THE
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE
AND
JOURNAL OF
THE ROYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY
PRINTED IN ENGLAND
AT THE OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
BY FREDERICK HALL
/THE)
NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE
/// AND
JOURNAL
OF THE
ROYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY
EDITED BY
G. F. HILL, M.A.
KEEPER OF COINS, BRITISH MUSEUM
OLIVER CODRINGTON, M.D., F.S.A., M.R.A.S.
AND
G. C. BROOKE, B.A.
FOURTH SERIES VOL. XV
Factum abiit monumeuta manent. Ov. Fast.
LONDON :
BERNARD QUARITCH, 11 GRAFTON ST., W.
PARIS :
MM. ROLLIN ET FEU ARDENT, PLACE LOUVOIS, No. 4
1915
Nlo
sor. l
v.13
CONTENTS.
ANCIENT NUMISMATICS.
PAGE
Ciccio (Mons. G. de). Notice sur un tetradrachme de Catane,
avec la signature TTPOKAHZ ; et d'un autre de Syra-
cuse, avec >| , probablement signature de Kirnon . . 356
EVANS (Sir Arthur). Notes on the Coinage and Silver
Currency in Roman Britain from Valentinian I to
Constantine III (Plate XX) 433
GKOSE (S. W.). Croton (Plate VIII) 179
MAVROGORDATO (J.). A Chronological Arrangement of the
Coins of Chios (Plates I, II, XVIII, XIX) , . 1,361
NEWELL (E. T.). Some Cypriote 'Alexanders' (Plates
XI1-XV) 294
ROBINSON (E. S. G.). Quaestiones Cyrenaicae (Plates I1I-V1)
53, 137, 249
THOMAS (S. Pantzerhielm). A Coin of M. Aemilius Lepidus 520
WALTERS (Frederick A.). Coin of Carausius overstruck upon
an Antoninianus of Philip Senior ..... 135
- Some Rare and Unpublished Roman Coins in my
Collection (Plate XVI) 323
WEBB (Percy H.). Helena N.F 132
Overstrikes of Carausius . . 135
ii CONTENTS.
MEDIAEVAL AND MODERN NUMISMATICS.
PAGE
BROOKE ^G. C.). Some Irregular Coinages of the Reign of
Stephen (Plate VII) .105
HILL (G. P.). The Technique of Simon Van de Passe
(Plates X, XI) 230
LOCKETT (R. Cyril). Hoard of Nine Anglo-Saxon Pennies
found in Dorsetshire (Plate XVII) 336
SYMONDS (Henry). Alexandre de Bruchsella . . .133
- The Irish Coinages of Henry VIII and Edward VI
(Plate IX) 192
- The Pyx Trials of the Commonwealth, Charles II,
and James II . . 345
ORIENTAL NUMISMATICS.
RABINO (H. L.).- Coins of the Shahs of Persia (continued and
concluded) 243, 351
RAMSDEN (H. A.). The Ancient Coins of Lin-Tzu . . 121
INDEX 521
CONTENTS.
Ill
LIST OF PLATES CONTAINED IN VOL. XV.
PLATES
I. Chios. Periods I, II.
II. Periods III, IV.
III. Coins of Cyrenaica. Periods I, IT.
IV, V. Period III.
VI. Periods IV, V.
VII. Irregular Coins of the Reign of Stephen.
VIII. Coins of Croton.
IX. Irish Coins of Henry VIII and Edward VI.
X, XI. The Technique of Simon Van de Passe.
XII. Cypriote Alexanders. Kition.
XIII, XIV. ,. Salamis.
XV. .. Salamis, Paphos, Marion.
XVI. Some Rare Roman Coins.
XVII. An Early Anglo-Saxon Find.
XVIII. Chios. Periods V, VI.
XIX. Periods VI, VII.
XX. Londinium-Augusta.
I.
A CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE
COINS OF CHIOS.
(SEE PLATES I, II.)
" Videntur vero ex una parte Civitatis insignia, Sphinx scilicet
tricorpor; . . . Ghiorum itaque insigne sed magis praecipuum
Sphinx fuit. . . ."Leonis Allatii de Patria Homeri.
INTRODUCTORY.
I.
THE coinage of Chios in ancient times deserves a
more detailed study than has hitherto been given to it.
The issues of the island-mint extended almost without
a break over the whole period during which autono-
mous Greek coins were struck. And, through the
accident of its so-called alliance with Rome after the
Mithradatic wars, Chios shared the privilege, accorded
to Athens, and to so many towns in Asia Minor, of
striking bronze in her own name when all the rest
of the civilized world was acknowledging the imperial
supremacy on its coinage. In the case of Athens, how-
ever, the mint there seems to have been closed from
the time of Sulla to that of Hadrian, while the various
free cities of Asia Minor were of comparatively late
foundation. From the point of view of duration,
therefore, the Chian series is an important one. As
the coinage of what was at one time the principal
commercial state of eastern Hellas it is also worthy of
study. There can be no doubt that the constancy
NUMISM. CHBO.X., VOL. XV, SERIES IV. B
O J. MAVROGORDATO.
with which its main monetary type was preserved
must have been due, as it was at Athens, to the
popularity enjoyed abroad by the issues of its mint.
The problems afforded by its electrum staters, and the
well-known references by Thucydides and Xenophon
to its fifth-century silver tetradrachms, provide further
points of interest ; while the bronze issues of imperial
times bearing names of value yield a whole series of
denominations that were probably of general use in
Asia Minor and the islands of the coast during this
period, but of which we have no other similar source
of information.
On the other hand, the general effect of the Chiaii
series is monotonous when compared with the almost
infinite variety of types produced by states like
Syracuse, and Tarentum, Elis, and Cyzicus. In fact,
the comparative neglect of Chios at the hands of
numismatists may well be due to the dullness and
lack of artistic interest inherent in its coins. Then,
again, there have been very few finds recorded in
which the island has figured with any prominence.
There is a great want of those fixed points to which
one looks for help in endeavouring to join up the links
of the long chain. Even the boasted autonomy of
Chios during imperial times becomes a source of diffi-
culty owing to the absence of the Emperors' names
on the coins, and conjecture has to take the place of
what might be certainty. The student, in short, has
to rely mainly on his observation of small technical
<1< tails, and on the evolution of style.
Since the great work of Mionnet, who, in the course
of his comprehensive survey of Greek numismatics,
recorded some hundred varieties of Chian coins, there
CHRONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS. O
has only been one attempt, so far as I know, to make
a complete list of the published types. I refer to a
little-known treatise by one Joh. Kofod Whitte of
Copenhagen. 1 To a compilation of all the historical
loci classici relating to Chios the author has added an
alphabetical catalogue of the various coins known to
him through publications or personal research. His
total number of types amounts to 248, which is a great
many for the period at which he wrote. I draw
attention to this little book because of its remarkable
accuracy, and because of the interest that an early
work of this character cannot fail to arouse among
numismatists. As is to be expected there is not much
attempt in it at a scientific arrangement of the coins
enumerated, but they are divided into eleven classes
which, in their main lines, come very near to the
results yielded by our far more voluminous material
and consequently wider perspective.
In the following pages I shall try to supplement
le work of Kofod Whitte with as many of the facts
it have come to light since his day as I have been
able to collect. I cannot pretend to have ransacked
every possible source of information ; but I have
:udied most of the big collections, and have done my
best not to neglect any minor opportunities that have
offered themselves in the course of my quest.
There is no need to discuss the significance of the
main type 011 Chian money. When Leo Allatius wrote
his famous description of the bronze coin with the
figure of Homer on the reverse, the Sphinx was almost
as unintelligible to him as were its riddles to the
1 De Rebus Chioruni publicis ante Dominationem Romanomtn.
Hauniae, MDCCCXXXVIII.
B 2
4 J. MAVROGORDATO.
contemporaries of Oedipus. It has for long been
accepted, however, as the emblem of Dionysus, and
was probably distinct both from 77 pailra>8b$ KVODV of
Sophocles,- and from the Ea-Harmachis of the
Egyptians. Nor would it be profitable to open once
more the question as to the relative merits of the
theories regarding the religious or commercial origin
of coin-types. As a matter of fact the Chian Sphinx
seems to offer a compromise between the two. In its
earlier days, at any rate, the city's badge partakes
of a religious nature. Whether we look upon the
Sphinx, especially in its hieratic attitude with one
forepaw raised, as an attribute of Dionysus enjoining
silence in respect of his mysteries, or as a guardian of
the temple's treasures, there is nothing of the com-
mercial element about it. But later on when first the
amphora, and then the bunch of grapes were added to
the type, the business interests of an essentially
mercantile community were clearly being brought into
notice.
This slow merging of a mystical aspect into a
practical one is also suggested by the curious orna-
ment which is to be observed on the head of the
primitive Sphinx, but which is discarded with one
exception a soon after the middle of the sixth century.
This ornament, like the Sphinx itself, undoubtedly
hails from the East, though both had apparently long
been domiciled in the Aegean area. 4 Like so many
1 Oed. Rex, 391.
3 Electrum Stater struck at time of Ionian Revolt when religious
Toolings must have been in the ascendant. P. Gardner, in J. H. S.,
1911, p. 151, and PI. vii. 1, though the particular coin selected for
illustration is probably a forgery.
Hogarth. Ionia ami the Est, Lecture iii.
CHRONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS. O
other elements in Hellenic art and culture we are
driven to connect them with the recently discovered
pre-Hellenic civilization/"' "We see the spiral ornament
on the heads both of Sphinxes and Griffins, on the
ivories from Spata, and from a tomb at Knossos, on
a terra-cotta plaque from Praesos, and on some of the
gold plaques from the foundation deposit of the great
temple at Ephesus. It has been called by various
names by those who have tried to account for its
occurrence on coins bearing a Sphinx. To one it has sug-
gested a vine- tendril, to others a feather or " plumes ". 7
and to another again "the lock of immortality". 8
This last theory is by far the most convincing. In
discussing the Persephone relief in the National
Museum at Athens, M. Svoronos draws attention to
the separate lock of long hair on the head of Tri-
ptolemus, and traces its origin back to Egypt. It was
an emblem of immortality there, and, being specially
characteristic of chthonic deities, it was used also in
representations of their attributes. Sirens, Sphinxes, and
rrifnns. The lotus-flower had a similar significance,
id is sometimes seen grasped in the monster's up-
used paws [PL I. 8], M. Svoronos thinks that the
)iral ornament in question was a conventionalized
lock of hair assuming a tendril-like form under the in-
luence of the lotus-flower so often associated with it.
Though we may be inclined to praise the Chians for
8 See Sir A. J. Evans, J.H.S., 1912, p. 277.
fi Babelon, Traite, part i, pp. 190-1.
7 Dressel, ZeitscltriftfurNum., 1900, vol. xxii, pp. 238-41. Canon
Greenwell, Num. Chron., 1890, pp. 4-5, and Sir H. Weber, Num.
Chron., 1899, pp. 276-8.
8 Svoronos, J. Int. cVArcli. Num., 1913, p. 228, and note referring
reader to Das AtJtener National-Museum,^? J. Svoronos, pp. 113-14.
6 J MAVROGORDATO.
the constancy which they showed to their national
emblem on their coins, and for the sobriety with
which it was invariably represented, we must not
forget that the Sphinx was by no means the peculiar
possession of the island-state. It has even been sug-
gested 9 that the uplifted paw with which the Sphinx
is shown on certain archaic silver coins ought to make
one pause before attributing such coins unhesitatingly
to Chios. In all the late bronze issues of the island,
however, this position is the rule. Some of the early
electrum 10 too, about which no doubt has ever been
raised, also shows the Sphinx with one uplifted fore-
paw [PI. I. 8 and PI. II. 10], as well as the late
electrum stater [PI. III. 9]. There seems 110 reason
therefore to hesitate about the attribution of these early
silver pieces, especially as their weight and fabric
agree with those recognized as being peculiar to Chios.
On the analogy of the Griffins of Teos alone we may
assume that it was customary to represent these and
similar monsters with one forepaw raised, and it is
most likely that there were familiar statues at Chios of
Sphinxes in this attitude, though no mention of such
has come down to us. Additional support is lent to
this by the fact mentioned above that the raised fore-
paw is a constant feature of the Sphinx on the Imperial
bronze coinage, since we know that die-engravers at
that time drew their inspiration largely from the
statuary around them.
9 Dr. Dressel, op. <-it.
10 In .Y/>. Chroti., 1911, "Some unpublished Greek Coins,"
1. 89, 1 quoted an electrum twelfth from the Cabinet cles Medailles,
Paris, as affording further confirmation of this. This coin can no
longer be taken as trustworthy evidence. See below, note 28, for
further remarks.
CHRONOLOGY OF THE COINS OP CHIOS. 7
Nevertheless, it is well to remind ourselves, when
studying anepigraphic coins, that many peoples besides
the Chians used the Sphinx as a badge. Among others
Gergis in the Troad, Caunus in Caria, Perga in Pam-
phylia, Aphrodisias in Cilicia, Idalium in Cyprus, and
last, though not least, Asoros or Gasoros in Mace-
donia, 11 all struck coins bearing a Sphinx as one of
their types, if not the main one. And this use of the
Sphinx, it must be remembered, was quite independent
on the part of these smaller states. There was no
alliance or obligation between them and Chios, still
less any degree of relationship like that which induced
the Teian colony of Abdera to use a Griffin as its
It is not difficult as a rule to identify coins exhibiting
a Sphinx alone, although a few aliens have crept into
the Chian series in most of the national cabinets, 12
since, in addition to peculiarities of style, both the
flan and the incuse square had a character of their
own at Chios. But when one meets with coins bearing
double types, it is extremely difficult, if not impossible,
to decide whether they should be attributed to one or
other of these rival claimants, or looked upon as
alliance pieces between Chios and one of her neigh-
bours on the mainland. 13
11 With regard to this hitherto unknown city, see Svoronos,
Jour. Int. d'Arch. Num., 1913, p. 224.
12 An instance from the B. M. Coll. is No. 39, Cat. Ionia, under
Chios, an ancient forgery. On this piece the Sphinx is depicted
to r., an arrangement never found at Chios on silver till the first
century B.C., when it appears on one or two of the Attic drachms
then struck. The whole style of the coin, besides, is totally
unlike any Chian issue.
13 See Num. Chron., 1913, pp. 427-8.
8 J. MAVROGORDATO.
Placed as she was athwart two of the principal
highways of commerce in ancient times, it is not
surprising that Chios became one of the earliest users
of coined money among the Greek states. A large
portion of the trade from the Far East that was borne
along the Eoyal road 14 between Ephesus and Susa
via Sardis,' must have passed by Chios on its way to
Hellas and the West. With it in due course came the
new invention of coinage, Miletus and other cities
of the coast following the lead of Lydia, and Samos,
Chios, and the rest carrying on the torch after a short
interval. And less interesting from a purely numis-
matic point of view, though equally important as a
source of wealth, is the fact that Chios lay in the direct
path of that other great trade-route which connected
Egypt and Syria with the ports and wheat-fields of
the Euxine.
The people of Chios had always been traders. 15 The
produce of the island was not sufficient to support
them, as is shown by their constant agitation for the
peraea of Atarneus. But, in order to deal with the
problem of population and food supply, they seem at
an early age to have had recourse to commerce rather
than to the primitive expedient of colonization which
prevailed in the eighth and seventh centuries. They
had trading stations no doubt in plenty, but they ap-
parently never drove out whole swarms from their
midst with the object of founding cities at a distance. 16
14 H.-rodotus v. 52-4.
16 Aristotle, Politics, iv. 4.
18 Fustel de Coulanges, Mtmoiw. *><> Vile de Chio, pp. 265-6, a work
to which I am much indebted. There are records of a town called
Chios in Egypt, which we may suppose to have been more trading
station than colony, since it was most unusual among Greek states
ur the metropolis to give its own name to the latter.
CHRONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS. 9
Like those of the Aeginetans 17 in the west of the
Aegean, the commercial operations of the Chians radi-
ated from Ionia in all directions, and even imposed
their monetary standard on some of their customers.
The importance of the Chian standard, which has
lately been so ably demonstrated, 18 made it the principal
rival of the Aeginetic and the Euboic-Attic systems in
the East up to the time of Alexander the Great. A
little speculation as to its origin would perhaps not be
misplaced before entering upon a detailed description
of the coins themselves.
All early traditions concur in describing the pre-
historic inhabitants of Chios as the Carians, Leleges, or
Pelasgians, who occupied all the islands and coasts
of Asia Minor prior to the Ionian immigration. 19 Now
that all myths are treated with respect until they are
definitely proved to be worthless, there is satisfaction
in finding confirmation of the above in some of the
land place-names. The word Chios itself is probably
ian, there was a town of the name on the Triopian
promontory,' 20 and it certainly has 110 meaning in
Greek. Of the same origin are also the village-names
brantion and Bolissos (a name that still survives
changed, at least in its written form), and the
bour called Kaukasa. Kardamyle, another village,
,nd still surviving like Bolissos, is a link with the
leges, and their similarly named town in Messenia.
inally, the mount Pelinaion recalls the Pelasgo-
isla:
Car
17 See Head, B. M. Cat., Attica, Introduction, p. Ixv.
18 See P. Gardner, "Coinage of the Athenian Empire," J. H. S.,
1913, p. 147, and ff.
19 See Strabo, xiii. 621; xiv. 632; Pausanias, vii. 2 and 4;
Herodotus, i. 171.
20 Stephanus Byzantius, sub voce.
IQ J. MAVROGORDATO.
Thessalian town Pelinna. 21 But the most important
tradition that has come down to us is that which con-
nects Chios with the Minoan thalassocracy. 22 Oenopion,
grandson or nephew of Minos, is supposed to have
settled in the island, and reigned there as king, intro-
ducing the cultivation of the vine, and destroying
monsters in the approved heroic fashion. There must
have been considerable affinity between the Minoans
and the local peoples, and the rule of Oenopion and
his sons seems to have been a success. Pausanias
relates 2:5 that the tomb of Oenopion was venerated at
Chios even in his day, and was one of the principal
objects of interest there. Now, all this may be taken
to show that Minoan influence was strong in the island
during the second millennium B. c. We may assume
that the Minoan civilization prevailed there. What
then more likely than that weights and measures in
use in Minoan Crete should have been introduced into
prehistoric Chios with the vine and other advantages ?
It must surely be generally admitted by this time
that the so-called Phoenician weight standard was
used in Crete at a period long anterior to the true
Phoenicians and their wanderings.' 24 The characteristic
Chian standard has always been looked upon as a
derivative of the Phoenician, so, now that we venture
ai See Fick, Voiyriechittche Ortsnamen, pp. 60-2.
12 Pausanias, vii. \ and 5.
Pausanias, vii. 5. It is surprising that Pausanias does not
refer to the other myth that makes Oenopion the son of Dionysus.
The connexion between the two, especially at Chios, is so obvious
that the myth cannot fail to have existed there from the earliest
times.
14 See Sir A. J. Evans, "Minoan Weights and Currency," in
Corolla Numismnt'tcu, particularly the "silver dump" figured on
P 363.
CHRONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS. 11
to substitute Minoaii for Phoenician, it is, to say the
least, encouraging to find an independent tradition
supporting the establishment of Minoaii culture in
Chios. Positive evidence as to this is lacking up to
the present. There are no remains such as Melos,
Thera, and even Delos have provided in such abun-
dance. But there are " pelasgic walls " near the village
of Myrmiki (MvpjjLrjKt) in the S.E. of the island that
invite the spade of the excavator.
In the meantime, since the continuity of a weight-
standard over such a long period of time cannot be
proved, it seems better to use the term Graeco-Asiatic
to describe the stater of the average weight of
225-6 grains (14-616 grammes). 25
II.
On the analogy of the evidence left by all the sur-
rounding states, the earliest coins of Chios were
presumably of electrum dating from the latter part
of the seventh century B.C. But a difficulty con-
nts us here at the outset. None of the extant
lectrum pieces are as rude in style as some of the
ilver didrachms that formed part of the Sakha hoard,
d of another similar find in Lower Egypt 2G [PL 1. 3],
not to mention the doubtful pieces belonging to the
Aeginetic standard 27 [PL I. 1 and 2]. We have, besides,
25 In doing this I am following the late Dr. Head in his Coins of
Ephesus, and Prof. P. Gardner in his Samos and Samian Coins.
26 Num. Chron., 1890, p. 4, PL i. 16; Num. Chron., 1899, pp.
276-7, PL xvi. 2 ; and Zeitsdirift fur Num., 1900, pp. 238-41 ,
No. 30, PL viii. 6.
27 Num. Chron., 1890, p. 18, PL ii. 15. With regard to the
general question of early Ionian silver see B. M. Cat., Ionia ,
Introd., pp. xxxii-iv.
!_> j. MAVROGORDATO.
no electrum coin with a Sphinx of so primitive a type as
that conjecturally attributed to Samos (B. M. Cat., Ionia,
PI. iii. 20-2).
We are driven to conclude, therefore, either that the
first Chian issues in electrum have not come down to
us, or that the island struck silver a little before it
began to use electrum. We must also allow, if the
above-mentioned attribution to Samos be correct, that
coinage did not begin in Chios quite as early as it did
in Samos.
With that caution, then, we can proceed to examine
the surviving coins. It is opportune to remark here
that the first thing that strikes one on inquiring
closely into any series of ancient coins is the immense
amount of material to be dealt with, but after a very
little shuffling and sifting it soon becomes evident
that only comparatively few of the original issues are
available for our study.
To illustrate this let us confine ourselves for the
moment to the electrum coins. In addition to the fact
already mentioned that no really primitive specimens
of coins in this metal exist, it is worthy of note that
we have no divisional pieces that can with certainty
be attributed to Chios. 28 Considering the numbers
- M . Babelon, in Part i, p. 191, No. 335 of his Tralte, and PL viii. 7,
includes a twelfth-stater from the Cabinet de France in his Chian
series. This coin, however, ought to be given to Teos, or perhaps
more correctly to Phocaea. It most certainly does not belong to
Chios, as the animal depicted on it is a Griffin. This was first
pointi-d out to me by Miss A. Baldwin, and I have since been able
to verify her opinion by personal observation. There is a small
electrum piece with a Sphinx of archaic style r. in the Cabinet de
France, but it is too heavy for Chios besides being quite unlike any
>f h.-r issues in style. It weighs 40 grains (2-59 grammes) ; clearly
a Phocaic sixth.
CHRONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS. 13
and varieties of these little coins that were struck by
the states using them, it is curious that none should
have survived if they were ever made. We know of
at least six different issues of electrum staters pre-
sumably belonging to Chios, but none of the thirds or
sixths which the practice of other Asiatic mints would
have led us to expect. We are almost justified in
classing them, with the unknown staters of Phocaea,
among those things that we may expect to find some
day. On the other hand, if, as already suggested, there
were no electrum current in Chios before the intro-
duction of silver, the lack of small electrum pieces
might straightway be accounted for, since fractions
of the stater would have been more conveniently made
in silver.
The monetary standards employed at Chios must
now be briefly considered, although the main facts
concerning them are perfectly well known.
In the case of the early electrum coinage the
standard followed was the Graeco- Asiatic, or an adap-
ition of it, in which the stater weighed about
519-5 grains (14-18-14-24 grammes) at Miletus. At
lios the weight does not seem to have exceeded
8 grains (14-14 grammes).
In the case of silver the statement cannot be made
[uite so simply. As will appear below, the earliest
sues seem to have followed various systems, as if the
sers were feeling their way until the Chian standard
>roper was finally established. The same phenomenon
lay be observed in the early silver coinage of Erythrae,
Miletus, and Samos. It is not intended to number
long these different systems the peculiar Aeginetic
staters [PI. 1. 1 and 2] with a crouching Sphinx, as they
14 J. MAVROGORDATO.
fall into quite a different category, and cannot be
claimed as genuine products of the Chiaii mint. But,
independently of them, we seem to find three different
standards in the two small groups of coins that stand
at the head of the true Chian issues. Though it may
be urged that two or three isolated pieces make a
slender foundation on which to build up a somewhat
elaborate theory, the extreme rarity of the coins must
be their excuse.
They will be found described under Period I, but at
present we are only concerned with their weights,
which are as follows:
10,") -10 grains (6-81 grammes), PI. I. 5 ; 113-6 grains
(7-36 grammes), PI. I. 5 ; 120-0 grains (7-76 grammes),
PI. I. 3 j and 129-9 grains (8-42 grammes), PI. I. 3.
N>\v, though these coins are divisible, by their style,
into two separate groups, there cannot have been any
material lapse of time between their respective dates
of issue. On the other hand, the variations in their
weights are too great to be accidental, and the weights
represent, besides, three well-known monetary systems.
The first mentioned belongs clearly to the modified
Oraeco-Asiatic or Phoenician system, the second and
third to the Chian, and the fourth to the Euboic.
The Euboic standard is known to have been used in
coining early Asiatic silver (B. M. Cat., Ionia, Introd.
p. xxxvi, and PI. xxxiv. 3, 4, and 6). Though the pieces
referred to are of doubtful attribution they serve to
exemplify the close connexion that had always existed
between the opposite shores of the Aegean, and may
even be taken as proof of the Asiatic origin of the
Kuboic monetary system. It may safely be assumed
(hat Chios had a share in whatever commercial trans-
*
CHRONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS. 15
actions took place over the area in question, and coins
struck by Chios on the standard prevailing in Euboea
and elsewhere would, no doubt, have facilitated her
operations.
The modified G-raeco- Asiatic system was indigenous
to the whole district of Ionia, and one would naturally
expect to find it current in one of the principal Ionian
states. In fact, these silver didrachms, weighing about
108 grains (7-00 grammes), or possibly a little more,
may have been issued in connexion with some of the
early electrum coins for the purposes of eastern trade.
As will appear below, they are probably contemporary
with what I take to be the earliest extant electrum.
staters.
Twenty of such didrachms would have been equiva-
lent in value to one electrum stater of 217 grains
(14-14 grammes) max., at the conventional ratio of
10:1 then ruling. Considering that the metal used
or these electrum pieces was a natural alloy, it seems
work of supererogation to try to arrive at the true
proportionate values of silver and electrum coins by
imating the actual amount of gold and silver con-
ined in the latter. The ratio must have been a
nventional one, and, as M. Th. Reinach has pointed
t, 29 it was probably maintained at 10:1 until the end
the fifth century B. c. It fell to 9 : 1 in sympathy
ith the reduction that subsequently took place in the
ue of gold, and later still, towards 330 B. c., to 7J :1,
r which electrum ceased to be used for coinage.
These equations can all be proved from actual facts,
as the learned author proves them at length in the
9 " De la valeur proportionnelle de Tor et de 1'argent dans
1'antiquite grecque," Rev. Xttm., 1893 and 1902.
16 J. MAVKOGORDATO.
treatise quoted, and there is no need to call in the
question of alloy in any of the cases he gives. The
fourth-century electrum issues of Syracuse and Carthage
were of quite a different order, for there the gold used
was deliberately and even fraudulently alloyed.
The Chian standard, which regulated the bulk of
the island's silver issues for more than 250 years,
seems, on the evidence of these early coins, to have
been employed there at least as soon as the Euboic
and before the Graeco- Asiatic.
The coin illustrated, PL I. 3, is the earliest known
representative of the system, though it is contemporary
with the similar coin struck on the Euboic standard
as detailed below. They are undoubtedly the earliest
coins of Chios that we possess ; and, on grounds of
style, may safely be assigned, like the Aeginetic
staters, to the end of the seventh century B. c.
The Aeginetic system had already a fairly wide range
at this time. As is shown by the staters with the
crouching Sphinx, and others of various types that
have been found with them, some sort of monetary
union existed between Aegina, several of the Cyclades,
and certain coast towns and islands of Asia Minor. 30
There must have been a tendency among other small
neighbouring states either to use the same standard
or to adapt their own to it as the system best suited
to the interests of their trade. At Teos the Aeginetic
standard was taken over bodily, but Chios seems to
have had sufficient independence to frame a standard
of her own.
Though it must remain nothing but a theory, by far
' M .\<i,ii. Cin-on., 1884, p. 269, and 1890, p. 13.
;
a
CHRONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS. 17
the most likely way to account for the rise of the charac-
teristic Chian standard is to regard it as an adjustment
between the Graeco-Asiatic and the Aeginetic systems. 31
This was effected by raising the weight of the Graeco-
Asiatic didrachm from 108 grains (7-00 grammes) to
123 grains (7-97 grammes) max., which is almost
exactly f of the Aeginetic stater weighing 196 grains
(12-60 grammes). In other words, eight of the new
didrachms would exchange against five of the latter
without the necessity of any calculation or weighing.
PERIOD I. 625-575 B.C. (?).
It will of course be understood that the limits
assigned to this period are only approximate. It is
impossible to say exactly when coinage began in Chios,
nor is there any historical event, between the dates
suggested, of a nature likely to have left its mark on
,ypes or standard.
It was in the latter days of the Ionian League, and
an oligarchical government held sway in Chios. There
were occasional wars between the island and Erythrae
towards the end of the seventh century, and before the
turn of the sixth Chios sent troops to the assistance of
Miletus when the latter was fighting against Alyattes
of Lydia. In effect the relations between Chios and
Miletus seem to have been intimate at this time. The
Milesians, aided by contingents from the most enter-
prising states of the coast and islands, had founded
Naukratis in Lower Egypt early in the seventh
century. In the great temple there, called the Hellenion,
the names of all the peoples who contributed to its
31 G. F. Hill, Handbook of Greek and Roman Coins, p. 39.
NUMISM. CHROK., VOL. XV, SERIES IV. C
18 J. MAVROGORDATO.
erection were recorded, and that of the Chians stood
at the head of the list. Constant communication must
have been maintained between Egypt and Chios, for
commercial activities were growing fast. It is not
surprising, then, that, as stated above, some of the
island's earliest coins should have been found in Lower
Egypt. In fact, up to the present, the site of Naukratis
has, so far as we know, been the only source of supply
for the early silver didrachms.
As regards artistic development it is well known how
advanced Chios had already become. The seventh
century saw the rise there of a whole school of early
sculpture. The names of Malas, Mikkiades, and
Archermus, members of a single family of sculptors
who followed each other in direct line, have been pre-
served for us by Pliny. 32 Glaucus, the metal-worker,
who was patronized by Alyattes, was also a native of
the island. It is tempting to think that some of these
men, whom we associate with the dawn of art in the
Greek world, may have influenced the die-cutters of
the first Chian coins.
The coins which I would assign to this period are
the following, and I should like to remark here once
for all that the lists of the various types given below
do not aim at being exhaustive.
When a type is rare I have recorded particulars
of every specimen known to me either through publi-
cations or through having been able to examine the
collections containing them.
32 Hist. Nat., xxxvi. 11. Commenting on Jex-Blake's translation,
Dr. H. L. Urlichs remarks that Malas was not the great-grand-
father of the sons of Archermus, mentioned later, but the point ia
only of secondaiy importance here.
CHRONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS. 19
In the case of common varieties I have been content
to cite three specimens only, so as to give the extreme
variations of weight, &c., with the addition of a quali-
fying note such as not rare, common, and so on.
1. Obv. Sphinx of rude style crouching 1. on plain
exergual line ; wing curled ; and long hair
gathered into rough knot on nape of neck.
Before it indistinguishable object or objects.
Rev. Incuse square roughly divided into four unequal
parts, and small countermark similarly but
more evenly divided. Both punch-struck.
JR. 17 mm. 188 grains (12-18 grammes). Aegi-
neticjstater. Coll. Sir H. Weber.
- mm. 187 grains (12-12 grammes). Aegi-
lo-OO
netic stater. Sotheby's Sale Cat. Warren
Coll., 1905, No. 31.
mm. 184-75 grains (11-97 grammes).
io-00
Aeginetic stater. Coll. B. Yakountchikoff
ex Coll. Prince Chakhouskoy. Egger's Sale
Cat, 1908, No. 547. [PI. I. 1.]
21-00
mm. 187 grains (12-12 grammes). Aegi-
lo-OO
netic stater. Sotheby's Cat. Sherman Benson
Coll., 1909, No. 695.
- mm. 192 grains (12-44 grammes). Cab. de
France, ex Taranto find. [PI. I. 2.]
- mm. 190-75 grains (12-36 grammes). Mus.
19-00
of Fine ''Arts, Boston, Mass., U.S.A., ex
C. P. Perkins's Coll., No. 492 of Cat.
This very rare and primitive coin was first published
by Canon Greenwell in Num. Chron., 1890, p. 18,
PI. ii. 15, while describing a hoard that contained
three specimens of the type, one of which, now in
Sir H. Weber's collection, is given above.
c 2
20 J. MAVROGOEDATO.
As already suggested, this coin cannot be unhesi-
tatingly attributed to Chios, although it has been
associated with the island for so long by numismatists
that it would be presumptuous to omit it here. It is
so totally different in style, however, from the usual
products of the Chian mint that one is almost driven
to prefer some other source of origin. On the other
hand it would be difficult to conceive of a more fitting
prototype for the well-known fifth-century didrachm
of Chios than the coin next to be described, PI. I. 3.
Practically every step in the development from one
to the other can be traced. But the Aeginetic
staters are altogether foreign to the series. As Canon
Greenwell pointed out, the appearance of the Sphinx
upon them partakes more of animal than of human
characteristics. The work is different in many ways
from that of No. 2, although the two coins are in
all probability roughly contemporary, the prominence
of the chin in No. 1 being especially remarkable. The
object or objects in front of the Sphinx have been
called by various names, but on no specimen known
to me are they sufficiently clear to warrant a guess as
to their nature. The association with Chios of course
suggests an amphora, but I can see no justification for
it, still less for a vine branch. There are at least two
distinct dies to be recognized, both obverse and
reverse, but the differences between them are of no
importance. The countermarking of the coins seems
to have partially obliterated the symbol in most speci-
mens. I illustrate two in order to show that the
smaller of the two incuse squares is really a counter-
mark, and not part of the main punch mark as has
been suggested. A reference to the plate will show
CHKONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS. 21
that these coins are from the same reverse die, yet the
small incuse occupies a relatively different position
on each.
It is the same countermark as occurs on the coin
attributed to Cos in B.M.Cat., Caria, PL xxx. 1, to
Cnidus, do. do., PL xiii. 7, and to Delos, Num. Chron.,
1890, PL ii. 11; also possibly on the gold stater of
Phocaea, Num. Chron., 1875, PL x. 6.
The globular, or bean-shaped, flan, the punch-
striking of the reverse, and the small countermark
of this coin are all Ionic in character, and quite dis-
tinct from the typical Aeginetic incuse and anvil
method of striking which mark the western group
of coins so closely connected with it. 33
It seems evident, therefore, that we have here an
issue of some Ionian state in temporary league with
Aegina and other cities, though there is nothing to
show to what particular state it should be attributed.
We come now to what may be considered to be the
first genuine Chian issues, beginning with the earlier
of the two groups of coins showing varying standards.
2. Obv. Sphinx of rude style seated 1. on roughly
dotted exergual line ; forelegs united and
straddled ; wing curled ; hair long with a
separate lock descending from crown of head
and curling upwards at tip. In field 1. a rosette.
Rev. Roughly quartered incuse square ; punch-struck.
JR. 16-25 mm. 120 grains (7-76 grammes). Chian
didrachm. Berlin Cab. ex Sakha hoard.
[PI. I. 3.]
16-75 mm. 129-9 grains (8-424 grammes).
Euboic didrachm. Brit. Mus.
33 See illustrations accompanying the late Mr. W. Wroth's
description -of the famous Santorin hoard, Num. Chron., 1884,
PI. xii, and Canon Greenwell's account of a similar find, Num.
Chron., 1890, PI. ii. 9-16.
22 J. MAVROGORDATO.
These two coins, which, to the best of my belief, are
the only known specimens of their type, were probably
struck from the same obverse die, and certainly from
the same reverse one, the British Museum specimen
being the earlier.
The Berlin specimen was published by Dr. Dressel
in the Zeitschrift fur Numismatik, 1900, pp. 238-41,
No. 30, and in the Numismatic Chronicle for 1911,
pp. 85-93, I drew attention to the one in the British
Museum. :J4
Several points in connexion with these interest-
ing coins have already been touched upon above.
Attention may be drawn in passing to their very early
style betrayed by the grotesque profile and the large
head. They can safely be assigned to the end of the
seventh century B.C., and are at least as old as the
Aeginetic staters.
It is interesting to note that the quartered incuse
square already appears at this early date, and must
necessarily be placed before the plain incuse of coins
such as Nos. 4 and 5, although, in the absence of other
evidence, the latter form is generally regarded as the
more primitive of the two.
With regard to the rosette in the field it is con-
ceivable that it may commemorate some fleeting
alliance with Erythrae. But I do not feel inclined
to support the idea, the two states having been
almost constantly at variance. Besides, a more plausible
explanation of the symbol is to be found in the solar
$4 In the course of ray remarks on that occasion I was wrong to
place these coins in the same class as the didrachm published by
Canon Greenwell in Num. Citron., 1890, p. 4, since the latter
belongs to the group next to be described.
CHKONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS. 23
emblem on certain coins of Paeonia and Macedonia. 35
At first sight this may not appear quite obvious to
those who have been accustomed to regard the Sphinx
as a peculiarly Dionysiac attribute.
M. Svoronos has shown us, however, in his most
interesting paper, that both Sphinxes and Griffins
figured in the imagery of the sun-worship that pre-
vailed throughout nearly the whole district between
the river Axius and the Rhodope mountains. This
cult had its centre on the summit of Mount Pangaeum,
and it can be traced from the Derronians in the west
to the Sagraeans in the east, from the Laeaeans in the
north to the island of Peparethus in the south through
the prevalence on their coins of the solar emblem
of a rosette of pellets in various forms. For details
I must refer the reader to M. Svoronos's learned
article.
On the other hand, to the immediate north of Mount
Pangaeum extended the land of the Edones, and to
the east of it that of the Dionysians, where the worship
of Dionysus had flourished from time immemorial. In
fact the two cults seem to have overlapped both in
their symbolism and in their geographical distribution.
fie votaries of Dionysus adopted the KVK\OS 'HXt'ov,
d those of Zeus the Sphinx and the Griffin.
Among the Edones, who, as we have seen, were wor-
snippers of Dionysus, was a city called Asoros or Gasoros,
to which reference has been made above. This city
ruck coins over a considerable time, for specimens
are known representing the archaic, the transitional,
and the fine periods of art, with a Sphinx to r. On
a transitional piece, now in the Vienna cabinet, the
33 J. N. Svoronos in Journal Int. tiArch. Num., 1913, pp. 193-280.
24: J. MAVKOGORDATO.
solar emblem, of a form very similar to that on this
archaic coin of Chios, is to be seen in front of the
Sphinx.
It seems highly probable that the Pangaean country-
side may be the original home of the Chian Sphinx,
and fresh force is thereby added to the supposition
that the type under consideration may represent the
first monetary issue made by Chios. The Sphinx in
combination with the solar emblem was at home on
the Thracian border of Macedonia, and was no doubt
taken over with the new religion on its introduction
into the Ionian island. The symbol then ceased to
have any meaning in its new surroundings, and was
forthwith discarded. In any case it never appears
again on the coinage.
The second group of coins exhibiting varying
standards, which is the next to be examined, includes
the earliest type of electrum stater that has come
down to us. Judging by style alone, I venture to
suggest that the staters described below were struck
during the first quarter of the sixth century. This
theory is supported by their similarity to the silver
didrachms that accompany them here. These latter,
as already observed, come sufficiently near to No. 2 in
general appearance to show that no great interval of
time can have separated them.
Taking the electrum staters first, we have :
3. Obv. Sphinx of rude archaic style seated r. on
exergual line, consisting of two parallel lines
with dots between. She has wing slightly
curled ; hair lying in a thick mass on nape of
neck, with a separate lock rising from crown
of head and ending in a spiral curl ; and
round ear-ring. Further foreleg shows behind
nearer.
CHRONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS. 25
Rev. Deep incuse square divided into four parts, and
punch-struck.
21-00
El. mm. 218 grains (14-14 grammes). Mile-
19*00
sian stater. Cabinet de France. [PL I. 4.]
. 216-2 grains (14-01 grammes). Mile-
sian stater. Cabinet de France.
These two coins are Nos. 331-2 of M. Babelon's Traite,
vol. ii. The former was first published by Ch. Lenormant
in Rev. Num., 1856, p. 12, PI. ii. 1, where he alludes to it
as of tres ancien style. The second is a variety of it,
and is the only other specimen of the type known to me.
They differ mainly in the form of the exergual line,
which, in the case of the latter, seems to consist of
a row of dots only, but both are struck from the same
reverse die.
It will be noticed that the style of these coins is
much better than that of No. 2, and the whole aspect
of the Sphinx is more like what it assumed in later
times, but the sloping forehead and coarse features
typical of primitive work are still there.
4. Obv. Sphinx of rude archaic style seated 1. on plain
exergual line ; wing curled ; hair in uniform
mass like an Egyptian wig, with long separate
lock rising from crown of head and projecting
backwards ; forelegs separate, but not drawn
in perspective.
Rev. Plain incuse square, punch-struck.
JR. 15-00 mm. 116-8 grains (7-57 grammes). Chian
didrachm. Berlin Cab. ex C. K. Fox Coll.,
Coll., 1873. [PL I. 5.]
16-50 mm. 105-1 grains (6-81 grammes). Graeco-
Asiatic didrachm. Coll. Sir H. Weber, from
find in the Delta, 1890.
15-00 mm. 11 3-6 grains (7-36 grammes). Chian
didrachm. Coll. Sir H. Weber, from Sakha
hoard, 1899.
26 J- MAVROGORDATO.
This type, which is clearly a direct descendant of
No. 2, was first published by Canon Greenwell in
Num. Chron., 1890, p. 4.
The Berlin specimen and Sir H. Weber's <
didrachm are from the same obverse die, while
Sir H. Weber's Graeco-Asiatic didrachm is from the
same reverse die as the Berlin coin.
These didrachms must be considered earlier on the
whole than the electrum stater No. 3, though the
differences to be observed maybe partly due to careless
execution. It is worthy of note that the dies for
electrum coins seem, as a rule, to have been more
elaborately prepared than those for silver ones. Another
small point, illustrating this time the conscientiousness
of archaic art, is that, throughout the sixth century, the
forelegs of the Sphinx are almost invariably drawn so
that both should be seen. And it may be broadly
stated that, after the period when one foreleg is
represented raised, the earlier coins have the legs
further apart than those which succeed them.
The paucity of dies, to which attention has been
drawn, in all the coins hitherto described, shows that
they cannot have been struck in large quantities.
This is only what one would expect from such early
issues, and helps to confirm their attribution to the
dates suggested.
PERIOD II. 575(?)-545 B.C.
The early portion of this period is more remarkable
in the history of Chios for the aesthetic and commercial
progress made by her people than for any important
political event. In 550 B. c., however, Croesus overthrew
the Ionian League, though he refrained from subju-
CHRONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS. 27
gating the two island states of Chios and Samos. The
oligarchic or aristocratic form of government continued
at Chios down to the time of the final extinction of
the League by Harpagus in 545 B.C.
Since all autonomous coining of electrum must have
ceased with the imposition of Persian rule under
Cyrus, as Prof. P. Gardner has conclusively shown, 36
the task of fixing the date of the remaining Chian
issues in this metal is considerably simplified. Three
at least of the known types still unrecorded here must,
in consequence of the above, fall automatically into
the present period. They are none of them so old
in style as the type last quoted, No. 3, nor are they yet
suitable for inclusion among the coins of the Ionian
Revolt, about which there will be more to say
later on.
As regards their individual arrangement it is of
course impossible to be positive, and the order in
which they are placed below is only intended to be
mjectural. Still, by comparing these three widely
livergent types with the more or less contemporary
diver didrachms, which afford a far less broken scheme
>f development, I hope to be able to show that the
classes mutually support each other without neces-
irily having been issued together. It is possible of
>urse that some of the didrachms described under
'eriod III may belong here, but in the present state
)f our knowledge anything more definite than what
am already proposing would be the merest guess-
work.
There is certainly no lack of material from this time
36 "The Coinage of the Ionian Revolt," J. H. S., 1911, p. 156.
28 J. MAVROGORDATO.
onward, and it is clear from the variety of types how
intense "was the artistic life of the time. The sculptor
Archermus, the third of his line, was flourishing, of
whom it has been said that he was the first to give
wings to Nike. One is irresistibly reminded of this
phrase by the beautifully finished stater [PI. I. 8], and
what I like to look upon as its contemporary didrachm
[PL I. 14], in which the Sphinx's two wings are shown
in a fine perspective. This arrangement was never
attempted again until the beginning of the Roman
period.
The following are the electrum coins referred to
above :
5. Obv. Sphinx of archaic style seated r. without exergual
line ; wing curled ; hair in dense mass like
an Egyptian wig ; only one foreleg showing.
Rev. Plain incuse square ; punch-struck.
18-75
El. j^^ mm. 216-97 grains (14-06 grammes).
Milesian stater. Br. Mus. ex Bank Coll.
[PL I. 6.]
216 grains (14-00 grammes). Mile-
sian stater. Berlin Cabinet.
6. Obi-. Sphinx of archaic style seated r. without exergual
line ; wing slightly curled ; hair in long straight
ringlets ; only one foreleg showing.
Rev. Plain incuse square : punch-struck. (The absence
of quartering cross in this type may possibly
be due to wear.)
El. 19-00 mm. 217-75 grains (14-11 grammes).
Milesian stater. Coll. B. Yakountehikoff ex
Rothschild Coll. No. 370, Cat. 1900.
20-75
l&OO mm * 216 ' 35 g rains ( 14>02 grammes).
Milesian stater. Coll. R. Jameson, Cat.
No. 1519, from Vourla find, 1911. [PI. I. 7.]
CHRONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS. 29
7. O&y. Sphinx of refined archaic style, wearing round
earring, and seated 1. without exergual line ;
both wings showing, curled at tips ; hair long ;
further forepaw raised and holding lotus
flower.
Rev. Incuse square somewhat roughly divided into
four parts ; punch-struck.
19-00
El. mm. 216-5 grains (14-03 grammes).
1 7 '00
Milesian stater. Coll. B. Yakountchikoff ex
Montagu Coll., No. 589, Sotheby's Cat,
1896.
20-00
mm. 217-9 grains (14-12 grammes).
lo-oO
Milesian stater. Coll. K. Jameson, Cat.
No. 1520, ex Philipsen Coll., No. 2241.
Hirsch's Cat., 1909. [PI. I. 8.J
21-00
- mm. 217-13 grains (14-07 grammes).
17-75
Milesian stater. Cabinet de France ; No. 335
of Babelon's Traite, vol. ii.
20-00 mm. 218-2 grains (14-14 grammes).
Milesian stater. No. 1087, Cat. Egger, xlvi.
1914.
The only point that these three staters have in
common is the absence both of the exergual line and of
the separate lock of hair.
No. 5 is well known to all students of the National
Collection, and was published in the catalogue for
Ionia, p. 7, and PL i. 19. It was chosen by Prof.
P. Gardner to illustrate his paper on the Gold Coinage
of Asia in the Proceedings of the British Academy,
1908, when he first propounded his theory about the
coinage of the Ionian Revolt, but rejected later (J. H. S.,
1911, p. 154, note 11) as being of too early style.
No. 6 was published by M. E-. Jameson in his
description of the Vourla find (Rev. Num., 1911,
pp. 60-8), when, without knowing of Prof. Gardner's
30 J. MAVROGORDATO.
paper, he came to the same conclusion about the
probable issue of a federal coinage at the time of the
Ionian Eevolt. The author there recognized that this
particular coin is older than the majority of those
composing the hoard to which the date of 500 B.C. is
roughly assigned.
This coin is of later style than No. 5, though it has
a similar plain incuse. It is possible that the absence
of the crossed lines in this case may be due to wear,
since traces of what might have been quartering^ are
to be detected in the square, whereas the reverse of
No. 5 shows no signs of them at all.
Both the coins here described are from the same dies.
No. 7. So far as I am aware this beautiful stater
has never been the subject of any special reference.
It is an example of all that is finest in archaic art,
and a proof of the high level reached by craftsmen in
Chios at this period. Unfortunately none of the
specimens that I have come across is in really good
condition, M. B,. Jameson's coin being quite the finest
of the four. This prevents any comparison of dies in
the case of the obverses, but for the reverses two are
recognizable, one between M. Yakountchikoff's and
the Egger Cat. specimens, and the other between
M. Jameson's and the French Cabinet's coins.
This type affords the only instance of an electrum
coin at Chios, with the exception of the fifth-century
stater, in which the Sphinx is depicted to left.
The silver didrachms that I suggest for this period
are the following :
8. Obv. Sphinx of archaic style seated 1. on plain exergual
line ; wing curled ; hair in dense mass like an
Egyptian wig ; both forelegs showing, but not
dcaWQ in perspective.
CHRONOLOGY OF T.HE COINS OF CHIOS. 31
Eev. Plain incuse square ; punch-struck.
M. 17-00 mm. 120-2 grains (7-79 grammes). Chian
didrachm. Berlin Cabinet ex Imhoof-Blumer
Coll. 1900. [PL I. 9.]
9. Olv. Sphinx of archaic style seated 1. on dotted exer-
gual line ; wing slightly curled ; hair long,
with separate lock hanging from crown of
head and ending in a spiral curl ; further
forepaw raised holding a lotus-flower ; between
fore and hind legs a cock's head 1. Circle of dots.
Eev. Quartered incuse square ; punch-struck.
M. mm. 121-3 grains(7-86 grammes). Chian
lO-UU
didrachm. Berlin Cabinet, from Sakha
hoard, 1899. [PL I. 10.]
?mm. 1204 grains (7-80 grammes). Chian
didrachm. Berlin Cabinet, from recent find
in Egypt, 1914.
1 K 00
mm. 119-75 grains (7- 76 grammes). Chian
lo-OO
didrachm. Coll. J. K. McClean, Fitzwilliam
Museum, Cambridge. [PL I. 11.]
10. Variety of preceding in which the Sphinx does not hold
lotus-flower in upraised forepaw.
18-00
M. - mm. 111-9 grains (7-244 grammes). Chian
lo-oO
didrachm, from Sakha hoard. Num. Chron.,
1899, p. 277, No. 16.
mm. 121-8grains(7-895grammes). Chian
1J-75
didrachm. My collection ex Philipsen Coll.,
No. 2242, Hirsch's Cat., 1909.
11. Obv. Sphinx 1. like No. 9, except that the exergual
line is plain, and that there is a lotus-flower
between Sphinx's fore and -hind legs in place
of the cock's head.
Eev. Quartered incuse square of larger size than any
hitherto described ; punch-struck.
32 J. MAVROGOKDATO.
17-00
JR. - mm. 1204 grains(7-80 grammes). Chian
lo-oO
didrachm. Coll. B.. Yakountchikoff ex
O'Hagan Coll., No. 587 (part of) Sotheby's
Cat., 1908. [PL I. 12.]
Broken didrachm known to Dr. Dressel of
Berlin.
12. Obv. Sphinx 1. like No. 9, but of somewhat later style
and without either exergual line or lotus-flower
in upraised forepaw. The separate lock on
head is also doubtful.
Rev. Quartered incuse square of earlier type than
No. 11 ; punch-struck.
JR. mm. 115-5 grains (748 grammes). Chian
didrachm. Coll. Sir H. Weber from Sakha
hoard, Num. Chron., 1899, p. 277, No. 15.
17-00 mm. 119.75 grains (7-76 grammes).
Chian didrachm. Coll. B. Yakountchikoff,
No. 368, Hirsch's Cat.,vii. 1902. [PI. 1. 13.]
13. 01)V. Sphinx of refined archaic style seated 1. on plain
exergual line ; she wears round ear-ring ; both
wings show in perspective curled at tips ; hair
long with conventionalized lock of tendril-like
form projecting from back of head ; further
foreleg shows behind nearer.
Rev. Quartered incuse square of similar type to No. 11 ;
punch-struck.
JR. 16-25 mm. 121 -6 grains (7-88grammes). Chian
didrachm. Coll. B. Yakountchikoff ex Sher-
man Benson Coll., No. 696, Sotheby's Cat.,
1909. [PI. I. 14.]
No. 8. This coin is unique in my experience, and,
although in bad condition, may be seen to have points
of resemblance, especially about the head, with the
first electrum stater of this period, No. 5. The manner
in which the forelegs are drawn and the plain incuse
square connect it with the silver didrachm, No. 4.
CHRONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS. 33
This is the last time that the plain incuse appears
in the series, and there is no sign here whatever of
the punch having originally been quartered but worn
smooth by use.
Nos. 9-12. These types were first published by
Sir Hermann Weber and Dr. Dressel in their descrip-
tions of the Sakha hoard (see note 7 above). Judging
from the varieties to be noted among them, their issue,
taken as a whole, seems to have been a more plentiful
one than any of its predecessors. I illustrate two coins
of type No. 9 [PL I. 10 and 11] so as to show the cock's
head and peculiar exergual line clearly.
There must have been some little interval between
No. 8 and the present group, which is distinguished
from all other silver issues of Chios, previous to the
Roman period, by the Sphinx's upraised forepaw.
The design has suddenly become more ornate, and the
dotted border, very finely executed on some specimens,
is a novel and unusual feature for the period. Still,
the large head and straightly falling mass of hair are
typical of archaic art, and connect the group intimately,
although the type is so different in other respects, with
the electrum stater No. 6. The peculiar shape of the
Sphinx's wing also does this, for no wing quite like it
is seen again on the sixth-century didrachms, though
it had already occurred on the earlier electrum [PI. 1. 4].
The upraised forepaw is, of course, a link with the
electrum stater No. 7, which, as we have seen,
may on general grounds of style be placed later than
No. 6.
No. 12, in spite of its older reverse, is, I think, a little
later than the rest of these coins with the dotted border,
because of the smaller head and the attempt made to
NUMISM. CHKON., VOL. XV, SERIES IV. D
34 J. MAVROGORDATO.
show its shape beneath the hair." The flan is also less
bullet-shaped. The two coins representing this type,
which is the rarest of the group; are struck from the
same dies, both obverse and reverse. Otherwise I have
observed no community of dies between this and the
other members of the group.
With regard to the cock's head and lotus-flower
symbols, it is difficult to say whether they should be
regarded as magistrates' signets, or simply as adjuncts
peculiar to the Sphinx. The former would not be
inconsistent with the oligarchic government in power
at the time, especially as just such a use was then being
made of symbols at Teos. 38 But if the practice had
ever been adopted, it is hard to see why it should have
been abandoned before the coming of the tyrants. And
yet we have the evidence of No. 12 to show that this
must have taken place even within the limits of this
particular group.
The facts necessary for the settlement of the question
are very incomplete, of course ; but until the sands of
Egypt reveal more specimens I prefer to consider these
symbols as mere accessories to the design of the coins.
The lotus-flower, as we have seen, was associated
with the Sphinx in its role as a chthonic deity, and
the cock had a similar significance. 39
87 When publishing this coin in Num. Chron., 1899, p. 277, Sir
II. Weber placed it earlier than the type here called No. 10, but
the dotted circle is not visible on his specimen.
Jh B. M. Cat., Ionia, pp. 309-10, and PI. xxx. 2, 3, 4, and 5.
39 See D'A. W. Thompson's Glossary of Greek Birds, sub voce aAe*-
rpvutv, p. 24. It appears as an offering to the dead on some of the
archaic Spartan bas-reliefs ; see the summary account of these
monuments in Tod and Wace, Catalogue of the Sparta Museum
(1906), pp. 102 ff.
CHKONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS. 35
No. 13. This charming coin has never been published,
and is unique to the best of my belief. No one can
fail to recognize its close resemblance to the electrum
stater No. 7. In fact, it might be the work of the same
artist. Though this resemblance naturally confines it
to the limits of the present period, it comes much
nearer in general appearance to the more familiar types
next to follow than to anything that has preceded it
in the course of this review. It seems, in a word, to
stand on the boundary between the rare coins that we
have just studied somewhat minutely and the compara-
tively common types of the later archaic period.
It will have been noticed that all the coins just
described, representing types 8-13, belong unequivo-
cally to the local standard of Chios. The only piece
about which a doubt might be raised is the former of
the two specimens under No. 10, weighing 111-9 grains
(7-244 grammes). But since it is well in excess of the
maximum attained by the Graeco- Asiatic standard,
it seems fair to regard it as a light specimen of the
Chian system. In fact, from the beginning of this
period till the middle of the fourth century or there-
abouts, there is no reason to suppose that any other
standard for silver but the local one was used at Chios.
