PRESENTED BY
ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM
ARCHAEOLOGY^
(THE)
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE
EDITED BY
JOHN YONGE AKERMAN, F.S.A.
SECRETARY TO THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY,
CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES OF SCOTLAND.
HONORARY MEMBER OF THE ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY OF NEWCASTLE-CPON TYNE.
VOL. II.
JUNE, 1839. APRIL, 1MO.
>-M \
^ i l\* '
Factum abiit monutnenta manent Ov Fast.
LONDON:
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CJ
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TO
JAMES DODSLEY CUFF, ESQ., F.S.A,,
ONE OF THE COUNCIL OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY,
A PRACTICAL NUMISMATIST,
AND THE POSSESSOR OF A MOST VALUABLE CABINET OF
ANCIENT BRITISH, SAXON, AND ENGLISH COINS,
THIS,
THE SECOND VOLUME OF THE NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE,
IS
RESPECTFULLY AND GRATEFULLY
DEDICATED.
CONTENTS.
PAOB
Coins of Andeda, in Pisidia ; by H. P. Borrell, Esq. 1
Coin of Artaxias, King of Armenia ; by the same . . 4
On the Pennies of Regnald of Northumbria . . 7
On the Amelioration of the Coinage A.D. 1560; by John
William Burgon, Esq. . . ". . . 12
Observations on the Standard of Value, and the Circulat-
ing Medium of this Country ; by W. D. Haggard,
Esq. F.S.A., RR.A.S. . . .' . . 17
Unpublished Penny of Athelstan, and Halfpenny of
Edward the Confessor; by John Lindsay, Esq. -.-. ., 35
Medals of the Pretender. Second Series ; by W. D.
Haggard, Esq. . . '...- 37
On the Coins of William the Conqueror ; by R. S. . 42
On the Coins of East Anglia ; by D. H. H. ". v . 47
Notice of Bon-ell's Work on the Coins of the Kings of
Cyprus . . ... ... . . . 57
Hoard of Pennies of Henry II. found in Bedfordshire . 54
Inedited Greek Coins; by Samuel Birch, Esq. . . j ... 57
Money of Ethiopia; by A. Thomson D'Abaddie . / . 65
Description of Two Cufic Coins ; by G. C. R. . . . 69
Unpublished British Coins. No. 4. . . . . 71
Anecdotes of the English Coinage ; by John Gough
Nichols, Esq. F.S. A > . . 80
On the Deities represented on the Coins of Egyptian
Nomes ; by Samuel Birch, Esq. . . ... 86
Coin of Magnesia, with the Head of Cicero ; by the same 107
VI CONTENTS.
PAGE
List of Roman Coins recently found near Strood ; by
C. R. Smith, Esq. . .112
Medals of the Pretender. Third Series ; by W. D.
Haggard, Esq .124
On the Appropriation of certain Coins to Northumbria
and East Anglia ....... 138
Remarks on the Types of the Coins of the Aenianes of
Thessaly ; by H. P. Borrell, Esq. . . . 149
Sceattas ; by L. Y. H 152
Unedited Coins of Asia ; by Samuel Birch, Esq. . . 160
Restitution to the City of Ephesus (when called Arsinoe)
of the Coins hitherto attributed to Arsinoe, in
Cyrenaica, and to Arsinoe, in Cilicia ; by H. P.
Borrell, Esq .171
Medals of the Pretender. Third Series; by W. D.
Haggard, Esq 177
Restitution of several Coins hitherto supposed to belong to
Apollonia, in Lycia, and Caria, to Apollonia in
Pisidia ; ' . 182
On the Types of the Irish Coins of King John; by
L. Y. H. . . . . . . , . . 187
On Two Unpublished Coins connected with the History
of Boulogne-Sur-Mer ; (from the Revue Numisma-
tique) 192
Petition of the Roettiers for making the Great Seal of
England, Temp. Charles II. . . . . . 198
On the Arrangement of .the Coins of .the Archbishops
of Canterbury ; by L. Y. H. . . . . . 209
An Enquiry into the Early Lydian Money, and an
Attempt at fixing the Classification of certain Coins
to Croesus; by H. P. Borrell, Esq. . . . 216
On some Coins connected with the Geography of Galatia ;
by Samuel Birch, Esq 223
Unpublished British Coins. No. VI. .... 231
Restitution to Histiaeotis, in Thessaly, of several Coins
hitherto classed to Histiaea, in Euboea ; by H. P.
Borrell, Esq. v 232
CONTENTS. Vll
PAOB
Some Observations on the Coins of Pellene, in Achaia,
which have been erroneously classed by Numismatic
Writers to Pella in Macedonia, Pellina, in Thessaly,
and to the Island of Peparethus ; by H. P. Borrell,
Esq. '. . . . . . ..; , ,'. , jd 237
Some Remarks on an Unedited Coin of Pergamus; by
Samuel Birch, Esq. . . . . ; i 243
On the Kesitah of the Holy Scriptures ; by Dr. G. F.
Grotefend, of Hanover . . . . . . 248
NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS : Notice of " A View of the
Coinage of Ireland, &c. ; by John Lindsay, Esq." 138
" Description de la Trouvaille de 1'Isle de Jersey ;
par le Baron de Donop" .- . .,", .,.. . . 140
MISCELLANEA.
Modern Forgeries of Ancient Coins . 62
Mode of Taking Impressions from Coins . ' . 143
Discovery of Denarii . . . . ... 144
Medal to commemorate the Cinque Ports Banquet . . ib.
Forged Coins . 200
Caution to Coin Collectors .... .201
Gold Coin of another Bactrian Prince . - 202
Salt Money of Ethiopia ... . 203
Gold Triens with " Dorovernis" . . . . . ' i. 204
Casts of Coins by the Voltaic Process ; . . . . ib.
Discovery of Coins at Cheddar . . . . . 206
Gold Coin of Allectus . . . . "". ib.
Coins of St. Omer ; By M. Hermand, of that Town . ib.
Mines in Russia . . . ib.
Premium Medal Crosby Hall . . r * ' 207
Medals of the Roettiers . . 254
viii CONTENTS.
PAGE
Catalogue of Roman Silver Coins in the Library of Trinity
College, Dublin 255
Discoveries at Strood, Kent . . . . . ib.
Discoveries at Chesil Beach, near Portland ib.
Discovery at the Giant's Causeway, Ireland . . . 256
Forgeries of Ancient Coins ...... ib.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.
Ordinary Meetings. March 28, 1839, p. 145. April 25,
p. 146. May 23, p. 146. June 27, p. f47.
November 28, p. 260. December 26, p. 261
January 30, 1840, p. 261 .February 27, p. 262.
Officers of the Society for 1839-40, p. 148.
.,
.,
"
r
.
'
VRPUBUtHEO QMICK
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
i.
COINS OF ANDEDA IN PISIDIA.
[In a Letter to the Editor.]
No. 1. AY AYP ANT CGB. Laureated head of Marcus
Aurelius to the right.
ft. ANAHAGtoN. The Pergaian Diana running, habited
in a short tunic, to the right ; a bow in her left hand,
and with her right drawing an arrow from a quiver
suspended from her shoulder : a stag by her side. IE 4.
(See Plate I. fig. 2.)
No. 2. IOYAIA MAMGAN C. Head of Julia Mamsea to the
right.
R. ANAHAGWN. The Pergaian Diana standing, habited
in a short tunic ; the left breast exposed ; a bow in her
left hand, and a stag at her feet. JE 6^. (See Plate I.
fig. 3.)
No. 3. CAB TPANKYAAGINA C. Head of Tranquillina to
the right.
R. ANAHAG&JN. An equestrian figure of the Emperor
Gordianus, trampling on an enemy under his horse's
feet. & 7.
No greater proof can be required of the obscurity in
which the geography of Asia Minor is enveloped, and of its
former populousness and prosperity, than the number of its
towns, with which we become acquainted merely by a coin,
or by the incidental notice of a solitary writer of the middle
ages. And even when some of these towns are thus men-
tioned, their names are handed down to us with an ortho-
VOL. II. B
2 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
graphy so corrupt, that it is scarcely possible to recognise
them. Illustrative of these observations, are the three
coins of Andeda, described above, of which but little doubt
can exist that they belong to the town which Ptolemy calls
Adeda (Lib. 5. Cap. 5); Hierocles, Odada ; and Artemi-
dorus, cited by Strabo, Adadates (Strabo, lib. xii. p. 570).
The coins prove the correct reading to be ANDEDA.
The situation of Andeda was in Pisidia, on the confines
of Pamphylia, to which the type represented on our two
coins, Nos. 1 and 2, of Marcus Aurelius and Julia
Mamaea is suited; on both is seen the Pergaian Diana in
different positions. The worship of this goddess was very
prevalent in Pamphylia; and it is not astonishing that it
should have extended into many cities of the adjoining
provinces, whose inhabitants probably joined in the celebra-
tion of the annual festivals at her temple near Perga, on
the river Oestrus.
If then the fact be admitted, that Andeda is the correct
orthography of the town in Pisidia, which has been so
variously written by ancient geographers, it follows that
those numismatic authors who have attributed coins to
Adade, are in error. One in copper, classed by Haym
(Thes. Brit., torn. ii. p. 278; tab. 24, fig. 6. Ed. Lond.),
to Addae, in Mesopotamia, and restored by Belley (B. L.
T, xlii. Hist. p. 55) to Adada in Pisidia, may be cited ; and
Sestini (Lett, e Diss. Num. torn. vi. p. 73) has proved that
the two coins published in the catalogues of the Pembroke
Collection, and the Museo Hedervariano, and there classed
to Adeda, are both of Tarentum, in Calabria.
The two coins of Andeda, Nos. 1 arid 2, formed part of
a collection which I took to England in 1831, and are now
in the British Museum. The coin, No. 3 (of Sabina Tran-
quillina), is still in my possession. They were all brought
COINS OF ANDEDA IN PISIDIA. 3
from Pisidia, with coins of that and the neighbouring
provinces, at diffei'ent periods, and, I believe, are all
unique and unpublished.
The discovery of these three coins of Andeda, in my
opinion, serves to establish, that two coins published by
Sestini, and classed by him to Perga, in Pamphylia, also
belong to this city. I allude to the following :
No. 1 .AY KAI M AYP AA6#ANA. Caput Laur. cum
palud.
R. ANAH APT6MI nGPFA. Simulacrum Dianae
Pergaeae in templo distylo. M 3. (Ex. Mus. R.
Bavariae. Sestini. Lett. Cont. Tom. viii. p. 75,
No. 16 ; and Mionnet, Suppt. vii. p. 53, No. 126.)
No. 2. AAG^ANAPOC. Caput. Sev. Alex. laur. cum palud.
R. ANAH APTEMIA infra, DEPP. Idem typus ut
supra. JE 4. (Ex. Mus. Reg. Bavariae. Sestini, 1. c.
No. 17, Tab. II. fig. 7.)
The first of these two coins is the same which Mionnet
(tome iii. p. 553, No. 82) has classed to Anazarbus, in
Cilicia, having been misguided by an incorrect description
in the manuscript catalogue of M. Cousinery.
To explain the meaning of the unusual word ANAH,
Sestini says, " E dunque visibile che le prime due voci
che si leggono tanto in questa che nella susseguente me-
daglia, sono ANAH APT6MI cioe di Diana Andera, o An-
derica, cosi dal nome della citta Andera della Misia, o
da Anderica, secondo Erodoto, situata nella Susiana, che
facia parte della Persia, dove quella dea si puo credere
che avesse culto, e introdotto in Perga sotto Alessandro
Severo, con la qual leggenda combina quest' altra del
predetto imperatore."
It is, however, evident to me (as I am persuaded it will be
to the reader), that the initial letters ANAH have no refer-
ence whatever to the figure of the goddess, as Sestini
4 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
supposes, but represent in abbreviation the name of the
city where the coin was struck, ANAH^wj/, and that it is
the words APTEMI IJEPF, for ApreptSoe Ilepycuae, which
allude to the figure of the Diana of Perga, whose worship
was doubtless cultivated by the people of Andeda, as is
proved by the coins described in the beginning of this letter,
where we find the legend complete.
I remain, &c.,
H. P. BORRELL.
Smyrna, 22nd January, 1839.
[Read before the Numismatic Society, 25th April, 1839.]
II.
COIN OF ARTAXIAS, KING OF ARMENIA.
[In SL Letter to the Editor.]
SIR,
DESIROUS to contribute to your valued Journal, I
beg to offer a description, accompanied by an impression, of
a very remarkable coin of Germanicus, which came into my
possession some short time ago, but which passed into the
hands of Mr. Steuart, and 1 believe is now in some collec-
tion at Paris. The following is a description of the^coin :
Obv. GERMANICVS CAESAR T. ... Naked head in profile of
Germanicus to the right.
R. Two youthful figures standing; behind the one is in-
scribed GERMANICVS, and behind the other, ARTAXIAS.
Germanicus, in military costume, holds in his left hand
a lance, and with his right hand is placing a tiara on
the head of the second figure, who is standing front
face. Si. 4. Weight 48 J grains (English). (See
Plate I. fig 1.)
The youthful figure, here represented receiving a tiara
COIN OF ARTAXIAS, KING OF ARMENIA. 5
from the hands of Germanicus, is Zeno, son of Polemon,
king of Pontus, who received the name of ' Artaxias,' from
Artaxata, the capital city of Armenia, when the Armenians
accepted him as their sovereign, at the instigation of the
Romans commanded by Germanicus. For an explanation
of this coin, it is sufficient to quote a passage from Tacitus,
and the reader will be struck with the harmony which exists
between the subject on the coin, and the account of the
event given us by the historian.
Speaking of the difficulties experienced in Syria from
the conduct of Piso, Tacitus says : " He [Germanicus] was
fully assured of the proceedings [of Piso], but Armenia
claimed his first attention. He hastened, without loss of
time, to regulate the affairs of that kingdom a kingdom
where caprice and levity marked the national character,
and the situation of the country encouraged the in-
constancy of the people. Armenia borders a great length
of way upon the Roman provinces ; then stretches to
a vast extent as far as the territory of the Medes.
Hemmed in by two great empires, that of Parthia and
Rome, the Armenians are never steady to either, but
with their natural levity, alternately at variance with both :
with the Romans, from rooted aversion : with the Parthians,
from motives of ambition and natural jealousy. In the
present juncture, the people were fixed on Zeno, the son of
Polemon, king of Pontus. The young prince had shown,
from his earliest youth, a decided inclination to Armenian
manners. The sports of the chase were his favourite
amusements. He delighted in carousing, festivals, and all
the pastimes of savage life. For these qualities he was high
in esteem, not only with the populace, but also the gran-
dees of the nation. In this disposition of men's minds,
Germanicus entered the city of Artaxata, and, amidst the
6 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
acclamations of the people, placed the diadem on the head
of Zeno. The Armenians paid homage to their new master,
and, in the ardour of their zeal, proclaimed him king, by
the name of Artaxias, in allusion to the place of his corona-
tion." i
Hence this coin was struck to commemorate an important
act of the Roman arms in the East, in the 771st year of
Rome, or B.C. 18, and was one of the last of the many splendid
services rendered by Germanicus to his country, as he died
shortly after, a victim to the jealousy of that subtle monster
Tiberius.
The coin was brought to me from Ka'isar, the ancient
Csesarea of Cappadocia, where it may have been struck, or
perhaps in some other Asiatic mint, and I believe is unique.
I remain, your obedient humble servant,
H. P. BORRELL.
Smyrna, January 19, 1839.
[Read before the Numismatic Society, 23d May, 1839.]
1 " Nota haec Germanico; sed prseverti ad Armenios instantior
cura fuit. Ambigua gens ea antiquitus hominum ingeniis, et situ
terrarum, quo, nostris provinciis late praetenta, penitus ad Medos
porrigitur ; maximisque imperils interjecti et seepius discordes
sunt, adversus Romanes odio, et in Parthum invidi&. Regem ill&
tempestate non habebant, amoto Vonone : sed favor nationis incli-
nabat in Zenonem Polemonis regis Pontici filium, quod is, prima
ab infantia, instituta et cultum Armeniorum aemulatus, venatu,
epulis et quas alia barbari celebrant, proceres plebemque juxta
devinxerat. Igitur Germanicus in urbe ArtaxatA approbantibus
nobilibus, circumfusa multitudine, insigne regium capiti ejus
imposuit: cseteri venerantes regem, Artaxiam consalutavere ; quod
illi vocabulum indiderant ex nomine urbis." Annales, lib. ii.
cap. Ivi.
Lipsius observes on the concluding sentence, Ex nomine
urbis, (l Mirum, cum jam ante plures reges eo nomine fuerint."
And Ryck remarks, " Vix inducor, ut a Taciti manu profecta
credam ultima verba. Nam Zeno Artaxias appellatus non ab
urbe Artaxata, ut bic dicitur, sed a conditore regni, seu primo
Armenise rege Artaxia." [EDITOR.]
III.
ON THE PENNIES OF REGNALD.
IN the second volume of the Numismatic Chronicle (page
119), there is engraved a penny of the Northumbrian king
Regnatd, which, along with one of Sihtric, figured in Lord
Pembroke's plates, and the coins of Anlaf of the same
type, is conjectured to be of Irish origin. I consider that
this appropriation is incorrect, and think that they ought
all to be assigned to Northumberland.
From the Saxon Chronicle, I collect the following dates
respecting the Danish kings of Northumberland during the
tenth century. In the year
911 A battle was fought by Edward against the Northumbrian
Danes, at Wodnesfield : in which it is recorded, that, along
with other princes, Anlaf the Swarthy fell.
921 King Sihtric killed Neil his brother. In
923 King Regnald won York, but in
924 He acknowledged Edward as his master and lord. In
925 Athelstan gave his sister in marriage to Sihtric, who in
926 Departed from the kingdom. In
927 Athelstan expelled Guthfrith.
938 The celebrated battle of Brunonburgh was fought ; when
Anlaf was conquered ; and, along witb the other Danish
princes, sought refuge in Ireland. In
941 The Nortbumbrians rebelled, and cbose Anlaf for their king.
He led an army in 943 to Tamworth, which he stormed ;
but having been afterwards besieged in Leicester, he made
peace with Edmund, and was baptized. He died the same
year. In the year
943 Regnald was reconciled to Edmund. In
944 Anlaf, son of Sihtric, and Regnald, son of Guthfrith, were
expelled by Edmund. In
948 Edred overran Northumberland, because the inhabitants had
chosen Eric for tbeir king, whom they tben expelled. In
949 Anlaf Cwyran came to Northumberland. By some authors
8 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
this king is considered a different person from Anlaf, the
son of Sihtric, who was banished in 944. Others suppose
that the surname Cwyran is an adverb from cyfipan, " to
return" In
952 This Anlaf was deposed, to make room for Eric, the son of
Harold. Eric in his turn was banished,
954 And Edred became king of Northumberland. In
993 Anlaf came with ninety-three ships to Staines. In the fol
lowing year, he, along with Sweyn, attacked London ; but
being introduced to Etheldred, he promised never to invade
England again. This promise he kept ; and he shortly
afterwards became king of Sweden.
It appears then, from the above, that we have recorded
four at least, perhaps five, different princes of the name of
Anlaf, connected with the history of this country in the
tenth century. Passing over the first, who was probably
nothing more than a Danish noble, we have three kings of
Northumberland, to each of whom coins may be ascribed.
Let us now examine the coins themselves. Of those in
Ruding's llth Plate, No. 3 (of Anlaf), is exactly similar in
type to Nos. 8 and 9, PL xvi., and No. 1, PL xxviii. of
Edward, and must be appropriated to Anlaf, the son of
Guthfrith, who was cotemporary with him. No. 2, in the
same plate, has the moneyer's name FARM AN. Mr.
Simon, drawing an inference, from the similarity of this
name to that of " Fceremin," who was a moneyer in Dublin
under Ethelred II., assigns this piece to Anlaf of Dublin,
who was cotemporary with Ethelred, and that mentioned
above to one of the kings of Waterford. But the appro-
priation of both these coins to the Northumbrian kings is
confirmed, by the resemblance of the first to the money of
Edward the Elder, and by the circumstance that the name
FARMAN, which appears on the other, closely resembles
that of FARAMAN, who was a moneyer for Edmund, and
is also found on the coins of Edgar. As the penny of
ON THE PENNIES OF REGNALD.
Regnald, which resembles this in type, is imperfect, it is
impossible to declare the name of his moneyer, the letters
BA C of the name being all that are legible. But if,
as is very probable, we should supply the legend, as
BALDRICMOTRA, this coin, by your correspondent so
confidently assigned to the Irish series, must be given
to Regnald of Northumberland, since BALDRIC was a
moneyer for Edmund, Edred, and Edgar. The penny of
Anlaf, of this type, in Ruding, differs from that in Simon,
PI. i. fig. 10; and in the British Museum is another, differ-
ing from both. The coin of Sihtric, in the Pembroke
plates, resembling these, must follow their destination.
The triquetra on these coins is found also on others of the
Danish princes. Compare with them the curious pieces
engraved in Mr. Lindsay's work on Irish coins, PL i.
chap. 19; PL ii. chap. 36; which that author assigns to
Anlaf VI., king of Dublin, A.D. 1041, and Regnald, king
of Waterford, A.D. 1023.
No. 1 , in Ruding's 1 1th plate, which bears the figure of a
raven on the obverse, has the moneyer's name, ADELFERD,
and another reads ADEFERD. A coin of Edward has
AEDFRED, which may be the same name. It does not
occur on the money of any of the subsequent monarchs.
Another coin reads ANLAF CVNVNC ; reverse,
ZICARESMOT. This moneyer is first found in the money
of Edmund, to which this piece has a close resemblance,
and this mode of expressing the genitive case appears first
on the coins of Athelstan; so that this must have been
issued in or after the year 941. Nos. 5, 6, 7, which read
ONLOF, or ONL7CF REX, and bear the names of the
moneyers BACIALER and INIrELIrAR, who were em-
ployed by Edmund and Edred, and which also resemble the
money of Eric, I would refer to that Anlaf who sup-
VOL. II. C
10 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
planted Eric on the Northumbrian throne, and who was
deposed in A.D. 952, when Eric was restored.
Several pennies of Anlaf, the cotemporary of Ethelred
II., who is also called Onlaf, and Olaf (Tryggvason), are
engraved in the second table of Brenner's Thesaurus
Nummorum Suevgothicorum. The types of all are copied
from the money of Ethelred.
The meaning of the sword which appears on the coins of
Eric has long been matter of conjecture. The late Dr.
Pegge, in his dissertation on the Ecclesiastical mints, sup-
posed that these coins were fabricated in the Archiepiscopal
mint of York ; and in consequence were marked with the
sword of St. Peter. On a bracteate of one of the northern
kings of that name, I find a sword precisely similar to these.
There are a few coins connected with this series which
Mr. Ruding left unexplained. They are engraved in his
30th plate, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4. Two others, similar, are
figured in plate E of the new edition. It seems to me,
that with the exception of one, they are incorrectly attri-
buted to the prelatical mint of York.
PI. XXX. No. 3. Obv SCIETRM.
Rev. A monogram EBRAICIT.
4,) A profile head RAJ-ENALT
PI. E. No. 2. 5 Rev. A monogram EARICFCT.
PI. XXX. No. 1. RANOOLT, a hand.
Rev. A monogram ElOACEOA.
PL E. No. 3. Obv RAGNOIST \ Same devices
Rev. EIORACU J as last.
PI. XXX. No. 2. RVAGNOIAT, a cross calvary.
Rev. RABIOC1T, a bow and arrow.
The legends of the first of these require no explanation.
The monogram which occurs on this coin, and which is
copied on four of the others, is the same as that which we
observe on the money of Charlemagne, Charles the Bald,
and Charles the Fat, kings of France. It is well known that
1
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ON THE PENNIES OF REGNALD. 1 I
Charlemagne introduced the use of monograms into the west
of Europe, and that their first appearance on English coins
was in the reign of Egbert. It is difficult to assign a reason
for the occurrence of this monogram (Carl us), on an Archie-
piscopal coin of York. It cannot be the name of a moneyer
(which we never see thus placed on coins), although the
names and titles of sovereigns, and occasionally the names
of towns, are expressed in this manner : added to which, the
same monogram appears on another coin, on which we read
plainly, EARIC FCT (fecit) ; and the name Carlus is found
on no other piece in the Anglo-Saxon series. We can only
suppose, that the person who fabricated these coins, copied
the device without knowing its meaning. By comparing
the five remaining pennies, one with another, it appears to
me, that we have the name of Regnald expressed on all,
though very much blundered. This may easily be ac-
counted for by the disturbed state of Northumberland at
the time of his accession. Almost every one of the pennies
of St. Peter is similarly blundered, and allowance must be
made for the unsettled orthography of the age. I have
found the name of Regnald spelt in nearly twenty different
ways. Most of the devices on these coins are found on
those which bear the name of St. Peter. The hand resem-
bles the hand of Providence on the money of Ethelred II.
The head may be intended for the portrait of Regnald,
but the bow and arrow appear on no other Saxon coin. If
my remarks upon these curious pieces be considered correct,
we must assign an earlier date to the coins of St. Peter,
from some of which these are evidently copied. The differ-
ence in point of execution between them and the other
coins of Regnald, may be accounted for, by supposing these
to have been struck at the beginning, and the others near
the conclusion of his unsettled reign.
L. Y. H.
May 7, 1839.
12
IV.
ON THE AMELIORATION OF THE COINAGE,
A.D. 1560.
[In a Letter to the Editor.]
HAVING been occupied of late, as you are aware, in writing
the life of Sir Thomas Gresham, most of the materials for
which have been derived from his unpublished correspon-
dence, preserved in Her Majesty's State-Paper Office,
several curious passages in the financial history of his times,
have come under my notice ; the most interesting of which,
according to promise, I will communicate to you, for the
edification of your numismatic readers. It relates to the
celebrated amelioration of the coinage, which took place in
the year 1560.
Gresham, as might be expected, was in the secret long
before it became generally known ; indeed, it seems no
unfair inference, from the correspondence which I am about
to lay before you, that he was the originator of the whole
scheme. Among the earliest of its promoters he certainly
was ; for, on the 7th of July, writing from Antwerp, where
he was at that time residing, to Sir Thomas Parry, Trea-
surer of the Household, he says : " Tomorrow departs
from hense Danyell Wolstat, only to confer with you if it
shall be the Quene's Majestie's pleasure to refine all her
highness' base money He is an honest man, to
whom I am much beholden."* Whereas, more than three
months after, we find Francis Alen, in a letter to the Earl
of Shrewsbury, noticing a rumour that the queen was about
to refine her coinage, as if it were yet a profound secret.
" There is like to be a calling downe of the base money I
1 Flanders Correspondence, State-Paper Office.
AMELIORATION OF THE COINAGE, A.D. 1560. 13
undrestande, very shortlye; and the Quene's Majestie
hathe sworne that the daye and tyme shall be kepte secrete
to herself, and that fewe besyds shall knowe. So as the
very tyme, whensoever it chaunceth, will be so shorte and
sodeyne, that men are like to have small warninge of the
matter." 2
But we are enabled, from the correspondence of Sir
Thomas Gresham, to adduce further curious evidence on
this subject, more curious and more to the point, it is pre-
sumed, than any which has yet been made public. First in
order, though not exactly first in date, is the following
letter, which tells its own story sufficiently to render all
preface and comment unnecessary. Not even need it
be stated who was the bearer of it, or with what object he
waited upon Sir Thomas Parry.
" Right honnorable Sir,
" It maye licke yow to undyrstond, that the bringger
hereof ys Mr. Danyell Wollstat (he that mackes the offer
for the reffyning of all our basse monny wythein our realme) ;
whome, according as I have writtin yow, ys a very onnest
man, and substanciall anowffe for the perffonnans of the
same. Nevertheles, he offerrythe to put in sewrties here
in the cite of Andwarpe, or ells in the cite of London, as it
shall stonde wythe the Queene's Majestie's pleasseur.
Other I have not to molest your honnor wytheall ; but that
I shall most humbly dessire yow (and the rather at my
prefferment), [that] he maye have your favorable inteteyne-
ment and preferment in this his sewte ; and that he maye
have acces unto you from tyme to tyme, for his speedye
and better dispache. Assewring your honnor, yf the matter
doo tacke plasse, yow shall fynde hym no unethanckefull
2 Lodge's Illustrations, 4to. vol. i. p. 345. Sept. 3, 1560.
14 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
man ; for this of hymsellfe he dessyryd me to write yow.
Allbeit the enterprise ys of great importance, and the sonner
it is put in [hand,] ewre [ever ?] the more honnor and proffyt
it wolle be to the Quene's Majestic and the Realme ; for
doughtless, this will raysse the exchange to xxvjs. viij</. at the
least. As knowythe the Lorde, whoe presserve yow wythe
increas of honnor. From Andwerpe the viij th of July, 1560.
At your honnor's commandment,
THOMAS GRESHAM." S
" To the Right honnorable Sir Thomas Pary,
knyght, Treassorer of the Quene's Majestie's
most honnorable Howsholde."
Inclosed in the preceding letter was the following, which
is equally intelligible ; and of which it needs only to be
stated that, though undated and without superscription, it
was obviously addressed in June or July, 1560, to Sir
Thomas Gresham : having been penned probably at Ant-
werp, though the writer, as we shall see, was a native of
Germany.
" Mr. Gresham,
" It may like you to understand that we have com-
modity to refyrie, everye mounthe, threscore thousande
pounds wayght (of xii onces the Ib.) of suche baysse monney
as ys now corrant in Ingland, off 3 or 4 or 6 onces fyne, in
xij onces. Iffe the Quene's Majestic woolde retoiirne suche
money unto fyne money off xi onces, or there abought, we
whold bynde us to make yt also ; and deliver every weke, the
some of the silver that we shall weekely receyveof her Majes-
tie's deputies : and to take only, for our rewarde, for all costes
3 Fland. Corn St. P. Off.
AMELIORATION OF THE COINAGE, A.D. 1560. 15
and charges belonging to it, for every xij onz. fine, iij qter of
a onz. ; and the copper that maye be savid in yt.
" And also, to provyd, ourselfes, the stoffe belonginge to
the refyninge, without anny discommodity ofte the Realme :
whiche woolde be a great charge for us. Thearefore, before
wey entre into suche enterpries, wey desier to knowe yffe her
Majestic woll asseure us of all the quantity of the said
money [she intends] to cause to be delivered unto us at
London, torefyne. And without [such] assurance, yt ys
uneacceptable to undirtacke suche chargis opon us.
" And because that some silver muste remayne in the
the coper in refynynge, and not be tacken out ; then, in our
countrey (in Germanye) we woll and must have licens to
bringe suche coper out of Yngland into Germany, and there
to doo withall as shall thincke us for our most profiyt. And
suche silver as shall remayne in the copper, and in waste,
we woll take in partye of payment of oure reward : at [such]
a prise as yt ys worthe in generall : and the rest, for our
reward every weeke or mounth, in redy mony. Iff here
Majestie ys mynded to intend too suche worcke, and de-
siers more particularity, we are content to send one of us
into Ingland for to declarre yt'more at large : better by
mouth, as [than] maye be doen with the penne.
" Touchinge of Bastian Solcher, wyche ys with Sir John
Yorcke, hy ys the man that haythe comysion of us to move
this matter to the counseyll : but [he] hayth not como-
dity offe the provysion, nor ys of the abillity, nor hayth any
bollen to delyver, as moche as we knowe offe hym; but
he ys a man very sckylfull and practicke to suche matter.
And as for our parte, your worshipe dothe knowe well
anoythe [enough] that we are men of performans, and to be
trosted to suche worcke : and yffe nead should requyre, we
can put suertyes for the full doynges off this enterprys.
16 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
" Heireopon, your mastershipe [may] pleasse to wryt the
effect of this mattir to here Majestic, arid to let us knowe
here intencion as sonne as ys possible ; for our frynd haythe"
othir thinges in handes.
DANIEL VLSTAT AND CoMP^." 1
Such was the proposal of Wolstat, and such the des-
patches of which he was made the bearer. It may be inter-
esting to a future Rogers Ruding to be informed of the
names of Wolstat's partners, the members of the ' company'
who, with him, undertook and executed the gigantic task of
reforming the debased coinage of England. These men
were, " Jasper Seeler, Christopher Ansell, John Lover,
and Sebastian Spaydell, almaignes ;" and a curious letter is
extant, from Queen Elizabeth to Sir Thomas Gresham,
dated the 4th' of November following, wherein she certifies
him " of a bargen made with these strangers for the refyn-
ing of base monies;" "and forasmuch as they stood bounde
to produce sufficient suerties for the sum of 30,000/., both
of Englishmen and strangers, for the performance of their
covenants ; and had, among other Englishmen, made choice
of Gresham to be their suerty for 4000/. ; in case he con-
descended to become bound for them, in such sort as by a
copy of a band [bond] sent herewith, should appear unto
him, that then he was to cause the said band to be en-
grossed : and to seale, subscribe, and deliver the same to
the hands of the governor [of the Company of Merchant-
Adventurers]." Gresham was further requested to solicit
the Fuggers a German family, celebrated in the commer-
cial and literary annals of Europe, to do the like. 4
The date of Alen's letter, quoted above, was the 3rd of
September. On the 27th, the value of base coins was
reduced by royal proclamation; and on the 29th was pub-
4 Fland. Corr. St. P. Off.
ON THE STANDARD OF VALUE. 17
lished, in quarto, a black letter " Summary of certain
reasons which have moved Queen Elizabeth to proceed in
reformations of her base and coarse Monies, and to reduce
them to their values, in sort as they may be turned to fine
Monies." J. W. B.
Brunswick- square, May, 1839.
V.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE STANDARD OF VALUE
AND THE CIRCULATING MEDIUM OF THIS
COUNTRY.
BY WILLIAM DEBONAIRE HAGGARD, F.S.A, F.R.A.S.
THE greater part of the following observations have been
communicated in letters to friends at different periods, and
more particularly in those times when the writer had reason
to believe, that he saw the shadows of forthcoming events,
that would disturb our monetary system.
This, it is hoped, will be sufficient excuse for the want of
arrangement, and for the familiarity of the style.
I have for some years been anxiously looking forward to
the time when the currency question might occupy the
attention of this great nation, and when the evil of our
present system should be so evident, that few would be
found to raise objection to a fair enquiry on the subject.
Many persons conscientiously believe that there may be
danger in changing our metallic currency, or, as the term
goes, "tampering with it." But it may be asked, What
foundation have they for this fear ? Do they think that their
property would be risked by the change ; or does it arise
from a want of knowledge on a subject so abstruse as that
of our circulating medium ? If the former, how deceived
they are ; for the present system puts in jeopardy the whole
VOL. II. D
18 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
wealth of the nation, by its secret working. If the latter, it
is hoped that it will not be thought presumptuous to offer a
few observations, which I trust will be received favourably.
I may assert, with truth, that these observations are given
with the best intention. I have avoided censuring any one ;
being willing to suppose, that whatever evil may have
arisen from an erroneous system, it might, under peculiar
circumstances, appear at the time it was adopted, not so
mischievous as the working has proved it to be ; and I like-
wise think, that error in judgment should not be construed
into a premeditated act of injustice. I am led to make
these latter remarks by having read, in some publications,
very harsh language used towards individuals who thought
otherwise. I am aware that the currency question is one
of vital importance, and would require calm judgment, and
judicious treatment, in any change made towards an im-
provement.
OBSERVATIONS.
Perhaps there is no term more familiar to the generality
of persons than ." Standard of Value," yet few take the
trouble to enquire as to its real meaning and intent. But
the wisdom of fixing it on a proper basis may be estimated,
when its utility and importance are explained.
I shall briefly state, that the present standard of value of
this country is represented by an ounce of gold, containing
440 grains of fine gold and 40 grains of copper, and coined
into sovereigns at a rate of 3L 17s. lOdi. per ounce, which
are made legal tenders to any amouut.
I prefer giving my idea of the use of a standard of value
in silver, as I believe the change which took place in the
year 1774 from the silver standard to the gold one, to have
been the means of producing great evil to the country ; nor
ought we to have departed from the ancient use of that
metal as all other nations found their standard upon it.
ON THE STANDARD OF VALUE. 19
The use and intent of a standard of value, agreeable to
my idea, is thus explained : The metal to be used for
coinage has a fixed quality, called " Standard," containing
eighteen pennyweights twelve grains of fine silver, and one
pennyweight twelve grains of alloy, making together one
ounce of metal, which, in the bullion market, may be worth
five shillings : this ounce, by the royal prerogative, is at
present converted into coin, at the nominal rate of five
shillings and sixpence the ounce, or sixty-six shillings are
cut out of the pound Troy. 1 These coins are then to be
considered the standard of value, or, more properly speak-
ing, the coins to be used as legal tenders. It will be shown
that this arrangement has reference to a threefold purpose.
First, the fixed standard quality enables the foreigner to
calculate the par of exchange between two countries, or
more simply to compare the quantity of fine silver contained
in their respective coins : thus, if twenty shillings contain
1614^ grains of fine silver: 23^ franc pieces contain the
same quantity of fine silver, making the par of exchange be-
tween France and England 23^,. The French merchant has
no farther interest in our standard, than the knowledge of
the quality of the metal in a given weight. In the second
place, the market price of standard silver being five shillings
the ounce, and the coining rate (as I have before proposed)
five shillings and two pence the ounce, there would accrue a
seignorage of nearly four per cent, by the conversion,
which would pay for the expense of coinage, and allow a
profit to the Government. This seignorage would likewise
have the effect of keeping the coins in circulation amongst the
1 I should recommend that sixty-two shillings should be cut
out of the pound Troy, for ten per cent, is too large a seignorage;
we should then return to the standard which was in use in the
time of Queen Elizabeth.
'20 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
people for the convenience of home trade (indeed their only
legitimate use), the higher nominal value of the coin not
allowing them to be exported for the sake of profit. In the
third place, the standard coin, or its representative, is used
as a means for settling all accounts between ourselves, at such
a fixed rate as when tendered shall be considered in law as
paid in full. It may well be supposed that disputes would arise
between debtor and creditor, if there were no arbritary rate
in which accounts should be considered as settled. Let us
suppose a case without this nominal standard of value. A,
having a sum to pay to B, would not know what B would
require of him. A says to B, I have come to settle my
account, and I have brought silver with me ; B answers, I
do not want silver, give me gold. A retorts, I have no
gold, you must take my silver, at five shillings the ounce ;
again B replies, silver is only worth four shillings and
elevenpence the ounce : and so they would go on in dis-
pute, till at last, by mutual consent, they would fix some
standard of value for their own convenience. And here
again we may remark upon the little regard the foreigner
has for our standard coin, for we cannot compel him to
settle accounts at their nominal value ; he receives them
only in payment at such rates as the exchanges may govern.
This leads me to notice the advantage which the country
gains by using bullion as an article of commerce, instead of
coin ; for if the merchant can procure bar-gold at the mint
price of 37. 17s. 10^. the ounce, he has for certain 440
grains of fine gold, for which France will allow a certain
number of francs; but if the merchant is compelled to
send sovereigns nominally worth 3/. 17s. 10|d. the ounce,
but actually not containing 440 grains of fine gold, either
by being deficient in weight or quality, then France will
allow so much less in francs as will meet the depreciation j
ON THE STANDARD OF VALUE. 21
and as one or the other governs the rate of exchange, it
follows that every bill of exchange is affected by it. There-
fore we should not convert bullion into coin, without the
actual want of the coin for home circulation.
The common consent of all the world has fixed upon the
precious metals as the representative of all commodities,
so that any discrepancies in commerce may be rectified by
them at such rates as the demand and supply may govern.
In England alone is this advantage lost sight of, by fixing
a price for the purchase and sale of gold, both without
limitation. Let us now see how these fixed prices ap-
pear to work, in a more familiar shape : Suppose A to
agree to purchase wheat at 11. 19s. lid. per quarter, in any
quantity and at all times, without reference to demand and
supply ; and compelled to sell the same in any quantity,
and at all times, at 27. per quarter, must not A of necessity
be a victim in both cases ? While wheat could be grown
or imported at a less price than II. 19s. lid. per quarter, A
would be overwhelmed with an article for which he had no
demand. Again, as soon as the price of wheat exceeded
that of 2Z. per quarter, he would, with equal certainty, be
called upon to supply the article, and perhaps a demand
made for a quantity beyond his ability to meet, and for the
sake only of profit to individuals. These fixed prices make
us the store-keepers of gold for all the world. There are
other causes which disturb our monetary system in the
present day, besides the balance of trade being against us,
such as foreign loans, stocks, shares, &c., which are used as
a means of speculation by great capitalists ; to which may
be added the occasional demand for the support of credit in
other countries.
These facts, and their consequences, lead me to revert to
the preferred silver standard ; and, quoting the opinions of
22 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
men of sound judgment as a corroborative of my idea on
this subject, Mr. Huskisson, in a speech on the panic of
1825, said, "that the history of France proved the value
of a steady and unchanging currency." Does not this
steadiness then arise from their having a silver standard ?
For my part, I have no doubt whatever on the subject : for
I know that no large quantity of five franc pieces have at
any time come to this country. Can we say as much for
the stability of our gold standard ? Have not millions and
millions of our gold coins been sent abroad, solely for the
sake of profit to the exporter ?
Coins and bullion have their separate uses : by keeping
this in view, the mind may be relieved of much confusion.
Coins are, or ought to be, struck solely for home circulation ;
and the stamp they bear gives to the possessors, when of
full weight, the certainty of having so many grains of fine
gold, or fine silver, in each.* These coins would rarely be
withdrawn from their legitimate use if silver was the
standard, and gold had no fixed price. The merchants
(who invariably prefer it) would purchase bullion for expor-
tation ; for if gold in the market should reach 41. the ounce,
and the sovereign be allowed to meet that price, say
II. Os. 6d., there would be no inducement to send the coin
away. But the present system of allowing individuals the
privilege of coining at the Mint, without reference to the
want of the coin for circulation, is unjust to the Bank,
expensive to the country, and injurious to the merchant;
for this operation only takes place when the precious
metals are abundant, and afford a profit by the conversion.
* Our metallic currency might be maintained in a wholesome
state, that is, up to its weight, by creating a fund from a seignor-
age, for the purpose of paying the loss on the recoinage of the
worn money.
ON THE STANDARD OF VALUE. 23
Thus these important interests are sacrificed for the benefit
of a few.
Bullion is sent to the Mint for coinage when the price
of bullion is below that of the Mint, the sovereigns are
brought to the Bank, and exchanged for notes, which notes
are employed in the purchase of other bullion, for the pur-
pose of further coinage, and again brought to the Bank,
till at last their coffers overflow with a depreciated article
for commercial purposes, and a too abundant stock for
home use.
In a return made in February 1825, the stock of gold
coin in deposit is stated at 7,285, OOO/., while the bullion
was only 1,572,OOOZ. Unfortunately, this year a large de-
mand was made for the precious metals for international pur-
poses. One individual exported between six and seven mil-
lions, which consequently took the greater part of the stock
of sovereigns. It is possible, if there had been 7,285,0007.
in bullion, that large sum might have gone quietly away as
an article of commerce ; and the panic which took place in
the December following, might have been modified. When-
ever any considerable demand for gold takes place, and
particularly coin, the public become alarmed, and hoard
the sovereigns, thus diminishing the useful portion of the
circulation, and which can only be replaced by fresh calls
upon the Bank, thereby decreasing the deposit, and adding
to the people's fears.
I think I am justified in asserting that no apprehension
need be felt by a run for cash on the part of the people,
unconnected with foreign exports, provided there be a
reasonable amount of cash in deposit; for though the
public mind is soon alarmed yet it is soon appeased. I only
know of one symptom of distrust on the part of the public :
when the demand for gold coin beyond that required for
24 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
circulation took place, May, 1831, it was met very ju-
diciously and soon ceased. Professor Playfair, in his view
of the " money system of England," says, in allusion to the
run for gold in 1793, " In the months of March, April,
and May, a demand for guineas arose in this manner :
they had been worth twenty-seven livres in silver, or
II. 2s. 6d. in Paris. The Bank, alarmed at the demand,
which would have drained all the guineas, diminished the
circulation of its notes. No sooner did the Bank of
England contract its issues, than the private bankers were
constrained to follow its example; and the distress and
injury to credit caused by the withdrawal of accommodation
and the curtailment of the currency, aided by the bad
harvest of 1795, and the war expenditure, produced such
general distrust, that early in the year 1797, the bank
informed the minister of its inability much longer to meet
the increasing demand upon it for gold. Universal
bankruptcy and total extinction of credit must have
ensued, but for the prompt and decisive resolution taken by
Mr. Pitt.
The famous orders in council were issued, and were suc-
ceeded by the Bank Restriction Act, which by its effect con-
trolled the destiny of Europe ; and is likely at last to sink
England herself under the magnitude of the debt which it
created. What followed this bold measure is too familiar to
require detail : a simple remark is all that need be added ;
had the ancient standard not been altered in 1774, and had
the Bank been liable only to be called upon for payment in
silver, or if, with Mr. Locke, no mint price were affixed to
gold, so that the Bank might have rated guineas in ex-
change for its notes, at the current price of bullion, the
same as they would be willing to take them in payment, no
run would ever have taken place, because the inducement
ON t THE STANDARD OF VALUE. 25
to it would not have existed, and consequently no restriction
would have been necessary. Nevertheless, in the teeth of
experience and with all those facts as guides, on the new
coinage, in 1816 and 1817, the silver was once more de-
preciated below the standard of Elizabeth, and, by an Act
of that year, made legal tender only to the amount of
forty shillings ; and this is called a return to the sound cur-
rency of our ancestors. The first war in which Great
Britain shall be engaged, nay, the first disturbance that oc-
curs between any of the great Continental powers, will
immediately be followed by another " Bank Restriction
Act."
But without either of these great events there is a re-
striction at all times, to the extent of the difference between
the bullion in deposit at the Bank of England and the
amount of the paper issues of the kingdom, as may be seen
by the following return made in the year 1835 :
RETURN 1835.
Bank of England Paper Issues 17,262,000
Deposits 19,169,000
36,431,000
Private Bank Issue 8,334,860
Joint Stock ditto 2,799,550
11,134,410
47,565,410
Return of Bullion in deposit..... 6,000,000
Cash restriction 41,565,410
This large restriction may be thus accounted for: Bank
notes being legal tenders, give the privilege to all private
and joint stock banks, of founding their issues on those of
VOL. II. E
26 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
the Bank, and relieve them from the charge of holding
any quantity of bullion in deposit above what is wanted for
mere change; and thus the onus is thrown on the Bank of
England alone, for the support of the whole paper circu-
lation ; and bank stock and other securities go for nothing,
as a demand upon them for gold, to the amount only of
107. more than they have in deposit, will cause immediate
stoppage, and, consequently, fearful distrust and ruin.
Mr. Harris, who was formerly in the Royal Mint, has
stated his valuable opinion on the subject of gold coins as
follows : " Rates on gold coins are not to be fixed arbitrarily,
but are to be regulated by the price which gold then bears
to silver as a standard. These rates are, and always have
been considered as subject to this rule, and also to be
altered again and again whenever the case may so require.
Under this limitation, it is very convenient that gold coins
should pass as, or instead of, money, but as not being them-
selves money, or the standard measure of the value of all
other things. It is a fundamental characteristic of money,
that, as a measure, it continues invariable ; that is, that a
payment in the standard coins of any specific sum agreed
upon, is, whenever made, a full discharge of that contract,
without regarding at all how silver may have varied in its
value with respect to commodities in general, by an increase
and decrease of its quantity. But gold coins are to be
considered in another view : payments in them may not be
for quantity. It is by the rates only which gold coins bear in
respect to silver as a standard at the time of payment that
contracts are discharged, and not according to the rates
which these coins might have at the time when the con-
tracts were made. In this view only gold coins are to be
considered ; and in this view they are upon a footing with
any other commodity, though less liable to a sudden
ON THE STANDARD OF VALUE. 27
and great change in their value than most other
things."
Lord Lauderdale entered a protest on the journals of the
House of Lords against Lord Liverpool's notion of making
gold a standard of value ; and wisely ; for the immense
absorption which the home circulation requires, must lessen
the means of meeting the discrepancies of commerce.
Gold, from its small bulk and great value (giving facility in
transmission), makes it a very desirable article for inter-
national purposes, and therefore is wanted here, there, and
every where ; and no country can monopolise it without
making at times a great sacrifice. To maintain our gold
standard, a sacrifice is frequently made by us when gold is
temporarily withdrawn from the bank deposit for com-
mercial, political, or stock transactions by the necessity of
suddenly contracting the paper issues. This sudden con-
traction may be accounted for by stating an interesting fact,
viz. that the purchase and sale of gold (as to time) is as
ninety-eight to eighteen ; or, plainly, a certain quantity of
gold which is accumulated by importation during a period of
ninety-eight months, is withdrawn in the space of eighteen
months, thus giving a long period of easy circulation and
confidence followed by a sudden restriction of accommo-
dation.
Besides, gold is too expensive to use for home circulation ;
for this purpose it is a dead weight, and prevents the ex-
pansion of the commerce of the country ; we feel great in-
convenience when it is withdrawn from the deposit for its
legitimate purpose, that of inter-national exchange, and we
are left without a representative. It is the want of this
representative that causes all the distress consequent on a
panic, and not the want of gold. Should the Bank be
drained to their last sovereign, and compelled to stop pay-
28 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
merit, there would be no want of gold in the country, for
thirty or forty millions would remain absorbed in hoards
and in circulation ; but as to its application to the pur-
pose of saving the country from a national bankruptcy, it
might as well have been thrown over London Bridge.
I believe a great mistake was made, on the return to cash
payments, of forcing at all times a metallic circulation on
the people. Our large debt having been contracted for in
paper under a cash restriction, there must be consequently
great difficulty in maintaining our credit on a more limited
basis. I am of opinion, that it would be wise for so power-
ful an engine as the Bank of England to have a safety
valve, to relieve it from the effects of too great a pressure
under the gold standard. Perhaps, if the following system
were judiciously put into practice, the circulation might re-
main more steady, and not be subject to so many mis-
chievous fluctuations. We may suppose thirty-five millions
to be about the amount of cash in circulation, and that
eight millions are in deposit at the Bank. The thirty-five
millions are seldom diminished by exportation, the demand
being always made upon the deposit ; and, however alarm-
ingly this may be lessened, we do not meet the demand, as
in other cases, by raising the price of the commodity, for our
gold is unalterably fixed : but to the system proposed.
SYSTEM.
In the first place, let us consider the cash in circulation
as a deposit, which might be increased or decreased as the
foreign exchanges fluctuate, either for or against us, and
the action upon it to be governed by the increase or
decrease of the bank deposit. When the eight millions in
deposit are lessened to such an extent as may excite alarm,
ON THE STANDARD OF VALUE. 29
permit the Bank to offer one pound notes in payment, 3
instead of sovereigns, which the public would readily
receive, as they are more convenient. I think the issue of
these notes might go on without danger, until such a
quantity of gold should be withdrawn from the circulation
into the deposit, as may afford the desired confidence. I
should suppose it would rarely happen that more than five
millions would be taken from the thirty-five millions in
circulation. Again, when the precious metals are imported,
and the deposit of bullion much increased, issue sovereigns,
and gradually withdraw the one pound notes from circula-
tion ; the Bank would find it to be their interest so to do,
as it would relieve them of part of their dead weight of
bullion. Under our present system, this is of the utmost im-
portance to the country, whether the amount of bullion in
the Bank deposit be either eight millions or one million ;
but it is of no consequence to the public whether they have
thirty-five millions or one million in circulation, provided
they have a representative to carry on their trade with. If
the eight millions be totally withdrawn from the Bank, a
national bankruptcy in consequence takes place ; but if the
whole thirty-five millions were taken from the public, and
placed in the Bank, they would not be subject to any loss
or inconvenience, provided they had a substitute, payable
in cash on demand. I wish it to be understood, that I am
an advocate for a silver standard ; for I believe it would do
all that is required to free the gold : but as many object to
3 It would be a great preventive to forgery, if these one pound
notes were not to be made legal tenders, so tbat a shopkeeper
might have the option of refusing to take them from strangers.
There would be no necessity for forcing such notes into circula-
tion, as they would only be required for a very limited period,
and to a small amount.
30 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
this change, perhaps the above suggestions may assist in
meeting the dangers which so frequently surround us.
Gold should be as free as air, for it is the life-blood of
commerce. It has the principle of water ; it will find its
level, and they who attempt to impede its progress will find
they fight against a torrent : " An act of Parliament is a
very weak weapon to oppose against self-interest." The
accumulation of gold in a country is no proof of an increas-
ing wealth arising from barter, as an example will show.
In this country, three yards of cloth may be equal to three
pounds of tea, or 21s. in cash ; three yards of cloth in China
may equal five pounds of tea, or 21s. in cash, for we have
move cloth, and they have more tea, and cash is pretty well
equal. If I have five pounds of tea returned to me, it is
evident a profit arises on the barter, but if 21s. are returned,
I had better not have sent the cloth, as I am minus freight
and charges. The precious metals are seldom considered as a
profitable remittance to a commercial country. Silver being
the produce of South America, gives to that country a
valuable consideration ; but the country where the silver is
sent may either gain or lose.
The free exportation of gold and silver was taken into
consideration in the year 1660, and a council of trade then
held, gave their opinions as follow :
" If upon the balance, money is to be exported, the
strictest laws (as by experience of all ages appeareth) can-
not stop it, supposing it were of absolute necessity to
restrain all money and bullion once imported to be kept
within the kingdom : it then came under consideration,
whether the laws hitherto made in that behalf are, or that
it be possible to make a law, adequate to prevent the expor-
tation thereof. We then enquired, what loadstone at-
tracted this metal by force of nature to itself, against all
ON THE STANDARD OF VALUE. 31
human providence or prevention ; and soon found . that it
was alone the present course of trade and traffic throughout
the world, and quite altered from that in former ages, when
those statutes were made ; which hath converted all action
into the commodities which the earth and sea produce, is in
continual circumrotation, embraceth all things, and hath
enforced at last money (which in former times was only
used as the measure to value all commodities by) to become
now itself to be a commodity, subject to rising and falling
in price and value as any other merchandize, and to be the
only employment of thousands of merchants, that deal in
nothing else. There are some trades that, in fact, or in
the whole, cannot be driven, or managed, to any profit or
proportion of advantage with our neighbours, but by ex-
porting money or bullion, either together with their mer-
chandize, or wholly a merchandize or commodity itself."
Many facts might be stated to show the mischief and
inutility of fixing a price on gold, but two I think will
suffice. " In the early part of the reign of William the
Third, the silver coins were very defective, wanting, by
clipping, &c., nearly one-half of their weight. The guineas
passed in currency at this time for thirty shillings each,
being a much higher value than the price of bullion would
justify : the consequence was, that all the silver bullion in
the kingdom that could be collected, instead of being
brought to the Mint, was exported for gold bullion, in
which foreigners made their payments to their own advan-
tage, and to the great detriment of the merchants and
manufacturers of this country. A new silver coinage was
therefore begun in this reign, on the plan principally of
Mr. Locke. The Chancellor of the Exchequer called to
his assistance Sir Isaac Newton (whom he appointed War-
den of the Mint), and Dr. Halley. The quantity of silver
32 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
coins made on the accession of William III. amounted to
6,812,908/. 19s. 7d., of which the greater part was coined at
the Tower, the rest at the country mints established for
that purpose. Four years were employed for the com-
pletion of this re-coinage : the whole of the charges and
losses have been estimated at not less than 2,700,000/.
After this re-coinage, in 1 669, it so happened that the gold
coin was rated too high compared with the relative value of
gold and silver in the market : the consequence was, as on
former occasions of the like nature, the new silver coins
were melted down and exported, and in the course of
eighteen years, nearly the whole amount of silver re-coined
disappeared, and scarcely any silver bullion was brought to
the mint to be coined. In this state were the silver coins
of this kingdom in the year 1717, when the ministers of
George the First, alarmed at the great diminution of the
silver coins, took the subject into consideration. They
applied to Sir Isaac Newton, then Master of the Mint, for
his advice. He reported, that the principal cause of the
exportation of the silver coin was, that a guinea, that then
passed for twenty-one shillings and sixpence, by common
consent, was generally worth no more than twenty shillings
and eightpence, according to the relative value of gold and
silver in the market. He then suggested, that sixpence
should be taken off the guinea, in order to diminish the
temptation to export and melt down the silver coin. Soon
after, the guinea was lowered, by proclamation, to twenty-one
shillings. By this measure, which gave, in effect, the legal
value of twenty- one shillings to a piece originally intended
to be current at twenty shillings, the guinea, being yet at a
higher value compared with silver coins, by fourpence, than
it ought to have been, and those who had any payments to
make, preferring to discharge their debts in that coin which
ON THE STANDARD OF VALUE. 33
is over-rated, all considerable payments since [up to the
time Lord Liverpool wrote] have been made in gold coin; and
the silver coins have generally served only in making small
payments, or in exchange for the fractional parts of the gold
coins." What trouble, expense, and inconvenience might
have been saved had silver been the standard of value, and
gold left to find its own value with reference to silver in
the market. Here it is plainly shewn, that however just
the proportions may appear at a given time between gold
and silver, there are circumstances which continually alter
that proportion, and a greater demand made for one metal
than the other will alter its value. It is generally thought
desirable, by those unacquainted with the nature of the
bullion business, that gold in bars should have fixed quality,
the same as the coin ; but this is a mistaken notion, for the
process is attended with expense, and without the least ad-
vantage; for in bullion, when used as an article of commerce,
the various qualities of the bars suit different markets;
some countries having coins finer than our standard, others
coarser. It was not even necessary, in Mr. David Ricardo's
plan, to have the bars made of standard quality; for if any
large quantity had been sold, it. probably would have been
for exportation. Mr. Ricardo's plan. 59th Geo. 3, cap. 49,
the particulars of which I mean to give, was the second
instance of the inutility and probable mischief of fixing a
price on gold.
PLAN.
" Between the 1st of February and 1st of October, 1820,
the Bank shall pay in standard gold, for notes tendered to
an amount not less than the value calculated, after the rate
of eighty-one shillings per ounce.
Between October the 1st 1820, and May the 1st, 1821,
VOL. II. F
34 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
such payments shall be paid in gold calculated after the
rate of seventy-nine shillings and sixpence per ounce.
