  left,  so  as  to 
resemble  a  D.  Weight,  19  grains.  JOSEPH  KEN  YON. 

WORCESTER  PENNY  OF  ALFRED. — IN  the  sixteenth  num- 
ber of  the  Numismatic  Chronicle,1  Mr.  Hawkins  notices  two 
coins  from  the  Cuerdale  deposit,  which,  in  the  arrangement  of 
the  legends,  resemble  the  Oxford  type  of  Alfred,  each  bearing  a 
name  perhaps  intended  for  that  monarch  ;  but  with  respect  to  the 
rest,  he  observes,  "  It  were  hopeless  to  guess  what  may  be  the 
meaning  or  intention  of  the  other  characters." 

A  penny  of  a  similar  type,  lately  washed  up  by  the  silvery 
stream  of  the  Kibble,  fell  into  my  hands  ;  and,  being  less  blundered 
in  the  legends  than  those  just  alluded  to,  it  presents  a  fairer  chance 
for  appropriation.  The  middle  line  of  the  obverse  reads  ELFRID, 
differing  from  the  one  engraved  by  Mr.  Hawkins2  in  the  third 
letter,  which  in  his  figure  is  an  inverted  L.  The  first  and  third 

lines  are     1^5 i~r  similar  to  those   on  the  figure  quoted.       The 

reverse   differs  totally,  and  furnishes  in  two  lines,  the  name  and 

R  TT  R  H  V 
addition  of  the  Oxford  moneyer,  WT  T) JJQ-     Between  tne  ^nes  are 

three  crosses,  and  four  pellets  above  and  below,  disposed  in  a 
cruciform  manner. 

Notwithstanding  the  similarity  of  type,  and  the  name  of  the 
moneyer,  I  think  few  numismatists  will  feel  disposed  to  consider 
this  an  Oxford  penny,  and  that  the  letters  VIRICIRISI  are  put 
by  mistake  for  ORSNAFORDA.  In  the  reign  of  Athelstan, 
the  chief  monarch,  we  find  coins  with  VERI  struck  at  Worcester. 
The  same  mint  is  designated  in  the  reign  of  Cnut  by  VVIRI ; 
in  that  of  Edward  the  Confessor  by  VVIHRE  ;  in  those  of 
Harold  II.  and  William  I.  in  a  similar  manner ;  and  in  that  of 
Henry  III.  by  VVIRIE ;  besides  numerous  other  methods  of 
spelling  in  these  and  other  reigns,  identical  with,  or  more  or  less 
resembling,  the  first  line  on  the  coin  in  question. 

I  submit,  then,  to  the  judgment  of  more  skilful  numismatists, 
that  there  can  be  scarcely  any  doubt  of  the  place  of  mintage  on 
the  three  coins  in  question  being  Worcester.  The  name  of  the 
mint  is  certainly  in  a  more  lengthened  form  than  the  various 


1  Vol.  V.  page  19.  *  P1>  iie  fig.  25.  ioc.  cit< 


40  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

abbreviations  afterwards  used ;  but  much  less  changed  than 
ORSNAFORDA,  which,  in  the  time  of  Edgar,  becomes  OX, 
retaining  only  a  single  letter  of  the  word  used  in  the  time  of 
Alfred ;  and  it  may  not  be  irrelevant  to  notice,  that  the  ancient 
Anglo-Saxon  name  of  this  city,  Wigrarac  easier,  was  subsequently 
shortened  to  Wigraceaster  and  Wigraminstre. 

I  am  aware  that  slight  objections  may  be  raised  against  the 
claim  of  the  Worcester  mint,  from  the  similarity  of  the  type  to 
that  of  Oxford,  and  from  the  identity  of  the  moneyer.  It  may, 
however,  be  observed,  that  the  Exeter  and  Winchester  pennies  of 
Alfred  are  not  only  of  the  same  type,  but  evidently  the  work  of 
the  same  moneyer  ;  and  the  proximity  of  Oxford  and  Worcester 
will  render  it  not  improbable,  that  the  mints  of  these  two  cities 
were  under  the  control  of  the  same  moneyer. 

JOSEPH  KENYON. 

ITALIAN  MEDIAEVAL  COINS. — Notizie  ed  Osservazioni  sopra 
alcune  monete  battute  in  Parna  da  Ardoino  Marchese  d'lvrea 
e  Re  d'ltalia  e  dalV  avo  di  lui  il  Re  Berengario  II.  e  della 
Parte  dovuta  agV  Italiani  nello  Studio  delle  Monete  battute 
nel  Cor  so  dei  Secoli  xiii.  e  xiv.  nelle  Province  meridionali  deW 
Impero  Greco  in  Europa  col  Tipo  dei  Denari  Tornese.  Par 
Giulio  di  S.  Quintino. 

THE  object  of  this  dissertation  of  the  Cavalier  S.  Quintino,  of 
Turin,  already  known  as  an  investigator  of  ancient  numismatic 
and  Egyptian  antiquities,  is  to  encourage,  or  attract  numismatic 
students  to  the  consideration  of  the  coins  of  the  middle  ages, 
which  have  been  lately  so  successfully  revived  by  MM.  Longpe- 
rier  and  De  Saulcy,  and  the  writers  of  the  "  Revue  Numismatique" 
in  France,  and  by  some  of  the  Italian  and  German  archaeologists. 
In  England,  the  study  of  our  own  coinage  has  ever  held  a  predo- 
minant place,  from  the  time  of  Thoresby  to  the  present  day. 
St,  Quintino  edits,  for  the  first  time,  the  following  types  of 
Ardoin. 

1. 1-    BERENGARIVS,  in  centre,  in  an  engrailed   ring, 

REX. 

n,      P.A    +  XLDERTVS    R  +  X,    engrailed  ring.    (PL 
PI  A         fig.  I.) 

D    +  INCRACIAD'I    REX,   in  two   engrailed   rings. 
2— AQR         (PI.  fig.  3.) 

P.A 

R._pA+  CIVITAS  CLORIO. 


MISCELLANEA.  41 


3.—   p  +  INVS  REGEM. 
O 

R.__  pA  IMPERATOR  +  . 
I 

D9 
4._AR  INCRACIXD^IR. 

O 

R._P£   CIVITS  CLORIO+. 
A 

The  above  coins,  which  only  differ  by  the  name  of  Ardoin 
being  given  as  Ardo  Ardoin,  or  Ardoinus,  and  by  the  barbarous 
Latin  of  Regem  in  one  instance,  are  attributed  by  the  writer  to 
Ardoino,  Marquis  of  Ivraea,  who  was  elected  by  the  Italian  princes 
in  the  seventh  year  of  the  eleventh  century  to  the  dignity  of  king 
of  Italy.  The  title  of  Imperator,  on  No.  3,  he  would  not  re- 
fer to  the  king  Ardoin,  who  does  not  appear  to  have  had  that 
title,  but  that  of  Csesar  (cf.  Arnolfs  Hist.  Med.  i.  c.  14), 
but  to  Otho  III.  The  denarius  (No.  1)  is  equally  remarkable 
and  rare  with  those  of  Ardoin,  being  one  of  Berengarius  II.  and 
Adalbert,  who  were  elected  and  crowned  kings  of  Italy  in  Pavia, 
on  the  15th  December  A.D.  950,  in  which  respect  they  have 
imitated  the  type  of  their  predecessors,  Hugo  and  Lotharius, 
father  and  son,  who  struck  a  denarius  with  their  joint  names,  and 
the  inscription  "XTIANA  RELIGIO"—  "the  last  remembrance," 
says  S.  St.  Quintino,  "  of  the  sway  of  the  descendants  of  Charle- 
magne in  our  country."  The  penny  of  Berengarius  and  Adalbert 
is  in  the  collection  of  the  Vatican.  With  these  coins  he  has  also 
published  two  others  of  Otho  III.,  from  which  Ardoin  has 
copied  his  reverse  of  the  CIVITAS  GLORIOSA  PAPIA,  the 
renowned  city  of  Pavia  ;  and  (4.)  on  the  obverse,  OTTO  +  M 
TERCIVS  ;  and  one  OTTO  M  TERCIVS,  with  the  reverse 
PA  PI  A  INFER  ATOR.  The  formula,  in  fact,  of  all  these 
Italian  coins,  is  taken  from  the  titles  of  the  house  of  Charlemagne, 
and  the  Frank  coinage  ;  "  In  Dei  Gratia  Rex,"  being  copied  from 
those  of  Charles  the  Bold.  We  have  not  here  noticed  the  sup- 
posed relationship  of  Ardoin  and  Berengarius,  given  at  great 
length  by  the  author  ;  which  is  a  point  rather  for  the  critical 
inquirer  into  Italian  history  and  biography,  than  for  the  illustrator 
of  numismatic  legends.  The  coins  illustrated  in  the  second  paper 
are  two  taken  from  a  plate  engraved  by  Nicoli  Congenie  of 
Naples,  who  had  intended  to  publish  a  collection  of  all  the  coins 
minted  in  Greece  in  the  Tournois  type,  but  whose  labours  were 
overtaken  by  death,  and  his  collection  dispersed. 

VOL.  vn.  G 


42  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

S.  St.Quintino  suggests, that  the  denarii  reading  G.  PRINCEPS 
and  THEBE  CIVIS,  with  the  Tournois  type,  are  to  be  assigned 
to  Guido  II.  duke  of  Athens,  A.  D.  1304-8,  and  not  to  Geoffrey 
di  Villardoni,  or  Guillaume  II.,  his  successor,  as  supposed  by 
Marchant  and  De  Saulcy.  The  records  of  the  mint  at  Naples 
make  mention  of  the  orders  to  employ  the  Tournois  type  on  the 
currency  of  Clarence  ;  and  the  one  published  by  S.  Hunter  com- 
pletely justifies  the  reading. 

+  TVRONVS  CIVI.     The  city  of  Tours,  a  cross. 
R.— DCLARENTIA.     Tower  of  Tours,  silver. 

The  reading  of  the  reverse  is  apparently  De  Clarentia,   "  of 
Clarence"     The  other  two  are — 

l._+  v  ANGELVS  SAB"  •;  C.     Cross. 

R._  .  +  NEOPATRIE.  Tower  of  Tours. 

2._  +  ANGELVS  SAB.  C.  Cross. 

R.— DENLAPATRAF.  Tower  of  Tours.— (Cabinet of 
Prin.  Spinelli,  S.  Georgia.) 

The  city  of  Neopatra  mentioned,  is  one  at  the  base  of  the 
mountains  of  Locris,  in  the  plain  between  them  and  Thermopolis, 
and  the  capital  of  the  states  left  in  1264  by  Michel  Angel  us 
Comnenus,  the  despotes  of  Epirus  and  ^tolia,  to  John,  his 
younger  bastard  son.  "It  is  not  to  be  confounded,"  S.  St. 
Quintmo  observes,  "  with  the  ancient  Patrse,  the  Colonia  Patronius 
of  the  Romans  in  the  Peloponesus,  which  was  under  episcopal 
government."  The  name  of  the  second  city  he  would  read 
Lapetra,  mentioned  by  Dufresne  (Op.  lib.  vii.  n.21),  as  taken  by 
the  Spaniards  about  1312,  when  they  became  masters  of  the 
duchy  of  Athens,  under  the  name  Chateau  de  Lapator,  perhaps 
the  Lapathus  of  Livy  (xliv.  n.  2,  6).  The  Angelus  mentioned 
on  the  obverse  he  supposes  to  be  Angelus  Johannes,  who  was 
appointed  over  ^Etolia  and  Thessaly  by  Johannes  Cantacugenus, 
when  the  Spaniards  had  been  chased  from  Thessaly  (Cf.  Cantac. 
Hist.  ii.  c.  27 ;  iii.  53,  and  lib.  iv.  32  ;  iii.  27,  32  ;  xiii.  c.  3.  and  6  ; 
and  Greg.  xiii.  6) ;  and  the  type  probably  imitated  by  him  from 
the  Catalan  currency.  He  died  1347.  The  SAB.  C.  was  read 
Sdbaudice  Comes  by  Cangenie.  Quintino  proposes  no  satisfactory 
explanation  why  it  should  not  be  so,  neither  does  he  explain  the 
F  at  the  end  of  the  legend.  We  must  confess  that  we  are  not 
satisfied  with  the  account  of  this  last  coin,  which,  supposing  the  F 
to  be  an  imperfect  E,  would  read  Denarius  Lapatrce.  The  above 
forms  the  substance  of  an  elaborate  paper  in  ser.  ii.  vol.  v.  of  the 
Memoirs  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Tours.  S.  B. 


MISCELLANEA.  43 

TIN  MEDAL  FROM  CHA  Poo,  IN  THE  PROVINCE  OF  CHE 
KEANG. — Dr.  John  Brush,  of  the  Scots  Greys,  has  presented  to 
the  British  Museum  a  singular  Chinese  medal  made  of  tin,  and 
found  at  Cha  Poo,  in  the  province  of  Che  Keang,  the  seat  of  the 
-late  war  with  China.  It  is  imitated  from  a  Spanish  dollar  of 
Charles  III.  or  IV.,  and  has  upon  one  side  §  §  §  ERVTQVE 
VN  J  §  1 1  M  SHDK  '29,  an  imitation  of  the  legend  VTR  AQUE 
VNUM,  J762;  the  pillars  of  Hercules,  and  the  two  hemispheres, 
much  more  rudely  copied  than  is  usual ;  and  on  the  reverse  a 
Chinese  junk  with  high  bulwarks,  and  two  masts  with  square  mat 
sails,  and  a  Chinese  sailor  seated  in  the  stern  sheets,  holding  the 
ropes.  In  the  area  is  TAB  PING,  Peace  and  Plenty,  a  name 
assumed  for  the  epochs  of  their  reigns  by  many  of  the  old 
monarchs  of  China,  and  also  that  of  several  towns  in  the  empire, 
but  probably,  in  the  present  instance,  a  term  applied  to  some 
event  comparatively  recent,  the  characters  being  in  the  most 
modern  hand.  S.  B. 

DISCOVERY  OF  ROMAN  COINS  AT  SHOTOVER. — In  the  month 
of  May  1842,  the  wheel  of  a  waggon,  which  was  passing  along 
the  side  of  a  little  copse  on  the  estate  of  George  V.  Drury,  Esq. 
at  Shotover,  near  Oxford,  broke  into  an  urn,  or  jar,  containing 
560  (perhaps  even  more)  Roman  coins.  From  a  list  given  to  me 
they  appear  to  have  been  of  the  following  emperors,  &c. 

Antoninus  Maximilianus 

Aurelianus  Postumus 

Carausius  Probus 

Claudius  Salonina  (wife  of  Gallienus) 

Claudius  Gothicus  Tacitus 

Florianus  Tetricus 

Gallienus  Victorinus 

Gratianus 
many  of  them  in  good  preservation. 

There  have  been  found  in  this  neighbourhood,  at  different 
times,  coins  of  Maximian,  Constantine,  Domitian,  and  Claudius 
Gothicus  (2).  One  of  Vespasian  was  picked  up  at  Drunshill, 
near  Woodeaton,  in  1841 ;  and  one  of  Nero,  near  the  Roman 
road  which  goes  from  Otmoor,  in  the  last  year. 

THOMAS  SIMON. — Among  the  letters  patent  passed  under  the 
Great  Seal  of  Oliver  Cromwell,  is  the  following,  regarding  a 
name  so  celebrated  with  collectors  of  coins  and  medals,  date 
July  9,  1656.  "  Tho.  Symon  as  cheife  Engraver  of  ye  irons  of 
and  for  the  mony  of  his  Highnes  xxx£  per  arm.  payable  quar- 
terly and  commenceing  from  the  25th  of  March  1655  ;  and  as 


44  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

Meddall  Maker  to  his   Highnes  ,£13.  6.  8  payable  and  corn- 
men  ceing  as  afores'd,"  &c. 

CURIOUS  ERROR  ON  A  DUTCH  DUYT. — ZEELANDIA, 
1754.  R.— LVCTOR  ET  EMENTOR.  Arms  of  Zeeland. 
This  singular  duyt  of  Zeeland  bears  the  above  legend  on  the 
reverse,  instead  of  the  usual  LUCTOR  ET  EMERGO,  I  struggle 
and  emerge,  which  refers  to  the  lion  coming  out  of  the  water  on 
their  shield.  This  curious  error  of  the  mint  of  Zeeland  has  never 
yet,  that  we  are  aware  of,  been  explained.  Can  any  of  our  cor- 
respondents inform  us  about  it  ? 

GOLD  BRITISH  COINS  FOUND  AT  BANBURY. — An  anony- 
mous correspondent  has  addressed  a  letter  to  the  Gentleman's 
Magazine,  on  the  coins  referred  to  in  the  proceedings  of  the 
Numismatic  Society,  cited  in  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  of 
January,  relative  to  the  gold  coin,  Obv. — Ear  of  corn.  R. — 
QVANTEG.  A  horse.  He  reads  QVANTE  only  on  Mr. 
Beesley's  coin.  This  coin,  which  has  been  engraved  in  the 
Numismatic  Journal  (Vol.  I.  p.  223,  No.  VIII.),  and  in  the  last 
edition  of  Ruding,  as  with  a  fern  leaf  on  the  obverse,  he  considers 
an  ear  of  corn,  and  would  refer  the  inscription  QVANTE,  as  a 
form  of  CANTI,  for  Kent. — Gentleman's  Magazine,  July,  1843, 
p.  39. 


45 


X. 

UNEDITED  AUTONOMOUS  AND  IMPERIAL 
GREEK  COINS. 

BY  H.  P.  BORRELL,  ESQ. 

[Read  before  the  Numismatic  Society,  28th  March,  1844.] 
AEGAE,    IN    AEOLIA. 

No.  1. — Goat's  head  and   neck  to  the  right. 

R.— Two  lozenge-shaped  indentures.      AR.  2.   12£  grs. 

(My  cabinet,  and  Brit.  Mus.) 

2. — Helmeted  head  of  Pallas  to  the  right. 

R. — AIFAE.     Goat's  head,  as  the  preceding.     AR.   3. 

32l2o  £rs-     (My  cabinet.') 

3. —  Another  similar.     AR.  2.  27£  grs.     (My  cabinet.) 
4._iepA.  CYNKAHTOC.     Youthful   naked   head   to   the 

right. 

R.— en.  CTP.  AY.  AIIOAAOA£1POY  AlFAG^lN.     For- 
tune   standing    with    her    usual    attributes.       JE.    6. 

(My  cabinet.) 

Aegae  was  one  of  the  minor  towns  of  Aeolia,1  founded  129 
years  after  the  siege  of  Troy,2  and  belonged  to  the  Aeolian 
confederation.3 

Silver  coins  of  this  city  are  of  great  rarity ;  none  similar 
to  those  described  above  have  yet  been  published.  No.  1 
is  of  primitive  fabric,  and  is  without  legend ;  it  was  dis- 
covered with  a  few  others  between  Myrina  and  Cyme, 
somewhere  near  where  Aegae  must  have  stood.  The  lozenge 
form  of  the  indentures  is  not  unfrequently  seen  on  the 
most  ancient  money  of  this  and  the  adjoining  provinces. 


1    Plutarch,  in  vit.  Themist.         2  Euseb.  Chron.  lib.  ii,  p.  100. 
3  Herodot.  lib.  i.e.  149,  150. 

VOL.  VII.  H 


46  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

Nos.  2  and  3  differ  from  each  other  merely  by  their 
weight ;  they  are  of  more  modern  date,  when  the  art  of 
engraving  was  advancing  towards  perfection. 

Although  an  autonomous  coin,  and  the  only  one  yet 
cited  with  a  magistrate's  name,  No.  6  was  most  pro- 
bably struck  during  the  Roman  domination,  even  as  low 
down  as  the  reign  of  Septimus  Severus,  as  the  same  name  of 
the  arparrjyo^  or  praetor,  Apollodorus,  occurs  on  a  coin  of 
Julia  Domna,  cited  by  Sestini.4 

CYME,  IN   AEOLIA. 

No.  1. — Fore  part  of  a  horse  to  the  right. 

R. — Head  of  Hercules  covered  with  lion's  skin  ;    below,  a 
club,  the  whole  incuse.   EL.  1J.  38|grs.   (My  cabinet.) 

Another  specimen,  and  the  only  one  which  ever  came 
under  my  notice,  was  in  the  collection  I  ceded  to  the  Bank 
of  England.  The  type  of  the  half-horse  was  used  also  by 
the  Atarneans  of  Mysia,  and  the  correctness  of  its  classifi- 
cation to  Cyme  must  be  received  with  doubt.  The  same 
incuse  head  of  Hercules  occurs  on  another  coin  in  Electrum, 
ascribed  by  Sestini  to  Abydus.5 

No.  2. — Eagle's  head  to  the  left. 

R. — Rude  indented  square.     AR.  1.     9J  grs.     (My  cab- 
inet, and  Brit.  Mus.) 

3.— KT.     Eagle's  head  to  the  right. 

R. — Four  triangular  indentures,  placed  in  the  form  of  the 
sails  of  a  windmill.     AR.  1.  6|  grs.     (Same  cabinets.) 

These  two  small  primitive  coins  mutually  illustrate  each 
other :  they  are  of  much  earlier  date  than  any  yet  pub- 
lished ;  and  as  Cyme  was  an  important  city,  we  may  expect 


4  Descr.  Num.  Vet,  p.  309. 

6  Descr.  degli  Stat.  Ant.  pi.  vii.  No.  10. 


UNEDITED    GREEK    COINS.  47 

to  find  larger  specimens  of  the  same  epoch.  The  eagle 
alludes  to  Jupiter,  whose  worship  was  established  here,  as 
we  learn  from  Herodotus6  that  in  consequence  of  an  oracle 
of  that  god,  a  colony  was  sent  from  Cyme  to  found  the  city 
of  Smyrna. 

No.  4. — Eagle  looking  backward  ;   in  the  field  the  monogram  /J2>. 

R. — Fore  part  of  a  horse  to  the  right ;    below,  an  ear  of 
barley.     AR.  31|  grs.     (Bank  of  England.) 

The  above  differs  from  a  coin  in  Mionnet  only  by  the 
monogram  and  the  accessory  symbol  of  the  ear  of  barley. 

No.  5. — OMHPOC.     Homer  sitting,  facing  the  right. 

R. — KYMAIIiN  inscribed  in  three  lines,  within  a  wreath 
of  oak  leaves.     JE.  5.     (My  cabinet.) 

None  of  the  cities  connected  with  the  history  of  Homer 
had  a  better  claim  to  represent  his  effigy  on  their  money 
than  Cyme,  which  was  the  place  of  nativity  of  his  mother 
Crytheis  ;7  and  Smyrna,  where  it  is  presumed  he  was  born, 
was  then  building  by  a  colony  of  Cymean  citizens.8 

Another  coin  of  Cyme,  on  which  is  seen  a  sitting  figure 
of  the  great  poet,  is  in  the  French  National  Museum,  and 
bears  on  the  reverse  his  mother,  with  the  legend,  KPH0HIC 
KTMAK1N.9  Both  these  coins  I  believe  to  be  unique  :  that 
of  mine  resembles  in  every  respect  a  coin  struck  at 
Smyrna,  on  the  reverse  of  which  is  the  name  of  the  city 
also  in  three  lines ;  they  were  probably  struck  to  com- 
memorate some  particular  festival  celebrated  in  these  cities 
to  his  honour. 


6  In  vit.  Horn.  c.  14.  ?  Herodotus,  in  vit.  Horn.  c.  1. 

8  Herodotus,  in  vit.  Horn.  c.  3. 

y  Mionnet,  Supp.  tom.vi.  p.  15,  No.  119. 


48  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

No.  6.—  I6PA  CYNKAHTOC.     Head  of  the  Senate  to  the  right. 

R.—  CT.  AY.  GAIIIAHfcOPOY   KYMAI.     The  genius  of 

the  city  standing,  clad  in  a  short  tunic  ;    a  globe  in  his 

right  hand  and  a  trident  in  his  left.     JE.  6.     (My  cabi- 

net) and  Brit.  Mus.) 

I  presume  the  figure  on  the  reverse  of  this  coin  is  in- 
tended for  the  genius  of  the  city,  as  I  find  it  repeated  on  a 
coin  of  Nero,  published  by  Mionnet,10  on  which  we  read, 
KYMH  AIOAIC;  and  again,  on  another  of  Valerianus,  Sen.,11 
in  whose  reign  my  coin  was  most  probably  struck,  as  on  it 
occurs  the  name  of  the  Praetor,  Aurelius  Elpidephorus. 

No.  7.—  060N    NGP&NA   KYMAmN.       Laureated    head    of 
Nero. 

R.  —  6GAN  AFPinniNAN.  Veiled  head  of  Agrippina 
as  Ceres,  crowned  with  ears  of  corn,  to  the  right. 
JE.  4.  (Same  cabinet.} 

No  Numismatic  writers  have  hitherto  noticed  a  coin  of 
Cyme  with  the  head  of  the  mother  of  Nero.  The  follow- 
ing reverse  on  a  coin  of  Tranquillina  is  also  unedited* 

No.  8.—  $OYPIA    TPANKYAA6INA  CEB.        Head    of   Tran- 
quillina, wife  of  Gordianus  Pius,  to  the  right. 

R.—  G.  AYP.  ACKAHHIAKOY  T.  B.  KYMAK1N.  Diana 
of  Ephesus  with  her  usual  attributes.  JE,.  4. 

(British  Museum.) 


.ZEsclepiacus  is  here  styled  Tpafj^Mnev^  or  Scribe  for  the 
second  time,  a  title  which  appears  for  the  first  time  on  the 
coins  of  this  city. 

No.  9.—  A.  K.  HO.  AIKI.  OYAAGPIANOC.     Laureated  head  of 
Valerianus,  Sen.,  to  the  right. 

R.—  GEL     AYP.     GAIUAHfcOPOY     NG.     KYMAIilN. 

TEsculapius  and   Hygaea  standing,  facing  each  other. 
M.  1  0.     (Bank  of  England.) 


10  Mionnet,  Supp.  torn.  iii.  p.  10,  No.  63.      ll  Idem,  p.  13,  No. 77. 


UNEDITED    GREEK    COINS.  49 

No.  10.— A.  K.  II.  AIKl.  OYAAGPIANOC.  Laureated  head  of 
Valerianus,  Jun.,  to  the  right. 

R.— eni.  ATP.  eAHIAH^OPOY  KYMAIQN.  Naked 
figure  of  one  of  the  Dioscuri  standing,  holding  a  horse 
by  the  bridle.  JE.  10.  (Bank  of  England.) 

MYRINA,  IN   AEOLIA. 

No.  1.— AYT.  KAI.  A.  CGIL  C6OYHPOC  HGP.  ICY.  AOMNA 
CGBACTH.  Heads  of  Septimus  Severus  and  Julia 
Domna  facing  each  other,  that  of  Severus  laureated. 

R.  —  em.    CTP.    GYneiCTOY     TOY     ATTAAOY 

MYPINAION.  Hexastyle  temple,  in  which  is  a  stand- 
ing figure  ;  a  patera  in  right  hand  and  a  branch  in 
left.  JE.  11. 

This  unedited  medallion  of  Septimus  Severus  and  his 
empress  is  remarkable  for  its  superior  fabric  and  the  beauty 
of  its  preservation.  It  passed  from  my  collection  into  that 
of  the  Biblioth^que  Royale,  at  Paris. 

NEONTICHOS,  IN    AEOLIA. 

No.  1. — Helmeted  head  of  Pallas  to  the  right. 

R. — NE,  in  monogram  (no  type).     2E,  1.     (Brit.  Mus.) 

Neontichos  was  the  earliest  establishment  of  the  Aeolians 
in  Asia. 

Formerly,  the  small  copper  coins  exhibiting  for  type  the 
head  of  Pallas,  with  an  owl  on  the  reverse,  and  NE  in 
monogram,  were  attributed  to  the  island  of  Nea,  near  the 
coast  of  Thrace.  Cousinery,  having  affirmed  that  they  are 
mostly  found  in  Aeolia,  they  are  generally  admitted  to 
belong  to  Neontichos.  I  approve  of  this  restitution,  and 
confirm  M.  Cousinery's  observation ;  they  have  been 
brought  to  me  from  Aeolia  and  Mysia,  with  coins  of  Tern- 
nus,  Cyme,  Larissa,  Elaea,  Myrina,  and  Pergamus.  With 
the  owl  on  the  reverse,  the  coins  of  Neontichos  are  not 
uncommon;  but  that  described  above  is  the  only  one  I 


50  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

ever  met   with,  presenting  merely  the  monogram  of  the 
name  of  the  city,  and  no  other  symbol. 

TEMNUS,  IN    AEOLIA. 

No.  1. — Laureated  head  of  Apollo,  to  the  right. 

R. — TA.  AM.     Vase,  between  four  bunches   of  grapes. 
AR.  2.  27^  grs.     (From  my  cabinet,  in  Brit.  Mus.) 

This  silver  coin  of  Temnus  is  probably  unique,  none  in 
that  metal  having  yet  been  noticed  by  Numismatic  writers. 
The  head  of  Apollo  is  in  the  same  style  as  on  coins  of 
Aegae,  Larissa,  Myrina,  etc.,  cities  in  the  same  province ; 
perhaps,  Apollo  surnamed  Cillaeus,  who  was  honoured  with 
the  special  worship  of  all  the  people  of  Aeolian  origin.  On 
the  reverse  the  devices,  a  vase  and  bunches  of  grapes,  are 
symbols  of  Bacchus,  and  of  frequent  occurrence  on  the 
copper  money  of  this  city. 

No.  2. — THMNITON.     Apollo,  in  female  attire,   standing;    his 
left  arm  leaning  on  a  column. 

R. — EIII.   ZiilAOY.     A  river   god,   recumbent.     M.  4. 
(Brit.  Mus.,  from  my  cabinet.) 

This  coin,  which  is  beautifully  preserved  and  the  legend 
perfect,  serves  to  correct  an  error  Sestini12  has  fallen  into, 
who  publishes  a  coin  from  the  Cousinery  collection  offering 
precisely  the  same  type,  which  he  describes  as  follows : — 

MASTAYPEFmN.        Apollo    stolatus    stans,    S.    cubito 
columnae  innititur. 

R. — EIII.  Z&IAOY.     Fluvius  decumbens.   M.     See  also 
Mionnet,  tom.iv.  p.  83,  No.  455. 

There  can  be  no  doubt  of  the  identity  of  the  two  coins, 
and  Sestini  was  most  likely  misled  by  M.  Cousinery's 
manuscript  catalogue,  which  abounds  with  errors. 

I  cannot  allow  the  present  opportunity  to  escape  without 


12  Descriz.  p.  430. 


UNEDITED    GREEK    COINS.  51 

pointing  out  another  error  in  Sestini.    In  his  Lett.  Num. 
torn.  iv.  p.  1 12,  he  notices  the  following  coin.13 

ACINIOC  TAAAOC.     Caput  Asinii  Galli,  nudum. 

R.— TAMNITAN  AC.  4>ANIOY.     Caput  Bacchi  hedera 
coronatum.     M.  3. 

A  second  example  of  the  same  coin,  the  legend  being 
more  perfect,  reading  . .  ACINIOC  TAAAOC  YIIATOC,  and 
on  the  reverse,  AIIOAAAC  $ANIOY  TAMNITAN,  he  classes 
to  Augustus.14  Asinius  Gallus,  who  was  consul  with  Mar- 
cms  Censorinus,  in  the  year  of  Rome  745,  was  not  of 
sufficient  importance  to  appear  on  the  money  of  the  depen- 
dencies of  the  empire  ;  it  is  the  portrait  of  Augustus  which 
is  intended  in  both  cases. 

Another  imperfect  coin  of  Augustus,  struck  at  Temnus, 
is  ranged  by  Eckhel,  in  his  Num.  Vet.  pi.  xi.  No.  14,  p.  190, 
and  Mionnet,  Supp.  torn.  v.  p.  236,  No.  1390,  amongst  the 
coins  of  Prusias  ad  Hypium ;  he  reads  erroneously — 

KAICAP  CGBACTOC  II.  .OYCIAC  YHIli. 
R.— AIIOAAAC NIOY  TAM...TA. 

It  is  the  same  which  is  correctly  described  in  Mionnet, 
tom.iii.  p.  28,  No.  167,  under  Temnus,  as  follows — 

KAICAP  CGBACTOC  HAOYCIAC  YI1AT.    Tete  d'Au- 
guste  jeune. 

R. — AIIOAAAC  fcANIOY  TAMNITAN. 

I  have  a  beautiful  specimen  of  this  coin,  and  can  vouch 
for  the  correctness  of  the  latter  version. 

LESBOS,    INSULA. 

THE  cities  of  Lesbos  offer  a  rich  and  remarkable  series  of 
primitive  coins,  but  many  are  difficult  to  class  with  any 

3  See  also  Mionnet,  Supp.  torn.  vi.  p.  41,  No.  260. 
14  Descr.d'Alc.  Med.  Gr.  del  Mus.  Font,  pars  ii.  p.  63,  Tab.  x. 
fig.  15,  et  pars  iii.  p.  57,  No.  2. 


52  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

degree  of  certainty.  I  have  collected  together  a  number 
of  useful  materials  and  observations,  which,  when  properly 
matured,  I  propose  communicating  in  a  separate  notice. 

ERESUS,  IN  LESBO  INSULA. 

No.  1 — Head  of  Mercury  wearing  the  pileus,  to  the  right. 

R.— EPES.     Female  head  to  the  right.     JE.  3.     (Brit. 

Mus.,  from  my  cabinet.) 
2. — Same  head. 

R. — EPE.     Grain  of  barley.     J£.  1.     (Same  cabinet.) 

3.— AYT.   K.   M.   IOYA.  fclAIIIIIOC.     Laureated  head  of 
Philippus,  Sen. 

R.— Gill.  CTPA.  AYP.  TAMIKOY  B.  ePGCIH.  Pallas 
standing ;  a  victory  in  her  right  hand,  and  the  hasta  in 
her  left.  JE.  9.  (Bank  of  England,  from  my  cabinet.) 

4.— M.  IOYA.  $IAIIIIIOC  K.     Laureated  head  of  Philippus, 
Jun.,  to  the  right. 

R.— em.  CT.  TAMIKO  ePGCm.  jEsculapius  stand- 
ing. M.  6.  (My  cabinet.) 

Sestini  has  proved  the  inaccuracy  in  the  classification  to 
Eresus  of  those  coins,  in  silver  and  copper,  bearing  for  type 
Obv.  head  of  Ceres,  and  on  Rev.  EP  in  monogram,  within 
a  wreath  of  corn  ;  he  restores  them  to  Eretria  in  Euboea. 
The  four  coins  above  described  are  indubitably  of  this  city, 
and  are  unpublished. 

METHYMNA,  IN    LESBO    INSULA. 

No.  1. — Helmeted  head  of  Pallas,  to  the  left. 

!*• — eL  and   a  diota ;    the  whole  within  a  sunk   square. 

M.  3.  48 \  grs.     (Brit.  Mus.,  from  my  cabinet.) 
2. — Bust  of  Pallas,  to  the  right. 

R.-MHeYMNAKlN.  Fortune  standing.  M.  4.  (Same 
cabinet.) 

The  types  of  these  autonomous  coins  of  Methymna  are 


UNEDITED    GREEK    COINS.  53 

new.     Several  primitive  coins  of  the  same  city  I  reserve 
for  another  opportunity. 

No.  3.— AYT.  .ATP.   KOMOA Laureated  head   of  Corn- 
modus,  to  the  right. 

R  —  GDI KAAC...MH9YMNAmN.    Armed  warrior, 

standing    between    Pallas    and    another   female    figure. 
JE.  10.     (Bank  of  England,  from  my  cabinet.} 

4.— AYT.  K.  MAP.  AY.  ANT&NGINOC.      Laureated  head 
of  Caracalla,  to  the  right. 

R.— GUI.  CTP.  TIMIOY.  MHGYMNAmN.  The  empe- 
ror as  Bacchus,  a  thyrsus  in  his  left  hand,  in  a  car 
drawn  by  two  panthers,  preceded  by  a  female  figure  :  on 
one  side  of  the  car  is  a  satyr,  and  on  the  other,  near  the 
panther,  Pan  or  Silenus.  J£.  9.  (Same  cab.,  from  same.) 

A  similar  coin  to  the  last,  but  with  the  inscription  im- 
perfect and  incorrectly  rendered,  is  published  by  Sestini  in 
his  Descriz.  del  Mus.  Fontana,  pars  ii.  p.  43,  pi.  vii.  fig.  3 ; 
et  pars  iii.  p.  58,  No.  2;  and  Mionnet,  Supp.  torn.  vi.  p.  56, 
No.  34. 

MITYLENE,  IN  LESBO  INSULA. 

No.  1.  —  Female  head,   three-quarter  face,  bound  with  a  double 
fillet. 

R. — M.  Bull's  head  to  the  left;  the  whole  in  a  sunk 
square.  EL.  1J.  39T\  grs.  (My  cabinet.) 

2, — Bull's  head,  to  the  right. 

R.  — M,  and  three  laurel  leaves;  the  whole  in  a  sunk 
square.  All.  1J.  (Bib.  Royale,  Paris,  from  my  cab.} 

3. — Head  of  Apollo,  laureate,  to  the  left. 

R. — MYTI.  Lion's  head  in  profile;  the  whole  in  a  sunk 
square.  All.  1^.  15  grs.  (My  cabinet.} 

4.— MYT.     Lyre. 

R. — Lyre,  of  a  different  form.     AR.  |.    7|  grs.     (My 

cabinet ;  one  in  Bank  of  England  weighs  8  grs.) 
5. — Laureated  head  of  Apollo,  to  the  right. 

R.— MYTI.  Female  head,  to  the  right.    AR.  1J.    19J  grs. 

(Bank  of  England,  from  my  cabinet.) 
VOL.  VII.  I 


54  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

No.  6. — Another,   behind  the  female  head  a    diota.      All.  1J. 

19  grs.     (My  cabinet.} 
7. — Laureated  head  of  Apollo,  with  long  flowing  hair. 

R. — MYTI.     A  lyre;   in   the  field  a  thyrsus;  the  whole 

within  a  square  formed  by  four  bars.      AR.  6.   166^  grs. 

(Bank  of  England,  from  my  cabinet.} 

8. — Another  as  last,  uncertain  symbol  in  the  field.     AR.  6. 
169  grs.     (Same  cabinet.} 

The  first  coin  in  this  list  is  in  Electrum,  of  beautiful 
fabric,  and  may  be  safely  assigned  to  Mitylene.  The 
others  exhibit  types  or  symbols  differing  from  any  before 
published. 

No.  9. — *PAn<Ml  (sic).     Head  of  Sapho  to  the  right,  bound  with 
a  plain  fillet. 

R.— MYTIAHNAION.     Lyre.     M.  4. 

Pollux15  informs  us  that  the  Mitylenians  struck  money 
with  the  portrait  of  Sapho  ;  but  it  is  only  of  late  that  any 
coins  bearing  her  name  have  been  discovered :  they  were 
unknown  to  Eckhel  and  the  contemporaneous  writers.  The 
variety  in  the  orthography  of  the  name  of  this  celebrated 
female,  employed  on  ancient  coins  and  other  monuments 
which  have  reached  us,  is  remarkable  :  most  of  the  ancient 
authors  write  SAIH>O.  On  an  ill-preserved  coin  published 
by  Sestini,16  and  engraved  by  Gessner,17  from  the  Pauw 
collection,  and  now  in  the  royal  collection  at  Berlin,  before 
a  seated  figure  holding  a  lyre  is  the  legend  SA<M>£1;  and 
on  two  other  coins,  cited  also  by  Sestini,18  we  find  the  name 
SAVOYS,  whilst  on  my  coin  is  ¥AI1O£}.  To  these  may  be 
added  the  variety  ZA$O,  accompanying  her  figure  on  the 
celebrated  vase  found  at  Agrigentum,  published  by 
M.  Steinbiichel,  of  Vienna. 

16  Onomasticon,  lib.  ix.  16  Lett.  Num.  tom.viii.  p.  71. 

17  Viri  Illustr.  tab.  iv.  fig,  23. 

18  Descr.  del  Mus.  Hederv.  torn.  ii.  p.  151.  Nos.  21  and  22. 


UNEDITED    GREEK    COINS.  55 

The  history  of  Sapho  is  too  well  known  to  require  any 
comment  here ;  but,  perhaps,  it  will  not  be  out  of  place  to 
remark,  that  many  of  the  romantic  actions  attributed  to 
her  never  actually  occurred,  and  much  confusion  has  been 
apparently  occasioned  by  the  admixture  of  the  history  of 
two  females  of  the  same  name.  Visconti 19  has  satisfactorily 
proved,  on  the  authority  of  an  ancient  writer,  the  existence 
of  these  two  persons;  both  Lesbians,  though  of  different 
cities;  both  celebrated,  though  not  equally  so,  in  the 
annals  of  their  respective  eras.  One  (the  poetess)  was  born 
at  Mitylene  612  years  B.C.  ;  she  is  the  Sapho  mentioned 
by  Herodotus20  and  the  earlier  writers,  and  who  is  repre- 
sented on  the  coin  before  us.  The  other  was  a  native  of 
Eresus,  as  we  are  told  by  Athenseus ; 21  she  was  a  cour- 
tesan, and  although  the  exact  date  of  her  birth  is  uncer- 
tain, there  is  little  doubt  it  occurred  several  centuries  pos- 
terior to  that  of  her  namesake  of  Mitylene.  This  Sapho 
(the  Eresian)  is  indebted  for  her  celebrity  and  the  sym- 
pathies of  posterity  to  the  verses  of  Ovid,  which  record  her 
unfortunate  passion  for  Phaon,  and  her  tragical  though 
heroic  death  ;  although  there  is  another  example  in  Lais 
of  Corinth,  a  female  of  similar  manners  to  the  lover  of 
Phaon  being  represented  on  the  money  of  her  native  city, 
yet  it  must  appear  singular  that  any  cultivated  people 
should  bestow  public  honour  on  such  a  woman  as  the  Ere- 
sian Sapho.  These  remarks  refer  to  the  coin  published  by 
M.  Allier  de  Haute roche,22  struck  under  the  Roman  em- 
peror Comrnodus  at  Eresus.  On  the  reverse  of  this  coin  is 
exhibited  a  female  portrait  and  the  legend  CAJI<M1  EPECI, 


19  Iconogr.  Grec.  torn.  i.  p.  69.  20  Lib.  ii.  cap.  135. 

21  Lib.  xiii.  p.  596,  ed.  Casaub. 

22  Notice  sur  la  Courtisanne  Sapho  nee  a  Eresos,  lue  a  la  Societe 
Asiatique  ;  and  Mionnet,  Supp.  torn  vi.  p.  54,  No.  28 


56  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

which  M.  de  Haute roche  supposes  is  intended  for  the 
Eresian  Sapho  mentioned  by  Athenaeus.  Doubt  was  never 
absent  from  my  mind  that  this  attribution  was  admissible, 
but  since  I  became  possessor  of  the  coin  of  Mitylene 
described  above,  and  thereby  obtained  an  opportunity  of 
making  a  comparison,  I  feel  persuaded  that  the  same 
portrait  is  intended  on  both  these  coins,  and  that  it  is  the 
poetess  and  not  the  courtesan,  who  is  represented  on 
M.  de  Hauteroche's  coin  of  Eresus,  That  the  Eresians 
should  impress  their  money  with  the  effigy  of  the  Mitylenian 
Sapho  is  less  singular  than  that  they  should  with  that  of 
their  towns-woman,  whose  celebrity,  as  before  observed, 
was  of  a  character  little  calculated  to  deserve  that  honour, 
and  there  is  nothing  repugnant  to  probability  that  the 
poetess  should  appear  on  the  money  of  the  Eresians ;  for, 
although  a  native  of  Mitylene,  she  was  a  Lesbian,  and  is 
often  called  the  "  Lesbian  Muse"  and  the  people  of  every 
city  in  the  island  would  participate  in  the  glory  of  acknow- 
ledging her  their  country-woman,  and  feel  interested  in 
honouring  her  memory. 

With  regard  to  the  Eresian  Sapho,  without  Athenaeus 
we  might  still  have  remained  ignorant  of  her  existence,  and 
even  now,  when  brought  to  light  by  the  researches  of  the 
learned,  her  fame  reposes  on  the  most  objectionable  actions 
attributed  to  her  namesake  ;  for  it  is  evident  that  these  acts 
belong  to  the  history  of  the  courtesan,  and  Ovid  availed 
himself  of  the  licence  allowed  to  poets,  to  unite  the  history 
of  both  these  celebrated  females,  to  increase  and  diversify 
the  jnterest  in  his  heroine. 

The  head-dress  of  the  portrait  of  my  coin  differs  from 
that  of  M.  de  Hauteroche ;  on  his  there  is  no  fillet,  and 
the  hair  is  collected  around  the  head  and  knotted  in  a 
bunch  at  the  crown,  an  arrangement  probably  in  both  cases 


UNEDITED    GREEK    COINS.  57 

in  accordance  with  the  taste  of  the  period  when  the  coins 
were  struck;  or  they  might  have  been  copied  from  different 
models.  Her  effigies  were  doubtless  numerous  in  Lesbos  as 
they  were  all  over  Greece.  History  records  two  examples; 
one,  a  bronze  statue,  the  work  of  Silanion,  in  the  Prytanium 
of  Syracuse,  removed  by  Verres,23  and  a  picture  painted 
by  Leon  mentioned  by  Pliny.24 

No.  10.— AGCBONA#   HPOC  NfliC.     Portrait  of  Lesbonax 
as  Bacchus,  crowned  with  ivy,  to  the  right. 

R.— MYTIAHNAION.  Ceres  standing;  a  bunch  of 
poppies  in  her  extended  right  hand,  and  a  long  torch, 
or  perhaps  the  hasta,  in  her  left.  M.  7.  (Bank  of 
England,  from  my  cabinet.) 

We  have  here  the  portrait  of  Lesbonax,  a  Mitylenian 
philosopher,  who  flourished  in  the  first  century  of  our  era ; 
he  is  represented  under  the  effigy  of  Bacchus  Brisaeus.  A 
similar  coin,  but  with  a  different  subject  on  the  reverse,  was 
first  published  by  Gary,25  and  again  by  Sestini;26  its  au- 
thenticity was,  however,  suspected  till  very  lately,  but 
other  coins  of  undoubted  antiquity  have  subsequently  been 
discovered.27 

No.  11.— eeOC   AMMON.     Bearded  head  of  Jupiter  Ammon, 
to  the  right. 

R.— Gill.  CTP.BAA.  APICTOMAXOY  MYTIAHNAKIN. 

Cybele  sitting,  to  the  right.     JE.  9,  (Bank  of  England, 
from  my  cabinet.) 

12.— 06OC  AMMftN.     Head,  as  last. 

R.— GUI.  CTP.  BAA.  APICTOMAXOY  MYTIAHNAmN. 

yEsculapius    and    Hygeia    standing,    with    their    usual 
attributes.     IE.  9.     (Same  cabinet,  from  same.) 

23  Cicero,  Verres,  iv.  57.  24  Cap.  xl. 

25  Dissert,  sur  la  Fond,  de  la  Ville  de  Marseille,  p.  131. 
15  Num.  Vet.  p.  31 9. 

27  See  Sestini,  Descriz.  dell  Med.  Ant.  del  Mus.  Hederv.  ii. 
p.  151,  tab.  xviii.  fig.  12 ;  and  Mionnet,  Supp.  vi.  p.  64,  Nos.  83, 
84,  85. 


58  *       NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE, 

These  two  unedited  coins  come  under  the  denomination 
of  "  autonomous,"  but  were  certainly  minted  under  the  Ro- 
man empire,  as  late  as  the  reign  of  Valerianus,  Sen.,  on 
whose  coins,  struck  at  this  city,  is  the  same  name  of  the 
praetor  Valerianus  Aristomachus.  The  worship  of  .ZEs- 
culapius  was  probably  introduced  into  Lesbos  from  Per- 
gamus.  With  the  people  of  that  city  the  Mitylenians  were 
always  on  friendly  terms, 

No.  13. — HPOTH  AGCBOY  MYTIAHN.     Turreted  female  head, 
to  the  right. 

R.— GUI.  CTP.  BAA.  APICTOMAXOY  MYTIAHNAmN. 
Jupiter  and  Cybele  standing.  JE.  10.  (Same  cabinet.) 

14. — Same  head  and  legend. 

R.— em.  C.  BAA.  APICTOMAXOY  MYTIAHNAION 
KAI  IiePrAMHNftN  OMONOIA.  Mitylene  and 
Pergamus  personified  by  two  females  wearing  turreted 
crowns,  standing,  presenting  to  each  other  the  patron 
deities  of  their  respective  cities,  which  they  hold  in 
their  right  hands.  ^E.  9.  (Same  cabinet.) 

The  legend  on  the  obverse  of  the  two  preceding  coins 
bears  testimony  to  the  consideration  Mitylene  enjoyed  over 
the  other  cities  of  Lesbos.  The  latter  refers  to  an  alliance, 
probably  of  a  religious  nature,  between  Mitylene  and  Per- 
gamus. 

No.  15.— Z6YC   BOYAAIOC.     Bearded  naked  bust  of  Jupiter  to 
the  left. 

R.— em.  CTP.  BAA.  APICTOMAXOY  MYTIAHNAION. 
^Esculapius  seated  to  the  left  a  patera  in  his  extended 
right  hand,  and  a  long  knotted  club  in  his  left ;  before 
him,  a  serpent.  M.  13.  (Same  cabinet,  from  same.) 

This  is  a  beautiful  medallion,  in  the  finest  possible  pre- 
servation, and  of  most,  excellent  execution  for  the  period ; 
which,  with  the  four  preceding  coins,  was  struck  during 
the  reign  of  Valerianus,  Sen.,  as  it  exhibits  the  same 
praetor's  name,  Valerianus  Aristomachus.  Jupiter,  whose 


UNEDITED    GREEK    COINS.  59 

bust  appears  on  the  obverse,  is  surnamed  "  Boulaeus,"  or 
the  Councillor,  ZGYC  BOYAAIOS.  There  was  a  statue  of 
this  Jupiter  at  Athens.28  Two  or  three  other  medallions, 
with  the  head  of  Jupiter  the  Councillor,  but  with  different 
reverses,  are  noticed  by  Eckhel  and  other  numismatic 
writers. 

No.  16.— <J>ArCT6lNA  CGBACTH.       Profile    of    the    younger 
Faustina  to  the  right. 

R.— em.  CTP.  HOM.  TPY<MINIANOY  MYTIA.    Diana 

in  a  car,  drawn  by  two  stags.     JE.  9.     (Same  cabinet, 
from  same.) 

No  coins  have  yet  been  noticed  of  the  younger  Faustina 
struck  at  Mityleiie.  The  name  of  the  praetor  Trypho- 
nianus  appears  on  the  money  both  of  Marcus  Aurelius  and 
of  Lucius  Verus. 

No.  17.— KPICniNA  CGBACTH.      Head    of   Crispina   to   the 
right. 

R.— em.  CTP.  $OY.  AIONVCIOY  MYTIAH.  Bacchus 
and  Ceres  standing  before  an  altar.  JE,  10.  (Same 
cabinet,  from  same.) 

18.— AOY.  ceilTTMOC   TGTAC    KAICAP.     Naked  bust  of 
Geta  to  the  left. 

R.— em.  CTPAIIO  IOYAI  AGONTGilC  MYTIAH- 
NAK1N.  Caracalla  and  Geta  standing,  holding  each 
other  by  the  hand  ;  the  former  crowned  by  a  standing 
figure  of  Victory,  and  the  latter  by  a  seated  figure  of 
Cybele.  JE.  10.  (Same  cabinet,  from  same.) 

19.— AYT.  K.  M.  AYP.  ANTONGINOC.     Laureated  head  of 
Caracalla  to  the  right. 

R.— em.  CTP.  AY.  no.  10.  AeoNTe&c  MYTIAHNAI- 

ilN.     Bacchus  and  Apollo  standing.     JE.  10.     (Same 
cabinet,  from  same.) 

20. — IOYA.  AYFOYC   MAMCA   CCB.     Head  of  Julia  Ma- 
maea  to  the  right. 

R.— CTP.  AY.  nPOCA€KTOY  HAP.  MYTIAHNAK1N. 
Equestrian  at  full  speed  ;  on  the  ground,  a  dead  warrior 
and  a  shield.  JE.  10.  (Same  cabinet,  from  same.) 


28  Pausanias,  lib.  i.  cap.  3. 


60  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

No  Grecian  city  was  more  attentive  in  rendering  homage 
to  the  masters  of  the  universe  and  the  members  of  their 
families  than  Mitylene.  A  complete  series  of  the  Roman 
emperors  may  almost  be  formed  from  Augustus  to  Gal- 
lienus;  and  many  portraits  may  be  found  which  rarely 
occur  elsewhere. 

All  the  imperial  coins  in  this  list  came  into  my  possession, 
with  nearly  four  hundred  others,  in  1825.  With  few  ex- 
ceptions, they  consisted  of  large  brass  coins  of  the  emperors 
from  Antoninus  Pius  to  Gallienus,  and  were  found  at  Mi- 
tylene. Besides  the  Lesbian  cities  of  Mitylene,  Methymna, 
and  Eresus,  there  were  numerous  coins  of  cities  of  Ionia, 
JEolia,  and  Mysia. 

NASI    VEL    NAPI,  IN    LESBO    INSULA. 

No.  1. — Laureated  head  of  Apollo  to  the  left. 

R. — NA2I.     Lyre;  in  the  field,  a  palm  branch.   JE.  4. 

(British  Museum,  from  my  cabinet.) 

2. — Same  head  to  the  right. 

R. — NAS.     Panther  walking  to  the  right.   JE.  1.     (Same 

cabinet,  from  same.) 
3. — Same  head  as  preceding. 

R.— NASI  AIONY.    Tripod.    JE.  4.    (Same  cabinet,  from 

same.) 
4. — Same  head. 

R. — NA2I.     Dolphin ;  below,  palm  branch.   M.  5.     (My 
cabinet.) 

Scylax  and  Pomp.  Mela  state  there  were  but  five  cities 
in  the  island  of  Lesbos;  but  Pliny  mentions  eight,  namely, 
Pyrrha,  Eresus,  Antissa,  Arisba,  Methymna,  Hiera,  Aga- 
mede,  and  Mitylene.  Besides  these,  Strabo  and  Stephanus 
add  another,  which  they  write  Nape  (JVaTn?),29  situated, 

29  Strabo,  lib.  ix.  p.  426.  Suidas,  v.  NctTnj.  Hellenicus,  apud. 
Steph.  Byz.  v. 


UNEDITED    GREEK    COINS.  61 

according  to  Strabo,  in  the  district  of  Methymna.  As  the 
four  coins  described  above  are  evidently  of  Lesbian  origin 
(for,  independently  of  the  similarity  in  the  style  of  work 
with  coins  of  other  cities  in  the  island,  they  were  all  pro- 
cured there),  it  is  to  be  inferred  that  the  orthography,  Nape, 
is  corrupt;  and  that  we  should  read,  in  ancient  writers, 
Nacrrj,  as  doubtless  the  NASI  on  the  coins  is  the  abbrevia- 
tion for  NASIUN.  It  is  hardly  necessary  to  remark,  that 
the  silver  coin  published  by  Mionnet,30  from  the  Cousinery 
collection,  on  which  that  numismatist  read  NAU,  is  incor- 
rect. A  similar  one  is  now  before  me,  in  fine  preservation, 
on  which  the  legend  is  NASI ;  and  another  is  amongst  the 
coins  I  ceded  to  the  Bank  of  England. 

PYRRHA,  IN    LESBO    INSULA. 

No.  1 . — Female  head,  bound  with  a  fillet,  to  the  left. 

R .— IIYPP.     A  goat  standing  to  the  left.     &.  2.     (My 
cabinet :  another  in  British  Museum.) 

2. — Same  head. 

R. — IIYPP.     Goat  as  last,  before  an  altar.     IE.  2.     (My 
cabinet.) 

Geographers  mention  no  less  than  nine  cities  of  ancient 
Greece  of  the  name  of  Pyrrha ;  but  I  have  no  hesitation  in 
assigning  my  two  coins  to  the  city  of  that  name  in  the 
island  of  Lesbos,  where  they  and  a  few  more  were  actually 
found,  and  of  which  no  money  has  hitherto  been  noticed  by 
numismatic  authors.  I  might,  however,  except  a  coin  in 
the  Hunterian  collection,31  attributed  to  Pylos,  which  I 
strongly  suspect  should  be  read  flYP.  or  UYPP.,  instead  of 
IIYA.;  in  other  respects  the  coins  are  exactly  alike.  The 
female  head  is  probably  of  Ceres,  and  the  goat  is  a  symbol 

30  Tom.iii.  p.  60,  No.  188. 

31  Coombe,  Vet.  Pop.  c-t  Urb.   Tab.xliv.  fig.  8. 

VOL.  VII.  K 


62  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

of  Bacchus,  or  of  the  mountainous  nature  of  the  country  : 
to  this  day  the  vicinity  of  Pyrrha  is  famous  for  numerous 
flocks  of  these  animals. 

Although  Pyrrha  is  ranked  amongst  the  five  principal 
cities  of  Lesbos,  it  has  seldom  figured  in  history  for  any- 
thing remarkable.  It  was  situated  on  the  west  coast  of  the 
island,  on  the  gulf  of  the  same  name,  Pyrrh&um  Euripum, 
distant  100  stades  from  Cape  Malia,  and  80  from  Mitylene, 
between  Eresus  and  the  promontory  Sigaeum.32  Pompo- 
nius  Mela  and  Thucydides  write  the  name  Pyrha,  but 
these  coins  show  those  authors  are  more  correct  who  write 
Pyrrha. 

IONIA. 

ARSINOE,    IN    IONIA. 

See  my  article  in  the  Numismatic  Chronicle,  vol.  ii.  p.  177, 
entitled,  "  Restitution  to  the  city  of  Ephesus  (when  called 
Arsinoe)  of  the  coins  hitherto  attributed  to  Arsinoe  in 
Cyrenaica,  and  to  Arsinoe  in  Cilicia." 

CLAZOMENE,   IN    IONIA. 

No.  1  .  —  Laureated  head  of  Apollo,  front  face. 

R.—  HPAKAEY...KAAZO.  A  swan  standing  to  the  left, 
his  wings  expanded,  and  his  head  turned  backward. 
AR.7.  250T^  grs.  (My  cabinet.) 


The  smaller  silver  coins  of  Clazomene,  offering  the  same 
type  as  the  above,  are  not  uncommon  ;  but  of  this  magni- 
tude and  weight  none  have  yet  been  published. 

No.  2.—  A.  AY.  KOMOAOC    KAICAP.      Naked   youthful  head 
of  Commodus  to  the  right. 

R.—  KAAZOMENK1N.       The     philosopher    Anaxagoras 
32  Strabo,  lib.  xiii.  p.  617.     Ptolemy,  lib.  v.  c.  2. 


UNEDITED    GREEK    COINS.  63 

standing,  wearing  the  pallium ;  a  globe  in  his  right 
hand,  his  left  foot  resting  on  a  cippus.  IE.  4.  (British 
Museum,  from  my  cabinet.') 

It  is  generally  acknowledged  that  Visconti  is  correct  in 
his  opinion  that  it  is  the  philosopher  Anaxagoras  on  an 
autonomous  coin  he  publishes,33  and  there  can  be  no  doubt 
the  same  personage  who  is  represented  upon  this  unedited 
coin  of  Commodus.  He  is  here  seen  bearing  the  same 
symbol,  and  in  similar  costume,  as  Hipparchus  on  the 
money  of  the  Nicaeans,  and  Pythagoras  on  that  of  the 
Samians. 

Anaxagoras,  who  studied  philosophy  at  Athens,  was  the 
disciple  of  Anaximenes,  and  preceptor  of  Socrates,  Eu- 
ripides, and  Pericles ;  the  last  often  consulted  him  on 
matters  of  importance.  Anaxagoras  was  banished  Athens 
on  account  of  his  doctrines  ;  or  rather,  as  some  suppose, 
the  charges  were  invented  by  the  enemies  of  Pericles.  He 
retired  to  Lampsacus,  where  he  died  B.C.  488,  in  the  72nd 
year  of  his  age. 

EPHESUS,  IN    IONIA. 

No.  1. — Lion's  skin  on  a  club,  within  a  wreath  of  vine  leaves. 

R. — E$E.     Bunch  of  grapes  on  vine  leaves;  in  the  field, 
A.     AR.  4.     (My  cabinet.) 

Here  is  another  specimen  of  a  subdivision  of  a  cistophorus 
struck  at  Ephesus,  similar  in  type  to  one  I  have  described 
amongst  my  unedited  coins  of  Pergamus,  and  to  those  of 
Tralles  and  Nysa,  given  for  the  first  time  by  Mionnet.34 
I  believe  it  to  be  unique. 


33  Iconograph.  Grec.  Suppt.  p.  6,  pi.  A.  No.  2. 

34  Tom.  vi.  Suppt.  p.  516,  No.  391,  and  torn.  vii.  Suppt.  p.  461, 
No.  658. 


64  NUMISMATIC   CHRONICLE. 

ERYTHRJE,  IN    IONIA. 

No.  1. — A  full-blown  rose,  front  view. 

R. — Two  parallel  indented  squares.     AV.  2.     40  grs. 

(Bank  of  England,  from  my  cabinet.} 

I  have  ventured  to  assign  this  anepigraphe  and  very 
primitive  gold  coin  to  Erythrae,  firstly,  on  account  of  its 
having  been  procured  by  myself  from  a  peasant,  who  found 
it  in  cultivating  a  vineyard  on  the  actual  site  of  the  ancient 
city;  and,  secondly,  because  the  figure  of  a  full-blown 
rose  is  seen  on  some  of  the  silver  coins  of  a  later  period  of 
Erythrae. 
No.  2. — Helmeted  head  of  Pallas  to  the  right. 

R.— EPY.  and  the  monogram  &.  (No  type.)  AR.  1. 
13|  grs.  TP 

3.— Radiated  head  of  Apollo,  front  face. 

R.— EPY.  MHNEKPATH...  in  four  lines,  occupying  the 
whole  of  the  field.  JE.  1£. 

4. — GPY6PAI.     Helmeted  head  of  Pallas  to  the  right. 

R.—  ...AICXPKiN.  Four  ears  of  corn.  /R.  3. 
5. — GPY0.  Head  as  the  preceding. 

R. — Bunch  of  poppies  and  ears  of  corn.  3L.  3. 
6. — GPY0PAI.  Turreted  female  head. 

R. — GPYePAmN.     Basket,  containing  four  ears  of  corn. 

7.— AHMOC   GPY0PA.     Bearded  head  with  diadem  to  the 
right. 