PERIOD III. 545-500 B.C.
It has already been observed that the coinage of
electrum must have ceased under the Persian rule that
now controlled the affairs of Chios. On the other hand,
there can be no doubt but that the coinage of silver
largely increased from this time onwards. Not only
is there a great variety of types, but the coins them-
selves are no longer so rare as previously.
D2
36 J. MAVROGORDATO.
The chief characteristics to be noted are the occa-
sional use of a wreath round the type, and the gradual
evolution of the amphora in front of the Sphinx. Two
contemporary artists are worthy of mention. These
were Bupalus and Athenis, the sons of Archermus,
and enough is known about them to show that they
worthily carried on the traditions of their family.
The growth of trade in spite of foreign rule, that
we may deduce from the more plentiful coinage, may
possibly be connected with the acquisition by the Chians
at this time of the territory of Atarneus. We are
told that they owed this grant of fertile land to the
generosity of Cyrus in return for treacherously giving
up to him a Lydian called Pactyas, who had taken
sanctuary at the temple of Athena Poliouchos in the
island. 40
"Whatever the truth of the story may be, the Chians
benefited much from their new possessions, which
contained silver mines and hot springs, as well as
the direct means of increasing their food supply.
Under the influence of the Persians a new party
arose in the state that led to the overthrow of the
oligarchy and the establishment of a tyranny. As in
all the other cities of the League now subject to Persia,
the tyrants in Chios were natives of the island, and
one of them, named Strattis, has acquired a certain
notoriety.
It was he who supported Histiaeus, tyrant of Miletus,
in selfishly refusing to destroy the bridge over the
Ister, and so ruin the Persians under Darius in Scythia.
Histiaeus was rewarded for his services, but led the
49 Herodotus viii. 106, and Pausanias iv. 35.
w
ti
CHRONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS. 37
revolt nevertheless. Strattis, who seems to have
remained faithful to Darius during the early stages
of the revolt, was deposed, and the aristocratic govern-
ment was re-established in Chios.
This rapid review of events between the fall of the
Ionian League and the famous Revolt is sufficient for
numismatic purposes, as we have no means of knowing
whether or not the main political events of the day
found an echo in Chios, and, if so, were accompanied
by any particular issue of money.
It would be of supreme interest if we could trace
signs of the impression made on the vassal state by
the death of Cyrus, for instance ; by the victories of
Cambyses in Egypt, not at all an unlikely cause of
celebration : or by the accession of Darius. We find
coins with a wreath around the type, we note the
introduction of a new symbol, and of an important
alteration in the type, but we have no hint as to what
brought about the changes. "We do not even know
in what order the various issues, that inevitably fall
into this period, followed one another. In attempting
their arrangement I have adopted an order that is
purely arbitrary, but at least has the merit of being
systematic.
Assuming that the amphora, when once introduced,
was not again omitted from the type, it follows that
coins without an amphora must come first. Then it
will be noticed that the amphora takes different forms,
which may be supposed to have preceded the time
when its shape and position became fixed as we know
them on the fifth-century didrachms.
The development of the incuse square 011 the reverses
will be found to confirm this arrangement on the whole,
38 J. MAVROGORDATO.
the punch-mark becoming shallower and the dividing
lines broader as we approach the end of the group.
There are still one or two other varieties which might
have been mentioned, but the differences that distin-
guish them from those given below are so slight that
it is not worth while to include them as separate types.
A case in point is referred to in note 41. The general
characteristics of the period are the long hair of the
Sphinx and the small size and irregular position of
the amphora.
The most important of the known types to be noted
in this period are as follows :
14. Obr. Sphinx of refined archaic style seated 1. ; body
lean ; wing curled ; hair in queue ; further
foreleg showing well in front of nearer in
rough perspective. Around wreath of olive (?).
/.Vr. Quartered incuse square divided by narrow bars
into deep compartments ; punch-struck.
M. - ^ A mm - 122-3 grains (7-93 grammes). Chian
14 '00
didrachm. No. 678, Ward Coll., Municipal
Museum, New York. [PI. II. 1.]
19-00
r A mm. 121-8 grains(7-90 grammes). Chian
14-oU
didrachm. Cabinet de France.
_ e mm. 1 18-8 grains(7-70 grammes). Chian
lo'/O
didrachm. My collection.
Not rare.
15. Obv. Sphinx of archaic style seated 1. ; coarse work ;
wing curled ; hair apparently in long ringlets;
further foreleg outlined behind nearer.
//' >: Quartered incuse square divided by moderately
narrow bars into shallowish compartments;
punch-struck.
CHRONOLOGY OP THE COINS OF CHIOS. 39
M. 17-50 mm. 121-2 grains (7-86 grammes). Chian
didrachm. Athens Cabinet. [PI. II. 2.]
. 119-6 grains (7-75 grammes). Chian
didrachm. Cabinet de France, No. 4969.
16. Obv. Sphinx of unusually large size and refined archaic
style seated 1. on plain exergual line ; wing
slightly curled ; hair long ; further foreleg
outlined behind nearer ; before its feet vase
without handles on first specimen, and squat
amphora on second.
Rev. Quartered incuse square divided by narrow bars
into deep compartments ; punch-struck.
17-25
M. mm. 119-45grains(7-74grammes). Chian
lo-o(J
didrachm. Berlin Cabinet ex Coll. Philipsen.
No. 2243 Hirsch's Cat., 1909. [PL II. 3.]
mm. 1 18-65 grains(7-69grammes). Chian
lo-Uu
didrachm. Cabinet de France, No. 4968 a .
17. Obv. Sphinx of refined archaic style seated 1. on plain
exergual line ; wing curled in naturalistic
manner ; hair long ; further foreleg outlined
behind nearer. In field 1. small amphora with
ball at point.
JKev. Quartered incuse square divided by narrow bars
into three very deep and one shallow com-
partment ; punch-struck.
M. 17-00 mm. 122-4 grains (7-94 grammes). Chian
didrachm. Brit. Mus., No. 2, Cat. Ionia,
Chios. [PL II. 4.]
17-25 mm. 121-8grains(7-90 grammes). Chian
didrachm. Cabinet de France ex Coll.Luynes,
No. 4966.
17-00 mm. 121-8 grains(7-90 grammes). Chian
didrachm. Athens Cabinet.
Common.
L8. Obv. Sphinx of refined archaic style seated 1. on thick
exergual line ; wing curled ; hair in queue ;
further foreleg showing behind nearer in good
40 J. MAVROGORDATO.
perspective. In field 1. small amphora with
rounded handles, and ball at point. The whole
on circular raised' shield with olive (?) wreath
around.
Hw. Quartered incuse square divided by narrow bars
into deep compartments ; punch-struck.
Ai . !Z^? mm . 120 grains (7-78 grammes). Chian
didrachm. Coll. J. R. McClean, Fitzwilliam
Museum, Cambridge. [PI. II. 5.]
17-50 mm. 1 18-8 grains(7-70 grammes). Chian
didrachm. Cabinet de France, No. 4963.
17-50 mm. 121-8 grains (7 -90 grammes). Chian
didrachm. My collection.
Fairly common.
19. Obv. Sphinx of refined archaic style seated 1. on plain
exergtial line, wearing stephane and hair long ;
wing curled in naturalistic manner ; further
foreleg outlined behind nearer. Before its feet
small amphora with ball at point.
Rev. Quartered incuse square divided by broadish bars
into irregularly shaped and moderately deep
compartments ; punch-struck.
21-75
JR.. mm. 122-25grains(7-93grammes). Chian
lo-OU
didrachm. Coll. R. Jameson, Cat. No. 1521,
ex Delbeke Coll., No. 195 ; Sotheby's Cat.,
1907. [PI. II. 6.]
19-00
j _mm. 119- 4 grains (7-74 grammes). Chian
didrachm. Municipal Museum, New York,
No. 679, Ward Coll.
mm. 121-35grains(7-87grammes). Chian
didrachm. My collection.
Common.
20. Obv. Sphinx of refined archaic style seated 1. on plain
exergual line ; wing curled in naturalistic
manner ; hair long ; further foreleg showing
almost fully behind nearer. In field 1. amphora
with ball at point. The whole in vine-wreath.
CHRONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS. 41
Rev. Quartered incuse square divided by moderately
narrow bars into compartments of irregular
depth ; punch-struck. In the three deepest
depressions the letters XIO.
19-00
M. - mm. 121-8grains(7-90grammes). Chian
lo'OO
didrachm. Cabinet de France, No. 4962.
[PL II. 7.]
17-00 mm. 120 grains (7-78 grammes). Chian
didrachm. Coll. K. Jameson ex Taranto
find, Eev. Num., 1912, PI. iii. 7. [PL II. 8.J
21. Obv. Sphinx of small size and refined archaic style
seated 1. on plain exergual line ; wing curled ;
hair in queue ; further foreleg outlined behind
nearer. Before it amphora on ground line with
ball at point, and lines forming handles turned
back over mouth.
Rev. Quartered incuse square divided by moderately
narrow bars into shallow compartments ;
punch-struck.
M. 16-25 mm. 119-75grains(7-76grammes). Chian
didrachm. Berlin Cabinet ex Coll. C. R.
Fox, 1873. [PL II. 9.]
16-00 mm. 118-8 grains (7- 70, grammes). Chian
didrachm. Athens Cabinet.
17-00 mm. 122-2 grains(7-79 grammes). Chian
didrachm. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston,
Mass., U.S.A., ex Warren Coll., No. 1139 of
Regling's Cat.
Eare.
Obv. Sphinx as preceding, but type arranged on raised
circular shield.
Rev. Quartered incuse square divided by broad bars
into roughly shaped shallow compartments ;
punch-struck.
M. 16-50 mm. 11 8-5 grains (7-68 grammes). Chian
didrachm. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston,
Mass., U. S. A. From Naukratis, through
Egyptian Exploration Fund.
42 J. MAVROGORDATO.
No. 14. It is not absolutely certain whether there
is an amphora or not before the Sphinx on coins of
this type, although there is no sign of it on any of the
three pieces here described. The question must be
considered to be still subjudice, however, as indications
are to be observed on two specimens at Berlin that
suggest an amphora.
In any case I think that it is as well to place the
type at the beginning of this group on account of
the resemblance it bears to No. 13, although inferior
as a work of art. The same trick of representing the
Sphinx with its hind legs half bent, as if in the act of
rising, may be noticed in both. It is also, on the
whole, the most archaic looking of all the types
assembled under this period. It is difficult, too, to be
positive about the composition of the wreath. Ivy
or vine-leaves were certainly to have been expected,
but there may have been some reason for using an
olive-wreath which the design suggests more than
anything else.
No. 15. This seems to be a rare type, and the two
coins cited are the only specimens I have seen. They
are both from the same dies. The type is remarkable
for its unusually rough execution, although it shows
the earliest signs of that massiveness in the bodily
forms of the Sphinx which characterizes many of the
subsequent issues.
There is no doubt here about the absence of any
amphora.
No. 16 is a very difficult coin to attribute. The
style and execution are good, and the weight being
Chian there seems no reason to discredit its right to
a place among the island's issues. But the vase-shaped
r.
n
CHKONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS. 43
vessel in place of an amphora is enough to have raised
doubts as to this among some authorities. The absence
of handles, in my opinion, is most likely due to careless
engraving or a damaged die, as the Paris specimen,
while certainly belonging to the same issue, though
from a different obverse die, shows a similarly shaped
vessel with handles.
This type also seems rare, and has never been
published.
No. 17 is probably the most familiar of these sixth-
century types. Apart from the doubtful case presented
by No. 1 4, it may be said to record the earliest appear-
ance of the real amphora on coins of Chios. The
specimen from Athens also seems to furnish us with
the first instance of the letters Xlo in the depression
of the incuse square. The undoubted occurrence of
these letters on later issues will be found referred to
below. Although a transient feature of the coinage,
it is a fact that has not hitherto been established.
No. 18 seems to be modelled upon No. 14, although
clearly of slightly later date. It is interesting as being
the first issue to show the raised circular shield, as
a background for the type, which later became an
unfailing feature of the island's money. This convex
field may not have been intentional at first, although
it certainly became so afterwards, but its appearance
here is an instance of the fact that what are so often
taken for innovations in coins are frequently only
revivals.
Another well-known instance of this is the crescent
n the reverse of Athenian tetradrachms, supposed at
one time to have been first used on coins of the third
period according to the British Museum Catalogue (see
44 J. MAVROGORDATO.
Attica, PI. iii. 3-5), but now known from the Taranto
find to have originated much earlier (Rev. Num.,
June 1911, Nos. 14 and 15, PI. i. 11 and 12).
No. 19. This is another common type. The issue
is noticeable for its oval flans, and for the rough form
of incuse. The quartering lines or bars become really
broad now for the first time.
No. 20. This highly finished type has been brought
into prominence by M. Babelon's description of the
Taranto find (Rev. Num., June 1911, PI. iii. 7), and pro-
vides us with one of the few fixed points that we
possess for the dating of Chian coins. The evidence
of the hoard indicates that none of the coins contained
in it were struck later than 510 B.C. This issue may,
therefore, be safely assigned to a period some ten or
twelve years prior to the Ionian Eevolt. On grounds
of style it may confidently be placed later than the
five types already described here, and for reasons given
below the two succeeding ones, Nos. 21 and 22 must
probably have followed it.
On account of the interest and rarity of the type
I am illustrating both the specimens described. They
are the only ones known to me, and moreover they
supplement one another in their details. It will be
noted that the obverse dies are different, but the same
reverse die has been used for both pieces. The Bib-
liotheque specimen is probably the later of the two
as the letters in the depressions of the incuse, which
are undoubted on this case, are more difficult to dis-
tinguish than on M. Jameson's coin. At no time do
they show up well on being reproduced.
No. 21. We have now reached a stage in the evolu-
tion of the Chian didrachm that approximates very
CHRONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS. 45
closely to the fully developed fifth-century type.
"While still showing unmistakable signs of the archaic
period of art in the treatment of the features of the
Sphinx, and in its long hair, this coin will at once
be recognized as the most advanced of those so far
described.
It presents, moreover, an apparently unimportant
point of resemblance to the fifth-century coins that
constitutes a certain link with them. I refer to the
fact that the lines composing the handles of the
amphora are continued after touching the lip and bent
back in opposite directions over the mouth of the
vessel. This I take to be a rough method of repre-
senting an amphora closed with a stopper, which is
the way in which the amphora is invariably repre-
sented during the period of early fine art, and was only
relinquished when more careless work was introduced
just before the opening of the Peloponnesian war.
It is mainly owing to this small detail that I venture
assign this and the succeeding type to the period
stween circa 512 B.C., marked by the unstoppered
iphora-type No. 20, and the Ionian Revolt.
No. 22 is a unique variety of the last in which the
lised circular shield appears again. The reverse of
the type is indistinguishable from those seen on the
L- century coins, thus bringing the development
ill one step nearer to that oft-mentioned goal. 41
11 There is an archaic didrachm in Sir H. Weber's collection of
similar style to the later coins of this group, but with an amphora
stoppered as on the fifth-century pieces. It may be a little later
than No. 22, and again it may be another case where a feature,
common in later times, has appeared once and then been discarded
for a period. See remarks under No. 18, above.
4:6 J. MAVROGORDATO.
Before leaving this period it will be as well just to
mention the small pieces bearing a Sphinx in various
positions on the obverse, and different types on the
reverse, which, from their style, may all be said to
belong to the sixth century. M. Babelon has suggested
(Traite,voiL ii, p. 1134) that these coins may be alliance
pieces between Chios and some of the neighbouring
cities. If we could be sure of this the coins in question
ought to find their place here, but considering the
uncertainty that attends the question of these double-
typed coins, I prefer not to go into it any further. 42
None of the coins are of the Chian standard, and
the style of all, with the exception of one bearing
a Gorgoiieion on the reverse (Num. Chron., 1913,
p. 268, PI. xiii. 9), is very unlike that of any known
Chian issue.
PERIOD IV. 500-478 B.C.
With the outbreak of the revolt, as mentioned above,
the tyrant Strattis was deposed, and the oligarchy was
restored in Chios under magistrates called o-rparr^yoi.
It is in the highest degree probable that this revival of
the civic power was signalized in all the states of the
League by fresh issues of electrum coins.
The staters of various types, but similar fabric, to
which Head first drew attention (Num. Chron., 1887,
p. 281), are now generally recognized as the coinage
of the Ionian Revolt. The papers already referred to
by Prof. P. Gardner and M. E. Jameson independently
pointed to this event as the most likely source of the
42 See above, p. 7, where attention is drawn to a note under
"Miscellanea" in Num. Chron., 1913, giving all the facts relating
to these doubtful coins.
CHRONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS. 47
issue. It is a highly plausible theory, and as satis-
factory as such things well can be. The chief point of
interest for the present inquiry is the share that Chios
may have had in this federal coinage.
All the coins forming the group in question have
one feature in common, to wit, the type of their
reverse. This consists of a shallow incuse square
neatly quartered by fine lines, and anvil-struck. 43
The stater attributed by M. Jameson to Priene
(Trouvaille de Vourla, PI. i. 4) differs from the rest in
having no cross-lines in the incuse square, but this
may be due, as he suggests, to a damaged die. Then
the specimen with the Free Horse, attributed to Cyme
(No. 7 of Prof. Gardner's list, Journ. Hellen. Studies,
1911), seems also to be an exception on account of its
punch-striking. But it can, I think, be shown to be
too old for the period suggested, like its Chian com-
tion. In her "Electrum Coinage of Lampsakos", Miss
L. Baldwin illustrates a more probable candidate with
te characteristic reverse, which quite satisfies the
mditions. It will also be seen from this paper that
[iss Baldwin, who gives the whole history of the
question, pp. 27-32, agrees with M. Jameson's choice
)f the coin to be ascribed to Chios at this juncture.
In his description of the Vourla find (Rev. Num.,
HI, pp. 67-8) M. Jameson pointed out that a Chian
iter showing this reverse had appeared at the sale
of the Lambros collection (No. 701, Hirsch's Cat., 1910),
and he subsequently assigned it to the date 500 B. c.
(Cat. Jameson, No. 1520 a ).
43 See Earle-Fox, "Early Coinage of European Greece," Corolla
Numismatica, p. 34.
48 J. MAVROGORDATO.
Not only does this type justify its attribution from
all points of view connected with style and fabric,
but it is the only extant type to do so in my opinion.
The stater described above under No. 5, which was
selected by Prof. Gardner for this purpose in his " Gold
Coinage of Asia", has since been rejected by him as of
too early ^ate. Then the coin which he chose to take
its place in his subsequent paper, " The Coinage of the
Ionian Eevolt," is most probably a forgery, and I have
purposely refrained from publishing it here. And
finally, the only Chian stater in the Vourla find (type
No. 6 of the present arrangement), which consisted,
otherwise, of coins now regarded as contemporaneous
with the Ionian Revolt, is also acknowledged by
M. R. Jameson to belong to an earlier issue.
A point to which, I think, hardly enough attention
has been given is this very question of the reverse
employed for the issue under discussion. All writers
on the subject agree that the various members of
this coin-group exhibit the same reverse, and the
apparent exceptions to this have already been examined
above.
Though the suggestion put forward by Six (Num.
Chron., 1890, p. 219) that Chios was the place of
mintage of all these coins need no longer be seriously
entertained, there is no denying the fact that they
bear a strong family resemblance to one another both
in style, fabric, and gold contents.
But the fabric is not that of the Chian mint. I
would go further and say that, if a common mint
be postulated, then it must be some other city of the
League and not Chios. The probability, however, is
that each member struck its own share of the issue
CHRONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS. 49
after agreeing to follow some general rule for the
preservation of uniformity.
If so, then Chios departed, for the time being and
so far as regards the reverse, from the hitherto un-
broken tradition of her mint. It will be noticed from
the foregoing descriptions that all the island's coins,
from the earliest times to the date at which we have
now arrived, are what is known as punch- struck.
This, judging from the very earliest electrum pieces,
seems to have been the original method of coinage.
But, at a comparatively early date, the rival method
of anvil- striking, of which the Aeginetic coinage is the
most familar type, came into use as well, and the two
were pursued concurrently in different states. For
instance, in the case of electrum previous to 550 B.C.,
coins attributed to Ephesus, Erythrae, Miletus, Samos,
and Chios, show the punch- striking method. There
are some that do not, but they are of doubtful origin.
For silver previous to and shortly after 500 B.C. Miletus
and Chios are alone among the Ionian states in em-
ploying punch-striking. In other words they were
more conservative. The coins of all the rest, Clazo-
menae, Colophon, Ephesus, Erythrae, Phocaea, Teos,
and Samos, are invariably anvil-struck. 44
It is clear then that, though Miletus and Chios were
the leading states in the Revolt, and set the weight-
standard for the federal coinage, some other city or
cities provided the model.
44 Brit.Mus. Cat., Ionia, PL vi, viii, ix, xv, xxiii, xxx, and xxxiv.
It will be noticed that when once the method of striking was
changed, as in the case of Ephesus, Erythrae, and Samos, it
was applied generally to all subsequent issues, at any rate until
a reverse type was introduced. After that the question is more
difficult to decide.
NUM1SM. CHRON., VOL. XV, SERIES IV. E
50 J. MAVKOGORDATO.
On this ground alone the issue of Chios next to be
described stands out among all her other electrum
coins as an unusual product of her mint, and helps to
prove that the coinage of which it evidently formed
part was the outcome of peculiar circumstances.
So far there has been no evidence of any silver issue
that could be looked upon as contemporary with the
Chian Revolt staters. The Vourla find seems to have
proved that Clazomenae issued divisional pieces in
silver to accompany her staters, and it has been shown
that Lampsacus at least among the other cities did
the same. 45 On the other hand the tetrobols, that
Prof. Gardner suggests for Chios, are unquestionably
of later date.
The electrum stater proposed for the period of the
Ionian Revolt is the following :
23. Obv. Sphinx of strong archaic style seated r. ; wing
curled in naturalistic manner; she wears
stephane, round ear-ring, and hair long on neck
with a separate conventionalized lock rising
from crown of head and terminating in a
tendril-like spiral ; the further forepaw is
raised and grasps a lotus-flower (?). The tail
bears a tuft.
Rev. Quartered incuse square divided by fine bars
into shallow compartments ; anvil-struck.
El. - mm. 217-3 grains(14-08 grammes). Mile-
J.O'50
sian stater. Coll. R. Jameson, Cat. No. 1520 a ,
ex Lambros Coll., No. 701, Hirsch's Cat.,
1910. [PL II. 10.]
19-00 mm. 215-9 grains (13-99 grammes). Mi-
lesian stater. Boston Museum, Regling,
Sammlung Warren, No. 1736, Taf. xxxvii.
19-50 mm. 214-5 grains (13-90 grammes). Mi-
lesian stater. Munich Cabinet.
45 P. Gardner, " Coinage of Ionian Revolt," J. If. S., 1911, p. 11
and Miss Baldwin, op. cit., p. 19.
CHRONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS. 51
It will be observed that, in addition to the unusual
reverse, this coin has a much flatter flan than any
other electrum stater of Chios. The work is archaistic ;
and the revival of the conventionalized lock of hair
at this moment of national crisis is most interesting,
this being its last appearance on the coinage. On the
other hand the treatment of the wing betrays the
freer style that art had attained by this date, and
connects the coin with didrachms Nos. 19-20. The
stephane also had not been seen on anything earlier
than the former of these two coins. The lotus-flower is
not quite distinct, but it seems a more likely object
judging from this stater's predecessors than the "little
club ", by which term it is customary to describe it.
It is unnecessary to recapitulate here the well-known
story of the Eevolt, and the prominent part played in
it by Chios, but the events subsequent to the terrible
vengeance wreaked upon the island by Persia after the
battle of Lade are not quite so familiar.
There seems to be no doubt but that the population
was swept together as in a net, 46 and deported whole-
| sale, leaving nothing behind but ruined temples and
ravaged vineyards. This took place about one year
after the battle of Lade, say in 493 B. c. But the exile
did not last long, for in this same year Artaphernes
granted a constitution to the loniaiis, and the inhabi-
tants of Chios began to return. An opportunity was
soon found for the restoration of their old tyrant
Strattis, 47 under whom the island remained faithful
to Persia longer than some of its neighbours, and
actually sided with Xerxes against Greece.
The battle of Sal amis caused the national or aristo-
cratic party to revive, and an attempt was made to
4ci Herodotus vi. 31. " 7 Ibid. viii. 132.
E 2
assassin.,!.' Strains. Though this failed, ii was the
i,,,liivi ! i -a use of the expedition of Leotychides and
t he battle of Myi-nle. That echo from Plataea effectually
strengthened the liands of I ho oligarchy, and Strait is
disappears from history for the last time.
It has been suggested that the destruction caused
l.v the Persians' raid must have been so groat, that,
Chics c.in have been in no condition to coin money
lor a rousiderable time. This barren period has
generally been held to extend over the fifteen years
between the battles of Lade and Myoale. But the fact
that the inhabitants came back so soon after their
exile has, I think, been overlooked. Strattis and his
Me,li/ing party seem to have had nearly the whole
of the above-mentioned period in which to rebuild
the fortunes of the state. And though they may not
have done much, it does not seem unreasonable to
suppose that some coins were struck as .-> mark of their
return to power.
So far. however, it must be admitted that we cannot
assign any particular issue to this period. It may be
that types approximating to Nos. 21 and 22, perhaps
even No. M\! itself, belong hero, or that the earliest
coins with a In i uoh of grapes above the amphora were
now struck tor the first time. But it is too line
a point to bo settled by anything other than a luckily
constituted tind. It is safest, on the whole, to leave
all coins with an amphora only, as has been done here,
to the period before the Ionian Revolt; and to assume
that the bunch of Crapes was not introduced till after
the battle of M vcale.
.1. MAN ROQORDATO,
('/'o Ac
II.
QUAESTIONES OYRENAICAE.
III-VI.)
TM K numismatics of the Cyrenaica 1 have been ex-
haustively treated by L. Miiller in the first volume of
liis groat A r u/it/*ii/(t//(jue de rancienne Afrique? and any
l;it,<;i- study of UH: siiino field must necessarily base itself
upon his results, which in their broad outline remain
unshaken. Sinco he wrote, however, fresh material
has rapidly accumulated, and I think it is now possible
l.o dofine the chronological limits of tlio various issues
more cL >soly , and in some cases to clear up their historical
relations. The coinage falls naturally into five periods.
Th<; iirst period (<-. 570 r. 480) comprises a number of
1 1 desire here to express my thanks, for their kind provision of
Or of her iiiform;it ion, to the following; sehol,u>: : the Directors
;ni'l hill' id' I. IK: ( ';i,l)i in',1 .,: of Paris, I Ii'ir.-.scl:-:, l!*-rliii, (/'ojuMiluijfen,
At. IK-MS, <i<-lli,i, K.irl Milic, <il;i L;OW (I IK: II mil cri;ui Museum),
Cambridge (UK- Kit /will him Museum;, Uoston (U.S.A.); also to
Sir llcrmii.MM Wrlxjr, Dr. F. Imhoof-Blumer, Messrs. <*i;Kcc.kc,
JwiiiMci-, I 1 ]. T. Newell, ;UK! l5;i,ldwiM ; ;i,n<l eipeciallj f,o f.hc Keeper
of i, IK- Department of Coins ;m<l McdnJ.s in t,hc lirilish Museum,
liolli foi- his c(;M:;l;inf lidp in disciisKi'M^ poinj,s as they ;i,roso, ;UK!
lor In .;c,;ir<- in seeing this ;i.rlicl<: l.lirou^li UK- ])rcss. I'l'lic IvIiloi'K
6 to ;n-knowlc(|M-c 1.1 K- kiml ;i ;i hnn-.i- ol' !)r. (icoi-;n- Mii.i-.donald
in ri-iidin^ UK: pi-oof;-; of Iliix n.rl.iclc, wliicli Mr. li'.ohinson has boen
uiiiililc l,o revise owin^' lo In:, ;i hscnee on militiiry scrvif:'-. |
'' <'itf,<l licnci'foil h ;i : M . i, wifli Supplement ;is Snppl. ; indi vidmi,!
Coin! puhli liel ly him are filed under UK- numliers he -_'i\ cs them,
t.g. M. i, r,2, A:c.
54 E. S. G. ROBINSON.
types of great variety and interest. In the second
period, which lasts till a few years after the fall of
the Battiads (c. 480-c. 435), the types have become
fixed, the head of Ammon and the silphium plant
appearing on almost every coin. The third period
(c. 435-c. 308) is marked by the completion of a change
in weight-standard already begun in the sixth century,
and, in a little while, by a plentiful gold coinage.
The fourth period embraces the series struck in
dependence, real or nominal, on the Ptolemies. Lastly,
into the fifth period fall the coins issued under Roman
suzerainty or jurisdiction.
FIRST PERIOD.
For the first period we have what is practically a
Corpus in Babelon's Traite des monnaies grecques et
romaines, 2 ifeme partie, T. i, pp. 1336-1363. 3 With one
exception 4 no inscriptions have hitherto been noted
on coins of this period, and attribution to the
various cities, when it has been attempted, has been
based on the vague indication of types. There are,
however, apart from the coins of Euesperides 5 of which
the earliest, inscribed EYE$, falls at the end of this
period at least three archaic tetradrachms bearing
inscriptions.
1. Obv. Silphium plant with two whorls and three
umbels, one springing on either side from
the bases of the lower whorl, and the third
crowning the stem; [on either side, silphium
fruit?].
8 Cited as 2V., individual coins cited under their numbers,
e.g. 2V. 2012, &c.
4 No. 1, below.
These are discussed below, Nos. 23-8.
QUAESTIONES CYKENAICAE. 55
Rev. Gazelle standing on dotted line 1. ; in field above,
silphium plant in pericarp, with button in
cleft, point upwards; to L, silphium plant
with one pair of leaves and one umbel, above
which, K ; beneath gazelle's belly, K ; all in
incuse square.
Ai. 0-9. Wt. 2644 grs. B. M. Num. Chr., 1861,
p. 201.
1 A. Obv. Similar; arrangement of whorls varied; on
either side of base, a silphium fruit.
Rev. Similar, but silphium plant has two whorls and
two umbels exactly as on obverse ; beneath
gazelle's belly, ^.
JR. 0-9. Wt. 259-3 grs. Paris = Tr. 2012,
PI. Ixiv. 11 = M. i. 24.
The latter coin has already been published by Babelon
in his Traite. There the letter beneath the belly
of the gazelle is called (following Muller) "objet
incertain ". A comparison with the coin in the British
Museum, however, suffices to show that though lying
on its back 6 it is the same letter as appears on No. 1.
r hether there was a second K on the reverse of No. 1 A
is uncertain ; certainly there would not be room for it in
the same place as on No. l,for the silphium on the reverse
of No. 1 A is much taller, reaching right up to the cliin of
the gazelle. There would, however, possibly be just
space for it in the right-hand top corner, which is off the
coin an unfortunate accident, as the inscription is very
puzzling. The two letters cannot both form part of
the same word, and it is impossible not to recognize one
or other as the initial letter of Kvpavatov. Poole, who
6 Cp. the somewhat later drachm of Euesperides in the Paris
Collection, No. 25, below, where the inscription EV on the
rever&e appears upside down.
;,(> E. s. (. KOHIXSON.
published the B.M. coin, 7 suggested K(oivbv)K(vpavatov) t
which has little to recommend it. It is true that Hero-
dotus speaks of the KOLVOV TO>V 'Id>va>v, but Ionia was not
a city. In this, as in later times (KOLVOV T&V V^O-LWT&V,
KOLVOV KprjT&v), the name implies a larger unity than
the city state. "Would the inhabitants of Barce and
Euesperides have been content to be named Kvpri-
VCLLOL? Even granting the existence at this date of
such a KOLVOV embracing the other cities, such an abbre-
viation as K K which occurs on the Cretan copper of
Hadrian and Antoninus (B. M. C. : Crete, pp. 5, Nos. 30
seqq.) seems incredible. A similar objection applies to
the amplification K(vpavaia>y) K(6////a),on the analogy of
SevOa KOLLfia, even although the contemporary support
from Crete of Toprvvos or <Pai<TTi'a)v TO iraiLia 8 might be
adduced. That the second K might be a " mint mark "
is not probable on so early a coin, but that it is
possible is shown by the contemporary tetradrachms
of Messene in Sicily. On the whole, seeing that both
letters are kappas and that one of them is probably want-
ing on the Paris specimen, perhaps the most satisfactory
solution is to take loth as the initial of Kvpavaiov, re-
garding the repetition as simply a device to fill up the
empty field according to the custom of early art. The
very decorative nature of the letter lends colour to this
theory, which would also explain the absence of a second
letter on the Paris coin where the space is occupied
by an extra pair of silphium leaves.
Ml*. Chron., 1861, p. 201.
8 Head, in*t. .Venn. 2 , pp. 465 and 472. The numismatic connexion
lictween Crete and Gyrene is often very close.
9 Hill in .VMM. Chron., 1913, pp. 100-1. On. also coins of
Barce, below, Nos. 19, 20.
QUAESTIONES CYKENAICAE. 57
2. Obv. Silphium plant with two whorls and three
umbels, arranged as on No. 1 ; in field to
1. and r. a silphium fruit in pericarp with
a button in the cleft and one at the point ;
around ^t* [YJ
P [A?]
A [VI?]
Rev. Two dolphins heraldically opposed downwards ;
between them, silphium fruit in pericarp with
point downwards, one button at the point and
one in the cleft, from which springs a fleuron ;
all in incuse square.
Berlin. B. M. AL 0-8. Wt. 260 grs. (Cp. Tr.,
2002, PI. Ixiv. 1.)
On the Berlin specimen the inscription, as far as
the left side is concerned, is quite plain ; probably
having regard to the symmetrical disposition of the
first letters it is to be completed in full as above
though it is very long for so early a coin. The
inscription renders certain the attribution to Gyrene,
made by Miiller 10 on the strength of the passage in
Strabo, 11 describing (after Eratosthenes) the stelae set
up by the Cyrenaean envoys to Ammon.
3. Obv. Silphium plant with two whorls and five umbels,
a pair springing from the base of each pair of
leaves and one crowning the plant ; in field,
to 1. and r. , silphium fruit.
Rev. Bull standing r. ; behind, palm-tree ; in lower
right-hand corner, 8 ; all in incuse square.
M. 0-9. Wt. 262-3 grs. B. M. (also Coll. Jameson,
No. 1347, PI. Ixix, and Fitzwilliam Museum,
Cambridge).
10 i, p. 17.
11 Strabo (Teubner) i. 49 mil eVi orriAiSiW ava^ladai de\<j>has
emypaxprju, e'xovras Kvprjvaivv dea>pS>v. It can hardly be meant
though it has generally been so understood (e.g. by Miiller, I.e.,
and Babelon, Tr., p. 1351) that this is the actual inscription. At
least we should have expected the Doric form
58 E. Sc G. ROBINSON.
There is no reason why the 8 (which unfortunately
does not appear on the Jameson specimen) should not
be the first letter of BAPKAION. The coin would
then be parallel with No. 1, which also shows the initial
only, and that likewise on the reverse, not the obverse.
This would then be the earliest coin attributable to
Barce. The type is interesting as well for its own
sake, it does not occur otherwise in the Cyrenaic
series, as for the anticipation of the design of later
Carthaginian coins. The attribution of this coin with
the bull to Barce raises the further question whether
the following coin should not be assigned to the
same city.
4. Obv. Silphium fruit in pericarp ; in the cleft and at
the point, a button.
Eev. Bull's head facing.
, Attic hemidrachm. Paris, wt. 32 grs., and Berlin
(29-3 grs.). M. 0-5. (Tr. 2006, PI. Ixiv. 5.)
5. Obv. Silphium with three whorls and five umbels,
a pair springing from the bases of the two
lower whorls and a single one crowning the
plant ; in field r., above, lion's head 1. with
open jaws and dotted truncation, and below,
silphium seed with point upwards.
Rev. Eagle's head r. with dotted truncation, holding
snake in beak ; in r. top corner, floral volute ;
all in dotted square ; incuse square.
B. M. A\. 0-9. Wt. 2654 grs. (= Tr. 2005.)
This coin has been often published, but in view of
the historical references which have been read into it,
it may be worth while attempting to define its date
more accurately. Babelon, 1 - maintaining that the lion's
12 Babelon, Tr., p. 1354 (following Head, Hist. Num.* p. 727);
// ' .V//w/., 1894, pp. 274 seqq.
QUAESTIONES CYKENAICAE. 59
head is similar to that on coins of Samos, and the
reverse type to the coins of lalysus, brings the piece
into relation with the expedition which Arcesilas III
launched from Samos towards 528 to recover his
kingdom, and assumes that R/hodes as well as Samos
was his recruiting ground. 13 The lion's scalp facing is
certainly a distinctively Samian type, but the lion's
head in profile suggests south-western Asia Minor,
and the style of the two coins bearing it, figured in
the Traite, PL xi. 26 and 27 u as Samian, should surely
lead us with Six 15 to place them in that district. Why
too should the engraver, if he wished to refer to Samos,
choose a type which, even granting that the coins just
referred to are Samian, is quite isolated in that series,
instead of the familiar facing lion's scalp with which
the series 1G begins and continues. Head 17 has already
suggested that the lion's head is borrowed from Lindus.
We know that a contingent of Lindians under the
sons of Panchis took part in the second colonization
of Gyrene under Battus II shortly before 570, 18 and
this lends added weight to Head's suggestion. At any
rate all connexion with Samos vanishes, and there
is no mention of any place save Samos in Herodotus's
account of the return of Arcesilas. 19
13 Ibid., p. 290, " Rhodes et Samos, les deux iles ou Arcesilas
recruta son armee."
14 = B. M. C., p. 352, Nos. 23 and 27.
15 Num. Chron., 1890, p. 240.
16 The fact that the earliest coins with lion's scalp (Traite, ibid.,
pp. 443 seqq.) are earlier than the two coins in question makes
their isolation more prominent.
17 Num. Chron., 1891, p. 4, followed by Ch. Blinkenberg, " La
Chronique du Temple Lindien," p. 439.
18 Inscriptions in Blinkenberg, op. cit., p. 329, xvii, and his
comments, p. 353.
19 iv. 162, 163.
60 E. S. G. ROBINSON.
A stylistic comparison shows that the lion's head
on the coin of Gyrene is later than the staters of
Lindus of the first period. It offers perhaps most
analogy to the tetrobols of the second period (after
:>00 B.C.), for example B.M.C.: Caria, p. 229, Nos. 9
and 10, with the dotted truncation at the neck, and
a very similar treatment of the "ruff". Again, the
coins of lalysus which suggested the reverse type 20
are later than the earliest coins of the other cities
of Rhodes which have a type on only one side. They
cannot be put much before the beginning of the fifth
century, to which period they are assigned by Head
(B.M.C.: Caria, p. 226), for Babeloii's earlier date
(c. 530) rests ultimately on the assumption that our
Xo. 5 was struck by Arcesilas III. Thus the arguments
from style and from origin of types both alike com-
pel us to place this coin after 500, and so reinforce
the other arguments against its connexion with
Arcesilas III and his expedition, c. 530.
Traces of Rhodian influence are also visible on the
following piece.
6. Obi". Head of lioness facing; above, silphium fruit,
point upwards ; dotted border.
Jicr. Head of griffin r. in dotted square ; incuse
square.
B. M. M. 0-05. Wt. 60-8 grs. (2V. 2008.)
In connexion with this coin may be considered two
coins of Camirus.
7. ol.r. Fig-leaf.
li'i'i-. [Head of griffin 1. in incuse square.]
2n On the staters the eagle has no snake in his beak ; this
feature, however, appears on the hemidrachm. Traite, ibid., p. 467,
No. 765, PI. xx. 11. Cf. Jin\ X,,m.. 1*94, pp. 274 seqq.
QUAESTIONES CYKENAICAE. 61
El. 0-3. Wt. 84 grs. (B. M. C. : Car la, p. 223,
No. 1, where the rev. is described as "incuse
square within which a deeper small incuse
depression".) On a specimen in Sir Her-
mann Weber's collection the griffin's head
is quite plain.
8. Olv. Kose.
Rev. KA ; griffin's head 1.
A\. 04. Wt. 18-3 grs. [B. M. C. : Hid., 13.]
No. 8 has been attributed by Imhoof to Karpathos
or Kasos, 21 because neither obverse nor reverse type
was known at Camirus ; but the reverse of No. 7
deprives this argument of its force.
On a general review of the first period it will be
noted that the coins fall into two classes, the one
without, the other with a type in the incuse of the
reverse ; further, that in the first class the standard
used for all denominations is the Attic, while in the
second another standard giving a drachm of 53-4 grs.
is employed for smaller denominations, side by side
with the Attic, which it gradually displaces. 22 The
nature of this new standard is puzzling ; in its later
embodiments it has been lightly called "Asiatic"
or Phoenician, which is obviously unsatisfactory.
Regling 23 avoids the difficulty by describing the later
coins as " Tetradrachmen eigenen Systems? ".
It is not here proposed to discuss the origin of
the new standard, but it is worth while roughly
21 Monnaies grecques, p. 321.
23 In the second period Attic subdivisions of the tetradrachm
are practically non-existent (a didrachm in the British Museum,
and an obol in Paris, both of Gyrene, are the only ones known to
me). In the third period the tetradrachm itself is supplanted.
23 Sammluny Warren, p. 213 ; though he calls the earlier drachms
of the same standard Phoenician.
62 E. S. G. ROBINSON.
to determine the date of its introduction if we can.
The same standard appears at two other places,
Samos u and Ephesus. At Samos it is an innovation
of the beginning of the fifth century, and is
accompanied by a further innovation in the form of
a reverse type. 25 The earliest coins which can with
certainty be assigned to this island have no reverse type
and are of a different standard. 2 ' 3 At Ephesus, if we
accept the attribution of the pieces with a crawling
bee seen in profile, 27 the standard appears towards the
end of the second half of the sixth century, under
Persian rule ; if we reject it, the first coins of such
a weight are those with the usual Ephesian types
given to the opening years of the fifth century. 28 "We
shall not be far wrong, then, if we place the first appear-
ance in S.W. Asia Minor of this standard (whatever
its origin) in the last years of the sixth century, and
in view of the close connexion of this district (and
especially Samos) with Gyrene we may infer that the
same years saw its first appearance in Africa as well.
This brings us to another question, the approximate
date of the introduction of a reverse type into the
incuse of the earliest coins. Of the districts connected
24 Where in later times its tetradrachms were so thoroughly
established as to have acquired the name of oran/p Trar/no? (Hist.
\iini-, p. 683, and reference there given).
T,;iM, #*" partie, I. p. 283, No. 449 seqq. The style of
these coins and the fact of their having a reverse type seems to
preclude Babelon's attribution of them to Polycrates.
-" I hit?., p. 278, No. 443 seqq. These cannot be much earlier than
t In- hist quarter of the sixth century.
" Ibid., p. 274, Nos. 435. 436 bis. Imhoof would give these to
Anaphe.
'" I hi, 1.. pp. 1:J7 seqq. and the tetradrachm B. M. C. : Ion ia,
p. 49, No. 205, whose date has been corrected in Hist Xum 2
p. 572.
QUAESTIONES CYREXAICAE. 63
with Gyrene, Ionia does not take this step till the
fifth century, for the coins of the Ionian revolt have
still the plain incuse. In Caria, on the other hand,
the change seems to take place earlier ; at Cnidus, for
example, the head of Aphrodite begins about 550, 29
i. e. about the same time as the appearance of a reverse
type at Athens. On the other hand the cities of Rhodes,
with which Cyrene stood in such near relations, are little
if at all earlier in making the change than those of
Ionia. 30 We ought not to be surprised, then, if the
reverse type were introduced somewhat later in Cyrene
than is generally acknowledged. The closing years
of the sixth century may be indicated as the date
of this innovation.
A further argument may be drawn from another
consideration. We have seen that the introduction
of the new standard took place not earlier than
the last years of the sixth century, say 525. No
coins with a plain incuse are of the new standard ; 31
but the earliest coins of the new standard have very
simple types, one or two silphium seeds on the
obverse, and a seed in a square incuse on the reverse.
This suggests that the new standard was introduced
not long after the reverse type. The evidence from
finds is not at all conclusive, but does not contradict
29 Ibid., p. 427, No. 699 ; the initial dating of these coins (650)
B. M. C. : Caria and Hist. Num. seems too early.
?0 See above, p. 60.
u The coin published by Sir Hermann Weber in Num. Chron.,
1899, p. 286, No. 26, is only an apparent exception. The weight
of this piece is 55-5 (i.e. above the maximum of the new standard);
it is in bad condition and has been re-struck, both of which cir-
cumstances would account for some loss of weight, while others
of the same class (Traite, No. 1980) are obviously of the Attic
standard.
64 E. S. G. ROBINSON.
such a dating. The find of Myt-Rahineh consisted of
archaic coins of the sixth and early fifth centuries,
including two Cyrenaic tetradrachms with incuse
reverses. Longperier 32 who published it dated its
burial c. 525, during the Persian invasion of Egypt.
It could not be earlier. The Taranto find :53 contained
two Cyrenaic tetradrachms also with incuse reverses.
The latest datable coins in the find were a tetradrachm
of Chalcis with a Boeotian type (c. 510-507 B. c.), one
of Eretria with the gorgoneion and lion's scalp in
incuse square (530-480), and one of Peparethus with
the grapes and the dolphin rider (c. 480). Thus in
two finds buried, say between 525 and 480, no Cyrenaic
tetradrachms with reverse types appear. On the other
hand, in the goldsmith's hoard from Naucratis," 4 of
which the latest coin is a Samian tetradrachm, struck
after the Athenian conquest of 437, we have two Cyrenaic
tetradrachms with reverse types, and none without.
If the beginning of the second class of the first
period, containing coins with a type on the reverse,
is to be placed in the last quarter of the sixth century,
when did the first class begin? This class consists
of some ten varieties, the earliest of which, in the
French collection, 35 is of very rough work. The style
of the coin will not let us place it later than the first
half of the sixth century. If on the other hand we
refer it to the end of the seventh century, we are left
with a very small number of pieces to fill the gap of
a century or more before the appearance of the later
82 Rev. Nwn., 1861, p. 425.
" Rev. Num., 1912, p. 21.
3< JVinn. Chron., 1886, p. '.'.
85 Twite, No. 1973.
QUAESTIONES CYEENAICAE. 65
coins. Though founded traditionally in 630, Gyrene can
have been of little importance historically and economi-
cally speaking till the great influx of settlers summoned
by Battus II coupled with the growing friendship
with Egypt under Amasis, raised the city to the
first rank in wealth and splendour. Such an outburst
of prosperity (c. 570) is just the occasion we should
seek for the inauguration of the Cyrenaic coinage.
SECOND PERIOD.
The connecting links between the first and second
periods are the coins bearing on the reverse the head
of Zeus Ammon, 36 and those mentioned above bearing
inscriptions, which now become universal. 37 The
tetradrachms of the second period fall into three
groups, as the art develops from archaic to transi-
tional style. In the first the eye is represented in
full, almond-shaped, and very large ; the hair is
simply arranged it is smooth on the crown of the
head, but along the temples, round which is bound
a plait, appear three rows of tight curls. Both hair
and beard are indicated in the most formal manner
by nearly straight strokes, the truncation of the neck
is left plain, and the whole is enclosed in a circular,
not a square, incuse. Two good examples of the Attic
tetradrachm of this first group are to be found in the
Warren and Jameson Collections. 38 A didrachm also
exists in the British Museum, the last Attic didrachm
to appear in the Cyrenaic series for more than a
century. The Attic standard is not, however, the only
36 Traite, Nos. 2016, 2017, 2020, &c.
7 Not till the third period do we meet anepigraphic coins again.
38 Regling, Samml. Warren, Nos. 1340-1 ; Jameson, PI. Ixix. 1349.
NUMISM. CHRON., VOL. XV, SERIES IV. P
<><> , E. S. G. ROBINSON.
one to be employed at this period, even for tetra-
drachms, as the following coin witnesses.
9. Qi Vt Silphium with two whorls and five umbels.
Rev. Head of Animon r., bearded, with ram's horn
(details as described above) ; inscr. K VPA 5
outwards ; dotted border.
B. M. JR. 1. Wt. 193-3 grs. (restruck ?).
Though the restriking may account for some slight
loss, the weight of this coin is certainly not Attic.
It might be Aeginetic or Samian. The first alterna-
tive is possible in view of the connexion with the
Aegean, and especially with Crete, for which there
is much evidence, and we have a later example at
Cyrene of the employment of what seems to be the
Cretan- Aeginetic standard. 39 But the weight though
low is not too low for the Samian standard, 40 the use
of which becomes general in the next period, and
it is easier to regard the coin as an interesting
anticipation of this later development. Of the same
group and standard is a hemidrachm in the Ward
Collection, 41 and to that must be added the following
three coins with a different reverse type.
10. Obv. Silphium plant with two whorls and three
umbels; in field 1., seed.
Rev. Head of the nymph Cyrene r., the hair bound
with a pearl diadem and caught up behind
en chignon ; incuse square, in the top corners
of which K V [; bottom corners obscure].
A\. Wt. 49 grs. Brussels (Coll. Hirsch).
See below, Silver Coinage of Fourth Period.
Though the normal weight of the Samian tetradrachm is
200-206 grains, we have early examples from Samos weighing as
little as 188-3 and even 183 (B. M. C. : Ionia, p. 351 Nos. 19
and 22).
41 Ward Coll., No. 904.
QUAESTIONES CYRENAICAE. 67
11. Obv. Silphium plant with two whorls and three
umbels ; in field 1. a seed with its pericarp,
around, four dots placed
Rev. Head of Gyrene 1. as above, but of different
style ; in front KVPA, behind N A ^>
outwards ; dotted border ; circular incuse.
JR. 0-6. Wt. 51 grs. Copenhagen (M. i. 116).
12. Obv. Similar, but without seed.
Rev. Head of Gyrene, of style similar to No. 11, but
more advanced ; in dotted circle ; in incuse
square, in the corners of which K V
V d
M. 0-55. Wt. 51-9 grs. B. M. = M. i. 115.
The head on No. 12 has been described by Miiller
as Apollo, 42 but there seems no reason to consider it
as different from that on No. 11, the inscription
KVPANA on which, it may be suggested, refers to the
type as well as to the city. Parallel with these coins,
and linking up with the next group, is the series
of drachms and hemidrachms bearing the types of the
liead of Ammon and silphium.
13. Obv. Silphium plant.
Rev. Head of bearded Ammon r. in dotted circle in
incuse square, in corners of which K V
B. M. /K. 0-6. Wt. 50 grs. V d
The general arrangement of the hair is like that of
the similar heads in the first group, and the eye though
not so pronounced is still almost entirely full. On
the other hand, the truncation of the neck is dotted.
As a rule the silphium has no pair of umbels springing
on either side above the highest whorl. The absence
of these is a sign of early date, though the contrary
does not hold.
42 i. 115.
F 2
68 E. S. G. KOBINSON.
Two early varieties may be mentioned here.
14. Obv. Silphium plant with two whorls and three
umbels.
Rev. _ Head of Ammon as on No. 13 ; but inside the
dotted circle to 1. and r. of head K V m
incuse square. A '
B. M. M. 0-6. Wt. 50-7 grs.
15. Ob v. Silphium plant as above.
Eev. Head of Ammon as on No. 13, but 1. ; the hair
is allowed to hang down as far as the nape of
the neck, in the fringe appears the uraeus ;
all in dotted circle in incuse square, in the
corners of which V I >l
Paris. M. 0-6. Wt. 53 grs.
The interest of No. 15, which is one of the earliest
of its class, lies in the presentation of the head of
Ammon. It gives the only example I know of at
Gyrene of the wig-like Egyptian treatment of the
back hair, which is so noticeable a feature of the con-
temporary coins assigned to Golgoi with the types
obv. Hermes, rev. Head of Ammon. 43 This is the first
appearance too of the uraeus, which does not occur
again for more than half a century.
From this time the coins of Barce and Euesperides
are exactly like those of Gyrene, and can only be
distinguished by the legends. The puzzling letters
T and A, which appear on some of the drachms of
Barce, will be discussed later. 44
This series of drachms leads into and overlaps with
the second group of tetradrachms of the period.
43 B. M. C. : Cyprus, p. 70. < 4 See p. 78.
QUAESTIONES CYKENAICAE. 69
16. Obv. Silphium with two whorls, five umbels, and root.
ft eVt Head of Zeus Ammon r. (fine archaic style) ;
in front, BAP } ; thick dotted border in
circular incuse.
Attic tetradrachm (Hunter Coll. (Barce). M. 1-35.
Wt. 266-5 = Macdonald, iii, p. 578, No. 1).
Also Samian drachm, B. M. (Gyrene.
M. 55. Wt. 53-8), and hemidrachm, B. M.
(Gyrene. M. 04. Wt. 24-8 grs.).
The style of this head (which occurs both at Barce
and at Gyrene) is more advanced than that of No. 9 and
the two coins in the Warren and Jameson Collections,
and the hair is differently arranged. The plait coiled
round just above the nape of the neck remains, and
the fringe of curls above the forehead ; but the hair
on the crown and back of the head gives the impression
of being waved and crimped. Only one corner of the
eye is now seen, and on well-preserved specimens the
eyelash is clearly visible ; the truncation of the neck
is dotted. Corresponding to the tetradrachm are a
drachm and hemidrachm of similar treatment, the
head on the reverse being in a dotted square in place
of the usual circle.
The third and last group in the second period provides
us with several interesting pieces, and some puzzles.
It is the most numerous of the three, and consists
largely of tetradrachms.
Gyrene.
Obv. Silphium plant with two whorls and five umbels
in field to 1. and r. M 3
[E V]
Rev. Head of bearded Ammon r., the eye about three-
quarter face, the hair arranged as on No. 9 ;
in front, KVPA ) outwards ; dotted border.
Berlin (M. Suppl. 121 A). M. 14. Wt. 244
grs. (corroded).
70 E. S. G. KOBINSON.
18. Obv. Silphium plant, as on No. 17; to 1. and r. of
base [E] V
Eev. Head of bearded Ammon r., with the hair
arranged as on No. 16, but the beard breaking
into loose curls and the eye more in profile ;
in front KVPA 3
Berlin. JR. 1-05.
Another example in Copenhagen completes, and is
in turn completed by, No. 18. The obverse of the
Copenhagen specimen seems to be from the same die,
and reads E to 1. of the base of the silphium, the space
for the V being off the coin. The reverse, though from
a different die, is very close in style to No. 18; un-
fortunately, the space in front of the face is badly
corroded, and this renders the inscription illegible,
but presumably it also was KVPA.
Barce.
19. Olv. Silphium plant with two whorls and five
umbels.
Rev. Head of bearded Ammon r., with the hair and
beard treated as on No. 18 ; in front >ISA8 }
outwards ; behind, T.
Berlin. JR. 1-05. Gwinner (same dies).
20. Obv. Silphium plant with two whorls and five
umbels (the base of the stalk off the coin).
Rev. Head of bearded Ammon r., the hair in rows of
tight curls, the beard curling freely in triple
border ; in front of the nose and encroaching
on to the border, T ; all in incuse square, in
the corners of which B A
M Tdl
B. M. Attic tetradrachm. JR. 1. Wt. 2494 ere.
(20 a).
On another coin (20b) from the same dies in the Hirsch
Collection at Brussels, the silphium plant is struck
QUAESTIONES CYKENAICAE. 71
higher up on the flan, revealing on either side of the
base of the stalk a letter, of which a corner may be
seen on the Museum specimen. These letters, though
largely formed, are straggling and very uncertain:
they seem to resemble T E, but the lowest bar of
the E and part of the T are off the coin. In connexion
with this piece another coin may be studied.
21. Ob v. Silphium plant with two whorls and five
umbels ; at base of stalk to 1. and r., 3 T.
Rev. Head of Ammon r., style advanced towards
transitional, the beard slightly curling; in
front of face, Sk; all in dotted circle, in circular
incuse.
Paris (Samian drachm). Wt. 50-6 grs. =M. Suppl.
331 A. Bompois, PI. I. 10.
22. Obv. Silphium plant with two whorls and five
umbels ; to 1. and r. of base of stalk K V ;
in field r. A. ? (the last letter doubtful).
Rev. Head of Zeus Ammon r., of coarse type, the
hair and beard treated as in No. 20 ; in front
B
of the face A ; all in incuse square.