" Between May the 1st, 1821, and May the 1st, 1823, such
payment shall be paid in gold, calculated after the rate of
seventy seven shillings and tenpence halfpenny per ounce.
" But the bank may, between February 1st and October
1st, 1820, make payment at any rate less than 4Z. Is., and
not less than 37. 195. 6d. per ounce.
" Between October 1st, 1820, and May, 1st 1821, it may
pay at a rate less than 31. 19s. 6d. and not less than
31. 17 s. 10|rf. on giving three days' notice in the gazette,
such payments to be made in ingots or bars of sixty ounces ;
fractional sums of less than forty shillings to be paid in
silver. What could be the meaning of all this ? Was it to
facilitate trade by having gold and silver in circulation, and
yet have gold bars of the value of 2507. and silver payable
to the amount only of forty shillings ? If meant to be used
as an article of commerce, it must be either mischievous or
nugatory: mischievous, if the price of gold abroad rose above
that fixed ; and nugatory, if the price remained below ; but
the following particulars will prove the inutility, and I
might venture to say, the absurdity of the plan. There
were stamped at the Mint 2,028 ingots, which the act
states should be 60-ounce bars ; but not one of the number
was precisely that weight.
" There were sold 13 ingots most likely as articles of
curiosity afc follows :
s. d.
3 ingots in the month of Feb. 1820, at . .4 1 per oz.
Singots - Oct. 1820 ....319 6
7 ingots May 1821 . ...31710
One of the ingots, which was bought in the month of May,
1821, at 37. 17s. \Q\d. per ounce, was brought to the Bank,
UNPUBLISHED SAXON COINS. 35
in May, 1826, and sold at 37. 175. 6d. per ounce, by the
same person who bought it ; this ingot is now in the Bank,
the remaining twelve that were sold have all been remelted,
and 2,015 ingots were returned to the Mint and coined
into sovereigns, which accounts for the whole 2,028 ingots.
This is the result of a measure which, at the time it was
recommended, was thought to be the most wise and effica-
cious plan to adopt for preparing the way to cash payments."
Many more valuable quotations might be given in favour
of a silver standard, and allowing gold to find its value in
the market ; but perhaps enough has been said to draw the
attention of persons qualified to form a judgment on a sub-
ject of such vital importance to the country. For my own
part, I am convinced, that if the gold standard is persisted
in, that one of these days we shall be placed in the anoma-
lous situation of a national bankruptcy, at the same time
that we have a very large quantity of gold in the country.
VI.
UNPUBLISHED PENNY OF AETHELSTAN, AND
HALF-PENNY OF EDWARD THE CONFESSOR.
SIR,
AMONGST the Anglo-Saxon coins which have
lately come into my possession, two very curious and in-
teresting ones having occurred, which appear to me worthy
of the notice of you and your learned readers, I send you
an account of them, together with drawings.
The first is a coin of Aethelstan, which I procured from
a travelling dealer in old silver, together with some other
coins, one of them a common coin, belonging to the same
prince : it bears the king's head on one side, and the legend
36 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
ADELS TAN REX. The reverse differs from that of the
other coins which bear the same obverse, in having four
pellets in the field, one opposite each angle of the cross :
the legend is HVN -EAR -MO- ROF-EIVIT, and neither
the type, money, or mint have, I believe, hitherto occurred.
Rochester is one of the towns where, it appears from the
laws of Aethelstan, that that prince had a mint and three
moneyers; but hitherto no specimen of it has appeared-
It is in very fine preservation, and weighs twenty-four
grains, and was found somewhere in the south-west of
Ireland ; but where I could not learn.
The other coin, which I have to introduce to your notice,
is a halfpenny of the Confessor, the existence of which has
been so frequently questioned. It bears, on the obverse,
the king's head helmeted, and the legend EDPERD REX,
and on the reverse a short double cross, similar to that on
Nos. 36, 37, 38, Ruding ; and a legend which seems to be
SKVEDA OHVNT, read backwards, but with this reading
I am not fully satisfied. It weighs scarcely nine grains, and
could never have weighed more than ten.
The question whether these are halfpence of this king
has been often discussed; and the occurrence of a number
of his coins of the type and size of Nos. 36, 37, 38, of
Ruding, which appear at first sight to be halfpence, seems
to have contributed much to embarrass the subject: the
weight of these coins, however, from twelve to eighteen
grains, leaves no doubt but they are pennies; but the
coinage of halfpence in this reign seems to have been
proved by the discovery of the coin noticed in your Journal
for May 1838, in a letter from Sir H. Ellis, as having been
exhibited in 1743, by the Rev. Mr. North, to the Society
of Antiquaries ; and I have no doubt whatever and my
friend and brother numismatist, Mr. Sainthill, agrees with
MEDALS OF THE PRETENDER. 37
me in the opinion, that the coin I have now introduced to
your notice is also a halfpenny of the same king. It is very
thin, and altogether of different appearance from the small
pennies of the Confessor, of which I have met with several
amongst the coins found in the county Wexford ; and its
weight is still less than that of Mr. North. It was brought
to me by a friend from London.
I remain, SIR,
Your obedient Servant,
JOHN LINDSAY.
VII.
MEDALS OF THE PRETENDER.
[SECOND SERIES.]
(Continued from Vol. I. p. 222.)
No. 8. William, Prince of Orange, habited in the Roman cos-
tume, with one foot on a serpent, which seems to have
been destroyed ; in his right hand he holds a sword, and
the left hand holds firmly the hand of a female represent-
ing Great Britain ; she has on her head three crowns, be-
hind her is an orange tree, entwined with the rose and
thistle, and suspended upon it, are the arms of the United
Kingdom ; behind the Prince is seen the rising sun, and a
little lower, Father Peters, running away with the young
Prince, who carries a windmill. James II. runs by the
side of Father Peters ; the sacred fire burns between the
Prince and Great Britain ; round the upper half of the
medal is this motto: DEO VINDICE IVSTITIA
COM1TE [Having God for support and Justice for
Companion].
Rev. In the distance are a number of ships approaching the
shore, on which are landing troops from several boats ;
the Prince is seen at the head of some horsemen who are
approaching a castle, on which a flag is flying. Round the
38 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
upper part of the medal are the words CONTRA INFAN-
TEM PERDITIONIS [Against the child of per-
dition]. In the Exergue, EXPEDITIO NAUALIS
PRO LIBERT ATE ANGLIC. MDCLXXXVIII.
[Naval Expedition for the Liberty of England. 1688].
There is a variety of this medal where Father Peters carries
the Pix instead of the child.
These are on the landing of the Prince of Orange at
Torbay.
No. 9. Bust, to the right, with flowing hair and head laureated
and full drapery, with this inscription : GV1LLEL III.
D G PRINC AVRA RELI LIBER QVE.
RESTI [William III. by the grace of God, Prince
of Orange, Restorer of Religion and Liberty].
Rev. In the centre, placed on a hill, is the ark of the covenant ;
on the left, England and Holland are represented on~
their knees, looking up to the clouds, over which is the
word EMANUEL [God with us]. In the clouds is a
warrior, who with a thunderbolt, strikes to the ground
some French soldiers, and puts to flight a Jesuit who
carries some emblems of Popery, and a bishop who carries
a child in his arms, but whose mitre has fallen off his
head.
This medal is said to have been struck, on the Prince's arrival
at Salisbury.
No. 10. The after-part of the yacht in which the Queen (of
James the Second), the Prince of Wales and their suite,
embarked, carrying the French colours. In an opposite
direction is the Jesuit Peters, seated upon a lobster, hold-
ing in his arms the young Prince, who has a little wind-
mill on his head ; the Jesuit addresses the young Prince
in the words, ALLONS MON PRINCE NOUS
SOMMES EN BON CHEMIN [Come, my Prince,
we are in the Right Way] . And in the exergue, JAC
FRAN EDWARD SUPPOSEE 20-JVIN- 1688.
[James Francis Edward, Supposititious, 20th June, 1688],
As many persons asserted that he was the son of a miller, we
have the following :
Rev. On an escutcheon, surmounted by a Jesuit's cap, is repre-
sented a windmill, round which, in imitation of the
order of the garter, are two strings of beads, at the bot-
tom of which hangs a lobster; and the motto: HONI
MEDALS OF THE PRETENDER. 39
SOIT QUI NON Y PENSE [Evil be to him who
thinks not of it]. And round the medal is this legend;
LES ARMES ET L ORDRE DU PRETENDU
PRINCE DE GALLES [The arms and the Order of
the pretended Prince of Wales].
No. 10. On the left, is a female representing Great Britain :
splendidly dressed ; at her side are her arms, surmounted
by the royal crown ; and behind, a pedestal, on which is a
cap of liberty. She embraces and greets a warrior, who
willingly advances to assist her. He bears a shield with
the arms of the Prince of Orange on it, surrounded by the
garter and the usual motto. Ships are seen sailing in the
distance behind her. M BRIT ' EXP NAV [Great
Britain delivered]; and continued behind him, BAT 'LIB
REST ASSERTA. [Re-established and strengthened by
the Naval Expedition of the Dutch] .
Rev. On the top of an inaccessible rock is an eagle, having in
her nest two young ones. She holds one in her beak, which
she will not acknowledge as her own, but ejects it : an-
other eagle which flies above the nest appears to be angry
at this act. Round the medal is a border of roses and
leaves; and these words EIICIT INDIGNUM [He
turns out the Unworthy].
No. 12. Bust, to the right, of the King of France, with flowing
hair, no drapery, with this legend : LVDOVICVS
MAGNUS REX [King Louis the Great].
Rev. On the left is seen Father Peters, having in his arms the
little Prince, who holds a windmill. He is going towards a
ship which bears the French colours: following Father
Peters is the Duke of Lauzun, with a broken sword ; un-
der their feet is a serpent in pieces ; behind Father Peters
and the Duke, is the Belgic Lion crowned, who seems to
drive them away : in his left paw he holds a lance, on the
top of which is the cap of liberty; in the right, he holds
the labarum of the Christian Emperors. Round the top
of the medal is this legend; AVT REX AVT
N1HIL [Either King or Nothing] .
No. 13. Bust to the left crowned with laurel, hair flowing,
slight drapery : beneath the bust is a small rose, with this
legend; IACOBUS II D G BRITTANNIARUM
IMPERATOR [James II., by the Grace of God,
Sovereign of Great Britain].
Rev. Represents the fable of the Fox who having her young
ones carried away by an eagle, and, not being able to reach
40 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
the nest, sets fire to the tree, and forces the eagle to retire.
Round the medal is this legend ; MAGNIS INTERDUM
PARVA NOCENT REGNO ABDICATO IN
GALL! AM APPULIT. Exergue, 4 IAN 1689 N S.
[Sometimes the Little are fatal to the Great. He ar-
rived in France after having abandoned his kingdom, 4th
Jan. 1689. New Style].
No. 14. Bust, to the right, of Louis XIV. with flowing hair (no
drapery), with this legend : LVDOVICVS XIIII REX
CHRISTIANISSIMVS. i MAVGER F, [Louis XIV.
Most Christian King] .
Rev. France, under the figure of a woman helmeted, welcomes
King James II., his Queen, and the young Prince : on the
right side are the French arms ; on the left, those of
England. Round the upper part of the medal is this
legend; PERFVGIVM REGIBVS [Asylum for
Kings]. In the exergue, is this inscription ; IAC II M
BR REX CVM REG CONI ET PR WAL-
LIAE IN GALL RECEPTVS MDCLXXXIX.
[James II. King of Great Britain, received in France, with
the Queen his Wife and the Prince of Wales, 1689.]
No. 15. Bust to the right ; flowing hair, crowned with laurel,
neck bare, with this legend, LVDOVICVS MAGNVS
R CHRIST F P SEMP VICT. [Louis the Great,
most Christian King, always victorious] .
Rev. A wreath of roses and pomegranates entwined by a band,
on which are these letters, on different folds, LV DO
VI CO MAG NO [Medal consecrated to] ; and in the
centre this inscription, OB REGEM REGINAM ET
PRINCIPEM MAG BRITANNIA SERVATOS
[The Glory of Louis the Great for having saved the King,
the Queen, and the Prince of Great Britain].
No. 16. Busts to the right of William and Mary, he laureated,
and both with drapery, with the legend GVLIELMVS
ET MARIA D G BRITANNORUM REX ET
REGINA F D [William and Mary, by the grace of God,
King and Queen of Great Britain, Defenders of the Faith].
No. 17. Another bust to the right of William and Mary, he
laureated, but neither having drapery, with this legend,
GVLIELM R MARIA REGINA F D P- A I S.
William, King, Mary, Queen, Defenders of the Faith,
Pious, August].
The following reverse on both medals :
Rev . Upon a rock on the sea-shore is an eagle casting from her
nest a young one. Near the rock are seen ships sailing ;
COINS OF WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR. 4l
and on the opposite side are two pyramids ; and above is a
brilliant sun. Legend, NON PAT1TVR SVPPOSI-
TITIOS [He will not allow the Supposititious to remain] ;
in the exergue is this inscription, I VRE REGNI- VINDIC
MDCLXXXIX[TheRightof Succession maintained, 1689]
No. 18.-r-Busts to the right of William and Mary, he with flowing
hair and crowned with laurel, breast covered with armour ;
she with hair dressed and slight drapery. Legend,
GVLIELM REX MARIA REGINA F D P A.
[King William and Queen Mary, Defenders of the Faith,
Pious August; under the busts, i SMELTZING.]
No. 19. Another. Bust to the right of King William, flowing
hair and crowned with laurel ; neck bare ; a small rose under
the bust; round the medal, GVLIELM III D G.
BRITTAN- R- RELIG- LIBERTATISQ RESTITVT
[William III. by the Grace of God, King of Britain, re-
storer of religion and liberty].
Rev. (Which serves for both medals). In the centre is an orange
tree, on which is fastened the arms of England ; on the left,
is King James II., running away : frightened by the
lightning which comes from the orange tree, the crown is
falling from his head, and he has thrown away the sceptre.
On the right is Father Peters, equally alarmed at the
lightning which surrounds him he seems rather to skulk
away ; he has at his back the Fix, and in his right arm he
holds the young Prince of Wales, who holds in his hand
a windmill. Between two clouds, and over the tree, are
these words : ITE MISS A EST. [Get away, the mass
is over]. In the exergue is this inscription :
INAUGURATES MAIESTATIBUS EIECTO PA-
PATV EXPULSA TYRANNIDE BRITANNIA
FELIX. 1689 [Great Britain, happy by the coronation
of their Majesties, and by the expulsion of Papacy and
tyranny. 1689].
No. 20. Bust, to the left of Queen Mary, hair partly dressed
with beads, and locks flowing over the shoulder, and this
legend : MARIA D - G MAGN BRIT FRANC
ET HIB REGINA. [Mary, by the grace of God,
Queen of Great Britain, France, and Ireland].
Rev. An eagle taking his flight towards the sun, he holds two
young ones in his talons, but lets fall one, because it
shut its eyes against the rays of the sun : legend : NON
PATITVR SVPPOSITITIOS [He will not suffer a
supposititious one]. Exergue: EXCELLENTISSIM^E
PRINCIP IUS REGNI VINDICATVM EJECTO
VOL. II. G
42 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
SVPPOSITITIO MDCLXXXIX [The right of our most
excellent Princess to the Crown, maintained by the ex-
pulsion of the supposed heir. 1689].
From No. 8 to No. 20, are struck on the flight of the Pre-
tender from England, and his reception hy Louis XIV ;
they are dated 1688 and 1689.
VIII.
ON THE COINS OF WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR.
SIR,
IN the " Gentleman's Magazine," for September,
1835, there is a letter from my friend, Mr. Lindsay, on
Mr. Hawkins' admirable paper respecting the William
pennies found at Beaworth, a copy of which had only then
just reached us "poor provincials ;" and while Mr. L. con-
curred with much of Mr. H.'s arrangements, he dissented
from that gentleman's opinion, that these pennies were a
coinage of the conqueror; considering rather, that they
were coined by Rufus. I entertain the same opinion, for
reasons which Mr. L. inserted as the fifth paragraph of his
letter. Towards the close of his letter Mr. L. mentioned
another idea of mine, in these words : " A brother collector
of mine has suggested to me, that this hoard most probably
was either a part or a whole of the king's seignorage, from
the different mints of one coinage ; and that it would also
indicate that the engravers were limited, in a great measure,
to one type for the same period ; from which circumstance
another question may arise : whether the dies were not en-
graved at the seat of government, at Winchester or London,
and sent to the other different mints, leaving the local en-
gravers, or moneyers, to insert their names and residences,
by which they were made accountable to the king for the
COINS OF WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR. 43
goodness of the coins. And, supposing this hoard was the
king's seignorage, we may presume that the best struck
and the weightiest coins would be selected by the moneyers
for their own credit and safety."
This subject is recalled to my recollection by having
been lent a volume of the Archaeologia (vol. xviii. part 1,
A.D. 1815), containing a paper by the late Taylor Coombe,
Esq., respecting a hoard of 5700 pennies of Henry II.,
found at Tealby. Mr. Coombe writes, " These coins were
as fresh as when they were first issued from the Mint; all
of them having the same type, though minted in towns
situated at a great distance from each other : the whole
number consists of twenty-nine towns, of which twelve have
been already published ; seven others were known to exist
in private collections, though not published, and ten are
now added to the list for the first time." And on weighing
51*27 of these pennies, previous to melting them, the defi-
ciency on each coin was not one-fifteenth of a grain of its
proper weight.
The circumstances of this hoard so entirely agree with
those respecting the hoard at Beaworth, that I think they
confirm my idea respecting it, and that the Tealby hoard
formed also, in a similar manner, a part or the whole of the
king's seignorage, collected, possibly, by an officer ap-
pointed for that purpose, who travelled to the different
mints, and received the king's dues on the coinage. How
otherwise can we account for coins from such a variety of
mints, all fresh from the die, and which evidently had not
been in circulation, and having no mixture of coins, English
or foreign ? In other hoards we have coins in every variety
of condition as to wear, and every variety of type, period,
and sovereign, domestic and foreign. At the same time,
the relative proportions, as to the number of coins of the
44 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
different mints in the Beaworth hoard, agrees with the
relative importance of the places where they were coined ;
which 1 think is an additional reason for considering my
conjecture correct, that the hoard was the king's seignorage,
which would be larger or smaller, according to the quantity
of money coined at the mint.
In the same volume of the Archaeologia we have a sub-
sequent paper of Mr. Coombe's, respecting 379 pennies of
Canute, found at Halton Moor, near Lancaster, of which
366 were of the York mint, and the remaining 13 from
seven distant mints. And of 690 pennies of Henry III.,
found at Bantry, which came under my observation, 235
were of the London mint, 222 of Canterbury, 83 of Dublin,
and 27 with the legends " Rex Terci," and " Rex Ang."
and defaced coins, leaving only 123 for eighteen other mints.
Contrast these disproportionate numbers, as to the coins of
the different mints, with the numbers in Mr. Hawkins' list,
and I think that they prove that the Beaworth hoard
had accumulated under some system : and if we could
even get rid of that inference, by what doctrine of chances
could we have brought together about 6000 coins in two
instances, being specimens of every mint in the kingdom,
many of which were previously unknown, not one of which
had ever been in circulation ?
In the hoard of Henry the Second's pennies, 5700 in
number, they were all of one type ; and in those of William
(whether the Conqueror or Rufus), " about 6500 " in num-
ber, there were only 91 not of the PAXS type. 1 From this
I have inferred, that it seems probable that the type of the
1 These ninety-one pennies may have been the king's seignor-
age, on coinages previous to the PAXS type, not accounted for
until now, with the king's receiver. We may suppose that they
were struck between his last and present round of collection.
COINS OF WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR. 45
coins struck at the different mints was regulated by orders
from the sovereign ; and I further suggested the considera-
tion, " whether the dies were not engraved at the seat of
government?" Simon mentions that punches for dies
were sent from the London mint to Dublin, 2 in the time
of the Edwards : but I am myself more disposed to think,
that the type for the time being having been determined
by the proper authority, coins were struck, and sent to the
different mints for them to copy, until further orders. And
this will account for the general uniformity of design which
we find in the coins of this period, though varying perhaps
in the style of workmanship, and struck in mints remote
from each other. Yet we find certain obverses attended
uniformly with certain reverses, and a very close uniformity
also in the sovereign's title. The first penny coined by the
conqueror is considered, with great probability, to be that so
like his predecessors, a profile bust looking to the right, with
a sceptre, inscribed, PILLEMVS REX ; reverse, a cross fleurie
pierced with an annulet. Of this type I have before me,
DVNNIC ON AESTI ; LEOPOLD N PININC (the o seems to have
been forgotten) ; LINING ON PINCE; EADPARD ON LV, and ON
SNOT. Here is variety of engravers and mints, but uniformity
of design. Then we have the full-faced penny, with the two
sceptres, inscribed PILLEM REX ANGL ; reverse, a cross fleurie,
with a cross pomme in saltier. I have before me, AELPINE
ON LVNDV ; SPOTINE ON EXCE ; VLF ON LINC ; and AELPI ON
HEREFOR. Then another change to the canopy type,
2 I suspect that the coins which we have of Edward, of Can-
terbury and London, with the triangle, and those of Dublin
without the triangle, may have occurred from English obverses
and reverses having been put into the Irish bag by mistake ; as,
even in these our days, letters for Cork sometimes first travel
from London to York.
46 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
inscribed PILLEMVS REX ; reverse, a lozenge filled up, and
fleurie. Of this I have only LEOFPOLD ON PINCE, but Mr.
Ruding gives BRINTRED ON OXON, and Mr. Hawkins,
EVSTMAER ON piHRE. Now, even on this small field of
observation, how will you account that the cross fleurie,
pierced with an annulet, is never found as a reverse to the
two sceptres, or the canopy obverses ; or that PILLELM REX
ANGL is never met as the king's title, with the profile head,
or canopy, if the types and inscriptions had not been regu-
lated and directed by the sovereign? And even with my
very limited means of judging, it appears to me, that this
was then a system that had been long established. I have
two pennies of Cnut; their type is similar to Ruding,
PL 22, No. 1 ; bust in profile, looking to the right, with a
sceptre, both inscribed, behind the head CNV, and in front
RECX ; reverse, a cross pierced with a mullet AELPINE ON
ECX, and ELEFRTH ON NORTH. The abbreviation of the
king's name, position of the letters, type, and reverse, the
same at Exeter and Northampton. I have three Confessors,
of York, Leicester, and Exeter : type, as to bust and reverse,
and also inscription, precisely the same. And Mr. Lindsay
lately procured twelve of this sovereign's coins, all unpub-
lished, the particulars of which have appeared in your
Journal; among which are four (LEOFPINE ON PELI ;
LEOFPINE ON EGEL ; LEOFSTAN ON LVN J and ELFP1NE ON
ECXEC) ; reverse, a small cross in the centre of the field, all
precisely the same in the design of the bust ; a radiated
crown, and inscription round it, with one letter variation in
the Exeter. The recurrence of REX ANGLOR on the
sovereign pennies of the Confessor, looks also as the result
of system. I do not think I am justified in trespassing
further on your space ; but I submit these remarks to those
of your readers who have greater information, and more
ON THE COINS OF EAST ANGLIA. 47
extensive means of testing their correctness; and hoping
they may turn their attention to the subject,
I remain, Sir,
Your obedient servant,
Cork, Wth June, 1839. R. S.
IX.
ON THE COINS OF EAST ANGLIA.
SIR,
THE arrangement of Saxon coins, I am convinced,
has not yet received that accurate attention at the hands of
English Antiquaries, which is due to every branch of
antiquities tending to illustrate the history of our own
country. I will trouble you with a few remarks in support
of this observation :
From the date of the murder of the East Anglian King,
Ethelbert, by Offa, A.D. 793, till the accession of Edmund
in 855, we have no names of the Sovereigns of this king-
dom recorded in history; yet, from various passages in
ancient chronicles, we gather, that the East Anglians were
incessantly revolting against the power of Mercia, oc-
casionally placing themselves under the protection of the
West Saxon Kings ; and, in one instance, we find a King of
Mercia falling a victim to the success of their arms. On
their coins, however, the names of a few of their kings
have been preserved. Several pennies bearing the name
of a Prince called Aethleweard, resembling, in the exact
correspondence of type, shape of letters, names of moneyers,
and similarity of execution, the money of Edmund, were
long misappropriated to Aethelheard of Wessex, but were
removed to their proper situation by Dr. Combe. If any
pieces of the East Anglian money during the interval of
48 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
sixty years above-mentioned had come down to us, from the
connexion of East Anglia with Mercia and Wessex, we
might naturally expect them to bear some resemblance to
the coins of one or both those kingdoms. Such are those
which I come now to examine. Two pennies in Ruding's
fourth plate, with legends, EADVALDREX on the obverse,
and on the reverse of one EADNOD, on the other
HINTREfe, and placed at the head of the Mercia series,
and assigned, but erroneously, as the following remarks will
shew, to Athelbald, who became King of Mercia in 716,
and died 755.
I. Both the coins read EADVALD, and are appropriated
to a king, who, in the Saxon chronicles, and in authentic
charters, is uniformly called Athelbald or Ethelbald. The
great difference between these names and Eadwald, is such
as cannot be accounted for, even by the often alleged plea
of the incorrectness of Saxon orthography. It is, I con-
ceive, sufficient of itself, were other reasons wanting, to
venture the appropriation of these coins to the predecessor
of Offa.
II. The only connection of these coins with the Mercia
kingdom, seems founded on their resemblance to various
pieces of Offa's money, which have uniformly the letter CD
for Merciorum. On the pennies of Eadvald, we remark
that it is altogether omitted.
III. Again, Offa's reign was prolonged to the extent of
forty years ; and it is reasonable to suppose that those of his
moneyers whose names appear on the coins of his successor,
Coenwulf, and on those of Egbert, could scarcely have
worked for him at the beginning of his reign, or for his
predecessor Athelbald ; and that such of his coins as bear
a strong resemblance to those of Coenwulf, belong to a
period immediately antecedent to that monarch's accession.
ON THE COINS OF EAST ANGLIA. 49
Hence it is that we are referred to an examination of the
coins themselves, Ruding, Plate IV. No. 1. This coin
has on the obverse the king's name in three lines,
EADVALD REX, and on the reverse the money er's name,
EADNOD. This name, indeed, I do not find among the
moneyersofany king till Ludica, and Beornwulf (and it can
hardly be the same person), but the type of the piece on
which it appears, belongs equally to Offa and Coenwulf.
In Sir .Andrew Fountaines's ninth table, No. 8 of Offa
exactly resembles the coin under consideration, as does that
of Coenwulf, No. 18, Plate VI. of Ruding, except that in
the obverse of the latter we have the bust of Coenwulf,
both presenting the name of the same moneyer, LVL.
Ruding, Plate IV. fig. 2 ; here we have the name of a
moneyer, HINTREb, of frequent occurrence, in the money
of Offa and Coenwulf, and a type no less common to
both.
I think it then not unreasonable to place the date of
these coins near the commencement of the reign of Coen-
wulf. I shall recur to them shortly.
There is another piece which I shall venture to remove
from its present situation ; and I do so with the more confi-
dence, as, from Mr. Hawkins' silence respecting it in his
list of the kings of Northumberland, of whom coins are
extant, I infer that its appropriation to Eanred of
Northumberland was not satisfactory to him. It is a silver
penny, unique, I believe, and figured in Ruding's 27th plate.
An examination of this piece and comparison with others,
will enable us to form a more correct estimate of its origin.
First, then, the name of the moneyer is DES. Now if it
had really belonged to the Northumbrian kingdom, we
might expect to find the name of this moneyer among the
2090 stycas of Eanred, found at Hexhani ; but neither in
VOL. u. H
50 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
that hoard, nor among the stycas discovered at Kirk Oswald,
in 1808, was any coin found thus inscribed (indeed the
name does not appear on the money of any Saxon king).
Again, in reference to the type, we observe, that the bust
on the obverse is an exact copy of that on many of the
coins of Ethelwulf of Wessex, who began his reign in 837;
and of Ethelbert, 862 ; that the reverse is very similar to
several of Ethelwulf, and is exactly the same as that of a
coin of Berhtulf, ofMercia (Ruding, Plate VII. fig. 2), who
ascended the throne in A.D. 839. Lastly, if this coin should
be considered as belonging to the Northumbrian king,
would it not be very singular, that his stycas should present
such monotonous types, when his mind was capable of
issuing so (comparatively) excellent a production as that
under discussion. An examination of the plates of stycas,
published in vol. xxv. of Archaeologia, shews us that
the first efforts of taste to improve the barbarity of the
Northumbrian coinage, appear on the stycas of Ethelred,
Eanred's successor. I may further remark, that the only
silver coins of this kingdom that 1 have heard of (for I
consider the appropriation of the skeattas to Northum-
berland very weakly supported), are, a skeatta of Ethelred,
extant at the present day, and one of Eanred, in Sir A.
Fountaine's plates, both of which, in workmanship and
type, resemble the stycas. Having now removed the
pennies of Eadvald, and that of Eanred from the position
hitherto assigned to them, I must first mention that we
have no kings recorded in history to whom they could be
appropriated. But, from the resemblance of the first to the
money of Offa and Coenwulf, kings of Mercia; of the
last to the coins of Ethelwulf and Ethelbert of Wessex, and
Berhtulf of Mercia, I think we may safely place them in
the East Anglian series. Eadwald, then, must have reigned
NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS. 51
almost immediately after Ethelbert ; and if we consider
Aethelward as the predecessor of Eadmund, he may have
been the immediate successor of Eanred.
I am Sir,
Your's respectfully,
"Leeds, June 16, 1839." D. JJ. H."
X.
NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS.
NOTICE SUR QUELQUES M^DAILLES GRECQUES DBS ROIS DE
CHYPRE ; PAR H. P. BORRELL. 4to. Paris, 1836.
ALTHOUGH this admirable little Essay is printed in French,
and published in Paris, we feel pride and pleasure in re-
minding our readers that its author is an Englishman,
resident at Smyrna, and that we are, therefore, fully en-
titled to claim for our country (through Mr. Borrell) the
honour of one of the most brilliant and interesting numis-
matic discoveries on record.
We conceive ourselves to be fully warranted in this bold
expression of our feeling on this occasion, when we con-
sider that a long suite of coins, of gold and silver, now for
the first time so happily brought together, classed, and
proved to belong to several kings of Cyprus, have been
well-known to the numismatic world for nearly two centuries ;
and that during this long period, they have, from time to
to time, excited the attention, occupied the minds and
finally eluded the sagacity of such men as Spanheim,
Frolich, Pellerin, Beger, C. Combe, Eckhel, T. Combe,
Sestini, and Cousinery ; besides other numismatists of our
own day, whose meritorious labours, in clearing up numis-
matic difficulties, prove them to be eminently deserving of
the great reputation which they severally enjoy.
52 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
We have long had before us this admirable little work ;
and hailed its first appearance with feelings of the greatest
pleasure and satisfaction. It is due therefore to its author,
as well as to our readers and ourselves, to state, that
a much earlier notice of it would have been given, had we
not been tempted to indulge too long in the hope for suffi-
cient leisure to accompany our unqualified praise of Mr.
Borrell's discovery, with an abridgment of his arguments in
favour of his new attribution and classification of the
respective coins. Finding, however, that our wish has
operated as an impediment to the performance of our
pleasant duty on the one hand, and as, on the other, Mr.
Borrell tells us his own story so succinctly and so well ;
we must content ourselves by referring for all detail to
the work itself, not doubting, but that the admirer of
Greek coins will rejoice in the perusal, as much as we
did.
After conducting his readers by a short route through the
early history of Cyprus as an introduction, Mr. Borrell
proceeds to describe and appropriate almost all the known
coins of the long series which is now found to belong to the
kings of this celebrated island. The descriptions are
illustrated by a copper-plate.
The earliest of these coins, as classed by Mr. Borrell,
is a beautiful one of gold, inscribed EYA, belonging to
Evagoras I., who reigned from about the year 405, to
374 B. c. A plate of this coin ornaments the title-page to
the work. It was first published by Eckhel, 1 and after-
wards by Combe. 2 Next, follow the coins of Nicoles,
1 Num. Vet. Anec. p. 303, Tab. xvi. No. 4, ex. Mus.
Mag. Due.
2 Num. Vet. Pop. et Urb. p. 121, Gyrene, No. 4.
NUMISMATIC. PUBLICATIONS. 53
Evagoras 1 1., Pythagoras, Alexander the Great, Pnytagoras,
and lastly, Menelaus, who was brother to Ptolemy Soter.
These kings reigned principally at Salamis, and as, in the
course of the work, it is shewn that some of the Cyprian
kings and potentates had governments of small extent,
though of considerable power and population, it appears
probable that future discoveries will add many new kings to
this series; consequently it is, at present, impossible to
foresee the important results to which this discovery may
lead future numismatic and archaiological students.
XL
HOARD OF PENNIES OF HENRY II. FOUND IN
BEDFORDSHIRE.
THE preceding wood-engraving represents a hoard of silver
coins which was found in Bedfordshire, in a piece of hollow
sand-stone. No better history of the discovery will be
wished for than is contained in the following letter of
Colonel Fox, by whom the coins were kindly communi-
HOARD OF PENNIES OF HENRY II. 55
cated to the Numismatic Society ; and to whom, as will be
perceived, this interesting relic belongs.
" Ordnance, \9th April, 1839."
My dear Sir,
" I send you, to your London address, the stone
hollowed out, with all the early English coins (in number
146) in it ; as found early in this year, by a labourer in the
employment of Mr. Samuel Bennett, (a tenant of the Duke
of Bedford's), at Bickering's Park, in the parish of Mill-
brook, near Ampthill. The Duke very kindly, when
brought to him, informed me of them ; and my father, who
is lord of the manor, gave them to me.
" They are all of Henry the Third's reign, or Henry the
Second's ; for I believe the types of both kings are the
same. None of them are very well preserved ; but it is
Very interesting to have them as found in the stone.
" Pray take care of them, and return them to me at the
Ordnance at your leisure. Very sincerely yours,
" C. R. Fox."
" Captain W. H. Smyth, R.N. ^c.^c."
It might be desirable to hear the opinion of a geologist
on the subject of the hollow stone which concealed these
coins : the purse-like shape of its cavity having suggested
to some persons the idea of a formation subsequent to the
period when the coins themselves were deposited in the
earth ; at which time, it has been further presumed, that a
bag or purse contained them. In support of this idea, it
has been pointed out, that the coins were more concealed
when first found than they are at present, when poured
back into the stone, a considerable fragment having been
accidentally detached from that part of it which is now its
aperture. It seems more probable, however, that a natural
56 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
cavity, in an age when savings-banks were unknown, sug-
gested to some poor fellow the idea of secreting within it
his accumulated savings. One of the many ills "which
flesh is heir to," snatched him away; and with him expired
the secret of his hidden treasure.
Yet who shall say that the owner of one hundred and
forty-six pence, in the twelfth century was poor? With
twelve shillings he might have stocked a small farm: and
since, about a century and a half later, 107. a year was
reckoned a competent estate for a gentleman, in the reign
of Henry II, 12s. Id. must have constituted no mean
provision for a person of inferior quality. We shall probably
not err much in supposing, that the owner of this hoard of
pennies rejoiced in the consciousness of having as many
comforts within his reach, as would be attainable at the
present day by a person possessed of 100/. or 200/. The
manners of that age were extremely rude : of modern
luxuries, few or none were known ; and the whole economy
of private social life was conducted with a greater degree
of simplicity than it is easy for us to imagine or appreciate.
Henry the Second's pennies were considered rare, until a
large quantity of them were found at Royston, about the
year 1721 ; l and a still larger hoard, amounting in number
to more than 5,700, at Tealby, near llasen, in the north of
Lincolnshire, in 1807 ; of these, however, 5127 were melted
at the Tower. The late accomplished numismatist, Taylor
Combe, Esq. furnished the Society of Antiquaries with a
learned memoir on the subject of this latter discovery; 2
but it is to be regretted that he offered no suggestion as to
the probable cause which led to the secreting of such large
numbers of coins of the same monarch. The coins found
1 Ruding's Annals. 2 Archseologia, vol. xviii. p. 1.
INEDITED GREEK COINS. 57
at Tealby, he says, were as fresh as when they were first
issued from the Mint ; yet their execution was so very bad,
that on many of them scarcely two letters could be dis-
cerned. The style of workmanship, as he truly observes,
confers no credit on the state of the arts in the time of the
second Henry; but it is a remarkable circumstance, that
although adjusted apparently by a pair of shears, the
several pieces correspond in weight with surprising accuracy.
The whole of Mr. Combe's paper is well deserving of con-
sideration ; for he has investigated the question of the classifi-
cation of the coins before us, concerning which, as hinted in
Col. Fox's letter, a degree of uncertainty has generally been
supposed to prevail.
Of the present hoard of Henry II.'s pennies, a favour-
able specimen has been selected for the engraving which
precedes this brief notice ; and the obverse of another of
irregular shape is also there figured. Though possessing
little intrinsic value, the collection itself derives no common
degree of interest from its well-authenticated history, and
other obvious circumstances. . J. W. B.
Brunswick Square, June 27, 1839.
XII.
INEDITED GREEK COINS.
Dear Sir,
I HAVE the honour of forwarding to you a few inedited
types of Greek coins, which have recently passed into the
collection of the British Museum, from the cabinet of
Count Falbe. Although they do not present any thing
extremely remarkable in a mythological point of view, they
add to the completion of the lists of Greek and Roman
types, begun and continued with such zeal by M. Millingen,
Mionnet and Sestini. It is only, indeed, by such coins
VOL. II. I
58 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
being described through a medium similar to your Journal,
that the Continental Numismatist, except by personal
inspection, can arrive at a knowledge of the varieties of
the national collection ; and it is with this view I have the
pleasure of describing these types.
EPIRUS.
Obv. Bearded head, galeated, profile to the right ; above, a grain
of barley.
R. AHEIPiiTAN. A bull butting to the right. JE. 3|.
The fabric of this coin is exceedingly good, and the type
entirely new. The bull butting is commonly found on the
autonomous currency of Epirus ; but generally in reverse
to the allied head of Jupiter and Juno.
The head may probably represent that of Pyrrhus
or Neoptolemus, the son of Achilles, one of the early
monarchs. The bull and grain of barley may refer to the
agricultural employment of the inhabitants of Northern
Greece. Oxen, horses, and corn are favourite emblems of
the currency of Thessaly, Thrace, Macedon and Epirus.
APAM.EA.
Obv. Turretted head, profile to the left.
R. HANKIZHNO. Marsuas walking on the windings of
the Meander. JE. 3|.
The figure on the reverse is not new ; but the inscription
is a variety of those already published.
SICYON (Caracalla).
Obv. Head of Caracalla laureated, to the right. Legend effaced.
R. SIKV^NIii(N). Jupiter naked, standing, holding a
thunderbolt ; in his left, a long sceptre. JE. 5|.
No type with Jupiter is published in Mionnet, as appear-
ing in the currency of Sicyon. I do not see why the term
Ktpavviog (Keraunios) might not be applied to the figures
of Jupiter with the thunderbolt, the Jupiter Tonans of the
INEDITED GREEK COINS. 59
Romans, in contradistinction to Nikephoros, when he
appears holding the small image of Nti}, or Victory.
ARGOS (Severus).
Obv.AOV CEH CEOYHPOC II. Head of Severus, laureated,
to the right.
R. APFEIii. . . Jupiter seated to the left, holding in his
right hand a victoriola ; in his left, a long sceptre ; at
his feet, a bird, apparently an eagle. JE. 6.
Mionnet has published a type with Jupiter standing.
The victoriola and eagle, in the present coin, are exceed-
ingly indistinct. The term "long sceptre" is more applicable
to the staff held in the hands of deities than the " hasta" or
" hasta pura" of some medallic writers. On the fictile vases,
the deities, monarchs, and personages of the highest rank
hold this staff, terminating at the apex in a flower with
three petals, probably the lotus at least so called.
Monarchs of military and barbaric nations are occasionally
mentioned as holding the spear, as an emblem of office. 1
UNCERTAIN.
Obv. Indented square profile to the left. A man standing,
struggling with an animal, apparently a horse.
R. Animal couchant. JR.
This coin, which Count Falbe had assigned to Kelenderis,
is unfortunately in too bad a state to make out satisfactorily.
The animal on the obverse may possibly be a ram if so,
the type is new, and was totally unknown to Rasche. The
animal on the reverse, also, is so rubbed by wear as to be
scarcely able to be assigned the attitude bears resem-
blance to the goat on the coins of Kelenderis in Pellerin.
1 Vid. Eurip. Hekabe. 1. 9. $i\nr?rov \aov tvOvvuv Sopl.
60 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
There are also traces of an inscription in the exergue
beneath the feet of the goat.
Besides these coins, another has been indicated to me by
Mr. Barnewell, which possesses great interest, from giving
the figure and name of the founder of the isle of Samos.
This coin did not belong to the collection of Count Falbe,
but formed part of the cabinet of Captain Graves. A
similar one, but of smaller size, has apparently been imper-
fectly edited by M. Mionnet, Supp. vi. 410, No. 174.
The Museum specimen is as follows :
Obv. ANK.AIOC. Male figure, naked, standing, looking to the
left. In the left hand a long sceptre ; his left hand and
arm slightly raised, apparently holding some object ; the
chlamys wrapped round the right arm, and the end
drooping to the right.
R. CAMKiN. Peacock gradient to the right ; by its neck
a sceptre. The bird stands on a caduceus. JE. 3|. p o.
In the place above quoted from M. Mionnet, the obverse
presents a similar figure, with the inscription . . NKAQ.,
which, in all probability, must read ANKAIOC. The
reverse of the coin is different, reading, in Mionnet,
HIF (sic).
The fable of Ankaios 2 and his vineyard is well known ; and
the figure is apparently the son of Neptune and Astupalaia,
who married the nymph Samia, and founded Samos, giving
it that name in honour of Same, the chief town of Cephal-
lenia, from whence he proceeded, by assembling a number
of colonists from Cephallenia, 3 Thessaly and Attica. The
same person is said to have succeeded the pilot, Tiphys, in
2 Hygin. Fab. 14. Heinsius ad Hygin. 1. c. Apollonius, 1. v.
185. Simonides apud Scholiast, ad Apollonium. Paus.
Act. Apollodorus. 1. 913. Orpheus. Argon. 725.
3 Jamblich. Vit. Pythagorse Callimachus Hym. in Delum.
INEDITED GREEK COINS. 61
the direction of the shipArgo. In the colonial currncy of
Samos are two types which may possibly refer to the same
personage one represents a warrior armed in complete
armour, and with a buckler, standing upon the prow of a
vessel, possibly symbolic of the ship Argo, in which the
founder of the city performed so distinguished a part. The
other represents a naked hero attacking a boar; by his side
is a dog. The learned Eckhel attributed this to Meleager
slaying the boar of Calydon ; 4 but another Ankaios, the
son of Lycurgus and Antinoe, is said to have perished
during the same hunt under the tusks of the enraged
animal. 5 May not some equivoque have arisen with regard
to these myths, and at a later period the two personages
have been confounded. The coin above cited, with the
name of Ankaios, was apparently fabricated during the age
of Augustus ; and a colonial coin of the same era bears con-
siderable similarity to it in regard to the execution.
London, <28th June, 1839. SAMUEL BIRCH.
4 Eckhel, Doct. Num. Vet., vol. ii., p. 569.
5 Hygin, Fab. 173248. Ovid, Met. lib. viii. The
founder of Samos met his death also by being pierced by the
tusks of a boar ; vid. loc. cit.
MISCELLANEA.
MODERN FORGERIES OF ANCIENT COINS.
[We take the following observations from the " Revue Numismatique" for
January and February, 1839.]
" THE Directors of the Review cannot be ignorant that the coun-
terfeiting of medals and coins is still continued, and is indeed
making grievous strides. We are acquainted with some facts
which we would fain make known to our readers ; but it would be
necessary to mention the names of the individuals connected with
these facts, and we therefore decline so delicate a task. Before
we dishonour any one with the titles of forger and rogue (and to
sell or cause to be sold as genuine, the spurious produce of a
detestable industry is certainly to deserve these epithets), un-
deniable proofs must be obtained, such proofs as could be brought
before a tribunal of justice in case of recrimination on the part
of the accused.
" If, for instance, any person who has been the victim of these
ingenious fellows would pursue and have them detected, the
warden of the Mint would be made acquainted with the fact, and
the Review would make it public. If our subscribers would trans-
mit to us such facts as come under their knowledge, doubtless we
might find means to expose some of these shameless artisans ; and
thus attain our object, by diminishing the number of base coins.
Our discretion may be depended upon should we be referred to ;
and we have already in our possession some curious specimens of
false coins, but it is not in our power to name the artificers upon
whom suspicion rests. In the mean time, we beg our readers to
refer to the note inserted page 27 of the second part of the
" Catalogue of Coins of the Revolution and Empire," by M.
Combrouse. The three individuals unnamed by M. Combrouse,
reside in Paris : but our provincial friends are not more free from
danger than the amateurs of the capital, and must be warned that
these soi- disant collectors of ancient coins not only recruit at Paris,
but, by means of the Review, have paid more than one interesting
visit to those whose names they find inserted there as subscribers.
Let us be careful that they do not present us with some trash in
exchange for a really valuable piece, with whose worth we are not
fully acquainted. As a general rule, let the received reputation
of the seller be a guarantee for his merchandise ; and let us have
no dealings with suspicious brokers. At Paris, it is well known
MISCELLANEA. 63
with whom it is safe to negotiate : we must then he prudent, and
fear those exchanges wherein we give up valuable coins that serve
as models from which to stamp base ones.
"The Paduans of the present day are not content with mere
imitation, but they absolutely invent ; and there is reason to think
that those rich amateurs who give for an unpublished piece ten
times its weight in gold, are already possessed of several of these
bad corns, many of which are, indeed, but imaginary. We can
quote a remarkable instance of the manner in which numismatists
may be deceived.
" In the last number of the Review (1838, page 466) we spoke
with enthusiasm upon the coins of the first tribunes of the
Venetian Archipelago, from the year 460 to 887 ; and we con-
gratulated M. Pfister upon his discovery of numismatic monu-
ments, the most ancient which under the Christian era bear
true dates. These pieces were re-produced after M. Minizzi,
director of the Venetian Mint, who published, hi 1818, an
anonymous pamphlet, entitled ' Delle Monete de Veneziane
dal Principle al Fine della loro Republica.' The memoir of
M. Pfister was read before the Numismatic Society of London, 1
and no claim being made in consequence of what was there noted,
we may be excused for having given credit to the authenticity of
documents accepted by our London colleagues. M. le Chevalier
Jules de San Quintino, writes to us as follows : ' M. Pfister was
deceived at Venice. For seventeen years I have combated the
opinions of M. Minizzi, and have proclaimed as false all those
coins and Venetian dies anterior to the eleventh century. In
support of my argument, it is a fact that, two or three years after
my notices were published, all the dies from which these coins
were stamped were discovered at the death of the forger in his
house.' The individual above alluded to can no longer deceive
any one. Becker, who was equally ingenious but more
honourable, since he confessed his forgeries, has likewise finished
his career ; but the trade was a good one, and improved greatly
through the zeal of the numismatic collectors ; and thus the
colleagues of these base coiners have daily increased in number,
in art, and in audacity. Let us then unite in putting a stop to
this contraband trading, which is both criminal and immoral : and
is as inimical to science as it is grievous to those who bestow
their time and their money on the study of Numismatics."
1 This is an error : the article was contributed to the Numismatic Journal,
and was not read before the Society. When these pieces were shewn to us,
our first enquiry was " But are they really genuine ?" We were assured that
they had actually been discovered in the sands at Venice ; and upon this
assurance we were induced to publish them. Editor Num. Chron,
64 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
[We trust these observations of our excellent colleague will
have the desired effect ; and that the numismatists of the Continent
will thereby be put on their guard. In France, Germany, and
Italy, the forgers of ancient coins possess both skill and know-
ledge ; and the collectors are often considerable sufferers by their
frauds. In England, false coins have, within the last year, made
their appearance in great numbers, owing no doubt to the obvious
increase of numismatic studies in this country, Many of these
forgeries are, however, so badly executed as to deceive only a
novice. A fellow of respectable appearance and very plausible
manner, has been making the tour of the principal towns, where
he has disposed of a number of false coins. Some of these we
have had sent to us ; and we must say, that a little circumspection
would have saved the purchasers, who, if not competent judges
themselves, might have taken the opinion of some experienced
friends. All the cast forgeries we have seen may be detected by
a common magnifying glass, and the execution of the Saxon coins
(of which nearly all the rare specimens are given) is, with one or
two exceptions, too clumsy to deceive any one who has inspected
a dozen genuine pieces. Should this not operate as a warning,
and the rogue continue his traffic, his name, with a minute de-
scription of his person and account of his manner of transacting
business, shall be given in detail without regard to conse-
quences. ED.]
TO CORRESPONDENTS.
WANT of space obliges us to omit an account of the Proceedings
of the Numismatic Society, and several notices of Numismatic
Publications. In our next we shall not fail to bring up arrears.
65
XIII.
MONEY OF ETHIOPIA.
[Read before the Numismatic Society, 27th June, 1839.]
DEAR SIR,
ALTHOUGH the study of Medals and Coined
Money forms more especially the subject of your learned
investigations, it may not be totally devoid of interest to
call the attention of the Numismatic Society to the methods
which necessity suggests in lieu of money, when metal
currency is too scarce or too expensive. I shall waive for
the present all theoretical observations on the signs of
exchange most likely to be chosen by nations little ad-
vanced in civilization, as those must first be founded on
facts ; and to these 1 shall call your attention as far as
regards those parts of Abyssinia which I visited last year.
This subject is, in those regions, more naturally than in
Europe, divided into two parts, as we consider; Firstly,
the Stamped Metallic ; Secondly, the Unstamped, or Non-
metallic Currency.
I.
Gold Coins of Muhhamed Ali, English Sovereigns, and
French Coins of Gold and Silver, are almost equally un-
known in the Red Sea, although current every where
throughout Egypt. Venetian Sequins, and money coined
at Constantinople bear a premium, but are every day
becoming more scarce, although the Arabs of Asir and the
adjoining provinces in the interior, offer a discount of 25 per
cent, for the latter money. Spanish Dollars are but little
known even in the more northern markets ; the grand
VOL. II. K
G6 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
medium of exchange being the Austrian dollar or Species-
thaler worth 45. 2d. at par. This preference is, without doubt,
referable to the early commerce of the Venetians in those
parts, prior even to the commercial and warlike expeditions
of thePortuguese in the Red Sea. On the Egyptian and
Arabian Coasts, thalers of any date are taken ; but at Mus-
sawwrf, and probably in the other Ethiopian sea-ports be-
yond H'alai dogsa, Gurao and the few other market towns
in immediate communication with Mussawwa\ the thaler of
Maria Theresa is the only one received; as the trade at
those places depends on the commerce with Abyssinia, where
no other thaler is current, unless at an enormous loss:
Several conditions are requisite to make a thaler good. It
must bear 1st, at least five dots (in the Abyssinia dialect
sanafoch, i. e. grains of mustard, or elaba i. e. flowers), under
the imperial crown ; at most 7 or 8 ; 2nd, nine dots in the
shoulder-knot (called charaka i. e. moon) ; 3rd, the letters
S- F under the head. The date (1780), and the double
eagle called afanoso'i or phenix are likewise sometimes
scrutinized ; but the obverse face of the coin is the only
important one in the eyes of the Abyssinian traders. Our
landlord at Gondar At/tu, who is a Lik, or hereditary judge
and nobleman, remembered the first introduction of the
Dollars of Maria Theresa. They were imported into the
province of Sarowa, and soon preferred to all others, be-
cause they bear a queen's head, which, as a female emblem,
portends offspring, or increase of wealth. Shortly after-
wards, as fresh ones are constantly sought for, they were
distinguished by the dots and letters mentioned above.
These ridiculous notions, first broached in Gqjam, were
soon propagated through the rest of Abyssinia ; so that in
Mussawwa' a discount of 5/ is often paid to get rid of
undotted dollars. The rulers of Abyssinia have tried to
MONEY OF ETHIOPIA. 67
put down these absurd notions, but Royal Edicts and even
Ecclesiastical Censures have hitherto been issued in vain.
Dr. Riippell informs us that Abyssinia had anciently its
own coins.
II.
At Mussawiva\ kharaz or glass beads are the only cur-
rency. Three kharaz form a keber (great), 40 keldr
compose a kharf, or string of beads, although never tied
together ; for the kharaz are carried in bags, or tied up in
the corner of a cloth. In February 1838,one dollar was
worth 34 strings, but subsequently fell to 29, in the begin-
ning of March, on account of the large quantity of milk
brought in by the Ahabab Shepherds, who are not willing
to take any money but kharaz which are marked by a
little dark brown ring, 8 or 10 millimetres (from 3 to 4 lines)
in diameter, and varying in thickness from 4 to 7 millimetres
(2 to 3 lines), with a hole 2 millimetres (1 line) wide. A
few kharaz are white, or light blue : the traders count them
by tens very fast.
In the 'Adwah market, the principal currency is the
Stamma, or white piece of cotton cloth, which is cut into
halves or quarters, as occasion requires. For smaller pur -
poses, handfuls of tefor plaited threads of dark blue silk are
always received as currency. Salt is seldom offered ; that
is, perhaps, because the supply is very variable on account
of the vicinity of the salt plains.
On the market of Shakha, the currency is either salt or
Stamma. In Dambya and Gojam, salt is in great request every-
where, and increases so rapidly in value towards the Galta
country, that a slave purchased in Enarea for 24 pieces, is
worth 160 pieces in Gondar. There pieces called emolc
68 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
are cut in the shape of a mower's whetstone. Their dimen-
sions are as follow :
Length, 200 millimetres (8 inches)-
Thickness, 25 millimetres (1 inch).
Breadth, from 20 to 25 millimetres (f 1 inch).
Ditto in the middle, 50 millimetres (2 inches).
These measures vary about 6 or 7 millimetres (3 lines).
Each emol is tied lengthways, by a thong of raw hide slit
so as to make a belt. The salt is gray and very porous,
some holes measuring 10 millimetres by 6 (5 lines by 3). In
June 1838, a good dotted dollar was worth 20 emol. A
very good one with 7 or 8 ebaba was worth 21 or 22. The
exchange has sometimes risen to 30, and even to 35. The
Gondar dealers sometimes take \ or emol, but never less.
In the Galta country, the emol is divided into finger-
breadths, and often cut in consequence. As the dots of
a dollar are always examined and counted, so the emol
is estimated by its dimensions and weight ; thus there is a
perpetual discussion on the value of the currency.
The Galla tribes chiefly use glass beads for money.
Those most esteemed are red with an equatorial zone of
white enamel; these are called ekaba. In June 1838, 16
ekdba were sold in Gondar for one dollar.
If this account of the Abyssinian money can excite
interest among your learned investigations on the coins of
Rome and Greece, it will amply repay
Your ever truly
A. THOMSON D'ABBADIE.
London, 23rd June, 1839.
To J. LEE, Esq., LL.D., Pres. Num. Soc.
69
XIV.
DESCRIPTION OF TWO CUFIC COINS.
[Read before the Numismatic Society 27th June, 1839].
BOTH these coins are nearly of the same date, and in a very
good state of preservation. They both belong, virtually,
but not nominally, to the reign of the same sovereign;
viz. the celebrated Bedru-d din Lulu, or L616, whose name
is well known to all who have read the " Thousand and
One Days," or Persian Tales translated by Petis de la
Croix.
Bedru-d din, that " Full-moon of the Faith," as his title
implies, was Magister Domus to the last of the Ata-Begs,
or Turkish Princes of the Arabian 'Irak, who reigned at
Mardin or Mosul (Mausil). These Ata-Begs of the
Zingi, or negro race, from being preceptors or fathers of
their lords (such is the signification of their title), became
themselves independent princes; and after the death of
Mas 'ud, the last but two of the Ata-Begs of Irak,
A. H. 615 (A. D. 1218), his Maire du Palais," Lulu (the
" Pearl" of great price) reigned in reality, though as Vice-
gerent of his two sons, Arselan Shah, and . Marmud,
successively, having become, on the death of the latter
without issue, A. H. 631 (A. D. 1234), the nominal, as
well as the real, possessor of the Sovereign Power at
Mosul.
The legends on these coins are as follows :
I.
A. Effigies Principis more Asiatico sedentis et Lunam arcuatam
manibus tenentis, stella subter utramque ulnam in area
Numi.
70 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
In ora Numi et juxta facieni altro citroque.
Dhuriba bi-1 Mausil, bi-seneh seba' wa-'ashrin wa-sittamiyah
(i.e. Mausilae cusus Anno DCXXVII, A. D. 1230).
B. In Area.
+\sQ J& i El Imam : i. e. Antistes :
AJ\ 5\ &)\ 3 La-Ilah illa-llah! (Non est)Deusnisi
Deus !
&]wi / ]%-*> tX'C^-'C Mohammed Resu- Mohammed (est)
lu-llah ! Propheta Dei !
IJULJLJIJU- l Mostansir - bi - El Mostansir billah
~ llah. (i. e. Qui quserit
opema Deo)
Enriru-1 Muminin (est) Imperator Fi-
delium.
In ora Numi ,jJcXJU \JOtXJ) wOU e^^;J5
-^ ^ -^
...El Melik el ashraf, Nasiru-d-dunya wa-d-dm
(i. e. Rex Nobilissimus, Auxiliator Sasculi et Fideij.
Ndsiru-d din was the distinctive title of the last of the Ata-
Begs, Mahmud, who died A. H. 631 (A. D. 1234).
See Marsden's Numismata Orientalia, p. 166, Tab x. No. c.
Adler, Museum Cuficum Borgianum Pars ii. (or Collectio
Nova Nummorum Cuficorum) Tab. iv. No. Ixiv., has a
coin very like this, bearing date (according to his text,
not according to his plate) A. H. DCLIV. (A. D. 1256).
II.
A. In Area.
El Imam : i. e. Antistes .
El Mostansir (El Mostansir bi-llah
j-X^-Cl jJu bi-llah, Emir (Opem quaerens a Deo)
/. OU^-cJSj el Muminm Imperator Fidelium.