R.— GPY0PA1G...A.  KA.  Pallas  standing  to  the  left,  a 
patera  in  right  hand,  and  shield  in  left.  JE.  4. 

8.— IGPA  CYNKAHTOC.     Youthful  head  of  the  senate. 
R.— em.  CTP.  KA.  ceKOYNAOY  EPY0PAIS1N.    Her- 
cules naked,  standing  ;  a  club  in  his  right  hand,  and  the 
lion's  skin  over  his  arm.     IE.  6|. 

9.-KAICAP  AYPHAIOC.    Naked  head  of  Marcus  Aurelius 
to  the  right. 

R.— em.  GTP.  KOYHAOY  GPY0PAK1N.  Naked  figure 
of  Hercules  standing  in  a  temple,  his  club  uplifted  in 
his  right  hand,  and  an  arrow  in  his  left.  M.  10. 


UNEDITED    (3REEK    COINS.  65 

The  whole  of  the  preceding  coins  of  Erythroe  have  passed 
from  my  collection  either  into  the  British  Museum  or  into 
the  Bank  of  England;  their  types  and  legends  offer 
nothing  peculiarly  remarkable,  their  only  merit  consists  in 
their  being  unedited. 

To  this  city  (Erythrae)  Mionnet  has  assigned  a  remark- 
able di-stater,  which  he  describes  as  follows : — 

<£ANNOZEMIS  EPY.  (En  grec  ancien,  retrograde)  un 
cerf  (Time  espece  tres  voisine  de  1'elan,  marchant  a  dr., 
la  tete  inclinee  ;  dessous,  le  monogram,  (586.) 

R. — Aire  en  creux  de  forme  oblongue  et  disposee  en 
croix,  avec  des  ornemens  irreguliers  dans  rinterieur.35 
EL.  6.  (Supp.vi.  p.  213,  No.  896.) 

This  unique  coin  I  brought  to  Europe  from  Smyrna,  in 
1825,  and  it  is  now  in  the  Bank  of  England.  On  my  route 
to  London,  through  Paris,  I  allowed  M.  Mionnet  to  take 
an  impression  of  it ;  and  I  understood  ultimately  that  it 
was  the  suggestion  of  M.  Allier  de  Hauteroche,  that 
decided  M.  Mionnet  to  class  it  to  Erythra?.  As  I  have  a 
cast  of  the  coin  now  before  me,  I  confess  I  cannot  read  the 
legend  as  it  appears  in  the  above  description ;  the  type  is 
of  archaic  fabric  as  well  as  the  formation  of  the  letters 
composing  the  legend.  It  is  but  a  feeble  foundation  for 
supposing  it  of  Ery three  because  the  name  "  Phannozemis  " 
happens  to  occur  on  a  silver  coin  of  the  same  city,  evidently 
struck  three  centuries  later. 

In  my  original  catalogue,  this  curious  coin  is  ranged 
amongst  the  "  Uncertain,"  and  the  legend  has  hitherto  re- 
mained indecypherable. 


35  Mr.  Weston  has  noticed  this  coin  in  his  Historic  Notices 
of  Towns  in  Greece,  etc.,  Addenda,  p.  162  ;  he  presumes  it  to 
belong  to  Physcus,  in  Caria,  a  classification  equally  inadmissible 
as  that  of  M.  Mionnet. 


66  NUMISMATIC   CHRONICLE. 

LEBEDUS,    IN    IONIA. 

No.  1 . — Helmed  head  of  Pallas,  to  the  left. 

R. — AE.  ANAK.     An  owl ;  in  the  field,  prow  of  a  galley. 
AR.  2.  23  grs.     (Bank  of  England,  from  my  cabinet.) 

2. — Head,  as  the  preceding. 

R.— AE.  HriA.  Type  as  the  preceding.  AR.2.  22J  grs. 
(British  Museum,  from  my  cabinet.) 

3. — Head,  as  the  preceding. 

R.— AE.  IIIAS.     Type  as  before.     AR.  2.  20  grs. 

(Idem,  from  same  cabinet.) 

4. — Head,  as  the  preceding. 

R.— AE.  KAAISTO.     Type  as  before.     AR.  2.  21|  grs. 

(My  cabinet.) 

5. — Pallas  standing,  to  the  left;    a  shield  on  her  left  arm, 
and  a  spear  over  her  shoulder. 

R. — AGBIAEQN...OAO.  ...Thyrsus  and  cistus.     JE.  4. 
(Bank  of  England,  from  my  cabinet.) 

Silver  coins  of  Lebedus  are  excessively  rare :  those  of 
the  small  dimensions,  like  the  four  described  above,  exhibit 
names  of  magistrates  different  from  any  yet  published. 

LEUCE,  IN   IONIA. 

No.  1. — Helmed  head,  front  face  of  Pallas,  with  necklace. 

R. — AEY.     Lion  standing,  to  the  left;  looking  backward. 
-3L  2.     (British  Museum,  from  my  cabinet.) 

Tachas,  a  Persian  rebel,  founded  the  town  of  Leuce  in 
the  second  year  of  the  ninety-third  Olympiad,36  but  dying 
ere  his  undertaking  was  completed,  its  possession  was  dis- 
puted by  the  Clazomenians  and  Cymeans.  The  oracle  at 
Delphi,  to  whom  their  respective  claims  were  referred, 
decreed  the  exclusive  right  of  it  to  those  of  the  two  parties 
who  should  first  offer  sacrifice  there  in  the  temple  of 
Apollo.  The  Clazomenians,  though  more  distant,  were 

36  Diod.  Sic.  lib.  xv. 


UNEDITED    GREEK    COINS.  67 

more  alert,  and  fulfilled  the  commands  of  the  Pythia  before 
their  adversaries ;  and  the  town  being  awarded  to  them, 
they  took  immediate  possession,  and  established  in  it  a 
colony  of  their  own  people. 

At  first  view,  this  singular  coin  might  be  mistaken  for 
one  of  Miletus,  the  lion  looking  backward  being  a  device 
constantly  employed  on  the  money  of  that  city ;  but,  as  the 
accessory  symbol  of  the  star  as  well  as  the  monogram  com- 
posing the  initial  letters  of  the  name  of  Miletus  are 
omitted,  and  are  replaced  by  those  of  Leuce,  I  consider 
that  my  classification  may  be  accepted. 

The  star  on  the  coins  of  Miletus  associated  with  the 
lion,  as  well  as  when  it  appears  alone,  as  on  the  coins  of 
Gambrium,  Colona,  and  Thymbria,  refers  to  the  worship 
of  Apollo ;  so  does  the  lion  itself :  it  is,  therefore,  a  suitable 
type  for  the  money  of  Leuce,  as  it  would  appear  that 
Apollo  was  the  chief  deity  or  patron  of  the  place,  since  it 
was  in  his  temple  the  Pythia  commanded  the  sacrifice 
alluded  to  above.  The  obverse  exhibits  a  head  of  Pallas, 
front  face,  precisely  in  the  same  style  as  she  is  represented 
on  some  of  the  copper  money  of  Clazomene,  and  very 
different  to  any  thing  to  be  observed  on  the  currency  of 
Miletus. 

MAGNESIA,  IN    IONIA. 

No.  1. — Horseman   at  full  speed,   to  the   right;    a  lance  in  his 
right  hand. 

R.— MAFN.  AIONY210S  IKE.  Bull  butting;  in  the 
field,  a  flower ;  the  whole  encircled  by  the  Meander. 
AR.  5.  86  grs.  (My  cabinet.) 

2. — Helmed  head  of  Pallas,  to  the  right. 

R. — MA.  Trident ;  the  whole  encircled  by  the  Meander. 
AR.  1.  11|  grs.  (British  Museum,  from  my  cabinet.) 

It  is  sometimes  difficult  to  distinguish  the  coins  of  the 


68  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

three  cities  of  Magnesia,  situated  in  Ionia,  Lydia,  and 
Thessaly ;  those,  as  on  the  two  above,  on  which  are  repre- 
sented the  windings  of  the  Meander,  admit  of  no  doubt. 
They  both  differ  from  those  already  published. 

MILETUS,  IN    IONIA. 

Laureated  head  of  Diana,  to  the  right ;  bow  and  quiver  over 

her  shoulder. 

R. — ...SIGN  BK1N.  Lion,  walking  from  left  to  right, 
looking  backward  at  a  star.  AV.  4.  130J  grs. 

Although  Miletus  was  one  of  the  most  important  Ionian 
cities,  it  is  remarkable  that  this  is  the  only  gold  coin  yet 
discovered ;  it  differs  from  the  well-known  silver  coins,  by 
the  head  of  Diana  on  the  obverse  instead  of  Apollo ;  her 
worship  was  united  with  that  of  her  twin  brother  at  Didymi. 
This  Numismatic  treasure  was  procured  in  Smyrna*  in 
1829,  and  is  now  in  the  collection  of  the  Bank  of  England. 

NEAPOLIS,  IN    IONIA. 

Female  head,  probably  of  Juno,  wearing  an  elevated  diadem, 
to  the  left. 

R.— NEAHOAITON.  Neptune  sitting  on  a  rock,  to  the 
right;  in  his  extended  right  hand  is  a  dolphin  ;  a  trident 
in  his  left,  which  he  holds  across  his  shoulder  ;  in  the 
field,  a  small  dolphin  in  countermark.  JEt.  5.  (Bank 
of  England,  from  my  cabinet.} 

The  only  autonomous  coin  assigned  to  this  city  was  first 
published  in  the  catalogue  of  the  Earl  of  Pembroke's  col- 
lection ;  the  head  on  which,  though  front  face  instead  of 
in  profile,  would  seem  to  be  that  of  Juno  Moneta,  whose 
worship  was  probably  introduced  from  Samos,  opposite  to 
which  island  Neapolis  is  situated.  As  Neapolis  was  a 
maritime  city,  and  not  far  from  Panionium,  where  festivals 
were  celebrated  in  honor  of  Neptune  by  the  united  cities 


UNEDITED    GREEK    COINS.  69 

of  Ionia,  the  inhabitants  had  a  double  motive  for  impres- 
sing their  money  with  the  figure  of  that  deity. 

I  procured  this  coin  from  Scalanova,  a  modern  town  not 
far  from  the  site  of  the  ancient  Neapolis,  of  which  no 
vestiges  remain. 

PHYGELA,  IN  IONIA. 

Head  of  Diana  Munychia,  front  face,  wearing  an   elevated 
diadem. 

R. — $Yr.      Bull,  butting,  to  the  left ;    the  whole  within  a 
wreath  of  myrtle.     JE.  4.     (Brit.  Mus  ,  from  my  cab.) 

This  coin  exhibits  no  difference  from  those  already  pub- 
lished, excepting  in  the  present  instance  the  subject  on  the 
reverse  is  encircled  with  a  wreath  of  myrtle. 

PRIENE,  IN  IONIA. 

No.  1. — Helmed  head  of  Minerva  Polias,  to  the  left. 

R. — nPIH.  BIA2.  and  a  trident ;    the  whole  encircled  by 
the  Meander.  AR.  4.  71|grs.  (Brit. Mus., frommy cab.) 

2. — Another,  as    the   preceding,  but  with   IIPIII.  KlIAO. 
AR.  4.  734  grs.     (Bank  of  England,  from  same.) 

3. — Another,   as   the    preceding,   but  with  IIPIH.  EHAM. 
Alt.  4.  76TL  grs.     (My  cabinet.) 

4. — Head,  as  the  preceding. 

R. — IIPIH.... Hippocampus.     AR.  3.  58  grs. 
5. — Same  head. 

R.— I1PIH.  AHMHTPIOS.     Owl  on  a  diota,   within  an 
olive  wreath. 

With  the  exception  of  No.  4,  the  above  offer  nothing 
peculiar ;  the  magistrates'  names  are  new. 

Priene  was  one  of  the  confederate  Ionian  cities  which 
offered  sacrifices  to  Neptune  at  Panionium,  which  accounts 
for  the  devices  exhibited  on  these  coins — the  trident  and  the 
hippocampus.  Eratosthenes,  cited  by  Strabo,  mentions 

VOL.  VII.  L 


70  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

that  the  statue  of  Neptune  Heliconius,  so  called  from 
Helice  in  the  Peloponnesus,  from  whence  the  Prienians 
derived  their  origin,  was  represented  with  a  hippocampus 
in  his  hand. 

SMYRNA,     IN    IONIA. 

No.  1. — Cista  or  mystic  chest  of  Bacchus,  out  of  which  a  serpent 

is  protruding,  within  a  wreath  of  ivy. 
R. — Two  serpents    interlaced,  between   them  a  bow  and 
quiver,  in  the  field  ZMYP,  the  letter  A,  and  a  female 
head  with  turreted  crown.     AR.  8.   182f  grs. 

Previous  to  the  discovery  of  this  unique  coin,  numisma- 
tists were  ignorant  of  the  Smyrnians  having  joined  the 
people  of  other  Asiatic  cities  who  fabricated  the  description 
of  money  called  Cistophori.  It  was  procured  at  Smyrna  in 
1824,  and  is  now  in  the  collection  of  the  Bank  of  England. 


TEOS,    IN    IONIA. 

No.  ] . — Griffin  with  expanded  wings,  sitting,  his  right  fore  paw 
lifted  up  ;  to  the  left. 

R. — A  sunk  circle,  divided  into  four  equal  compartments 
by  a  cross.  AV.  1|.  29  grs.  (Bank  of  England, 
from  my  cabinet.) 

In  the  absence  of  a  legend,  it  is  the  style  of  work  and  the 
locality  of  its  discovery  which  induces  me  to  assign  this  small 
gold  coin  to  Teos  in  preference  to  Abdera ;  it  is  unique  of 
this  size. 

No.  2. — Griffin,  as  last,  sitting  on  a  plinth  ornamented  with  dots. 
R. — Indented  square  divided  by  a  double  cross.      AR.  5. 
176J  grs.     (Same  cabinet,  from  same.) 

3.— THI.  Griffin,  his  right  fore  paw  lifted  up ;  in  the  field,  a 
grain  of  barley. 

R. — Indented  square  divided  into  four  equal  compartments. 
AR.  6.   180T%  grs.     (My  cabinet.) 


UNEDITED    GREEK    COINS.  71 

No.  4. — THION.  Griffin,  in  a  sitting  posture,  to  the  right ;  his 
wings  rounded  at  the  extremities  ;  in  the  field,  a  grain  of 
barley. 

R. — Rude  indented  square  divided  into  four  unequal  parts. 
AR.  6.   168grs.    (Bank  of  England,  from  my  cabinet.) 

5. — Griffin  as  No.  1  ;  before,  the  letter  T  and  aglobula. 

R. — Indented  square  divided  into  four  parts.    AR.  2.  28| 
grs.     (Same  cabinet,  from  same.) 

6.— Griffin  as  last. 

R. — Indented   square  as  last.       AR.  1.  5|  grs.     (Same 
cabinet,  from  same.) 

Nothing  peculiar  is  exhibited  in  the  five  preceding  coins 
of  Teos,  excepting  their  types  or  symbols  offer  some  trifling 
varieties  compared  with  those  previously  described  by  nu- 
mismatic writers. 

TEOS    IN    IONIA,  AND    LEBEDUS    IN    IONIA. 

No.  1. — Griffin,  to  the  right,  his  left  fore  paw  lifted  up,  in  a  sunk 
square. 

R. — Two  rams'  heads  facing  each  other,  in  the   act    of 
butting.  AR.  1.   9  grs.  (British  Museum,  from  my  cab.) 

The  obverse  side  of  this  diminutive  coin  exhibits  the  usual 
type  of  Teos,  the  reverse  (without  legend)  offers  two  rams' 
heads  in  the  act  of  butting.  This  device  is  new  on  the  mo- 
ney of  Teos,  but  is  seen  upon  a  coin  in  electrum  which 
Sestini37  assigns  to  Lebedus.  Should  he  be  correct,  it  may  be 
concluded  that  the  coin  in  question  was  struck  to  record  an 
alliance  between  Teos  and  Lebedus,  both  of  them  cities  of 
the  Ionian  confederation.  Another  coin  in  my  possession, 
which  is  also  published  by  Sestini,38  exhibits  the  griffin  on 
one  side,  and  a  single  ram's  head  on  the  other ;  this  I  take 

37  Desc.  degli  Stat.  Ant.  tab.  vii.  fig.  23  ;  Mionnet,  Supp.  torn, 
vi.  page  229,  No.  285,  tab.  liii.  fig.  9. 

38  Desc.  del  Mus.  Hederv.  torn.  ii.  page  201,  No.  15;  Mionnet^ 
Supp.  tom.vi.  page  376,  No.  1892. 


72  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

to  allude  to  a  tacit  alliance  between  Teos  and  Clazomene.  A 
third  example  of  a  monetary  union  between  two  Ionian 
cities,  is  that  which  offers  the  winged  wild  boar  in  connection 
with  the  lion's  head  on  the  opposite  side,  with  or  without 
the  letters  SA  ;  denoting  evidently,  by  their  respective 
symbols,  the  cities  of  Clazomene  and  Samos.39 

SAMOS,  INSULA. 

No.  1.—  Fore  part   of  a  bull  to  the  right,  his  head  turned  to 

the  left. 

R._Rude  indented  square.     AV.5.  217grs.     (Bank  of 
England,  from  my  cabinet.} 

My  assignment  of  this  double  stater  to  Samos  reposes 
solely  on  the  place  of  its  discovery  :  it  was  found  at  Samos 
but  procured  at  Smyrna. 

No.  2.  —  Skin  of  lion's  head,  front  face. 

R.  —  Bull's   head   within  a   granulated  square.      AR.  5. 
200£  grs. 

3.  —  Same  head. 

R.-—  SA.  Fore  part  of  a  bull  without  the  legs,  to  the  right  ; 
the  whole  in  a  sunk  circle.     AR.  6.  202  £  grs. 

4.  —  Another  as  last,  above  the  bull  an  astragalus.      AR.  5. 

201  grs. 

5.  —  Another  as  last,  behind  the  bull  a  laurel  branch.     AR. 

5.  202|  grs. 

6.  —  Another    as  last,  behind  the  bull   is  a  bird.      AR.  5. 


7.  —  Another   as  last,    behind   the    bull    is    a  fish.     AR.  5. 

201  \  grs. 

8.  —  Another  as  last,  above  the  bull   an   uncertain  animal. 

AR.  5.  203|  grs. 


39  To  these  may  be  added  a  coin  described  in  Mionnet,  torn,  iii, 
page  265,  No.  2,  with  the  usual  devices  of  Clazomene  and  Chios. 


UNEDITED  GREEK    COINS.  73 

No.  9. — Another  as  last,  above   the  bull    is  a  wheel.      AR.  6. 
201 J  grs. 

10. — Another  as  last,  above  the  bull  a  leaf.   AR.  5.  200  grs. 

11. — Another  as  last;    behind    the  bull  a  prow  of  a  galley. 
AR.  6.   199  grs. 

12. — Another   as    last;  above    the   bull,  SAMION.     AR.  6. 
196f  grs. 

13.— Head  as  last. 

R. — Fore  part  of  a  bull,  his  right  fore  leg  doubled  under 
him  ;  in  the  field  SA,  the  letter  F  ;  and  behind,  a  laurel 
branch  ;  the  whole  within  a  flat  sunk  square.  AR.  6. 
200|  grs. 

14. — Another  as  last,  but  with  the  letter  H  in  the  field.    AR. 
6.  2014  grs. 

15. — Another;   in  the  field,  the  letter  6.     AR.  6.  202£  grs. 
16.— Another;  in  the  field,  the  letter  K.     AR.  6.  204J  grs. 

17. — Another;  in  the  field  is  the  head  of  a  lioness  or  a  panther. 
AR.  6.  203£  grs. 

Most  of  these  coins  are  of  early  fabric ;  they  offer  ad- 
juncts which  differ  from  the  rich  series  already  published. 
The  last  coin  is  remarkable  :  it  presents  the  head  of  some 
animal,  either  a  lioness  or  a  panther,  in  the  field ;  the  same 
head  occurs  as  a  principal  type  on  a  very  small  unedited 
coin  described  lower  down  under  No.  29.  The  prow  of  a 
galley  on  No.  1 1  is  also  repeated  as  a  principal  type  upon 
coins  of  this  island,  of  which  numerous  examples  have  come 
under  my  notice,  and  are  described  in  Mionnet,  Supp.  vi. 
p.  409,  No.  148;  and  Damersan,  Descr.  du  Cab.  Allier  de 
Haute roche,  pi.  xvi.  fig.  13. 

It  is  worthy  of  remark,  that  the  ancients  frequently  em- 
ployed the  principal  symbols  of  this  smaller  coin  as  adjuncts 
on  the  larger.  I  once  was  shown  a  remarkable  series  of 
coins  found  by  a  particular  friend  of  mine  ;  it  was  composed 
of  about  seventy  Athenian  tetradrachms,  and  as  many  cop- 


74  NUMISMATIC  CHRONICLE. 

per  coins;  the  principal  types  on  the  latter,  without  exception, 
were  transferred  as  adjuncts  on  the  tetradrachms. 

No.  18. — Obverse  as  the  preceding. 

R. — SA.  Fore  part  of  a  bull  as  last ;  behind,  the  laurel 
branch  ;  the  whole  in  a  sunk  square.  Without  the  square 
are  the  letters  A6EN.  AR.  6.  202  grs. 

This  coin  exhibits  an  interesting  feature :  the  letters  A6EN 
are  outside  the  square ;  an  unusual  peculiarity.  At  first 
sight,  it  would  be  supposed  the  Samians  had  re-struck  a  coin 
of  Athens  with  their  own  devices,  and  that  the  original 
legend  had  not  been  obliterated  by  the  new  impression ; 
similar  examples  are  not  uncommon  upon  ancient  coins. 
To  this  conjecture  there  are  irreconcilable  objections.  1st. 
The  weight  is  less  by  above  one  third  than  the  Athenian 
tetradrachm,  nor  is  there  any  analogy  with  any  other  known 
coins  of  Athens.  2nd.  The  formation  of  the.  alpha  on  my 
coin  differs  from  that  employed  on  the  Athenian  coin  of 
the  same  age;  on  these  last  the  middle  bar,  commencing  at 
the  middle  of  the  left  limb,  slants  angularly  to  the  bottom  of 
the  right,  thus  A,  whilst  on  the  coin  before  us  it  runs  straight 
across  A.  3rd.  The  old  Athenian  money  invariably  read 
A9E,  and  never  A6EN.  Notwithstanding  the  peculiarity 
of  the  case,  it  becomes  a  matter  of  enquiry  what  can  be  the 
meaning  of  these  letters ;  and  nothing  more  probable  can  be 
conjectured  in  explanation,  than  by  supposing  it  was  pur- 
posely struck  to  record  some  historical  fact  in  which  the  two 
people  were  mutually  interested.  This  hypothesis  being 
conceded,  it  may  have  originated  at  that  period  when  the 
Athenians  sided  with  the  Samian  democracy,  when  the 
former  interfered  in  the  war  between  Samos  and  Miletus.40 


40  Thucydides,  lib.  i.  cap.  115. 


UNEDITED    GREEK  COINS.  75 

Another  alliance  between  Samos  and  Athens  occurred  after 
the  battle  of  Mycale,  which  is  mentioned  by  Herodotus  ;41 
but  this  is  too  early  for  the  fabric  of  my  coin.  The  most 
probable  event,  however,  and  the  only  remaining  instance 
noticed  by  ancient  writers,  that  could  have  given  rise  to  the 
mintage  of  money  at  Samos,  on  which  allusion  to  Athens 
might  be  expected,  is  that  which,  though  unrecorded  by 
Thucydides,  is  found  in  Strabo  and  Heraclides  of  Pontus. 
They  inform  us  that  a  colony  of  2,000  Athenians  were  sent  to 
divide  the  Samian  lands,  when  these  islanders  were  reduced 
to  accept  a  humiliating  peace  after  their  total  defeat  by 
Pericles  ;42  this  event  occurred  in  the  last  year  of  the  84th 
Olympiad  or  B.  c.  441,  a  date  which  agrees  perfectly  with 
the  apparent  age  of  the  coin.  I  have  thrown  out  the  pre- 
ceding suggestions ;  but  after  all  there  is  something  so  unusu- 
ally strange  in  the  position  occupied  by  the  supplementary 
legend  on  the  coin,  that  I  confess  myself  dissatisfied  with 
my  own  attempts  to  reconcile  what  appears  to  me  a  mystery; 
and  I  consequently  leave  the  final  decision  of  the  question 
to  more  acute  and  able  hands. 

No.  19. — Head  as  preceding. 

R. — Fore  part  of  a  bull  as  last,  the  neck  ornamented  with 
a  sor.t  of  collar  of  net  work  ;  behind,  a  laurel  branch  ; 
above,  2A  ;  the  whole  in  a  sunk  square.  AR.  6.  202f 
grs. 

The  execution  of  this  coin  is  in  superior  style,  and  marks 
an  epoch  when  the  art  of  engraving  approached  to  per- 
fection in  this  island. 


41  Lib.  ix.  cap.  106. 

42  Strabo,  lib.  xiv.  p.  638;  and  Heraclides  Pont. 
edit.  Coray.  p.  211. 


76  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

No.  20. — Another,  as  the  preceding. 

R.— AHMHTPI.  ANTIA. . .  SA.  Fore  part  of  a  bull, 
wearing  an  ornamental  collar,  as  No.  19;  behind,  a 
laurel  branch ;  the  whole  in  a  sunk  square.  AR.  6. 
234£  grs. 

Although  the  weight  of  this  coin  differs  materially  from 
any  other  coin  of  Samos,  yet  there  is  nothing  in  its  appear- 
ance to  justify  the  slightest  suspicion  of  its  authenticity. 

No.  21.— Head,  as  last. 

R. — SA.  IIirENHS.  Fore  part  of  a  bull,  his  legs  doubled 
under  him  ;  in  the  field,  a  laurel  branch.  AR.  4.101  grs. 

22. — Another. 

R. — SA.  AOX.  Fore  part  of  a  bull,  as  last;  the  whole 
in  a  sunk  square.  AR.  2.  26  grs. 

23. — Another. 

R. — Fore  part  of  a  bull,  without  legs  ;  no  legend  or  sym- 
bols ;  in  a  sunk  square.  AR.  f.  7|  grs. 

24.— Fore  part  of  a  bull,  to  the  left. 

R. — Type  of  obverse  repeated,  in  a  sunk  square.  AR.  2^* 
32T<V  grs. 

25. — Lion's  head  in  profile,  to  the  right,  the  mouth  open ;  in 

a  deep  square. 
R. — A  winged  boar.     AR.  1£.   19  grs. 

26. — Another;  above  the  lion's  head  an  olive  branch;  in  a 
sunk  square. 

R.- As  last.     AR.1J.   19  grs. 

27. — SA  (retrograde}.    Lion's  head,  as  last;  in  a  sunk  square. 
R. — As  last.     AR.  1 J.   19T90-  grs. 

28. — Lion's  head,  as  last;    behind,  SA. ;    below,  a  laurel 
branch ;  the  whole  within  a  sunk  square. 

R.— As  last.     AR.  1J.   18J  grs. 

All  these  coins,  exhibiting  a  lion's  head  in  profile,  and 
the  winged  wild  boar  on  the  reverse,  I  presume  were  struck 


UNEDITED    GREEK    COINS.  77 

on  the  occasion  of  some  alliance  between  the  Samians  and 
Clazomenians. 

No.  29. — Head  of  a  lioness,  or  panther,  in  profile,  to  the  left. 

R. — Ram's  head,  to  the  right,   in  a  deep  sunk  square. 
AR.  1.   15T«jgrrs. 

30. — The  same;  but  the  sunk  square  ornamented  internally 
with  a  granulated  border.     AR.  1.  17 J  grs. 

31. — The  same ;  excepting  the  type  of  reverse  is  in  a  slightly 
sunk  circle.     AR.  1.   13T6Q  grs. 

32. — Panther's  head,  as  the  preceding. 

R. — Ram's  head,  to  the  right;    above,   2A.;    below,   a 
laurel  branch  (no  square}.     AR.  1.   13|  grs. 

The  four  last  coins  are  those  I  alluded  to  in  my  remarks 
on  No.  17,  upon  which  precisely  the  same  panther's  head 
appears  as  an  adjunct;  the  two  first,  Nos.  29  and  30,  are  of 
much  earlier  fabric  than  the  two  which  follow. 

No.  33. — Diota  in  a  deep  sunk  square. 

R.— Prow  of  a  galley.     AR.  1.  8TV  grs. 

34. — Diota  between  the  letters  SA.  and  a  laurel  branch. 
R.— Prow  of  a  galley.     AR.  1.   11£  grs. 

35. — Lion's  head,  front  face. 

R.— SA.     Prow  of  a  galley.     AR.  1.   16T%  grs. 

36. — Head  of  Juno,  to  the  right. 

R.— SAMION.     Prow  of  a  galley.     AR.  2.   14T20-  grs. 

As  the  whole  of  these  thirty-six  coins  of  Samos  have 
passed  from  my  collection  to  the  British  Museum,  I  con- 
sidered it  useless  to  cite  that  cabinet  after  the  description 
of  every  separate  coin.  So  many  unpublished  silver  coins 
as  are  here  enumerated,  is  sufficient  proof  of  the  numismatic 
riches  of  an  island  at  this  day  so  unimportant. 

H.    P.     BORRELL. 
VOL.  VII.  M 


78 


XT. 


NEW  PROPOSED  READING  OF  CERTAIN  COINS 
OF  CUNOBELIN. 

[Read  before  the  Numismatic  Society,  April  25,  1844.] 

MY  DEAR  SIR, 

MAY  I  beg  the  favour  of  your  communicating  to  the 
Numismatic  Society  a  discovery  which  I  believe  I  am  the 
first  to  have  made,  relative  to  the  reading  of  the  coins  of 
Cunobelin  ?  Having  lately  had  occasion  to  examine,  with 
my  colleague,  Mr.  Fitz-Gerald,  some  of  the  coins  of  this 
prince,  I  believe  I  can  now  offer  to  the  Numismatic  Society 
a  probable  solution  of  the  meaning  of  the  hitherto  obscure 
and  difficult  word  Tascio,  or  Tascia,  on  the  money  of  this 
monarch.  My  reading  is  based  upon  three  coins,  im- 
pressions of  which  accompany  the  present  letter,  and 
which  I  beg  the  favour  of  your  laying  before  the  Numis- 
matic Society. 

No.  1. — CVNO.  in  a  square;  the  whole  in  a  double  wreath. 

R. — TASC.  F.  Pegasus,  galloping  to  right.  AR.  1. 
(Unedited.)  Fig.  1. 

2.— CVNOBELIN,     Unbearded  head  galeated.1 

R.— TASCIIOVANI  F.  Boar  running  to  left.  M.  2  j. 
Fig.  2.  (Ruding's  Ann.  of  Coinage,  PI.  v.  fig.  23.) 
(British  Museum.) 

3.— CVNOBELIN  .  . .  2     Head  laureated  to  left. 

R.— TASCIOVANI  F.  Centaur,  gradient  to  right, 
blowing  a  horn.  M.  3.  (Ibid.  fig.  17.)  (Brit.  Mus.) 
Fig.  4. 

1  Taylor,  Combe,  Num.  Vet.,  Pop.  etUrb.      4to.     Lond.  1814. 
p.  25,  No.  25.  2  Ibid.  No.  27. 


6  PLT^p.jt 


./R 


of  Cunobctin 


3,oruicm.Piil>lis?u:d  bv  the  Ifumis made  So  deb' 


ON    COINS    OF    CUNOBELIN.  79 

No.  4.— CVNOBEL.     Unbearded  head  galeated,  to  the  left. 

R. — TASC.  FII.(?)  Boar  biting  a  snake,  to  the  left. 
JE.3^.  ( Cabinet  of  Mr.  Wigan,  Clare  House  ;  E.  Mai- 
ling.) Unedited.  Fig.  3. 

In  the  first  place,  the  coin,  No.  1,  which  was  found  at 
Sandy  in  Bedfordshire,  in  1837,  reads  most  distinctly 
TASC,  then  a  period,  and  F.3  Nos.  2  and  3  have  been 
rendered,  by  Taylor,  Combe,  and  Ruding,  CUNOBELINI, 
in  the  genitive,  on  the  obverse ;  but  the  last  letter  is  wanting, 
and  may  be  a  U,  since  on  all  the  coins  where  the  legend 
is  distinct  and  full  we  have  CVNOBELINVS  REX.  It  is 
not  necessary  for  the  argument  that  the  obverse  should 
read  CVNOBELINVS,  but,  at  the  same  time,  such  a  read- 
ing appears  to  me  preferable.  The  reverse  of  No.  2  is  un- 
equivocally TASCIIOVANI,  with  two  i's  in  the  centre,  and 
not  TASCIONOVA,  as  conjectured  by  Ruding.4  On  the 
last  coin  (3.)  the  reading  is  clear ;  and  even  if  there  could  be 
any  doubt  as  to  the  last  letter,  the  presence  of  the  period, 
and  the  legend  of  No.  1,  settles  the  question.  I  conse- 
quently read,  "  Cunobelinus  Tasciovani  filius,"  "Cunobelin, 
son  of  Tasciovan;"  for  there  is  no  point  or  division  on 
No. 3  in  the  word  "Tasciovani,"  and  on  any  other  hypothesis 
the  legend  on  No.  1  is  not  easy  of  explanation.  The 
reading  of  the  last  coin,  communicated  to  me  by  Mr. 
Haigh,  and  an  inspection  of  which  I  owe  to  the  liberality 
of  Mr.  Wigan,  is  TASC.  FL,  ends  with  an  uncertain  letter 
resembling  a  B  or  R,  but  which,  having  been  submitted 
to  the  inspection  of  the  first  numismatists  in  London,  is  con- 
sidered a  perpendicular  stroke,  honey-combed.  This  formula 
is  justified  by  the  British  coins,  hitherto  attributed  to 

3  While  examining  the  preceding,  Mr.  Fitz-Gerald  found  for  me 
No.  1 ,  which  he  thought  would  assist  me. 

4  Annals  of  Coinage,  vol.  i.  p.  199. 


£0  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

Comius,5  reading  COMIF  on  the  obverse,  and  EPPiLLVS 
(Epillus)  on  the  reverse,  which  1  should  attribute,  not  as 
M.  de  la  Saussaye  has  done,  to  Comius  himself,  but  to  his 
son  Epillus.  As  the  numismatic  evidence  of  the  mint  of 
Cunobelin  shows  that  his  currency  was  probably  the  pro- 
duct of  Roman  or  at  least  Anglo-Roman  workmen,  and  as 
many  of  his  types  can  be  traced  to  the  Roman  currency,6 
it  is  not  rash  to  suggest,  that  he  may  have  used  the  Latin 
formula,  "  Caesar  divi  f.,"  of  his  imperial  patron,  and  applied 
it  to  his  own  coins.  The  various  chroniclers  represent  him 
as  contemporary  with  Augustus,  and  even  brought  up  at  his 
court ;  while  it  appears,  from  the  evidence  of  Suetonius, 
Tacitus,  and  Dio,  that  the  strictest  relations  existed 
between  the  successors  of  the  so-called  Cassivellanus  and 
those  of  Caesar.  The  conjectures  of  antiquaries  for  two 
centuries,  that  this  legend  referred  to  the  taxatio ;  the 
suggestion  that  it  meant  the  Tascodunitari  Cononie?isis, 
a  people  of  Narbonnese  Gaul;  or  the  Tascoduni  Taru- 
cunonienses?  must,  I  propose,  be  altogether  abandoned,  and 
that,  which  now  appears  to  all  candid  minds  the  true  mean- 
ing of  the  word,  be  adopted.  I  therefore  suggest,  that  all  the 
coins  of  Cunobelin  with  Tasciovani,  or  any  of  its  contrac- 
tions, be  referred  to  the  three  legends  which  I  have  given, 
and  be  read  "  Cunobelinus,  son  of  Tasciovanus,"  "  Cuno- 
belin the  king,  son  of  Tasciovanus."  But  I  do  not  stop 
here.  I  find  in  the  British  series  several  coins,  chiefly 


*  Taylor,  Combe,  loc.  cit.,  pl.i.  tig.  11. 

6  Cf.  Ruding,  loc.  cit. 

7  See  Ruding,  loc. cit. ;  Camden,  on  the  authority  of  Dr.  Powel ; 
Gough's  Britannia,  vol.i.  p.  65  ;  Baxter's  Glossary  in  voce  Tascio  ; 
Carte's  History  of  England,  vol.  i.  p.  98  ;  Pettigal's  Dissertation 
on  the  Tascia ;  and  all  modern  writers  on  British  coins  of  Cuno- 
belin ;  Wise,  Numi.  in  Serin.  Bodl.  Record,  p.  226. 


ON    COINS    OF    CUNOBEL1N.  81 

in  silver,  reading  TASC  on  one  side  and  VER  on  the  other. 
It  has  been  usual  to  refer  these  coins  to  Curiobelin :  but 
here,  at  least,  from  the  evidence  before  us,  we  must  read 
Tasciovani,  or  Tasciovanus,  and  on  the  reverse  Verlamio, 
or  St.  Alban's,  assigning  these  coins  to  Tasciovanus  him- 
self. This  will  at  once  reduce  the  mintage  of  Cunobelin 
to  one  locality,  Camulodunum,  which  we  know  was  his 
capital,  and  place  the  mint  of  Tasciovanus  at  St.  Alban's. 

Having  disposed  of  the  monumental  evidence,  I  will 
now  consider  the  historical  evidence  as  to  the  name  Tasci- 
ovanus. I  have  been  unsuccessful  in  my  researches  to 
discover  it  in  the  classical  authorities.  It  seems,  however, 
analogous  in  its  commencement  to  Tasgetus  and  Taxima- 
gulus,  the  king  of  Kent  who  attacked  Caesar,  and  whose 
name  is  uniformly  thus  written  in  all  our  best  MSS.  of 
Caesar,  as  well  as  given  in  the  best  editions.  The  latter 
part  of  the  name  is  Roman,  similar  to  that  of  Cassivel-anus, 
and  apparently  constructed  on  the  final  portion  of  the  same 
word.  The  chroniclers,  Bede  and  Gildas,  do  not  name 
the  father  of  Cunobelin ;  but  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth,  and 
those  who  trace  the  succession  from  Brute,  call  the  prede- 
cessor of  Cunobelin,  Tenuantius,  Themantius,  Theomantius, 
Cennancius,  and  Tennancius,  Tudor  Belin,  and  Tubelin. 
A  slight  change  of  orthography  would  reduce  this  word  to 
Tasciovanus;  and  I  find,  on  examination,  that  much  of 
their  accounts  coincide  with  those  of  the  Roman  historians 
under  the  empire,  while  their  transcription  of  proper  names 
differs,  in  some  instances,  as  much  as  Tenancius  from 
Tasciovanus.  Is  it  possible  that  in  the  name  Tasciovanus 
lies  the  disputed  Cassivelanus  ?  His  era  would  be  suffi- 
ciently near  that  of  the  great  prince ;  and  Cunobelin  might 
have  asserted  upon  his  coins  his  right  to  the  succession,  in 
the  same  manner  as  Augustus  did  from  Julius  Caesar. 


82  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

The  descent  of  Tasciovanus  is,  however,  conjectured  (not 
proved)  from  Cassivelanus,  except  on  the  authority  of  the 
chroniclers  and  their  Tenanciusis,  the  father  of  Cymbelin ; 
while  the  appearance  of  SEGO  on  the  reverse  of  his  cur- 
rency, a  name  attributed  by  some  to  the  king  of  Kent, 
who  passes  under  the  name  of  Segonax,  would  suggest  the 
possibility  of  his  descent  from  that  king.  The  VER  on  his 
reverses  is  supposed  to  be  the  Verlamio,  or  Verulamium 
(St.  Alban's);  and  the  SEGO  has  been  attributed  to 
Segonax,  and  lately,  by  Mr.  Haigh,  to  Segontium;  the 
VRICON  would  seem,  from  the  coin  edited  by  Mr.  Aker- 
man,  to  be  correctly  TASCIOV.  RICON,  as  the  R,  in  his 
coin,  begins  the  line.-  It  is  attributed  by  Mr.  Haigh  to 
Uriconium.  Of  the  coins  of  Cunobelinus  there  are  four 
classes :  1 .  Those  with  his  name  full,  or  abridged ;  2.  Those 
with  his  name  in  full,  "Cunobelinus  rex  Tasciovani  films;" 
3.  Those  reading  Cunobelinus,  nearly  or  completely,  and 
Camuloduno,  or  St.  Alban's;  4.  Those  reading  Cunobelinus 
and  Solido,  an  ambiguous  word,  which  might  be  the  name 
of  a  town,  like  Verlamio,  in  the  ablative. 

TASCIOVANUS,  OR  TASCIAVANUS. 

1.  TASC  R— None.       Num.   Chron.   vol.  ii. 

p.  75,  Nos.  28,  29. 

2.  TASCIA  R— None.    Tayl.  Combe,  Num.  Vet. 

p.  15,  No.  18. 

3.  TASC  R— Ibid.  No.  19. 

4.  TASC1O  R— VER    Num.  Chron.  vol. ii.  p.  75. 

5.  TASCIA  R— VER 

6.  TASCIO  underneath  VRIOON.      Ruding,  Annals,  i.  99, 

vol.  i.  note. 

7.  TASCIO  VRICON       Gent's    Mag.,    April 

1821,  p.  66. 


ON    COINS    OF    CUNOBELIN.  83 

8.  TASCIO  underneath  RICON.     Num.  Chron.  vol.iii.  p.  152, 

PI.  No.  1. 

9.  TASCIO  R—  SEGO 

10.  TA2CIOVAN.  R—  None.     Coin  in  British  Museum. 

11.  [TA8CIJAVA  R—  None.     Ibid. 

CUNOBELINUS. 

CVNOBELINVS  REX       R—  TASC.     Taylor,  Combe,  p.  15, 

No.  26. 

CVNOBELIN  R—  TASCIO.     Ibid.  28. 

R—  None.     Ibid.  pp.  14,  17. 


CVNOBELIN.  .  R—  TASCIIOVANI  F.  Vid.  supra. 

CVNOBELINI.  R—  TASCIOVANI.     Num.  Chron. 

loc.  cit. 

CVNOBELIN  ____  R—  TASCIOVANI.  F.    Vid.  supra. 

CVNOBELI  (retrograde)  R  —  None.     Ibid. 

KVNOBHLI.  .  R—  None. 

CVNOBELINI.  R—  None.     Vid.  supra. 

CVNO  R—  TASCIIOVAN.    Tayl.  Combe, 

p.  14,  No.  13. 

CVNOBELI.  R—  TASCIOVANI. 

CVNOB  .  .  .  R—  TASCIIO  ----      Coin  in   Brit. 

Mus.,  presented  by  Mrs.  Combe. 

CVNO  R—  TASCIO.     Tayl.  Combe,  p.  14. 

CVNO.  R—  TASC.  F.     Vid.  supra. 

CVNOBEII  (sic)  R—  TASC.     Num.  Chron.  loc.  cit. 

CVNO.  R—  TASCIIOVA.       Num.   Chron. 

loc.  cit. 

CVNO.  R—  CAMV.      Tayl.  Combe,  p.  13, 

No.l. 

CVNOBEL  R—  CAMV.       Num.  Chron.  p.  75, 

No.  2. 

CVNOBILI.  R—  CAMV     Ibid.  No.  3. 


84  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

CVNOBHI  (sic)  R— C  AMVL     Ibid.  No.  4. 

CVNO  R — CAMVL.      Coin  in  Mr.  Hux- 

table's  Cabinet. 

CVNO.  R— CAMV     Coin  in  the  Brit. Mus., 

found  at  Ixworth,  Suffolk;  also 
Num.  Chron.,  No.  7. 

CVNO  R— CAMVI.     Num.Chron.,No.ll. 

CVNO.  R— CAMVL      Coin  in   Bentham's 

sale;  British  Museum. 

~     CAMVL     Coin  in  Mr.  Huxta- 
~QDVNO         ble's  Cabinet. 

CVNOB.  R— CAM.     Num.  Chron.,  No.  19. 

CVN.  R — CAM.       Tayl.  Combe,   p.  14, 

No.  9. 

CVNO  R— SOLIDO.     Coin  in  Brit.  Mus. 

CVNO  R— SOLIDV     Coin   in    Mr.  Hux- 

table's  Cabinet. 

CVN.  R— SOLIDO.    Num. Chron., loc.cit. 

Knowing  the  deep  interest  you  take  in  these  researches, 
and  hoping  you  will  not  deem  my  observations  on  this 
matter  irrelevant,  believe  me  to  remain, 

Yours  very  sincerely, 

SAMUEL  BIRCH. 

CHARLES  ROACH  SMITH,  ESQ., 

Secretary  to  the  Numismatic  Society, 

etc.  etc.  etc. 


*s|c*  After  the  reading  of  my  Paper,  I  received,  through  the  kind- 
ness of  Mr.  Huxtable  and  Mr.  Wigan,  the  legends  of  several 
unedited  coins,  which  I  have  incorporated  in  my  list ;  and  if  the 
reading  TASC.FIR  on  Mr.  Wigan's  coin,  subsequently  com- 
municated, should  prove  correct,  although  Mr.  Wigan  and 
others  have  ingeniously  proposed  filius  Regis  or  Rex,  the  per- 
fect solution  of  these  legends  is  yet  to  be  awaited. 


85 


XII. 

ON  BULLION  CURRENCY. 

THERE  are  many  habits  of  society  to  which  we  are  so  much 
familiarised  by  constant  use,  that  we  hardly  ever  reflect 
upon  their  origin  or  peculiarities.  Amongst  these  may  be 
ranked  the  use  of  the  precious  metals,  silver  and  gold, 
as  media  of  exchange,  and  representatives  of  property. 
We  learn  from  that  abundant  fountain  of  secular  informa- 
tion, as  well  as  spiritual  knowledge,  the  Bible,  that  silver 
and  gold  were  generally  used  as  exchangeable  media  very 
early  after  the  flood;  certainly  during  the  life-time  of  one 
of  the  antediluvians,  namely,  Shein.  The  first  mention 
made  of  silver  and  gold  is  in  the  instance  of  Abraham,  who 
is  stated,  when  he  came  back  from  Egypt,  to  have  been 
"  very  rich  in  cattle,  in  silver,  and  in  gold"  (Gen.  xiii.  2). 
This  was  in  the  year  B.C.  1918,  or  430  years  after  the  flood. 
Though  silver  and  gold  are  only  spoken  of  in  the  above 
passage  as  riches  generally,  yet  twenty  years  after  we  find 
silver  mentioned  as  a  medium  of  exchange.  In  Gen.  xvii.  13 
we  have  the  following  passage,  "  He  that  is  born  in  thy 
house,  and  he  that  is  bought  with  thy  money,"  etc.  The 
word  rendered  here  "  money"  in  the  original  implies 
silver  ;  so  that  we  have  in  the  account  a  distinct  reference 
to  the  use  of  silver  as  a  medium  of  exchange.  In  Gen.  xx.  16, 
Abimelech,  king  of  Gerar,  is  stated  to  have  given  Abraham 
"  a  thousand  pieces  of  silver;"  and  although  the  account 
does  not  advance  the  history  of  silver  in  its  specific  pecu- 
niary character,  yet  it  points  out  its  general  adoption  as  an 

VOL.    VII.  N 


86  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

article  of  wealth.  But  the  full  and  explicit  explanation  of 
the  pecuniary  value  of  silver  is  not  long  delayed  in  the  Bible 
history ;  for  in  Gen.  xxiii.  we  have  an  exact  statement  of  a 
payment  in  silver,  and  of  the  quantities  of  computation,  of 
the  manner  in  which  it  was  estimated,  and  of  its  general  cir- 
culation. In  the  purchase  of  the  cave  and  field  of  Machpelah, 
"  Abraham  weighed  to  Ephron  the  silver,  which  he  had 
named  in  the  audience  of  the  sons  of  Heth,  four  hundred 
shekels  of  silver,  current  money  with  the  merchant."  Here 
is  a  payment  for  land  in  silver,  computed  by  shekels,  esti- 
mated by  weighing,  and  acknowledged  of  general  currency 
in  the  commercial  world.  How  far  this  currency  extended 
we  may  surmise  by  the  sale  of  Joseph  to  the  Ishmaelites, 
who  "  came  from  Gilead  with  their  camels  bearing  spicery 
and  balm  and  myrrh,  going  to  carry  it  down  to  Egypt" 
(Gen.  xxxvii.  25).  Joseph  was  sold  to  them  for  "  twenty 
pieces  of  silver."  The  Ishmaelites,  here  mentioned,  evidently 
bore  with  them  silver  as  an  exchangeable  medium,  current 
all  the  way  from  Gilead  to  Egypt.  The  purchase  of  Joseph 
was  131  years  only  after  the  purchase  of  the  cave  of  Mach- 
pelah, which  took  place  B.C.  1860,  or  after  the  flood  488 
years,  and,  as  Shem  lived  502  years  after  that  event, 
fourteen  years  before  the  death  of  that  ante-diluvian  as 
well  as  post-diluvian  patriarch.  It  is  not  my  intention  at 
present  to  discuss  the  form  in  which  silver  was  used  as 
money,  but  only  to  establish  that  it  was  so  used.  But  I 
would  wish  to  observe,  that,  early  as  this  pecuniary  use  of 
silver  is  noticed,  it  is  only  incidentally  mentioned  in  the 
general  description  of  more  important  circumstances,  and 
spoken  of,  not  as  a  new  or  unusual  mode  of  payment,  but 
as  one  of  common  and  regularly  established  usage.  It  may 
have  been  of  long  and  ancient  adoption  at  the  time  when 
Abraham  bought  the  sepulchre  of  the  children  of  Heth ; 


ON    BULLION    CURRENCY.  87 

and  it  will  appear  probable  that  it  was  so,  from  the  follow- 
ing reasons.  If  we  reflect  upon  the  fact  of  the  establish- 
ment of  a  general  exchangeable  medium,  we  shall  discover 
that  many  particulars  would  have  to  be  adjusted,  which 
could  not  be  definitely  settled  till  after  much  experience. 
The  very  outset  of  the  invention  of  a  medium  of  exchange, 
instead  of  the  practice  of  barter,  would  itself  be  a  change 
almost  as  important  as  the  change  from  writing  to  printing, 
and  would  require  a  greater  previous  assent  on  the  part  of 
society  than  the  typographical  art.  After  this,  the  selec- 
tion of  a  medium  would  be  a  difficult  point;  and  a  still 
more  intricate  question  would  be,  the  fixing  a  specific 
value  upon  that  medium,  and  a  mode  by  which  the 
quantity  and  quality  of  that  medium  could  be  ascertained. 
These  particulars  would  need  much  time  and  regulation 
before  they  would  be  finally,  generally,  and  currently 
established.  Indeed,  so  great  are  these  difficulties,  that 
we  can  scarcely  imagine  them  superable,  except  in  a  state 
of  society  in  which  the  two  incongruous  circumstances  of 
limited  extent  and  high  civilisation  met.  These  circum- 
stances were  never  found  together,  in  relation  to  the  whole 
world,  but  at  a  period  shortly  after  the  flood.  The  Noachic 
family  would  descend  from  the  ark  with  the  accumulated 
information  of  the  ante-diluvian  world ;  and  whilst  yet  the 
families  of  the  earth  were  either  undispersed,  or  not  widely 
separated,  we  may  suppose  the  important  and  convenient 
habit  of  a  specific  exchangeable  medium,  of  a  generally  ac- 
knowledged value,  might  be  established;  and,  we  may 
almost  say,  could  alone  then  be  at  once  settled.  Great  as 
was  the  change  from  pieces  of  bullion  needing  weighing, 
to  coined  money  passable  by  tale,  yet  certainly  much 
greater  was  the  change  from  barter  to  a  metallic  medium, 
superseding  the  necessity  of  seeking  parties  having  a  super- 


88  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

fluity  of  the  article  an  individual  might  want,  and  which 
parties  might  be  willing  to  exchange  that  article  for  the 
exact  superfluity  of  another  production  which  the  said 
individual  might  possess.  From  weighing  these  various 
considerations,  and  looking  at  the  regular,  well-understood, 
and  generally-recognised  silver  medium  in  the  time  of 
Abraham,  we  shall  see  good  reason  for  believing  that  such 
medium  must  have  existed  for  a  long  time  before  the  pur- 
chase by  Abraham.  And  if  we  carefully  examine  into  the 
condition  of  the  children  of  Heth,  we  shall  find  a  state  of 
society  calling  for  all  the  conveniences  of  a  highly  civilised 
people;  amongst  the  rest,  of  an  exchangeable  medium. 
When  the  negotiation  is  commenced,  it  is  with  a  degree  of 
courtesy  only  found  in  communities  advanced  in  the  scale 
of  civilisation.  Abraham  is  addressed  as  a  "  mighty  prince," 
and  spoken  to  with  the  reverence  due  to  such  a  station. 
Nor  are  the  children  of  Heth  less  esteemed  by  Abraham, 
for  he  "  bows  himself"  before  them.  The  various  families 
of  the  city  had  their  private  sepulchres :  "  none  of  us  shall 
withhold  from  thee  his  sepulchre."  These  sepulchres,  too, 
were  large  ones;  for  that  of  Ephron  was  large  enough  to 
hold  the  remains  of  several  generations  of  the  patriarchs. 
The  people  were  wealthy,  also;  for  Ephron,  though  not  spoken 
of  as  superior  to  his  countrymen  generally,  offers  to  bestow  his 
sepulchre  upon  Abraham  as  a  gift,  though  worth  400  shekels 
of  silver,  amounting  to  £50  of  our  money,  without  reckon- 
ing the  difference  of  value  between  our  times  and  theirs. 
The  children  of  Heth  recognised  the  rights  of  property, 
and  were  careful  to  maintain  them ;  for  the  conveyance  of 
the  cave  and  field  of  Machpelah,  though  not  made  by  a 
written  record,  was  accompanied  by  a  minuteness  of  descrip- 
tion as  to  locality  and  appurtenances,  and  a  carefulness  as 
to  uses  and  attestations,  not  to  be  met  with  except  amongst 


ON    BULLION    CURRENCY.  89 

a  refined  community.  The  property  is  described  as  the 
"  field  of  Ephron,"  from  whom  the  title  was  to  be  derived; 
and  the  situation  is  minutely  stated,  "  in  Machpelah,  before 
Mamre,"  which  has  another  name,  also  specified,  "  the 
same  is  Hebron,"  being  "  in  the  land  of  Canaan/'  Then 
the  appurtenances  are,  "  the  cave  therein,"  and  all  the 
trees  in  the  fald,  and  "  in  all  the  borders  round  about" 
The  uses  are  also  stated,  "  for  a  possession  of  a  burying 
place;"  and  the  whole  is  "  made  sure  unto  Abraham  for  a 
possession"  before  witnesses,  "  in  the  presence  of  the 
children  of  Heth ; "  and  the  place  wrhere  the  transfer  is 
made  is  also  given,  "  at  the  gate  of  the  city."  Hebron 
was  evidently  a  place  requiring  so  many  of  the  luxuries  of 
life  as  to  be  visited  by  "  merchants"  with  whom  their 
money,  "  silver"  was  "  current"  I. have  dwelt  at  length 
upon  the  above  particulars,  as  the  condition  and  circum- 
stances of  life  in  which  metallic  currency  is  first  discovered 
in  the  records  of  history,  may  tend  materially  to  explain 
the  causes  of  its  adoption.  The  inference  from  the  whole 
is — that  civilisation  was  in  a  highly  advanced  state — that 
barter  had  become  so  inconvenient  a  mode  of  supplying 
the  wants  of  the  people,  that  a  conventional  medium,  of  a 
compact  and  carriageable  form  or  character,  had  become 
requisite — that  the  metals,  silver  and  gold,  as  being  from 
their  greater  rarity  more  valuable,  and  from  their  nature 
less  destructible  and  more  workable  than  other  metals, 
were  selected — and  that  these  metals  were  estimated  by 
weight,  according  to  a  generally  admitted  value  per  given 
weight.  Either  this  description  of  medium  had  been 
agreed  upon,  as  to  species  and  relative  value,  at  a  time 
when  the  families  of  the  world  were  few,  and  when  such 
arrangement  could  be  easily  made;  or,  from  the  settled 
and  generally  understood  form  in  which  we  find  it  at  the 


90  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

time  when  Abraham  bought  the  cave  and  field  of  Mach- 
pelah  from  Ephron,  it  must  have  existed  a  long  time 
previously,  in  order  to  overcome  the  many  difficulties 
which  must  have  presented  themselves  in  establishing  the 
custom  of  exchanging  articles  of  necessity  and  utility  for 
an  article  not  useful  for  food  or  clothing,  and  little 
available  for  the  formation  of  instruments  of  service,  and 
which  could  only  be  looked  upon  as  a  representative  of 
property.  Either  case  will  lead  us  to  the  conclusion,  that 
silver  and  gold  were  adopted  as  the  media  of  exchange 
very  early  after  the  flood. 

In  another  place  I  have  entered  upon  the  subject  of  the 
adoption  of  the  form  of  jewel  ornaments,  as  a  shape  in 
which  bullion,  intended  for  an  exchangeable  medium, 
might  be  conveniently  and  safely  carried  about,  combining 
at  the  same  time  the  advantage  of  ornament.  The  Bible 
account  of  the  specific  weight  of  the  jewels  given  by  Abra- 
ham's servant  to  Rebekah,  proves  that  such  jewels  were 
either  made  to  a  given  weight,  or  when  made  were  carefully 
weighed,  that  the  owner  might  know  the  value  of  his 
ornaments  in  case  of  using  them  as  money.  And  that  the 
Egyptians  kept  their  bullion  medium  in  jewels,  is  not  only 
evident  from  the  pictorial  representations  of  weighing  rings 
of  silver  and  gold,  marked  as  money  in  Sir  Gardner 
Wilkinson's  plates,  copied  from  the  catacombs ;  but  also  is 
indicated  by  the  fact  of  the  Israelites  having,  at  their 
exodus  from  Egypt,  borrowed  "  jewels  of  silver  and  jewels 
of  gold"  from  their  oppressors,  which  "spoiled,"  or  ruined 
"  the  Egyptians."  But  in  whatsoever  form  bullion  was 
kept  for  exchange,  it  was  estimated  by  weight,  amongst  the 
Jews  and  other  nations,  till  the  introduction  of  medallic 
money.  Of  this  we  have  direct  evidence,  as  to  the  Jews, 
in  the  Bible.  In  Jeremiah  ch.  xxxii.  the  prophet  speaks  of 


ON    BULLION    CURRENCY.  91 

buying  a  field  in  Anathoth  of  Hanameel,  his  uncle's  son, 
for  seventeen  shekels  of  silver,  which  he  "  weighed  to  him 
in  the  balances'1  This  was  as  late  as  the  year  B.C.  590, 
when  coinage  had  been  invented,  and  adopted  by  many 
nations. 

But,  though  silver  was  weighed  in  monetary  transactions, 
whether  in  the  shape  of  ornaments  or  otherwise,  there  is 
reason  to  believe  that  the  Jewish  nation  had  a  kind  of  piece 
money  as  early  as  between  eight  and  nine  hundred  years 
before  the  Christian  sera.  I  do  not  form  this  inference 
from  the  use  of  the  word  piece,  or  pieces  (because,  being 
given  in  italics  in  our  translation  of  the  Bible,  it  is  to  be 
understood  the  words  are  interpolated  for  the  sake  of 
rendering  the  passages  intelligible,  and  are  not  to  be  found 
in  the  original),  but  from  evidence  of  a  much  stronger  kind. 
In  2  Kings  ch.xii.  we  read,  that,  when  a  collection  was  made 
for  the  reparation  of  the  temple,  "  Jehoiada  the  priest  took 
a  chest,  and  bored  a  hole  in  the  lid  of  it,  and  set  it  beside 
the  altar,  on  the  right  side  as  one  cometh  into  the  house  of 
the  Lord;  and  the  priests  that  kept  the  door  put  therein 
all  the  money  that  was  brought  into  the  house  of  the  Lord. 
And  it  was  so,  when  they  saw  there  was  much  money  in  the 
chest,  that  the  king's  scribe  and  the  high  priest  came  up, 
and  they  put  up  in  bags,  and  told  the  money  that  was  found 
in  the  house  of  the  Lord."  Here  we  have  a  regular  money- 
box, no  doubt  with  a  hole  sufficiently  large  to  admit  the 
pieces,  but  not  to  allow  the  hand  to  be  introduced  to  take 
them  out ;  for  it  seems  it  needed  the  king's  scribe  and  the 
high  priest  to  take  the  money  out.  The  telling  of  the 
money  does  not  imply  that  there  was  no  weighing ;  for,  in 
Ezra  ch.  viii.,  we  read  that  the  vessels  brought  back  from 
Babylon  were  recorded  by  number  and  weight  — "  By 
number  and  by  weight  of  every  one ;  and  all  the  weight 


92  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

was  written  at  that  time."  It  must  be  observed  also,  that 
the  money  was  first  put  into  bags,  and  then  told,  as  though 
weighed  in  the  bags,  and  the  amount  or  weight  told  or 
reckoned.  This  is  further  proved  to  be  the  mode  of  telling, 
by  passages  in  1  Esdras  ch.  viii.,  in  which  it  is  stated  that 
Artaxerxes  had  given  to  the  Jews  "  six  hundred  and  sixty 
talents  of  silver,  and  silver  vessels  of  an  hundred  talents, 
and  an  hundred  talents  of  gold,  and  twenty  golden  vessels" 
(verses  56,  57),  the  silver  and  gold  being  given  specifically 
"for  (the  purchase  of)  bullocks,  rams,  and  lambs;"  and 
"  the  gold  and  the  silver  that  was  weighed  was  delivered  in 
the  house  of  the  Lord  *  *  *  all  was  delivered  them  by 
number  and  weight.  And  all  the  weight  of  them  was  written 
up  the  same  hour."  This  was  in  the  year  B.C.  457,  within 
125  years  of  the  Grecian  domination. 