P
B. M. M. 145 (Attic tetradrachm). Wt. 2484 grs.
Gyrene Euesperides.
In connexion with Nos. 17 and 18, on which the
name of Euesperides has already been recognized by
Muller, 45 it is necessary to go closely into the history
and early numismatics of that city.
The earliest coins attributable to this, the western-
most of all the cities of Cyrenaica, are the following :
45 Muller, Suppl., p. 8, Nos. 121, 121 A, and note.
72 E. S. G. ROBINSON.
23. Obv. Silphium with two whorls and three umbels;
to 1. and r. of base of stalk, E $.
Rev. Dolphin 1. ; beneath, EY ; above to 1. and r., a dot;
incuse square.
B. M. M. 0-45. Samian drachm. Wt. 48-6 grs.
(very rough style).
24. Obv. Silphium with two whorls and five(?) umbels.
Rev. Dolphin to r. diagonally downwards; beneath,
cloven hoof (of a gazelle?) ; above, EV ; all in
incuse square.
Warren Collection. 46 M. 0-55. Samian drachm.
Wt. 53-5 grs.
Two varieties of this coin, which have given rise
to some confusion by their imperfect condition, are
worthy of mention.
25. Obv. Similar to No. 24 (? trace of letter E to 1. of base
of stalk, the larger part being off the coin).
Rev. Similar to No. 24, but above tA (sic).
Paris. M. 0-6. Samian drachm.
26. Obv. Similar to No. 24 (again trace of E ?).
Rev. Similar, but dolphin to 1. , diagonally upwards ;
beneath, in 1. bottom corner of the incuse
square, V.
Brussels (Coll. Hirsch). M. 0-6. Wt. 41 grs.
(worn). Samian drachm.
27. Obv. Similar to No. 24 (again traces of letters?).
Rev. Dolphin r., beneath a crab's claw, above EV ;
circular incuse.
Brussels (Coll. Hirsch). M. 0-5. Wt. 45 grs.
(worn). Samian drachm.
28. Obv. Silphium as on No. 13.
Rev. Head of bearded Ammon r. as on No. 13, but
E V
46 Regling, Samml. Warren, p. 214, No. 1367.
QUAESTIONES CYRENAICAE. 73
B. M. M. 0-65. Wt. 47-3 grs. Also Samian
drachms and hemidrachms (B. M. M. 0-55.
Wt. 19-7 grs.)
Of Nos. 25, 26, and 27, either the reverses are much
corroded or the lower part of the field is off the coin,
but on all there are traces of letters as indicated, on
No. 25 what might clearly be the top bar of an E.
With No. 23 before us, it may be suggested that all
these obverses should be read E . The reverse in-
scription of No. 25 has been read as F V, 47 and referred
to a town Hydrax, a reading superficially supported
by the fact that on No. 26 V appears apparently alone.
But (1) Hydrax is a place unknown save for Ptolemy
and Synesius, and therefore not a priori likely to have
been a mint in the archaic period ; (2) on No. 26, though
no letter is visible save V, the whole length of the field
above the dolphin's back, where there would be room for
the letter E, is off the coin; (3)No. 24 incontestably reads
EV, and is so closely bound by style, type, and fabric
to Nos. 25 and 26 that it must surely issue from the
same mint. All these considerations render it almost
certain that Nos. 24-6 belong to Euesperides, a con-
clusion that would be confirmed if the reading on the
obverse of these coins turns out, as is here suggested,
to be ES.
Nos. 23 and 27 are certainly, to judge by style, earlier
than No. 28. If we may admit the argument from
the succession of types at Gyrene and Barce, where
the various animal and general types appear first,
to be ousted by Zeus Ammon, Nos. 24-6 are also
earlier, though stylistically there is little difference.
47 Hist. Num.' 1 , p. 873, note.
74 E. S. G. ROBINSON.
Now No. 28 is one of the large series of drachms and
hemidrachms, issued equally at Gyrene and at Barce,to
which reference has been made above. That series
overlaps and so connects the first and second groups of
this period, i. e. its date is c. 480-460. Nos. 23-7, or
at least Nos. 23 and 27, are therefore not later than
c. 480. But here we are faced with a historical diffi-
culty, since the accepted date of the foundation of
Euesperides is c. 460. 48
Most of our information about the early history of
Euesperides is contained in Pindar, Pythian V, and
the Scholiast's notes thereto. The relevant passage runs
as follows: TavTa Sk Tnorourcu [6 AiSvpos] TrapaTiOt-
ra GtorifJLov K TOV TrpcoTOV Trepl Kvprji>r)$ <E\OVTCL
SiaTTiTTTOva-ai' 8t rrjv irpagiv a/0-#o/ze*>oy 'ApK(riXaos
Kal /3oiA6/^ej>oy 81' avTov ray '.Eo-Trep^ay oiKicrai 7re//7ret
IJL\V e/9 ray TravrjyvpeLS ITTTTOVS a^X^cro^ray Ev(f>r]fjLov
ayovTa, viKrja-as Se ra IlvOia Kal TTJV kavrov irarptSa
o-T(/)dva)o- Kal enoiKovs e/y ray 'Eo-Trep^ay crvveXeyev.
\v ovv T\VTa' KdppcoTos #e rfjs 'ApK(ri\dov
6 roivvv TlivSapos roi)y eraipov y KaQo[JLi\>v TO Karanpa-
X0\v T<i>Ev<t>rifj.(t> ra> Kappa>Ta> Trpoo-^x/re' povov yap Karop-
Oaxrai (f)rj(nv avrov ayayovra TO o-TpaTLcoTLKov.^
This passage has been taken to prove that Euesperides
was founded by Arcesilas IV to secure his uncertain
throne. 50 But surely this is not the natural interpretation
of the passage : in such a case we should have expected
! / /.s/ . X,t m.\ p. 873, Euesperides, and Pauly-Wissowa (where
.o account of the city itself is given), s.v. Hesperiden, "Die nach ,
der Uberliefemng 460 gegrtindete Stadt Euesperides "
Find., Schol. (Teubner), pp. 175-6.
" Urn sein wankendes Regiment zu stutzen." Busolt ii. 2 535.
QUAESTIONES CYRENAICAE. 75
npa-yfj-ara for Trpagii/, which must mean either " good
success" or "the business" generally, and is not used
with the political significance of irpaypa. The passage
here quoted is taken out of its context ; I would suggest
that 7rpais refers not to the fortunes of Arcesilas,
but to the previous plantation (or plantations) of
Euesperides. Such an explanation would also give
point to the Si' avrov of the next phrase. The whole
sentence would then run : " Arcesilas saw the business
was falling through (imperfect), and wished to colonize
Hesperides on his own account, so he sent," &c. Like
Hiero of Syracuse, Arcesilas wishes to make a display
of his wealth and power, and Euesperides is colonized
like another Catana-Aetna. That, like Hiero again,
Arcesilas had the intention of providing himself with
a retreat in case of need, is made probable by the fact
that he fled there on the revolution at Cyrene only to
meet his death. 51 Theotimus, however, does not say so.
That Euesperides existed previous to 460 is also
shown by a passage of Herodotus, referring to the
Persian expedition in the closing years of the sixth
century: ouro? 6 Ueptrecof crrparoy rfjs Ai,(3vr]$ e/caoraro)
es Eveo-jrepiSas rjXde. 52 Finally, we have the literary
evidence confirmed by the coins Nos. 23-8 described
above, of which all, judging by style and by com-
parison with the issues of Barce and Cyrene, should be
earlier than 460, and some earlier than 480.
That Euesperides cannot have been in a flourishing
way, probably because of the attacks of Libyans, to
51 Heraclides, Pol. iv. 4, who calls him " Battus ".
52 Herodotus iv. 204. In this passage EjWTrepi'Sas has been taken
to mean the name of the district and not the town, but only
because it was supposed that the town did not then exist.
7G E. S. G. KOBINSON.
which its exposed position rendered it particularly
liable, is suggested by the fact that from the period
before 460 no coins larger than the drachm have come
down to us.
It is difficult to resist the conclusion that ourNos. 17
and 18 were struck in direct connexion with Arcesilas's
attempt to revive Euesperides for his own benefit,
possibly even for the pay of the o-TpaTicoTiKov, which
the eclat of his Pythian victory enabled him to enroll
in Greece. In this connexion it is interesting to note
that the style of No. 17 is quite different from that
of the other Cyrenaic heads of Ammon, and rather
recalls the art of Greece Proper. Now Arcesilas's
Pythian victory was won in 462. Our Nos. 17 and 18,
therefore, or at least No. 17, which seems to be the
earlier, were struck in that year or the year following
"alliance" coins of Gyrene and Euesperides. Even
if we may not take for granted that these coins were
issued on the immediate occasion of Arcesilas's planta-
tion, we may at least assume that they were issued
between that event and the tyrant's downfall, i. e.
462 and c. 450.
BarceTeucheira.
At Barce, in the third group of the second period,
we get an exactly similar phenomenon, though the
readings are not always so clear, and there is a greater
element of doubt about the explanation of some features.
It is best perhaps to begin from the clearest and work
towards the more uncertain.
Our No. 21 was described originally by Bompois, 53
Bompois, Medailles grecques frappdes dans la Cyrenat'que, p. 53,
QUAESTIONES CYRENAICAE. 77
and then published by Muller in his Supplement. 54
Both authors, however, miss the significance of the
inscription on the obverse, and take the retrograde 9
(which the engraver has placed so that the dotted circle
encroaches upon its upright stroke) for a symbol,
" possibly the half of a grain of silphium." The /? 55
then becomes the beginning of a name, for Bompois
that of a town, Darnis or Ardanixis, for Muller that
of a magistrate. The shape of the B is very similar
to that on Nos. 3 and 22. Once the first letter is
recognized as a B we cannot resist recognizing the
whole as the beginning of the ethnic BAPKAION, so
that, if TE represents Teucheira, the piece falls into
line with the contemporary alliance pieces of Gyrene
and Euesperides. Such a connexion would be amply
confirmed by what we know of the history of Barce
and Teucheira. Teucheira was a port which served the
inland city of Barce. It was close to it geographically,
and was politically subordinate. Herodotus calls it
iro\iv rr
54 p. 15.
55 The occurrence of a monogram so early is rather surprising ;
but not much later, in the next period at Gyrene, on one of the
earliest coins of the magistrate NiW, we find the O and N of the
ethnic ligatured.
56 iv. 171. In Pauly-Wissowa, s. v. Barke, it is stated that Euespe-
rides was also at some time part of the domain of Barce, but the
only reference given in support of this statement rather points to
the opposite, The passage is in Diodorus, xviii. 20. 3, and is perhaps
worth giving to correct the error. Thimbron having overawed the
Cyrenaeans 8ie7rpe<r/3ev(raTO de KOI Trpbs ras XXay iroXeis at)v <rvp.-
fiax^v a>? fjieXXovTOs avrov TTJV 7r\rj(n6x<i)pov \L^V
Gyrene revolts . . . T&V 5e Bap/cauoj/ Knl T&V e Ecr7repiTa>i>
TO> Qiftpwvi Kvpijvaloi . . fTropOovv rf]v TO>V atrrvvofuov x<u>pav. This is
confirmed for an earlier period by the language of Herodotus in
the passage quoted above. 'Ao-ftvcrTcwv fie e \ovrat TO irpbs c<nrcpi)s
i" OITOL vrrep EupKrjs otKe'overt, Kari]Kovres eirl ddXaanrav (ear'
78 E. S. G. KOBINSON.
On No. 20, as has been mentioned, the letters are not
so clear, but the reading T E (from the Hirsch specimen)
seems the most likely, besides being along the line
of least resistance. The inscription, whatever it is, is
bound to be either an ethnic or what is termed for con-
venience' sake a moneyer's name or mint letter. The first
alternative is most likely, because (1) it is in the place
regularly employed for the ethnic, both in this period
(when the inscription appears on the obverse at all)
and in the next, and (2) if a conclusion to be reached
later is correct, the T on the reverse is to be regarded as
a mint letter, and we should not expect another on the
same coin. Granted that it is an ethnic, it might be a
continuation of the inscription begun on the obverse, 57
but no possible ingenuity can read the letters as A I ,
which is what in that case they would have to be. Nor
again are they KV or EV, the only other alternatives
that we have reason to expect. This tetradrachm then
should be placed side by side with the drachm No. 21,
which it resembles in the freer treatment of the beard
and eye.
The letter T which occurs on the reverse raises
a very difficult question, to which it is not possible
to give a satisfactory answer. This letter occurs only
on coins of Barce, and its occurrence there seems to be
arbitrary : for example, we find it in varying positions
on the regular series of drachms mentioned above
linking the first and second groups; we find it also
on a tetradrachm of the third group (here No. 19)
Evnrptdar. Aw^'O"*^" ft* Kara p.t<rov T/}? %<*>pi]S OLK^OIXTL I'
(dvos, KaTrjKOVTfs f TTi 6a\a<T<Tav Kara Tai'^ei/ja Tro'Xii/ 7779 Hap/cai'^9. The
language implies that Euesperides was not a rroXt? rf/? 'BnpKu
' ('p. the coin figured in Coll. Jameson, PI. xcvi. 1343 B.
QUAESTIONES CYRENAICAE. 79
which, though the beard is more freely treated, recalls
in style the weaker coins of the second group. It is
often inserted upside down, sometimes encroached on
by the border in such a way as to leave its real nature
open to doubt, and is always on the reverse. Miiller, who
first noted it, suggests that it may be the initial letter
of Teucheira, 53 but there are two reasons against this.
First, on certain other coins the letter A (and possibly
the letter A) 59 occurs in exactly the same circumstances,
and no explanation can be admitted which does not
equally cover all cases. Supposing, as is likely, that
A is a misreading for A , we have to find another city
beginning with A with which Barce is to be in alliance.
The only possibility is Darnis, that last resort of all who
are puzzled by A in the Cyrenaic series. Darnis was
the most easterly city of Cyrenaica, just on the borders
of Marmarica, and therefore the most unlikely place
to hold close relations with Barce. Ptolemy is the first
witness to its existence as a town at all, and it does
not become of importance till late imperial times.
If the reading A is to stand as well, the difficulty
becomes hopeless. The second reason why T can-
not be the initial of an ethnic is, that on our No. 20,
where it occurs on the reverse, we already have on the
obverse letters which must represent an ethnic, whether
of Teucheira or no is immaterial for the moment. To
have three ethnics on one coin would be almost in-
58 i, p. 85.
59 A is alleged to occur on a coin quoted from Pellerin by
Miiller, which, he says, is not in the Paris Collection. Now there
is in the Paris Collection a piece reading A with a little stroke
on one side which might have been taken for A, and this is
possibly the coin referred to. Dr. Iinhoof-Blumer tells us that he
has never met with A.
80 E. S. G. ROBINSON.
conceivable. We must fall back, then, upon the conclu-
sion that both T and A (and A if it exists) are simply
" mint letters ", though the practice of putting magis-
trates' names on coins does not begin in the Cyrenaica
for another half-century. It must be confessed that
it would be surprising to find such a use (it did not
become a general custom) so early, although in view
of the contemporary or even earlier practice at Messene
quoted above 60 it is not impossible.
Barce Cyrene.
The interesting piece, No. 22, remains. Of the letters
on the obverse, the K and V are quite plain though
carelessly formed ; the P is not so certain : if it is
accepted, the inscription ran in a circle outwards.
Though the style of this coin is coarse, it is more
advanced in such details as the eye and beard than are
any of the other alliance coins. The type of Ammon,
much nearer the ram than the ideal presentations
of the second group, recalls the brute nature which
comes out so strongly in the heads of the next
period. "We shall not be far wrong in putting it
towards the very end of the second period, to which
it clearly belongs. Even if the third letter of the in-
scription be not regarded as proven, it is incontestably
an " alliance " coin of Barce and Cyrene. These two
cities, rivals for the hegemony of Cyrenaica, were
more often at enmity than friendship. The issue of
" alliance " coins of Barce-Teucheira looks like a direct
answer to the menace implied in the " alliance " coins,
Cyrene-Euesperides. What can have been the occasion
of the issue of alliance coins of Barce-Cyrene ?
60 See p. 56, note, and cp. No. 1.
QUAEST JONES CYRENAICAE. 81
The coins of Cyrene-Euesperides, according to the
theories here advanced, were issued by Arcesilas
after B. c. 462. Herodotus's account of Cyrenaic history,
though he makes no direct mention of such an event,
implies the previous fall of the kingly house. The
famous oracle cannot but be, as Busolt points out, a vati-
cinium post eventum. Herodotus's account is worked up
from material gathered during a visit which probably
took place about 443. G1 Allowing time for the oracle
to establish itself in circulation, the fall of Arcesilas
cannot have occurred much later than 445 ; for other
reasons it is probably not much earlier than 450.
Arcesilas had made himself hated : there were many
powerful exiles. Is it not likely that the exiles retired
on Barce, the natural enemy of their own city, and
thence plotted the tyrant's downfall? Barce would
naturally be willing to do all in her power to harm
the government of her rival. If, as has been suggested
on the poor authority of Polyaenus, 62 Barce was already
a republic, the likelihood is increased. May we not
see in this coin the recognition of help aiforded in the
successful attempt of the Cyrenaeans to expel their
king? Such help would be very needful to the new
government of Gyrene. Arcesilaus still lived ; at first
01 Jacoby in Pauly-Wissowa, s.v. Herodotus, p. 254.
52 Polyaen. vii. 28, describing the siege of Barce by Arsames,
presumably c. 483, speaks of ot apxovres as being sent by the
besieged city to treat for terms. This has been taken to show
that Barce had already ejected her kingly house : but (1) Busolt
and Meyer regard the incident as a duplication of the Aryandes-
Barce story ; (2) if, as is very possible, it does refer to a second
siege, Polyaenus is very likely to have written the story in accord-
ance with his own ideas of what an ancient Greek city was like,
and to have been mistaken in mentioning the apxovrfs who (3) may
anyhow quite well have co-existed with a king; see p. 73, note 47.
NCMIS&I. CHRON., VOL. XV, SERIES IV. Q.
82 K. s. G. ROBINSON.
he had fled to his stronghold Euesperides, where later
he was to meet his death. The city would be full
of disaffection, dissatisfied revolutionaries or adherents
of the old regime equally a menace to the new
government. Friendly and close relations with Barer
would be for the moment essential.
With he "alliance" coins Gyrene -Euesperides, Barce-
Cyrene, the name of Gyrene ceases to appear till well
on into the next period when the transitional style
is almost over. There is no such gap in the Barcaean
series. Its style develops continuously into the third
period, whose beginning we may define arbitrarily,
though with convenience, by the final supersession of
the Attic by the Samian weight standard. At least
two coins of Attic weight seem to have been struck at
Barce after the issue of the Barce-Cyreiie " alliance "
coin.
29. Obv. Head of bearded Ammon r., the eye three-
quarter face, the beard and the hair realisti-
cally treated though not curled ; in front,
BAP 3; triple dotted border.
Her. Silphium with two whorls (three visible leaves)
and seven umbels ; in incuse square.
Paris. M. M. Attic tetradrachm. Wt. 263 grs.
30. Obv. Silphium plant with two whorls (three visible
leaves) and seven umbels ; traces of root to r.
Rev. Head of bearded Ammon r., the horn curling
above, not round ; the ear, the beard, and hair
realistically treated, the latter breaking into
loose curls all over the head ; dotted circle,
round the outside of which BAP]KAIO[N O,
circular incuse.
B. M. A\. 1. Attic tetradrachm. Wt. 258-1 grs.
Ward Coll., No. 903 (differentdies), 259-5 grs.
QUAESTIONES CYKENAICAE.
83
Nos. 29 and 30 stand close together, (1) by reason
of the treatment of the hair which, though differently
conceived in the two cases, in both is freer than any-
thing which has preceded, (2) in the representation
of the silphium. Here for the first time we find what
is comparatively common on later coins a whorl con-
ceived as having two pairs of leaves at right angles to
each other, instead of a simple pair in a straight line.
Of course only three leaves would be visible, the other
being at the back. To correspond to this extra pair
of leaves (of which one only is visible) we have an
extra umbel; presumably there would be another
umbel at the back to correspond to the other (invisible)
leaf. In fact every subsidiary umbel G3 corresponds to
a leaf above which it rises. The result is that, in the
new presentation of the whorl, two leaves and two
umbels appear seen from the side, one leaf and one
umbel seen from the front. No. 29 is further remark-
able for the use of the obverse for the head, here an
isolated example of the practice which becomes general
after the turn of the century. No. 30 shows equally
convincingly that it stands on the threshold of the
next period ; besides the general freedom of style and
the type of silphium, referred to above, one particular
feature, the rather weak variation of the ram's horn,
is repeated on three occasions in the third period. 64
A striking similarity in the conception of the head,
though the style is a little more developed, occurs later,
as on the drachm No. 38, published below. With these
two coins the series of Attic tetradrachms ends.
83 i. e. all except the main flower on top.
64 See below, Nos. 34-6; on No. 34 we have also the same
circular arrangement of the legend.
G2
84 E. S. G. ROBIXSOX.
What was the date of the final victory of the Samian
standard which marks the beginning of the third period?
It is generally supposed 65 that the change took place as
a result of the expulsion of the Battiads, which (as we
have seen above) can be dated with some certainty
to the years 455-445 ; but if our explanation of the
Barce-Cyrene alliance coin is correct, the Attic standard
must still have been in use in the Cyrenaica after the
revolution, a conclusion which is supported by the
developed style of Nos. 29 and 30. The principal mint
from which tetradrachms of Samian weight had hither-
to been issued was Samos. Now in 439 that island
revolted, and after a protracted siege was reduced by
the Athenians. Though it has been generally assumed
that the mint began to work again immediately after
the capitulation, such a concession would seem to be at
variance with the general practice of Athens in the
matter of the rights of coinage, about which she was
particularly jealous towards her subject allies. Further,
the obvious change in style between the pieces of the
earlier period (B. M. <?.: Ionia, p. 353, Nos. 28-41), and
of the series supposed to begin in 439 (ibid., pp. 357 if.,
Nos. 82-99), seems to demand a chronological explana-
tion. 66 If we may assume that the Samian mint ceased
operations for some years after the reduction of the city,
the resulting shortage of tetradrachms of Samos which
M Miiller, passim, and Hist. Num. 2 , p. 868, where the date of this
event is given as 431, which must be too late.
66 If, with Professor Gardner ("Samos and Samian Coins," Xunt.
Chron., 1882, p. 244), we could place in the gap the Samian coins
of Attic weight (B. M. C.: Ionia, p. 361, Nos. 126-8) all would be
simple. But the square shape of the lion's scalp, the tilt of the bull's
neck, his decoration, the presence of symbol or monogram all point
to these rare coins falling after the dated series.
QUAESTIONES CYRENAICAE.
85
(to judge by the issue of drachms of Samian weight at
Gyrene must have been very popular in Cyrenaic ex-
change) would give us an excellent reason for the issue of
Cyrenaic tetradrachms on that standard. This would
be not so much a strikingly new departure as the
consummation of a change begun the best part of a
century before by the introduction of Samian drachms,
and at least anticipated by the tetradrachm No. 9
described above.
It may be worth while here to note two pieces of
negative evidence which throw some light on con-
temporary history. First, according to one account, 67
Barce was subjected to a second siege by the Persians
just before Xerxes' invasion of Greece, and was reduced
and heavily punished. Events of such a nature would
explain the entire absence at Barce of coins of the
first group of the second period, corresponding to
No. 9 above of Gyrene, an absence which is remarkable
in view of the fact that the last issues of the first period
and the second group of the second are represented.
Secondly, it has been hinted above that Gyrene after
the expulsion of the Battiads was in a weak condition,
and this is confirmed by the alliance coin No. 22, Barce-
Cyrene. We even get an indication from the disposition
of the two ethnics on this coin that Barce may have
been the predominant partner. On all the other
"alliance" coins published above Cyrene-Euesperides,
Barce-Teucheira the name of the predominant state
c7 Polyaen. vii. 28. See above, p. 81, note 62. If, as Meyer and
Busolt suppose, this is a duplication of the earlier siege it is a veiy
circumstantial one. But why should it be a duplication? Polyaenus
knows of the other siege as well, and if we must have duplication,
it is easier to grant duplication of particulars than of the whole.
SI) E. S. G. ROIUXSOX.
(Gyrene or Barce as the case may be) appears on the
reverse beside the head of Ammon, the name of the
dependant on the obverse with the silphium ; now in
the Barce-Cyrene " alliance " coin, the name of Barce
appears on the reverse, that of Gyrene on the obverse.
Further, as has been observed above, there are no coins
of Attic weight at Gyrene later than the Cyrene-Eue-
sperides ' ; alliance " pieces, to correspond to our Nos. 1),
30 at Barce. Once more, to anticipate somewhat, after
the beginning of the next period there is still nothing
to correspond to the Barcaean transitional tetradrachms
of the new weight ; when the Cyrenaean tetradrachms
do begin again, they are often of poor and coarse work.
Only on some hypothesis of temporary weakness can
we explain this apparent cessation of the tetradrachm
coinage at Gyrene for something like twenty years.
Finally, towards the end of the second period I would
place the following coin ; from which town of the
Pentapolis it issued, the absence of inscription prevents
our even guessing.
31. Obv. Silphium plant with two whorls and five
umbels, and with root.
Rev. Head of bearded Ammon r. ; dotted circle in
circular incuse.
Paris. ,Y. 0-5. Wt. 53 grs. Samian drachm.
This very interesting piece is the first of the Cyrenaic
gold issues. The head recalls, in the arrangement and
treatment of the hair, the second group of the second
period (No. 16) ; the eye is not yet seen in profile. It
is interesting to note that the same standard is
'niployed for the gold as for the silver drachms.
QUAESTIONES CYKEXAICAE. 87
THIRD PERIOD.
The third period begins and ends with a change in
the silver weight standard. The beginning is marked,
as we have seen above, by the introduction (c. 435)
of the Samian standard for tetradrachms, the end by
the introduction of the Rhodian standard after 308.
The latter date we can fix with some precision. Since
Alexander the fortunes of Gyrene had become in-
volved for better for worse with those of Egypt ; after
a short period of revolt under Ophelias, Magas was
sent in 308 to recover the cities for his stepfather,
a task which he successfully accomplished. From
that date down to Magas's rebellion the district was
Egyptian. Now c. 305 Ptolemy changed the standard
of his satrapal coins from Attic to Rhodian. It is a
safe deduction that the issue of the Cyrenaean coins
of Rhodian weight followed that change.
Within this period (435-305) a continuous develop-
ment may be observed. Towards the close of the fifth
century magistrates' names begin to appear freely on
the coins, and the head is moved from the obverse
to the reverse. Early in the fourth century a plentiful
coinage in gold, and on a new standard, the Attic,
begins ; half a century or so later the Samian silver
standard is superseded once more by the Attic,
didrachms taking the place of tetradrachms. The
obverse type shows much variety ; instead of the ever-
lasting bearded Ammoii we find Eros, Dionysus, and the
beardless Ammoii. Towards the close of the century
a bronze coinage is introduced.
As in the last period, the issues of Barce and Gyrene
run closely parallel in style to each other. But it is
88 E. S. G. ROBINSON.
remarkable that whereas the early years of the period,
say down to about 420, seem to be empty at Gyrene and
full at Barce, after the end of the century the positions
are reversed. There are very few coins of Barce that
we can put later than c. 390, nor does the city share in
the plentiful gold issue of the fourth century. Some
pieces have no ethnic, and in such cases it is almost
impossible to decide by style to which city they belong,
unless they bear an already familiar magistrate's name.
The omission of the ethnic is curious, and seems to be
quite arbitrary. Throughout the previous period its
presence on all tetradrachms and almost all subdivisions
is constant.
In the earlier part of this period (say down to
c. 390) small denominations are much rarer than in the
latter. 68 In addition to the drachm, the hemidrachm,
and the obol, we find a coin of about 15 grs., presum-
ably a trihemiobol (see below, p. 95).
Barce.
32. Obv. Silphium plant with two whorls and seven
umbels.
Rev. Head of bearded Ammon laureate r.; IAMSAQ }.
B. M. jR. 1. Wt. 195-7. Samian tetradrachm.
The severity of the treatment, the formality of the.
hair and beard, mark this coin as transitional. It
forms with another in the British Museum and a coin
(from the same die) in Paris a group which must stand
at the head of the series of tetradrachms of Samian
weight.
Another group may also be mentioned which looks
18 This is even more the case at Gyrene than at Barce.
QUAESTIONES CYEENAICAE. 89
back to the last coins of the previous period,
especially No. 30.
33. Obv. Silphium plant with three whorls and seven
umbels.
Eev. Head of bearded Ammon 1., laureate (hair
and beard still formal); BAPKAION O ;
circular incuse.
Paris. Ai. 1-1. Wt. 205 grs. Samian tetra-
drachm.
34. Olv. Head of bearded Ammon 1., diademed, the hair
and beard more freely treated, the horn curling
above the ear; B]APKA[ION P.
Eev. Silphium plant with four whorls and nine
umbels ; circular incuse.
Paris. M. 1-1. Wt. 203 grs. Samian tetra-
drachm.
The circular arrangement of the legend, the head
turned to the left, contrary to the usual practice, and
the peculiarity of the horn (on No. 34) link up these
two coins with No. 30. On No. 34 the head appears on
the obverse, a feature it has in common with No. 29
of the last period. By this too, as well as by other
peculiarities, No. 34 is linked up with two other coins
which may be mentioned here.
35. Olv. Head of bearded Ammon 1., laureate, hair
treated very much as in 34, the horn
curling above the ear.
Rev. Silphium with three whorls and seven umbels ;
in field 1., owl ; B A : circular incuse.
P K
B. M. M. 1. Wt. 198-5 grs. Samian tetra-
drachm.
36. Obv. Head of bearded Ammon r., laureate ; freer
style, the horn still curved above the ear ; in
front, traces of letters (inn?).
90 E. S. G. KOBINSOX.
Her. Silphium with three whorls and seven umbels;
B A
P K ; circular incuse.
A I
B. M. Al. 1. Wt 202.7 grs. Samian tetm-
drachm.
No. 35 illustrates a practice far commoner at Barce
than at Gyrene, the addition to the main type of sym-
bols in the shape of animals or plants. The letters on
the obverse of No. 36 can only refer to a magistrate.
The style of this coin is not early ; it is the only one
with a magistrate's name on which the head is on the
obverse, but the points noted (the curl of the horn, &c.)
bring it into close connexion with coins, e. g. No. 35,
which do not bear a magistrate's name, and which yet
themselves, as far as style goes, would naturally be
classed after coins of the earliest magistrates. It seems
to follow inevitably that magistrates' names do not
appear on this series at a definite point once for all, but
that anonymous coins were still intercalated for some
time between the signed issues. It is worth noting,
however, that oil the later unsigned issues, e. g. Nos. 35
and 43, there is a symbol, though it must be confessed
that on No. 35 this seems to be more an adjunct to the
type than a symbol strictly so called.
37. Obv. Silphium plant with two whorls (showing three
leaves) and seven umbels ; on either side of
the stalk springs a similar silphium plant in
miniature ; B A
P K
A I
Itec. Head of bearded Ammon r.
B. M. M. 1. Wt. 199-3 grs. Samian tetra-
drachm.
QUAESTIONES CYRENAICAE. 91
No. 37 belongs to another anonymous group, examples
of which are probably the commonest coins of Barce.
The style of the head of Ammon is coarse, the hair
and beard freely treated in luxuriant curls, the eye
heavy, with the pupil strongly marked. The head is
still on the reverse. The whorls of the silphium are
of the kind already noted under Nos. 29 and 30. The
style is freer than on No. 32, though not so good ; the
inscription has followed the silphium plant on to the
obverse. Coins of this class lead into and doubtless
overlap the series bearing magistrates' names, which
we may now discuss.
The magistrates already recognized at Barce are
4>AIN- -, KAINin, KYYEAH Til OlAnN(O^),
and AKEIO, to these I would add the uncertain
name flfl ? on No. 36 above, and AAAI .
The earliest magistrate seems to be <I>AIN . With
this name we have one tetradrachm at Paris (Muller,
i. 317), and the following drachm.
88. Obv. Silphium with two whorls (of three leaves),
seven umbels, and root ; V\ <l>
I A
Eev.~ Head of bearded Ammon r., transitional style,
hair loose ; in front SAB } dotted circle ;
circular incuse.
B. M. M. -75. Wt. 50-2 grs. Samian drachm
(misnumbered 36 on Plate IV).
The style of the head of Ammon recalls No. 30 of
the last period, though it has not the same peculiar
treatment of the horn. To these two coins I would
add the following tetradrachm from Parma.
39. Obv. Silphium plant with two whorls and seven
umbels, at the base of which a recumbent
gazelle: in field 1. upwards. MIO.
E. S. G. ROBINSON.
Rev. Head of bearded Ammon r., laureate (?), the
hair and beard rather formal ; in front
!) ; circular incuse.
Parma. Al. 1. Wt. 197-5 grs.
The style of the reverse of this coin recalls the group
to which No. 32 belongs. Imhoof, who has published
it, 09 apparently regards it as being a variety of No. 322
in Miiller's work, in which case it would correct Miiller' s
reading. Muller's reading of his No. 322, however,
seems to be right, and we are still left with the - N IO -
on the present coin. It is part of a word of which the
rest is off the coin ; the ethnic is already accounted for,
so it must be a magistrate. Of the magistrates at Barce,
always supposing it to be one of those known already,
<t>AIN and KAINIH present themselves as possi-
bilities. As a completion of the first, 0AINIO5 (the
local dialect genitive of a nominative $alvis) may be
suggested ; from the distribution of the extant legend
we should expect three or four more letters, which is
what is required. If KAINIH is preferred we must
suppose either that O is written for H (which is not
the case on any other coins of this magistrate) or that
the name is in the nominative KAINIO5, which would
be exceptional though not unparalleled. 70 On the
whole, though it must always remain a conjecture that
<t>AIN should be completed $ao>ios-, I incline to the
first alternative, because (1) a genitive is much more
usual than a nominative, (2) <I>AIN - - - seems an earlier
magistrate than KAINIfl, for, besides the style of the
tetradrachm (and drachm No. 38 above) the ethnic of
the latter is on the head side. Now the coin under
Z.f. N., Bd. vii, p. 30, No. 2.
69
70 At Gyrene we find NIKIS as well as NIKIOS .
QUAESTIOSES CYRENAICAE. 93
discussion seems earlier than the KAINIfl group, for it
also has the ethnic on the head side, and its style
suggests that of the group to which No. 32 belongs.
Against this argument must be put the fact that the
gazelle of the obverse occurs (in a different position)
on a coin with KAINIH. 71
Next in order seems to come KAINIfl ; of this magis-
trate we have two tetradrachms in Paris, 71 and the
following smaller denominations.
40. Obv. Silphium plant with two whorls and five
umbels ; dotted circle.
Rev. Head of bearded Ammon r., hair and beard
free; in front. KAINIft, 3 outwards; clotted
circle.
B. M. A\. 045. Wt, 25-2 grs. Samian hemi-
drachm.
41. Obv. "Triple silphium," consisting of three sprouts
of silphium, each with one whorl and three
umbels springing from a central pellet ;
linear circle.
Eev. Head of bearded Ammon r., hair and beard
rather formal (as on M. i. 322) ; in front
KAI }; dotted circle.
B. M. M. 0-4. Wt. 15 grs. Samian trihemiobol.
The triple silphium is a type which here appears for
the first time.
Of KYYEAn Til <!>IAnN(OS) we have a tetra-
drachm at Vienna. 72 The fact that the ethnic is on the
head side would a priori make us put this coin earlier,
but the style does not seem specially early, though of
course the head is still on the reverse, and the older
position of the ethnic may be explained by the length
71 M. i. 322, 323. 72 M. i. 324.
94 E. S. G. KOBIXSON.
of the magistrate's name which would require more
room than was available round the head. To the
Vienna coin I would add the following :
42. Obi\ Triple silphium ; linear circle.
y,v,. Head of young Ammon r., beardless and horned ;
in front, KYfEAfl. 3; dotted border.
" B. M. M. 04. Wt. 11-3 grs. Samian trihemi-
obol(?).
Of AKE3IOS, so far as I know, only tetradrachms
exist. T:> ' The facing head on some of his coins would
presumably date them to the turn of the century when
the enterprise of the Syracusan engravers had brought
this position into popularity.
Lastly, I would assign the following coin to Barce :
43. Olv. Triple silphium; dotted border.
ft cv> Head of young Ammon r. ; behind neck C AAA ;
in front, I outwards ; dotted border.
B. M. A\. 0-35. Wt. 12-7 grs. Samian trihemi-
obol(?).
There are two reasons for assigning this coin to
Barce. Most of the other coins with the types of the
head of Ammon, and the triple silphium, can be defi-
nitely connected with this city, either by the ethnic
or by a magistrate ; and the name AAAI at once
suggests 'AXageip, which is a good Barcaean name, as-
sociated in a previous generation with the royal house. 74
The denomination of these little pieces with the
triple silphium is puzzling ; the type itself is unusual.
occurring only twice apart from this group on an isolated
73 M. i. 318-21.
74 Herodotus iv. 164. The restoration of the name is indeed
practically certain, for there seems to be no other proper name
in Greek beginning with the same four letters.
QUAESTIONES CYKENAICAE. 95
tetradrachm of AKEIO$ at Barce, 7:> and 011 the series
of fourth-century gold triobols at Gyrene. Its use on
triobols suggests that it has a practical significance.
Besides the weights of those here published, 15, 12-7,
11-3, others weigh 13-5, 13-2, 15-3, and 14. 70 The lowest
weight 11-3 (our No. 4.2) can be partially explained
by the fact that the coin is restruck. Now an obol
of the Samian drachm of 53 grs. would weigh 8-8, and
a trihemiobol consequently 13-2, which is the central
point round which the weights of these coins gravitate.
If we can assume them to be trihemiobols we have an
explanation of the type such as may be offered in the
case of the gold triobols the denomination is indicated
thereby as the triple of the unit.
Here the series of Barce practically ends, save for
unimportant copper. Only a very few silver coins can
be dated later than c. 390. Among them may be noted
the following.
44. Olv. Head of bearded Ammon r., laureate, hair and
beard free ; behind the neck, ear of corn ;
linear border.
Rev. Silphium with two whorls and five umbels ; to
r., BAP } ; triple circle border.
B.M. JR. 1. Wt. 194-9 grs. Samian tetra-
drachm.
This coin cannot be much earlier than the middle of
the fourth century ; the style is comparatively weak,
and linear borders are found at Cyrene on coins of
that period, those of the magistrates 0EY<1>EIAEY$
and IAONO. The peculiar coin at Berlin (from the
Fox collection) 7T is best mentioned later. 78 Gold coins
75 M. i. 321. 7G M. i. 45, 46, 328, and Brit. Mus.
77 M., Suppl., 325 A. 78 See below, No. 68.
9(> E. S. G. ROBINSON".
which may be assigned to Barce will be considered
in discussing the early anepigraphic gold.
Cyrene : the silver coinage down to c. 390.
At Cyrene the history of the early coinage of the
third period, say down to 390, is practically the same
as at Barce, with the important exception (noted above),
that though there are plenty of coins of rude workman-
ship there are none of the severe transitional style
with the ethnic on the head side, such as begin the
series at Barce. The earliest pieces are those without
magistrates' names, corresponding to the Barcaean
group to which No. 37 belongs. The style of these
coins is often very rough indeed, sometimes recalling
the more barbarous products of Cretan mints. That
of most coins of the earliest magistrate NIKI3 is
exactly similar, which points to overlapping, though so
far I have not been able to establish this by community
of dies. In this group, apparently, the head is never on
the obverse. The anepigraphic silver tetradrachms
will be discussed later.
On signed coins down to c. 390 we find two names,
NIKIOS and APISTOMHAEOS, less than half the
number occurring at Barce, though the coins of either of
these magistrates are far commoner than any of those
at Barce. This looks as if they covered approximately
the same period of time, the magistrates at Barce
holding a shorter tenure of office than those at Cyrene,
though style would indicate that the earliest magistrate
at Barce $ab(io$), Nos. 38 and 39 above, is earlier
than NIKI?. In the time of Nikis the head is moved
from the reverse to the obverse of the coin, though
this change does not seem to have been made then once
QUAESTIONES CYKENAICAE. 97
for all, for under APISTOMHAEO5 we get one example
with the head on the reverse (No. 47 infra), while some
of Nikis's coins with the head on the reverse seem more
advanced in style than others with the head on the
obverse. For instance, the coin in Miiller (i. 37) seems
later than the following.
45. Ob v. Head of bearded Arnmon r., laureate and dia-
demed (the tie showing in heart-shaped knot
at the back), the hair and beard curling free,
the eye three-quarter face, pupil and lashes
strongly marked ; in front, in straggling letters
MIKIS } outwards.
Rev. Silphium with two whorls (of three leaves) and
five umbels ; on either side of stalk, a shoot.
B. M. M. 1-1. Wt. 201-8. Samian tetradrachm.
This coin, apart from its exotic style, is remarkable
for the case of the proper name. The nominative is
practically unknown at Gyrene. A certain number of
tetradrachms with NIKIOS have no ethnic, but, even if the
community of name were not sufficient to give these to
Gyrene, we have at least one which shares an obverse
die with a coin inscribed KYPA. The following coin
of Nikis, which will be useful later, may be here
described.
46. Obv. Head of bearded Ammon r., hair and beard
free ; in front, NIKI^ } outwards.
Rev. Silphium with two whorls and five umbels ;
K Y
A (the die pitted with rust).
N A
B. M. M. M. Wt. 198-5 grs. Samian tetra-
drachm. Also Paris, with the obv. inscrip-
tion clearer.
NUHISM. CHROK., VOL. XV, SERIES IV. H
<)8 E. S. G. ROBINSON.
Most of the coins of API5TOMHAEO5 are well
known ; they are of fine style as a rule. Apart from
the one with facing head (No. 47) there appear to be
three signed obverse dies of this magistrate to six
reverses. The following piece has been published be-
fore, 79 but in view of its importance may be described
again here.
47. Olv. Silphium with two whorls (three leaves) and
seven umbels ; in front r v a gazelle standing
on its hind legs and browsing off the highest
leaves; around, APISTOMHAEOS Q.
Rev. Head of bearded Ammon, directly facing, with hair
and beard in heavy curls, wearing diadem
from the centre of which rises uraeus ; beneath,
KYP ANA o- outwards; dotted border.
Karlsruhe, 1-05. Wt. 206-5 grs. Samian tetra-
drachm.
This coin has many points of interest. The uraeus on
the diadem does not often occur; the obverse type
with the gazelle reminds one of Barce rather than
of Gyrene ; the head on the reverse shows that the
change introduced in this respect under Nikis was
not final ; lastly, the facing head itself is a remark-
able achievement, and leads on to one still more
remarkable. The great impetus to the representation
of the facing head came from the famous Syracusan
dies of Euclidas and Cimon, which date from the years
immediately preceding the close of the fifth century.
We have noticed a similar and contemporary innova-
tion (of very wooden style) at Barce under the later
magistrate AKE3IOS. Given the date of the Syracusan
Z.f. N., vii, p. 29.
QUAESTIONES CYRENAICAE. 99
pieces, the appearance of the facing head at Gyrene
may be dated round the year 400. It may be interest-
ing to collect the various examples of this rare type.
Besides the one mentioned above, we have these three.
48. Obv. Head of bearded Ammon facing, laureate, slightly
turned towards the r., the beard hanging in
curls, the hnir not so free as on No. 46.
Rev. Silphium with two whorls and five umbels ;
K V
P A
N A
Collection of Herr Giesecke. M. 0-95. Wt. 203
grs. Samian tetrad rachm.
49. Obv. Head of bearded Ammon facing, slightly turned
to the 1., hair and beard freely curling, wearing
diadem with uraeus ; around, laurel wreath.
Rev. Silphium with two whorls (of three leaves) and
five umbels : V N
P A
A H
B. M. A\. 14. Wt. 203-8 grs. Samian tetra-
drachm = M. Suppl. 141 A.
50. Obv. Head of bearded Ammon facing, slightly turned
to the 1. ; no wreath or diadem, hair and beard
as on last.
Rev. Silphium with two whorls (of three leaves) and
five umbels ; KVPANAIOS O retrograde out-
wards.
Copenhagen. M. 145. Wt. 205 grs. = M. Suppl.
141 B.
It is puzzling that of all the coins with facing heads
only one bears the name of a magistrate. No. 48 is
struck from the same reverse die as No. 46, which
bears the name NIKI3, and when employed for No. 46
(the die had rusted. No. 48 therefore is earlier than
po. 46, and was presumably struck under the same
H2
100 E. S. G. ROBINSON.
magistrate. A similar argument can be applied to
No. 49 ; the reverse die was used in conjunction with
a die of APlSTOMHAEO *, and, judging by its state,
this use took place at a later date. No. 49 was therefore
almost as certainly struck under API3TOMHAEO5
as was No. 48 under NIKI3. As regards No. 50 we
have no linking of dies to go upon, but the head is
much simpler than that on Nos. 47 and 49, while the
silphium of the reverse resembles in style that on the
coins of NIKI5.
During this period smaller denominations are even
rarer than at Barce; besides the very uncommon
drachm of usual types (the head still on the reverse),
the following coin may be mentioned :
51. Olv. Triple silphium ; across field AS-YX ; dotted
border.
Rev. Head of Gyrene facing, turned slightly to r.
with diadem, under which the hair is gathered
in loops along the forehead ; around, traces of
letters ?
B. M. JR. 04. Wt. 14-5 grs. Samian triobol.
This piece is of the same denomination as those of
Barce described above, Nos. 40-42 ; the head is pre-
sumably that of Gyrene, and so far as one can judge
must represent the same conception, full-face, as
appears a little later on the small gold coins in profile.
For a somewhat similar treatment at Lesbos, cp.
B. M. C. : Troas, &c., p. 160, No. 49.
A word may be said about the anepigraphic tetra-
drachms of this period, which in themselves have
rather an anomalous appearance. They may be divided
into two classes, those with a magistrate's name but no
QUAESTIONES CYKENAICAE. 101
ethnic, and those with neither magistrate's name nor
ethnic. I am inclined to think that many coins which
at first sight seem to fall into [one or other of these
classes, especially the second, do so only through their
condition ; in fact, I can find no tetradrachm of which
it can be definitely stated that it has no inscription on
either side. Of three in the British Museum which
seem to be such, the first is in very worn condition, and
the other two (the heads on which greatly resemble
some of those on coins of Nikis) are so badly struck that
though there is no ethnic the place where we should
expect the magistrate's name is off the coin. Of those
with a magistrate's name, but no ethnic, we may
reasonably assume that when the name occurs also defi-
nitely at Gyrene or at Barce the coin may be assigned
to that place. When the name does not occur else-
where, the question becomes practically insoluble: of
such coins three are worthy of discussion.
52. Obv. Silphium plant with two whorls and five umbels.
Rev. Head of Zeus Ammon r. (very rough work) ;
behind A ; circular incuse.
n
B. M. (double-struck.) JR. 0-95. Wt. 205-2 grs.
Samian tetradrachm.
This piece has already been published by Miiller, 80
who regarded the inscription on the reverse as being
ui, and therefore assigned the coin to the Macae, a
Libyan tribe. But a closer examination shows that the
lower letter is really a double struck T (retrograde),
and with that vital letter gone Miiller's construction
80 M. i. 344.
102 E. S. G. EOBINSON.
falls to the ground. Bompois 81 had already seen,
though on faulty grounds, the inherent improbability
of Mliller's attribution. He brought the coin into con-
nexion with one in his own collection reading KVPANA,
and behind the head A. This he regarded as the
same as the upper letter on our No. 52, and took both
to be the initial of a magistrate's name, perhaps
AIBY3TPATO5. Not recognizing Miiller's " mem " as
being really a T, he had to explain it as a letter inserted
to give the coin currency in Carthaginian dominions.
But we may doubt very much whether Bompois' coin
ever read A on the reverse at all. There is a coin in
Berlin which as far as one can judge from Bompois'
engraving, is from the same dies, and the " A " behind
the head on this seems to be simply a curl exaggerated
by a slight flaw in the die. If we recognize the second
letter as a H on our No. 52, the first letter cannot be
a consonant, and therefore it must be A. the only
vowel whose shape makes it a possibility. AP
then is almost certainly a magistrate ; the rough,
almost barbarous, style of the coin might lead us to
give the coin to Gyrene rather than to Barce, but such
an attribution can be only tentative.
Besides this coin there is the very fine stater bear-
ing on the reverse the name AIBY5TPATO3. 82 All
the specimens of it I have seen come from one
obverse and two reverse dies. Miiller (I. c.) suggests
the attribution to Barce for three reasons, (1) the
presence of the uraeus, (2) the symbol on the obverse
and the magistrate's name on the reverse, which he
compares with the coin of KYYEAfl TH <l>IAnN
81 Op. cit., pp. 77 seqq.
82 M. i. 41.
QUAESTIONES CYKENAICAE. 103
(Muller, i. 324), and (3) the two shoots which occur on
either side of the silphium plant, remarking that
there is no coin at Gyrene which offers these criteria.
But (1) the uraeus occurs as often at Cyrene as at Barce
(e.g. under Nikis and Aristomedes) ; (2) though the
symbol on the obverse is a Barcaean touch, the
magistrate's name round the silphium occurs under
Aristomedes at Cyrene (on No. 46) ; (3) This form of
silphium is really commoner at Cyrene than at Barce.
The style of the head and the treatment of the silphium
suggest the finer issues of API3TOMHAEO& On the
other hand, the symbol (spray of laurel) on the obverse
is rather a Barcaean feature, and the name itself would
perhaps suggest Barce, where the population was to
a much greater degree mixed with the indigenous
stock. The uraeus which is worn has a curious peculi-
arity; it seemingly does not rise from a diadem, but
appears to be fixed in the middle of something more
rigid (rather like a stephane), which encircles the brow
but not the back of the head. The following coin may
also possibly belong to AIBYSTPATOS.
53. Obv. Head of bearded Ammon 1., of rather similar
style, without diadem or uraeus : symbol
behind head (?).
Rev. Silphium with two whorls and five umbels ; in
front r., upwards, SAT .
E. T. Newell. JR. 1-05. Wt. 178 grs. (cleaned).
Samian tetradrachm.
Unfortunately, the necessary cleaning of this coin
has reduced it considerably in weight; at the same
time most of the surface is gone, so that it is impossible
to make out what the reverse inscription was, or
whether the remains behind the neck on the obverse
104
E. S. G. ROBINSON.
are really traces of a symbol. If they are. it must be
just such another symbol as on the coin above, while
the remains of the reverse inscription suggest
[AIBVST]SAT[O3J. Since the above was in type,
however, Mr. Newell informs me that, having re-
examined the coin, he thinks the letters are more
probably OAT.
E. S. G. ROBINSON.
(To be continued.)
III.
SOME IRREGULAR COINAGES OF THE REIGN
OF STEPHEN.
I. COINS STRUCK FROM ERASED OBVERSE DlES.
(PLATE VII. 1-6.)
IN the Silver Coins of England, Hawkins assigns
these coins to partisans of the Empress " who wished
to use Stephen's dies, but not to acknowledge Stephen's
title ", and this view is now, I believe, prevalent ; in
his account of the Sheldon Find (Brit. Num. Journ.,
vol. vii, pp. 59 ff.) Mr. Andrew goes further, and sees
in the various countermarking crosses personal badges
or devices, attributing coins of various mints to various
magnates, those of Nottingham to Peverel, those of
Thetford to Bigod, &c.
The obverse dies from which these coins were struck
were countermarked in various ways : by a network of
cuts [PL VII. l] ; by a cross cut, or perhaps punched,
on the die [PI. VII. 2, 3, 5] ; by an incision and a small
cross [pi. VII. 4] ; or by two lines cut across the die
[PI. VII. 6] ; by whom or for what purpose this erasure
was made is very difficult to understand. The attri-
bution to barons hostile to Stephen not only assumes
their usurpation of the privilege of coining, which is
an assumption justified by contemporary documents,
but attributes to them so keen a desire to publish their
KM; o. a BROOKE.
disregard o!' Stephen's claim to the throne t hat, having
MUM -how come into possession ol' royal dies and thereby
..I'ji safe innansof making-considerable profit, by coinage,
they ha/.anled the possibility of passing their (joins
into currency for the sake of issuing a manifesto
i nst Stephen's sovereignty. Tho Kmpress certainly
had de.Votors who fought seriously Ibr the Angevin
cause, but. they were few and were mostly magnates
of the western counties, such as Robert of Gloucester.
Brian Fitz Count, &c., whereas thoso oountermarked
coins seem I.. li;ive been issued mostly ill the eastern
ennui ies (at Not I Migham, Norwich, Thet ford, Stamford ;
Bristol is an exception), where the barons were for t lie
most part, if not loyal to Stephen, either supporters
of the party from time to time favoured by fortune,
or fighting for their own personal profit. Peverel, 1 for
instance, the owner of Nottingham (<astle, seems to
liave been originally on the side of the Empress, and
to have come over to Stephen about the time of the
ratification of the treaty with Henry of Huntingdon
at NuM ingham ; hence Robert's attack on Nottingham
mlllOat Ralph Parallel's instigation. In 1141 IVverel
\\as one of the prisoners taken at tho battle of Lincoln,
and handed over his castle to the Kmpress to redeem
his person. Geoffrey of Mandeville is, of course, an
extreme case of tho time-server, but no doubt many
of the barons acted on the same principles though less
successfully. 'fh.>ii:;li m.t impossible, if seems to me
unlikely that dies captured by barons such as these
would have been so countermarked for manifesto
i.'ini .i\. Foundations of England, vol. ii, pp. ;>T;>. :!'.'!, -101,
'i.| ii'lrrriii'rs thriv ;M\CII.
n;m<;<;t!hAK COINA<JI<;S OF STUIMIHN'S TIME. 107
purposes as to risk the acceptance in general currency
of coins which, if struck from the dies uncouiitermarked,
would certainly pass unquestioned.
The assumption that the countermarking of the coins
liad for its object the obliteration of the king's figure
< -an not be accepted without question. That it effects
Hi is purpose is certainly true in some cases: on the
I Bristol coins [PI. VII. l] nearly the whole obverse is
obliterated ; on the Norwich and Thetford coins
[Pi. VII. 2, 6] the king's figure is thoroughly obscured ;
on tho Nottingham coins [PL VII. 3] partly; at
Stamford [PI. VII. 4], from which mint we have coins
struck from the same obverse die prior to the counter-
marking, the countermarks do not obliterate the king's
image at all. The York coin [PI. VII. 6] must, I think,
be considered as coming in a separate category, as the
dies are extremely coarse, and may have been con-
temporary forgeries.
Tim weight of these countermarked coins varies; the
two known coins of Bristol weigh 23-2 and 20-2 grains ;
of Norwich I have tho weight of three coins only (many
specimens are known), and these weigh 17-5, 19-5, and
211 grains ; the Nottingham coins seem always to be
light, and vary between 14 and 17 grains; one of the
two known Stamford coins weighs 14-8, the other is a
t weighing 13-8 grains ; two coins struck from
same obverse die before it was countermarked
weigh J 7- 7 and 1 5-ti grains. A Thetford coin in the
Museum weighs 15-7 grains; I do not know
the weight <>l'tlie specimen lignred in tho accompanying
plate (Sothoby sale, 26. vii. 11, lot 553). Tho coins
lia\e |)(M>n found in the Nottingham, Dartford, and
Sheldon hoards, that is to say, they are doubtless con-
108 G. C. BROOKE.
temporary with the uncountermarked coins of the
same type the first of Stephen.
It seems to me not unnatural to attribute this
countermarking, or erasure, of obverse dies to an
intention to put the die out of action, in just the same
way as dies at the present day, if kept, are obliterated
by some mark in order to prevent them being used
tor forgery. I am inclined, therefore, to assign the
countermarking of these dies, not to an enemy who
had obtained possession of them, but to the original
and lawful holder of them, that is to say, to assume
that the monetariw or custos cuneorum in this way
rendered his dies unfit for further service in fear of
their capture by the king's enemies. By the oblitera-
tion of the obverse, or standard, dies the reverse, or
trussel, dies would be rendered useless, and so the
enemy would not, if he captured the mint, have easy
means at his disposal of imitating the king's coinage.