UNPUBLISHED ANCIENT BRITISH COINS. 71
B. In or a.
El Melik el Kamil el. [Bedru]-d duny& wa-d-din Lulu,
(i.e. Rex Perfectus.o.. Margarita, Luna plena Fidei).
See Marsden, Numism. Orient, p. 168, Tab. x. No. clxxxi.
(clxxi), where the inscription round the head is incorrectly
deciphered .
Adler, Mus. Cufic. Borg. Pars. i. p. 66, Tab. v. No. xxxiv.
Mus. Cuf. Borg. Pars ii. p. 90. Tab. iv. No. Ixiii.
The high preservation of these coins, and the legibility
of their inscriptions greatly enhance their value.
G. C. R.
21*# June, 1839-
XV.
UNPUBLISHED ANCIENT BRITISH COINS. No. 4.
LEGENDS ON GAULISH AND BRITISH COINS.
THE interest excited by the recent publication of remark-
able coins, supposed of British origin, encourages the hope
that ere long a sufficient number of facts relating to them
will be acquired, to enable the numismatic antiquary to
distinguish those which belong to this country, from such as
were issued by the Gaulish tribes. The publication, from
time to time, in the Revue Numismatique, of coins, un-
doubtedly Gaulish, cannot fail to materially assist these
inquiries; and the appearance of the long-promised work
of M. de la Saussaye, one of the learned editors of the
Revue, will add to our means of information.
On looking over the long and carefully compiled list of
M. Mionnet, we are struck with the absence of any attempt
72 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
whatever to appropriate the coins of which he gives so
many varieties. But what is more remarkable, those which
bear the legend VER, and of which he finds no specimen
in the French cabinet, contenting himself with quoting
them from Combe, 1 are denied their British origin ; and he
observes on one of them " Cette Medaille et la suivante
ont ete attributes, sans fondement, a Verulamium de la
Grande Bretagne ]"- This bold assertion is, doubtless,
founded on the unbelief of the Great Eckhel. 3 It is not,
therefore, by the mere expression of opinion, but by the
multiplication of facts that the claim of Britain to certain
coins, found solely in this country, can be maintained and
established.
It is very probable that among the coins which future
discoveries may bring to light in England, pieces of
Gaulish origin may occasionally be found, and, perhaps,
published as British. In this case, however, they will be
made known to the continental numismatists, arid our
zealous and vigilant colleagues of the French Revue, will
not fail to note, and record, the error. 4 We have reason,
however, to believe that such misappropriations will not be
frequent, for the style and character of the British coins are,
in most cases, essentially different.
In furtherance of the object proposed, we shall proceed
to give a description of the several coins engraved, in the
accompanying plate.
No.l. Obv. Several rude figures probably intended collectively
to form one object.
1 Vet. Pop. et Reg. Num. in Mus. Brit. p. 13.
2 Descrip. de Med. Antiq. Supp. Tome l re p. 163.
3 Numismatic Chronicle, Vol. I. p 14.
4 M. de la Saussaye claims for France the coins engraved in
Plate 1, Nos. 7 and 8, of the Numismatic Journal, Vol. I. One
of these reads CATTI, which he assigns to Armorica.
UNPUBLISHED ANCIENT BRITISH COINS. 73
Rev. Six pellets, and a seventh within a circle, and
some other objects rudely delineated. JE
If this piece is British it has been so closely imitated
from a Gaulish coin, as to destroy its identity. A similar,
though better defined, coin is given by Ruding, plate iv.
This, and the five following pieces, are said to have been
discovered in Cambridgeshire, and are in the possession
of Mr. Kenyon of Preston.
No. 2. Obv. A naked male figure kneeling to the right, with
both arms raised : above, the symbol No. 3. 5 "
Rev. Ahorse galloping to the right: below, a peculiarly
formed star, resembling symbol No. 14. On the fore and
hind quarters of the horse, symbol No.2. JE
It is worthy of remark, that the two latter symbols
are often found so disposed on the coins discovered in
Cambridgeshire and the adjoining counties.
No. 3. It is difficult to describe this rude piece with the pen :
the reverse bears what appears to be an attempt to
represent a horseman galloping to the right, with some
symbol below. M
No. 4. Another rude coin, the obverse probably intended for
a human head. The reverse has several objects, and
apparent attempts to represent letters ; but a pentagon
with pellets at the angles is very well defined. JE
No. 5. The obverse of this coin is equally nide. The reverse
bears the figure of a winged griffin running to the right,
with several characters, probably intended for letters. IE
The type of this coin is novel, and we must wait for
further evidence before we venture on its appropriation
Both this and No. 4 are very beautifully patinated.
No. 6. The origin of this coin is still more doubtful. We
publish it because it is said to have been discovered with
the preceding pieces. If not really Roman we believe
it to have been imitated from some colonial coin of the
age of Claudius. -^
The two following pieces (presented to us by the Rev.
J. B. Reade) were found at March', in Cambridgeshire,
with a number of other coins now dispersed ; some of
which have already been described in the Numismatic
Chronicle.
5 Vide the plate of symbols, Numismatic Chronicle, Vol. I.
VOL. II. L
74 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
No. 7. Obv. A nondescript animal to the right, with a pellet on
the fore quarter. The symbol, formed of three pellets,
occurs twice, and there is a single pellet behind the animal,
whose neck extends nearly to the edge of the coin, and ter-
minates in what may be supposed to be intended for a head.
Rev. An animal resembling a horse, but with a branch-
ing tail, caracoling to the right: above, a symbol, and
the symbol No. 48, formed of three pellets. Weight 15
grains. 3&
No. 8. Obv. The obverse type of this coin appears to be a rude
attempt to represent a human head with a kind of crested
cap.
Rev, An animal similar to that on the reverse of the
preceding coin ; below, symbol No. 3 ; beneath the tail
the symbol No. 48, and above, another symbol, indistinct.
Weight 1 4 grains. ^R
The obverses of these two pieces are perfectly novel
in the series of British coins ; we find nothing like them
in the lists of Mionnet, and the descriptions in the Revue
Numismatique. The reverses, too, are worthy of notice.
In most cases the British artists appear to have failed in
the representation of their favourite object, the horse, solely
from want of skill ; but here they seem to have taken
heraldic license with the animals they have represented.
With a view to assist those to whom the larger works of
Ruding and Mionnet are not always accessible, we shall
here give a list of the legends found on Gaulish and
British coins. The former are taken from the well known
Description de Med. Antiques of Mionnet, from the Revue
de la Numismatique Fra^oise, and from other sources.
We believe, that in many instances, the legends are barbar-
ous imitations of those on other coins, but the labours of
the Marquis Lagoy, 6 and M. de la Saussaye, have shewn
that this is not always the case. May the endeavours of
our English Numismatists be crowned with the like success.
6 The work of this able antiquary on the coins of Cunobelinus,
claims the respect and gratitude of the English Numismatist.
The sound sense displayed in this tract gives importance to his
appropriation of many Gaulish coins.
75
LEGENDS ON BRITISH COINS.
obverse.
reverse.
obverse.
reverse.
1 SEGO
. . TASCIO.
18 CVNOBELINVS
TASC.
2 CVNOBEL
. . CAMV.
REX
3 CVNOBILI
(sic) CAMV.
19 CVNOB . . .
CAM.
4 CVNOBHI
(sic) CAMVL.
20 TASCIA . . .
none.
5 CVNO
. . CAMV.
21 VER . . . .
TASCIA.
6 CVNO
. . CAM.
22 VER . . . .
none.
7 CVN .
. . CAMV.
23 VERVLAMIO .
none.
8 CVNO
. TASCIO.
24 BODVOC 7
none.
9 CVNOBEII
(sic) TASC.
25 SEOO . . . .
none.
10 CVNOBEL iNi(s/c)none.
26 CVN ....
SOLIDO.
11 CVNO
. . CAM VI.
27 CVNOBELIN
TASCIO.
12 CVNOBEL
. . CVN.
28 TASC . . .
none.
13 CVNOBEJI
. . CVN.
29 none . . .
TASC.
14 i^aaoNvo
. . none.
30 none ....
T
15 CVNO
. . TASCIIOVA
31 TASCIO . . .
VER.
(sic)
32 NOWVFPOSDVM.
VO... N.SI...
16 CVN . .
. . none.
(sic) 8 . . .
o. (sic)
17 CVNOBELINI TASCIOVANI
33 none . . > .
V.
LEGENDS ON GAULISH COINS.
1 none . .
. ABVDOS.
6 APHTOIAMO>
NAVMV.
2 ABVDOS
. . ABVD.
(sic)
3 none . .
.. CCAIOS(SZC)
7 none . .
AMBACTVS.
4 none . .
. REX.ADIETVA
8 ANDOB .
none.
5 none . .
. . ADNASATI.
9 AREMACIOS .
none.
7 We require more evidence respecting the origin of the
coins with this type. Its appropriation to Britain is very ques-
tionable. The type is of Gaulish character, though the legend
(BODVOC) is not found in the list given by Mionnet.
8 This legend has been variously interpreted. One fond
antiquary read it VOAUISIO for BOADICEA, while another ex-
plained the legend thus : I fly from the war chariots I ! Pinkerton
alone could have done justice to this savant.
76
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
obverse.
reverse.
obverse.
reverse .
10 ATEVLA9 .
. VLATOS.
36 none . . .
. DIAOVLOS.
11 ATFII (sic)
. none.
37 Q.DOCI.Q.D.
. Q.DOCI.SAN.
12 none . . .
. ATTA.
38 Q. D.
. Q. D.
13 none . . .
. AVPO.
39 legend effaced
.Q.DOCI.SAMI
14 none . . .
. BVCATO.
40 none . . .
. DOCI. AN.
15 CALEDV
. none.
41 DVRNACVS .
. DONNVS.
16 none . . .
. CAN.
42 none . . .
. DVBNOREX.
17 CARMANO .
. COM.
43 DVRNOCOV
. DVBNOREX.
18 idem . . .
. COMM. . OI.
44 idem . . .
. DVBNOREIX
19 CARSICIOS .
. CMMI. . OS.
45 6AK6SOOYIZ
TASSIITIOS 12
20 CIAMILOS .
. none.
(sic)
21 COLIMA 10 .
. . . IMA.
46 EDVIS . .
. none.
22 none . . .
. COMA
47 none .
EINOC.
23 B. R.
. COMA.
48 EPAD . .
. none.
24 CAR . . .
. COMIOS.
49 ERCO . .
. ERCOV.
25 legend effaced
. HP.COMI 11
50 none . .
.GERMANVS.
(sic)
INVTILLI.I.
26 none . . .
INOO
51 GIAMILO .
. GIAMILOS.
27 none . . .
. OONOH.
52 GIAMILO
. HIS (sic).
28 KONTOVTOS
. none.
53 none . . .
. ?OOI.
29 CORIAISSOS
. none.
54 none . . .
.IIPOMILAOS
30 none . .
. KYI. (sic)
55 none . . .
. ivNis.e.
31 KRACCVS .
. ..RM.
56 ... KCSOO . CAKCSOOYIZ. ..
32 e . . ci
. CRAMITOC.
57 none . .
. LEDV.
33 none . . .
. CRICIRV.
58 LIHO'VI
. OVACIA.
(sic)
59 none . .
. LITA.
34 none .
. CVCIVS.IIIO.
60 none . . .
. LITAN.
(sic)
61 LVS . . .
. none.
35 AeiOYiN
. none.
62 none . . .
. LYCCI.
The coins bearing this legend were formerly erroneously
attributed to the Gothic king, Attila.
10 See also SOLIMA. No. 171.
11 This appears to be a variety of the legend IPPI-COMI. Vide
Numismatic Chronicle, Vol. I. p. 85 ; and the present list, No. 131.
12 The coins with this legend are assigned by M. de la Saus-
saye to Tasget, or Tasgetius, the Gaulish chief. Vide Revue de
Numismatique Fran9oise, tome l cr . p. 1.
LEGENDS ON GAULISH COINS.
77
obverse.
reverse.
obverse.
reverse.
63 none . . .
MAV.
94 none . .
. SVISSA.
64 none . . .
NAMAV.SAT
95 none . .
. TA'NOS.
65 none . .
. . . NGE.
96 TOS . . .
. TOS.
66 NIDE . . .
ALABDOA1-
97 TOGIR . .
. TOC'I.
ioc (sic)
98 GIRIX .
. TO. ....
67 NIDI . . .
VRI. (sic)
99 TOG . .
. TOGIH.(tt'c)
68 NINNO . . .
NINNO.
100 TOGIRIX .
. TOGIRI.
69 NINNO . . .
OVAM.
101 none . .-
. OTTINA.
70 none . . .
NONNOS.
102 none . .
. TVO.
71 ONDIA . . .
A.
103 none . .
. VADNAIO.
72 COTOS . . .
ORCITIRIX.
104 VERCA
. none.
73 none . . .
OTTOS, or
105 V1ROS ?
. none.
OTIOS.
106 none . .
. VIIFOTAI.
74 none . . .
OYI'KY.
107 VTICCOS .
. none.
75 none . . .
OVIRICIV.
108 none
. YLLYCCI.
76 OXAOII . . .
none.
109 none 13 . .
. . . ?ONNON.
77 none . .
PIKO.
110 A9IIDIAC .
. . . HIRIM.
78 FICTILOS . .
none.
Ill none . .
. ADNA.
79 PIXTIL . . .
none.
112 none . .
. ADNASATI.
80 P1XTILOS . .
none.
113 none . .
. ARDA.
81 POOCTIKA . .
ROVECA.
114 ATECTORI
. none.
82 FIFA ? . . .
TAINOC.
115 none . .
. AVDOS.
83 RICA . . .
none.
116 TTPiLi'ir(s/c)none.
84 none . . . .
KRICIRV.
117 none . .
.... BIOS.
85 none . . . .
CRICIRO.
118 none . .
. BIRACOS.
86 ROVE . . .
none.
(Pembroke)
87 ROVECA . . .
POOTIKA.
119 none . .
. BOOVIKA.
88 none . . . .
ROVECA.
120 BRIGIOS .
. none.
89 ROW . . .
CNVO.
121 BRICO . .
. COMAN.
90 SENODON . .
CALEDV.
122 none vv
. BVSV.
91 SOLIM . . .
. . . AIM.
123 REX'CALLE
. IP. (Combe)
92 none . . . .
SON'CA'T.
124 none -. ;
. CAMBOTRE.
93 REX'ADIETVA-
SOTIOTA.
125 CARMANOS
. COMMIOS.
NVS.
126 CEL
. none.
13 Nos. 1 to 109, inclusive, are from Mionnct's Descrip. vol. i.
pp. 8596.
78
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
obverse, reverse.
obverse. reverse.
127 CICIIDVB . . IIPAD.
154 NINNO . . . ivAN(reZro-
128 none . . . COCESTIVS.
grade) (Eckhel)
129 none . . . CONGES.
155 none . . . OCI*SAA.
130 COINOS ? . . none.
156 ocvv ivoi.
131 COMF . . . EPPILLVS 1 *
157 OIANO (sic) . none.
(Combe)
158 none . . . OINO.
132 REX'ADIETVA . SOTIOGA.
159 none . . . OTTOS, or
133 none . . . DIKOA pro
OT1OS.
PIKO.
160 IJIXTILOS . . none.
134 none . . . DOCI.AA.
161 RIIIPA . . none.
135 DVRAT . . IVLIOS.
162 ROVECA . . none.
136 none . . . EBVLILIM.
163 ROVECA . . none.
137 ED vis . . . none.
164 . . . VECA . . POOYIKA.
138 none . . . ECES.
(sic)
(Combe)
165 none . . . POOTICA.
139 none . . . ENDILO.
166 SENODON . . CALERV, Or
140 EPAD . . . none.
CALEDV. !i
141 EPAT . . . none.
167 none . . . SON-AI/APA
( Combe)
168 none . . .AON. ...AP.
142 EPENOC . . EIIHNOC.
169 SICOS.LIXOVIO.SIMISSO
143 31 . . . . EVOIVRIX.
[AMBOS-CATTOS VERCO. . EIO.
144 GIAMILOS . GIAMILOS.
170 SOLI . . . MA.
145 GIRIX . . . none.
171 SOLIMA . .none. 16
146 none . . . HPOIEI ?
172 none . . . Q.D.SAA.I.
147 none IINOS.
173 none . . . SOOCVANOS
148 IIRATOS . . VD'S.
174 none . . . TATINOS.
149 BINNO . . . none.
175 TICOS . . . none.
150 none . . . LITAV.
176 TOGjorTOGiR, TOGIII (sic)
151 .... MB'C.
or TOGIRIX
[ASIRRISSOSLLXOVIOISVI22IC
177 TOVTOBOCIO : ATEPILOS.
(sic)
(Eckhel)
152 legend effaced NBNORE(SZC)
178 none . . . VADVAIIIO
153 none
(sic)
[OOAVIIVOONI9N?
179 .... VDecoN . none.
11 Sec the remark under No. 25. 15 See also No. 90.
16 Sec also No. 91.
LEGENDS ON GAULISH COINS.
79
obverse.
180 YDECOM . .
reverse.
AND.
obverse.
200 none . .
'reverse.
. ABVCATO.
181 none . . .
VART1CE.
201 AVLOIB
. SOL1MA 2 *
182 none . . .
.. . VEIA.
202 TVUONOS .
. CANTOCIX,
183 none . . .
VIirOTAL...
OF CANTORIX.
184 none
185 none
186 none
VO. . . .
VIR. V.
V1PICI.
203 I. . . IICRITV-
204 ARIVOS
. SANTONOS.
187 VIROS . . .
VIROOS.
205 ANNICCOIOS
. none.
188 VOCAR ] 7. . .
VOCARANT.
206 ATECTORI
. none.
189 none 18 . . .
190 none . . .
191 none . . .
192 none . . .
193 none . . .
(Sestini)
vnOA (sic)
-f-PTTNIOV.
(sic)
Ainrmi(sic)
NVIV. (sic)
onnn.
207 none . .
208 none . .
209 CARSICIOS
210 CAV . .
211 ACTIKO .
212 none . .
213 none . .
. CAN.
. VANE. . .
. CMM...OS.
. none.
SA. . .AFHT
. OKIPT.
. VOOC.
194 none . . .
...1SV. 19
214 none 25 . .
. VOL.
195 none
196 SIMISSOS
$.MA. (sic)
CISIAM BOS
215 c ...
216 none 26 . .
. LITA.
. LITAVICOS.
PVBLICOS
CATTOS
217 none . .
. KAAET.
LIXOVIO
VERCO-
218 EPILLOS .
. none.
BRETO 20
219 none . .
. BELINOC.
197 . . INCETORIX
none. 21
220 none . .
. SVI.
198 none . . .
IIAPOS. 22
221.... RA .
. DIARILOS.
199 none . . .
BISO. (retro-
grade) 23
222 SVTICOS .
. ELIOCA0I.
IT Nos. 110 to 188, inclusive, are from Mionnet's Descrip-
tion, Supp. vol. i. pp. 151 163.
18 Id. p. 165, Premiere Division.
J 9 Id. p. 170, Deuxieme Division.
20 Vide Revue de la Numismatique Fran9oise, Tome l cr . p. 13.
21 Idem, p. 161, a coin of the Chief Vercingetorix.
22 Idem, p. 243. ^ i. e. Bisontium, idem, p. 402.
2i See No. 171.
25 Nos. 209 222 have been illustrated by the Marquis
Lagoy, and assigned to various provinces in Gaul, in a tract
entitled " Notice sur 1' Attribution de quelques Medailles des
Gaules," &c. a6 See Nos. 59 and 60 of this list.
80 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
It cannot fail to be observed, that in the lists here given
the names are widely different : it would puzzle the most
fanciful antiquary to discover any similarity. The series
of Gaulish coins is very extensive, while the British coins,
bearing letters, are few, and less varied in type and
legend; the English Numismatist has, consequently, less
to direct him in his enquiry. Future discoveries may,
however, bring to light fresh evidence: in the meantime
it is the duty of all who are interested in these researches
to place on record, as circumstantially as possible, every
particular respecting new types and legends.
J. Y. A.
Peckham,
29th August, 1839.
XVI.
ANECDOTES OF THE ENGLISH COINAGE.
[Read before the Numismatic Society, June 27th, 1839].
25, Parliament Street.
MY DEAR SIR,
SHOULD you be disposed to vary your graver
researches, whether into classic or mediaeval antiquity,
with a few notices of comparatively recent coins, and
illustrative, perhaps, of manners rather than mintages, I
beg to offer to your perusal four historical anecdotes
allusive to our own domestic currency ; which, if answering
no higher purpose, may be considered as affording interesting
illustrations, at once of the money and the wit which
formed the most ready change of our ancestors.
They are extracted from a manuscript Jest-book now in
the British Museum, written by Sir Nicholas Lestrange,
ANECDOTES OF THE ENGLISH COINAGE. 81
of Hunstanton, in Norfolk, Bart., the eldest brother of
the celebrated Sir Roger Lestrange. Selections from this
MS. form a portion of the volume of Anecdotes and Tradi-
tions, now on the eve of publication by the Camden
Society, under the editorship of Mr. Thorns, their Secre-
tary, with whose concurrence I make this communication,
adopting his illustrative notes, with a few additions.
I remain, dear Sir, yours very sincerely,
JOHN GOUGH NICHOLS.
/. Y. Akerman, Esq.
The first of these anecdotes relates to a new coinage of
Farthings, about the middle of the reign of Charles the
First. It is as follows :
" The Earle of Arundell, Lord Marshall, had the sole
patent for coining of new Farthings, with a distinct marke
for their currancy, because many were counterfeited before ;
and when he went Embassador to the Emperour, the
Mint-house was well stor'd, but lock'd up untill his returne.
The sicknesse being then in London, and poore people
wanting their coine, some knave or other in the night clap't
a redde crosse upon the dore, and thus underwritt it:
"Lord, have mercy upon us ! for this house is full of Tokens."
Respecting the issue of Farthing Tokens, Ruding has given the
Royal Proclamation, dated in March, 1635-6, in his Annals of
the Coinage, vol. ii. p. 251. In the former reign, the patent had
been enjoyed by Lord Harrington, from whom the Farthing Token
acquired the name of a Harrington, under which it frequently
occurs in our old dramatists. The embassy of the Earl of
Arundel to Vienna took place in the course of the same year ;
and it was then he met with the celebrated Hollar, at Prague,
and induced him to settle in England. The " distinct marke
for their currancy," which authenticated the new coinage, was a
small piece of brass let into the centre of the copper blanks, from
which the farthings were struck. The " sicknesse " which was
then prevalent was the plague, for that dreadful disorder was
VOL. II. M
82 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
then commonly spoken of by what may now appear an inex-
pressive term, "the sicknesse;" the " redde crosse upon the
dore," was the well-known mark of an infected house ; and the
tokens of the plague, upon which the cockney knave founded his
jest, were the eruptive spots upon the body, " of a bright flaming
red colour," as they are described in the recently published
Diary (or rather common-place book) of the Rev. John Ward,
Vicar of Stratford-upon-Avon. Indeed, if we may believe the
same authority, these tokens were not always superficial only,
for " Dr. Wharton said, all people that died in the plague, dyed
of the plague ; that he had opened one that had no tokens nor
sores, yet was full of tokens about the heart." (Ward, p. 241).
Here we see that " full of tokens " was a common expression,
as a patient is still said to have the small pox " very full ;" and
not only that tokens were much more agreeable in the purse
than on the person, but that when a house was full of tokens,
there was no other resource than to cry, " Lord, have mercy
upon us !"
The second of our anecdotes relates to the " Dandy-
pratt" a diminutive coin, the value of which I have not
found; but, being of " silver," it was probably more than
equivalent to the mite, " two of which made one farthing."
" Sir Richard Bingham was a man eminent both for
spiritt and martiall knowledge, but of a very small stature ;
and, understanding that a proper bigg-bon'd gentleman
had traduc'd his little person, or Corpusculum, with the
ignominious tearme of Dande-pratt : Tell him from
me,' says he, ' that, when it comes to the tutch, he shall
find there is as good silver in a Dande-pratt (which is a
very small kind of coine) as in a brodd-fac't groate.' "
' This eminent commander, who has here anticipated Burns's
idea
' The rank is but the guinea's stamp,
A man *s the gold for a' that'
was the second son of Thomas Bingham, Esq., of Bingham-
Melcombe, in the county of Dorset, by Alice, daughter of
Thomas Croker, Esq., the ancestor of the present Earl of Lucan
and of Baron Clanmorris. He was one of the most celebrated
ANECDOTES OF THE ENGLISH COINAGE. 83
Captains of the age in which he lived, being at the time of the
Spanish Armada one of Queen Elizabeth's military council, and
afterwards, for his valuable services in Ireland, constituted
Marshall of that kingdom and General of Leinster.
" Camden, in his Remains, p. 188 (1637), tells us: ' King
Henry the Seventh stamped a small coine called dandy prats ;'
and the name dandiprat is also commonly applied to any dwarf
or little person; and Leake, in his ' Historical Account of
English Money,' p. 270, speaking of the state of the coinage at
the close of the reign of Elizabeth, says, ' that besides the Queen's
adulterate coin, they had, jrs, broad-faced groats, coined origin-
ally for fourpence, but now worth eightpence,' &c. It may be
supposed that these ' broad-faced groats ' were those on which
' the bluff visage' of Harry the Eighth appears in all its breadth."
The next anecdote has been entitled as representing a
" Queen at a discount."
" As Queen Elizabeth passed the streets in state, one in
the crowde cried first, * God blesse your Roy all Majestic !'
and then, ( God blesse your Noble Grace !' Why, how
now !' sayes the queene, ' am I tenne groates worse than I
was e'en now ?"
" Ten groats was the difference between the value of the old
' ryal,' or ' royal,' and ' the noble :' the former passing for 105.
and the latter for 6s. Sd. Our ancestors used anciently to reckon
by the mark, which was 13s. 4d. instead of the pound ; and the
value of all their coins was consequently fixed with a view to
computations by the mark.
" The anecdote shows the period of the change of the term
* your Grace ' to ' your Majesty,' as addressed to the English
sovereign. The former title had been customary in the earlier
Tudor reigns, the latter became exclusively used shortly after
the accession of the House of Stuart, and has since maintained
its ground. The Emperor Charles the Fifth was the first crowned
head that assumed the appellation of ' Majesty,' which was soon
afterwards adopted by the other European sovereigns."
The last extract with which I shall trouble you from
Sir Nicholas Lestrange's Anecdotes, relates to the silver
coinage of Ireland. -
" There was," he says, "a good merry fellow, and musicall,
84 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
but naturally somewhat doubled about the backe ; and his
comrades usually called him their ninepence, and their
harper; because commonly ninepences are a little buckled
to distinguish in their currancie up and downe, least they
passe (some being bigge, some small) for a sixpence or a
shilling."
The harper was the familiar name of the shilling of Ireland,
which bore the figure of a harp, as the emblem of that country.
Its value was nine-pence, or, " a fourth part less than sterling
English." (Ruding ii. 253.) Nevertheless, these coins afforded
to the dishonest a frequent opportunity of cheating. In Hey-
wood's play of " The Faire Maide of the Exchange," such an
incident is introduced :
"Bow. Thou wert by when I bought these gloves of a wench.
Crisp. That's true; they cost thee an English shilling marry
it follows in the text that your shilling proved but a harper, and
thou wert shamefully arraigned for it,
Bow. Good ; but I excused myself.
Crisp. True, that thou thought'st it had been a shilling :
marry, thou had'st never another to change it."
Ben Jonson, in his Masque of the Metamorphosed Gypsies,
speaks of " the harper that was gathered amongst us to pay the
piper." And in Dekker's play of Sir Thomas Wyat, on one of
the insurgents quitting the party, the captain observes :
" His name was Harper let him go : desert us I
Henceforth the harpers, for his sake, shall stand
But for plain ninepence throughout all the land."
The ninepence was a coin formerly much favoured by faithful
lovers in humble life, as a token of their mutual affection. It
was for this purpose broken into two pieces, and each party
preserved with care one portion, until, on their meeting again,
they hastened to renew their vows. It is not improbable that
the circumstance of these coins having been previously " buckled"
or bent, for the reason given in Lestrange's anecdote, led to their
being chosen for this purpose, as after being bent they would be
disposed to break.
Butler, in Hudibras, compares the cracked wit of Ralpho,
the squire, to a " commendation ninepence :"
" Like commendation ninepence crookt,
With ' to and from my love' it lookt. 11
Part I. Canto I.
ANECDOTES OF THE ENGLISH COINAGE. 85
Gay has also in two places alluded to this custom,
-A ninepence bent,
A token kind to Bumkinet is sent."
Fifth Pastoral, 1. 129.
In his play entitled, " The What d'ye Call it," acted about
the year 1725, two rustic lovers are introduced, of whom the
man, Filbert, is about to be impressed, " to serve his gracious
Majesty in war." Breaking the ninepence is here introduced as
a substitute for love-letters :
Kitty. " When gentlefolks their sweethearts leave behind,
They can write letters, and say something kind;
But how shall Filbert unto me indite,
When neither I can read, nor he can write ?
Yet, Justices, permit us e'er we part,
To break this ninepence, as you've broke our heart.
Filbert. (breaking the ninepence')
As this divides, thus are we torn in twain,
Kitty. (joining the pieces)
And as this meets, thus may we meet again."
Thus, as a lawyer might remark, the broken ninepence per-
formed the office of the old indenture, of which both counterparts
were formerly written on one skin of parchment.
" If in the course of their amour (it is stated in the Connois-
seur, No. 56) the mistress gives the dear man her hair wove in
a true lover's knot, or breaks a crooked ninepence with him, she
thinks herself assured of his inviolate fidelity."
By persons of ampler means, a piece of gold was sometimes
broken in the same manner, of which some examples will be
found in Brand's Popular Antiquities under the head of Betrothing
Customs.
There is an old proverbial expression in which a person
is said to reduce "a noble to ninepence." It has rather been
my aim, in the preceding observations, to exalt the nine-
pence to the rank of a noble in our Numismatic annals ;
and if the Society should think I have been in any degree
successful, it will afford me much pleasure. J. G. N.
86
XVII.
RESEARCHES RELATIVE TO THE CONNECTION OF
THE DEITIES REPRESENTED UPON THE COINS
OF EGYPTIAN NOMES WITH THE EGYPTIAN
PANTHEON.
BY SAMUEL BIRCH, ESQ.
SOME period has elapsed since the discoveries and labours
of Dr. Young, M. Champollion, and their school, have
decyphered the names of the various deities whose types
are found in the different temples scattered along the valley
of the Nile ; but, up to the present period, no attempt has
been made to link the Egyptian mythology, as it stands
now revealed, with the divinities and symbols connected
with the long suite of currency which issued from the mints
of Alexandria, and the Nomes of Egypt. Isis and Osiris,
with an occasional Horus, were the circle of explanations to
the old medallic writers upon this subject, and all attri-
butes by a stretch of imagination, called flowers of the lotus,
except where the type was too plain to admit of such an
explanation. It is but just to add to these observations,
that the Greek authorities were searched 1 into with a zeal
far greater than their relative value, and that many of the
works abound in reveries and conclusions, supported by a
depth of extraneous erudition, which the progress of modern
science more unexpectedly than agreeably refutes.
It will, perhaps, add an additional archreological value to
these coins, at present scarcely regarded with interest, ex-
cept by the colonial collector, to shew the analogy of many
of the types with myths purely Egyptian; and, passing by
1 See Vaillant, Numi Egyptii. Zoega Mus. Borg. torn. i.
Numi ^Egyptii, 4to. 1787.
fr-mrr**
' x^ 8 *^ "--^^
,~ 'i-^~ j B - y
FIG. Q.
COINS OF EGYPTIAN NOMES. 87
all those in which the hand of the artist has copied the
efforts of Greek art, or Roman personifications, to trace the
type to its origin, and to afford some theory of the prin-
ciples by which the hybrid race, under whom and for whom
they were executed, were guided in their selection. It is
unnecessary here to quote the " pliant spirit of polytheism,"
a fact and a truism to account for the liberty in local
governments enjoyed under the Roman power; nor is it
intended to enter into any discussion upon the money of
the Lagida?; still less do the limits of the present paper,
or research, profess to explain every type .with a facility
usually proportioned to its rashness.
The coins of Egypt are at present divided into two
classes, the first exceedingly extensive in the variety oi
its sizes and types that of Alexandria commences with
Caesar, and gradually becomes extinguished under the lower
empire; the second, far more confined, but embracing
several types of the very highest interest, appears interca-
lated into the monetary system, at the time of Trajan and
the Antonines, and disappears in a manner as unexpected
as its appearance it is that of the Nomes, or chief districts
and towns of the country. For a very ample account of
both, we have only to turn to the Museum Borgianum,
torn. i. Numi Egyptii. 4to. Rom. 1787, edited by George
Zoega, and the Medailles des Nomes de 1'Egypte, 4to. Par.
1822, by M. Tochon D'Annecy, who has united with
indefatigable research, a considerable degree of critical
acumen relative to the false coins which had gradually
crept into the series. Besides these, several other writers
have published different specimens of this currency, espe-
cially M. Sestini. But none of them have touched the
question of the mythology the earlier ones because little
was known, and the later, through that distrust with which
88 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
the enunciation of discovery is universally received. They
are, however, often capable of a solution, when viewed
through this medium, which otherwise they cannot present,
and they confirm the truth of points previously fixed, by
giving a kind of circumstantial evidence to what has already
been elicited. In point of execution, the majority of them
are wretched : not more so than the colonial currency in
general ; but still often so indifferently has the die been cut,
that no ingenuity, without a knowledge a priori, could dis-
cover what many of the attributes and symbols are meant to
indicate. The animals, for example, which many of the deities
hold in their hand, often appear beyond the pale of zoology,
and the head-attire, the distinctive and specific mark of the
divinity represented, so disguised, contracted, or changed,
as to be all but unassignable. In the adoption, however, of
certain forms, the artist seems to have been guided by rule.
The two principal types of Egyptian 2 deities, it is well
known, appear under two forms of dress ; either as wearing
the short garment, called shenti, 3 which covered the loins,
or else with the body swathed, or enveloped in bandages
from the neck to the feet, a form called in the ritual tnors em
hbos,* " enveloped in clothes." The Greek artists substi-
tuted, for the first form, a soldier in his ordinary dress, and
the lower part of the paludamentum ; 5 and for the second, the
augural or priestly attire, consisting of the ample toga, with
the cucullus or cowl upon the head. As it would have been
2 See Wilkinson Mat. Hieroglyph. Champ. Pantheon Egyptien.
Monumens de 1'Egypte et de la Nubie, folio. Paris. Rosellini,
Tavole. folio, M. R. passim.
3 Rosellini Monument! Civili Parte Seconda, tom.ii. p. 411,
et seq.
* Ritual Cadet. Rouleau de Papyrus trouve e Thebes, fo.
Par. 1805.
5 Rosinus Roman. Antiq. p. 713.
COINS OF EGYPTIAN NOMES. 89
shocking to the Greek population to have represented the
deities with the animal head, to which nothing could be
paralleled in the Greek or Roman pantheon, they adopted
the expedient of placing the sacred animal in the hand of
the deity, in the same manner as the eagle appears in the
hand of Jupiter. The type of the Nome generally pre-
sented the figure or emblem of the chief deity of the
district, especially where it had received a Greek name
indicative of the local worship ; and if the deity was not
figured on the type, the living emblem or animal type of
the deity appeared, and the application of these principles
affords considerable clue to the deities represented. The
same observations apply to the female forms upon the cur-
rency, whether they are the principal or parhedrals of the
chief deity, except that they appear clothed in the ordinary
peplon, which approaches sufficiently near to the basou 6 or
long tunic of the Egyptians. They also occasionally hold
upon their hands their living emblems. The gom or kou-
coupha 7 sceptre, emblem of power not purity, was indicated
by the long staff or hasta pura. The cap or head-attire
of the Egyptian pantheon forming the specific, as the head
generally did the generic mark, and not being repugnant
to the principles already laid down, was almost always
placed upon the head, but often so imperfectly executed as
to be difficult to decide upon, and the proportion of the head-
ornament to the size of the form being far beyond the limits
of symmetrical proportion, was reduced to a size more plea-
sing to the eye, which often rendered it less distinct, and the
disk and horns often look very like a clumsy lotus of three
6 Champollion. Gram. Egypt, folio. Paris, 1838. p. 53.
7 See my Observations on the Quarry Marks of the 1st Pyra-
mid, in Drawings of the Pyr. of Gizeh, long folio. Messrs. An-
drews and Perring. London, 1838.
VOL. II. N
90 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
petals. The living emblems, or animals, are sufficiently
distinct when they appear in the field as the principal sub-
ject ; but, often owing to size and execution, not conusable
when in the hands of the figures. The arts were evidently
in the rapid progress of decay, and the hand of the foreigner
had annihilated that which it could not appreciate, clothing
Egyptian deities in Roman dresses, substituting his lan-
guage for that of the country, and enacting all which con-
quest dare attempt when under the suspicion or fear of loss,
unless it give the show of liberty.
The mode proposed is that of first examining the cur-
rency of the Nomes, many of whose fac-similes are found
among the efforts of the Alexandrian mint, and then to
review the differences and peculiar forms found upon that
currency, many of which present the types of deities not
seen upon the coins of the Nomes ; the observations will
follow the arrangement of M. Tochon, who has adopted a
classification purely geographic, instead of the mixed alpha-
betic and geographic divisions of M. Mionnet.
Ombite Nome, 4th brass coin, Ob. head of Hadrian, lau-
reated; no legend. 1$. a crocodile OMBIT-L'IA. The
crocodile was the living emblem of the deity, Sebek,
Savak, or Sabak, one of the forms of the Egyptian Seb, or
Saturn, the father of Osiris and Isis, the youngest of the
gods. This deity generally appears in the religious scenes
with the head of a crocodile, and his determinative or
tropic name is always formed by that animal seated on a
pedestal in the shape of a propylon. Sebek seems to have
been especially worshipped at Ombos. At the right side of
the pronaos of the great temple of Ombos, is a dedication
from Ptolemy Evergetes II. and his wife Cleopatra to
" Sebek-ra, the great lord of Ombos, Keb (or Seb) father
of the gods," &c. (Ch. Monum. Egypt, PI. xcix.); and in
COINS OF EGYPTIAN NOMES. 91
the same locality, the god Sabak-ra is seated upon a
throne at the head of a triad, composed of himself, the god-
dess Athor, and Khons, or Shons, facing another triad of
Hor (Horus), Tsonenofre and Pnebto. On the other side
he is accompanied by Athor and Pnebto, the son of Horus.
He is always named in these scenes, " Savak-ra, lord of
Ombos, great god .... and Seb, the youngest of the gods"
In relation with him, considered as the father of time, the
months are represented personified under the forms of hip-
popotami, standing erect, with the tail of the crocodile upon
the back, at the same place. It is clear from this, that the
crocodile was worshipped at Ombos, not because Typhon
assumed this form when he attempted to elude the pursuit
of Horus, 8 but as the personification of time, from the mys-
tical doctrine of numbers living sixty years, gestating
sixty days, laying sixty eggs, and having as many verte-
brae ; 9 and being, upon this account, identified with Seb,
or Saturn, the father of Osiris and Isis. No instance,
indeed, of Typhonic worship has as yet been found, and
Plutarch appears to have confounded a popular tradition
with a religious doctrine. In one of the chapters of the
Ritual is a vignette, representing the hawk-headed deity,
Hor, spearing a crocodile. 10 The crocodile is not restricted
to the currency of Ombos, but appears among the small
coins of the Alexandrian series.
Apollonopolites Nomos, IE,. 1. (Tochon. p. 55.) |5>. of
Trajan, a military figure, standing looking to the right,
in the paludamentum ; in his right hand a hawk crowned
in the pschent; in his left a long staff AHOAAONOnOAITHC.
In accordance with the general principles already laid
8 Plutarch de Isid. et si Osirid. cap. 28 21.
9 jElian, x. c. 21, 24. 10 Hieratic Ritual, Brit. Mus.
92 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
down upon this medal, must be the figure of Har-si-esi, or
Har-beri in his Roman form. The identity of the type of
Horus 11 (a generic name of several deities) is well recog-
nised, and the city of Apollonopolis Magna, the present
Edfou, 12 is known to be termed, in hieroglyphics, the region
of Har-hat. 13 Two other coins of the same nome represent a
male bearded figure, holding in one hand a hawk, emblem
of Horus, and the other raised to the back of the head. In
one, this appears like a form of Jupiter; and, although it
may refer to Har-hat, it possibly represents some parhedral
deity of the same temple. The most prominent among
these are Harsaphes, 14 Ra, and Khons. Harsaphes, as
the form of Amon, in the swathed dress of Osiris, and
identified with Horus, through his titles of Amon-ra, 15
the victorious son of Isis and Osiris may possibly be indi-
cated, and the attitude of the hand is exactly the same.
Khons loh, the deus lunus, or lunar Hercules, was also
worshipped in the same nome, and the train of solar hawk-
headed types, all directly or indirectly refer to one prin-
ciple, the essence of light from the eyes 16 of the hawk
on account of their brilliancy symbolising this principle.
Besides, there is a female deity standing, holding in one
hand a hawk, and having upon her head an ornament,
apparently the disk and horns. Among the female deities
11 JElian. x. c. 14. Macrob. Saturn, p. 276. 12mo. Ven. ap.
Job. Gryphium.
12 Descr. de 1'Egypte, torn. i. pi. 57, where a train of deities
adore Har-hat.
13 Ch. Grammaire Egyptien.
14 Descr. de 1'Egypte, tome i. pi. 95. 5. ' Ch. passim.
16 Ch. Mon. de 1'Egypte, et de la Nub. where Horus is said
to illuminate the world with the splendour of his eyes." A
cartouche calls him " the ray illuminating the upper and lower
world." Desc. de 1'Egyptc.
COINS OF EGYPTIAN NOMES. 93
most prominent in this temple are, Isis, having upon her
head the disk and horns, and Maut, wearing the pschent, a
superior form of Isis ; but the female deity most in con-
nection with Harsiesi is Tsonenofre, 17 the good sister, or
Egyptian Diana, the second personage of the Ombite
triad, wearing the disk and horns like Isis. To either of
these forms the figure in this coin may be referred ; and the
whole subject of the temple, to the astronomical projection
of the heavens upon the ceiling, refers to the Sun, Phre or
Hor. 18 Other coins represent a male figure standing look-
ing to the right, holding in his left hand a hawk crowned by
the pschent, and in his right a long sceptre; round his
loins a tunic. No form of Horus occurs with the disk and
horns ; which appears to have been peculiarly attributed to
female deities, and the symbol is of uncertain signification.
On one unique medal of the Latopolites Nomos, is found
the fish latus, the more important as it affords us some clue
to the discovery of the fish so called, which agrees with the
Lates Niloticus of Cuvier, and Perca Nilotica of Latreille. 19
This fish is said to have been dedicated to the goddess Mi-
nerva, probably one of the forms of Neith. In the paintings
of the hypoges the latus occurs, but the small amulets of fish
in the various museums seem to represent a species of the
cyprinus, the silurus, the chaetodon, and the oxyrinchus or
oxyringus. The latus may, however, be indicated in the
Ritual, by the term rami : if this is not a general expres-
sion for fish, as in the" chapter, of going to the Hall of the
Two Truths, the deceased affirms that he has not caught
the rami, or oxyringi, 20 where the two species must have
" Ch. Panth. Egyp. 18 Tochon, p. 58.
*9 Cuvier, Regne Anim. vol. ii. p. 137.
Ritual Descr. de 1'Egypte. Ch. Gr. Eg.
94 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
been sacred. On another medal, a figure similar to Nep-
tune, 21 stands holding the fish, which shews it was dedicated
to a male deity, perhaps Hapi-moou, or Chnouphis, both
of whom appear in the great temple of Esnah, the ancient
Latopolis. 22 On the head, indeed, of the figure, is a small
distinctive ornament very similar to the two tall plumes or
rows of feathers on the cap of Amon-ra.
The coins of the Hermonthites Nomos represented an old
bearded figure holding a hasta pura, and an animal, called by
M. Tochon an ichneumon, 23 but more probably the hawk-
headed dragon, similar to the griffin, or rather vivern, an
emblem sacred to the deity Month-ra, and which appears
in the temple of Erment, seated upon a chest, and crowned
with the otf, or head-dress of Osiris. 24 The human figure
may possibly be referred to the grotesque or leonine form
of Phthah, if such assignation can be allowed to the type so
described by M. M. Champollion and Rosellini. 25 A
severer criticism would assign it to a form of Typhon ; 26
but this unaccountable being seems allied with the Harsa-
phic form of Amon, or Amon-Osor. 27
Those of the Coptites Nomos, 28 represent Saturn hold-
ing the hasta, or harpe in one hand, and in the other,
the sacred animal of the Nome, on one coin represented
as a stag, erroneously for a goat, which, in the other
instance, appears, contrary to the opinion of ^Elian, of the
21 Tochon, p. 60.
22 Descr. de 1'Egypte, A.I. pi. 82. Ch. Mon. de 1'Egypte,
tomeii. pi. cxlv. bis. 23 Tochon, p. 67.
24 Descrip. de 1'Egypte, A. I. pi. 95.
25 Champollion Monumens du Musee Charles X. p. 3. Rosellini
Monumen, civ. torn. iii. p. 17.
26 Wilkinson, Mat. Hier. pi. 51. Part I. ; he is there called " the
beast Hei or Bas."
27 See Synopsis Brit. Mus. Case A. sh. 1. 28 Toch. p. 79.
COINS OF EGYPTIAN NOMES. 95
female sex ; on the head of Saturn is the disk and horns :
and this personification must point to the worship of Chnou-
mis, or Chnouphisra, as the principal deity of Coptos.
On the coins of Tentyris, 29 we find Athor, or Venus,
with her hawk, emblem of her maternity of Harbe'ri.
The Diospolitan types point to Amon-ra, 30 and the
Egyptian ram, his living emblem: the female form upon
one may represent Maut, or Muth, the Egyptian Juno, the
wife of Amoun, and second personage of the Egyptian triad.
The Panopolites Nomos 31 gives an ancient figure, hold-
ing an ichneumon, or rather shrew-mouse, mus araneus,
in one hand, and victoriola on the other one type pre-
sents the shrew-mouse alone. The victoriola, probably,
is the peculiar cornucopiae-shaped object held in the hands
of deities, called aegis by M. Champollion. The authority
of Herodotus would assign this to the god Chnouphis, the
alywirpoawTrog type of Amoun-ra, and the shrew-mouse is
said to have been dedicated to Buto, a name not recog-
nised in hieroglyphics, but probably a form of Athor, or
Maut, who, under the form of Anoucis, or Anouke, accom-
panies Chnouphis in the texts ; but two small bronze figures
of this animal, refer to Har, lord of Shatem, 3C which coin-
cides with neither of the ancient authorities, and indicates
some form of Har, or Horus, possibly in connection with
Ra and Re, as Chnouph-ra : at all events, it is difficult to
believe that Seb, the true Egyptian Saturn, can be meant.
The coins of Antaeopolis represent Hercules and hawk,
29 Tochon, p. 82. " Tochon, pp. 72, 73.
31 Tochon, pp. 90, 91.
31 See small figure of Dr. Lee's Collection, S^^ ^ /] J
and Brit. Mus., Case F. 2.
96 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
or a military figure and hawk. The hawk appears to have
been applied exclusively to solar types and to Horus, and
the confused accounts relative to this city seem to point
distinctly to Horus, who, as the avenger of his father, the
destroyer of the Egyptian Typhon, under his various trans-
formations, was compared by the Greeks with their Her-
cules ; for the other types represent a crocodile in the hand
of a figure in a pallium on this animal by itself, here
evidently emblematic of a typhonic form, of which the
Egyptian Antaeus was a metamorphosis.
At Hypsele is a female deity, holding in her hand a
sheep, or ram, indicating, probably, a prevalence of the
worship of Amoun-ra in that locality; while at Lukopolis 33
and Kunopolis, an old male figure appears holding in one
hand the Egyptian dog, or jackal emblem of Anubis, or
Hop-hioue of M. Champollion ; but figures of Anubis, with
any distinctive ornament, are excessively rare.
On those of Aphroditopolis, 34 the city of Athor, the
Egyptian Venus, is a female figure, holding in her right
hand, what M. Tochon calls an uncertain emblem, but
evidently a hawk placed upon some object; this may be
the hawk standard of the Ement so frequently placed upon
the head of this goddess in her quality of "Regent of the
happy West"
The larger coins of Hermopolis, 35 present an aged
figure of Hermes with his head bound with the strophium,
or fillet, holding in one hand a caduceus, and in the other a
small seated mummied figure, which M. Tochon imagines
may be a cynocephalus. On the head of the figure is the
33 At the ruins of Lycopolis Syout are no figures of deities.
See Descrip. de 1'Egypte.
34 Tochon, loc. sup. cit. p. 110.
35 Tochon, p. 116, loc. sup. cit. p. 117.
COINS OF EGYPTIAN NOMES. 97
attire called otf, frequently found upon figures of Thoth,
and characteristic of his office in the Noutehir or Hades,
especially of the judgment-scene in the Hall of the Two
Truths; 36 another type gives a similar ancient head like
the Hermes of the most ancient Greek work, wearing
another species of head ornament, commonly found upon
the head-dress of this deity, and Pnebto 37 , the son of
Horus; before this head is also an ibis. The last type
gives a cynocephalus, seated, having on its head a disk im-
perfectly drawn, or developed, for a dichotomised one of
the moon, of which luminary and the lunar Thoth, this
animal was the peculiar emblem. The small figure in the
hands of the first Thoth, though possibly a cynocephalus,
may also be a small seated figure of the goddess Thmei or
Truth, of which Thoth was the scribe in the Amenti. The
distinctive emblem of the ostrich feather on the head of the
goddess, does not, however, appear on the coin, and Thoth
occasionally holds in one hand ahd upon a basket, 38 the
left symbolic eye indicative of the moon, but the choice lies
between the cynocephalus and figure of Truth, not so easily
decided, owing to the bad execution of the Grseco- Egyptian
mint, and the medal appears to be much rubbed in that
place ; the ibis upon the standard is also half obliterated.
The coins of the Oxyrinchite Nome present the Athene 39
Nikephora of the Greeks, probably a form of the Egyptian
Minerva, but the bipennis which appears upon these coins
is difficult to parallel : and though the whole may typify the
Neith-akhor, or Nitocris of the Greeks, the absence of the
6 See Hieroglyphic Ritual, passim-
37 Ch. Mem. Egypt, tome i. pi. Ixxxii.
38 See also Obelisk B. M. 2. This is called the " guardian of
truth." 39 Toch. loc. sup. cit. pp. 1 19, 120.
VOL. II. O
98 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
oxyrinchus, so commonly found in the Texts, and men-
tioned in the Ritual as impious to catch, is extraordinary.
The Heracleopolites 40 Nomos gives the head, club, and
figure of Hercules, and the deity himself holding in his
hand the Cerberus, according to M. Tochon, but appa-
rently some very indistinct object ; and in every instance the
object is too indistinct to judge. The opinions of Strabo
seem to justify the supposition that the worship of Horus pre-
vailed ; for the ichneumon and crocodile were here adored,
and the medal of the Nome, cited by M. Tochon, gives a
figure of Harpocrates, or Khons, under Greek attributes.
To the Arsinoites, 41 Nomos scarcely an observation could
be added, except that the serpent upon the head of the
portrait of the foundress, is the urseus or sort of cobra di
capella, and that the male figure with the disk and horns,
holding the portrait, is probably the god Sebek, or Savak-
ra, as other reverses exhibit the crocodile, his living emblem,
for reasons before stated.
The Memphite 42 coins exhibit Apis and Pasht, or Bu-
bastes ; the Merephtah or Hephaistoboule, holding in one
hand a snake, the urseus, and accompanied by the bull
Apis. This may possibly be Isis ; but Pasht, the Egyptian
Diana, in her character of Nemesis, had occasionally ursei
dedicated to her. Thus, on a plinth of one of these rep-
tiles, in case 4, shelf 2, Brit. Mus., is the pedestal and coiled
tail of an uraeus, and on the edge of the plinth an inscrip-
tion to Oeri-hek, or the great avenger, one of the titles of
Pasht, from " Amounem-ophth, who give celebration to Oeri-
hek" Other types give the bust of a deity in the tall
plumes and disk, with the vulture-shaped klaft or head-
40 Toch. loc. sup. cit. 121126. Toch. pp. 127130.
42 Toch. loc. sup. cit. pp. 134, 135.
COINS OF EGYPTIAN NOMES. 99
dress common to female deities, or a female with some in-
distinct head attire, holding the victoriola and serpent, with
the modius upon the head, which might refer to Isis, as the
Thermuthis, or great mother of the Greeks, which has been
confounded with the deadly effects attributed to the bite of
the reptile.
The coins of Heliopolis, or San, 43 present Apollo, to in-
dicate Ra, holding in his hand some animal, apparently a
goat, but difficult to determine satisfactorily from the plate
of M. Tochon ; and no quadruped has as yet been found
dedicated to this deity, except in his other characters of
Chnouphis and Am&n; while the only solar type named
upon the obelisk at San, is Month-ra, or Mandoulis.
Pelusium has a female head, with disk, and a triple conical
crown, which, from the fruit upon one reverse, very similar
to the heglyg or persea, 44 is the bust of some form of Athor, 45
the Egyptian Venus, to whom this fruit was sacred.
The Sethroites Nomos is the only one which has a figure
with a hawk's head, and upon it the disk and horns (?) or
possibly lunar disk; and as the capital of this Nome was
Heracleopolites Parva, Hor or Horus is probably indicated
by the figure.
The Tanites 46 Nomos is too indistinct to give any opinion
upon ; and though the animal in the hand of the figure in
the Neout 47 Nome looks very like a calf, some of Hamlet's
guesses would equally apply. Serapis is not the figure
which bears more resemblance to a female than a male form.
The Mendesian 48 Nome gives the goat, and Mendes,
wearing upon his head the otf, and holding in his hand the
sacred animal ; but Mendes is well known not to be found
43 Rosellini, M. R. Tav. No. 25, a. b. 2.
44 Balanites ^Egyptiacus.
45 Wilk. Mat. Har. PI. xxiii. Toch. 153.
46 Toch. p. 159. *r Ibid. p. 161. Ibid. pp. 161168.
100 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
in the hieroglyphics, and the goat-headed type refers to
Chnouphis or Kneph, the deity, par excellence, and the chief
of the other gods. The description of the head ornaments
in M. Tochon are wrong as usual.
The ornament on the head-dress of the deity represented
upon the currency of the Leontopolites Nomos is too in-
distinct to judge the particular form intended to be repre-
sented; and the lion is said by the Greek authorities to
belong to Vulcan (Phthah) and the Sun (Ra), into the
composition of which name it enters as a phonetic element.
Its connection with Phthah is not distinct in any of the
hieroglyphical scenes; and the authority of Champollion
would rather assign it to Bubastes, ^ the Hephaistoboule, or
Merephtah ; and small figures of porcelain frequently have
the lion placed under the feet of Nofre Thmou, or Nofre
Atmou, the son of Phthah, and Merephtah. He may pro-
bably have been the tutelary deity of Leontopolis.
The animal in the hands of the figure of the Bubastite
Nome is too indistinct to assign, while the name of the
district would imply a prevalence of the worship of Pasht or
Bubastes.
At the Athribites Nomos Athor again appears holding
in one instance an indistinct animal, possibly her cow, and
in the other a hawk apparently crowned in the upper part
of the pschent.
The coins of the Prosopites Nomos present Khons or
Hercules, not in his lunar type, but identified with Har or
Horus, having on his head the triple conical attire, based
on the horns of the goat and flanked by uraei. In one
type a bird appears upon the club of the deity; and ano-
ther type represents a bird upon the club alone. This bird
*9 Ch. Gr. Eg. p. 119. This assignation seems correct ; the
lion appears on the Sistrum dedicated to Athor, and at the throne
of Pasht. See case B, div. 4, Egyp. Room, Brit. Mus.
COINS OF EGYPTIAN NOMES. 101
is probably the swallow, or bird of evil augury, which ap-
pears before this god when seated at the prow of the boat
of solar deities. In the Ritual, published by M. Cadet, 51
and subsequently in the Description de 1'Egypte, in one
of the vignettes of the chapters appears a drawing of
a swallow, and the whole chapter refers to the mystic
quality of the bird ; as, " lam the swallow lam the swallow,
I illuminate Selk, the daughter of the Sun nourished
with the scent of fire manifested in the abode of the sun ;" identi-
fying the connection of this bird with solar deities, through
his type of Horus ; and it is possible that the gom, or scep-
tre of power, surmounted by the head of a koucoupha on the
pedum, the crooked sceptre held in the hands of Osiris and
Horus may be intended.
The Nome of Phtemphu 52 gives an old deity holding
in his hands a small figure ; but of what type is not readily
distinguished. The name of the Nome would apparently
indicate the worship of the god Phthah, but the precise
type is difficult to recognise, as well as the object held in
the right hand of a female figure standing, which bears
most resemblance, in M. Tochon's drawing, to a basket,
from which issues flame ; but flame-headed deities are not
only rare, but very inferior types in the Pantheon, and the
coin is unfortunately in a bad state of preservation. If
Phthah be the eponymous deity of the Nome, some form of
Pasht, as Tafne, Menhi, Merephtah, or the deity named
53 is probably indicated.
At Xois, w a female deity appears holding in her hand some
51 Papyrus trouve & Thebes Cadet, Sect. 15.
52 Toch. p. 187.
53 Champollion, Mon. Egypt. Wilk. Mat. Hier, p. viii.
s 4 Toch. p. 189.
102 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
uncertain animal, which the other types would rather tend
to prove to be a sheep or ram ; in the other hand she holds
a club, perhaps indicating the gom or koucoupha sceptre,
which female deities hold as well as male. The other
types have a ram with a disk upon its head, an emblem
of the god Amoun and Chnouph-ra. The female deity
should, therefore, be some parhedral of the two deities, as
Maut, or Anouke, who, in another type, appears to repre-
sent Sate, the Egyptian Juno.