It  appears  that,  when  money  was  collected  and  paid  into 
the  treasury,  it,  was  melted  down  before  re-issue;  for  in 
2  Kings  ch.  xxii.  we  have  this  passage,  "  Shaphan  the  scribe 
came  to  the  king  (Josiah),  and  brought  the  king  word 
again,  and  said,  Thy  servants  have  gathered  the  money  that 
was  found  in  the  house,  and  have  delivered  it  into  the  hand 
of  them  that  do  the  work,  that  have  oversight  of  the  house 
of  the  Lord."  It  is  to  be  noticed,  that  the  word  "gathered" 
in  the  text,  is  given  in  the  margin  "  melted"  ; l  and  the 

1  The  Hebrew  word  used  for  this  doubly-rendered  term,  I  am  in- 
formed, comes  from  ^D3  (Nathak),  "  was  poured  out,  was  melted"1; 
and  is  the  same  word  as  used  in  Ezekiel  ch.  xxii.  20 — 22,  for 
"  melt,  melted"  in  reference  to  metals :  "  As  they  gather  silver, 
and  brass,  and  iron,  and  lead,  and  tin,  into  the  midst  of  the  fur- 
nace, to  blow  upon  it,  to  melt  it,"  etc.  It  is  also  to  be  noticed, 
that  the  Septuagint  version  renders  the  word  in  question,  by 
"E^wvevo-av,  from  ^wyeva),  contracted  from  ^ocu'evw,  to  melt  or 
cast  metal,  to  form  of  cast  metal  (Passow's  Lex.),  and  adopts  the 
same  Greek  word  in  the  passages  cited  above  from  Ezekiel,  for 
the  Hebrew  word  rendered  in  English  "  melt,  melted'';  so  that  it 


ON    BULLION    CURRENCY.  93 

words  would    run,   that    "  thy  servants   have   melted  the 

money."      This   event   occurred  B.C.  624,  just   eighteen 

years  before  the  Babylonish  captivity.     It  may  be  imagined 

by  some  that  the  word  melted  is  only  a  form  of  speech,  used 

for  collecting  together,  and  continued  in  that  sense  when 

melting  was  no  longer  practised,  as  the  Romans  used  the 

word  "  impendere,"  for  to  pay,  long  after  money  was  paid 

by  count,  being  continued  from  the  time  when  the  as,  or 

CBS,  was  weighed  to  another  in  the  payment  for  articles.    But 

this  idea  cannot  be  maintained ;  for,  as  the  passage  I  have 

cited  from  Jeremiah  proves  that  the  word  weigh,  as  used 

in  Zechariah  ch.  xi.    "  So  they  weighed  for  my  price  thirty 

pieces  of  silver,"    does  not  mean   simply  to  poy,  but  to 

"  weigh  and  pay" ;    so  we  have  a  passage  in    Herodotus 

which  so  completely  explains  the  matter  literally,  that  it 

leaves  no  question  upon  the  subject.     In  the  book  Thalia, 

sec.  xcvi.,  we  have  this  statement :   "  The  manner  in  which 

the  king  (Darius,  son  of  Hystaspes,)  deposited  these  riches 

in  his  treasury,  was  this — the  gold  and  silver  was  melted, 

and  poured  into  earthen  vessels ;  the  vessel,  when  full,  was 

removed,  leaving  the    metal  in  a  mass.     When  any  was 

wanted,  such  a  piece  was  broken  off  as  the  contingence 

required."     This  Darius  reigned  from  the  year  B.C.  521  to 

485,  only  about  a  century  removed  from  the  time  of  Josiah, 

and  but  a  few  years  anterior  to  the  time  of  Esdras.     The 

passages  prove  that  medallic  money  was  not  used  by  the 

Jews  at  the  period  of  624  years  B.C.,  nor  by  the  Persians 

more  than  a  hundred  and  fifty  years  later;  but  they  go  far 

to  prove  also,  that  bullion  was  paid  into  both  treasuries  in 

is  evident  it  was  the  impression  of  the  LXX.  that  the  Hebrew 
word  did  not  mean  simply  "  to  gather"  or  "  pour  out"  pieces 
from  one  vessel  to  another,  but  actually  to  melt  down,  or  cast 
the  pieces,  or  money,  into  a  mass. 

VOL.    VII.  O 


94  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

small  pieces,  which  were  melted  down  before  re-issuing; 
and,  taken  in  context  with  the  passage  as  to  Jehoiada's 
chest  with  a  hole  in  the  lid,  they  lead  to  the  belief  that, 
before  so  re-issuing,  the  bullion  was  weighed,  melted,  and 
cast  into  pieces  of  a  given  weight ;  in  the  instance  of  the 
Jews,  probably  of  a  shekel  weight,  or  even  less. 

This  custom  of  melting  down  bullion  before  re-issuing, 
which  the  necessity  of  the  case  would  require  to  be  re-issued 
in  quantities  of  weight  convenient  for  the  payment  of  work- 
men, soldiers,  or  others,  may  have  led,  and  there  is  much 
reason  to  think  did  lead,  to  the  stamping  the  pieces  of 
bullion  with  an  impress,  which  might  at  the  same  time  be 
a  warrant  for  the  weight  and  purity  of  the  piece  (super- 
seding the  necessity  of  weighing  in  the  transactions  of 
business),  and,  by  its  religious  import,  be  a  safeguard 
against  spoliation  and  debasement. 

WM.  BINLEY  DICKINSON. 

LEAMINGTON,  June  5th,  1844. 


XIII. 

ON  THE  TERM  "  BAR,"  EMPLOYED  IN  AFRICAN 
EXCHANGE  COMPUTATION. 

[Read  before  the  Numismatic  Society,  February  22,  1844.] 

Dear  Sir, 

SINCE  the  publication  of  the  January  number  of  the  "  Nu- 
mismatic Chronicle,"  in  which  appeared  a  communication 
which  I  had  the  honour  to  make  to  the  Numismatic  Society, 
upon  the  subject  of  African  Ring  Money  and  Jewel  Cur- 
cency,  I  have  received  from  my  venerable  and  excellent 


95 

friend,  Mr.  Clarkson,  the  early  and  distinguished  advocate 
of  slave  emancipation,  a  note  in  explanation  of  the  origin 
of  the  term  "  Bar,"  employed  in  African  exchange  com- 
putation. This  explanation,  as  it  may  be  interesting  to 
some  who  seek  to  discover  the  origin  of  terms  in  pecuniary 
media,  I  beg  respectfully  to  state  in  Mr.  Clarkson's  own 
words. 

"  You  ask,  in  your  little  Essay,  6  Can  it  be  that  the 
term  Bar  arises  from  a  length  of  twisted  gold,  weighing 
about  twelve  grains,  or  worth  about  two  shillings?'  I 
apprehend  not ;  but  it  arose,  I  believe,  from  a  bar  of  iron ; 
bars  of  iron  being  the  great  article,  the  principal  article 
of  traffic,  all  the  way  from  the  river  Senegal,  where  the 
slave  trade  began,  including  the  Gambia,  Rio  Nunez,  and 
Sierra  Leone  rivers,  and  all  the  windward  coasts,  as  far  as 
the  beginning  of  the  Gold  coast.  Throughout  all  this 
immense  tract,  bars  of  iron  were  the  principal  articles  of 
trade  in  a  cargo,  to  supply  the  African  blacksmith  of  the 
coast,  as  well  as  of  the  interior;  and  hence,  in  time,  as 
there  must  be  some  way  of  measuring  the  value  of  things, 
the  value  of  a  bar  of  iron  was  agreed  upon  between  the 
natives  and  the  whites,  to  be  what  you  call  the  unit  of 
computation  for  all  goods,  whether  English  merchandise, 
or  slaves.  Every  slave,  according  to  age  and  quality, 
whether  man,  woman,  or  child,  was  valued  at  so  many 
bars  each ;  and  every  piece  of  Manchester  goods,  or  a 
barrel  of  gunpowder,  or  a  cutlas,  was  valued  at  so  many 
bars.  Also,  some  things  were  worth  only  a  bar;  others 
only  half  a  bar.  But  bars  were  not  at  that  time  the  unit 
of  computation  for  all  parts  of  the  coast  of  Africa,  but 
only  from  the  Senegal  to  the  beginning  of  the  Gold  coast, 
a  coast  of  2000  miles.  Here  a  new  medium  of  exchange, 
under  a  new  name,  prevailed.  The  people  of  this  part  of 


96  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

the  coast,  that  is,  of  the  Gold  coast  and  Whydah,  gave  to 
their  unit  of  computation  the  name  of  '  Ounce,'  because 
the  principal  article  of  the  native  trade  produce  there  was 
at  that  time  gold  dust,  which  was  weighed  by  the  ounce. 
There  a  slave  was  valued  at  so  many  *  ounces.'  The 
people  of  Calabar  (but  why,  I  know  not),  reckoned  by 
'  Coppers';  the  people  of  Benin,  by  '  Pawns';  and  the 
people  of  Angola,  by  what  are  called  <  Pieces'.  Cowries, 
however,  or  little  shells,  go,  I  believe,  throughout  Africa, 
for  money." 

Mr.  Clarkson  says,  he  does  not  know  how  the  term 
"  Pawn"  arose.  I  am  informed,  that,  "  from  time  imme- 
morial, it  was  the  custom,  on  the  Gold  coast,  and  at 
Whydah,  for  the  natives  who  were  poor,  but  wanted  goods, 
to  pawn  themselves  for  such  goods;  that  is,  to  work  for 
the  men  who  supplied  them  with  goods  till  they  redeemed 
themselves;  but,  if  they  could  not  redeem  themselves, 
then,  to  pay  their  debts,  they  either  became  his  slaves,  or 
were  sold  by  him  to  merchants."  The  "  bars,"  I  am  told, 
vary  in  price  according  to  the  market,  and  other  circum- 
stances. 

Though  the  above  explanation  tends  to  dissipate  a  con- 
jecture which  I  had  loosely  thrown  out,  and  though  I 
am  on  that  account  the  more  anxious  to  communicate 
it,  yet  it  does  not,  in  my  opinion,  at  all  interfere  with  the 
question  of  Ring  Money,  and  Jewel  Currency,  as  at  pre- 
sent practised  by  traders  from  the  interior  of  Africa; 
and  which,  through  various  periods  and  nations,  may  be 
traced  to  the  earliest  periods  of  authentic  history. 

I  would  wish  to  be  allowed  to  avail  myself  of  this  oppor- 
tunity, to  make  a  few  remarks  additional  to  my  recent 
paper  upon  Ring  Money  and  Jewel  Currency,  as  corrobo- 
rative of  the  views  therein  advanced. 


97 

I  stated  that  there  was  much  reason  for  believing  that 
the  ear-ring,  or  more  properly  ring  of  gold,  presented  to 
Job,  was  given  as  an  available  medium  of  exchange.  This 
opinion  is  singularly  borne  out  by  the  Greek  rendering  of 
the  term  in  the  Septuagint  translation.  We  may  fairly 
suppose  that  the  translators,  in  rendering  the  passage, 
used  those  Greek  words  which  they  considered  most  nearly 
expressed  to  the  Greeks  the  true  sense  of  the  original 
words,  2nj  D*3  (nezem  zahav),  and  the  words  they  used 
were  rerpaBpa^/nov  xpvaov,  "  a  tetradrachm  of  gold.'* 
The  Hebrew  translators,  therefore,  have  left  us  their 
opinion  of  the  character  of  the  rings  of  gold  given  to 
Job,  namely,  that  they  were  equivalent  to  money  of  their 
day. 

There  is  reason  for  supposing  that  the  Israelites  had 
their  ornaments  of  the  ring  kind,  used  as  money,  either 
made  of  a  specific  weight,  or,  when  made,  carefully  weighed, 
to  estimate  their  value,  for  purposes  of  exchange  at  the 
standard  value  per  given  weight;  thus  affording  to  the 
possessor  a  knowledge  of  the  amount  of  his  medial  pro- 
perty in  the  intercourse  of  business,  should  he  by  chance 
be  unprovided  with  balances  to  estimate  their  worth.  Of 
this  we  have  an  example  in  the  instance  of  the  presents 
given  by  Abraham's  servant  to  Rebekah,  mentioned  in 
Genesis  xxiv.  22:  "And  it  came  to  pass,  as  the  camels 
had  done  drinking,  that  the  man  took  a  golden  earring  of 
half  a  shekel  weight  (in  the  margin,  '  jewel  for  the  fore- 
head'), and  two  bracelets  for  her  hands  of  ten  shekels 
weight  of  gold."  In  the  "  Song  of  the  Traveller,"  from 
the  Anglo-Saxon  Poems  of  Mr.  Conybeare,  I  pointed 
out  a  similar  estimation  of  the  weight  or  value  of  an 
armilla. 

I   have   to  add   another   modern   instance  of   Ring,  or 


98  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

Jewel  Currency,  communicated  to  me  by  my  friend,  Lieut. 
Charles  Cruttenden,  I.  N.,  now  Assistant  Political  Agent 
at  Aden. 

Mr.  Cruttenden  says,  "  During  the  time  that  the  Pali- 
nurus  was  employed  in  surveying  the  island  of  Socotra, 
I  accompanied  Lieut.  Wellstead  in  a  tour  over  the  island, 
particularly  among  the  higher  range  of  mountains,  inha- 
bited solely  by  a  race  of  Bedouin  Arabs,  who  spoke  a 
language  peculiarly  their  own,  and  lived  distinct  from 
the  town  Arabs,  who  resided  on  the  sea  coast.  Having 
only  dollars  with  us,  we  were  for  some  time  puzzled  how 
to  find  a  circulating  medium,  as  the  articles  of  food 
we  should  require  would  rarely  amount  to  such  a  sum. 
After  some  enquiry,  we  were  told  by  one  of  the  hill 
tribes,  that  if  we  took  with  us  silver  ear  rings,  or  rings 
for  the  fingers,  we  should  experience  no  difficulty.  We 
therefore  had  a  number  of  dollars  melted  down,  and  made 
into  ornaments,  which,  on  the  island,  were  considered 
equivalent  to  a  quarter  dollar.  Furnished  thus,  we  were 
enabled  to  make  bargains  with  the  natives  for  every  thing 
we  required;  the  people  invariably  (on  the  hills)  preferring 
these  ornaments  to  German  crowns.  In  Socotra  the  town 
Arabs,  as  well  as  the  trading  merchants,  barter  these 
articles  of  ornament  for  aloes,  dragon's  blood,  etc." 

I  have  heard  that  penannular  pointed  rings  have  re- 
cently been  found  in  Ireland,  their  workmanship  bespeak- 
ing a  very  rude  state  of  the  arts  at  the  time  of  their 
fabrication ;  but,  as  I  understand  a  communication  upon 
the  subject  either  has  been,  or  is  likely  to  be,  made  to 
the  Numismatic  Society,  I  forbear  further  allusion  to 
them. 

Should  you  deem  the  above  observations  to  possess 
sufficient  interest  to  be  submitted  to  the  Numismatic 


Jfam .  Chrcn  .Vol.  VU.p.  99- 


P 


d  Obverses  offiy.Jl 


Drawn  JLEtcheA  by  WS.Broo7<e.f. 
P©  fill  H  P   ATT 


ANGLO-SAXON    STYCAS.  99 

Society,    I  should  feel   honoured  by  your  bringing  them 
forward  upon  a  suitable  opportunity. 

Believe  me  to  remain,  my  dear  Sir, 

Your  obliged  and  faithful  Servant, 

WM.  BINLEY  DICKINSON. 

To  C.  R.  SMITH,  Esq., 
Honorary  Secretary  to  the  Numismatic  Society. 


XIV. 

ON  SOME  ANGLO-SAXON  STYCAS  DISCOVERED  AT 

YORK. 

BY  C.  ROACH  SMITH,  ESQ.,  SEC.  NUM.  Soc. 
[Read  before  the  Numismatic  Society,  May  25th,  1843.] 

ABOUT  a  year  and  a  half  or  two  years  since,  a  large  quan- 
tity of  stycas  were  discovered  during  the  progress  of  an 
excavation  for  the  foundation  of  a  building.  It  was  said 
they  amounted  to  some  thousands,  but  it  is  impossible  to 
depend  in  such  cases  upon  mere  report;  it  is  certain  a 
very  considerable  number  have  been  dispersed,  and  I 
believe  up  to  the  present  time  no  one  has  taken  the 
trouble  to  publish  the  result  of  any  examination  that  may 
have  been  made  of  any  portion  of  the  coins. 

Through  the  liberality  of  Robert  Davies,  Esq.,  F.S.A., 
and  George  Townsend  Andrews,  Esq.,  I  have  been  enabled 
to  investigate  between  three  and  four  hundred,  including 
a  few  in  the  possession  of  Edward  Joseph  Powell,  Esq.,  a 
member  of  our  Society.  It  is  unfortunate,  that  when 
similar  discoveries  of  coins  are  made,  there  should  not  be 
a  more  extended  disposition  to  render  them  more  available 
to  numismatic  inquiry,  which  cannot  be  better  promoted 
than  by  being  afforded  opportunities  of  examining  large 


100  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

quantities  of  coins  in  the  mass,  as,  from  comparison  of 
many  specimens,  in  some  instances,  coins  badly  struck  or  de- 
signed can  alone  be  interpreted ;  beside  the  chance  of  se- 
curing rare  and  unknown  coins,  there  is  a  certainty,  when  an 
intact  mass  of  coins  is  examined,  of  ascertaining  the  period 
of  deposit,  and  a  probability  of  eliciting  information  on  col- 
lateral circumstances. 

The  365  stycas  I  have  examined,  commence  with  Eanred, 
A.D.  808—840,  and  finish  with  Osbercht,  A.D.  848—867. 
There  are  66  of  Eanred,  226  of  Ethelred,  5  of  Redulf,  and 
12  of  Osbercht.  Of  the  Archbishops  of  York,  there  are,  1 
of  Eanbald,  30  of  Vigmund,  and  3  of  Wulfhere.  It  is  re- 
markable, how  nearly  in  proportion  the  seven  different 
coinages  accord  with  those  found  at  Kirk  Oswald,  in  Cum- 
berland, in  1808,  of  which  there  were,  99  of  Eanred,  350  of 
Ethelred,  14  of  Redulf,  15  of  Osbercht,  1  of  Eanbald,  58  of 
Vigmund,  and  5  of  Wulfhere  ;x  and  a  like  numerical  accor- 
dance may  be  noticed  between  the  various  divisions  of  the 
coins  of  these  two  discoveries  and  those  of  Hexham,  the 
subject  of  an  elaborate  and  able  paper  by  John  Adamson, 
Esq.,  published  and  copiously  illustrated  by  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries,  in  the  twenty-fifth  volume  of  the  Archaeologia. 
No  specimens,  however,  of  the  coins  of  Osbercht,  were 
found  among  the  Hexham  stycas;  and  the  single,  coin  which 
Mr.  Adamson  is  inclined  to  give  to  Aella,  who  usurped  the 
Northumbrian  throne  in  862,  on  the  banishment  of  Os- 
bercht, may  probably  belong  to  one  of  his  predecessors  or 
their  moneyers,  especially  as  no  other  coins  seem  to  con- 
firm the  appropriation  of  this  isolated  specimen,  and  none 
in  the  collection  under  consideration,  which  contains  coins 
of  Aella's  contemporary  Osbercht,  can  be  assigned  to  the 
former. 

1  Ruding,  vol.  i.  p.  111. 


ANGLO-SAXON    STYCAS.  101 

Among  the  York  stycas  there  are  many  which,  in  some  mi- 
nute particulars,  such  as  the  central  ornaments,  or  the  ar- 
rangement and  forms  of  letters,  differ  from  those  discovered  at 
Hexham,  and  the  names  of  a  few  new  moneyers  occur.  In 
the  Hexham  hoard,  Runic  letters  appear  on  one  of  the  coins 
of  Eanred  of  the  moneyer  Brother:  I  have  noticed  one 
similar  among  these.  For  the  present  purpose  it  will  be 
sufficient  to  give  a  list  of  the  coins,  without  describing  their 
many  varieties  with  regard  to  marks  and  ornaments;  but 
I  may  call  attention  to  some,  seven  in  number,  which  read 
EDILREAD,  Pl.vi.  Figs.  1,  2,  3,  a  new  spelling  of  the  word; 
to  five  of  a  new  type  reading  EA+D:  AILE,  PI.  vi.  Figs.  1—5; 
and  to  one  specimen,  EVXD1RE.  Should  any  further  por- 
tion of  the  coins,  as  yet  unexamined,  be  brought  before  us, 
it  may  be  worth  while  to  go  carefully  over  the  whole,  and 
publish  the  unedited  varieties;  if,  on  the  contrary,  the  pre- 
sent possessors  may  be  disposed  to  undertake  the  pleasing 
task,  my  more  extended  notes  are  at  their  service. 

The  concealment  of  these  stycas  probably  took  place 
about  the  year  867,  after  the  battle  with  the  Danes,  which 
proved  fatal  to  Osbercht  and  Aella.  The  Saxon  chronicle, 
under  the  year  867,  states—"  This  year  the  army  (namely 
the  Danes)  went  from  the  East  Angles  over  the  mouth  of 
the  Humber,  to  the  Northumbrians,  as  far  as  York.  And 
there  was  much  dissension  in  that  nation  among  themselves ; 
they  had  deposed  their  king  Osbert,  and  had  admitted 
Aella,  who  had  no  natural  claim.  Late  in  the  year,  how- 
ever, they  returned  to  their  allegiance,  and  they  were  now 
righting  against  the  common  enemy,  having  collected  a 
vast  force,  with  which  they  fought  the  army  at  York  ;  and 
breaking  open  the  town,  some  of  them  entered  in.  Then 
there  was  an  immense  slaughter  of  the  Northumbrians, 

VOL.   VII.  P 


102 


NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 


some  within  and  some  without ;  and  both  the  kings  were 
slain  on  the  spot."2 

The  monk  of  Chester  states  that  the  Danes  remained  at 
York  a  year ;  by  the  Saxon  Chronicle  it  appears  that  they 
departed  after  the  battle,  and  returned  to  York  the  year 

following. 

EANRED. 

Moneyers. 

Aldates 

Brother  (one  in  Runes) 

Eanred    

Folcno 

Fordred 16 

Frdred  (Fordred)   . 
Gaduteis  .... 


Carried  up 


No. 
2 

Brought  up 

No. 
.     37 

10 

1 

1 

I 

1 

1 

16 

.     2-2 

2 
5 

,,      (in  base  silver) 
Wulfred  

1 

.       3 

,     37 

Total     . 

.     66 

ETHELRED. 


Parlous  Readings, — ./Edelred,  ^Edilred,  Edilread,  Edilred,  Eilred, 
Elred,  Ethelred. 


Moneyers. 


Aldhere  .     .     .     .     .     .  2 

Alghere  .     .     '.     .     ;     ,^«  5 

Anred .1 

Brother 12 

Eadvin 2 

Eanred 36 

Eanredo 1 

Eardwulf 48 

Ediluth  (new)    .     .     ,  •  .  '•*-•! 

Eordred  .     .     .     .     ,     .  -} 

Eradwlde  (new)      .     .     .  I 

Erwinne 1 

Fordred 27 

Carried  up     .140 


Brought  up     .  140 

Herred 1 

Leodegn 1 

Leofdgn 1 

Leofdegn 27 

Lunemuth  (new)    ...  1 

Monne  38 


Odilo  . 
Tidulf  . 
Vulfsic  . 
Vandelberht 
Wintred  . 
Wulfred  . 


Total 


1 
1 

1 

6 
2 

6 

226 


2  Ingram's  Translation  of  the  Saxon  Chronicle,  p.  97. 


ANGLO-SAXON    STYCAS. 


103 


RED 

Mo  nt 
No. 
Brother              .                        2 

ULF. 

wers. 
No. 
Brought  up     .       3 

Huactnud      1 

Wintred  . 

1 

Carried  up 


Total 


OSBERCHT. 

Various  Readings, — Osberht,  Osberht,  Osbreht,  Oiseht,  Osberine, 
Osebihere. 

Moneyers. 


Eadrva(?) 2 

Eanvvlf         .....        4 
Ethelhelm  1 


Carried  up 


Monne 
Ranulf 
Vvlfsi 


Brought  up 


Total 


7 
3 

1 
1 

12 


Eadvvlf  (silver) 


EANBALD. 

Muneyer. 


VlGMUND. 

Moneyers. 

Coenred 14 

Edelhelm  ....       5 


Carried  up     .      19 


Edilveard 
Hunlaf 


Brought  up 


Total 


19 
5 
6 

30 


Wulfred 


WULFHERE. 

Money  er. 


Total  Numbers. 

Eanred 66 

Ethelred 226 

EA  +  D:AILE  ....       5 


Redulf     . 
Osbercht 


12 


Carried  up     .314 


Brought  up 


314 

Eanbald 1 

Vigmund 30 


Wulfhere 
Euxdi  Re 
Uncertain 


3 
1 

16 


5,  Liverpool  Street,  City,  May  23rd,  1843. 


Total     .     .  365 
C.  ROACH  SMITH. 


104  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

Since  the  above  list  was  compiled,  I  am  happy  to  be 
able  to  add,  that  866  of  these  stycas  have  been  examined 
by  Mr.  Daniel  Henry  Haigh,  of  Leeds,  who  has  favoured 
me  with  the  following  list  and  remarks: — 

No.  No. 

"  Eanred 157  Brought  up     .  678 

«  Ethelred 446      «  Eanbald 3 

"  Aeilred 11  "  Vigmund  .     .     .     .     .     94 

«  Redulf 19      «  Vulfhere 13 

"  Osbercht   .                           45  "  Uncertain  .                .     .     78 


Carried  up     .  678 


Total          .  866 


"  Of  these  last,  one  is  probably  of  Elfwald,  and  two  of 
Eardwulf  (EARDVV  RE).  Two  read  HOAVD  RE; 
several  EDRED  M  RE;  and  a  large  number  have  the 
names  of  two  moneyers.  There  are  several  varieties  of 
that  curious  reading  EV+IblVE;  but  not  one  of  EVXDI 
RE,  which  seems  allied  to  it." 

Mr.  Haigh  is  about  to  publish  a  work  on  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  coinage,  which,  let  us  hope,  will  be  received  by  the 
numismatist  and  general  historian  with  that  extent  of 
patronage  the  known  merits  of  the  author  demand.  In  it 
these  stycas  will  receive  particular  notice ;  and,  probably, 
a  new  appropriation  will  be  offered  or  established  for  some. 

C.  R.  S. 


105 


MISCELLANEA. 


LETTER  FROM  THOMAS  WOODS  TO  DR.  SLOANE  (OBLIGINGLY 
COMMUNICATED  BY  SlR  HENRY  ELLIS). 

[MS.  Sloan.  4066.  art.  70.  Orig.~\ 
Sir, 

Mr.  Roettier  :  who  graves  and  coins  my  Copper  Medalls  is 
at  present  out  of  his  imployment  in  the  Mint,  and  Mr.  Harris  is 
in  his  room. 

But  I  believe,  it  will  be  rather  better  for  my  affair,  for  if  he  be 
tacken  off,  the  coinidge  of  the  money,  he  will  have  the  more  leasure 
to  worke  for  me.  I  doe  not  doubt  but  to  get  a  Worke  Room  and 
Press  in  the  Mint  to  coin  my  Medalls  only,  and  by  that  meanes 
the  two  Roettiers  will  doe  me  duble  the  business.  I  must  tacke 
in  sume  Partners  to  assist  me  in  it.  I  have  already  proposed  to 
pay  the  King  at  Tenth  part  of  the  reall  profite,  and  there  will  be 
advantage  enough  beside.  I  will  lay  downe  Proposalls,  and  will 
referr  them  to  be  altred,  by  Mr.  Lamb  Gouldsmith  and  Mr. 
Charlton  gentleman  of  the  Temple,  who  are  the  most  competent 
Judges  of  this  affair. 

Sir  pray  communicate  this,  and  if  your  selfe  or  any  other  Gen- 
tleman of  the  Society  will  please  to  be  concerned  let  me  know. 

Your  most  humble  Servant, 

THO.  WOODS. 
March  8th,  1696. 
To  :  Docter  Slone 

Present. 

To  be  left  at  the  Temple 
Coffee  House  :  in  Essex  Buildings. 

CURIOUS  COIN. — "  Some  years  ago  there  was  found,  at  Born- 
holm,  a  Cufish  coin,  on  which  were  cut  several  Runic  inscriptions. 
Although  the  impression  has,  by  means  of  the  inscriptions,  been 
rendered  indistinct,  yet  Mr.  Lindberg,  who  has  made  the  attempt 
to  examine  the  design,  thinks  that  he  is  correct  in  reading  the 
name  El  Mutavekkil  al  Allah,  one  of  the  caliphs  of  the  dynasty 
of  the  Abbassides ;  and,  in  respect  to  the  coinage  date,  he  thinks 
that  two  hundred  and  thirty  may  with  certainty  be  read,  but  in 
regard  to  the  concluding  unit,  this  cannot  be  read  with  certainty, 
although  it  appears  to  be  owe,  thus  making  the  date  231.  This 
coin  has  therefore  been  struck  about  A.D.  845,  or  a  few  years 
later.  The  place  of  coinage  is  almost  entirely  illegible,  but 


106  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

possibly  may  be  Bocchara.  After  a  comparison  of  the  several 
Runic  inscriptions,  Professor  Magnusen  is  of  opinion,  that  this 
piece  of  money  has,  in  the  first  place,  belonged  to  Eyulf  Einarson, 
of  Modruvellir,  in  Iceland,  who  held  a  public  meeting  for  the 
purpose  of  alleviating  the  dreadful  famine  which  prevailed  over 
the  whole  of  Iceland  in  the  year  975,  on  which  occasion,  as  the 
Sagas  show,  he  rendered  important  service  to  the  community. 
From  him  this  coin  came  into  the  possession  of  Danr,  an  East- 
mann,  probably  a  Danish  merchant,  and  the  inscribed  runes  seem 
to  contain  the  prayer,  that  the  god  of  gods,  Ter  dia,  would  grant 
him  a  fortunate  voyage.  Some  inscriptions  in  Anglo-Saxon  runes, 
and  of  a  later  date,  have  been  probably  cut  in  Denmark  and 
England" — Memoirs  of  the  Society  of  Northern  Antiquaries. 


CORRESPONDENCE. 


Our  valued  correspondent,  speaking  of  the  honours  rendered  to 
the  Eresian  Sapho  (page  55),  appears  to  have  forgotten  the  scenes 
enacted  in  the  public  worship  of  Venus,  as  described  by  Herodo- 
tus ;  the  fable  of  the  abominable  association  of  Jupiter  and 
Ganymede,  the  odious  realities  of  Hadrian  and  Antinous,  and 
the  thousand  other  monstrosities  of  heathen  mythology,  to  say 
nothing  of  the  obscene  representations,  the  sujets  libres,  as  our 
French  neighbours  apologetically  style  them,  on  the  current 
money  of  some  cities  of  antiquity.  When  these  are  taken  into 
consideration,  the  public  honours  rendered  to  a  prostitute  by  a 
Greek  city,  in  an  age  of  polygamy  and  polytheism,  will  excite  no 
wonder.  It  is  lamentably  true  that,  even  in  our  own  time,  if 
eclat  can  only  be  given  to  vice  of  almost  any  kind,  it  will  become 
a  marvel ;  and  marvelling  is  much  akin  to  admiration.  Do  we 
not  often  see  the  portraits  of  women  of  notoriously  impure  lives 
in  the  print  shops ;  and  is  not  that  of  the  concubine  of  a  late 
"  noble"  poet  to  be  found  even  in  ladies'  scrap-books  at  this  very 
hour?  Nay,  it  is  notorious  that  the  print  in  question  was  actually 
engraved  for  one  of  the  mawkish  "  Annuals"  as  a  companion 
portrait  to  that  of  the  poet !  This,  however,  was  found  to  be  too 
dangerous,  even  for  an  age  craving  for  novelty,  and  the  design 
was  abandoned,  yet  the  plate  was  not  destroyed ;  impressions 
of  it  inundated  the  town,  and  are  still  to  be  found  in  almost  every 
portfolio  of  prints. 


107 


XV. 

NOTE  ON  SOME  TYPES  OF  TARENTUM. 

BY  SAMUEL  BIRCH,   ESQ. 

THE  early  coins  of  Tarentum,  with  a  youth  seated  upon  a 
dolphin,  accompanied  by  different  symbols,  and  the  legend 
TAPAS,  or  TAPANTIN&N,  are  supposed  to  represent  the 
hero  Taras,  the  son  of  Poseidon,  and  a  nymph  of  the  coun- 
try, the  eponymous  founder  of  the  state.  With  the  ex- 
tended knowledge  of  types  now  possessed,  it  is  necessary  to 
distinguish  the  legend  TAPAS  from  the  figure,  for  the  same 
word  is  found  with  a  marine  horse  j1  and  it  consequently 
designates  the  city  and  not  the  hero.'1  When,  therefore, 
the  name  of  the  state  and  of  the  eponymous  hero  occur  in  the 
nominative  on  the  coins,  it  is  not  necessarily  that  of  the 
personage,  but  rather  of  the  city  itself.  It  would  appear 
that  Taras  was  the  name  of  a  river  from  which  the  Lacedae- 
monians under  Phalanthus  named  their  new  city,3  and, 
although  never  represented  either  as  ftovicepws  or  ravpo/cpa- 
vo9,  yet  the  fact  of  most  of  the  rivers  being  the  children  of 
Oceanos  and  Poseidon,  the  termination  resembling  that  of 
the  Hypsas,  the  Gelas,  and  the  Thoas,  all  easily  derived 
from  the  qualities  of  rivers,  suggests  that  the  stream  and 
the  hero  might  be  here  found  personified.  The  etymology 
of  the  word  Tdpas  I  have  already  pointed  out  as  derived 
from  Tapacr-cretv,  '  to  trouble,'  and  not  from  ravpelos.  And 
this  word  is  found  in  composition  as  TroXurapd^o^  applied  to 


1  Carelli,  PI.  178. 

2  This  important  rule  restores  to   Apollo  the  type  conjectured 
to  be  the  hero  Zacynthus.      Num.  Chron.  Vol.  I.  pp.  250 — 251. 

3  Paus.  Phoc.  x. 

VOL.  VII.  Q 


108  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE, 

Poseidon;  for  the  Scholiast  of  the  Alexipharmaca  of  Nican- 
der,  commenting  upon  the  term  TroKvcrrpoL/Bo^  as  applied 
to  the  sea  (aXo?)  by  that  writer,  states,  TroX.vo-rpol^oio,  rf]$ 
iro^vrdpa^ovy  Trapa  TO  crrpoifBeiv  ra?  vavs  6  eVrt  rapacrcretv,4 
a  passage  which  at  once  connects  Taras  and  Poseidon. 
The  type  usually  assigned  to  Taras  is  rather  that  of  the 
Lacedaemonian  Phalanthus,  the  founder  of  the  state,  near 
whose  statue  at  Phocis  was  a  dolphin,  because  once 
carried,  like  Arion,  by  that  fish ;  and  although  Pausanias 
may  have  mistaken  the  two  statues  of  Taras  and  Phalan- 
thus,5 the  reputed  and  actual  founder,  yet  the  tradition 
finds  its  parallel  in  the  story  of  Arion,  the  Corinthian 
types  of  Melicerta,6  in  that  of  the  body  of  Hesiod  brought 
back  by  dolphins,  and  in  the  peculiar  tradition  of  the  city 
of  lasus.7  On  the  other  hand,  the  dolphin  appears  in 
many  instances  connected  with  the  river  as  well  as  the 
ocean  divinities,  while,  on  the  Galassi  vase,  the  monarch 
stream  of  northern  Greece,  the  Acheloiis,  assumes  the 
body  of  a  dolphin  to  struggle  with  Hercules.8 

The  reverse  of  many  of  these  coins  represents  a  youth 
mounted  upon  a  horse,  at  times  naked,  but  sometimes  clad 
in  a  Greek  panoply.9  This  is  generally  supposed  to  apply 
to  the  great  excellence  of  the  Tarentines  in  horses  and 
riding,  especially  in  riding  in  armour,  eVoTrXto?  t 


4  Schneider,  8vo.  Halae.  1792,  p.  30.  5  phoc.  lib.  x. 

6  Numis.  Chron.  Vol.  VI.  p.  108. 

7  Num.  Chron.  Vol.  IV.  pp.  142,  143;  Tzetzes  Chil.  iv.  117. 

8  According  to  Aristotle,  the  type  of  the  coins  of  Tarentum 
was  the  hero  Taras  riding  on  a  dolphin  (Pollux,  Onom.  lib.  vi. 
p.  280);  Tzetzes,  loc.  cit.,  alludes  to  a  youth  riding  on  a  dolphin, 
at  the  city  of  Dicearchia  (Puteoli),  in  Italy,  and  also  at  Alexandria. 

9  See  Millingen.     Considerations  sur  la  Num.  de  1'Anc.  Ital. 
10  Eustath.  ad  Dionys.  Perieg.  v.  376. 


NOTE  ON  SOME  TYPES  OF  TARENTUM.       109 

A  more  particular  explanation  may  be  given  to  these 
figures.  The  statues  sculptured  by  Onatas,  of  ^Egina,  and 
Calynthus,  represented  on  horseback  arid  on  foot  the  exploits 
of  Taras  and  Phalanthus  against  Opis,  king  of  the  lapyges, 
assisting  the  Peucetii.11  The  uncertain  genius  of  the 
Greek  horse  race  named  Taraxippus,  found  at  Nemsea  and 
Olympia,  and  considered  very  justly  by  Pausanias  to  be  a 
surname  of  Poseidon  Hippios,12  renders  it  more  than  pro- 
bable that  on  the  reverses  of  these  types  is  the  Tapas 
'iTTTTto?,  the  Equestrian  Taras,  or  horse-subduing  Neptune, 
for  the  appellatives  of  this  god  ultimately  became  personified, 
and  that,  as  the  obverse  presents  the  Ocean,  so  the  reverse 
the  Equestrian  divinity,  the  particular  objects  of  worship  to 
the  Tarentines,  whose  offering  from  the  spoils  of  victory  in 
the  waters  of  Croton,  was  consecrated  to  games  in  honor  of 
the  gods  of  the  sea  and  those  of  horses.13  The  epoch  of  these 
coins,  that  of  Pyrrhus,  282  B.C.,  is  proved  by  the  adjunct  of 
an  elephant;  an  animal  which  was  of  essential  service  to  the 
Tarentines  and  their  royal  ally  against  the  Romans,  never 
seen  by  the  Greeks  before  the  Macedonian  invasion  of 
Asia,14  and  probably  not  by  the  Italian  Greeks  till  the 
landing  of  Pyrrhus. 


11  Pans.  Phoc.  x.  12  Cf.  Pans.  Eliac.  Post.  vi.  Phoc.  x. 

13  See  Inscr.  from  Carducci,  cited  Num.  Chron.  Vol.  VI.  p.  108. 

14  Pans.  Attic,  i.     Flor.  I.  c.  xviii. 


110 


XVI. 

ON  THE  COIN  ATTRIBUTED  BY  MR.  BORRELL  TO 
ALEXANDER  OF  PHER^S. 

My  dear  Sir, 

THE  identical  coin  published  by  Mr.  Borrell  in  the  "  Numis- 
matic Chronicle"  for  this  quarter,  [see  plate,  fig.  1]  has  been 
recently  purchased  for  the  British  Museum  at  the  sale  of  the 
collection  of  the  late  Mr.  Thomas,  into  whose  hands  it  must 
have  passed  after  Mr.  Borrell  lost  sight  of  it  at  Constan- 
tinople. In  drawing  up  the  catalogue  for  that  sale,  my 
friend  and  colleague  Mr.  Burgon,  from  the  general  resem- 
blance of  this  coin  in  fabric,  weight,  style,  and  type  to  those 
of  the  kings  of  Paeonia,  was  induced  to  place  it  in  that 
dynasty,  hoping,  in  the  course  of  future  enquiry,  to  find 
elsewhere  historical  proof  of  the  existence  of  a  Paeonian 
monarch  of  the  name  of  Alexander.  No  such  evidence  has 
as  yet  been  brought  to  light,  though  the  scanty  fragments 
of  Paeonian  history  have  been  collected  and  examined  not 
only  by  successive  numismatists,  but  also,  in  the  fullest 
manner,  by  Droysen,1  an  historian  of  the  most  acute  and 
laborious  research;  and  this  attribution,  like  that  of  the 
coins  of  Lycceius  in  the  same  regal  series,  must  therefore 
rest  entirely  on  the  numismatic  evidence  of  similarity  in  the 
mintage.  Relying  entirely  on  such  resemblance,  Eckhel2 
conceived  Patraus  to  belong  to  the  same  dynasty  as  Audo- 
leon,  since  which  time  the  judgment  of  the  great  nu- 
mismatist has  been  certified  by  the  discovery  of  an 
inscription3  at  Athens  in  which  "  Audoleon,  king  of  the 

1  "Zimraermann,   Zeitschrift  fiir  die  Alterthumswissenchafr," 
for  1836.   Darmstadt,    p.  825. 

2  Doct.  Num.  Vet.  iv.  p.  169. 

3  Published  in  the  Bulletino  dell'   Institut.    for   1833,  p.  ia3, 
See  also  Borrell,  Num.  Chron.  Vol.  IV.  p.  9. 


Chronic^  Vol^KLpILO. 


JR. 


JR. 


JR. 


•73&  Grs. 


COIN'S     OIT   ALEXANDER 


COIN    OF    ALEXANDER    THE    GREAT.  Ul 

Paeonians,"  is  called  the  son  of  Patraus.  Even  without 
this  instance,  there  would  be  nothing  improbable  in  the 
supposition  that,  in  a  country  of  which  but  little  is  recorded 
in  history,  a  king  who  struck  coins  should,  like  Queen 
Philistis  in  Sicily,  be  nowhere  mentioned  by  the  writers  of 
antiquity ;  the  attribution  would  be  at  least  as  certain  as 
that  of  the  coins  of  Lycceius ;  but,  after  a  very  careful  com- 
parison with  all  the  silver  Pseonian  coins  in  the  collection 
of  the  British  Museum,4  it  appears  that  the  Alexander  is 
executed  by  a  more  refined  hand  than  any  of  the  coins  of 
either  Patraus  or  Audoleon,  which  are  all  more  or  less  the 
work  of  an  ignorant  imitator  of  Greek  art.  This  difference 
might  be  accounted  for  by  supposing  that  the  finer  coin 
was  struck  by  Alexander  the  Great,  to  whom  there  can  be 
little  doubt  that  Paeonia5  was  subject,  and  that  it  was 
rudely  imitated  in  the  subsequent6  coinages  of  the  native 
princes,  Patraus  and  Audoleon ;  but  such  an  attribution 
would  be  too  much  at  variance  with  the  whole  character  of 
the  mintage  of  the  Macedonian  kings  to  be  entitled  to  any 
consideration. 

On  the  other  hand  it  must  be  admitted  that  Mr.  Borrell's 
theory  is  strengthened  by  a  comparison  of  the  types  of  the 
Alexander  with  those  of  the  general  silver  coinage  of  Thes- 
saly.  The  head  on  the  obverse  much  resembles  those  on  the 
coins  of  Larissa,  and  still  more  strikingly  that  on  a  silver 
coin 7  of  Philippopolis  recently  purchased  at  the  sale  of  Mr. 
Thomas's  collection  for  the  British  Museum.  The  horse- 
man with  a  spear  couched  is  a  very  common  Thessalian 

4  Fig.  2  on  the  plate  is  the  finest  Patraus  in  the  Museum  collection . 

5  Diodor.  xvi.  4 ;  xvii.  8 ;  Arrian  ii.  9  ;  iii.  12. 

6  As,  according  to  Droy sen's  Chronology,  might  be  the  case. 
Zimmermann,  Zeitschrift,  loc.  cit. 

7  Published  by  Millingen  "Ancient  Coins  of  Greek  Cities  and 
Kings."  London,  1831.  p.  46. 


112  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

type,  though  not  according  in  the  details  of  the  armour 
with  the  figure  on  the  coin  of  Alexander. 

It  may  be  further  remarked,  that  on  the  flank  of  the  horse 
on  this  coin  is  an  object  which,  upon  a  very  careful  ex- 
amination, appears  to  be  the  same  battle-axe  which  occurs 
in  the  field.  It  is  not  desirable,  in  the  interpretation  of 
types,  to  attach  too  important  a  meaning  to  adjuncts,  even 
when  so  emphatically  repeated  as  in  this  case,  but,  if  the 
coin  be  rightly  assigned  by  Mr.  Borrell,  the  mention  of 
7re\e/cv<;  in  the  following  passage  is  at  least  a  curious 
coincidence.  @eo7ro//,7ro5  <j)r)(ri,v  ]A\e£av&pov  <&epaiov  Aio- 
vvvov  rov  ev  Ilayacrais,  09  eKaXetro  7re\€fcv$, 8  evaeftelv 
$ia(f>6pa)<i.  KaraTTOvrtoOevTOs  Se  ^XefavSpou,  Aiovvcros  ovap 
a?  TIVI  TMV  a\lea>v  eicekevcrev  avaXafteiv  TOV  <f)op/jibv  T&V 
6  $e  a7T€\Oo)v  €?  Kpdvvcova  rot?  oltcelois  aTreSco/cev.,  ol8e 
Schol.  in  Horn.  II.  Bekker,  Berol.  1825,  ft,'.  428. 

Whether  the  deity  here  mentioned  is  the  personage  who 
appears  on  many  vases,  in  the  most  intimate  connection 
with  Dionysos,  and  whom  M.  Gerhard9  calls  the  Bacchic 
Hephsestos  (Auserlesene  Vasenbilder,  p.  186;  see  ibid.  p. 
150);  and  whether  the  coins10  published  under  Maronea 
(Mionnet,  Supp.  ii.  p.  338,  No.  837)  represent  this  union  of 
the  two  deities  by  the  types  of  the  vine  on  the  obverse,  and 


8  UeXeKOQ  in  the  text.     I  have  adopted  Meineke's  correction, 
Quaest.  Seen.  iii.  p.  47. 

9  Compare  Lenormant  and   De  Witte,   Monumens  Ceramogr. 
(Hephsestos),  Paris,  1838. 

10  Attributed  to  Amadocus  and  Teres,  kings  of  Thrace,  Tresor 
de  Numism.  et  de  Glypt.  Nuinism.  des  Rois  Grecs,  p.  5.     I  am 
indebted  to  Mr.  Burgon  for  this  illustration,  and  the  figure  on  the 
vases  cited  above  was  first  pointed  out  to  me  by  Mr.  Hawkins.     I 
may  add  that,  on  the  coins  of  Lipara,   Hephaestos  appears  seated, 
with  a  hammer  in  one  hand  and  a  diota  in  the  other.      Eckhel 
mentions  the  type  of  Bacchus  with  the  thyrsus  on  the  same  coins. 
Doct.  Num.  Vet.  i.  270. 


COIN  OF  ALEXANDER  THE  GREAT.         113 

battle-axe  on  the  reverse;  are  questions  which  1  leave  to  more 
experienced  archaeologists  to  determine.  The  only  other 
coin  of  Thessaly  on  which  I  find  the  battle-axe  is  that  of 
Larissa,  published  by  Mr.  Birch  (Num.  Chron.  Vol.  I.  p.  230). 
The  hero  Aleuas,  whose  head  it  there  accompanies  as  an 
adjunct,  is  also  considered  by  M.de  Witte  to  be  connected 
with  Hephaestos  (Revue  Numismatique,  1842,  p.  77). 

It  may  be  urged  against  Mr.  Borrell's  theory,  that  the 
copper  coin11  struck  by  Alexander  the  Thessalian  tyrant 
is,  as  might  naturally  be  expected,  almost  identical  in  type 
and  mintage  with  those  of  Pherae,  while  the  silver  coin  we 
are  here  discussing  has  no  kind  of  resemblance  to  any  of 
these.  But  it  does  not  necessarily  follow  that  the  silver  and 
copper  coinage  of  a  prince  would  always  exhibit  the  same 
fabric,  still  less  type,  nor  is  it  impossible  that  Alexander  may 
have  struck  this  silver  coin  in  some  other  town  of  Thessaly. 

In  a  case  almost  entirely  dependent  on  minute  resem- 
blances of  art  and  fabric,  when  two  numismatists  of  the 
greatest  practical  experience,  and  most  approved  judg- 
ment are  not  agreed,  I  forbear  to  offer  any  opinion  of  my 
own  in  a  letter  chiefly  intended  to  complete  Mr.  Borrell's 
record  of  this  unique  coin. 

I  will  conclude  by  expressing  a  hope  that  some  fortunate 
discovery,  like  that  of  the  inscription  relating  to  Patraus, 
may  settle  this  doubtful  attribution  and  decide  between 
the  rival  claims  of  Thessaly  and  Paeoriia. 

I  remain,  my  dear  Sir, 

Yours  very  truly, 

CHARLES  NEWTON. 

British  Museum,  September  2Qth,  1844. 
J.  Y.  AKERMAN,  ESQ. 


11  Formerly  in  Mr.  Burgon's  cabinet,  now  in  the  British  Museum; 
compare  the  Teisiphou,  Mionnet,  Supp.  iii.  p.  309,  No.  272. 


114 


XVII. 

PROPOSED  ATTRIBUTION  TO  ALLARIA  IN  CRETE, 
OF   A   COIN  AT  PRESENT  ASCRIBED  TO   LACE- 


Head  of  Pallas  to  the  right,  in  Corinthian  helmet. 

R.  —  A  A  (retrograde).  Hercules,  to  the  left,  seated  on  a  rock, 
covered  with  the  lion's  skin  ;  right  hand  resting  on  his 
club.  AR.  weight,  235T2Qgrs.  (rubbed).  Brit.  Mus. 

This  tetradrachm,  formerly  placed  under  Lamia  in 
Thessaly,  and  then  by  Eckhel  under  Lacedaemon  (Doct. 
Num.  Vet.  ii.  279),  has  been  again  conjecturally  assigned 
by  Mr.  Borrell  (Numis.  Chron.  Vol.  VI.  p.  138)  to  Lamia; 
neither  of  these  attributions  being  strongly  supported,  I  have 
the  less  scruple  in  proposing  a  new  one—  to  Allaria  in  Crete. 
Of  this  place,  a  silver  coin  in  the  collection  of  the  British 
Museum  is  engraved  in  the  accompanying  plate  [fig.  3], 
which,  in  style  and  fabric,  exactly  resembles  the  tetradrachm 
described  above,  the  only  difference  in  type  being,  that  the 
Hercules  on  the  reverse  is  standing,  not  seated  on  a  rock  ; 
and  from  the  legend  —  AAAAPIOTA  [N]  —  of  the  smaller  coin 
[fig.  4],  which,  as  may  be  seen  by  reference  to  the  plate,  is 
written  retrograde,  we  perceive  the  inscription  A  A  of  the 
tetradrachm  to  be  the  two  first  letters  of  the  same  name, 
also  written  retrograde. 

The  coins  of  Allaria  are  of  such  extreme  rarity,1  that 
this  tetradrachm,  presenting  a  variety  in  type,  weight,  and 


1  Only  one  other  specimen  besides  the  one  here  engraved  is 
placed  under  Allaria  in  the  collection  of  the  British  Museum, 
and  one  other,  identical  with  these  two  in  size  and  type,  exists  in 
the  Bibliotheque  du  Roi  at  Paris.  In  the  Synopsis  of  the  Imperial 
Collection  at  Vienna,  published  by  Arneth,  in  1837,  the  name  of 
Allaria  does  not  occur. 


TETRADRACHM    OF    LACED^MON.  115 

legend,  is  an  important  accession  to  their  number,  while 
its  transfer,  if  allowed,  must  make  the  question  more  than 
ever  doubtful,  whether  Lacedaemon  ever  struck  silver 
money  except  in  connection  with  the  Achaean  league ;  for 
none,  I  believe,  has  been  ever  assigned  to  that  town  except 
this  coin,  the  one  of  Areus  (Mionnet,  ii.  p.  222,  No.  63), 
now  generally  admitted  to  be  a  forgery,  one  described  in 
Mionnet  (Supp.  iv.  p.  220,  No.  1),  and  considered  by  Mr. 
Borrell  to  be  a  coin  of  Patraus,  king  of  Paeonia,  or  of  some 
Thessalian  city  (Num.  Chron.  loc.  cit),  and  the  coin  given 
to  Cleomenes  III.,  which  is  attributed  to  that  king  on 
slender  grounds.2  On  this  subject  I  hope  to  say  more  in  a 
future  paper.  I  have  nothing  to  add  to  the  slight  notice 
of  Allaria  in  Eckhel,  except  that  it  is  placed  by  Hoek, 
"  Kreta,"  vol.  i.  p.  425,  at  the  eastern  extremity  of  the  island, 
near  Olerus,  and  that  the  inscription  relative  to  an  alliance 
with  the  Parians,  published  by  Chishull,  is  to  be  found  in 
Boeckh,  "Corpus  Inscript."  vol. ii.  p. 41 8.3 

British  Museum.,  Oct.  7,  1844.  CHARLES    NEWTON. 


XVIII. 
UNEDITED  AUTONOMOUS  AND  IMPERIAL 

GREEK  COINS. 
BY  H.  P.  BORRELL,  ESQ. 

[Read  before  the  Numismatic  Society,  29th  November,  1844.] 
AENIANES    IN    THESSALIA. 

IN  the  Numismatic    Chronicle1  is  a  notice  of  mine,  ex- 
plaining the  subject  of  the  type  on  some  of  the  coins  of  the 

2  Tresor  de  Numis.  et  Glypt.  Ire  partie,  p.  47. 

3  Since  the  above  was  printed,  I  have  seen  in  the  collection  of 
the  United  Service  Museum,  two  silver  coins  of  Phalasarna,  also 
a  Cretan  town,  both  of  the  same  age  and  type;  one  of  which  is 
inscribed  A$,  the  other  $A.     This  illustration  is  important,  as  it 
proves  the  use  in  Crete  of  the  monosyllabic  and  retrograde  legend, 
which  I  propose  to  read  on  the  tetradrachm. 

1  Vol.  ii.  p.  149. 

VOL.   VII.  R 


116  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

Aenianes.  Since  then  I  find  in  a  recent  writer,2  that  M. 
Bronsted,  in  a  work  on  the  same  subject,  had  stated  my 
views.3  Never  having  seen  his  publication,  I  have  never 
till  now  noticed  this  circumstance,  but  must  here  express 
my  surprise  that  he  should  have  omitted  to  mention  that 
the  true  explanation  of  this  type  originated  with  me ;  that 
I  communicated  my  manuscript  to  him  in  1827 ;  and  that 
it  was  subsequently  read  before  the  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries, by  E.  Hawkins,  Esq.,  in  1831-2. 

Without  imputing  to  the  learned  Danish  archaeologist  any 
desire  of  appropriating  to  himself  this  trifling  discovery,  yet 
the  merit,  if  it  deserves  any,  I  conceive  is  justly  due  to  me. 

1  take  this  opportunity  for  pointing  out  a  typographical 
error   in  the    Numismatic  Chronicle;    the   name   of  the 
national  hero  of  the  Aenianes  is  there  printed  Phemios^ 
instead  of  Phenikos. 

CRANNON    IN    THESSALIA. 

A  naked  figure  with  the  causia  suspended  from  the  back  of 
the  neck,  seizing  a  furious  bull,  of  which  only  the  fore 
part  is  visible ;  in  the  field,  fragments  of  two  or  three 
letters  of  archaic  form. 

R.— KPANO.  The  fore-part  of  a  horse  at  full  speed,  the 
bridle  dragging  on  the  ground  ;  behind,  a  trident ;  the 
whole  in  a  deep  sunk  square.  AR.  3.  45  j  grs.  (My 
cabinet.) 

Sestini4  has  published  a  larger  coin  in  the  same  metal, 
similar  in  type  to  this  of  mine,  excepting  that  on  his  the 
animals  on  either  side  are  entire ;  this  was  the  only  silver 
coin  known  of  this  city  in  his  time. 

We  know  but  little  of  the  early  history  of  Crannon, 
which  was  situated,  according  to  Stephanus,  in  the  Pelas- 

2  Memoires  de  Numismatique  et  d'Antiquite,  par  M.  Raoul- 
Rochette,  Paris,  1840,  p.  125. 

3  Voyages  et  Recherches  dans  la  Grece,  torn.  ii.  vignette  48. 

4  Lett.  Num.  torn.  vi.  p.  28.    No.  1. 


UNEDITED    GREEK    COINS.  117 

giotis,  about  100  stades  from  Gyrton.5  It  was  taken  by 
Antiochus  the  Great,  king  of  Syria,  and  afterwards  by  the 
Romans  when  at  war  with  Perseus  of  Macedon.6 

Numismatic  writers  differ  in  opinion  with  regard  to  the 
meaning  of  the  types  represented  on  these  coins,  which 
also  are  found  without  variation  on  the  money  of  Larissa, 
Pherae,  Pellinna,  Perrbabia,  Pharcadon,  and  Tricca,  all 
towns  of  Thessalia.  Eckhel  7  considers  they  allude  to  the 
address  with  which  the  Thessalians  could  arrest  the  course 
of  the  most  furious  bull,  and  their  skill  in  the  management 
of  the  horse. 

CIERIUM    IN    THESSALIA. 

Laureated  juvenile  profile  to  the  right. 

R. — KIEPIEON.  Jupiter  standing,  hurling  thunder  with  his 
right  hand,  and  an  eagle  with  his  left  ;  before  him  is  a 
small  figure  of  a  dancing  satyr.  JE.  4.  (My  cabinet.) 

No  copper  money  of  Cierium  has  yet  been  described,8 
and  I  believe  only  a  single  one  in  silver.9  A  similar  coin 
to  mine  is,  I  strongly  suspect,  erroneously  classed  to  Cius  in 
Bithynia  by  Pellerin.10 

Cierium  is  only  mentioned  by  Stephanus ;  it  bore  the 
more  ancient  name  of  Arne,  and  was  founded  by  a  colony 
from  Boeotia. 

5  Strabo,  lib.  vii.  cap.  ult.  6  Livy,  lib.  xxxvi.  cap.  10. 

7  Doct.  Num.  Vet.  torn.  ii. 

8  Both  Sestini  and  Mionnet  mention  copper  coins,  but  without 
describing  them. 

9  Du  Mersan,   Descrip.  des   Med.  Ant.   de  feu  M.  Allier  de 
Hauteroche,  p.  38  ;  Mionnet,  Supp.  torn.  iii.  p.  280,  No.  128. 

10  Rec.  de  Med.  de  Peupl.  et  de  Villes,  torn.  ii.  p.  24,   PI.  41, 
No.  13.     I  have  since  found  that  Mr.   Millingen   has  published 
some  singular  coins  of  this  city  in  his  "  Ancient  Coins  of  Greek 
Cities    and    Kings  ;"     amongst  others,  one   in   copper  in  every 
respect  the  same  as  the  above,  but  instead  of  a  figure  of  a  satyr, 
Mr.    M.  has  remarked  on  his   coin  a  nymph.     On  my  coin,  the 
satyr  is  clearly  distinguishable. 


118  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

CTIMENE    IN    THESSALIA. 

Combe,  in  the  Hunterian  Catalogue  (p.  117,  tab.  xxii. 
fig.  15),  assigns  a  coin  to  this  city,  which  certainly  belongs 
to  Aninesum  in  Lydia.  The  word  KTIMENOE  has  no  re- 
ference to  the  town,  but  is  merely  a  magistrate's  name.  I 
also  very  much  doubt  the  correctness  of  the  attribution  of 
two  other  coins  to  this  city  by  Sestini ;  one  in  his  Lett. 
Num.  continuaz.  torn.  ii.  p.  12,  and  the  other  in  Lett. 
Num.  torn.  viii.  p.  42.  Both  are  cited  by  Mionnet,  Supp. 
torn.  iii.  p.  282,  Nos.  134,  135.  I  am  of  opinion  that  we 
have  still  to  look  for  coins  of  Ctimene. 

EURYMEN.E    IN    THESSALIA.11 

Head  of  Bacchus  in  profile,  crowned  with  ivy,  to  the  right. 
R. — EYPYMENAIQN.     A   vine   with   fruit  and   branches, 
between  a  Diota  and  a  dolphin.     IE».  4J. 

I  have  the  honour  of  introducing,  for  the  first  time  in 
Numismatic  geography,  the  present    coin  of  Eurymense. 
It  is,  fortunately,  in  a  fine  state  of  preservation,  and  more 
pains  appear  to  have  been  taken  with  its  fabrication  and 
style  of  work  than  is  generally  observed    on    the  copper 
money  of  this  province.     It  was  procured  for  me  in  1837, 
at  Larissa,  and  now  ornaments  the  magnificent  Royal  col- 
lection at  Paris, 

On  the  obverse  side  of  this  unique  coin  is  the  head  of 
Bacchus ;  the  vine  on  the  reverse  refers  to  the  same 
deity,  and  bears  a  strong  resemblance  to  the  type  on 
some  of  the  coins  of  Maronea. 

Eurymense  was  one  of  the  towns  claimed  by  the  Aetolians 

II  We  presume  that  it  has  escaped   Mr.  Borrell's  observation, 
that  this  coin   has  been   published  by   M.  de  Longperier,   Rev. 
Numis.   1843,  p.  244,  and  is  further  noticed  by  M.  de  Witte, 
ibid.  p.  323.     M.  de  Longperier  gives  the  size  6,  instead  of  4£. 
— Editor. 


UNEDITED    GREEK    COINS.  119 

from  Philip  V.  of  Macedonia.12  It  appears  to  be  the  same 
as  the  Erymnse  of  Strabo,13  Pliny,14  and  Scylax.15  The 
legend  on  the  coin  proves  the  orthography  of  Livy  to  be 
the  most  correct. 

HISTI^EOTIS    IN    THESSALIA. 

See  my  article  on  the  coins  formerly  classed  to  Histioea 
in  Euboea,  in  the  Numismatic  Chronicle,  vol.  ii.  p.  232. 

LAMIA    IN    THESSALIA. 

No.  1. — Female  profile  bound  with  a  fillet,  ear-rings,  to  the  right. 

R. — AAMIEliN.    Naked  figure  of  Hercules,  seated  on  a 

rock,  to  the  left ;  in  his  right  hand  he  holds  a  bow  within 

a  quiver,  his  left  resting  on  the  rock.     AR.  5.  85|  grs. 

(British  Museum,  from  my  cabinet.) 