One can well imagine occasions among the many
raids and sieges of this period (such, for instance, as
Gloucester's attack on Nottingham in 1140) when such
a danger may have been imminent. Whether it would
have been easier in an emergency of this sort to destroy
the dies completely, I am not prepared to say ; if so, the
method of obliteration may perhaps have been pre-
ferred in order to retain the alternative of using the
erased dies again in case they were not seized by
the enemy or of denouncing the currency of the
countermarked money in case of their capture. How-
ever this may be, it is evident that, if my suggestion
is right, these dies were put to use after the erasure
was made, whether on behalf of the king or his enemies
it is impossible to say ; in some cases the good weight
IRREGULAR COINAGES OF STEPHEN^ TIME. 109
and good metal of the coins point rather to the king's
moneyers as the makers, while other coins, notably
those of Nottingham, show the low standard of weight
that is more consistent with a baronial coinage.
II. COINS WITH INSCRIPTION PERERIC. &c.
( PLATE VII. 7, 8.)
The original attribution of these coins by Mr. Rashleigh
(Xum. Chron., 1850, pp. 165 ff.) to the Earl of Warwick
was shown to be untenable by Mr. Packe (Xum. Chron.,
1896, p. 64), who offered an alternative baron as the
issuer of this coinage.
In Brit. Num. Journ., vol.vii, pp. 81 ff, Mr. Andrew
asserts that Stephen himself and the Empress Matilda
were the only persons who could have issued so wide-
spread a coinage. Stephen he rules out as impossible,
"for his name and title have no break in their se-
quence," 2 and so by a process of elimination he arrives
at the conclusion that Matilda struck these coins. From
the coins he reaches the same conclusion by an in-
terpretation of PERERIC and PERERICM as a mutilated
form of Impe rat rids. I am unable to feel convinced
by this ingenious interpretation of the legend; and,
while I agree with Mr. Andrew's proposition that no
other person than Stephen or the Empress can have
issued this coinage, I cannot accept the Empress as a
possible candidate for this distinction. Her movements
during the brief period of her success are well known :
her movement from Gloucester, where she received
Stephen as prisoner, to Cirencester on Feb. 13, 1141,
and her negotiations there three days later with the
2 Apetitio principii, for this is the subject of the inquiry.
HO G. C. BROOKE.
Legate ; her conference with the Legate on March 2
at Wherwell, near Andover, and arrangement of terms
for securing the throne ; her arrival at Winchester the
following day, her hallowing there as "Lady and Queen"
of England; her delay at Oxford, Eeading andSt. Albans,
while the Londoners are persuaded to accept her; the
final consent of the Londoners a few days before June 24,
and her admission to Westminster ; the disgust of the
Londoners at her demand of a subsidy, refusal to grant
the good laws of the Confessor, &c. ; the arrival of
Queen Matilda and William of Ypres with an army
raised in Kent, and their admission on June 24 by the
Londoners; the flight of the Empress; her siege of
Winchester on July 31, and her own defeat by the
army of William of Ypres and escape (Sept. 14) through
Ludgershall and Devizes to Gloucester ; the capture of
Robert of Gloucester and his exchange for Stephen ;
the stay of the Empress at Oxford for the winter of
1141-2, and her move to Devizes in March, and the
sending of an embassy to urge her husband to come
over; the arrival of Duke Henry at Bristol in late
autumn ; the siege of the Empress in Oxford by Stephen
from September to December 1142, and her flight at
Christmas to Abingdon and thence to Wallingford,
which practically closes her active career in the war,
which at this period commences to be fought on behalf
of her son's claim to the throne instead of her own.
The coins are known of the Bristol, Canterbury,
Lincoln, London, Stamford, and perhaps Winchester,
mints. At Winchester coins might have been issued
in the name of the Empress after her hallowing as
Lady and Queen on March 3, 1141. She was at London
only a few days ; but it is perhaps not impossible for
IRREGULAR COINAGES OF STEPHEN'S TIME. Ill
dies to have been made for her in that short time. So
far as we know, the Empress was never at Canterbury,
Lincoln or Stamford, and never in a position to employ
these mints. Canterbury castle was in the hands of
Eobert of Gloucester's men in 1135, and refused ad-
mission to Stephen ; but the mint was evidently in his
hands at this period, since Canterbury coins of his first
type are not uncommon, and there is no reason to
suppose that it ever fell into the hands of the Empress.
She did not go there, and it was in this part of the
country that troops were raised by Stephen's queen
and William of Ypres. Lincoln castle was in the hands
of Ralph of Chester; it was seized by him in 1140,
and remained intact through the sacking of the town
after the battle of Lincoln ; Ralph surrendered it to
Stephen in 1146. Stamford was apparently always in
the king's hands until it surrendered to Henry in 1153.
The coins are of good weight, varying from 19 to 23
grains, and apparently of good quality. Their style
is quite regular, and cannot be distinguished from that
of the ordinary coins of the reign. They are made with
the usual punches of the period, and by the money ers
whose names appear at these mints on Stephen's coins.
Their strong contrast with the coins of the Empress
may be seen by comparing on the plate these coins
[PL VII. 7, 8] with those of Matilda [PL VII. 9, 10]. 3
Hence the following dilemma arises : if they are to
be attributed to the Empress they are either earlier
or later than her named coinages, which are coarse
and rough in workmanship. Therefore, they either
3 With regard to the reverse of the coin figured as PI. VII. 10,
see below, p. 114.
112 G. C. BROOKE.
show, if earlier, that Matilda's coinage is at the same
time progressive in orthography and retrogressive in
style, or, if later, that it is progressive in style while
retrogressive in orthography.
It seems, then, that these coins, from their style and
quality and their places of mintage, must be regarded
as, for a period, the regular coinage of the realm, that
is to say, the coinage issued by the authorities of the
king's mints. At the time of Stephen's captivity, the
anarchical condition and the uncertainty of events,
which gave many barons the opportunity to sell their
allegiance at a high price, caused some at least of the
ecclesiastics, so William of Malmesbury tells us, to
attach themselves to the Empress's side after obtaining
Stephen's permission to temporize. The position of
the mint officials, we may well suppose, was a most
difficult one. The coins which they issued, bearing
as they did the names of the money ers, must in future
time be positive evidence of their loyalty or disloyalty
at this crisis. If, as seemed probable, the Empress were
to obtain the throne, the issue of coins in Stephen's
name would convict the moneyers, and with them the
other officials, of active sympathy with the deposed
king; on the other hand, should Stephen regain the
throne afterwards, their loyalty to Matilda during
the period of her ascendancy would, if they struck
coins in her name, presumably be properly punished
on his return. I am therefore disposed to believe that
the mint officials, like the clergy, temporized, and that
they put on the obverse of their coins an inscription
which was as unintelligible to contemporaries as it is
to students of the present day. It would thus at least
be possible to prove to both the king and the Empress
IKREGULAR COINAGES OP STEPHEN'S TIME. 118
that they did not at this time issue a coinage in the
name of the other, and at the same time the quality
and good appearance of their coinage would prevent
it being questioned by a public which was then for
the most part illiterate. The dependence of the pro-
vincial mints upon the central authority at London,
whether they received their dies from London or only
received instruments and orders from there at this
period, would account for the uniformity of this in-
scription at mints so far distant from each other, a
peculiarity for which I am at a loss to account if the
inscription is to be considered as even a stereotyped
blunder of Imperatricis. (It always occurs as PERERIC
or PERERICM; Mr. Andrew gives also PERERIC I, which
I believe to be a misreading of a coin from the same
die as others which read clearly PERERICM.) I venture
to think that a parallel for this temporizing use of
a meaningless inscription may be found in the Danish
coinage of 1144-7, the period of the struggle of Magnus
and Swein ; some coins of this period are figured and
described by Hauberg (Myntforhold og Udmyntninger i
DanmarJc, p. 49, and PI. viii. 1-7) which bear the
unintelligible name IOANST with the title REX.
III. COINAGE OF THE EMPRESS MATILDA.
(PLATE VII. 9, 10.)
I have introduced this coinage here chiefly with
| a view to showing its contrast with the PERERIC
coinage, and its connexion with that bearing the name
| of Henry of Anjou.
The Empress's coins are all of poor, clumsy work,
[the dies being evidently engraved without the assis-
KUMISM. CHRON., VOL. XV, SERIES IV. I
G. C. BROOKE.
tance of the usual punches, with the exception of the
reverse of her Oxford coins, one of which is figured
on PI. VII. 10. The reverses of these Oxford coins 4
are the only specimens of Matilda's coinage that I have
seen which have the least resemblance in style to the
regular coins of Stephen, and in this isolated case
the resemblance is so striking, and the evidence of
the use of regular punches in the making of the dies
is so strong, that I am disposed to believe that at some
time the mint establishment at Oxford with its officials
and instruments fell into the Empress's hands. This
is most likely to have happened at Easter 1141, when
Eobert d'Oilly surrendered his castle to her, and she
remained for a time at Oxford before proceeding to
Reading and St. Albans. Other occasions on which
she might have struck coins at Oxford are after her
flight from London in June 1141, or when she was
besieged there by Stephen from September to December
of the following year ; but the occasion of her triumphal
progress to London, and the surrender of the castle of
Oxford to her, seems the most probable.
Other mints that can be discerned with some
certainty are Bristol and Wareham, neither of which
affords any evidence of the date of her issues, as both
places were in her hands during the greater part of
the civil war, though Wareham fell into Stephen's
hands for short periods in 1138-9 and 1142. The mint-
4 Two specimens are known, one in British Museum (the specimen
here figured), the other in Mr. H. M. Reynolds's collection (Rashleigh
sale, lot 630) ; these coins are struck by the same moneyer,
Sweting. who also struck coins of Stephen's first issue, and are
from different dies ; in both cases the obverse is of the usual coarse
work of the Empress's coins and the reverse of the normal punched !
work of Stephen's regular coins.
IRREGULAR COINAGES OF STEPHEN'S TIME. 115
reading C A is open to many interpretations. 5 I have
already said that Canterbury does not seem to be a
possible mint for the Empress to have used. I am
inclined to attribute this reading to the borough of
Calne in Wiltshire.
The coins are usually of low weight : those of which
I have obtained the weight vary from 15 J to 18-| grains.
The obverse inscriptions are more or less abbreviated
forms of Matildis Comitissae, Imperatricis or Matildis
Impemtricis.
The coinage of the Empress may be assumed to have
commenced any time after her arrival in the autumn
of 1139. As the later limit of its issue I suggest the
second half of the year 1142 : my reasons for this I can
better explain when I deal with the coinage of her son.
IV. COINAGE OF HENRY OF ANJOU.
(PLATE VII. 11-16.)
A coinage by Henry of Anjou, which was known as
*' the Duke's money ", is mentioned by Roger of Hoveden
in the following passage :
"Anno gratiae MCXLIX, qui est xiin regni regis
Stephani,Henricus duxNormannorum venit in Angliam
cum magno exercitu, et reddita sunt ei castella multa
et munitiones quarnplures; et fecit monetam novam,
quam vocabant monetam ducis ; et non tantum ipse,
sed omnes potentes, tarn episcopi quam comites et
| barones, suam faciebant monetam. Sed ex quo dux
ille venit, plurimorum monetam cassavit."
5 The Canterbury coins of the PERER 1C issue read + PILLEM:
ON: CANP: which does not, I think, admit of more than one
interpretation.
12
116 G. C. BROOKE.
In his introduction to Hoveden's Chronicle (Rolls
Series, No. 51, p. Z), Stubbs says of this passage, which
appears to be an original statement, and not, like
most of the period 1148-69, copied from the Melrose
Chronicle : " The notices of the years 1148 to 1169
which are neither taken directly from the chronicle of
Melrose, nor connected closely with the Becket context,
are very few, and some of them, I think, of very
questionable authenticity ... Of the striking of money
by Henry in 1149, called ' the duke's money ', and of
the appointment of Henry as justiciar to Stephen in
1153, it is impossible to say that they are false, but
equally impossible to say that they are in the least
degree probable."
However, it has since become possible to attribute
some coins, I think with certainty, to the Duke Henry.
They have at one time been attributed to King Henry I,
an attribution inconsistent with finds of these coins
and their style, &c.; at another time to Henry, Earl
of Northumberland, who could not have struck coins
at Bristol and Hereford, at which mints some of these
coins were certainly struck; but their attribution to
Henry of Anjou is now generally accepted.
These coins are always of low weight, varying from
12^ to 17^, usually 15 or 16, grains, and of coarse work,
though usually of better execution than those of his
mother, the Empress. They may be roughly divided
into two issues, (I) with profile bust, (II) with bust
full- face ; these being subdivided into I a with reverse
of Stephen's first type [PI. VII. 11], I b similar reverse,
but variant with voided cross moline and annulets
inserted [Pl.VII. 12], I c with reverse similar to Henry I's
last type [PI. VII. 13] : the form of bust, and espe-
IRREGULAR COINAGES OF STEPHEN'S TIME. 117
cially the shape of the crown, frequently varies on this
type ; II a with reverse as I c but pellets in place of
fleurs on limbs of cross and angles of quadrilateral
[PI. VII. 14, 15] there are again varieties in style of
bust II b similar to preceding, but cross on reverse
voided. The mints possible of interpretation are:
Of type I a Hereford, of I b Gloucester, of I c CRST,
for which I suggest Cirencester in preference to
Christchurch, which was at this time, I think, the
name of the monastery only, the place being still
called Twynham : of II a Bristol, where the same
moneyer's name, Arefin, occurs on both the Empress's
and the Duke's coins, Sherborne (?), "Wiveliscombe (?).
Henry of Anj ou visited England on four occasions
during Stephen's reign :
(1) Late in 1142, sent by his father to Bristol, where
he stayed four years, returning to Normandy in 1146.
(2) Spring, 1147, with a small band of adventurers.
Failing in his attacks on both Cricklade and Bourton
(Gloucestershire?), he returned in May of the same year.
(3) Early 1149, apparently to be knighted by King
David. He landed at Wareham, was at Devizes on
April 13, and was knighted on May 22 at Carlisle.
"We know nothing of the rest of his movements till
his return in January 1150.
(4) January 1153, with a force said to consist of
150 men-at-arms and 3,000 foot-soldiers. Eeduced keep
of Malmesbury, and raised siege of Wallingford (the
object of his expedition), visited Bristol, and made an
armed progress through the Midlands. After the death
of Eustace, the son of Stephen, in August 1153, nego-
tiations were begun and culminated in the Treaty of
Wallingford, ratified at Winchester onNovember 6, 1153.
118 G. C. BROOKE.
To return then to Roger of Hoveden : the statement
that there was a coinage of Henry of Anjou is obviously
true. At the same time, it is equally obvious that the
whole of the phrase which I quoted above is confused
in respect of chronology: it was not in 1149, but in
1153 that the Duke came with a large army and reduced
several castles. Similarly, too, if Henry issued his
coinage during the visit of 1149, i.e. between early
1149 and January 1150, and if all the magnates, earls,
barons and bishops alike were making their own
coinages, it could not have been during the same
period, 1149-50, that he suppressed their issues.
Hoveden has evidently no clear knowledge of the
four several visits of Henry, and has apparently, after
confusing the last two visits, made a perfectly true
statement, that there was a coinage in Henry's name,
and also irregular coinages of various magnates which
Henry (presumably at a later visit) suppressed.
Mr. Andrew, Brit. Num. Journ., vol. vi, pp. 365-6,
has assigned the profile types of Henry to the visit
of 1149, and the full-face types to that of 1153;
but, in spite of the statement in Roger of Hoveden,
I should move the whole of the Duke's coinage to an
earlier date. His use of the type of the first issue of
Stephen is probably due to the use of that type by his
mother, and I think that the coinage of the Empress
and Henry form a more or less continuous currency
in the Angevin part of the country. Matilda probably
continued to issue coins in her own name until the
second half of 1142, when her claim to the throne was
abandoned on behalf of her son. This change in the
object of the Angevin party is pointed out by Round
(Geoffrey of Mandeville, pp. 184-6), who notices the
IRREGULAR COINAGES OF STEPHEN'S TIME. 119
important guarantee in the charter of the Empress to
Aubrey de Vere, not later than June 1142, that she would
obtain her son's ratification ; and this ratification was
given in Henry's confirmation in a charter which is attri-
buted to July-November 1142. It is clear that, about
the time of Henry's first visit to England, the Empress
abandoned her own claim to the throne, which was
evidently hopeless, and from this time played an
inconspicuous part while her party was held together
not by, but in the name of, the young Duke Henry.
It is to this period that I should assign the earliest
issue in the Duke's name. Were this issue so late as
1149 I think it unlikely that it would have been
modelled on the first coinage of Stephen, for that would
by then no doubt have been superseded in currency,
and the coinage of the Empress would, if it continued
so long, have probably changed its type, as indeed that
of Henry does later. The finds of Henry's coins, I think,
point to this conclusion. Their absence from the
Awbridge find gives one reason to suppose that
his coinage was recalled either after the Treaty of
"Wallingford or after his accession, and I do not
therefore think it likely that his full-faced issues and
the imitations of them in the name of William (whoever
he may be) and other magnates can be placed so late
as 1153. A representative selection of coins from the
Winterslow find (c. 1804) 6 seems to have found its way
6 I attach no importance to the statement in Sir H. Eliis's
Introduction to Domesday Book that this find contained "a large
assemblage of pennies from the Saxon times to the reign of
Stephen", because this statement, in itself so very improbable, is
easily explained by the attribution at that time of coins of
Henry of Anjou to Henry I, and of coins of William (the baronial
imitations of Henry of Anjou's coins) to William I and II.
120 G. C. BROOKE.
into the B. C. Roberts collection, and thence the find
is known to have contained coins of the first three
of Stephen's types, and of all the varieties of Henry
of Anjou's two types except I a. The absence of coins
later than Stephen's third type from the Roberts col-
lection does not prove their absence from the find ;
but, in conjunction with the absence of the Duke's
coins from the Awbridge find, the evidence tends to
show that the Henry coins should be placed earlier
than 1153. One coin of Henry of Anjou, type la, in
the Bute find, which contained a few coins of Stephen,
of the first type only, with some Scottish coins, seems
to me to be positive evidence of the issue of this
coinage at least as early as the latter part of 1142.
I do not think that the interpretation of the mint-
names on these coins would help in any way to date
the coinage. I consider that these issues in the name
of Henry represent less a personal issue of his own
than the coinage of the Angevin party in England
continuing that in the name of the Empress, issued
first towards the end of 1142, and changed in type,
from profile to full-face, probably not many years after
1145.
G. C. BKOOKE.
IV.
THE ANCIENT COINS OF LIN-TZU.
1 2 345
11
12
WHEN we consider the long and uninterrupted
numismatic history of China, which covers a more
extensive, continuous, and unbroken period than that
of any other country, it will perhaps come as a surprise
to hear that there is known but one series of Chinese
coins where the principal inscription appears incised
instead of in relief. We were so far only acquainted
with its existence, since all other information, excepting
the value, had been hitherto lacking. Further par-
6-9
122 H. A. RAMSDEN.
ticulars about these coins, which have now been
assigned to the ancient city of Lin-tzu (^]g), will
no doubt be considered of sufficient interest to merit
being here minutely recorded.
It is true that the well-known series of beautiful
round bronze coins, made by the famous usurper
Wang Mang (3^) about A. D. 9-23, with raised
characters reading "Ta tsien wu shih" yC;OL~H> or
"Great coin worth fifty", counts among its numerous
issues one in lead where this inscription is found
incised ; but as the legend is the same in all of them,
it cannot rightly claim to be regarded as a separate
series, since it is but a variety of the regular type.
I had in my hands a few years back at Hsiang fu
(SSrJi'f )> the s it e of the ancient capital of Kuan Tchung
(BB4 1 )' a fl at circular bronze coin, shaped after the
Yuan fa (IJfelj) series of early round money, with
the two characters incised on either side of the central
round hole ; bat as this particular specimen appeared
to me suspicious at the time, I did not take the trouble
to investigate it further, and only mention it as it was
probably the copy of some genuine original. Perfectly
different was another and larger piece, apparently
authentic, which I had submitted to me at Tientsin
last year. It had also two incised characters diffe-
rent from those in the above, placed one on each
side of the central circular aperture, but I was un-
fortunately unable to retain it long enough in my
possession to allow a rubbing to be taken, or even
closely examine it as carefully as it required, so that
I can no more than allude to it here. The above-cited
instances are the only cases, to my knowledge, where
the principal inscriptions, are to be found incised on
THE ANCIENT COINS OF LIN-TZU. 123
any of the ancient Chinese coins issued for currency
purposes.
Certain specimens of the ku pu (l&^fij) or weight
money of the city of An Yh (T Q) are sometimes found
with the incised ideograph for Kiu (f^), written in an
archaic style on the under side, but as this additional
mark was afterwards incised by hand to serve only
as a further guarantee to the coin itself, since its
meaning is "Treasury" (weight), it cannot be con-
sidered as other than a counterstamp. Some of the
early round coins of that country are also often found
with a character or other symbol, generally incised
on the reverse side, to serve as a distinguishing mark
to differentiate the various issues. Such additional
signs, usually a numeral added after the coins were
made, can scarcely be regarded as forming part of the
original legend, and consequently need not further
occupy our attention here.
In view of the trials that Sino-archaeologists ex-
perience in determining the date when inscriptions
were incised on Chinese bronzes, specially in the case
of ancient swords and other warlike weapons, it is
fortunate for numismatists that coins of that coun-
try with incised legends are not numerous. We are
only too well acquainted with the many difficulties
which must first be overcome before we are able to
ascertain correctly if such inscriptions were contem-
poraneous with the casting of the piece or added after-
wards at a later period. As such inscriptions increase
the value, both commercial and scientific, of all objects
thus treated, this deceptive practice can readily be
accounted for.
If I am not mistaken, the only numismatic work,
124 H. A. KAMSDEN.
native or foreign, that includes any examples of the
Lin-tzu series of coins with incised inscriptions, is
the Ku Chuan Hui (-j&^JS). Its learned author,
Li Tso-hien ($45t), mentions that he had seen but
two specimens, both of which are illustrated. They
appeared to him authentic, but he did not know where
or when they were made, nor could he give any other
particulars about them. He was also unaware that
the square varieties existed, and the two known to
him belonged to the more common circular issue, both
with the same value inscription, but slightly differently
written in each case. They correspond to the group
which includes No. 2-7 illustrated in the figure which
accompanies this article. It is no wonder that this
eminent numismatist, perhaps the most critical that
China has ever produced, was nonplussed, and unable
to attribute them. The legend, consisting only of
a value inscription, was not sufficient by itself to
permit of many conjectures. It is only with the
appearance of further specimens bearing the two
additional characters indicating their place of origin
that we have been able to assign them to the ancient
city of Lin-tzu and surrounding locality.
Lin-tzu, in the old state of T'si (jgf), is one of the
most ancient and best-known cities of early China.
We find it referred to in various native works as
a place of considerable importance, both powerful and
wealthy. Playfair, in his Cities and Towns of China,
mentions it under No. 3895, as situated in lat. 36 55',
long. 118 32', in Ching Chou-fu (ftffljfc), which is now
modern Shantung (llj^) province. Neither the Yellow
Eiver. nor the Grand Canal touched Shantung in those \
days, and Lin-tzu was evidently situated with reference \
THE ANCIENT COINS OF LIN-TZU. 125
to the local rivers, which flowed into the Gulf of
Pechili, so as to take full political advantage of the
salt, mining, and fishing industries. We have a full
account of how the statesman-philosopher Kwan Tsu
(-?)> about 650 B. c., reconstructed the economic life
of both people and city. The boastful statement attri-
buted to the deformed philosopher Yen Tsu (^H 1 ! 1 ), who
in 560 B. c. visited the court of the semi-barbarous state
of Ts'u ( J|), when he took the opportunity of enlarging
upon the magnificence of this city, is worth quoting
in full: "It is," said he, "surrounded by a hundred
villages ; the parasols of the walkers obscure the sky ;
their perspiration runs in such streams as to cause
rain ; their shoulders and heels touch together, so
closely are they packed." As Parker says in Ancient
China Simplified, " Exaggerations apart, however, there
is every reason to believe that Lin-tzu was a magni-
ficent city."
The coins of Lin-tzu known to collectors are of two
distinct shapes round and square. As the former
have so far been the only varieties edited, those of
a square shape are, I believe, here recorded and
described for the first time. They are the more
interesting of the two, as some of them have the name
of the place of issue inscribed on their surface besides
the weight value. Twelve specimens, comprising
examples of most of the known varieties, of both
round and square issues, will be found reproduced in
the accompanying figure.
Of the round coins there are two sizes. They all
bear on the obverse the same incised inscription
Sze Tchu (153^), or " Four Tchus ", on each side of the
central circular aperture. The reverse or under sides,
126 H. A. KAMSDEN.
with the exception of the one below mentioned, are
flat and uninscribed. The largest of the circular
varieties, reproduced over No. 1, is of the greatest
rarity, one other specimen only being known to exist.
It is a thick piece, one of the thickest that I have
so far seen (3-5 mm.), with what might be termed
a raised edge or border on the outer circumference
of the reverse or under side, forming a sort of rim,
coin fashion, which is not shown in the figure. The
smaller varieties, Nos. 2-7, which are the commonest
type, are flat on both sides. It will be noticed that
they are all more or less of the same size, having also
a uniform thickness of 2 mm. The manner of writing
the inscriptions, in a bold and pleasing style, shows
but little variation, excepting perhaps No. 2, where
the character Tchu is differently fashioned, and may
have been the work of a distinct engraver.
The square series comprises various issues, each of
which must be treated separately. Nos. 8, 9, and 10,
of an average thickness of 1*5 mm., have the central
aperture in the same position as in the round series.
Like them, they also have flat and blank reverses.
In No. 8, which might be considered as the connecting
link between the round and square shapes, the value
inscription " Tze Tchu " alone adorns this specimen,
while in the two following, Nos. 9 and 10, the two
characters for Lin-tzu are engraved on the right and
Tze Tchu on the left of the central hole. The remaining
specimens, Nos. 11 and 12, averaging 3-25 mm. in
thickness, are markedly different from any of the three
preceding square varieties, and present several distinct
and unusual features. The hole in both cases has been
bored lengthwise, perforating the side edges instead of
THE ANCIENT COINS OF LIN-TZU. 127
from top to bottom, as in all the others. On account
of the thickness, these punctures are comparatively
small, but yet sufficiently large to allow a thick thread
to be passed through. No. 11 has the ordinary value
inscription Tze Tchu occupying the entire surface
of the obverse or upper side, while the reverse or
under side is flat and devoid of any inscription what-
ever. No. 12 will be seen to have on the one side,
or reverse, the value inscription Tze Tchu written
identically as in No. 11, but with the addition on the
other side, or obverse, of a perfectly different name-
legend from that of Lin-tzu, as found on coins Nos. 9
and 10. This is the only instance, to my knowledge,
where inscriptions are to be found on both the obverse
and reverse sides of these incised coins. The name
hero consists of the character Tsou (JJJj), written in the
same archaic style as that employed on the Lin-tzu
series. There is a city of this same name, not so very
| far distant from Lin-tzu, which was formerly to be
found on lat. 35 30', long. 117 10', in Yenchou fu
(^^Hjj^), also in the modern province of Shantung;
it is mentioned by Playfair under No. 6576. My friend,
Mr. Mikami (H_h) f Tokyo, who has also a similar
piece in his collection, is of opinion that this inscription
stands for the name or sign of some individual or
trading concern. Should this turn out to be the case,
which is not at all probable, it would be the only
instance where the name of a person or business
concern is found on any of the coins of China. "We
know that commercial and other guilds, and, perhaps,
even private traders, were in the habit of issuing
money during those early periods, but such pieces
always bore the name of the city and not that of any
H. A. KAMSDEN.
individual. The general practice of free coinage was
not forbidden until 135 u. c., when the government
exercised the sole prerogative of supplying the circu-
lating mediums required for currency purposes.
The patination, both in the square and round varieties,
is more or less uniform in all the specimens here dealt
with. The smooth and polished surface in the majority
of cases and the rounded edges show that they had
been subjected to a considerable amount of use during
some early part of their existence. The form of writ i n^
the inscriptions, in an archaic style of the period, is
considered as of the best, and certainly no ignorant
person was employed in writing these characters.
i:>i.h the incising of the inscriptions and the boring
of the holes appear to have been done afterwards by
hand, as no two are ever found to be exactly alike.
I have purposely left until the end one of the most
important considerations in connexion with these
coins, which must be fully investigated before their
study can in any manner be regarded as complete.
I refer to their weight. The specimens in my collection,
all marked with the weight-value Tze Tchu, give the
following results :
No. 1.
., 2,
1 . 1 1 MI size
< M'tlinary s
circular piece ....
5 grammes
2
ze circular pioco
2-1
i
i
,
Q
,
2-8
, r,
,
2-6
7.
M
,
2
.M'-'iimn size square piece
,
1-0
Largo si/.- ^|iiai<- [.ire,.
2.5
.. lo.
" ' >
2-8
.. 1 1.
Small size squuro piece
,
2-9
.. I -.
.
2-4
THE ANCIENT COIHf OP LIN-TZU. 129
From the above figures we arrive at the following
avera:
ze round piw ; , 5 grm. >rage of round pieces,
Ordinary si//: round piw;, 2-1 grin,) 3*5 grm.
Medium hi//; square piw;, 1-0 grrn.) .
square piece, 2-4 grm. [j erag
j " '' ^ im *
The average weight of all the specimens, both
round and square shaped pieces, is 2-9 grammes,
arid without No. 1, which is doable the weight of
any of the others, the mean average would be
2-2 grammes, which figure is probably the nearest
computation to the correct general weight. It will
be seen by the above table that there is quite a differ-
ence between the lightest piece (No. 8 with 19 grms.)
and the heaviest (No. 1 with 5 grms.), to which great
discrepancy I would here like to call attention, as it
will be referred to later.
With the exception of No. 1, which is cast, all the
Iffpecimens in my collection, as well as those which
J have been able to examine elsewhere, appear to have
cut to shape from a larger planchet. This process
rould allow of more accurate results as regards the
reight, since by the old primitive method of casting
such regularity could be maintained. In the various
ip:s ordinary round size (Nos. 2-7), larger square
i (Nos. 9 1 ()). and the smallest square size (Nos. 1 1-12;
re is very little to choose between the individual
its of each coin. But the difference between the
ht of the various groups themselves is so
that there must have been a reason for
comparatively great divergence. Besides the
cation that these distinct groups formed
[,, roc. XT,
130 H. A. KAMSDEN.
different series, where each individual coin approxi-
mately maintained its own standard, it may also
be that they were issued at different periods, if not
in different localities. Anyhow, the times of their issue
could not have been widely separated, as the workman-
ship, manner of writing the inscriptions, metal, &c.,
show little variation in all the groups.
It has been suggested that these small inscribed
pieces of copper were only weights, and had no con-
nexion with currency, the square-shaped issues, and
specially Nos. 11-12 with the hole edgewise, lending
strength to this theory. On the other hand, the
evidence from the circular specimens with a round
central hole for stringing them together, would more
than counterbalance the foregoing consideration, since
no more faithful representation of the early round
coins of ancient China could be found than the one
figured over No. 1. Again, should they have been
merely weight-measures, it would be difficult to
account satisfactorily for the great difference in their
actual weights, which in such a case would be more
uniform, the more so when it is considered that the
process by which they were made lent itself to a certain
degree of accuracy. Experience with the early round
coins of ancient China, besides, teaches us that the
value inscription may at the beginning have been the
actual weight, but as time went on this indication
became merely a nominal legend. In the latest issues
the weight was almost infinitesimal, and bore no recog-
nized relation to the original weight.
In conclusion, I will remark that the square coins
of Lin-tzu with an incised inscription, which is the
rarest of the two shapes, have already been imitated.
THE ANCIENT COINS OF LIN-TZU. 131
I have seen a most dangerous forgery of the piece
described in this article under No. 10. Unless com-
pared side by side with a genuine specimen it would
be difficult to detect that it is spurious. The weight,
as is generally the case with imitations of the early
issues of China, is a good deal heavier than that of the
original, the piece in question weighing a little over
3 grammes, with an exaggerated thickness of 3 mm.
One cannot help admiring, if not respecting, the
activities of Chinese forgers, since it is quite remark-
able that it should occur to them to issue imitations
of a coin which had not yet even been edited !
H. A. RAMSDEN.
Note. Owing to the Author's regretted death, this
article has not had the benefit of his revision.
MISCELLANEA.
HELENA N.F.
M. MAURICE in his paper 1 raises a new point, and perhaps
I may have leave to make a very short comment thereon.
Before doing so, I desire to say that I have not denied the
existence of Helena the younger, but only that her name or
effigy has yet been found on any coin. The new arguments
which M. Maurice skilfully raises against me are based on
the fine bust which he illustrates, on a specimen of the N.F.
coin which bears a more youthful portrait than the specimen
which was illustrated in the Numismatic Chronicle in 1912
(Plate XXI, No. 1), and on the remarks of Lady Evans in her
paper quoted by him. But has he not fitted his evidence to
his conclusions rather than vice versa? He says that
St. Helena "porte toujours deux varietes de coiffures", but
his own witness, Lady Evans, adds a third, saying, " Helena
sometimes reverts to the simple Greek knot." 2 Now the
assertion that St. Helena used but two varieties of coiffure is
only correct if the coins inscribed N.F. are not attributed to
her, and the principal reason given by M. Maurice against
such an attribution is that they bear a third variety of
coiffure. It seems that each assertion requires the other to
support it and that the argument proceeds in a circle. In
fact, the assertions can be proved only by the authoritative
decision of the very point at issue, viz. the correct attribu-
tion of the coins bearing the three varieties of portrait.
It is submitted, therefore, that the hairdressing argument
fails, and it may incidentally be pointed out that a coiffure
resembling that of the bust does not appear on the ordinary
coinage of the Empress Helena till the posthumous issue of
A.D. 337, and even then it differs from that of the bust, in
that a row of curls is worn between the bandeau and the
forehead, similar to that which appears on the coins bearing
the title Augusta ; while it must be particularly noted that
the corresponding portion of the hair on the bust is treated
exactly like that on the N.F. coins ; and this, I submit, is
a somewhat important aid to my contention. There is no
proof of the statement, " Cette princesse aurait adopte, des le
debut de sa vie, le genre de coiffure qu'elle conserva tou-
jours." It is contrary to M. Maurice's own evidence, and to
his own correct conclusion that the bandeau type was a late
1 Num. Chron., 1914, pp. 314-29. 2 Ibid., 1906, p. 60.
MISCELLANEA. 133
one. If there was any coin struck in her honour before she
was granted the diadem in A.D. 325, we must expect to find
on it another form of coiffure.
Tertullian objected to woollen bands ; what then is more
likely than that, when Helena was but a Saint in retirement,
she dressed her hair most simply ?
I venture also to dissent to the statement, " Nous ne
possedons que des effigies de Sainte Helene agee, tandis
que le buste est celui d'une jeune femme/' 3 Several of
the portraits of the coins of the Augustan series are those
of a young woman, and many others show a face much
younger than that of St. Helena could have appeared when
they were struck, for she was then in her eighth decade.
It does not, therefore, appear that the bust must have been
carved when she was young, and it is no certain evidence
that she wore the bandeau in her youth. Judging only
from the photograph, we may even doubt if it is intended to
represent a very young woman.
M. Maurice also alleges a difference in feature between the
N.F. and the Augustan portraits. I must not repeat the
arguments I have already put forward on this point, 4 but
I challenge comparison of No. 6 with No. 11 on his plate,
and suggest that the profiles are identical. Also I challenge
comparison of the N.F. specimen published on Plate XXI of
the Chronicle for 1912 with the profile of the bust. I suggest
that the brow, nose, and mouth are identical on bust and
coin, and that the last-mentioned feature is very character-
istic, and is to be found similarly depicted on many coins on
both plates, particularly on the N.F. coin of M. Maurice.
Again, what female feature could be heavier than the nose of
the bust, which, however, may be a reproduction ? The chin
is less developed than that on the N.F. coins, and though this
weaker chin is also found on the coins with the " bandeau ",
or later coiffure of St. Helena, the strong chin of the N. F.
coins is exactly reproduced on most of the Augustan series.
Both forms of chin are found on coins undoubtedly attribu-
table to St. Helena.
My most courteous opponent has, therefore, failed to
convince me, and I must leave the decision between us in
the hands of our brother numismatists.
PERCY H. WEBB.
ALEXANDRE DE BRUCHSELLA, engraver at the Tower mint
from Michaelmas, 1494 to Michaelmas, 1509.
In Num. Chron., ser. 4, vol. xiii, pp. 351-3, 1 communicated
to the Society the name of this graver, who was employed at
3 Ibid., 1914, p. 318. + Ibid., 1912, pp. 355-7.
134 MISCELLANEA.
the Tower until the death of Henry VII in April 1509, but
not afterwards, as I then believed. I have, however, since
met with clear evidence that Alexandre was retained in his
office by Henry VIII for about six months, and consequently
we may assume his personal responsibility for the dies used
in striking the first coinage in the new reign. The proof of
his service being thus extended is based upon an entry in
a Memoranda roll of the Exchequer, which runs as follows :
''Writ to the Barons of the Exchequer, Easter term,
1 Henry VIII.
Whereas Alexandre Bruchsella by commandment to him
given ' by our mouthe ' has exercised and occupied the
office of graver of our coining irons within the Tower from
the Feast of Easter in the 24th year of our late father
Henry VII until the Feast of St. Michael in the 1st year
of our reign, for the occupation whereof we have granted to
him the sum of five pounds for the said time, to be taken
from the profits of the mint. This sum had been already
paid, and the Treasurer and Barons are authorized to allow
the amount in the accounts of William Stafford, warden. By
privy seal at Greenwich, No. 17 March 1 Henry VIII, 1509-10"
(K. R. Mem. roll, No. 289).
A search through the roll of the succeeding year failed to
disclose any further mention of Alexandre, a result which
was to be expected, as the warrant of privy seal which
appointed his successor, John Sharp, states that the office
was conferred as from Michaelmas, 1509.
The majority of the gravers of dies and seals were, as is
well known, also goldsmiths, and this fact suggests a possi-
bility that the artist who is the subject of this note was
identical with one of two goldsmiths who are mentioned by
A. Pinch art in Itevue de la Numismatique beige, 2nd series,
vol. ii (1852), p. 223, in a list of gravers in the Low Countries.
Pinchart tells us that Albert Durer recorded in his Diary
of Travel of 1520-1 that he had met Alexander the gold-
smith at dinner in Antwerp. Pinchart then alludes, on
p. 224, to the existence of a goldsmith named Alexander
van Brugsal, who was known in the Low Countries in
1505-6.
In point of date the last-named craftsman is the nearer
to our Alexandre de Bruchsella, who, if he was a native of
Flanders, may conceivably have visited London, when his
presence was required at the Tower. Be that as it may,
I think that it will be appropriate to repeat here a line
quoted by Pinchart when he summed up the case as between
the two Alexanders in regard to the authorship of certain
Flemish medals :
Devine si tu peux, et choisis si tu I'oses.
MISCELLANEA.
135
I am indebted to Mr. G. F. Hill for drawing my attention
to the above-mentioned volume of the Belgian Numismatic
Society's publications.
HENRY SYMONDS.
COIN OF CARAUSIUS OVERSTRUCK UPON AN ANTONINIANUS OF
PHILIP SENIOR.
THE interest of this piece lies in its being overstruck by
Carausius on a base silver coin, and in the possible question
as to whether at the beginning of his reign the later base
' Antoniniani ' may not have been still in circulation at a
higher value than the contemporary copper ' 3rd brass ', and
whether previous to the issue of silver denarii Carausius
may not have intentionally continued the former base
currency until it was superseded in the Empire generally
by the good silver coinage of Diocletian and Maximian.
The coin in question is overstruck on a base Antoninianus
of Philip I of the type of Cohen, No. 50.
Bev. FIDES EXERCITVS 'Four military ensigns of
which the third is surmounted by a Roman eagle '.
The Carausius obverse is overstruck on the reverse of the
Philip coin leaving one of the standards and VS of EXER-
CITVS still visible. The reverse of Carausius is on the
obverse of the Philip, which is only partly obliterated,
leaving the back of the head and . . P M IVL PHIL . '.
distinct.
The portions of the Carausius striking visible are :
Olv ARAVSIVS AVC, radiate bust to right.
Rev. . . . AVC, standing figure to left with cornucopiae.
The missing portion of the legend is probably PAX, but
itmaybeLAETITIA.
FREDK. A. WALTERS.
OVERSTRIKES of Carausius, evidence perhaps f of the haste
in which he carried out his usurpation, are found in sufficient
numbers to justify the belief that they formed or supple-
mented his first issue, and were officially current, but still
136 MISCELLANEA.
they are scarce. Lord Selborne has no less than 24 among
the 545 coins of Carausius in the Blackmoor Hoard, but I do
not think that I saw more than a like number among the
numerous other collections which I examined a few years
since. It is reasonable, however, to assume that there are
many pieces so well overstruck that, though we may suspect
the fact, no identifiable traces of the original coin remain
visible.
No rule of striking is discernible ; obverse is sometimes
on obverse and sometimes on reverse. Sometimes we can
trace the older bust, or part of it, at others only portions of
the reverse type or legends are visible, and some curious
combinations arise. Some specimens are figured in Num.
Chron., 1907, plate V. On No. 8 the profiles of Claudius
Gothicus and Carausius are both visible, on No. 9 the
obverse inscription reads IMP CARAVSIVSICVS CAES
(the coin being originally of Tetricus II), and on the reverse
of No. 10 the letters IMP C VICTOR IN are still legible.
The style of the overstrikes affords some ground for
attributing them to the early moneyers of the London Mint,
as they resemble some of the rougher issues which bear its
mintmark, and this seems consistent with the view that
places them among the first issues of the reign. It seems
that the mint of Colchester was not established until more
skilful moneyers were available.
The coins of many emperors, from Gallienus to Diocletian
inclusive, were made use of, but hitherto no overstrike has
been published which falls without those limits, or is made
on a white metal coin.
Taking the great Blackmoor find as some guide to the
condition of the currency in Britain during the period,
which we may fairly do, as it was, no doubt, a deposit of
government funds, and as its evidence seems to be supported
by that of other recorded finds, it would appear that the
coins in circulation were mostly those from about the time
of Gallienus onward. The coin now published is therefore
of particular interest on account of its metal and date.
As it is of a very poor alloy and weighs about 37 grains
against an average weight of about 60 grains, which appears
to have been aimed at in the reign of Philip, it may be that
it had, even before it was restruck, fallen into use as one of
the common small bronze currency. The denarii of
Carausius, though they are sometimes of inferior silver,
were evidently intended to be a true silver issue.
P. H. WEBB.
NUM. CHRON. SER. IV., VOL. XV. PLATE I.
-JrJ
Period I B.C. 625-575 (?)
EL
r, , *
X
EL
fl?
Period II. B.C. 575 (?)-545-
CHIOS. PERIODS I, II
NUM. CHRON. SER. IV., VOL. XV. PLATE II.
25 J
.-
Period III. B.C. 545-500.
Period IV. B.C. 500-478.
CHIOS. PERIODS III, IV.
NUM. CHRON. SER. IV., VOL. XV. PLATE III.
' ' A
a /i
29 31 29
COINS OF CYRENAICA. PERIODS I, II.
NUM. CHRON. SER. IV., VOL. XV. PLATE IV.
49 ^O-TT^rx' ^-Z^**" 52
COINS OF CYRENAICA. PERIOD III.
NUM. CHRON. SER. IV., VOL. XV. PLATE V.
58 59 60 61 62 63 64
65
COINS OF CYRENAICA. PERIOD III.
NUM. CHRON. SER. IV., VOL. XV. PLATE VII.
m
*&
& M
J^~^ffa\ rJi'
.irs
t&\ &
IRREGULAR COINS OF THE REIGN OF STEPHEN.
V.
QUAESTIONES CYRENAICAE.
(Continued from p. 104. SEE PLATES III-VI.)
The Gold Coinage.
We can now approach the gold issues of Gyrene.
As has been mentioned above, 83 the first Cyrenaic gold
coin was probably struck towards the close of the second
period ; it is a drachm of Samian weight, the same
weight as was employed for contemporary silver
drachms. Fairly soon in the next period we meet the
folio wing pieces, without magistrates' names, and mostly
ithout ethnics.
Obv. Head of bearded Ammon 1., careful work, hair
not very free, eye three-quarter face, pupil
marked.
Rev. Silphium with two whorls and five umbels ;
K Y ; linear circle ; circular incuse.
P A
M A
Gotha. N. -55. Wt. 53-2 grs. Samian drachm.
>5. 01)v. Silphium plant with two whorls and five
umbels.
Rev. Head of bearded Ammon r., the hair and beard
curling elaborately ; dotted circle ; circular
incuse.
B. M. N. 045. Wt. 264 grs. Samian hemi-
drachm. Another (coarser style), B. M.
AT. 0-35. Wt, 26-3 grs.
63 p. 86, No. 31.
IUMISM. CHBON., VOL. XV, SERIES IV. L
138 E. S. G. ROBINSON.
56. Obv. Head of youthful Ammon r. ; dotted circle.
Rev. Ram's head r. ; dotted circle.
B. M. N. 0-35. Wt. 134 grs. (The true weight is
less, as the coin has been mounted and
retains some solder.)
57. Obv.- Head of nymph r., the hair bound thrice round
and coiled over the ear ; dotted circle.
Rev. Head of bearded Ammon r., rather coarse style.
B. M. N. 0-3. Wt. 13 grs.
58. Obv. As last.
Rev. Head of youthful Ammon r., hair loose, eye
three-quarter face.
Paris. N. 0-3. Wt. 13-6 and 14-2.
59. Obv. Similar (?) ; die damaged.
Rev. Head of bearded Ammon facing, with uraeus.
B. M. AT. 0-3. Wt. 13 grs.
It is possible that No. 56 may belong to Barce, for
the only other known occurrence of the rani's head as
a Cyrenaic coin type is on certain coins of that city
of the close of the first period. 84 But this cannot be
regarded as decisive, and the style of the coin affords
no criterion. The style of the reverse of No. 55, as
Dr. Head has pointed out, 85 is more suggestive of some
of the Ammon heads of Barce than of any of those of
Gyrene, but as it can be easily paralleled in both series
a decision on such grounds is difficult. The same is true
of No. 57. It might be urged that the female head
on Nos. 57-9, which is habitually described as Gyrene,
would decide the attribution to the city to which the
nymph gave her name. But even if Gyrene were not
84 M., Suppl., 290 A. Cp. also the full figure on^E of Barce,
No. 80 below.
Hist. Num.\ p. 873.
QUAESTIONES CYRENAICAE. 139
an ancient Greek goddess as Studniczka argues, at least
her sphere was wider than that of a mere city-eponym.
This well-marked type of head with the curious arrange-
ment of the hair occurs, it is true, on later gold coins
of the same denomination, bearing the signature I A,
presumably the Cyrenaean magistrate IA3HN, but it
is also found on the following which belong to the
close of the second or beginning of the third period
at Barce.
60. Olv. Head of nymph as on Nos. 57-9 ; behind,
BAPK C; dotted border.
Eev. Head of bearded Ammon r., hair and beard in
heavy curls, eye three-quarter face ; dotted
square, in corners of which "0 00 ; incuse
square. N 2>
B. M. JR. 04. Wt. 12-6 grs. Samian trihemi-
obol?
This coin certainly connects the nymph type defi-
nitely with Barce. The appearance of the inscription on
both sides is not unusual ; but on the obverse there seem
to be traces of a fifth letter which cannot but be A. May
not the obverse inscription refer closely to the type 86
and give us here the name of a nymph Barce made to
match Gyrene ?
Nos. 56-9 are the first of a long series of which the
normal weight seems to be 13-13-5, though some of
the earliest, e.g. No. 58, weigh a little more. It is
obvious that this weight can be very easily related
to the hemidrachms, Nos. 54 and 55, and to the drachm
of the last period. It is exactly a quarter of the
Samian drachm of 53-4 max., so that the coins are
trihemiobols. Thus the early gold series consisted of
86 Cp. KYPANA above, No. 10.
L 2
14:0 E. S. G. ROBINSON.
drachm, hemidrachm, and trihemiobol of 53-4, 27,
13-13*5 grs. respectively. It is noteworthy that at
the rate of 15 : 1, which seems to be certainly established
for silver against gold in the last years of the fifth
century in Sicily, a gold piece of 13-5 grs. would be
worth 13-5x15 = 202-5 grs. of silver, or just about
the weight of the contemporary tetradrachm. It is
noteworthy, too, that the unit of the earliest gold
coins at Gela is of the same weight, which is that of
the Sicilian litra.
To find gold and silver equivalents in Greek numis-
matics must always be an uncertain task, but this
coincidence between the values of the contemporary
silver tetradrachm and gold trihemiobol seems too
close to be overlooked. These little gold pieces form
a bridge to connect the older gold issue with the new
issue of staters of Attic weight which began in the
opening years of the fourth century. While the earliest
of them weigh a decimal or two more, Nos. 57 and
59 represent the most usual weight, say 13-3. This
is exactly a tenth of the new stater, and as such it
is grafted on to the new system, where it is a common
piece right down to the end.
A feature of the numismatics of the early fourth
century is the outburst in the Aegean basin of a gold
coinage of Attic weight, to which Athens herself had
given the impetus 87 by her issue of necessity
in 408. Style would date the earliest gold of Rhodes 88
87 P. Gardner, "Coinage of the Athenian Empire," in J. H. S.,
1914 ; Woodward, Num. Chron., 1911. Though no staters of the
earliest issue at Athens have come down to us, xp vff0 ^ standing as
it does alone in the inscription, must refer to staters ; and anyhow
we have drachms.
88 B.M.C.: Caria, p. 231, No. 10.
QUAESTIONES CYRENAICAE. 141
to about the year 390, and the staters of the Chalcidian
League are not much later. The new gold issue at
Gyrene is another instance, and falls chronologically
into line with the rest. "We may win confirmation of
this by examining the silver series. Most (though
unfortunately not all) of the magistrates whose names
occur on the gold are represented on the silver as well,
and there are none of them whom for reasons of style
we should put as early as Nikis or Aristomedes. Of
this gold coinage the denominations are
Stater 133-5 grs.
Drachm 66-5 .,
Triobol 34
Tenth 13-3
the first and last being the commonest. 89 The
magistrates whose names we find on staters are
APirTAfOPA, XAIPE0HN, AAMHNAKTOS,
KYAIOS0, eEY<t>EIAEY5, IA5ONO5, KYXAIPIO5,
XAIPIO5, nOAIAN0EY5, while a tenth of rather
early style has the name APlTIO (which also appears
on the silver tetradrachms) and another reads KY0 .
There are, besides, two drachms struck from altered
dies, on each of which traces of the old name show
through, and in one case this name does not seem to
be already familiar.
It is, I think, possible by a comparison of dies and
by other arguments to establish within certain limits the
89 There is a coin in the Catalogue of a Late Collector (Sotheby,
Wilkinson and Hodge, 1900), lot 483 (not illustrated), with the
types of the drachm and inscription XAIPIO^, of which the
weight is given as 44 grains. If both inscription and weight are
rightly given, this would be an anticipation of the tetrobol of
the next period (M. i. 205).
142 E. S. G. ROBINS'" -N.
succession of these magistrates. It is the usual thing
in this series to find several gold coins from the same
die. and in two cases one and the same obverse die
is employed by three different magistrates. Now, if
we may assume that the magistrates succeeded each
other without overlapping, we have here the materials
for accurate arrangement, at least as far as these two
groups are concerned. It is necessary first to give
grounds for such an assumption. At first sight two
examples of such a phenomenon as three magistrates
using the same obverse die would rather suggest that
the magistrates were contemporary, especially when
we find that the one who falls in the middle uses other
obverse dies as well. But a close examination of every
one of the coins concerned to which I could get a
has convinced me that under each magistrate the
die has progressively deteriorated. Thus, though flaws
vary in size under magistrate C. they are never smaller
under C than under B. and so on. 90 In the case of
two magistrates of one of these groups we get con-
firmation of a similar nature from a common die
in the drachm series. We may take it. then, that
it is as probable as things of this nature can be in
Greek numismatics, that the magistrates were succes-
sive, and not contemporary.
The types of the gold staters are well known.
On the obverse they bear a quadriga, sometimes
* I am much indebted to my colleague, Mr. G. C. Brooke, for
very patient help in this matter. I submitted to him a series of
coins from these two dies without telling him in what order I
thought they should be placed, and in the case of casts without
giving him the reverses. Though based simply on the condition
of the obverse die at the time of striking, his arrangement brought
all coins of the same magistrate together and the magistrates
themselves into the same succession as had seemed right to me.
QUAESTIOXES CYRENAICAE. 14:3
driven by Victory ; the reverse is occupied by Zeus.
The reverse types fall into two classes, according
as they represent a seated or a standing figure.
The standing figure always has the ram's horn ; the
seated figure, except in one instance, never. While
the former (often accompanied by his ram) is Ammon,
the latter (who generally appears with the eagle) is
probably, as Miiller 91 has pointed out, the Arcadian
Zeus Lycaeus, for whose presence at Gyrene the hill
of Zeus Lycaeus (Herod., iv. 203) is evidence and the
advent of Demonax (ibid., 161) would account. The
parallel between this type and that of the early coins
of the Arcadian League is striking.
We may now make some attempt at a chronological
arrangement. Their use of the same obverse die brings
KYAIOS0-eEY<J>EIAEYS IA5ONOS and KYXAI-
PIOS XAIPI05 DOAIANeEYStogether in the order
mentioned. At the same time the KYXAIPIO^ group
is stylistically later than the KYAIO30 group, as
is shown by a glance at the later issues of ROAIAN-
0EY3, the last of which links up closely with the
unique stater of the Ptolemaic period at Paris (see
below, Nos. 71 and 98). Where should APISTAfOPA,
XAlPE<t>flN, and AAMflNAKTOS be placed? All
these three use as reverse type Zeus Ammon stand-
ing, with short hair ; the style, which in the case
of the first two is crude, is very similar, and in itself
would indicate an earlier date than that of the
KYXAIPIOS or nOAIAN0EY5 groups. Further,
these latter groups hang together not only stylistically
but also in virtue of both obverse and reverse types.
91 op. cit., p. 67.
144 E. S. G. KOBINSON.
On the obverse in each case, above the chariot, which
is proceeding at a walk, is a solar disk, a feature
unknown on any of the other obverse dies ; in fact the
KYXAIPIO^ die gives the impression of being directly
suggested by the KYAIO30 die. Again, under
every magistrate in the first group, and under the
first two in the second group (save possibly in one
instance, where it may be a seated Ammon; see M.
i. 189, and the discussion of this coin below), the reverse
is occupied by the seated Zeus Lycaeus. Under the last
of the second group, PIOAI AN0EY3, we find throughout
the standing Zeus Ammon. Style and the development
of types thus point irresistibly to a direct succession
from the KYAIOS0 - - group to the KYXAIPIO5
group. As has been hinted above, and as will be de-
monstrated later, CIOAIAN0EYS, the last of the latter
group, must come down to the beginning of the
Ptolemaic era. The APlSTArOPA XAlPE<t>niSI-
AAMHNAKTO3 group will therefore come at the
beginning of the series.
This conclusion is confirmed by two other con-
siderations. The first, though it offers only negative
evidence, is worth taking into account. Under
APISTArOPA, XAlPE<J>niM, and AAMHNAKTO*
the only known subdivision is the tenth. Under
KYAIOS0 - - and 0EY<I>EIAEY5 we find the drachm
as well; IA3HN adds the triobol; and the whole
set is maintained under XAlPlO^ 92 (except the
tenths), and under nOAIAN0EYS. Thus if the
order suggested for these magistrates be correct
<J2 KYXAIPIO^ stands in an exceptional position; his staters
are very rare (I have only seen four including the Brit.Mus. specimen)
and there are no subdivisions bearing his name, not even tenths.
It may be suggested that his tenure of office was soon cut short.
QUAESTIONES CYKENAICAE. 145
the system becomes more complex as time goes on,
till a maximum number of subdivisions is reached.
which is maintained till the end of the series. The
second point has reference to the relative die positions.
Dr. Macdonald (Hunter. Cat., iii, p. 588, note) has
already remarked that the die positions on the
gold staters are irregular except for XAIPIO^ and
nOAIAN0EY. My own experience confirms this
except that I would add KYXAIPIO. We may
presume that the rest of the coins, on which the die
position is constantly varying, precede those of these
three magistrates, among whose coins I have met with
only one example of irregularity.