Busiris 55 presents a female deity, apparently a form of
Isis, holding in one hand a serpent, and in the other a
quadruped, possibly the cow, her living emblem ; the head
ornament may be the two tall plumes, but is of too small
proportions to define accurately ; while the evidence of the
Greek authorities represents the Nome as dedicated to the
worship of Osiris among other deities, and Osiris is the
eponymous deity of the place. 56
The military figure on the Sebennytes Nomos may pos-
sibly represent some warlike form of Bacchus, although I
am not aware of any such recognised personification of the
Greek Dionusos, or the Roman Bacchus, which upon one
type is unarmed. M. Tochon very ingeniously sees this
deity holding a bunch of grapes, the especial produce of the
district. The animal at the feet of this figure is not a stag, as
M. Tochon erroneously supposes, but the Egyptian hare, an
animal dedicated to Osiris, Onnophris, 57 the Dionusus Luaios,
the " opener of good," and the hare formed the ideographic
initial of his name Onnofre. The identity 58 of Bacchus
and Osiris is well known from the Greek authorities, and is
55 Toch. p. 190, loc. cit. Steph. de Urb.
56 Toch. pp. 192195. V Ch. Mus. de Charles X^
58 Herod. 11. c, OfflptOQ, TOV &/ Aiovuo-ov eivat \iyovffi.
Diod. Sic. lib. i. 'Airore TOV Trarpo? KOI TOV TOTTOV &.IOVVGOV
COINS OF EGYPTIAN NOMES. 103
confirmed by the hieroglyphical texts, and the paintings of the
hypoges j 59 the pard skin upon a pole, terminating in a basket
being placed before this deity, and his priests 60 being clothed
in a panther skin, while the hare was sacred to him, from mys-
tic motives connected with its sonal value, especially as the
Luios, or " loosener," if such etymology can be conceded
to the Greek term. Connected with the Egyptian system
is the Bacchic or Dionysiac conquest of India, in which
characters the present form of Bacchus appears, if it be
this god, in military attire ; and Osiris in the texts is fre-
quently called " the restrainer of the world ;" or, the " lord
of the East," in allusion to his martial qualities. One medal
presents a bunch of grapes, symbolic of the produce of this
Nome, at the Roman period. Although the cultivation of the
vine extended to a remote epoch, yet the allusions to it in the
texts are not common, as it was, perhaps, superseded by
the use of beer.
The female deity of the Onuphites Nomos has no par-
ticular emblem, and the animal in her hand is appa-
rently a crocodile, an animal dedicated to several deities,
and appearing at the feet of the goddess Neith, and a
deity, supposed to be Typhonian, but since demonstrated
to be a form of Isis. A black bull is said to have been wor-
shipped in the name of Onuphis, but the only animal on
the coin of the Nome is too indistinct to assign satisfactorily.
The coins of Phtheneotes 61 present Harpocrates, the
Egyptian Har-si-esi, the Horus, the son of Isis, seated
upon the calix of the lotus, and two hawks, " mitres," ac-
cording to M. Tochon, but apparently, as far as the small
and indistinct ornaments can be distinguished, having upon
59 And Heles, Papyri, &c. passim.
60 Ch. Gr. Eg. Ch. Musee de Charles X. p. 67. no. 50th.
61 Toch. p. 202204.
104 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
their heads the entire pschent, which distinguishes these
birds from those consecrated to other deities connected
with light, as the hawks of Ra, Monthra, loh, &c. In
another instance, 62 a naked figure holds in each hand an
animal too unsatisfactorily engraved to attempt to assign.
The Saites 63 Nomos gives us only the figure of the
Athenian Minerva, indicative of the goddess, Neith, who
was particularly cultivated there, as all the monuments
of the XXVI. or Saite dynasty, who made this town their
capital, affirm : in the lower world, indeed, she was fre-
quently called the " mistress of Sais ;" and the worship of
this type seems to have been carried from Egypt to
Athens. 64 The owl does not appear to be the living emblem
of the Egyptian inventress of the sciences, although of the
Athenian.
Naucratis, evidently a Greek name for some Egyptian
city, presents indications of the worship of Pasht or Bu-
bastes, and Isis, as is evident from the serpent held in
the hands of the female deities on the coins; and the
representation of the Tesoro Britannico of Haym. tome ii.
p. 206, must be false, for the hawk in the hands of Anubis
is a combination unparalleled in any Egyptian painting.
This hawk, from the grotesque and caricature engraving of
Haym, probably had upon its head, the pschent, indicative
of its being the living emblem of Har-si-esi, and the head
ornament of the brutalised deity may be meant for the disk
and horns ; the head, if animal, to correspond, should be
that of a hawk, and the whole represent one of the solar
types. A greater libel was never perpetrated upon a coin.
62 Toch. p. 204. 63 ibid. Toch. p. 206.
64 M. Etienne de Quatremere, Mem. Geogr. sur Egypte, torn. i.
p. 366.
COINS OF EGYPTIAN NOMES. 105
The modius upon the head of the female deities of M.
Tochon represents the similar-shaped object entwined by a
row of vertical uraei, which is seen upon the head of Isis,
the great mother, and the head-dress of the asp in one
specimen of the Alexandrian 65 mint as the reverse of
Trajan appear crowned with the upper part of the pschent,
called the shaa, or elevated, and the oeit, or white crown,
of which region the goddess Soaven, or Seben, was the
especial mistress. On other coins forming reverses of Tra-
jan and Hadrian, the same asp appears distinguished from
the urseus, and facing it to distinguish it from the ordinary
uneus.
The coin of the Metelites Nomos, 66 though small, appears
to indicate that the worship of Harsiesi there prevailed, as
the elements of a pschent are visible in the engraving of
M. Tochon on the head of the hawk, on one of the reverses
of that district. The ichneumon at Letopolis, which occu-
pies the whole reverse, or appears in the hand of a female
deity, is a rare instance of this animal 'in Egyptian painting
or sculpture, its appearance being limited to a few scarce
amulets; 67 while the specific deity, who is the equivalent of
Leto in the Egyptian pantheon, is not satisfactorily recog-
nised.
Gynaecopolis 68 presents us with a female figure, hold-
ing in her hand an indistinct quadruped; and although
Athor, the Egyptian Venus, was probably the patron deity
of the city, the only divinity that I have recognised as the
"regent of women," 69 in the hieroglyphical texts is the
54 Zoega, Mus. Berg. Numi. Egyptii, has engraved specimens.
See also Cabinet of Brit. Mus. A serpent, not the urasus, enters
into the phonetic name of Sate.
66 Toch. p. 219. CT Ch. Mus. Ch. X. Animaux Sacres.
68 Toch. p. 225. 69 Sep. Box. Salt's Orig. Collection, B. M.
VOL. n. p
106 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
goddess Nephthys, who, upon a . sepulchral box is called
" mistress of women, Sothis, or the dog-star," a title usually
appropriated to Isis : the living emblem of Nephthys, has
not as yet been discovered.
At the Menelaites Nomos, a type of Horus Harpocrates
was worshipped, to which it would be difficult to find an
Egyptian parallel ; the bust of the deity holding his finger
to his mouth is united to the body of a crocodile. This union
is one of those which did not exist during the purity of the
Egyptian worship under the native monarchs, but is allied
to the Pantheic forms which appeared during its decline,
and the name of the Nome itself cannot be of very ancient
date. The alliance of Harpocrates with the crocodile is at
present far from explicable, as the Texts represent him slay-
ing this animal, a tradition which the inhabitants of Apollo-
nopolis practically preserved in contradistinction to the
reverence paid to the animal at Ombos ; and the type of the
Menelaites can receive no sound explanation from any of
the ancient monuments. The ornament on the head of
Horus is the pschent, not the persea, as supposed by M.
Tochon.
The last Nome in the work, that of Mareotes, 70 pre-
sents an old bearded figure, similar to Jupiter, standing,
having upon his head the disk and horn, and holding in
his hand an animal 'apparently a ram, indicative of the type
of Chnouph-ra, or Amoun, the local deity ; and this closes
the list of the coins of the Nomes of Egypt, one of the most
extraordinary and least known of the colonial series. The
British Museum, although very rich in this series, having
specimens of the Nomes and cities Arsinoites, Coptites,
Diopolites, Hermopolites, Leontopolites, Memphis, Men-
desius, Menelaites, Oxyrinchites, Pelusium, Prosopites,
T0 Toch. p. 238.
COIN OF MAGNESIA WITH HEAD OF CICERO. 107
Sethroites, and Tanis, has not one which has escaped the
vigilance of M. Tochon, who sent for casts of all the coins
existing in the national cabinets of Europe. On these
coins the erudition of a Zoe'ga and a Vaillant have been
expended with the inadequate sources of the Greek autho-
rities. The materials now existing in Europe, and the
hieroglyphical researches of M. Champollion, and his fol-
lowers in the paths of discovery, shed a new light upon the
subject. All is far from cleared, but as much as can be
done towards a subject, hitherto untouched in this light,
has been, in the present memoir, to the humble capability
of the writer, and while it is trusted that it may prove of
interest to those acquainted with the creditable labours of
M. Tochon, it is also with the hope of exciting future
inquiries to a deeper analysis of the representations on
these coins. The obscurity of such subjects is but a fresh
stimulus to exertion, and the barrier to the understanding
of Egyptian myths has at length been thrown down, and
allowed an appeal to be made from the traditions of the
Greek authors to the monuments and arcana of the inha-
bitants of the Nile.
XVIII.
COIN OF MAGNESIA, WITH THE HEAD OF CICERO.
MY DEAR SIR,
I HAVE the honour of calling your attention to a
coin which, although not unedited, is still of such high im-
portance in an archaeological point of view, as to justify a
re-engraving in your journal. It is that struck in honour
of Cicero by the town of Magnesia a Sipylo, and which
has been already edited and alluded to by Fulvius Ursinus,
Pedrusi, Winckelman, Cousinery, Mionnet, and other me-
108
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
dallic writers. A specimen of this die has recently passed
into the cabinets of the Museum, which differs considerably
from that engraved by M. Mionnet, 1 and the features espe-
cially vary, in being generally more composed and less
juvenile, and the nose being more decidedly aquiline,
while the position of the letters on the obverse is rather
different ; a circumstance the more important, if the
engraving of Mionnet is correct, as it shews that the
Museum specimen has been issued from another die than
that of the French collection ; an additional proof of the
veracity of these disputed coins, which have incurred the
censure of some of the most distinguished of antiquaries.
As far as the medal is a work of art, little doubt can exist
of the truth of execution, and the only question now is,
whether it can be considered as offering a true portrait of
the prince of Roman orators. It differs from the bust of
the villa Mattei, mentioned by Winckelman, 2 in not
representing the head as bald, and as the nose, upper and
lower lip, with the chin, of this bust, have been restored,
apparently from the forged denarius 3 with the laureated
1 Mionnet, Med. Grecques, Supp. torn. vii. pi. xi. 2.
3 Histoire de FArt, vi. c. v. d.
3 Lambecius Bibliothec. Caes. Vindobon. folio, lib. ii. p. 478.
Ed. 1769. This bust is said to have been dug up in the Horti
Coeliani. The denarius soon became known. Jac. Gronovius
calls it " perfidissima Moneta" et lauri inusitata forma quam ne
Asiaticus quidem nummus illi tribuit. Ciceron, Oper. Lugdun.
Bat. 1692.
COIN OF MAGNESIA WITH HEAD OF CICERO. 109
head, and M TVLLIVS CICERO. R. MINERVE Minerva
seated. It is more than doubtful whether the bust of this
collection was ever intended for a portrait of the orator.
The Asiatic coin was first edited by Fulvius Ursinus, 4 and
subsequently by Tristanus. 5 One specimen was found by
Cousinery, near the ruins of Magnesia, in Lydia itself; and
this agrees in all the essential particulars with the coin of the
Museum and the one in the cabinet of Mr. Burgon. A des-
cription was sent to Eckhel, 6 who, ex-cathedra, pronounced
it to be adulterinos partus, 7 from an erroneous description
of M. Cousinery, an opinion in which he was followed
and supported by Liebe, in his Gotha Numaria, and others.
Liebe, indeed, states, that the medal " voflaae 8 laboret
suspidone" Pedrusi, however, with better judgment, had
pronounced the medal to be true from personal inspection
at the cabinet of Parma; and Winckelman had already
inclined to that opinion. In this country, Fosbroke, in his
Encyclopedia of Antiquities, has engraved the one existing
in the monastery of La Close, at Ravenna, which is totally
unlike either the engraving of Mionnet, or the specimens
already cited, for the original engraving from which it was
taken must have been made by some one who mistook the
detrition of the hair of the head, on the exposed sur-
face of the coin, for baldness. The whole contour of
the features is totally dissimilar, and the remarks, as well
as references of the Encyclopaedist, are not confirmed
by the specimens under consideration. While no medal
Paciaudus, Anim. philol., p. 50.
Comm. Hist. torn. ii. p. 429.
Magazin. Encyclopedique. 1808. 8vo. Paris, torn. i. p. 1.
Eckhel, Num. Vet. v. 1. p. 327.
Goth. Num. ch. v. p. 185, No. 27.
110 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
has more excited the spirit of controversy, none has
excited a greater degree of interest for the portrait on the
obverse, which, in spite of the laboured efforts of M. Cou-
sinery, must still be attributed to the prince of orators,
and the greatest civilian of the century preceding the
Christian era. I have in vain endeavoured to trace any
similitude to the features of Julius Caesar, which seems to
have haunted the French Savant to the bias of his better
judgment. The expression, contour, profile, hair, and
whole disposition, at once agrees with the epoch of Augus-
tus : and it is, at the same time, sufficiently distinct from
the portraits of either that emperor or Caesar, to entitle it
to the confidence of being received as the veritable portrait
of the orator. The peculiarity of the nose, which M. Cou-
sinery had in his engraving affixed to his essay, distorted
to a Julian twist, is modestly aquiline and not Grecian, as
the engraving of Mionnet would lead one to suppose, and
while the style of art in the first-cited author is not worthy
of the coin, that of the second, although in coins of earlier
execution effective, is, at the same time, ill calculated to
afford the enquirer the distinct profile and necessary
details of the portrait. Mr. Fosbroke had previously de-
cided that the true portraits had a Grecian nose, which is
not the fact on the Asiatick coins; and while his engraving is
highly finished as a work of art, it unfortunately gives a por-
trait entirely spurious ; for the coin of the monastery of La
Close, at Ravenna, must have been a modification of those
now extant in the cabinets of Europe ; and the one belonging
to the national collection is in that excellent state of pre-
servation which enables me to speak with confidence as to
the general tone of features. The correctness of this por-
trait is still farther attested by a gem, in Mariette, not the
one with the letters M T C behind the head, which does
COIN OF MAGNESIA WITH HEAD OF CICERO. Ill
not agree with the features of the medal, nor the one falsely
attributed to Maecenas, by Mariette, and to Cicero, by Fos-
broke, but another head profile to the right, called " Teste
d'un Remain du siecle d'Auguste, Amethyste," which exhi-
bits the same features, trait for trait, and which is by far the
best likeness published. Had M. Cousinery examined this
engraving he would have felt convinced that the Magnesian
medal was not a coin of Julius Caesar; and it is hardly
probable that the coincidence of the gem with the coin is
accidental; indeed, it would have been nearer the truth
to have compared the head with those of Augustus found
on the colonial coins of Asia, as those of Tralles, &c. The
difficulty of believing that the people of Magnesia issued
this medal in honour of Cicero, is not so improbable as the
learned Eckhel would have supposed; and the very passage
which he cites against it, indicates that a design of that
nature existed in Asia, and the necessity of a very strict
relation indicated in the authors of antiquity is not neces-
sary. It would be equally difficult to indicate the relations
existing between Caius Asinius Gallus 9 and the town of
Temnos, in ^Eolia, or of Vedius Pollio 10 and the inhabit-
ants of Tralles ; and here the very instances cited by M.
Cousinery are not sure, for the "tetenue d'Auguste" may
possibly be likenesses of the proconsuls and patrons of the
Asiatic towns who adopted the nearest supposed likenesses
they possessed ; or if, in one instance, they used the head of
the emperor, it does not follow that they did it in all. The
municipal Greek towns enjoyed peculiar jurisdiction and
privileges under their Roman masters, struck likenesses of
9 See Mionnet, Supp. vol. vii. Tenraos. In some instances
CEBACTOC is distinctly put behind the head. Eckhel. Num.
Vet. Anecdot.
10 Mag. Encycl. 1808, vol. i. p. 40.
112 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
their especial patrons in the imperial family, and might,
during the propraetorship of M. Quintus, 11 Cicero's bro-
ther, have issued this medal, while the particular position
in which the orator stood with regard to a town, not in his
proconsular jurisdiction, cannot at present be appreciated;
and this very fact is an additional evidence in favour of the
genuineness of the medal, as a forger would have preferred
some town (supposing he had the knowledge displayed in
this medal) in Cilicia, and what proves an embarrass-
ment rather adds to the proof and the language of the re-
verse. The inscription is strictly of the period, OTTO StTruAou,
being used and translated by Livy and Tacitus, and appear-
ing on the medals till the time of Domitian, after which it
seems to have been abandoned. From the period of 1598,
A. D. till the present day, these coins have appeared in
Europe, and been found in Asia, in various states of pre-
servation, with letters diff^ently placed, and allowed by
experienced judges to be of ancient work.
SAMUEL BIRCH.
London, 12th September, 1839.
XIX.
LIST OF ROMAN COINS RECENTLY FOUND NEAR
STROOD, IN KENT.
DEAR SIR,
IN the Autumn of last, and in the Spring of the
present year, excavations were made for the foundations of
some cottages, and also for the purpose of procuring gravel,
11 Magnesia was in his jurisdiction.
COINS FOUND NEAR STROOD. 113
in a field called Church-field, lying on the banks of the
Medway, between the town of Strood and a farm called the
Temple. During the progress of the work, there has been
discovered a variety of Roman remains, consisting of
earthen vases, paterae, rings for the finger, and bracelets in
bronze, ligulae, beads in coloured glass, and jet ornaments,
with several human skeletons. These were deposited at
depths varying from two to four feet. The vases and urns
were generally found arranged in groups of three or four ;
those of the larger size and with wide mouths, containing,
almost in every instance, burnt human bones, and frequently
beads or some other appendages of the dress. On these
objects it is not necessary at present to enlarge. I merely
notice them cursorily, as serving to explain and illustrate the
more legitimate subject of our investigation, the examina-
tion of several hundred coins which have also been found
scattered here and there among the urns and skeletons.
These are chiefly of large, second, and small brass (there
being not above half a dozen specimens of denarii, and
those in base metal), and extend from Antonia to Gratian,
that is to say, to within some twenty or thirty years of the
recal of the Roman legions from Britain.
With Hadrian the large brass are very numerous, as they
are also of Antoninus Pius, and the emperors immediately
sequent.
After Commodus, the large brass decrease in number.
Only two or three specimens were found of the times of
Severus, Severus Alexander, and of Gordianus Pius.
The small brass are most plentiful of Carausius,
Allectus, and the Constantine family, from which period
they decline numerically, and close with Gratian.
Almost all the large brass present the appearance of
having been in circulation a very considerable time, for
they are almost all defaced, not from oxidation or corrosion,
VOL. II. Q
114 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
but, as is plainly perceptible, from general friction previous
to their deposit in this Ustrinum.
The second brass coin of Caracalla, with the reverse of a
galley, is finely preserved ; and the large brass of Gordian
are in good condition.
The small brass are generally in perfect conservation, a
circumstance indicative, perhaps, of their having been
buried at periods less remote from the eras of their coinage.
It is almost unnecessary to observe, that the facts I have
briefly enumerated denote this spot to have been a Roman
burial place. Its proximity to the high-road and to the
town of Strood (which, together with Rochester, must be
considered as being comprised in the Durobrovis of Roman
Britain) fully decide its character and history.*
The coins do not furnish us with any very remarkable
types, and, with the exception of one, are, I believe, all
well known. This coin, however, is of great rarity and
interest, and, I believe, of a type hitherto undiscovered,
certainly unpublished.
It is of Carausius, in small brass.
Obv. Radiated head of the Emperor to the right, the bust in the
paludamentum, IMP C ARAVSIVS P AUG.
R. LEG IIXX PRIMIG. In exergue, ML. A figure of
the Capricorn to the right.
The twenty-second legion, surnamed Primagenia, and
bearing, in common with at least six other legions, the
badge of the Capricorn, was probably formed not long
* That it was in use during the greater portion of the period of
Roman dominion, is to be inferred, not merely from the extensive
range of the coins, but also from the fact of their having been
found usually in series. At first those of the Constantine aera
and subsequent, were disinterred, and, as the excavations pro-
ceeded, were superseded by those of Allectus and Carausius ;
after a while, the coins of Commodus, Antoninus, &c., abounded;
and lastly were obtained those of the earlier emperors.
COINS FOUND NEAR STROOD. 115
prior to the time of Antoninus. By the Itinerary, it ap-
pears to have been composed of allied troops, and was
quartered in Gaul and Belgium ; six towns or places are
named as stations in which were divisions of this legion.
In several inscriptions given by Gruter and Ursinus, the
title of Primigenia is affixed to this legion ; but upon coins
I can only find that it is expressed in one instance, and
that is on a denarius of Severus. In the list of the legionary
coins struck by Gallienus it does not occur, though such as
have the LEG XXII merely, are not uncommon.
This coin, therefore, must be allowed to possess the high-
est degree of interest, in recording a previously unknown or
unauthenticated fact, namely, that the twenty-second legion,
or at least one or more of its cohorts or battalions, sided
with Carausius in his successful assumption of the imperial
power in the province of Britain. Its evidence on this
point is strengthened by the historical testimony, of this
legion being composed of foreigners, that is to say, of
Gauls and Britons; and thus constituted, would naturally
be presumed to be among the first to support a leader
whose recent military conquests had enriched themselves,
and readily to join their fellow-countrymen in shaking off
the yoke of foreign dominion.
I take this opportunity of publicly expressing my thanks
to Messrs. Humphrey Wickham and Stephen Steele, of
Strood, and to Mr. Charlton, of Chatham, for the polite
and kind permission given me to form the accompanying
list of the coins, all of which are in their possession. I am,
dear Sir, very truly yours,
Lothbury, May 22nd, 1839. CHARLES ROACH SMITH.
To Francis Hobler, jun., Esq.,
Secretary to the Numismatic Society.
116 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
ANTONIA.
R. TI CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG The
emperor in the pontifical dress, standing to the left;
in the right hand a simpulum. 2 brass.
CLAUDIUS.
One specimen in 2 brass, badly preserved.
NERO.
R. VICTORIA Victoria marching to left, with
wreath and palm branch. 2 brass.
VESPASIAN us.
No. 1. R. Eagle on globe ; fine. 2 brass.
2. R. Another similar. 2 brass.
3. R. The Equitas type, corroded. Several more in bad con-
dition.
DOMITIANUS.
R. Two specimens in second brass of the Fides and
Moneta types.
NERVA.
R. LIBERTAS PVBLICA. S C. Liberty standing to
the left, with cap in right hand, and hastain left. 2 brass.
TRAJANUS.
One specimen much worn and illegible. 1 brass.
Pallas, seated on armour, holding in right hand a Victory,
in left a hasta. 1 brass.
Three specimens, which, though much injured by the cor-
rosive properties of the soil, appear to have been but
little circulated, as the few letters remaining are very
sharp and perfect. 2 brass.
HADRIANUS.
Several in bad condition, presenting the appearance of
having been much worn previous to the period of their
inhumation. 1 brass.
No. 1. R. A figure, seated on a globe, to the left, in left arm a
cornucopia, in right hand . 1 brass.
2. R. SALVS AVG S C. A female standing to the right,
and feeding, from a patera, a serpent, rising from an
altar. 1 brass.
3. R. A galley, of 9 oars, sailing to the left, 6 of the rowers
visible, and a figure seated under an elevated circular
awning. S C. In exergue, COS III 'PP. Well pre-
served. 2 brass.
4. R. COS III. S C. Hygeia standing to the right. 2 brass.
LIST OF COINS FOUND NEAR STROOD. 117
ANTONINUS Pius.
No. 1. R. Legend illegible. Female standing to the right. In
exergue, ANNONA. 1 brass.
2. R. obliterated. Female standing to left, in left arm a
cornucopias. 1 brass.
3. R COS IIII. A female seated to the left,
holding ears of corn in her right hand over a modius
placed before her ; in left hand a cornucopia?. In ex-
ergue . . NONA AVG. 1 brass.
No. 4. R. defaced. A female standing to the left, in her right
hand a globe- 1 brass.
FAUSTINA THE ELDER.
Several specimens in large brass worn and oxidized.
No 1. R. illegible. A female figure standing to the left. 1 brass
2. R. V. ... Venus standing to the left. 1 brass.
3. R. illegible. Female standing to the left, her right hand
extended over an altar. 1 brass.
M. AURELIUS.
No. 1. R. CONCORDIA S-C. Female figure in the stola,
standing to the left ; in her left hand a patera. 1 brass
2. R. illegible. Female figure standing. Across the field,
PIETAS S C. 1 brass.
3. R. PIETAS AVG S C. Pontifical vessels. 1 brass.
4. R S C. A female standing to the left, holding ears
of corn over a modius. 1 brass.
5. R. ... I . . XX. Female standing to the left, her right
hand extended over an altar. 1 brass.
In addition to these are many worn bare.
FAUSTINA THE YOUNGER.
Several in large brass, quite illegible, from circulation.
No. 1. R. SAL VS. .S-C. Female seated.
2. R. VENVS S C. Venus standing to the right, holding
her drapery with the right hand ; in her left the apple.
1 brass.
Lucius VERUS.
Several in large brass badly preserved.
No. 1. R. . . . F. . . M COS -II. A female standing to the left ;
in right hand in left a cornucopiae. 1 brass.
2. R COS III S C. In exergue, FORT RED.
Fortune seated with rudder and cornucopiae. 1 brass.
LUCILLA.
Four or five specimens in large brass much worn.
118 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
COMMODUS.
Several in first brass, illegible.
No. 1. R ELIG PM. ... Ill COSV S C. A figure
standing to the left before an altar, patera in right hand,
in left a cornucopiae. 1 brass.
No. 2. R. Legend illegible. The emperor standing to right on a
platform, addressing four soldiers ; his right hand is
elevated, the left rests on a spear. 1 brass.
3. R. . . . PM TRP IIII IMP II. . . . S -C. In exergue,
COS V PP. 1 brass.
4. R. . . Pallas standing to the left, her right hand extended
over an altar. 1 brass.
CRISPINA.
One specimen in large brass, badly preserved.
SEVERUS.
R. Legend defaced. S C. An armed figure standing to
the left. 1 brass.
CARACALLA.
R. COS II. -NTIF TR P X S C. In exergue,
COS II. A galley, with five rowers. At the helm,
under a canopy, is seated the gubernator, and behind
him are placed two military standards. 2 brass.
SEVERUS ALEXANDER,
R. VIRTVS AVGVSTI S C. The emperor standing
to the left, holding in his right hand a globe, the left
arm resting on a spear, and the right foot placed on a
helmet. 1 brass.
JULIA MAMAEA.
No. 1 . R. VESTA S C. Female standing with patera in right
hand, in left the hasta. 1 brass.
2. R. VENVS FELIX S-C. A female seated to the
left : in her right hand, a Victory ; and her left hand
resting on the hasta. 1 brass.
GORDIANUS PlUS.
No.l. R. PIETAS-AVGG S-C. Pontifical vessels. 1 brass.
2. R. IOVI STATORI S C. Jupiter standing to the
right : his right hand resting on a spear, his left holding
a thunderbolt. 1 brass.
PHILIPPUS.
R. AEQVITAS AVGG S-C. Equity personified,
standing to the left ; in her right hand the equipoised
scales, hi her left a cornucopiae. 2 brass.
LIST OF COINS FOUND NEAR STROOD. 119
TRAJANPS DECIUS.
R. (without epigraph) A warrior with spear and shield
standing to the left. S C. 3 brass.
G ALLIENUS.
No. 1. R. APOLLINI CONS AVG. A centaur. 3 brass.
2. R. ANNONA AVG. A female figure standing to the
left emptying a cornucopiae. 3 brass.
3. R. PROVID-AVG. Providence standing to left. 3 brass.
R. PIETAS AVGG. Valerian and Gallienus joining
hands over an altar. Billon.
SALONIKA.
R. JUNO REGINA. Juno standing. Billon.
POSTUMUS.
No. 1. R. HERC . DEVSONIENSI. Hercules standing to the
right ; in his left hand a club. Billon.
2. R. SAEC. . . FELICI Felicity standing to the left;
in right hand a caduceus, in left a cornucopiae. Billon.
VICTORINDS.
R. INVICTVS. The Sun marching to the right. 3 brass.
A great number also of the commonest types badly struck.
TETRICUS, FATHER AND SON.
Many of these of the typ.es of Spes, Salus, Virtus, &c. badly
preserved.
CLAUDIUS GOTHICUS.
No. 1. R. VICTORIA Victory standing. 3 brass.
2. Another similar.
3. R. CONSECRATIO. Eagle. 3 brass.
4. R AVG. Figure with cornucopiae. 3 brass.
5. R. MARTI- PACIFERO. In field A- Mars with spear
and shield standing to the left, and holding in his right
hand a branch. 3 brass.
AUHELIANUS.
FOR EDVX. Fortune seated, with rudder and
cornucopias. 3 brass.
TACITUS.
R. VIRTUS AVG. A helmeted warrior with spear
and shield, standing to the left. 3 brass.
PROBUS.
No. 1. R. COMES AVG. Pallas with spear and shield, hold-
ing an olive branch in her right hand. 3 brass.
120 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
2. R. FIDES MILITVM. Female and two standards.
3 brass.
3. Another similar.
CARUS.
R. CONSECRATIO. Eagle. 3 brass.
DlOCLETIANtJS.
R. IOVI CONSERVAT AVGG. A in the field.
Jupiter standing to the left ; in right hand a thunderbolt,
in left a spear. 3 brass.
MAXIMIANUS.
R. SALVI A AVGG ET C AESS FEL KART. In
exergue, B. A clothed female figure standing to the left ;
in right hand a branch ; in left ears of corn. 2 brass.
R. SALVIA AVGG ET C AESS AVG TR KART
(sic). In exergue, B. Figure as above. 2 brass.
R. PAX-AVGGG. Infield, S-P; in exergue, MILXXI.
Peace standing to the left holding a branch in right
hand, in the left the hasta, transversely. 3 brass.
CARAUSIUS.
Third Brass.
No. 1. R. PAX- AVG. In field, S-C. Peace standing to the left;
in right hand a branch ; in left, the hasta held perpen-
dicularly.
2. R. Idem. In field, S P ; in exergue, MLXXI.
3. R. Idem. As No. 1.
4. R. Idem. In exergue, ML.
5. R. Idem. Infield, B-E. As before, hasta transversely.
6. R. Idem. Peace standing (defaced). In exergue, ML.
7. R. Idem. In field, S P ; exergue, C. Peace stand-
ing, as in No. 1.
8. R. Idem. In exergue, B. . Peace, &c., as in No. 1.
9. R. Idem. In field B H ; in exergue, MLXXI. Peace
as before, with hasta perpendicular.
10. R AVG. A winged figure standing to the left ; in
her extended right hand a palm branch, in her left arm
....?
1 1. R. PRO VI In field, S "C ; in exergue, MLX. . Pro-
vidence holding a globe in the right hand, and in left a
hasta transversely.
LIST OF COINS FOUND NEAR STROOD. 121
12. R. L AETITI A AVG. In field, S C. A woman stand-
ing with garland in right hand ; in left, a hasta.
13. R I VI AVG. A woman standing to the left empty-
ing a cornucopise.
14. R. S. . . . AVG. A woman standing to the left, with the
hasta in her left hand ; before her an altar with a serpent
rising from it.
15. R. MONET CVAC (sic). Moneta standing,
16. R. LEG IIXX PRIMIG. In exergue ML; Capricorn
to the left. '
17. R. OKIES (sic) ...In exergue RSR. The Sun stand-
ing, with right hand extended, and holding in the left a
globe. With these exergual letters this coin is unpub-
lished.
There are nine or ten more of the common Pax types badly
preserved.
ALLECTUS.
Third Brass.
No. 1. R. PAX- AVG. InfieldS- A; in exergue ML. Peace
standing to the left, with branch and hasta perpendicular.
2. R. Idem. In field S P ; in exergue C.
3. R. Idem. Peace standing; the hasta transverse. In
field S-A.
4. R. Idem. In field S P ; exergue ML.
. 5. R. L AETITI A ...In field S-A; exergue MSL. A
woman standing with wreath and hasta.
6. R. LAETITIA AVG. Exergue QC (smaller module).
A galley.
7. R. VIRTVS-AVG. Exergue QL (smaller module).
Galley with seven oars ; the rowers not visible.
8. R. Idem. Exergue, QL (idem).
9. R. Idem. Exergue, QC (6 oars).
10. R. Idem. Exergue, QL (4 oars).
11. R. Idem. Exergue, QL (6 oars).
A few more badly conserved.
CONSTANTIUS.
R. GENIO POPVLI ROMANI. In field, S F ; in
exergue ITR. 2 brass.
VOL. II. R
122 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
MAXIMINUS.
R. GENIO POP ROM. Genius standing. Exergue,
PLN. 2 brass.
R. S-P-Q-R OPTIMO -PRINCIPI. Three standards.
In exergue, POST. 3 brass.
CONSTANTINCS.
No. 1. R. SOLI INVICTO COMITI. The Sun. In field,
S-F. Exergue, PLN. 3 brass.
2. Idem. Exergue, PTR.
3. R. Idem. Field, a star. Exergue, PLN. 3 brass.
4. R. Idem. Field, S F. Exergue, ML. 3 brass.
5. R. Idem. Field, S F. Exergue, MLL. 3 brass.
6. R. VIRTVS EXERCIT._Two captives at the foot of a
standard, on which is I Vo.r I 3 brass.
7. R .... R-VICTO. . .Two winged figures holding a
shield (on which is ^$c") over an altar. In 'exergue,
STA. 3 brass.
8. R TAE PRINC PERP. . Two Victories holding a
shield, inscribed v ^" 3 brass.
9. R. MARTI CONSERV Mars standing. Ex-
ergue, PTR. 3 brass.
10. R. BEATA TRANQVILLITAS. The altar, &c.
Exergue, STR. 3 brass.
11. R. Idem. 3 brass.
12. Idem. Exergue, PTR.
13. R. PROVIDENTIA- AVG. The camp gate, &c. Exerg.
PLC. 3 brass.
About one dozen similar to the above, with trifling variations
only.
One specimen of the small brass coin of Constantinopolis.
Exergual mark, <& PLC.
One " URBS ROMA" PCONST.
LlCINIUS.
No. 1. R. GENIO POP ROM. In field, A S ; exergue,
PTR. Genius standing to right. In left hand, a
cornucopise ; in right a patera 3 brass.
2. R. VIRTVS EXERCIT. In exergue, AQS. 3 brass.
3. R. SOLI- INVICTO- COMITI. In exergue, PLN.
3 brass.
4. R. Idem. Of a smaller module. 3 brass.
LIST OF COINS FOUND NEAR STROOD. 123
CRISPUS
No. 1. R. BEATA TRANQVILLITAS. Altar, &c. Ex-
ergue, PTR. 3 brass.
2. R. Idem. Altar, &c. Exergue, P LON. 3 brass.
3. R< ..... EXERCIT. Trophy, PTR. 3 brass.
4. R. Idem. Exergue, STR. S brass.
CONSTANTINUS, JuN.
No. 1. R. PROVIDENTIAE-CAESS. In exergue, P-LON.
Camp gate, &c. 3 brass.
2. R. GLORIA EXERCITVVM. In exergue, TRP.
Two soldiers with standards. 3 brass.
3. R. BEATA TRAXQLITAS. Altar, &c. Exergue,
P LON. 3 brass.
4. R. SOLI INVICTO COMIT1. In field, w. Exergue,
PLN. The sun standing. 3 brass.
Five or six more as above.
MAGNENTIUS.
No. 1. R. .:.... ROMANO RVM. Exergue, NPLC. A
horseman riding over a prostrate foot soldier. 3 brass.
2. R. VICTORIA AVG ET CAES. Two Victories
holding a shield inscribed MVLTX 3 brass.
Two more, much corroded.
CONSTANS.
No. 1. R. FEL- TEMP- REPA RATIO. A soldier dragging
a captive from a hut, or cave. 3 brass.
2. R. GLORIA EXERCITVS. Two soldiers, with a stan-
dard, inscribed with a monogram of Christ. 3 brass
VALENS.
No. 1. R. SECVRITAS REIPVBLICAE. Victory, with palm
branch. 3 brass.
2. R. Idem. In field, ^ F ; in exergue, ASISCP. 3 brass.
VALENTINIANUS.
R. GLORIA ROMANORVM. Soldier with a captive.
3 brass.
124 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
GRATIANUS.
No. 1. R. GLORIA ROMANORVM. In field, A. A soldier
holding a labarum in his left hand ; his right placed on
the head of a kneeling captive. 3 brass.
2. R. SECVRITAS REIPVBLICAE. Victory. In ex-
ergue, SCON. 3 brass.
R.3. Another, with exergual letters LVG 'P. 3 brass.
XX.
MEDALS OF THE PRETENDER.
[THIRD SERIES.]
(Continued from Vol. II. p. 42.)
[To the Editor of the Numismatic Chronicle.]
DEAR SIR,
THE last series of the Pretender Medals which you
published, finished with the date 1689; and I know of no
others from that date until the year 1697, at which time
the Prince would be about nine years old. At this period a
manifest appeared in France, in which the king of France
said, that the conferences entered upon (without his parti-
cipation), for a peace, of which one of the principal
foundations was to be the confirmation of the usurper in
his unjust possession, obliged him to protest publicly
against all that had been concluded, or that might be so,
with the Prince of Orange. Though this protestation was
considered null by all the Confederate Powers, yet King
James and his party looked upon it as confirming his rights
and those of his son. The six following medals were
struck on this occasion.
Yours truly,
W. D. HAGGARD.
125
PRETENDER MEDALS CONTINUED.
No. 21. Bust to the left of the Prince of Wales, hair flowing
over the shoulders, armour and drapery, a brilliant sun
on his breast, with this legend, IACOBVS WALLI^E
PRINCEPS [James Prince of Wales]. Under the
shoulder, N R. [Nicholas Roettier].
Rev. A ship riding safely on a rough sea, with this legend, 1697
IACTATVR NON MERGITVR VNDIS [The waves
toss it without swallowing it up] .
No. 22. Bust to the left, hair flowing, neck bare. Legend I AC
WALLI^E PRINCEPS [James Prince of Wales]. Under
the bust, N R. [N. Roettier].
Rev. Above a calm sea is the sun partly eclipsed by the moon,
but as it emerges from the moon's shadow, appears to
shine with greater lustre. Legend, CLARIOR E TENE-
BRIS [The darkness from which it emerges increases its
splendour]. Exergue, 1697-
No. 23. The same bust and legend.
Rev. A mine exploding, with this legend, QVO COMPRESSA
MAGIS [Stronger from being confined]. Exergue,
1697.
No. 24. The same bust and legend.
Rev. The sun rising from a calm sea, the rays of which fill the
whole field; with this legend, OMNIA FACIT JPSE
SERENA [He sheds serenity every where]. Exergue,
1697.
No. 25. The same bust and legend.
Rev. Is rather different, having a fore ground, but the same
legend.
No. 26. Same bust and legend.
Rev. A calm sea, over which flies a dove, carrying in its beak an
olive branch; with this legend, MANSVR^E NVNTIA
PACIS [Messenger of a durable peace]. Exergue, 1697.
No. 27. Bust of King James to the right, laureate, slight
armour and drapery. Legend, IACOBVS II D G * M
B R [James II., by the grace of God, King of Great
Britain]. N R. und'er the shoulder [N. Roettier].
Rev. Bust to the left of the young Prince, hair tied and flowing,
in armour. Legend," IAC WALLLE PRINCEPS
[James Prince of Wales]. N R. under the shoulder
[N. Roettier].
126 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
No. 28. Same bust and legend, but without the N R. under the
shoulder.
Rev. The same bust and legend.
No. 29. Bust to the left of the young Prince. Legend, IAC
WALLI^ PRINCEPS [James Prince of Wales]. N
R. under the shoulder [N. Roettier],
Rev. The sun rises above a calm sea, on which are some vessels :
above the sun are demons, which its light seems to disperse,
with this legend, SOLA LVCE FVGAT [He puts
them to flight by his light alone]. Exergue, 1699-
No. 30. The same bust and legend.
Rev. A cornucopia, with this legend, PAX VOBIS [Peace to
you]. Exergue, 1699.
No. 31. Bust to the right of King James. Legend, IACOBVS
II D G M B F ET H REX [James II., by the
grace of God, King of Great Britain, France, and Ire-
land] . Under the bust, N R [N. Roettier] . 1699-
Rev. Bust to the left of the young Prince, flowing hair and
drapery. Legend, IAC WALLLE PRINCEPS [James
Prince of Wales].
No. 32. Busts to the right of James II. and Mary : he laureate,
and both with ample drapery. Legend, IACOBVS II
ET MARIA D G MAG BRI FRAN ET HIB
REX ET REGIN [James II. and Mary, by the grace
of God, King and Queen of Great Britain, France, and
Ireland] .
Rev. Bust to the left, with flowing hair and drapery. Legend,
IACOBUS III ' D G M B F ET H REX [James
III., by the grace of God, King of Great Britain, France,
and Ireland].
No. 33. Bust to the left, flowing hair, neck bare. Legend, I AC
III D G MAG BRIT REX [James III., by the grace
of God, King of Great Britain] . Under the bust, N . R
[N. Roettier] .
Rev. The meridian sun dispelling clouds. Legend, VIRTVS
MOX NVBILA PELLET [Valour will shortly disperse
the clouds]. Exergue, 1704.
No. 34. Bust to the right, Prince James, flowing hair and
drapery. Legend, CVIVS-EST [Whose it is]. N-R
under the bust [N. Roettier] .
Rev. A map representing Great Britain, Scotland, and Ireland.
Legend in a band at the top, REDDITE [Restore] .
MEDALS OF THE PRETENDER. 127
No. 35. Bust to the left, Prince James with flowing hair, without
drapery. Legend, CVIVS EST [Whose it is]. N R.
under the bust [N. Roettier] .
Rev. The same as No. 34.
No. 36. Bust to the left, Prince of Wales with flowing hair and
ample drapery. Legend, IACOBVS III D G M B
F ET H REX [James III., by the grace of God, King
of Great Britain, France, and Ireland] . Under the bust,
N-R [N. Roettier].
Rev. The same map, but the legend on the band, REDDITE
IGITVR [Restore ye therefore].
No. 3r. Bust the same as No. 36. Legend, CVIVS EST
[Whose it is] .
Rev. The same map and legend.
No. 38. A ship with sails set and a fair wind. Legend, IAC
3-D-G-M-B-F-ET-H- REX [James III., by the
grace of God, king of Great Britain, France, and
Ireland] .
Rev. St. Michael and the Dragon. Legend, SOLI DEO
GLORIA [Glory to God alone].
No. 39- A ship with sails set and the wind adverse. Legend,
IAC III D G M B F ET H R [James III., by
the grace of God, King of Great Britain, France, and
Ireland].
Rev. The same as No. 38.
No. 38 and No. 39 were struck to present to such persons as
came to the nominal king to be cured of scrofulous
affections by his touch.
No. 40. Bust to the left of Queen Anne, laureate, hair tied on
the top of the head, and a curl flowing over, the neck,
slight and delicate drapery. Legend, ANNA D G
MAGN BRIT FRANC ET HIB REGINA [Anne,
by the grace of God, Queen of Great Britain, France, and
Ireland] .
Rev. In the centre is an upright sceptre entwined by two
branches, the one of roses, the other thistles; on the right
are two ships, at the mast head of one of them is the word
SALISBVRI; on the left is the Tower of London, the
rebels who were taken on board the Salisbury are being
conducted there. Legend, QVIS NOS IMPVNE
LACESSIT VNITAS [Being united who shall attack us
with impunity] . Exergue, IRRITO SPVRII IACOBI
128 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
REDITV IN SCOTOS CLASSE GALLICA EX-
TERNATA MDCCVIII [The return of the unlawful
James into Scotland vainly undertaken by the terrified
French fleet. 1708].
No. 41. Bust to the left of Queen Anne, full hair and a small
crown, slight drapery. Legend, ANNA D G MAG
ET VNIT^E BRIT7C FRA ET HIB REGINA
[Anne, by the grace of God, Queen of the United King-
dom of Great Britain, France, and Ireland] .
Rev. Inscription only. QVOD DEVS ET REGES LEGI-
TIMI HENRICVS ROSIS JACOB VS -NOMINIBVS
ANNA REGNIS CONIVNXERVNT LVDOVICVS
XIV GALL REX PRINCIPE SVPPOSITIO SEPA-
RARE AVSVS EST p XXIV MART MDCCVIII
[What God and the legitimate kings have joined, Henry
by the union of the roses, James by that of names,
Anne by that of kingdoms, Louis XIV th , King of France,
has dared to try to divide by means of a suppositions
Prince, 24th March, 1708].
No. 42. Bust to the left of Queen Anne, hair plain and crowned.
Legend, ANNA D G MAG ET VNIT^E BRITS 4
FRA ET HIB REGINA C W [Anne, by the grace
of God, Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain,
France, and Ireland].
Rev. This inscription only. HENRICVS ROSAS IACOBVS
NOMINA ANNA REGNA VNIVIT MDCCVII
CONFIRMAVITQ FACTA IRRITA LVD XIV
GALL REG CONSPIRATIONE PER PR SVPP
IACOB DE WALLIS MDCCVIII I G T [Henry
has united roses, James names, Anne kingdoms, in the
year 1707- She confirmed them in the year 1708, by
dispelling the conspiracy of Louis XIV th , King of France,
in favour of James the false Prince of Wales, who was
to put it in execution] .
No. 43. Bust to the left of Prince James, laureate, hair flowing,
neck bare. Legend, IACOBVS -III-D-G-M-B-F
ET H REX [James III., by the grace of God, King of
Great Britain, France, and Ireland].
Rev. Under a hill are some sheep. Legend, COGNOSCVNT
ME-ME^E. [My (sheep) know me]. Exergue, 1710.
No. 44. Bust to the left, same as No. 43, but N R [N. Roet-
tier], under the bust, and legend, DOMINVM COG-
NOSCITE VESTRVM [Know your master] .
Rev. The same as No. 43, but having a cloud above the hill.
MEDALS OF THE PRETENDER. 129
No. 45. Bust to the left of Prince James. Legend, IACOBVS
III-D-G-M-D-F-ET-H-REX [James III., by
the grace of God, King of Great Britain, France, and
Ireland]. N-R [N. Roettier].
Rev. Bust to the left of the Princess, hair dressed, and flowing
over the shoulders, no drapery. Legend, PRINCEPS
LVD SER MAG BRI REGIS SOROR [Princess
Louisa, Sister to the King of Great Britain]. N R [N.
Roettier] .
No. 46. Bust to the left of the Prince James, flowing hair and
ample drapery. Legend, IACOBVS III D G- M B
F ET H REX [James III., by the grace of God, King
of Great Britain, France, and Ireland].
Rev. Bust to the left of the Princess, hair dressed and flowing
over the shoulders, ample and rich drapery. Legend,
PRINCEPS LVD SER M B REGIS SOROR
[Princess Louisa, Sister to the King of Great Britain].
This medal is highly chased and gilt.
No. 47. Bust to the left of the Prince James, flowing hair,
ample drapery. Legend, I ACOBVS III D G M
B F ET H REX [James the Third, King of Great
Britain, France, and Ireland]. N. R [N. Roettier].
Rev. The Princess, hair full dressed and flowing over the shoul-
ders, ample drapery. Legend, PRINCEPS LVD SER-
M B REGIS SOROR N 17 12 [ Princess Louisa,
Sister to the King of Great Britain. N. Roettier, 1712] .
No. 48. Busts of Prince James and the Princess Louisa, each in
an oval border, the field between decorated with scroll
ornaments ; he in armour and mantle, she with her hair
filletted, her mantle brooched in front and on the shoul-
ders. This is only struck on a thin plate of silver.
No. 49. Bust to the left of Queen Anne, laureate, rich drapery.
Legend, ANNA AVGVSTA [August Anne].
Rev. To the left, the Prince of Wales, flowing hair, in armour
and mantle. Legend, CVIVS EST [Whose it is]. This
medal is chased and gilt.
No. 50. Bust to the right of George I., laureate, hair flowing,
in armour and mantle. Legend, GEORGIVS D G
MAG BR FR ET HIB REX F D [George, by
the grace of God King of Great Britain, France and
Ireland, Defender of the Faith] . I C [ J. Croker] .
VOL. II. S
130 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Rev. A figure of Victory, with palm branch in one hand and a
sword in the other, who puts to flight the cavalry of the
Rebels. Legend, PERIVRII ULTRIX [Perjury or
Vengeance] . Exergue, AD DVNBL AINVM 13 NOV
1715 [At Dumblain, 13 Nov. 1715].
No. 51. Bust to the right of George the First, the same as No. 50.
Rev. A trophy on a pedestal, on the centre of which are two
hands joined; on each side of the pedestal is a rebel
chained. Legend, FIDES MILITVM [The Fidelity
of Troops]. Exergue, REBELL AD PRESTON
CAPT 13 NOV 1715 [The Rebels taken, at Preston,
13th Nov. 1715].
No. 52. Bust to the right of Prince James, laureate, in armour
and mantle. Legend, NIHIL- EFFIC1ENS [Accom-
plishing nothing] .
Rev. A Map of Scotia, Hibernia, and Great Britain, in that of
( Scotia is the date, 1708. J m, i <? i
J , ' , _ , > 1 here are a number of ships
surrounding the islands. Legend, BIS VENIT VIDIT
NON VICIT FLENSQVE RECESSIT [He came
twice, he saw, he did not conquer, and with tears retired].
No. 53. Bust to the right of Prince James and Clementina, he
in armour and slight drapery, she with her hair decorated
with tiara and beads, neck bare. Legend, IACOB III
R CLEMENTINA R [James the Third, King ; Cle-
mentina, Queen]. Under the shoulder, HAMERANI.
Rev. Hercules, leaning on his club, takes the hand of Venus ;
Cupid behind her holds a caduceus. Legend, REGIVM
CONNVBIVM [A royal marriage]. Exergue, KAL
SEPTEMBR M'DCCXIX [The first of September
1719].
No. 54. Bust to the left of Clementina, hair dressed and tiara,
beads round her neck, and rich gown and mantle. Legend,
CLEMENTINA M BRITAN FR ET HIB
REGINA [Clementina, Queen of Great Britain, France,
and Ireland].
Rev. Clementina, seated in a car, driving two spirited horses,
the Sun is rising behind her ; Rome appears in the dis-
tance, and a ship in full sail on the sea. Legend,
FORT VN AM CAVSAiMQVE SEQVOR [I follow
Fortune and the Cause]. Exergue, DECEPT1S CVS-
TODIBVS MDCCXIX [The Guards being deceived].
MEDALS OF THE PRETENDER. 131
There is an interest about this medal which may excuse
the insertion of a short quotation. " Mary Clementina,
daughter of Prince James Sobieski, the eldest son of John
Sobieski, the valiant king of Poland, was consort of the
exiled son of James II. The families of Stuart and
Sobieski were allied in misfortune, and equally pensionaries
to other potentates; indeed, there seemed a kind of simi-
larity in the fates of the two young people. The intended
alliance was known to George I., who exerted his utmost
efforts to prevent its taking place, by applying to the
Emperor to forbid it, as the Sobieski were his feudatories,
but without effect: his Imperial Majesty arrested the lady
in the Tyrol, when on her way to her lover, whence she
was conveyed a prisoner to Inspruck. Prince James
Sobieski, her father, implored in vain the mercy of that
court which his heroic father had saved from destruction;
he was proscribed, and the princess was still detained.
But what will not love effect? Maria procured a male
habit, and, thus disguised, she eluded the vigilance of the
person who had the care of her, and fled to Bologna, in
which city she was espoused by proxy. She then went to
Rome, and wished immediately to have passed into Spain,
but the Pope detained her in his court till the arrival of
the Prince soon after. Clementina was an elegant woman,
very religious, and very amiable; but her alliance was
unhappy, as James, like his father, though devout, had his
gallantries. These made a deep impression on her mind,
who loved her husband with fervour, which he returned
with mere esteem."
No. 55. Bust to the right of Prince James, flowing hair, in
armour, and mantle over the shoulder. Legend, IACO-
BVS III D G- M- B F- ET- H-REX. [James III.,
by the grace of God, King of Great Britain, France, and
Ireland].
132 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Rev. Bust to left of Clementina, hair dressed with beads, dra-
pery, and twisted beads round the bosom. Legend, CLE-
MENTINA MAGNAE BRITANNIAE - ET C
REG. [Queen of Great Britain, &c.] Under the shoulder,
OTTO-HAMARANI.
XXI.
ON THE APPROPRIATION OF CERTAIN COINS TO
NORTHUMBRIA AND EAST ANGLIA.
[Remarks on Articles III. and IX. 1 ]
SIR,
IN the last Number of the Numismatic Chronicle
I have read with much pleasure two most interesting letters
on Anglo-Saxon coins, on which, as the subject matter
appears both novel and highly important, I wish, with your
leave, to offer a few observations.
To begin with the letter of L. Y. H., I perfectly agree
with the very able and ingenious writer, that the coin of
Regnald, published in your Chronicle, No. 2, p. 119,
together with those of Sihtric and Anlaf of the same type,
belong to Northumberland, that of Sihtric to the Prince of
that name who married the sister of Athelstan, and those
of Anlaf and Regnald to the son and grandson of Sihtric,
both of whom were expelled by Edmund in 944. The
coin of Regnald, No. 1, must also have been struck by the
same Regnald, but whether immediately after the death of
Sihteic, or after his return and reconciliation with Edmund
in 943, is uncertain, probably the latter, as during the
former period, although called a king, his father Godfrith
was still living. The next question which suggests itself, is
whether the coins of Anlaf, different from that just noticed,
were all struck by the same prince, or by others of the same
1 See pages 7 and 47.
COINS OF NORTHUMBRIA AND EAST ANOLIA. 133
name. During the period of history commencing with the
death of Sihtric in 927, and ending with the restoration of
Eric in 952, the name of Anlaf often occurs, and has been
the cause of confounding, in many instances, different princes
of that name. I believe it will, however, be now generally
admitted, that two, and only two, princes of that name
ruled in Northumberland during that period. The first
was Anlaf, the son of Sihtric, who, together with his brother
Godfrith and Regnald, the son of Godfrith, were expelled
by Athelstan in 927, returned and reigned in Northumber-
land from 943 to 944, when he was expelled by Edmund,
again returned on the expulsion of Eric in 949, and was
finally deposed in 952.
The second prince of that name was the celebrated
Anlaf, son of Godfred, king of the Danes of Ireland, who
was defeated by Athelstan at Brunanburgh in 938, and
afterwards king of Northumberland, &c., in 941 ; in which
year the Irish annals mention he was succeeded by Blacar,
his brother, soon after which he died.
Your correspondent seems to doubt whether the Anlaf
Cwyran, who arrived in Northumberland in 949, was the
same person as Anlaf, the son of Sihtric, who was expelled
in 944, but the best authorities all consider him as the
same; and it may not be unworthy of attention that this
prince fled to Ireland in 927, when first expelled; and in
944, the year of his second expulsion, the annals of Ulster
mention, " Some of the Kenanus people were killed by Olave
Qwran," a name peculiarly applicable to a prince who had
twice returned to England and twice to Ireland. Whether
any coins were struck in Northumberland by the Irish
Anlaf is, I think, very questionable; but if there were,
those with the ornaments, Ruding, No. 3, are the most
likely to belong to him; but I am far more inclined to
134 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
assign all the English coins bearing the name of Anlaf to
the English prince of that name, and to agree with your
correspondent in supposing those with ONLAF, from their
resemblance to the coins of Eric, to have been struck after
his second restoration in 949.
The discovery of the name of Regnald on a class of
coins hitherto generally supposed to be ecclesiastical, must
be considered as an important addition to our appropriated
Anglo-Saxon coins. That the coins noticed by your very
able and ingenious correspondent bear a name intended
for that of Regnald, will, I believe, be admitted; and that
they were struck by the Northumbrian prince of that name
seems also highly probable; and the only doubt which exists
in my mind on the subject is, whether it may not be
intended for the name of an archbishop of York, who pos-
sessed that see from 922 to 942, and who has been called
by the several names of Redward, Lodeward, and Rum-
wald, names so very dissimilar as to render it possible that
Regnald, which bears some resemblance to them, may be
the right name. The monograms are considered by your
correspondent as intended for Carlus, but I think some of
them appear rather intended for Civitas, and some perhaps
for Episcopus or Archiepiscopus, the latter of which would
be unquestionable evidence in support of the appropriation
to an archbishop of York.
I now proceed to the very interesting letter of your
correspondent, D. H. H., who has, by a new attribution,
assigned to kings of the East Angles the pennies hitherto
supposed to belong to Eadwald, king of Mercia, and
Eanred, king of Northumberland. I perfectly concur with
D. H. H., in supposing that kings reigned in East Anglia
between the murder of Ethelbert in 792 and the accession
COINS OF NORTHUMBRIA AND EAST ANGUA. 135
of Edmund in 855, and that Aethelweard, of whose coinage
we have many specimens, was one of those kings, and pro-
bably the immediate predecessor of Edmund; but I regret
that I am compelled to differ with him in supposing the
pennies of Eadwald and Eanred to belong also to that
kingdom, and to consider the old appropriation of these
coins, particularly that of Eanred, as far more probable.
As to the coins of Eadwald, the principal evidence on which
your correspondent seems to rely, is the resemblance which
exists between these coins and those, not only of Offa, but
Coenwulf, and the absence of the letter M on the coins of
Eadwald. The resemblance between these coins and those
of Offa, PL 4, No. 19, and PI. 29, No. 14, is indeed remark-
able; but between the coins of Eadwald and those of
Coenwulf, whether we consider the types, moneyers, or
letters, the same resemblance by no means appears; indeed,
none stronger than what we often find in coins of very
different ages: whilst those of Offa which resemble the
coins of Eadwald have every appearance, from their rudeness,
of being some of the first struck by him; the beautiful coins,
the work of Italian artists, being supposed to be coined
towards the end of his reign. The absence of the letter M
on the coins of Eadwald is, perhaps, the strongest evidence
in support of your correspondent's theory ; but I should have
looked upon it as much stronger, if the Mercian king, to
whom these coins have been hitherto attributed, followed
instead of preceded Offa; and when we consider that there
was much less room on these coins for that letter than on
those exhibiting the shorter name of Offa, and that it is
even wanting on the greater portion of the coins of Offa
without the head, it will, I think, be admitted after all, that
its absence is not very important.