The  figure  of  Hercules  on  the  reverse  of  this  beautiful 
unedited  coin  of  Lamia,  is  not  very  unlike  that  of  the  same 
hero  on  a  tetradrachm  in  Dutens,16  excepting  that  he  is 
there  represented  holding  a  club  instead  of  a  bow  in  a 
quiver.  In  other  respects,  the  attitude  and  apparently  the 
style  of  execution  is  the  same.  On  Dutens'  coin  there  are 
only  the  initial  letters  AA,  from  which  that  numismatist 
imagined  it  was  struck  by  the  Lacedaemonians,  but  as 
these  letters  are  also  the  initials  of  Lamia,  I  am  strongly 
inclined  to  believe  that  it  owes  its  origin  not  to  the  Lace- 
daemonians but  to  the  Lamians,  as  some  authors,  I 
find,  have  already  suspected.  The  obverse  of  this  coin 
presents  a  helmeted  profile  of  Pallas,  whilst  on  mine  is 
represented  a  beautiful  female  head,  wearing  a  simple  fillet 
and  rich  ear-ring;  her  hair  gracefully  descends  on  her  neck, 
as  is  usual  on  the  effigy  of  Apollo.  I  am  at  a  loss  to  decide 
to  what  deity  these  features  and  ornaments  can  apply ;  one 
might  be  disposed  to  imagine  the  artist  had  in  view  some 

12  Livy,  lib.  xxxix.  cap.  25. 

3  Lib.ix.  p.  44.  14  Lib.  iv.  cap.  9.  15  p.  24. 

16  Explication  de  quelque  Medailles,  p.  37,  PI.  1,  No.  9; 
Mionnet,  torn.  ii.  p.  217,  No.  10. 


120  NUMISMATIC   CHRONICLE. 

celebrated  female,  or  perhaps  a  nymph ;  the  presence  of 
the  ear-rings  is  sufficient  to  shew  that  the  figure  is  not  meant 
for  Apollo.  The  figure  of  Hercules  on  the  reverse  is 
naked ;  he  is  seated  on  a  rock.  The  bow,  which  partially 
protrudes  from  the  quiver,  corresponds  in  its  form  with 
that  weapon  seen  in  his  hand  on  the  copper  coins  of  Lamia, 
where  he  is  standing  and  aiming  an  arrow,  probably  alluding 
to  his  sixth  labour ;  his  posture  on  my  coin  would  seem  to 
imply  repose  after  its  completion. 

Another  coin,  attributed  first  to  Areus  king  of  Sparta, 
and  afterwards  to  Cleomenes  III.  of  the  same  country, 
may  with  much  more  propriety  be  classed  to  Lamia.  It  is 
described  as  follows : — 

No,  2.  Tete  d'un  roi,  ceinte  d'un  diademe,  a  gauche. 

R. — AA.  Pallas  debout,  vetue  d'une  longue  robe,  langant 
un  javelot  de  la  main  droite,  et  tenant  de  la  gauche  une 
chevre ;  dans  le  champ,  une  couronne  de  laurier.17 
AR.  8. 

Instead  of  a  portrait  of  either  Areus  or  of  Cleomenes,  it  is 
more  probably  that  of  a  Macedonian  prince.  Dutens  sug- 
gested this  opinion,  which  was  opposed  by  the  learned 
Eckhel,18  because,  says  the  latter  author,  there  is  no  re- 
corded fact  in  history  to  justify  it ;  but  as  the  arguments 
of  both  these  numismatists  referred  to  the  portrait  alone, 
neither  of  them  doubting  the  attribution  of  the  coin  to 
Lacedaemonia,  Eckhel's  objection  was  plausible  and  con- 
sistent. If,  then,  the  coin  in  question  is  no  longer  to  be 
considered  an  historical  monument  of  Sparta,  but  is  to  be 
restored  to  Lamia,  as  I  propose,  the  different  opinions  are 
reconciled.  I  abstain  from  the  attempt  of  deciding  to 
which  of  the  Macedonian  kings  the  portrait  should  be 

17  Mionnet,   torn.  ii.    p.  222,   No.  64,   under   Areus.     Idem, 
Supp.  iv.  p.  227,  No.  43,  and  Visconti,    Iconogr.  Grec.  torn.  ii. 
p.  92,  PI.  xli.  fig.  1. 

18  Doct.  Num.  Vet.  torn.  ii.  p.  282. 


UNEDITED    GREEK    COINS.  121 

assigned;  but  it  is  evident  that  the  coin  was  struck  during 
the  reigns  between  Alexander  the  Great  and  Perseus. 
Equally  incompetent  am  1  to  offer  any  remarks  to  show 
how  far  the  mythological  subject  on  the  reverse  of  the 
coin  applies  to  the  new  classification  I  propose  in  oppo- 
sition to  the  learned  dissertation  of  Visconti.  I  leave  this 
important  task  to  others  more  skilful  in  history  and  my- 
thology than  myself.  Even  the  sagacious  Visconti  appears 
to  have  had  misgivings  as  to  the  propriety  of  the  attribution 
of  this  coin  to  Lacedaemonia:  he  says,  "  Cependant  comme 
il  y  a  d'autres  villes  Grecques  dont  le  nom  commence  par 
les  memes  lettres  (AA),  et  qui  les  ont  employees  pour 
marque  de  leur  monnoie,  il  est  necessaire  de  bien 
constater  que  la  medaille  a  ete  frappee  a  Sparte,  avant 
d'examiner  quel  peut  etre  le  roi  sans  lequel  elle  1'a  ete,  et 
dont  elle  represente  le  portrait." 19 

Lamia  was  a  city  of  Thessalia,  situated  about  thirty 
stades  from  the  river  Sperchius  in  Pthiotis.20  It  became 
renowned  in  history  on  account  of  the  siege  it  sustained  by 
the  confederate  Greeks,  when  Antipater,  after  his  defeat 
by  Leosthenes,  fled  there  with  the  remainder  of  his  forces. 
Livy  informs  us  it  was  again  besieged  by  Philip,  son  of  Deme- 
trius ;  on  which  occasion  it  was  relieved  by  the  Romans. 

ALEXANDER,  TYRANT    OF    PHER^. 

No.  1. — Female  head,  nearly  full  face,  long  flowing  hair,  ear-rings 

and  necklace.     To  the  right  is  a  lighted  torch. 
R. — AAE#ANAPOY.     Horseman  with  helmet  and  cuirass, 
armed  with  a  long  lance  held  horizontally ;    going  at  a 
quick  pace  from  left  to  right.     Below  the  horse  is  the 
bipennis.21     AR.  6.    183T3o  grs. 

19  Loc.  cit.  p.  95.  20  strabo,  lib.  ix. ;  Pliny,  lib.  iv.  cap. 7. 
[  This  beautiful,  and  I  believe  unique,  medallion  was  shown 
me  many  years  ago  by  a  friend,  who  allowed  me  to  take  a  cast 
from  it.  I  have  every  reason  for  believing  it  was  destroyed  in 
the  great  fire  which  consumed  Pera  in  Constantinople  in  1832.  [It 
is  now  in  the  British  Museum  ;  see  Mr.  Newton's  letter,  p.  110, 
supra. — Editor.'] 


122  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

No.  2. — Female  head  in  profile  to  the  right,  with  necklace  and 
ear-rings.  A  small  hand  projecting  from  the  neck,  hold- 
ing a  lighted  torch. 

R. — AAE#ANAPOY.  Lion's  head  to  the  right,  the  mouth 
open  and  tongue  protruding;  below,  the  bipennis.  AR. 
4.  88T%grs.22 

Alexander,  the  Tagus  or  tyrant  of  Pherae  in  Thessaly, 
was  contemporary  with  Amyntas  II.,  king  of  Macedonia.  He 
is  reported  to  have  been  both  cruel  and  rapacious.  His 
reign,  which  was  of  eleven  years'  duration,  terminated  by 
assassination,  in  which  his  wife  and  brother-in-law  were 
the  chief  conspirators.  The  latter,  named  Tisiphonus, 
was  raised  to  the  vacant  dignity. 

I  am  by  no  means  inclined  to  admit  the  propriety  of 
assigning  to  this  prince  the  coin  Sestini23  published  from 
the  collection  of  Bertholdy  of  Berlin,  of  which  another 
nearly  similar  is  engraved  by  Neumann,24  amongst  his 
incerti.  On  the  contrary,  I  consider  the  two  beautiful 
coins  described  above  as  the  sole  monuments  of  Alex- 
ander that  have  descended  to  us,  both  being,  at  all  events, 
unedited,  if  not  unique.25 

22  Originally  in  my  collection,   afterwards  in    that   of  J.  II. 
Steuart,  Esq.,  and  now  possessed  by  the  Duke  de  Luynes. 

23  Lett.  Num.  torn.  viii.  p.  138,  Pl.vi.  fig.  10. 

24  Num.  Vet.  part  II.  tab.  vi.  fig.  7. 

25  Mr.  Newton  informs  me  that  two  coins,  with  the  type   of 
No.  2  above,  are  in  the   British   Museum;  one  described  R.  P, 
Knight's  Num.  Vet.  p   119,  E.I,  under  Antandrus  in  Mysia,  the 
other  supplying  the  remainder  of  the  legend;  neither  has   the 
bipennis,  but  on  both,  in  front  of  the  head,  is  an  object  which  may 
be  what  Mr.  Borrell  describes,  "  a  torch  held  by  a  small  hand," 
though  it  has  rather  the  appearance  of  a  branch.     The  fabric  is 
not  unlike  that  of  the  coin  described  above,  No.  1 ,  but  is  some- 
what harder.     Mr.  Newton  further  states,  that  in  his  letter  in  this 
number,  p.  110,  he  has   omitted  to  notice  the  remarkable  coin- 
cidence of  the  bipennis  on  the  coin  published  above,  No.  2,  having 
only  had  the  opportunity  of  making  a  hasty  and  partial  examination 
of  Mr.  Borrell's  paper  before  it  was  printed. — Editor. 


UNEDITED    GREEK    COINS.  123 

A  long  time  elapsed  before  I  could  determine  to  what 
prince  of  the  name  of  Alexander  I  might  appropriate  the 
tetradrachm  No.  1.  It  was  only  at  a  much  later  period, 
and  when  I  became  possessed  of  No.  2,  that,  in  my  own 
mind,  the  problem  could  be  satisfactorily  solved,  not  only 
by  a  comparison  of  the  two  coins  together,  but  of  each  coin 
again  separately  with  others  of  the  city  of  Pherse,  which 
was  the  capital  of  the  dominions  of  this  Alexander  in 
Thessaly.  The  first  coin  which  I  select  as  illustrative  of 
No.  1,  is  the  following,  cited  by  Mionnet.26 

Tete  lauree  d'Apollon,  vue  de  face ;  dans  le  champ  a  gauche, 
un  poisson. 

R. — $EPAIilN.  Femme  assise  sur  un  cheval  allant  au 
galop  a  droite,  tenant  transversalement  un  flambeau. 
AR.3. 

Here  we  have  a  head  front  face  on  the  obverse,  but,  in  his 
description,  Mionnet  has  made  two  considerable  errors, 
which  induces  me  to  suppose  he  copied  from  an  imperfect 
coin.  The  head  is  not  of  Apollo,  but  of  a  female,  and  the 
adjunct  symbol  in  the  field  is  not  a  fish,  but  a  flambeau. 
This  I  have  ascertained  beyond  doubt,  having  before  me  a  fine 
example  of  the  same  coin.  Whoever  this  female  deity  may 
be,  whose  head,  connected  with  the  flambeau,  occupies  the 
obverse,  I  presume  she  is  again  figured  on  the  reverse, 
where  she  has  a  flambeau,  and  is  seated  on  horseback. 
Again,  looking  at  the  style  of  work  as  the  same,  1  have  no 
hesitation  in  bringing  it  forward  in  support  of  my  proposi- 
tion, and  in  proof  of  the  Thessalian  origin  of  my  medal- 
lion. 

Another  coin  in  the  Royal  Library  at  Paris  equally 
illustrates  the  reverse  of  my  No.  2.  Here  is  the  descrip- 
tion : — 

2fi  Suppt.  iii.  p.  305.  No.  252. 

VOL.  VII.  S 


124  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

Tete  de  Lion  a  droite,  tirant  la  langue ;  dessous,  A. 

R. — <I>EPAI£1N.  Femme  assise  sur  un  cheval  allant  a 
gauche,  tenant  dans  chaque  main  un  flambeau ;  dessous, 
massue  et  A.  M,  2£.  Mionnet,  Suppt.  iii.  p.  306, 
No.  253. 

The  lions'  heads,  although  by  no  means  an  uncommon 
type  upon  Greek  coins,  yet  differ  materially  when  they 
belong  to  different  cities.  In  this  case  they  are  exactly 
alike.  The  female  on  horseback  with  a  flambeau  is  also 
here  repeated  on  the  reverse  ;  I,  therefore,  consider  there 
is  sufficient  evidence  to  justify  my  proposition. 

TRICCA    IN    THESSALIA. 

Horse,  walking  from  right  to  left. 

R. — TPIKKAION.  Female  standing,  playing  with  a  ball. 
AR.  2.  12grs.  (British  Museum,  from  my  cabinet). 

On  the  money  of  Larissa  the  type  of  a  nymph  playing 
with  the  sph&ra,  or  ball,  is  of  frequent  occurrence.  It  is 
new  on  the  coins  of  Tricca. 

Tricca  .could  boast  of  its  remote  antiquity.  Homer 
speaks  of  some  of  its  inhabitants  who  were  present  at  the 
siege  of  Troy.  It  contained  a  temple  of  ^Esculapius  nearly 
equal  in  renown  to  that  at  Epidaurus. 

PEPARETHUS    INSULA. 

Veiled  female  head  (Ceres)  to  the  right. 

R. — HEIIA.     Thyrsus.     ^E.  2.     (My  cabinet.) 

The  symbols  on  this  coin  are  new:  they  refer  to  the 
worship  of  Bacchus  and  Ceres,  deities  to  whom  the  inha- 
bitants of  Peparethus  were  singularly  indebted.  Although 
but  twenty  miles  in  circumference,  it  was  the  most  fertile 
of  the  numerous  small  islands  on  the  Thessalian  coast.  Its 
wine  was  much  esteemed.  Apollodorus,  physician  to  one 
of  the  Ptolemies,  kings  of  Egypt,  recommended  it  in  pre- 


UNEDITED    GREEK    COINS.  125 

fererice  to  any  other.25     The  olives  were  in  no  less  repute : 
they  are  praised  by  Ovid.26 

The  coin  attributed  by  Mionnet  to  this  island  (torn.  ii. 
p.  27,  No.  87),  and  another  (in  Supp.  iii.  p.  11,  Nos.  3  and 
4),  are  of  Pellene  in  Achaia.  See  my  notice  on  the  coins 
of  Pellene,  in  the v Numismatic  Chronicle,  vol.ii.  p.  237. 

SCIATHUS    INSULA. 

Naked  female  head,  to  the  right. 

R.— SKIAO.      Caduceus.      In  the  field   a  tripod.       IE.  3. 

{My  cabinet.} 

The  tripod  in  the  field  is  the  only  peculiarity  which 
distinguishes  the  present  coin  from  others  already  edited.27 

Christopher  Ram  as28  assigns  a  coin  to  this  island  on 
which  are  the  letters  SK,  which  Mionnet29  is  inclined  to 
consider  as  more  properly  belonging  to  Scotusa.  As  an 
impression  of  a  similar  coin  has  lately  been  sent  me  with 
SKI,  there  is  no  4oubt  that  the  opinion  of  Ramus  is  pre- 
ferable. 

ALETA,    OR    ALETTA    IN    ILLYRIA. 

Sestini 30  cites  a  coin  from  the  Fontana  collection,  which 
he  ascribes  to  Aleta,  or  Aletta,  a  town  in  Illyria.  Mionnet31 
proposes  transferring  it  to  the  ^Etolians.  A  similar  coin  is 
now  before  me,  on  which  I  read  HPAKAEHTON;  it  is, 


5  Pliny,  Hist.  Nat.  lib.  14,  cap.  7.      26  Metamorph.  lib.  7.  470. 

27  A  duplicate  of  this  coin  exists  in  the  British  Museum  from 
my  former  collection.     They  were  found  together. 

28  Cat.  Num.  Vet.  Mus.  Reg.  Danige. 

29  Suppt.  iii.  p.  312,  No.  9.      The  same  author,  loc.  cit.  No. 
]  0,  classes  a  coin  to  Sciathus.     The  legend  is  very  imperfect,  but 
the  types  are  the  same  as  on   the  coins  of  Crannon,  and  I   con- 
ceive it  belongs  to  that  place. 

30  Descrip.  del  Mus.  Fontana,  p.  28,  tab.  i.  fig.  5. 

31  Suppt.  iii.  p.  313,  No.  1. 


126  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

therefore,  to  be  presumed  that  Sestini  must  have  copied 
from  an  incomplete  and  badly  preserved  coin,  when  he  read 
AAAETON.  Aleta,  consequently,  for  the  present  must  be 
withdrawn  from  the  list  of  numismatic  cities. 

APOLLONIA    IN    ILLYRIA. 

No.  1.— A  . .  PiiN..     Helmeted  head  of  Pallas  to  the  right. 

R.— AHOAAiiNIATAN.  An  obelisk,  or  meta.  AR.  4. 
49  grs,  (My  cabinet.) 

2.-— AIIOA  .  APIST&N.     Cavern  for  the  flocks  of  Apollo. 

R. — NIKANAPOS.  A  cow  suckling  a  calf.  Above,  a 
small  radiated  head  of  Apollo.  Below,  pedum.  AR.4. 
491  grs. 

3. — AIIOA  .  XAIPHNOS.     Cavern  as  last ;    within  is  a  small 
flaming  mount,  and  the  pedum. 

R.— A1BATIOS.     Cow  suckling  a  calf.     AR.  4.     421  grs. 
4. — ANEA.     A  flaming  mount. 
R.— AHOAAIiNIATAN.     A  pedum.     AR.  2.     17-fgrs. 

The  coins  of  Apollonia  are  abundant,  and  offer  but  little 
variety  as  to  their  types.  The  first  in  the  above  list  is  new 
in  silver.32  No.  2.  is  a  specimen  of  a  vast  number,  differing 
from  each  other  merely  by  a  variety  of  names;  but  this 
deserves  notice,  from  having,  in  addition  to  the  usual  type, 
the  head  of  Apollo  above,  and  the  pedum  below,  as  ad- 
juncts. This  peculiar  type  numismatists  have  imagined 
to  represent  the  garden  of  Alcinous,  Alcinous  being  one 
of  the  ancient  kings  of  Pheeacia  or  Corcyra,  whence  the 
Apolloniatae  were  originally  a  colony ;  but  I  am  disposed  to 
consider  that  the  types  on  both  sides  of  these  coins  admit  of 
a  more  satisfactory  explanation,  which  I  shall  attempt  to 
prove.  In  the  first  place,  Herodotus33  speaks  of  certain 

32  It  occurs  in  copper.    See  Sestini,  Descriz.  d'alcun.  Med.  Gr. 
del  Princ.  Danem.  p.  12 ;  and  Mionnet,  torn.  ii.  p. 33,  No.  60. 

33  Lib.  ix.  cap.  92. 


UNEDITED    GREEK    COINS.  127 

flocks34  which  fed  on  the  banks  of  the  A  bus,  a  river  which 
rises  at  Mount  Lacmon,  and  passes  through  Apollonia.  At 
night,  he  says,  they  were  guarded  in  a  cavern,  some  distance 
from  the  city,  by  one  of  the  citizens,  annually  chosen  from 
those  most  distinguished  for  their  birth  or  riches.  To  these 
flocks,  adds  the  same  historian,  the  Apolloniatse  pay  the 
greatest  veneration,  on  account  of  an  ancient  oracle ;  and 
their  pious  devotion  may  be  estimated  by  the  fact  of  their 
punishing  one  of  the  illustrious  herdsmen,  named  Evenius, 
with  the  loss  of  sight,  for  suffering  a  part  of  the  cattle  under 
his  charge  to  be  devoured  by  wild  beasts  whilst  he  was 
asleep.  The  severe  punishment  of  Evenius  incensed  the 
gods  against  the  Apolloniatse;  for,  after  that  event,  the  sacred 
flocks  ceased  to  bring  forth,  and  the  land  became  sterile. 
It  was  not  till  satisfactory  atonement  had  been  made,  that 
the  calamity  subsided.  After  the  happy  change  from 
famine  and  misery  to  abundance  and  prosperity,  it  is  by 
no  means  astonishing  that  the  people,  grateful  for  the 
relief,  should  commemorate  their  good  fortune  in  every 
possible  manner,  and,  amongst  others,  that  we  should  find 
traces  of  it  on  their  money  ;  and  in  that  case,  what  more 
appropriate  device  could  be  imagined  to  mark  the  nature 
of  the  circumstance,  than  what  we  find  on  their  coins,  a 
cow  suckling  her  young — indicating  that  the  flocks  had 
recovered  from  their  sterility,  and  the  earth  regained  its 
fertility,  after  the  cessation  of  the  ravages  brought  on  the 
country  by  the  vengeance  of  the  offended  deities. 

The  device  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  coin,  in  my 
opinion,  seems  to  corroborate  and  justify  this  hypothesis. 
Here  we  find  a  square,  filled  up  with  angular  ornaments, 

34  Herodotus  writes  Trpo/Gam,  rendered  sheep  by  Beloe.  Larcher 
makes  it  troupeaux;  but,  in  a  note,  he  remarks  that  the  word 
admits  of  extension,  and  is  better  expressed  by  JSetail,  or  cattle. 


128  NUMISMATIC   CHRONICLE. 

regular  and  almost  invariable  in  form,  which,  as  it  bears 
some  resemblance  to  a  diagram  of  a  garden,  as  before 
stated,  induced  numismatists  to  infer  that  it  represented  the 
garden  of  Alcinous.  It  is  true  these  gardens  were  famed  in 
history;  but  when,  on  the  one  hand,  is  considered  the 
improbability  of  the  people  of  Apollonia  feeling  so 
deep  an  interest  in  what  did  not  immediately  concern 
them,  and,  on  the  other,  that  these  gardens  were  destitute 
of  any  mythological  allusion  even  to  the  Corcyrseans  them- 
selves, the  explanation  may  be  reasonably  rejected.  Hero- 
dotus says,  the  sacred  flocks  of  Apollo  were  fed  by  day  on  the 
banks  of  the  Aous,  but  that  at  night  they  were  conducted  for 
shelter  to  a  cavern  at  some  distance  from  the  city.  The 
cavern,  whether  artificial  or  natural,  was  doubtless  consi- 
dered a  place  of  sanctity,  and  was  worthy  the  purpose  for 
which  it  was  used :  may  not  the  type,  therefore,  be 
intended  to  represent  a  plan  of  this  cavern  ?  I  presume  it 
does ;  and  I  find  a  further  confirmation  of  this  position  in 
the  accessory  symbols  observed  on  the  coins  I  cite.  In  the 
first  instance,  on  the  obverse  of  No.  2,  above  the  principal 
type  of  the  cow  and  calf,  is  a  small  radiated  head  of  Apollo : 
this  is  probably  placed  there  to  denote  the  particular  deity 
to  whom  the  animals  were  consecrated ;  and  the  pedum,  or 
shepherd's  crook,  which  is  below,  was,  as  it  is  natural  to 
suppose,  the  staff  of  office  of  the  illustrious  person  who  had 
charge  of  them.  This  further  leads  us  to  the  conclusion, 
that  the  names  which  occur  in  such  varieties  may  be  those 
of  the  individuals  who  held  the  important  and  distinguished 
post  of  guardian  of  the  sacred  flocks  during  the  year  when 
the  coin  was  struck,  as  that  is  placed  of  Nicander  upon  the 
one  in  question. 

The  preceding  remarks  are  still  further  illustrated  by  a 
reference  to  the  coins  which  follow  under  Nos.  3  and  4. 


UNEDITED    GREEK    COINS.  129 

On  the  No.  3.  is  seen  the  same  square  as  on  the  No.  2  ;  but 
instead  of  the  usual  ornaments  within  it,  resembling  (ac- 
cording to  my  view)  separations  or  partitions  for  the  acco- 
modation  of  the  animals,  is  a  small  flaming  mount,  as  it  is 
called  by  numismatists,  and  the  staff  or  crook,  whilst  on 
No.  4.  is  simply  a  flaming  mount  on  one  side  and  the  pedtim 
on  the  other  side  of  the  coin.  The  shepherd's  pedum  refers 
here  again,  as  I  have  just  stated,  to  the  office  of  guardian 
of  the  flocks ;  and  the  flaming  mount  probably  alludes  to 
the  common  practice  of  lighting  fires  during  the  night  at 
the  cavern's  mouth,  for  the  protection  of  the  cattle  against 
wild  beasts,  to  avoid  a  repetition  of  the  accident  which 
occurred  to  Evenius. 

Another  coin  of  Apollonia,  though  offering  a  type  en- 
tirely different,  seems  to  refer  to  the  same  subject.  It  is 
published  in  several  numismatic  works.  I  select  the  first 
which  comes  to  hand,  as  follows : — 

ArONIimOY.     Head  of  Apollo  to  the  right. 

R.— AIIOA.  AINOKPATHS  EPIMNArOT.  Three  females 
joining  hands,  and  dancing  round  a  flaming  mount. 
AR.  4.i.  Mionnet,  torn.  li.  p. 30,  No.  30. 

The  coins  bearing  this  peculiar  device  are  certainly  of  a 
more  recent  period  than  those  with  the  cavern ;  but  it  ap- 
pears to  be  a  continuation  of  the  same  subject.  It  favours 
the  idea  that  certain  religious  ceremonies  were  periodically 
performed  in  honour  of  Apollo  and  the  sacred  flocks.  The 
fire  would  here  indicate  the  spot  where  these  ceremonies 
were  performed,  and  the  females,  either  priestesses,  or, 
more  probably,  nymphs,  or  genii  presumed  to  preside  over 
the  locality. 

Plausible  as  this  explanation  appears,  it  may  be  objected 
to  by  some,  on  the  grounds  that  the  same  principal  devices 
are  repeated  on  the  money  of  the  Epidamnians  or  Dyrra- 


130  NUMISMATIC  CHRONICLE. 

chians,  and  on  that  of  the  Corcyrseans.  It  is  well  known 
that  the  Apolloniatae  and  the  Epidamnians  both  derived 
their  origin  from  Corcyra ;  but  if  the  subject  was  of  local 
interest  to  the  Corcyraeans,  as  it  would  be  were  it  intended 
for  the  gardens  of  Alcinous,  why  should  it  be  adopted  by 
their  colonies  ?  I  think,  however,  we  may  overcome  this 
difficulty,  by  showing  the  possibility  that  the  custom  of 
maintaining  flocks  in  honour  of  the  gods,  and  specially 
consecrated  to  them,  may  have  derived  its  origin  in  Cor- 
cyra, and  have  been  thence  carried  by  the  emigrants  to  the 
two  colonies,  a  conclusion  which  the  testimony  of  Herodotus 
appears  to  justify.  As  has  been  already  stated  at  the 
commencement  of  this  notice,  the  historian  remarks  that 
the  Apolloniatae  pay  the  greatest  veneration  to  the  sacred 
flocks,  on  account  of  an  ancient  oracle.  Now  if  Deiphonius, 
the  soothsayer35  who  accompanied  the  Greeks  at  the  battle 
of  Mycale,  which  was  fought  479  years  B.C.,  was,  as  we  are 
informed,  son  of  the  Evenius  who  was  punished  with  the 
loss  of  sight,  Evenius  himself  most  probably  flourished  at 
about  500  years  B.C.  ;  and  as  Apollonia  was  founded  by  a 
colony  from  Corcyra  only  580  B.C.,  when  Pertander  ruled 
at  Corinth,  it  becomes  nearly  evident  that  the  religious 
custom  was  introduced  by  the  colonists  from  the  metropolis, 
otherwise  Herodotus  would  not  be  justified  in  speaking  of 
an  ancient  oracle ;  so  ancient,  indeed,  that  we  are  led  to 
suppose  all  record  of  the  original  motive  of  the  institution 
had  been  forgotten. 

Lastly,  it  may  be  inferred,  that  the  flocks  both  of  Corcyra 
and  Epidamnus  were  less  exposed,  or  better  guarded  than 
those  of  Apollonia ;  for  in  no  one  instance  do  we  find  upon 

35  According  to  Herodotus,  loc.  cit.,  the  gods  accorded  the  gift 
of  divination  to  Evenius  and  to  his  descendants,  to  make  amends 
for  his  cruel  treatment  by  his  countrymen. 


UNEDITED    GREEK    COINS.  131 

the  money  of  the  mother  or  sister  city  any  indication  of  the 
fire,  proving  that  the  motive  of  that  additional  symbol  was 
local,  and  concerned  the  Apolloniatee  merely,  in  consequence 
of  the  misfortune  which  occurred  to  them  in  particular. 

It  may  be  argued,  why  is  the  historian  silent  as  regards 
the  institution  of  the  same  kind  which  existed  in  the  two 
cities  mentioned  above  ?  It  is  my  opinion,  that  the  custom 
was  not  one  of  an  extraordinary  nature,  so  as  to  merit  par- 
ticular notice;  and,  in  fact,  we  should  still  be  unacquainted 
with  the  sacred  flocks  of  Apollonia,  were  it  not  for  the 
punishment  of  Evenius,  which  led  to  serious  results.  That 
the  custom  was  not  confined  to  the  three  cities  enumerated  I 
think  highly  probable ;  for  many  coins  bearing  for  type  a  cow 
suckling  a  calf  (in  precisely  the  same  attitude  as  on  those 
described),  and  on  the  reverse  an  indented  square,  have 
come  under  my  notice.  Most  of  these,  by  their  fabric, 
appear  of  remote  antiquity,  without  legend,  and  are  con- 
stantly found  in  Macedonia ;  and  the  indented  square  is 
decidedly  Macedonian  :  hence  either  other  races  had 
adopted  similar  ceremonies,  or  they  were  struck  by  other 
Corcyrsean  colonies,  of  which  we  are  uninformed. 

DYRRACHIUM    IN    ILLYRIA,    AND    LEUCAS    IN    ACARNANIA. 


A.  Pegasus  flying,  to  the  right. 

R. — A.   Same  type.     AR.  1.   12|  grs.     (British  Museum, 
from  my  cabinet.) 

Alliances  between  distant  or  neighbouring  cities,  either 
for  political  or  religious  objects,  must  have  been  frequent 
among  the  Greek  races,  from  the  nature  of  their  institu- 
tions. Sometimes  these  alliances  are  recorded  on  their  re- 
spective coins,  when  it  was,  no  doubt,  intended  to  confer  on 
their  treaties  a  greater  degree  of  sanctity,  so  as  to  induce 

VOL.  VII.  T 


132  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

each  party  to  maintain  them  inviolate.  It,  however,  rarely 
happens  that  the  motives  of  these  alliances  can  be  explained 
through  ancient  historians ;  but  when  it  is  considered  that, 
in  all  probability,  the  interests  which  occasioned  them  were 
merely  local,  and  did  not  bear  upon  Grecian  history  in 
general,  it  is  not  at  all  surprising,  The  preceding  coin 
would  seem  to  mark  some  event  which  interested  two 
Greek  cities,  Dyrrachium  and  Leucas ;  and  the  following 
extracts  from  Thucydides  may  throw  some  light  upon  the 
subject. 

"  The  Dyrrachians  having  expelled  the  higher  class  of 
citizens,  these  last  joined  some  barbarous  Illyrians,  and 
together  carried  on  a  predatory  war  against  the  city.  Too 
weak  to  defend  themselves,  the  Dyrrachians  applied  for  aid 
to  their  parent  city  Corcyra;  but,  as  the  government  of 
that  place  was  at  that  time  aristocratical,  assistance  was 
refused. 

"  Corcyra  itself  was  originally  founded  by  the  Corinthians  ; 
and,  agreeable  to  custom,  when  they  sent  a  colony  to  found 
Dyrrachium,  they  applied  for  a  leader  from  the  metropolis^; 
when  Phalius  of  Corinth,  a  descendant  from  Hercules,  was 
appointed  to  that  honour  ;  by  which  Corinth,  through 
Phalius,  became  the  nominal  founder  of  Dyrrachium,  whilst 
in  point  of  fact  it  was  a  Corcyraean  colony. 

"  On  the  return  of  the  ambassadors,  the  Dyrrachians  in 
their  distress,  and  in  accordance  with  the  advice  of  the 
Delphian  oracle,  sent  a  deputation  to  Corinth,  offering  to 
renounce  their  former  ties,  and  to  submit  to  them  as  pro- 
tectors. Their  time  was  well  chosen ;  the  Corinthians,  a 
long  time  on  unfriendly  terms  with  the  Corcyraeans,  on 
account  of  some  informality  of  usages  and  honours  due 
from  colonists  to  the  mother  country,  willingly  accepted 
the  propositions  of  the  Dyrrachian  deputies;  a  number  of 


UNEDITED    GREEK    COINS.  133 

adventurers  from  Corinth,  joined  by  some  Ambraciot  and 
Leucadian  auxiliaries,  were  sent  to  their  aid,  and  soon 
arrived  at  Dyrrachiurn,  when  commenced  the  famous  war 
between  the  rival  states,  known  by  the  name  of  the  Co- 
rinthian war. 

"  At  the  onset  of  hostilities,  the  advantage  was  decidedly 
favourable  to  Corinth  ;  but  the  Athenians,  having  been 
induced  to  side  with  Corcyra,  and  uniting  their  fleets, 
Corinth  could  no  longer  protect  her  allies;  and  Dyrrachium 
falling  into  the  power  of  Corcyra,  the  exiles,  the  cause  of 
the  war,  were  restored." 

The  apparent  age  of  rny  coin  coincides  with  this  inter- 
esting epoch  ;  the  type  on  the  reverse  is  in  a  slight  hollow, 
as  on  the  coins  of  Perdiccas,  king  of  Macedonia,  who  was 
contemporary  with  the  above  events,  which  occurred  in  the 
last  year  of  the  86th  Olympiad,  when  Pericles  ruled  at 
Athens.  Thucydides  omits  to  inform  us  how  far  the 
Leucadians engaged  in  the  struggle;  but  as  we  see  some  of 
them  joined  to  the  Corinthian  adventurers  sent  to  protect 
Dyrrachium,  it  is  not  improbable  that  this  succour  was  the 
consequence  of  a  particular  treaty  :  and  in  that  case,  in 
commemoration  of  the  event  the  coin  was  possibly  struck. 
The  type  appears  to  confirm  this  opinion ;  for  the  letters 
A  arid  A,  the  initials  of  Dyrrachium  and  Leucas,  are  con- 
nected with  the  device  of  a  Pegasus,  the  peculiar  emblem 
of  Corinth,  which  seems  naturally  to  refer  to  a  convention 
between  the  two  former  cities,  under  the  superior  and  spe- 
cial power  of  the  latter. 

ALEXANDER    II.   EPIIU    REX. 

It  is  uiy  opinion  that  there  exist  insufficient  grounds  for 
assigning  certain  Tetradrachms  and  their  subdivisions  to 


134  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

Alexander   of   Epirus  :     I  allude    to   those   described  in 
numismatic  writers  as  follows : — 

Head  with  diadem  and  horn,  covered  with  the  elephant's 
skin. 

R. — AAE^ANAPOY.  Pallas  walking,  combating,  a  lance 
in  one  hand,  and  a  shield  in  the  other  ;  in  the  field,  a 
helmet  and  an  eagle.  AR.  8.  240  grs. 

I  consider  they  may  safely  be  removed  from  Epirus,  and 
restored  to  Ptolemy  IX.,  surnamed  Alexander,  king  of 
Egypt.  My  principal  motive  for  proposing  this  change  is, 
that  they  are  constantly  found  in  Egypt  intermixed  with 
other  Egyptian  coins.  Twenty-five  years'  experience  has 
sufficiently  convinced  me  of  this  fact,  during  which  time  as 
many,  perhaps,  as  fifty  examples  have  come  under  my 
notice,  but  never  a  solitary  instance  has  occurred  of  their 
being  discovered  in  Greece.  We  have,  moreover,  the  not 
uncommon  coin  in  copper  acknowledged  to  be  of  Ptolemy 
Alexander,  but  without  the  latter  name,  on  which  is  the 
same  head,  ornamented  with  the  elephant's  skin. 

My  proposition,  I  freely  admit,  offers  some  difficulty, 
which  I  am  unprepared  to  encounter.  If  a  comparison  is 
made  between  these  coins  with  the  name  of  Alexander, 
and  those  of  the  preceding  kings  of  Egypt  (say  Ptolemy 
VIL,  for  none  is  given  to  Ptolemy  VIII.  in  silver),  these 
last  are  lighter,  of  inferior  metal,  and  much  more  rude 
fabric.  There  can  be  no  doubt,  however,  that  the  classifi- 
cation of  the  whole  series  of  the  regal  coins  of  Egypt  re- 
quires correction  and  revision  ;  it  will,  therefore,  be  pleasing 
to  me  if  some  competent  numismatist  should  be  stimulated 
by  my  observations,  and  should  undertake  the  task.  It  is 
only  where  access  can  be  obtained  to  large  collections,  that 
the  work  can  be  attended  with  success. 

H.    P.    BORRELL. 

Smyrna,  13th  November,  1841. 


135 


XIX. 

INEDITED  SAXON  AND  ENGLISH  COINS. 

MY  DEAR  SIR, 

I  venture  to  lay  before  the  Numismatic  Society,  in  the 
form  of  a  letter  to  yourself,  a  few  remarks  on  three  as  yet 
unedited  coins.  One  I  apprehend  to  be  a  penny  of  Ead- 
gar  struck  at  St.  Edmundsbury ;  another  the  long-looked- 
for  half-penny  of  Edward  VI.;  and  the  third,  a  penny  of 
Henry  III.,  having  the  legend  on  the  reverse,  retrograde, 
HALLI  ON  RYLA. 

My  observations  on  the  first  may  be  given  in  a  very  few 
words.  The  difficulties  in  the  way  of  its  appropriation  are 
that  it  is  unquestionably  a  blundered  coin,  but  I  cannot 
think  that  in  this  instance  the  blunders  are  sufficiently 
startling  to  prevent  the  coin  being  rightly  assigned.  From 
the  engraving  which  accompanies  this  paper,  made  from 
your  own  admirable  drawings,  it  will  appear  that  the  legend 
of  the  obverse  reads  EADEAK.  It  will  be  seen  that  the  D  is 
unfinished,  and  that  the  E  is  substituted  for  C.  Surely  so 
slight  a  blunder  as  this  was  never  allowed  to  prevent  the 
appropriation  of  a  coin  all  whose  characteristics  refer  to  the 
period  of  EADDAR. 

The  reverse  presents  us  with  the  legend  ZIC  EAD- 
MONIDT,  which  I  can  see  little  difficulty  in  reading  SCI 
EADMOND.  The  difference  is  vastly  less  than  that  to  be 
found  on  the  acknowledged  pennies  of  St.  Edmond,  so 
many  of  which  were  found  at  Cuerdale. 

If,  however,  it  should  seem  that  I  am  wrong  in  assigning 
the  penny  in  question  to  the  mint  of  St.  Edmundsbury,  I 


136  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

am  confirmed  in  my  reading  both  of  EADEAR  and  of  EAD- 
MOND,  by  the  circumstance  that  among  the  moneyers  of 
Eadgar  the  name  of  Eadmond  occurs.  I  think,  however, 
that  the  ZIC  is  a  blunder  for  ZCI;  and,  in  that  case,  we  have 
a  new  mint  to  add  to  those  already  known  of  the  sovereign 
aforesaid.  It  would  seem  that  the  moneyers  of  Bury  St. 
Edmunds  were  peculiarly  liable  to  blunders. 

We  proceed  next  to  the  half-penny  of  Edward  VI. 
"The  coin,"  you  say  in  your  note,  "is  in  so  wretched  a  con- 
dition that  it  cannot  be  ascertained  with  certainty  to  be 
so."  I  venture  to  differ  from  this  opinion;  and  in  order  to 
set  forth  the  grounds  of  my  own,  I  shall  take  the  liberty  to 
make  a  few  observations  on  the  principles  of  Numismatic 
Science. 

In  noticing  a  coin  of  which  we  have  never  seen  a  speci- 
men before,  our  first  care  should  be  to  ascertain  the  era 
in  which,  and  the  city  or  prince  by  which  or  whom,  the 
medal  was  struck.  To  do  this  accurately,  we  must  carefully 
note  the  standard  of  metal,  the  workmanship,  the  weight, 
the  form,  and  compare  these  peculiarities  with  those  ex- 
hibited by  the  coins  of  neighbouring  cities,  of  succeeding 
or  previous  sovereigns.  Not  until  all  these  circumstances 
have  been  carefully  weighed,  are  we  at  liberty  to  decide 
on  the  age  and  the  issuer  of  any  coin,  and  then,  and  not 
till  then,  may  we  venture  to  make  the  coin  serve  as  an 
historical  document,  and  attempt  to  deduce  from  it  any 
historical  consequence. 

Now  with  regard  to  the  miserable  piece  of  base  metal 
before  us,  we  first  ascertain  that  the  standardMs  of  the  very 
lowest  and  most  debased  character;  the  next  thing  which 
strikes  the  observer  is,  that  the  reverse  bears  the  legend 
CIVITAS  LONDON,  that  is  to  say  there  is  sufficient  remaining 
to  show  that  such  it  has  been ;  this  legend  encircles  the  old 


SAXON    AND    ENGLISH    COINS.  J  37 

device  of  the  cross  and  pellets.  On  the  obverse,  we  find 
a  portrait  in  profile,  looking  to  the  right ;  the  size  and 
weight  indicate  a  half- penny.  Such  are  the  indications 
with  which  this  interesting  but  badly  preserved  relic  pre- 
sents us. 

There  was  only  one  period,  with  the  exception  of  the 
reign  of  ^Ethelred  I.,  in  which  the  English  coinage  was  de- 
based. This  period  commenced  with  the  third  coinage  of 
Henry  VIII.;  continued  (increasing  the  debasement  as  it 
proceeded)  during  the  remainder  of  his  reign,  and  during 
the  first  years  of  his  son  and  successor ;  then,  in  the  second 
coinage  of  that  prince,  the  standard  was  suddenly  restored ; 
and  the  only  subsequent  instance  of  a  debased  coinage,  for 
England,  is  to  be  found  in  the  base  pennies  of  Mary,  and 
of  Philip  and  Mary. 

In  Ireland  indeed  there  was  a  base  coinage  earlier,  and 
it  continued  later;  and  the  same  was  the  case  in  Scotland: 
but  the  limits  of  the  English  debasement  are  those  which 
we  have  recited  above.  Having  then  a  base  coin  which 
bears  the  legend  CIVITAS  LONDON,  the  period  is  limited  first, 
by  the  inscription  itself,  from  the  reign  of  Edward  I.  to  that 
of  Elizabeth  ;  and  then,  by  its  quality,  to  that  which  elapsed 
from  the  middle  of  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  to  the  ter- 
mination of  that  of  Philip  and  Mary,  Thus  we  have  a 
choice  of 

Henry  VIII.  Mary. 

Edward  VI.  Philip  and  Mary. 

Now,  of  the  base  coinages  of  the  first  of  these  monarchs,  we 
have  no  instance  of  any  bearing  a  portrait  in  profile  ;  and 
each  one  is  described  by  the  indentures  made  with  the 
various  mint-masters;  besides  this,  there  is  the  greater  part 
remaining  of  an  initial  Roman  E.  It  is,  however,  on  the 
ground  of  a  profile  turned  to  the  right  on  a  base  coin,  that 


138  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

we  must  reject  any  interpretation  which  would  assign  this 
coin  to  Henry  VIII.  On  the  coins  of  Mary  again,  and  on 
those  which,  with  the  titles  of  her  husband  and  herself 
joined,  present  her  head  alone,  the  portrait  is  a  profile 
turned  to  the  left;  besides,  here  again  we  are  met  with  the 
initial  E  followed  by  a  D,  no  doubt  a  portion  of  the  once 
complete  legend  E.  D.  G.  ROSA  SINE  SPINA.  Thus, 
then,  whatever  we  say  against  attributing  the  coin  to  Ed- 
ward VI.  will  militate  far  more  against  assigning  it  to  either 
of  the  other  two.  But  as  the  legend  proves  it  to  be  an  En- 
glish coin,  and  the  standard  indicates  a  period  of  a  very  few 
years,  during  which  only  three  sovereigns  reigned,  so  we 
have  negative  proofs  that  it  is  a  coin  of  Edward  VI. 

The  positive  proofs  consist  in  its  size,  standard,  weight, 
form,  legend  and  device,  all  which  have  been  already  de- 
scribed. If  now  this  be  the  half-penny  of  Edward  VI.  it 
differs  much  from  what  we  have  been  led  to  expect;  for 
here  we  have  the  cross  and  pellets,  whereas  all  the  descrip- 
tions which  we  possess  of  the  base  coinage  of  Edward  VI. 
give  us  an  idea  that  the  half-penny  would  have  the  arms 
and  the  ci VITAS  LONDON  on  the  reverse,  and  very  probably 
the  full  blown  rose  with  E.  D.  G.  ROSA  SINE  SPINA  on 
the  obverse.  I  think  that  this  will  be  found  to  add  another 
link  to  the  chain  of  coins  in  which  the  old  device  of  the 
cross  arid  pellets  was  preserved,  extending  now  from  the 
first  to  the  last  Edward. 

The  last  coin  is  one  which  (with  much  deference  to  the 
authority  of  so  eminent  a  numismatist  as  Mr.  Hawkins,  I 
shall  still  venture  to  call  a  penny  of  Henry  III.)  will  call  for 
not  many  remarks.  I  will,  however,  state  my  reasons  for 
agreeing  with  Mr.  Sainthill  and  our  older  numismatists, 
rather  than  with  Mr.  Hawkins,  in  the  assignment  of  those 
pennies  with  the  short  cross  to  Henry  III.  rather  than  to 


SAXON    AND    ENGLISH    COINS.  139 

his  grandfather.     In  the  first  place,  I  am  guided  by  the 
names  of  towns  and  moneyers ;  and  I  think  I  discern  more 
than  a  mere  accidental  agreement  between  those  found  on 
these  two  descriptions  of  pennies.     In  the  next  place  we 
find  Irish  pennies  of  John,  which  give  a  triangle  on  the  re- 
verse, as  well   as   on   the  obverse,  whereas  those  of  Henry 
III.  have   the  double   cross  just  like  that  on  the  pennies 
struck  in  England.     Now  as  it  is  quite  certain  that  Henry 
II.  sought  uniformity  as  the  distinguished  characteristic  of 
his  coinage,  a  uniformity  which  was  never  afterwards  lost 
sight  of,  it  would  appear  most  probable,  that  if  Henry  II. 
had  issued  a  very  extensive  coinage  with   the  double  cross 
on  the  reverse,  and  Henry  III.  did  the  same,  with  the  only 
difference  that  in  the  one  case  the  double  cross  was  a  short 
one,  and  in  the  latter  a  long  one,  the  intermediate  reign 
would  not  exhibit  a  totally  different  type.     This  conjecture 
receives  support  from  the  Irish  coins  of  Edward  I,  II,  III, 
which   have  a  reverse   precisely  like   those  of  the  English 
ones.     We  have  seen  that  those  of  Henry  III.  follow  the 
same   rule ;    and   we  might  therefore  expect  that  the  same 
rule  would  obtain  with  regard  to  those  of  John  and  Henry 
II.     From  the  settled  character  which,  from  the  very  first 
coinage  of  Henry  II.  (if  there  were  two),  marked  the  Eng- 
lish mint,  we  should  be  led  to  expect  that,  if  there  were 
any  English  coins  of  John,  they  would  resemble   his   Irish 
ones ;   and  if  there  were  any  Irish  coins  of  Henry  II.  they 
would  resemble  those  struck  in   England.     It  is  true  that 
the  style  of  letter  observable  on  the  Irish  pennies  of  John 
resembles  that  which  we  notice  on  those  of  Henry  III.;  but 
why  should  there  be  so  remarkable  a  departure  in  the  rest 
of  the  coin,  why  in  that  should  the  cross  on  the  reverse  cha- 
racterize the  two  Henries,  grandfather  and  grandson,  while 
the  son  exhibits  a  totally  different  type,  and  this   too  at  a 

VOL.  VII.  V 


140  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

time  in  which  the  necessity  of  monetal  uniformity  was  just 
beginning  to  be  felt  ? 

Then  we  have  some  of  the  short  cross  pennies  with  the 
word  "  TER,"  and  some  of  the  long  cross  pennies  with  the 
word  "  TERCI,"  and  there  appears  no  reason  whatever  to 
imagine  such  a  name  as  TER.  Ill,  or,  as  some  have  errone- 
ously read  it,  TERIRI.  Nor  can  it  escape  the  notice  of 
those  who  examine  the  workmanship  of  coins,  that  the  same 
artist,  or  school  of  artists,  must,  with  scarcely  a  doubt,  have 
executed  the  two  series  of  coins.  Is  it  likely  that  the  two 
reigns  of  Richard  and  John  should  have  passed  over  with- 
out their  being  employed,  and  that  they  should  after- 
wards have  engraved  all  the  dies  of  Henry  III.  during 
a  long  reign  of  fifty-six  years  ?  If  it  be  replied,  that  one 
might  have  been  copied  from  the  other,  then  why  was  the 
intermediate  coinage  of  John  conducted  on  a  different 
plan  ?  Again,  the  coinage  of  Scotland  presents  us  with 
some  analogies.  It  seems  pretty  well  agreed  that  the  Scot- 
tish monarchs  imitated  the  types  adopted  by  their  English 
contemporaries.  Now  the  last  portion  of  the  long  reign  of 
William  the  Lion,  corresponds  with  the  last  portion  of  that 
of  John  ;  its  earlier  part,  with  the  closing  years  of  Henry 
II.  We  find  that  the  early  coins  of  William  present  a  single 
cross  reaching  to  the  inner  circle  of  the  coin,  like  those  of 
Henry  II.,  and  a  crown  of  the  same  character;  the  last  give 
us  the  diadem  of  pearls,  and  the  short  double  cross  like 
those  of  Henry  (as  I  venture  to  say)  III.  This  cir- 
cumstance may  lead  to  important  discoveries;  Henry  III. 
ascended  the  throne  A.D.  1216.  William  the  Lion  was 
succeeded  by  his  son  Alexander  II.  1213:  there  elapsed 
therefore  three  years  between  the  death  of  William  and  the 
accession  of  Henry.  It  is  then  clear  that  the  pennies  of  the 
Scotch  king  could  not  have  been  imitated  from  those  of  Henry 


SAXON    AND    ENGLISH    COINS.  141 

III.  I  think  that  they  were  imitated  from  a  coinage  of 
John,  of  which  no  specimen  has  reached  our  time.  My 
reasons  for  thus  thinking,  I  shall  proceed  to  lay  before  you. 

It  is  now  pretty  well  agreed  that  we  have  no  pennies  of 
Alexander  I. ;  that  the  earliest  coins  which  bear  the  name 
of  Alexander,  are  those  of  William's  son  ;  and  that  the  coins 
of  the  Scottish  Coeur  de  Lion  commence  the  series  of  their 
pennies.  The  first  in  order  of  these  bear  a  short  single  cross 
like  those  of  Henry  II.,  with  a  crescent,  and  what  numis- 
matists call  a  pellet  in  each  quarter,  but  which  pellet  has 
a  tail  to  it,  and  in  one  instance  two  tails,  and  looks  won- 
derfully more  like  a  comet  than  anything  else.  Now  John's 
Irish  penny  has  the  crescent  and  a  blazing  star.  It  would 
seem  scarcely  to  admit  of  a  doubt  that  William's  moneyers 
copied  the  device  adopted  by  those  of  John.  The  second 
description  of  William's  coins  has  a  short  double  cross,  like 
those  which  Mr.  Hawkins  assigns  to  Henry  II.;  but  instead 
of  the  crescent  and  comet,  we  find  a  mullet,  perhaps  only  an 
imitation  of  John's  blazing  star :  we  have  a  crown  of  pearls 
also  in  imitation  of  the  coin  before  referred  to,  of  Henry  II. 
or  III;  we  have  seen  that  it  could  not  have  been  copied  from 
the  coins  of  Henry  III.,  and  it  appears  unlikely  that,  having 
taken  John's  moneyers  for  a  model,  the  Scotch  artists  should 
go  back  to  those  of  Henry  II. 

I  am  inclined  to  think  that  we  shall  one  day  find  proofs 
of  two  distinct  coinages  of  John  struck  in  England ;  one 
with  a  short  cross,  single,  with  a  crescent  and  a  blazing  star 
in  each  quarter,  and  one  with  a  short  double  cross,  like  those 
of  his  son  ;  pellets  in  each  corner,  and  probably  the  work  of 
the  same  artist,  not  Aymary  of  Tours. 

Once  more  I  see  no  reason  of  sufficient  force  to  disturb 
the  arrangement  which  assigns  all  the  pennies  with  the  dou- 
ble cross  to  Henry  HI.  The  particular  specimen  which  I 


142  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

now  describe  has  the  reverse  as  usual,  but  the  legend  is  re- 
trograde, it  reads  HALLI  ON  RULA.  The  name  Halli  occurs 
among  the  moneyers  of  Henry  III.  mentioned  by  Ruding, 
and  the  mint  of  RULA.  Rhudllan  has  been  suggested  as 
the  town  implied,  but  the  importance  of  the  place  in  times 
past  seems  scarcely  to  warrant  such  an  attribution.  Rut- 
land again  has  been  named ;  but  this  is  a  county,  and  not 
a  town.  It  is  by  no  means  easy  to  fix  a  spot  likely  to  have 
been  the  Rula  of  the  third  Henry.  It  is  just  possible  that 
as  in  a  retrograde  legend  it  is  by  no  means  unlikely  that  we 
should  find  inverted  letters,  the  place  may  have  been  RVrA  ; 
and  then  Rochester  will  be  in  all  probability  the  place  of 
coinage.  I  must  apologise  for  the  length  to  which  I  have 
extended  these  observations,  and  subscribe  myself, 
My  dear  Sir, 

very  faithfully  yours, 
C.  R.  SMITH.  ESQ.  HENRY  CHRISTMAS. 


XX. 

ON  THE  TYPES  OF  TERINA. 

THE  archaic  coins1  of  Terina  have,  on  their  reverse,  the 
apteral  victory,  indicated  by  her  name  N^KA  or  NIK  A, 
draped  in  a  talaric  tunic,  and  holding  a  pendent  laurel 
branch.  Those  of  the  second  epoch,  a  winged  female 
holding  a  crown,  recalling  the  Nlfca  crrecfravovcra  of  the 
Greek  chori,2  the  same,  holding  a  branch  of  laurel,  frequently 
the  /cypv/celov  or  caduceus,  occasionally  caressing  a  bird, 
seated  upon  a  hydria  or  water  vase,  or  holding  the  same  ob- 


1  Millingen.  Sylloge. 

2  Euripides.   Phoenissae.   Ed.  Pors.  8vo.   Lend.  1841.  1.  1777. 
&c.  &c.  in  the  Doric  form  fj.iya.  aifjLva  VIKCL. 


ON    THE    TYPES    OF    TERINA  143 

ject,  and  seated  upon  a  cube  or  Ionic  column.3  The  most 
remarkable  type  is  that  of  the  same  female,  seated  upon  a 
cube  on  which  is  inscribed  AITH,  and  holding  her  hydriato  a 
fountain,  the  water  of  which  issues  from  a  iion-headed  mouth 
placed  in  a  wall.  Mr.  Millingen,  who  has  had  these  types 
twice  under  consideration,4  supposes  it  to  represent  Nike 
or  Victory  drawing  water  from  a  fountain,  and  the  inscrip- 
tion ArH  possibly  to  be  the  name  of  the  stream  called  by 
Lycophron  'Aprjs  which  flowed  near  Terina.5  I  had  already 
suggested  the  possibility  of  this  type  representing  Iris,6 
from  the  appearance  of  the  caduceus,  and  the  fact  of  the  Iris 
of  the  Iliad  and  of  the  cyclic  poets  being  the  Nike  of  the 
Graeco-Italian  vases.7  There  is  a  winged  figure,  having  in 
each  hand  a  hydria,  accompanied  by  the  name  'Aco?,  repre- 
senting Aurora,  or  the  morning  breeze,  pouring  dew  upon 
the  earth,8  which  could  scarcely  be  the  idea  of  the  types  of 
Terina.  M.  Gerhard,  in  his  work  on  Mirrors,9  has  already 
given  the  type  of  Terina  in  illustration  of  a  mirror  repre- 
senting Iris  drawing  the  water  of  the  Styx,  which  is  the 
interpretation  to  which  I  had  independently  arrived,  and 
for  which  I  can  offer  a  confirmatory  reason.  The  river 
alluded  to  by  Lycophron,  in  the  Alexandra,  under  the 

8  Comp.  Carelli.  Terina. 

4  Recueil    de  quelques  Medailles  Grecques  Inedits.  4to.  Rome 
1812,  p.  23,  25.     Ancient  Coins  of  Greek  Cities  and  Kings,  4to. 
London,  1831  ;  also  loc.  cit.  supra. 

5  Aovael  3e  aijpa  fiovKtpwQ  vao-yuolf  'Apijg.      Alexandra,   729. 

6  Numis.  Chron.  Vol.  I.  p.  229. 

7  Urlichs  ingeniously  makes  the  Nike  Apteros,  Athene  or  Pallas 
— and  the  winged  Victory,  Iris. 

8  Gerhard  (Chev.  Ed.),  iiber  die  licht  Gottheiten.     4to.  Berlin. 
1840.taf.  iv.9.alecythusintheLouvre.  Millingen,  Uned.Mon.pl.vi. 

9  Gerhard  (Chev.  lid.),  iiber  die  Fliigelgestalten  der  Gottheiten. 
4to.    Berlin.   1840.      Etruskische  Spiegel.  4to,  Berlin,  1840,  pi. 
x.  1,  2,4.   No.  3.  is  an  Etruscan  scarabaeus  of  the  same  subject 
with  a  serpent  at  the  feet. 


144  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

name  of  Ares,  is  expressly  stated  by  his  scholiast  Tzetzes10 
to  be  the  Eris,  or  Iris,  vEpi$9  KOI  "Ipis,  o>?  Ttve?  rypdfovarw, 
7roTa//,o9  irapa  Tepewav.  "  Eris,  or  Iris,  as  some  authors 
write  it,  a  river  near  Terina."  The  winged  Iris  accordingly 
personifies  the  river,  in  the  same  manner  as  the  satyr 
Marsyas,  playing  on  the  S/avXo?,  or  double  flute,  and  placed 
with  the  mseander  ornament  beneath  his  feet,  does  the  river 
of  that  name,  a  tributary  of  the  Mseander. 

Iris,  considered  as  a  personification  of  the  rainbow  and  the 
messenger  of  Hera,  was  the  daughter  of  Thaumas  and  Electra, 
and  the  sister  of  Arce,  and  of  the  Harpies  or  Storm-winds. 
Although  there  is  reason  to  suspect  the  passage  of  Homer  in 
which  she  is  called  the  "golden  winged,"11  yet  she  is  always 
so  personified  on  works  of  the  greatest  antiquity.12  Her 
name  is  derived  from  ei'pw,  to  bind  together,  or  efyw,  to  speak, 
in  allusion  to  her  physical  import  and  her  office,  connecting 
her  at  the  same  time  with  the  winds,  to  which  she  adminis- 
tered rain 13  in  her  celestial  capacity,  and,  in  her  infernal, 
as  the  liberator  of  souls  with  Hermes,  the  K^pce,  and  the 
Eumenides.14  Nike  or  Victory,  to  which  she  bears  such 
important  relation,  was  the  daughter  of  the  giant  Pallas 
and  the  Styx  fountain,  having  a  distinct  connection  with 
Pallas- Athene,  and  also  with  the  infernal  Eumenides  or 
Zejjivai,  Qeat,.15  The  etymology  of  the  two  seems  to  be 
derived  from  "Epis  and  JVet/eo?,  or  Strife  and  Contention.16 


">  Ad  1.  780. 

11  II.  0,  395.      Suspected  by  P.  Knight,  in  his  Ed.    Compare 
also  the  locus  classicus,  Aristophanes,  Aves,  572. 

12  Gerhard,  iiber  die  Fliigelgestalten,  loc.  cit.  p.  18. 

13  Cf.  Ovid's  Metam.  i.  270,  iv.  480. 

14  ^Eneid  iv.  694,  et  seq. 

15  Called  the  Se>va.     Euripid.  Phoenis.  1.  1777. 

16  Cf.  Gerhard,  iiber  die  Fliigelgestalten,  &c.  loc.  cit.  pi.  iii.  p.  18, 
where  Nike  and  Iris  bear  off  the  body  of  a  warrior. 


ON  THE  TYPES  OF  TERINA.  145 

One  of  the  offices  of  Iris  was  to  draw  the  water  of  the 
Styx  ev  XPV(Tfl  7r/°°X^?)'  *n  a  golden  prochous,  to  administer 
to  perjured  divinities.17  This  fountain  of  Hades,  Kpijvrj 
'ASov,  was  placed  in  a  splendid  palace,  supported  by  silver 
columns,  and  dripped  from  a  height  into  a  basin,  0^7709, 
which  overflowing,  it  swelled  into  one  of  the  nine  streams  of 
Ocean.18  The  Styx,  whose  terrestrial  locality  was  supposed 
to  be  the  Arcadian  Nonacris,19  seems  to  have  its  legend, 
and  probably  name,  transferred,  along  with  those  of  the 
Acheron,  the  Acherusian  lake,  the  Crathis,  and  other  hills 
and  streams,  from  the  Peloponnesus  to  Magna  Grsecia; 
and  some  mythologists  place  the  spot  of  the  terrestrial 
fountain  in  Campania.  It  was  not  improbably  the  reputed 
source  of  the  Eris  or  Iris  of  Terina.  A  swan,  or  bird  of 
that  species,  is  represented  swimming  in  the  basin  or  lake 
into  which  the  stream  of  the  fountain  discharges  itself.20 
It  is  difficult  to  understand  its  allusion,  unless  the  Arcadian 
Styx  had  any  connection  with  the  lake  Stymphalus,  on 
whose  bosom  swam  the  celebrated  iron-winged  birds  chased 
by  Hercules  to  the  island  of  Aretesia.  I  knew  as  yet  of  no 
solution  of  the  word  AFII:  Mr.  Millingen  merely  suggests 
that  it  may  be  the  Ares,  and  is  a  convenable  name  for  a 
fountain.  It  is  written  perpendicularly  in  fugitive  letters 
on  a  kind  of  stele  or  tablet,  like  the  name  of  Eirene  on 
the  coins  of  the  Locri.  This  word  cannot  easily  be  ex- 
plained— it  occurs  in  the  sense  of  holy,  a  breaker,  and 
the  shore. 

S.  BIRCH. 


17  Hesiod,  Theog.  1.  775,  et  seq.;  and  Schol.  ad  eund. 

18  Cf.  Schol.  ad.  II.  /3,  755,  and  0,  369. 

19  Herodot.  vi.  74.    This  fountain,  r/  71-17777,  dripped  from  a  rock 
into  a  valley. 

20  Supposed    by    Millingen,    loc.  cit.  to   represent  one  of  the 
castella  or  reservoirs. 


146 


MISCELLANEA. 