Having roughly settled the order of the magistrates
we may notice some pieces which for one reason or
another demand discussion.
61. Obv. Head of youthful Ammon r. ; behind, API; in
front, $TIO retrograde ^> ; linear border.
Rev. Head of Gyrene as on No. 57, but 1.
B. M. N. 0-3. Wt. 12-6 grs.
62. Obv. Head of bearded Ammon r., diademed, wearing
uraeus ; linear border.
Eev. Head of Cyrene r., hair rolled, with tresses
hanging down on either side of neck ; in front,
B. M. M. 0-8. Wt. 13-3 grs.
63. Obv. Similar; no diadem or uraeus ; behind, API C ,
outwards.
Eev. Facing head of Cyrene, slightly turned to r.,
wearing ear-rings.
B. M. M. 0-3. Wt. 13-3 grs.
64. Obv. Similar, head 1. ; behind, XAI 3, outwards.
Eev. Similar.
B. M. M. 0-3. Wt. 134 grs.
146 E. S. G. KOBINSON.
Its fine style and the shape of the letters would
lead us to place No. 61 early in the century; that
we have no staters of APl^TIO^ may be an accident,
and at all events there is a silver tetradrachm. 93 The
fact, unusual on these small coins, that the name is
written at length might lead us to put the coin after
those of API^TAFOPA, who signs on the tenths as
API (cp. No. 63), the assumption being that it was
necessary to write the name in full to avoid confusion ;
but the earlier style as well of reverse as of obverse
will hardly allow this.
There is no doubt as to the reading of No. 62. 94
Unfortunately it has sometimes influenced the reading
of other tenths, really of KYAIO50 - - with the in-
scription KYA. The types of KYA are different, on
the obverse the beardless horned head, on the reverse
the nymph with her hair rolled, but no hanging
tresses. To judge by the presence of the latter on his
coin, KY0 - - cannot come very early in the series.
Nos. 63 and 64 are obviously very close in style ; as
we have seen, the facing head is characteristic of the
beginning of the fourth century at Gyrene. API -
and XAI --, it is true, are capable of very various
terminations, and among magistrates already known
on Cyrenaean coins we have API3TOMHAEO3, API-
STIO3, APlSTAfOPA, XAIPE4>nN and XAIPIOS
from which to choose. But the facing-head type and
the style in general are rather early for XAIPIOS,
while as for API - - - (1) no other gold of API5TOMH-
AEO3 is known, and (2) if it were APl^TIOSwe might
expect the name in full as on the other tenth, No. 61.
98 Macdonald, iii, Gyrene, 23-4.
94 M. i. 219.
QUAESTIONES CYKENAICAE. 147
We Lave already seen that their gold staters bring
APlSTArOPA and XAIPE^HN very close together,
and we may therefore conclude with some probability
that Nos. 63 and 64 bear the same names in more
abbreviated form.
65. Olv. Quadriga r. at the gallop, driven by male figure
in long chiton; in exergue, KYPANAION;
dotted border.
Rev. Ammon standing to front, his head r. ; 1. hand
resting on sceptre, r. on hip ; in field 1., owl.
Paris. N. 0-65. Wt. 132-8 grs.
66. Obv. Similar (same die).
Rev. Similar (same die), but in addition in, field r.,
silphium; around, XAIPE<I> fl N O.
B. M. N. 0-7. Wt. 133-5 grs.
67. Olv. Horseman r. ; behind, KYPA, above which,
traces of previous inscription.
Rev. Silphium with two whorls and five umbels ;
K Y
P A
N A
Paris. N. 0-5. Wt. 66 grs.
68 a and b. Obv. Horseman 1. (of large fine style) ; behind,
corn-grain.
Rev. Silphium with two whorls and five umbels ;
I A
5 'o
M O
68 a. Berlin. N. 0-6. Wt. 66-5 grs.
68 b. B. M. N. 0-6. Wt. 64-8 grs.
All these coins have a similar interest, for in every
case the die has been altered. That the reverses of
Nos. 65 and 66 are from the same die, is shown by
various indications, notably the accidental nick in
148 E. S. G. ROBINSON.
the middle of the sceptre ; yet between the striking
of the two coins a magistrate's name and a symbol
have been added.
Of No. 67 one cannot make out the underwritten
inscription, though its traces are provokingly plain :
it begins with an A, A, or N, and finishes after three
or four letters, as Miiller 95 has noted, with a P.
Further than this we cannot go.
No. 68 a, formerly in the collection of Dr. Imhoof-
Blumer, and published first by Bompois 9G and later
by Miiller, 97 is a great puzzle. The I, A, are thick and
indistinct. Bompois regarded it as reading either
from a nominative IA3IHN, or simply as
into which an I had crept by the mistake
of the engraver. Miiller, on the other hand, seeing
an upright stroke above the left lower whorl of the
silphium mistook for an iota what is in reality a flaw,
and read the whole as IASIONIO5 from IA3IONI5
on the analogy of other Cyrenaic names. Dr. Regling,
who very kindly made a close examination of the
coin for me, writes as follows: "The coin has been
double- struck with such force as to alter all the
A I
shapes. Originally the inscription was probably O .
O V\
One can see that the present A arises out of I, and the
3, N and O out of other letters ; during this alteration
the little accidental I beside the middle O may have
been added, or it may have been left as the remnant
of the $ that previously stood there ; the small letters
2 belong to a later engraving of the die/'
95 i, p. 69.
96 Bompois, op. cit., pp. 119, 120.
97 M., Suppl., No. 52 A.
QUAESTIONES CYRENAICAE. 149
None of these explanations seems to me adequate,
especially in view of the London specimen (68 b), which
I A
though in poor condition plainly reads $ O , while
M O
the rest of the letters are practically obliterated, only
faint traces of them being visible with the glass. That
the same peculiarities are reproduced on both specimens
puts the theory of double striking out of court, though
the reading on the Museum example seems to show
that what was really intended was lA^ONO. We have
already remarked on the thickness of the letters I, A, 3 ;
I would suggest that the original inscription was
K Y
A lo, and that the die was then altered, the
I A
intention being that it should read > . There are
N O
clear traces of what would have been the lower bar of
the K ; the left bar of the A is much thicker than the
right; and the 3 is misshapen. The N and O below
would be newly cut, while the on the r. were let
alone, whence their greater sharpness and relative
smallness. Unfortunately the I on the right survived
as well, presumably through an oversight, and from the
die in this condition the Berlin specimen was struck.
Later still, the die was again taken in hand and the
offending I as well as the 3 immediately below it
erased. From the die as now altered the London
specimen was struck. That the almost complete dis-
appearance of the I and on the latest coin is due to
a second alteration of the die, and not to faulty striking,
is indicated by the fact that the flaw above the left
150 E. S. G. ROBINSON.
leaf of the lower whorl (which Miiller took for an I)
appears as before. There is no chronological difficulty,
for KYAIOS - - is the first of the group of which
IAONO is the last. In style the horseman on this
coin suits well with the horseman on those of the
previous magistrate 0E[Y<I>EIAEY ], M. i. 198. Both
are of a larger style than is usual, and both are turned
to the left a position otherwise unknown in the drachm
series. Apparently from the same obverse die as the
lA^ONO 98 drachm there is another coin, the reverse
of which reads simply KYPA. In this case there is
no corn-grain on the obverse, which shows that the
obverse die too has been touched up before being used
for No. 68. The coin (M. i. 197), with our Nos. 65,
67, and M. i. 196, forms a group characterized by
the absence of any personal name. The obverse die
of No. 67 is found in three combinations in an order
which its condition allows us to establish as follows,
(1) with a reverse of KYAIO3, (2) with the present re-
verse KYPA, and (3) with a reverse of 0E[Y4>EI AEYl).
No. 67 was therefore struck after the regular intro-
duction of magistrates' names on the gold series. The
same must be true of M. i. 197, and almost certainly
of M. i. 195, the arrangement of the legend on which
strongly suggests the drachm of KYAIO, M. i. 198.
Is the omission of a magistrate's name due to accident
or to design? Possibly sudden death may now and
again have caused an interregnum during which urgent
necessity for money may have arisen ; but the general
run of the series seems rather to indicate carelessness
as a cause.
98 In Paris. M., No. 197. Another splendid example in the
Fenerly Bey Coll. (Egger), PI. xxii. 853.
QUAESTIONES CYKENAICAE. 151
Of the lax arrangements of the mint (which,
it is true, are most in evidence during the time
APlSTAfOPA IA3ONO) we have proof in the
alteration of the dies spoken of above, and especially
in our No. 67, where the ethnic appears on both sides.
On all the signed gold drachms down to IAONO- the
name is on the reverse, and the ethnic (when present)
on the obverse, whereas on the issues of'X AIPIO^ and
P1OAIAN0EY3 the positions are reversed. Of the
unsigned drachms, none of which as we have seen
fall later than IAONO, two out of three (our No. 67,
and M. i. 197) have the ethnic on the reverse, in
the case of the first in addition to the ethnic on the
obverse. But at this period, especially under KYAIO^--,
dies of the same size and style, with ethnic on the
reverse, were in use for the silver drachms, and it is
possible that at need these were employed for the
gold also.
It may be objected that among the gold triobols
at least we find several without a magistrate's name.
If this were true, it would lead us to reconsider our
opinion about the unsigned drachms, but if we examine
the alleged examples as given by Miiller (M. i. 209
and 210) we shall find that as a matter of fact these
two coins belong to IA5ONO and HOAIANeEYS
respectively. The coins are struck on a smallish flan,
and the inscription is weakly cut on the outer edge
of the die. For example, under i. 209 Miiller cites
a Payne Knight coin (Num. Vet., p. 214, D 1), which
though it shows no trace of a magistrate on the obverse,
is from the same die as another piece in the British
Museum, on which the inscription IA is plain.
Coins from this obverse die are not uncommon, but my
152 E. S. G. ROBINSON.
experience is that in. more than fifty per cent, of cases
the I A* does not appear. The same is true of M.
i. 210.
Before leaving these triobols a small point may be
noticed which, such as it is, supports the general chro-
nology of magistrates here advanced. "We have noticed
that the ethnic does not appear on the reverse in the
drachm series till the time of XAIPIO3 and HO A IAN-
GEY*. Now on the triobols of IASONOS, both ethnic
and signature appear on the obverse, while under
XAIPIOS and DOAIANGEYS, though the signature
remains on the obverse, the ethnic has gone round to
the reverse exactly as on the drachms.
Mention has been made above of the magistrates
KYAIOSGfENOYS] and KYXAIPIOS. As they appear
here for the first time, it may be well to publish the
two staters on which these readings are based.
69. Obv. Quadriga, driven by charioteer in long sleeveless
chiton r. ; above, KYPfANAION] ^divided
by star of nine rays ; linear border.
Rev. Zeus Lycaeus seated 1. on throne, his 1. resting
on the back, his outstretched r. holding eagle ;
behind, KYAIOSG} ; linear border.
B. M. S. 0-8. Wt. 132-6 grs.
70. Obv. Similar, but the star has a central disk, and
only half of it is shown; to 1. KYPANAI
ON C.
Rev. Similar ; in field 1., thymiaterion ; behind,
KYXAIPIOS retrograde!).
B. M. N. 0-8. Wt. 133 grs.
No. 69 is very puzzling. The reverse inscription
is absolutely certain. The way it is written shows
that the G must be an integral part of the name;
besides, on these staters we never find anything in
QUAESTIONES CYKENAICAE. 153
the way of an. additional letter, or even symbol, for
the owl and silphium onNos. 65 and 66, and the jerboa
and locust which appear on some of the drachms are
in the nature of adjuncts. The only possible com-
pletion is as KYAIOSGENOYS, genitive of KYAIOS-
0ENH3. But this would be a most irregular form;
the name KvSocrOei'rjs (already known) 99 or a form on
the analogy ofKaXXLo-Oevrjs might have been expected.
The inscription KYAIO, occurring on the gold
drachms and silver tetradrachms 10 and drachms, has
hitherto been taken as a Doric genitive of the nomina-
tive KYAIS on the analogy of XAIPIO5, NIKIOS, &c.
But it cannot be regarded as a different name from the
one appearing on our gold stater, for 0EY4>EIAEY,
the successor of KYAIO3, uses the same obverse dies for
his staters and drachms as are employed for No. 69,
and for the drachms bearing KYAIOS. Of No. 70
I know three other examples, one in Gotha, one
in Paris, and one from a London sale (Stanford). 101
The third letter has been taken, in the case of the
Gotha and Paris specimens, for a 4> or Y, but on
the latter, and on the Stanford coin, it is quite clearly
a X set crosswise, as on most of the XAIPIO^ pieces.
An examination of these gold staters reveals much
diversity in fabric as well as in style. The flan is
either small and dumpy, or spread ; and the style
varies with the fabric. These differences in style and
fabric are not chronological ; they co-exist side by side
99 Pape-Benseler, Gr. Eigenn., s.v.
B0 M. i. 135 ; on this coin the shortness of the inscription is
not due to lack of room.
101 Sotheby, Wilkinson and Hodge, 1907 (Stanford Coll.),
PI. ii. 97.
NUMJSM. CHROX., VOL. XV, SEIUES IV. M
154: E. S. G. KOBINSON.
under more than one magistrate. Compare, for example,
under 0EY<I>EI AEYS, M. i. 184 with M. i. 185 ; under
I ASniM, M. i. 189 with the stater in the Warren (Greeii-
well) Collection, PL xxxi. 1349 ; and under HOAIAN
0EYS, M. i. 192 with "Warren (Greenwell), PL xxxi.
1347. There is no corresponding distinction of fabric
in the case of the other magistrates ; but these employ
only one obverse die each for all their staters which I
have examined. On all coins of the broad style and
spread fabric, from APIZTAFOPAS to HOAIAN0EYS,
the horses are walking ; on all of the other style and
fabric, from XAlPE<!>ftN downwards (except possibly
under AAMflNAKTOS, and at the very end under
f"IOAIAN0EY), they are galloping. Again, the magis-
trate's name is in the nominative on XAIPE<l>nN's
staters and on the dumpy stater of IAHN (M. i. 189),
but these are the only two instances of this usage in
the whole series. Finally, on the last-mentioned stater
the Zeus though seated is Ammon, as on the rest
of the same fabric, not Lycaeus as on the coins of
spread fabric.
It seems to be more than chance which connects
the groups of the thick and of the spread fabric,
each with itself, and contrasts them with each
other. Little as we know about the organization of
the Greek mints, it looks as if we had here to do
with two separate officinae, which worked at irregular
intervals, and independently of each other. Such a
theory would explain, for example, the issues of
0EY4>EIAEY3. Under this magistrate we have coins
of both fabrics. Of the spread fabric one obverse die
is used in connexion with three reverse dies, the same
die being used by his predecessor KYAIO30 - -, and
QUAESTIONES CYBENAICAE. 155
his successor IA3ONO3, which shows that it was not
worn out in his time. Side by side with these, however,
we have one reverse and two obverse dies of the thick
fabric which are not coupled with any dies of the
spread fabric. Clearly the two sets must have been in
use simultaneously.
Three other gold coins which do not appear in Miiller
may be here mentioned.
71. Obv. Quadriga r. driven by Nike wearing wreath;
above, KYPANAION ; linear border.
Rev. Zeus Ammon standing ]., his 1. resting on lotus-
tipped sceptre ; in his outstretched r. he holds
patera over thymiaterion ; in field r. upwards,
riOAIANGEYS.
B. M. N. 0-8. Wt. 132-6 grs.
72. Ob v. Quadriga r. as on No. 69 ; above, star ; no inscrip-
tion.
Rev. Zeus Lycaeus seated 1. ; in front eagle mounting
with serpent in beak ; behind I CON I (sic).
E. T. Newell. N. 0-75. Wt. 132-8 grs.
73. Obv. Quadriga with rayed disk as on No. 70 ; the
inscription, which is also arranged exactly as
on No. 70, reads KYPNAI ON(c)C.
Rev. Zeus Lycaeus seated 1., r. resting on sceptre;
behind, eagle ; in field 1. upwards, KYPA
NAION retrograde.
N. 0-75. Wt. 128 grs.
No. 71 is the latest coin of nOAIAN0EYS; the
| minuteness of the style and. the tiny letters with their
larked pointing attach it to the gold stater of the
)lemaic era in Paris. 102
Nos. 72 and 73 are interesting as showing the
)0pularity which the Cyrenaean gold staters must have
Babelon in Eev. Num., 1885, p. 399, PI. xv. 7, No. 98, below.
M 2
156 E. S. G. KOBINSON.
enjoyed on the limits of the Greek world. No. 72 was
acquired in Egypt, as was also probably No. 73. 103 They
are both of obviously barbarous work, and directly copied
from coins which we possess. For example, No. 72 is
modelled down to the smallest details on the coin of
IAONO, an example of which is to be found in
the Warren (Greenwell) Collection (PL xxxi. 1349).
Now this issue of IA5ONO3 is the last of those
which share the common KYAIOS0-eEY<l>EIAEYS-
IA3ONO3 obverse die, and owing to the worn con-
dition of the die the ethnic is very faint on all
specimens that I have seen. On the copy (No. 72) it
does not appear at all, while the reverse inscription is
a blundered attempt at |AONO. No. 73 is more
vigorous, and at the same time more barbarous. The
obverse is copied from the common KYXAIPIO3-
XAlPlOS-nOAIAN0EYS die, again down to the
smallest details ; cp. the solar disk and the arrange-
ment of the legend. The reverse is copied from the
reverse dies of 0EY<I>EIAEY5 and IASONOS, with
the eagle behind the throne of Zeus (e.g. "Warren
(Greenwell), PI. xxxi. 1348, 1350), though the ethnic in
crudely-formed letters takes the place of a magis-
trate's name. The inscription on the obverse has given
rise to some confusion. In Huber's sale catalogue it is
printed as KOI N ON, to which it bears some superficial
resemblance, but a closer examination shows it to be
103 It came originally from the collection of C. G. Huber,
Austrian Consul in Egypt : from his sale (lot 1276) it passed into
the Addington, Ashburnham and O'Hagan Collections. The light
weight of the coin enables me to identify it in these changes of
ownership ; it is important to maintain the identification in view
of the deductions that have been drawn from the misreading of
the obverse.
QUAESTIONES CYKENAICAE. 157
what we should a priori expect, a blundered attempt
at the ethnic. Muller (Additions, vol. iii, p. 188), accept-
ing the reading from Huber's catalogue, very naturally
brings the coin into connexion with the other KOINON
issues, when of course it would be of great importance.
As it is, it gives with No. 72 an instance of a local
imitation of the Cyrenaean issues. Who was responsible
for these imitations cannot be determined, but the
fact that one of them most probably, the other certainly,
came from Egypt would indicate North Africa, and
some Libyan tribe, as their home.
Before leaving the gold series we may shortly
examine two other theories as to the date of the
Cyrenaean gold issues. The first is due to Sir Arthur
Evans. On p. 62 of his work on Syracusan Medallions
and their Engravers, he argues that the winged
charioteer, occurring occasionally on Sicilian tetra-
drachms at the close of the fifth century, is the result
of Cyrenaean influence. This type " stands ... in a very
close relation to a well-marked group of quadriga types
that appear on some contemporary coins of Kyrene . . .
The facing tendency of both horses and chariot, and
the winged charioteers . . . are all found on a fine
series of Kyrenaean gold staters which, from the early
character of their style and epigraphy, must have
been struck about the same period as our Sicilian
pieces, and which in fact mark the flourishing epoch . . .
that ensued on the fall of the Battiadae . . . But,
whereas on the Sicilian dies the recurrence of such
schemes is altogether isolated, in Kyrene they are
obviously at home, and we may even trace the genesis
104 Published in Num. Chron., 1891. The references here given
ai'e to the republication.
158 E. S. G. ROBINSON.
of one of the most important features of the design,
the wings, namely, of the charioteer, which seem to
have been suggested by the . . . mantle of the driver on
a slightly earlier stater" [the AAMHNAKTO3 coin,
M. i. 194]. Such a view, which would place the
beginning of these Cyrenaean staters as early as 430-
420, leaves out of account the general relations of the
Greek coinages with each other. As we have seen
above, it is not till the next century that we find an
outburst of gold coinage of Attic weight, the result of
the first Athenian issues in 408. Also, as we have
suggested, the expulsion of the Battiads does not seem
to have caused a sudden outbreak of prosperity at
Gyrene. But (what is more important) if the con-
clusions reached above are sound, it is not till the
last magistrate I"IOAIAN0EY, i.e. till after at least
340-330, that we find in the chariot a winged figure
of the type required by Sir Arthur Evans. 105 Such an
interval, too about half a century seems to preclude
the possibility of the f"IOAIAN0EY type being a
development of the AAMHNAKTOS type.
The second theory was advanced by Six in the
Numismatic Chronicle for 1897 (p. 220). Starting from
the assumption that the silver didrachms of Attic
weight were struck under Magas, an assumption which
he bases on an ingenious explanation of the types
of Eros and Hermes, he is necessarily led to the con-
clusion that, as the gold staters share two magistrates
with the silver didrachms, they must be contemporary.
This conclusion he attempts to reinforce by a com-
105 A winged figure does occur on one die under
(Warren (Greenwell), PI. xxxi. 1350), but here both chariot and
figure are facing ; even so the coin cannot be much earlier than
the middle of the fourth century.
QUAESTIONES CYKENAICAE. 159
parison between the seated Zeus Lycaeus and the seated
Zeus, or Alexander type, on tetradrachms of Seleucus I
and Antiochus I, suggesting further that the seated
Zeus type was adopted to replace the standing type of
nOAIAN0EY and KAEA out of compliment to the
Syrian king, whose daughter Magas wedded. With
his dating of the silver Attic didrachms we shall deal
later, but in regard to the gold staters it may be noted
that Six's theory brings the coins signedflOAIANGEY^,
and even those with KAEA in monogram, 100 before the
coins of 0EY4>EIAEYS and IASONOS, which seems
stylistically out of the question, while, though there
is a certain superficial resemblance between the staters
of XAIPIO and the Alexander type with the right
leg drawn back, the closest parallels to the attitude of
the Zeus on the coins of GEY<I>EI AEYS and IASONO5
are to be found rather in that of Baal-tars at Tarsus,
or of Zeus Lycaeus on the even earlier coins of the
Arcadian League. 107
The Silver Coinage.
The silver coinage of the second part of this period
is subordinate to the gold issues. Granted the patch-
work nature of our evidence, which depends upon one
or two big finds, it is yet remarkable that, while all
the magistrates whose names occur on silver, except
the last, occur also on the gold, the converse does not
hold good, and that, while down to 390 tetradrachms
are comparatively common, after the introduction of
the gold currency they become very scarce, till under
106 This is the stater of Ptolemaic times, and Phoenician (not
Attic) weight, published by Babelon in Rev. Num., 1885, PI. xv. 7.
107 See above, p. 143.
160 E. S. G. ROBINSON.
KYXAIPIO3 and XAIPIO all silver coinage seems
to disappear. Under FIOAIANGEY^ who follows, we
find a new silver coinage consisting of Attic di-
drachms, new denominations of a new standard,
and these continue till the end of the century.
Silver coins occur with API^TIO^ 108 (tetradrachm),
APISTAFOPA 109 (drachm), KYAIOS 110 (tetradrachm
and drachm), 0EY4>EIAEYZ m (tetradrachm and
drachm), IA3ONO3 112 (tetradrachm and drachm), and
HOAIANeEYS, <J>EIAniSIO5, and 0EY<!>EIAEYS 113
(Attic didrachms).
These coins do not offer us much of interest;
I have not been able to find any die-couplings to
throw light upon the chronological sequence, but
the arguments from types and from weight standard
go to confirm the order already suggested by the gold
issues. The types are, as before, the horned head and
the silphium, but under 0EY<I>EIAEY5 and IA5ONOS
we find for the first time on the tetradrachms the
beardless head which we have already noticed on
drachms. Now KYAIOS and APISTIO5, both of whom
we have placed earlier than 0EY4>EIAEY, have the
bearded head only; 0EY<DEIAEY^ ni has both the
bearded and the beardless head; IAONO$, and all
after him down to Ptolemaic times, have the beardless
head only. In the same way (apparently after a break
in the silver issue) the Attic weight is introduced under
I~1OAIAN0EY who, the gold series has indicated,
108 Macdonald, iii. Cyr. 23-4. 109 In Brit. Mus.
110 M. i. 135 (Copenhagen), and Brit. Mus.
111 Warren (Greenwell), Nos. 1359-61 ; for the Attic didrachm
reading 0EY<!>EI AEYS, see below, No. 79.
112 Brit. Mus. (Num. Chron., 1892, p. 19) and Paris.
113 See the discussion of these coins below, 75-9.
QUAESTIONES CYRENAICAE. 161
should be placed at the end of the series. I would
suggest that those drachms of this period which seem
anepigraphic owe their apparent lack of a magistrate's
name merely to condition or to careless striking : for
example, if we examine the two coins M. i. 146 and
M. i. 147, we find that on the latter all the field behind
the neck, where we should expect the name, is off the
flan. Most of the " anepigraphic " pieces resemble very
closely the signed drachm of KYAIO - - . m
Silver Coinage of Attic Weight.
As we have noted, there seem to be no silver coins
(or none extant) of KYXAIPIOS or XAIPIO5. Under
riOAIANGEY^ the new silver coinage of Attic weight
begins. It consists of the following pieces:
74. Obv. Head of beardless Ammon 1., hair frizzed in
tight curls behind ; upwards and outwards,
nOAIAN} ; dotted border.
Rev. Silphium plant with three whorls and seven
umbels ; K Y ; dotted border.
P A
B. M. A\. 0-85. Wt. 129-3 grs. Attic didrachm.
(Berlin : same obv. but different rev. die.
Petrograd : same obv. die as No. 75 (?) ; wt.
131-5 grs.). 115
74 A. Obv. Head of beardless Ammon r., the style recalling
that on coins of the Ptolemaic period ; in
front, HO A] I AN !) outwards ; dotted border.
Eev. Similar (of florid style) ; [no ethnic?].
Hunter (Macdonald III. Cyrene, No. 25). 1. 0-8.
Wt. 133-6 grs.
74 B. Obv. Similar (head 1.) ; behind, FIOAI } outwards.
Eev. Similar ; K Y
P A
Gwinner. M. 0-4. Wt. 15-2 grs. Attic trihemiobol.
Another in Paris.
114 M. i. 145. 115 M. i. 142.
162 E. S. G. ROBINSON.
75. Olv. Similar (head 1.); in front,
outwards ; dotted border.
Rev. Hermes standing naked three-quarters r., with
petasus behind his neck, chlamys falling from
his shoulders, and winged sandals ; his 1.
hand rests on his hip, and in his r. he holds
a filleted caduceus ; in field 1., upwards and
outwards, AAMUKYPAM - - ; dotted border.
M. 0-85. Sir Hermann Weber; wt. 130 grs.
Gotha ; wt. 131 grs. Bompois ; wt. 132 grs.
(with silphium? behind the head), op. c'tt.,
pp. 121-2.
76. Obv. Young male head r., wearing wreath of ivy(?),
and long hair which hangs on either side
of neck; behind, quiver; in front, retrograde,
ONnAI3<l>;> outwards; heavy dotted
border.
Rev. Eros winged, advancing r., playing on the lyre ;
across field AAMn[KYPA - -(?)].
M. 0-8. Paris. Wt. 130 grs.
77. Olv. Similar (same die), name almost invisible.
Rev. Silphium with three whorls and seven umbels
to 1. ; to r. palm-tree with fruit ; between,
KYPAM (retrograde) upwards ; dotted border.
B. M. M. 0-8. Wt. 124-5 grs.
78. Obv. Similar (different die) ; no name visible in front.
Rev. As No. 77 ; silphium has four whorls ; inscrip-
tion from 1. to r. downwards.
Imhoof. M. 0-85. Wt. 125 grs. Paris : same
dies, wt. 112 grs. (much worn and battered)
= M. i. 183.
79. Olv. Head of young Dionysos r. with ivy wreath, hair
hanging in long curls on both sides of neck ;
behind, thyrsos; in front, 0EY<I>EIAEY$5 ;
dotted border.
Rev. Silphium with six whorls and seven umbels;
in field r., ear of barley (?) ; K Y
P A
Paris. A\. 0-8. Wt. 130 grs.
QUAESTIONES CYKENAICAE. 163
This group of coins stands closely bound together
by weight, legend, types, and style, and it must be
studied as a whole. With it goes a copper coin in
Turin, Obv. Head of Artemis with quiver at shoulder,
and AAMHKYPANA. Rev. Nike flying, r. holding
wreath and taenia. 116
The identity of the head on Nos. 76-8 is open to
doubt. The first of the coins to be published (the
Paris specimen of No. 78) is in such poor condition,
and has besides received such rough usage, that the
features at first sight do not much resemble those of
the Imhoof specimen. This is due to a blow which
can be traced slantwise across the neck, and to the
spreading of a crack in the die in front of the fore-
head. Thus disfigured the head was taken by Miiller to
be a portrait of Ptolemy I, with which the low weight
of the coin seemed to agree. A glance, however, at
the head on the Imhoof coin is enough to gainsay
this attribution, and the abnormally low weight is
sufficiently accounted for by poorness of condition.
Svoronos, who published No. 76, 117 calls the head
Apollo. Imhoof in publishing his specimen of No. 78
prefers Dionysos. 118 The crucial factors are the wreath
and symbol; as appears from Nos. 76-7 the latter
cannot be a thyrsos, can in fact only be a quiver.
The wreath is more obscure, though it seems more
like ivy than laurel. Apollo the archer we can under-
stand, but what is a quiver to Dionysos ? It is tempting
116 M. i. 236 (fig.).
17 Rev. Num., 1892, pp. 212 and 506.
Zurgr. und rom. Milnzk., p. 246: 1. He also reads E and fl H
in front of the neck, but a comparison with the other casts from the
same and similar dies would show that these " letters '' are merely
the hair which falls to r. of the neck.
164 E. S. G. ROBINSOX.
to bring the head into connexion with the reverse
type to which it is joined on No. 76. May it not be that
of an adolescent Eros with his quiver ? As for the ivy
wreath, Eros from the fourth century is often closely
associated with Dionysos ; on occasion he even holds
the thyrsos, and fills the place of the god. 119 If it be
not Eros, it must be Apollo ; for the adjunct is certainly
a quiver, and No. 79 and the bronze coin with Artemis
mentioned above indicate that in this group the
adjunct should be connected with the main type.
Whether No. 78 ever bore the name <!>EIAflNO is
doubtful, for in both of the known examples the surface
(to judge by casts) leaves much to be desired in the
place where No. 76 would lead us to look for the
inscription. That both dies are from the same hand
is obvious, and in view of the ease with which the name
has already disappeared from No. 77, Pheidon may well
have signed No. 78 as well.
With No. 79 we face a very different question. At
first sight it would seem as if the name EY<I>EIAEY3
must necessarily bring this coin into line with the rest
bearing that name, and that it must therefore belong
to the middle of the fourth century. But may there not
have been a second 0EY<l>EI AEY^ perhaps a descendant
of the first ? The arguments in favour of this view,
though none of them is in itself conclusive, seem to
have a cumulative weight which is almost over-
whelming.
Assuming that the other issues reading 0EY4>EI-
have been correctly placed before
19 See Furtwangler, Eros in der Vasenmalerei, p. 41. I owe this
suggestion to Mr. Hill.
QUAESTIONES CYRENAICAE. 165
i. e. about the middle of the fourth century, and also
that FIG A I AN BE YS is the last of the magistrates whose
name appears on the gold, then, if No. 79 is grouped
with the other 0EY<J>EIAEY coins, there would be a
gap of more than a quarter of a century between No. 79
and Nos. 75-6, and yet No. 79 has stylistically every
mark of being the later of the two. Further, the Attic
standard would have been introduced at Gyrene before
c. 350 (at a time, too, when we can find no adequate
reason for it), to be replaced immediately by the Samian
under lason, then restored again under HO A IAN-
GEY $. Some smaller points of style may be indi-
cated. All the heads on the coins of 0EY<I>EIAEY3,
I A SO NO 5, and riOAIANGEYS (except the latter's
gold triobols, and No. 74 A above) are turned to the left,
whereas on the coins of <I>EI AflNOS and on No. 79, the
head is turned to the right. On No. 79, as on coins
of <I>EI AflNOS, the long hair appears on both sides of
the neck, a slightly affected manner common at the
end of the fourth century, e. g. on some of the gold
staters of Alexander, on the Apollo head at Abydos
(B. M. C.: Troas, p. 2, No. 11 "after 320"), at Metapon-
tum, and at Syracuse under Agathocles. Once more,
the silphium on No. 79 bears no resemblance to
that on the reverses of OEY<!>EIAEY3, being much
plumper and more florid, while it has a decided affinity
to that on the didrachms of FIOAI AN0EYS, and on the
earliest issue of Rhodiaii weight which heads the next
period. 120 The innovation in type, too, comes more
naturally as a companion innovation to that under
than as a unique appearance in a series
123 M. i. 148. See below, No. 84.
166 E. S. G. ROBINSON.
of Ammon heads. Evidence of another kind is available
in the copper coin reading 0E (see below, No. 99), and
in a gold stater of Attic weight and Alexandrine types,
inscribed HTOAEMAin KYPANAIOM in Athens. The
latter bears as symbol a silphium plant accompanied by
0EY, 121 which shows that after 308 there was a magis-
trate at Gyrene whose name began with the letters
0EY- -.
The <!>EIAnNO group is closely connected with
flOAIAN0EY by the inscription A AMU, and it can
be more suitably placed after, than before, that magis-
trate, since we have no gold reading <I>EIA1NO$,
and the sequence of types would also be more orderly,
as is shown by the following list :
0EY<DEIAEYS)
IASONO5 J
Obv. Head of Ammon 1. Rev. Silphium KYPA
HOAIAN0EYS
Obv. Head of Ammon 1. Rev. Silphium KYPA
HOAIAN0EYS
Obv. Head of Ammon 1. Rev. Hermes A A Mil KYPA
Obv. Head of Eros(?) or Rev. Eros AAMfl KYPA
Dionysos
Obv. Head of Eros (?) or Rev. Silphium and palm-tree
Dionysos KYPANA
0EY4>EIAEYS
Obv. Head of Dionysos r. Rev. Silphium KYPA
Issue of Ehodian weight
Ob v. Head of Ammon r. Rev. Silphium KYPA
These pieces of Attic weight had never been con-
sidered as a whole till Six published his study of
121 Svoronos, No/niV/zara TO>V IlToXe/u'a>v, No. 61, PI. iii. 7.
QUAESTIONES CYRENAICAE. 167
them. 122 His conclusions are in brief as follows. The
whole group is to be given to the time when Magas was
independent of Ptolemy II ; and No. 76 refers to the
marriage of Magas (whose name Six reads in the fillet
on the copper coin referred to above (M. i. 236))
with Apame, princess of Syria, in 274, while No. 75
symbolizes the prosperity and security which trade
enjoyed under his reign. Against so late a date there
is much to be urged. In the first place the style of
Nos. 75-8 can scarcely be brought down so far as
274, 123 while, if the chronological sequence of the gold
staters as given above be substantially correct, the
period during which f"IOAIAN0EY$ coined would
then cover about half a century. Further, the theory
offers no adequate explanation of the curious inscription
AAMI1KYPAN, or of the types of No. 75, or Nos. 77,
i 78 ; and lastly, it would push the whole series of Ehodian
j didrachms, M. i. 149 seq., which are obviously later
I than the coins of Attic weight, still further on into
I the reign of Ptolemy II, though some of the mono-
grams they bear (e.g. \ FT^ KE) occur also on coins of
the Egyptian series necessarily assigned to Ptolemy I.
If the inscription on the fillet of the bronze coin
mentioned above (M. i. 236) exists (of which there
is some doubt), and if it is to be read MAFA^, 124 that
would be decisive in favour of Six's theory. But as
122 Six in Num. Chron., 1897, p. 220, and references there to the
previous publications of isolated coins by Bompois and Svoronos,
and to Muller's recognition of the true interpretation o
KYPANA as against the former.
128 A point noted by Imhoof in his publication of No. 78, Zur gr.
und rom. Munzk., p. 246, No. 7.
24 I have not been able to examine either the coin itself
or a cast.
168 E. S. G. ROBINSON.
it is so uncertain no argument at all can be based
on it. Can we find any more adequate explanation of
the character and date of these pieces ? I think we
may, but in order to do so it will be necessary first
to summarize the history of the last quarter of the
fourth century at Gyrene.
In the year before the death of Alexander the
Great, party strife was so violent in the city that
one of the factions fled to Cydonia in Crete, where
they succeeded in persuading Thimbron, the suc-
cessor of Harpagus and thus the disposer of very
considerable resources, to assume their protection,
and attempt their reinstatement. After various turns
of fortune the Macedonian adventurer succeeded in
investing the city, and so stringent was his pressure
that, in spite of the previous purge, party dissensions
again showed themselves within the walls. The
wealthy citizens fled, some to Thimbron, some to
Ptolemy. The satrap of Egypt, eagerly seizing on the
occasion, sent an expedition to reinstate the wealthy
exiles. This expedition was successful, though Thim-
bron and the Cyrenaean demos joined hands to face
the enemy, and towards the end of the year Ptolemy
arrived to finish the conquest in person. We are not
informed what the nature of the settlement was, but
presumably the position of the wealthy exiles was
established at the expense of the demos, while
Ophelias, one of Ptolemy's lieutenants, was left at the
head of a Macedonian garrison.
This arrangement was not destined to last long ; in
313, when Ptolemy was occupied with Antigonus,
revolt broke out afresh, but was soon crushed by
an expedition under Agis and Epaenetus. A new
QUAESTIONES CYRENAICAE. 169
settlement was attempted under which Ophelias was
installed as governor. In the next year Ophelias,
watching his chance when Ptolemy had marched
against Demetrius, asserted his independence. He suc-
ceeded in conciliating his subjects, and in maintaining
his rule for four years, till, dragged into the African
adventure of Agathocles, he perished by Sicilian
treachery. Ophelias had early entered into friendly
relations with Athens, and had married Eurydice, a
daughter of the noble house of Miltiades. Enticed to
throw in his lot with Agathocles against the Car-
thaginians, he approached the Athenians with a view
to an alliance, and many Athenians joined him to
assist in the conquest of Africa, for the agreement
with Agathocles was that the Carthaginian possessions
in Africa should fall to Gyrene, those in Sicily to
Syracuse. When the expedition had reached the
Carthaginian borders after an arduous journey, Ophelias
was treacherously murdered, and the remains of his
forces, incorporated into the Syracusan army, never
saw their homes again. After this blow Gyrene seems
to have been easily reconquered for Ptolemy by his
stepson Magas in 309-8. 125
If we may assign our group of coins to the time
f Ophelias, we can find a satisfactory explanation of the
difficulties. The suggestion is supported by the date
)f the gold stater reading KYPANAION HTOAE-
MAIOY 0EY, which Svoronos, quite independently
f the questions here raised, assigns to the period
immediately succeeding the reduction of Gyrene by
25 For the history see Diod. xviii. 19 seqq., xix. 79, xx. 40-42,
ind Justin, xxii. 7.
NUMISM. CHKON., VOL. XV, SERIES IV. N
170 E. S. G. ROBINSON.
Magas in 308. 12 The reasons for putting the didrachm
reading 0EY<t>EI AEY at the end of the group are like-
wise independent of the assumed date of the royal coin.
The origin of the standard used is discussed below,
a propos of the Attic didrachms of Euesperides. As
to the inscription AAMH KYPANAION which we find
on coins of nOAIANGEYS and 4>EIAniMOS, as well
as on the copper, I would suggest that it has a very
definite significance, and refers to a restoration of the
demos by Ophelias in support of his usurped position.
The position of Ophelias was exactly parallel to that
of Agathocles, or of the tyrants of earlier times, the
democratic basis of whose power is well known. We
know that the interference of Ptolemy in 323 led to
the reinstatement of the wealthy party as against the
demos. It is only reasonable to suppose that the
rising in 313, crushed by troops from Egypt, was a
counter revolution of the demos against the dependants
of Ptolemy. When in the following year Ophelias
revolted from Ptolemy, the natural course for him to
take would be to pose as the champion of the demos. 127
It is possible, too, to find a satisfactory explanation
of the new types, if we refer the coins to this period.
Six's interpretation of the reverse of No. 76, Eros
playing the lyre, as alluding to the marriage of Magas,
is very attractive. Magas, it is true, seems to be out
of the question. 128 But why not Ophelias ? How notable
his marriage was politically, we can see from the words '
126 Svoronos, loc. cit.
127 The coinage of the restoration after 308 (see Svoronos, Nos.61
seqq.) with HTOAEMAin KYPANAION looks almost like a
direct answer to AAMH KYPANAION.
128 See above, p. 167.
QUAESTIONES CYRENAICAE. 171
of Diodorus ; 129 and how important a personage was the
Athenian heiress, we learn from the fact that after the
death of her husband and her return to Athens she
married no less a person than Demetrius Poliorcetes. 130
Along the same lines we can get an adequate explana-
tion of the Hermes on a reverse of nOAIAN@EY
(No. 75), which precedes the coin of <!>EIAnNO$.
Six explains the type of Hermes as being simply
a general reference to the commercial prosperity of
the age. Surely a more complete explanation is
needed for so startling an innovation, for this is
the first silver coin (except a few small fractions) in
the whole Cyrenaic series which does not show the
silphium plant, or its seed, as a main type. Hermes
is doubly connected with Aphrodite, as a god of
fertility and as a guide. He it is who brings together
Aphrodite and Anchises, Eurydice and Orpheus,
Omphale and Heracles. On a fine relief from South
Italy 131 we find him standing with caduceus, facing
Aphrodite, on whose arm is Eros holding the lyre
(as on No. 76). At Athens, the home of Ophellas's
bride, we find a cult of Hermes Fi flu/Kerrey, Aphrodite,
and Eros Wflupoy. 132 It does not, then, seem too fanciful
to see in the Hermes type another allusion to the
marriage of Ophelias. The head on the issues of
29 XX. 40. *O de 'O<^>eXXar . . . npbs p.fv ' A.6rjvaLovs Trepi (rv/u/Ma^i'a? die-
7rtfj.TTTO yeyap-TjKcos ~Ev6vdiKr)v rr]v MtXriaSou dvyarepa TOV TTJV 7rpoo~rjyopiav
(pepovros fls TOV o~TpnTtjyfjO-avTa TWV ev MapadStvt VIKYJO-UVTUV. dia 617
Tavrrjv rrjv (7nyap.iav KOL rrjv a\\r)v (nrovSrjv (j?f } vrrijpxev d7ro$fttfiyp.tvos
f Trjv iro\iv Kal TroXXol ra>i> *AdT}vaia>v 7rpodvfj.a>s vTrrjuovaav fls rf)v
oT-pareinv [against Carthage].
30 Plutarch, Vit. Dem. xiv, who calls her Eurydice, whereas in
Diodorus the name is Euthydice.
81 Figured in Roscher's Lexicon, s.v. Eros, vol. i, p. 1351.
132 Pauly-Wissowa, s.v. Hermes, 8. 1, cols. 741, 757.
N 2
172 E. S. G. ROBINSON.
, if it be accepted as an adolescent Eros,
makes another link in the chain.
Ophellas's coup d' etat presents a sufficient explanation
of the bronze coin with the type of Nike and the in-
scription AAMflKYPANA. while the Carthaginian
adventure gives a reason for the appearance of the
palm-tree side by side with the silphium on Nos. 77
and 78. Agathocles and Ophelias had arranged that
the one should take the Sicilian, the other the African
possessions of Carthage, and for the latter to show the
type of Carthage on his coins would be but to anticipate
the realization of a by no means fantastic project. In
this connexion a small point is perhaps worth recording.
The treatment of the hair on Nos. 76-9 whereby the
locks appear on either side of the neck has been noted
above, as also the fact that the same treatment makes its
appearance for the first time at exactly the same date
on the Kore-heads of Agathocles (310-304 B.C.). 133
Barce, later issues.
The coinage of Barce during the opening years of
this period was described above. Thereafter it under-
goes an almost complete eclipse. The latest tetradrachm
(No. 44) has been already mentioned, and its similarity
to the issues of 0EY<DEIAEYS and IASONOS pointed
out. This would indicate a date of about 360-50. There
is also in the Berlin collection (late Fox) 134 a silver
coin of very unusual weight with the magistrate's
name TIMOKPATEY5. The style of the beardless
head on the obverse, and of the florid silphium on the
138 Hist. Num.*, p. 181.
184 Fox, Engravings, Ft. I, PI. viii. 167. M., Suppl., 325 A.
QUAESTIONES CYRENAICAE. 173
reverse, would suggest that it is contemporary with
the nOAIANGEYS issues. The weight of the coin
is 159-8 grs., but it has lost a certain amount by
oxydization. In this connexion may be noted another
issue, of somewhat later style, the weights of which
are 80-90 grs. 135 The standard which appears here
will be discussed later.
Three copper coins are assigned to Barce by Miiller. 136
The first shows the same types as the copper of Cyrene
M. i. 247-9, and it may be surmised (especially as the
publication is due to Sestini) that it properly belongs
there. The last is a coin formerly in the possession of
the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, and published in
the Numismatic Chronicle The types are Obv. Head
of bearded Ammon r., Rev. Eagle 1.; to 1. upwards,
BAPKAI. The flan of the coin is, as the illustration
shows, of the regular Ptolemaic form with bevelled edge
and cracked rim, and the piece belongs to the third or
second century. No other example is forthcoming,
and this one has disappeared from sight. It may be
suggested that the inscription is simply I1TOAE-
MAI[OY BASIAEHS] misread the whole of the field
behind the eagle where BA^IAEH^ would have stood
is off the coin and that the coin is really a common
Ptolemaic coin such as Svoronos, op. tit., No. 453. The
description of the second of the three (M. i. 330) is as
follows :
80. Obv. Free horse cantering r. ; above B A ; dotted border.
Rev. Earn standing r. ; above HP ? A ; dotted border.
Paris. JE. 0-65. Wt. 105 grs. = M., No. 330.
135 M. i. 47, &c. 13G M. i. 239-331.
137 Num. Chron., 1852, p. 144 (fig.).
174: E. S. G. KOBINSON.
Unfortunately the inscription on the reverse is not
clear: the A is certain, and the preceding letter has
been read as a B by Muller, who regards it as the initial,
thus producing the same inscription on both sides.
On a close examination of the coin I think HP A may
be the true reading. The following would support this
view.
81. Obv. Head of Ammon bearded r. ; dotted border.
Eei\ Ram r. ; above HPAKAEIA.
Paris. M. 04. Wt. 187 grs. = M., No. 343.
No. 81 was published by Muller doubtfully as of
the town Heraclea, 138 but the last letter is certainly
a A, and the inscription must therefore be a name ;
there would be room for an ethnic on the obverse in
front of the face (but on this unique specimen that
portion of the field is off the flan). The type of the
ram is proved for Barce as well by the archaic silver
drachm 139 as by our No. 80. These two bronze coins
would belong to the end of the fourth or the beginning
of the third century.
Euesperides, Later Issues.
The coinage of Euesperides, like that of Barce, practi-
cally ceases during the fourth century. There is, how-
ever, in the Turin Library 140 a tetradrachm of Samian
weight, which to judge by the triple border U1 of the
obverse and the full inscription EYE^FIEPITAN should
la M. i. 343.
139 M., Suppl., 290 A (Brit. Mus.).
140 Imhoof in Z.f. JV., vii. p. 30, No. 3. I have been unable to
get a cast of this coin.
141 Cf. the triple border on the coins of Barce with the facing
head under AKESIOS (M. i. 321).
QUAESTIONES CYKENAICAE. 175
belong to the first half of the fourth century. There
is also another silver coin of later date in the Luynes
collection, Paris :
82. Olv. Head of river nymph r., wearing wreath of
lilies (?) and water plants ; the hair is long
and falls on either side of the neck ; behind,
ESflEPl C outwards; dotted border.
Eei: Goat r. ; before him silphium with three whorls ;
beneath, silphium with two whorls; behind,
TIMAmPA C ; linear border.
Paris (Luynes). M. i. 334. M. 0-8. Wt. 130 grs.
The animal on the reverse has been explained as a
gazelle, 142 but its awkward motions, its characteristic
attitude, its tail and possible beard all seem rather to
suggest (as Miiller noted U3 ) a goat. The head on the
obverse has been described as the river-god Lethon.
Doubtless it is to be brought into connexion with the
copper coins 144 showing a head inscribed AHTHN or
AH0J1N, but both of these heads seem to be feminine.
The only real difference between the two types is that
the one has long hair, while on the other the hair is
rolled ; both seem to have a wreath of water plants,
though on the copper it is not so elaborate. As
for the alleged horn on the silver coin, which is
the real ground for the designation river-god, it
seems to be merely the bud of some water plant,
perhaps a lily. The weight of this coin and its
style especially such a detail as the appearance of
the hair on either side of the neck bring it into line
with the issues of nOAIANeEY$-0EY<l>EIAEY^.
42 Imhoof-Blumer u. Keller, Tier- und Pftanzenlilder, PI. iii. 4.
143 Miiller, op. cit., i. 92, note 3.
144 M. i. 338-9, where the wreath is called a diadem.
176 E. S. G. KOBINSON.
For the return to the Attic standard at Eues-
perides as well as at Gyrene, in these coins of the close
of the fourth century, there must be some definite
explanation, and it seems best found in the spread of
Alexander's currency and in the decimal ratio of gold
to silver of which that currency was the sign. 145 There
is no reason why any of these coins should be earlier
than 430, while arguments have been adduced to show
that most of them are later than 312. It may be asked
why in such a case should we find an Attic didrachm
instead of the tetradrachm, the unit of Alexander's
currency. It has been suggested above that one of the
reasons of the popularity of the little gold piece of
13-3 grs. was that when it first was issued it was the exact
equivalent of a Samian tetradrachm. At the decimal
ratio the little gold piece is still the equivalent of the
silver unit if that unit be an Attic didrachm. Simi-
larly, when in Ptolemaic times the Rhodian didrachm
supersedes the Attic as the unit, the weight of the little
gold piece drops in sympathy to just over 11 grs.
Besides the bronze coins, with the head of Lethon
or Leton, which may be a little earlier than the
silver, there are two other issues. One has a head
of Zeus Ammon, laureate, on the obverse, and on
the reverse a trident and EY. 14G The style of this
head very strongly recalls the head of Zeus Eleutherios
on the last issues of the Syracusan democracy before
Agathocles, 147 and suggests that it is of the same date,
c. 320. The other seems not to have been noticed
before :
115 Reinach, L'Hit>toiiv par les monnaies, p. 73.
'"' M. i. 337-8.
147 B. M. C.: Sicily, p. 189, Nos. 313 seqq.
QUAESTIONES CYKENAICAE. 177
82 a. Olv. Head of youthful Ammon 1.
Rev. Silphium ; E Y
Athens. M. 0-5.
This coin and the two others just mentioned presum-
ably stand in a ratio of value to each other of 1 : 2 : 4.
Before leaving the silver coinage of the fourth cen-
tury we may notice some smaller fractions which have
nothing to indicate the place of issue. Fractions, even
drachms, of this period are comparatively rare, and these
coins are interesting besides for their unusual types.
83. Olv. Head of Zeus Ammon bearded r. ; dotted border.
Rev. Eagle standing r., its head turned to 1. ; dotted
border.
Paris. M. 0-3. Wt. 7-5 grs. Samian obol.
83 A. 01 v. Head of Zeus Ammon bearded, facing, inclined
to r.
Rev. Kam (?) standing r. in front of palm-tree.
Paris. M. 0-35. Wt. 7-6 grs. Samian obol.
The head on the first of these little coins recalls
that on the gold tenths of KYG (No. 62, above).
At first sight, judging by the reverse type, other-
wise unknown at Cyrene, we might seem to be in
Ptolemaic times, but apart from questions of style the
eagle has its wings shut tight and its head turned
back, while the weight is most satisfactorily explained
as a Samian obol (8-7 max.). No. 83 A shows on its
reverse the scheme of animal and palm-tree which
we meet with in the Carthaginian series and in
archaic times at Barce (No. 3). The weight of
these two coins would place them before the group
of Attic weight under HOAIANGEYS. Connected
by type with the last is the little coin published
178 E. S. G. ROBINSON.
by Dressel 148 with the types Obv. Head of Ammon
facing, Rev. Head of Pallas r. The weight of this
piece is 6grs., while a specimen in the British Museum
weighs 4-4 grs., and the denomination is therefore
probably an Attic hemiobol. The use of the Attic
standard implies the period of I"IOAIAN0EY^ or later,
a dating which is confirmed by the style of the copper
issue of exactly similar types published by Babelon. 14 '
The shortage of small silver coins towards the end of
the period is doubtless to be explained by the intro-
duction of a copper coinage, at first unsigned, and then
(in early Ptolemaic times) with magistrates' names.
That these copper issues did not in general begin till
the close of the period is indicated by the form of the
silphium, which corresponds to that on the FIOAIAN-
0EYS-<I>EIAnNOS-eEY4>EIAEYS silver, and by the
lack of any correspondence between magistrates' names
on the two metals. As it is difficult to divide them,
and as most of them belong to the third century, they
are best considered later.
E. S. Gr. EOBINSON.
" Z.f. N., xxiv. p. 91, PI. iv. 8.
149 Rec. Num., 1885, p. 398, No. 6, PI. xv. 6. One of the British
Museum specimens (= B. M. C.: Lycia, &c., p. 262, No. 54) has a
symbol (pileus) behind the head.
(To be continued.}
VI.
CBOTON.
(SEE PLATE VIII.)
1. THE LATER SILVER STATERS.
IN Historia Numorum 2 , p. 98, Head gives a broad
description of one class of staters belonging to the
years B.C. 330-299.
KPOTHNIATANEagleon
olive-branch, with spread
wings. [PI. VIII. 7.]
Tripod with conical cover.
Symbols. Ear of corn and
Python.
Letters and monograms. Vari-
ous. -51. Staters, c. 118 grs.
He adds : l "It will be remarked that the staters of
Croton, from first to last, are of full weight, averaging
120-118 grs. Of course we often meet with specimens
both heavier and lighter, but the evidence all tends to
prove that no legal reduction took place at Croton as
it certainly did at Tarentum, Heraclea, Thurium, &c.,
circ. B.C. 281. The inference is that no staters were
struck at Croton after B.C. 299."
These Croton coins of obviously late workmanship
need further consideration, more especially as there is
an obverse type, existing, so far as I have observed, in
three main varieties, and not noticed by Head. The
type to which I refer is that of an eagle, with head
1 Cp. Evans, Horsemen of Tarentum, p. 138, " at Kroton,
sacked by Agathokles in 299, no didrachms or silver staters of
reduced weight are forthcoming . . . ."
180 S. W. GROSE.
turned back, standing upon a thunderbolt. In the field
above are letters or a monogram. The specimens known
to me may be described as follows. Unless otherwise
stated the coin is in the McClean collection, a full
catalogue of which is now being prepared.
1. (a) Ol>v. Eagle, 1., head turned back ; standing with
closed wings on thunderbolt ; to 1. and r. above,
<!> I
Rev. KPO to 1., inwards. Tripod lebes ; to r.,
caduceus, upwards ; plain exergual line.
Wt. 92-6 grs. (6-0 grins.). [PL VIII. 9.]
(Z>) Another specimen of the same (with caduceus). Milan
Sale, April 27, 1911, No. 116. Wt. 934 grs.
(6-05 grms.).
(c) Another specimen. Strozzi Sale, No. 1227. Weight
not given.
2. (a) Obv. The same.
Eev. KP[O] to r. inwards. Tripod lebes; to 1.,
cornucopia ; ex. and lower part of tripod off
flan. Wt. 101-5 grs. (6-58 grms.). [PI. VIII.
10.]
(fc) Another specimen. Hartwig Sale, No. 451. Wt.
101 grs. (6-55 grms.).
3. (a) Obv. The same, but eagle r. and, to r., bearded
terminal figure of Hermes, 1., holding phiale in
extended r. hand and caduceus in 1. hand to
side. Thunderbolt indistinct.
Rev. KPO to r., inwards. Tripod lebes ; to 1.,
Nike flying, r., the upper part off flan ; double
exergual line. Wt. 102-6 grs. (6-65 grins.).