As to the appropriation of the coin of Eanred to the
136 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
East Anglian series, the evidence adduced by your cor-
respondent is still more unsatisfactory, being based entirely
on the supposition that it is not likely to have been struck
by a prince who coined stycas, and which are of much
inferior workmanship to the penny in question, and do not
exhibit the name of the money, or who struck it ; but the
superior workmanship of the penny, would in itself lead us
to suppose it struck by a different moneyer, whilst there
does not appear anything more extraordinary in Eanred's
striking a few pennies, than that our own sovereign should
coin a few 5 pieces. And when we consider, on the one
hand, that there was a well-known King of Northumber-
land, named Eanred, who reigned thirty -three years, whilst
no proof whatever appears that there was such a king in
East Anglia, or even a certainty of the existence of more
than one king between Ethelhert and Edmund, to fill
which place we have the name of Aethelweard, 1 think it
must be admitted that no sufficient reasons appear for
transferring this coin from Northumberland to East Anglia.
As to Mr. Hawkins' silence respecting this coin, it may
have proceeded from inadvertence, or, perhaps, a doubt,
whether the coin was genuine.
There is another and still more important point on which
I am compelled to differ altogether from your correspondent.
He says, " The only silver coins of this kingdom, North-
umberland, that I have heard of (for I consider the appro-
priation of the skeattas to Northumberland, very weakly
supported), are, a skeatta of Ethelred, and one of Eanred.
This arrangement would exclude from the Northumbrian
series, not only the skeattas of Edbert, Egbert and Alcred,
&c., now generally allowed to belong to Northumbria, but
even the pennies of Regnald, Anlaf, and Eric; but as
these last are universally assigned to that kingdom, and
COINS OF NORTHUMBRIA AND EAST ANGLIA. 137
those of the last-named king could scarcely belong to any
other, I am inclined to suppose your correspondent forgot
them altogether.
I cannot conclude without directing the attention of your
readers to an admirable essay in the 19th volume of the
Archaeologia, p. 302, on the kings of the East Angles, from
the murder of Ethelbert to the accession of Edmund, by
Thomas Amyot, Esq., F.S.A., in which the learned writer
has most ably and indefatigably collected all the evidence
afforded by our early annals on this subject; and also in
the most clear and discriminating manner commented on
the evidence thus collected. From this evidence it ap-
pears, that in 823 and 825, the East Angles had a king,
although the name of such king is not mentioned; and Mr.
Amyot justly supposes Aethelweard, of whom so many
coins are found, to belong to this kingdom : he also, in the
note to p. 306, notices a legend edited by Mabillon, in
which a king is mentioned, named Adelbert, the brother
and predecessor of Edmund, who is said to have reigned 37
years and 7 months ; and that Archdeacon Batteley sup-
poses it to be a mistake, and that Ethelbert, who was mur-
dered at Offa's court, was the king meant to be alluded to ;
but it seems to me that if the legend is entitled to credit at
all, the Adelbert mentioned can be no other than Aethel-
weard, who seems to have been the predecessor of Edmund,
and possibly his brother, particularly when we consider that
Ethelbert reigned only two years, whilst Adelbert is said to
have reigned 37 years and 7 months; and if this should be
true, the date of Aethelweard's accession would be 818 or
820, if 857 be looked on as the date of Edmund's accession,
before which time it is very likely, as Mr. Aymot seems to
think, there were no kings from the death of Ethelbert, the
troubles which ensued on the death of Coenwulf appearing
VOL. n. T
138 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
to afford a most favourable opportunity to the East angles
for throwing off the Mercian yoke. The only other coin
which I am aware of, likely to belong to any of the uncer-
tain kings of the East Angles, is the penny of Beorthric,
the A on which coin, and the extreme similarity of the coin
itself to those of the East Anglian kings, seem to afford
some evidence that Beorthric, the son-in-law of Offa, might
have been appointed by his father-in-law to rule over that
kingdom. I remain, Sir, &c.,
JOHN LINDSAY.
Cork, Sept. 16th, 1839.
P. S. I have not yet seen Mr. Borrell's work on the
coins of the kings of Cyprus, published in 1836 ; but on
reference to the Gent, Mag. for May, 1831, p. 420, you
will perceive that a large number of these coins were by me
assigned to Evagoras and Nicocles, kings of Cyprus.
NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS.
A VIEW OF THE COINAGE OF IRELAND, FROM THE INVASION
OF THE DANES TO THE REIGN OF GEORGE IV. BY JOHN
LINDSAY, Esq., Barrister at Law. Cork : 4to. pp. 143.
-1839.
MR. LINDSAY is well known to our readers as a contributor to
Numismatic science, and his various papers in this and other
journals, evince at once the extent of his information and the
ardour with which he pursues his interesting studies.
" Ninety years," says Mr. Lindsay, " have now elapsed since
Mr. Simon's Essay on the Coins of Ireland was first published,
and seventy since the supplement was added by Mr. Snelling ; it
will, therefore, be readily admitted, that a new work on the sub-
ject would be a desirable object to those interested in the antiqui-
ties of this part of the United Kingdom." After paying a just
tribute to the excellent work of Simon, our author states that he
has been led to differ from that writer, in the appropriation of the
coins with the three crowns assigned by him to Henry VI. These,
he shews, must belong to Henry VII. ; and we readily admit that
NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS. 139
they are rightly assigned to that latter monarch. On anothe -
point, namely, the " ring money," we take leave to dissent both
from Mr. Lindsay and Sir William Betham, since we cannot admit
that the researches of the latter have established the fact that they
were ever the current money of Ireland. That they might occa-
sionally be offered up on the high altar, or received in large pay-
ments, is no proof that they were current coin. If a herd of
cattle were made over by the possessor in exchange for land, the
cattle could not be designated as money. That the rings in ques-
tion were personal ornaments there cannot be a doubt, and these
ornaments were, doubtless, occasionally applied to the purposes
of coined money, just an earring of gold is stated in Genesis to be
of a certain weight. It was natural, too, that there should be
divisions and multiples of weight in these personal ornaments,
in order that their actual value might be ascertained without diffi-
culty. We have always been led to believe that the earliest circu-
lating medium of Ireland, is the money struck in evident imitation
of our Anglo-Saxon coins, of which many curious specimens are
given in the plates illustrating Mr. Lindsay's work. Mr. Lindsay
has himself so good a practical acquaintance with coins, that he
will not fail to admit that, in the earliest money of Ireland, we
must look for barbarous imitations of the coins of another people.
The number of types collected and engraved in the four first
plates, and those of the Supplement, Nos. 1, 2, and 3, is very
curious, and, by being thus recorded, may some day prove of
great value : as regards the correctness of their present appropria-
tion, we do not feel so certain as Mr. Lindsay. The ample
descriptive catalogue will be found of infinite service to the col-
lector, supplying him with every minute particular, and referring
to the engraved specimens of this and other works.
The list of varieties of those singular coins, the " Gun Money,"
of James II., in the Appendix No. 2, is both useful and interesting
to the collector. Appendix No. 4, containing the several degrees
of rarity, and references to the cabinets or works in which the
coins may be found, is a very necessary addition to a work of this
description. The mention of the prices which particular pieces
have brought at public sales, may amuse the collector and numis-
matist, but, nine times out of ten, is calculated to mislead him,
while it often affords an opportunity to an ignorant knave to over-
reach those who are too eager to possess a coin of which chance
has given him possession. Our opinion has changed with regard
to the policy of publishing such lists. To the well-informed they
can be of little permanent use ; to the ignorant they afford the
means of overreaching ; bv such people allowance is never made
for the condition of a coin. Any one who has attended two
or three coin sales in London, will acknowledge that compe-
tition has caused even insignificant and common coins to bring
140 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
extraordinarily high prices. 1 These observations are not intended
to detract from the obvious merits of a work, the usefulness and
value of which will be acknowledged by all who are interested in
the series to which it relates.
We may observe, on parting, that Mr. Lindsay, in his enume-
ration of the coins termed " the Ormond money," mentions the
penny, without reference to the cabinet in which it is to be found.
Our collectors on this side the channel think there never was such
a piece.
DESCBIPTION DE LA TROUVAILLE DE L'!LE DE JERSEY. PAR
LE BARON DE DONOP. AVEC xxxn PLANCHES. A HAN-
NOVRE, 1838. Chez Hahn, Libraire du Roi.
THE investigation and study of the Gaulish and British coins,
have, for some time, been progressing both in England and in
France, with the best results and anticipations.
Research has been conducted warily and circumspectly ; ima-
gination has been curbed by the sober hand of reason, and
opinions subjected to the searching test of comparison. But the
caution so necessary to be adopted in entering on a field of
investigation, hitherto examined at random and without system,
has not precluded zeal, as may testify the pages of the Numismatic
Chronicle, and of our sister co-operator, the Revue Numismatique.
In no branch of the science of Numismatics, were care and
deliberation more needed ; for the light which guides the anti-
quary in the study of the Greek and Roman series here fails him ;
emblems are no longer apt and subservient to some special pur-
pose, to explain habits, customs, and manners ; inscriptions are
wanting, and letters, where they do occur, seem, in most instances,
useless for etymological deduction, and any direct reference to
persons or things. To many who have not gone hand in hand
with experience, and have not reflected upon the fact that the
science of Numismatics, like other sciences, is to be acquired gra-
dually, with some patience and labour, and not to be taken by
ambush, or won by a coup de main, these coins have afforded
scope for the widest range and most unbridled wanderings of
fancy and conjecture. Where the cautious student has recognised
nothing but the rude efforts of a people applied to imitate, without
regard to propriety or fitness, the works of high art that chance or
commerce may have thrown in their way, the indiscreet enthusiast
sees emblems and symbols fraught with hidden learning, which he
is often tempted to enucleate and solve in favour of some che-
1 As a proof of the inutility of priced lists, let any person attempt to pur-
chase, in Paris, large brass Roman Coins, at the prices given in M. Mionnet's
work, and he will find himself deceived.
NUMISMATIC PUBLICATIONS. 141
rished theory or hypothesis, not weighing that such evidence
might, with equal plausibility, be interpreted in support of a dia-
metrically opposite system.
A fatal exemplification of the neglect of attending to what may
be termed comparative numismatic knowledge, and of apparent
ignorance of what has been said and done by societies and indivi-
duals devoted to this study, both in France and in England, occurs
in the work under notice, which owes its origin to the following
circumstance :
" In 1820, the sea threw down a rock on the coast of Jersey.
In the clefts a heap of medals was discovered, the cohesion and
conglomeration of which indicated some enclosing substance that
had entirely disappeared. The whole bulk of the medals passed
into the hands of the present possessor. He with difficulty suc-
ceeded in separating and cleaning them, so as to be able to
recognise and delineate their types. But the trouble was abun-
dantly rewarded by the importance to which, under every point of
view, this collection may aspire as an unique and valuable monu-
ment of the remotest ages of Western Europe. The most pro-
minent points are the following :
" 1. These medals amount altogether to 982 pieces, of which
760 are faithfully delineated by an expert lithographer. They
fill thirty-two plates in quarto. The remainder, except a few
which have been melted to find the alloy, still remain in the
same state as when discovered.
" 2. The metal is the same as that which the assayer of Count
Caylus found in the midst of ancient Gaulish medals, and which
he named ces ustum. The examination of some of the medals
produces an eighth part alloy of pure silver. There are some,
however, with more silver. The form is concave ; and it is by
that circumstance, as well as the peculiarity of metal and of types,
that these medals are included in the number of monuments and
medals scattered over the continent of Europe namely, by the
concave form, and by the type of No. XIV.,* they indicate the
families of Germanic asterisks, Scutellae Iridis, Stegenbogen @d)ufiein.
"It is chiefly these types that are of inestimable value in the
inquiry into the origin of the nations of the West. And, first, the
very peculiar circumstance presents itself, that, notwithstanding
the often-repeated uniformity of types and of the leading idea, we
have not yet met with an entire identity of stamp ; so that not one
of this immense collection of medals appears to have been struck
from the same die with another ; a circumstance which, of neces-
sity, must suggest the idea of a hieratic destination, probably a
ritual-calendar measuring the course of time. The types them-
* See Num. Chron. Vol. I. p. 73, fig. 50, in the plate of British Symbols.
142 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
selves, almost without exception, give a glimpse of the idea and
symbolic style of the people of the East. We there see on the
obverse, the head, with its luxuriant curls ; and on the reverse,
the quadruped leaping from left to right ; which, being sufficiently
explained by the secondary types, can scarcely be anything else
than the curly head of Krishna and the solar horse of Meru."
Page 3, description of Figure 9. " The quadruped on many of
the medals bears the human head. In this case, it is guided
either by a figure or by another human head only, both rising
from the neck of the animal. Sometimes the head of the guide is
mithraed. There is always in the middle, between the figure or
head, and the bridled head, a staff erected above the back, termi-
nating in a circle of points round another point in the centre.
This representation, taken altogether, is evidently that of Arun,
Aruthne, the Indian Aurora ; the staff with the circle of points,
either the night with the stars (Krishna, the black sun), which
vanishes, being carried off by Aurora ; or the rising sun, accom-
panied by the twelve zodiacal stars of the Chaldean and of the
Egyptian, the year and the solar chariot of the Indo-Persian ;
and, finally, the Bal-ainn, the solar year of the thirteen houses of
the Irish, his Leil-greine, symbol of the sun, precisely the figure
of the standard of Fingal in the highlands of Scotland."
The above will be sufficient to expound the Baron Dunop's
views on the Armorican coins that it has been the object of his
essay to explain and illustrate. That they do not incontestably
indicate an oriental origin, either Indian or Egyptian, or carry a
leading reference to sun-worship, comparison with well-known
Greek coins will decide. There is no necessity for discussing
with the Baron detached facts relative to the migration of nations,
or the prevalence of the adoration of the great luminary of nature
in early ages, and which doubtless existed in Gaul, and may have
been introduced there by the Phoenicians and Greeks ; but we
protest against his drawing decisive conclusions in support of such
facts from such materials, and believe he will not gain one as-
sentient voice to the historical or mythological pretensions he has
set up for his foundlings, unless it be from among such as quote
the Chronicles of Eri or Ossian's Poems as authorities in matters
of antiquity.
The medals are, in fact, such as are well known, and of the
same character as those usually found in the Channel Isles ; having
on the obverse a direct but bad copy from the Greek, of a human
head ; and on the reverse, an imitation, more or less perfect, of
the biga with a charioteer, on many so barbarously executed as
to be barely recognisable.
But though it will be readily seen, on referring to the plates,
that these coins can have no apparent influence in throwing light
MISCELLANEA. 143
on the origin or migrations of European nations, nor in explaining
any allegorical or mythical records of the ancients ; yet there is
still a degree of interest attached to them which the Baron has not
pointed out ; and that is in the fact of their heing the records of
the transition of a people from ignorance and barbarism to a
certain degree of acquaintance with the arts, their earliest steps
towards civilisation and commercial intercourse ; and thus forming
one of the first links in their history.
The thanks of the numismatic world are due to the learned
baron for the pains he has taken to furnish engravings of the
coins, and to detail the circumstances connected with their dis-
covery, whereby his readers have authentic evidence to judge for
themselves, and are assured of the author's sincerity and wish to
write for truth rather than victory. C. R. S.
MISCELLANEA.
MODE OF TAKING IMPRESSIONS FROM COINS. Mr. Rolfe,
of Sandwich, has favoured us with an ingenious and original plan
for taking impressions, or casts, from coins or gems.
The coin from which the cast is to be obtained, is first to be
placed on some melted sealing-wax on a card, precisely in the same
manner as a common seal for a letter is made. The effect of the
impress from the coin will be, of course, an incuse stamp.
A piece of thin tin-foil is now to be cut to a size rather larger
than the coin, and then pressed on the wax matrix so that every
part be well covered. A dry tooth-brush must then be used to
press or rub the tin-foil into the hollows and interstices ; when
this (the part of the process requiring most care) is effected, take
off the tin-foil, which will be found to have received a perfect
copy of the coin : trim the jagged or superfluous edges, and with
caution bend them back a little, so as to imitate the edge of the
real coin
To preserve this delicate cast, again melt some wax on a card,
allow it to cool, and thereon deposit the cast. The card is then
to be held about two or three inches above the flame of a candle,
that the heat may be so regulated as to soften the wax without
burning the card. As the wax liquefies gradually, the casts will
be observed to sink therein, and when the edges are immersed to
the extent required, it must be withdrawn, or the heat will destroy
the texture of the metal.
There is another method which is very good, but requiring
more time; and that is, to fill the sealing-wax matrix with very
144 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
thick mucilage of gum-arabic, coloured with vermilion, allowing
it to become hard, when the gum cast can be extracted with the
point of a pen-knife.
Impressions from coins are very necessary, where drawings
cannot be made by an experienced numismatist, or where the
coins themselves cannot be forwarded : but it need scarcely be
observed that the most finished sketch, or the best impression or
cast will never certify the genuineness of a coin, which can
only be warranted by the practised eye of such as have had op-
portunities of exercise in this difficult branch of the study of coins
and medals.
DISCOVERY OF DENARII. About 250 denarii have recently
been found on the line of the Great Western Railway, somewhere
between Bath and Bristol, but the exact site we have as yet been
unable to ascertain.
Of about 150 which were permitted to be examined, the fol-
lowing particulars were obtained : They are entirely of Valens,
Gratianus, and Magnus Maximus ; and, speaking in round numbers,
there may have been about an equal proportion of each. The
reverses are as follow: Valens, VRBS ROMA. Rome seated
with a victory, &c.
In exergue TRPS with two exceptions of the pi ace of mintage,
namely, RP and AQPS., and a single specimen of VOT V
MVLT X. in wreath. In exergue, R B.
GRATIANUS.
R. VRBS ROMA., and VIRTVS ROMANORVM. In
the exergue of all, TRPS.
MAGNUS MAXIMUS.
R. VIRTVS ROMANORVM. A helmeted figure seated,
with globe and spear. Exergual marks on all, TRP.
Two exceptions to the abo ve were, CON CORD [A. AVGGG.
A female seated in a chair to the front, with cornucopias
and spear, her foot resting on (he prow of a galley. In
exergue, TRPS.
MEDAL TO COMMEMORATE THE CINQUE PORTS BANQUET.
Mr. B. Wyon, Engraver of her Majesty's Seals, under the
direction of the committee of management, has completed a medal,
bearing on the obverse the portrait of the Duke of Wellington,
with a view of Dover Castle on the reverse. Report speaks well
of the execution of this medal, which will be published by sub-
scription. Price, in bronze, one guinea; in silver, two guineas.
The names of subscribers will be received by Thomas Rigden,
Esq., secretary to the committee of management, Dover.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.
THURSDAY, 28TH OF MARCH, 1839.
Dr. Lee, President, in the Chair.
Presents of Books, Coins, and Medals, having been
announced, the following papers were read:
I.
A Memoir by Mr. Samuel Birch, on the Coins of Thessalian
Larissa (See Num. Chron. Vol. I. p. 222.)
II.
Notice of the Coins of Zurich, by Mr. Pfister, who exhibited to
the Society a rare Ducat of Charlemagne, struck in that city,
bearing the effigies of Saints Felix and Kegula ; and a Bracteate
Coin of the Abbey of Frauen Miinster.
III.
A Note from the Rev, Charles Tumor, F.R.S., accompanying
a Medal, presented by him to the Society, struck to commemorate
the Opening of the Medicinal Well, at Cheltenham.
The following noblemen and gentlemen were balloted
for and duly elected :
Mons. Raoul Rochette, Vice President of the French Institute,
as associate.
J. Prinsep, Esq., of Calcutta, as associate.
The Right Honorable Lord Carrington.
The Right Honorable Lord Albert Conyngham.
George Robert Smith, Esq., M.P.
Frederick Vallings, Esq.
George Whitehead, Esq.
The Rev. Edward Serocold Pearse, M.A.
The Society then adjourned to-
VOL. ii. u
146 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
THURSDAY, 25th of APRIL, 1839.
Dr. Lee, President, in the Chair.
Presents of Coins, Books, and Medals were announced.
Colonel Fox exhibited to the Society 146 Pennies of
Henry III. found in a sand stone, at Ampthill, in Bedford-
shire. (See Num. Chron. Vol. II. p. 54.)
The papers read were
I.
A Note on the Coins of Andeda, in Pisidia by Mr. Borrell, of
Smyrna (See Num. Chron. Vol. II. p. 1.)
II.
A Note from Sir Henry Ellis, on certain Coins, formerly sup-
posed to have been minted in Normandy by William the Conqueror.
These pieces have been engraved by Ducarel, and other writers,
and are now known to be forgeries. They bear the legend,
IVLIOBINA.
The following gentlemen were elected Members:
William Henry Rolfe, Esq. of Sandwich.
Joseph Gibbs, Esq., C.E. of Kennington.
Matthew Alephson, Esq., of London.
Edwin Keates, Esq., of Kensington.
The Society then adjourned to
THURSDAY, 23rd of MAY, 1839.
Thomas Burgon. Esq., Vice President, in the Chair.
Presents were announced.
Read, the following papers :
I.
A Letter from Mr. Borrell, of Smyrna, describing a very
remarkable and unique Coin of Artaxias (See Num. Chron.
Vol. II. p. 4.)
II.
Notice of a number of Roman Coins, found at Strood, in Kent,
by Mr. C. R. Smith (Num. Chron. Vol. II. p. 112).
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 147
The Viscount de Santarem was unanimously elected an
associate, and the Society adjourned to
THURSDAY, 27th of JUNE, 1839.
Dr. Lee, President, in the Chair.
Numerous Presents having been announced ; the follow-
ing papers were read :
I.
Anecdotes of the English Coinage, by J. G. Nichols (Num.
Chron. Vol. II. p. 80.)
II.
On the Currency of Ethiopia, hy Monsieur Thomson d'Ahbadie
(Num. Chron. Vol. II. p. 65).
III.
On the Amelioration of the Coinage, by Mr. J. W. Burgon
(Num. Chron. Vol. II. p. 12).
IV.
On some Cast Coins of the Ptolemies, by Mr. Birch.
The following gentlemen were elected Members :
Alfred Joseph Stothard, Esq.
Humphrey Wickham, Esq.
The President, after an address to the Members, in
which he stated, that agreeably to the Institute of this
Society, his term of office expired with the present Session,
gave notice that the Anniversary Meeting of the Society
would be held on THURSDAY, the 18th July, and that the
ballot for the election of the President and officers would
take place at 3 P.M.
The Society then adjourned, over the recess, to Novem-
ber, 1839.
148 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
At the Annual General Meeting, held at the apartments
of the Royal Astronomical Society, the following gentlemen
were elected
OFFICERS OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.
FOR 183940.
Edward Hawkins, Esq. F.R.S. : F.S.A. ; F.L.S.
Sir Henry Ellis, K.H. ; B.C.L. ; SeC. H. H. Wilson, Esq.,Boden Professor
S.A. ; M.R.I.A.; F.L.S. ofSanscrit,Oxford,F.R.S.;M.R.A.S.
^Treasurer.
John Lee, Esq. LL.D. ; F.R.S. ; F.S.A.
Secretaries.
J. Y. Akerman, Esq F.S.A. L. & E. Francis Hobler, Esq.
JForetgn Secretary.
Captain W. H. Smyth, R.N.; K.S.F.; F.R.S.jF.S.A. ; &c.
librarian.
W. D. Haggard, Esq. F.S.A.; F.R.A.S.
C. F. Barnewell, Esq. M.A.; F.R.S. ; Colonel Leake, F.R.S.; M.R.S.L.; &c.
F.S.A. J. W. Morrison, Esq. Deputy Master
John Brumell, Esq. of the Royal Mint.
Thomas Burgon, Esq. John Gage Rokewode, Esq. M.A. ;
J. D. Cuff, Esq. F.S.A. D.S.A. ; F.L.S.
Colonel C. R. Fox. Wm. Smee, Esq.
Edwin Guest, Esq. Fellow of Caius L. H. J. Tonna, Esq.
College, Cambridge. W. VVyon, Esq. R.A. ; F.S.A.
149
XXII.
REMARKS ON THE TYPE OF SOME OF THE COINS
OF THE AENIANES OF THESSALY.
[Read before the Numismatic Society, Dec. 1839.]
MY object in introducing these coins of the Aenianes of
Thessaly is not to make known any variety in type from
those already published by various numismatic authors, but
merely to offer some observations with a view of elucidating
the subject impressed on the reverse of some of them.
The coins I allude to are those bearing for type as fol-
lows :
Obv. Caput Palladis galeatum eleganter ornatum.
Rev. AINIANilN 0EP2IIinO. Vir nudus gradiens et respi-
ciens cum palliolo circumvoluto brachio sinistro, utraque
manu elata fundam jaculaturam tenet, in area palmse ramus,
et pro pedibus duae lanceae. 1 Si 7. Sestini, Descript. Num.
Vet., p. 145, No. 1.
Many other coins of the same people exist in various
cabinets, differing from the above merely by the magis-
trates' names, and sometimes by the accessory symbol in
the field ; but as these are particulars in no way connected
with my subject, it is unnecessary to describe them. The
authors who. have mentioned these coins have confined
themselves to a simple description of them; none have
attempted to explain who the naked male figure is intended
1 See also Pellerin, Rec. I., tab. xxvi., fig. 2; Mionnet,
Descrip. de Med. Gr., torn. ii. p. 8, No. 66, et Suppl. III. p. 277,
Nos. 115 and 116.
VOL. II. X
150 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
to represent, which we find on the reverse armed with a
sling. It appears to me the subject is allusive to an event
connected with the early history of the Aenianes, an event
which, at a later period, their descendants considered of
sufficient importance to be handed down to posterity.
Plutarch 2 informs us, that the Aenianes, in their wander-
ings before their final settlement, approached and were
desirous of obtaining possession of the country occupied by
the Inachians, a people so called from the river Inachus.
They were commanded by Phenicus, whilst the leader of
the Inachians was named Hyperochus. The oracle having
been consulted by both parties, the former were informed
they would succeed in their enterprise if they could obtain
by free-will any part of the contested land ; and the
reply to the latter was, that they would inevitably lose
their soil if they voluntarily ceded any part of it to their
adversaries. Amongst the Aenianes was a man of conside-
ration, named Temon, who, disguising himself as a beggar,
approached the Inachians, demanding charity; and so
miserable was his appearance, that Hyperochus, by way of
derision, threw him a handful of earth, with which Temon
immediately decamped. The Inachians, reminded of the
oracle by the satisfaction and flight of Temon, were too
late to stop him : Temon had safely joined his friends, and
vowed a sacrifice to Apollo.
In this state of affairs, the rival chiefs having defied each
other to single combat, Phenicus, waiting for his enemy,
and remarking his approach accompanied by his dog, called
out to him that it was unfair to bring with him a compa-
nion ; and whilst Hyperochus was engaged in driving away
Quaest. Graec. 13.
REMARKS ON COINS OF THE AENIANES. 151
the animal, Phenicus hurled a stone from his sling with
such precision, that the Inachian chief was slain. 3
In consequence of this victory, unworthy as it appears,
the Aenianes banished the inhabitants, and possessed them-
selves of their lands; and Plutarch adds, that, from that
time, the stone which caused the death of Hyperochus
became an object of sanctity and veneration; sacrifices
were awarded to it, and on those occasions it was customary
to envelope it in the fat of the victim ; a solemn offering
was made to Apollo, as well as a bull sacrificed to Jupiter,
when the choicest parts of the victim were reserved for the
descendants of Temon.
On examination of the figure observed on the coins of
the Aenianes, there can be but little doubt it is intended to
represent the hero Phenicus, in the act of discharging from
his sling the stone which slew Hyperochus, when he was
waiting the appointed combat. The sling was perhaps the
first weapon used on these occasions ; and if not effectual, we
find the chief prepared for closer combat, by the two spears,
which are invariably seen by his side on all the coins yet
published. I perfectly agree with those writers who ascribe
a religious motive for all the types found upon ancient
Greek coins, nor is there any inconsistency in the explana-
tion I propose, for I presume the subject partakes both of a
political and mythological character. If the stone with
which Phenicus slew his adversary was held sacred, as
Plutarch informs us, there exists good reason to suppose
that divine honours were also offered to Phenicus, as a
demi-god, or, at all events, a hero.
There are other coins of the Aenianes, where a naked
3 A similar stratagem was practised by Melanthus, king of
Athens, in a combat with Xanthus, king of Boeotia.
152 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
figure is represented on the reverse ; but instead of a sling,
he is armed with a javelin and a shield. This is possibly
intended for the same personage ; the subject may have
been treated variously by different artists, or it may refer to
some other exploit of the same hero, with which history has
not made us acquainted. Both were probably copied from
pictures or statues deposited in some temple where he
received divine honours.
Yours sincerely,
H. P. BORRELL.
Smyrna, 8th Nov. 1839.
To J. W. BURGON, Esq., London.
For the Ed. of the Num. Chron.
XXIII.
SCEATTAS.
I AVAIL myself of the opportunity presented by the Numis-
matic Chronicle, of communicating a few observations on
the difficult and hitherto neglected subject of sceattas.
The present remarks embrace a few only of these singular
coins, and shall be continued at some future opportunity.
Several of the sceattas are marked with the characters
usually called Runic; and hence an argument has been
hastily drawn, that all the coins on which they appear
belong to a period posterior to the Danish invasion of
England. Runes were, however, assuredly used by our
Saxon ancestors long before the sea-kings of the north
infested the English shores ; there is good reason to believe
that they were common to all the various tribes of the
north of Europe; that they were known to the Saxons
SCEATTAS. 153
before their conquest of Britain ; and that the invention of
them was ascribed to Odin, to whom the Saxons, as well as
the Scandinavian nations, traced the descent of their kings.
It is probable that the earliest alphabets of all the nations
of the north consisted of Runic letters ; that as Christianity
was promulgated, they gradually fell into disuse, until, in
the ninth and tenth centuries, they were esteemed merely
as magical charms. As proofs of their early use among
the Saxons, we may quote the coin of Offa, on the reverse
of which the moneyer's name, Botred, is in Runic letters,
I^F'TRMlXh' the stycas of Eanred, of Northumberland,
with fcRFl>MR an( * PltTRM^' as moneyers, and
several instances of their appearance on rings, tombs, &c.
The learned Hicks, in his Anglo-Saxon Grammar, pages
136, 137, and 148, and in the 2d, 4th, 5th, and 6th tables
of his Icelandic Grammar, presents us with fac-similes of
Anglo-Saxon MSS., containing Runes, and alphabets
formed from them. Now, then, alphabets of letters used
by the Saxons, differ materially from those in his first
table, which are composed, for the most part, of the cha-
racters which occur on Danish, Norwegian, and Icelandic
monuments. On reference to the coins, we find letters which
belong exclusively to the, we may say, Anglo-Saxon alpha-
bets, as j:, M, [X > [X| ^ or A ' E) P ' & S ' an( * some otners
of more frequent appearance, common to those of Danish,
as well as Saxon origin. This is a point of great import-
ance, inasmuch as it strengthens the appropriation of those
coins to the early Saxon kings. I would further remark,
that not one of the four characters first mentioned above
appears in any one of the tables of the Runes, given by
Olaus Wormius, in his work on Ancient Danish Lite-
rature.
In illustration of the foregoing remarks, we have a coin
154 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
engraved in Ruding, PL XXVI. Fig. 4 (the original of
which is in the British Museum), which, on the obverse,
presents a head, bearing a closer resemblance than any
others to coins of Roman fabric, and which may, on that
account, be considered of earlier date than most of, if not
all, the rest. The head appears to wear a helmet, and
around it is an inscription, which, from being imperfect, is
unintelligible. The most curious point connected .with it
is the singularity of its reverse, which contains, what may be
called, a monogram, occupying nearly the whole field of the
coin. An examination of the figure will satisfy the reader
that the piece is reversed in Ruding's plate, that the cross
may stand uppermost. The monogram is
in an oblong compartment, and evidently contains the
letters rv^l ^ J;5 ^' or, as the character fc<| frequently ex-
presses DD, Sledda. The alphabets which contain these
letters are Nos. 2, 3, 5, 8, of Hicks's second table, and
those in his sixth, " Ex cordice MS. Galba, A 2."
From the prominence of this monogram on the reverse of
the coin, I suspected that it concealed the name of a king,
till an examination of one of the alphabets in Hicks, Tab.
VI., led me to explain it thus, and inclines me to think
that we have here a coin of Sledda, who swayed the east
Saxon sceptre from A.D. 587 to 596.
The other coins which have Runic legends, unfortunately
present very few letters, and are in consequence much
more difficult of explanation. There is one exception,
however, on which a few letters, of a different class to those
noticed above, are found, and which is rather more easy to
SCEATTAS. 155
interpret. I mean the coin generally attributed to Ethel-
bert I., who ascended the throne of Kent, A.D. 560. Mr.
Lindsay, in his remarks on this sceatta, seeing only the
letters Edili., and calling to recollection the many Saxon
kings whose names begin thus, inclined to consider it as
belonging to the south Saxon king Edilwalch, whose short
reign terminated in 618. The peculiarity of the Runes on
this piece was not noticed by him, and I believe it has been
generally read Edili Reix. Were that the proper reading,
J would prefer assigning it to the East Anglian king Ethel-
pere, A.D. 654. I have not seen the original of Ruding's
figure (PI. III. Fig. 1), but the letter which is called I is in
the engraving evidently joined to the X, so as to make it
P4, the D of many Runic alphabets. It is not unusual to
meet with Saxon and Runic characters intermixed, as we
see them here, and I would read it thus, E p | f | R |XI or
EDELERED ; and the only further question is, to whom,
of all the kings of that name, it must be appropriated. We
have Ethelred, of Mercia, A.D. 675 ; of East Anglia, 749 ;
and of Northumberland, 774 : and I think the first of these
is the individual to whom we must give it. What the figure
on the reverse of this can be intended for, I cannot divine.
That the vertical strokes are not for the legs of a beast, is,
I think, evident, from a comparison of this with No. 16,
PL XXVI., where we have XII ; No. 15 of the plate of
sceattas, published many years ago by Mr. White, resem-
bling this last, but with III, and here we have IIII. If
these be numerals, as perhaps they may, I can assign them
no use, or give any reason for their appearance, satisfactory
to myself. The letters TITI, placed in a square compart-
ment, afford a clue for connecting a very large number of
these coins ; and if any meaning can be given to them, it
will be facilitated by comparison of the numerous varieties.
156 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Those in Ruding's first plate, 7 and 8, present, on one side,
an uncouth figure, similar to that which we have observed
on the coin just ascribed to the Mercian Ethelred, and, on
the other, TITI, in a square. We find these letters again
on No. 9, PI. II., which has, on the obverse, the legend
common to many others, MJ^p, which I confess myself
unable to explain. On figure 13 of the same plate TITI
occurs, not only within the square, but twice without it :
8, 10, and 12 differ from the foregoing, in having the Runic
r for T. On figure 14, and 22 to 25, we find TITI again
in a square ; but on the observe of these last we read TIC,
instead of IVlh^jF. We see them again on Fig. 19, alternately
with annulets, round a cross. No question can, I think,
arise, but that all these coins belong to the same kingdom,
and perhaps, also, to the same king. Most of them are
distinguished by the letter A, which, I agree with Mr.
Lindsay in thinking, may be the initial of Angli, and refer
to the East Anglian kingdom. It appears to me, that all
these coins belong to a period long prior to the Danish
invasion. I would, in my turn, hazard a conjecture, that the
letters TITI, so often repeated, indicate the name of Titilus
or Titila, one of the earliest East Anglian kings, who began
his reign in 578, and was succeeded by Redwald, in A.D.
593. This happens to coincide with Mr. Lindsay's remarks
on the same subject, as that gentleman assigns similar coins,
with the letters EO, EADL, ALDVLI, to the East Anglian
sovereigns Eorpwald, Ethelpere, and Aldulf. On this
ground, then, we may give the first 14 figures in Ruding's
first plate, and perhaps 18; 8 to 14, 19 and 20, 22 to 25,
and perhaps also 15 to 17, in his second plate, to the king-
dom of East Anglia.
Those sceattas, on which we find a full-length figure,
holding two crosses, and those on which are represented
SCEATTAS. 157
two effigies, occasionally with a cross between them, con-
stitute a large and not unimportant class of these curious
coins. I think it not unreasonable to conclude, that many
of the latter have a historical meaning, and may indicate
sometimes an alliance between two sovereigns of different
kingdoms, or bear the effigies of two joint rulers of the
same country. Whilst, however, the types of many coins
of this class, and their designs, are familiar, a closer exami-
nation brings to our notice several peculiarities, which shew
that, even if belonging to the same kingdom, they are not
of cotemporary execution.
I proceed to mention different varieties of coins of this
class, and to specify the peculiarities of each.
In Mr. White's plate, No. 11 has, on one side, a full-
length figure, with a head-dress similar to that on 27, PI. I.
(Ruding), and on the other, a bird walking, with a cross
inclined above it, which type also occurs on the obverse of
24, PI. I., and which exact correspondence convinces me
that the two coins are of the same date. No. 19 of White's
plate has, on the obverse, a figure similar to that on No. 1 1 ;
reverse, an animal, the same as that which appears on 27
PI. I. (Ruding). On the reverse of White's figure No. 5,
and Ruding's PI. XXVI., No. 10, we have an animal, the
same in form and workmanship, as those last mentioned,
but on the obverse two figures, each of whom holds a cross,
and a cross of pellets separates them. The connection
between each of the above-mentioned coins is so strong,
that I have little hesitation in assigning them to one king-
dom. The two on which the figure of a man appears,
holding two crosses, seem connected with No. 12, PI.
XXVI., on which we have a half figure, with the same
insignia; and that on which two figures appear, with a
reverse connecting it with one of the last, resembles in
VOL. II. Y
158 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
design No. 8, PI. XXVI. ; so that each of these coins pre-
sents us with a link to connect it with the rest, and to
shew, that the whole belong to one district, and to one or
more kings, immediately succeeding one another. With
them we may perhaps associate the curious piece, figured
in White's plate No. 16, which has on one side a figure
holding a cross in one hand, and a bird, perhaps a hawk, in
the other. Of these coins, No. 8, PI. XXVI., will help us
to assign a period to the whole. Here we have two busts,
with a cross between them, and it is most reasonable to
suppose it to have been struck by the authority of two co-
regnant kings. Fortunately there are not many instances
of two partners on the throne of any of the Heptarchic
kingdoms ; so that we cannot be far wrong in assigning the
piece under discussion to the East Saxon princes Sebfi and
Seglere, who began their reign in 663. On many of the
coins last mentioned, and on some of those of which I am
about to speak, we may discover imitations of the Byzan-
tine coinage ; but though a comparison of one class with
the other is interesting, as illustrating the origin of the
types of these sceattas, it is little to our present purpose.
We come now to No. 1, PL XXVI., the reverse of which
has two figures, apparently military. This piece bears
some resemblance to the small brass coins of the Constan-
tines, on which are two soldiers with legionary standards,
and " GLORIA EXERCITVS." The type of the obverse of
this coin agrees with No. 11, PI. XXIX., one of the most
curious of all. The figures on the reverse of this have
more the appearance of ecclesiastics than those of any of
the others. The sceatta which Mr. Burgon found in
Sheppey, figured in the first number of the Numismatic
Chronicle, has, on the obverse, a head like the two last, and
on the reverse, a square, which again appears on No. 1 1,
SCEATTAS. 159
PI. XXVI. As a square appears on the coins I have
assigned to the kingdom of East Anglia, I think it not
improbable that these four coins have the same origin.
Two coins in PI. I., Nos. 28 and 29, having the square
on the reverse, may be assigned to the same kingdom. On
the obverse of each is a head with a cross in front. As it
has been conjectured, that those sceattas which bear the
cross in this manner belong to those princes who first
embraced the Christian religion, we may, in the absence
of better grounds of appropriation, assign these coins to
Eorpwald, the first converted king of East Anglia. The
other coins, which have the cross on their obverses, are
entirely different from these; and I shall reserve the
consideration of them, as well as the rest not noticed at
present, for a future occasion.
Before concluding, I would offer a few remarks on the
sceattas in Ruding's 9th plate. On the obverse of both
may be read, Beonna Rex, with this difference, that in
No. 2, the letters N and A are expressed in Runic charac-
ters. There seems to be some confusion in the annals of
East Anglia, from the commencement to the middle of the
eighth century. It is agreed that a king of the name of
Beorne ascended the throne in or about the year 690 ; and
to this prince, it is most probable, that the sceattas belong.
Another of the same name divided the kingdom with
Ethelred in 749, and died in 758, leaving his partner in
sole possession of the throne. 1
1 A.B. quod sub anno 749. Sim. Dunelmensis et Chronicon
de Mailross, Hunbearum, et Albertum ^Elfwoldo successisse refe-
runt et regnum divisisso. Sed cum Matth. Westmonast. illos
Beonnam et Athelbertam nominari voluit, hunc Hunbearum non
alium arbitror quam Beonnem super dictum, nee Athelbertum alium
quam Ethelredum Ethelwaldi filium, qui post obitum Beornae solus
regnavit 749. Tab. Chronolog. affixed to Hicks' s Thesaurus.
160 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
In Mr. Lindsay's remarks on these coins, he seems to
have considered them as struck by the joint authority of
Ethelred and Beonna ; and supposes that the letters E F E
are only the initials of the name of Ethelred, Beonna's part-
ner, or "three crowns, the Ensign of East Anglia."
There is, in the collection of the British Museum, a very
curious penny, which seems to have been struck by the joint
authority of Ethelred and Beonna. Its type very closely
resembles those deniers of Charlemagne and his successors,
which read on the reverses, Christiana Religio. The proxi-
mity of the East Anglian kingdom to the continent of
Europe will sufficiently account for the similarity which
this unique coin bears to the money of France, whilst the
date of Beonna's death, 758, will even warrant a conclusion,
that the piece under discussion was the original, instead of
a copy.
Yours respectfully,
L. Y. H.
10th October, 1839.
XXIV.
UNEDITED COINS OF ASIA.
BY SAMUEL BIRCH, ESQ.
Assistant in the Depart, of Antiq. Brit. Mm., Assist. Sec. for the English
Section of the Archaeological Institute of Rome.
[Read before the Numismatic Society, Nov. 28, 1839.]
LEUCO II., KING OF THE BOSPHORUS.
Obv. An oval shield ; behind it a spear crossing the field,
ft. BA2IAE. . [?] AEYM1N.. A bow in its case. JE. 3*.
(British Museum.)
Although the above coin is not fabricated upon the type
of the tetradrachms of Alexander the Great, it must pro-
bably be attributed to the second Leucon, as it bears the
y N E IS) Q V E 02 ASflATOC C D N S .
UNEDITED COINS OF ASIA. 161
title of jSafftXtwc- 1 The shield and spear of the obverse are
analogous to those held by the old crouching figure on the
brass coins of the town of Chersonesus, 2 in the Bosphorus ;
but the shield of the present coin differs in the shape of the
centre, and in being more oval. The reverse, although far
from distinct, has the bow placed in its case ; and the jSaat-
AEWC is rather indistinct, although the Aevjcwv . . is clear. The
mystery and difficulty which hangs over the early succession
of the Bosphorus demands more medallic light before it
can be satisfactorily cleared, or the chronology fixed. The
reverse is similar to the brass currency of Philip, of the
town of Panticapea, Phanagoria, and the Bosphorus gene-
rally, and it was probably struck in the Asiatic territories of
the rulers of the Bosphorus.
TAURIC CHERSONESE ( Uncertain).
Obv. Head in a Phrygian bonnet, with long lappets.
ft. . . A. . star of eight points, and centre bow. JE. 7.
(Brit. Mus.)
The fabric of this coin apparently shews that its locality
is that of the Tauric Chersonese, it being thick, beaten up,
and of the peculiar style of Panticapea, Heraclea, &c. It
is well known that the worship of the Dioscuri partially
prevailed in this locality ; but it is not certain whether the
head on the present specimen is male or not.
CHALCEDON.
Obv. Head 3 of Alexander the Great, or of Lysimachus, in a rain's
horn profile to the right.
R. KAAXAAONK1N. Minerva Nikephora seated to the left.
Monogram [Mion. PI. XV. c. 1379] . Exergue, an ear of
barley. jR.4. (Cabinet of the Bank of England).
1 Kohler, Descr. d'une Medaille de Spartocus, Roi de Bos-
phore. fol. St. Petersburgh. 1824.
2 Ibid. PI. II., and p. 55. This Eckhel supposes to represent
Achilles ; and Kohler, the founder of the city.
3 Kohler, Medaille de Spartocus. fo. St. Pet.
162 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
This beautiful, and, I believe, unique little drachm of
Chalcedon, is unedited, for it does not appear in any of the
published lists. The head is the same as that on the usual
currency of Lysimachus, and is probably that of Alexander.
The present coin in a singular manner confirms the read-
ing of Eckhel 4 on the tetradrachm published by him of
Lysimachus, with KAAKA[Sovtwv] on the exergue ; and
other types of the same monarch occur with KAAXA 5 on
the seat or field. The drachm of the Bank Cabinet not
only proves the conjecture of Eckhel to be correct, but is
the key to the whole currency of the Thracian monarch, as
I will shew in the course of the present paper. The con-
nection of Lysimachus with the Bithynian town has been
hitherto far from satisfactorily explained, although some of
the suppositions of the learned Eckhel must be correct,
while the existence of these types proves that a strict rela-
tionship existed between the opposite shore of the Helles-
pont, and that these coins must have been struck in Asia
Minor. An ear of barley appears on the exergue of the
tetradrachm; and this symbol is common to the early
autonomous types of Chalcedon, with a bull standing. At
a remote period, 6/iovomi or alliances, existed between
Byzantium and Chalcedon, and several of the coins on this
account are of uncertain attribution, having BY 6 and
KAAXA upon them; while the tetradrachms of the two
states bear so remarkable a resemblance in type, size, and
execution, that they appear almost to have issued from the
4 Vet. Num. An. p. 62. Tab. V. fig. 11.
5 Mionnet i. p. 439 20. Vol. ii. p. 553. Also a tetradrachm.
6 One reads BYZAS, beneath the prow of a ship, and KAAXA.
Bandelot, Utilite des Voyages. 8vo. Rouen, 1727. Tom ii.
PL IV., vol. ii, p. 283. It is a brass coin.
UNEDITED COINS OF ASIA. 163
same mint. To Chalcedon I would also assign the other
tetradrachms which have in the exergue the ear of barley,
as well as those quoted in Mionnet with KAA or KAAXA,
and possibly that with K simply in the exergue, as the coins of
this sort in the collection of the British Museum sufficiently
approximate in general character, to have issued from the
same state. The monogram is possibly A I, or that in Mionnet,
PL II. No. 158, the initial of the name of a magistrate ; for
the second form appears upon the large autonomous tetra-
drachm, while EKATAIOY, in full, is on the tetradrachm of
Eckhel : probably the name of the archon or strategos of the
town, whose name roughly marked the epoch of the autono-
mous currency, similarly to the consulship of the Romans,
especially where the state did not make use of a particular
epoch for calculation. The autonomous types of cities
frequently present two series of letters, one indicating the
locality of the coin, and the other the name of the magis-
trate ; and this principle I believe to have been preserved
down to the very period of the Roman sway, while the
conquests of Alexander effected an important revolution in
the autonomous mints, especially of Asia Minor ; for, upon
the universal subjugation of the East to this Conqueror, the
various towns and states struck their currency upon the
model of the Macedonian, with the addition of various
emblems peculiar to their own jurisdiction, to indicate 7 the
peculiar locality for which the coin was struck. No one
who has accurately examined the large series of tetra-
drachms struck in honour of Alexander, having Phoenician
as well as Greek legends, can fail to assent to the truth of
7 Eckhel. Num. Vet. An. p. 65, si omnes hujus generis numos
variis in urbibus Alexandri imagine cusos. Pellerin. Medailles des
Rois, pp. 12 et seq.
164 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
this proposition : they differ in weight, size, execution,
monograms, names, attributes, &c. ; and it is scarcely pro-
bable that this infinite variety of currency issued from a
central mint. As these coins are at present under the
examination of the distinguished Greek archaeologist, the
Chevalier Bronsted, I shall not at present touch upon
them, except for the purpose of illustrating the coins of the
Thracian monarch. Bearing in mind the clue afforded by
the mint of Chalcedon, the first set of coins which can be
satisfactorily assigned are those of Byzantium, having upon
the seat BY, for BuavTtvo>v, and a trident in the exergue.
The tetradrachms of Byzantium are characterised by a
spread, size, and peculiar character of work, which, from
Eckhel's drawing, seems to have been copied by the Bithy-
nian mint. The clue afforded by this important coin to
the mint marks found on the Thracian currency, encou-
rages the attempt to assign some of the other symbols,
although they do not appear, in all instances, to be accom-
panied by the names of towns.
1. BY upon the seat. Ex. a trident placed horizontally. Rude
peculiar workmanship. Flat, thin tetradrachm, &c. Byzan-
tium in Thrace. 8
2. A monogram [Mion. PL vi. 493] on the seat. Exergue,
MH ME [MrjrpoTroXiTwv MtyaXwv ?]. Club placed ver-
tically before the feet of the Minerva ; character of work
similar to the preceding. Tetradrachm flat, thin, and
smaller. Heraclea of Thrace. 9
3. TO on the seat. Exergue, a trident. Nearly the same fabric
as Byzantium, but rather ruder and flatter. Gold coin.
Tomi, in Lower Mcesia. 10
8 Cabinet of the Museum. Dedicated to Neptune. Trident,
symbol of the autonomous coins.
9 Cabinet of the Museum. See Rasche, Lexicon, Rei Num.,
verb. Heracleae. Imperial types, with HPAKAEOTAN MATPO-
IIOAITAN are attributed by Sestini and Mionnet to Heraclea of
Bithynia. 10 Same cabinet.
UNEDITED COINS OF ASIA. 165
4. IS, on the authority of Eckhel, upon the seat. I have never
seen the coin, but it probably belongs to Istrus of Thrace.
5. A monogram (Mionnet, PI. III. No. 187). Exergue, in
the field the anterior parts of two horses joined inversely.
This type is peculiar to Perinthus, as the drachmae of
that locality offer it. The monograms, in the Museum
specimen, are indistinct. Perinthus of Thrace.
6. KAA, perhaps KAA[Xara]. Some of these coins must not be
confounded with those of Chalcedon. Callata in Thrace.
7. Exergue, an ear of wheat. This symbol is also an adjunct
on the coins of Callata, which had a currency nearly con-
temporaneous. It must be distinguished from the ear of
barley, which is peculiar to Chalcedon.
8. KAAKA, ex. or on the seat. These coins were the very first
assigned. One bears the name EraT-a/ow ' Under Heca-
tfsus" Chalcedon Bithyniae [vide supra].
9. Ear of barley in the exergue. Chalcedon in Bithynia.
10. E<J> and in the field a fly under the seat (a monogram, Cadalv.
PI. V. No. 2). Ephesus in Ionia. 11
11. A monogram composed of the characters AP. In the field,
a fly, or a lamp and a fly. These symbols are peculiar to
Lampsacus and Aradus, Larissa and Amphipolis. The
tetradrachms of Alexander, with the fly and AP, have
been assigned to Aradus in Phoenicia. It may, however,
belong to Ephesus, as the name of the city was changed
for that of Arsinoe by Lysimachus. Aradus or Ephesus ? 12
12. Pentagon. Ex. symbol peculiar to Pitane. On this coin is also
the anterior part of a horse. Pitane in Mysia. 13
13. Lamp in the field. The coins of Alexander, with a lamp in
the field, and A above it, or near it, have been very justly
assigned to Lampsacus, as the lamp was the logograph of
the city. The same type, however, appears on the coins of
Amphipolis, in Macedon. The specimen cited has the mono-
gram (Mionnet, PI. XV. 6. No. 1264), and on the seat $?
14. Old terminal figure placed upon a pedestal. It is uncertain
whether this figure is a terminal Jupiter or Priapus : the
distinctive mark of the latter deity is wanting. Two of
these types bear in the exergue ZKOOTOKOV, a name appa-
11 Cadalvene, MecL Grec. Ined. 4to. Par. 1828. p. 31. So
assigned by him.
12 Eckhel, Vet. Num. An. p. 72. Cadalvene, Med. Gr. In.
p. 33. 13 Idem. p. 34.
VOL. II. Z
166 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
rently Thracian, as Spartokos is a well known king of that
line ; but 1 am not aware of any autonomous type with
this form. Within the Thracian dominions of this monarch,
the worship of Priapus did not exist ; but it prevailed at
Nicopolis and Istrus, in Lower Mresia. 14
15. A spiral on the seat. This symbol appears upon the small
brass coins of the kings of Pergamus. Some of the
Gaulish coins, imitated evidently from the currency of
Asia Minor, as they bear the sword of the reverses of
Amisus Ponti, &c., have on the reverse a horse, above
this spiral ; beneath, the pentagon of Pitane. These tetra-
drachms are probably Asiatic.' 5
Many other symbols occur ; and although some of them
might be ultimately satisfactorily identified, it requires
greater leisure than I can command to pursue this impor-
tant and fascinating subject. The stars, the caduceus,
lyre, &c., too often occur upon autonomous types to be
identified easily, although some of these symbols may refer
to JEnos, Miletos, Methymna, and other Thracian and
Asiatic towns, and the history of Lysimachus is enveloped
in much obscurity : the evidence of his currency, however,
points to conquests and possessions in Asia.
CROMNA. 16
Obv. Female head in a mitre ; profile to the left.
R. KPflM. Amphora. IE. 3.
Obv. Do.
R. The same. M. 3.
Obv. Do., counter-marked with a wheel.
R. The same. Same counter-mark. JE. 3. (Brit. Museum.)
14 This symbol is accompanied by Skostokos, and various mo-
nograms. No name of any city appears, or initials, and the
monograms probably represent the names of magistrates. Similar
figures appear on coins of ^Enos.
15 ATEVLA, winged, bust profile to the right. R...TOS,
horse; above, spiral; beneath, pentagon. 51.3. [B. M.]
16 For information relative to this st^te, compare Horn. II. B.
255 ; Strab. xiii. p. 820 ; Apoll. Argonaut, ii. 944 ; Tszetzes ad
Lycophron, 522 ; Val. Flacc. Argon, ii, 105 ; Plin. Hist. Nat. vi. 2 ;
Ptol. Cellarius. Ant. Geog., &c.
UNEDITED COINS OF ASIA. 167
No brass coins of this town have been published. The
female head is that of Juno, who, along with Jupiter,
seems to have been especially worshipped here. The
ornament upon the head is what was probably called by
later writers the mitra, 17 and is a sort of cylindrical cap, 18
ornamented or embroidered with flowers. When placed as
a fillet round the head, it seems to have been termed the
kredemnos, and was worn by Bacchus ; and both the mitra
and kredemnos were peculiar to Asiatic deities ; as Venus,
Juno, Bacchus, and the barbaric females of Greek myths,
as Medea. These coins are mentioned in Mr. BorrelPs
MS. catalogue as coming from Sinope.
TABA CARI3E.
Obv. Head of Gallienus. Legend effaced.
R. APX IACONOC ' TABHN&N. Pan walking to the left.
jE. 6. (British Museum.)
No type of Pan appears in the lists of Mionnet. The
letters are exceedingly indistinct, but a reiterated inspection
justifies the reading above given. The mode of placing
the letters is exceedingly curious, the leading ones of each
word being joined at the base.
SINOPE PONTI.
Obv. Head of the nymph Sinope turned to the left.
R. SINQII ASTY. . Eagle preying upon the tunny fish. JR.. 6.
The type of this coin exhibits no difference from those
already published ; but the name of the magistrate is new.
The letters are placed above the wings of the eagle, and
the last is imperfect, owing to the common want of mecha-
nical finish in Greek coins. It is almost impossible to
attempt to restore the name, so many commencing with
17 Juv. Sat. iii. 66.
18 Virgil JEu. ix. See Servius. Pilea sunt virorum, mitrae
faeminarum quas calanticas appellant. Confer. Cicero in Clodium
Cselius Rhodiginus, Ant. Lat. c. 19.
168 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
this word, as, AorvSajuac? Aaruvooc, &c. The specimens
of the currency in the national collection exhibit the fol-
lowing names of magistrates :
A nYein
APTE .... GEOT
ASTY . . . . M
T NH or AH
KAPI
KT
ADRAMYTTIUM MYSIJE.
Obv. Bust of Pallas helmeted to the left.
R. . . APAMY. . . . Eagle standing. JE. 1|. (British Museum.)
Inedited : there is nothing very remarkable in the type.
The legend is unfortunately indistinct, but the remains
prove the assignment to be correct.
LAODICEA PHRYGIvE.
Obv. AAOAIKEiiN. Bearded head bound with the strophium.
R. IOYA1OC KOTYC. JE. 3. (British Museum.)
The bearded head probably represents the demos or
people of Laodicea. The sunkletos, or senate, was also
occasionally thus personified. This coin was probably
struck during the period of the Roman domination, as
imperial types of the reign of Titus, of this city, occur with
a magistrate named Fatoc louXtoc KOTVQ (Caius Julius
Cotus), without any magisterial title, although he was pro-
bably the archon of the city at that period. Numerous
instances, indeed, prove that while the larger brass cur-
rency, during the domination of the Romans, bore the
imperial head and titles, the smaller frequently remained
autonomous.
SYRIA. ANTIOCHUS V.
Obv. Head of Antiochus, diademed ; profile to the right.
R. BASIAEQS ANTIOXOY ASK EYHATO. Ex. Apollo
seated upon the omphalos, holding the bow and arrow,
usual type. M. 3. (British Museum.)
This coin, which belonged to Mr. Warmington's collec-
tion, has also been recently acquired by the British
UNEDITED COINS OF ASIA. 169
Museum. The type is not new, but the letters ASK
clearly point out that it was fabricated at Ascalon, in
Judea. The date would not coincide with the era of the
Seleucidae, and the moneyers carefully avoided any equi-
voque, by placing the letters in such a manner as not to
form a sense : they generally followed the order of the
notation. The peculiarity in this coin is, that the letters
ASK appear prominently in the field, while the Eupator,
a royal title, is thrown down to the exergue. Behind the
head of the obverse is AR.