GREEK  COINS  FOUND  IN  ENGLAND.— We  have  lately  seen 
some  Greek  coins,  found  at  Aston  Scott,  in  Shropshire,  on  the 
estate  of  Mrs.  Stackhouse  Acton,  niece  of  the  late  R.  P.  Knight, 
Esq.  They  were: — a  coin  of  Smyrna  ;  head  of  Apollo  laureated, 
to  right.  R.  DMYPNAmN;  two  hands  joined. — Youthful 
head.  R.  EIII  <I>IAISTOY  EIKAAIOS ;  Victory,  holding  a 
palm-branch,  gradient  to  right.  —  Athens  ;  AGE  ;  head  of 
Dionusus  Cissostephus.  R.  Head  of  Zeus,  bound  with  a  fillet. — 
Antiochus  VIII.  and  Cleopatra ;  heads,  radiated.  R.  BA2I- 
AISSA2  KAEOI1ATPAI!  KAI  BA2IAEO2  ANTIOXOY  ; 
plumes,  disc,  and  horns. — A  coin  of  Paros,  and  an  uncertain  Italian 
or  Sicilian  coin  ;  R.  Protome  of  a  human-headed  bull. 

Our  belief  is,  from  the  difference  of  appearance  and  condition 
of  the  coins,  that  some  trick  has  been  played  by  parties  interested 
to  gain,  or  anxious  to  deceive  ;  as,  although  possible,  it  is  highly 
improbable  such  a  collection  in  copper,  and  chiefly  in  indifferent 
condition,  could  have  been  rightly  found  there.  We  therefore 
put  collectors  on  their  guard,  as  we  have  lately  seen  a  spurious 
medallion  of  Pescennius  Niger  dug  up  in  Sussex  by  a  plough- 
man. There  seems  an  evidently  deep-rooted  spirit  of  deception 
in  many  instances. 

THOMAS  SIMON.  —  Mr.  Peter  Cunningham,  whose  extensive 
acquaintance  with  "  Old  Plays"  is  not  the  least  of  his  acquire- 
ments, has  directed  my  attention  to  Shadwell's  "  Sullen  Lovers, 
or,  the  Impertinents,"  wherein  occurs  an  incidental  notice  of 
Thomas  Simon,  the  medallist.  The  following  is  the  passage : — 

"  Emilia,     Let  me  go,  I  am  going  in  haste  to  bespeak  a  seal. 

"  Sir  Positive*  A  seal  ?  Why  dost  thou  know  what  thou 
dost  now  ?  to  go  about  that  without  my  advice  :  Well,  I  have 
given  Symons  and  all  of  'em  such  lessons,  as  I  have  made  'em 
stand  in  admiration  of  my  judgment  :  Do  you  know,  that  I'll  cut 
a  seal  with  any  man  in  England  for  a  thousand  pound  ?" 

This  slight  notice  affords  contemporaneous  evidence  of  the 
repute  in  which  Simon  was  held  at  the  time  that  this  comedy  was 
produced ;  the  dedication  is  dated  1668,  and  it  was  brought  upon 
the  stage  during  the  same  year.  B.  N. 

N.B.  The  character  of  Sir  Positive  Atall  (a  great  boaster) 
was,  as  Pepys  tells  us,  a  hit  at  Sir  Robert  Howard. 


MISCELLANEA.  147 

CONTENTS  OF  KOEHNE'S  ZEITSCHRIFT  FUR  MUNZ-  SIEGEL- 
UND  WAPPENKUNDE,  Berlin,  February,  1844 : — 

1.  Types  of  Roman  coins  relating  to  the  German  and   Sar- 
matian  Nations  (conclusion).     Editor. 

2.  History  of  the   Coinage   of  the    House  of  Brandenburg. 
Editor. 

Miscellanea:  — 

Coin  of  Cornelius  van  Bommel,  bishop  of  Liittich. 
Collections  of  coins  in  Leipsic. 
Proceedings  of  the  Numismatic  Society  at  Berlin. 
March,  1844  :— 

1.  On  the  coins  of  Elbing  (continued  from  the  ««  Zeitschrift" 
of  1841).     M.  Vossberg. 

2.  On  two  deniers  of  Mints  of  Cb'lnish  Westphalia.     M.  von 
Romer. 

3.  On  a  Hungarian  medal  apparently  rare.     M.  Zipser. 
Miscellanea : — 

Notice  of  finds  and  medals. 

Proceedings  of  the  Numismatic  Society  at  Berlin. 
May,  1844  :— 

1.  On  the  coins  of  the  Balearic  islands,  particularly  those  of 
Ebusus.     C.  von  Bose. 

2.  On  the  types  of  "  Providentia"  and  "  ^Eternitas"  on  Roman 
coins.     E.  H.  Tolken. 

3.  On  the  coins  of  Elbing  (continued).     M.  Vossberg. 

4.  Denkmiinzen  of  Dantzig  in  the  16th  century.      The  same. 

5.  Coins  and  seals  of  the  Counts  of  Schwalenberg.     Editor. 
Zur  Miinzgeschichte  Deutschlands  unter  den  Sachsischen  und 

Frankischen  Konigen.  Drei  Aufsatze  von  Chr.  Thomsen,  J. 
Friedlander,  und  B.  Kohne,  Berlin,  1843.  The  third  volume 
reviewed  by  M.  E.  S.,  with  remarks  by  Dr.  Kohne. 

Miscellanea : — 

Proceedings  of  the  Numismatic  Society  of  Berlin. 
Notice  of  finds,  &c. 

August,  1844  : — 

1 .  The  second  portion  of  M,  C.  von  Bose's  article  on  the  Coins 
of  the  Balearic  Islands,  and  particularly  those  of  Ebusus. 

2.  A  continuation  of  the  Memoir,  by  Vossberg,  on  the  Coins 
of  the  town  of  Elbing. 

3.  An  explanation  of  the  legend  of  the  Sterbejeton,  or  piece 
struck  on  the  death  of  Charles  Alexander,  Duke  of  Lorraine,  in 
the  year  1780. 

Miscellanea — 

Notice  of  new  Prussian  and  English  medals. 
List  of  new  numismatic  publications. 
Transactions  of  the  Numismatic  Society  at  Berlin. 
VOL.  vn.  x 


148  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

CONTENTS  OF  LEIZMANN'S  NUMISMATISCHE  ZEITUNG,  Jan- 
uary, 1844:— 

On  the  right  of  mint,  said  to  have  been  attached  to  the  bishop- 
ric of  Breslau. 

Notice  of  Bergmann's  work,  Das  Munz-recht  der  gefiirsteten 
Grafen  von  Cilli.  Wien,  1843.  Editor. 

On  the  coins  of  the  abbey  of  Corbei. 

On  the  Gros  Tournois  of  Louis  IX.  X.,  Philip  III.  IV.  V.  and 
VI.,  kings  of  France.  M.  Ph.  Cappe,  Berlin. 

Supplement  to  the  article  on  Bracteates  of  the  archbishopric  of 
Magdeburg,  published  in  the  "  Numismatische  Zeitung"  of  1842. 
M.  Ph.  Cappe,  Berlin. 

February : — 

On  the  Bracteates  of  Freiburg,  in  Breisgau.     Editor. 

On  the  coins  of  the  Counts  of  Freiburg. 

A  notice  of  some  of  the  German  collections  of  coins. 

On  the  right  of  mint  said  to  have  been  granted  by  Pope  Lucius 
III.  to  Lucca. 

The  Palgraves  of  Saxony  and  their  coins. 
March  : — 

Contributions  towards  a  history  of  the  coinage  of  some  of  the 
towns  of  Hanover.  Editor. 

Finds  of  Bracteates. 

On  the  coins  of  the  abbey  of  Corbei  (continued). 

New  medals. 

Proceedings  of  the  Numismatic  Society  of  Berlin. 

Coins  of  the  Counts  of  Diepholz. 

Coins  of  the  abbey  of  Corbei  (conclusion). 

Christian  coins  with  the  symbols  of  the  four  Evangelists. 
April :  — 

On  the  arrangement  of  collections  of  Bracteates. 

Description  of  remarkable  medals  of  the  19th  century.  Dr. 
Zipfer. 

On  the  changes  in  the  monetary  system  among  the  Romans. 

Austrian  medals.     Dr.  Zipfer. 

Notices  of  some  mints  on  the  Harz  mountains. 

On  the  coins  of  the  town  of  Liineburg. 
May  : — 

On  the  coins  of  the  town  of  Liineburg  (conclusion). 

Histoire  Chronologique  des  Hois  de  France  en  70  jetons. 

Notice  of  medals  and  finds. 

Proceedings  of  the  Numismatic  Society  of  Berlin. 

Remarks  on  the  earlier  coins  of  the  abbey  of  Corbei.  Posern- 
Klett. 

Find  of  Bracteates. 


MISCELLANEA.  149 

June : — 

Remarks  on  the  Saalsdorf  find  (Numismatische  Zeitung,  1842). 
Proceedings  of  the  Numismatic  Society  of  Berlin. 

July : — 

On  the  Saalsdorf  find  (continued). 

On  the  coinage  of  the  towns  situated  in  Rhenish  Prussia. 
August : — 

1.  Conclusion  of  the  notices  of  Mints  in  the  towns  of  Rhenish 
Prussia. 

2.  Additions  to  Reinhardt's  Kupfer-Kabinet. 

3.  On  the  Bracteates  found  in  the  territory  of  Lausiz. 

4.  On  a  find  of  coins  in  Breisgau. 

Monsieur  Jules-Armand-Guillaume  Boucher  de  Crevecoeur, 
of  Abbeville,  Associate  of  the  French  Institute,  well  known  as 
an  able  antiquary  and  numismatist,  died  on  the  24th  of  Novem- 
ber, in  his  88th  year.  The  very  extensive  collection  of  coins 
which  the  deceased  gentleman  had  formed,  is  referred  to  by  Pro- 
fessor Lelewel  in  his  Numismatique  du  Moyen-age.  The  coins  and 
general  antiquities,  many  of  a  high  local  interest,  are  inherited  by 
Monsieur  Jacques  Boucher  de  Crevecoeur  de  Perthes,  his  son, 
President  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Emulation  of  Abbeville,  and 
Associate  of  the  Numismatic  Society  of  London. 

A  quantity  of  Roman  coins,  amounting  to  upwards  of  1,200, 
have  recently  been  found  in  a  field  called  Church-piece,  near 
Lilly-horn,  situated  on  the  high  road,  from  Oakridge  common  to 
Bisley,  in  the  county  of  Gloucester.  They  are  of  small  brass, 
and  range  from  Tetricus  to  Allectus  inclusive.  Mr.  Baker,  on 
whose  property  the  discovery  was  made,  has  sent  an  account  of 
the  coins  and  other  objects  to  the  British  Archaeological  Associa- 
tion, the  former  of  which,  if  of  sufficient  importance,  and  requiring 
an  extended  illustration,  will  be  transferred  to  the  Numismatic 
Society. 

THE  COIN  FORGERS. — The  Paris  forgers  have  lately  been 
very  active,  and  have  so  successfully  imitated  some  of  the  middle 
age  scarce  coins  of  England  and  of  France,  as  to  impose  even  on 
the  most  experienced  judges.  One  of  the  gang,  of  the  name  of 
Noffman,  or  Hoffman,  has  lately  been  making  a  tour  in  the  west 
of  France,  and  is  now,  it  is  said,  on  his  way  to  England.  He 
carries  with  him  a  quantity  of  genuine  rare  coins,  both  Greek  and 
Roman,  as  well  as  Saxon,  English,  and  Continental,  which  enables 
him  to  pass  off  the  forgeries  with  greater  ease,  and  less  chance  of 
immediate  detection.  It  is  supposed  he  and  the  rest  are  connected 
with  the  notorious  Rousseau  mint. 


150  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

The  REVUE  NUMISMATIQUE  for  July  and  August  has  just 
reached  us.  Its  contents  are : — 

1.  Recherches  sur  les  Epoques  et  sur  les  Causes  de  V Emission 
de  PJEs  grave  en  Italic.   Seconde  article.     Par  M.  Ch.  Lenorraant. 

2.  Monnaies  Inedites  de  St.  Martin  de  Tours.     Par  M.  Fillon. 

3.  Monnaies  frappees  pour  le  Comte  de  Rousillon  par  les  Rois 
d'Aragon,  Comtes  de  Barcelone.    Par  M.  Ad.  de  Longperier. 

Lettre  a  M.  A.  Uermand  sur  quatre  Monnaies  en  Plombs  des 
Fetes  folles  de  Terouanne  et  d'  Aire-sur-Lys.  Par  M.  Rouger. 

Notice  of  the  "  Balleleon  de  1'Institut  for  1841,"  and  of  a  work, 
"  Sur  la  Nuraismatique  des  Trois  Eveches."  Par  MM.  de  Saulcy 
et  Robert. 

JOURNAL  DES  SAVANS,  1844.  February. — Troisieme  Supple- 
ment a  la  Notice  sur  quelques  Medailles  Grecques  Inedites  de  Rois 
de  la  Bactriane  et  de  1'Inde  (3me  article  de  M.  Raoul-Rochette), 
p.  108.  September. — Considerations  sur  les  Graveurs  en  Medailles 
et  en  Pierres  fines  de  1'Antiquite  (article  de  M.  Raoul-Rochette), 
p.  513. 

SALE  OF  ANCIENT  AND  MODERN  COINS  AND  MEDALS  AT 
VIENNA.  — •  M.  G.  Wellenheim  has  forwarded  to  us  a  copy  of 
Part  I.  of  the  catalogue  of  the  second  portion  of  the  extensive 
collection  of  his  father,  L.  de  Wellenheim,  Aulic  Counsellor,  an- 
nounced for  sale  at  Vienna,  on  the  10th  of  February  next.  The 
collection  contains  upwards  of  45,000  pieces  ;  namely,  ancient 
coins,  16,500,  and  mediaeval  and  modern  29,000  ;  of  which  there 
are  Greek  gold,  120  ;  silver,  2,100  ;  brass,  about  5,800 ;  and  of  the 
Roman  series  in  gold,  silver,  and  brass,  about  8,400  pieces.  The 
entire  collection  will  be  sold  in  the  month  of  February  by  public 
auction,  unless  an  offer  is  received  previously. 


CORRESPONDENCE. 


G.  B.  is  wrong.  The  remarks  are  not  ours.  Our  own  friends 
will  know  this  from  the  occurrence  of  the  odious  un-English 
word  "  talented,"  which  we  never  wrote  or  used  in  our  lives. 

Our  Plymouth  Correspondent  will  find  his  coin  engraved  in 
Plate  VII.  No.  8,  of  "  Ancient  Coins  of  Cities  and  Princes." 
There  appears  good  reason  for  its  appropriation  to  Bilbao. 
No.  2  is  a  coin  of  Zeugma,  in  Commagne,  and  bears  the 
head  of  Antoninus  Pius.  It  is  very  common. 

An  apology  and  thanks  are  due  to  our  Cambridge  Correspondent, 
who  some  time  since  kindly  sent  us  sketches  of  some  ancient 
British  coins.  These  pieces  offer  no  remarkable  features, 
but  we  may  recur  to  them  at  a  future  time. 

MM.  Lindberg  and  Falbe,  of  Copenhagen,  have  announced  a  work 
on  the  "  Coins  of  Ancient  Africa"  in  which  we  may  expect 
not  only  descriptions  and  explanations  of  many  types  and 
legends  as  yet  unexplained,  but  also  of  numerous  pieces 
hitherto  unknown  to  the  numismatist  and  antiquary.  M. 
Lindberg  is  well  known  for  his  sagacious  interpretation  of 
the  legend  on  the  coins  of  Sexti. 

Dr.  Grote,  editor  of  the  "  Blatter  fur  Munzkunde,"  now  holds 
the  office  of  the  Curator  of  the  Coins  and  Medals  of  the 
king  of  Hanover. 

S.  The  Legend  on  the  well-known  silver  coins  of  Juba  the 
Second  is  interpreted  roVjD  oi  »#av  ;  i.  e.  Juba,  Chief  of  the 
State.  Whatever  may  be  the  opinion  of  the  older  numisma- 
tic writers,  this  appears  to  be  the  true  reading ;  and  it  has 
the  sanction  of  M.  Lindberg,  and  also  of  M.  de  Saulcy. 

G.  S.  A.  Our  Correspondent  will  find  a  copy  of  the  book,  at  a 
lower  price,  at  the  publisher's,  Mr.  John  Russell  Smith. 
Half  the  books  in  the  catalogue  referred  to  are  rubbish,  and 
contain  the  obsolete  reveries  of  dreamy  "  antiquists,"  which 
will  embarrass  rather  than  assist  G.  S.  A.  in  his  studies. 

H.  A.'s  coin  is  of  Gordianus  Pius,  struck  at  Edessa,  in  Mesopo- 
tamia. The  type  is  common.  The  letters  on  the  reverse 
are  GAGCC KOAW  .  . 


153 


XXI. 
RUSSIAN  BEARD  TOKEN. 

Fowkes's  Buildings,  Jan.  2,  1845. 

Dear  Sir, 

I  DO  myself  the  honor,  through  your  hands,  of  presenting 
to  the  Numismatic  Society  a  drawing  of  the  Beard  Coin, 
or  Token  of  Russia,  from  a  specimen  in  my  possession  ; 
and,  by  the  assistance  of  a  friend  who  is  intimately  ac- 
quainted with  the  country,  its  language,  and  its  laws,  I  am 
enabled  to  offer  some  account  of  the  origin  and  use  of  this 
very  singular  minting. 

In  most  parts  of  Europe,  the  habit  of  wearing  beards 
had  fallen  into  disuse  by  the  commencement  of  the 
eighteenth  century.  Peter  the  Great,  desirous  that  his 
subjects  should  act  in  conformity  with  the  prevailing 
fashion,  issued  his  ukase  (oukaz)  in  1705,  imposing  a  tax 
upon  all  those  who  wore  either  beards  or  moustaches, 
varying  from  thirty  to  one  hundred  roubles  per  annum, 
according  to  the  rank  of  the  individual :  a  modification, 
however,  was  made  in  favour  of  the  peasant,  who  was  only 
required  to  pay  two  dengops  (denus/ikas),  equal  to  one 
copeck,  whenever  he  passed  through  the  gate  of  a  town. 
This  ukase  proved  most  offensive  to  the  feelings  of  the 
people;  and  so  much  discontent  was  manifested  on  its 

VOL.  VII.  Y 


154  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

being  enforced,    that   the  greatest   vigilance   became,    on 
many  occasions,  necessary  to  prevent  popular  outbreak. 

Notwithstanding  this,  the  law,  in  1714,  was  extended  to 
St.  Petersburg,  which  previously  had  been  exempt  from 
its  operation ;  and,  in  1722,  another  decree  was  promul- 
gated, ordering  all  who  retained  their  beards  to  adopt  a 
particular  dress,  and  to  pay  fifty  roubles  every  year ;  those 
who  would  not  shave,  and  could  not  pay,  were  condemned 
to  hard  labour  to  work  off  the  fine.  This  ukase  was  extended 
to  the  provinces  also;  but,  in  1723,  peasants  bringing  the 
produce  into  towns  were  wholly  relieved  from  this  tax. 

In  1724,  Peter  directed  that  the  copper  token,  or  coin 
(which  forms  the  subject  of  this  communication),  should 
be  struck  annually,  and  given  as  a  receipt  to  those  who 
had  paid  the  tax  for  the  current  year;  he  also  decreed, 
that  the  Raskolnicks  (a  religious  section  of  the  Greek 
church)  should  pay  a  double  tax. 

On  the  death  of  Peter,  in  1725,  all  previous  edicts 
relating  to  the  beard  were  confirmed  by  Catherine  I.  in  a 
ukase,  dated  the  4th  of  August,  1726. 

In  1728,  Peter  II.  issued  a  decree,  permitting  peasants 
engaged  in  agriculture  to  wear  their  beards;  but  insisting 
that  the  tax  of  fifty  roubles,  to  be  paid  by  all  other  persons, 
under  penalty  of  hard  labour,  should  be  rigidly  collected. 

The  Empress  Anne,  in  1731,  promulgated  her  ukase, 
by  which  all  persons,  not  employed  in  husbandry,  and 
who  yet  retained  their  beards,  were  entered  in  the  class 
of  Raskolnicks,  and  were  required  to  pay  double  the 
amount  of  all  taxes,  besides  that  of  fifty  roubles  for  the 
beard. 

In  1743,  the  Empress  Elizabeth  confirmed  the  existing 
decrees  in  all  their  force. 

On  the  accession  of  Peter  III.,  in  1762,  it  was  his  in- 


RUSSIAN    BEARD    TOKEN.  155 

tention  to  have  strengthened  these  laws  of  his  predecessors 
with  most  stringent  provisions;  and  he  had  prepared  a 
ukase  accordingly,  which  his  sudden  death  prevented 
being  carried  into  effect.  His  widow,  Catherine  II.  ( 1762), 
immediately  on  her  exercising  sovereign  power,  removed 
every  restriction  relating  to  the  beard.  The  Raskolnicks, 
who  had  fled  the  country  to  avoid  the  objectionable  edicts, 
were  invited  by  her  to  return,  and  had  lands  assigned  for 
their  settlement. 

I  have  thus  sketched  the  history  of  this  beard-tax  through 
a  period  of  nearly  sixty  years,  during  thirty-eight  of  which 
this  Token,  or  "  Borodoraia"  (the  bearded),  as  it  was 
called,  was  in  use;  the  description  of  the  token  itself  is 
as  follows : — on  one  side  is  seen  a  nose,  mouth,  moustaches, 
and  a  large  flowing  beard,  with  the  inscription  "  DINGE 
VSATIA,"  which  means,  money  received;  on  the  reverse 
is  borne  the  date  of  the  year,  in  Russian  characters  (equi- 
valent to  "  1705  year"),  and  the  black  eagle  of  the 
empire. 

The  national  aversion  to  the  origin  of  this  token  pro- 
bably caused   their  destruction  or  dispersion,    after  they 
had  served  their  purpose  for  the  year,  as  they  are  now 
very  rarely  to  be  met  with,  even  in  Russia. 
I  remain,  dear  Sir, 

Yours  very  respectfully, 

WALTER  HAWKINS. 


156 


XXII. 

THE  ADOPTION  OF  THE  ATHENIAN  STANDARD  IN 
THE  COINAGE  OF  SOME  ITALIAN  AND  SICILIAN 
CITIES,  ABOUT  OLYMP.  75  (B.C.  480),  CORROBO- 
RATED AND  ACCOUNTED  FOR  BY  HISTORICAL 
EVIDENCE,  i 

THE  spirit  of  our  present  age,  consisting  chiefly  in  great 
universal  and  systematical  combination,  has  at  last  been 
directed  also  to  the  study  of  ancient  coins,  and  has  opened 
here  a  new  and  most  important  source  of  intelligence.     For 
though  the  great  Eckhel  and  some  other  distinguished  men 
of  the  last  century  very  well  understood  what  illustration 
history  could  receive  from  a  well  directed  study  of  numis- 
matics, yet  they  were  all  more  or  less  embarassed  by  the 
imperfect  arrangement  of  the  subject ;  they  could  but  with 
difficulty  extend  their  views  beyond  the  frontiers  of  that 
state  whose  coins  they  were  treating  of.     The  mere  geogra- 
phical arrangement  of  Eckhel,  by  which  those  cities  that 
were  most  closely  connected   by  commerce  are  severed, 
merely  because  some  are  situate  on  the  coast  of  Asia, 
others  on  that  of  Europe,  by  which  colonies  of  the  same 
city,  with  the  same  type,  and  the  same  standard,  are  dis- 
placed and  torn  from  their  natural  connexion,  must  disturb 
all   historical  order  and  character.     But  it  has  been   the 
immortal  merit  of  these  indefatigable  men,  that  by  their 
pains  a  more  organic  arrangement  is  made  practicable  to 
us.     And  here  it  is  M.  August  Boeckh, 2  who  in  our  days 

1  Being  a  foreigner,  I  beg  pardon  of  the  benevolent  readers 
of  this  Chronicle,  if  there  is  sometimes  in  my  expression  (though 
corrected  and  amended  by  the  favour  of  Mr.  Newton),  somewhat 
strange  or  offensive  to  English  feelings  and  ears,  the  thoughts  of 
every  nation  being  adapted  only  for  their  own  language. 

2  In  his  Metrological  Researches,  Berlin,  1839. 


ATHENIAN    STANDARD.  157 

has  opened  a  new  way  and  a  new  view,  by  shewing  the 
connexion  and  mutual  influence  between  whole  nations, 
from  the  standard  of  the  coins  propagated  by  commerce 
and  intercourse  from  one  city  to  another,  and  changing 
conformably  to  the  increase  of  the  authority  and  influence 
of  another  power.  Correspondence  in  standard,  when 
joined  with  resemblance  of  type,  will  hereafter  afford  a 
more  systematical  arrangement  of  the  Greek  coins. 

By  this  method,  Boeckh  has  gained  some  new  histo- 
rical classes  of  evidence,  one  of  which  I  will  try  here  to 
corroborate  by  testimonies  from  ancient  authors. 

M.  Boeckh,  following  the  steps  of  his  greatest  pupil, 
Otfried  Miiller,3  has  proved  that  the  Greek  cities  of  Italy 
and  Sicily  have,  as  well  as  those  of  other  countries,  early 
received  in  their  coins  the  standard  of  the  Peloponnesian 
or  Corinthian  coinage,  which  fact  corresponds  so  well  with 
all  historical  notices,  that  it  need  in  no  way  surprise  us. 
For,  when  Phidon,  that  great  man,  who  at  so  early  a  period 
contrived  to  unite  the  different  Greek  states  not  only  by 
arbitrary  aggregation,  but  by  the  bonds  of  civil  institutions, 
had  first  provided  with  coins,  or  rather  with  a  certain  and 
well-ordered  system  of  money,4  received  from  the  Baby- 
lonians the  two  capital  commercial  towns  of  Greece,  which 
he  united  for  some  time  under  his  sway,  Corinth5  and 

3  Miiller  first  touched  upon  this  matter  in  his  ^ginetica,  p.  89, 
and  speaks  of  it  afterwards  in  his  Dorians,  vol.  ii.  p.  213,  of  the 
German,  and  p.  227  of  the  English  translation.     Boeckh,  in  the 
book,  above  mentioned,  p.  82. 

4  Boeckh,  p. 77.  compare  p. 282. 

5  That  Phidon  conquered  Corinth,  there  can  be  now  no  doubt ; 
and   it  is   the  fault  of  Miiller,   not  to  have  assigned  a  certain 
period  for  Phidon's  possession  of  Corinth,  which  must  have  been 
for  some  years.     That  it  was  Phidon  who  first  struck  coins  for 
the  Corinthians  is  expressly  said  by  Didymus,  whom  the  scholiast 
of  Pindar  cites  Ol.  xiii.  27. 


158  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 


the  standard  of  this  coin,  as  that  used  by  two  such 
great  commercial  towns,  spread  rapidly  through  the  whole 
Peloponnesus,6  whence,  partly  by  the  colonies  that  pro- 
ceeded from  those  countries,  partly  by  commerce,  par- 
ticularly by  that  of  Corinth,  which  was  almost  entirely 
directed  to  the  coasts  of  the  Adriatic  and  Sicilian  sea,7  it 
was  transported  to  Italy,  and  after  having  been  combined 
with  the  Italian  standard,  was  received  by  almost  all  the 
mercantile  states  of  that  region  as  the  best  manner  of 
facilitating  commerce  and  intercourse. 

This,  then,  is  a  fact  most  probable  and  well  proved  ;  but 
M.  Boeckh  has  also  discovered,8  that  several  of  the  most 
important  cities  of  Italy  and  Sicily?  as  Syracuse  (the 
greatest  colony  of  Corinth,  and  on  which  it  relied  the  most 
for  its  supplies),9  Messana,  and  Rhegium,10  exhibit  the 


6  Hesychius,  v.  ^cXou/i?;  Pollux,  Onom.  ix.74;  compare  Eckhel, 
D.  N.  ii.p.229;  Muller.  JEg,  p.  55;  compare  p.  90;  Dor.  i.  p.  157; 
Boeckh,  p. 94. 

7  The  commerce  of  JSgina,  though  for  the  greatest  part  directed 
to  the  East ;  to  Egypt,  where  the  ^Eginetans  possessed  their  own 
emporium  round  a  temple  of  Jupiter  (Herodot.  ii.  c.  178)  ;  and  to 
the  Black  Sea,  where  they  had  a  colony  (Muller,  ^Eg.  p.  87),  was 
not  excluded  from  the  West.     On  the  contrary,  Pindar  indicates 
very  distant  navigations  of  the   ^Eginetans  to  the  West   (Nem. 
iii.  20;  iv.  69  ;  compare  Muller,  ^Eginetica,  p.  81) ;  and  Strabo 
says  expressly  (viii.  p.  376),  that  they  had  a  colony  in  Umbria, 
which  there  is  no  reason  to  doubt. 

8  Chap.  viii.  p.  318— 324  of  his  Researches. 

9  See  my  history  of  the  Commerce  of  Corinth,  p. 50. 

10  Beside  the  cities  above-mentioned,  Boeckh  enumerates  the 
following  cities  that  received  this  standard :  Gela,  Agrigentum  ; 
these,  as  well  as  Syracuse,  with  few  exceptions  ;  Segesta,  Selinus, 
Panormus,  with  exceptions  ;  Himera  and  Naxos,  with  exceptions ; 
Camarina,   Catana,   Leontini,  Entella,  Motya.     But  in  all  these 
states  it  is  not  so  easy  to  fix  the  period  of  the  reception  of  this 
standard,  which  is  here  the  capital  point  for  us,  as  in  the  three 
states  mentioned  in  the  text.     All  the  coins  of  Messana,  with  the 
hare  and  the  chariot,  have  the  Athenian  standard ;  and  this  type, 


ATHENIAN    STANDARD.  159 

standard  of  the  Athenian  money  at  a  period,  as  nearly  as 
we  can  fix  on  by  the  style  of  the  coins  or  the  object  of  the 
type,  between  the  seventieth  and  eightieth  Olympiad. 
This  statement  appears,  indeed,  somewhat  strange ;  and  so 
it  has  done  to  the  author  himself,  who,  as  appears  from 
his  own  words,  did  not  know  himself  how  to  account  for 
this  fact,  except  on  the  supposition,  that  this  great  change 
in  the  Italian  and  Sicilian  coinage  was  merely  an  event 
produced  by  the  Corinthians,  who  had  adopted  the  standard 
of  the  Athenian  coins,  perhaps  in  consequence  of  the 
abundance  of  the  Athenian  money  coined  from  the  silver 
of  the  productive  mines  of  Laurium.  This  cause,  however, 
stated  by  the  author  himself  hypothetically,  seems  to  me 
to  be  not  important  enough  to  explain  so  great  a  fact;  and 
I  take  the  liberty  to  differ  in  this  point  from  my  most 
beloved  and  revered  master  and  patron. 

First,  if  we  look  at  the  relation  that  existed  between  the 
Corinthians  and  the  Athenians,  it  is  most  curious,  and  of 
the  greatest  importance  for  the  whole  history  of  Greece, 
clearly  to  consider  the  immense  alteration  that  it  had 
undergone,  just  about  the  time  when  M.  Boeckh  is  of 
opinion  that  the  Corinthians  received  the  Athenian  stand- 
ard ;  for  before  this  time  these  two  states  were  united  by 
the  most  intimate  and  heartiest  friendship,  as  it  seemed, 
but  which,  as  the  event  proved,  was  merely  political,  at 
least  on  the  part  of  the  Corinthians.  ^Egina,  that  little 
rocky  island,  but  whose  inhabitants,  of  a  bold  and  enter- 
prising character,  showed  from  a  very  early  time  the 
greatest  vigour  in  commerce  and  navigation,  and  became 
thereby  a  very  strong  naval  power — that  island,  an  obstacle 

as  Aristotle  tells  us  (in  the  text  of  Pollux,  v.  75,  KCLI  ^v  'Ava- 
fyXag — rw  vo/J/oyzctn  TMV  'Prfyivw  (.vtrvTrufftv  cnrrjvrjv  KOI  Xayvv), 
was  given  them  by  Anaxilas,  the  tyrant  of  Rhegium. 


160  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

as  it  was  to  both  states,  Corinth  as  well  as  Athens  whose 
eyesore  (X?^?;)  it  was  called  by  Pericles,11  and  preventing 
both  from  a  free  intercourse  with  the  ^Egean  Sea  and 
Asia,  was  the  cause  that  a  common  feeling  of  envy  and 
hostility  united  those  two  cities.  As  long  as  JEgina  was  a 
powerful  and  predominant  state,12  the  Corinthians  had  no 
greater  interest,  than  to  support  and  assist  by  all  means 
such  a  small  state  as  Athens  at  that  period  was,  in  order 
to  overwhelm  by  it  their  most  hated  rivals,  the  ^Eginetans. 
So  it  was  Corinth  that  opposed  itself  repeatedly  to  the 
other  Peloponnesians,  and  was  the  only  cause  that  the 
Pisistratidae  were  not  restored  in  the  tyrannies  of  Athens, 13 
at  the  time  when  Hippias,  irritated  as  he  was,  spoke  out 
those  fatal  words:  97  fjuev  Kopwdiovs  fjbdXiarra  irav- 
TCOV  eTTiTTodtjo-eiv  I7et<7ia-T/3aT/Sa9,  OTCLV  a<f>i,  ijtcavi 
rjfAepai  al  KvpuaL  dvidcrOat,.  "Assuredly  the  Corin- 
thians would,  with  the  utmost  desire,  long  after  the  Pi- 
sistratidae, to  hold  down  the  aspiring  spirit  of  the  Athe- 
nians, when  the  time  came  in  which  it  was  destined  to 
them  to  suffer  from  it."  And  two  years  before  the  battle 
at  Marathon,  the  Corinthians  supplied  the  Athenians, 
whose  fleet  was  not  strong  enough  to  encounter  that  of 
the  ^Eginetans,  with  twenty  men  of  war;  for  they  were 
then,  as  Herodotus  says,  the  heartiest  friends  to  them : 
ecrav  yap  crfa  rovrov  TOV  'xpovov  <$l\ov  e?  rd  /j,d\i<TTa.1* 
Thus,  when  they  demanded  from  the  Athenians  five 

11  Plutarch  vit.  Periclis,  c.  viii.;  comp.  Rei  Public.  Ger.  prae- 
cepta,  c.  vi.     This  situation  of  ^Egina,  the  ancient  scholiast  of 
Pindar,  Ol.  viii.  28.  p.  192,  B.,  describes  very  well  by  the  words 
TrajOa  roi  7r\Ka)  eicrQai. 

12  See  on  the  great  power   of  this  little  island,  Herodotus, 
V.  c.  Ixxxi. ;  Plutarch  vit.   Themistoclis,  c.  4 ;  Conon  in   Euseb. 
Ol.  Ixviii.  3  ;  and  compare  Miiller,  Mg'm.  p.  88. 

13  Herodot.  v.  c.  75,  and  c.  xcii.         14  Herodot.  vi.  c.  Ixxxix. 


ATHENIAN    STANDARD.  J6J 

drachmae  for  each  vessel,  which  is  indeed  a  trifle,  they 
did  so  only  to  satisfy  the  words  of  a  law,  that  forbade 
them  to  make  a  public  present :  Scorwrjv  <yap  eV  T&> 
voyu-o)  OVK  egfjv  Sovvai ; 15  I  wonder,  therefore,  that  M. 
Wachsmuth,  who  is  pre-occupied  by  M.  Raoul-Rochette's 
prejudice  against  the  Corinthians,  should  reproach  them 
with  the  charge  of  greediness  for  money,  and  state  that 
they  let  their  ships  to  the  ^Eginetans,  with  the  impru- 
dence of  very  short-sighted  merchants.16  But  all  this 
friendly  relation  between  the  Corinthians  and  the  Athe- 
nians was  suddenly  changed,  when  by  the  victory  of  Mara- 
thon, the  latter  displayed  an  immense  vigour,  and  reaped 
alone  the  immortal  glory  of  having  defeated  the  Persian 
army,  in  consequence  of  which  they  gained  a  predominant 
authority  amongst  all  the  Greek  race.  And  this  ascendancy 
of  the  Athenians  became  yet  greater  and  more  formid- 
able, when,  at  the  battle  of  Salamis,  their  fleet  almost 
equalled  that  of  the  other  Grecians  together. 17  Indeed  it 
is  only  by  the  fear  with  which  the  Corinthians  must  have 
then  regarded  their  neighbours,  that  we  can  account  for 
their  odious  behaviour  to  the  Athenians  at  that  junc- 
ture, so  dangerous  for  the  liberty  and  the  whole  exist- 
ence of  free  Greece. 18  And  from  this  time  onward,  the 


15  Herodot.  vi.  c.  Ixxxix.     The  whole  sense  of  this  law  is  indeed 
not  very  easy  to  comprehend. 

16  Wachsmuth,  Hellenische  Alterthumskunde,  i.  p.  136. 

17  Herodotus,  viii.  c.  48  ;  compare  c.  44.     See  also  what  is  said 
by  the  Athenians,  Thucydides  i.  c.  74  ;  Demosthen.  De  Corona, 
c.  Ixx.  ;  Socrates  Paneg.  c.  xxxi.  ;  Diodor    Sic.  xi.  c.  58. 

18  See  Herodotus  viii.  c.  79;  as   also  c.  56.     The  Corinthians 
particularly  are  meant :  compare  the  angry  speech  of  the  Corin- 
thian   general,    Adimantus,     against    Themistocles,    viii.    c.  lix.  ; 
though  it  is  not  quite  to  be  overlooked,  that,  as  Herodotus  is  the 
only   author    of   importance  for    this    period,  and  he  himself  is 
somewhat  partial  to  the  Athenians,  which  surely  cannot  be  denied 

VOL.  vn.  z 


16*2  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

envy  between  these  two  states  grew  every  day  more  and 
more,  till  it  burst  out  in  the  most  furious  hostility. 

Such  were  the  relations  between  the  Athenians  and  the 
Corinthians  at  that  time  :  let  us  see  now  what  at  the  same 
period  were  those  between  the  Athenians  and  those 
regions  where  that  great  change  was  introduced  into  the 
coinage,  which  we  have  such  difficulty  in  accounting  for. 
This  difficulty,  I  hope,  will  disappear,  if  we  accurately 
examine,  and  connect  the  few  and  scanty,  and  therefore 
quite  neglected  notices,  which  authors  have  left  us  of  the 
early  connexions  which  the  Athenians  had  with  Italy  and 
Sicily. 

Only  for  the  sake  of  accuracy,  I  will  not  omit  the  tradi- 
tion of  Ephorus,19  whom  Scymnus  of  Chios,20  who  copies 
that  author  everywhere,  and  Stephanus  of  Byzantium21 
have  followed,  that  it  was  an  Athenian,  Theocles,  the  first 
of  the  Greeks  who  was  by  a  strong  wind  carried  down  to 
Sicily ;  and  who,  not  having  been  able  to  persuade  his 
fellow-citizens  themselves  to  send  a  colony  there,  applied 


(see  Plutarch  de  Herodoti  malignitate,  c.  xxvi,  and  compare  Miil- 
ler,  jEgin.  p.  2),  and  also  a  friend  of  Pericles  (see  Adolf  Scholl's 
Life  of  Sophocles,  p.  119,  126,  130),  we  cannot  wholly  rely  on 
what  he  tells  us  of  the  Corinthians  :  and  more  so,  as  he  himself,  by 
his  great  simplicity,  confesses  (viii.  c.  94),  that  in  his  narration  of 
the  behaviour  of  the  Corinthians  in  the  battle  of  Salamis,  he  has 
followed  the  authority  of  the  Athenians,  but  that  all  the  other 
Greeks  give  a  different  account.  Besides,  Plutarch,  in  the  Book 
just  mentioned  (c.  i.  and  c.  xxxix.)  ;  and  Dio.  Chrysostom,  on 
Corinth  (xxxvii.  t.  ii.  p.  103,  ed.  Reiske)  ;  and  Marcellin,  vit. 
Thucyd.  §  27),  relate  a  particular  motive  for  the  enmity  of  Hero- 
dotus to  the  Corinthians — the  two  latter,  certainly,  in  the  most 
malicious  and  odious  manner. 

19  Strabo,  vi.  p.  267;  Fragm.  Histor.  ed.  Didot.  n.  52.     The 
name,  Thoucles,  recurs  at  Athens  also  in  the  later  age  (Thucy- 
dides,  vii.  c.  16). 

20  V.  272.  21   Stephanus,  v.  Kararrj. 


ATHENIAN    STANDARD.  163 

to  the  Chalcidians,  whom  he  succeeded  in  persuading,  But 
willingly  as  we  would  concede  to  the  Athenians  the 
glory  of  having  discovered  that  island,  yet  there  are 
many  testimonies,  as  well  direct  as  indirect,  that  prevent 
us  from  so  doing;  for  Thucydides,  when  he  says22  that  the 
Chalcidians,  with  Theocles,  had,  the  first  of  the  Greeks, 
built  a  town  in  Sicily,  could  not,  with  his  accuracy,  have 
omitted  to  add,  that  Theocles  was  an  Athenian,  if  it  was  so  ; 
and  thus  also  it  appears  that  Hellanicus23  thought  him  to  be 
a  citizen  of  Chalcis,  which,  too,  is  the  statement  of  Conon.  24 
Nor  does  it  seem  probable,  that  if  this  Theocles  was  the 
same  who  led  the  colonies  of  the  Chalcidians  to  Chalci- 
dice,25  he  should  have  been  an  Athenian.  And  there  is 
another  argument  which  I  account  the  most  important, 
that  the  Athenians,  if  a  fellow-citizen  of  them  had  dis- 
covered Sicily,  certainly  would  have  laid  hold  of  this 
claim,  when  they  afterwards  coveted  the  possession  of  this 
island  with  so  great  cupidity  ;  so  that  by  all  these  reasons 
we  are  induced  to  believe,  that  either  Ephorus  was  mis- 
taken, or  had  his  peculiar  reason  to  transfer  that  glory  to 
the  Athenians;  or  that  Theocles  was  of  an  Athenian 
family  of  Chalcis,  as  the  Athenians  are  said  to  have  founded 
Chalcis  and  Eretria.26  It  is  also  by  no  means  impro- 
bable, that,  among  the  lonians  who  then  went  over  to 
Sicily,  27  there  were  also  some  Athenians. 

Another  fact,  approaching  nearer  in   date   to  the  time 

22  Thucyd.  vii.  3.   XaXa^ife  e£  Evfioiae   TrXtvaavTee  /nera  Qov- 


23  Hellanicus,    'lepet&v  "Hpac   Sevrtpw  ;  Steph.   of  Byz.   vi.  5. 

,-  Fragm.  Hist,  ed  Didot.  n.50. 

24  Conon,  Narrat.  xx. 

25  See  Raoul-Rochette,  Hist,  des  Colonies  Or.  vol.iii.  p.  202. 

26  Strabo,  x.  p.  447  ;  compare  Velleius  Paterculus,  i.  4. 

27  Strabo,  and  Scymnus  of  Chios. 


164  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

when  the  Athenians  became  mighty  by  sea,  related  by 
Hieroriymus  (Eusebius),  under  the  third  year  of  the  fifty- 
fourth  Olympiad;28  viz.  that  Pisistratus,  the  tyrant  of  the 
Athenians,  went  over  to  Italy,  isolated  as  it  is,  is  not  so 
insignificant  as  it  seems,  if  we  suppose  that  Solon,  the 
cotemporary  of  Pisistratus,  who  took  the  greatest  pains  in 
moving  on  his  countrymen  to  industry  and  commerce*29 
in  which  he  himself  gave  them  an  example,30  had  very 
distinct  views  with  regard  to  the  West,  when  he  stirred  the 
war  against  the  Crissseans,31  whose  immense  riches  were 
derived  from  the  duties  which  they  imposed  on  the  Italian 
and  Sicilian  merchandise.32 

But  whatever  be  the  historical  import  of  this  fact,  the 
consequences  we  might  draw  from  it  are  too  uncertain  to 
be  further  dwelt  upon,  and  we  pass  therefore  to  other 
notices,  somewhat  more  complete  and  clear,  and  more 
capable  of  being  combined.  All  these  accounts  are  prin- 
cipally connected  with  Thernistocles,  the  man  who  laid  the 
foundation  of  the  naval  greatness  of  his  countrymen, 
always  reminding  them,  that  all  their  safety  was  on  the 
sea33 — who  exhorted  them  to  employ  the  silver  of  Laurium 


28  P.  30  and  p.  126,  ed.  Scaliger,  1658. 

29  Socrates,  Areopag.  p.  148,  c.  xliv.,  says  of  Solon  and  Clis- 
thenes,   rove  p.ev   yap   vTrodeeffrepov   TrpaTroyrag  iirl  TO.Q  yewjoyme 
/ecu  TOG  epTTOpiciG  erpeTrov.     But  above  all  see  Plutarch  vit.  Solonis, 
c.  xxii. 

30  Plutarch,  c.  ii  ;  comp.  c.  iii.  and  xxv. 

31  See  Aristoteles  (e v  Ty  T&V  ttv6i.oviK(*)v  avaypatyrj)  and  other 
ancient  writers  in  Plutarch   vit.    Sol.   c.  ii.,   with    whom  agrees 
.ZEschines ;  c.  Ctesiphon,  c  cvii.  p.  417,  Bek. 

32  Strabo,  x.  3.  p. 288;  Casaub.  p.277,  Tauchn.; 

yap  o't  Kpiffaaloi  Sia  ra  6K  Tijg  StfceXme  /ecu  rrjq  'IraXtae  T£\rj. 

33  TVJQ  yap  da\a<rcrr]Q  TrpwroQ  iroXfjirjffev  eiireiv  &g  avQeKTta  I 
— rate  yctjO  vaval  fjiaXicrra  TrpoveKeiTO — rovre  Heipaid  w 
ivofjn'^  rr]g  avw  TroAewf ,  K.r.X.      Thucydides,  i.  c.  xciii. 


ATHENIAN    STANDARD.  165 

in  building  a  great  fleet34 — and  who,  after  having  destroyed 
the  Persian  navy,  not  only  surrounded  the  city  of  Athens 
with  a  strong  wall,  but  also  that  fine  port,  Piraeus,  with  its 
three  small  ports,35  which  he  himself  had  called  their  atten- 
tion to — and  who  excited,  by  every  means,  the  industry 
and  the  trade  of  the  Athenians,36  so  that  Athens  began  to 
be  an  emporium  open  to  all  the  world.37  This  man,  whose 
immense  genius  Thucydides  has  so  admirably  described,38 
had  his  attention  peculiarly  fixed  on  Italy,  as  appears 
from  certain  statements. 

Before  the  battle  of  Salamis,  when  the  other  Grecians, 
and  particularly  the  Corinthians,  intended  to  leave,  with 
their  fleet,  the  isle  of  Salamis,  and  go  back  to  the  Isthmus, 
Themistocles,  irritated  by  the  abuses  of  the  Corinthian 
general,  threatened,  that,  if  Eurybiades,  the  general-in- 
chief,  did  not  prevent  the  Grecians  from  doing  so,  the 
Athenians  would  put  their  families  on  board  their  ships 
and  go  to  Siris,  in  Italy,  which  was  their  possession  and 
destined  to  be  colonised  by  them,  as  the  oracles  told — (el 
Se  ravra  ftr)  Troirjcreis,  rj/JLels  fJ<ev  009  e%oyu,ev  ava\a/36vTes  rot"? 
(H/eera?  Ko/miev/jLeO'  e?  ^ipiv  rrjv  ev  'IraXlrj,  fyrsp  rj/jLereprj  TG 
€<TTL  e/c  7ra\cuov  en  KOI  ra  \6jia  \e<yei  VTT  ri 


34  Thucydides,  i.  c.  xiv. ;  Plutarch  vit.  Themist.  c.  iv.  ;  Corne- 
lius Nepos  v.  Them.  c.  ii. ;  Boeckh,  Staatshaushaltung,  i.  p.  268  ; 
comp.  Kriiger,  historisch-philologische  Studien,  p.  17  seqq. 

35  See,  on  this  once  most  excellent  port,  Curtius  de  Portubus 
Athenarum,  and  Ulricbs,  ol  Ki^iveQ  KOI  TO.  rei-^r}  TWV  'Adrfv&r. 

36  Though,  what  Diodorus  Siculus,  xi.  c.  xliii.  says,  that  The- 
mistocles made  rovg  fjieToiKovg  Kal  TOVQ  re-yvlrac,  areAelg,  seems  not 
to  be  quite  accurate.     See  Boeckh,  Staatsh.  i.  pp.  355,  486;  and 
Wachsmuth  i.  ii,  p.  44. 

37  See  the  inscription,  which  first  mentions  the  emporium  of 
Athens,  in  the  journal  called  Zeitschrift  fur  Alterthumswissen- 
schaft,  1844,  p.  30,  where  it  is  published  by  Ulrichs. 

38  I.  c.  138. 


166  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

Seeiv  KTio-Ofjvcu.39  Siris  was  an  ancient  town  of  the  Chones, 
most  renowned  in  all  antiquity  on  account  of  the  fertility 
of  its  district;  and  not  unknown  are  the  sweet  verses  of 
the  poet  Archilochus:40 

ov  'yap  TL  KoXog  Xwpoc  ovff  tyifjiepOG 
ovS'  eparoe,  O'LOQ  aju^t  2/ptog  poag. 

There  was  in  this  town  an  ancient  worship  of  Minerva ; 
and,  moreover,  if  we  may  trust  to  Stephanus  of  Byzan- 
tium,41 the  same  Minerva  Polias  to  whom  was  dedicated  the 
most  sacred  and  ancient  worship  at  Athens.  The  Colo- 
phonians,  and  other  Ionian  tribes,  had  once  taken  posses- 
sion of  this  place  ;42  but  of  any  connexion  between  it  and 
the  Athenians,  such  as  the  words  of  Themistocles,  recorded 
by  Herodotus,  seem  to  prove,  nothing  else  is  recorded.43 
However  it  may  be,  those  menacing  words  of  Themistocles 
are  most  important;  and,  moreover,  if  we  look  at  the 
character  of  the  oracles  in  that  age,  entirely  connected 
with  policy,  that,  if  there  were  nothing  else,  hence  alone 
we  should  infer,  how  intimately  this  great  man  was  im- 
plicated with  the  interest  of  Italy. 

39  Herodot.  viii.  c.  Ixii. 

40  These  verses  are  preserved  by  Athenaeus,  xii.  p.  524. 

41  Stephanus  v.  S/jotg. 

42  See  Athenseus,  the  place  cited. 

43  I  will  point  out  here  a  very  curious  and  almost  neglected 
circumstance,  a  colony  of  the  Athenians  in  Sardinia,  called  Agryle, 
or  Ogryle.       The  notices  hereof  given  (by  Pausanius,  vii.  ii.  2, 
and   Stephanus  of  Byzantium,   s.  v.)  are  too  precise  for   us    to 
think  only  the  name  had  given  rise  to  that  presumption,  particu- 
larly when  we  compare  the  words  of  Aristophanes,  in  his  "Wasps," 
v.  670,     offTtg    TroXewv    ap^vv    TrXe/orwv    airb    TOV    HOVTOV    peXP1 
SapSove.      And  if  there  is  any  truth  in  this  relation,  we  are 
almost  obliged,  by  that  which  I  shall  say  of  the  politics  of  Pericles, 
to  suppose  that  this  connexion  preceded  his  age,  if  it  does  not  refer 
to   the   mythic  age,  which  is,   indeed,  not  probable;  or  to  the 
short  interval  that  intervened  between  the  death  of  Pericles  and 
the  representation  of  the  "  Wasps,"  which  is  also  unlikely. 


ATHENIAN    STANDARD.  167 

But  of  this  there  are  further  indications.  To  one  of 
his  daughters  Themistocles  gave  the  name  of  Italy,  to 
another  that  of  Sybaris,  while  to  a  third  that  of  Asia.44 
Another  fact,  of  more  importance,  is,  that  Themistocles 
had  a  certain  connexion  with  Corcyra,  an  island  which  was, 
and  so  has  proved  also  in  our  days,  the  first  stepping-stone 
on  the  invasion  of  Italy  from  the  side  of  Greece;  and  just 
as  "  in  Africam  ex  Sicilia  gradus  imperii  factus  est"45  by 
the  Romans,  so  by  the  Athenians  into  Sicily  and  Italy  from 
Corcyra.  But  of  what  kind  this  relation  with  Corcyra  was, 
it  is  not  possible  for  us  to  ascertain.  For,  though  there  are 
ancient  writers  who  explain  the  matter  more  particularly, 
yet,  as  it  has  often  been  the  case,  that  some  writer  of  a 
later  period  amplifies  an  obscure  notice  of  a  more  ancient 
one,  just  as  he  thinks  proper,  such  seems  to  have  been  the 
case  here.  That  which  is  certain,  is,  that  Themistocles 
conferred  some  benefit  on  the  Corcyraeans ;  for  that  Thu- 
cydides  tells  us,  where  he  narrates  his  escape46  that  he 
went  from  the  Peloponnesus  to  Corcyra,  after  having  been 
exiled  by  his  countrymen  and  prosecuted  by  his  enemies.47 
(Ol.  76,  4;  B.C.  472.)  Now  the  scholiast  makes  a  note  on 
this  passage  of  his  author,  and  says  this  benefit  was,  that 
Themistocles  had  persuaded  the  Grecians  not  to  persecute 
the  Corcyrseans  by  war,  on  account  of  their  having  declined 
the  participation  in  the  war  against  the  Persians.48  What 


44  Plutarch  vit.  Them,  in  the  last  chapter. 

45  These  are  the  admirable  words  of  Cicero,  in  Verrem,  ii.  i.  2. 

46  I.  c.  cxxxvi.   in  the  beginning  —  &v  avr&v  (T&V  KepKvpaiwv') 


47  See  Kriiger,  historisch-philologische  Studien,  p.  49. 

48  eTretc)//  yap  ov  avvf.^a^r](Tav  —  dXXa  iaofyivavTO  —  epe\\ov  av- 
avt\e~iv  ol  TroAcp/o-aiTfe.     The  behaviour  of  the  Corcyraeans 

on  that  occasion,  which  the  scholiast  very  well  calls  <ro0/£e<T0ai,  is 
to  all  verv  well  known. 


168  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

authority  he  follows  here,  as  usual,  he  does  not  say,  although 
it  is  not  quite  impossible  that  he  may  be  right,  notwith- 
standing that,  according  to  the  strict  sense  of  the  oath 
taken  by  the  Greeks  on  the  Isthmus,  when  assembled  on 
the  information  of  the  expedition  of  Xerxes,49  the  Cor- 
cyraeans, who  had  not  stood  on  the  side  of  the  enemies, 
were  not  subjected  to  punishment.  But  very  often  those 
who  have  dedicated  their  labours  to  the  illustration  of  the 
great  historian  of  the  Peloponnesian  war,  have  observed, 
that  the  scholiast  makes  a  statement,  drawn  from  the 
words  of  the  author  himself,  which  seems  to  be  quite  a 
new  one.  Moreover,  Plutarch  is  entirely  ignorant  of  this 
cause  of  the  obligation  that  the  Corcyrseans  bore  to  The- 
mistocles,  and  relates  another,50  but  uses  such  a  phrase,51 
that  it  seems  most  probable  that  he  also  had  Thucydides 
specially  before  his  eyes.  Plutarch  tells  us,  that  Theinis- 
tocles,  when  appointed  arbiter  between  the  Corcyraeans 
and  the  Corinthians,  about  the  possession  of  Leucas,  com- 
posed their  dissension  in  this  manner, — he  imposed  a  fine 
of  twenty  talents  on  the  Corinthians,  and  let  them  both 
possess  Leucas,  each  for  an  equal  part.  Also  this  cause 
is  by  no  means  improbable,  or  rather  much  more  probable, 
than  that  stated  by  the  scholiast ;  inasmuch  as,  by  the  share 
that  the  Corcyraeans  took  in  the  foundation  of  almost 
all  the  other  colonies  of  Corinth,  whence  they  are  ascribed 
by  the  authors,  sometimes  to  the  Corinthians,  sometimes 
to  the  Corcyraeans,  there  was  much  material  for  dissen- 
sion between  these  two  states;  and,  indeed,  the  first  cause 
of  the  Peloponnesian  war  was  of  this  kind*  But  we  must. 

49  Herodotus,  vii.  c.  cxxxii.;  Lycurg.  contra  Leocratem;  Diodor. 
xi.  c.  iii.  and  xxix. ;  compare  Ulrichs  ;  the  Megarian  \f/j70t<rjua,  p.  17, 
in  the  note. 

50  Plutarch  vita  Themistocles,  c.  xxiv. 

51  ovarjQ  avraj  Trpog  rf}r  iroXiv  evepyeaiac.      TevopevoG  yap,  K.T.\. 


ATHENIAN    STANDARD.  ]  69 

not  forget,  that  there  is  no  mention  of  such  an  arbitration 
as  Plutarch  mentions,  in  the  conference  that  took  place 
between  the  Corinthians  and  Corcyraeans  at  Athens,  as 
recorded  by  Thucydides,  although  we  can  imagine  how 
the  Corcyraeans  might  have  passed  by  in  silence  that  pre- 
ceding kindness  of  the  Athenians,  or  rather  of  the  after- 
wards banished  Themistocles ;  and  though  this  conference 
is  not  said  by  Thucydides  to  be  verbally  reported  to  us,52 
it  is  most  probable,  that,  as  he  was  then  not  banished, 
and  attended  to  all  public  affairs,  he  heard  these  speeches 
himself.  Pseudo-Themistocles,  whoever  may  be  the  author 
of  those  letters  that  bear  the  name  of  that  great  man, 
where  he  touches53  on  the  benefit  bestowed  on  the  Corcy- 
raeans, does  not  specify  of  what  kind  it  was,  which  is  not 
unimportant  in  reference  to  the  authority  of  the  other 
traditions ;  but  he  adds  a  new  notice,  which  I  cannot  omit, 
viz.,  that  Themistocles  prepared  to  go  from  Corcyra  to 
Hieron  of  Syracuse,  but,  having  heard  of  his  death,  changed 
his  plan.54 

52  See  what  the  author  himself  says,  i.  c.  xxii. 

53  In  the  eighteenth  and  nineteenth  letter. 

54  Cornelius  Nepos,  if  it  is  but  he,  when  he  tells  us  (vita  The- 
mistocles, c.  ii.)  that  the  Athenians  had  made  war  upon  the  Cor- 
cyrseans  under  the  conduct  of  Themistocles,  has  apparently  con- 
founded the  Corcyraeans  with  the  ^ginetans,  and  had  the  war 
with  the  latter  in  view,  which  is  particularly  clear,  as  he  says  that 
this   was  the  first  step  of  Themistocles   to   his  political  career 
(primus  reipublicae  capessenda?  gradus).     This  fault  of  Nepos  is 
already  acknowledged  by  the  penetrating  Lambinus,  wherefore  I 
wonder  indeed  at  Mr.  Roscher,  who,  in  his  excellent  book  on  the 
work  and  the  life  of  Thucydides  (p.  398,  note  12),  speaks  without 
any  doubt  of  this  war  between  the  Corcyra3ans  and  the  Athenians, 
and  refers  it  to  the  time  when  Miltiades  and  Aristides  were  the 
chiefs  of  the  Athenian  republic.     Cornelius  himself  does  not  agree 
with  his  own  narration,  when  he  says  that  Themistocles  fled  to 
Corcyra,  and  was  sent  by  the  first  men  of  that  state  to  Epirus 
(c.  viii.). 

VOL.    VII.  A  A 


170  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

By  all  these  scanty,  but  when  connected,  most  important 
notices,  we  may  clearly  perceive,  that,  at  the  period  we 
have  been  speaking  of,  the  views  of  the  Athenians,  at  least 
of  their  great  leaders,  were  not  so  far  from  Italy  and  Sicily 
as  is  commonly  supposed;  but  that  there  was  an  intimate 
connexion  between  these  countries :  and  this  is  confirmed 
in  a  new  way  by  another  isolated  and  quite  neglected  fact, 
which,  valued  as  it  deserves,  is  of  the  highest  importance ; 
namely,  that  in  the  fifth  year  of  the  Peloponnesian  war, 
when  the  cities  of  Italy  and  Sicily,  divided  as  usual  into 
two  parties,  made  war  upon  each  other,  the  cities  of  the 
Chalcidians,  together  with  Camarina  and  Rhegium,  which 
all  stood  on  the  side  of  the  Leontians,  then  the  principal 
leaders  of  this  party  against  the  Syracusans  and  the  other 
Dorian  states  of  Sicily,  begged  assistance  from  the  Athe- 
nians, as  well  by  virtue  of  an  ancient  confederacy.,  as  while 
they  were  lonians,  Kara  re  I7ra\aiav  ^v/jbaa^iar9  ical 
OTL  "Jft)V6?  rjcrav.55  As  we  must  certainly  refer  this 
ancient  confederacy,  if  not  to  a  more  remote  period,  at 
least  to  the  time  of  the  battle  of  Salamis — if  we  take 
into  consideration,  that  it  could  not  have  been  made  by 
the  Athenians  in  the  time  of  Pericles,  with  whose  politics 
it  would  have  been  as  inconsistent  as  with  those  of  Cimon, 
whose  maxim  was  peace  at  home,  and  war  against  the 
Persians — we  may  learn  by  this  how  far,  and  to  what  extent, 
the  authority  and  the  influence  of  the  Athenians  had  spread 
already  at  so  early  a  date. 

We  have  another  testimony  of  a  more  peaceable  inter- 
course between  Athens  and  Syracuse  in  the  time  of 
Pericles,  who,  after  a  few  years,  succeeded  to  Themistocles 
as  head  of  the  Athenian  republic,  not  less  attentive  than  he 
was  to  the  glory  and  power  of  his  countryman,  but  far 


55 


Thucydides,  jii.  c.  86. 


ATHENIAN    STANDARD.  171 

remote  from  every  daring  undertaking,  and  attached  too 
firmly  to  more  secure  and  nearer  advantages56  than  could 
be  adopted  by  the  views  of  his  predecessor  in  laying  hold 
of  those  distant  countries,  but  who,  on  the  contrary,  we 
are  distinctly  told,  restrained,  as  long  as  he  lived,  the 
ambitious  longings  of  the  Athenians  after  the  possession  of 
Italy  and  Sicily.57  He  would  therefore  wish  to  animate, 
by  all  means,  a  friendly  commercial  intercourse ;  and, 
accordingly,  Lysias  tells  us,58  that  his  father,  Cephalus, 
came  from  Syracuse  to  settle  at  Athens,  on  the  entreaties 
of  Pericles,  who  was  his  friend  and  his  host,  about  O1.76, 
just  about  the  time  of  the  exile  of  Themistocles. 