[PI. VIII. 11.]
(&) Another specimen. Hunter, PI. IX. 18. Wt. 101 grs.
(6-54 grms.). From the same dies? Assigned
to c. 420-390 B.C.
(c) Another specimen. Hirsch Catalogue, XIII, No. L'i'3.
Same obverse die. Reverse varied. Wt.
93-8 grs. (6-08 grms.). (Catalogue reading
9PO an error?)
CROTON. 181
(d) Another specimen. Benson Sale, No. 121 = Archaeo-
logist and Traveller Sale, No. 28. Keverse
varied. Wt. 102 grs. (6-6 grms.) or 103 grs.
Thunderbolt very clear.
(e) Another specimen. Milan Sale, April 27, 1911,
No. 115. Eeverse as last. Wt. 94-6 grs.
(6-13 grms.). Thunderbolt very clear.
(/) Another specimen. Paris Sale, March 24, 1902,
No. 368. Weight not given. Thunderbolt
very clear.
(g) Another specimen. Hirsch Catalogue, XVI, No. 178.
Wt. 104-2 grs. (6-75 grms.).
(h) Another specimen. Hartwig Sale, No. 452. No weight
given.
4. (a) Obv. Eagle r., standing with closed wings on
thunderbolt ; head turned back ; to 1. and r.
above, N I.
Rev Tripod lebes ; to r. , Nike flying 1. to crown
tripod.
Maddalena Sale, PL IV. 17, No. 516. Wt. 984 grs.
(6-38 grms.).
(b) Another specimen (to judge from the Plate) seems to
be Caprotti Sale, No. 263, where the catalogue
description gives <l> I (?). Wt. 94-9 grs.
(6-15 grms.).
(c) Another specimen. Paris Sale, June 22, 1906, No. 137.
Weight not given.
(d) Another specimen. Genoa Sale, April 26, 1909,
No. 1023. Weight not given.
5. (a) Obv. Similar, but above, K.
Rev. Similar, but Nike to 1., flying r.
Hhsch Catalogue, XXXI, No. 111. Wt. 96-4 grs.
(6-25 grms.).
6. (a) Obv. Similar, reading <l> I. Eagle's head not
turned back (unique in this respect ?).
Rev. As before.
Milan Sale, April 27, 1911, No. 114. Wt. 95-7 grs.
(6-2 grms.).
182 S. W. GROSE.
7. (a) Obv. Eagle standing r. on thunderbolt ; head
turned back ; above to 1., % (S K) ; to r., wreath.
Rev. Die of Benson Sale, No. 121 (see above 3 d).
Wt. 964 grs. (6-25 grms.). [PI. VIII. 12. ]
(b) Another specimen. Rev. varied, no Victory but KPO
inwards. Wt. 994 grs. (644 grms.). [PI.
VIII. 13.]
(c) Another specimen. Monogram blurred. On rev., to
r., Nike flying 1. to crown tripod ; inscr. as in
last ; from the Babington Sale, No. 41. Wt.
100 grs. (648 grms.). [PI. VIII. 14.]
(d) Another specimen. Ward, No. 110. W. 96-6 grs.
(6-26 grms.).
(e) Another specimen. Hirsch Catalogue, XV, No. 789 =
Chevalier dell' Erba Sale, No. 137? Wt,
103-5 grs. (6-73 grms.).
8. (a) Obv. Eagle 1., head turned back, standing with
spread wings on olive-branch. KPOTHNIA-
TAN following the curve of the wing.
Rev. Tripod lebes with two handles and conical
cover ; in field 1., ear of barley, with leaf to 1.,
and c I m ne ld r., K, P, c|< Ml, above to 1.,
and below a dolphin ; linear circle.
From the Maddalena Sale, No. 51 7 = Hirsch Cata-
logue, XV, No. 795. Wt. 101-5 grs. (6-57 grms.).
[PI. VIII. 8.]
(b) Another specimen. Wt. 96 grs. (6.22 grms.).
(c) Another specimen. B.M. 82. Wt. 101-5 grs.
(6-57 grms.).
(d) Another specimen. Hunter, No. 39. Wt. 99-5 grs.
(645 grms.).
(e) Another specimen. BunburySale(l), No.209. Weight
not given.
(/) Another specimen. Hirsch Catalogue. XXX, No. 289.
Wt. 96-4 grs. (6-25 grms.).
No specimen of these eight varieties is given in
Carelli or Garrucci. The coin last described may be
CROTON. 183
the earliest of the series. The eagle stands on. ail olive-
branch as on Croton coins of the fifth century, and
a border encloses the reverse type. But in any case
the reverse type and the distribution of the symbols
there are copied from the coin with the python and
corn-ear symbols. 2 It is here described last because it
is generally well known and universally accepted as
late. The monogram *]< on No. 7 brings that set into
close relation with No. 8. But the reverse die of 7 a
is combined with an obverse with the small Hermes
figure in 3d. As this last coin reads 4> I on the
obverse, it involves, in turn, all the other coins which
read those letters (Nos. 1 and 2). Nos. 4 and 5 reading
N I and K are linked to the other groups by the
occurrence of the letters, or by the Victory on the
reverse.
As these reasons may appear somewhat fortuitous,
and as it is necessary to establish the contemporary
character of these issues, I would again call attention
to the thunderbolt upon which the eagle stands in all
coins except those of set 8, and to a still more remark-
able link. These thirty coins are all the specimens of
the types which I have been able to collect from the
British Museum, Hunter, Ward, Warren, Leake, and
McClean collections, and from the Sale Catalogues of
the past thirty years. In six cases the weight was not
given. Of the remaining twenty-four, 3 g is the
highest in weight 104-.'2 grs. The coins seem to afford
positive proof that the reduced standard, whatever its
origin, was employed, at Croton.
2 It will be found below that there are some reasons for sup-
posing that the fourth-century Apollo head type was also copied
in the period to which I shall attribute the coins already described.
184 S. W. GKOSE.
It may be objected that although these coins may
very well go together, light specimens are often found
in the earlier Croton coins of the ordinary standard.
This is, indeed, implied by the statement in Historia
Numorum quoted above. In the B. M. Catalogue,
Nos. 63-102 represent the Period of Finest Art. With
the exception of Nos. 65 and 79, which are plated, and
No. 82 (described above, 8c), the only coins weighing
less than 110 grs. are Nos. 93 (1044 grs.) and 102
(107-4 grs.). Of twenty-three specimens of the same
types in the McClean cabinet one weighs 109-5 grs. and
another 107 grs. In the Leake collection, Nos. 10, 11,
12, 15, 18 (see Catalogue, pp. 118-19) are all under 110
grs., and in two cases under 100 grs. But Nos. 12 and
18 are certainly forgeries, and No. 15 a plated coin.
No. 10 will be mentioned again below. Hunter Cata-
logue, Nos. 22, 23, 26 weigh 106-2, 107-9, and 104-0 grs.
respectively. Of these, the last is seen from the Plate
to have lost a few grains from later damage. Of nine
specimens in the Warren and five in the Ward col-
lections no coin falls below c. 112 grs. with the exception
of Ward 110 already described above (6 d). An ex-
haustive analysis of the sale catalogues would show
that good specimens of that period rarely fall below
c. 115-112 grs.
In forty specimens of the later coin showing the
head of Apollo on the obverse, I found that twenty-
nine weighed over 110 grs. and eight between 110-
105 grs., though only one of these fell below 107-4 grs.
(Hartwig Sale, No. 475, 105-3 grs.). The three other
examples are Ward, No. 113 (98 grs.), and two coins in
the McClean collection, which weigh 88-5 and 100 grs.
respectively, It is possible that these coins are to be
CROTON. 185
included with the other varieties of light weight
staters. In style the two McCleaii specimens are ex-
tremely poor, but this remark applies to a number of
specimens of high weight. Compare, however, the high
weight and low weight specimens on PI. VIII. 15, 16.
The coin with the python and corn-ear symbols on
the reverse, which was described at the beginning,
does not belong to the series under discussion. Whether
it belongs to the years 330-299 B.C. is, for our purpose,
immaterial. It is separated from these coins by its
heavier weight, the border on the obverse, the set of
the spread wings, which resembles many other Croton
coins of heavy weight, and is quite different from the
type discussed under No. 8 above, and by the finer
workmanship, though it is unnecessary to use the
insecure argument too often afforded by grounds of
style. Moreover, though Dr. Head took it as the
typical example of the period and series to which he
ascribed it, it is a coin which never carries a letter or
monogram; at least, I cannot find a specimen which
>oes so. Those known to me are McClean (PL VIII. 7) ;
B.M. 83; Ward 109; Benson Sale, No. 120; Milan
Catalogue, May 13, 1912, No. 333; Hartwig Sale,
^o. 453; Hirsch Catalogues, XV, No. 796; XVI,
*o. 173 ; XX, No. 84 ; XXX, Nos. 290, 291. The lowest
weight of any of these specimens is the 117-2 grs. of
B.M. 83. There is, indeed, the coin in the Leake
ollection (No. 10 in the catalogue) weighing 106-1 grs.
This specimen had seemed to me a forgery before I
bad examined the weights, and Mr. Gr. F. Hill, who has
ince seen the Leake coin, agrees that it is false. This
ype belongs, in my opinion, to the later fifth century
series not later than the reverse type which shows
NUMISM. CHEON., VOL. XV, SERIES IV. Q
186 S. W. GROSE.
Apollo shooting at the Python, the tripod standing
between them.
The circumstances under which the coins described
were struck must now be considered. Every possible
date, from the early fifth century downwards, has been
suggested for various specimens in the catalogues.
Thus 3d is dated 480-420 B.C. in the Archaeologist
and Traveller Catalogue ; 3 5, the Hunter specimen, to
c. 420-390 B.C. Hirsch, XV, 789 (7 e), has the monogram
catalogued as [J (the top part is off the flan), and the
coin is termed an alliance coin with Locri. The coins
have some points of contact with later Locrian types ;
but the Locrian coins keep the heavier weight. The
period of Alexander the Molossian (c. 330 B.C.) has also
been suggested. Lastly, and as I believe correctly, 1 c is
described in the Strozzi Catalogue as frappe probabh-
ment lors de ^invasion epirote.
It is unnecessary to record at length how the Taren-
tine didrachms were finally reduced in weight after
the appearance of Pyrrhus in Italy in 282 B.C. The
new standard was the six-scruple standard (c. 105 grs.)
to which the Romano-Campanian staters had been
reduced as early as 312 B.C., but at the same time
Epirote emblems were put on the coins of Tarentum.
Other towns, including Thurium and Heraclea, were
obliged to follow suit in the reduction of weight.
Apart from the reduced weight of our Croton coins,
the main type of the eagle on the thunderbolt is
"characteristically Epirote" (Evans, Horsemen of Ta-
rentum, p. 140). But if Agathocles sacked Croton in
299 B.C. how could coins be struck there at a later
date ? The answer is that the Romans established a
garrison there, but this garrison was annihilated by
CROTON. 187
a Campaiiian legion which revolted from Rome in
280 B.C. In 277 B.C. the Romans again got possession
of the place. It is to these years that I would attribute
the coins. To what extent the Campanians sympathized
with Pyrrhus does not seem to be recorded. " Many
Samnites, Lucanians, and Bruttians nocked to Pyrrhus's
standard, but it is rightly conjectured that they mostly
served in guerilla warfare." Holm, History of Greece,
iv, p. 177 (English ed.).
The only alternative open would be to assume that
the reduction of weight was first definitely employed
by Croton, and introduced between 312-299 B.C.
Although the Tarentine issue of light staters was defi-
nitely fixed c. 281 B.C., the weight had been falling for
some years before. 3 On the other hand, the occurrence
of the thunderbolt on the Croton coins would then be
unexplained, and it seems as though the symbol must
be brought into connexion with Pyrrhus. And if the
three very light staters with the Apollo head belong
to the reduced series it is worth while noting that
this type makes its appearance on reduced staters at
Thurium which are dated c. 281 B.C. 4 Finally, it may
be noted that although the names of magistrates are
often given in full on the reduced series of Tarentum
and Heraclea, only abbreviated forms occur at Thurium,
and on these coins of Croton.
3 In the absence of some definite symbol, such as the triskeles,
the coins cannot be brought into relation with Agathocles, although
he had reduced the weight of the silver Pegasi at Syracuse to
c. 108 grs. a few years before he captured Croton.
4 It may be that the Apollo series should be dated from c. 370 B.C.-
299 B.C., and that those of light weight were struck after 312 B.C.
This would explain the poor style of many specimens, and help to
fill the gap now left in the Croton series.
o2
188 S. W. GKOSE.
It may be objected that the coins are too numerous
to be the relics of a period of less than three years'
duration. The converse is equally true that they are
too few in number for a period extending over thirty
years, from 330-299 B.C. But it has been shown that
within the group there are many varieties with few
specimens of each variety. This considerably lessens
the necessity of extending the series over a long period,
and it may be added that the coins hardly ever seem
to come from worn dies.
There are, then, some grounds for supposing that
the stater was reduced at Croton as elsewhere, and the
most probable date for this reduction lies between
the years 280-277 B.C. If these coins of reduced weight
be assigned to that period, the way is open for a re-
consideration of the fourth-century coinage of Croton,
as the period 330-299 B.C. is now left without any
silver issue.
2. Two FIFTH-CENTUKY STATERS.
1. Olv. ?PO to r. outwards. Tripod lebes with three
handles ; to 1., cantharus ; dotted exergual line
and border.
Rev. Tripod lebes in relief; to 1., P A outwards;
dotted exergual line and border.
JB. 20-5 mm. s Wt. 1184 grs. (7-68 grms.). [PL
VIII. 5.]
The interest of this coin lies in the letters on the
reverse. The die is that of B. M., 47 ; Ward, 105 ;
Benson Sale, No. 109 ; Sale Catalogue, Paris, March 27,
1899, PL I. 13. On the first two specimens the tail of
the first letter is off the flan, and the letters have been
read as DA, the coin thus becoming evidence for a
presumed Zancle-Messana alliance. 5 Mr. Hill, who has
6 Hill, Coins of Sicily, p. 71 ; Dodd., J.H.S., 1908, xxviii, p. 68.
CROTON. 189
seen this coin, thinks that the tail is possibly an
engraver's blunder ; there is a small kink in the down-
stroke, and he may be right. If P A be correct a parallel
for the difference in size between the two letters may
be found at Croton itself (though not at this period) in
A/\A of the later Herakles reverse type.
I have not succeeded in finding a specimen of this
coin from a different die.
2. Oltv. Eagle ]., standing with head raised and wings
spread ; below, to 1., crab ; in ex. and around to
r., BOI$ KOY ; plain exergual line; linear
circle.
Rev. 9PO to r., outwards. Tripod lebes with fillet
attached to 1. handle ; linear circle.
&. 20 mm. \ Wt. 123 grs. (7-97 grins.). [PL VIII. 6.]
Coins with the first three letters of the magistrate's
name are well known, but I can only find this variety
mentioned in G-arrucci, Monete d'ltalia, where the
description on p. 151 does not agree with the illustra-
tion, PL CIX. 28. In the illustration a small eagle
with spread wings takes the place of the crab seen on
the McCleaii specimen.
3. LAUS AND SYBARIS SYBAEIS AND CROTON.
1. 0~bv. OM ^AA above and in ex. Bull standing r.;
short plain exergual line ; border of dots.
Rev. ^ A above and below two phialae, between
which a dot ; all in linear circle.
M. 10-5 mm. S Wt. 11-7 grs. (-76 grm.) [PI. VIII. 1.]
The reading of the obverse, which is quite certain,
is due to Mr. E. S. G-. Robinson. The coin must refer
to the events of 453 B.C. when Sybaris, destroyed by
190 S. W. GROSE.
Croton in 510 B.C., was refounded near the old site
by the help of Poseidonia. Coins celebrating that
alliance are well known, and the piece described here
agrees not only in fabric but in the reverse type of the
two phialae which is also found on the small pieces
reading OH VM. It may be noted that in both cases
the name of Sybaris goes with the phialae type, and
the bull (which does not appear to be androcephalous)
typifies Laus. We have, then, clear evidence that Laus
also took part in the recolonization of Sybaris.
It is perhaps worth noting that during these years
Sybaris struck the small silver coin with a bird, usually
described as a dove, for reverse type. [PI. VIII. 2.]
The bird closely resembles the crow on the bronze
coins of Laus dated to c. 400-350 B.C. [PI. VIII. 3.]
No silver coins of Laus with the bird are known, but it
is possible that the type on the coin of Sybaris is in
some way connected with Laus.
2. Obv. Bull standing 1., head turned back ; plain exer-
gual line ; border of dots between lines.
Rev. Tripod lebes ; plain exergual line ; incuse border
of radiating lines.
-51 12 mm. f Wt. 19-0 grs. (1-23 grins.). [P1.VIII.4.]
This coin must be of the same date, and refer to the
same event as that just described. An early alliance
stater dating before 510 B.C. was issued by Sybaris and
Croton (B. M. Guide, PL 8. 21), but in view of the later
relations between them, and the fact that Sybaris was
again destroyed by Croton in 448 B.C., this piece is
somewhat remarkable. Although the Sybarite type
occupies the obverse field I infer from the fabric that
the piece was struck at Croton ; the borders, for ex-
ample, though found on coins of Sybaris are treated in
CROTON. 191
a manner resembling much more closely the Croton
staters of 480-450 B.C.
I had thought that the coin might have been struck
by Croton as a cynical reference to the second founda-
tion of Sybaris, or, indeed, to the second destruction,
but had dismissed the idea as wild conjecture. I find,
however, through the note in Hill's Historical Greek
Coins, p. 50, that the latter view has actually been
maintained by von Duhn (Zeit. fur Num., vii, p. 310),
and Busolt (Gr. Gesch., ii 2 , p. 770), in reference to the
early incuse stater mentioned above. If this solution
be correct, the difficulty of having the Croton type on
the reverse is accentuated. But the explanation may
be found in purely technical reasons the high relief of
the bull type which needed more careful guarding.
The relations existing between Croton and Sybaris are
greatly in favour of our entering in this case " the way
for a revision of the accepted interpretation of ' alliance
coinages'" (Hill., op. cit.).
S. W. GEOSE.
VII.
THE IRISH COINAGES OF HENRY VIII AND
EDWARD VI.
(SEE PLATE IX.)
As the line of division between these two groups of
coins is still ill-defined, I propose to consider in the
following pages the numismatic history of both reigns
as far as it is concerned with Ireland. I shall hope to
establish a basis of classification, and to prove beyond
doubt that the Irish coins of Henry VIII were struck
at the Tower of London and Bristol Castle, and those
of Edward VI at Dublin Castle.
The subject of this paper has been previously dis-
cussed in the Numismatic Chronicle on three occasions.
(1) By Dr. Aquilla Smith in N.S., xix. 157, who dealt
with Henry VIII only. (2) By Archdeacon Pownall
in 3rd S., i. 48, when he drew certain inferences as
to shillings struck in Edward's period. And (3) by
Sir John Evans in 3rd S., vi. 114, in the later part of
his article entitled " The debased coinage bearing the
name of Henry VIII". I shall therefore refrain from
quoting authorities alluded to by these writers, unless
the continuity of the story demands a repetition.
Since the three papers were written only one text-
book has been published, viz. The Handbook of the
Coins of Great Britain and Ireland in the British
Museum (1899), by Mr. H. A. Grueber. On pp. 229-30
IRISH COINAGES OF HENKY VIII AND EDWARD VI. 193
of that work Mr. Grueber expressed doubt as to some
of the attributions to Edward VI, and said that " the
question of the Irish coinage during this reign still
remains undecided ". Consequently I was tempted to
search for such additional evidence as might exist, and
I now offer to the Society the results of the inquiry
arranged in chronological order.
Dr. Aquilla Smith apparently thought that there
was a mint in Ireland at some time during Henry's
reign, as he quotes in full on pp. 180-82 of his paper
the Latin text and a translation of a privy seal writ
granting to John Estrete the mastership of the coinage
in that island, under date 26 March, 2 Henry VIII, 1511
(Harley MSS. 4004). The inference to be drawn from
this appointment was most disconcerting to my theory
that the King's Irish money was exclusively struck in
England, but an investigation showed that the author
had presumably been misled by the catalogue of the
Harleian manuscripts, which was printed in 1808.
The copy of the grant begins "Henricus", without
descriptive numerals, and the document had been
assigned to the eighth king of that name, whereas in
fact the office was conferred on Estrete by Henry VII.
An enrolment of the grant can be seen among the
letters patent of 26 March, 1487 ; accordingly, the
obstacle vanishes from the period 1509-46.
Turning now to the history of the coinage struck
by Henry VIII for circulation in Ireland, the pre-
liminary difficulty was to fix the date of the earliest
issue. There is no doubt that money was sent to
Ireland during the first twenty years of the reign,
but I failed to trace any evidence that the " treasure "
was other than English silver coin, which, as Dr. Smith
194 HENRY SYMONDS.
tells us, has been found in great abundance in that
country. Seeing that James Simon in his Essay on Irish
Coins, Dr. Smith, and Mr. Grueber each held divergent
views as to when the first issue was made, and that
the point was of some importance, I examined the
Exchequer accounts relating to mint affairs at the
Tower from 1509 to 1535 or thereabouts. The result
was entirely negative, there being no allusion to the
coining of such money, notwithstanding that the
accounts were fairly complete and continuous during
that period of, say, twenty-five years. There is also
the fact that when Wolsey reorganized and altered the
English coinage in 1526 his reports did not mention
the existence of an Irish currency. I also examined
the Irish State Papers, and the immense collection of
documents, from many sources and on all subjects,
which have been brought together in the printed
volumes known as The Letters and Papers of Henry VIII,
but without finding any clues between 1509 and 1535.
There were, however, suggestions as to the desirability
of a separate coinage. The first indication which
rewarded my quest was in an Exchequer account from
Michaelmas, 1536, to the same day in 1537, prepared
by the successive wardens of the Tower mint. The
document recited that letters patent had been directed
to Ealph Rowlet and Martin Bowes, the master-
workers, on 6 March, 27 Henry VIII (1535-6),
authorizing them to strike silver coins for Ireland.
During the year in question 2,345 Ibs. Troy had been
coined in the month of June, 1537, but the account
unfortunately does not disclose the weights or the
denominations or the standard of fineness. This com-
mission to the master- workers is not extant, nor have
IEISH COINAGES OF HENRY VIII AND EDWARD VI. 195
its provisions been enrolled, yet I regard it as suffi-
ciently establishing the date on which the first Irish
coinage was ordered, more especially as the next two
accounts repeat the main facts in almost identical
words. (Declared accts. Audit office 1595 /I, 2 and 3, and
Exch. acct. 302/20.) In January, 1539-40, 937 Ibs. Troy
of Irish silver were coined, and during the twelve
months from Michaelmas, 1540, to Michaelmas, 1541,
1,830 Ibs. Troy; both accounts being in pursuance of the
commission previously mentioned.
The decision to inaugurate a separate currency for
Ireland is soon reflected in the correspondence and
minutes which passed between the Lord-Deputy in
Dublin and the Privy Council in England. I will
choose, from several allusions, one contained in an
account prepared by "William Brabazon, the Irish
treasurer for the army, in October, 1536. Among
the receipts is this item: "Also the said accountant
is charged of 1382 11. 0. advanced in gain upon the
new coin of the harp in the sum of 11405 18. 0.
sterling." (Letters and Papers, vol. xi, no. 934.)
This extract gives a colloquial name to the coin, and
shows that the harp-groat and its half immediately
yielded a substantial profit to the King. It is clear that
the money of which Brabazon speaks must have been
struck before the date of the earliest of the Exchequer
accounts which I have cited. As a matter of fact, the
mint account for the year 1536, which would pre-
sumably include the first instalment of work done by
virtue of the commission of 6 March, 1535-6, is not to
be found at the Public Record Office.
There is evidence that for some years before 1535
the English groat had circulated as sixpence in Ireland,
196 HENRY SYMONDS.
but this difference in rating appears to have been a
matter of usage only, and not the result of a statute or
a proclamation.
Brabazon also writes a memorandum, undated, but
referable to 1536, in which he says that the King is at
great charges because he pays the army in Ireland
after the rate of sterling, and that in the western
parts no other coin but sterling is current. He then
suggests that an Act of Parliament should order all
money there current to be sterling and that coin
of the print of the harp should alone be current. A
mint might be kept there, to draw in the Irish coin
and make it of the said print and value. He had
disbursed about 1,500 Irish to the soldiers, which was
in sterling but 1,000 ; therefore if the coin had been
of the print of the harp and current after the same
rate it would have saved 500. (Letters and Papers,
vol. xi, no. 521.)
Fortunately the type of the new Irish money was
sufficiently distinctive to enable us to identify it by
means of Brabazon's phrase in October, 1536. The
obverse bears a crowned shield with the arms of
England quarterly, and the reverse a crowned harp
between certain initials which were varied according
to the year in which the coins were issued. These
groats and half-groats are more particularly described
in the Handbook, pp. 227-8, nos. 50 to 52 inclusive
[PI. IX. 1, 2, 3].
I have said that it was rather important to determine
the year of the first coinage. If this can be done, it is
more easy to interpret the initials of the King and
three of his consorts (HI, HA, and HK) which occur
on the groats and half-groats. AVe have two fixed
IRISH COINAGES OF HENKY VIII AND EDWARD VI. 197
points which help us towards an explanation. The
first is the letter I, which can refer only to Jane
Seymour, who was married to the King in May or
June, 1536, and died on 24 October, 1537. Conse-
quently all H I coins should be placed within these
two dates. The second fixed point is that no coins
with the title " King of Ireland " bear the initials of
any of the Queens ; this rules out Katherine Parr, who
was not married to Henry until the year following his
assumption of that title in January, 1541-2. The
King's marriage with Katherine of Aragon was de-
clared void in May, 1533 ; therefore the initial K
cannot refer to her, if I am correct in believing that
the earliest order for an Irish currency was dated
6 March, 1535-6. Thus, by a process of exclusion,
we must, I think, attribute the K to Katherine Howard,
who was Queen-consort from 8 August, 1540, until
13 Feb., 1541-2.
Then, as to the initial A, which may possibly relate
to Anne Boleyn, who was beheaded on 19 May, 1536.
This would allow a period of about eight weeks during
which the initial would be appropriate, viz. from the
date of the order to the mint until the day of the
Queen's execution ; but it seems improbable that Anne
Boleyn was so honoured, for her star was waning
rapidly during the last few months of her life. I
would therefore assign the A to Anne of Cleves, who
became Queen on 6 January, 1539-40.
The chronological sequence of the respective initials
would then be I, A, K, the order preferred by Dr. Aquilla
Smith in his classification, instead of the generally
accepted sequence K, I, A in the Handbook and else-
where. It is noteworthy that only one mint-mark,
198 HENRY SYMONDS.
the crown, is found on groats and half-groats which
bear the initials of the three Queens. The smaller
denomination does not occur without I or A or K
on the reverse, and it must have been struck in very
limited quantities, as these half-groats are among the
rarest of the Tudor series of Irish coins. (Cp. Handbook,
p. 228, no. 52.)
An interesting question arises as to whether the
English gold crowns and half-crowns, and the George
noble and its half, bearing I, A, or K should necessarily
conform to the sequence which I have suggested for
the Irish silver, but the point is outside my present
subject. With regard to the initials H R, I presume
that they denote the periods when Henry VIII was
without a consort ; for example, the King was a
widower for more than two years after the death of
Queen Jane in October, 1537.
Before leaving the first coinage I will state the
results of an assay of two groats, which tend to show
that the prescribed standard of fineness was about
10 oz. in the pound Troy, the contemporary standard
of the English silver moneys being 11 oz. 2 dwt. fine.
Irish groat, "Dominus" H I mint-mark Crown,
10 oz. 2 dwt. 6 grs. fine silver in the pound Troy. A
similar groat, with H A, proved to be 10 oz. 4 dwt. grs.
fine. I have noticed that the quality of the silver
coins in the sixteenth century is often slightly better
than the respective standards ; on the other hand the
weights of the pieces generally exhibit a deficiency.
The weight of the first-issue groats when in fine con-
dition averages about 38Jgrs. each, and the half-groats
in proportion.
Apparently the Irish currency was not included in
IRISH COINAGES OF HENEY VIII AND EDWARD VI. 199
any of the trials of the pyx at the Star Chamber
during this reign.
THE SECOND COINAGE, 1540.
In this year another commission was directed to the
officers at the Tower mint. Dr. Aquilla Smith sets out
the terms of the order and tells us (op. cit, pp. 167-8)
that they had been communicated to him. Unhappily,
the extract is incomplete and inaccurate, according to
my reading of the original text, and it will therefore
be desirable again to quote its provisions :
Commission to Kauf Rowlett and Martin Bowes, masters
of the Tower mint, and others, dated 13 July, 32 Henry VIII
(1540).
The King resolved to cause to be newly made certain
moneys of silver to be current within his Dominion of Ire-
land and not elsewhere, at certain values and rates, having
the arms of his realm and a scripture about the same, as by
him appointed, on the one side, and the arms of the Dominion
of Ireland, namely a harp crowned, and a scripture about the
same, on the other side. And the same money to be of a
standard lately devised, namely 9 oz. fine silver and 3 oz.
alloy in the pound Troy, that is to say, of an alloy of 40 dwt.
worse in the pound Troy than is the sterling money of
England made according to the indentures of 6 April in the
24th year (1533). And the said money shall " keep in num-
ber " 144 in the pound weight, which shall be current in
Ireland and be called sixpence Irish ; and also the "demy
pieces " of the same, which shall be there current and be
called threepence Irish, and shall keep in number 288 in
the pound weight, of like print and fineness, which corre-
sponds in weight and fineness with divers old coins then
current in Ireland. The remedy was to be 2 dwt. in the
pound. The masters were to take up for charges 2s. in each
pound weight. (Patent Roll, 32 Henry VIII, part 4, m. 11.)
I observe that there are no stipulations for the use of
a privy mark or for a trial of the pyx. Evidently the
primary object of this commission was to reduce the
200 HENRY SYMONDS..
quality of the metal to 9 oz. fine, the first standard
for Ireland having been 10 oz. fine, or thereabouts, in
the pound Troy, as was demonstrated by the assay
above mentioned. The type of the coins was not to be
altered, for the words of the order would equally well
describe the first issue of 1535-6.
Perhaps the most noticeable feature is the omission
of the phrase harp-groat, or groat (pace Dr. Smith).
The coins were to be known as " sixpence Irish " and
" threepence Irish ", thus introducing another system of
nomenclature which gives rise to some confusion at a
later date. At all events, the moneys ordered in 1540
were in reality groats and half-groats, as is shown by
their weights, 40 grs. and 20 grs. respectively, and this
is, I believe, the solitary occasion on which the difference
in rating for Irish purposes is officially recognized in a
mint document of the period. The " demy piece ", or
half-groat, is at present unknown.
On 30 October, 1540, the Privy Council send instruc-
tions to Rowlett and Martin Bowes to coin 2,000 in
" harpe groats ", and it then became the practice of the
Council to give specific directions to the master- workers
whenever it was desired to add to the Irish currency.
This procedure was not adopted in connexion with the
English series. An example of these warrants will be
presently cited, but in none of them do the Council
instruct the mint to provide half-groats.
Having established a coinage of an appreciably lower
intrinsic value, the King naturally wished to exclude
it from England. This was effected by means of a
proclamation dated 19 November, 1540, which forbade
the transportation out of Ireland of groats and half-
groats bearing the print of the harp on one side, under
IRISH COINAGES OF HENRY VIII AND EDWARD VI. 201
pain of forfeiture, fine, or imprisonment, if such were
brought to or uttered in England and "Wales.
In the summer of 1541 Henry was proclaimed in
Dublin as King of Ireland, and on 23 January, 1541-2,
the change of style from Dominus to Rex was announced
in England by a second proclamation which has not
hitherto been noted in our text-books. The King's
English subjects were warned that neglect to use the
new style would not be punished if it occurred before
30 April then next ; after that day instruments written
with the old style would be invalid. On 14 April,
1542, Henry orders the Lord-Deputy to alter the seals
in Ireland. Consequently I assume that bhe word Rex
was inserted in the dies for the harp-groats very shortly
after January, 1541-2, if not earlier. I do not regard
this change as constituting a new issue (cp. Handbook,
no. 53), but merely as a variation of the ' scripture '
ordained by the commission, which otherwise remained
in force.
I have tried to identify, by means of assaying, a
groat which could be safely given to the second coinage,
when the standard was 9 oz. fine. The result was
perplexing, as will be seen. A double assay of a groat
reading Rex and H R, with mint-mark Rose, yielded
an average of 10 oz. 3 dwt. grs. fine silver in the pound
Troy [PI. IX. 4]. As the coin was struck after January,
1541-2, it should have been, at least approximately, of
the 9 oz. standard then in use, but it was actually better
than the (presumed) 10 oz. standard of the first coinage.
Thinking that this might be an abnormal specimen,
I asked Messrs. Johnson, Matthey, & Co., to make a
double assay of another groat of identical type and mint-
mark. Their report was " average 10 oz. 11 dwt. 12 grs.
NUMISM. CHRON., VOL. XV, SERIES IV. P
202 HENRY SYMOXDS.
fine " ; in each case the " average " was due to the fact
that two portions of the same coin yielded different
degrees of fineness! 1 Consequently I abandoned any
further attempt at elucidation by this method, as the
compound of silver and alloy had not been efficiently
mixed. Nevertheless, I think that the groat of the
type and mark last described, i. e. the Rose, should be
regarded as a product of the second issue. It is just
possible that work under the order of March, 1535-6,
was continued, for some unexplained reason, after the
date of the second commission in July, 1540, because
there was a similar instance of overlapping in the
English series in 1542, when the accounts show that
silver money was struck under the terms of the second
English indenture during twelve months or more after
the date of the third order.
By permission of the Society of Antiquaries I was
enabled to exhibit to this Society an original warrant
which is preserved among the manuscripts in their
library. The document was signed by twelve Privy
Councillors on 25 January, 1541-2, the King's signature
being affixed by a stamp. The body of the warrant
is written in a "secretary hand" of the period, and
its contents are here transcribed in full, as it is in all
probability the sole survivor of such instructions :
By the King. Trusty and well biloved we grete yo u well
signefieng unto yo 11 our pleass r & comandemet is that of the
twoo thowsande pounds sterling for the wh we have ad-
dressed our warraunt to the Treasouro 1 and Chamberlaynes
of o r Esthequyer to be by them or their assignes delyvered
to your hands ye in as convenyent tyme as maye be doo
converte to our use the sayd some of two thowsande pounds
1 These results have been practically confirmed by another
competent assayer.
IRISH COINAGES OF HENKY VIII AND EDWARD VI. 203
st into grotes printed into money called harpes lately by us
and our counsail devised for our realme of Irland. Deducteng
of the sayd two thowsande pounds st for your costs and
chargs as is lymited unto yo u by our comission appoincted
and to yo u directed for the same And thes o v lies shalbe
unto yo u and either of yo u a sufficient warraunt and dis-
charge in this behalf. Yeven undre our signet at our palayce
of Westm. the xxv^k daye of January the xxxiij tjl yere of our
Kegn.
To our trusty and wellbiloved sfvants S r Marten Bowes
knight and Kaf Kowlet maistres of our mynt.
(Society of Antiquaries, MSS. vol. 116.)
The minute of the Council authorizing the issue of
the warrant is dated on the previous day, 24 January.
There is at this time a reference to Martin Pirry, or
Pery, who will be much in the foreground of the picture
during the reign of Edward VI. On 26 January,
1541-2, Sir William Paget writes to Henry VIII from
Paris concerning Pery, who had fled from England on
.an accusation of either false clipping or false coining,
and was then living at Rouen. Paget was doubtful
whether the fugitive was included in the Pardon Act
of the last Parliament, and asked for the King's
directions as to Pery's further employment (Letters
and Papers). It will shortly become evident that
Pery was restored to favour.
THE THIRD COINAGE, 1544.
The proof that there was in this year a new order
to govern the making of Irish money is solely based
upon an account furnished by Sir Martin Bowes,
whose office was now that of an under-treasurer at
the Tower. The title of the document recites that
Martin Bowes, Stephen Vaughan, and others had been
directed by a commission of 14 May, 36 Henry VIII
p2
204: HENKY SYMONDS.
(1544), to strike harp-groats, to be current within the
realm of Ireland, of the standard of 8 oz. fine silver
and 4 oz. alloy in the pound Troy. (The half-groat is
not mentioned.) Of these groats Bowes had made
2,780 Ibs. Troy in the month of May, 1544, on which
the King's clear gain was 15s. 3Jd in each pound
weight. (Exch. Acct. 302/23.)
It would appear that the debasement of the standard
of fineness for Ireland conformed, in the main, to the
lowering of the quality of the English silver coins,
although the changes in the two series were not
effected on the same dates. In 1545 both countries
used the same standard for a time, but that instance
of uniformity was exceptional. Can a groat of the
third issue be recognized? I think so, albeit the
general type of the preceding coinage was still in
vogue. I caused a double assay to be made of a
harp-groat reading Rex, and bearing the mint-mark
Lys. The report on the coin was 8 oz. 4 dwt. grs.
fine silver in the pound, no " average " being necessary
in this instance [PI. IX. 5]. Although the degree of
fineness is better than the prescribed standard by
4 dwt. in the pound Troy, the excess is not very
remarkable, and it seems proper to assign mint-mark
Lys (when undated) to the third coinage. (Cf. Hand-
book, p. 228, no. 53.)
I have now reached a stage in the history when it
will be convenient to refer to a more debatable topic,
that is, the Irish coins with the portrait of Henry VIII.
The writers who have dealt with this by-path in numis-
matics, Simon, Lindsay, Aquilla Smith, and, in more
recent years, Mr. Grueber, have classified these pieces
as belonging to the King whose name they bore. On
IRISH COINAGES OF HENRY VIII AND EDWARD VI. 205
the other hand, Sir John Evans, when discussing this
question (op. cit., p. 155), called attention to the im-
probability that Henry's officials would introduce an
entirely new type showing a portrait, and then revert
to the old type with the crowned harp, which was
undoubtedly used for the King's latest Irish coinage. To
this I would add that the groat with Henry's portrait
bears the legend Civitas Dublinie, which must surely
mean that the coin was struck within that city, whereas
I hope to prove conclusively that a mint was not
working anywhere in Ireland during Henry's occu-
pancy of the throne. There is other evidence that the
" portrait " coins belong to Edward VI, but I will defer
considering it until later in the paper. Suffice it to
say now that I propose to transfer the whole of this class
(i. e. Dr. Smith's seventh coinage) to various years in
Edward's reign.
THE FOUETH COINAGE, 1545.
The Letters and Papers again assist me at this point
by disclosing that a further debasement of the silver was
in contemplation for Ireland in the year 1545. There
are three letters written by Sir Thomas "Wriothesley
(who had formerly held the office of graver at the
Tower) to Sir William Paget, the first of which is
dated 27 August, 1545. Paget is requested to in-
form the King that, after speaking with Mr. Cofferer,
Mr. Bowes, and Mr. Knight concerning the money for
Ireland, " we have resolved if his Majy be so pleased
that the standard shall be vi and vi, which before was
viij fyne and iiij only of alloy, for the which I shall
send the commission to be signed, which must be done
206 HENRY SYMONDS.
before they begin to work. The sum that may be
coined by 15 Sept is 10,000 U which will occupy all the
three mints [i. e. at the Tower] for that time or near
thereabouts." In the second letter, 1 September in
the same year, "Wriothesley says that there had been
discussion concerning the making of new gold crowns
for Ireland, but the standard had not then been fixed.
In the third communication, dated 2 September, the
same writer tells Paget that he is enclosing the inden-
ture for Ireland, and that they were loth to begin until
it was signed (vol. 22, no. 231).
This correspondence goes a long way towards justi-
fying a belief that there was a coinage of harp-groats
of the 6 oz. standard in this year. I do not, however,
find any reference to such pieces in the surviving
accounts of the Tower mint, nor is the "indenture"
mentioned in the third letter now available. Still,
I think we can assign to the fourth coinage a groat
of the previous type and also marked with a Lys, but
dated "37", thus indicating that it was struck between
22 April, 1545, and the same day in 1546. This groat
presents two innovations ; it is the earliest instance of
a dated coin for Ireland, and it introduces a system of
dating by the regnal year (more familiar on manu-
scripts than on coins) which was not repeated, after
Henry's thirty-eighth year, until 1663. The " 37" groat
is rare, almost as uncommon as the half-groat of the first
issue, and therefore the test by an assay has been
omitted in this case. It is possible that the insertion
of the date and other smaller changes in the dies
should be ascribed to Henry Basse, the graver at the
Tower, who had been appointed in November, 1544.
[PI. IX. 6.]
IRISH COINAGES OF HENRY VIII AND EDWARD VI. 207
Sir John Evans thought that the " 37 " groat was
struck at Bristol Castle (op. cit., p. 145), but I believe
that it is unknown with the typical W S mark. The
Lys with which it is marked was a Tower symbol,
and there is the further difficulty that the thirty-
seventh year ended on 21 April, 1546. This allows
only three weeks during which such a date could have
been used, seeing that the Bristol order was dated
1 April, 1546. Also, the moneyers at Bristol did not
actually begin work until 1 May, that is, in the thirty-
eighth year. (Vide Account 302/30.) Again, the " 37 "
groat reads " viii ", but those of Bristol always " 8 ", in
the obverse legend.
THE FIFTH COINAGE, 1546 (BRISTOL).
In this year the striking of Irish coins ceased at the
Tower. The reason for the transfer to Bristol of this
section of the industry may have been partly geo-
graphical, and partly a desire to furnish employment
for the new mint.
The Exchequer Account 302/30 recites that by virtue
of a commission directed to Sir E. Peckham, Wm. Sha-
rington, and others, " having relation from the 1st April
37 Henry VIII ", harp-groats were to be made in Bristol
Castle. Later in the same document it is stated that
the standard of fineness was 3 oz. of fine silver in the
pound Troy, so proving that the last of Henry's Irish
coins were 1 oz. in the pound less fine than the English
series of the same year.
The harp-groats made at Bristol follow the earlier
type issued at the Tower, and so there was not much
scope for the exercise of any creative talent possessed
208 HENRY SYMONDS.
by Giles Evenet, the graver. This artist produced,
however, an excellent Lombardic alphabet, devised the
WS mint-mark, and inserted some variations in the
legend. The monogram W S is now generally ac-
cepted as being the initials of William Sharington,
the under-treasurer of the mint at the time of its
inception.
The Account already cited, 302/30, records that in
August and September, 1546, Sharington struck 3,657
pounds Troy of harp-groats for the realm of Ireland.
Without doubt the coins then made are those dated
38 and marked with the initials of the under-treasurer
(Handbook, p. 229, no. 57) [PL IX. 7]. It may be noted
that the document does not use the phrase " sixpence
Irish ". There also exists a similar groat with the
same mark, but undated, which may have been issued
subsequently to the period covered by the last-mentioned
account, as there is then a chasm in the mint papers
extending over twelve months. No Irish currency was
struck at Bristol after Thomas Chamberlain assumed
control in January, 1548-9, in the place of Sharington
dismissed. A fuller narrative of the occurrences at
this mint will be found in Num. Chron., 4 S. xi. 346.
One other memorandum in the Irish State Papers
deserves notice, inasmuch as it points to a decision to
set up a mint in Ireland in the immediate future.
Apparently the King had at last been persuaded by
the Lord-Deputy that the scheme would be remunera-
tive, and he assents to a proposal that both gold and
silver should be struck in that island.
In 1546 (? 24 Sept.) articles concerning a mint and
the mines in Ireland were presented to Henry. " For
the mint, the King's Majesty to have the profit, with
IEISH COINAGES OF HENKY VIII AND EDWARD VI. 209
like establishment of officers as is here ; wherein Thomas
Agard is thought good to be vice-treasurer and Martin
Pirry comptroller, and such other expert men for the
rest as will go thither with their good wits. In the
conclusion whereof we do consult with the officers of
the mint here (i. e. in London) and so shall go through
if it stands with the King's Majesty's pleasure. And
for this there must be also a prest of one thousand
pounds and a special provision that they carry no
money plate nor bullion of gold nor silver out of this
realm. Their gold to be of our standard and current
here."
In the margin is the following note :
" The King liketh the matter of tHe mines, and will
have it likewise perfected, and the gold and silver to be
money here/' (S. P. Ireland, Henry VIII, vol. xii, no. 48.)
The same memorandum also expressed the opinion
that the profits of the mint and the mines together
would defray the main charges then paid by the King,
but this forecast proved to be unduly optimistic.
As a matter of fact, the accepted proposal did not
materialize during Henry's lifetime. About four
months later the King died, leaving to his successor
the task of organizing the new venture on the other
side of St. George's Channel.
EDWAED VI
became King of England and Ireland on 28 January,
1546-7. For some time after his accession the young
King, or his advisers, did not adopt any measures to
carry out the project sanctioned by Henry VIII, and
when the scheme emerged from the council chamber,
210 HENKY SYMONDS.
in the second year, the more ambitious portion relative
to a gold currency had been omitted ; wisely, no doubt,
having regard to the economic situation. Nevertheless,
Edward began by improving the standard of the silver
money, and arranged to give his Irish subjects a coinage
equal in fineness and in weight to the latest English
issue, viz. 4 oz. fine, with a groat weighing 40 grs.
We shall find that no accounts have survived which
deal with the proceedings in Dublin, save only a few
stray figures among the correspondence.
Sir John Evans remarks (op. cit., p. 152) that as it is
permissible to regard some of the English coins with
the portrait of Henry VIII as having been issued by
Edward VI, we may extend the same liberty to a
consideration of the Irish series. The evidence now
available confirms the soundness of this opinion. I
shall attempt to show that the whole of Edward's
money struck at Dublin before 1552 bore the portrait
and name of his father, and, incidentally, to enlarge
the compass of the answer which can be given to the
question asked by Archdeacon Pownall, who confined
his attention to the supposed Irish shillings.
The earliest historical item which I have noted
refers to Henry Coldwell, a goldsmith of London,
who was afterwards engraver at the Dublin mint.
The Privy Council ordered a payment to him of
9 125. Od. on 17 April, 1547, for 39| oz. of silver put
into the great seal for Ireland, and 20 for graving
and making the same. This graver also produced the
great seal for England and other smaller matrices of
that period.
About thirteen months after the death of Henry VIII
the long-desired mint in Dublin was formally consti-
IKISH COINAGES OF HENRY VIII AND EDWARD VI. 211
tuted, and I will now quote the material portions of
the indenture which furnished the requisite authority
to those concerned :
Thomas Agarde, imclertreasurer of the mint within the
castle of Dublin, Martyn Perry, comptroller and surveyor,
and William Williams, general assayer there, covenant with
the King to make four manner of moneys of silver, that is
to say,
The groat, "running for fourpence of lawful money of
England ", of which 144 shall weigh one pound Troy.
The half-groat, penny, and halfpenny in like proportions
of weight.
The standard to be 4 oz. fine silver and 8 oz. alloy in each
pound Troy, and each pound weight of coined silver shall
contain 48s. by tale.
A triple indented standard piece to be made, so that the
money may be tried once in every year at the least.
5s. 4d. shall be paid in coin for every ounce of sterling
silver brought in, and 26s. 8d. in each pound weight of coin
shall be taken up for charges.
The privy mark shall be declared to the High Treasurer,
and 2s. in every 100 Ibs. weight of coin shall be placed in
the pyx.
The gravers shall work only in the house within the mint
assigned to them by Agard.
Dated 10 February, 2 Edw. VI, 1547-8. (Exch. Accts.,
306/3.)
There are extant groats and half-groats bearing
Henry's portrait and titles, and reading Civitas Dub-
linie on the reverse, with the mint-mark boar's head.
Also, pence and halfpence with another obverse legend
and without a mint-mark (cf. HandbooJc,p. 228, nos. 54-6).
These coins substantially agree with the denominations
ordered by the above indenture, but they do not cor-
respond with any known orders to the mint during
Henry's reign, although they have been generally
assigned to that period. Sir John Evans conjectured
that the privy mark of the boar's head might be a
212 HENRY SYMONDS.
means of attributing to Agard the pieces so marked, as
the family were entitled to use the same symbol as
a charge upon their armorial shield. ^ It so happens
that this is one of the cases in which the original
deed has come down to us, and I found, to my great
satisfaction, that Agard when executing the indenture
had impressed the wax with a clearly denned repre-
sentation of a boar's head. Could any one wish for
better circumstantial evidence (1) that this group of
coins was struck by Agard in 1548, and (2) that
Edward used Henry's portrait and titles for the Irish
coinage ? But there is, alas, a sequel to this discovery.
The indenture was in bad condition, and the seal,
though quite perfect in itself, was attached by a very
fragile tag. The document, with others in the same
bundle, was subsequently repaired and mounted on
parchment, but when I saw it about a year later the
seal was no longer appended. A careful search was
made at the Record Office, but, at present, without
success.
An assay has been made of a Dublin groat marked with
a boar's head, the report on which was "4oz. Odwt. Ogrs.
fine silver in the pound Troy". This result tallies
exactly with the standard prescribed in Agard's agree-
ment, and is therefore to be welcomed as another link
in the chain [PI. IX. 8].
On 17 March, 1547-8, the Council directed a payment
of 11 to the assay-master in Ireland, who was to be
sent thither with sundry workmen for " aredyeng the
thinges against the erection of the mynt ". We may
assume that shortly afterwards the operations began.
The names given to the coins struck by Agard seem
to render it expedient that we should adopt a uniform
IRISH COINAGES OF HENEY VIII AND EDWARD VI. 213
system of nomenclature in order to avoid confusion
when speaking of the Irish currency of Henry and
Edward. In Dr. Smith's paper, and in the Handbook,
coins of the same nominal weight and of the same
value as a medium of exchange are sometimes de-
scribed as groats and sometimes as sixpences, and the
names of the smaller denominations are similarly
varied. (The term " sixpence " was due, of course, to
the enhancement of the English valuation of a groat by
50 per cent, in Ireland.) I venture to suggest that we
should adopt the nominal weight of an Irish coin of
the Tudor period as a basis for naming it. Thus, for
example, a piece of 40 grs. would be known as a groat,
irrespective of any local value placed upon it, and a
piece of 10 grs. would be called a penny, not three-
halfpence. In the English series we do not cease to
describe a silver coin of 80 grs. as a shilling because it
was rated at ninepence or less.
To resume the story. The State Papers for Ireland
contain a letter from Agard to the Lord-Deputy on
23 September, 1548, in which the under-treasurer
says that he is sending twelve pence and as much in
halfpence of the first coined of that sort. On 22 No-
vember in the same year the Lord-Deputy writes to
the Protector Somerset a letter reviling Agard, from
which it appears that 5,000 had then been struck in
Dublin Castle. Although we have these proofs that
the staff had not been idle, it is at the same time
evident that all was not well in the mint, even within
twelve months of the birth of the undertaking. The
Privy Council deemed it necessary to send a significant
minute to the Irish government on 6 January, 1548-9,
to this effect. For the better furniture of tke mint,
214 HENRY SYMONDS.
the Council required the Lord-Deputy to deliver
1,000 oz. of plate of crosses and such like, then re-
maining in the hands of the Dean of St. Patrick,
to the officer of the mint there, to be used by him
as he should think best for His Majesty's benefit.
A postscript adds that as the finers and moneyers
have been discharged, and as there is no bullion, it
shall be considered how the mint may be continued to
the King's profit. If that cannot be done, the treasurer
is to render an account from the beginning, and cause
them to coin out the remaining bullion and then cease.
The men were to be discharged, and all things be-
longing to the mint were to be put in safe keeping.
Following this drastic order comes a lament from
Cold well on 1 March, 1548-9, that he has no irons to
sink in his office and he asks for payment of his 30.
I am unable to fix even an approximate date for the
closing of the Dublin establishment, but it was within
the year 1549. Meanwhile the under-treasurer had
died, as Francis, the son of Thomas Agard deceased,
paid to Sir E. Peckham in April and July, 1550, the
sum of 2,368 for arrears of profit due to the King.
(Pipe Office Acct. 2077.)
THE SECOND COINAGE, 1550.
For at least six months, and possibly for a longer
time, Dublin ceased to coin money for the Irish people,
and there is no suggestion that any was obtained from
the Tower.
On 27 June, 1550, the Privy Council resolved to erect
a mint, and their records of 8 July contain the terms
on which the reopening was to be carried out :
IRISH COINAGES OF HENRY VIII AND EDWARD VI. 215
1. That a mint in Ireland be set up again, and let to
farm for twelve months.
2. The King shall pay no charges, and shall have
13s. 4d. clear on every pound weight coined there.
3. No bullion to be obtained from England or Ireland,
but only from other countries.
4. At least 24,000 to be advanced to the King within
the twelve months by these means.
5. An assay-master and comptroller to be appointed
by the King, and paid by the farmer.
These resolutions make plain the financial straits
to which the government was reduced. The King
surrenders his royal privilege to issue money for his
subjects, in return for a cash payment by a concession-
naire, and it will presently be seen that this was not
the only occasion on which Edward entered into an
extraordinary contract with regard to Ireland and its
mint.
A new indenture was executed by Martin Pirry,
who took Agard's place as head of the mint, the other
two officials retaining their former positions. The docu-
ment is dated 9 August, 4 Edw. VI (1550), and contains
a covenant to strike four silver coins identical in all
respects with those ordered on 10 February, 1547-8.
The five resolutions of the Council which I have already
cited are incorporated in the terms, and the period for
which the mint was let to farm began at Michaelmas,
1550, until the same date in 1551. (Cotton MSS. Otho
E. x. i. 186.)
The Cotton MS. is only a copy, and it bears an
indorsement that "the originall was canceled". Its
provisions were not enrolled. A subsequent letter
from Pirry to the Privy Council makes it clear that
216 HENKY SYMONDS.
he began work under this indenture in October, 1550,
and that the cancellation was not effected until after
May, 1551.
I feel no doubt that the coins which can be attri-
buted to the King's bargain with Martin Pirry are
of the same general type as Agard's productions, i. e.
with Henry's portrait, but with other mint-marks.
We have groats and half-groats marked with P, and
the same denominations marked with a harp, but
the pence and halfpence (if struck in 1550-1) do
not exhibit a privy symbol, and therefore cannot be
differentiated from those of the earlier issue [PI. IX. 11].
The three-quarter portrait 011 some pence may separate
them from those with a full-faced bust. The portrait
on the groats marked with a P and the harp is Evans,
no. 5 (op. cit., pi. VI), as on the English groat with the
redde cuique legend ; in this respect the two Irish
groats of 1550 differ from Agard's coinage, which ex-
hibits a portrait akin to Evans, no. 2, but without the
round clasp. The forks of the cross contain a half- rose,
and sometimes an object with three points or branches
which may be intended for a lys.
I would assign both the P and the harp marks to
Pirry's coinage, and it seems not improbable that the
device was changed (after a pyx trial) at the end of
January, 1550-1. On that date the sums due to the
King as poundage are added up, and a new reckoning
is begun in February, without any apparent reason for
the break in the account [PI. IX. 9, 10].
I have caused the two groats of this coinage to be
assayed, and the report was as follows :
Mint-mark P, half-rose in forks of cross, 4 oz. 4 dwt.
12 grs. fine.
IRISH COINAGES OF HENRY VIII AND EDWARD VI. 217
Mint-mark harp, half-rose in forks of cross, 4 oz.
11 dwt. Ogr. fine.
Both coins exceed the 4 oz. standard of fineness, the
latter groat more especially.
On 13 January, 1550-1, the Privy Council forbid
Pirry to deliver any coins from the mint except under
their warrant, and they tell him to prepare as much
money as he can, in order to serve the King with all
diligence. This admonition suggests anxiety as to the
payment by the farmer of the stipulated sum (24,000,
as a minimum) within the twelve months, it being
well known that Pirry had great difficulty in procuring
bullion from foreign countries. And, moreover, he had
to pay the 13s. 4d. per Ib. in " lawful money of England ",
not of Ireland. On 21 February, 1550-1, Pirry writes
to the Council, perhaps in reply to their last-quoted
letter, saying that when he reached Holyhead on his
return to Ireland he noticed some questionable vessels
in the channel. Accordingly he bought a pinnace of
25 tons, rowed with 16 oars, and put therein 21 tall
men well appointed with artillery and ordnance, and
so made the passage in safety with his valuables.