SYRIA. DEMETRIUS II. [PHILADELPHOS NIKATOR].
Obv. Head of Demetrius ; profile to the right; diademed.
R. BASIAEQS AHMHTPIOY $IAAAEA$OY NIKATO-
POS. Athene Nikephora standing looking to the left ; area,
a branch. Ex. monogram (Min. PI. I. 28, V. 417). M 8.
(British Museum.)
The above fine tetradrachm, which belonged to the col-
lection of Mr. Warmington, has recently passed into the
cabinet of the Museum. The type occurs in the list of
M. Mionnet ; but it differs in the monograms and letters of
the exergue. The fact of its being unedited was noticed by
Mr. Burgon, who has kindly allowed me to add this and
the former to my list of unedited coins.
TROCMI GALATIJE.
Obv. TPOKMQN. Jupiter in a chair, seated : full face.
R.CEBACTHM1N (inversely). Bull walking to the left. JE.Q.
(British Museum.)
Few or almost no autonomous types of the Trocmi are
known ; and this coin commemorates a fact relative to the
local history of Galatia. At an early period, after the inva-
sion of Greece by Brennus, 19 Leonorius and Lutarius left
their countrymen with a large number of troops, and
crossed into Asia from Byzantium, to the assistance of
Nikomedes, king of Bithynia, against his brother Zibceatas.
19 Livy, xxxviii. 16.
170 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
From that time - the Gauls kept pouring into Asia Minor,
and were at last compelled to settle permanently in the
inland portion, subsequently called Galatia, by a check they
received from Attalus I., king of Pergamus. 21 They, how-
ever, maintained their independence, under tetrarchs and
monarchs, till A. c. 25, when they became a Roman pro-
vince. At the time of Deiotarus, Greek was the language
of the district, although a dialect of the Gallic 22 was pre-
served till a later period. After the era of Augustus, the
province was incorporated with that of Paphlagonia ; and if
the term CEBACTHNiiN be taken in an adjective sense, it
must refer to the imperial favour; for the present coin,
although autonomous, was struck about the period of the
Augustan era. The Trocmi, 23 who, together with the Tecto-
sages, Tolistobogii, Teutobodiaci or Toutobogii, the Vituri,
and the Ambitui, inhabited the province, were settled to the
east ; and the bull, 24 on the obverse, probably refers to the
rearing of cattle, which seems to have been extensively prac-
tised there. The figure upon the other side is that of Jupiter,
seated, full face. The well known reverse of the coins of
Deiotarus, 25 viz. an eagle standing upon a thunderbolt, evi-
dences that Jupiter was worshipped in Galatia, while oxen
were peculiarly sacred to him . Both of these types occur upon
the reverses of Imperial Greek, of Trocmi ; and the types of
Galatia often present the seated figure of Jupiter Keraunios,
while fables relative to Jupiter, of an extraordinary kind,
were current as traditions amonsr the Galatians. 26
20 Clinton,. Fast. Hell. iii. p. 424.
21 Liv. xxxviii. 21 ; Polybius, xviii. 24.
22 Hieronymus, Sets. Prolegomena in Epist. ad Gal.
23 The three first were the most prominent tribes. Plin. v. 42.
24 Cicero, Oratio. Pro. Deiot., c. 9.
25 Mionnet, vol. iv.
26 Paus. fol. Han. 1613; Achaic. liv. v. p. 430, 1. 1050;
Vaillant, Hist. Ars. ii. p. 307. 8vo. Par. 1728.
.ARSINOE
JLA.Oc,
AWE) BPHECUS.
COINS ATTRIBUTED TO ARSINOE. 171
I may here correct a mistake which has arisen with regard
to the appellation Sebastenon, which has attracted the at-
tention of, but has not been much cleared up by, an erudite
geographer of Germany. ^
This term, which had only been found applied to the
Tectosages, upon the authority of a coin published by
Eckhel 28 of the StaoTT)vwv Tf^TotraYwv, and upon the
authority of two inscriptions, one published by Gruter, and
the other by Tournefort, ^ mentioning " the council and
people of the Augustan Tectosages," had led some to sus-
pect that the Sebasteni were a people of Galatia, which the
authority of Pliny rather confirmed, as he mentions the
Seleucenses and Sebasteni; but the last name is not sup-
ported by any other authority, 30 and the medallic evidence
clearly shews, both from the autonomous and imperial
types, that they must be the " Augustan Trocmi" and the
" Augustan Tectosages."
XXV.
RESTITUTION TO THE CITY OF EPHESUS (WHEN
CALLED ARSINOE) OF THE COINS HITHERTO
ATTRIBUTED TO ARSINOE, IN CYRENIACA, AND
TO ARSINOE, IN CILICIA.
[Read before the Numismatic Society, Nov. 28, 1839.]
THE battle fought on the plains of Phrygia, 301 years B.C.,
in which Antigonus was deprived both of his empire and
his life, left his conqueror, Lysimachus, in possession of the
greater part of Lower Asia ; and it was then, when compa-
ratively secure from the opposition of his rivals, that he
2 7 Mannert, Geographie. 8vo. 1802. Niirnberg. Klein-Asien.
p. 52. C8 Doc. Num. Vet. p. 179.
"9 Lettre xxi. p. 178. In the walls of Ancyra itself.
30 The others are by those of Ptolemy and Strabo, &c. The
mistake of an epithet for an appellation is not impossible.
172 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
employed some of his time in embellishing many of the
principal cities. Ephesus was favoured with his peculiar
attention. In speaking of this city, Strabo informs us that
the more ancient city, or that where Androclus and his
followers established themselves, was situated near the
Athenaeum, the Fountain of Hypelseus, and Mount Cores-
sus ; but afterwards, and up to the time of Alexander the
Great, the inhabitants had abandoned Coressus, and fixed
their habitations in the environs of the Temple of Diana. 1
With the desire of improving the situation of the city,
which, being in a plain, was subject to frequent inundations
in winter, and rendered thereby insalubrious, Lysimachus
built, or rather extended, the city, to an adjoining eminence.
The Ephesians being unwilling to change their habita-
tions, Lysimachus, it is said, caused the drains to be closed
up, which, of course, produced, in the rainy season, a des-
tructive inundation ; so that the miserable inhabitants were
obliged to remove to the new quarter prepared for them :
the experiment, however, was dearly paid for, as Strabo says
it cost the lives of ten thousand people. 2 Stephanus relates
the fact of the inundation, and the fatal consequences at-
tending it ; but attributes the cause entirely to accident, and
says nothing of the blocking up of the drains by Lysima-
chus : on the contrary, he adds that it was in consequence
of that calamity, that Lysimachus removed the site. 3
Be this as it may, both authors agree that at this epoch
the city took the name of Arsinoe, in honour of the wife of
Lysimachus, a change which only lasted during the life of
the king; after whose decease the old name of Ephesus
was resumed.
As it is now established by these ancient authorities that
1 Strabo, lib. xiv. p. 640. 2 Idem, loc. cit.
3 Steph. Byz. v.
COINS ATTRIBUTED TO ARSINOE. 173
the city of Ephesus was called Arsinoe during the latter
period of the reign of Lysimachus, it is to this place I
intend classing the following coins :
No. 1. Obv. Veiled female head (Arsinoe, wife of Lysimachus)'
to the right.
R. APSI rONEYS. Bow and quiver. In the field, a bee.
jR. 3. (Sestini, Lett, e Diss. Num., torn. ix. PI. II.
Fig. 13.)
No. 2. Obv. Same head as the preceding.
R. APSI APICTAIOY. Stag, lying down, looking back-
ward. In the field, an astragalus. JE. 3.
It really appears astonishing that so many of the most
distinguished medallists, both ancient and modern, should
have been so unsuccessful in their attempts to class these
coins ; and still more so, that the localities to which they
assign them, should be so far distant from the place where
they were positively struck. Pellerin first published the
No. 2, a coin similar to one in my possession ; excepting
that the magistrate's name on my specimen (APICTAIOY)
is perfectly legible, which is not the case with his.
Pellerin 4 has erroneously supposed his coin to belong to
the town of Arsinoe, in Cyrenaica. Neumann, doubting
the attribution of Pellerin, has been equally unfortunate in
supposing it to belong to the Island of Issa 5 an error he
was led into by the mutilated magistrate's name on Pelle-
rin's coin. Eckhel is the next who notices it ; 6 but although
he disapproves of the classification proposed by Neumann,
he offers no decided opinion of his own : and, lastly, Ses-
tini, 7 differing from his predecessors, wishes to give it to
the town of Arsinoe, mentioned by Ptolemy, in Cilicia.
The other coin (the No. 1), which is of silver, is only pub-
lished, I believe, by Sestini, who quotes the royal collection
4 Pellerin, Rec. torn. iii. p. 11, tab. Ixxxvii. fig. 19.
5 Neumann, Num. Pop. pars 2, p. 153.
6 Eckhel, Doct. Num. Vet. torn. iv. p. 127.
7 Sestini, Lett, e Diss. torn. vii. p. 79.
VOL. II. A A
174 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
at Munich 8 . The engraving he offers, like most of Ses-
tini's engravings, is very miserably executed, and gives but
a poor idea of the coin, of which more than one has been
in my possession. Sestini, of course, assigns this coin also
to Arsinoe, in Cilicia, and remarks, at the same time, that
it stands classed, in the Munich cabinet, to Arsinoe, of
Crete, by its original proprietor, M. Cousinery ; but 1 have
not the least doubt it was struck at the same period, and
by the same people, as the No. 2. That those people were
the Ephesians, and struck the coin during the short time their
city took the name of Arsinoe, in honour of the queen of
Lysimachus, I think can be proved, beyond doubt, by the
following observations.
In the classification of ancient coins, generally, there is
something in the style of the execution, the form of the
letters, the symbols, and even the nature of the metal,
which, to a practical medallist, become collectively so many
criteria for forming an opinion, with some precision, as to the
particular province to which the coins belong. The place of
their discovery is also a weighty argument in case of need.
Pellerin availed himself of one of these guides when he was
induced to prefer classing them to Cyrenaica, as he admits
that their fabric resembled that of other coins of the same
province ; but his opinion is divested of all value, since it
is now well known, that the identical coins, with which his
comparison was made, belong to cities of Asia : that which
he gives to x\utomala, being of Mytilene in the Island of
Lesbos, and the other (supposed to be of Phycus), is, as
assuredly, of Phygela, a city of Ionia, situated only a few
miles from Ephesus. Pellerin's conclusion, therefore, in-
stead of supporting his own classification, is a strong argu-
ment in favour of my proposition. If any doubt should
8 Sestini, Lett, e Diss. Num. torn. ix. p. Ill, tab. ii. fig. 13.
COINS ATTRIBUTED TO ARSINOE. 175
exist of these coins having been struck at Ephesus, during
the short period it was called Arsinoe, a comparison of the
No. 2, with the coins published by Mionnet, under Ephesus,
from Nos. 228 to 234 inclusive, must go far to dispel it.
I, of course, confine the comparison to the reverse of the
coin. Mionnet's seven coins differ from each other by the
names of the magistrates. In other respects, the stag is in
the same position as on my coin, and the accessory symbol
of the astragalus occurs on both. The stag itself is a device
sacred to the principal deity of the city, and occurs almost
invariably on all the autonomous coins of Ephesus. A still
further confirmation is the place of their discovery; of
which twenty years' residence in the neighbourhood, and
frequent visits to the ruins of Ephesus, is satisfactory proof-
I have bought them very frequently with coins of Ionia,
and on two occasions have obtained them from the shep-
herds on the ruins of the ancient city, with other coins
bearing the name of Ephesus.
Although the type on the reverse of the silver coin, No. 1,
does not occur on the money with the name of Ephesus, 9
yet the symbols are characteristic of the worship of Diana ;
and as if it had been the artist's intention not to be misun-
derstood, we find in the field as an accessory type, a small
bee, a symbol equally general as the stag on the autono-
mous coinage of the place.
The veiled female head seen on the obverse of both
these coins is certainly intended for the portrait of Arsinoe,
wife of Lysimachus, and sister of Ptolemy Philadelphus.
There is a second example of her effigy being impressed on
the money of the Chalcidonians, of Bithynia. Her likeness
on both cannot be mistaken, if compared with that struck
at a later period of her life on the gold coins of Egypt, by
her husband and brother, Ptolemy Philadelphus. The
9 See a note, bv the Editor, at the bottom of the next page.
176 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
people of Asia doubtless embraced every opportunity to
conciliate the powerful chief in whose hands their destinies
reposed. Lysimachus' attachment to his wife is a sufficient
reason why she should be represented on their coinage. The
influence she exercised over her husband, according to
historians, was boundless ; consequently, those who by any
means could gain the favour of Arsinoe, were sure to be
looked upon with indulgence by her devoted husband.
If my classification of these interesting coins is adopted,
we have still to look for the money of the two cities Arsi-
noe, the one in Cyrenaica, and the other in Cilicia.
Smyrna, 30th October, 1839. H. P. BoRRELL.
WE feel assured that Mr. Borrell, in common with all our
readers, will thank us for making known, on this occasion, two
very rare and unpublished silver coins of Ephesus, of the existence
of which Mr. Borrell seems not to be aware, and which bear on
the reverse the identical type of the reverse of the silver coin of
Arsinoe, No. 1, just described by Mr. Borrell.
One of these rare coins is in the cabinet of John Huxtable,
Esq., of St. John-street, and weighs 88 grains troy ; and the other
is in the rich collection of Thomas Thomas, Esq., of Oxford-
street, and weighs 85| grains. They are both of unquestionable
authenticity, and are both alike as to type, but the magistrate's
name is EXEANA[7] on Mr. Thomas's coin.
This new type, on the silver coins of Ephesus, tends so remark-
ably to confirm the restitution proposed by Mr. Borrell in his
valuable paper, that we could not resist the temptation to illustrate
it by a plate. We have accordingly availed ourselves of the kind
permission of Mr. Huxtable, to present our readers with an en-
graving of his beautiful and valuable coin (No. 6, on the plate),
placed in juxta-position with the rare coin in the Royal Cabinet
at Munich (No. 1, on the plate), being that described as No. 1 in
Mr. Borrell's paper. We have been induced to copy the engrav-
ing of this coin from Sestini's work, in consequence of the rarity
of the book in this country; for it is to torn. ix. of Sestini's new
series, that Mr. Borrell refers. The other coins of Arsinoe and
Ephesus, placed in juxta-position, and numbered 2, 3, and 4, are in
the British Museum, and No. 5 in the cabinet of Mr. Burgon
(No. 2 being similar to the coin No. 2 in Mr. Borrell's paper) ; and
we think that, after inspecting them, no further comment appears
to be necessary to establish the truth and accuracy of Mr. Borrell's
ingenious restitution. ED.
177
XXVI.
MEDALS OF THE PRETENDER.
[THIRD SERIES.]
(Continued from p. 132.)
No. 56. Busts to the right of Prince James and Clementina; he
in armour, and mantle and sash over the breast ; she with
her hair decorated with tiara and beads, with slight drapery.
Legend, IACOB III R CLEMENTINA R [James
III., King; Clementina, Queen]. [Hamarani.]
Rev. A female leaning against a column. She holds in her left
arm an infant ; with the right hand she points to Great
Britain, which appears on a globe by her side. Legend,
PROVIDENTIA OBSTETRIX [Providence the mid-
wife]. Exergue, CAROLO PRINCE VALLI.E NAT
DIE VLTIMA A MDCCXX [Charles Prince of
Wales, born the last day of August, 1720].
No. 57. Busts to the right of Prince James and Clementina.
He laureate in armour and mantle ; she in mantle, and
brooched in front. Legend, IAC III ET CLEM
D G MAG BRIT REG [James III. and Clemen-
tina, by the grace of God, reigning in Great Britain].
Rev. A female figure standing in an awkward position, and hold-
ing an infant at nearly arm's length. Legend, SPES
BRITANNLE [The hopes of Great Britain]. Exergue,
CAR WALL PR NATVS DIE VLT A 1720
[Charles, Prince of Wales, born the last day of August,
1720].
No. 58. Bust to the right of Prince James, in armour and
mantle ; a sun on his breast. Legend, VNICA SALVS
[The only safety].
Rev. On the left, under a tree, sits Britannia weeping ; before
her is the Hanoverian horse trampling on a lion and uni-
corn ; on the right, a family are emigrating, with their
goods : in the distance is London, with the river Thames
and London Bridge. Legend, QV1D- CRAVIVS'CAPTA
[What is more calamitous than a captured city] . Exergue,
MDCCXXI [1721].
178 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
No. 59. Bust to the right of Prince Charles, in armour and
ermine mantle ; there is a star on the field, near his chin.
Legend, MICAT INTER OMNES [Strive amongst
all].
Rev. Bust to the left of Prince Henry, full dress ; sash over the
shoulder ; neck bare ; flowing hair, tied behind. Legend,
ALTER AB ILLO [The next to him]. Round the
edge, EXTVLIT OS SACRVM COELO DIE
XXXI DECEMBR MDCCXX [He has thrust forth
his sacred countenance from heaven, 3 1st December, 1720].
No. 60. Bust to the right of Prince Charles, in armour and
mantle ; sash over the breast ; cravat ; hair tied. Legend,
HVNC SALTEM EVERSO IVVENEM [This
youth, being overthrown, preserves a heart] .
Rev- Bust to the right of Prince Henry, in armour and mantle ;
sash over the breast; hair tied. Legend, TRIPLICIS
SPES TERTI A GENTIS [The third hope of a triple
nation] .
The following document will fill up a space in the series
of medals :
Copy of an official document in the possession of Mr. Haggard,
relating to the Pretender, and other matters. Presented to
Mr. H. by Mr. Diamond.
A general account of Disbursments made by Brindley Skinner, his
Majesties Consul at Leghorne, from the month of May, 1726, to
the time of his late Majesties death.
1726. Dols. Sols.
May 7. To the postmaster for charges of an ex-
press sent Mr. Resident Colman, at Flo-
rence, with notice of the Pretender's depar-
ture from Rome, given me by an English
gentleman who came thence at the same
time, and had enquired upon the road the
route he took . . . . 18 12
10. To a person sent purposely to Pisa and
Lucca for intelligence if the Pretender had
passed that way ..... 4
Carry over . 22 12
MEDALS OF THE PRETENDER. 179
Dols. Sols.
1726. Brought over . 22 12
May 11. To a postilion watching on the road to Pisa,
and thence to Lerici, that the Pretender
might not pass unknown to Geneva, and so
for Spain, when he left Rome ..27
16. To a snuff-box presented the postmaster for
writing to the post officers about Italy to be
informed of the Pretender's motions, and
other frequent intelligences given to me . 22 13
June 15. To Mr. Consul Allen's bill for a third part
of 254.80 Naples money, the proportion
agreed to be paid by this factory, out of their
national stock, to wards defraying the charges
of a law-suit with the farmers of Iron, in
the kingdom of Naples, undertaken by Mr.
Consul Allen, at my request, in opposition
to their unlawful pretence to exact the iron
duties on all iron hoops on a board of Eng-
lish vessels, for the use of their cask, when
load liquids in the kingdom of Naples,
which became a heavy and general imposi-
tion on the navigation, and by this law-suit
was removed ; but by reason of a deficiency
in the national fund, the charge thereof fell
on me in ducats 84.93, Naples money,
which, at 116 per cent., the current ex-
change, thence made . . . 73 5
Oct. 30. To expenses in two journeys to Florence,
the 12th and 24th of October, upon the
Pretender's removal from Rome to Bologna,
to assist Mr. Resident Colman to dispatch
an express to his Excellency, Mr. Walpole,
the King's ambassador at Paris . 43 4
1727.
March 17. To so much paid towards extinction of Tho-
mas Godfrey's bill of dollars 500 : from
London for expenses in the soliciting an act
of parliament for the establishment of a
national levy at Leghorne . . 27 15
" " To a further sum towards payment of other
bills for the same purpose . . .111 2
Carry over . . 302 18
180 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Dots. Sols.
Brought over . . 302 18
March 17. To chapel rent, from November 1725, to
all May 1727, which was agreed by the
factory should be paid out of their national
stock, dollars 300 per annum; but as that
was exhausted, it became irrecoverable, and
for eighteen months are, dollars . . 450
" " To diet, lodging, &c. of the parson. Mr.
Rowe agreed with the factory to pay me
from their national stock dollars 212.10 per
annum ; but as that was exhausted, it be-
came irrecoverable since Dec. 1725, to all
May 1727, and for seventeen months are,
dollars . . . . v ' ., . 301
" " To manuscripts from Rome, Bologna, Flo-
rence, and Vienna, and newspapers from
Mantua, &c. dollars 16 per annnm, and
postages thereof, dollars 25 per annum,
from the time I received my Lord Duke of
Newcastle's commands, dated 24th January
1726, to get all possible intelligences as to
the Pretender's affairs, and transmit them
to his Grace, to all the month of May
1727, are, dollars . . . . 58 2
" " To postages of letters to and from his
Grace my Lord Duke of Newcastle's office,
and letters thence forwarded for Tunis,
Algier, and Tripoly, with account of news
on business, to and from the Admiralty
Office, relating to their Lordships' affairs,
and some few to the Lords Commissioners
for Trade and Plantations, dollars . . 287 10
" " To impost of the separate account of petty
expenses for public services, amounting to
livers 482, 16 sols, and 3 deniers, which
are, dollars ...... 84
Sum total of dollars . .1483 10
1483 dollars 10 sols, Leghorne money, at 53^ pence sterling for
each dollar, according to the course of exchange, amount to
332 : 2s. 8d. sterling.
BRINDLEY SKINNER.
Leghorne, the 30th June, 1730.
MEDALS OF THE PRETENDER. 181
No. 61. Bust to the right of Pope Benedict, in pontifical robes
Legend, BEN ED XIV PONT M A III [Benedict^
fourteenth pope, in the third year].
Rev. A monument to the memory of Clementina. Legend
MEMORISE M CLEM M BRIT REGISLE [To
the memory of the great Clementina, Queen of Great
Britain].
This princess died at Rome, 18th January, 1735, and
was interred in St. Peter's, with royal solemnities. It was
Pope Clement XII. who ordered an elegant monument to
her memory ; and his successor, Benedict XIV., to do her
further honour, had the above medal struck.
No. 62. Bust to the right of Prince Charles. No drapery.
Legend, CAROL VS WALLI^E PRINCEPS 1745
[Charles, Prince of Wales].
Rev. Britannia standing near a rock on the sea shore. In her
right hand she holds a spear : her left hand rests on a
shield, behind which is a globe. In the distance are ships
sailing towards her. Legend, AMOR ET SPES [Love
and hope]. Exergue, BRITANNIA [Britannia].
No. 63. The same obverse and reverse, but very much smaller.
No. 64. A very small bust of Prince Charles, without legend or
reverse. This is oval.
No. 65. Prince Charles in the Highland dress, sword in hand,
and a shield over his left breast, bearing round it this
legend, QVIS CONTENDAT MECVM [Who would
encounter me ?] At the top of the medal is the date
1749, and on a band round it is this legend, NULLUM
NON MOVEBO LAPIDEM VT ILLVD ADI-
PISCAR [I will turn every stone that I may obtain it].
Rev, In the centre is a large rose, with this legend MEA- RES-
AGITVR [I am the party concerned].
No. 66. Prince Charles in the Highland costume, with a star on
his left breast. He points with the fore-finger of the
right hand. Looking up at the Prince's face, is a man
leaning on a studded shield : he appears to be only two-
thirds out of the ground. Legend, CAROLVS PRIN-
CEPS [Charles the Prince].
Rev. Fame flying over a city, holding in her left hand the
VOL. ir. B B
182 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
English crown : from her trumpet issues this legend,
SVVM CVIQVI [Give every one his own].
No. 67. Bust to the right of the Duke of Cumberland, in
armour ; hair flowing over the back, and sash across the
breast. Legend, GVLIELMVS DVX CVMBRI^
[William Duke of Cumberland].
Rev. Prince Charles, in a plaid dress, humbly resting on one
knee, with hat in hand, before a lion, crowned ; he holds
up his hand, apparently to prevent the lion crushing him.
Exergue, 1746.
No. 68. To the left is the Duke of Cumberland, on horseback,
with sword in hand. Legend, DUKE OF CUMBER.
Rev. A rebel hanging on a gallows, though it appears they have
forgotten to put the rope round his neck. Jack Ketch
leans over the gallows ; his assistant stands with a rope in
each hand, ready to execute two supplicant rebels, on their
knees. Legend, MORE REBELS A COMING.
(To be continued.}
xxvn.
RESTITUTION OF SEVERAL COINS HITHERTO SUP-
POSED TO BELONG TO THE CITIES OF APOLLO-
NIA, IN LYCIA, AND CARIA, TO APOLLONIA, IN
PISIDIA.
[Read before the Numismatic Society, Dec. 26th, 1839.]
ONE of the greatest difficulties in numismatics, is the cor-
rect classification of coins of cities of which there are several
of the same name. Geographers have cited no less than
thirty cities called Apollonia. Many coins which have
reached us, with the name of Apollonia, are altogether
dependent on the medallist's sagacity for their correct
attribution.
It is not pretended, that if a coin bear simply the
name of Apollonia, the numismatist is to decide be-
RESTITUTION OF COINS TO PISIDIAN APOLLONIA. 183
tween the whole of the thirty cities of that name. The
fabric, or other marks, to an experienced eye, will some-
times shew if it belongs to Europe or Asia; and again, if
he decide upon either of these grand divisions, he can
often further distinguish between particular provinces, thus
confining the difficulty to three or four cities.
The coins which various authors have described, and
attributed to cities of Asia, named Apollonia, belong to
the provinces of Mysia, Ionia, Caria, Lycia, and Lydia.
It is my intention to propose the restitution of some of
them to Apollonia, in Pisidia. Those liable to this change
are
No. 1. AAE#ANAPOC (Lit. AP. in nexu) KTICT AIIOAAfl-
NIA...Caput Alex. Mag. imberbe, pelle leonis tectum.
R. AHOAAtiNIATiiN ITEPrAKiN OMON[OIA]. Duae
mulieres tutulatae ex adverse stantes, d. Dianae Per-
gaese simulacrum una tenent, intermedia infra ara. JE. 8.
Sestini Lett, e Dissert. Num. torn. vi. p. 36, tab. i. fig. 18,
ex Mus. M. Ducis, et Mionnet, Supplt. vi. p. 469, No.
170.
No. 2. AAESA KTIC AHOAAQNIA. Tete d'Alexandre le
grand, couverte d'une peau de lion, a droite.
R. AnOAAQNIA... KAI AYKKiN OMONOIA. Deux
femmes debout, se donnant la main droite et tenant
chacune dans la gauche une haste. IE. 8g. Mionnet,
torn. iii. p. 332, and Supplt. vi. p. 469, note.
No. 3. -AAE^ANAPOC KTICT AITOAAftNIAT. M6me tete.
R. AIIOAAQNIATON K AYCIAAEON OMONOIA.
Deux femmes debout, vetues de la stola, la tete sur-
montee du modius, se donnant la main dr. et tenant dans
la gauche, 1'une le simulacre d'Apollon, 1'autre celui de
la Fortune ; au milieu d'elles un autel allume. JE. 9.
Mionnet, torn. iii. p. 332, No. 170.
No. 4. AAE#A KTIC AIIOAA&NIA. Meme tete.
R. iniIO$OPAC. Fleuve couche a gauche, tenant dans la
main droite un roseau, et dans la gauche une corne
d'abondance, a cote de lui, une corne d'ou s'echappant
des eaux. JE. 8|. Mionnet, torn. iii. p. 332, No. 172.
Visconti (Icon. Gr. part 2, cap. 2, p. 45, tab. xlix.
184 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
fig. 6) was the first to propose the restitution of those coins
with the portrait of Alexander the Great to Apollonia, in
Pisidia ; and I perfectly concur with him. History leaves
us ignorant of any event in the life of Alexander connected
with Apollonia in Caria, whereas he passed the winter of
324 B.C. in Pisidia; and it is probable that during that
time, the Macedonian conqueror embellished the city then
called MordicBum, which entitled him to the epithet of
founder. Of the period when it took the name of Apollo-
nia, we are not informed.
I shall shew that the Pisidian Apolloniatae were origi-
nally a colony from the city of the same name in Lycia,
which will account for the alliance between the Apolloniatae
and the Lycians, as expressed on the coin described above,
No. 2, and with the Pergaeans, their neighbours, on No. 1.
That with the Lyciadae, or No. 3, is not so easily explained,
as those people inhabited Phrygia; but examples are not
rare of similar alliances contracted between people of still
more distant cities. Admitting it probable that the four
coins above enumerated were struck by the Apolloniatee of
Pisidia, I shall proceed to describe some others struck under
the Roman emperors, which certainly belong to them.
Sestini (Descript. Num. Vet. p. 156) cites a coin of Gal-
lienus from Gori (Mus. Fior. torn. v. tab. 85) which he
reads AOHAAiiNHmN AYCPKS. This, Olstenius (in Notis
ad Steph. p. 41) attributes to Apollonia of Mysia. Olste-
nius imagines the coin to be altered, and that it ought to
read AIIOAAQNIA'mN EPOC PYN ; but Sestini is of opi-
nion, that as AY, the initial letters of the inexplicable
AYCPKS are visible, that it belongs to Apollonia of Lycia ;
and is at great pains to prove that the difficult word should
read AYKIiiN. Sestini again refers to this coin (Lett, e
Dissert. Num. torn. viii. p. 84) when he pronounces it a
^RESTITUTION OF COINS TO PISIDIAN APOLLONIA. 185
vile fabrication, " un conio falso falsissimo" The first
time I was induced to give the question any consideration
was on the occasion of buying a medallion of Gallienus,
which was brought me from Pisidia with other coins of the
same province, and which is now in the British Museum,
classed by me, at that period, to the Apollonia in Lycia.
Here is the description.
No. 5. AYT H A TAAAIHN. Laureated head of Gallienus
to the right.
R. AUOAAftNIATON AY 9P KW. A figure standing in
an Octostyle temple ; a patera in his right hand, and
the hasta in his left. JE. 13.
Although unable to explain the letters AY0PKW, I could
not but observe the identity of my coin with that of Gori, the
legend of which must have been misread, or perhaps the
coin itself badly preserved ; still, there was sufficient to per-
suade me that my coin was neither false, nor the legend
retouched or altered by a modern hand. Another specimen
came under my notice, a short time after, at Trieste, in the
collection of the Chevalier Fontana, when I took note of
the following coin. 1
No. 6. AYT K A CenT CGOYHPOC lie. Lsftireated head
of Sept. Severus to the left.
R. AnOAAiiNIATiiN AY 6PA KO. Hygea and JEscu-
lapius, standing, each with their usual attributes ;
between them is a small figure of Telesphorus, stand-
ing, front face, enveloped in his hooded mantle. JE. 9.
M. Fontana informed me that Sestini had positively
declared this coin false, and had refused to insert it in his
catalogue an opinion the more singular, as it bore the
most indubitable appearance of genuineness.
1 The coin of Gallienus, in Mionnet, torn. iii. p. 432, No. 11,
must change place: it belongs to Pisidia.
186 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
If there is any merit in having found the means of prov-
ing that the two coins, Nos. 5 and 6, positively belong to the
Apolloniatse of Pisidia, that merit must be divided with
my esteemed friend, the Rev. Mr. Arundel, chaplain at
Smyrna. That gentleman, on his return from his last
journey in Asia Minor, communicated to me two inscrip-
tions which he had copied over the gate of the castle of
Apollonia in Pisidia, which read as follows :
No. 1. No. 2.
H BOYAH KAI O AHMOC TONAFNON
AnOAAONIA'mN AYR KAIAIKAION
ION ePAKiiN KOAiiN EIHTPOIION
ilN. TOY2EBASTOY
AYPHAIONAHOA
AiiNIONHBOYA[H]
KAIOAHMOSA[I10A]
AiiNIATONAY[Kl]
iiN9PAKiiNK[O]
AiHfQNTONN[E]
ONEYEPrET[HN]
ETEIMHSA[NAN]
APIANTI.
Here, then, is the key for explaining the legend that so
much perplexed Sestini. The inscription, No. 1, is per-
fect, and bj it we are enabled to fill up the deficiences in
some of the lines of No. 2. They inform us that the Apol-
loniatae were a colony originally from Thrace, and lastly from
Lycia, AHOAAONIATiiN AYKK1N 6PAM1N KOAONON.
Sestini's misread coin, that in the British Museum, as well
as the presumed forgery of M. Fontana's, were all struck
by the Apolloniatae of Pisidia, colonists from Lycia and
Thrace, as their legends indicate, AnOAAQNIATfiN AY
0PA KO, abbreviations for AYKIQN 6PAKON KOAiiNQN,
the Apolloniatce, Colonists from Lycia and TJirace ; leaving
no doubt as to their correct appropriation. Whether medal-
lists coincide with Visconti, in assigning to this same city
ON THE IRISH COINS OF KING JOHN. 187
the coins described above, from No. 1 to No. 4, or not, we
now possess, thanks to the interesting inscriptions commu-
nicated by Mr. Arundel, another city to be added to the
list of those whose coins can be classed with precision.
H. P. BORRELL.
Smyrna, l$th Nov. 1839.
To J. W. BURGON, Esq., London.
For the Ed. of the Num. Chron.
XXVIII.
ON THE TYPES OF THE IRISH COINS OF
KING JOHN.
I AM not aware that any explanation has ever been offered
for the very singular devices which occur on the money of
John, struck in Ireland, both before and after he ascended
the throne of England. Those curious pieces, on which his
title is Dominus, are supposed to have been minted during
the reign of his father ; and we may remark, that as Henry
II., on his accession, had established the privilege of coin-
ing, which several of the barons enjoyed, it was hardly to be
expected that he would, though so indulgent a father, allow
his son to place his own portrait on his money. Neither
on these coins, nor on those smaller pieces (Ed. plate, figs.
10 to 14), which were in cotemporary circulation with them,
do we meet with the usual type of a royal bust, with crown
and sceptre. Instead thereof, we have a face resembling
the full moon; and this device seems to have some con-
nection with the crescent moon and blazing star, on the
pennies, halfpennies, and farthings of John's later coinage,
when king of England.
In illustration of the last of these types, so different from
188 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
every thing on the money of John's predecessors and suc-
cessors on the English throne, Sir Henry Ellis quotes an
entry from the rolls of parliament 1 , wherein it is stated,
that the crescent and star were used as the livery of the
king's household.
In the 20th plate of a work, entitled " Monnaies des
Eveques des Innocens, &c.," 2 two curious medals are en-
graved (44 A and 44 B), of nearly cotemporary execution
with the coins in Simon's second plate, figs. 38 to 42 ; and
on comparison of these with the latter of the medals espe-
cially, the exact correspondence of the types appears very
striking. The explanatory note (page 89), contains some
pertinent remarks, shewing that the moon, as well as the
morning star, were emblems of St. John the Baptist : since,
as the moon, in the absence of the sun, reflects his light,
and testifies of his existence, so it was said of St. John,
" that he was sent to bear witness of the light." So, also,
the Baptist was represented as the morning star, the fore-
runner of the "Sun of Righteousness;" being designated
by Christ himself as " a burning and a shining light."
Hence, it appears, that the various devices which occur
on the money of King John, were typical of the office of St.
John the Baptist. Whether the King was born on the
festival of St. John, and in consequence received his name,
and regarded him as his patron saint, we know not now ;
and on that point the chronicles of that age are silent. A
few passages, however, in the histories of Matthew Paris,
and others, seem to shew, that King John entertained a
peculiar veneration for the saint, his namesake. In the
year 1200, the kings of England and France having entered
1 Numismatic Journal, Vol. II. p. 254.
2 A notice of this curious work appears in the Numismatic
Chronicle, Vol. I. p. 252.
ON THE IRISH COINS OF KING JOHN. 189
into a treaty, Matthew Paris says, " Denique inter Reges,
ut praemissum est, fcedere confirmato, terminura ad sequens
festum Sancti Johannis Baptistae statuerunt, ut tune ea
quae prselocuta sunt, irrefragabiliter sortiuntur effectum." 3
Towards the close of the same year, John held a con-
ference at Lincoln, with William, King of Scotland, when
it is related, " Rex Johannes, contra consiliuin multorum
intravit civitatem intrepidus quod nullus antecessorum
suorum attentare ausus fuerat, perveniensque ad ecclesiam
Cathedralem obtulit calicem aureum super altare Sancti
Johannis Baptistae." 4
To these instances, I could add others from various
sources, of important expeditions undertaken by this king
on the same festal day.
These several passages, and the devices on the coins,
seem to me to be mutually illustrative of each other.
Many conjectures have been offered in explanation of
the triangle which occurs first on the Irish money of King
John; but not one that is entirely satisfactory. That it
should ever have been supposed to be the origin of the
arms of Ireland is surprising, when we consider the circum-
stances under which the harp was first adopted as the
national emblem of the sister isle.
In the year 1023, the harp and crown of Brian Boroimhe,
King of Ireland, who was slain at the battle of Clontarf, in
1014, were carried to Rome by his son, and lodged in the
Papal treasury. It was on the possession of these regalia,
that Pope Adrian, in the reign of Henry II., founded his
claim to the sovereignty of Ireland. When Henry VIII.
had distinguished himself by his tract against the doctrines
of Luther, Leo, then pope, dignified him with the title of
3 Matt. Paris, p. 267. Edit. 1571. * Ibid. p. 273.
VOL. II. C C
190 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Defender of the Faith, and at the same time presented
him with the harp of King Brian. In this reign, the harp
first appears as the emblem of the sovereignty of Ireland ;
and in, or probably before, the year 1530, we meet with
it, for the first time, upon the reverses of the Irish money
of Henry VIII., crowned along with the title Dominus, and
some years afterwards, Ilex Hibernie. 5
L. Y. H.
Leeds, 5th Dec. 1839.
5 In the wardrobe account of Edward II., a translation of which
is printed in the 26th volume of the Archaeologia, the following
entries occur :
" To Friar Walter de Assherugge, head chaplain of the King's
chapel, for the King's daily oblations, being the value of the
magnus denarius oblatorius, worth by weight seven pence, and
offered by the King each day at his mass, and afterwards redeemed
by the wardrobe each day for sevenpence" (,10 13s.) In like
manner, the Queen's head chaplain had the redemption of the
Queen's oblatory coin of sevenpence, except on the festival of the
Assumption, when the Queen offered gold.
These passages seem to allude to a coin, the use of which has
never been satisfactorily ascertained (Ruding, PI. II. Fig. 23).
Pieces are known of this type, weighing from 80 to 1 40 grains ;
and one of this latter weight seems to correspond with the magnus
denarius of the King and Queen's oblations.
[The author of "Illustrations of the Anglo-French Coinage"
gives a different and more fanciful explanation of the crescent
and star. " The star," he says, " was the cognisance of the
duchy of Gascony, merged in the title of King of England in the
reign of Edward the First ; and the crescent was the device of
Bordeaux, the metropolis of the duchy, the portus lunce of the
ancient geographers." It may be as well to remind the reader
that the crescent and star appear on some of the coins of Henry
the Third ; but this does not militate against the argument of our
correspondent. With regard to the triangle on Irish coins, we
have always regarded it as a symbol of the Trinity ; and we
confess that we have never met with any argument to shake this
opinion. The artists of a later period, as is well known, were
accustomed to represent the head of the Deity within a triangle.
ED.]
191
XXIX.
UNPUBLISHED BRITISH COINS. No. V.
WE have recently been favoured by the inspection of seve-
ral British coins, which offer some peculiarities hitherto
unnoticed. They have been very carefully engraved in
the accompanying plate, which will render a more minute
description than that which follows unnecessary.
No. 1. A very remarkable coin, found near Durham, formerly in
the possession of Mr. Surtees, of that city. The obverse
bears a head, with snake-like locks, with two symbols in
front, resembling an abbot's crosier or the Roman lituus.
N. This coin is also remarkable on account of its being
very thin, and perfectly flat on each side. Weight, 27 1
grains. (Cabinet of Mr. Huxtable).
No. 2. The obverse of this coin bears a horse caracoling to the
left, with a heart-shaped ornament above, which is sur-
rounded by a beaded line. In the exergue are traces of
letters. The reverse bears what appear to be two clubs,
between which is a wheel, and near the margin are two
stars and the remains of a third. This 'type is very
singular, and appears to be altogether novel. Place of
discovery not known. EL. 84 grains. (Mr. Huxtable).
No. 3. Obv. Rude head, to the right.
R. A horse to the left, with the wheel and other
symbols in the field. The types of this and the following
coin are peculiar. Place of discovery not known. Ji.
17 grains. (Mr. Huxtable).
No. 4. Another coin of similar style and character, but the
head of better execution. Place of discovery not known.
Si. 17 grains. (Mr. Huxtable).
No. 5. The type of this rude coin resembles that of Ruding, PI. I.
No. 7, but more particularly that described and engraved
in the Numismatic Chronicle, Vol. I. No. 10. It was
found near the Whitman Hills, Dorchester, Oxfordshire,
in the year 1837. jV. 118 grains. (Mr. Huxtable).
No. 6 A coin in very excellent preservation, but uninscribed, of
192 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
which a cast has been kindly forwarded by a correspondent
(H. G. B.) in the Island of Jersey, where it was found
by a labourer last year. Three pellets conjoined appear on
the cheek of the portrait on the obverse, and the animal
on the reverse has a kind of griffin's head, while above
appears part of the charioteer, and below an attempt,
probably, to represent a prostrate human figure. A r .
112 grains.
On our first inspection of the cast we were disposed to
consider it a Gaulish coin ; but further examination and com-
parison incline us to believe that it is a coin peculiar to
the Channel Islands.
No. 7. Obv. A horseman galloping to the right; below, the
letters CVN.
R. Victory walking to the right, holding a garland.
Found at Berkhampsted, Herts. JE. Weight 49 grains.
Communicated by Dr. Lee.
This coin, which differs from all the numerous types of
Cunobeline, is formed on the Greek model, and is convex
and concave.
J. Y. A.
XXX.
ON TWO UNPUBLISHED COINS CONNECTED WITH
THE HISTORY OF BOULOGNE-SUR-MER.
(From the Revue Numismatique.)
M. DUFAITELLE, in reply to a general request made to the
numismatic public, at the termination of my paper on the
coins of Boulogne-sur-Mer (Revue, 1838, p. 34), has pub-
lished, in the Puits Artesien (a journal of the Pas-de-
Calais), a notice entitled, " Observations on the Coins of
Boulogne with the name ofEustacius" The author objects
to some of my conclusions, and furnishes other ideas on the
subject which had not before occurred to me. I would
have delayed noticing this publication until such time as I
could have obtained evident proofs, but the desire of making
UNPUBLISHED COINS OF BOULOGNE-SUR-MER. 193
known to numismatists two unpublished coins connected
with the history of Boulogne, has urged me to come forward
sooner than I had intended.
One of the coins I am about to describe, is a fine piece
of Stephen, King of England, who died in 1154, which is
in the possession of Mr. Ducas, of Lille ; the other is a
small coin called maille, belonging to the class of that
period, so frequently found in Flanders.
On the obverse are two. figures standing and separated
by a sceptre ; on the reverse, a cross surrounded by a
legend, of which can be read, COMES. 1 Nothing
goes directly to prove that this coin belongs to the counts
of Boulogne, we can only assign it to them by analogy.
First, on comparing this maille with the coin of Stephen,
just mentioned, it is clear that the type of the obverse of
both specimens is alike. The reverse, it is true, is quite
different. But in comparing it with other small mailles,
extremely common in the north of France, which M. Car-
tier has mentioned in the first number of the Revue of this
present year, and which, in another paper, I shall prove to
belong to Ponthieu, we observe a surprising resemblance in
the cross on the field of each a fact not to be wondered at,
if that under consideration had been struck by one of the
counts of Boulogne, who were always connected with those
of Ponthieu. There is no room to confound this cross with
that on the mailles of Flanders ; for on the latter it usually
cuts through the legend, which is not the case with this.
The above reasons justisfy us in giving this coin to
Boulogne ; and this is corroborated by the learned author
of the Numismatique du Moyen-age. On the other hand,
This maille belongs to M. Rollin, jun.
194 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
the discussion necessary to decide to what prince this
money belongs will afford a greater evidence of this view.
The type of this maille is clearly Byzantine, and could
not have been brought to Europe but by the Crusaders.
Among the princes who went to the first crusade are found
Robert, count of Flanders, and Eustacius III., count of
Boulogne. The first of these two princes, after what I have
stated above, can have no claim to this coin. There will
remain, then, Eustacius III. This prince succeeded his
father in 1093, departed for the Holy Land in 1096, and
in the autumn of 1 100 married Mary, daughter of Malcolm
III. of Scotland, and sister of Matilda, wife of Henry of
England. After the death of Baldwin, his brother, in
1118, he was a candidate for the crown of Jerusalem; but
the barons in the east, impatient at his non-appearance,
elected Baldwin of Bourg. Eustacius, then in Calabria,
returned homewards, and retired a short time after to the
priory of Rumilly, where he died.
My explanations do not conclusively prove this coin to be
of Boulogne. Some numismatists, more skilful, will be
able to decypher, perhaps, from the beginning of the legend,
the word Bolonia, and thus decide at once. However, it is
to be hoped that a better specimen may be procured, which
will determine this maille ; but it may as likely prove against
as for its appropriation to Boulogne. On my part, as the
case stands, I can say no more on the subject than what I
have already stated ; and I leave to greater adepts the ulti-
mate settlement of the question, hoping that their decision
and new discoveries will not deprive the medallic history of
Boulogne of a coin that dates its origin at the beginning of
the twelfth century.
As to the coin of Stephen, already referred to, it cer-
tainly does not directly belong to Boulogne; it has, like
UNPUBLISHED COINS OF BOULOGNE-SUR-MER. 195
many similar, been struck in England. M. Lelewel reads
on this coin STNE1IU0, a legend, according to him, analo-
gous to STEFNVS or STNEFAVS, which we find on other
coins of Stephen. One of the two persons separated by a
sceptre is clearly a woman ; and M. Lelewel thinks it to be
Maud or Matilda, the wife of Stephen, and the other would
then be Stephen himself. This coin belongs to the same
class as other coins of this prince, without legend on the
reverse; those of Robert, Duke of Gloucester; those of
Eustace, the son of Stephen; and which certainly do not
seem coined for common circulation, but are rather tempo-
rary coins, struck in particular emergencies. 2 I shall now
attempt to fix their date, and, at the same time, shall avail
myself of the opportunity to correct some errors in my
former paper. But to be enabled more easily to follow the
course of my reasoning, let us take a brief review of the
history of Stephen.
Stephen, of Blois, became count of Boulogne solely by
the protection of Henry I. of England, who had caused him
to marry Matilda, daughter of Eustacius III. Neverthe-
less, without regard for the kindness of Henry, and although
he had sworn allegiance to the Empress Maud, his daugh-
ter, he landed in England in 1 135, and seized on the crown,
to the prejudice of that princess. As a first step, she ap-
plied to David, King of Scotland, who, after having entered
into a treaty with Stephen, abandoned her. However, in
* Such is the opinion of M. Lelewel.
M. Dufaitelle, in his " Observations on the Coins of Boulogne
with the name of Eustacius," seems inclined to think that the
coins bearing a shapeless animal (perhaps a lion or leopard ram-
pant) might belong to somebody else than Eustacius IV. The
above opinion, which I stated in the Revue Numismatique, 1838,
is supported by the most eminent writers.
196 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
1138, David again espoused the cause of his niece, but suf-
fered a defeat at the battle of the Standard. At last, the
day arrives when Maud is on the point of recovering her
kingdom. Stephen quarrels with the clergy, and his bro-
ther Henry, Bishop of Winchester, at the head of the
insurgents, takes the field against him. The Earl of
Gloucester, natural brother of the Empress, raised an
army, and in 1141 defeated Stephen at the battle of
Lincoln, and made him prisoner. Almost all the chief
towns, London excepted, declared for Maud ; but she lost
her advantages by her wanton pride. The Bishop of Win-
chester forsook her, and went over to the side of his
brother. Queen Matilda, the wife of Stephen, and her
son Eustace, put themselves at the head of an army; the
Earl of Gloucester was taken and exchanged for Stephen,
who, in 1142, besieged Oxford, where he found his rival,
and forced her to fly. The death of the Earl of Gloucester
gave, in 1147, a permanent advantage to the party of the
King; and Maud then fled to Normandy, with her son.
Stephen then thought himself firmly seated on the throne ;
nevertheless he failed in having his son Eustace crowned
in 1151; and was eventually obliged to acknowledge the
legitimate successor, Henry, son of the Empress Maud.
Stephen died in 1154.
Now, let us return to our coins. But, first, it is to be
observed, that many of the coins of Stephen bear on the
legend of the reverse the place of mintage, and that there
are only a few specimens at all resembling the one under
consideration. What could warrant a departure from this
established custom? This, indeed, is most probable, that
it was not done under ordinary circumstances, otherwise it
is not easy to understand what motive Stephen could have
had in altering the common coin. To this probability we
UNPUBLISHED COINS OF BOULOGNE-SUR-MER. 197
may add those supplied by the coins of Robert of Glouces-
ter and of Eustace, evidently struck in the same emergen-
cies. All this leads me to think, that such coins as are
without legends on the reverse have been struck during
the wars between Stephen and Maud, evidently from
pressing necessity to pay their forces. Then, in this order
I would propose to arrange these coins : First, those having
the head of Stephen, struck before his captivity; then,
those of Eustace, with the type of an animal rampant; or
even before these, the money actually representing Stephen
and Matilda, struck by the latter in imitation of the coins
of her father ; afterwards, at the reconciliation between the
King and the Bishop of Winchester, the piece analogous to
the former, representing these two princes with a sceptre
between them ; 3 and lastly, those of the Earl of Gloucester
struck contemporary with those of the other party. We
could, perhaps, also insert in this list such as bear round the
head HEN VS EPC, and on the reverse STEPHANVS;*
but I am rather disposed to think these were struck after-
wards, and by permission of Stephen. I account for this,
that during the imprisonment of Stephen, the army, having
no general chief, each petty chief struck a coin for circula-
tion among his men ; while, that, in the opposite party, the
Earl of Gloucester, being the sole head, as brother of the
Empress, would strike no money but such as bore his own
name. As for those without the place of mintage, I am at
a loss how to explain them ; perhaps it was not unlikely that
each baron carried a moneyer in his suite. All these, how-
ever, are only hypotheses which I submit to the judgment
of the readers of the Revue; they may be, perhaps, a
3 Snelling. * Ibid.
VOL. II. D D
198 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
little too speculative, but my end will be gained if they
should draw to these particular coins the attention they
deserve.
L. DESCHAMPS.
XXXI.
PETITION OF THE ROETTIERS, WITH THEIR
ACCOUNT FOR MAKING THE GREAT SEAL OF
ENGLAND, TEMP. CHARLES II.
FROM the following interesting document, in the possession
of the Editor, it will be seen, that though honour and
credit were attached to the office of chief engraver of the
mint, in the time of the " most religious and gracious
King," it could only be held by persons possessing some
property of their own, unless they were fortunate enough
to have much private work. This may probably account
for the retirement of Simon, who, if similarly treated, must
have suffered severely from this system of long credit a
disgrace even to the reign of Charles the Second. Among
the items which appear in the account, is one for breaking
up the old great seal. The petition is evidently a rough
draft, and is without signature.
" To the R* Ilonb' 6 the Lords Com" of his Ma ts Treasury."
The humble Petition of Jo. Iloteeires his Ma te Engraver
at the Tower,
Sheweth
That by warr' dated the 6 th March 166 7 - in y e 19 th yeare
of his late Mat 5 Raigne under the hands of the honb le y e Ld.
Arlington, your said petlon r was ordered to grave and make a
Great Seale for his late Mat y w ch was accordingly done and finished
and delivered to as appears the
charge whereof amounted to 246 : 3 : 2 of w ch your s d petition 1
PETITION OF THE ROETTIERS. 199
rec 1 in part towards provideing of silver for the said greate seale y e
some of 48 : 5 : being p 1 of 50 1 w ch was ordered him for provide-
ing silver for the same, soe that there still remaines unpaid 197:18:2.
Yo r petition 1 " most humbly prays your Lords? 3 to order
him the paym* of the said money, being in great
want for the same for provideing for his family, and
the constant charge and daily expense of his Mat 3
mint
And yo r petition r as in duty bound
The Account, which is on a separate sheet of foolscap, is
as follows :
" The Accompt of John Joseph and Philip Roettiers chief
Gravours of his Mat 3 Mint, for their labour wast, and
charges in making the last New Great Seale for his
Majestie the 25 th of Januarie 1677.
oz. d r . s. d. li. s. d.
1. For 127 7 of Silver at v. iii. the ounce his Mat 3 ) QQ - n n
f~> . <~i i / oo : / : uu
Great Seale J
2. For making of the Molds and casting of the 1 fi . 00 00
Great Seale at several times J
3. For wast of silver in several times melting and 1 s 17 2
casting; and in working boreing and fyleing J
4. For Charges in Drawing the pinnes, in boreing "j
the holes, and for fyleing and justning the > 2 : 05 : 00
weight of the Great Seale J
5. ffor two boxes for y e Impression of the Gr. Seale 00 : 06 : 00
6. ffor two other boxes for the same use 00 : 03 : 00
7. ffor Breaking the old Great Seale 00 : 05 : 00
8. For their Labour and paines in the making, "1
graving, Blanching and finishing the New > 200 : 00 : 00
Great Seale J
Totall 246 : 03 : 2
" Received in part, and upon accompt towards 1
providing of Silver fory e New Great Seale J
" Remayning due 197 : 18 : 2
li. s. d.
" The order was for ..... 50 : 00 : 00
ffees paid for y e same .... 1 : 15 : 00
Received cleere 48 : 5 : 00"
MISCELLANEA.
FORGED COINS. Sir, In the last number of your interesting
Chronicle, I was happy to perceive an article relative to spurious
coins, now, unfortunately, become extremely numerous, and by
which many collectors have suffered considerably ; and as I think
that the public cannot be too much on their guard against such*
impositions, I wish, through the medium of your widely-circulat-
ing Chronicle, to apprise our numismatists that depredations of
this description have lately extended to this part of the United
Kingdom. An individual of, I understand, very imposing appear-
ance, but who, I am told, professes not to understand any thing
about coins, has lately, in Dublin and Limerick, and perhaps
other towns, succeeded in inducing some of our collectors to enrich
their cabinets with a very great number indeed, of coins, Greek,
Roman, British, Anglo-Saxon, &c. &c., of the rarest types, and
several of them of very tolerable workmanship, but for the most
part casts. Of these, a great number, from 200 to 300, were
lately submitted to my inspection, and that of a brother collector,
by gentlemen who were unfortunately 'the purchasers ; and al-
though, when seen together, they could hardly have imposed on
any one, included a good many coins which it would require some
experience to detect. Amongst them I recognised two or three
tetradrachms of Heliocles, King of Bactria ; tetradrachms of
Philip II., and Antigonus Gonatas of Macedon ; the Puella3 Faus-
tinianse, and other rare Roman coins, in silver, some exceedingly
well executed as to types, but the letters of a very modern ap-
pearance ; a penny of Beornulf, and a penny of Offa, with Runic
characters, casts ; rare coins of Charles I. ; Anglo-Gallic coins of
Henry II., Richard I., &c. ; some Scotch and English gold, to-
gether with some Anglo-Saxon and other coins, of types not
hitherto discovered, such as a penny of Eanbald, Abp. of
York, and a penny of Redwald, King of the East Angles I
Indeed, the only genuine coins I perceived amongst them were
three pennies of Henry III., and two or three others equally
common. The same individual was also, I understand in Cork;
but the collectors there having got a hint that such a dealer was
abroad, did not even look at his collection. The sums paid for
these coins were certainly not very great, three or four shillings
each for coins which, if genuine, would be worth as many pounds.
MISSELLANEA. 201
But the mischief resulting from these impositions is far greater,
when we consider the injury done to a very interesting and impor-
tant science. We have all of us in our time been sufficiently
inexperienced to be imposed on by such deceptions, even the best
judges being sometimes deceived ; and we are conscious that
nothing would so much tend to lessen the ardour which a young
collector feels in pursuit of his favourite study, as the confusion
and uncertainty which such practices would introduce.
Hoping that these observations, as well as the article in your
last Chronicle, may prevent any further traffic of this kind, or, if
persevered in, may lead to the detection and punishment of those
concerned in it,
I remain, sir, your obedient servant,
J. L.
Cork, Oct. 14th, 1839.
CAUTION TO COIN COLLECTORS. " We think it friendly to
warn collectors of coins that a person is now travelling through
Ireland, and selling forgeries of ancient and modern coins. He
has been in Dublin, Kilkenny, and Limerick, and imposed his
fabrications on various unsuspecting persons, usually calling in the
dusk of the evening, when detection is not so easy. We have
seen one lot of about 200 pieces in gold, silver, and copper, which
he imposed on a respectable gentleman, as Greek, Roman, Bri-
tish, French, Anglo-Gallic, English, and Scotch coins, all false ;
chiefly casts, as may be perceived by their want of sharpness of
outline, when compared with similar coins, struck in a die, and
from a roughness of surface, occasioned by the air-bubbles that
occur in casting metal ; and when the coin is large, the edge of
the piece will be found thinner than the centre. We hope that our
brother journalists will copy this notice, to guard the public against
the rascality that threatens their purses." Cork Constitution.
[We insert this notice from an Irish paper, as we understand that
this nefarious character is visiting this part of the kingdom with
his spurious commodities.- -The Editor of the Hampshire Inde-
pendent.} It is surprising, after the repeated warnings given
to coin collectors, that this fellow should be permitted to swindle
so openly, and with impunity. There surely must be a power in
the law that condemns so many famishing wretches to transporta-
tion for forging a shilling or a sixpence, to deal out something
like justice to this rogue who forges and cheats by wholesale. It is
reported he passes by several names. In one instance, an individual
on whem he had imposed to a considerable extent, and who had,
almost immediately on concluding the bargain, detected the impos-
ture, met the man in the street, and insisted on having his money
202 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
returned, or he would give him in charge to the police. Of course,
the whole amount was instantly surrendered, and the fellow escaped ;
but it would have been right in our friend, had he taken the cheat
before a magistrate as a rogue and swindler, and as such, we hope,
he may yet be treated. There is every reason to believe he is
connected with a gang in France, who are making bold attempts
to inundate Europe with forged coins, which are the more to be
guarded against and exposed, as many of the specimens I have
seen are done in a superior manner to the generality of forgeries.