When  we  now  connect  all  these  scanty  statements  into 
one  argument,  remembering  how  incidental  they  are,  and 
what  great  and  other  important  relations  we  must  infer 
from  them,  it  is  clear,  that  just  about  the  period  of  the 
battle  of  Salamis,  the  time  of  the  greatest  disinterested 
glory  of  the  Athenians,  when  all  the  Greek  states  looked 
at  them  as  the  defendants  of  the  common  cause  of  free 
Greece,  the  influence  of  the  Athenians  in  the  affairs  of  the 
Western  countries  was  very  great,  much  greater  than  in 
the  next  period;  so  that  we  may,  with  the  best  reason, 
attribute  to  this  influence,  combined  with  a  desire  to 
oppose  the  Corinthian  ascendancy,  the  introduction  of  the 
Athenian  standard  in  the  coinage  of  the  cities  of  Italy  and 
Sicily.  HENRY  BARTH. 


5  This  is  the  a^aXeia  of  Pericles,  of  which  Plutarch  speaks, 
vita  Periclis,  c.  17  ;  compare  c.  19,  where  he  calls  him  ct<r^aXi)g 
Knl  ZpcKTrijpioQ'  See,  above  all,  the  characteristic  of  this  great 
statesman  by  Thucydides,  i.  c.  65. 

57  Plutarch  vita  Per.  c.  17  ;  compare  v.  Alcibiadis,  c.  20. 

58  See  Hoelscher  vita  Lysiae,  p. 9.     Compare  p.] 6,  though  I 
must  confess,  that  the  words  of  Lysias,  contra  Eratosthenem,  54, 
make  me  somewhat  hesitate. 


172 


XXIII. 
COIN  OF  NERO,  WITH  WREATH. 

Dear  Sir, 

I  HAVE  the  pleasure  of  forwarding  an  impression  of  the 
obverse  of  the  brass  coin  of  Nero,  which  I  showed  you  this 
morning.  The  reverse  bears  the  usual  type  of  Genio 
Augusti,  but  without  the  Sk  C. 

The  point  most  worthy  of  notice  is  the  peculiar  shape  of 
the  crown,  which  is  formed  of  alternate  and  distant  leaves, 
with  berries  at  intervals.  The  fineness  of  the  work  shows 
that  the  artist  was  capable  of  delineating  the  laurel  in  its 
usual  form,  had  he  intended  to  do  so.  If,  then,  the  crown 
be  not  laurel,  it  is  probably  the  wild  olive,  a  plant  with 
alternate  leaves,  as  may  be  seen  by  referring  to  any  bota- 
nical work,  or  to  the  plate  given  by  Martyn,  in  his  edition 
of  the  Georgics.  "  Graeci  Olympia  victores  oleastro  coro- 
nant,"  says  Pliny ;  and  I  take  the  crown  in  question  to  be 
that  which  Nero  wore  at  the  Olympic  games,  and  which, 
according  to  Suetonius,  he  wore  when  he  entered  Rome ; 
"  eo  curru  quo  Augustus  olim,  ....  coronamque  capiti 
gerens  Olympiacam." 

I  remain,  dear  Sir, 

Yours  very  truly, 

GEO.  SPARKES. 

To  C.  NEWTON,  ESQ. 

BKOMLEY,  IK  KENT, 
ilth  Feb.  1845. 

Miiller  (Archaologie  der  Kunst,  p.  494-5)  has  already 
remarked,  that,  on  the  coins  of  Elis,  the  head  of  Jupiter 


SYCEE    SILVER.  173 

Olympius  is  found,  with  the  wreath  of  wild  olive  (the 
cotinus) ;  and  that  this  wreath  distinguishes  the  Olympian 
from  the  Dodonaean  Jupiter,  who  is  represented  with  a 
wreath  of  oak  leaves.  Krause,  in  his  recent  most  learned 
work  (Olympia,  p.  332),  considers  that  it  was  given  to  the 
victors  in  all  the  games  at  Olympia.  From  the  very  valu- 
able list  of  Olympic  victors  in  this  work,  we  learn  that 
Nero  obtained  Olympic  victories  with  a  quadriga  of  colts, 
— with  the  ten-horse  chariot  of  colts, — in  the  contest  of  the 
heralds, — and  in  the  musical  contest  instituted  by  him,  and 
first  performed  Ol.  211;  cf.  Philost.  vit.  Apoll.  t.  iv.  8,  24; 
v.  2,  7  ;  Sueton.  Nero,  c.  22, 24 ;  Dio.  Cass.  Ixiii.  c.  14,  20  ; 
Zonares,  Annal.  xi.  47 ;  Cors.  d.  Ag.  Ol.  p.  135;  F.  A.iv. 
p.  156,  157;  Afric.  apud  Euseb.  fE\\  oA,  p.  44;  Scaliger, 
larop  crvvy  p.  340 ;  and  that  at  his  entrance  into  Rome  he 
displayed  his  prize  garlands,  eighteen  hundred  in  number 
(Dio.  Cassius,  Ixiii.  c.  21). 

[We  are  much  obliged  to  Mr.  Sparkes  for  his  very  interesting 
communication  ;  and  we  take  this  opportunity  of  renewing  our 
invitation  to  English  collectors  generally  to  contribute  from  time 
to  time  to  the  Journal  notices  and  illustrations  of  new  and  inter- 
esting coins  in  their  cabinets.] 


XXIV. 
SYCEE   SILVER. 

[Read  before  the  Numismatic  Society,  January  23,  1845.] 

IT  is  not  my  intention  to  enter  here  into  a  detailed  account 
of  the  origin  of  Sycee  silver,  but  merely  to  touch  on  its 
employment  as  a  currency,  which  is  of  a  period  compara- 
tively recent,  in  illustration  of  an  examination  which  I 
made  some  time  since,  on  the  occasion  of  the  transfer  of 
part  of  the  Chinese  ransom  to  Her  Majesty's  Mint.  On 
that  occasion  I  had  an  opportunity,  owing  to  the  kindness 


174  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

of  the  officers  of  that  establishment,  of  inspecting  several 
ingots  of  Sycee.  The  term  is  stated  by  Dr.  Morrison,  as 
well  as  the  late  Mr.  Robert  Morrison,  to  mean  "  fine  floss 
silk,"  in  allusion  to  the  purity  of  the  metal,  which  is  appa- 
rently a  native  silver.  It  is  run  into  circular,  or  shoe-shaped 
ingots,  called  in  the  Dutch  East  Indian  establishments 
"  schuyt,"  or  "  boats,"  and  bears  a  legal  stamp,  or  inscription, 
on  its  upper  surface.  Although  not  strictly  numismatic,  yet 
as  interesting  in  respect  to  this  subject,  I  must  put  in  juxta 
position  with  the  statement  ^of  the  silver  being  so  called 
from  its  quality,  the  notice  on  this  metal  in  the  San-tsae 
too-hwuy,  Keuen  113,  Chin-Paou,  p.  5.  "  Gold  is  produced 
at  Yih-chow,  silver  at  Yung-chang.  The  commentary  of 
Taou,  the  alchemist,  states,  that  all  places  produce  gold. 
The  districts  of  Leang,  Ylh,  and  Ning  produce  much, 
which  appears  in  particles  of  the  sand  in  the  water,  called 
native  gold.  Silver  is  found  at  the  same  places,  but  is 
produced  in  stones.  Soo-kung  deems  that  silver  does  not 
come  from  the  same  places  as  gold  which  is  found  in  the 
water.  Chin-tsang-ke  states,  that  native  gold  is  the  ex- 
crement of  a  venomous  snake,  and  that  he  had  constantly 
seen  persons  procure  gold,  by  digging  a  cubit  and  more 
deep  in  the  earth,  until  they  arrived  at  a  stratum  of  fine 
stones,  which  had  all  a  dark  burnt  colour.  Under  the 
stones  was  gold.  The  larger  pieces  are  like  a  finger,  the 
smaller  about  the  size  of  hemp-seed,  or  bean ;  its  colour  mul- 
berry and  yellow.  If,  when  bitten,  it  is  extremely  soft,  it  is 
true  gold.  Corn-like  gold  comes  out  of  river  sand.  It  is 
washed  and  taken  on  a  rug,  or  over  a  goose's  or  duck's  belly. 
What  the  comment  and  Chin  say  are  not  at  present  correct, 
for  gold  now  comes  from  Jaou,  Sin,  Nan,  Keen,  and  Tang- 
chow.  The  gold  which  is  collected  is  of  different  kinds, 
either  in  lumps  like  stones,  or  in  grain  like  millet  or  beans. 


SYCEE    SILVER.  175 

Should  these  not  have  been  submitted  to  fire,  they  are 
called  native  gold.  Silver  is  in  mines  mixed  up  with  cop- 
per. The  persons  of  the  districts  who  collect  it  are  obliged 
to  take  lead  and  repeatedly  melt  it,  when  it  appears  per- 
fect :  hence  it  cannot  be  native  silver.  There  is  no  other 
native  silver;  and  the  writings  which  state  that  all  the 
fissures  in  the  district  of  Lo-ping,  of  the  district  of  Jaou 
chow,  have  native  silver,  grossly  err,  for  assuredly  the  true 
metal  which  is  found  in  the  fissures  is  in  pieces,  infused  in 
stones.  If  it  has  the  appearance  of  fine  silk,  or  hair,  the 
people  of  the  district  call  it  Laou-ung-seu,  Old  Man's 
Beard.  Specimens  of  this  sort  are  excessively  difficult  to 
procure ;  and  when  books  use  the  term  native  silver,  they 
must  mean  this." x  Similar  allusions  occur  in  other  native 
works  to  the  flossy  and  silky  appearance  of  native  silver; 
and  according  to  the  same  authorities,  the  Corea  and 
Annam,  and  the  other  bordering  countries,  supply  their 
proportion  to  the  Chinese  market. 

Mr.  Robert  Morrison,  to  whom  we  are  indebted  for  the 
best  published  account  of  Sycee  silver,  states  that  it  is 
formed  into  ingots,  stamped  with  the  mark  of  the  office 
from  which  it  issues,  and  with  a  date.  1  may  also  quote  in 
support  of  this,  a  communication  addressed  to  me  by  Mr. 
Reeves,  many  years  resident  at  Canton,  who  states,  in  illus- 
tration of  a  particular  ingot,  that  "  the  duties  are  all  paid 
at  Canton  in  pieces  of  this  exact  weight  (ten  taels) ;  and 
the  families  of  the  payers,  etc.,  are  always  held  responsible 
for  its  purity.  The  marks  are  put  on  by  the  refiner  (not 
the  government),  who  is  employed  by  the  payer  of  the 
duties.  They  are  paid  into  the  treasury  in  the  present 

1  I  have  corrected  in  this  passage,  hea  (Morrison,  3360),  to 
puh  (ibid.  8781),  which  restoration  the  context  demands.  If 
hea  should  stand,  read  "  quite  different  is  native  silver."  For  re- 
finement of  silver,  cf.  San-tsae.  loc.  fit.  p.  9. 


176  NUMISMATIC   CHRONICLE. 

state.  Probably  again  re-issued  in  part  for  the  payment  of 
salaries."  He  further  observes,  that  "  every  piece  must  be 
made  to  the  exact  weight  of  ten  taels ;  hence  you  will  see 
on  the  under  side  of  it,  whence  particles  have  been  drilled 
out."  According  to  Mr.  Morrison  there  are  five  sorts  : — 

1.  Kwan-leang,  or  the  Hoppoo  (custom-house)  duties,  forwarded 
to  Pih-king,  97 — 99,  to  touch.     An  extra  duty  is  levied  to  reach 
this  fineness. 

2.  Fan  hoo,  land-tax.     High  standard  but  less  than  the  Hop- 
poo.     These  two  are  government  duties,  and  are  probably  issued 
by  the  local  governments  for  salaries. 

3.  Yuen  paou  (in  Canton  dialect,  Une  po).     No  government  tax. 

4.  Yen  leang  (Canton  dialect,  Een  heang),  salt  duties  of  a  low 
standard  of  purity. 

5.  Muh  tae,  or  Wuh  tae,  uncleansed,  the  grossest  of  all,  only 
used  for  the  purpose  of  plating,  or  washing  grosser  metals. 

The  Chinese  Canton  ransom  contained  a  large  propor- 
tion of  pieces  of  the  second  kind,  or  land-tax,  many  of  them 
of  a  period  long  past.  The  following  list  will,  however, 
exhibit  the  actual  state  of  the  ransom. 

Specimens  selected  for  inspection. 
Marked  A.  1.  Keen  lung  woo  shih  pa  neen  shih  yih  yue,  1 1th  moon 

of  58th  year  of  Keen  lung,  A. D.  1 793. 
R.  Chang  ying  he'e'n  tseang  Wangfow. 

The  Chang  ying  he'e'n ;  refiner,  Wangfow. 
A.  2.  Kea  king  yuen  neen  sze  yue,  4th  moon  of  first  year  of  Kea 

king,  A.D.  1796. 
R.  ...  he'e'n  tseang  Foo  wan. 

The  ....  he'e'n  ;  refiner,  Foo  wan. 
A.  2.  L.  Same. 

R.  Seang  shan  he'e'n  tseang  Wangkae. 

The  Seang  shan  he'e'n  ;  refiner,  Wangkae. 
L.  Same,  no  month. 
R.  Hwang  gan  he'e'n  tseang  Wang  jin. 
....  The  Hwang  gan  he'e'n ;  refiner,  Wang  jin. 
L.  Do. 
R.  Yang  kang  he'e'n  tseang  Wang  jin. 

The  Yang  kang  he'e'n  ;  refiner,  Wang  jin. 
L.  Do. 
R.  Seaou  shan  he'e'n  tseang  Kang  tseu. 

The  Seaou  shan  he'e'n  ;  refiner,  Kang  tseu. 


SYCEE    SILVER.  177 

C.  1.  Fung  ching  he'e'n. 

The  Fung  ching  he'e'n. 
L.  Kea  king  urh  shih  sze  neen  woo  yue,  5th  moon,  24th  year 

of  Keaking,  A.  D.  1820. 
R.  Woo   shih  leang  tseang  Hwang  kin,  50  ounces  ;  refiner, 

Hwang  kin. 

D.  1.  Ta  yin  he'e'n. 

The  Ta  yin  he'e'n. 
L.  Taou  kwang  tseih  neen  sze  yue,  7th  year  of  Taou   kwang, 

4th  moon,  A.D.  1827. 

R.  Woo  shih  leangtseang  Leu  mow,  50  ounces ;  refiner,  Leu  mow. 
2.  Taou  kwang  yuen  neen,  1st  vear  of  Taou  kwang,  A.D.  1821. 
R.  Same  as  No.  1,  impressed  yu  "  excessive,"  "  over." 

E.  1.  Luh  neen   shih  urh   yue.      Seuen  tih   Chin  hang  foo  Sin 

yang  heen. 

6th  year,  12th  moon  of  Scuen  tih  ;  A.  D.  1430.     Ching  hang 
foo,  refiner;  the  Soo  yang  he'e'n. 

F.  1.  Hoo  foo,  city  of  Hoo  foo. 

R.  Kea  king  yuen  ne'e'n,  first  year  of  Kea  king,  A.D.  1796. 
L,  Kew  yue  Kwang  yuen,  9th  moon  ;  refiner,  Kwang  yuen. 

2.  Above,  Paou  chang. 

R.  Kea  king  tseih  neen,  7th  year  of  Kea  king,  A.D.  1802. 

L.  San  yue,  Kwang  yuen,  3rd  moon  ;  refiner,  Kwang  yuen. 

3.  Yingtih. 
R.  Do. 

L.  Sze  yue  Yuen  chang  ke,  4th  moon ;  refiner,  Yuen  chang. 

4.  Above,  Sze  hwuy. 
R.  Do. 

L.  Do. 

5.  Above.  L6  kwei. 

R.  Kea  king  urh  shih  neen,  20th  jear  of  Kea  king,  A.D.  1816. 
L.  San  yue  Kwang  ching,  3rd  moon  ;  Kwang  ching,  refiner. 

G.  1.   Sin  hwuy  he'e'n,  town  of  Shi  hwuy. 

R.  Taou,  kwang  san  neen,  3rd  moon  of  Taou  kwang,  A.  D.  1 823. 
L.  Shih  yue  yin  tseang  Kwang  yuen,  10th  moon;  refiner, 

Kwang  yuen. 

2.  Tih  too  chow,  city  of  Tih  too. 

R.  Taou  Kwang  san  ne'e'n,  3rd  year  of  Taou  kwang,  A.D.  1823. 
L.  Shih  yue  yin  tseang  Hwang  tsung  mow,  10th  moon  ;  silver 

refiner,  Hwang  tsung  mow. 
G.  3.   Chaou  king  foo,  city  of  Chaou  king. 
R.  As  preceding. 
L.   Shih  yue  yin   tseang... Yuen  chang,  10th  moon  ;  refiner  .. 

Yuen  chang. 
4.  Tae  ke. 
R.  Taou  kwang  liih  ne'e'n,  6th  year  of  Taou  kwang,  A.D.  1826. 

VOL.    VII.  H    J5 


178  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

L.   Shih  yih  yue  ...  ke,  llth  moon  ;  refiner  ...  ke. 

5.  Ung  yuen  been,  town  of  Ung  yuen. 

R.  Taou  kwang  pa  ne'e'n,  8th  year  of  Taou  kwang,  A.D.  1828. 
R.  Ching  yue  yin  tseang  kwang  yuen,  1st  moon,  refiner,  Kwang 
yuen. 

6.  King  chow  foo,  city  of  King  chow. 

R.  Taou  kwang  pa  neen,  8th  year  of  Taou  kwang,  A.D.  1828. 
L.  Woo  yue  yin  tseang  Keang  Kwang  yuen,  5th  moon ;  silver 
refiner,  Keang  Kwang  yuen. 

7.  Sin  hing  he'e'n,  town  of  Sin  hing. 

R.  Taou  kwang  pa  neen,  8th  year  of  Taou  kwang,  A.  D.  1828,  &c. 

8.  Tae  ke. 

R.  Taou  kwang  kew  neen,  9th  year  of  Taou  kwang,  A.D.  1829. 
L.  Woo  yue  Ping  tsoo  ke,  5th  moon ;  Ping  tsoo  ke,  refiner. 

9.  Ho  ping  he'e'n,  town  of  Hoping. 
R.  As  before. 

L.  Urh  yue  yin  tseang  Ping  le  chin,  2nd  moon ;  silver  refiner, 
Ping  le  chin. 

10.  Ta  poo  been,  town  of  Ta  poo. 

R.  Taou  kwang  shih  pa  neen,  18th  year  of  Taou  kwang,  A.D.  1838. 
L.   Sze  yue  yin  tseang  Keang  kwang  yuen,  4th  moon  ;  silver 
refiner,  Kwang  yuen,  or  Keang  kwang  yuen. 

11.  Tae  ping  kwan.     The  Tae  ping  barrier. 

R.  Taou  kwang  shih   kew  neen,    19th  year  of  Taou  kwang, 

A.D.  1389. 
L.  Ta  shun  haou  ke. 

Ta  shun  (refiners')  firm. 

H.  1,  2,  3.   Chang  shing  (refiner,  or  firm's  name). 
I.   Ta  shun  (name  of  a  firm). 
K.  Hoo  yun,  Nan  mow  (name  of  a  firm). 
L.  Kwang  ....  chen  ke. 

Kwang  chen,  refiner. 

M.   Above,  TAE  ho,  San  sin,  impressed  Fan  (foreign). 
N.  Sin  gan,  probably  town  of  Sin  gan,  near  Canton. 
R.  Below  Tong  fow. 
O.  Fiih  tsing  been,  town  of  Fiih  tsing. 
R.  Shih  neen  shih  yue,  10th  year,  10th  moon. 

Lin  yung  (name  of  a  firm). 
P.  Above,  Kaou  (name). 

Shih  urh  yue,  12th  moon. 

Wan  ho,  name  of  a  firm. 
Q.   Sze  kwan  been,  town  of  Sze  kwan. 
R.    L.  Kew  neen,  9th  year. 
11.  1 .    Wan  ho  haou,  firm  of  Wan  ho. 

2.  Sin  ting. 

3.  Wan  tsuh. 

4.  Yuen  paou,  tseang  pe  yuen  ;  refiner,  Pe  y 
Along  with  these  were  some  smaller  pieces. 


ON    THE    COINS    OF    HIMERA.  179 

It  will  be  seen  from  this  list,  that  the  usual  disposition  is 
thus.  On  the  upper  part  of  the  ingot,  in  a  rectangle,  is 
inscribed  the  name  of  the  town,  or  city,  where  the  duty  was 
paid  in  for  the  land-tax ;  but  this  was  replaced  by  the 
name  of  the  firm,  called  in  Chinese,  Haou,  when  levied 
from  a  mercantile  house.  The  inscription  at  the  sides  con- 
tains the  date  of  the  year  and  month  when  refined,  and  the 
name  of  the  firm  of  the  refiner;  and  it  is  here  to  be 
observed,  that  the  firm-name  is  a  felicitous  name  assumed 
by  the  mercantile  house,  and  having  no  relation  with  the 
actual  name  and  surname  of  the  parties,  but  an  appella- 
tive like  those  of  our  hotels  and  inns.2  S.  BIRCH. 


XXV. 

ON  THE  DATE  OF  SOME  OF  THE  COINS  OF 
HIMERA. 

[Read  before  the  Numismatic  Society,  Thursday,  March  27,  1845.] 

MY  DEAR  SIR, 

I  OBSERVE,  that  in  your  notes  attached  to  the  catalogue  of 
Thomas's  coins  (p.  42),  you  call  attention  to  the  remarkable 
change  in  weight  observable  in  the  silver  coins  of  Himera, 
and  add,  "  These  later  coins  (those  with  the  crab  on  the 
reverse)  being  didrachmae  of  the  Attic  talent,  shew  that 
some  early  and  important  political  change  had  taken  place, 
and  occasioned  an  alteration  in  the  public  standard  of  the 
money  of  Himera."  It  appears  to  me,  that  it  is  not  diffi- 
cult to  point  out  what  the  political  revolution  was  that 
occasioned  this  change  in  the  coinage.  Indeed,  this  altera- 
tion in  the  standard  of  weight  (the  importance  of  which  you 
have  been,  I  believe,  the  first  to  point  out),  only  brings  a 

2  Mem.    The  dates  of  the  regnal  years  are  roughly  calculated  to 
the  year  of  the  Christian  era,  and  not  reduced. 


180  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

fresh  argument  in  support  of  a  view  which  I  have  been 
long  accustomed  to  regard  as  almost  certain,  and  so  ob- 
vious, that  I  am  surprised  to  find,  on  inquiry,  that  it 
appears  to  be  new  to  numismatists  in  general. 

The  union  of  the  types  of  two  different  cities  on  the  two 
sides  of  the  same  coin,  is  generally  to  be  regarded  as  indi- 
cating an  alliance  between  the  two ;  and  as  such  alliances 
were  often  of  very  brief  duration,  it  is  not  to  be  wondered 
at  that  coins  of  this  description  are  often  of  great  rarity. 
This  is  not  the  case,  however,  with  those  in  question,  which 
are  perhaps  the  commonest  of  all  the  coins  of  Himera, 
though  they  do  not  present  any  such  differences  in  the 
style  of  work,  as  would  seem  to  indicate  their  having  con- 
tinued to  be  struck  during  any  very  long  period  of  time. 
Now,  it  is  of  course  well  known  to  all  persons  acquainted 
with  the  history  of  Sicily,  that  there  was  a  period  of  at  least 
ten  years  during  which  Himera  and  Agrigentum  not  only 
were  in  alliance,  but  virtually  formed  parts  of  the  same 
state,  being  both  of  them  subject  to  the  government  of 
Theron,  and  his  son  Thrasydaeus.  I  am  not  aware  that 
there  exist  any  means  of  determining,  with  certainty,  the 
precise  date  at  which  Theron  commenced  his  rule  over 
Himera;  but  we  can  at  least  arrive  at  a  near  approxima- 
tion to  it.  Diodorus  places  his  death  in  the  archonship  of 
Chares  (B.C.  472—1), l  and  says  that  he  had  governed  Agri- 
gentum during  sixteen  years,  which  would  give  B.  c.  488—7 
for  the  commencement  of  his  reign  in  that  city;  and  he 
certainly  did  not  make  himself  master  of  Himera  until 
afterwards.  We  know  also  from  Herodotus,2  that  he  had 
expelled  Terillus  from  Himera  before  the  great  Cartha- 
ginian expedition  to  Sicily  (B.  c.  480) ;  and  that  author 


1  Diodor.  lib,  xi.  c.  53.  a  vii.  1 65. 


ON    THE    COINS    OF    HIMERA.  181 

even  represents  the  expulsion  of  Terillus  as  the  proximate 
cause  of  that  invasion.  Hence  we  may  infer  that  Theron 
had  made  himself  master  of  Himera  at  least  one  or  two 
years  before  that  event,  which  will  allow  nine  or  ten  years 
for  the  period  of  his  own  rule  over  the  two  cities ;  and  to 
this  may  be  added  perhaps  a  year  for  that  of  his  son 
Thrasydseus,  who,  according  to  Diodorus,  was  expelled  not 
long  after  his  father's  death,  but  the  exact  period  is  no- 
where indicated. 

It  is  scarcely  necessary  to  observe,  that  none  of  the 
so-called  tyrants  of  the  Greek  cities  struck  coins  in 
their  own  names  so  early  as  the  fifth  century  B.C.;  and 
that  those  published  by  the  Prince  of  Torremuzza,  and 
other  early  writers,  with  the  name  of  Theron,  are  merely 
coins  of  Terina,  the  legend  of  which  had  been  altered,  or 
wrongly  read.  Nothing,  on  the  contrary,  would  appear 
more  probable,  than  that  he  should  have  introduced  such 
a  change  in  the  coinage  of  Himera,  as  would  indicate  at 
the  same  time  the  close  union  of  the  two  cities,  and  the 
dependence,  or  at  least  inferiority  of  the  one  to  the  other. 
Hence,  while  the  coins  of  Himera  adopted  the  type  of 
Agrigentum  on  the  reverse,  those  of  the  latter  city  re- 
mained unchanged ;  and  it  would  be  quite  in  accordance 
with  the  same  purpose,  that  the  citizens  of  Himera  should 
be  compelled  to  change  their  standard,  so  as  to  accord 
with  that  of  their  new  allies,  and  enable  the  money  of 
each  city  to  be  current  in  the  other,  without  the  incon- 
veniences of  exchange.  Such  a  measure  might,  indeed,  at 
this  time  be  justified  on  the  score  of  expediency  alone, 
the  Attic  standard  having  then  become  universal  in  Sicily, 
with  the  single  exception  of  Himera.  It  would  be  foreign 
to  our  present  purpose  to  inquire  into  the  causes  of  the 
singular  fact — the  fact  itself  is  certain-— that  the  Attic 


J82  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

standard  was  in  use  from  the  earliest  times,  not  only  in 
the  Chalcidian  cities  of  Sicily,  Naxos,  Leontini,  Catana, 
etc.,  but  in  the  Doric  states  of  Syracuse,  Camarina, 
Selinus,  Gela,  and  its  colony  of  Agrigentum.  The  heavier, 
or  ^ginetan  standard,  is  found  only,  I  believe,  in  the 
coins  of  Zancle,  and  in  the  earlier  ones  of  Himera,  which 
being  itself  a  colony  of  Zancle  (Thucyd.  vi.  5.),  had  pro- 
bably retained  the  standard  of  its  parent  city. 

But  we  are  not  left  wholly  to  conjectures  as  to  the 
conduct  of  Theron  towards  Himera,  or  the  degree  in 
which  he  modified  the  institutions  of  that  city ;  for  Dio- 
dorus  expressly  tells  us,3  that  the  people  of  Himera,  finding 
themselves  oppressed  by  the  government  of  Thrasydseus, 
to  whom  the  immediate  rule  of  the  city  had  been  confided 
by  his  father,  entered  into  secret  negociations  with  Hiero 
of  Syracuse,  who,  however,  instead  of  espousing  their  cause 
as  they  expected,  betrayed  their  overtures  to  Theron,  who 
thereupon  proceeded  to  crush  his  enemies  by  a  general 
execution  of  all  those  disaffected  to  his  government. 
"  After  this  massacre,"  continues  Diodorus,  "  seeing  that 
the  city  of  Himera  was  in  want  of  inhabitants,  he  settled 
in  it  a  colony,  both  of  Dorians,  and  any  others  who  chose 
to  enrol  their  names  as  citizens.  And  these  continued 
to  dwell  together  in  harmony  and  good  government  for 
the  space  of  fifty-eight  years,  after  which  time  the  city 
was  taken  and  utterly  destroyed  by  the  Carthaginians,  and 
has  remained  uninhabited  from  thenceforth  to  the  present 
time."  It  is  to  this  establishment  of  the  paramount  in- 
fluence of  the  Doric  element  in  Himera,  that  we  may 
ascribe  with  little  doubt  that  change  of  the  coinage,  which 
introduced,  at  the  same  time,  the  Agrigentine  type  by  the 

3  Lib.  xi.  c.48,49. 


ON  THE  COINS  OF  HIMERA.  183 

side  of  that  of  the  ancient  city,  and  the  standard  of 
weight  then  in  use  at  Agrigentuin,  as  well  as  in  all  the 
other  Doric  cities  of  Sicily.  Such  a  change  bears  a  remark* 
able  analogy  to  that  which  had  been  effected  in  the  parent 
city  of  Zancle  not  many  years  before  by  Anaxilaus,  and 
which  is  equally  attested  by  the  evidence  of  its  coins.4 

The  establishment  of  this  new  order  of  things  at  Himera 
is  referred  by  Diodorus  to  the  archonship  of  Phaedon,  i.e. 
B.  c.  476-5,  a  date  which  does  not  accurately  coincide 
with  the  period  of  58  years  assigned  by  him  to  the 
subsequent  duration  of  the  city ;  for  it  is  certain  that  its 
destruction  by  Hannibal,  the  son  of  Gisco,  took  place  in 
the  summer  of  409  B.c.5  Whether  we  are  to  suppose  that 
58  is  only  a  mistake,  or  a  false  reading,  for  68,  which  would 
agree  within  a  year  with  the  true  interval  between  the  two 
archonships,  I  will  not  stop  to  inquire;  but  it  is  certain, 
that  the  year  of  Pheedon,  if  not  actually  correct,  is  nearly 
so,  as  the  revolution  in  question  is  necessarily  fixed  by  the 
circumstances  attending  it,  between  the  accession  of  Hiero 
in  478 B.C.,  and  the  death  of  Theron  in  472.  It  may  be 
thought,  indeed,  that  if  we  take  this  revolution,  rather 
than  the  accession  of  Theron,  for  the  commencement  of 
the  new  coinage,  there  remains  but  a  scanty  interval 
between  that  date  and  the  expulsion  of  Thrasydaeus,  for 
the  production  of  the  coins  in  question  ;  but  to  this  it  may 
be  answered,  first,  that  all  the  coins  of  Himera  with  the 
crab,  as  already  observed,  have  a  marked  general  resem- 
blance, which  would  lead  us  to  assign  them  to  about  the 
same  period :  secondly,  that,  as  it  appears  from  the  words 
of  Diodorus  that  no  violent  change  took  place  in  the 

4  See  Millingen  on  the  coins  of  Zancle  or  Messana,  in  the 
Transactions  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Literature,  vol.  i.,  partii., 
p.  93.  5  Diodor.  xiii.  62. 


184  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

republic  on  the  expulsion  of  Thrasydaeus,  and  the  Dorian 
citizens  (most  of  them  probably  of  Agrigentine  origin) 
continued  to  live  on  peaceably  and  quietly  with  the  old 
inhabitants,  it  by  no  means  follows  that  the  new  type, 
though  first  introduced  by  Theron,  would  be  discontinued 
immediately  after  the  expulsion  of  his  family. 

There  is,  indeed,  another  passage  in  Diodorus,  from 
which  it  appears  clear,  that  no  political  change  likely  to 
have  permanently  influenced  the  coinage  took  place,  until 
some  time  after  the  expulsion  of  Thrasydseus.  This  pas- 
sage, which  is  certainly  not  altogether  consistent  with  the 
one  already  cited,  may  perhaps  be  thought  to  suggest  a 
probable  period  for  the  discontinuance  of  this  particular 
coinage;  for  after  noticing  the  revolutions  that  took  place 
in  the  cities  of  Sicily  after  the  expulsion  of  Thrasybulus, 
the  brother  of  Hiero,  from  Syracuse  (B.C.  466),  and  that 
of  the  .ZEtnaean  colonists,  whom  Hiero  had  settled  at 
Catana,  by  Ducetius  (B.C. 461),  Diodorus  tells  us,  that  the 
latter  revolution  was  followed  by  a  similar  return  of  the 
exiles,  and  expulsion  of  the  opposite  party  throughout 
Sicily ;  and  among  the  cities  in  which  this  revolution  took 
place,  he  mentions  particularly  Gela,  Agrigentum,  and 
Himera.6  Whether  we  are  to  consider  this  statement  as 
altogether  overruling  that  already  cited  relative  to  the 
uninterrupted  tranquillity  of  Himera  for  fifty-eight  years, 
or  may  reconcile  the  two,  by  merely  supposing  that  the 
revolution  was  less  complete  at  Himera  than  elsewhere,  so 
that  the  Dorian  colonists  continued  to  live  on  there  not- 
withstanding the  return  of  the  exiles,  it  is  hardly  necessary 
to  inquire.  As  far  as  the  coins  are  concerned,  it  is  suffi- 
cient to  remark,  that  either  supposition  would  allow  us  a 

6  Diodor.  xi.  76. 


ON  THE  COINS  OF  HIMERA.  185 

period  of  fifteen  years  (from  the  archonship  of  Phaedon 
to  that  of  Euippus,  B.C.  476-461),  during  which  this  type 
may  have  been  employed.  Such  a  space  of  time  would 
appear  quite  as  long  as  the  number  of  these  coins  seems  to 
require.  At  the  same  time,  I  am  far  from  attaching  as 
much  value  to  this  suggestion  concerning  the  termination 
of  the  coinage  in  question,  as  to  the  one  already  put  for- 
ward in  regard  to  its  commencement. 

These  historical  evidences  appear  to  me  as  strong  as  the 
nature  of  the  case  can  well  admit ;  and  1  think  it  will  be 
generally  allowed,  that  there  is  nothing  in  the  style  of 
work  of  the  coins  themselves,  or  in  the  character  of  the 
inscription,  to  militate  against  the  supposition  now  put 
forth  concerning  their  date.  The  archaic  character  of  the 
inscription,  evinced  by  the  use  of  the  aspirate  H  at  the 
beginning,  and  the  Roman  form  of  the  11,  though  it  might 
be  compatible  with  an  earlier  date,  is  certainly  not  con- 
clusive against  any  period  prior  to  the  middle  of  the  fifth 
century  B.C.  Before  1  conclude  these  remarks,  I  must 
briefly  advert  to  the  larger  coins  of  Himera,  bearing  a 
figure  sacrificing  on  the  obverse,  and  a  biga  on  the  reverse, 
one  of  which  occurs  in  the  catalogue  of  Thomas's  coins, 
No.  275. 7  These  coins,  which  are  of  the  greatest  rarity, 
are  all  tetradrachms  of  the  Attic  standard;  but  that  they 
are  posterior  to  the  date  at  which  I  have  supposed  the 
change  to  take  place,  as  well  as  to  the  didrachms  with  the 
crab,  may,  I  think,  be  shown  satisfactorily.  For,  in  the 
first  place,  the  inscription  on  these  coins  is  IMEPA1ON,8 


7  Figures  of  them  will  be  found  in  the  work  of  Prince  Torre- 
muzza  (pi.  35),  and  in  the  Hunterian  Museum  (pi.  30,  fig.  18). 

8  If  we  could  trust  Torremuzza's  figures,  already  referred  to, 
we  should  find  an  additional  argument  for  the  comparatively  late 
date  of  these  coins,  in  the  occurrence  of  the  £1  (which  certainly 

VOL.    VII.  C    C 


186  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

having  lost  both  the  archaisms  just  alluded  to ;  and, 
secondly,  there  is  in  the  style  of  execution,  as  well  as  in 
the  general  conception  of  the  design,  a  marked  resem- 
blance to  the  well  known  coins  of  Selinus,  bearing  the 
river  gods,  Selinus  and  Hypsas ;  and  these  latter  may  be 
referred,  on  independent  grounds,  to  about  the  middle  of 
the  fifth  century  before  Christ.  The  much  greater  rarity 
of  the  coins  of  Himera,  of  corresponding  age,  is  one  of 
those  facts  for  which  we  are  at  a  loss  to  account,  but  which 
cannot  invalidate  our  conclusions  with  regard  to  the  few 
that  are  known. 

If  the  above  remarks  appear  to  you  as  conclusive  as  I 
am  inclined  to  consider  them,  they  are  not  altogether,  I 
trust,  without  interest,  as  tending  to  fix,  within  very  nar- 
row limits,  the  date  of  the  coins  in  question.  Every  such 
date  that  can  be  established  in  a  satisfactory  manner,  is  in 
fact  a  step  gained  in  the  history  of  Greek  art,  and  may 
lead,  by  a  careful  comparison  of  the  coins  of  different,  but 
kindred  or  neighbouring  cities,  to  still  farther  results.  In 
the  very  case  in  question,  it  may  be  observed,  that  if  the 
age  of  these  coins  of  Himera  be  well  established,  we  can 
have  no  hesitation  in  adopting  the  same  date  for  some  of 
those  of  Agrigentum,  which  are  so  identical  with  them  in 
style  of  work,  that  it  would  be  impossible  to  say,  without 
examining  the  obverses,  to  which  of  the  two  cities  they 
belonged.  I  remain,  my  dear  Sir,  yours  truly, 

E.  H.  BUNBURY. 

THOMAS  BURGON,  Esq. 


was  not  introduced  into  Sicily  in  early  times)  in  the  inscription 
on  several  of  them  (see  figs.  4  and  6)  ;  but  his  figures  are  too 
often  inaccurate  in  this  respect,  for  any  dependence  to  be  placed 
upon  such  a  fact. 


,  Chnn .  Vc  (.. 


187 


XXVI. 

MEROVINGIAN  COINS,  &c.,  DISCOVERED  AT 
ST.  MARTIN'S,  NEAR  CANTERBURY. 

IN  the  Session  of  1844,  I  brought  before  the  notice  of  the 
Society,  at  one  of  the  ordinary  meetings,  three  gold  looped 
coins,  which  had  been  recently  discovered  in  St.  Martin's 
church-yard,  near  Canterbury.  I  accompanied  the  exhi- 
bition with  some  brief  remarks,1  which  subsequent  dis- 
coveries may  justify  a  repetition  of  on  the  present  occasion. 
Mr.  Rolfe,  to  whose  zeal  and  liberality  the  Society  is 
much  indebted,  has  procured  from  the  same  locality  three 
more  looped  coins,  a  looped  Roman  intaglio  set  in  gold, 
and  a  gold  ornament;  the  whole  of  which  objects  have 
been  engraved  by  order  of  the  council,  and  are  now  ex- 
hibited together  in  the  accompanying  plate. 

Fig.  1  is  a  coin  of  Justin.  Obv.  DN.  IVSTINVS  PF.  AVG. 
bust  of  the  emperor  to  the  right.  R.  VICTORIA  A VGVSTO- 
RVM.  Victory,  with  wreath  and  globe,  surmounted  by  a  cross ; 
the  exergue,  CONOB. 

Fig.  2  is  the  remarkable  coin  of  Eupardus.  Obv.  EVPAR- 
DVS  EPS.  retrograde ;  diademed  head,  and  robed  bust,  to  the 
right.  R.  NINV,  on  each  side  of  a  double  ornamented  cross ; 
above,  two  inverted  A's;  in  the  exergue,  VAV.  Weight,  26 
grains. 

As  before  observed,  Eupardus  was  a  bishop  of  Autun  in 
the  sixth  century,  of  whom  scarcely  any  historical  notice 
appears  to  have  been  given,  nor  is  the  precise  period  when 
he  lived  known.  One  ecclesiastical  writer  places  him  before 


1  Proceedings  of  the  Numismatic  Society,  p.  28,  in  vol.  viL  of 
the  Numismatic  Chronicle. 


1 88  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

Nectarius,  A.D.  540;  another  posterior  to  Syagrius,  who 
was  ordained  about  A.D.  560;  and  a  third  prior  to  Syagrius. 
The  last  of  these,  the  authors  of  the  Gallia  Christiana  seem 
to  sanction  as  the  most  correct.2  We  may  therefore  place 
him  at  about  the  middle  of  the  sixth  century.  The  coin  is 
altogether  unique,  and  of  the  highest  interest.  The  work- 
manship of  the  bust  is  good,  contrary  to  what  is  usually 
seen  upon  coins  of  this  period.  The  costume  is  copied 
from  the  Roman  model.  Why  this  bishop  should  have 
placed  his  effigy  upon  the  coins,  whether  as  uniting  the 
office  of  moneyer  with  that  of  chief  of  the  sacred  order,  or 
simply  from  prelatical  authority  or  power;  whether  this 
departure  from  the  usual  practice  arose  from  individual 
caprice  or  vanity,  or  was  sanctioned  by  regal  favour,  are  at 
present  questions  not  easily  to  be  answered  and  reconciled 
with  satisfaction.  The  letters  on  the  reverse  I  have  sug- 
gested may  refer  to  Nivernum,  a  town  in  the  diocese  of 
Autun. 

Fig.  3.  A  blundered  copy  of  a  Roman  coin.  The  reverse  may 
be  recognised  as  an  imitation  of  the  extremely  common  type  of 
the  younger  Constantine's  coins,  two  soldiers  and  a  standard, 
with  the  legend  GLORIA  EXERCITVS,  some  of  the  letters  of 
which  are  retained  in  the  grotesque  copy. 

Fig.  4.  Obv.  +IVEGIOVICO.  A  full-faced  bust;  on  the 
right  a  short,  on  the  left  a  long  cross.  Rev.  LEVDVLFO 
MONITAIIO.  Leudulfus  Monetarius.  A  nimbed  figure  on 
horseback  to  the  right.  Weight,  85  grains. 


2  De  Eupardo  nihil  omnino  suppetit.  Ilium  exhibent  Sammar- 
thani,  Cointius  et  Saunier,  sed  suo  quisque  modo :  ante  Syagrium 
Cointius,  ante  Nectarium  Saunier,  post  Syagrium  Sammarthani. 
Ex.  S.  Germani  Parisiensis  historia  Nectarium  Agrippino  sine 
medio  successisse  constare  videtur ;  male  ergo  ante  Nectarium 
collocatur  Eupardus ;  illius  locum  sumsisse  cum  Cointio  proba- 
bilius  judicamus.  Gallia  Christiana,  torn.  iv.  p.  343. 


MEROVINGIAN    COINS.  189 

This  piece  is  altogether  extraordinary,  both  as  regards 
the  place  at  which  it  was  minted,  and  the  design  upon  the 
reverse,  as  well  as  its  size  and  weight.  The  place  of  mint- 
age will  probably  be  found  to  be  either  Juvignieu,  or  Juvisy, 
or  Juges.  The  nimbed  figure  is  not  easily  explained.  The 
nimbus  it  is  well  known  forms  a  conspicuous  emblem  in 
Pagan  mythology,  as  well  as  in  Christian  works  of  art. 

Fig.  5.   Obv.  ICONBENAS+....  diademed  head  to  the  right. 

Rev.   +NONNI NITARVS.     Nonnius,  or  Nonnitus  Mone- 

tarius.     A  rude  copy  of  the  two  Victories  affixing  an  inscribed 
shield  on  a  tree,  upon  coins  of  Decentius,  and  others. 

This  coin  may  be  compared  with  one  published  in  the 
Revue  Numismatique3  by  Monsieur  B.  Fillon,  which  was 
discovered  twenty-five  years  since,  with  a  large  quantity  of 
Merovingian  coins  at  Beaugisiere,  near  Fontenai-Vendee. 
Three  thousand  of  these,  it  is  said,  were  melted  by  a  gold- 
smith at  La  Rochelle ;  and  the  invaluable  deposit  would 
have  been  entirely  lost  to  science,  had  not  the  blow  from 
the  plough  which  broke  the  vase  in  which  they  were  con- 
cealed scattered  a  considerable  number,  which  were  after- 
wards picked  up.  The  specimen  described  and  figured  by 
M.  Fillon  differs  in  many  points  from  ours,  but  the  resem- 
blance is  sufficiently  close  to  shew  the  identity  of  place 
and  inoneyer.  It  is  thus  described  : — 

Obv.  LONBENAS  FIT.  Diademed  head  to  the  right.  Rev. 
NONNTTVS  MON.  A  cross  on  a  globe,  in  the  lower  quarters 
of  which  are  the  letters  CG,  below  VII.  Weight,  26  grains. 

This  coin  M.  Fillon  assigns  to  Lombez,  a  locality  in  the 
department  of  Gers. 


3  Amiee,  1845,  No.  1,  p.  18. 


190  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

Fig.  6.  Obv.  PASENO  FETO.?  Head  to  the  right.  Rev. 
+ LEONARDO  MONTARII.  A  rude  figure  of  Victory,  with 
wreath  and  palm  branch,  marching  to  the  right.  Weight,  23  grains. 

These  Merovingian  coins,  it  will  be  observed,  are  all 
obvious  copies  from  the  Roman,  although  the  imitation  in 
most  is  degraded  and  burlesque.  They  differ,  in  most 
respects,  from  the  specimens  published  by  Conbrouse, 
Rollin,  and  by  M.  Cartier  in  the  Revue  Numismatique. 
To  our  associates  and  correspondents  in  France  they  will, 
no  doubt,  be  highly  acceptable,  as  fresh  and  curious  addi- 
tions to  the  vast  collections  they  have  made  of  late  years  in 
this  hitherto  obscure  and  neglected  series  of  their  national 
currency. 

Looped  gold  Merovingian  coins,  I  believe,  are  not  often 
discovered  in  France,  In  M.  Rollings  work  there  are  only 
two  given,  which  were  from  the  Kentish  barrows.4  Many 
others  have  been  found  in  this  country.  They  appear  to 
have  formed  necklaces  or  decorations  for  persons  of  dis- 
tinction, a  custom  common  with  the  Greeks  and  Romans, 
and  continued  in  the  East  down  to  the  present  day.  Fig.  7. 
a  Roman  intaglio  in  cornelian,  was  discovered  in  the  same 
place  with  the  coins,  and  doubtless  belonged  to  the  same 
necklace.  Fig.  8.  is  in  gold,  set  with  coloured  glass.  It 
seems  a  portion  of  some  other  ornament. 

The  site  of  St.  Martin's  church,  near  which  these  valuable 
objects  were  exhumed,  was  once  occupied  by  a  Roman  build- 
ing, probably  a  temple,  which  was  presented  by  Ethelbert, 
king  of  Kent,  to  his  queen  Bertha,  and  her  Frankish  bishop, 


4  They  are  of  Verdun  and  Marsal,  copied  from  the  Nenia  Bri- 
tannica,  and  now  in  the  museum  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Faussett,  of 
Heppington. 


MEROVINGIAN  COINS.  191 

Luidhard;  and  subsequently  it  was  given  to  St.  Augustine. 
The  antiquity  of  the  locality  as  a  place  of  sepulture  is  con- 
firmed by  the  discovery  of  these  ornaments  and  other  ob- 
jects, for  it  was  a  well-known  practice  with  the  Anglo-Saxons 
to  inter  with  the  dead  personal  jewelry  and  valuables  ; 
and  as  these  looped  coins  could  only  have  belonged  to  some 
person  of  distinction,  it  is  by  no  means  unlikely  they  may 
have  adorned  the  person  of  one  of  the  attendants  of  Queen 
Bertha.  During  the  frequent  intercourse  in  those  days 
between  Kent  and  France,  these  coins  were  probably 
brought  over  as  presents,  which  would  be  the  more  prized 
on  account  of  their  novelty,  for  the  Anglo-Saxons,  as  is  well 
known,  did  not  coin  money  in  gold. 

C.  ROACH  SMITH. 


192 
MISCELLANEA. 


DISCOVERIES  OF  COINS. 

BRITISH  ARCHAEOLOGICAL  JOURNAL. 

March  1844.— P.  68. 

At  Helmingham,  Suffolk,  an  aureus  of  Vespasian. 
At    Wootton,    Northamptonshire,    third    brass   coins    of    the 
following    Roman    emperors :— Gallienus,     Salonina,     Postumus, 
Victorinus,    Marius,   Tetricus   senior,   Tetricus  junior,    Claudius 
Gothicus,  Quintillus,   Aurelianus,  Tacitus,  Probus,  Numerianus. 
No  new  variety,  and  but  few  rare  reverses. 
June.— Pp.162,  163. 

In  an  excavation  for  sewerage  at  the  west  end  of  Newcastle- 
street,  Farringdon-street,  London,  at  the  depth  of  fourteen  feet, 
with  numerous  fragments  of  pottery  and  an  iron  stylus,  two  small 
brass  coins  of  Constantine. 

In  an  excavation  for  building  at  Broad-stairs,  near  Ramsgate, 
a  small  brass  coin  of  Victorinus. 

September.— P.  253. 

At  Springhead,  near  Southfleet,  Kent,  with  a  bronze  Roman 
enamelled  fibula  of  elegant  shape,  a  British  brass  coin. 
Obv. — (incuse)  A  horse  ;  between  the  legs  CAC. 

R. — (convex)  A  wheat  ear,  dividing  the  legend  CAM. 
Several  British,  and  many  Roman  coins  found  near  the  same 
spot,  where  are  extensive  remains  of  Roman  buildings. 

Near  the  church  of  St.  Matthew,  in  Friday-street,  London, 
with  sculpture  and  pottery  of  the  same  reigns,  coins  of  Henry  III., 
and  of  the  early  Edwards. 

January,  1845.— P.385. 

At  Felmingham,  with  Roman  bronze  heads  and  figures,  a  coin 
of  Valerian  of  silver,  with  two  others. 

ARCH^OLOGIA,  1844. — P. 48. 

In  the  barrows  opened  by  the  Archaeological  Congress  at  Can- 
terbury, a  small  brass  coin  of  Victorinus. 

Pp.56, 136. 

At  Breach  Downs,  Kent,  with  remains  of  a  purse,  four  silver 
sceattae. 

P.  131. 

At  Guyton,  in  Northamptonshire,  in  a  Roman  villa,  brass 
coins  of  the  following  Roman  emperors : — M.  Aurelius,  Albinus, 
Tetricus  senior,  Tetricus  junior,  Allectus,  Constantinus  I.,  Con- 
stantius  II.,  Magnentius,  Gratianus,  and  some  uncertain  late 
emperors. 


MISCELLANEA.  193 

P.  137. 

At  New  Grange,  in  Ireland,  with  gold  ornaments,  a  denarius 
of  Geta,  and  two  small  brass  coins  defaced. 

GENTLEMAN'S  MAGAZINE,  1844.—  P.526. 

Near  Stonehaven,  silver  coins  of  Vespasian,  Titus,  Domitian, 
Nerva,  Trajan,  Hadrian,  Antoninus  Piu?,  M.  Aurelius,  Faustina, 
Lucius  Verus,  Commodus,  and  Sep.  Severus. 

March  22.  -P.  637. 

Near  Closeburn,  many  thousand  silver  pennies  and  groats, 
English  and  Scotch. 

Mr.  Beale,  of  Oundle,  Northampton,  has  very  obligingly  sent 
us  advice  of  Roman  coins  which  were  found,  with  Roman 
pottery,  and  human  and  other  skeletons,  three  brass  pins,  and 
part  of  a  clasp  and  buckle,  in  excavating  for  a  railway  near 
that  place.  The  coins  were  copper.  Two  Claudius,  second 
brass  ;  one  Trajan,  large  brass  ;  two  Faustina  senior,  large  brass  ; 
one  Constans,  third  brass.  One  of  the  Claudius  was  found  in  a 
dark  blue  vessel,  the  only  one  preserved  entire.  This  find  took 
place  at  the  close  of  last  year. 

SIR,  —I  have  much  pleasure  in  replying  to  your  letter,  and  beg 
to  send  you  the  following  list  of  the  copper  coins  found  on  my 
estate. 

Number 

Obverse.  °f0und.  Reverse. 

Imp.  C.  P.  Lie.  Valerian       2     Restitutori  Orient. 

fAnnona'  Aug.,  ^Eternitas   Aug., 
Marti  Pacifero,  Felicitas  Pub., 

Apolli.     Pal.     Virtus     Aug., 
Galhenus,  Aug.  29<{  " 


Salonina.  5  « 


Imp.  C.  Postumus,  P.  F. 
Aug. 


Jovi  Statori,  Providentia    Aug  , 

Fortuna  Redux. 
Venus    Victrix,     Juno     Regina, 

Juno.   Conservatori. 
'Saeculi     Felicitas,    Pax     Aug., 

Moneta,    Aug.,  Oriens   Aug., 

Jovi  Victori  . 
Invictus      Aug.,    Virtus      Aug., 


jEquitas  Aug.,  Fides  Aug. 
"Invictus   Aug.,    Pietas,   Victoria 
Aug.,   Fides    Militum,  Virtus 
Imp.  Victorinus,  AUO-.        353  <j       Aug.,  Salus  Aug.,  Providentia 

|       Aug. 
LPax  Aug.,  ^Equitas  Aug, 


389 

VOL.    VII.  D    D 


194 


NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 


Obverse. 

Imp.  C.  M.  AVR.  Ma- 

rius,  Aug. 


Imp.  C.  Tetricus,  P.  F. 
Aug. 


C.  Tetricus  Caesar. 


Imp.   C.   Claudius,  P.  F. 
Aug. 


Imp.  C.  M.  Aurel.  Quin- 
tillus,  Aug. 

Imp.  C.  Aurelian,  Aug. 
Severina,  Aug. 


Imp.   C.  M.    CL.    Taci- 
tus, P.F.  Aug. 


Imp.  C.  M.  Aur.  Flori- 
anus,  P.  F.  Aug. 


Imp.  C.  M.  Aur.  Probus, 

Aug. 
Virtus  Probi,  Aug. 


Number 
of  Coins 
found. 

389 


431 


198 


Imp.  Carus,  P.F.  Aug.          1 


Reverse. 

Saeculi  Felicitas,  Concordia  Mili- 
tum, Victoria,  Aug. 
"Pax  Aug.,  Virtus  Aug.,  Comes 
Aug.,  Salus  Aug.,  Fides  Mili- 
tum, Laetitia  Aug.,  Victoria 
Aug. 

Spes  Publica,  Hilaritas  Aug., 
Mars  Victor. 

Pax  Aug.,  Virtus  Aug.,  Comes 
Aug.,  Pietas  Augustor,  Spes 
Publica. 

ISpes  Publica,  Virtus  Aug.,  Fides 
Exercit.  Marti  Pacifero,  Laeti- 
tia  Aug. 

Victoria  Aug.,  Jovi  Victori,  An- 
nona  Aug.,  Pax  Aug.,  Exer- 
cit Aug. 

^Eternitas  Aug.,  Securitas  Aug. 

Providendia  Aug.,  Oriens  Aug., 

.    Restitutor  Orbis,  Fides  Exercit. 

Concordia  Militum. 

Providentia  Aug.,  Temporum  Fe- 
licitas, Mars  Victor,  Pax,  Aug. 

^Eternitas  Aug.,  Salus  Publica, 
Spes  Publica,  Fides  Militum, 
Victoria  Aug. 

^quitas  Aug.,  dementia  Temp. 
L  Marti  Pacifero,  Pax  Publica. 

2      JEternitas  Aug.,  Pacator  Orbis. 

f  Fides  Militum,  Mars  Victor,  Vir- 
tus Aug.,  Restitutori  Orient, 
Laetitia  Aug. 

/Equitas  Aug.,  Jovi  Conservator!, 
Marti  Pacifero,  Providentia 
Aug.,  Jovi  Statori. 

Felicit.  Temp.  Providentia  Aug., 
Adventus  Aug.,  Conservat 
Aug.,  Provident  Aug.,  Con- 
cord Militum. 

Pax  Exercit. 


2 

f" 

I 
35  <( 

I 


70 
3 


1185 


MISCELLANEA.  195 

Number 
^  of  Coins 

Obverse.  found.                        Reverse. 

1185 

Carinus  Nob.  Caes.  1     Principi  Juventutis. 

Imp.  NumeiHanus,  Aug.  2      Pietas. 

Imp.   C.  C.  Val.  Diocle-  R      T     .  ^ 

tian,  P.P.,  Aug.  6     Jovl  Conservator!. 
Imp.  C.  Val.  Maximian, 

P  F  Auff  Conservator!,  Salus  Aug. 

Imp.  Carausius,  P.P.  Aug.       7      Pax  Aug.,  ^Equitas  Aug.,  Salus 
Imp.  C.  Allectus,P.  Aug.  Aug.,  Victor!  Aug. 

1203 

In  September  14,  1844,  while  the  labourers  were  digging  for 
the  railroad  at  the  mouth  of  the  Sapperton  Tunnel,  they  found  a 
human  skeleton  imbedded  in  the  earth  about  fifteen  inches,  and 
by  its  side  seventy  Roman  coins.  Thirty-six  of  these  coins  were 
sent  to  me.  They  were  of  the  coinages  of  Gallienus,  Victorinus, 
Tetricus  senior,  Salonina,  Quintillus,  Carausius,  and  Allectus. 
The  mouth  of  the  Sapperton  Tunnel  is  about  a  mile  from  a  "  place 
called  the  *  Lark's  Bush,'  in  the  hamlet  of  Frampton,  where  a  large 
quantity  of  Roman  coins  was  found." — Rudges  Gloucestershire, 
vol.i.  p. 324.  "  The  remains  of  a  camp,  near  Frampton,  in  the 
parish  of  Sapperton,  near  which,  in  the  year  1759,  a  very  great 
quantity  of  Roman  coins,  of  silver  and  small  brass,  were  found, 
including  almost  a  complete  series,  from  Antoninus  Pius  to  Gal- 
lienus, and  many  rare  ones,  denarii  of  Didia  Clara,  Macrinus, 
Diadumenianus,  Orbiana,  Gordianus  senior,  and  jEmilianus,  and 
small  brass  coins  of  Macrianus,  and  JElianus,  supposed  to  amount 
to  near  three  thousand  coins." — Rudder's  Gloucestershire. 
I  am,  Sir,  your  humble  servant,  THOMAS  BAKER. 

WATERCOMBES  HOUSE, 
\Qth  March,  1845. 
C.  NEWTON,  Esq. 

ITALY. — In  November  1844,  in  making  excavations  at  the 
church  of  St.  Paul,  extra  muros,  at  Rome,  about  four  hundred 
silver  pieces,  of  the  tenth  and  eleventh  centuries,  consisting  of 
Saxon,  Italian,  French,  Danish,  Hungarian,  and  German  money. 
Among  these  were  some  new  types  of  the  Dukes  of  Normandy, 
which  M.  de  Longperier  promises  to  edite  in  the  Rev.  Num. 
Some  coins  of  Otho  III.,  struck  at  Pavia  and  Lucca,  983  A.D.  ; 
of  Henry  II.,  struck  at  Pavia;  of  Canute,  inscribed  Ethric  on 
Rumford ;  of  Edward  the  Confessor,  Godfrine  on  Lund,  with 
other  Saxon  pieces,  now  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  Curt,  of  Lisle 
Street,  who  has  been  kind  enough  to  communicate  this  account. 
REVUE  ARCHEOLOGIQUE,  April  15,  1844. — P.  69. 

In  an  excavation  near  Hede,  in  Brittany,  a  large  quantity  of 


J96  NUMISMATIC   CHRONICLE. 

Roman  coins,  third  brass  (the  metal  not  specified),  of  Gallienus, 
Claudius  II.,  Tetricus,  Victorinus,  etc. 

P.  70. 

At  Scrupt,  Canton  de  Thieblemeut,  Arrond.  de  Vitry  le  Fran- 
gais,  with  skeletons,  and  a  variety  of  antiquities,  two  copper  coins 
of  Constantino  the  Great.  In  the  same  spot,  a  year  before,  a 
silver  coin  of  Clovis  had  been  found. 

May  19.— P.  121. 

At  Saint  Gerans,  near  Moulins,  with  a  Gaulish  gold  torques, 
fifty  gold  Gaulish  coins,  imitated  from  the  Philippics. 

P.  127. 

At  Sceaux,  in  the  Departement  du  Loire,  in  some  Gallo- 
Roman  tombs,  with  other  antiquities  ;  among  the  Roman  coins 
was  an  unedited  one  of  Valerian.  Rev.  VICTORIA  GERMANICA. 

P.  131. 

Near  the  ancient  castle  of  Roquefort  (Ariege),  some  gold  coins, 
and  a  large  number  of  silver  coins  (blanc  a  1'ecu),  of  the  reign  of 
Charles  VI.,  valued  at  twenty  thousand  francs. 

At  Noyon,  eighteen  pieces  of  gold  of  Charles  IX.,  and  other 
kings  of  France  and  Spain. 

Vol.  V.,  p.338. 

Near  Valenciennes,  a  silver  Merovingian  denier,  inscribed 
MONTINIACO. — Rev.  A  cross;  between  the  limbs,  EODVLFO  MONE; 
probably  struck  at  Montigny,  in  Bassigny ;  unedited. 

REVUE  NUMISMATIQUE,  March  and  April,  1844. 

At  Nogent  sur  Eure,  Arrondissement  de  Chartres,  610  coins 
in  silver,  copper,  and  billon,  of  Roman  emperors,  from  Maximus 
to  Postumus. 

July  and  August,  1844. 

In  a  vineyard  at  Nazelles,  Canton  1'Amboise  (Indre  et  Loire), 
in  an  earthen  pot,  about  170  large  brass  coins  of  the  following 
emperors : — 

5  Nerva  (A.D.  96—98),  illegible. 
16  Trajan  (98—117),  illegible. 
24  Hadrian  (117 — 138),  rather  better  condition. 

2  Sabina,  bad  condition. 

20  Antoninus  Pius  (138 — 161),  sixteen  different  types,  moderate 
condition,  two  fairly  preserved. 

3  Faustina  the  Elder,  two  varieties,  AETERNITAS — AVGVSTA, 

one  only  in  fair  condition. 
35  Marcus  Aurelius  (161 — 180),  eighteen  varieties,  three  well 

preserved,  the  rest  broken ;  a  rare  one  with  CONSECRATIO. 
15  Faustina  the  Younger,  nine  varieties,  four  good. 
3  L.  Verus  (161 — 169),  three  varieties,  one  tolerably  preserved. 
5  Lucilla,  four  varieties,  moderate  condition. 


MISCELLANEA.  197 

22  Commodus  (180 — 192),  fifteen  varieties,  one  very  fine,  NOBI- 

LITAS  AVG.  P.   M.  TR.  P.  XII.  IMP.   VIII.  COS.   V.   PP. 