(This personal incident shows that the business was
by no means free from risks.) He goes on to say
that he trusts to be able to perform the covenants
with the King, and with an overplus, notwithstanding
the charge for transporting bullion and money (S. P.
Ireland, Edw. VI, vol. 3). A few months later,
Dr. Eobert Eecorde, who had been formerly engaged
at the mints in Durham House and Bristol, was
appointed as inspect or- general of Pirry's operations,
with which the Council were still dissatisfied. Letters
patent of 27 May, 1551, grant to Eecorde the office
NUMISM. CHRON., VOL. XV, SERIES IV. Q
218 HENRY SYMONDS.
of surveyor of all the newly found mines of metal in
Ireland, relying upon his expert knowledge of metals.
And for the further perfection of the lately erected
mint, and for the due observance of the standard, he
is appointed surveyor of the said mint, so that thence-
forth " the counsell and advertisment " of the surveyor
should be used in all assays, meltings, and other works.
(Patent roll, 5 Edw. VI, part 4.)
The subject of the silver mines at Clonmines, co.
Wexford, is much debated in the State Papers and
other correspondence, but, as Archdeacon Pownall has
made several extracts therefrom, I will be content
with a passing mention of what is, after all, rather
a side-issue, as very little of the bullion came from
that source. In, or soon after, May, 1551, the three mint
officers drew up a report as to the amount due to the
King. The account, although it is not so stated, must
refer to the bargain made by the indenture of 9 August,
1550. The figures from October, 1550, to January,
1550-1, inclusive, show 7,273 due from Pirry; from
February to May, 1551, inclusive, they show 5,372
payable by Pirry. The total due to the King being
12,645, for a period of eight months working in the
mint. It seems therefore improbable that the remainder,
nearly one half, of the agreed minimum sum would be
forthcoming during the last four months of the lease
(S. P. Ireland, Edw. VI, vol. 3). Be that as it may, the
Dublin establishment was closed either immediately
after the preparation of this account or in the month
of July next following, the second suppression within
three years.
There is again much interesting correspondence
with the Lord-Deputy as to the Irish currency, but
IKISH COINAGES OF HENKY VIII AND EDWAKD VI. 219
the questions raised are perhaps more economic than
numismatic, and may consequently be omitted from
this survey.
On 8 July, 1551, the English (profile) shilling was
cried down to ninepence, and the groat to threepence.
By analogy with other proclamations, I think that the
reduction in values was not extended to Ireland.
On 17 July, 1551, Sir E. Peckham was instructed by
the Privy Council to stay all His Majesty's mints from
striking more moneys, after receiving into his hands
all the coin and bullion. This interdict would doubt-
less apply to Dublin, if the mint there had not been
closed at the end of May.
Archdeacon Pownall suggests (pp. cit., pp. 58-64)
that certain profile shillings of Edward VI bearing
the mint-marks lion, rose, harp, and lys, respectively,
may have been struck in Dublin, or alternatively, in
England for the special purpose of being circulated in
Ireland. He also surmised that the city of York might
be the place of origin of the coin marked with a lion,
but it is quite manifest from the accounts that York,
alone among the English mints, did not strike pieces
of this denomination at any time during the reign.
I regard the shillings marked with the lion, rose, and
lys as products of the Tower mints and possibly of
Southwark, and as belonging to the English currency.
Moreover, the three marks seem to be English rather
than Irish in nature and meaning. It must be remem-
bered that some of the coins bearing these symbols are
dated 1550, in which year the Dublin mint was working
for eight months and could have struck shillings for
Ireland if they had been required. I also believe that
those dated 1551 formed part of the 20,000 pounds weight
220 HENRY SYMONDS.
of silver of the 3 oz. standard which is mentioned in
the King's Journal (ed. 1680) on 10 April, 30 May,
and 18 June, 1551, and in a mint commission to
Sir Edmund Peckham of the same year.
It is conceivable that the Archdeacon's opinion was
influenced in favour of the Irish theory by two orders
of the Privy Council on 10 August, 1551, when a
warrant was sent to Sir J. Yorke to deliver to Peckham
16,000 of the " new coinage in shillings " (i. e. of 3 oz.
fine), after \2d. the shilling : a second warrant autho-
rized Peckham to transport the same to Ireland, for
the King's payments there. The Council by this
manoeuvre paid the creditors in Ireland with a coin
rated as I2d., which coin had been reduced to 9d. in
England during the preceding month and was within
a week to be further cried down to 6d. To my mind,
these tactics do not show that the shillings were
primarily intended for Ireland, but rather that the
Council seized the opportunity to relieve themselves
of a parcel of depreciated English currency, with a
considerable gain to the Exchequer.
There remains the fourth variety of shilling, marked
with a harp ; this stands in a different category, and
I shall have occasion to refer to it presently in another
connexion. Meanwhile I will express the view that
this shilling, when dated 1551, maybe apocryphal. It
appears to exist only in Euding's plate (Suppl. iv. 30),
where it is drawn as a coin with the legends partly
defaced. I feel little doubt that the last numeral of
MDLII was illegible, and that the illustration represents
a shilling dated 1552. Perhaps this comment will
elicit an undoubted example of the year 1551.
On 17 August, 1551, a proclamation again reduced
IRISH COINAGES OF HENRY VIII AND EDWARD VI. 221
the current values of the English silver coins. The
shilling was thenceforth to be rated as 6d. in the realm
of England and the marches of Calais, and all the
smaller pieces in a similar proportion.
Three months later it becomes apparent that the
spirit of reform which was moving towards a finer
coinage in England was also stirring in relation to
the Irish currency. The King writes to the Lord-
Deputy on 26 November, 1551, to the following
effect : It had been desired that the money should
be of like value to that in England, and the Council
had devised a plan whereby it should be amended
and brought to a greater fineness than ever before.
Whereas the moneys there were wont to be one-third
part coarser than here, they should not differ so much ;
that when England had two standards, the one of xi oz.
fine, the other more base for pence, halfpence, and
farthings, then the fine moneys in Ireland should be
ix oz. fine and the small moneys 3 oz. fine. Although
the accustomed profit would be lacking, yet it would be
for the commonweal of the country, as would be under-
stood from Martyn Pyrrye on his return from London
(S. P. Ireland, Edw. VI, vol. 3). This promise of better
things was not translated into action, but the same
scheme was again introduced some six months later.
Although no Dublin mint accounts are known, the
increment obtained from that source is included in
some figures prepared by ~Wm. Brabazon, the treasurer
for Ireland, in September, 1551. In 3 Edw. VI the
profits of the mint were 4,215 ; in 4 Edw. VI 900 ;
and in 5 Edw. VI 12,373. The last item is less by
300 than Pirry's own return, which has been already
quoted.
222 HENRY SYMONDS.
In January, 1551-2, Eecorde was sent to London
to express in person the Lord -Deputy's ideas as to the
reformation of the coinage, and he took with him a
report by the assay-master on the fineness of a number
of Irish coins struck by earlier kings. There is an
interesting list of assays vouched by Wm. "Williams,
but the details and the necessary explanations would
be too long for inclusion in this paper. The Lord-
Deputy was then in a despairing frame of mind, and
remarked that " yt ys come to the shoote anker ".
(S. P. Ireland, Edw. VI, vol. 4.)
THE THIRD COINAGE, 1552.
The activities of the mint in Dublin were suspended,
as we have seen, in May or July, 1551, and the
moneyers were not again employed until the end of
June, 1552. Before I describe the third and last
issue, the circumstances which led up to the re-
opening of the mint should be briefly stated. There
had been a desire that the respective currencies of
the two islands should be equal in value, and the
King's Journal gives the first hint as to the method of
effecting it. On 18 May, 1552, Edward writes in his
diary that "it was appointed mony should be cried
down in Ireland, after a pay which was of mony at
Midsummer next; in the mean season the thing to
be kept secret and close ". A second entry by the
King on 10 June, 1552, says that "whereas it was
agreed that there should be a pay now made to Ireland
of 5000 and then the mony to be cried down, it was
appointed that 3000 weight which I had in the Tower
should be carried thither and coined at 3 denar fine ;
IKISH COINAGES OF HENRY VIII AND EDWAED VI. 223
and that incontinent the coin should be cried down ".
Let me here remark that the Council apparently
showed an astuteness approaching to sharp practice
in proposing to make their June payments in Ireland
on the basis of a " sixpenny " groat, and then forthwith
to reduce the rating of that coin (among others) to
twopence, at which sum it was then current in
England.
Some doubt is expressed by Euding as to the
meaning of the words " 3 denar fine". It seems
clear from the context that the use of the word
denarii was a slip, and that the King meant " 3 oz.
fine ".
On 12 June, 1552, the intention to place the two cur-
rencies on the same footing was carried out in these
words: "A letter to Lord-Deputy and Council of Ireland
for the decrying of the money there to the value it is at
in England, the minute of which letter remameth with
the records of the Council." (S. P. Dom. docquet vol.)
The way is now clear to consider the new coinage
which followed these preliminary steps, and it will be
apparent, I think, that the terms of Edward's agreement
with the head of the mint were again extraordinary.
Indenture with Martin Piny, of London, dated 27 June
6 Edw. VI (1552) and reciting that the King desired to coin
a certain mass of bullion within the mint formerly erected in
Dublin castle and thereby appointed Martin Piny, Oliver
Daubeney and William Williams to be treasurer or master,
comptroller, and assaymaster, respectively. That 1500 pounds
Troy of fine silver had been delivered to Pirry on that day to
be coined into one manner of money "called pieces of six-
pence, running for sixpence of lawful money of England ",
of such weight that 72 would weigh one pound Troy, and
to be of the standard of 3 oz. fine silver and 9 oz. alloy in each
pound Troy, and each of such pounds should contain 36 s
English, by tale. And that the said 1500 l)S of fine silver
224 HENRY SYMONDS.
was to be coined to the use and behoof of the King. And
that whereas Pirry had made suit for an allowance in respect
of losses formerly incurred by him in providing and coining
bullion within the Irish mint, the King in satisfaction of the
petition granted to him that he should coin 1500 11)S of fine
silver into sixpences as aforesaid, to his own use and without
accounting to the King ; that he should provide the bullion
and pay all costs and charges of coining the same, and that
he should not buy fine silver at a price higher than the mint
in the Tower was paying at the date of the indenture ; that
he should make a privy mark on all monies coined to his own
use and to the King's use, and should bring from beyond the
seas into England so much bullion as he should have taken
from England to Ireland to be coined to his own use.
(Original deed, S. P. Ireland, Edw. VI, vol. 4.)
Sir John Evans dismisses this contract in three
lines, possibly because he had not seen it and so
failed to appreciate its significance, while Archdeacon
Pownall does not notice it at all, although he might
have found therein a clue to the enigma which he was
trying to solve. I confess that the contents of the
document puzzled me more than a little, on first
reading them without any knowledge of the sur-
rounding circumstances, but I believe that the true
meaning may be thus interpreted. We should, I
think, read the document in the light of two English
decrees which are germane to the subject ; the earlier
one reduced Edward's coins of debased silver to half
their original face values, the later edict cried down
all the Irish moneys to the current values of the
English coinage. That being so, and having regard
to the fact that the weight of this Irish "sixpence"
corresponds with the weight of the 1550 and 1551
English shillings (72 in the Ib. = 80 gr. each), I have
no hesitation in identifying the shilling dated 1552,
and bearing the mint-mark harp, with Pirry's Si six-
IRISH COINAGES OF HENRY VIII AND EDWARD VI. 225
pence " of the same year [PI. IX. 12]. The shilling of
1552 weighs about 76 gr. as a rule, and displays in the
legends an alphabet chiefly Lombardic ; in this latter
respect it differs from the English shillings marked
with the lion, rose, and lys, the legends of which are
in "Roman characters exclusively. In Elizabeth's reign
the four coins were treated alike and stamped with the
greyhound, denoting that they were then rated at
. each.
I am happy to be able to corroborate the Arch-
deacon's view, expressed thirty-four years ago, that the
profile shilling with mint-mark harp was an Irish
production, and the more so because I cannot also
follow him in thinking that the three other shillings
were struck for circulation in Ireland.
We have a considerable number of pieces resembling
in type the Irish shilling of 1552, some of which are
copper and others of a,n alloy similar to brass. They
do not appear to have been even washed with silver,
and they are certainly more numerous to-day than
the genuine shilling. Possibly they are the conti-
nental forgeries mentioned in Edward's proclamations,
but it is difficult to understand how they could be
mistaken for the shilling of 3 oz. fine silver, base
though the latter is ; at all events, there is no sug-
gestion in contemporary writings that they originated
in Dublin.
The Acts of the Privy Council furnish evidence on
24 June, 1552, that Pirry was supplied with the 1500 Ib.
of bullion and that the Lord-Deputy was urged to
assist the mint in hastening and increasing the output.
Whether Pirry coined any of the so-called sixpences
for himself as well as for the King is uncertain, as
226 HENRY SYMONDS.
only one mint- mark is known. I notice, however, that
some examples omit E. R. at the sides of the shield ;
this may or may not be a sign of distinction between
the two classes.
On 15 November, 1552, the Council ordered payment
of two and a half years' wages, due at Michaelmas then
last, to be made to Henry Coldwell, " late graver," and
on 24 November a letter was sent to Oliver Daubeney
telling him to retain 1,200 of the money accruing to
the executors of Martin Pirry. This is the first intima-
tion of the under-treasurer's death. Apparently the
mint ceased working until 27 December, 1552, when
a signet bill authorized the surviving officers to coin
8,000, notwithstanding a restraint previously sent to
the Lord-Deputy. (Hatfield MSS., vol. i, p. 106.)
I have now shown that the third, and last, issue
consisted of one denomination, the solitary Irish coin
of Edward's reign which bore his own name and titles.
It will be remembered that the King, in a letter of
26 November, 1551, promised to amend the quality of
the moneys circulating in Ireland. An endeavour to
redeem this pledge was made in the following May
by a request for a certificate of the proportions, &c.,
requisite for silver of the standard of 9 oz. fine, as
had been used (in England) in the time of Henry VIII.
This resulted in the preparation of a draft commission
to Pirry, Daubeney, and Williams, which is to be found
in volume 4 of the Irish State Papers of Edward VI.
The document is, of course, undated, and has many
alterations and corrections. It proposed to order two
coinages, (1) of 9 oz. fine silver, consisting of 5s., 25. 6d.,
Is., and 6d. "lawful money of Ireland ", and (2) of 3oz.
fine, in pence, halfpence, and farthings. The officers
IRISH COINAGES OF HENRY VIII AND EDWARD VI. 227
were to be empowered to melt down and convert all
shillings, groats, half -groats, pence, and halfpence
coined before 31 August, 1551. The earlier part of
the draft manifestly follows the general lines of the
English fine silver coinage which was issued in the
winter of 1551 and onwards. Instead of completing
this intended commission, the government, as we have
seen, merely ordered the debased shilling of June,
1552.
Perhaps it will be appropriate to add the unofficial
names by which sundry coins of this period were
known in Ireland, together with their relative valua-
tions :
Sixteen "smulkyns", or rose pence of base metal,
were said to be equal to an old half-face groat,
undipped. (The New English Dictionary says that
the word smulkin is obsolete and rare, and quotes
its use in 1571, but this is an earlier instance.)
Pieces of Henry VIII and Edward VI which were
coined for I2d. English went by the name of "black
testons ".
Groats of the same kings and of like baseness were
known as " white groats ", and were the equivalent of
four smulkyns.
Base pieces coined by Henry VIII were current as
" red harpes ", and were worth three smulkyns.
There is a detailed inventory, dated 8 February,
1553-4, of the tools, implements, and other effects left
in the mint at Dublin Castle after Edward's death.
The list was drawn up by the late assay-master, and
can be found among the Irish State Papers of the first
year of Queen Mary.
The Oarew MSS. of the year 1557 (no. 213 in the
228
HENRY SYMONDS.
printed volume) give some particulars of the mint in
Dublin "as set forth by Mr. Thomas Agard". It is
stated that the pay of the under-treasurer was 6s. Sd.
the day, the comptroller 5s., and the assay-master 3s. 4d.
Forty workmen each received 8d. the day. 25 Ib. of
fine silver and 75 Ib. of copper, at 8d. the Ib., were
melted daily. Apparently these and other details were
under the consideration of Philip and Mary at the
time of a proposal to reopen the mint in Ireland.
HENRY SYMONDS.
ABSTRACT OF THE CLASSIFICATION PROPOSED IN THE
FOREGOING PAGES.
HENRY VIII.
Obv. : Shield of England, crowned, on a cross fourchee.
Rev. : Harp crowned, between initials of King or of King
and Queen.
Legend. In Lombardic characters, continuous from obverse
to reverse.
[PI. IX. 1 to 7.]
Standard
of
Fineness.
Mint-
mark.
Denotnina*
tion.
Remarks.
1st issue,
10 oz.
crown
groat and
Dominus. HI, HA, HK ;
1535-6
2nd issue,
(presumed)
9oz.
rose
half-groat
groat and
and HR on groat only.
Rex after Jan., 1541-2.
1540
half-groat
HR
3rd issue,
8 oz.
lys
groat
HR
1544
4th issue,
6 oz.
lys
groat
dated "37". HR
1545
5th issue,
SOB.
ws
groat
Bristol, dated " 38 ",
1546
also undated. H R
IRISH COINAGES OF HENRY VIII AND EDWARD VI. 229
EDWARD VI.
Obv. : Three-quarter portrait, and titles, of Henry VIII.
Kev. : Shield of England on a cross fourchee.
Legends. Koman characters. On rev. : Civitas DuUinie.
[PI. IX. 8 to 11.]
Standard
of
Fineness.
Mint-
mark.
Denomina-
tion.
Remarks.
1st issue,
1547-8
4 oz.
boar's
head
groat, half-
groat, penny,
and half-
portrait, Evans, no. 2,
approximately
2nd issue,
1550
4oz.
P, and
harp
penny
groat, half-
groat, penny,
and half-
portrait, Evans, no. 5
penny
Obv. : Profile portrait and titles of Edward VI.
Kev. : Oval shield garnished. Timor Domini, &c.
Legends. Lombardic, chiefly.
3rd issue,
1552
harp
shilling,
80 grs.
dated MDLII
(Cf. Evans, op. tit., PI. 6, no. 16.)
[PI. IX. 12.]
VIII.
THE TECHNIQUE OF SIMON VAN
DE PASSE.
(SEE PLATES X, XI.)
THE British Museum recently acquired an unusually
fine example of the work of Simon van de Passe, which,
so far as I know, is unique [PI. X. l]. It is a silver
plaque, 55 x 43 mm. or 2-2 x 1-79 inches in dimensions,
engraved on both sides in the artist's well-known
manner. It represents the bust of a man, with pointed
beard, three-quarter face turned to r., wearing ruff and
doublet. The design is enclosed in a border such as is
not, to my knowledge, found on any other medallion
by the same hand. On the reverse is a heraldic
achievement, apparently as follows : Quarterly of six,
three and three: 1. [az.] a chevron ermine between
three rams' heads razed ; 2. a lion debruised by a fess
engrailed; 3. an eagle displayed; 4. vair; 5. [gu.]
three bends [arg.] ; 6. three thistles ; Crest, a thistle.
The shading, it is clear, is anything but systematic;
and I doubt whether it is intended seriously.
The motto on a scroll below is " Minervam tempo-
rare Musis ". There is no other inscription save the
signature, " Sim : Pafs. fee," which is, in a manner some-
what unusual with the artist, written over (or under) the
shading of the field, instead of on a clear space.
The identification of the coat of arms seems to pre-
sent considerable difficulties. I have to thank Lyon
THE TECHNIQUE OF SIMON VAN DE PASSE. 231
King of Arms, whom I consulted upon the suggestion
that the coat was a Scottish one, and also Mr. Van de
Put, for their careful inquiries into the matter, negative
though the result has been. The plaque came from
Ireland, and this has suggested to Col. Croft-Lyons
a connexion with the Irish branch of the family of
Ram. So far as I have been able to discover, how-
ever, all the likely members of that branch about
the time when the piece was made were clerics.
Mr. E. E. Dorling has also been kind enough to go
into the matter, and allows me to quote the gist of
his remarks.
"The early Jacobean date of the piece settles one point,
at any rate, namely, that the engraved lines on the charges
and fields of the heraldry do not represent the modern dot
and dash system of tincture-marks. The first coat in the
shield therefore is not Azure a chevron ermine between
three rams 7 heads razed argent ; not necessarily, anyhow,
although that coat is borne by Kam of Hornchurch in
Essex. I am inclined to believe that the coat is Sable
a chevron ermine between three rams' heads razed argent
having horns or, the well-known arms of Kamsey of Eton-
bridge in Kent, of which family was Sir John Kamsey,
Lord Mayor of London in 1577.
The second quartering is perhaps for Argent a lion sable
with a fesse engrailed gules over all, the arms of Powell of
Filworth in Surrey. These are the only colours that I can
find which fit these charges ; but whether Ramsey quarters
Powell I know not.
The third quarter is perhaps for Or an eagle sable,
another Ramsey coat. These arms are on the monument of
John Ramsey in St. Olave's, Southwark, dated 1669 ; but
of course the field and the bird may really be of any other
colours, and the coat may belong to any one of many other
houses of worship and condition.
I find it impossible to identify the two next quarters
vair (or vairy) and three bends ; and the last quarter-
ing three thistles may be (according to the colours) for
Peyntwyn of Lambeth, Hawkey, or Romanes.
The thistle crest perhaps belongs to the sixth quartering.
232 G. F. HILL.
It is not the crest of Ramsey of Etonbridge ; and yet the
first and third quarters of the shield make me think that
the thing has something to do with some Ramsey or other.
I suggest that it may have been Robert Ramsey (or Ramsay),
a musician of some repute, who flourished between 1609 and
1639. He was Mus. Bac. of Cambridge in 1616, and organist
of Trinity College."
In a subsequent communication Mr. Dorling says :
"Miscellanea Genealogica et Heraldica, New Series, vol. i,
p. 89, proves to my satisfaction that the arms are not
those of the Irish Rams. There is mention there of one
Stephen Ram of Ramsford, co. Wexford, who bears indeed
Azure a chevron ermine between three rams' heads razed
argent, but with five other quarters, all totally different
from those on the medal."
So much for the heraldry and the person represented.
Possibly the publication of this beautiful piece of
engraving may lead to identification on the lines sug-
gested by Mr. Dorling.
I propose to take this opportunity of discussing the
method by which these plaques were produced. 1
In the Medallic Illustrations the plaques by Simon
van de Passe, like the silver map of Drake's voyage,
are described as being stamped in imitation of engrav-
ing. Sir John Evans 2 was the first to state a theory
of the way in which this could be done. He believed
that the process was as follows ; " First a copper-plate
was engraved or etched after the manner of line en-
1 There are some who, admitting that the plaques were engraved
separately, yet think that the counters, which exist in such numbers,
were, at least in many cases, struck from dies. I do hot propose to
examine the question of the counters, especially as Miss Farquhar
intends to make a study of them, from the point of view of chrono-
logy as well as of technique.
2 Proceedings Num. Sac., 1902, pp. 33, 34.
THE TECHNIQUE OF SIMON VAN DE PASSE. 233
graving, but the required design not being reversed.
An impression from this plate was taken on paper
with strong printers' ink, and this impression was
transferred to the polished surface of a hardened steel
die. This face was then etched with acid, so that the
parts protected by the ink would be left in low relief,
and with the dies thus formed the soft silver plaques
and counters were struck."
Two considerations seem fatal to this theory. The
first is that it is incredible that lines of such extreme
fineness and purity as are characteristic of the work of
de Passe could have been produced by this etching
process ; they would inevitably have been broken or at
least made irregular by the varying action of the acid.
Secondly, if we examine with a strong glass the
bottoms of the sunk lines of the finished plaques, we
see that the bottoms are not flat, but of varying depth,
and marked with ridges and irregularities; in fact,
they are exactly as if they had been engraved. Now
if the process suggested by Sir John Evans had been
used, the bottoms would be flat, because they would
correspond to those portions of the original level sur-
face of the steel die which were left standing, having
been protected by the printers' ink, or whatever
preparation was used, from the action of the acid.
But could the die have been produced by some
other means'? One process had suggested itself to
Mr. Augustus Eeady, whose views on such matters
necessarily carry great weight, as well as to others
like myself who are not practical metal-workers.
Suppose that the artist engraved a flat surface of steel,
so that it looked just like one of his finished plaques.
Suppose that this was pressed on to a piece of softer
MJMISM. CIIKOX., VOL, XV, SERIES IV. R
234 G. F. HILL.
steel, which would thus give us the necessary negative ;
and suppose that this was hardened and used as a die.
If the plaques are really stamped, I confess that this
seems to me the only possible way in which the dies
could have been produced. It would account for the
exact reproduction, within the sunk portions, of those
marks of the engraver's tool which, as I have said,
prove that acid was not used.
We may now consider the opposite theory, that each
plaque was separately engraved ; and here we are
fortunate in having a very precise statement of the
case by Sir Sidney Colvin, as it appeared to him after
a prolonged examination of the question with the help
of expert engravers. I may be allowed to say that as
a practical metal-engraver Mr. Littlejohn of the British
Museum entirely endorses this view. I quote from
Sir Sidney Colvin's Early Engravers and Engraving
in England (1905), p. 103 :
The extant repetitions of any given plaque appeal-
identical in every stroke, except in certain instances where
a definite change has been made by the introduction of a
pearl ornament or the like. This identity has caused some
collectors and experts (including so high an authority as
Sir John Evans) to suppose that after one original plaque
had been engraved in each case, a die was made from it and
the remaining examples struck from the die. But it is
extremely doubtful whether such a fine network of sharp
.lozenges and straight and curved ridges as this supposition
implies could possibly have been cut, sunk, or bitten into a
die by any. method then known, and still more whether such
die (supposing its existence possible) could have been so
tempered and so managed as to strike with the necessary
force and evenness on these thin metal plates. Moreover, a
minute examination of the lines, in examples of which the
black filling has been removed, shows positively that they
are engraved lines, all the characteristic cuts of the different
kinds of graver appearing quite clearly under the magnify-
ing-glass. Every practical engraver and silversmith to whom
THE TECHNIQUE OF SIMON VAN DE PASSE. 235
I have submitted the question agrees that the repetitions
have been produced not by any form of stamping, but by the
every-day method of rubbing a paper impression from a first
engraved plaque on to the face of a fresh one, and then
following closely with the graver the lines so transferred :
and so on again till the requisite number of copies has been
turned out. Practically perfect identity between one copy
and another is not unattainable in this manner, and there
exist certain impressions on thin vellum which look pre-
cisely as if they had been used in the operation of transfer.
Besides these fine plaques, mostly signed by Simon van de
Passe, there exist a great number of sets of small circular
silver counters for card playing, often preserved in their
original boxes. These were in use throughout the reign of
Charles I, and are engraved back and front like the plaques
with the likenesses of the reigning King and Queen, busts or
full-lengths of earlier sovereigns, coats of arms, &c. They
are much coarser in execution than the oval plaques, and
seem to have existed in hundreds while the plaques existed
in tens. The numbers in which they are found probably
gave rise to the idea that both they and the finer plaques
must be stamped or struck from a die (whence the name
"jettons" sometimes applied to both classes). But no trace
of the existence of any such die has been found, as surely
must have happened had a die been used. I can hardly
doubt that the counters also are in reality graver-work,
repeated by the same means as the plaques themselves only
more hastily, exactly as crests and other ornaments are
repeated on the different pieces of a service of plate to-day.
A good apprentice could probably turn out in a day as many
as a dozen or a score of such repetitions, each indistinguish-
able from the last.
I may say here that Sir Sidney's explanation of the
method of reproduction seems to me to be the only
possibly true one ; but there are still sceptics, and
some of the arguments on either side may perhaps
profitably be considered in greater detail.
I am not sure whether among the possible processes
of making such a die Sir Sidney had considered the
method of punching from an engraved steel plate
which I have described. The process of making dies
236 G. F. HILL.
with punches had of course been known for more than
a century before Passe's time. I do not see why it
should not have been employed ; though I am inclined
to think that Sir Sidney's second doubt, whether the
die, once made, could have been successfully tempered
and managed, is a very serious objection to the die
theory. It would seem that innumerable fine lines
which, we must remember, would be standing up like
knife-edges would tend to crumple up or break away
at the first pressure. This matter could, however,
easily be tested by a practical die-engraver; though
all those whom I have consulted seem so clear about
it that they hardly think it necessary to put it to
the test. Sir Sidney's objection that the lines in
the finished plaque show the characteristic cuts of the
graver's tool is met by the method of making the die
which I have suggested. Nor is the fact that no dies
seem to be extant a serious objection; it is a mere
chance if coin or medal dies are preserved. On the
other hand, if the counters, not to mention the plaques,
were struck, we should expect to find instances of
faulty striking. Such counters as those of the Street
Cries, for instance, to which Mr. L. A. Lawrence has
called my attention, do occasionally show certain flaws
which at first sight look as if they were due to faulty
striking. On one, for instance, the plain circular
border is partially missing, just as constantly happens
when a coin is struck a little to one side. There is
no reason why an engraver should omit a portion of
the border. Nor, as a matter of fact, did he ; the dis-
appearance of part of it is due to the counter having
been carelessly cut out of the plate with a circular
punch. Among the better and earlier class of counters
THE TECHNIQUE OF SIMON VAN DE PASSE. 237
and some of them are nearly as fine in workmanship
as some of the plaques it is, to say the least, extremely
rare to find defects which suggest faulty striking.
Perhaps the most forcible argument against the die-
theory is to be drawn from the seventeenth-century
dies that have actually survived; or rather from the
punches with which those dies were made, for it must
be remembered that the hypothetical dies for the
silver plaques would resemble punches, in that they
would be in relief, not sunk. One of the most skilful
engravers in the history of the medal was John
Roettier, who made the Lowestoft medal of 1665
(" Nee Minor in Terris," Med. III., I, 504, 142). Now
in the British Museum, in addition to the die, are two
punches 3 for the main design of the reverse of this
piece, with its beautiful and extraordinarily delicate
design of ships a veritable Willem Van de Velde
in metal. I illustrate on PI. X. 2 that one of the
punches which seems to have been eventually used
for the die. Well, on these punches, the artist has not
attempted to render the fine lines of the shrouds, or
anything which would require sharp knife-edges stand-
ing up on the punch. He has engraved these subse-
quently in the actual die, and indeed he has left to that
stage all the finest detail, such as the ships suggested
in the background.
Conversation with a practical engraver brings home
to one a fact which one hardly realizes in looking, for
instance, at the monograms engraved on ordinary
3 Also a small punch for the hull and flag on the stern of the
second vessel on the left of the medal. Of the two large punches
one, on an irregularly shaped piece of metal, seems to have cracked,
and to have been replaced by that which is illustrated here.
238 G. F. HILL.
spoons or forks. The skilled engraver produces at
incredible speed, and, it is to be feared, for a not exces-
sive wage, monogram after monogram of almost micro-
scopic similarity. 4 If the engraving-theory is right
and personally I feel quite convinced that it is Simon
van de Passe's art was only the craft of the ordinary
metal engraver carried to its highest power. It may
seem almost incredible that any one should have been
at the pains to produce by hand copies so minutely
resembling each other. "What was the point of it?
Would not freer reproductions have served the pur-
pose equally well? Well, the craftsman's mind is
difficult to fathom. I am inclined to think that when
a certain degree of technical dexterity is attained,
it is less trouble to the copyist to copy exactly than to
let his mind, even half-consciously, exert itself in
making variations on the pattern laid down for him.
Everything then depends on the exactitude in detail
of the transfer from original to copy. I have already
mentioned the irregularities in the bottoms of the
engraved lines. The shaft of the letter I, for instance,
may contain one or two ridges, placed irregularly, the
letter having been produced by two or three cuts of
the graver ; and in two specimens of a medal you will
find even these minute details corresponding exactly
4 In the Department of Coins and Medals in the British
Museum are two engravings on silver of the same subject, one
copied from the other, by Mr. Littlejohn, who at the time of
making them had given up the practice of the art for something
like twelve years. The engravings were done to prove how
extraordinarily close copies can be made by engraving over a
transfer; and though differences are there, it seems clear that
a craftsman in good form could make copies in which variations
could only be discovered with difficulty.
THE TECHNIQUE OF SIMON VAN DE PASSE. 239
in their irregularity. I am assured, by those who
know, that a good paper impression taken from one
of these engraved plaques would show even such
minute details, and that they would be transferred to
the new plate, and would be followed by the engraver.
At the same time, we should expect to find occasional
variations. And we do. Indeed, they are much more
common than is generally supposed. The eye accus-
tomed to deal with different states in engravings
can discern with ease innumerable variations in the
shading lines. But the differences are not confined
to the minute features.
It may be worth while as hitherto we have only
had general statements on the question to give a few
specific instances of the more salient variations. We
must of course eliminate all doubtful or secondary
pieces from the inquiry. There are, for instance, some
comparatively free modern copies, and there are old
casts. Two such casts one of which is in the British
Museum, the other in a private collection, both being
of the plaque of Frederick Ct. Palatine and Elizabeth
of Bohemia and their son are made of a pewter-like
metal. There are also old copies, like that of James I,
Anne and Prince Charles, in the lid of a silver box in
the Victoria and Albert Museum. On the reverse of
this, in the escutcheon on the shield of the Queen, in
the fourth quarter, the engraver of the lid has mis-
understood the charge (a horseman wielding a sword)
and given us some kind of rampant beast. But if we
compare apparent duplicates of undoubted authenti-
city, it is possible, with patience, to find on the
majority now slight, now considerable differences. The
signature on the Kensington Queen Elizabeth is quite
240 G. F. HILL.
clear ; on the British Museum specimen the border line
cuts right through the signature. Possibly, however,
that is a case of the border line being added subse-
quently. In the Prince Charles on horseback, distinct
differences are perceptible in the hoof of the horse's
near hind leg on the specimens in the two Museums. In
the Infanta Maria, the final e of Spaine on the reverse
has a much longer tail on one than on the other
specimen. With search, one can easily find other
tangible differences ; but they are often slight, and it
is arguable that they are due to retouching, however
the pieces were reproduced. Such a case of retouching is
clearly apparent on the obverse of the PrinceCharlesjust
mentioned, if we compare the British Museum specimen
with Mr. Maurice Ecsenheim's. The lines defining
the columns on the right, and the diamond panes of
the window, appear quite different ; and close examin-
ation shows that on the Museum specimen this portion
has been re-engraved. In going over the lines of the
window-panes the engraver has here and there gone to
one side of the old lines. I confess that, although
I think the probabilities are vastly in favour of the
theory supported by Sir Sidney Colvin, this fact at
first gave me pause. Why did this specimen fail in
just this place, and have to be touched up ? Why do
the old lines, where they remain beside the new ones,
look so dull ? If the plaques were produced by stamp-
ing with a die which had failed just there, or by
casting from a faulty impression, one could understand
this. But a medal did not seem likely to become worn
just in one place, which projected no more than any
other. Mr. Littlejohn, however, has pointed out that
the place where the original surface became worn and
THE TECHNIQUE OF SIMON VAN DE PASSE. 24:1
dulled is just the natural place for the thumb to press
on it in taking it up. This explanation must, I think,
be accepted.
I have let slip the word "casting". But the sur-
face of these medals except when we have to do with
such pewter casts as I have already mentioned is so
clean and sharp, that it is out of the question to suppose
that they were prepared by casting.
I have reserved to the end the most curious example
of variation between specimens of undoubted authen-
ticity. This is the bareheaded portrait of James I
(PI. XI. 1 and 2). 5 Comparison between the specimens
at Kensington (PI. XI. 2) and in the British Museum
(PI. XI. l) reveals the fact that, of the ermine spots oil
the King's robe, while some are the same, others are
quite differently placed, and the shape of the piece of his
left sleeve that is visible beyond the ermine trimming
is quite different. There are numerous other less
obvious variations, but those mentioned are such as
cannot have been produced by retouching after strik-
ing. Supposing A to have been struck before B ; then
an ermine-spot which is absent in A and present in B
may have been added with the graver in the latter
after striking ; but a spot which is present in A cannot
have been taken out of B without showing some signs
of the surface having been hammered or doctored. (Of
course it could have been taken out of the die; that
5 I have to thank Mr. H. P. Mitchell for kindly procuring me a
photograph of the Kensington specimen. On the plate the plaques
are enlarged two diameters. The reproductions are made by collo-
type from photographs taken directly from the silver originals.
It was formerly supposed that satisfactory reproductions of such
engraved work could only be obtained by photographing plaster
casts on which the engraved work had been blacked in.
24:2 G. F. HILL.
must be admitted.) Apart from points of detail, if
we look at the general handling of the work, at
the drawing and rendering of light and shade, it
is clear that there is a world of difference between
the two pieces. Compare for instance the brilli-
ance and sureness of the lines which indicate the
hair, or which give the shadow under James's right
cheek, in the British Museum example, with the
monotony and lack of life of the same parts in the
Kensington specimen. The one stands out in relief,
the other fades away. In the one the various lines
are given their true relative value, in the other the
work has all gone to pieces, owing to the failure to
maintain these relations. These differences are not
such as could possibly have been found in pieces struck
from the same die.
The evidence as I have attempted to state it
and I have tried to be fair may not appear to be
conclusive; but I think it will be agreed that the
balance is largely in favour of the plaques having
been separately engraved ; and the same applies
to the great majority of the counters, or at any
rate to the finer classes of them. As the Drake
map was mentioned at the beginning of this paper,
I may add that a careful examination of three
specimens side by side showed conclusively that
there were various small differences only explicable
on the assumption that the plates were separately
engraved.
G. F. HILL.
IX.
COINS OF THE SHAHS OF PERSIA.
(Continued from Ser. IV, Vol. XI, p. 196.)
III. ADDENDA.
(a) Distichs and Legends.
SOME of the following distichs and legends have not
hitherto been published, others appear for the first time
in their correct form :
TAHMASP I J^U ali
HAMZAH 1 Sj*a- OO^j U S.X^ 2 *
SHAH SULTAN HUSAIN c ^~:>. ^UaL <ja. J&* j>- u^;' 8JJJ - 3 *
'ABBAS II
M AH MUD
* Seal.
1 Mr. R. S. Poole is mistaken in saying that the date of the
deposition of Muhammad Khudabandah must have been imme-
diately before the enthronement of 'Abbas I, at the end of A.H. 995
(late in November, 1587, n. s.). Hanway gives him a reign of eight
years, so that he was probably deposed in A.H. 994. Olearius
mentions that he died in A. D. 1585 (A.H. 993). Muhammad
Khudabandah was succeeded by his eldest son, Sultan Hamzah,
whom Isma II, a younger son, caused to be assassinated. Isma'il
(III) was murdered in Karabagh by his barber when 'Abbas the
youngest son had already reached that district. Olearius gives
both Sultan Hamzah and Isma'il a reign of eight months. T dis-
covered two firmans of Sultan Hamzah ; they relate to endowments
of the shrine of Kija in the Kuhdum sub-district of Gilan. They
are dated respectively Ramadjhan and Dhika dah 994, i. e. between
August and December, 1586, n.s. In one of them Sultan Hamzah
styles himself:
'Abbas I, Safl I, 'Abbas II, Sulaiman I, Shah Sultan Husain
md Tahmasp II use the same formula.
3 The distichs in chapter I should read : Jl *, ^o.l
244 H. L. RABINO.
ASHRAF 4
AHMAD U ^ vt-o ,j v- w^ })~"*
NADIR 5 ^l*. j CU<i.ft ^Mi: (J^. ftklj
3 il\ u^- 31
'ADIL SHAH ^ j] j>. * eJlj^
li
SHAHRUKH
,lf^_ . _-
SULAIMAN II jjj^a |5w J^a. e_8.kjjl JJ
LUTF 'ALT KHAN ^Jxak) j yxa. ^j o^i/ j> &5C
AKA MUHAMMAD KHAN J^s. A SA.C 4ill Jl <jj*\
FATII 'ALi SHAH
'ABBAS MIRZA
4 Hanway gives the following translation of the inscription on
Ashraf 's seal : " The faithful observer of the commandments of the
Most High, the dust of the feet of the four friends, Abubekr, Omar,
().sman,and Ali, is Ashraf, by the divine permission become the
most illustrious of the sovereigns of the earth."
5 We find in Hanway the following translation of the distich
first used by Nadir on his seal :
"As the jewel was fallen out of the ring of fame and glory,
So God has restored it in the name of Nadir."
COINS OF THE SHAHS OF PERSIA. 24:5
(6) Eare and Unedited Coins.
ISMA'IL I.
1. Astarabad, 9 (x 8).
Obv. B.M. 2.
U ejlU- jyi tfjlfJl J.lfi\ J^UJl
ljJ^J wliaL, j &lo A ajj\ jjla.
^l 1. Wt. 142-7.
2. Ganjah, date obliterated.
Obv. Area in square formed by tails of ^c in margin
Margin in segments similar to B.M. 12.
Outer margin *&\ ^ Jc *jJl J^ J^ aill ill Jl
-fll 9. Wt. 142-6.
Similar coin struck at Nakhchivan.
3. Nisa', 916.
Olv. B.M. 13, but date lc
. Same as 2, but ends *LJ \
M 1. Wt. 71-2.
4. Sabzavar, 927. ,j pv s
B.M. 12 a, but mint and date -^ . Counter mark ^
^l 1-1. Wt. 143-2.
5. Timajan, undated.
Olv. Area within square, B.M. 13.
Margin, in segments, ^-o. | ^-^ | Jc |
216 H. L. RABINO.
Rev. J-^J tejb\\y\ jyi t J.O JjUN y
Centre within border of five foil
M -7. Wt. 24-8.
N.B. Similar coin but ~x*^ UaL. in lieu o
6. Lahijan, date obliterated.
Obv. 5.
Centre within circle uW*^
M -7. Wt. 26.
7. Karjian, date obliterated.
Obv. Similar to 5 but arrangement of words differs.
^ !
Rev. L ]l ' " ' U>
Centre within border of eight foil u^X
Al -85. Wt. 26.
8. Lashtanishah, date obliterated.
Similar to 7 but rev. centre within hexagon
M -75. Wt. 30-5.
9. Lahijan, 912.
Obv. 7.
Rev. JUJI
In centre within border of four foil
Ji r
jR -8. Wt. 264.
COINS OF THE SHAHS OF PERSIA. 247
TAHMASP I.
10. Isfararn, date obliterated.
Obv. Within twelve foil, B.M. 9.
Margin ,Jc
^- 1 J* r k
UaJL,
In centre within border ^--^
^
JR 14. Wt. 82-5.
N.B. Similar coins for Nishapur, Mashhad (A.H. 935), Tun
and Sabzavar (A.H. 935).
11. TQn, date obliterated.
Obv. Similar tolObut margin B.M. 36, in six cartouches,
names of Imams grouped in twos.
.Rev. Similar to 10 but ^".
M 1. Wt. 83.
N.B. Similar coins for Turbat, Harat, and Astarabad.
12. Ja'farabad, 979.
Obv. B.M. 23.
Rev. *^LJ1 Jc
I I'LL
3 J ^.1 Jc r l^
Margin in four compartments
^L 4111 1 jJt (j^H | yJall j1 | JjUl! u lkLJ1
M -85. Wt. 70-6.
24:8 H. L. RABINO.
NASE,
13. Tabriz, 1293.
Obv. ijlc. li
. B.M. 584, but date v
N -9. Wt. 106-2.
14. Harat, 1277.
Obv. B.M. 610, but date irw below.
Rev. \j*
v ^ ;
M -7. Wt. 74-9.
N.B. Similar coin but mint
15. Mint and date unknown.
Obv. B.M. 602.
Rev.
o i i r r
r i A i A
r i r i A
The figures in the third line are not very legible.
M -6. Wt. 72-9.
Towards the end of his reign Nasr al-Dln adopted the
style of jla-lS sli ^jJl^lj jjlyLo.La ^UaLJl. On a coin
struck on the occasion of his jubilee (A.II. 1313) the title is
^\ j*\> ^i/11 )* u lkLJl
H. L. RABINO.
(To be continued.)
NOTICE.
Essex Seventeenth Century Tokens. Mr. William
Gilbert, of 35, Broad Street Avenue, London, E.G., is
publishing a revised work on the above, with notes of
the issuers, &c., and enumerating about forty hitherto
unpublished pieces. He would be glad to hear from
any one possessing Essex tokens (however few) for the
comparison of die-varieties, &c.
NUM. CHRON. SER. IV., VOL. XV. PL. VIII.
:
13
10
COINS OF CROTON.
NUM. CHRON. SER. IV., VOL. XV. PL. IX.
IRISH COINS OF HENRY VIII. AND EDWARD VI.
NUM. CHRON. SER. IV., VOL. XV, PL. X.
THE TECHNIQUE OF SIMON VAN DE PASSE.
NUM. CHRON. SER. IV., VOL. XV. PL. XI.
nUMubl
PilK
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
EOYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY,
PROCEEDINGS OF THE
ROYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY,
SESSION 19141915.
OCTOBER 15, 1914.
SIR ARTHUR EVANS, P.S. A., F.K.S., M. A., LL.D., D.Litt., &c.,
President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the Ordinary Meeting of May 21 were read
and approved.
Mr. H. E. E. Hayes and Monsignore Giuseppe de Ciccio
were proposed for election as Fellows of the Society.
The following Presents to the Society were announced and
laid upon the table, and thanks ordered to be sent to their
donors.
1. Academie Eoyale de Belgique. Bulletins 2, 3, 4.
2. American Journal of Archaeology, 1914. Pt. 2.
3. American Journal of Numismatics, 1913.
4. Archaeologia Aeliana. Vol. xi.
5. Archaeologia Cantiana XXX.
6. Annual Keport of the U.S. National Museum, 1912-
1913.
7. Bulletins de la Societe des Antiquaires de 1'Ouest.
Vol. iii, 1 and 2.
a 2
4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
8. Canadian Antiquarian and Numismatic Journal.
Vol. xi, 1, 2, and 3.
9. Journal of Hellenic Studies. Vol. xxxiv, Pt. 1.
10. Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland.
Vol. xlix, Pt. 2.
11. Monatsblatt der Numismatischen Gesellschaft in
Wien. Nos. 370-1-2.
12. Numismatische Zeitschrift. Vol. vi, Pt. 4.
13. Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society.
No. Ixv.
14. Proceedings of the Eoyal Irish Academy. Vol. xxxii,
Nos. 10-13.
15. Eevue Numismatique, 1914. Pt. 2.
16. Revue Beige de Numismatique, 1914. Pt. 3.
17. Rivista Italiana di Numismatica, 1914. Pt. 2.
18. Suomen Museo, 1913.
19. Tidskrift Finska Fornminnesforeningens. Pt. xx.
20. Allan, J. Catalogue of Coins of the Gupta Dynasties
in the British Museum ; from the Trustees of the British
Museum.
21. Baldwin, Miss Agnes. The Electrum Coinage of
Lampsacus ; from the Author.
22. Casagrandi, V. La Pistrice sul tetradramma di
Catana ; from the Author.
23. De Jonghe, Vicomte. Deux Monnaies de Gronsveld ;
from the Author.
24. Milne, J. G. The Currency of Egypt under the
Romans ; from the Author.
25. Rabino, H. L. Quelques Pieces curieuses persanes;
from the Author.
26. Rogers, Rev. E. A Handy Guide to Jewish Coins ;
from the Author.
27. Svoronos, J. N. The Double-headed Eagle of Byzan-
tium (in Greek) ; from the Author.
Mr. F. A. Walters exhibited a denarius of Septimius
EOYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 5
Severus (Cohen, No. 104) with rev. the Arch of Severus;
Cos. Ill P. P.
Mr. G. F. Hill read a paper on " The Coins of Pisidian
Antioch ". Most of the coins described were discovered or
acquired by Sir William M. Kamsay during his excavations
on the site of Antioch in Pisidia, and from these Mr. Hill
was able to give an account of the mint and to make cor-
rections in coins previously attributed to other Antiochs.
(This paper was printed in Vol. xiv, pp. 299-313.)
NOVEMBER 19, 1914.
SIR ARTHUR EVANS, P.S.A., F.R.S., &c., President, in the
Chair.
The Minutes of the Meeting of October 15 were read and
approved.
Mr. Herbert E. E. Hayes and Monsignore Giuseppe de
Ciccio were elected Fellows of the Society.
The following Presents to the Society were announced
and laid upon the table, and thanks ordered to be sent to
their donors.
1. Aarb0ger forNordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie, 1913.
2. American Journal of Archaeology. Vol. xviii, No. 3.
3. Annual of the British School at Athens. No. xix.
4. Annual Report of the Deputy Master of the Mint, 1913.
5. Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland.
Vol. xliv, Pt. 3.
Mr. J. Mavrogordato read the first portion of his mono-
graph on the "Coinage of Chios", in which he discussed
the coinage of the archaic period. After a discussion of the
origin of the sphinx type the reader proceeded to give the
6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
results of his study of all available specimens of the early
coinage and to propose a chronological arrangement. A
discussion followed in which the President, Mr. Milne, and
Mr. Earle-Fox took part. (This paper is printed in this
volume, pp. 1-52.)
DECEMBER 17, 1914.
H. B. EARLE-FOX, Esq., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The Minutes of the Meeting of November 19 were read
and approved.
The following Presents to the Society were announced and
laid upon the table, and thanks ordered to be sent to their
donors.
1. Beschreibung der griechischen Autonomen-Miinzen der
Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Amsterdam, 1912.
2. Canadian Antiquarian and Numismatic Journal. Vol. xi.
No. 4.
3. Foreningen til Norske Fortidsmindesmaerkers Bevaring,
Aarsberetning, 1913.
4. Macdonald, George. On Three Hoards of Coins dis-
covered in the South of Scotland ; from the Author.
5. Marshall, J. H. The Date of Kanishka ; from 1hf
Royal Asiatic Society.
Mr. Percy H. Webb exhibited a third brass of Constans,
double struck, bearing the mint mark OF- 1 and an unpub-
lished halfpenny token of THO. HUNTER AT YE
ROSE TAVERN, a rose; IN LIME STREET, HIS
HALF PENY.
Mr. L. A. Lawrence exhibited a fragment of a penny of
Stephen, of Norwich, and another of Nottingham, both
defaced on obverse with a cross, the latter of which he has
since presented to the British Museum.
ROYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 7
Mr. Henry Garside exhibited a bronze double of Guernsey
of 1911 to show the alterations in the type.
Mr. G. C. Brooke read a paper on some of the irregular
issues of the reign of Stephen ; those with which he dealt
were the countermarked coins supposed to have been issued
by barons hostile to the king, the issue with the inscription
PERERIC in place of the king's name and the coinages
bearing the names of the Empress Matilda and Henry of
Anjou. The attribution of the countermarked coins to
barons hostile to Stephen was not satisfactory, for it supposed
that a baron becoming possessed of the king's dies preferred,
by countermarking them, to use them as a manifesto of his
disregard of the king's claim rather than to his personal
profit by striking from them coins which would pass un-
questioned into currency. Perhaps a better view would be
to compare the countermarking with the countermarking of
dies which are kept at the present day, and to suppose that
the countermarking was done by the king's moneyers at
the time of a raid or siege in fear of their falling into the
enemy's hands and that they were afterwards put to use, in
spite of the countermarks, either by the moneyer, if he
retained them, or by the enemy, if he succeeded in capturing
them. Coins inscribed PERER I C had lately been attributed
to Empress Matilda, but coins of this class were undoubtedly
struck at Canterbury, a mint which was not in her hands ;
the wide issue of the coinage from various mints made it
probable that it was an issue of the king's moneyers who
might have thought fit to remain neutral in the difficult
period of 1141 and for this purpose have put in place of the
royal name an inscription which was then, as now, unintelli-
gible. It would appear that the coinages of the Empress
and her son formed a continuous currency of the Angevin
party in England, the issues bearing the name of Henry
being struck rather in his name than by him ; finds and
other considerations necessitated giving an earlier date than
8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
the 1149 of Hoveden's chronicle to the so-called "Duke's
money " ; probably the Empress withdrew her name from
the coinage in favour of her son's in the second half of 1142
when she abandoned her claim to the throne and put forward
the claim of the young Henry. (This paper is printed in
this volume, pp. 105-20.)
JANUARY 21, 1915.
SIR ARTHUR EVANS, P.S.A., F.K.S., &c., President, in
the Chair.
The Minutes of the Meeting of December 17 were read
and approved.
M. Georges Kasquin was proposed for election as a Fellow
of the Society.
The following Presents to the Society were announced
and laid upon the table, and thanks ordered to be sent
to their donors.
1. American Journal of Archaeology. Vol. viii, Pt. 4.
2. Fornvannen, Meddelanden fran K. Vitterhets Historic
och Antikvitets Akademien, 1913.
3. Eivista Italiana di Numismatica. Pts. 3 and 4, 1914.
Mr. Percy H. Webb exhibited a Belgian 20 franc note dated
August 27, 1914, printed in Brussels from the old plates of
Leopold I's notes, after the removal of the current plates to
safety ; this he has since presented to the British Museum.
Mr. Henry Symonds, F.S.A., showed a fine series of
Anglo-Saxon and Norman coins of Ethelstan (^Ethelwine
of Shaftesbury), Edgar (Bruninc of Norwich), Hardicanute
(Godwine of Dorchester), Harold II (Dunning of Hastings),
William I (Alnoth of Shaftesbury), and William II (legelric
of Wareham).
KOYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 9
Mr. L. A. Lawrence, F.S.A., exhibited a series of counters
engraved in the manner of Simon de Passe with types
representing London cries.
Miss Helen Farquhar exhibited a fine series of medals
illustrating Mr. Hill's paper.
Mr. F. A. Walters, F.S.A., showed a first brass of Cara-
calla with rev. Circus Maximus, and a medal of Philip II of
Spain by Poggini.
Mr. G. F. Hill read a paper on an unpublished silver
plaque by Simon van de Passe, with the portrait and coat
of arms of an unknown man, probably an Englishman. He
took the opportunity of discussing the method used by Passe
for making these plaques, showed the impossibility of the
assumption that they were stamped from dies, and argued
in favour of their being separately engraved. The differences
in detail and in quality of engraving between different speci-
mens of the same plaque (notably the bare-headed portrait
of James I) were pointed out. (This paper is printed in this
volume, pp. 230-42.)
FEBRUARY 18, 1915.
LT.-COL. H. WALTERS MORRIESON, F.S.A., in the Chair.
The Minutes of the Meeting of January 21 were read and
approved.
M. Georges Kasquin was elected a Fellow of the Society.
The following Presents to the Society were announced and
laid upon the table, and thanks ordered to be sent to their
donors.
1. British Numismatic Journal. Vol. ix ; presented ly
Miss Helen Farquliar.
2. Journal international d'Archeologie numismatique.
Vol. xvi, Pts. 1 and 2.
10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
3. Journal of Hellenic Studies. Vol. xxxiv, Pt. 2.
4. Journal of the Koyal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland.
Vol. xliv, Pt. 4.
5. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Vol. xxxii,
Nos. 14-16.
6. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London.
Vol. xxvi.
Mr. Symonds exhibited a series of coins illustrating his
paper and an original warrant (from the Library of the
Society of Antiquaries) dated January 25, 1541-2, from the
Privy Council to the master-workers at the Tower.
Colonel Morrieson showed a brass forgery of the base
shilling of Edward VI and a groat of York of Henry VIII
of the fifth bust, mm. boar's head, Lombardic letters in
legend and roses in forks of the reverse.
Mr. Henry Symonds, F.S.A., read a paper on the Irish
Coinages of Henry VIII and Edward VI, which presented
difficulties similar to those attending a study of the English
series in the same period, viz. the use by Edward VI of his
father's portrait and titles. The lecturer was able to furnish
evidence to prove that certain silver coins with the portrait
of Henry VIII were in fact struck by Edward VI in various
years, and to establish the Irish origin of a profile shilling
dated 1552. Mr. Symonds showed that there were five coin-
ages for Ireland by Henry VIII, all of which were struck
in England, and three by Edward VI, which were made
exclusively in Dublin. (This paper is printed in this
volume, pp. 192-229.)
KOYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.
11
MARCH 18, 1915.
SIR ARTHUR EVANS, P.S.A., F.E.S., &c., President, in the
Chair.
The Minutes of the Meeting of February 18 were read and
approved.
The following Presents to the Society were announced and
laid upon the table, and thanks ordered to be sent to their
donors.
1. Canadian Antiquarian and Numismatic Journal.
Vol. xii, Pt. 1.