Since writing these remarks, I have received a communication
on the subject from a correspondent at Winchester, from which
I am enabled to give a description of the person of the itinerant
coin-monger, and his mode of transacting business.
It appears he is a Scotchman, of short stature, thin, genteelly
dressed, and apparently about sixty years of age. He called on
two coin collectors at Winchester ; but, it seems, without effecting
a sale. He then tried a dealer in the same town, who, having
been put on his guard by a gentleman at Cork, who had been
extensively duped, did not fall into the snare, though he was
strongly pressed to take a packet or two of gold and silver Roman
and Greek coins, for 50, which he represented as really worth
an immense sum. He offered also a groat and half-groat of
Richard III., which he valued at six guineas each, but eventually
sold them to the individual above alluded to (together with some
Saxon pennies) for a few shillings ! Each coin was carefully en-
closed in paper, with a description, and value, as estimated by
Pinkerton. He accounted for his possession of them, by being
connected by mai'riage with a very eminent collector at Glasgow,
recently deceased ; and as his relatives could not agree in the
distribution, he was entrusted with their sale. A dirty book, well
thumbed over, was his companion, to which he constantly refer-
red, being, as he said, profoundly ignorant of coins himself. It is
thought he is now on a journey to Bath and the west. S.
[We do not think this man is in any way connected with the
forgers of ancient coins on the continent, who can scarcely have
been more successful in the disposal of their spurious wares. It
is difficult successfully to " expose" a fellow who has, doubtless, an
alias for every town through which he passes ; but there is another
and a better remedy for the evil. We agree with a legal friend,
that this wary scoundrel may be indicted for obtaining money
under false pretences. With this hint, we hope some of his dupes
may be induced to prosecute him. ED.]
GOLD COIN OF ANOTHER BACTRTAN PRINCE. Sir, Being in
Paris last week, a gold piece was shewn me, bearing the name of
a Bactrian king, none of whose coins have as yet been figured, or
MISCELLANEA. 203
even mentioned by Mr. Prinsep or Professor Wilson. It was
about the size of a Roman Aureus, and weighed 2 gros 18q : I
believe equivalent to 138 grains troy. The description I give
from recollection. The obverse presented the head of a young
man, probably the likeness of the king, his hair bound with a fillet
similar to that found on the coins of Menander and Eucratidas ;
the reverse, Jupiter advancing to the left, holding the thunderbolt
in his right hand ; on his left arm, the ^Egis, with the head of
Medusa. Below, in the field, a crown of victory ; and still lower,
a bird, more like a stork than any other, certainly not an eagle :
on the sides, BASIAEflS AIOAOTOY. It is of fine work, and
in good preservation. I am not aware that any of the principal
numismatists of Paris have as yet seen this coin, it having been a
very recent importation. My persuasion is, that it should be
assigned to the second king of Bactria, called Diodotus by Strabo,
the immediate predecessor of Euthydemus. It was purchased for
120, and is destined to a place in the French cabinet. Yours,
PARVULUS.
SALT MONEY or ETHIOPIA. Sir, In your last number there
is a communication from Mr. A. Thomson d' Abbadie, on the coins
current in Abyssinia, and also noticing the salt money of Ethiopia.
That salt cut into certain forms, and of certain quantities, has been
long used in Ethiopia as money, we may collect from Ray's
Travels, vol. ii. p. 486, published in 1738 ; and as the notice
there given of the subject may not be uninteresting to some of
your readers, I beg to hand it you. It is useful to be brought
again to the notice of your numismatic readers, as it will prove to
them that the relations of former travellers, which may^at first
sight appear to be impostures, or relations of subjects in which
they may have been imposed upon, are not always to be so treated,
however strange they may appear to our minds at the present day.
The salt money current in Ethiopia 150 years back, or perhaps
for ages before then, is confirmed by the recent observations of a
modern traveller to be still in use among them : we may conse-
quently infer, that the customs of that people, in other matters,
may have been subjected to as little change.
" In trading they make no use of coined money, as the Euro-
peans do, but their money is fifteen or twenty pics of cloth, gold
which they give by weight, and a kind of salt, which they reduce
into little square pieces, like pieces of soap ; and these pass for
money. They cut out that salt upon the side of the Red Sea, five
or six days' journey from Dangala, as you go from Cairo; and the
places where they make it are called Asho." I am, &c.
FRANCIS HOBLER.
October, 1839.
204 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
GOLD TRIENS WITH " DOROVERNIS."* M. Cartier, in a
recent number of the " Revue Numisraatique," says, " I entirely
concur in the -opinion of Mr. Akerman, and I hold this triens
(Tiers de Sol) to be French, notwithstanding the difficulty of
assigning its local appropriation. It is the case with a great num-
ber of Merovingian pieces, very legible, but undecided. I find,
in the Geographical Dictionary of Latin Names, by Chaudon, Do-
roernia, Troar Sur-la-Dice, in Normandy (that is, Troarn, three
leagues from Caen). I know that the appellation of ' civitas' is
an objection to this identity of name ; but if in France the name
of the town only puzzles us, in England the whole kingdom is an
obstacle. The difficulty is certainly less on our side of the Chan-
nel. Let us, moreover, observe, that it would be proper still
to search beyond the boundaries of France, as it is ; towards
Tournay, Utrecht, Treves, &c. The difficulty will remain to be
overcome by us, with many others, in our Merovingian numisma-
tics."
" However," continues M. Cartier, " M. de Longperier defends,
his appropriation, and justice obliges us to hear his reasons.
" The piece with Dorovernis," he writes to us, " weighs 25,
and not 29 grains, although it resembles the Merovingian money.
It is more Roman, more imperial, than our French triens. The
name of the moneyer, Eusebius, is entirely Greek.
" Few of these names are found on the Frank money ; on the
contrary, Greek names are found in the English history. The
first Archbishop of Canterbury, Augustin, Laurentius, Mellitus,
Justus, Honorius, Theodorus of Tarsus, in Cilicia, have either
Greek or Latin names. The word civitas,' at full length, is
quite an English form. The form Dorovernis, instead of Doro-
vernum, or Dorovernius, is certainly not found in English docu-
ments > but the words Aurelianis, Meldis, Blesianis, Mettis, &c.
are in like manner found only on the coins and not in documents
(written). Mr. Akerman himself confesses, that if the Saxons
did actually strike money, this is just the kind of piece we ought
to look for. Now, all the difficulty is to know if the Saxons did
or did not strike money ; and this enquiry, handled with care by
Ruding, has been left too uncertain not to admit a monument so
explicit as that before us, as a strong proof in favour of the
affirmative."
CASTS OF COINS. We have been favoured with a copy of
the following letter, which details a very novel method of taking
casts of ancient and modern coins : we fear, however, that it will open
a new field to the forger : " My dear Sir, During our conversa-
* Vide Numismatic Journal, Vol. JI. p. 232.
MISCELLANEA. 205
tion this morning on the subject of taking fac-simile impressions in
copper of medallions, coins, &c., you will remember that the idea
occurred to me of giving them surfaces of silver or gold, by a
similar process, viz. by employing a solution of either of those
metals in connexion with the prepared matrix, instead of a solution
of copper. Turning the subject over in my mind whilst walking
home, a thought struck me that a complete medallion, of any kind
of metal, might easily be made by the voltaic process, or the
medallion might be constructed of different metals, and in a variety
of ways, which it would be difficult to imitate by any other pro-
cess. The following are some of the methods.
Let a matrix of each side of the medallion intended to be copied
be made in the usual way, by means of the alloy commonly called
Newton 's fusible metal. The metal may be about one-eighth of an
inch thick. To the back of this metal solder one end of a copper
wire, and to the other end a piece of zinc, which is afterwards to
be amalgamated. The metal in which the matrix is formed is now
to be covered with a coating of varnish or wax, leaving bare the
matrix only. The wire is also to be covered with varnish, and is
to be bent so as to adapt the voltaic metals to their respective places
in the vessels holding the liquids employed. In a few hours the
matrix will have received a coating of precipitated metal from the
solution, which may be either gold or silver, according to the cha-
racter of the solution. The thickness of the precipitated coating
will depend upon the time. When the coating is supposed to be
of a sufficient thickness, remove the solution of the silver, or the
gold, as the case may be, and replace it by a solution of the sul-
phate of copper ; and in the course of a few days you will have a
considerable thickness of copper precipitated on the silver coating
in the matrix. These two metals will adhere firmly together so as
to be one piece. When this semi-medallion is removed from the
matrix, it will have a copper body, with a silver face. Its reverse
may be formed by proceeding in the same manner with the matrix
made from the opposite face of the original medallion ; and when
the process is completed, the flat copper sides may be neatly sol-
dered together, so as to form a complete medallion similar to the
original.
By a similar process, a complete medallion may be formed,
having a gold surface on one side, and a silver one on the other.
Another beautiful variation may be accomplished by the follow-
ing process : Imagine that we wanted a medallion whose promi-
nent parts should be gold, and the rest silver the head of NEW-
TON, for instance, with its motto to be of gold. Varnish with
wax every other part of the matrix, and put it in galvanic action
in a solution of gold. In a few hours the head and motto will be
formed in gold. Now remove the gold solution, and clean the
VOL. II. E E
206 ' NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
matrix of its wax varnish. This done, put the matrix in voltaic
action in a solution of silver, and the face of the medallion will
now be filled up with silver. If the body of the medallion is to be
of silver, the action may be continued for three or four days ; but
if the body is to be copper, proceed, as before directed, with a
solution of copper.
Similar processes give infinite scope to the ingenious in varying
and ornamenting this class of voltaic productions.
I am, my dear sir, yours very truly,
W. STURGEON.
Westmoreland Cottage, Pecktyam, Dec. 2, 1839.
To the Rev. J. B. Reade, &c. &c.&c.
DISCOVERY OF COINS. The workmen employed by Messrs.
Tanner, brothers, in excavating the bed of the river, at their paper
mills, Cheddar, Somerset, have lately discovered a considerable
number of ancient coins, chiefly Roman, some of the Constan-
tino family.
GOLD COIN OF ALLECTUS. Another coin of this usurper, in
gold, and of the "pax" type, has recently been discovered in
London, and is now in the collection of the British Museum.
COINS OF SAINT OMER. M. Alex. Hermand, of Saint Omer,
a very zealous antiquary and numismatist, has recently put forth
a work entitled, " Recherches sur les Monnaies, Medailles, et
Jetons, dont la ville de Saint Omer a etc 1'objet," illustrated by
nine plates of coins and medals struck in that town from the
earliest period to our own times.
MINES IN RUSSIA. The account of the precious metals ob-
tained from the mines in Russia, in 1836, was, says the Siiabian
Mercury, as follows ; viz. from the mines of the Ural, Altai, and
Nertschinsk : Gold, 346 poods, or 27,724^ marks ; platina, 118
poods, or 9,440 marks ; silver, 1,212 poods, or 96,968 marks. If
we estimate platina to be equal in value to five times its weight of
silver, and gold sixteen times the value of its weight in silver, the
marks of silver being taken at 14 dollars Prussian currency, we
shall have
Dollars.
Value of the gold .,..,. . . 6,210,288
platina . . . 660,800
silver . . . 1,357,552
Total . . 8,228,640
The gold and platina are chiefly obtained from mines belonging to
Private persons, the silver from the crown mines.
CORRESPONDENCE. 207
AMONG the illustrations of CROSBY HALJ,, for 1840, we are
glad to see the announcement of a premium of ten guineas for the
best design for a medal connected with the fine arts, and bearing
reference more especially to architecture and sacred music.
CORRESPONDENCE.
We shall be happy to see the silver coin of Constantius, with
P LON in the exergue, referred to by Mr. Skaife.
Will Mr. Fairless have the goodness to inform us how a pacquet
may be forwarded to him at Hexham. We find that we are
unable to forward it ourselves, without the heavy expense of
carriage.
We should have replied to the gentleman at La Rochelle who has
been so good as to address to us a letter on the subject, of
some pennies of the Black Prince, but have been unable to
decipher his name !
Mr. Francis has our thanks for his kind communication. Any of
the promised memoranda, though not immediately available,
may some day be found useful.
T. H. W.'s coin is a Nuremburg token.
G. D. A coin of Nero. The type is very common.
Mr. Smithers had better procure Cousinery's able Essay on the
Coins of the Achaian League : it may be obtained in Paris
for six francs.
Our readers will see by an advertisement, that the works of Mr.
Millingen may be obtained in London : they are indispensable
to the student of Greek coins.
Tyro had better apply to some dealer in coins of known probity.
We are of opinion with J. S., that it is lamentable to find a writer
at the present day perpetuating the gross absurdities of the
Pegge and Stukeley school of antiquaries. " There is," says
an author of antiquity, " a secret propensity in the block-
heads of one age to admire those of another." Of the truth
of this axiom we have daily evidence.
B. Ruding, accurate and pains-taking, has given himself much
trouble to shew the false reasoning of the Rev. Edward
Davies on British coins ; but we have recently been referred
208 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
to a work, entitled, " Britannia after the Romans," containing
quotations from that visionary theorist, coupled with an at-
tempt to shew that these pieces are not coins, but Gnostic or
Mithraic tokens ! This surpasses the wild reveries of the
author of the " Medallick History of Carausius," and the
crazy speculations of Pegge !
We trust M. Bergmann has received our letter.
W. W. A coin of Gordianus Pius. The head on the reverse is
that of Abgarus, King of Edessa.
R. There are no brass coins of Otho with Latin legends. The
piece referred to is a very common modern forgery, imitated
from the denarius of that emperor.
A. Pinkerton's " Essay on Medals" is a very amusing book, but
his estimations of the rarity of coins, and of their probable
value, are only calculated to mislead.
H. We have heard many complaints of the system to which our
correspondent alludes, and are only waiting for a fitting op-
portunity to denounce it. We, however, take leave to remind
H. that a lib'el is not necessarily a. falsehood.
O. C., Manchester. Roman and Greek coins are not " medals."
The term medal is altogether inappropriate, and is a piece of
affectation which we hope to see banished entirely from our
numismatic vocabulary. An eminent numismatist is of opinion
that the term "medal" was first improperly applied by the early
French writers to the large brass Roman coins, which, on
account of their size and beauty, were considered as medah
rather than money. The only pieces which can, with pro-
priety, be termed medals, are those, the weight of which, as
well as the size, are not multiples or divisions of the current
. coins ; but these, by a similar fancy, have been termed medal-
lions, after the Italian medaglioni.
J. J., Liverpool. No. He who collects coins solely on account
of their rarity, without regard to their historical interest, will
never make a numismatist. The mechanical knowledge of
the dealer may be soon acquired, but the study of even one
series is not so easily got through as our correspondent
imagines.
. OiALtsKJTH.
209
XXXII.
ON THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE COINS OF THE
ARCHBISHOPS OF CANTERBURY.
ABOUT the year 779, Offa, King of Mercia, obtained a
signal victory over the Kentish men at Otteford ; J and, for
nearly the quarter of a century after this date, we find that
the sovereigns of Mercia exercised great authority in the
kingdom of Kent. With a view to the aggrandizement of
his own dominions, Offa contrived, in 785, that the primacy
should be removed from Canterbury, and influenced Pope
Adrian I., by large presents, to confer the pall on Eadulf,
Bishop of Lichfield. Jaenbert, Archbishop of Canterbury,
for a long time resisted earnestly this unjust usurpation of
his rights, and, for that reason, was deprived of the greater
part of his temporalities by Offa. It was not, however,
until the reign of Coenwulf, and the commencement of the
ninth century, that the pall was restored to Aethilheard,
Jaenbert's successor.
Jaenbert, advanced to the primacy A. D. 763, and
Aethilheard 790, are the first prelates of whom coins have
descended to the present times ; and these, though exces-
sively rare, must be considered doubly valuable from the
light which they throw upon the history of the age which
produced them. A silver penny, figured in Ruding's 12th
Plate, is the only relic we possess of the mint of Jaenbert,
and this presents us with his name and title on the one
i See Holinshed, p. 646, vol. i. Edit. 1807.
VOL. II. F F
'210 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
side, and those of Offa on the other, thus clearly indicating
the power to which he was subject. The type of this curi-
ous piece differs so much from those coins of Offa, which
appear to have been minted at the close of his reign, that
there is no obstacle to the supposition that it was issued
before the year in which Jaenbert was deprived of his
metropolitan dignity.
We are acquainted with one other coin only, issued from
the prelatical mint in the reign of Offa, and bearing, as on
the last, the name and title of that prince. On the reverse
we observe AEDILHEARDPONTI/ex, (notArchiepiscopus),
which is perfectly consistent with history, since this prelate
did not acquire a right to the title of Archbishop until the
reign of Coenwulf. Accordingly we have three other coins
(Ruding, PI. XII. XIII.), on all of which we observe the
name and title of Coenwulf; and on their reverses Aethil-
heard is, for the first time, dignified with the title of Arch-
bishop. 2 Before quitting this part of the subject, I will
remark, that a coin of Eadbert of Kent (Ruding, PI. III.
Fig. 2) has been supposed to bear the name of Jaenbert.
Aethilheard died in 803, and was succeeded by
Wulfred. After an interval of twenty years, we again
meet with coins of the Primates of Canterbury. In 805,
Baldred usurped the Kentish throne, and maintained his
power for eighteen years. Towards the end of his reign,
he became unpopular, and the disaffection of his subjects
rendered him a feeble adversary to Egbert of Wessex, by
whom he was overcome in 823, and with him perished the
3 Dr. Pegge, in his " Assemblage of Coins," &c., has noticed,
although he does not explain, the occurrence of the title Pontifex,
instead of drchiepiscopus, on this coin. With respect to the his-
tory of Offa's oppression of Jaenbert, and the restoration of the
pall to the see of Canterbury, he is particularly inaccurate.
COINS OF THE ARCHBISHOPS OF CANTERBURY. 211
independence of Kent. We will now enquire what refer-
ence the prelatical coins have to the history of this eventful
period.
In Ruding's PL XIII., we have several coins marked
" uncertain," Two of these present, on the obverse, a head,
similar to that on the coins of Baldred, or of Egbert, sur-
rounded by the names of moneyers, with their designations
of office : SVVEFNERD, who worked for Baldred, and
SIGESTEF, who was employed by Cuthred, Baldred's pre-
decessor, both of which appear on the Kentish money of Eg-
bert. On the reverse of each is DOROBERNIA EIVITAS,
disposed in lines across the field of the coin ; and this re-
verse occurs on another piece in the same plate, on the
obverse of which we observe the portrait of an archbishop,
instead of that of a king. On a penny of this latter type
in the Pembroke Collection, the moneyer is SAEBERT, a
name which is only found on the money of Archbishop
Wulfred. On a fourth coin, with the head of a king on the
obverse, and the moneyer's name repeated on each side,
the name of the mint is expressed on the reverse in a
manner precisely similar to that on a penny of Baldred,
No. 1, PL III. The only probable hypothesis respecting
the origin of these coins is this that they were issued in
Kent, after the expulsion of its last sovereign, some of
them by Egbert, others by Wulfred ; that the former, who
seems to have proceeded cautiously in taking possession of
the kingdom, omitted all mention of his name thereon,
from a fear of irritating his new subjects; the latter did so
from deference to the power of Egbert.
Whether, after this period, the Archbishops of Canter-
bury were appointed by the Kings of Wessex as regents of
Kent, the ancient chronicles do not inform us ; but it may
be presumed from the fact, that a series of coins, issued
212 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
under the authority of those archbishops, commences at
the era of the overthrow of the Kentish monarchy, and is
continued, with but few interruptions, contemporaneous
with the regal suites of Wessex, Mercia, and East Anglia,
till the time when, after the conquest of the Danes, all the
provinces south of the Humber owned the supremacy of
the immortal Alfred.
The following seems to me the most correct arrange-
ment of the coins of Wulfred :
No. 1. A coin in the British Museum. Obv. Portrait with the
name and title of Walfred.
R. SVVEFNERD MONETA. In the arrangement of
its reverse, this coin exactly resembles No. 1 of Baldred
(Ruding PI. III.), and No. 3 of the uncertain pieces in
PI. XIII. The moneyer's name is new, as belonging to
Walfred.
Ruding, PI. XIII., No. 3. Portrait, differing from the last.
R. DOROBERNIA EIVITAS, in three lines across the
field, as on some of the uncertain coins before noticed.
To these the next in succession may be
No. 2. Which only differs from that figured in
Ruding, PI. XIII., No. 1, in having the portrait of Walfred con-
fined within the circle of the legend. Both have the
same moneyer's name, and the mint expressed in a
complicated monogram on the reverse.
Ditto PL XIII., No. 2, is the only one remaining. We remark
that on this piece the name of the City of Canterbury
is, for the first time, written Dorovernia.
On these pieces we have observed, that the Archbishop
is always represented full-faced, and clothed in pontifical
vestments. On No. 3 of Walfred, and No. 4 of the uncer-
tain coins in PI. XIII., the clerical tonsure is distinctly
portrayed ; and it is probable that the singular head-dress
on all the other coins of Wulfred and Ceolnoth, is intended
to represent the same. A similar representation occurs on
some papal coins of this period ; and from this source it is
probable that the design of some of the prelatical coins of
COINS OF THE ARCHBISHOPS OF CANTERBURY. 213
Canterbury, in the days of Wulfred, and his successor, were
derived. Feologild, Wulfred's successor, enjoyed his dignity
during the short space of four months, and was succeeded
by Ceolnoth, A. D. 830. Of this prelate we have an exten-
sive series of coins, presenting a great variety of types,
many of which are distinguished by some peculiarity which
is also found on the West Saxon currency. They may be
arranged as follows :
No. 3 Has on the reverse a monogram similar to that on
Ruding, PI. XIII., No. 7, but bearing a closer resemblance than
this last to that which we find on the coins of Walfred.
It is, in fact, only a different form containing the same
letters. These two I have little hesitation in placing at
the head of the series.
Ditto PL C., 3 No. 14. On the reverse of this, we have a mono-
gram, the same as that which appears on several coins
of Egbert. See PI. XIV., figs. 2 and 3.
Ditto PI. XIII., Nos. 5 and 6 PL C., No. 15. We have now
to notice a class of coins which exhibit, on the reverse,
the monogram of Christ , on some specimens so
differently represented that the original idea seems lost.
Perhaps the most curious of these, is that figured No.
5 in PI. XIII. On this piece we have the ecclesiastical
costume of the period so minutely portrayed, as even
to represent distinctly the crosslets on the Archbishop's
pall. The monogram . appears on a coin of Ethel-
wulf, A. D. 836 (see PL XXX., fig. 12). It will be
remarked, that all the coins of this prelate above de-
scribed, have the name Cialnoth ; and it seems probable
that these were issued during the first six years of his
primacy.
From a consideration of the moneyers' names, and the
execution of the coins, it is probable that a considerable
interval must have elapsed before the pieces were minted
which will next come under our notice ; and that, during
3 A supplemental plate to the 3rd edition.
214 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
that interval, Ethelwulf, King of Wessex, issued from the
mint of Canterbury, besides others, the coins engraved in
Ruding, PL XIV., No. 4, XV., No. 5, and XXX., Nos.
19, 20, 2 1. 4 But to resume
Ruding, PL XIII., No. 1. The type of the reverse, and the
style of the workmanship on the obverse of this coin,
correspond exactly with those of Ethelwulf and Ethel-
bert PL XIV., No. 2, and PL XV., Nos. 1 and 2.
This is the first piece on which this prelate's name is
Ceolnoth ; and of this type were most of his coins found
at Dorking.
Ditto PL XIII., No. 2. With a fantastic device on the re-
verse ; and Nos. 3 and 4, distinguished by having the
word El VITAS in the angles of a cross, must be
nearly cotemporary with the last. The portrait of
Ceolnoth, and the spelling of his name, are the same
on all ; and on the three last we have the name of his
mint, Dorovernia, legibly expressed for the first time.
We have now two coins only to examine, the last which
we possess of Ceolnoth. One is
No. 4. On this we have, as usual, the full-faced portrait of the
Archbishop, whilst, on the other
Ruding, PL XIII., No. 8, we meet with the profile of a king,
probably Ethelred. The reverses of these are similar
to those of Ethelred, and of Burgred of Mercia. On
all these later coins, the Archbishop's name is uni-
formly Ceolnoth.
An additional argument in favour of the arrangement I
have adopted, is derived from an examination and com-
4 We are informed that Ethelwulf, contenting himself with the
government of Wessex, committed to his brother Athelstan the
kingdoms of Kent, Essex, &c. We find Ethelstan styled King of
Kent ; but whether he coined money in his own name, or whether
the coins above-mentioned were issued by him in the name of his
brother, it is foreign to our present purpose to inquire.
COINS OF THE ARCHBISHOPS OF CANTERBURY. 215
parison of the moneyers' names on the several classes. A
large number of the coins of Ceolnoth was found at Dork-
ing, among which were specimens of the types figured in
Ruding, PI. XIII, Nos. 5, 6, 7, which I have supposed the
earliest of his mintage, and of Nos. J , 3, 4, which I have
assigned to a later period. On the former, the moneyers'
names are BIORNCDOD, SVVEBHEARD, & VVINHERE.
Of these, the first worked for Egbert and Ethelwulf, and
the second, may be the same as Swefnerd, a moneyer of
Egbert. The names which occur on the other types
are EDELVALD, HEREBEARHT, and LIABINEG,
which also occur on coins of Ethelbert, as does HEBEEA,
who also worked for Ethelwulf; BIARNRED, BIARNVLF,
and EIALMOD, moneyers of Alfred; and TOLGA, a
name which appears again on No. 8, PI. XIII.
Of Ethered, who, in 870, succeeded Ceolnoth, only one
coin has reached our times ; but this, in beauty of execution,
is equalled by few, and surpassed by none of the age in which
it appeared. Like the last coin of Ceolnoth, it bears on
its obverse the effigy of a king, surrounded by the name
and title of Ethered. Its reverse, and the name of the
moneyer, correspond exactly with a fragment of a unique
coin of Alfred in the British Museum.
The coins of the Primates of Canterbury, after this
period, possess but little interest. Of Plegmund, A.D. 888,
four coins are extant, all of which bear some resemblance
to the money of Alfred. After these, we do not possess a
single coin as evidence that the privilege of coining was
enjoyed by, as it was undoubtedly granted to, the several
prelates who, before the conquest, occupied the see of
Canterbury. L. Y. H.
Leeds, 1st February, 1840.
216
XXXIII.
AN INQUIRY INTO THE EARLY LYDIAN MONEY,
AND AN ATTEMPT TO FIX THE CLASSIFICA-
TION OF CERTAIN COINS TO CROESUS.
No. 1 Forepart of a lion facing that of a bull.
R. Two indented squares. AV. 3. Weight, grs. 125.
2. Another bearing precisely the same devices on both
sides. AR. 5. Weight, grs. 161.
3. Three others similar AR. 3. Weight, grs. 80,81,
and 83|.
4. Another similar . AR, |. Weight, grs. llf.
The Lydian kings are renowned in history for their
wealth ; and in all ages they have been accounted the first
who struck gold and silver money in Asia. Unfortunately
for the elucidation of this subject, the practice of inscribing
coins with a legend, was not in use at that remote period ;
and it appears also, that the type with which their coins
were impressed, did not, as on the Persian money, repre-
sent any particular symbols, by which they might be iden-
tified with certainty. That the Lydians did strike money,
is amply testified by the most respectable authorities,
among whom may be cited Herodotus, Xenophon of Colo-
phonia, Eustathius, and Pollux; 1 no doubt therefore can
exist of the fact : but it is, at the same time, exceedingly
problematical whether the Lydian coins were really the
first struck in Asia; for, judging from the monuments of
1 Herodotus lib. 5. cap. 93 Xenophon-Coloph. in Jul. Pollux
Onomast. lib. 9. cap. 6. Sigm. 83. p. 1063. Heraclides de Politiis
p. 521. Eustathius, Comment, ad Dioyns. Perieget. p. 149, col. 2.
INQUIRY INTO THE EARLY LYDIAN MONEY. 217
this class which have descended to us, the most ancient
appear to be those supposed to have been struck by the
Greek colonists of Ionia, Aeolia, and Mysia. It is, how-
ever, by no means impossible that Lydian coins may still
come to light of their earlier kings predecessors of
Croesus. Under which of these states, or at what epoch
of the Lydian monarchy, coinage commenced, is not easily
to be determined. Spanheim has attributed a Stater in
Electrum to Alyattes, father of Croesus ; but he is evidently
in error; and as Pollux mentions a description of coin, which
he calls Staters of Croesus, it may be inferred that the
coins he alludes to owed their origin to Croesus himself;
as several instances may be cited of coins being called
after the name of the sovereign in whose reign they were
first struck.
In attributing the coins above described to Croesus, king
of Lydia, 1 shall probably incur the charge of presumption
from many numismatists : but should their sentiments on
the subject not coincide with mine, they cannot accuse me
of disturbing a certain classification ; for these coins, like
all others whose attribution is doubtful, have been re-
peatedly transferred from one place to another by every
numismatic author who has had occasion to advert to them.
Some writers have assigned them to Acanthus in Mace-
donia, on account of the type of the Lion and the Bull
symbols used on the money of that city ; Pellerin, to Sala-
mis, in Cyprus, from the affinity of the type to that of a
coin of Samos, which he has erroneously classed to Salamis;
and Sestini, who has published several of various magnitudes,
attributes them to the Island of Samos, for the same reason
as Pellerin. This being the last theory, it is of course fol-
lowed at the present time by most medallists.
The celebrated and very enlightened antiquary, Barthe-
voi,. n. GO
218 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
lemy observes, that it is probable that the coins of Croesus
would be of the description called cmepigraphe, or without
legend that they would not bear the effigy of the prince,
and would be executed in a style similar to the ancient
Persian money. 2 His surmises are perfectly correct, if the
classification I propose is admitted; and the affinity which
Barthelemy supposes is not at all surprising, when it is con-
sidered that the Persians and Lydians were bordering na-
tions, and that active communication between the people
of the two countries must have existed from the earliest
period. Herodotus mentions that the coins struck by
Darius, and from him called Darics, were famous for the
extraordinary purity of the gold used in their fabrication, 3
to which those existing bear ample testimony. The Ly-
dian coins, or those I presume to be of Lydia, of the same
metal, appear to be equally free from alloy : the weight
also coincides sufficiently, the Darics weighing from 127
to 129i grains; and the Lydian coins 124 to 126^; which
proves that they were old didrachms of the Attic Standard,
as corresponding nearly with the Athenian ^povaovq- Jo-
sephus mentions that there were gold coins of Croesus,
which weighed four drachms, so that we have evidence
that the Lydians had a larger money. Indeed one of these
tetradrachms came under my notice in 1819 at Constan-
tinople.
In opposition to the opinion I have advanced, that the
coins in question are of Croesus, some of my friends have
urged that the oldest Darics appear to be of higher anti-
quity : and this argument it would be difficult to repel, if
Darius really was the first who issued the peculiar descrip-
tion of coin known by the name of Darics ; but I do not
2 Barthelemy, Fragts. torn. ii. p. 255.
3 Herodotus in Melp. cap. 164.
INQUIRY INTO THE EARLY LYDIAN MONEY. 219
admit that to be the case, and at some future time, when
I have occasion to speak of this class of coins, I shall offer
some cogent reasons for believing that they belong to a
much more ancient period than is assigned to them by
Herodotus. Neither is the comparative execution of the
Lydian and Persian money a fair criterion for judging of
their respective antiquity ; for the arts had doubtless at-
tained much greater perfection amongst the Lydians than
they had in Persia, even at a later period than the Per-
sian conquest of Lydia. The same connexion which has
been pointed out between the gold coins of Persia and
Lydia, may also be remarked in those of silver, in the
fabrication of which another standard is employed: the
silver Persian coins, with the type of the archer, weigh about
83 grains; whilst the Lydian I ha*e weighed, vary from
81 to 83, and the larger of these latter described in the
list which precedes under No. 2, weighs 161 grains. I lay
some stress on this connexion, because I have never dis-
covered a similar difference between the gold and silver
coinage of any other ancient country the same standard
being invariably used in both metals. This circumstance
in itself is important, as the money in both cases must in
all probability have been struck by two people, intimately
connected with each other by customs and interests.
Having shown from ancient authors, and from proba-
bility, that our coins agree with what might have been
expected of the money of the kings of Lydia, I shall now
offer a few reflections which may be deduced from the
coins themselves. Amongst these, my observations on the
localities where the coins are found, are important, parti-
cularly as a residence of more than twenty years very near
to, and a frequent intercourse with, the places within the
boundaries of the old Lydian territories, enables me to
speak with certainty ; and the result will be found most
220 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
fully to justify the classification I propose. In four sepa-
rate instances where those of gold have reached me, one
was found at Casaba, a village not far from Sardis, and
the others from places still nearer the ruins of the an-
cient Lydian capital. In silver, the examples are almost
endless, as more than one hundred have been brought to
me at different periods ; and in every instance, where the
truth could be elicited, they were discovered within a circle
of 30 miles from the same capital ; this then is sufficient
to satisfy those who would class them to Acanthus, Salamis,
or Samos ; since, although my intercourse with those places
has been equally frequent, I have never seen a single
specimen among the coins brought from those countries.
Very different from coins successively issued through a
long period of time, and of which their relative dates may
be approximately fixed by the style of their execution,
those under consideration have this singular peculiarity,
that they all appear nearly of the same age. Neither in
the workmanship of the principal type, nor in the form of
the indented squares on the reverse is any material dif-
ference to be observed. This circumstance, however, is
highly favourable to my hypothesis; for if these coins
originated with Croesus, as the expressions of Pollux would
lead us to suppose, they of course ceased to be struck at
his captivity, and when the Lydian kingdom no longer
existed. Croesus succeeded to the throne of his father
(Alyattes) in the first year of the 55th Olympiad, or before
Christ 559 years; and fourteen years later he was taken
prisoner by Cyrus; and the Lydian monarchy was at an
end. 4 Thus all these coins must have been struck within
the short space of fourteen years, which accounts in the
most satisfactory manner for the resemblance they bear to
4 Larcher's Chronology is followed.
INQUIRY INTO THE EARLY LYDIAN MONEY. 221
each other, since but little improvement could have oc-
curred in the art of engraving in so short a period.
Considering, therefore, 1st. the fabric of these coins,
which corresponds with the period when Croesus ruled in
Lydia : 2dly. the places where they are constantly found,
within a limited circle of which Sardis, the capital of the
Lydian kingdom, forms the centre : 3dly. the numbers that
have reached us, all similar in style and type: 4thly. the
similitude they bear in their weight, both as regards the
silver and gold, to the Persian money ; from a review,
I say, of all these considerations, the conclusion becomes
inevitable, that these coins must have been issued by a rich
and powerful Asiatic prince of that age, in a country whose
independence was of short duration; and to whom can these
particulars apply except to Croesus ?
With regard to the devices on these singular coins, little
remains of the history of the Lydian kingdom, from which
we can expect to derive a satisfactory explanation. There
are, however, several striking points of analogy. On early
money, the Lion is a favourite symbol. On the coins of
Cyzicus that animal very probably alluded to the worship
of Cybele. It may have the same meaning here, for Cybele
was venerated at Sardis, as we are informed by Herodotus ;
or if not Cybele, a goddess whose attributes were similar,
and who is probably the same as is mentioned by Stephanus,
by the name of Ma. Herodotus positively says, when
speaking of the destruction of Sardis, by the Greeks, that
the temple of Cybele, the tutelar goddess of the place,
was burnt upon the occasion, 5 an event which served as a
pretext, when Xerxes invaded Greece, for the burning of
the temples of those cities which fell into his power. The
same historian informs us, that the figure of a Lion of gold
5 Herodotus, lib. 5. cap. 102.
'222 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
was amongst the presents sent by Croesus to Delphi, 6 when
he consulted the oracle of Apollo. There is another pas-
sage in ancient history, which shows that the Lion had
some connexion with Lydia, where Herodotus says that a
Lion was the offspring of Metes (one of the last kings of
Lydia of the race of the Heraclidae), and a concubine. On
this occasion, the famous Telmessian divines were consulted;
and Metes was ordered by them to carry it round the walls
of Sardis, which would render the city impregnable.? It
was at a part of the wall opposite to Tmolus (where, by its
natural strength, no danger could be apprehended, and
where, in consequence, the Lion was not carried), that the
Persians under Cyrus entered and reduced the city. The
passage, however, is rendered differently by translators.
Beloe has imagined that the son of Metes, by his concubine,
was a human being, whose name was Leon ; whilst Larcher
favours the opinion that a Lion is meant by the historian.
He remarks, in a note on the passage, that the absurdity of
the idea of a woman giving birth to a Lion, caused him to
reflect a long time whether Herodotus' meaning was not
rather that the child was named Leon. But after consider-
ing that, in the text, the Lion is twice repeated, that Hero-
dotus was exceedingly superstitious, and ignorant, like all
those of his time, of natural history, and that, had there been
no prodigy, there would have been no occasion to have con-
sulted the Telmessian priests, he was determined to adopt
the latter opinion. There can be little hesitation in ad-
mitting the acuteness and justness of Larcher's remarks;
and thus there is no emblem that could better suit the
Lydian money than this of the Lion, the protecting genius,
and type of their power and independence, as declared
by the oracle ; and we know that many other ancient cities
6 Herodotus, lib. 1. cap. 50. T Idem, lib. 1. cap. 80.
COINS CONNECTED WITH GALATIA. 223
had some prodigy of the kind mixed up with their earlier
history, which very frequently was commemorated on their
money, or other monuments.
The Bull forming the other half of the type (if not refer-
ring to some similar tradition) was used by the ancients as
allegorical of a river, and might be intended here to re-
present the Pactolus famous for its golden sands; and
which, running through the Agora of Sardis 8 might have
been considered, with the Citadel perambulated by the Lion,
an additional protection for the city. I should prefer,
however, considering this symbol (the Bull) as allusive
also to the Lydian goddess Ma, or Cybele ; for we learn
from Stephanus,9 that the Bull was offered by the Lydian s
as a sacrifice to her; and the city of Mastaura, in Lydia,
we are told, took its name from this religious ceremony.
" Mastaura, urbs Lydiae, a Ma, quae Rheam sequebatur, cui
Jupiter Bacchum nutriendum dedit. Rhea etiam vocabatur
Ma; et ipsi apud Lydos taurus sacrificabatur, a qua urbi
nomen." H. P. BORRELL.
Smyrna, 9th February, 1840.
XXXIV.
ON SOME COINS CONNECTED WITH THE
GEOGRAPHY OF GALATIA.
By SAMUEL BIRCH, ESQ.
Assistant in the Depart, of Antiq. Brit. Mus., Assist. Sec. for the English
Section of the Archaeological Institute of Rome.
[Read before the Numismatic Society, Jan 30, 1840.]
SINCE the last communication which I had the honour of
laying before the Society, two additional coins of Galatia,
8 Chandler Trav. in Asia Minor, pag. 225.
9 Steph. Byz. v. Maoraupa; and Lenormant, Etude de la Religion
Phrygienne de Cybele ; Nouvelles Annales de 1'Insititut Archeolo-
gique, pag. 223.
'224 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
which are, I believe, unedited, have fallen under my notice
in the National Cabinet ; one is of the Trocmi.
Obv. SEBASTHNWN. Nike, or Victory, gradient to the left,
holding in her right hand a crown, and in her left a palm
branch.
R. TPOKMilN. Laurelled bearded head to the left. M.
iiij. g. (British Museum.)
Now, I prefer this arrangement to what I have formerly
published in the Numismatic Chronicle, Vol. II. p. 169,
for the imperial types read Se^aor^vw^ ^TpoKfjuav, 'Ze&aaTTivuv
TeKToaaywv SE[a<rrijvwv^] TP[oCjUwv] Taoviavwi' ; and this, I
think, justifies the placing of the apparent obverse last. It ap-
pears, that M. Allier deHauteroche had previously doubted
the existence of the Sebasteni, but had assigned the medals
bearing the legend Sf&wmfi'wi' to Ancyra, owing to the
inscription referred to in Tournefort. I do not yet appre-
ciate the evidence which assigns these coins to Ancyra, for
the decree of the district would naturally be registered at
its capital, and the Trocmi bear the same appellation. It
is more probable, that the whole province of Galatia may
have had the epithet applied to it than a particular town,
and the coins which I have cited with 2 SEf^aor^vwv]
TPO|>/iwv] TAOYlANliN, seem to indicate of the Tavians
of the Trocmi, of the Sebasteni, or of the Augustan Trocmi.
Now Tavium was the capital of the Trocmi, and the
expression can hardly imply a triple alliance. This detail,
which may appear tedious, is called for to settle the ques-
tion of the Sebasteni ; for if we admit this name to be that
of a Galatian division, the coins must refer to alliances
entered into between the states. Municipal flattery generally
1 Mionnet, iv. and Supp. viii. 640.
2 Eckhel, Doct. Num. Vet. iii. pp. 1 79 sq. who hesitates between
SE[ovf?|Otavwj'] and SE(aor7jj'wj') nisi forte legendum. This
question is now settled.
COINS CONNECTED WITH GALATIA. 225
placed their imperial appellations first, and lovXittav TWV KOI
AaoSticewv, "The Julians," alias "The Laodiceans," was used
by the neighbouring state of Laodiceaof Phrygia; Kmaapewv,
"The Caesareans" was also applied by the Trallians to
themselves; and numerous instances of the like formula
occur, which were probably copied from the Latin man-
ner of expressing it, as Coloniae Augustae, Troadis, &c.
This is an additional argument in favour of the original
supposition. The coin described may be considered as one
of those in which a relation exists between the obverse and
reverse, for the evidence of the others points out that the
head is that of Zeus, or Jupiter; and the reverse alludes
to his type of vticr}0o'/ooc> or Victory-bearer, so common on
the currency of Alexander the Great. Yet the Galatian
coins generally present the seated types of the Zeus
Keraunios, with the eagle before him. The analogy,
however, of those bearing Victory on the reverse, to the
head on the obverse, is not limited to Galatia. The coins
of Side, in Pamphylia, in the same manner, bear the head
of Pallas Athene, and the NI'KIJ, on the reverse, indicating
her type to be the Pallas Athene Nikephoros. As the
territory of the Trocmi was the most fertile of the portions
which had fallen to the Galatians, 3 this confirms the opinion
which I had previously expressed with regard to a coin
edited by me from the same cabinets ; and their capital,
Tavium, or Tavia, 4 was a city of considerable extent, and
famous for a colossal bronze statue of Jupiter placed 5 in a
sacred grove, having the right of an asylum. Is it too
much to suppose, that the evidence of the present and
3 Cramer Geogr. Descr. of Asia Minor. 8vo. Oxf. 1832.
Vol. ii. p. 98.
4 Plin. v.32. Steph. Byz. Aywpa, Hierocles, p. 96.
5 Strabo xii. Taovtov eniropeiov T&V ravrrj, OTTOV 6 TOV
KO\off<roG XO.XKOVG KCII rifievoc a<rv\ov.
VOL. II. H H
226 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
preceding coin clearly shows, that the type of that Jupiter,
like the Olympian, was NiJtephoros ? If a coin of the class,
having the inscription .Sebastenon, belong to the same
locality, the same deity, which appears full face on the coin
previously published in the Numismatic Chronicle, repre-
sents the god full face, and the others his profile.
The next coin, to which I have the honour of calling the
attention of the Society, is as follows :
Obv. Protome of the Deus Lunus, to the right.
R. CEBACTHN&N. Hugieia standing looking to the left,
and dressed in an ample peplum ; in her right hand a snake,
which feeds out of a patera in her left. JE. 4. (British
Museum). Vid. PI. fig. 2.
I have considerable doubts, from the fabric of this coin,
whether it should rightly be attributed to Galatia or
Phrygia ; and the style of its execution is undoubtedly not
that which usually prevails on the Galatian currency. The
worship of the moon was also far more prevalent in Phrygia,
and rather borrowed by the Galatians from their neighbours.
That of Asclepios also chiefly prevailed in Phrygia, although
some mention of the festivals of this deity occurs on the
marbles found in the vicinity of Galatia. Pellerin assigns
the coins bearing the epithet SsSaoTijvwv only upon them
to Ancyra of Galatia, on the authority of the inscriptions, as
H /irjrpOTToXtc FaXartac a&aaTi] TeKTOcrerytov AvKvpal but the
medallic authority of two autonomous coins of the Trocmi,
which I have published with that of the Tectosages, edited
by Eckhel, is against it. The evidence of inscriptions is
also considerably in favour of the supposition, that the
Sebasteni were not a people of Galatia, although so supposed
by Eckhel ; and I will add to the chain of deductions in
my former paper, the expressions, SgSaorrjvwv Gtao-aXwr,
v 5 , which occuras titles of the Thessalians
Eckh. Doc. Num. Vet. iii. p. 180.
COINS CONNECTED WITH GALATIA. 227
and the Lamians. The figure of Hugieia refers to Asclepios
her father, and the vessel out of which she feeds the snake
is the fjitTaviiTTpov iVytccac, and the TTOTTJ/OIOV Atoc SWTTJJOOC
mentioned by ancient authorities. Her presence on this
coin, if Galatian, must refer to the Asclepiac games, called
the great Asclepiacs, and celebrated under a Galatarches,
or commandant of Galatia, similarly to Asiarches, of the
whole of Asia Minor. There are several coins already
published, bearing on one side the legend StSaonjvwv, and
on the other the KOIVOV VaXa-wv. These may indicate
alliances between a Phrygian town and the Galatian com-
munity, or that the Sebasteni were the same as the Koinon
Galaton ; while the limitation to Ancyra of these coins is
totally inadmissible from the arguments of Eckhel, who
justly observes, that Ancyra itself never has the expression
SfSaoTTjvwv prefixed to its name, although one inscription
mentions Hjurjr/ooTroA/e rrjc FaXariac Sea<TTrj Avicvpa. But
the coins themselves approximate in execution more to those
of Phrygia ; and the opinion previously expressed, that the
Sebastenon is a provincial epithet, is, at all events, worth
deeper research, before the single authority of the text of
Pliny can be admitted.
A third unedited coin of the Sebasteni, I have also the
honour of mentioning from the same collection :
Obv. CEBACTOC. Protome of Nero in a paludamentum to right.
R. IOYAIOC A1ONYCIOC . . . CEBACTHNQN. Zeus Aeto-
phoros seated, holding a sceptre in his left hand . JE. 4.
(British Museum). Vid. PI. fig. 3.
The space, which has never been properly struck between
the OC and CE, deprives us of the opportunity of learning
the functions of the local officer, which would have been an
additional guide to our research. There is sufficient space
for apx, and then it would have been apxitptve, for we know
already of one officer, as <rywvo0)<7ae Stc TOU re KOIVOV
KOI rwv tcpwv aywvwv TWV /ueyaXwv
228 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
&C.: apxifpevt;, &c. FaXaTa/o^rjc atSaaro^avrrjc. T My re-
searches have not hitherto been successful in finding out any
circumstance connected with the name of Julius Dionysius,
who was probably a personage of mere local importance.
The 8 types of Jupiter are far more common to the Galatian
currency than the lunar deities, and are connected by
traditions already mentioned. I may here correct an error
made by me in mentioning the types of Deiotarus, king of
this country, which do not bear an eagle grasping thunder,
but holding in its talons a sceptre, and the whole placed
between two stellated pilei of the Dioscuri.
Since the reading of this Paper before the Society, I
have to add the following confirmatory proofs from medallic
inscriptions, which are quoted by Cramer in his Asiatic
Geography from Sestini. The town of Adana, in Cilicia,
was called the Hadrianic, from the name of Hadrian, and
in honour of this emperor, ASptavwv ASavewv. Other medals
testify that Macrinus also had the honour of his name being
affixed to the same state, as Mcucpaviavwv ASavtwv, " the
Macrinian Adanians." Were a coin found in this locality,
with the ASjomvwv, no reasoning could suppose, with
justice, that the Hadrianians were a distinct and separate
state, or people. The city of Tarsus 10 again abounds in the
epithets, ASpmvrj, Ko/xoStavrj, Stin/jotu.y>/, Avrwvftvmvrj, the
Hadrianian, Comedian, Severian, and Antoneinian (Cara-
callian). Such titles might be assumed, upon contested
succession, to indicate the faction to which the state
7 Eckh. iii. p. 178.
8 The alliance of the worship of Jupiter with that of Asclepios
and Hygieia, was not uncommon either on sepulchral has reliefs
or inscriptions. " Jovi et Asclepi et Hygoiae," commences one,
quoted by M. Le Bas. Expedition Frangais au Moree. Vol. ii. 1 14.
Fo. Par. 9 Vol. ii. p. 350.
Id. loc. cit. p. 347. Kibura was also called Kaio-apewv, or
Cesarean.
COINS CONNECTED WITH GALATIA. 229
belonged; but the honour must have been at least ambi-
guous, when so freely rendered, although the imperial free
towns humbly imitated the degraded mistress of the world,
and her contemptible senate. In all these instances, the
TWV Kol, or alias, may be implied, although the expressions
may be copied from the Latin, Augustanus, Severianus,
&c., which came into adoption. Games also derived their
names from the emperors ; and the SeSaorstwv, or Augustan
games, appear intermingled with the AoxXTjTrawv, or Ascle-
piacs. Some rare examples occur of towns actually drop-
ping" for a while their old appellation, by which they had
been known for centuries, and resuming, under a different
political horizon, their ancient name. From all this evi-
dence, may not the following results be deduced? First,
that the coins inscribed SfCaarTjvwv do not certainly belong
to Ancyra only ; secondly, that it is uncertain whether they
indicate a separate people or district ; thirdly, that they are
probably the general currency of the province of Galatia
which assumed this name, consequent upon the new
arrangements which it received in a geographical point of
view about the epoch of Augustus. 12
PESSINUS.
Obv. AYTO KAI AAPI ANTWNEINW G^CG. Head of Anto-
ninus Pius laureated to right.
R. FA A TOAIC nGCCINOYNTIWN. Hercules naked, his
head and shoulders clothed in the lion's skin, holding in
the left hand his bow, and supporting himself by leaning
upon his club from under his arm. His club rests upon
a bull's head, full face ; his right arm is placed on his
thigh, looking to the right ; behind him is his corytos
(bow-case). jE. 10. (British Museum.) Vid. PI. fig. 4.
Eckhel 13 very judiciously remarks, that none of the coins
11 'Ev E\cov(777, rjf jUrwvo/mo'/j'r;, Seaorj/, Joseph. Antiq.
xvi. c. 4.
12 Cf. Cellarius Geogr. Galatia and Citation of Tszetszes.
T;J/ AyKvpav S"fjv etyrj/jLtv, rije TaXariae evpov
KriVeu rbv Qtcrcioviov KcuVapa TOV Payiaiov. Chil. i. 131.
Tom. iii. p. 179.
230 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
of Pessinus present types having any relation to the local
myths of the metropolis of the Tolistobogii. It is indeed
rather extraordinary, that some of these, which were of a
nature very peculiar, did not exercise the talents, to use
such a term, of the provincial artists, the more especially
as they bore allusions to the name of the city itself. One
of them, with the fall of Icarus, is too far fetched, to con-
cede even to Eckhel the supposition, that it could hint even
the appellation of the town ; and the present coin, which is
evidently a Roman first brass coin in a Greek garb, indi-
cates that the Pessinuntine artists servilely copied the issues
of the Roman mint, the very formula of the legend of the
obverse being imitated from the Latin Imperatori Csesari
Hadriano Antonino Pio. The expectation which had been
entertained, that the inscriptions of the Tolistobogii might,
like their confederates, have borne the epithet Sebasteni,
is not justified by the coin under consideration, for it reads
FaXarwv ToAtaroSoytwv Ilfo-crtvovvrtwv. The attitude of
Hercules is similar to the statue in the Louvre, which repre-
sents Hercules resting after his capture of the Cretan bull,
the subject of his seventh labour; and the choice of
Hercules for the type, probably arose from the previous
monarchs of Galatia adopting by preference this deity on
their currency, which well suited with the disposition of a
warlike race, for the myth of Hercules appears not to have
been that of the locality previous to the irruptions of the
Gauls. It must, however, be considered as a Roman per-
sonification, and copied from some 14 statue then adorning
the Capitol of the world, rather than connected with any of
those which may have been worshipped at Pessinus.
14 In the Louvre, vid. Descript. cles Antiques du Musee Royal
de Louvre, Par. M. le Cte. Clarac, Par. 1820. p. 181. No. 432.
It is a statue, a copy of the Farnese Hercules of Glycon.
AH.
ANCBENT BRITI8M (DOOMS
FOUND N STJSSEX.
231
XXXV.
UNPUBLISHED BRITISH COINS. No. VI.
THE ten remarkable ancient British coins engraved in the
accompanying plate, were dug up about twenty years back
at Ashdown Forest, Sussex, with as many more, and came
immediately into the possession of Dr. G. A. Mantell, by
whom they have been kindly communicated to our Chronicle.
A glance at the plate will shew, that these pieces differ
materially from any hitherto published, the obverses of the
five last bearing a head wearing a Grecian helmet, and the
workmanship being in very high relief. They are quad-
ruples of Nos. 4 and 5, which are by far the smallest
pieces of British origin we have ever seen. They are all
convex and concave, and Nos. 2 and 3 are impressed on
one side only. Although the last five pieces are evidently
of the same type, they are plainly struck from different
dies. The whole have, therefore, been engraved, that
any peculiarity may not escape the notice of our numis-
matists. It is worthy of observation, that the ornament
above the horse on Nos. 2 and 3 is somewhat similar to
that on Mr. Huxtable's coin (No. 2.) in our last plate of
British coins. 1 Perhaps no pieces yet discovered more
satisfactorily prove the existence of a stamped currency in
Britain previous to the arrival of Caesar. All these coins
are certainly formed on the Greek model, and bear not the
least resemblance whatever to the money of the Romans.
M. Thomsen, keeper of the coins in the Royal Cabinet of
Copenhagen, in a communication with which we have
1 p. 191.
232 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
recently been favoured, observes, that those Gaulish and
British coins which most resemble the prototype (the money
of Philip of Macedon) are doubtless the earliest. This is
partly admitted by some of our English numismatists ; and
though it may not, in all cases, be the fact, there are good
reasons for believing that such an hypothesis is well
grounded. If it may be admitted with regard to the
pieces here engraved, they must be referred to a very early
period.
These coins have been engraved with the most scrupulous
attention to accuracy, and we have merely to subjoin the
weights, which are as follow:
No. 1. 17 grs. gold.
2. 20 grs. gold.
3. 17 grs. brass.
4. 3| grs. silver.
5. 4 grs. silver.
No. 6. 17 grs. silver.
7. 19 grs. silver.
8. 17 grs. silver.
9. 18 grs. silver.
10. 13 grs. silver.
J. Y. A.
XXXVI.
RESTITUTION TO HISTI^EOTIS, IN THESSALY, OF
SEVERAL COINS HITHERTO CLASSED TO HISTLEA,
IN EUBCEA.
MY DEAR SIR,
You request me to continue my numismatic observations ;
I presume, therefore, that the few I have sent you have
been to your liking. Shut out from the world as I am in
this corner of Asia Minor, my means are much limited;
books of reference are not often to be had ; and my remarks
must, of course, be incomplete and unsatisfactory. On the
other hand, I possess advantages not always unimportant,
ON THE COINS OF HISTLEA. 233
of observing the localities where particular coins are found,
which affords to one resident here a means denied, in a
great measure, to the European medallists, of detecting
incorrect attributions. I shall, therefore, as my leisure
permits, make you acquainted not only with any new
discoveries that may come under my notice, but also point
out any changes in the classification of coins already known,
which may seem necessary.
The object of this letter is to propose the restitution of
a number of coins which abound in every collection, and
have been classed by all writers to the town of Histisea, in
Euboea, to Histiaeotis, a province of Thessaly. You know
the coins to which I allude ; they are as follows :
Obv. Head of a Bacchante, crowned with grapes and ivy leaves,
wearing earrings and a necklace.
Rev. IXTiAIEiiN. A female sitting on the prow of a galley ;
beneath is a trident. M. 3. Weight, 35^ grs. (See
Mionnet, Tom. ii. p. 308).
I have selected one coin only, because the principal types
are the same, and they only differ from each other in the
accessory symbols, or in the position of the letters of the
legend. There exists also a tetradrachm bearing the same
type, l but as I have not seen it, I cannot decide as to its
genuineness. That these coins cannot belong to Eubcea I
think is evident; as we learn, that in the eighty-third
Olympiad, the Euboeans having revolted against Athens, 2 ,
Pericles reduced them to obedience, 3 and as a price of their
pardon, an annual tribute was imposed on them. 4 In this
treaty the Histiaeans did not participate ; they had treacher-
ously murdered the crew of an Athenian galley, which drew
1 Mionnet, Supp. iv. PI. xii. No. 1, gives an engraving of this
coin. 2 Thucydides, lib. i. cap. 114.
3 Plutarch in Vit. Peric.
4 Aristophon. apud Eustath. ad Dions. Perieg. v.520.
VOL. II. I I
234 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
on them the vengeance of the conqueror : they were driven
into exile, and their city was destroyed. Here, then, we
have an end of the Euboean Histiaea, as early as the time of
Pericles; and certainly no one can maintain that any of the
coins which now occupy our attention were struck previous
to this event. It is true another city near the spot was
built by a colony of 2000 Athenians, 5 but the old name
was abandoned, and the new city was called Oreus. 6 As the
new inhabitants were Athenians, it is not probable that at a
later period the name of Histiaea was resumed. Historians
always designate it by its new name of Oreus. The only
exception is to be found in Pausanias, where he speaks of its
having been taken by the Roman Consul Atilius, in the war
against Philip ; 7 but as a proof that it was unusual, a little
while after he adds, that some persons still call Oreus by
its ancient name of Histiaea. 8 The same persons here
alluded to were indubitably not inhabitants of Oreus, but of
other parts of Greece. We must, however, admit the fact
related by Pausanias, that Oreus was sometimes called by
its old name ; but as it has been remarked that the citizens
of Oreus were descendants of Athenians, and of course
held in execration the memory of the act committed by the
people of Histiaea, it is not to be supposed that the old
name was ever resumed on the money. If it had been,
Pausanias's observation would have been ridiculous; for if
the inhabitants themselves resumed on their public currency
the name of Histiaea, what could he have found strange
in the circumstance of Oreus being sometimes called by its
ancient name ?