3  Crispina,  two  varieties,  one  fair  condition. 
2  Albinus  (193 — 196),  two  varieties,  fair  condition. 
1  Sep.  Severus  (193 — 211),  fine,  AFRICA. 
I  Julia  Domna,  good  condition. 
These  were  probably  buried  about  A.D.  198. 
At  Nogent  sur  Eure,  near  Chartres,  in  an  earthen  pot,  90  pieces 
of  gold,  and  300  in  silver,  or  billon. 
The  principal  varieties  were  : — 

GOLD. 

1.  Florin,  attributed  by  Le  Blanc  to  Louis  VI.,  or  Louis  VII., 
but  more  modern.      Attributed  by  M.  Duchelais  to  Louis  I. 
of  Hungary;  Rev.  Num.,  Sept.  and  Oct.,  1844,  p.  399. 

2.  Aguil,  inscribed  PHILIPPE  ROI  DE  FRANCE,  probably  Philip  V. 

3.  Florin  of  Charles  IV.,  or  V.,  KAROLV.  REX. 

4.  Lion  of  Philip  de  Valois  (1328—1350). 

5.  Royal. 

6.  Double-royal. 

7.  Pavilion. 

8.  Chaise. 

9.  Ecu. 

10.  Ecu  of  Jean,  king  of  France  (1350 — 1384). 

11.  Ecu  of  gold  of  Edward  III.,  king  of  England  (1327—1377). 

12.  Ecu  of  gold  of  the  Emperor  Louis  of  Bavaria  (1314—1347). 

13.  Common  florin,  FLORENTIA. 

14.  The  same,  of  Humbert  II.,  Dauphin  of  Viennois(  1333— 1350). 

15.  The    same,    of   Raimond  III.    or   IV.,   princes   of  Orange, 
(1335—1393). 

16.  The   same,     of    Jean    de    Luxemburg,    king   of    Bohemia 
(1309—1346). 

17.  The  same,  of  Winceslaus,  son  of  the  preceding.     (Cf.  Lele- 

well,  Numis.  du  Moyen  age,  pt  tab.  xxxviii). 

18.  The  same,  with  the  legend,  GILS  AOIR.RAM,  uncertain  attri- 
bution. 

SILVER,  OR  BILLON. 

19.  Gros  Tournois  of  Saint  Louis. 

20.  The  same,  of  Charles  II.  or  Charles  V.     KAROLVS  REX. — 

Rev.  FRANCORVM. 

21.  The  same,  of  Philip  de  Valois. 

22.  The  same,  of  the  same,  with  the  crown. 

23.  Eagle    displayed.       MARIE    DE    BRETAGNE. — Rev.   Cross, 
MONETA  NOVA  D'ELINCOVRT.     Maria,   daughter  of  John, 
Duke  of  Brittany,   was   married  to  Guy  III.  of  Chatillon, 
Comte  de  Saint-Paul,  and  died  in  1339. 

24.  Gros  of  Louis,  Count  of  Flanders  (Duby,  pi.  Ixxx,,  No.  7). 


198  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

25.  Gros   of   Eudes    IV.,   Duke   of  Burgundy,   variety  of  one 
(Rev.  Num.  1841,  pi.  xix.,  No.  5). 

26.  Denier  of  the  same,     (Rev.  Num.  1841,  pi.  xix.,  No.  4). 

At  Robache,  Department  des  Vosges,  in  June  last,  about  3000 
Gaulish  coins,  all  varieties  of  those  published  by  M.  de  Saulcy 
(Rev.  Num.  1836,  pi.  iii.),  except  one  reading  retrograde  CON[, 
the  name  of  the  Consuanetes,  a  Gaulish  race  to  the  north  of  the 
lake  of  Constance.  This  discovery  is  one  of  the  most  consider- 
able ever  known  of  Gaulish  coins. 

KOEHNE'S  ZEITSCHRIFT  FUR  MUNZKUNDE,  March  1844. 

In  the  summer  of  1843,  at  a  farm  called  Kopitkowo,  near 
Mewe,  some  miles  from  the  banks  of  the  Weichsel,  in  West 
Prussia,  an  urn,  with  silver  coins  and  ornaments,  of  fine  work, 
and  apparently  intended  for  the  neck.  Among  the  coins  were  two 
Arabic  dirhems  of  the  Samanide  princes,  Ahmed  ben  Ismael,  struck 
(under  the  Khalifate  of  Moktehfi  Billah),  between  907  and  908 
A.D.,  and  Nasr  ben  Ahmed,  struck  between  913  and  942. 

Three  pennies  of  Ethelred  II.,  king  of  England,  1016. 

Seven  varieties  of  Otho  I.  of  Germany,  and  five  of  later  Othos. 

Twopennies  of  Henry,  duke  of  Bavaria,  afterwards  the  Emperor 
Henry  II.  (1002—1024). 

One  penny  of  Bernhard,  duke  of  Thuringia  (972 — 1011). 

One  penny  of  Ekhard,  margrave  of  Meissen  (986 — 1002). 

Three  Bohemian  pennies  of  Boleslaw  (Prag),and  two  of  Jaromir. 

Three  pennies  of  Ludolf ,  bishop  of  Augsburg. 

One  bracteate-like  coin,  with  Runic  characters.  The  ornaments, 
and  the  best  of  the  coins,  were  placed  in  the  collection  of  antiqui- 
ties in  the  royal  archives  at  Konigsberg.  ( See  Numismatische 
Zeitung,  December,  1844  ;  and  for  instances  of  similar  discoveries, 
Mr.  Hawkins's  valuable  paper  on  that  at  Cuerdale,  in  the  Numis- 
matic Chronicle  for  1841). 

August. 

At  Luneville,  in  1841,  148  gold  coins  of  the  time  of  the  empe- 
rors Sigismund,  Frederic  III.,  and  Maximilian.  About  forty  were 
of  the  Margraves  Frederic,  and  Sigismund  of  Brandenberg,  and 
there  were  single  coins  of  Florence,  of  Baden,  Frederic  of  Saxony, 
Conrad  of  Jiilich. 

In  the  ruins  of  a  fortress  at  Wolgast,  guldens  of  Karl  XI.  of 
Sweden,  struck  for  Bremen  and  Verden. 

At  Dossow,  near  Wolgast,  some  coins,  the  earliest  of  which 
were  some  groschens  of  Wladislaw  II.  of  Bohemia,  and  the  latest 
were  struck  by  Brunswick,  Magdeburg,  Hanover,  Quedlinburg. 

NUMISMATISCHE  ZEITUNG. — March  1844,  p.  38. 
At  Elsterberg,  at  the  close  of  1843,  a  large  number  of  brac- 
teates,  some  of  them  struck  probably  late  in  the  thirteenth  century. 


MISCELLANEA.  199 

Near  Altenberg,  another  large  find  of  bracteates,  struck 
probably  as  early  as  1100. 

April. 

At  Lausanne,  some  old  Roman  and  Carlovingian  coins  (reported 
by  M.  Troyon  to  the  Wissenschaftl.  Kunstverein  at  Berlin, 
Feb.  16,  1844). 

May. 

At  Niederringelstein,  on  the  Rhine,  in  an  earthen  pot,  more 
than  3000  Roman  coins. 

In  Medeah,  a  great  number  of  Cufic  coins,  of  Arabic  dynasties, 
of  the  twelfth  century. 

Near  Finsterwald,  in  Lausitz,  in  a  pot,  about  1000  entire 
bracteates,  and  the  fragments  of  probably  about  1000  more ;  the 
chief  part  of  them,  said  to  be  struck  before  the  introduction  of 
Christianity  into  that  district,  the  ancient  Wendenland,  the  types 
being  chiefly  symbols  of  the  ancient  paganism  of  Odin,  without 
inscription.  Such  coins  are  mentioned  in  early  chronicles,  but 
have  never  before  been  found. 

July. 

At  Ribe,  in  Denmark,  silver  coins  of  Waldomar  IV.,  in  an 
earthen  vessel,  in  the  ground. 

August. 

At  Eichstett,  22nd  June  1844,  a  market  town  in  Breisgau,  a 
number  of  silver  coins,  struck  by  Karl  III.,  at  Strasburg.  (See 
Mader,  iv.  p.  14). 

In  Colmar,  August  1844,  two  unedited  coins  of  Charlemagne, 
struck  in  his  palace  of  Strasburg,  before  his  coronation,  as  empe- 
ror at  Rome,  A.D.  799. 

SAXON  COINS  FOUND  NEAR  DORKING  IN  1817. 
SIR, — When  the  large  quantity  of  Saxon  coins  were  found  at 
Win terf olds,  in  the  parish  of  Dorking,  in  the  year  1817,  I  was 
a  resident  of  that  place  ;  and  many  of  these  coins  were  shown  me, 
before  any  of  them  had  reached  the  British  Museum.  I  had  no 
chance  of  retaining  any  one  of  them  ;  but  feeling  much  interest 
in  the  discovery,  I  kept  an  accurate  account  of  such  as  were  sub- 
mitted to  me,  as  far  as  regarded  variety.  How  many  in  point  of 
number  I  saw  I  cannot  now  recollect ;  but  there  were  one  or  more 
of  the  following  monarchs  and  archbishops,  viz. — 

Ce'onulph.  — R.  Merc. 

Beldred.       — R.  Cant. 

Witglaph.    — R.  Merc. 


Berthulph.  — R.  +  ? 
Ceolulph.     — R.  Merc. 
Beornulph.  — R.  Merc. 
Ethel  weald  .—R.  East  Ang.   , 


of  the  Heptarchy. 


200  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

Egbert.        — R.") 
Ethelwulph.-R.  ^  j    Monarchs> 
Athelstan.    — R.  f 
Ethelbut.     —R.  J 
I  also  saw  one  or  more  of  Alfred's. 
Pipinus.     R.  Franc. 
Wilfrid.    R.  Archiepisc. 
Ceolnoth.  R.  Ditto. 

I  presume  Berthulph  to  have  been  he,  of  whom  it  is  said  in 
Camden,  that  anno  838,  he  "  reigned  in  Mercia,  but  as  feudatory 
to  the  West  Saxons.  Being  much  molested  by  the  invasions  of 
the  Danes,  he  quitted  his  kingdom,  and  retired  to  a  private  life." 

I  trust  that  this  statement,  although  adding  nothing  to  the  col- 
lection in  the  Museum,  will  not  be  unacceptable.  I  am,  Sir,  &c. 

JAMES  PUTTOCK. 

To  the  Editor  of  the  Numismatic  Chronicle. 

SIR, — In  your  very  interesting  work  on  the  coins  of  the 
Romans  relating  to  Britain,  you  mention  only  two  coins  known  to 
exist  of  Maximianus  (Herculius),  with  LON  in  the  exergue. 
Last  week,  on  looking  over  a  small  collection  belonging  to  my 
friend,  the  Rev.  C.  H.  Bennet,  rector  of  Ouseden,  in  Suffolk,  I 
found  among  them  an  excellent  second  brass  of  this  emperor, 
Rev.  GENIO  POPVLI  ROMANI;  in  the  exergue,  LON.  I 
am  happy  to  be  able  to  add  another  emperor  to  the  list  of 
those  who  minted  in  London  ;  for  in  the  collection  belonging  to 
the  Ipswich  Library,  I  saw  a  few  months  back  a  second  brass  of 
GAL.  VAL.  MAXIMIANVS,  with  the  same  reverse  and  exer- 
gual  letters.  This  last  coin  has  something  singular  in  its  style  of 
execution,  the  head  not  being  flattened  out  over  the  field  of  the 
coin  to  the  degree  usual  in  the  coinage  of  this  period,  but  smaller, 
more  elongated,  and  of  somewhat  higher  relief.  I  do  not  know 
where  either  was  picked  up  ;  but  it  is  a  curious  coincidence,  that 
both  should  now  be  preserved  in  Suffolk,  where  the  one  men- 
tioned in  your  note  to  p.  107,  was  discovered. 

I  have  also  met  with  an  unpublished  reverse  of  Carausius,  dis- 
covered at  Caerleon,  in  Monmouthshire  (a  place  where  his  coins 
frequently  are  turned  up),  and  now  in  the  hands  of  Mr.  W. 
Jenkins,  of  that  place.  It  is  of  copper,  washed  with  silver,  well 
preserved,  but  of  rude  work .  The  reverse  is  perfectly  distinct ; 

VENVS  VIC Venus  leaning  against  a  column,  and  holding 

a  globe  and  palm  branch,  exactly  the  same  figure  as  that  repre- 
sented in  the  impression  below,  from  an  onyx  intaglio  found  at  the 
same  place,  and  in  the  possession  of  the  same  Mr.  Jenkins.  I 
have  the  honor  to  be,  Sir,  your  obedient  servant,  C.  W.  KING. 

To  the  Editor  of  the  Numismatic  Chronicle. 
Trinity  College,  Cambridge, 
Jan.  30,  1845. 


MISCELLANEA.  201 

In  p.  16  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Numismatic  Society,  pub- 
lished in  Vol.  V.  of  the  Numismatic  Chronicle,  it  will  be  seen  that 
Mr.  C.  R.  Smith  refers  to  a  coin  of  Maximian,  with  LON,  which 
was  found,  with  many  others,  on  the  banks  of  the  Stour.  The 
coin  of  Galerius  Maximianus,  as  Mr.  King  remarks,  appears  to 
be  the  only  specimen  noticed  with  these  exergual  letters.  It 
would  be  desirable  to  obtain  impressions  of  it  in  sealing  wax. 
The  coin  of  Carausius  is  also  new.  Mr.  Jenkins  has  kindly  for- 
warded impressions,  from  which  the  correctness  of  Mr.  King's 
reading  is  confirmed.  The  coin,  however,  is,  unfortunately,  badly 
preserved.  EDITOR. 

TESTIMONIAL  TO  MR.  CHARLES  ROACH  SMITH. — Several 
members  of  the  Numismatic  Society  having  felt  desirous,  on  the 
retirement  of  Mr.  Charles  Roach  Smith  from  the  office  of  Hono- 
rary Secretary,  to  present  him  with  some  testimonial  of  their 
esteem  and  respect,  as  well  as  of  their  approbation  of  his  services, 
resolved  to  enter  into  a  subscription  for  that  purpose.  The  pro- 
posal was  cordially  responded  to  by  a  large  number  of  members, 
and  a  sufficient  amount  having  been  readily  contributed,  a  meeting 
of  the  subscribers  was  held  at  the  rooms  of  the  Society  on  the 
23d  of  January,  at  which  Dr.  Lee,  in  their  name,  and  at  their 
request,  presented  to  Mr.  Smith  a  silver  tea  and  coffee  service, 
accompanied  with  their  best  wishes  for  his  health  and  prosperity. 
The  different  articles  were  inscribed  as  follows  : — 

TO 
CHARLES    ROACH    SMITH,    F.  S.  A. 

LATE 
THEIR  HONORARY  SECRETARY, 

FROM 
FIFTY-ONE  MEMBERS  OF 

THE    NUMISMATIC    SOCIETY 

OF    LONDON. 

JAN.  1845. 

We  cordially  congratulate  our  esteemed  friend  and  colleague 
on  this  occasion,  feeling  assured  that  no  one  better  deserves  such 
a  testimonial,  not  only  for  his  indefatigable  attention  to  the  duties 
of  the  particular  office  in  connection  with  which  the  present  was 
given,  but  also  for  the  services  he  has  rendered  to  the  study  of 
British  Archaeology  in  general. 

INITIA  MONET^E  SUECANJE  sub  examen  revocata  a  JOHANNE 
HENR.  SCHRODER,  ex  actis  Reg.  Societ.  Scient.  Upsal.  T.  xii. 
p.  381 — 391,  with  a  plate,  4to.  Upsal,  1844,  contains  a  memoir, 
by  Dr.  Schroder,  on  the  early  coins  of  Sweden  ;  of  the  king  Olaf, 
who  reigned  A.D.  994 — 1024;  and  Amindus,  his  son,  who  was 

VOL.     VII.  E    E 


202  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

king  from  A.D.  1024 — 1051.  These  coins  are  of  the  greatest 
interest,  from  their  resemblance  to  our  Saxon  series,  and  being 
evidently  directly  derived  from  England.  The  moneyer,  Godwine, 
of  the  first  king,  is  evidently  an  Anglo-Saxon  ;  and  the  letters 
CRUX,  the  cross  disposed  in  the  spaces  between  the  cross  and 
circle,  bear  marks  of  a  derivation  even  as  late  as  the  Norman 
conquest. 

PENNY  OP  HARTHACNUTE,  OF  THE  DOVER  MINT. — A  penny 

of  this  monarch,  reading  O.  HART*CNVT  REX,  R.  ETSIGE 
ONN  DFRA  (Etsige  on  Dover),  has  been  lately  procured  at  a 
silversmith's  in  the  town  of  Dover,  having  been  found  in  the 
vicinity  of  that  place.  This,  with  two  new  OfFas ;  one,  with  the 
head,  found  at  Basle,  in  Switzerland ;  the  other  from  Rome,  are 
in  the  possession  of  a  well  known  member  of  the  Numismatic 
Society. 


RECENT  NUMISMATIC  PUBLICATIONS. 
GREEK  AND  ROMAN. 

1.  James  Milling  en :  Supplement  aux   considerations    sur   la 
Numismatique  de  1'ancienne  Italic.     Florence,  1844,  di  pag.  32, 
8vo.  con  due  Tavoli  in  rame. 

2.  Preller  L. :  Nummorum  Grsecorum  qui  in  Museo  Academico 
asservantur  recensus,  Specimen  I.  Dorpeti,  4to. 

3.  F.  M.  Avellini :  Rubastinorum  Numorum  Catalogus.    Nea- 
poli,  An.  CIOI3CCCXL1V.  in  4to.  cum  Tabulis  II. 

4.  /.  Y.  Akerman :   Ancient  Coins  of  Cities  and  Princes,  geo- 
graphically arranged  and  described.     London,  1844.  8vo. 

5.  The  same  :  Coins  of  the   Romans  relating  to  Britain,  de- 
scribed and  illustrated.    London,  1844,  1  vol.,  with  7  copper  plates. 

6.  G.  Fiorelli :  Osservazioni  sopra  talune  monete  rare  di  citta 
Greche.     Con  tre  tavole  incise.     Napoli,  tipogralia  Virgilio,  1843. 
4to.  pp.81. 

7.  Ed.   Lambert:  Essai   sur   la    Numismatique    Gauloise   du 
Nord-Ouest  de  la  France.     4to.  13  plates,  1844. 

8.  Greppo  (0.  G.  H.}  :  Memoire  sur  les  Voyages  de  1'Empereur 
Hadrien,  et  sur  les  Medailles,  qui  s'y  rapportent.     Paris,  1842. 
Revue  Num.  1843,  pp.150. 

9.  M.  Finder  et  J.  Friedlander  :   Die  Miinzen  Justinians,  with 
6  copper  plates.     Berlin,  1843.     8vo.  pp.  72. 

10.  Le  Baron  Chandrae  de  Crazannes:  Dissertation  sur  Divona 
des  Cadurci  et  sur  deux  medailles  autonomes  de  ce  peuple.    Cahors, 
1844.     8vo.  1  plate. 


MISCELLANEA.  203 

11.  M.  Ch.  Lenormant :   Me"moire  sur  le  classement  des  Me- 
dailles  qui  peuvent   appartenir   aux    treize   premiers    Arsacides. 
Paris,  Firmin  Didot,  1841.     4to.  46  pages,  avec  2  planches  sur 
cuivre  ;  published  torn.  ii.  of  the  Nouvelles  Annales  par  la  section 
Fran9aise  de  1'Institut  Archeologique  de  Rome. 

12.  Raoul-Rochette :  Troisieme  Memoire  sur  les  Medailles  de 
la  Bactriane.     Journal  des  Savants,  Feb.  1844. 

13.  M.C.Robert:  Description  d'une  Monnaie  Gauloise.    1844. 
8vo.  1  vignette. 

14.  D.  V.  Georgio  Spinelli:  Indagine  sull'  epoca  in  cui  s'inco- 
mincio  a  coniare  monete  di  bronzo.     4to.  4  pages. 

15.  The  same  :   Ricerche  sul  tempo  nel  quali  si  cesso  di  coniare 
le  moneti  denominati  incuse.     4to.  12  pages. 

16.  Raoul-Rochette :  Considerations  sur  les  graveurs  en  Me- 
dailles et  en  pierres   fines  de   1'antiquite.     Journal  des   Savans, 
September  1844. 

17.  George  Grote  :  Investigations  on  Ancient  Weights,  Coins, 
and  Measures.     Classical  Museum.     No.  I.  p.  1. 

18.  A.  de  Longperier :  Catalogue  de  Medailles  Grecques,  Pu- 
niques,  et  Romaines,  recueillies  a  Carthage,  par  M.  Jos.  d'Egre- 
mont.     Paris,  1843,  8vo. 

19.  The    same:  Catalogue    de   la    Collection    de    Medailles, 
Grecques  et  Romaines,  provenant  du  Cabinet  de  M.  F.  de  Col- 
mar.     8vo.  1844. 

20.  Geppert,  C.  E.  :  Die  altgriechische  Biihne  (mit  6  Tafeln, 
Mlinzen,  u.  Vasengemalden).     8vo.    Leipz.  1843. 

21.  J.H.Krause:  NEOKOPOS.     Civitates  Neocorae.     Lips. 

22.  A.  G.  Cappelli :   Commentatio  de  Regibus  et  Antiquitati- 
bus  Pergamenis.     Amstel.  1842,  8vo.  pp.  172. 

*#*  This  work  will  be  found  very  serviceable  in  investigating  the  many 
numismatic  difficulties  which  the  coinage  of  this  dynasty  presents.  It  con- 
tains a  plate  of  coins,  with  a  short  dissertation,  De  Regum  Pergamenorum 
Numis;  another  De  Pergamenorum  Diis  et  Rebus  Sacris,  and  a  map  of  their 
kingdom. 

23.  N.  Murzakewicz  :   Descriptio  Musei  Odessani.      Pars  I. 
continens  Numophylacium  Odessanum.     Odessse,  1841. 

***  Tl 
and  gold. 

24.  Josephus  Arneth  :   Synopsis    Numorum  Graecorum   qui  in 
Museo  Csesareo  Vindobonensi  adservantur.     Casto,  Vindob.  1837. 

***  This  synopsis  gives  a  list  of  all  the  kings  and  cities  of  which  Greek 
coins  are  preserved  in  the  Museum  at  Vienna,  with  the  modern  name  of  each 
place,  the  metal,  weight,  and  number  of  its  coins,  with  an  index.  This  work 
is  an  extremely  valuable  accession  to  numismatic  statistics  and  geography. 

25.  F.  de  Saulcy  ;   Recherches  sur  la  Numismatique  Puriique. 
Paris,  1843,  4to. 


204  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

26.  Gennaro  Riccio  :  Le  Monete  delle   Antiche  Famiglie  di 
Rorna  fino  allo  Imperatore  Augusto,  ecc.    disposti  ed   illustrati. 
Seconda  edizione,  accresciuta  di  tutte  le  novelli  disquizioni  Numis- 
matiche  sulla  materia,  di  tutte  le  moneti   finora  discoperte,  pre- 
terite nella  prima,  con  venti  Tavole  di  aggiunta.     Napoli,   stam- 
peria  del  Fibreno,  1843,  in  4o,  di  pag.  viii.  288,  e  Tavole  Ixxii. 
litografiche. 

27.  Ricerchi  intorno  all'  eta  dell'  /Es  flatum  communemente 
denominate  JEs  grave.     4to.  12  pages. 

28.  Sulla  impropria  denominazione  di  JEs  grave  data  a  tulla  la 
moneta  fusa.     4to.  7  pages. 

29.  A.  Gennarelli :  La  Moneta  primitiva  e  i  Monument!  dell' 
Italia  Antica  messi  in  rapporto   Cronologico   e    ravvicinati  alle 
Opere  d'Arti  delli  altre  nazioni  civili  dell'  antichita,  per  dedurre, 
onde  fosse  1'origine  ed  il  progresso  delli  arti  e  dell'  incivilimento. 
Dissertazione   coronata  dalla    Pontificia   Accademia   Romana   di 
Archeologia.     Roma,  1843,  4to.  pp.  168,  9  plates. 

30.  W.  Ckassot  von  Florencourt :  Erklarung  der  rathselhaften 
Umschriften  der  Consecrations-Munzen   des   Romulus.      Trier. 
1843.  8vo. 

31.  Olympic  (Pseudonym] :  Les  Monnaies  et  les  Medailles  des 
premieres  siecles  du  Christianisme.      Lettre   addressee  au  cure 
Stiels,  in  the  Revue  de  Bruxelles,  1841,  August,  pp.  66.     Review- 
ed by  C.  Plot,  Revue  de  la  Num.  Beige,  i.  p.  92—94. 

MEDIAEVAL  AND  MODERN. 

32-  J.  Friedlander  :  Die  Miinzen  der  Ostgothen.  Mit  3  Kupfer- 
tafeln.  Berlin,  1844.  Trautwein  et  Comp.  8vo.  pp.  60  (1  Thlr) 
In  Leizmann's  numismatische  Zeitung,  Oct.  1844,  p.  164. 

33.  B.  Fillon  et  A.  de   Chastaigner :  Recherches  sur  1'Attri- 
bution     au     Poitou    de    quelques    Tiers    de    sol    Merovingiens. 
AREDUNUM,   CURCIACUM,  METALO.     (Extrait  des  Mem.  de  la 
Societe  des  Antiquaires   de  1'Ouest).      Poitiers,    184-,  in   8vo, 
32  pages. 

34.  Die  Reichelse  Miinzsammlung  in  St.  Petersburg.      Neunter 
Theil.  1843,  8vo.  containing  the  coins  of  the  Vandals,  Ostrogoths, 
Lombards,    Italians,    Crusaders,    Moldavians,    Wallachians,    and 
Servians.     Koehne,  Zeitschrift,  p.  317,  Aug.  1844. 

35.  F.  de  Saulcy :  Recherches  sur  les  Monnaies  des  Comtes 
et  Dues  de  Bar,  pour  faire  suite  aux  Recherches  sur  les  Monnaies 
des  Dues  hereditaires  de  Lorraine.     Paris,  Firmin   Didot,  1843, 
4to.  7  copper  plates,  R.  N. 

36.  Jules  Rons  set  :   Memoire  sur  les  Monnaies  du  Valentinois. 
Valence,  L.  J3oul.  1843,  8vo.  30  pages,  and  3  plates,  lithograph. 

37.  F.  Jouannet :  Notice  sur  quelques  Deniers  du  Moyen-age, 
trouves  en  1842,  a  Saucats,   Bordeaux,   Lavigne,  avec  planche, 


MISCELLANEA.  205 

8vo.      Reviewed  by  Lecointre-Dupont.       Revue   Numis.    1843 
pp.314  — 17. 

38.  A.  Hermand  :  Histoire  Monetaire  de  la  Province  d'Artois 
et   des  seigneuries  qui  en   dependaient,  etc.       Decembre   1843, 
8vo.  9  lithograph  plates. 

39.  Robert :  Recherches  sur  les  Monnaies  des  Eveques  de  Toul. 
Paris,  Rollin,  1844,  4to.  10  planches,  10  francs. 

40.  Levrault)  L  :   Essai  sur  1'Ancienne  Monnaie  de  Strasbourg, 
et   sur  ses  Rapports  avec  FHistoire  de  la  Ville  et  de  1'Eveche. 
Strasbourg  et  Paris,  1842,  8vo. 

41.  P.  Mantellier  :  Notice  sur  la  Monnaie  de  Trevoux  et  de 
Dombes.     Orleans,  1844,  8vo.  11  copperplates. 

42.  A.  M.  Bartlielemy  :   Medaille  inedite  frappee  a  Lyon,  lors 
du  passage  de  Louis  XII.  dans  cette  Ville.      Paris,  1843,  8vo. 

43.  Catalogue  des  Medailles  relatives  a  la  Revolution  de  Juillet 
1830,  et  au  Regne  de  Louis  Philippe  /.     Paris,  1843,  4to. 

44.  II  Signor  Conte  Fimercati  Snzzi  :   Sulla  Moneta  della  Citta 
di  Bergamo  nel  secolo  13.      Bergamo,  1842,  8vo- 

45.  De  Minicis,  Cenni  Storici  e  Numismatici  di  Fermo.     Roma, 
1839-8. 

46.  M.  G.  Fillers :  Decouverte  de   Monnaies   du   Moy en-age 
a  Dreux.     Caen,  1844,  large  Svo.  in  Journal  des  Savans  de  Nor- 
mandie,  1  livraison. 

47 .  Fr.  den  Duyts :  Notice  sur  les  Anciennes  Monnaies  des 
Comtes  de  Flandre,  des  Dues  de  Brabant  et  des  Comtes  de  Hain- 
aut  (collection  de  1'Umversite  de  Gand)  Gand,  van  der  Haghen, 
1842,  Svo.  pp.  21,  17  plates. 

48.  Chaponniere  :   Sur  1*  Institution  des  Ouvriers  Monnoyeurs 
du  Saint  Empire  Remain  et  leurs  parlements,  in  the  Memoires 
et  Documens  publics  par  la  Societe  d'Histoire  et  d'Archeologie 
de  Geneve.     Geneve,   Jullien  et  fils,    1842,  torn.  ii.  Svo.     Re- 
viewed   in    the    Leipzig    Repertorium    des    deutschen   und    aus- 
landisch  Literatur,  ii.,  Heft  14,  pp.  20 — 21. 

49.  T.  Bergmann  :  Medaillen  auf  beriimhte  und  ausgezeichnete 
Manner  des  oesterreichischen  Kaiserstaates,  vom  16,  bis  zum  19 
Jahrhunderte.       In    treuen    Abbildungen,    mit  biographisch-his- 
torischen   Notizen.      Erster  Band.   Wien,   1844.      Tendler  und 
Schaeffer,  4to.  pp.304,  PH.  14. 

50.  Dr.  H.  Meyer  :    Die  altesten    Miinzen   von   Zurich  oder 
Zurich's  Miinzgeschichte  im   Mittelalter,   mit   zwei  Miinztafeln. 
Zurich,  bei  Meyer  und  Zeller  (ehemals  Ziegler  und  Sohne),  1840, 
pp.22, 

51.  /.  Bergmann  :   Das    Munzrecht    der    gefiirsteten    Grafen 
von  Cilli  und  die  denselben  falschlich  Zugetheilten  Miinzen  der 
Reichsgrafen  von  Erbach.     Wien,  1843.     Printed  in  the  103rd 


206  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

vol.  of  the  Jahrbiicher  der  Literatur,  and  published  in  1844,  with 
a  treatise  by  the  same  on  the  Mtinzrecht  of  the  Counts  of  Hardegg- 
Glatz, 

52.  Baron  von  Berstett :  Nachtrag  als  Erganzung  und  Berich- 
tigung  zum  Versuch  einer  Miinzgeschichte  des  Elsasses  ;  Friburg 
en  Brisgau,  1844,  4to.  3  pi.  lith. 

53.  Dr.  Jul.  Friedlander  :  Der  Fund  von  Obrzycho,  Silber- 
miinzen   aus    dem   Zehnten    Christlichen    Jahrhunderte,    mit   3, 
Kupfertafeln.     Berlin,  1844,  8vo. 

54.  Archiv  des  Vereins  fiir  sieburgische  Landeskunde,  1  Bd., 
1  Heft.     Hermannstadt,  1843,  8vo. 

55.  A.    Bartsch  :    Jahresbericht    des    Vereins    fur    Meklen- 
burgische  Geschichte  und  Alterthumskunde.     Achter  Jahrgang. 
Schwerin,  1843,  8vo.  pp.  159,  1  plate,  and  3  woodcuts. 

56.  L.  de  Mas-latric :  Notice  sur  les  Monnaies  et  les  Sceaux 
des  Rois  de  Chypre,  de  la  Maison  de  Lusignan. 

57.  H.  E.  Hr.  Raczynski :  Gabinet  medal 6 w  Polskich,  oraz 
tych  ktore,  siedziesow  Polski  tycza,  z  czasow  panowanic  Stanislawa 
Augusta  przez  L.  G.     W.  Wroclawiu,  1843,  4to.  pp.  314. 

58.  Die  Reichelse  Miinzsammlung  in  St.  Petersburg.     Achter 
Theil,  1843,  Spanien  und  Portugal,  8vo.  pp.  104.     In  Leizmann's 
Numismatische  Zeitung,  January  and  February. 

59.  J.  Dirks  :  Bijdragen  tot  de  Penningkunde  van  Friesland> 
1.  Munten  van  Staveren  en  Dockum  nit  de  eelfde  eeuw.     2.  Mun- 
ten  van  Lecuwarden,  Sneek  en  Bolsward,  nit  de  vijftiende  eeuw. 
Gedruckt  te  Workum,  bij  H.  Brandenburgh,  1843,  8vo.   pp.50, 
etc.,  2  plates.     An  account  of  this  work  in  the  Zeitschrift. 

60.  Catalogue   des    Medailles    relatives    aux   Evenemens    des 
Annees  1789 — 1815,  qui  sontfrappees  et  se  vendent  a  la  Monnaie 
de  Paris,  1843,  4to. 

61.  Verzeichniss    der   Mlinz    und    Medaillen-Sammlung    des 
Herrn  L.  Welzl  von   Wellenheim,  vol.  ii.  torn.  i.     Vienne,   1844, 
8vo.,  containing  Medieval  coins. 

62.  Catalogue  de  deux  superbes   Collections  de  Medailles  et 
Monnaies  en  Or,  en  Argent  et  en  Cuivre,  dans  lesquelles  on  re- 
marque  de  tres  belles  Suites  de  Monnaies  du  Moyen-age,  de  tous 
Pays,  et  de  riche  Series  de  Monnaies  obsidionales.     Gand,  1843, 
8vo. 

63.  Verzeichniss  von  antiken,   mittelalterlichen    und   anderen 
Miinzen,  antiken  Vasen  etc,  Doubletten  der  Konigl.  Sammlungen, 
welche  am  Dienstag  den  9  April  u.  f.  T.  durch  den  Konigl.  Com- 
missions-Rath  Rauch  meistbietend  gegen  gleich  baare  Zahlung 
in  Preuss.  Courant  versteigert  werden  solten.      Berlin,  1844,  8vo. 


MISCELLANEA.  207 

pp.  210.  The  coins  are  chiefly  ancient,  2972  in  number,  to 
which  are  added  two  very  rare  deniers  of  the  princes,  Gottfried  I. 
and  II.  of  Achaia.  Among  the  more  modern  pieces  the  Polish 
are  very  remarkable.  Koehne,  Zeitschrift. 

64.  F.  S.  Frank :  Verzeichniss   der   Miinzen  and  Medaillen- 
Sammlung  desselben,  welche  den  21  October  1844.  und  die  fol- 
genden    Tage    durch   das    Bucher   und    Kunst-sachen-Auctions- 
Institut  wird  veraussert  werden.     Zu  beziehen  von  Schaumberg 
et  Comp.  in  Wien,  8vo.  pp.  212,  containing  2566  Mediaeval  and 
modern  pieces  of  all  countries,  including  some  rare  German,  and 
old  Italian  pieces.     Koehne. 

65.  P.  de  Angelis :   Explication  de  un  Monetario  del  Rio  de  la 
Plata.     Buenos  Ayres,  1840,  8vo. 

ORIENTAL. 

66.  F.    Erdmann :  Lettres     numismatiques    a    M.    Reinaud, 
Membre  de  1'Institut.  Monnaies  soffarides  et  samanides  inedites. 
Journal  asiatique,  1843,  No.  9. 

67.  B.  Dorn  :  Die  letzte   Schenkung  von   Morgenlandischen 
Miinzen  an  das  asiatische  Museum  (der  kaiserl.  Akademie  der 
Wissens-chaften  zu  St.  Petersburg).     In  the  Journal  of  the  Aca- 
demy, 1843,  pp.  268-72. 

68.  The  same  :  Uber  einige  bisher   unbekannte  Miinzen  des 
dritten   Sasaniden-Koniges,  Hormisdas  I.     Read  November  17, 
1843,  before  the  Imperial   Academy  of  St.  Petersburg,   in   the 
Bulletin    de  la  Classe   des  Sciences  historiques,  etc.  de  1'Acad, 
imp.  de  St.  Petersb.  1,  Nos.  18,  19,  pp.  273—294,  with  one  plate. 

69.  Olshausen,  J.  :  Die  Pehlewi-Legenden  auf  den  Miinzen  der 
letzten  Sasaniden  auf  den  altesten  Miinzen  Arabischer  Chalifen, 
etc.  Zum  ersten  Male  gelesen  und  erklart.     Kopenhag.  1843. 

70.  Minutoli(H.  C.  Von.) :  Topographische  Uebersicht  der  Aus- 
grabungen  rbmischer,  arabischer  und  andrer  Miinzen-und  Kunst- 
gegendstande,  wie  solche  zu  verschiedenen  Zeiten  in  den  Klisten- 
landern  des  baltischen  Meeres  stattgehabt.     Berl.  1843. 

71.  J.  J.  Marcel:  Numismatique  Orientale.     Tableau  general 
des  Monnaies  ayant  cours  en  Algerie.     Paris,  1844. 

72.  M.  F.  Soret  :  Lettre  a  M.  F.  Duval,  sur  quelques  Mon- 
naies  Orientales  inedites,  trouvees  a  Bokhara.     Geneve,   1843, 
8vo.,  in  the  Memoires  publics  par  la  Societe  d'Histoire,  etc.  de 
Geneve. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

73.  Duquenelle  :  Catalogue  de  Medailles  romaines  trouvees  a 
Reims.     8vo,  1844. 

74.  Nouvelles  Annales  publics  par  la  Section  Francaise  de  1'In- 
stitut  archeologique,  2  vols.  8vo.     Paris,  1836 — 1839. 


208  NUMISMATIC    CHRONICLE. 

75.  Charles  Roach  Smith  :  Collectanea  Antiqua,  No.  IV.  Coins 
found  in  Kent,  2  plates.     London,  1843,  8vo. 

76.  Guillemot,  fils  aim  :  Essai  sur  quelques  Pieces  trouvees 
a  la  Rochelle  et  aux  environs.     1844,  8vo. 

77.  Memoires  de    la    Societe  Eduenne.     Autern,    1844,  8vo. 
pp.338,  22  plates  (entirely  numismatic)- 

78.  Catalogue  de  trois  belles  Collections  de  Medailles  et  Mon- 
iiaies,  etc.,  de  MM.  D.  de  L.,  P.  de  T.,  et  A.  de  la  M.     Gand, 
1844,  8vo. 

79.  Observations  sur  le  Projet  de  Loi  pour  la  Fabrication  de 
nouvelles  Monnaies  de  Cuivre,  etc.,  p.  3,  4to.  lithog. 

80.  Catalogue  of  the  first  portion  of  Greek,  Roman,  and  Foreign 
Mediaeval  Coins  and  Medals,  collected  the  last  fifty  years,  by  the 
late  Th.  Thomas,  Esq.     London,  1844,  8vo. 

81.  F.  K.  Robert :  Manuel  du  Mouleur  en  Medailles.     Toul. 
and  Paris,  1843,  8vo. 

82.  E.   Zacharias :    Numotheca    Numismatica    Latomorum. 
Heft  iii.  bis  vi.     Dresden,  1842  u.  1843,  4to.     Each  part  contains 
six  coins  lithographed. 

83.  B.   Kohne :    Der    jezige    Zustand   der   Munzkiindlichen 
Wissenschaft ;  in  A.  Schmidts'  Zeitschrift  fur  Geschicht-Wissen- 
schaft,  i,  Heft,  iv.  pp.  36 — 71. 

84.  Memoires  de  la   Societe  des  Antiquaires    de  Normandie, 
2  serie,  vol.  ii.?  annees  1840  and    1841.     Caen.   Hardel,   1842, 
4to,  pp.444  (15  Fr,),  containing  accounts  of  finds  of  coins. 

85.  Bijdragen  tot  de  kennis  van  bet  Muntwezen.     Amsterdam 
van  Cleef,  1843,  8vo. 

86.  A.  Krafft :  Remarques  adressees  a  M.  Mohl,  sur  la  hui- 
tieme  Lettre  Numismatique  de  M.  de  Saulcy  a  M.  Reinaud. 

87.  S.  Quintino  :  Lezioni  intorno  ad  argomenti  Numismatici. 
Torino,  1842,  p.  38,  with  engravings. 

88.  Theory  of  a  New  System  of  Increasing  and  Limiting  Issues 
of  Money.     London,  1843,  8vo.  pp.  128. 

89.  A.  P.  Frichot :  Consequences  de  la  Discussion  et  du  Vote 
de  la  Chambre  des  Deputes  pendant  la  Session  de  1843,  sur  la 
Refonte  des  Monnaies.     Paris,  1844,  4to. 

90.  Ch.  Rey  :  De  la  Refonte  des  Monnaies  de   Cuivre  et  de 
Billon,    d'apres   le    Projet   de    Loi   presente  a  la  Chambre  des 
Deputes.     Paris,  1844,  8vo. 

91.  Eckfeldt  and  Du  Bois  :  A  Manual  of  Gold  and  Silver 
Coins  of  all  Nations.     Philadelphia.     See  Athenaeum,  June,  1843. 

92.  Von  Florencourt :  Ueber   einige   Medaillons    und    ausge- 
zeichnete  Goldmiinzen  in  der  Miinz-Sammlung  zu  Trier.     (Jahr- 
biicher  der   Vereins  von  Alterthumsfreunden  im  Rheinlande  iv. 
p.  94— 106). 


PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE    NUMISMATIC    SOCIETY.  85 

No.  2. — Same  head.     R.  MYPA,  within  the  divisions  of  a  wheel. 

3. — Head  of  Apollo.  R.  MYPAE.  Bunch  of  grapes. 
These  three  coins  in  brass  offer  new  types,  and,  as  the  author 
infers,  must  have  been  struck  previous  to  the  destruction  of  the  city 
of  Myrlea,  by  Philip  of  Macedon ;  for  when  it  was  rebuilt  by  Prusias, 
king  of  Bithynia,  the  name  was  changed  to  that  of  Apamea.  These 
coins  were  procured  on  the  spot,  together  with  several  colonial  coins 
of  Apamea,  namely  : — 

No.  4.— Head  of  Mercury.  R.  C.I.C.A.DD.  Three  Roman  stand- 
ards. JE,.  3.  And  new  types  in  brass  of  Caligula,  Julia 
Domna,  and  Caracalla. 

CHALCEDON,    IN    BITHYNIA. 

No.   1. — A  tetradrachm,  similar  to  the  drachm  published  by  Mr. 

Birch.1 
2. — Veiled  head  cf  Arsinoe,  as  Ceres.     R.    KAAX.      Apollo, 

with  his  attributes,  seated  on  the  cortina.     JR.  8. 
The  figure  of  Apollo  is  new  on  the  money  of  Chalcedon  ;  but  the 
later  coins  struck  in  this  city,  in  honour  of  the  Roman  emperors, 
often  allude  to  the  worship  of  Apollo,  whose  temple  there  ceded  only 
to  those  of  Delphi  and  Delos. 

CLITA,    IN    BITHYNIA. 

AYTOKPA.TITOS  KAISAP....Head  of  Titus.  R.  EHI.M. 
SAAOYIAHNOY  ASINN.AN0Y.  The  walls  and  gate  of 
a  fortified  city;  above,  KAITA.  M.  7. 

Ptolemy  mentions  a  town  in  Bithynia,  named  KXara,  situated 
a  short  distance  from  the  sea,  S.E.  of  Amastris,  to  which  the  author 
assigns  this  unique  and  inedited  coin,  and  observes,  that  it  is  somewhat 
remarkable,  that  Clita  is  unnoticed  by  any  other  historian  or  geo- 
grapher, since  from  the  reverse  of  this  coin,  it  would  appear  to  have 
been  of  some  importance.  See  Journal  of  the  Society,  January  1 843. 

1  Num.  Chron.  vol.  ii.  p.  161. 
p 


86  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE 

The  business  of  the  ordinary  Meeting  being  concluded,  the  Mem- 
bers, in  pursuance  of  a  resolution  passed  at  the  last  Annual  General 
Meeting,  resolved  themselves  into  a  Special  General  Meeting,  for  the 
purpose  of  taking  into  further  consideration  a  resolution  submitted  to 
the  Annual  General  Meeting,  for  raising  the  amount  of  the  Annual 
Contribution  of  future  Members. 

The  Secretary,  having  read  the  Minutes  of  the  last  Annual  General 
Meeting  in  reference  to  this  resolution,  the  President  put  the  question 
from  the  chair,  when  the  Meeting  resolved— 

"That  the  Annual  Subscription  of  all  Members  hereafter  to  be 
admitted  into  the  Society,  be  one  pound  ten  shillings. 

"That  every  New  Member  be  furnished,  without  any  further 
expense,  with  a  copy  of  such  Journal  as  the  Council  shall  determine 
on  for  the  publication  of  the  Proceedings  of  the  Society." 


DECEMBER  22,   1842. 
H.  H.  WILSON,  Esq.,  F.R.S.,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

Presents  to  the  Society. 

Recueil    de    Medailles    Grecques    Inedites.  "1          PRESENTED  BY 
Par  Edouard  de  Cadalvene.     4to.    Paris,   >  THE  AUTHOR. 
1838.  J 

M&noires  de  la  Societe  Royale  d'Emulation  1  THE  ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF 
d' Abbeville.  4  torn.  8vo.  Abbeville,  >  EMULATION  OF  ABBE- 
1833-40.  J  VILLE- 

The  Bronze  Medal  of  the  Royal  Society  of  ^j 
Emulation    of    Abbeville.      Obv. — Louis 
Philippe  I.    Roi   des    Francais.        Lau-  | 
reated  head  of  the  king ;  beneath,  CATEL  I 
D'ABBEVILLE,   P.      R. —  Ville  d' Abbeville  j      "          " 
Societe  Royale  d'Emulation.     Engraven 
in   the  centre,  within  a  wreath,   "  A  la  I 
Societe  Numismatique  de  Londres."  j 

De  la  Creation.  Essai  sur  1'Origine  et  la  Pro-  "1 

gression  des  Etres.     Par  M.  Boucher  de   >  THE  AUTHOR. 
Perthes.  v.  Tom.    8vo.    Abbeville,  1838.  J 


NUMISMATIC    SOCIETY.  87 

Lithograph  Portrait  of  M.  Boucher  de  Per-  1          PRESENTED  BY 


} 
M. 


thes.     Par  Gravedon.     1831.  |  M.  B.  DE 

Documens  pour  servir  a  1'Histoire  Monetaire  "1 

des  Pays-Bas.     Par  Frederic  Verachter.   I  THE  AUTHOR. 
No.  4.     8vo.     Anvers,  1842. 

Notice  sur  les  Monnaies  de  Bois-le-Duc. 
Par  Frederic  Verachter.  4  leaves.  Gand. 
1832. 

Bulletins  de  1'Academie  Royale  des  Sciences  "1  THE  ROYAL  ACADEMY 
et  Belles  Lettres  de  Bruxelles.  Tom.  ix,  >  OF  SCIENCES,  &c.  OF 
lrePartie.  8vo.  Bruxelles,  1842.  J  BRUSSELS. 

Eighty  Silver  Coins :   viz.,   of  Edward  VL 
(No.  1  ),  Philip  and  Mary  (No  2.),  Eliza- 
beth   (No.   43.),    James    I.    (No.    10.),   . 
Charles  I.  (No.  24.),  discovered  in  1835,   f 
between  the  manor-house  and  the  church, 
in  the  parish  of  Hartwell,  Bucks. 

Two  electrotype  casts.  „        „ 

The  thanks  of  the  Society  were  ordered  to  be  returned  to  the 
respective  donors. 

The  following  note  from  Dr.  Lee,  V.P.,  was  read:— 

Hartwell  House,  26th  October,  1842. 

SIR, — T  take  leave  to  request  that  you  will  have  the  kindness  to 
offer  to  the  Numismatic  Society,  for  its  acceptance,  the  accompany- 
ing collection  of  English  silver  coins,  which  formed  the  part  of  a 
treasure  found  in  the  parish  of  Hartwell,  in  the  year  1835,  between 
the  manor-house  and  the  church,  in  a  grove  of  trees. 

The  coins  of  Charles  I.  are  in  good  preservation,  and  many  of 
them  appear  to  be  new,  whilst  those  of  the  earlier  reigns  are  much 
defaced  and  worn. 

They  were  found  at  the  depth  of  about  twenty  inches  below  the 
surface  of  the  ground,  without  any  bag  or  covering,  and  may  pro- 
bably have  been  deposited  there  by  the  owner  of  the  mansion  upon 
some  sudden  emergency,  and  when  an  unwelcome  visit  from  some 
unpleasant  military  officer  during  the  civil  wars  may  have  been 
expected.  I  remain,  Sir,  yours  faithfully,  JOHN  LEE. 

To  the  Secretary  of  the 
Numismatic  Society. 


88 


PROCEEDINGS    OF   THE 


The  Rev.  Edward  Gibbs  Walford  exhibited  three  British,  and  101 
Roman  coins,  found  in  the  Black  Grounds,  at  Chipping  Warden,  the 
presumed  site  of  the  Brinavis  of  Antoninus.  The  coins  are  as  fol- 
lows : — 

British,  or  Gaulish,  in  Brass. 

No.   1.— Concave  and  convex  ;  rude  figure  of  a  horse,  &c. 
2. — Flat;  much  decayed. 
3. — A  Pegasus.     R.  without  type. 
Roman. 


No.                                                                No 

Vespasianus,  AR. 

1 

Brought  forward                                  4S 

Domitianus,  2  B. 

i 

Constantius  II.,  3  B.  .         .         .         2 

Hadrianus,  1  B.          .         ..       ** 

1 

Magnentius,  3  B.                 .         .         2 

Severus,  AR  .              ... 

3 

Helena       1 

Sev.  Alexander,  AR. 

1 

Valentinianus,  3  B.    .         .         .         9 

Gordianus  III.,  AR. 

1 

Valens,  3  B  8 

Philippus  the  Elder,  2  B.    . 

1 

Gratianus,  3  B.           .         .         .11 

Gallienus,  3  B  .           .        .  "     . 

3 

Theodosius,  3B. 

Victorious,  3  B. 

3 

Magnus  Maximus,  3  B. 

Claudius  Gothicus,  3  B.     . 

3 

Flav.  Victor.,  3  B  . 

Tetricus,  3B.             .         .  U-st 

3 

Eugenius,  AR. 

. 

Fl.  Max.  Theodora,  3  B.     . 

3 

Arcadius,  3  B.   . 

% 

G.  V.  Maximianus,  2  B.      .         . 

1 

Honorius,  3  B.  . 

; 

Carausius,  3  B. 

2 

Urbs  Romae 

3 

Constantinus,  3  B.     .        .  :  r-    . 

6 

Constantinopolis 

2 

„      Jun.,3B.t-..o  .   ,,  ... 

9 

Minimi 

8 

Constans,  3  B.  . 

7 



•   —  ~ 

101 

Carried  up 

49 

, 

None  of  the  above  coins  present  any  new  or  remarkable  type. 

Alfred  Beesley,  Esq.,  exhibited  a  British  coin  in  gold,  found  near 
the  Hamlets  of  Banbury,  about  two  miles  on  the  Southam  road. 

Obv. — Convex.     Leaf  resembling  that  of  the  fern. 

Rev. — Concave.  Rude  figure  of  a  horse  ;  beneath,  a  wheel ; 
above,  OV  ANTE0.  Weight,  82  grains. 

Mr.  Akerman  exhibited  four  Anglo-Saxon  sceattas,  found  re- 
cently, by  Mr.  J.  P.  Bartlett,  in  a  tumulus  on  Breach  Downs,  near 
the  village  of  Barham,  about  four  miles  from  Canterbury.  Two 
of  these  pieces  are  of  the  types  of  those  engraved  by  Ruding, 
"Sceattse,"  pi.  xi.,  Nos.  xxii. — xxv. ;  'and  the  other  two  are  simi- 
lar to  Nos.  xxvii. — xxxvii.  of  the  same  plate.  "  These  coins," 
observed  Mr.  Akerman,  "have  the  Christian  symbol;  but  it 
would  not  be  easy  to  determine  whether  this  is  the  result  of 


NUMISMATIC    SOCIETY.  89 

design,  or  of  that  imitation  so  often  practised  by  barbarous  and  semi- 
barbarous  nations,  who  frequently  copied,  or  travestied  the  types  of 
the  money  of  civilised  states  ;  in  some  instances,  perhaps,  without 
a  proper  knowledge  of  their  signification.  Among  numismatists, 
those  sceattas  without  the  sign  of  the  cross,  are,  with  apparent  reason, 
looked  upon  as  the  earliest  specimens  of  Anglo-Saxon  coinage.  The 
four  coins  in  question  were  discovered  in  a  grave,  the  site  of  which 
was  merely  indicated  by  a  circle  of  rank  grass.  Upwards  of  sixty 
tumuli  had  been  opened  by  Lord  Albert  Conyngham  on  Breach 
Downs,  about  twelve  months  previously ;  but  the  only  coin  discovered 
in  these  extensive  excavations  was  a  much  corroded  third  brass  of 
Victorinus,  which  being  found  merely  among  the  chalk  heaped  on 
the  grave,  does  not  fix  the  date  of  the  interment. 

"Pieces  similar  to  these  sceattas  are  frequently  dug  up  in  the  eastern 
parts  of  Kent,  of  which  portion  of  England  they  doubtless  once  formed 
the  currency.  Some  have  been  dug  up  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Can- 
terbury ;  and  within  these  few  weeks  past  another  specimen  has 
been  discovered  in  the  village  of  Barham.  Two  of  the  coins  found 
in  the  tumulus  have  on  their  obverse  a  crowned  head,  with  the  letters 
TICA,  which  may  be  a  proper  name ;  but  whether  of  a  prince,  an 
ecclesiastic,  or  a  moneyer,  it  is  difficult  to  determine.  The  name  of 
Tycca  is  subscribed  to  a  charter  of  Ecgberht,  king  of  Kent,  in 
the  Codex  Diplomaticus  l£m  Saxonici,  No.  clx.  p.  193 — '  signum 
manus  Tyccan.'  It  is  extremely  probable  that  Canterbury  was  the 
place  of  mintage  of  these  coins,  and  that  Tycca  was  an  ecclesiastic 
there ;  but  it  would  require  further  evidence  to  justify  our  connecting 
that  personage  with  the  name  on  these  coins,  although  it  is  not 
known  to  occur  in  any  other  document  than  the  one  above  noticed." 

Read  :— 

1.  A  letter  from  Sir  Henry  Ellis,   K.H.,  F.R.S.,   &c.  enclosing 
copies  of  two  proclamations  relating  to  the  English  coinage.    (Journal 
Num.  Soc.,  January  1843.) 

2.  A  letter  from  Benjamin  Nightingale,  Esq.,   on   the  Will   of 
Thomas  Simon,  the  medalist,  recently  brought  before  the  notice  of 


90  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE 

the  Society.  Mr.  Nightingale  states,  in  reference  to  the  Will,  that 
he  has  searched  the  burial  registers  of  St.  Clement  Danes,  Strand, 
with  a  view  to  ascertain  whether  they  afford  any  information  respect- 
ing the  artist  or  his  family ;  but  he  finds  no  name  of  the  kind  during 
the  years  1664,  1665,  1666,  except  that  of  Zachariah  Simon,  an 
infant  (in  1664),  probably  one  of  the  children  alluded  to.  Upon 
mature  consideration,  Mr.  Nightingale  adds,  this  may  be  deemed  a 
matter  of  no  marvel,  for  the  summer  of  1665  was  the  period  when 
the  plague  was  at  the  highest,  and  all  those  who  had  the  means  fled 
from  the  infected  city,  and  retired  into  the  country. 

3.  On  the  type  of  Aegiale  and  Epidaurus,  by  Samuel  Birch,  Esq. 

The  author  adds  some  important  explanations  to  the  corns  of 
"  Aegialus  in  Amorgo,"  published  by  Mr.  Borrell  (Num.  Chron. 
No.  xix.  p.  173).  The  name,  as  shewn  by  an  inscription  published 
by  M.  Letronne,  should  be  Aegiale.  The  type  of  Pan,  or  JEgi-Pan, 
probably  refers  to  the  name  of  the  city ;  but  the  object  on  the 
reverse  of  No.  3  is  illustrated  by  a  monument  of  Jason,  a  physician, 
published  by  M.  Panofka.  It  appears  to  be  the  omphalos,  a  utensil 
of  the  sudorific  bath  used  for  regulating  the  heat ;  the  discovery  of 
the  application  of  which  was  made  by  Visconti.  The  same  emblem 
appears  on  the  coins  of  Epidaurus,  two  unedited  types  of  which  are 
described.  The  author  adds,  that  the  old  bearded  head  on  the 
obverse  of  the  coins  of  Aegiale,  would  appear  to  be  that  of  ^Escula- 
pius,  rather  than  Jupiter,  as  proposed  by  M.  Cadalvene.  (See  Num. 
Chron.  Vol.  V.  p.  193.) 

4.  Continuation  of  Mr.  Borrell' s  notices  of  unedited  autonomous 
and  imperial  Greek  coins. 

CRATIA,    IN    BITHYNIA. 

Two  coins,  assigned  by  Sestini1  to  Gratia,  in  Bithynia,  in  the 
opinion  of  the  author,  belong  to  Cretopolis,  in  Pisidia.  He  has 
remarked,  for  many  years,  that  these  coins  are  always  brought  from 
that  province,  with  coins  of  neighbouring  cities. 

1  Descriz.  del  Med.  Ant.  de  Mus.  Hederv.  p.  44,  Nos.  i.  and  ii. 


NUMISMATIC    SOCIETY.  91 

HADRIANOTHER.E,    IN    BITHYNIA. 

AAPIANO9HPITON.     Head  of  a  wild  boar. 
R.  EIII.  CTP.  MNEP....Telesphorus  standing.     M.  3. 
This  coin,  the  author  states,  refers  to  the  abundance  of  game  and 
wild  animals  in  the  neighbourhood,  which  was  the  occasion  of  its 
being  selected  by  Hadrian,  to  gratify  his  love  for  field  sports. 

Three  other  coins,  in  brass,  of  Sept.  Severus,  Caracalla,  and 
Otacilia,  are  described. 

HERACLIA,    IN    BITHYNIA. 

Ten  coins,  in  brass,  of  Nero,  Trajanus,  Julia  Domna,  Diadu- 
menianus,  Maximinus,  Maximus,  Pupienus,  Tranquillina,  and  Salo- 
ninus. 

Locality  has  suggested  the  appropriation  of  these  coins  to  the 
Heraclia  in  Bithynia,  as  they  were  found  on  the  spot ;  otherwise  it 
would  be  difficult  to  distinguish  some  of  them  from  coins  of  numerous 
other  cities  of  the  same  name. 

NICAEA,    IN    BITHYNIA. 

No.  1. — M.  Aurelius.     R.  Pallas,  or  perhaps  Rome,  seated,  extend- 
ing a  patera  towards  a  serpent  entwined  round  a  tree.    ^E.  8. 
2.— AOMITIA.AOYKIAAAN.NEIKAIEIC.     Head  of  Lucilla. 
R.  M.AYPHAIOC.OYHPOC.KAICAP.      Verus   on  horseback, 

armed  with  a  lance. 

This  coin  is  the  more  remarkable,  on  account  of  the  name  of 
Domitia  given  to  the  empress. 

The  coins  next  in  the  list  are  one  in  brass  of  Macrianus,  one  of 
NICAEA  in  BITHYNIA  and  BYZANTIUM  in  THRACIA,  three  in  the  same 
metal  of  Faustina  junior,  Maximus  and  Tranquillina,  struck  at  Nico- 
MEDIA  in  BITHYNIA,  and  two  of  Helvius  Pertinax,  struck  at  PRUSA 
ad  OLYMPUM,  in  BITHYNIA,  and  six  autonomous  and  imperial  of 
PRUSIAS  ad  MARE,  (quce  et  Cius),  in  BITHYNIA. 

PRUSIA    AD    HYPIUM,    IN    BITHYNIA. 

Eckhel  has  assigned  to  this  city  (Num.  Vet.  Anec.  p.  190),  a  coin 
of  Augustus,  which  the  author  shews,  by  citing  a  perfect  specimen, 
should  belong  to  Temnus,  in 


92  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE 

TIUM,    IN    BITHYNIA. 

Twelve  autonomous  and  imperial  coins  in  brass.  On  one  of  Cara- 
calla,  reverse,  a  panther  before  a  vase,  the  author  remarks,  that 
both  these  symbols  refer  to  Bacchus,  to  whom  the  Greeks  of  Tium 
attributed  the  foundation  of  their  city,  and  quotes  Oppianus  in  explana- 
tion of  the  common  connection  of  the  panther  and  vase  on  ancient 
coins,  &c. 

NICOMEDES    I.    BITHYNLE    REX. 

Head  of  Nicomedes,  with  the  royal  fillet. 

R.  BASIAEiiS  NIKOMHAOY.  Diana  seated,  holding  two  lances 
in  her  right  hand.  J&.  4. 

No  coin  of  the  first  Nicomedes,  of  the  drachm  size,  has  yet  been 
published.  This  specimen  differs  from  the  tetradrachm  published  by 
Frolich,  Visconti,  and  Eckhel.  The  seated  figure  of  Diana  is  in  the 
same  attitude,  but  her  left  hand  is  unoccupied ;  there  is  no  tree  in  the 
back  ground,  &c. 

JANUARY  26,   1843. 
THE  PRESIDENT  IN  THE  CHAIR. 

PRESENTS.  PRESENTED   BY 

Etruria-Celtica.       Etruscan    Literature    and' 
Antiquities  investigated  ;  or,  the  language 
of  that  ancient  and  illustrious  people  com- 
pared and  identified  with  the  Iberno-Cel-   J>THE  AUTHOR. 
tic,  and  both  shewn  to  be  Phoenician.     By 
Sir  William  Betham,  Ulster  King  of  Arms, 
&c.     2  vols.  8vo.     Dublin,  1842. 

Oriental  Cylinders,  No.  I.     By  A.  Cullimore.  "1  „,       . 

r       i        -  -.  A  -.  /  A H K  AUTHOR. 

8vo.     London,  1842.  J 

A  Collection  of  Proclamations  relating  to  the  "1 
Coins   of  the   Realm,    commencing  with   I 
George  III.,   and   brought  down  to  the   f Jo1      FlELD'  ESQ' 
present  period.  J 

Synopsis    Numorum     Romanorum    qui    in"^| 
Museo  Vindobonensi  adservantur  Digessit  | 
Josephus  Arneth,  Director  Rei  Num.  So-   (COUNT  DIETRICHSTEIN, 
cietati    Numismatic*    Londinensi,     D.D.   \  Pr*° the  Imp'  Palace> 
Auctor.     Findobonce,  1842.     Large  paper  | 
copy. 


NUMISMATIC    SOCIETY.  93 

PRESENTS.  PRESENTED   BY 

A    Medal,    in   bronze,    commemorative    of  ^ 
the    fire    which    consumed    part    of  the 
church    of    St.  Peter    at    Hamburgh,    in 

1842.  —  Obv.    DER    VATER    FROMMER    SINN 

RIEP  DICH  IN'S  LEBEN.  "  Our  fathers' 
pious  mind  called  thee  to  life."  In  ex- 
ergue, "  1342.1516."  The  church  before  '  Mr.  WALTER  HAWKINS. 
the  fire. — Rev.  VEREINTE  KRAFT  WIRD 
WURDIG  DICH  ERHEBEN.  "  United  power 
shall  worthily  restore  thee."  In  exergue 
ZERSTORT  AM.  7  MAI.  1842.  "Destroyed 
on  the  7th  of  May,  1842."  By  Wilkins  of 
Bremen. 

The  following  Gentlemen  were  balloted  for,  and  elected  into  the 
Society : — 

John  Hampden,  Esq. ;  David  Henry,  Esq. ;  James  Cove  Jones, 
Esq. ;  and  William  Sandys  Wright  Vaux,  Esq. 

Elected  also,  as  Associates  : — 

M.  le  Compte  Gustave  Lorick,  Envoy  Plenipotentiary  from  his 
Swedish  Majesty  at  the  Court  of  Madrid  ;  Senor  Don  Basilic  Sebas- 
tian Castellanos,  President  of  the  Archaeological  Society  of  Spain ; 
and  Sefior  Don  Vicente  Bertran  de  Lis  y  Rives,  of  Valencia. 

The  Rev.  Henry  Christmas,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  read  an  address  from 
the  Archaeological  Society  of  Spain,  offering  friendly  assurances,  and 
expressing  a  desire  to  promote  the  objects  of  the  Society. 

Mr.  C.  R.  Smith  exhibited  a  second  brass  coin  of  Antoninus  Pius, 
found  at  Colchester,  and  now  in  the  possession  of  Henry  Vint,  Esq. 
It  is  of  the  Britannia  type,  the  obverse  of  which  has  usually  the 
laureated  head  of  the  emperor.  This  specimen  presents  the  head 
radiated. 

A  Paper,  by  Lieutenant  Cunningham,  on  the  Ancient  Coinage  of 
Kashmir,  was  communicated  to  the  Meeting  by  the  President.  In 
this  paper,  Lieutenant  Cunningham,  referring  to  the  remark  of  the 
late  Mr.  James  Prinsep,  that  the  small  band  of  cultivators  of  Indian 
Numismatics  had  been  able  to  develop  or  confirm  three  unequivocal 
lines  of  history  by  the  unlying  evidence  of  coins,  proceeds  to  add  a 
fourth  series  to  the  number,  and  to  confirm  the  accuracy  of  the 
Chronicles  of  Kashmir  by  the  same  authentic  testimony,  the  evidence  of 


94  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE 

coins,  now  for  the  first  time  appropriated  to  the  Princes  by  whom  they 
were  issued,  the  Hindu  and  Mohammedan  sovereigns  of  Kashmir. 

The  Kashmir  coins  are  found  in  most  cahinets  in  India,  and  Lieu- 
tenant Cunningham  has  procured  them  at  Benares.  They  are  most 
abundant  in  Kashmir  itself,  and  in  the  countries  to  the  south  and 
south-west.  They  are  rare  in  the  hill  states,  to  the  south-east  of 
Kashmir  ;  whence  Lieutenant  Cunningham  infers,  that  after  the  decay 
of  the  Indo- Scythian  power,  about  A.D.  260,  the  kingdom  of  Kashmir  was 
limited  to  the  valley  of  that  name,  and  the  adjacent  valley  of  Rajaor. 

The  reign  of  the  Indo- Scythian  princes  in  Kashmir  seems  to  have 
ceased  shortly  after  the  commencement  of  the  Christian  era ;  but  they 
continued  to  the  beginning  of  the  fourth  century  to  reign  over  the 
country  of  Gandhara.  To  some  of  the  earliest  of  these,  Lieutenant 
Cunningham  ascribes  the  gold  coins  which  bear  the  appellations, 
Kanerki  and  Hoerki,  and  makes  some  remarks  on  the  absence  of 
any  silver  coinage  of  these  princes,  whilst  their  gold  and  copper  coins 
are  numerous  ;  inferring  that  the  silver  currency  consisted  chiefly  of 
the  coins  of  Menander  and  Apollodotus,  which  are  still  numerous, 
and  were  current  at  Barygaza,  in  Baroct,  in  the  first  century  of  the 
Christian  era,  according  to  the  testimony  of  the  author  of  the  Peri- 
plus  of  the  Erythraean  sea. 

Lieutenant  Cunningham  then  investigates  the  subject  of  the  chron- 
ology of  the  history  of  Kashmir,  as  carefully  stated  in  the  original 
Chronicles,  the  Raja  Tarangini,  and  details  his  reasons  for  altering 
the  received  chronologies  of  Professor  Wilson  and  Mr.  Prinsep.  He 
then  proceeds  to  describe  the  coins  which  he  has  delineated,  with 
short  notices  of  the  princes  to  whom  they  belong.  He  has  also 
given,  in  the  accompanying  plate,  a  drawing  of  a  figure  of  Parvats, 
the  wife  of  Siva,  by  a  comparison  with  which  of  the  female  figures  on 
the  coins,  also  delineated,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  positions  are  the 
same,  and  the  figures  are  in  all  respects  identical. 

Fig.  1  of  PL  i.1  bears  the  legend,  Rao  Nano  Rao  Kanerki  Korano, 
in  barbarised  Greek  letters.  Kanerki  is  identified  by  Lieutenant 
Cunningham  with  Kanishka,  one  of  the  Indo- Scythian  kings  of 
Kashmir ;  and  he  thinks  the  word  Korano,  sometimes  occurring 


1  Num.  Chron.  vol.  vi.  p.  21. 


NUMISMATIC    SOCIETY.  95 

Koranou,  and  sometimes  Koran-su,  may  be  the  name  or  title  of  some 
prince,  from  whom  these  Indo- Scythians  were  proud  to  trace  their 
descent,  and  believes  it  to  mean  "  a  descendant  of  Alexander." 

In  figs.  2  and  3,  the  Greek  legends  present  a  jumble  of  unmeaning 
letters,  and  Lieutenant  Cunningham  proposes  to  look  for  the  namee 
of  the  princes  in  the  Ariano-Pali  letters,  which  appear  beneath  the 
extended  arm  of  the  male  figures  on  the  obverses  of  these  coins,  and 
these  he  reads,  on  one  Fasu — and  on  the  other  Sita-maka.  The  first 
he  conjectures  may  be  the  Vasu-kula,  or  Vasu-nanda,  and  the 
second  the  Siddha,  of  the  Chronicles,  these  princes  severally  reigning 
from  A, D.  146  to  161  ;  from  A. D.  195  to  208  ;  and  from  A  D.  99  to  114. 

Lieutenant  Cunningham  also  alludes  to  a  gold  coin  which  he  is 
about  to  publish,  bearing  the  legend  Rao  Nano  Rao  Balano  Korano, 
which  he  thinks  may  be  the  coin  referred  to  in  a  passage  of  the 
Chronicles  as  struck  by  Bala.  The  coin  was  in  the  possession  of 
Dr.  Lord,  and  is  supposed  by  Lieutenant  Cunningham  to  be  in  the 
British  Museum .  As  we  have  noticed,  however,  several  coins  of  the 
kind  are  in  the  cabinet  of  the  East  India  Company,  and  some  have 
been  engraved  in  the  Ariana  Antiqua,  where  the  name  appears 
rather  Baraoro  than  Balano,  but  the  characters  are  very  rude. 
Lieutenant  Cunningham  identifies  the  coins  of  Hoerki  with  those  of 
the  Indo-Scythic  prince  who  is  called  Hushka  in  the  Kashmirian 
Chronicles. 

The  succeeding  coins  are  copper,  and  are  undoubtedly  coins  of 
Hindu  princes  of  Kashmir,  bearing  on  one  face  a  standing  male 
figure,  that  of  the  king,  and  a  seated  female  figure,  that  of  the  god- 
dess Parvats,  on  the  reverse  ;  national  devices,  which  continued  un- 
changed until  the  period  of  the  Mohammedan  conquest.  The  coins 
also  have  legends  in  Sanscrit  characters  of  an  early  date,  the  name 
of  the  sovereign,  with  or  without  a  title,  partly  on  one  face  of  the 
coin,  and  partly  on  the  other. 

The  earliest  of  these  is  the  coin  of  Toramana,  who  was  associated 
as  Yuva  Raja,  or  Caesar,  with  his  brother  Hiranya,  A.D.  415.  The 
act  of  striking  coin  in  his  own  name  appears,  however,  to  have  been 
an  unwarrantable  assumption  in  the  junior  prince,  as  Toramana  was  in 
consequence  thrust  from  a  throne  into  a  prison,  and  died  in  captivity. 


96  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE    NUMISMATIC    SOCIETY. 

The  next  coin  is  that  of  Sankara-Varmi,  but  is  separated  from 
the  preceding  by  an  interval  of  more  than  four  centuries  and  a  half, 
this  prince  reigning  from  A.D.  883  to  A.D.  991.  He  was  succeeded 
by  Gopiila,  a  minor,  who  survived  his  accession,  under  the  regency 
of  his  mother,  only  two  years,  but  of  whom  coins  remain.  Coins  of  the 
mother,  Sugandha,  who  for  a  short  time  made  herself  queen,  are  also 
found. 

Coins  of  several  succeeding  princes,  of  greater  or  less  rarity,  some 
unique,  are  described  by  Lieutenant  Cunningham,  until  those  of  Didda 
Rani,  queen  of  Kashmir  for  twenty-three  years,  who  died  A.D.  1003, 
having  ascended  to  power  by  the  murder  of  her  own  children.  These 
coins  are  numerous  ;  so  are  those  of  her  nephew  and  successor  San- 
grama  Deva.  He  had  also,  for  an  Eastern  rule,  a  long  reign — twenty- 
five  years.  An  interesting  coincidence  between  the  Hindu  chroniclers 
and  the  Mohammedan  historian  of  India,  Ferishta,  is  here  pointed 
out  by  Lieutenant  Cunningham,  in  the  mention  they  both  make  of  an 
invasion  of  the  hill  country  of  the  Panjab,  by  a  Mohammedan  force 
about  A.D.  1021. 

A  very  distracted  period  of  Kashmirian  history  succeeded  to  the 
reign  of  Sangrama  Deva  ;  and  the  coins  of  the  princes  are  common 
or  rare  in  proportion  to  the  duration  of  their  reigns.  The  princes  of 
whom  coins  are  found  are,  Ananta  Raja  Deva,  A.D.  1028;  Kalasa, 
A.D.  1080;  Harsha,  1088;  Sussala,  A.D.  1111 ;  Sri  Jaya  Sinha, 
A.D.  1127  ;  Jaya  Deva,  A.D.  1198.  Several  others  intervene,  and 
follow,  of  whom  coins  are  not  yet  obtained,  until  A.D.  1334,  when  a 
Mohammedan  adventurer,  Shah  Mir,  put  an  end  to  the  Hindu  dy- 
nasties, and  transmitted  the  sovereignty  to  a  succession  of  Mohamme- 
dan princes.  Several  of  these  coins,  bearing  on  the  obverse  the  name 
and  title  of  the  prince,  and  on  the  reverse  the  place  and  date  of  the 
coinage  in  Arabic  letters,  are  described  by  Lieutenant  Cunningham, 
until  the  series  was  suppressed  in  A.  D.  1541,  by  the  successful  inva- 
sion of  Kashmir  by  the  armies  of  the  emperor  of  Delhi.  From  that 
time,  with  a  brief  interruption,  until  a  recent  period,  Kashmir  con- 
tinued to  be  a  province  of  the  Mogul  empire,  and  its  currency  was  the 
same  as  that  which  circulated  in  Hindustan. — Num.  Chron.,  vol.  vi. 


97 

FEBRUARY   23,   1843. 
DR.  LEE,  VICE-PRESIDENT,  IN  THE  CHAIR. 

Presents  to  the  Society. 

Twenty-eight    papers    on    Oriental    (chiefly  "j  PRESENTED  BY 

Mohammedan)  coins,  read  before  the  Im-  I  M>  CH>  FBAEHN>  Associate 
penal  Academy  of  Sciences  at  St.  Peters-  f  of  the  Numismatic  Society. 
burg.  By  M.  Ch.  Fraehn.  8vo.  1836-41.  J 

Die  RegenwiirmeraufdenFeldernderOrien-  "1 

talischen  Numismatik  untersucht.      Vom   >  M.  CH.  FRAEHN. 
Dr.  E.  Adernson.     8vo.     Leipzig,  1836.  J 

Dissertation    sur  un  Bas-Relief  du  Moyen  "1 

Age.      Par  M.  Marmin-Pamart.      p.  22.    >  THE  AUTHOR. 
8vo.     Boulogne.  J 

Memoire  sur  une  Mormaie  du  xiie.  Siecle,  "j 
frappee  par  1'Autorite  Municipale  de  la  I 
Ville   d' Amiens.       Par    le    Dr.  Rigollot.   /  THE  AUTHOR- 
8vo.     Amiens,  1842.  J 

Memoires  de  la  Societe  des  Antiquaires  de 
Normandie.  2=  Serie.    2-  Volume. 

Caen,  1842. 

Private  Token  of  Benjamin  Nightingale,  Esq . ,  1 

in  bronze.     W.  J.  Taylor,  1843.  /  B'  NIGHT.NGALE,  Esq. 

Thomas  Hardy,  Esq.,  of  the  Duchy  of  Lancaster  Office,  was  bal- 
lotted  for,  and  elected  a  member ;  and  M.  Boucher  de  Perthes, 
Chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honour,  and  President  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  Emulation  of  Abbeville,  was  elected  an  Associate  of  the 
Society. 

Dr.  Outram,  F.R.S.,  exhibited  a  case  of  gold,  silver,  and  copper 
Roman,  Greek,  and  Cufic  coins,  collected  by  Rear- Admiral  Jackson 
and  Sir  Thomas  Read,  at  the  ruins  of  Carthage. 

Mr.  Akerman  exhibited  a  British  coin,  in  brass,  found  near  Can- 
terbury. It  presents  a  new  type.  Obv.  Convex  ;  a  rude  figure  of  a 
horse.  Rev.  Concave  ;  an  elephant. 


98  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE 

Mr.  Akerman  remarked,  that  this  coin  afforded  another  proof  of 
the  imitation  of  Roman  coins  by  the  Britons,  being  obviously  copied 
from  the  well  known  denarius  of  the  Junia  family,  with  the  reverse 
of  an  elephant.  That  denarii  of  the  Junia  family  were,  among 
others,  in  circulation  in  Britain,  is  proved  directly,  by  the  discovery  of 
a  number  of  coins  of  the  elephant  type,  some  few  years  since,  in 
Yorkshire. 

Dr.  Lee  exhibited  a  large  brass  coin  of  Gordianus  Pius,  reading  on 
the  reverse  "  Fortuna  Redix"  (sic).  Dr.  Lee  also  exhibited  some 
medals,  with  the  pretended  effigies  of  Moses,  which  are  sold  at  Jeru- 
salem, with  other  similar  fabrications,  to  the  credulous  traveller  and 
amateur. 

Read  1.  Account  of  a  Discovery  of  a  large  Quantity  of  English 
Coins  (chiefly  silver)  at  Kirtling,  in  Cambridgeshire,  by  Joseph  Clarke, 
Esq.,  of  Saffron  Walden. 

The  coins  are  groats,  half-groats,  and  pennies,  with  three  angels 
and  a  crown,  of  Henry  VIII.  ;  a  few  groats  and  half-groats  of  Henry 
VII.  ;  an  angel  of  Richard  III.  ;  two  groats  of  Edward  IV. ;  and  one 
half-groat  of  Edward  I.  By  far  the  greater  portion  are  of  Henry  VIII. 

Mr.  Clarke  remarks,  "The  coins  are  all  prior  to  the  base  or  full- 
faced  money  of  Henry  VIII. ;  and,  consequently,  we  may  suppose  they 
were  deposited  where  found,  before  the  twenty-fifth  year  of  his  reign, 
A.D.  1534.  "  Stowe  observes,  "  this  base  money  caused  the  old  ster- 
ling money  to  be  hoarded  up,  so  that  I  have  seen  twenty -one 
shillings  given  for  an  old  angel,  to  gild  withal ;  also  rent  of  lands  and 
tenements,  with  prices  of  victuals,  were  raised  far  beyond  their  former 
rates,  hardly  since  to  be  brought  down." 

2.  Note  on  the  Obsidional  Money  of  Landau.  By  Benjamin 
Nightingale,  Esq. 

There  are  four  towns  in  continental  Europe  bearing  the  name  of 
Landau.  That  which  is  the  subject  of  Mr.  Nightingale's  note,  is  a 
city  and  fortress  in  Rhenish  Bavaria,  in  the  heart  of  the  country  that 
was  the  chief  theatre  of  operations  during  the  war  "  of  succession." 


NUMISMATIC    SOCIETY.  99 

Within  eleven  years  it  sustained  four  sieges,  being  alternately  taken 
and  retaken. 

In  1702,  it  was  besieged  and  taken  by  the  Margrave  Louis  of 
Baden.  In  1703  it  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  French  under  Marshal 
Tallard.  In  1704  it  was  retaken  by  the  allies,  commanded  by  the 
Archduke  Joseph.  On  this  occasion,  several  medals  were  struck  to 
commemorate  the  archduke's  success.  The  fourth  siege  took  place 
in  1713,  when  Marshal  Villars  compelled  the  garrison  of  seven 
thousand  or  eight  thousand  men  to  capitulate. 

Obsidional  pieces  were  struck  only  during  the  first  and  last  of  these 
sieges.  M.  de  Melac,  the  French  governor  in  1702,  being  in  want 
of  money,  melted  his  own  plate,  and  had  it  coined  into  four  and  two 
livre  pieces,  a  specimen  of  which  was  exhibited  to  the  meeting.  It  is 
stamped  with  the  arms  of  the  governor,  the  name  of  the  city,  and  the 
year  of  the  siege,  and  encircled  withfleurs  de  Us. 

A  smaller  piece,  exhibited  by  Mr.  Nightingale,  was  coined  during 
the  siege  of  1713.  This  bears  the  arms  and  initials  of  the  gover- 
nor, Prince  Alexander  of  Wirtemberg,  and  the  date  1703.  In  the 
upper  part  of  the  coin  is  read,  "  PRO  CJESare  ET  IMPerio  ;" 
and  in  another  compartment,  "  BELo^ere?  LAND  A  V."  The  prince 
struck  other  pieces  in  gold  and  silver,  many  of  which  are  rare,  and 
all  are  of  historical  interest. 

3.  Continuation  of  Mr.  Borrell's  papers  "  On  Inedited,  Autono- 
mous, and  Imperial  Greek  Coins." 

The  subjects  of  this  evening's  reading  were  : — Coins  of  Anticyra 
in  Phocide  ;  Lilsea  in  Phocide ;  Bceotia  ;  Erythrse,  in  Bceotia  ;  Tanagra 
in  Bceotia ;  Thebse  in  Bceotia ;  Anaphlystus  in  Attica ;  Oropus  in 
Attica ;  Dyme  in  Achaia ;  Demetrias  quse  et  Sicyon ;  Sicyon  in 
Achaia ;  Pylus  in  Elidis ;  Colone  in  Messenia ;  Lacedsemonia ; 
Pyrrichos  in  Laconia  ;  Argos  in  Argolidis  ;  Methana  in  Argolidis ; 
Troezene ;  Arcadia  in  Creta ;  Chersonesus  in  Greta ;  Gortyna  in 
Greta  ;  Phalanna  in  Greta  ;  Artemesium  in  Eubcea. 

These  notices  of  unpublished  coins  are,  as  usual,  replete  with 
valuable  historical  information;  they  will,  as  early  as  possible,  be 
printed  entire,  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Society. 


100  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE 

MARCH  23,   1843. 
THE  PRESIDENT  IN  THE  CHAIR. 

PRESENTS.  PRESENTED  BY 

Archseologia  ^Eliana,  vol.  ii.,   and  Parts   1  ~|  THE  SOCIETY  OF  ANTI- 
and  2,  vol.  iii.     4to.      1827.  >       QUARIES    OF    NEW- 

Newcastle  upon  Tyne,  1840.  J        CASTLE-UPON-TYNE. 

Neue  Beitrage  zum  Groschen- Cabinet  nebst  ~] 

einigen  Anhangen  Beschrieben.     Von  Dr.   >  Dr.  B.  KOHNE. 
B.  Kohne.     8vo.  Berlin,  1843.       J 

Medal  in  bronze  of  Sir  I.  M.  Brunei.     R.  1 

an  inscription.     By  W.  J.  Taylor.  /  J'  WARRINGTON,  Esq. 

Two  Pennies  of  Henry  III.  found  at  Wissant,  |    M.    ANTHONY  DURAND, 
Pas  de  Calais.  /      °*  CALAIS. 

Thomas  Hill,  Esq.,  Sheriff  of  Bristol,  was  balloted  for,  and  elected 
into  the  Society. 

The  following  letter  from  M.  A.  Durand,  of  Calais,  was  read  : — 

"  MY  DEAR  SIR, 

"  We  have  lately  had  a  small  discovery  of  coins  in  our  neigh- 
bourhood. About  the  middle  of  last  month,  in  digging  up  the  ground 
to  form  the  garden  of  the  parochial  school  of  Wissant,  about  nine 
miles  west  of  Calais,  the  workmen  discovered  the  remains  of  a  coffin 
filled  with  human  bones,  among  which  were  thirteen  pennies  of 
Henry  III,  described  in  Ruding  (PI.  2.  Nos.  1 6  and  1 8) ;  a  penny  of 
Edward  I  (Ruding,  PI.  3.  No.  3)  ;  and  a  small  coin  of  John,  Duke  of 
Brabant,  engraved  in  Lelewel's  Numismatique  du  Moyen  Agey  Part 
iii.  p.  292.  The  coins  of  Henry  are  not  very  well  preserved,  as 
you  will  see  by  the  specimens  I  inclose  you  for  the  Numismatic 
Society.  The  Edward  and  the  John  of  Brabant  are  in  a  far  better 
state  of  preservation.  I  do  not  offer  them  as  being  any  thing  rare, 
but  merely  as  a  memento  of  the  discovery  made  in  a  foreign  country. 
"  Wissant  is  generally  supposed  to  be  the  Portus  Ictius  from  which 
Julius  Caesar  sailed  for  Britain.  There  are  still  to  be  seen  in  the 
environs  of  the  village,  several  Roman  fortresses,  particularly  one 


NUMISMATIC    SOCIETY.  10  I 

called  '  Caesar's  Camp/  in  a  very  perfect  condition,  standing  about 
thirty  feet  high,  with  the  fosse  around  it.  Edward  III.  took  Wissant 
after  the  battle  of  Cregy,  fortified  the  port  and  town,  and  made  it  a 
depot  for  the  stores  he  received  from  England  ;  but  he  destroyed  all 
the  works  immediately  after  he  had  taken  possession  of  Calais.  It 
is  now  nothing  more  than  a  miserable  village  of  fishermen. 
"  I  remain,  &c. 

"A.  DURAND. 
"  To  Mr.  C.  R.  SMITH." 

The  pennies  of  Henry  III.,  presented  by  M.  Durand,  are  of  the 
long  cross  type,  one  with,  the  ..other  without  sceptre ;  the  former 
reading  "  Nicole  on  Cant ;"  the  latter,  "  Willem  on  Oxon." 

Mr.  W.  Wire  exhibited  a  brass  coin  of  Curiobeline,  found  at 
Colchester,  resembling  Fig.  25,  PI.  v.  Ruding ;  and  a  denarius  of  the 
Plsetoria  family,  R.  SORS,  found  at  the  same  place. 

The  reading  of  Mr.  Borrell's  papers  on  inedited  Greek  coins  was 
continued.  It  embraced  notices  of  new  types  and  coins  of  Carysthus, 
Eretria,  and  Histisea,  in  Eubcea ;  Adramytium,  Antandus,  Apollonia 
ad  Ryndacum,  Assus,  Astyra,  Camse,  Cisthene,  Cyzicus,  and  Germe, 
in  Mysia. 

APRIL  27,   1843. 
THE  PRESIDENT  IN  THE  CHAIR. 

PRESENTS.  PRESENTED    BY 

Antiquites  de    Pologne,   de  Lituanie  et  de  "1 

Slavonie  expliquees.     Par  Joachim  Lele-   ! 

— »      T       /-\  ^  IHK  AUTHOR. 

wel.     No.  1.     8vo.  ( 

Paris  et  Bruxelles,  1842.       J 
Antiquites     Helleniques.       PL  I.     and     II.  \   CHEVALIER  PROKESCH 

(Inedited  Greek  Coins.)  5      D'°STEN 

Notice,  sur  deux  Monnoies  des  Eveques  de  1 

Liege.     Par  M.  Chalon.     P.V.      8vo.         \  THE  AUTHOR. 

Blois.  } 

Explication  de  quelques  Medailles  a.  Mono-  ~\ 
gramme    des   Rois    Goths   d'ltalie,    etc.   | 
decouvertes  dans  le   Midi  de  la  France.   \  THE  AUTHOR. 
Par  M.  le  Marquis  de  Lagoy.     4to. 

Aix,  1843.J 


102  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE 

The  Marquis  Joseph  Melchiorri,  Director- General  of  the  Museum 
of  the  Capitol  of  Rome,  and  the  Chevalier  Peter  Visconti,  Director- 
General  of  the  Antiquities,  and  Perpetual  Secretary  of  the  Academy 
of  Archeology  of  Rome,  were  elected  Associates  of  the  Society. 

The  Rev.  Henry  Jenkins,  Rector  of  Stanway,  Essex,  exhibited  a 
gold  British  coin  found  at  Layer  de  la  Haye,  and  one  found  at  Mark's 
Tey,  where  many  hundreds  of  similar  coins  were  found  about  twenty 
years  since.  The  former  resembles  No.  19,  PI.  i.  Ruding  ;  and  the 
latter  No.  xl.,  PL  i.  of  the  same  work. 

Joshua  Paynter,  Esq.  of  Pembroke,  exhibited  seventy -five  pennies 
of  Henry  III.,  and  two  of  William  the  Lion,  of  Scotland,  found,  in 
1829,  in  a  garden  in  the  town  of  Pembroke. 

These  pennies  of  Henry  III  are  of  the  short  cross  and  sceptre 
type  of  the  earliest  coinage  of  that  king,  a  class  which  some  numis- 
matists are  disposed  to  consider  as  belonging  to  Henry  II. 

George  Richard  Corner,  Esq.,  F.S.A.,  exhibited  a  money- changer's 
scales,  of  the  beginning  of  the  17th  century. 

Mr.  C.  Roach  Smith  exhibited  a  British  or  Gaulish  brass  coin,  in 
the  possession  of  W.  B.  Bradfield,  Esq.  of  Winchester,  and  found  by 
him  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  that  town. 

Obv. — Convex,  COM.  in  a  label. 

Rev. — A  horseman  galloping  to  the  right ;  the  right  arm  is  raised, 
and  the  hand  holds  what  may  be  intended  for  a  spear ; 
beneath  the  horse,  the  letters  TIN. 

This  coin  corresponds,  in  type  and  fabric,  with  some  in  gold  found 
at  Alfriston,  in  Sussex,  which  were  exhibited  to  the  Society  at  the 
December  meeting  in  184 1.1  Three  of  the  gold  coins  were  pre- 
viously unpublished.  This,  in  brass,  is  the  only  one  in  that  metal 
hitherto  noticed. 

Mr.  Smith  remarked,  that  the  coins  of  this  type  presented  great 
difficulties  of  solution.  Those  reading  COM.  COMF.  COM  EPPI, 
&c.,  had  been,  he  thought,  with  reason,  assigned  to  Commius,  a 
Gaulish  chief,  who,  from  his  influence  in  Britain,  was  appointed  legate 


Proceedings  of  the  Numismatic  Society,  p.  38. 


NUMISMATIC    SOCIETY. 


103 


to  the  Britons  by  Caesar,  and  afterwards  made  king  of  the  Atrebates. 
The  letters,  TIN,  could  not  be  so  satisfactorily  explained.  If,  upon 
more  mature  consideration,  they  should  be  referred  to  some  town  in 
Gaul,  such  as  Tinurtium,  or  Tinconcium,  it  is  not  easy  to  explain  why 
none  of  these  coins  have  been  recorded  as  discovered  in  France.  If 
the  letters  indicate  some  place  in  Britain,  it  may  be  one  of  which  there 
is  no  historical  evidence. 

Read,  A  paper  on  the  Forgeries  of  Public  Money.     By  J.  Y.  Aker- 
man,  Esq.2 


MAY  25,   1843. 
JAMES  DODSLKY  CUFF,  ESQ.,  IN  THE  CHAIR. 


PRESENTS. 


Catalogue  of  Suffolk  Manorial  Registers, 
Royal  Grants  and  Deeds,  Court  Baron, 
Leet,  and  Rent  Rolls,  Surveys,  Letters, 
Papers,  Seals,  Engravings,  Drawings, 
Autographs,  &c.  in  the  possession  of  Wil- 
liam Stevenson  Fitch,  of  Ipswich.  8vo. 
Great  Yarmouth,  1843,  privately  printed.  ^ 

Notice  sur  un  Vase  Antique  en  Argent  decou- 
vert  dans  les  Environs  de  Vienne  (Isere), 
with  an  engraving.     Two  leaves.     4to. 
Vienna,  1843 

Notice  sur  les  Medailles  des  Diodotes  Rois 
de  la  Bactriane.  Par  J.  de  Bartholomsei. 
8vo.  Berlin,  1843. 

Funfzig  Antike  Miinzen  der  v.  Rauchschen 
Miinzsammlung  zum  erstenmale  bekarint 
gemacht.     Von  Dr.  B.  Kohne.     8vo. 
Berlin,  1843. 

Two  circular  pieces  of  glass  stamped  with  ~] 
Cufic  characters,  procured  in  Egypt  by  \ 


Lord  Prudhoe. 


PRESENTED    BY 


MR.  W.  S.  FITCH. 


A  NAMELESS  DONOR. 


THE  AUTHOR. 


THE  AUTHOR. 


LORD  PRUDHOE. 


Num.  Chron.  p.  57,  Vol.  VI. 


104  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE 

PRESENTS.  PRESENTED   BY 

Antiquarii  Creuzeriani.  —  Numos  Veteres  Ro-  ")  FRIEDRICH  CREUZER, 
manos  Familiarum  Imperatorumque  usque   I  Professor  of  Ancient  Li- 

j^j.  T        „    J  -Z.TATI  \terature.  Director  of  the  Phi- 

ad  Gordianum  I.     Recensuit  J.  A.  Brum-   f  ^logical  School  of  Heidel- 

mer.     8vo.  Heidelbergce,  1837-8.  J  bury,  Sfc. 

Antiquarii  Creuzeriani.  —  Numos  Veteres  Ro-  "1 

manos  Imperatorum  a  Gordiano  II.  usque   I 

ad   Joannem    I.    Zimiscem.        Recensuit  ( 

J.  A.  Brummer.    Heidelburgce,  1839-40.  J 
Dissertazione  su  di  una  Moneta  del  Re  Rug-  "1 

gini  della  Ducato.    4to.      Napoli,  1842.  /  J*  G'  PFISTER»  Es«- 

Specimens  of  the  Bracteate  Coins  of  Otto- 


car  II.,  King  of  Bohemia,  1253  to  1278.   $ 

The  Chevalier  Joseph  Micali,  and  Professor  Dominico  Valleriani, 
of  Florence,  were  elected  Associates  of  the  Society. 

The  Rev.  Henry  Jenkins  exhibited  three  gold  British  coins  found 
at  Mark's  Tey,  in  the  county  of  Essex.  Two  of  these  coins  resemble 
No.  36,  PI.  ii.  Ruding  ;  the  other  is  a  variety  of  No.  38,  in  the  same 
plate. 

Mr.  W.  S.  Fitch  exhibited  a  denarius  of  Postumus,  and  some 
small  brass  of  Constantine,  Constans,  and  Coiistantius  II.,  recently 
found  at  Coddenham,  in  Suffolk,  on  the  spot,  near  the  river,  called 
Sharnford  (Charing-ford),  about  one  hundred  yards  from  the  place 
where  the  Roman  speculum,  exhibited  a  few  years  since  to  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries,  by  Sir  William  Middleton,3  was  found. 

The  denarius,  of  good  silver,  reads, 

Obv.—  IMPC.POSTVMVS  PGAVG  (sic.) 

Rev.^-  GIPAVACVS  ......  (sic.)  (for  GERMANICVS  MAX.V.) 

A  trophy,  with  a  captive  sitting  on  each  side. 

This  type  is  among  the  rarest  of  the  coins  of  Postumus. 

Mr.  Pfister  exhibited  a  penny  of  Offa  without  the  portrait,  and  a 
penny  of  Pepin,  found  at  Rome  ;  a  penny  of  Offa  with  portrait,  found 
at  Basle  ;  and  a  penny  of  Hardycanute,  found  at  Dover. 

Mr.  N.  Bland,  in  a  note  accompanying  the  specimens  of  the  Brac- 
teate coins  of  Ottocar  II.,  king  of  Bohemia,  presented  to  the  Society, 

3  Archseologia,  vol.  xxvii.  p.  359. 


NUMISMATIC    SOCIETY.  105 

says,  "  These  coins  are  from  rather  a  considerable  hoard  of  the 
same  coin,  found  not  long  since,  in  pulling  down  an  old  house  in 
Prague. 

"  For  an  explanation  of  them,  I  can  only  refer  to  the  works  of 
Mader,  Voigt,  and  Appel.  The  latter,  in  his  '  Munzen  und  Medaillen 
aller  Konige,'  p.  438,  seems  to  describe,  under  No.  6,  the  largest  of 
those  now  present.  Bracteates  appear  to  have  been  struck  in  most 
countries  of  Europe  in  the  twelfth  and  thirteenth  centuries.  Mr. 
Lindsay,  in  his  Essay  on  Irish  coins,  describes  Bracteates,  also  of  that 
country,  about  the  same  period.  The  small  flat  coin  is  of  Ziska,  the 
celebrated  blind  Hussite  chieftain  in  Bohemia,  and  was  struck  by 
him  during  the  religious  wars  there." 

Mr.  C.  Roach  Smith  communicated  a  report  on  an  examination  of 
some  stycas,  a  portion  of  a  large  hoard,  found,,  about  two  years  since, 
at  York.  They  are  as  follows  : — 

Eanred 42 

Ethelred, 243 

Edilread,  new  type,           ...  7 

EA+D:AILE,  new  type,           .         .  5 

Redulf,    .         .         ...         .         .  5 

Osbercht,         .         .         .         .         .  7 

Eanbald, 1 

Vigmund, 30 

Wulfhere, 3 

Euxdi  Re,         ....  1 
Unappropriated,        .         .         .         .26 

Total,          .       360 

These  stycas  exhibit  new  names  of  moneyers,  new  spellings  of  the 
names  of  some  of  the  kings,  and  types  altogether  novel.  Among  the 
more  remarkable  are  seven  reading  Edilread  on  the  obverse,  with  the 
reverse  of  different  moneyers ;  the  obverses,  although  from  various 
dies,  closely  corresponding  in  the  form  and  arrangement  of  the  letter- 
ing. Another  series  of  five  reads  EA+D:AILE;  or,  should  the 
third  letter  be  allowed  to  be  a  monogram  of  R  and  D,  the  inscription 
might  be  meant  for  EARDWVLF. 


106  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE    NUMISMATIC    SOCIETY. 

The  coins  were  supplied  by  the  kindness  and  liberality  of  Robert 
Davies,  Esq.  F.S.A.,  and  George  Townsend  Andrews,  Esq.,  including 
a  few  in  the  possession  of  Edward  Joseph  Powell,  Esq.  Mr.  Smith 
regretted  that  the  bulk  of  the  hoard  of  stycas  found  at  York,  amount- 
ing to  many  thousands,  had  been  dispersed,  unpublished  and  unex- 
amined. 

Read — 1.  Remarks  on  eight  gold  coins  of  the  Shahs  of  Persia,  of  the 
last  two  dynasties,  illustrated  by  an  exhibition  of  the  coins,  by  N. 
Bland,  Esq. 

2.  A  Note  by  Alfred  John  Kempe,  Esq.,  accompanying  an  exhi- 
bition of  eleven  coins  in  brass  ;  namely,  one  of  Tetricus,  one  of  Carus, 
«ight  of  Carausius,  and  one  of  Allectus,  found,  some  years  since,  in  a 
bronze  censer  in  a  cavern  of  the  cliffs  at  Kyn  Gadel,  near  Langherne, 
in  Caermarthenshire.4     Six  of  the  coins  of  Carausius  are  varieties  of 
the    Pax   type ;  one    of    the    Providentia   type ;   the   eighth   reads 
PIAETAS  (sic.)   AVG;  in  the  field,   S.P. ;  in  the  exergue,   ML. 
A  female  figure  sacrificing  at  an  altar.     Mr.  Kempe  remarks,   "The 
coins  found  near  Langherne  afford  presumptive  testimony,  that  the 
ports  and  inlets  of  the  Bay  of  Caermarthen,  the  Bristol  Channel,  and 
its  shores,  were  frequented  by  the  fleets  of  Carausius." 

3.  A  further  portion   of  Mr.   Borrell's   Notices    of   Unpublished 
Greek  Coins,  comprising  those  of  Lampsacus,  Miletopolis,  Parium, 
Pergamus,  Pionia,   and   Placia  in  Mysia,   Proconnesus   Insula,  Anti- 
gonea,    Arisba,    Cebrenia,  Colona  Dardanus,   Gentinos,   Hamaxitus, 
Neandrea,  Scepsis,  Sigeum,  and  Thymbra  in  Troas. 

The  Meeting  then  proceeded  to  appoint  auditors  of  the  accounts  of 
the  Society  for  the  year  1842-3  ;  and  the  following  gentlemen  were 
proposed  and  elected  : — 

The  Hon.  Theobald  Fitzwalter  Butler  ;  the  Rev.  Henry  Christmas  ; 
William  Debonaire  Haggard,  Esq. 


4  Some  account  of  this  Discovery  has  been  published  by  Mr.  Kempe, 
in  the  Gentleman's  Magazine,  for  1842,  Part  ii.,  p.  472. 


107 

GENERAL  ANNIVERSARY  MEETING. 

JULY   15,   1843. 
THE  PRESIDENT  IN  THE  CHAIR. 

THE  MINUTES  of  the  last  General  Annual  Meeting,  held  June  16, 
1842,  were  read  and  confirmed. 

The  Council's  Annual  Report  was  then  read,  as  follows  : — 

The  Council  have  to  discharge  the  customary  duty  of  submitting  to 
the  Meeting  a  Report  on  the  present  state  of  the  Numismatic  Society, 
on  the  occasion  of  its  sixth  anniversary. 

The  Society  has  lost  by  death  four  Members  during  the  past  year : 
Charles  Brooker,  Esq.,  Robert  Fox,  Esq.,  John  Gage  Rokewode, 
Esq.,  and  Benjamin  Smith,  Esq. ;  and  one  Honorary  Member,  Captain 
J.  J.  F.  Hely. 

Mr.  Fox  is  known,  as  having  been  for  many  years  the  enlightened 
promoter  of  literary  and  scientific  pursuits  in  the  towns  of  Hunting- 
don and  Godmanchester,  not  only  by  delivering  lectures  on  such 
subjects,  but  by  the  zealous  and  active  part  which  he  took  in  the 
recent  formation  of  an  institution  at  Huntingdon  for  their  cultivation. 
He  has  been  a  contributor  to  the  Society's  collection. 

Mr.  John  Gage  Rokewode  filled,  during  many  years,  the  office  of 
Director  to  the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  and  was  a  frequent  and  able 
contributor  to  the  Archseologia,  Vetusta  Monumenta,  and  other 
antiquarian  and  topographical  publications ;  and  the  amenity,  liber- 
ality, and  zeal  which  he  displayed  in  his  former  character,  were 
equalled  only  by  the  patient  research  and  extensive  learning  which  he 
displayed  in  the  latter.  The  nature  of  his  pursuits  connected  him 
with  the  Numismatic  Society,  and  entitles  him  to  this  brief  tribute  to 
his  memory. 

The  Society  has  also  to  regret  the  death  of  three  of  its  foreign 
associates,  all  of  whom  were  eminently  distinguished  for  their  labours 
in  numismatic  science,  or  in  kindred  branches  of  inquiry.  They  are 
Mons.  Mionnet,  Dr.  Gesenius,  and  the  Chevalier  P.  O.  Bronstedt. 


108  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE 

The  name  of  Theodore  Edme  Mionnet  has  been  associated  with 
the  numismata  of  classical  antiquity  for  nearly  half  a  century.  He 
was  born  in  1770.  His  taste  for  numismatic  investigations  developed 
itself  even  in  his  boyhood  ;  and  in  early  youth  he  became  known  to  all 
the  amateurs  and  collectors  of  Paris,  as  a  diligent  frequenter  of  the 
cabinets  of  that  city,  and  as  a  numismatist  full  of  promise,  from  his 
industry,  acumen,  and  acquirements.  The  reputation  he  thus  esta- 
blished gained  him  the  notice  of  the  government  of  France,  and  he 
received  an  appointment  in  the  Cabinet  des  Medailles  of  Paris.  He 
commenced  his  public  career  on  the  5th  of  May  1795;  and,  by  a 
somewhat  singular  coincidence  of  dates,  terminated  his  duties  and 
his  existence  on  the  anniversary  of  that  day,  or  on  the  5th  of  May 
1842.  M.  Mionnet  devoted  the  whole  of  this  period  of  forty-seven 
years  to  the  unremitting  and  assiduous  discharge  of  his  public  func- 
tions ;  and  up  to  the  time  of  his  death,  held  the  office  of  "  Conserva- 
teur  Adjoint  du  Cabinet  des  Medailles  et  Antiques  de  la  Bibliotheque 
du  Roi."  However  precious  the  collection,  with  the  conservancy 
and  arrangement  of  which  he  was  entrusted,  its  value  was  enhanced 
by  the  use  which  was  made  of  it  by  M.  Mionnet,  and  the  materials 
which  he  derived  from  it  for  the  compilation  of  his  laborious  arid 
useful  work,  the  "  Description  des  Medailles  Antiques,"  in  which 
he  has  embodied  the  observations  and  information  of  a  long  and 
eminent  numismatic  life,  and  has  brought  together,  from  a  variety  of 
sources,  a  vast  mass  of  important  details.  The  rapid  growth  of  the 
collections  under  his  care,  and  the  extension  of  his  plan  so  as  to 
embrace  similar  collections,  of  which  an  account  was  available,  induced 
M.  Mionnet  to  add  to  his  early  volumes  a  still  more  copious  supple- 
ment. This  has  injured  the  unity  of  the  work ;  and  the  two  parts 
need  to  be  recast  into  one  whole,  to  render  it  commodiously  acces- 
sible to  numismatic  students.  This  defect  in  the  arrangement  was, 
however,  the  necessary  consequence  of  the  great  increase  of  new 
materials  ;  and  the  prompt  and  conscientious  industry  with  which  M. 
Mionnet  kept  pace  with  the  progress  of  discovery,  is  not  the  least  of 
the  many  merits  which  his  exertions  may  justly  claim.  As  it  is,  in 
its  present  form  the  "  Description  des  Medailles"  is  a  work  which  is 


NUMISMATIC    SOCIETY.  109 

indispensable  to  the  study  of  the  numismatic  treasures  of  the  ancient 
classical  world. 

Although  the  researches  of  Dr.  Gesenius  were  addressed  principally 
to  critical  and  philological  subjects,  and  especially  to  the  illustration 
of  the  Hebrew  language,  yet  he  also  directed  his  uncommon  learning 
and  unwearied  perseverance  to  a  collateral  branch  of  inquiry,  in 
which  numismatic  science  was  an  important,  and,  indeed,  indispens- 
able auxiliary,  the  determination  of  the  Phoenician  characters  and 
language.  Accordingly,  in  his  celebrated  work,  published  at  Leipsic 
in  1837,  "Scriptures  Linguseque  Phoenicia  Monumenta,"  his  third 
book  treats  De  Numis  Phceniciis  ;  and  in  the  plates  accompanying  it, 
he  has  given  representations  of  a  number  of  Phoenician  coins,  of  which 
he  has  endeavoured  to  explain  the  several  legends  in  the  old  Phoenician 
characters.  The  latter  days  of  his  life  were  in  great  part  devoted  to 
the  further  elucidation  of  the  same  topics,  through  the  media  of 
inscriptions  and  coins :  and  different  dissertations  on  these  subjects 
appeared  in  the  German  journals  from  his  pen.  He  was  also 
engaged,  at  the  same  time,  in  the  completion  of  his  "  Thesaurus 
Linguae  Hebraicae."  Dr.  Gesenius  died  in  October  last  at  Halle,  in 
the  university  of  which  city  he  had  held  the  professorship  of  Hebrew 
for  thirty-two  years. 

The  Chevalier  Peter  Olaf  Bronstedt  was-  a  native  of  Denmark,  and 
was  born  in  1780.  In  1796  he  entered  the  university  of  Copenhagen ? 
and  took  the  degree  of  doctor  of  philosophy  in  1806.  Attaching 
himself,  with  enthusiastic  ardour,  to  the  study  of  Greek  literature 
and  antiquities,  he  spent  several  years,  after  leaving  the  university,  in 
Italy  and  Greece,  cultivating  the  language,  and  exploring,  with  inde- 
fatigable industry  and  discriminating  taste,  the  monuments  of  the 
latter  country.  The  results  of  his  travels  and  researches  were  to 
have  been  given  to  the  public  in  eight  parts,  but  of  these  two  only 
were  published.  The  second  of  these  is  devoted  to  an  architectural, 
archaeological,  and  historical  description  of  the  Parthenon,  and  is  a 
work  of  great  ability  and  erudition. 

Besides  these  travels  and  researches,  the  Chevalier  Bronstedt  pub- 
lished a  number  of  minor  works,  either  separately,  or  in  the  trans- 


110  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE 

actions  of  different  societies,  written  by  him  in  French,  German, 
Italian,  and  English.  Amongst  the  latter,  an  important  disquisition 
on  Panathenaic  Vases  is  published  in  the  Transactions  of  the  Royal 
Society  of  Literature. 

The  Chevalier  Bronstedt  was  for  many  years  absent  from  his  native 
country,  engaged  in  learned  and  antiquarian  investigations,  and 
sometimes  in  public  affairs,  having  at  one  time  represented  the 
government  of  Denmark  at  the  court  of  Rome.  After  his  final 
return  to  Copenhagen,  he  was  nominated  Privy  Counsellor  of  Lega- 
tion, and  received  the  silver  cross  of  the  order  of  the  Dannebrog. 
He  was  also  appointed  Ordinary  Professor  of  Philology  and  Archae- 
ology in  the  University  of  Copenhagen,  Director  of  the  Royal  Collec- 
tion of  Coins  and  Medals,  and  finally  Rector  of  the  University. 
He  was  early  elected  an  Associate  of  this  Society,  and  has  given  us 
repeated  proofs  of  the  interest  which,  with  his  accustomed  passion 
for  archaeological  research,  it  might  be  expected  that  he  would  take 
in  our  proceedings. 

A  more  considerable  diminution  in  the  Members  of  the  Society  has 
arisen  from  the  many  retirements  during  the  year,  amounting  to 
twenty-nine  ;  or  twenty-three  original,  and  six  subsequently  elected 
Members.  The  far  greater  number  of  these  belong  to  the  class  of 
Members  who  were  specified  in  the  last  Report  as  those  from  whom 
the  Society  had  never  received  any  support  whatever — not  even 
pecuniary  aid.  They  were  in  fact  but  nominally  Members ;  and  as 
their  names  alone  brought  no  advantage  to  the  Society,  no  detri- 
ment is  suffered  by  their  disappearance  from  its  lists.  Some  few 
indeed  seem  to  have  been  included  amongst  the  Members  under 
a  misapprehension  of  their  intentions ;  and  it  appears  that  they  had 
never  been  aware  of,  or  concurrent  in  their  election.  There  are 
now  also,  as  on  the  former  occasion,  a  very  few  whom  the  Society 
must  regret  to  lose,  and  whom  it  may  hope  to  regain ;  for  they  can- 
not doubt  the  tendency  of  the  Society  to  foster  and  extend  the  studies 
in  which  they  take  a  liberal  interest,  and  a  distinguished  place. 


NUMISMATIC    SOCIETY.  ]  1  1 

The  following  Members  have  been  elected  since  the  last  Annual 

Meeting:  — 

John  Hampden,  Esq.  Thomas  Hill,  Esq. 

William  Hardy,  Esq.  James  Cove  Jones,  Esq. 

David  Henry,  Esq.  William  Sandys  Wright  Vaux,  Esq. 

The  Society  has  also  elected  the  following  Foreign  Associates  :  _ 
Senor  Don  Basilic  Sebastian  Gas-     Senor  Don   Vicente  Bertram   de 

tellanos.  —  Madrid.  Lis  y  Rives.—  Madrid. 

Count  Don   Gustavus  Lorick.  —     Monsieur  Boucher  de  Perthes.  — 

Madrid.  Abbeville. 

The  Marquis    Joseph    Melchiori.     Professor  Dominico  Valleriani.  — 

—  Rome.  Florence. 

The  Chevalier  Joseph  Micali.  —     The  Chevalier  Peter  Visconti.  _ 

Florence.  Rome. 

The  numerical  state  of  the  Society  as  compared  with  that  of  last 
year  is  as  follows  :  — 

Original.       Elected.      Honorary.     Associates.       Total. 
89  70  2  37 


Since  elected                     0  6  0  8  14 
Transferred  from  the"! 

List  of  Members  to  >  0  0  0  1  1 

that  of  Associates*  J 

89  76  2  46  213 

Deceased                            2213  8 

Resigned  or  withdrawn  23  6  0  0  29 


Members,        {  RA  fift  i  /LQ  T7« 

June  15, 1843.  ] 

The  situation  of  the  Society's  finances  is  exhibited  in  the  follow- 
ing statement  of  receipts  and  disbursements,  prepared  by  the 
treasurer,  and  audited  by  the  Hon.  Theobald  Fitzwalter  Butler,  the 
Rev.  Henry  Christmas,  and  William  Debonaire  Haggard,  Esq. 

*  James  Millingen,  Esq.  was  elected  an  Associate,  but  his  name, 
by  mistake,  was  entered  as  a  Member  in  the  list  of  the  Society  pub- 
lished in  1840. 


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PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE    NUMISMATIC    SOCIETY.  113 

The  statement  thus  submitted  offers  much  reason  for  congratula- 
tion :  and,  although  the  very  favourable  result  of  the  financial 
operations  of  the  present  year  arises  in  some  measure  from  tem- 
porary and  accidental  causes,  yet  it  also  affords  reasonable  grounds 
for  anticipating  a  much  more  healthy  and  prosperous  condition  of 
our  funds  than  has  existed  since  the  institution  of  the  Society. 

The  receipts  of  the  past  year,  it  will  be  seen,  considerably  exceed 
the  highest  estimate  which  was  offered  at  our  last  meeting — being 
222/.  165.  6d.  instead  of  170Z.  The  excess  is  mainly  attributable, 
however,  to  the  active  prosecution  of  the  measures  which  were  then 
adopted  for  the  realisation  of  outstanding  arrears  of  subscription  : 
and,  it  is  to  be  hoped,  that  our  accounts  will  never  again  exhibit  so 
large  a  receipt  from  such  a  source,  as  the  recovery  of  long  outstand- 
ing subscriptions. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  disbursements  of  the  year  have  also  ex- 
ceeded the  estimated  average  expenditure  ;  but  this  has  arisen  from 
the  liquidation  of  arrears  due  from  preceding  periods,  and  the  pay- 
ment of  all  current  demands  upon  the  Society  up  to  the  latest  date. 
There  are  no  demands  at  present,  therefore,  against  the  Society;  and 
it  starts  with  a  clear  cash  balance  in  hand  of  551.  4s.  6d. 

Besides  the  recovery  of  arrears  of  subscription,  part  of  the  surplus 
income  arises  from  the  extension  given  by  the  arrangements  adopted 
by  the  Society  to  the  distribution  of  the  Journal  amongst  its  mem- 
bers ;  whilst,  on  the  other  hand,  the  cost  of  the  Journal  to  the 
Society  has  been  reduced  by  adherence  to  the  rate  of  supply  first 
calculated  on,  and  the  reduction  of  the  number  taken  by  the  Society 
from  200  to  150.  These  improvements  in  our  financial  arrange- 
ments are  permanent ;  and,  combined  with  punctuality  in  the  realisa- 
tion of  the  subscriptions,  will,  it  is  to  be  hoped,  place  the  Society  on 
that  footing  of  a  just  proportion  between  its  receipts  and  disburse- 
ments, on  which  not  merely  its  prosperity  but  its  very  existence 
depends. 

At  the  same  time  it  is  evident  that  the  friends  of  the  Society  must 
not  relax  their  exertions  in  maintaining  its  welfare  and  promoting  its 
extension,  as  its  usefulness  is  still  much  restricted  by  the  limited 


114  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE 

number  of  its  members  and  consequent  inadequacy  of  its  means  to 
promote  various  objects  which  it  would  wish  to  encourage. 

The  present  subscribing  members  of  the  Society  are  but  130.  Of 
these  nine  have  compounded,  and  the  annual  subscription  is  but 
127?. ;  to  which,  however,  the  dividends  on  the  invested  compositions 
being  added,  the  annual  income  is  131?.  The  number  of  subscribers 
to  the  Journal,  new  members  included,  is  about  fifty  ;  which  yields  a 
further  income  of  22?.  10s. ;  to  these  are  to  be  added  entrance  fees, 
estimated  on  a  former  occasion  at  10?.  10s.  per  annum  :  thus  the 
whole  income  of  the  Society  is  but  164?.  The  expenditure  cannot 
be  estimated  with  equal  precision ;  but  in  our  last  report  it  was 
calculated  at  172?.,  from  which  20?.  were  to  be  deducted  on  account 
of  the  Journal,  leaving  it  therefore  152?.,  or  12?.  per  annum  less 
than  the  annual  receipt.  We  shall  not  be  able  to  effect  more  than 
we  have  done,  unless  the  annual  income  be  further  increased. 

The  following  is  an  enumeration  of  the  benefactors  to  the  Library 
and  Cabinet  of  the  Society  ;  and  it  cannot  fail  to  be  a  subject  of  the 
most  satisfactory  contemplation,  not  only  from  the  numerical  length 
of  the  list,  nor  from  the  interest  and  value  of  their  several  donations, 
but  from  their  widely  extended  range — comprehending  not  only 
various  distinguished  individuals  in  this  country,  but  in  a  still 
greater  proportion,  the  most  eminent  patrons  and  cultivators  of 
numismatic  science  abroad.  From  Paris,  Brussels,  Madrid,  Florence, 
Vienna,  Athens,  Petersburgh,  and  many  other  places  on  the  con- 
tinent, the  Numismatic  Society  has  received  the  most  flattering 
proofs  that  its  exertions,  however  humble  and  restricted,  have  been 
known  and  appreciated  in  the  most  favourable  manner  throughout 
the  whole  of  Europe.  To  the  eminent  and  learned  numismatist, 
whose  name,  by  virtue  of  its  alphabetical  arrangement,  heads  the 
list,  Professor  Arneth,  of  the  Imperial  Cabinet  of  Vienna,  the  Society 
is  indebted  for  the  further  compliment  of  the  dedication  of  his 
"  Synopsis  Numorum  Romanorum  in  Museo  Ccesareo  Vindobonensi" 


NUMISMATIC    SOCIETY. 


115 


LIST  OP  DONORS. 


Herr  Joseph  Arneth. 

M.  J.  de  Bartholomaei. 

Herr  Joseph  Bergmann. 

Sir  William  Betham. 

N.  Bland,  Esq. 

Dr.  Boott. 

M.  E.  de  Cadalvene. 

M.  E.  Cartier. 

M.  Chalon. 

R.  Coster,  Esq. 

Professor  F.  Creuzer. 

I.  Cullimore,  Esq. 

Robert  Davies,  Esq. 

Count  Dietrichstein. 

John  Field,  Esq. 

W.  S.  Fitch,  Esq. 

Herr  Ch.  Fraehn. 

W.  Griffin,  Esq. 

Dr.  Hage. 

Walter  Hawkins,  Esq. 

Joseph  Hume,  Esq.  M.  P. 

Dr.  B.  Kohne. 

The  Marquis  de  Lagoy. 

Dr.  John  Lee. 


M.  Joachim  Lelewel. 

M.  Ch.  Lenormant. 

M.  Marmin. 

B.  Nightingale,  Esq. 

The  Chevalier  Prokesch  d'Osten. 

M.  Boucher  de  Perthes. 

J.  G.  Pfister,  Esq. 

Lord  Prudhoe. 

Dr.  Rigollot. 

M.  L.  de  la  Saussaye. 

D.  R.  Scratton,  Esq. 

The  Royal  Asiatic  Society. 

The    Society   of    Antiquaries   of 

Newcastle  upon  Tyne. 
The    Society   of    Antiquaries    of 

Normandy. 
The  Royal  Society  of  Emulation 

of  Abbeville. 
M.  F.  Verachter. 
Lieutenant  Waghorn,  R.N. 
J.  Warrington,  Esq. 
Miss  Wootton. 
H.  H.  Young,  Esq. 


The  following  papers,  which  have  been,  or  will  shortly  be  printed, 
have  continued  to  display  the  same  meritorious  activity,  and  the  same 
distinguished  talent,  as  have  been  noticed  on  former  occasions,  in  the 
elucidation  of  various  departments  of  numismatic  research,  by  many 
of  the  most  valuable  Members  of  the  Society.  The  Papers  of  Mr. 
Borrell,  on  Unedited  Autonomous  and  Imperial  Greek  Coins,  for 
instance,  continue  to  present  an  infinity  of  novel  and  important 
details  :  and  to  Lieutenant  Cunningham  the  Society  is  indebted  for 


116  PROCEEDINGS    OF    THE 

a  curious  and  interesting  communication  in  an  entirely  new  branch 
of  Eastern  Numismatics,  confirming  and  illuminating,  agreeably  to 
the  peculiar  uses  of  the  science,  the  historical  records  of  the  past. 

LIST  OF  PAPERS  READ  DURING  THE  SEASON. 

1 .  The  Will  of  Thomas  Simon,  the  Medal  Engraver,  with  obser- 

vations thereon,  by  Clement  T.  Smythe,  Esq. 

2.  Note  on  some  Coins  found  at  Alexandria,  by  John  Bonomi,Esq. 

3.  Remarks  on  the  Will  of  Thomas  Simon,  by  B.  Nightingale,  Esq. 

4.  On  the  Types  of  Aegiale  and  Epidaurus,  by  Samuel  Birch,  Esq. 

5.  On  the  Ancient  Coinage  of  Kashmir,  with  Chronological  and 

Historical  Notes,  by  Lieutenant  Cunningham. 

6.  Account  of  English  Silver  and  Gold  Coins  found  at  Kirtling,  in 

Cambridgeshire,  by  Joseph  Clarke,  Esq. 

7.  Note  on  the  Obsidional  Money  of  Landau,  by  B.  Nightingale, 

Esq. 

8.  On  the  Forgeries  of  Public  Money,  by  J.  Y.  Akerman,  Esq. 

9.  Account  of  Anglo-Saxon    Stycas    found   at   York,  by  C.  R. 

Smith,  Esq. 

10.  On  Unedited  Autonomous  and  Imperial  Greek  Coins,  by  W. 
H.  BorreU,  Esq. 

The  Report  was  then  received,  and  ordered  to  be  printed. 

The  thanks  of  the  Society  were  ordered  to  be  presented  to  the 
President,  Professor  Wilson,  for  the  kind,  zealous,  and  effectual 
manner  in  which,  for  upwards  of  two  years,  he  had  discharged  the 
duties  of  his  office. 

The  thanks  of  the  Society  were  also  voted  to  the  Council  and 
Secretaries  for  past  services,  and  to  the  Auditors  for  their  prompt 
attention  in  auditing  the  Accounts. 

The  Meeting,  having  appointed  the  Rev.  G.  C.  Renouard,  and  J. 
G.  Pfister,  Esq.,  Scrutineers,  proceeded  to  ballot  for  the  election  of 
Officers  and  Council  for  the  ensuing  year ;  and  the  following  gentle- 
men were  announced  as  duly  elected. 


NUMISMATIC    SOCIETY.  117 

President. 
THE  LORD  ALBERT  DENISON  CONYNGHAM,  F.S.A. 

Vice  Presidents. 

CHARLES  FREDERICK  BARNWELL,  ESQ.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A. 
HORACE  HAYMAN  WILSON,   ESQ.,  F.R.S.,  M.R.A.S.,   Boden   Pro- 
fessor of  Sanscrit,  Oxford. 

Treasurer. 
JOHN  B.  BERGNE,  ESQ. 

Secretaries. 

JOHN  YONGE  AKKKMAN,  ESQ.,  F.S.A. 
CHARLES  ROACH  SMITH,  ESQ.,  F.S.A. 

Foreign  Secretary. 
JOHN  YONGE  AKERMAN,  ESQ.,  F.S.A. 

Librarian. 
HUGH  WELCH  DIAMOND,  ESQ.,  F.S.A. 

Members  of  the  Council. 

SAMUEL  BIRCH,  ESQ. 

JOHN  BRUMELL,  ESQ. 

THE  HON.  THEOBALD  FITZWALTER  BUTLER,  ESQ. 

THE  REV.  HENRY  CHRISTMAS,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A. 

GEORGE  RICHARD  CORNER,  ESQ.,  F.S.A. 

JAMES  DODSLEY  CUFF,  ESQ.,  F.S.A. 

WILLIAM  DEBONAIRE  HAGGARD,  ESQ.,  F.S.A.,  F.R.A.S. 

EDWARD  HAWKINS,  ESQ.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A.,  F.L.S. 

THOMAS  HORSFIELD,  ESQ.,  M.D.,  M.R.A.S. 

JOHN  HUXTABLE,  ESQ. 

JOHN  LEE,  ESQ.,  LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A.,  V.P.R.A.S. 

BENJAMIN  NIGHTINGALE,  ESQ. 


GJ  The  Numismatic  chronicle 
1          and  journal  of  the  Royal 
N6         Numismatic  Society 
v.7 


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