If then we look at the coins with the legend ISTlAIEflN,
we must assign them a date much more modern, as has
5 Theopompus apud Strabo, lib. x. Diodorus, lib. xii., says
1000 men. * 6 Ptolemy, lib. iii. cap. 15, calls it " Horaeus."
1 Pausanias, lib. vii. cap. 7. 8 Ibid. lib. vii. c. 26.
ON THE COINS OF H1STI.EA. 235
been before observed, than the time of Pericles ; and this
being conceded, there remains no other place to which we
can assign them, but to the people of the same name in
Thessaly. The province of Histiaeotis, in Thessaly, formerly
called Doris, from Doris the son of Hellenus, took the
name of Histiaeotis, from a number of captives brought
there by the Perrhaebians, from Histiaea, in Euboea. Its
geographical situation is variously described by ancient
authors. Strabo places it between Pindus and the Upper
Macedonia. 9 Ptolemy includes within its limits the towns
of Phaestus, Gomphi, Atiniurn, Tricca, Ctemene, Chrysillia,
and Metropolis, 10 to which Livy adds Phia and Itome. n
Although it is certain that the coins in question are of a
later period than the time of Pericles, it is difficult to fix
their positive date ; the fabric would indicate an epoch
corresponding with the reign of Philip V. of Macedonia,
or perhaps even later. If they really were struck at this
time, Thessaly then either belonged to the Macedonian
king, or to their Roman conquerors ; and we have examples
of other coins, apparently of the same epoch, struck by
the Macedonians, with the legend MAREAoNiiN, by the
Amphaxitse, and by the Bottseans, all states situated in the
immediate vicinity of each other. The weights of all these
coins are similar, as well as their fabric ; and the execution
of the head of the Bacchante on the obverse of the coins
of Macedonia, in many instances, is so exactly like the
head on those of Histiaea, that it might be presumed they
were the work of the same artist. 12 They are also found
9 Strabo, Loc. sup. cit. I0 Ptolemy, lib. iii. cap. 13.
1 T. Livius, lib. 32.
12 Strabo informs us, that the Thessalian province of Histiaeotis
bordered on the Upper Macedonia, which in some degree justifies
this remarkable resemblance.
236 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
together, large numbers having been brought me from
different parts of Macedonia, Thrace, and Thessaly; and
in one instance, more than 30CO came into my possession,
about three-fourths of which were of Histiaea, and the
remainder (excepting six of Bottaea) were of Macedonia.
Such is their extraordinary abundance, however, that no
particular importance attaches to the places where they
are discovered. They appear to have had a most extensive
circulation, for they are found not only in the countries
just mentioned, but all over Greece, the islands, and not
unfrequently in Asia Minor. The circumstance of the
coins of Macedonia and Histisea being found together so
frequently (I may add also those of Bottaea, though more
rare), indicates that they had an equal value in commerce ;
were struck contemporaneously by neighbouring people
using the same monetary standard, and most probably
living under the same general laws. How, then, can these
particulars in any way refer to Histiaea, in Eubcea, even
without taking into consideration the difficulties referred to
at the commencement of these remarks ?
To assign these coins, then, a particular epoch, or explain
the motive which led to their fabrication, are points which
present much difficulty. If they originated during the
latter part of the reign of Philip, or of his successor, it may
be presumed that some changes may have been made by
those sovereigns. Both Philip and Perseus were in situa-
tions which made it necessary to conciliate both their subjects
and allies. Unusual privileges, under certain difficult
circumstances, were very probably accorded to bind them
more firmly to their interests; or, if they were struck after
the final ruin of the latter prince, then, they may have been
intended as the circulating medium till the country was
ultimately reduced to a Roman province; when the privilege
OBSERVATIONS ON THE COINS OF PELLENE, ETC. 237
of striking money in the precious metals was denied, with
but few exceptions, to all the conquered territories.
Your obedient and humble servant,
H. P. BORRELL.
Smyrna, Jan. 1840.
To THOMAS BURGON, Esq., London.
N?4
XXXVII.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE COINS OF PEL-
LENE, IN ACHAIA; WHICH HAVE BEEN ERRO-
NEOUSLY CLASSED BY NUMISMATIC WRITERS
TO PELLA, IN MACEDONIA, PELINNA, IN THES-
SALY, AND TO THE ISLAND OF PEPARATHUS.
SIR,
You ask my opinion on some coins you lately brought
with you from Greece. They are, as you are aware,
nearly all of cities of Achaia that is, of Corinth, Si-
cyon, Patrae, and Phlius ; but what affords me the greatest
pleasure, is finding amongst them many coins which I al-
ways felt persuaded belong to Pellene, in Achaia, and
which have long remained misclassed to various other
places, and I consider the present a good opportunity for
declaring my opinions on the subject. The first of these
coins to which I desire to draw your attention, is that in
silver, already published and well known, as follows :
238 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
No I. Head of Apollo Theoxenius, laureated, to the right.
R. IIEA within a laurel wreath. 1 M.S. Weight, 43 grs.
Mionnet, torn ii., p. 480, No. 217. Under Pella, in Ma-
cedonia, and Mionnet, Supplement iii., p. 300, No. 227,
and note.
Pellerin was the first numismatic writer 2 who classed
this coin to Pella, in Macedonia ; in which he is followed
by Sestini and Eckhel. 3 Mionnet appears to have had
some doubt on the subject, and in his supplement he
assigns it to Pelinna, in Thessaly, in preference to the
opinions of other antiquaries, who would rather attribute it to
Pellene, in Achaia. His reasons for preferring Pelinna to
Pellene are principally founded on the circumstance, that
there are no other coins of Pellene which have reached us
but those struck under the Roman emperors, Septimius Se-
verus, and others of his immediate family; and that it would
be consequently exceedingly remarkable that so many cen-
turies should have elapsed between the striking of these
autonomous and those imperial coins, supposing them to
belong to the same city. 4 With all due deference to the
opinion of this distinguished antiquary, I must con-
fess myself inclined to agree with those who would class
them to Pellene, in Achaia, and shall endeavour to remove
any objections that might be opposed to it by those of a
contrary opinion. For many years I have constantly ob-
served that this description of coin is invariably brought
1 Sestini, in his " Descript. Num. Vet." p. 108, cites a coin
in gold of this type, from the collection of Baron Schellersheim ;
there is but little doubt that the coin is merely gilt, or cast from
one in silver.
2 Pellerin, Rec., torn, i., p. 186.
3 Eckhel, Doct. Num. Vet.
4 Neither are there any intermediate coins between the autono-
mous and the imperial of the family of Septimius Severus, of
Phlius, or Sicyon.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE COINS OF PELLENE, ETC. 239
from the Peloponnesus : you will have seen yourself that
yours were from that country. A solitary instance would
be inconclusive ; but you know it has always been a custom
with me to note from whence all the coins that come within
my observation are found a custom I most strongly recom-
mend to you as being often of the greatest importance,
united to other data, in doubtful cases and I repeat, that
the silver coin under consideration, as well as the copper
coins I shall have occasion to speak of, have been invariably
found in the Peloponnesus. Another important evidence in
favour of those who would ascribe the coin to Pellene, is the
weight, a proximity to the same standard being natural in
neighbouring cities of the same state ; and it is worthy of
remark, that the weight of this coin agrees as nearly as
possible with that of the coins of Phlius and Sicyon : while,
on the other hand, it bears no analogy whatever to the
money of any city of Thessaly. - The style of fabric which
Mionnet considers to accord with that in use in Thessaly,
appeal's to me to be quite the reverse. The head of Apollo
upon your coin, as well as all others I have seen, is similar
to the head of that god on the numerous coins of Sicyon ;
and the same similitude of work and style may be observed
in the laurel wreath on the reverse, not only on the coins
of Sicyon, but of other towns within the Achaian state.
That there should be some strong features of resemblance
between the coins of Sicyon and Pellene is by no means
strange, on account of the vicinity of those towns.
Pausanias says, speaking of the Achaian cities, " The first
of these which looks towards Elis, is Dyone ; then Olenus,
Helice, Aegae, Aegira, Pellene, follow ; which last looks
towards Sicyonia. 6 " We are also informed by the same
3 Pansanias, lib. vii., c. 6.
240 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
author that Apollo was the tutelary deity of the city, and
was venerated with peculiar devotion by the people. He
speaks of a magnificent temple of this god, who was sur-
named Theoxenius ; and of a statue of him in bronze.
Games were also celebrated in his honour annually, which
were called Theaxenia, and silver was given to the con-
queror as a reward. 6
From the testimony of Pausanias, united to the evidence
I have adduced, does it not appear beyond doubt that these
coins were struck at Pellene? It is, moreover, probable,
that the head of the god is that of Apollo Theoxenius, copied
from the statue in bronze described above ; and, as the
prizes given to tlie victors at the public games were of sil-
ver, it is not unreasonable to suppose, that this kind of
coin was the reward : in no other shape could it be so well
adapted, bearing as it does on one side the effigy of the
god, and on the reverse the laurel crown, at once the symbol
of victory and a sacred attribute of the deity in whose
honour all their exertions had been made.
I now come to the next coin's, consisting of two varieties,
of which there are several specimens in your parcel, in
various states of preservation. Here is a description of
them :
No. 2. Head of Apollo Theoxenius to the right.
R. TIE in monogramme, and a ram's head, the whole within a
wreath of laurel. JE.4. Mionnet, torn ii., p. 27, No. 187.
Idem, Supplement iii , p. 311, No. 3, under Peparethus.
No. 3. Head as the preceding, to the left.
R. HE in monogramme, within a wreath of laurel. 1E.2.
Cab. M. Millingen, cited by Mionnet, Supplement iii.,
p. 311. No. 4.
Hunter, Eckhel, and Mionnet, have not hesitated to class
6 Idem, lib. vii, c. 27.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE COINS OF PELLENE, ETC. 241
the coin No. 2 to the small island of Peparethus, situated
near the coast of Thessaly ; and the latter author has done
the same with the No. 3, which he cites from the collection
of M. Millingen ; but I have not the least doubt that they
are better suited to Pellene. Independent of their being
found invariably in the Peloponnesus, it is only necessary
to see them ranged amongst the coins really belonging to
Peparethus, to be persuaded they are not in their place.
The head of Apollo on the obverse of both, and the wreaths
of laurel on the reverse, so exactly assimilate in point of
style with those on the silver coins (No. 1 for example),
as to induce a belief that, if they were not the work of the
same hand, the same models must have served for both.
Concerning the type of No. 3, I have nothing to remark in
addition to what I said of the coin in silver, No. 1 ; it only
differs by the letters IIE in monogram, instead of the
separate letters UEA. I must observe, however, that
Mionnet describes the wreath on the reverse to be com-
posed of olive leaves ; but, as I have now the coin before
me, I am persuaded he is in error, and that, on all the
three coins here noticed, in every case the laurel wreath is
depicted.
The type on the reverse of the coin No 2, the ram's
head, is also a subject that we might have expected to find
employed on the money of Pellene. Several passages in
ancient authors refer to the excellency of the wool of Pel-
lene, which was wrought in highly esteemed mantles ; and
these were distributed as prizes to the victors in the public
games celebrated in honour of Mercury.
To these three coins I will finish by adding another,
which I saw for the first time in the parcel you sent me,
and which certainly belongs to Pellene; it is as fol-
lows :
VOL. II. K K
242 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
No. 4. Lyre.
R. TE. A tripod. ^E. 2|. Cab. of James Whittall, Esq. of
Smyrna. Unpublished. 7
Both the symbols on this coin, the lyre and the tripod,
are in perfect harmony with the subjects on the other coins ;
alluding as they do to the worship of the principal deity of
the place, Apollo.
Admitting that all these coins belong to Pellene (of
which, for myself, I have no doubt), another of Mionnet's
objections is overcome : and even if no other coins could
be satisfactorily attributed to it, his argument would still
be inadmissible ; as Pellene is not the only city of Achaia
of which no intermediate coinage has reached us, between
the early autonomous money and those struck under the
Roman emperor, Septimius Severus.
I remain, your obedient servant,
H. P. BORRELL.
Smyrna, 30th January, 1840.
To JAMES WHITTALL, Esq., Smyrna.
1 See the wood-engraving at the head of the present valuable
paper, for which, as well as for his other important communica-
tions, our learned correspondent has our best thanks. Kr>.
243
XXXVIII.
SOME REMARKS ON AN UNEDITED COIN
OF PERGAMUS.
By SAMUEL BIRCH, ESQ.
Assistant in the Depart, of Antiq. Brit. Mus., Assist. Sec. for the English
Section of the Archceological Institute of Rome.
Obv.AVT. KPA T (sic) K M AVP ANTiiNEINOC. Bust of the
Emperor to the right, bearded and laureated in armour, on
the lorica, head of the Medusa.
R. EHI CTPA KAIPGA ATTAAOY nEPFAMHNiiN
QPOTON T NE KOPiiN. The Emperor standing in
military attire, with an abolla round his shoulders ; in his
left hand a lance, his right raised, saluting a serpent twined
around a tree, its head towards the Emperor ; the upper
part of the tree, which has no branches, is arched forwards
in the area between Telesphorus standing upon a pedestal,
full face. JE.l2i.
THE Asclepios, represented on the coins of Pergamos, being
the deity whose worship was imported from Epidaurus,
must be the son of Coronis, the daughter of Phlegyas, by
Apollo, who was exposed by his mother on the Mount
Tithion, formerly called Myrtion, and is a personage of
higher antiquity than the son of Apollo and Arsinoe, the
daughter of Leusippus; a story which, it is observed by
Pausanias, was probably interpolated in the poems of
Hesiod in order to favour the pretensions of the Messenians.
The scholiast, commonly attributed to Didymus, mentions
Asclepios the son of Arsinoe or Coronis; another, sprung
from Hesione, daughter of Merops ; but, according to
24-1 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
Hesiod, of Xanthinoe ; and that he received the elements
of his education from Chiron, son of Chronos and Philares,
the inventor of music and medicine. As his children
Machaon and Podalisius went to the Trojan war from
Thessaly, and the seat of the Centaurs was in the same
region, it is probable that his worship was imported from
hence into Epidaurus, and the myth localised by the cir-
cumstance of its seat being in this locality. The criticism
of Pausanias upon the passage in the Iliad where Machaon
is sent for by Agamemnon appears rather straitened, and it
may be doubted whether, at so early an epoch, the God of
Medicine received honors of a higher order than those paid
to personages of a secondary class, and intermediate
between the gods and men; for, notwithstanding the
assertion of Pausanias, it is doubtful whether Asclepios
was worshipped at the earliest epoch. The traditions do
not uniformly represent him as immortal; he was the
offspring, according to all of them, of a deity and mortal.
He is mentioned in Homer as the blameless physician only ;
into Hesiod his name and genealogy were interpolated; he
was killed by the bolts of Jove, though subsequently
restored to life. No work of art of high antiquity attests
his worship, or even alludes to his myth; all evidence
seems to concur in pointing out his semi-deism. He
accompanied the Argonauts in their expedition, and is a
personage of the heroic age. But at a later period, and
coeval with the progress of medicinal art, he became invested
with higher attributes; the abstraction of the power of
healing was conferred upon the fabled inventor of the rude
principles of the art, and the actions of others frequently
by anachronism attributed to him. He is, however, most
decidedly a personage of the heroic age connected with
the Argolic myths the connecting links between the
ON AN UNEDITED COIN OF PERGAMUS. 245
mythic and historic times, when the dim light of true
history commences its uncertain dawn ; while the places
where his worship is found, shew that he owes his investiture
with immortality to an epoch certainly not beyond the ken
of legitimate tradition.
At a later period, his worship became disseminated in
Greece, and while his descent from Apollo, and the inter-
vention of Artemis in the tragical circumstances attendant
on his birth, connect him with the Doric race, the importa-
tion of his worship into Asia Minor seems to have been
attended with the most signal success; and under the
Imperial sway of the Romans, his worship and the re-
spect paid him appear to fairly compete with deities of a
much higher grade. With the important city of Pergamus
the worship of Asclepios is identified by the indisputable
evidence of a long suite of currency ; and the authority of
Pausanias informs us of the precise occasion which gave
rise to the introduction of his worship into the state of
Mysia. A certain Archias, son of Aristaichmos, being cured
of a spasm of his limbs, which he had contracted in hunting
upon Mount Pindarus, imported the worship of Asclepios
into Pergamus, and from Pergamus it was carried to
Smyrna. At the temple of Epidaurus were nourished a
species of serpents, said only to be produced in that region,
and of a yellow hue; and all kinds of serpents were said to
be sacred to this deity among the people of Epidaurus.
When from this place the worship of Asclepios was imported
into Rome, during a pestilence, A. v. c. 462, the deity was
supposed to have assumed the shape, and to have entered
the ship sent to receive him : when he arrived at Rome, he
escaped into an island of the Tiber. 1
1 Ovid. Metam. xv. 622, and sq.
246 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
The present medallion, which has apparently not as yet
fallen under the notice of numismatic writers, represents
the deity under a similar avatar; and, since his worship
was identified with that of serpents of a peculiar species, it
is possible that, although not expressly stated, the Epi-
daurian reptiles were carried along with it ; and it is to a
similar reptile that the Emperor on the reverse is seen
addressing his adorations:
" Deus explicat orbes
Perque sinus crebros et magna volumina labent."
since no doubt can be entertained that the reptile twined
round the tree replaces the figure of the deity himself,
which appears upon other medals; and the presence of the
child Telesphorus, standing in the area, proves the identity
of the scene ; for it must be to one of the living emblems
of the god that the imperial proscynema is paid. The tree
around which the serpent is twined is probably lent to
accommodate the subject to the size of the coin, and is 2
perhaps a laurel, which was sacred to Asclepios, probably
one of the temena or asylums, the right of which at Per-
gamus only, of all the Asiatic cities, was distinctly recog-
nised and confirmed by the inquiries instituted during the
reign of Tiberius. " Consules super eas civitates quas
memorari," observes Tacitus, 3 " apud Pergamum Aesculapii
compertum Asylum retulerant:" and this was no ordinary
honor when the other asyla were not recognised by the
State as resting upon assured traditions. The small figure
is that of Telesphoros, 4 Enamerion, or Akerios, the
grandson of Asclepios by Machaon, and who is constantly
placed by his side on the monuments, the first being the
2 At Titane they were cypresses. Cf. Paus. ii. c. 11.
3 Annal. iii. 63. 4 Paus. ii. c. 1 1 .
ON AN UNEDITED COIN OF PERGAMUS. 247
name peculiarly applied to the third personage of the
Asclepiac triad by the inhabitants of Pergamus. The fact
commemorated by this coin is the sleeping of Caracalla in
the temple of Aesculapius at Pergamus for the sake of his
health, A. u. c. 968, and the expression Iljowrwv, a title
conferred on the State by the superstitious Emperor, has
already been commented upon by Eckhel. There is
apparently nothing known, except from medallic informa-
tion, of the name of the Praetor or Strategos.
248
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(IS fann mir nid)t anbetS alS erfreulidj fcin/ baf ein einfadjer SSrief
won mir ber Gjfjre gewurbigt wurbe/ in 3fyiem Numismatic Chronicle
DomSanuar 1839 uberfe^tbem brittifdjen $>ublicum ubergeben ju werben.
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fdjaft ju geben/ bei weldier ber gelefyrte Ueberfefcer burd) SKipbeutung eineg
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xcii), 11, wo man bie dltejte@pur b6 9ttnggelbe6 finbct/ ber golbene Sling
ber ^efttaf) j u g e g e b e n fet/ fo betradjtete id) ben golbenen Sting nid)t
ber .Refttat) gteid)/ fonbern nur ale eine 3ugabe (addition ober addita-
ment) berfelben. 25ie ^eft'ta^ beren nid)t nur im ^>iob xlii. 1 1 , unb
Genes, xxxiii. 19, fonbern aud) in Josua xxiv. 32, gebad)t mirb, war
aUetbtngS fein Sling/ aber aud) feine ?Kunje mit bem eprage etne6
tcie ^>ottinger in Dissert, de Numis. Orient, pag. no, be=
fonbern nur ein @ilbergettrid)t oon unbefttmmbarer r6fe nrie ter
altejle e f e I nid)t anber al ein rot)eS ilberftuc! ofyne SSilb unb
eprage war. 25enn ee leibet feinen gwetfel/ baf wenn gleid) fpdtert)in
nad) SJabbi 2Cliba bei SSodiart. Hieroz, T. i. 3, c. 43. ^efttat) bie
SSenennung einer gewiffen SOtunje in 2Cfrila gewefen fein foil/ bie vg)abr&er
oor ber babglonifdjen efangenfdjaft nod) lein gepragteS elb fatten --,
fonbern/ wie wir au Genes, xxiii. 16; xliii. 21; 2 Reg. xii.5j ^>iob
xxviii. 15 ; Jerem. xxxii. 9, sq. unb nod) einigen anbern tellen beutlid)
erfetjen/ wurbe ba ilber nur gevr-ogen/ unb war fySdiftenS mit einem
3eidjen erfet)en/ wonad) man bie geintjeit unb ben SBertf) ber (Silbevftudfe
bejlimmte/ fo baf man ft'e nad) 2 Reg. xii. 10, sq. nur juc jattlen
braud)te. 2)af ^ eft tat) ein ftamm bebeute/ t)at man blo aug ber
Ueberfe|ung ber Ixx. tKaror a/i^twv ober fyuvatW gefd;lof[en/ ot)ne ft*
baburd) tmn ju lajfen/ baf eben iene Ixx. aud) Genes, xxxi. 7 unb 41,
baSSBSort 0*3^ burd) a^viav ober apvaaiy fiberfe^en/ wie wofyl einige
aud) fdjon ^vwv unb /uva7c baffir ju lefen worfdjlagen. TfUein bie Ixx.
(TRANSLATION.)
ON THE KESITAH OF THE HOLY SCRIPTURE.
[Read before the Numismatic Society, 2nd Feb. 1840.]
THAT one of my letters should have had the honour of being trans-
lated into English, and published in your Numismatic Chronicle for
January, 1839, cannot but be very gratifying to me : and for that
reason I feel myself the more imperatively called upon to explain
one passage in that letter, which appeared, as the translator of
it, observes, rather obscure, in consequence of his having taken
a German word, occurring in it, in a wrong sense. I had ob-
served that in Job xlii. 11 (not xcii.), where the most ancient
mention of ring money is found, the gold ring is joined with the
Kesitah ; but I did not say that it was equivalent to the Kesitah ;
1 only remarked, that it is mentioned in conjunction with it
The Kesitah, of which mention is made not only in Job (xlii.
11) and Genesis (xxxiii. 19), but likewise in Joshua (xxiv. 32),
was certainly neither a ring, nor even a coin impressed with the
figure of a lamb, as Hottinger affirms in his Dissertation de
Nummis. Orientalibus (p. 110), but merely a silver weight of
undetermined size, just as the most ancient shekel was nothing
more than a piece of rough silver without any image or device.
For it cannot be doubted that, though at a later period Kesitah
was the name of a certain coin current in Africa, as we leam
from Rabbi Akiba, quoted by Bochart (Hierozoi'con i. 3, c. 43),
yet the Hebrews had no stamped money before the Babylonish
Captivity ; but, as plainly appears from Gen. xxiii. 16 ; xliii. 21 ;
2 Kings xii. 5; Job xxviii. 15; Jer. xxxii. 9, &c., and some
other texts, their silver was only weighed, and at most impressed
merely with a mark to determine its purity and value : so that
according to 2 Kings xii. 10, the pieces were only counted.
That Kesitah signifies a lamb, has been inferred merely from
the words IKO.TOV dp,viiav, or ap.va&ti)v> used in the Septuagint
version: yet the same version in Gen. xxxi. 7, 41, renders the
word D^b a/jLVMv, or a^ivaaiv, for which it has been proposed to
read /zvwv and p.vais : so that this text did not lead to the same
erroneous inference as the one mentioned above.
For the Hebrew word H3D however, the Septuagint has a/
VOL. II. L L
250 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
fdnieben ap>a (ntdjt ayui'oc, ttrie man irrig angenommen fjat) ober
hfivciQ fur baS f)ebraifd)e H?.'?, une bie fop(ifd;e Ueberfe|ung beS 91. .
nad) Sattam' Sertcon ap.va ober I/urn fur ba6 griedjifdje /uva. a
biefe SBort jeben bejHmmten Sfyeil bejeicfynete/ mod)te er abgemogen ober
abgemefien fein/ unb GfjampoUion ber 3ungerepag.22l, biefeg SBort aurf)
in tjer ^>ieroglv)pt)enfd)rtft fflr poids et mesure nad^gewiefen {)at; fo
mug man bte tjebrdifdje HtD^p, ber oerfdjiebenen 'djretbung ungead)tet
um fo mefyr mit nD|5 (,Krug) oerroanbt glauben/ weil bet ber ^ierogty*
pt)engruppe fur pvd immer ein .Rrug at betermtnattoes 3eid)en/ aud) fd)on
in uralten 3nfd>riften/ ftet)t. S)aburd)/ bag nad) Genes, xlvii. 16, sq.
Prov. xxvii, 26. gammer unb anbereS 2Ste|) bte (Stelle be elbe6
tertraten/ tSft fid) ba eprage eine 8amme auf ben Stteften SJJunjen
eben fo ir-entg ertr-eifen/ alS ba eprSge eine Odjfen auf alt atttfdfjen
50lunjen r teld)er ^)Iutard)o fdjon bem St)efeu Cap. 24. anbid)tet au
bem @prud)tt)orte ftove ETTI yXwrrjje int Z^^m. M. i. v. ejcaro/ir/ ober
/3o5c tTTi yXwo-o-Tj, bet vgefi5d)tug/ weldjer i.v./ca\Xi/toT))c aud) *cdXXvoc
al S3e5eid)nung be Ddjfen auf ^upfevmunjen anfutjrt. @o ridjtig aud) ^)oUu)c
in feinem Onomasticon, lib. ix. bemer!t/ bap bte ortntifd;e SJJunse con
bem barauf aufgepragten ^3egafu TrwXoe benannt warb/ wte man aud)
bte SJlunjen mit bem eprfige einer <3d)ilb!rote xeX&via nan^te* fo tr-enig
begrunbet ijl 9>lutard)'g S3et)auptung/ Quest. Rom. 41, baf bte 9l6mer
urfprunglid) aud) SSKunjen mit bem eprdge eine )d)fen/ <Sd)afe6 unb
d)weine6 get)abt fatten. 2(u ber SBieberijotung biefer 2Cu6fage im 8eben
beS SSaleriuS ^)ublicola/ cap. ii. evftet)t man beutlid) bag 25arro' Scutung
ber elbjtrafe/ wovauf fid) gefituS/ i. v. multa, peculatus, ovibus,
sestimata, unb Gellius xi. i , bejietjen/ bei ben SKSmern eine dt)nlid)e
SSJJeinung erjeugte/ ttrie ba SeKaGoiov in S5ra!o' efefcen Tfnlaf ju
ber aud) in 2HUoifon'6 djolien ju ^omer'6 Sltabe, <j>, 79, berfitjrten
age con SOlunjen mit bem eprage eine Dd)fen gab. Sttdjtig fagt jtt>ar
Varro L. L. v. 17, 92. _Pecuniosus a pecunia magna, pecunia
a pecu : a pastoribus enim horum vocabulorum origo, unb fet balb
nadj^er fyinju/ quod in pecore pecunia turn con&istebat pastoribus,
1 2)e6 @uftatt)iu6 ju >g)orn. H. ii.449.
ON THE KESITAH OF THE HOLY SCRIPTURE. 251
(not ayuvoe, as has been erroneously assumed), or a/uvae; just as
the Coptic version of the New Testament has, according to
Tattam's Lexicon, a/urn or e/xva for the Greek word yuvd. As
that word signified every determinate portion, whether weighed
or measured, and Champollion le Jeune has discovered the same
word expressed in hieroglyphics, it is the more probable, that
the Hebrew word H^^i? Kesitah, notwithstanding the difference
of spelling, has a relation in the word HDJ5 Keseth, a pitcher,
inasmuch as such a vessel is invariably the determinative symbol
in the hieroglyphic group which expresses the word /tiva, even
in inscriptions of a very remote antiquity.
It is said indeed in Gen. xlvii. 16, and Prov. xxvii. 26, that
lambs and other cattle were used in the place of money ; but
this gives as little ground for inferring that the most ancient
coin bore the image of a lamb, as that the coins of Attica bore
that of an ox in the time of Theseus, as is erroneously affirmed
by Plutarch (Thes. c. 24) ; misled by the proverb, ftovQ iirl
yXwrrrye (Etym. Mag.); sub. v. tKaro^r) or ftove Tt yXwovnj in
Hesychius, who also sub. v. KaXXui<rr^e, mentions icoXXv6e as
the term used to express the ox on a copper coin. The obser-
vation of Pollux in his Onomasticon, that the coin of Corinth was
called TrwXoc, from the figure of Pegasus stamped upon it ; and
that of other writers, that coins bearing the image of a tortoise
were called j^eXwvia, are perfectly correct : but most groundless
is the assertion of Plutarch (Quest. Rom. 41), that the Romans
had also originally coins stamped with the figure of an ox, a
sheep, and a hog. From his repetition of this assertion in the life
of Valerius Publicola, it is clearly evident that Varro's mention
of the pecuniary fine to which Festus (sub. v., multa, peculatus,
ovibus, cestimata) and Gellius (xi. 1 ) refer, gave birth among the
Romans to an opinion similar to one prevalent among the Greeks,
in consequence of the SfKafsoiov in Draco's Laws, which was also
the origin of a tradition* respecting coins stamped with the figure
of an ox, noticed in Villoison's Scholia on Homer (Iliad, $ 79).
Varro indeed says correctly, (L.L.V- 17,92) "Pecuniosus a
* Eustathius on Horn. II. ii. 449.
252 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
tt>a berfelbc R. R. II. i, n, nod) furjer au^bvucEt: a pecu ipsa
pecunia nominata est : nam omnis pecuniae pecus fundamentum ;
aber rcenn er turj juoor ju ben SBorten : quis nescit, quod multa
etiam nunc ex vetere institute bubus et ovibus dicitur ? fyinjufefct
et quod aes antiquissimum, quod est flatum, pecore est notatum.
So wf&Ut er in einen nidjt geringern Su'tfjum/ at6 $3Umu ber in feiner
9laturgefd)id)te/ xviii. 3*/ fogar bejtimmt terftdjert : Servius rex ovium
boumque effigie primus aes signavit. Sttit 5Ked)t fagt fd)on'6tffy?l in
feiner Doct. Num. Vet., vol. i. p. 2. Pliniano huic edicto non
suflragantur numi, unde et permissum mihi existimo de etymi
hujus veritate dubitare, obwofyl SJafd)e fein SSebenfen trug/ in feinem
Sepicon/ Universse rei numarise veterum ju fdjvetben: Pecunia dicta
fuit, seu quod pecudum loco, in mutandis deinceps mercibus
adhiberetur, sive quod primorum numorum imagines fere pecu-
dem referrent, bovem, ovem, arietem, equam, caprara, suem, aut
alia animalia. @}tucf(id)ent)eife ^at ftd) 3)timu3 felbft auf eine fotd;e
SSetfe tt>iebert)oli> baf man beutlid) erlennt/ ie jene S3e|>auptung torn
&;uge eroiuS burd) 3u(ammenfd)mel5ung jweier ganj oerfdjiebenec
SBe^auptungen etwudjs/ it>etd)e $)Untu H. N. xxxiii. 13/ burd) einem
frembartigen o| alfo fpaltet : Servius rex primus signavit aes.
Antea rudi usa Romse Timseus tradit. Signatum est nota
pecudum : unde et pecunia appellata. 50iog atfo ba SBort pecunia
tmmcrtjin urfprungtid) ben ^Preif bejeid)net tjaben/ weld;en man jtatt be
23ief)e bet elbjlrafen erlcgte, wett nad) ^>tiniu6/ H. N. xxxiii. 3, multa
legum antiquarum pecore constabat ; fo tjl bod) feineSrcegeS baran
ju benfen baf bie sacra divinaque moneta, tt?te man fie bei panfyeim
De Usu et Prsestantia Numismatum, page 18, ridjttg bejeid^net Uefef>
iemalS ba eprSge jener 8Met)ftucfe at8 blofen S3efttt)umeS enttjalten
tyabe, ba felbjt auf bem Sdinggelbe in ben ^3t)ramiben sRubienl nttr
otttjeiten unb gSttlidje prnbole gepragt waven.
. g. rotefenb.
ben SBSorten Pecmiia ipsa a pecore appellabatur.
ON THE KESITAH OF THE HOLY SCRIPTURE. 253
pecuni& magna ; pecunia a pecu : a pastoribus enim horum
vocabulorum origo;" and adds soon afterwards, "quod in pecore
pecunia turn consistebat pastoribus ;" which is more briefly ex-
pressed by the same writer (R.R. ii. 1, 11) " A pecu ipsa pe-
cunia nominata est : nam omnis pecuniae pecus fundamentum :"
but when to the words a little above, " quis nescit quod multa
etiam nunc ex vetere instituto bubus et ovibus dicitur," he added,
" et quodaes antiquissimum quod est flatum pecore estnotatum,"
he fell into no less an error than Pliny, who in his Natural His-
tory (xviii. 3*) even asserts positively that " Servius rex ovium
boumque effigie primus ses signavit." Eckhel, in his Doctrina
Numor. Veter. (i. 2) had already justly said, " Pliniano huic
edicto non suffragantur numi unde et permissum mihi existimo
de etymi hujus veritate dubitare." Yet Rasche made no scruple
to say in his Lexicon universae rei numariae veterum: "pecunia
dicta fuit, seu quod pecudum loco in mutandis deinceps mercibus
adhiberetur, sive quod primorum numorum imagines fere pecu-
dem referrent bovem, ovem, arietem, equam, capram, suem, aut
alia animalia." Fortunately Pliny has repeated his words in
such a manner as to shew plainly how his assertion respecting
King Servius arose from his having joined together two very
distinct suppositions, which he (N. H. xxxiii. 13) thus separates
by the insertion of a sentence not connected with them : " Servius
rex primus signavit aes. Antea rudi usa Romae Timaeus tradit.
Signatum est nota pecudum unde et pecunia appellata." So
that the word pecunia may have originally signified the price
paid as a pecuniary fine in lieu of cattle. Since, according to
Pliny (N. H. xxxiii. 3) " Multa legum antiquarum pecore
constabat ;" yet it can by no means be supposed that the sacra
divinaque moneta, as it is rightly termed by Spanheim, " De Usu
et Praestantia Numismatum " (page 18), ever bore the image of
cattle as a mere possession, since even on the ring money found
in the Nubian Pyramids there are no figures but those of gods,
or divine symbols. G. F. GROTEFEND.
* After the words "pecunia ipsa a pecore appellabatur."
254
MISCELLANEA.
MEDALS OF THE ROETTIERS. In the last number of the
Numismatic Chronicle you have inserted a copy of a document,
purporting to be an account rendered by John Joseph and Philip
Roettier, for their professional labours, in making and engraving
the Great Seal, at the Royal Mint in the Tower of London. As
a pendant to that interesting paper, permit me to communicate
a copy of an advertisement which appeared in a newspaper (the
" Flying Post," I think) in April, 1695. This advertisement is in
my possession, and was, among a number of scraps of a similar
description, relating to coins and medals, purchased at the sale of
the late Mr. Matthew Young's books, in November, 1838.
"One Medal of Copper of King Charles the First; on one
side is represented his Effigies ; on the other is a fine Land-
skip, with this Motto : ' Virtutem ex me, fortunam ex aliis.'
Price each, gilt, 10s. ; and 5s. plain. If bespoke in silver,
price about 25s. each. Engraved and Coined by James and
Norbertus Roettier, at the Mint in the Tower of London.
Sold by Mr. Lane, Goldsmith, at the Rose in Lombard
Street ; and by several Booksellers and Cutlers in London
and Westminster."
. These curious papers suggest a question as to how many of the
Roettier family were employed at the Royal Mint ; for we see no
less than^we different names John, Joseph, Philip, James, and
Norbertus,* mentioned as medallists ; and it would be interesting
to learn what degree of relationship existed between them.
Another query, not destitute of interest, relates to the correct
orthography of the name; for in the advertisement we see it
printed " Roettier," in the account, " Roettiers," and in the pe-
tition accompanying the account it is spelt " Jo. Roteeires."f
* Norbertus appears to have been a very diligent artist, if the numerous
medals of the Pretender's family which bear the initials " N.R." were his
work.
t In Pepys' Memoirs another variety in the spelling of this name occurs
in the following passage : " There dined with us to-day Mr. Slingsby, of the
Mint, who shewed us all the new pieces both gold and silver (examples of
them all) that were made for the King, by Blondeau's way ; and compared
them with those made for Oliver. The pictures of the latter, made by
Symons, and of the King by one Rotyr, a German, I think, that dined with
us also. He extols those of Rotyr above the others ; and, indeed, I think
they are the better; because the sweeter of the two; but, upon my word,
those of the Protector are more like in my mind, than the King's ; but both
very well worth seeing. The crownes of Cromwell are now sold, it seems,
for 25s. and 30s. a-piece."
MISCELLANEA. 255
If you, or any of your correspondents, could elucidate
these points, it would be very satisfactory to several of your
readers. In Pinkerton's Medallic History of England, Plate 31,
No. 4, is a medal of Charles II., which has under the bust of the
King, " Philip Roti, F." In Plate 36, No. 2, is a medal of the
Duke of Lauderdale ; on the reverse of which, in the exergue,
we read, " Joan Roti, F." It is somewhat remarkable that in
both these medals the Christian name is given at full length,
while the surname is abbreviated. B. N.
London, 16 January, 1840.
CATALOGUE OF ROMAN SILVER COINS IN THE LIBRARY OF
TRINITY COLLEGE, DUBLIN. This is one of the evidences that the
study of ancient coins ia gaining ground. The compiler, Mr.
John A. Mallet, a fellow of the College, has evidently not had the
best works to consult during the performance of his task ; but
this redounds the more to his credit. Few persons, we believe,
could have produced so good a catalogue with so few means and
appliances ; and this compilation is a pleasing record of the
good taste, industry, and discrimination which have been em-
ployed in its execution. The circumstances which led to the un-
dertaking of this catalogue are explained in the preface, from
which we take the following: " The collection of coins, of which
the following is a catalogue, having been for many years un-
arranged, and almost unknown in the College Library, I undertook
the task of arranging them, at the direction of the heads of the
College ; and, though wholly inexperienced in such matters, I did
so the more readily, hoping that it might excite in the College some
enquiry, at least, about a study too generally neglected." Mr.
Mallet informs us that there is a large number of Roman brass
coins, and from three to four hundred Greek silver, " but in a state
of complete confusion." We sincerely trust he may be encouraged
to proceed to catalogue these also.
DISCOVERIES AT STROOD, KENT. In addition to the coins
found in the Roman burial-ground, and detailed in a preceding
number, may be added a remarkably fine specimen of the Britannia
type of Antoninus Pius. Second brass. Obverse. Antoninus
Aug. Pius, PP.TRP. xvni. Laureated head to the right. Reverse.
Britannia cos. iv. In exergue, s. c. Britannia seated on a rock,
with labarum and shield. It is in the possession of Mr. Stephen
Steele, of Strood,
DISCOVERIES AT CHESIL BEACH, NEAR PORTLAND. It appears
that Roman coins are found at particular seasons of the year in
256 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
this locality. Captain Manning, R.N., of Portland Castle, has
been so obliging- as to forward us three specimens, with the follow-
ing remarks : " The coins are found about a mile from Portland,
on the west side of the Chesil Beach. The whole of the Chesil
Beach is about seventeen miles long, about a quarter of a mile
wide, and one hundred feet high above the level of the sea at low
water. It rests on a bed of blue clay, and during very heavy
gales, when a portion of the Beach scours away, the clay becomes
visible, and in it are found coins and other remains." Those for-
warded are of Lucius ^Elius, Antoninus Pius, and Faustina the
Elder. It is supposed by some that a Roman galley may have
been wrecked at the spot ; but it is equally, if not more probable,
that they may fall from the foundering of the Cliff. It would be
desirable to know if they are ever discovered in the fields above
the Cliffs.
DISCOVERY AT THE GIANT'S CAUSEWAY, IRELAND. A number
of Roman silver coins were recently found under a large flag-stone
at this celebrated spot. They were examined by .1. C. Mallet, Esq.;
of Trin. Col., who informs us that they were all common, and in
bad condition.
FORGERIES OP ANCIENT COINS. We have just received a
communication from a correspondent respecting the individual
whose frauds we have so often exposed, and who, it seems, " un-
whipt by justice," is still impudently, and, as it were, in defiance
of the law, exercising his nefarious and profitable trade.
We have hitherto been somewhat scrupulous about publishing
all the information we have been in possession of concerning the
swindlings of this rogue ; perhaps from being too delicate in con-
sulting the feelings of the suffering parties in preference to the
more important consideration of the public good, and partly from
hoping that some spirited individual would ere this have brought
the scamp to a stand-still. However, as the arch-impostor is
apparently yet in the plenitude of his vocation, we shall not stay
our hand, but, in justice to the public, make known any authenti-
cated facts that may from time to time be brought before us.
It appears that about three months since, a person about sixty
years old, rather short and slight, calling himself Dr. James Ed-
wards, of Waterford, in Ireland, called on Mr. Levi, a silversmith
in Plymouth, and offered him a collection of coins, which he stated
to have belonged to a clergyman in Ireland lately deceased, and
whose executors had sold them to him, together with some car-
vings in ivory, a box in mosaic, a cameo of Alexander, &c.
From these representations, and the gentlemanly appearance and
good address of the fellow, Mr. Levi, in conjunction with a fellow-
MISCELLANEA. 257
tradesman, was induced to purchase the coins and other articles
of vert , for, as is reported, the enormous and almost incredible
sum of three thousand pounds !
Immediately after the purchase was completed, information was
given to the Mayor of Plymouth, that the property bought by Mr.
Levi and his friend had been stolen, and that they had entered
into the bargain knowing the fact. They were summoned before
the Mayor again and again, but in the interval were ordered, in
evidence of the correctness of the transaction, to write to the per-
son of whom they had purchased (who had left Plymouth within
twelve hours after receiving his money), and get his testimony
that the coins came honestly into his possession. This was done ;
but, it is almost unnecessary to add, no Dr. James Edwards was
known in Waterford : and, in due course of time, the letter was
returned to Levi from the Dead Letter Office.
It is suspected that the story told the Mayor of Plymouth about
the coins being stolen, was a ruse of Singleton's (alias Edwards),
to give publicity to the coins, and induce persons to buy of Levi.
From the description of this Edwards, there can be do doubt
but that he is the same person who has been to most towns in
England, fleecing individuals and public museums of large sums
in the most merciless manner. In December he was at Winches-
ter, and narrowly escaped being apprehended there as a rogue
and swindler ; and, it is presumed, he visited Plymouth next.
Now, what course will Mr. Levi pursue ? Will a reward be
offered for his apprehension ? We hope he must see that it is his
duty to bring the cheat to justice, which we think may be done.
If Mr. Levi will consult with us, we shall be happy to render him
any service in our power ; and there can be no doubt but that
every one of our readers will co-operate to stop this impudent
swindler in his hitherto successful career. The instant he is de-
tected, let him be given in charge to a police-officer or constable,
and taken before a magistrate, who would commit him either at
once or remand him till further evidence could be produced.
Any persons who have been duped, upon making a deposition
before a magistrate, of the fraudulent representations under which
they were induced to part with their money, may obtain a warrant
for his apprehension ; which may be executed in any part of
England, the case being clearly within the statute of Geo. IV.*
* 7 and 8 Geo. 4, c. 29, section 53.
" And whereas a failure of justice frequently arises from the subtle dis-
tinction between larceny and fraud, for remedy thereof be it. enacted that if any
person shall by any false pretence obtain from any other person any chattel,
money, or valuable security, with intent to cheat or defraud any person of
the same, every such offender shall be guilty of a misdemeanour, and being
VOL. II. M M
258 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
As one step on our part towards effectingthis desired end, we annex
six lists our correspondent has sent us of the coins sold to Mr. Levi,
and which appear to be such as compose the forger's stock-in-trade.*
With them is a memorandum written by him also, apparently for
passing off forgeries of the well-known Hexham Stycas, the sig-
nature of which there is every reason to believe, though intended
for that of the Sexton, is also spurious.
The lists we annex were left as vouchers, or title-deeds, with
some of the forgeries he got rid of at Plymouth. Our Corre-
spondent has transcribed them verbatim et literatim.
They were six in number (two or more containing copper coins
not being with the general collection, which was in silver). One
of these lists had instead of figures the alphabet down to Z, and
some other letters, about eight, arranged thus : OE OR OP
L. This alphabet list began with the following.
No. 1.
Antigonus Metapontum Alexander Achaia Argos Egina
Athens Pericles Athens Faustina the younger Philip, Roman
Consular Domitian Nerva Trajan Consular Curious Medal of
Sixpence of Charles I. Full-faced Groat Hen. 8. Richard,
Poitou Penny Commonwealth Northumberland, Styca Ancient
British, Cunobeline Do. do. Saxon, Anlaff Ancient Irish Penny
Saxon, leanburt reverse Offa Henry, Aquitaine Charles.
No. 2.
Beginning with M A M B M C L. After M the alphabet as
M.I. M. 2. M. 3. &c.
Alexander Lysimachus Phocis Antigonus of Macedon Curious
Greek coin, unpublished Egina Athens Perinthus Histiaea? An-
tigonus Domitianus Hadrian (Romulo Conditor :) Severus
(Victoria Brit.) Irish Groat Philip and Mary Sixpence David,
Scotch Groat Richard 2nd, Penny John, Penny Alexander First,
Penny Saxon Saxon Irish Ethelwulf Ccenwulf, Saxon Stycse of
Northumberland Vigmond, Archbishop of York and Eanred Ancient
British Edwig Edward I., Penny.
No. 3.
Lesbos Egina Ancient Greek, unpublished Agrigentum
Athens Metapontum Cleopatra with elephant's proboscis Faus-
tina Antoninus Geta Commodus Trajan Ancient British
convicted thereof shall be liable, at the discretion of the court, to be trans-
ported beyond the seas for the term of seven years, or to suffer such other
punishment by fine or imprisonment, or by both, as the court shall award.
Provided always, that if upon the trial of any person indicted for such mis-
demeanour it shall be proved he obtained the property in question in such a
manner as to amount in law to larceny, he shall not by reason thereof be
entitled to be acquitted of such misdemeanour. And no such indictment
shall be removable by certiorari. And no person triedjfor such misdemeanour
shall be liable afterwards to be prosecuted for larceny upon the same facts."
* Where these coins are fabricated remains to be made known, whether
in Paris or in London ; and also whether the itinerant dealer be a principal
in a gang, or merely an agent. We shall hr.ve further evidence in our
next number.
MISCELLANEA. 259
Saxon, Ban bald Saxon Stycae, found at Hexkam* Edward the elder's
Half-penny, only two known. Ethelwald Northumberland Saxon,
Sihtric Ancient British, Cunobelvne. Robert, Half-groatDavid,
Scotch Robert, Groat Alexander, Half-groatRobert, Half-do.
Henry 8, % Groat Henry 4. Penny Richard 3, % Groat.
No. 4.
Philip of Macedon Achaia Arsaces Neoptolemus. Carthage
Unknown Athens, owl full-faced Chalcis Probus (gloria orbis)
Vespasian (his 2 sons) Geta (Vota Publica) Augustus Consular
Eadwald (Pinkerton says 1 Of) OffaofMercia Edwig Ludovicus
Irish Boadicea Cunobeline Stycse Richard 3 Groat David
2nd do. Edward, Irish James 3d, Scotch Groat David 2d do.
Robert 2nd Penny Elizabeth Three-farthing Crown-piece of Ox-
ford RRRR. Gold Ryal of Henry VII., supposed unique 2 small gold
coins.
No. 5.
Pausanias Istrus Athens Samos Istiaea Achaia Perdiccas
Athens Large Denarius, (head of Janus) Valerian Caracalla with
Plautilla Alexander the Great Gordian Africanus Vitellius Julia
Domna Consular Boadicea Ancient British Richard, Aquitaine
Beornwulf Egbert Wiglaff Irish William Rufus Edward VI.
% Crown Henry VIII. full-faced Groat Do. Jane Seymour James I.
Irish Sixpence Robert Bruce, Penny Henry VIIL, Ecclesiastic %
groat Do. do. Half-penny Stycae Do. do.J
No. 6.
Heliocles Elnign (unique ?) Lesbos, large Abdera, Alexander
the Great Athens, Pericles type Perinthus Thebes Egina
Richard, Acquitaine Penny Vigmond, Archbishop of York Coenwulf
-York Irish Cunobeline Ancient British Philip and Mary, Shil-
ling Henry IV., Calais Groat Richard III. ^ Groat Mary, Groat
Henry VII., % Groat Do. Penny Edward, Black Prince, Penny
Edward, Black Prince, Half-penny John, ^ Penny Otho Salonina
Domitian Vespasian Caesar Consular Stycae Do Do.
* In order to give validity to these, the following memorandum was found
with a signature, purporting to be that of John Olliver, the sexton of Hex-
ham :
The Testimony of Olliver, the Sexton.
June 30th, 1834.
A curious vesel (sic) containing a variety of ancient coins of Radulf, who
reigned in Northumberland from the year 572 to 578 Ethelbred of Nor-
thumbria, and Enred, under whom the independent kingdom of Northumber-
land closed with the dissolution of the Heptarchy, in the year 810 and also
coins of the two Eanbalds, Archbishops of York from 73 to 812 and Sig-
mond, Archbishop of York from 830 846 was discovered, about eight feet
below the surface, in the church-yard of Hexham, Northumberland, by John
Olliver, sexton, while he was digging a grave at the west side of the north
transept of the church, on the 15th of October, 1832.
JOHN OLLIVER.
f Several notices of this kind, of the value or rarity, are affixed, as RRR, or
RRRR!!
I This list was marked from Pausanias 247, to the Stycae do. 822.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.
The Society resumed their Monthly Meetings on
THURSDAY, 28th NOVEMBER, 1839.
Edward Hawkins, Esq. F.R.S. and S.A., President, in the Chair.
Numerous presents to the Society were announced.
The following papers were read
I.
A Memoir by Mr. Borrell, on the Coins of Ephesus while
called Arsinoe (p^ 171).
If.
A Note by Mr. C. R. Smith on a quantity of Silver Coins of
James I. and Charles II., recently found at Brampton, in Hunt-
ingdonshire, on the estate of the Earl of Sandwich.
III.
A Paper by Mr. Birch, on certain unedited Asiatic Coins in
the British Museum (p. 160).
Dr. Lee exhibited to the Society an unedited Brass
Coin, of Cunobeline, found at Berkhampstead (described
at p. 192).
Frederick Verachter, Esq., of Antwerp ; and H. P. Bor-
rell, Esq., of Smyrna, were elected associates.
The following gentlemen were elected members:
Joseph Curt, Esq.
Samuel Holehouse, Esq.
John Lister, Junr., Esq.
The Society then adjourned to
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. '261
THURSDAY, 26th DECEMBER, 1839.
Edward Hawkins, Esq., President, in the Chair.
Presents were announced, and the following Papers read.
I.
A Notice of the Coins of Apollonia in Lycia, by Mr. Borrell
(p. 182).
II.
On the types of the Coins of the .iEnianes of Thessaly, by the
same.
James V. Millingen, Esq., of Florence ; and Alexander
Cunningham, Esq., of the Himalaya, East Indies, were
elected associates.
The Meeting then adjourned to
THURSDAY, 30th JANUARY, 1840.
Edward Hawkins, Esq., President, in the Chair.
Presents were announced. Read
I.
A Notice, by the President, Mr. Hawkins, of a quantity of
Saxon Coins, discovered near Gravesend, Kent, in the year 1838,
with a Catalogue of the various legends, in fac simile.
II.
A Paper by Mr. Birch, on some coins connected with the
Geography of Galatia (p. 223).
III.
The first portion of a Memoir by Mr. Akerman, on the Caesa-
rean Consulship, as recorded on Imperial Coins.
Mr. Gerard exhibited to the Society several Bactrian
and Indo-Scythian Coins in brass.
The Society then adjourned to
262 NUMISMATIC CHKONICLE.
THURSDAY, 27th FEBRUARY, 1840.
Edward Hawkins, Esq., in the Chair.
The following papers were read
I.
A Note by Mr. Doubleday, on a remarkable gold Gaulish
Coin.
II.
An Account of a number of Denarii recently discovered at
Knapwell, by Mr. Robert Fox.
III.
A Letter on the Kesitah of the Scriptures, by Dr. Grotefend
(p. 248).
IV.
The second and concluding portion of a Memoir on the Caesa-
rean Consulship, by Mr. Akerman.
Lord Albert Conyngham, M.P., exhibited to the Society
Drawings by Mr. Thomas Farmer Dukes, in illustration of
Wroxeter, in the county of Salop, the Uriconium of Roman
Britain. These Drawings comprised a Map of the site of
the Ancient Station ; Sepulchral Monument of Tiberius
Claudius Terentius, a Roman of the Equestrian Order;
Remains of the Roman Wall ; a general View of Wroxeter
and the Wrekin Mountain ; with neat Drawings of many
Coins, Rings, Gems, &c., discovered on that spot. Among
the coins were some of Carausius and Allectus.
CORRESPONDENCE.
Mr. G. G. Francis is engaged in a history of Swansea, and will be
obliged to collectors of Tradesmen's tokens for the com-
munication of descriptions, or casts, &c. of any specimens
struck in that town during the latter part of the seventeenth
century.
CORRESPONDENCE. 263
H. An ancient Spanish coin : the characters are Celtiberian,
and have never been properly explained. Consult Florez,
" Medallas de las Colonias, municipios, y pueblos antiguos
de Espana," etc. Madrid, 17571773. 3 vols. 4to.
G. C. A forgery, but an ancient one. They abound in the Ro-
man series, both consular and imperial, more especially of
Claudius and Tiberius. See Pliny, xxxviii. 47.
J. M. A Gros of the famous Charles the Bold, Duke of Bur-
gundy. A very common coin. It is worthy of remark that
this Gros is often found in London and its neighbourhood ;
sometimes in the bed of the Thames. The commerce which
our English merchants formerly had with those of Flanders
may account for the introduction of this coin. But we are
tempted to assign another reason for its being sometimes
found in the North of England. This Gros must have been
in common circulation after the death of Charles at Nancy ;
and as Martin Swart and his followers, who landed with the
Pretender Simnel in Lancashire, to depose Henry VII.,
were doubtless well paid before-hand by the Duchess of
Burgundy, it is not unreasonable to suppose that some of
those very pieces once filled the pouches of the Flemings
who fell at the battle of Stokefield. This, to be sure, is
mere conjecture ; but the frequent finding of the same piece,
while those of other foreign Princes of this period are rarely
discovered in this country, is deserving of notice.
R. No Medallions of Carausius are known, in any metal. The
piece given by M. Mionnet, and from him inserted in the
^Descriptive Catalogue" is, as we are informed by M. Long-
perier, a third brass coin, washed with silver.
The Blatter fur Miinzkunde will, for the future, appear in the
octavo form, and be published in the same manner as
the Revue Numismatique, under the superintendence of
its learned and able editor, Dr. H. Grote ; to whom we
shall be happy to forward the names of subscribers. Dr.
Grote significantly observes, that even those who do not
understand the German language will readily comprehend
the plates ; and that of these there will be an additional
number. It is scarcely necessary to remark, that accurate
plates of continental coins must greatly assist our English
collectors in their studies. English types after the Con-
quest, and even those of the Anglo-Saxons, were frequently
copied by foreign moneyers.
Our Oxford Correspondent will find the type of the figure
attacking a serpent on the coins of Corinth, illustrated in
Millingen's "'Ancient Coins of Greek Cities and Kings."
204 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE.
London, 1831, p. 60. The termination in OYM occurs on
the coins of Mamertini in Sicily. It is an old ^Eolic form,
introduced into Italy by the Greek colonists. From this the
Latin termination in the genitive plural, UM was derived.
This termination is found on the coins of Ossa and of
Tylissus, as shown by Mr. Millingen in the same work.
J. II. P.'s relic is a pocket-piece, and not a Queen Anne's farthing,
as he supposes. We thought the vulgar belief in the rarity
and consequent value of this coin was no longer entertained,
until we saw in the Times newspaper, a few days since, an
advertisement offering one for sale. The truth is, that the
current farthing of Anne is of no great scarcity ; and if our
correspondent doubts our assertion, we beg to refer him to
any dealer in coins, who will procure him half a dozen spe-
cimens for a few shillings a piece.
We hope, ere long, to give a plate of unpublished Sceattas.
These pieces, though often uninscribed, should be carefully
engraved, and any particulars of their finding properly
recorded.
Thanks to Mr. G. Roberts. An impression in sealing wax, care-
fully taken, with the weight marked in Troy grains, will
answer our purpose. It is dangerous to send valuable
coins by the post under the present system ; and it cannot
be too generally known that there is no redress in the event
of loss.
W. The discovery at Beaworth has rendered the PAXS type of
William the Conqueror extremely common.
Our best thanks are due to Mr. John Bell, of Gateshead, for
numerous impressions of coins which he has from time to
time forwarded to us.
R. S. We are. obliged to our correspondent for a very pretty
drawing of the medal of John, Elector of Saxony. Medals
of this description are not uncommon. One precisely similar
was sometime since exhibited to the Numismatic Society (see
Num. Journal, vol. II., p. 255). Our best thanks are also due
for a drawing of an unpublished coin of Archbishop Wulfred.
The copper piece is doubtless what our correspondent sup-
poses it to be, the badge of a falconer, or of some menial
servant.
WINDING S*' AUG 1 1372
CJ The Numismatic chronicle
and journal of the Royal
N6 Numismatic Society
v.2
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