2. Papers of the British School at Kome. Vol. vii.
3. Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society.
No. Ixxi.
4. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.
Vol. xlviii.
5. Kevue Numismatique, 1914. Pts. 3-4.
Mr. F. A. Walters exhibited a series of overstruck coins of
Carausius including one on an antoninianus of Philip I. (See
this volume, p. 135.)
A paper by Mr. E. T. Newell on the Cypriote coins of
Alexander types was read by Mr. G. F. Hill. After proving
from the history of the island that while Phoenician mints
were busily engaged in issuing such coins, it was improbable
that those of Cyprus should be idle, it was shown that exten-
sive series could be attributed to Kition and Salamis and
smaller groups to Paphus and Marion. The paper was
discussed by the President, Sir Henry Howorth, Mr. Hill,
and Mr. Eogers.
12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
APRIL 15, 1915.
SIR ARTHUR EVANS, P.S.A., F.R.S., &c., President, in the
Chair.
The Minutes of the Meeting of March 18 were read and
approved.
The following Presents to the Society were announced and
laid upon the table, and thanks ordered to be sent to their
donors.
1. Hill, G. F. The Development of Arabic Numerals in
Europe ; from tlie Delegates of the Clarendon Press.
2. Numismatic Circular. Vol. xxii, 1914 ; from Messrs.
Spirik $ Sons.
3. Progress Report of the U.S. National Museum, for year
ending June 31, 1914.
4. Suomen Museo Sakregister, 1894-1907.
5. Suomen Museo. No. xx, 1914.
6. Suomen Muinaismuistoythdistyksen Aikakauskirja 11,
1876-85.
7. Urquhart, Jos., Life and Letters of W. H. Gillespie ;
from the Trustees of Mrs. H. Gillespie.
Professor Oman exhibited 12 silver medallions or double
siliquae of Constantius II, Constantius Gallus, Valentinian I,
Valens, Gratian and Valentinian II including 3 probably
from a find made in Somersetshire in 1887, and 2 from the
Groveley Wood find.
Mr. Sharp Ogden, F.S.A., showed 15 bronze coins of
Constantino I to Magnus Maximus struck in London, in
remarkably fine condition, from the Great Orme's Head
find.
Mr. F. A. Walters, F.S.A., showed a bronze medallion
of Crispina with remains of contemporary gilding. Oov.
CRISPINA AVCVSTA, bust 1. #. CERES. Ceres
.seated r. holding torch and ear of corn (Cohen, no. 2 ;
Gnecchi, Plate CXI, n 2) ;
KOYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 13
The President exhibited a series of the silver coins from
the find discussed in his paper and a solidus of Valentinian.
1^. VICTORIA AVCG of the London mint, with mm.
AVC OB.
Sir Arthur Evans made a series of communications on
the " Coinage and Silver currency in Koman Britain from
Valentinian I to Constantine III". A great hoard con-
sisting of 2,042 late Koman silver pieces found many years
since in the North Mendips, which had passed into the late
Sir John Evans's possession, was now for the first time
described. Two siliquae from this hoard struck by Magnus
Maximus at Londinium under its new name of " Augusta"
were already known, but the hoard contained many other
pieces of interest, including a series of so-called Silver
Medallions shown to represent double-siliquae or pound
silver. That the name " Miliarensia ", though not strictly
applicable, attached itself to these seems highly probable.
The hoard also supplied new evidence as to a series of coins
of small denomination struck from Gratian's time onwards
representing half-siliquae.
A further communication for the first time called atten-
tion to some numismatic evidence indicating a revival of
the London Mint (closed since 326 A. D.) by Valentinian I.
Double-siliquae of this Emperor and his colleagues were cited
bearing the exergual legend S. M. L. A. P. not found in any
Continental mint. This was the epoch when the name of
Augusta was supplanting that of Londinium ; the proposed
reading S(acra) M(oneta) L(ondinii) A(ugustae) P(rima)
(sc. officina) reflected this transitional usage. The revival
of the London Mint seems therefore to have been part
of the great work of restoration effected in Britain by
Valentinian's general Theodosius in 367. Its activity
was specially connected with the " sportulary " issues at
the time of the Quinquennial festivals.
In a concluding communication attention was called to
PROCEEDINGS OF THE
tho important part played by stamped silver ingots of
a pound in weight in tho currency of Roman Britain
.-it this period. Various kinds of these ingots in association
with gold and silver wore enumerated, and their issue was
connected with tho London Treasury (Thesauri Auiiusteii-
slum) mentioned in the Notitia. The possibility of Con-
st ant ine Ill's having struck coins at London was also
discussed. The frequency of the occurrence of great
hoards of late Konian silver coins in tho west of Midland
and especially in the Mondip district was connected
with tho silvor mining industry in that region. Tho
silver seems to have been largoly exported for the use
of foroign mints, but i-oinod silvrr \\as usod for tho pa> -
inont of thoso on^agod in tho mining industry. It \va-
a significant circumstance that tho final dotaohmont of
Hritain was followod by a practical oossation of tho silver
coinage of the Kmpiro.
MAY 20, 1915.
SIK ARTHUR EVANS, P.S.A., F.RS., &c., President, in
tho Chair.
Tlio Minutos of tho Mooting of April 15 woro road and
approved.
The following Presents to tho Society woro announced,
laid upon the table, and thanks ordered to bo sent to their
donor*,
1. American Journal of Archaeology. Vol. \i\. Tt. 1.
*J. Vormanm-n. ^loddolandon Iran K. Vittorhots lli.-tone
och Antikvitets Akailomion. liU4.
.".. Journal of tho Koyal Society of Antiiuaries of Ireland.
y ( .i xiv. rt. i.
1. luvista Italiana di Numismatioa, 1915, Pt. 1.
KOYAL M'MlSMATir SiVll'VY. 15
5. Ko^ors. Kov. Edgar. A Handy (Snido to .lowish Coins ;
-. Messrs. Spink A Sons.
(J. Soloct Italian Modals of tho Konaissaiuv in tho Hnti-li
M it-ou in ; /JWM TAe ZVtafees e/fAe l?r#ts& Museum.
7 Vonn, Theodore J. Large U. S. Cents; /row the
tor,
KVv. !'. Ko::ors and Mr. 1-Mwanl Shophord woro appointed
to audit tho Society's juvounis t'or T.M 1 1T>.
^lr. Wol>l>, on K>half of ^lr. William Tunm. oxhibitod
.. third brass of C&rausius, Obr. IMP C CARAVSIVS PF
AVC. radiato, cuinissod bust, s.^uaro lo obs.M-vor. lioad to r.
PAX AVC: S P MLXXI Tax holding branch and
Mvptiv. Found in York.
Mr. Henry Garside exhibited a proof in silver from dies
K-r tho bron/,o ponny of 1800 with boadod oiivlos on obvor>o
and iwtM-so.
Mr. Waltors oxhibitod lh<> i-oins disi-ussod in his papor.
Mr. Waltovs. l-'.S.A.. iva 1 a papor dosv-ribini: soino raw
and nnpublishod coins in his coIUvtion. Tho most nnnark
ablo of thoso woro tlmv nniqih> i-oins of Noro ; a inodalliou
t>r fonr-st>stortini piooo with ivvorso tlu> harbour of Ostia ;
a dupondius with r<r. Noptinu^ standing to 1. S. 0. in tho
tiold. and a vory lino sostortins with ;r. \ u'toiy (> r. hold-
iiiij a palm-branob in hor loft hand and a ti_miro of Komo in
hor riii-lit. The other ooins desoribed included, besides
M'vor.il raro coins of Augustus, a sostort ins >!' Ualba willi r< r.
(ialba in a madrii;a on a triumphal arch, a typo not yot
satisfactorily oxplainod but apparontly commomoratinij th
romission of tribnto. and an.tlu>r with r?i\ N'ictory writin-;
on a shield, and a bron/.o v'oin of Otho of Alexandria Mint
with /<;. head of Niko.
16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
JUNE 17, 1915.
ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING.
SIR ARTHUR EVANS, P.S.A., F.R.S., &c., President, in
the Chair.
The Minutes of the Annual Meeting of June 18, 1914,
were read and approved.
Messrs. F. J. Brittan and Henry Garside were appointed
scrutineers of the Ballot for office-bearers for the ensuing
year.
The following Report of the Council was then read to the
meeting :
" The Council have again the honour to lay before you
their Annual Report as to the state of the Royal Numismatic
Society.
It is with deep regret that they have to announce the
deaths of the following Honorary Fellows :
Professor Luigi Adriano Milan i.
Dr. Rudolf Weil.
and of the following eight Fellows :
M. Georges d'Alexeieff.
G. J. Crosbie Dawson, Esq., M.I.C.E., F.G.S.
Colonel W. F. Prideaux, C.S.I., F.R.G.S.
H. A. Ramsden, Esq.
W. Ransom, Esq., F.S.A., F.L.S.
Bernard Roth, Esq., F.S.A.
G. H. Vize, Esq.
T. B. Winser, Esq., F.R.G.S., F.I. A.
They have also to announce the resignations of the following
nine Fellows :
T. W. Barren, Esq.
G. T. Bascom, Esq.
M. C. Burkitt, Esq.
KOYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 17
Charles J. P. Cave, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.
Alex. Goodall, Esq.
Professor W. Gowland, F.K.S., F.S.A.
O. C. Raphael, Esq.
Charles Sawyer, Esq.
W. B. Thorpe, Esq.
On the other hand they have much pleasure in announcing
the election of the following three Fellows :
Monsignore Giuseppe de Ciccio.
H. E. E. Hayes, Esq.
M. Georges Rasquin.
and also of the Museo Archeologico, Florence.
The number of Fellows is therefore :
June.
June, 1914 .
Ordinary.
285
Honorary.
18
Total.
303
Since elected
4
4
Deceased
289
. . . . 8
18
2
307
10
9
9
272 16 288
The Council have also to announce that they have awarded
the Society's Medal to Mr. George Francis Hill, Keeper of
Coins in the British Museum, in recognition of his distin-
guished services to Greek and Roman Numismatics and to
the study of the Medallic Art of the Renaissance."
The Hon. Treasurer's Report, which follows, was then
presented to the Meeting :
STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS AND DISBURSE-
FROM JUNE, 1914,
Br. THE ROYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY IN ACCOUNT
To cost of Chronicle
s. d. s.
249 3 2
d.
Plates
Sundry illustrations .
51 16
1 18 9
30 17
6 3
6
6 4
2
Rent, ttc. ....
41 14
8 15
9
,, Balance carried forward
General Account
Research Fund .
178 12 11
17 17 9
196 10
g
562 6
MENTS OF THE ROYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY,
TO JUNE, 1915.
WITH PERCY H. WEBB, HON. TREASURER. (t.
By Balance brought forward
General Account .
Research Fund
s. d. s. d.
.245 7 5
. 16 1 6
261 8 11
y Subscriptions
189 Ordinary Subscriptions (less loss on foreign
cheques, &c.) 198 8 7
2 Entrance Fees . 220
Sales of Chronicles .
Dividends on Investments .
Return of Income Tax
200 10 7
59 2 6
34 15 4
688
562 6
Audited and found correct,
Hon. Auditors.
EDGAR ROGERS,
EDWARD SHEPHERD, j
June 16, 1915.
20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
The Reports of the Council and of the Treasurer were
adopted on the motion of the President, seconded by
Mr. A. A. Banes.
The President then presented the Society's Medal to
Mr. G. F. Hill, and addressed him as follows :
MR. HILL, It is with peculiar pleasure that I am able to
hand to you to-day the Medal of this Society, which sees in
you, as Keeper of the Medal Room, a worthy successor of
our earlier medallists, Prof. Stuart Poole, Dr. Head, and
Mr. Grueber, who occupied the same position. The distinc-
tion that you early gained in my own University you have
maintained not only in the field of numismatics, but through-
out a much wider range, embracing Classical Archaeology
on one side, and on the other its Italian Renaissance. That
you should receive to-day all that our Society has to offer, will
be the more satisfactory to your friends, who have long waited
in vain to see conferred on you those outward marks of
recognition on the part of Academic bodies in this country
which foreign arbiters have been less slow to offer.
To the Society itself you have done yeoman service not
only as Editor, but in many capacities, and not only as the
author of valuable papers, but as a contributor of many
notes and reviews involving labours of a more altruistic
nature. Your capacity for work, indeed, we all recognize
as inexhaustible, and it has benefited not only ourselves, but
the sister Society of Hellenic Studies, whose Journal you so
ably edited for many years. In your own Department your
labours have been specially fruitful, and five large volumes
of the Catalogue of Greek Coins in the British Museum have
been due to your combined industry and acumen.
The enterprise which has carried through the work in this
particular series required quite exceptional qualities. It was
only made possible by constant reference to the most recent
results of geographical or archaeological exploration, and it
KOYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 21
reveals at every turn a genuine philological instinct, and
one might almost say a thirst for alphabets. In the first
volume of the series, published in 1897, which deals with the
Coins of Lycia, Pamphylia, and Pisidia and hardly less in
the second, dating from 1900, devoted to Lycaonia, Isauria,
and Cilicia, your researches continually led you beyond the
pure Hellenic limits into curious borderlands occupied by
members of the old Anatolian races and among records, the
languages of which are still untranslated, and of which the
characters are still in cases imperfectly deciphered. Your next
volume on the Greek Coinage of Cyprus, which saw the light
in 1904, involved you in the necessity of grappling with the pre-
historic syllabary of that island. From the Semitic Coinage of
Kition you passed by a natural transition to your next consider-
able undertaking, carried through in 1910, dealing with the
issues of the Phoenician cities. The pendant to this in turn
has been your recently issued Catalogue of the Greek Coins
of Palestine. It is impossible here to enlarge on the complex
and interesting problems on which it has been necessary for
you to touch in the course of these latter volumes problems
which continually transcend merely numismatic limits.
Here, again, many of the religious elements lie quite outside
the classical borders, and not only include illustrations of
Semitic Cult in its earlier aniconic as well as its most
advanced phases, but in the case of Gaza, at least, lead us
back to Philistine sanctuaries, and through them to the still
earlier source in Minoan Crete. Some of these points have
been further elaborated by you in a communication to the
British Academy and in the notes to your translation of the
Life of Porphyry of Gaza.
Your contributions to the Numismatic CJironicle cover the
whole field of ancient numismatics. We have been indebted
to you for a continuation of the valuable summaries of Greek
Coins acquired for the National Collection, and for a descrip-
tion of a series of hoards of coins found in this country.
22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
In that from Southants, cast British issues, pieces of novel
and degenerate types, were associated with Koman coins
dating down to Hadrian's time, which have a pathetic
interest as the last forlorn successors of the gold coinage of
the ancient Britons, surviving in that western district, in
a baser metal and a degraded technique. Of considerable
value have also been your accounts of the large finds of late
Roman silver coins at Icklingham and Groveley Wood.
Nor have the services that you have rendered to ancient
numismatics in this country been confined to the great work
of publication carried out in your Department, and to your
own additions to our knowledge. You have also done much
to facilitate and popularize the study in the English speaking
world both by your compendious Handbook of Greek and
Roman Coins and in Historical Coins, both Greek and Roman,
and your attractive work on the Coins of Ancient Sicily.
But the field of ancient Numismatics has by no means
exhausted your activities. You have rightly recognized the
great value of an intimate knowledge of the ancient models
in estimating the work of the medallists of the Italian
Renaissance. With this key to interpretation, and with
this standard, both artistic and technical, for comparison, you
have produced works on the medallic masterpieces of the
great Revival in sympathy both with the underlying sugges-
tions of their origin and with the new atmosphere in which
they arose. For this latter faculty of understanding the more
modern elements you had also sedulously prepared yourself
by comprehensive studies of Italian Art in its larger mani-
festations of painting and sculpture. That you are as
competent to deal with Italian Renaissance Art in its more
general aspects as you are on its numismatic side was
conclusively shown in the course of your useful activity as
Secretary of the Vasari Society. In the case of Pisanello,
indeed, to whom you have devoted a special monograph
as in that of other Italian Masters the medallic work was
ROYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 23
the production of a well-known artist whose paintings already
adorned the walls of churches in his native city of Verona
and in Ferrara, as well as those of the Doge's Palace at Venice.
In your work On the Portrait Medals of Italian Artists of
the Renaissance, published for the Medici Society in 1912,
you have pursued, with great success, a special branch of the
subject, and have made an exhaustive collection of the
material both in private and public possession.
Your latest work, just issued from the Clarendon Press,
on The Development of Arabic Numerals in Europe, is
a model of scientific presentment and supplies a useful
and much needed synopsis of the principal data relating
to this interesting subject.
In conclusion, while handing you this small token of our
high appreciation, I can only express a hope, in the name
of our Society, that you may continue for many years yet
to hold the Keepership of the Medal Koom and to pursue
your great illustrative work.
On receiving the Medal, Mr. Hill replied :
ME. PRESIDENT, Miss FARQUHAR AND GENTLEMEN, In
thanking the Society, and more especially you, Sir Arthur
Evans, for your too nattering words, I must confess that
when Mr. Allan first conveyed to me the news that the
Council of the Koyal Numismatic Society had done me the
signal honour of awarding me the Medal for this year,
my surprise and gratification were tempered with no
small degree of confusion. In the list of your medallists
are to be found the names of practically all the most dis-
tinguished numismatists of the last generation in Europe
and in this country. Even for one whose modesty has
become somewhat case-hardened by more than twenty years
of service in a Government office, it is embarrassing to be
introduced into such a company. Even if he accepts, as he
is bound to accept, the verdict of the Council as to his
24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
worthiness, he would like to be able to justify it to himself.
This I have quite failed to do, except in so far as, by the
mere accident of seniority, I happen to represent, however
unworthily, the honourable traditions of the Department of
Coins and Medals in the British Museum. It is of that
Department then that I must speak. Its officials, doubtless,
have been of all sorts. " There be of them that have left
a name behind them, to declare their praises. And some
there be, which have no memorial, who are perished as
though they had not been, and are become as though they
had not been born." But even those who are forgotten
have probably left their mark, though its origin may be
now unrecognized, on the body of tradition and on the
accumulated mass of work which has been turned out
by the Department since it was first organized. When I
first entered the Museum, after a brief initiation into the
mysteries of Greek numismatics by an old official of the
Medal Koom, Professor Percy Gardner, Stuart Poole had
just retired, and Barclay Head had succeeded him as Keeper.
It is perhaps difficult for one who has been closely associated
with such an attractive personality as Head's to view his
services to scholarship in true perspective ; but I do not
think I am exaggerating when I say that his work had
something of the classic quality. By that I mean that as
time goes on, although you may discover that he was mis-
taken in this or that detail, or even in something more than
a detail, even in some view of considerable import, yet his
method was so sound, his judgement so sane, and his
thought so clear, that you learn more from his rare mis-
takes than from the uninspired accuracy of a hundred other
men. It was a fine thing for any young man to start his official
career under Head. It is possible that the inception of the
Catalogue of Greek Coins was due to Poole ; but it was the
work of Head and Gardner that raised it to the position
which it won at the very front of all undertakings connected
KOYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 25
with Greek numismatics. That position is hardly yet
challenged, in spite of the ambitious but somewhat un-
wieldily organized heavy artillery of the Berlin Corpus, or
the brilliant individual "attack" of the French Traite or
Recueil. Apart from the Catalogue, Head's Historia, the
" Bible of the Medal Koom" as we used to call it, had been
in existence for some six years. Mr. Grueber had just
finished the second volume of the Anglo-Saxon Catalogue,
and was beginning to think of his Handbook and of his
monumental Eoman Catalogue. Mr. Wroth was at work on
Troas I can remember my pride when he asked and
accepted my opinion about some small question of classi-
fication and Mr. Kapson was daily sacrificing himself to the
demands of countless students for information about Indian
coins. Professor Gardner and Mr. Grueber and Professor
Kapson are still happily with us ; and Mr. Keary, whom
I have not mentioned before because he had already retired
before I came on the scene, has with fine public spirit
returned to the Department as a voluntary assistant, after
twenty-eight years of absence, to take the place of those
who have gallantly offered their services to the Army.
I may be permitted to recall the fact that the first of
Mr. Keary's printed works with which I became acquainted
was a certain paper of questions on which I was invited, as
a candidate for the British Museum, to display my ignorance
of the elements of numismatics. A foreign numismatist
once described a volume of the British Museum Catalogue as
more interesting than a novel ; but I must confess to pre-
ferring Mr. Keary's novels to his numismatic examination
papers.
By 1893, 1 suppose, the great days of the English school of
Greek numismatics were over. The grand lines of classi-
fication had been laid down, the general principles of
dating established. The work of the next twenty years has
chiefly been to fill in details, although there are books
26 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE
like Mr. Macdonald's Coin-Types, or articles like Professor
Gardner's, which show that the wider issues are not being
neglected by our own writers. There is another aspect of
the study, the supreme illustration of which is Head's
Historia, and that is the making of the stores collected by
specialists accessible to archaeologists in general and, so to
speak, peptonizing it for educational purposes. For it must
not be forgotten that the Historia, useful and indispensable
as it is to numismatists, is still more so to archaeologists in
general. Believing that a gentle course of numismatics
should be prescribed for all students of ancient history,
I have made one or two modest attempts to present the
material in an assimilable form. But I must admit that
the royalties on the books in question furnish most dis-
couraging proof of a contraiy opinion on the part of our
teachers at the Universities and elsewhere. More success,
I trust, will attend the efforts of my colleagues, if, as I hope,
they supplement their catalogues by books of this kind.
There is, as reviewers say, a crying want for a book illus-
trating Indian history from the coinage ; for a good general
manual of the English coinage which will do something
more than merely describe the chief varieties ; and for
a handbook of the coinage of Roman Britain. The Assist-
ants with whom it is my privilege to work are as efficient,
scholarly and energetic a body of men as the Medal Room
has ever possessed, and I am sure this hint will not fall on
barren soil. For my own part, my hands are full with
a bulky work on Italian Medals, which has already occupied
my leisure for some ten years, and is likely to last as long
again. Even so, thanks to the storm which has shattered,
for at least a generation to come, the international fabric
of scholarship, it will emerge, if it survives at all, in a frag-
mentary condition. It is impossible, however, in the face
of the present stress, to think seriously of such a subject
as numismatics. I agree with a distinguished antiquary
ROYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 27
who said the other day that he would willingly see all the
remains of ancient and mediaeval art go up in flames, if that
would help to exterminate the plague that has come upon
us. But such burnt -offerings, of which Belgium and France
have seen all too many, do not avail to turn aside the wrath
of the gods. Perhaps then those of us, who cannot for one
reason or another offer the personal sacrifice which is alone
effectual, are not doing wrong in maintaining a slight, if
somewhat distracted, interest in antiquarian study. But you
will not, I am sure, misunderstand me, or suppose that
I undervalue the high honour which I have received at your
hands, if I say that for most of us the only sort of medals
that seem worth winning just now are war-medals.
The President then delivered the following address :
THE PKESIDENT'S ADDKESS.
Considering the stress of circumstances entailed by the
greatest struggle in which the Nation has ever found itself
engaged and the pre-occupation of the minds of all loyal
citizens in these grave issues at a time when our most active
member is Lord Kitchener it is something that our Society
has not appreciably suffered. In spite of the fact that many
of us including your President have had extra duties laid
on them, we have been able to hold our regular Meetings
and there has been no lack of material for our consideration.
Such brief absorption in the history of the Past may indeed
at times supply an anodyne against present anxieties and
the losses that weigh upon so many hearts.
It is not surprising under the circumstances we have lost
nine members by resignation.
Our financial position, as you have heard from the Keport
of our Honorary Treasurer, continues, nevertheless, not un-
satisfactory,, though there is a slight falling off in receipts
owing to the War.
28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
Our losses of ordinary members by death are eight in
number. Of these, Mr. G. H. Vize, Mr. G. J. Crosbie Dawson,
and Mr. T. Winser do not figure as contributors to the
Numismatic Chronicle. Mr. W. Kansom, F.S.A., of Hitchin,
was a well-known antiquary who had gathered together an
interesting collection illustrating Koman London as well as
his own district.
Among our Honorary Fellows we have to record the death
of Professor L. A. Milani, director of the Archeological
Museum at Florence, and of Dr. Rudolf Weil of Berlin.
Professor Milani cannot be judged by any ordinary archaeo-
logical or numismatic standards. His intense, not to say
fiery, activity gave a noteworthy impulse to the advance of
archaeological research in Italy, and in particular in his
native Tuscany. His successful excavations at Vetulonia
formed the prelude to his great work as the originator and
organizer of the topographical Museum of Etruria and of
the pre-Etruscan and pre-Hellenic section of the Florence
Museum. In Numismatics he did much useful work in
recording the contents of a series of great Italian finds, such
as that of Spoleto, including JEs rude, signatum and grave,
the Ripostiglio della Venera consisting of 30,000 pieces of
the Third Century of our era, and also an account of other
hoards of Republican and Imperial coins. His use of
numismatic evidence was continual in all his varied archaeo-
logical works. It must indeed be said that his perfervid
zeal and lively imagination far outran his judicial faculties
and, especially in later years, the substance of much of his
work was clouded with fantastic theories. Such varied
labours, however, cannot fail to produce some lasting results,
and one at least of his earlier monographs that on the origin
of the Bust from the masked funeral urns of early Etruscan
tombs shows the insight of genius and is a model of
archaeological method. Nor must it be forgotten that
theories extravagant in themselves, have not infrequently
EOYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 29
operated as a stimulating influence by the very reaction
that they produce.
By the death of our Foreign Member, Dr. Kudolf Weil of
Berlin, we have lost a friendly colleague whose authority
especially in the field of ancient numismatics had secured
general recognition. His scholarly mind had a wide range,
and he had not only a special knowledge of his own subject
but a minute acquaintance with certain periods of Greek
history. He was also well versed in the Archaeology of Art.
From its inception in 1874 he was a constant contributor
to the Zeitschrift fur NumismaUJc, some of his papers being of
exceptional importance. To him, for instance, is due the
publication of two Imperial bronze types of Elis, one repre-
senting the Zeus of Phidias, the other, the Dionysos of
Praxiteles, which illustrate in the highest degree the value
of certain coin-types in relation to ancient sculpture.
His Kilnstlerinschriften der slcilisclien Munzen, the 44th
Programm zum Winckelmannsfeste, is marked by a fine and
sympathetic touch and will remain a landmark in this
interesting field of research. Some of his writings, such as his
Studien aufdem G-ebiete des antiken Munzreclits a < Festschrift '
for the 50th Anniversary of the Numismatic Society of
Berlin, display a broad grasp of ancient numismatics,
and in a paper in the Z, f. N. he discussed the influence
of Roman on Mediaeval coin-types. In his notices of the
work of his English colleagues Dr. Weil always showed
himself courteous and appreciative, and the activity of the
authorities of our Medal Koom in issuing successive Cata-
logues received his warm commendation. One of his last
numismatic works was a review of Mr. Hill's recently issued
Catalogue of the Greek Coins of Palestine which he did not
live to see through the press.
Colonel William Francis Prideaux, C.S.I., late of the
Indian Staff Corps, died at his residence, Hopeville, Saint
Peter's-in-Thanet, Kent, on Saturday, December 5th, 1914,
30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
at the age of seventy-four years. He was born in London in
1840, and was educated at Aldenham School, Hertfordshire.
From the first his energies were devoted to our Eastern
Empire. He served in the India Office in 1859, joined the
Bombay Infantry as an ensign the following year, and was
promoted in 1862. He was assistant Political Kesident at
Aden in 1864, and was attached to the Bombay Staff Corps
the following year. He took part in Mr. Eassam's Mission to
King Theodore of Abyssinia in 1864, and from some time
in 1866 till April, 1868, was kept in captivity at Magdala
by order of the King.
Lieutenant Prideaux received the medal for the Abyssinian
campaign and was made Political Agent at Zanzibar 1873.
He was appointed Assistant Secretary to the Government
of India in the Foreign Department in 1875, and filled the
position till 1879. He was Political Agent at Bhopal in
1879-80. Subsequently he was Agent to the Governor-
General with the ex-King of Oudh, and Superintendent of
Political Pensions at Calcutta, and officiating Kesident in
the East Kajputana States in 1882-83. He was afterwards
Resident at Jaipur, acting Resident in Kashmir, and Resident
in Mewar, reaching the rank of Colonel in 1890. In 1893-94
Colonel Prideaux was acting Agent to the Governor- General
in Rajputana, and in 1894-95 again Resident in Jaipur.
He was nominated a Companion of the Star of India in
January, 1895, reverted to the military department in April,
1895, and was placed on the unemployed supernumerary list
in 1898. He was the author of Tlie Lay of the Himyarites,
an edition of ihe Letters of S. T. Coleridge and Bibliographies
of the works of Robert Louis Stevenson, of Coleridge and
E. Fitzgerald, and was a Fellow of the Royal Geographical
Society. He had been a member of our Society since 1878.
To the Numismatic Chronicle for 1884 he contributed an
important article on the coinage of Axum, previously quite
unstudied ; he also contributed a number of articles on the
ROYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 31
numismatics, archaeology, and ancient history of South
Arabia to the Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Koyal
Asiatic Society. He had a fine collection of Oriental coins,
particularly of South Arabia, the greater part of which is
now in the British Museum.
Mr. Bernard Koth, who died on the 26th March, had been
a member of the R. N. S. since 1896 and a member of the
Council from 1912-14, being Vice-President in 1913. He
had a fine collection of English coins and was a frequent
exhibitor at the Society's meetings. To the Numismatic
Chronicle he contributed three articles, viz. :
A large Hoard of Coins of the Brigantes, 1908, pp. 17-55.
A Unique Gold Stater of the Brigantes, 1909, pp. 7-9.
A False Ancient British Coin, 1909, p. 430.
He was also an active member of the British Numismatic
Society, being for some years a Vice-President. To the
British Numismatic Journal he contributed the following
articles :
Notes on three British Gold Coins recently found at Abingdon ;
I, 61-4.
A Remarkable Groat of Henry VII ; I, 137-8.
Finds of Chippings of Silver Coins ; I, 149-62.
A Find of Ancient British Coins at South Ferriby ; III, 1-16.
A Hoard of Gaulish Staters ; IV, 221-S.
A Hoard of English Coins found in Switzerland ; IV, 239-40.
The Coins of the Danish Kings of Ireland ; VI, 55-146.
Ancient Gaulish Coins, including those of the Channel Islands ; IX,
1-80.
Mr. H. A. Eamsden of Yokohama had been a Fellow of
the Society since 1902. He was the greatest authority
on the coins of the Far East, combining in a remarkable
way the traditional knowledge of the East with the critical
ability of the West. A sad interest attaches to the account
of the coinage of Lin-Tzu from his pen, which appears in
the present volume of the Numismatic Chronicle, from the
32 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE
fact that he never lived to revise its proofs. This paper
describes a series of Chinese coins earlier than any previously
known. He founded the Numismatic Journal of Japan, a
periodical devoted exclusively to the numismatics of the
Far East, and was a regular contributor to English and
American periodicals. He was the author of a series of
monographs on coins of the Far East, such as the Amulets
of Corea ; Modern Chinese Copper Coins ; Chinese Amulets ;
Early Chinese Barter Money ; Shell-Currency ; Siamese
Porcelain Tokens ; Chinese Paper Money ; Japanese Kwan-
Ei Sen.
It has been my agreeable duty this evening, to hand over
our Medal, in the Society's name, to Mr. G. F. Hill, Keeper
of the Department of Coins and Medals in the British
Museum.
Greek numismatics, according to a good tradition, have
been well represented among the communications made to
the Society in the course of the past year. Mr. J. Mavrogordato
has given us the first instalment of a successful attempt
to classify the coins of Chios whose recurring monetary type
the Sphinx well symbolizes the enigmatic nature of some of
the material. The monster itself, as he well points out, had
made its way to the coinage of the Ionian Island from the
Pangaean mainland of Thrace, where it was closely asso-
ciated with Sun-worship. The religious sanction conveyed
by its effigy goes back as we now know to the prehistoric
period of Greece, but it is not for me here to open up
a discussion on the original significance of this type and
of the early fusion of Aegean and Egyptian elements
that it embodies. I observe that the materials from
the recent Vourla and Taranto finds have afforded new
data for Mr. Mavrogordato in the course of his difficult
inquiry.
In this connexion I may mention that our member, Miss
Agnes Baldwin, following up her exhaustive monograph on
ROYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 33
the electrum coinage of Lampsakos, 1 has communicated to
the American Numismatic Society some parallel researches
of great value on the electrurn and silver coinage of Chios.
From the evidence presented by a hoard of coins found at
Pithyos in the island of Chios, she is able to demonstrate
that the lower limit of the unbroken series of silver coins,
which begins about 550 B.C., goes beyond the date 350,
hitherto regarded as an approximate terminus, and must be
advanced at least to 330 B.C.
Various problems in the very interesting field of Cyrenaic
numismatics have been judiciously dealt with by Mr. E. S. G-.
Kobinson. He brings out, in particular, new points as to
Alliance coins Cyrene-Euesperides, and Barce-Cyrene, and
their connexion with the fortunes of King Arkesilas. The
influence of the great Syracusan engravers of the close of
the fifth century is no doubt rightly taken by Mr. Robinson
as a chronological guide for the appearance of the series of
coins of Gyrene with facing heads. It may be interesting
to mention in connexion with the very ancient relations
that existed between Cyrene and Crete, that fourth-century
didrachms of Cyrene are of abundant occurrence on Cretan soil,
and evidently, along with coins of Aegina, formed a regular
part of the currency there. A very much earlier evidence of
commercial intercourse indeed exists, if I am right in my
identification of two ideographic signs of the Minoan series,
with the silphium plant and its heart-shaped seed, much as
it appears on the coins of Cyrene. 2 The survival of the same
connexion of Cyrene and Crete in Roman times has been
curiously illustrated by the recent Italian discovery of
a series of monuments erected by the KOINON of the
'Province of Crete and Cyrene' at Gortyna, which was
the residence of their common Governor.
New evidence of a very satisfactory kind was brought
before the Society by Mr. E. T. Newell on the coins with
1 American Numismatic Society, 1914. 2 Scripta]Minoa, pp. 215, 216.
34: PKOCEEDINGS OF THE
Alexander types struck in Cyprus. He conclusively showed
that a series of these coins was struck at Kition and Salamis
and others at Paphos and Marion. Mr. NewelTs paper,
which is a model of numismatic method, involved the exami-
nation of thousands of specimens, including the great Daman-
hur hoard, and exhaustive references to all the chief cabinets,
public and private.
The value of the record of local finds in fixing the attribu-
tion of the bronze coinages of the Greek cities has been
greatly illustrated in recent years by the results obtained by
British travellers and archaeological explorers in Asia Minor,
and in particular by the researches of Sir William M. Kamsay
and other members of the Asia Minor Exploration Fund.
The finds on the site of the Sanctuary of Men Askaenos,
near the Pisidian Antioch, have thus enabled Mr. Hill to
assert the claims of this city in several cases against its
greater namesake and to assign to it with certainty a series
of autonomous pieces. One of these types refers to the Fifth
Legion, the veterans of which are commemorated on local
tombstones.
It is a pleasure to me to refer on this occasion to the
magnificent catalogue of the coins in the Panjab Museum
at Lahore by Mr. K. B. Whitehead, recently published for
the Pan jab Government and issued at Oxford by the Clarendon
Press. The first volume of this work, dealing with Indo-
Greek coins, greatly supplements our knowledge of this
interesting department of numismatics. It is modelled on
Professor Gardner's Catalogue of the Coins of the Greek and
Scythic Kings of Bactria and India in the British Museum
published in 1886, but, during the generation that has since
elapsed, the Museum of Lahore largely owing to Mr. White-
head's exertions and the liberal purchase by the Panjab
Government of Mr. G. B. Bleazby's rich collection has
accumulated a mass of new and interesting materials.
Among the fine coins of the Greek Kings of India are two
KOYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 35
unique pieces of Polyxenos, a king whose existence is as yet
only authenticated by these two pieces. It does not seem
superfluous in this connexion to quote Mr. Whitehead's
reminder that "it is a mistake to suppose that the Greek
princes of the Panjab and the North West Frontier were the
direct successors of Alexander the Great". Alexander, as
a matter of fact, did not leave behind him any permanent
settlements in India, and the second Greek invasion of
India, which left enduring monuments, came over a century
after his death from the Seleukid Province of Bactriana.
The second volume of the Lahore Catalogue deals with
the coins of the Mughal Emperors, a subject to which
Mr. Whitehead had already made many valuable contribu-
tions.
Mr. Walters has favoured us with a first communication
describing rare and unpublished Roman coins in his collec-
tion. Among the most remarkable of these is a ' medallion '
of Nero of the usual Ostia type but of the wholly unparalleled
weight of four sesterces. Another unique piece of the same
Emperor, a sestertius presenting on its reverse Victory
holding a palm-branch and a figure of Roma, bears a bust of
Nero crowned with a wreath of exceptional composition in
which Mr. Hill recognizes the bay, olive, and pine, respec-
tively representing the Delphian, Olympian, and Isthmian
games.
In a paper on the portraits of Empresses of the Con-
stantinian Age, Monsieur Jules Maurice replies to Mr. Percy
Webb's objections to his attribution of the coins reading
HELENA N f to a younger Helena, wife of Crispus. He
cites Dr. Delbrueck's recent attribution of a bust in the
Museo dei Conservatori at Rome to St. Helena as new
evidence of her most characteristic coiffure with the broad
woollen band very different from the simple arrangement
of the hair on coins bearing the legend HELENA N f. He
shows that "there are three altogether characteristic types
c 2
36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE
of coiffure under the reign of Constantine, namely, that of
St. Helena with a triple tier, that of Fausta with lesser and
waved tresses forming a single mass and ending in a knot at
the back of the neck, and that of the young Helena approach-
ing that of Fausta but not presenting undulations and
differing entirely by its simplicity from the headdress of
St. Helena." Consistent suppression both by Constantine
and Constantius II of all documents relating to the un-
fortunate Crispus sufficiently explains the fact that the
name of the younger Helena coupled with that of Crispus
is only mentioned in a single law of the Theodosian Code.
I have myself been able to lay before the Society an
account of the largest of the series of hoards of Late Roman
silver coins from the Mendip hills, and have illustrated its
importance in relation to the silver-mining industry in that
region, which in the later days of the Empire seems to have
made Britain the principal source of the silver supply for the
Roman mints of the West. I was also able to submit
a group of double siliquae of Valentinian I and his
colleagues which may be taken to indicate a revival of
the London mint by that Emperor on the occasion of the
triumphal recovery of Britain by his great general Theo-
dosius.
In the field of English numismatics our contributions
have not been numerous. A valuable commentary on the
irregular coinages of Stephen's time has, however, been
supplied by Mr. G. C. Brooke. In the course of this lie
traverses Mr. Andrew's view that the curious inscription
PERERIC or PERERICM that appears on a series of
coins of this period should be regarded as a mutilated
form of IMPERATRICIS. The occurrence of pennies
with this inscription from the Kentish and other mints
which do not seem to have ever been under the Empress's
control seems, as Mr. Brooke points out, to be a fatal
objection to this view. For the inscription itself he is unable
KOYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 37
to offer any alternative explanation. He suggests, however,
that "a parallel for this temporizing use of a meaningless
inscription may be found in the Danish coinage of 1044-7,
the period of the struggle of Magnus and Svvein ". and adds
that "some coins of this period are figured and described by
Hauberg (Myntforliold og Udmyntninger I DanmarJc, p. 49,
and pi. viii. figs. 1-7) which bear the unintelligible name
IOANST with the title REX".
Although it is with great diffidence that I myself venture
on the field of English numismatics, I cannot help suggest-
ing that the inscription PERERIC, though no doubt in-
tentionally used for the deliberate purpose of non-committal,
must have been based on some generally known legend.
If not IMPERATRICIS, which seems too wide of the
mark and for other reasons inacceptable, surely the obvious
suggestion might be considered that it is founded on a
slight variation of the IlENRIC which forms part of the
obverse legend on the coinage of Henry I ? The parallel
with the Danish piece reading IOANST is certainly of
value. But here, too, it does not seem impossible to suggest
an obvious original. On the same plate of Hauberg's work
there is engraved a contemporary Danish imitation of
a Byzantine type in which the first letters of the name
clearly appear as IO. It seems probable, therefore, that
the IOAN of the legend was suggested by some coin of
a Byzantine Emperor, such as John Zimisces. The Byzan-
tine influence on Denmark at this period is in fact illus-
trated by a series of types.
Our Medallist, Mr. Hill, in his investigations on the
technique of Simon de Passe, has given conclusive reasons
for believing that the plaques of this artist were in each
case separately engraved, as suggested by Sir Sidney Colvin
in his work on Early Engravers and Engraving in England.
The repetitions of this design were in fact produced " not
by any form of stamping but by the everyday method
38 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE
of rubbing a paper impression from a first engraved plaque
on to the face of a fresh one, and then following closely
with a graver the lines so transferred". There can be
little doubt that the silver map of Drake's voyages was
transferred in a similar manner.
The victory of the Marne which has arrested the
devastating progress of the New Barbarism recalls the
world-famous defeat of Attila in the neighbouring Cata-
launian Plain and lends a present appropriateness to the
FIG. 1.
recent identification of a type of Valentinian III by our
Honorary Fellow, Monsieur Babelon. He shows that the
reverse type of the Emperor holding the Cross and tramp-
ling on the head of a human-headed serpent (Fig. 1) appears
first on the imperial dies about 451, the date of Aetius's
victory. It is also seen, moreover, on a solidus struck at
Kavenna in the name of the Eastern Emperor Marcian in 452,
when he sent a considerable army to assist his colleague to
protect Italy against the advance of Attila on that side.
M. Babelon therefore concludes that this addition of a human
head to the earlier type of the serpent trampled under foot
may have a direct reference to the Hunnish king.
Attention may here be called to a small exhibition
KOYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.
39
organized by Mr. Hill in the Coin Department of the
British Museum, illustrating the relation not always a
very creditable one of the mediaeval " Esterlings " of what
is now Belgium to the English pennies, and giving examples
of coins and medals belonging to that part of the Low
Countries down to Napoleon's time. Among the interesting
medals here exhibited are specimens referring to the Govern-
FIG. 2.
ment of the Duke of Alva, to the Siege of Brussels by the
Spaniards in 1579, of Tournai in 1581, of Ypres in 1583,
and of Antwerp by Alessandro Farnese in 1585. Two
medals record the victory of Prince Maurice over the
Spaniards at Turnhout in 1597, and of the same in associa-
tion with Sir Francis de Vere over Albert of Austria at Nieu-
port in 1600. But the piece which has the most direct
pertinence to current events is that of which an illustration
is given in Fig. 2, commemorating, in a singular manner,
the oppression of the Netherlands by the Spaniards and
Austrians.
The obverse of this piece suggests nothing unusual. It
40
PROCEEDINGS OF THE
bears the head of Margaret of Austria, then Governess of the
Netherlands, and the legend :
MARCARETA DE AVSTRIA Dux Parmae ET Pla-
centiae CERMANI/E INFERIORIS GVBerwaftvs
Not so the reverse. Here we see the unfortunate Lion ot
Belgium beneath the press of the Inquisition, one handle
GHEDENCK'.CLANCK.
6>/y<-J tin btrdc /frfem getreld dtct op dt Jjrtm,
fn ruel in ruff ofwt eUer dc*r en tier ftryktn,
Deei tndcrlopn 'tLfiui t vni<rft mtn{(n,v
tea tfl mi mtt <L-ti fiinijitt -iU eoi dalle /
t rechl,
Die (vttgauateJ, m
Pen djtk bebtard'te fan wr tUt
rtrtitt .-if Vtyc LctU aafe/fi hor tirtnnj,
FIG. 3.
of which is pulled, under the supervision of the Pope and
the King of Spain, by the Governess Margaret, another by
the Cardinal de Granvelle, and a third by the Duke of Alva.
while Don Federico tightens the fetters round the lion's
feet. Around are numerous spectators including the bishop
of Ypres, and at the foot of the press are strewn torn
charters ' little scraps of paper ' containing the privileges
of the Netherlands. The inscription, QVID PREMITIS
REDEAT SI NOBILIS IRA LEONIS 1566, may be
ROYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. 41
amplified, "Why press him thus? The lion's noble
rage shall still return against his foes."
This design is taken from a print in a work by Adrian
Valerius, 1 which is here reproduced (Fig. 3) as explaining
the details of the medal. The torn state of the Charters
is here better shown, and the broken crown of the Nether-
landish lion lies beside them. But the lion's head upturned
in fury, as seen on the medal, adds a dramatic touch that is
wanting on the engraving.
Sad as was the plight of the Belgian Lion beneath the
tyranny of Spain and Austria, here so vividly set forth, no
medallic representation tolerable to the sight of civilized
society could record the acts of criminal outrage and
butchery, superadded to screws of extortion still more
scientifically perfected, which have been perpetrated to-day
upon the unarmed population of Belgium by the hordes of
a Militarism equipped with engines of destruction beyond
the dreams of Attila.
A vote of thanks was unanimously accorded the President
for his address, on the motion of Professor Oman, seconded
by Mr. Henry Symonds, and acknowledged by Sir Arthur
Evans.
The President then announced the result of the ballot for
office-bearers for 1915-1916 as follows:
President.
SIR ARTHUR J. EVANS, P.S.A., M.A., D.LITT., LL.D.,
PH.D., F.R.S., F.B.A.
Vice-Presidents.
SIR HENRY H. HOWORTH, K.C.I.E., D.C.L., F.R.S., F.S.A.
L. A. LAWRENCE, ESQ., F.S.A.
1 Neclerlcmdlsche Gedenck-clank , Haarlem, 1G2G, p. 15.
42 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY.
Treasurer.
PERCY H. WEBB, ESQ.
Secretaries.
JOHN ALLAN, ESQ., M.A., M.R.A.S.
FREDERICK A. WALTERS, ESQ., F.S.A.
Foreign Secretary.
J. GRAFTON MILNE, ESQ., M.A.
Librarian.
OLIVER CODRINGTON, ESQ., M.D., F.S.A., M.R.A.S.
Members of the Council
G. C. BROOKE, ESQ., B.A.
Miss HELEN FARQUHAR.
HERBERT A. GRUEBER, ESQ., F.S.A.
GEORGE FRANCIS HILL, ESQ., M.A.
J. MAVROGORDATO, ESQ.
LIEUT. -CoL. H. WALTERS MORRIESON, R.A., F.S.A.
REV. ROBERT SCOTT MYLNE, M. A., B.C.L., F.S.A., F.R.S.E.
EDWARD SHEPHERD, ESQ.
HENRY SYMONDS, ESQ., F.S.A.
H. W. TAFFS, ESQ.
A vote of thanks was awarded to the Auditors and
Scrutineers on the motion of the President, who then
adjourned the Society till October.
X.
QUAESTIONES CYRENAICAE.
(Continued from p. 178. SEE PLATES III-VI.)
FOURTH PERIOD.
During the third century Gyrene is, historically
speaking, one of the obscurest corners of that obscure
age. The main facts apparently are : After the disaster
which overtook Ophelias Magas re-occupied the city in
Ptolemy's interest, and apparently without bloodshed.
He ruled it for the next fifty years. The suzerainty of
Egypt was never, we may suppose, very openly asserted
inside the walls of what were, in name at least, Greek
republics. Time confirmed Magas in his agreeably
indefinite position, till with the death of Soter and
the increasing friction between Syria and Egypt he
declared himself independent and allied himself with
Antiochus I, whose daughter he married. 150 Taking
the field, he occupied the district of Libya lying
between Cyrenaica and the Delta, and threatened
Egypt ; but he was recalled by domestic troubles, and
seems to have undertaken no further active operations.
Some years later (probably on the death of Antiochus I)
an end was put to this awkward state of armed but
inactive hostility by the betrothal of Berenice, daughter
50 As the princess was born not earlier, possibly later, than 292,
the marriage cannot have taken place much earlier than 276-275.
Pausanias, i. 7. 3, shows that it cannot have been later than 274,
when the Syrian war broke out.
NUMISM. CHRON., VOL. XV, SERIES IV. S
250 E. S. G. ROBINSON.
and heiress of Magas, to Ptolemy II' s son. In 258,
however, Magas died, and his Syrian widow, ill content
with the impending union of the Pentapolis with
Egypt, summoned from Macedon Demetrius the
Handsome (6 /caXoy), brother of Antigonus Gonatas, to
take both heiress and inheritance.
For the next few years the history lies in the
utmost confusion ; our authorities when they mention
the Cyrenaica only do so to contradict themselves
as well as each other, and it is impossible to get
a satisfactory account of events. What we know for
certain is that Demetrius ended by paying his atten-
tions to Apame in place of Berenice ; that he was killed
in a palace intrigue at the head of which stood the
injured princess, though still a girl; that Berenice
eventually married Ptolemy III as had been arranged,
and was a bride shortly after her husband's accession
in 247-6 ; lastly, that two Megalopolitans, Ecdemus
and Demophanes, were summoned to adjust political
differences and reorganize the city, which they did
with signal success, an event which must have occurred
between 252 and 235. 151
It has been generally assumed that Demetrius was
murdered in 258, and Niese puts the reorganization
by the philosophers about 250, shrewdly pointing out
that Ecdemus and Demophanes were pupils of Arce-
silaus of Gyrene, who was also the friend of Demetrius
151 After 252, because it occurred after the freeing of Sicyon
in c. 252, and before 235, because Lydiades then laid down the
tyranny of Megalopolis and the city entered the Achaean league ;
this brought an amnesty for exiles, and Ecdemus and Demophanes
must have returned then, for they were the educators of Philo-
poemen.
QUAESTIONES CYRENAICAE. 251
himself, and so suggesting that the movement to call
them in was the result of a counter revolution against
the Egyptian party. This is very attractive, but there
are two great objections, (1) the long time that would
then have elapsed nearly ten years before the counter
revolution, and (2) the marriage between Berenice
and Ptolemy. If we can put the date of Demetrius'
death later, some at least of the difficulties are
smoothed out. Our chief authority is Eusebius (who
throughout confuses Demetrius 6 /caXo? and Deme-
trius son of Antigonus Gonatas). He says that the
Macedonian prince " subdued all Libya and occupied
Cyrene, which he held for ten years ; adding these to
his inheritance he founded a new kind of kingship
(monarchiae novam rationem fundavit) ". True, he is also
said to have died in 258. But this latter statement is
inconsistent with the activities he is credited with
they cannot have begun before the death of Magas let
alone the " ten years ". There seems as much or as
little reason to accept the one as the other. It has
already been suggested by Niebuhr that Demetrius'
death should be placed in 250, and he emends Eusebius'
text accordingly.
There are two other relevant fragments of informa-
tion. Callimachus writes a dedication for the bow of
a Cretan, Menoetas of Lyctus :
6 AVKTLOS Mevotras
ra. roa, roivr kTrenr&v,
TTJ Kpa$ TOL
Kal (fiaperprjv
TOVS 8' oioroz)?
eyovcnv 'Ea-TrepTrai.
This shows that Euesperides (the name is not yet
s2
252 E. S. G. KOBINSON.
Berenice) was fighting against Cretans, presumably
mercenaries, and from the mention of Sarapis and
from the authorship we may safely conclude Egyptian
mercenaries. In view of Callimachus' date the fighting
must have occurred before c. 240. 152 Solinus, 153 on the
other hand, who speaks of the city as Berenice, says,
" Hanc [civitatem] Berenice munivit quae Ptolemaeo
tertio fuit nupta, et in maiori Syrte locavit." The
change of name doubtless took place at the same
teme as Teuchira became Arsinoe (a name connected
especially with Ptolemy II and III) and the port of
Barce Ptolemais. It points to a reorganization of the
Cyrenaica. The word munivit becomes clear if read
in the light of Callimachus' epigram. Berenice did
more than change the name of Euesperides; she
restored it after the damage of war.
It may be suggested that the outline of events
was somewhat as follows: Demetrius ruled several
years over Cyrene and Libya as the future husband of
Berenice, still a child. His conduct (with Apame and
otherwise) gave rise to considerable discontent, and in
252 or later he was murdered by the Egyptian party,
at the head of which stood Berenice, aged perhaps
fourteen to sixteen. 154 The result of this was an out-
break of civil disturbance, but the anti-Egyptian party
seems still to have kept the upper hand. Ecdemus
and Demophanes, the pupils of Arcesilaus, Demetrius'
master, were summoned to reorganize on a federal
basis the affairs of the Cyrenaeans, whose liberty (as
Plutarch says) they championed and maintained. In
152 Call. Ep. xxxvii.
153 Solinus, c. 27.
154 Tenera virgo," Catullus, Coma Berenices.
QUAESTIONES CYKENAICAE.
253
c. 250 Ptolemy II brought to an end his Syrian wars,
and now nothing stood between Gyrene and Egypt.
In the following years attention was concentrated on
the recovery of the district, which was not achieved
without a struggle, as has been hinted above. By the
earliest years of Ptolemy III the Pentapolis was finally
reorganized and united more closely to the Egyptian
kingdom.
Such a view, which would make Berenice about
fifteen in 252, explains why she was still a bride
after her husband's accession in 247-6. If she were
fifteen in 258 why such a gap before her marriage ?
The notice of Eusebius may be thus explained. From
258 (the death of Magas) to 248 (?) the policy of Gyrene
was pro-Macedonian, pro-Syrian, and anti-Egyptian
down to 252 under Demetrius, for the rest of the time
under the two philosophers, comrades in arms of
Aratus, who gave it some kind of federal system. May
not Eusebius or his authorities have mistakenly syn-
chronized Demetrius, the outstanding figure, with the
whole period of anti-Egyptian policy, and so given him
ten years of rule, as well as the credit of a new system
of government (novam monarchiae rationem) which
really belongs to his successors ? It is an easy mistake
to call a new form of government (federal or what not)
"novam monarchiae rationem" when laid to the credit
of a prince. From now down to the time of Ptolemy
Physcon Gyrene remained united to Egypt. If there
were revolts (for example, at the death of Ptolemy III,
under Berenice and Magas the younger) they were
short, and we have no direct information about them.
The numismatics of this period are almost as troubled
as its history; at irregular intervals throughout the
254 E. S. G. KOBINSOX.
third century regal Ptolemaic as well as autonomous
coins were issued from the mints of the Cyrenaica.
the monograms being in some cases similar. In the
first half of the century Gyrene seems to have been
theoretically a free state, and thus to have issued gold
as well as silver and copper money. "What the rela-
tions between the two sets of coins were it is impossible
to judge on the scanty evidence ; but the sporadic
character of the regal currency seems to show that it
was not due to any definite diminution of the city's
liberties.
The Silver Coinage.
That the issue of Attic didrachms ceased with the
fall of Ophelias in 308, I have tried to show above.
That the succeeding issue of Ehodian weight was
accompanied by a reorganization of the mint, is sug-
gested by the fact that from henceforth magistrates'
names cease to be written in full ; in their place we find
either nothing or symbols and monograms. In the
obverse, and still more in the silphium of the reverse,
there is a break in style between the majority of the
Bhodian didrachms and the coins of the late fourth
century, which suggests that few silver coins were
issued in the first years after Magas' occupation in 308. 155
The connecting links with the previous period are the
Attic didrachin of nOAIANGEYS (Xo. 74 A, above).
the style of which anticipates curiously that of some
of the later Rhodian didrachms. and the following
coins :
155 See below, p. 2-7.
QUAESTIONES CYRESAICAE.
Obv. Head of young Ammon r., diademed.
Jfer. Silphium (of florid style) with three whorls and
seven umbels : K Y
P A
B. M. J*. 0-75. Wt 1174grs. Rhodian didrachm.
85. Obv. Similar : same die.
Her. Silphium as above, but of much stiffer style;
in field to L, tripod, and to r.. wreath.
Berlin. A 0-8.
The style of the silphimn on Xo. 84 is very close
iiat on the series of didrachms of Attic weight
X s. 74-9, especially 79), and this, together with the
absence of any name, symbol, or monogram, would
lead us to put the coin at the head of the series.
The tripod on the reverse of Xo. 85 occurs on other
didrachms of rather later style, sometimes coupled
with the monogram E 1 (M.,L 166-8), a coincidence which
might lead us to put these didrachms next in order
of time ; and the conclusion can be supported by an
argument to be drawn later from the gold coinage
(see p. 266).
Points of contact are so rare within this group of
didrachms that it is perhaps worth while to note the
following three coins :
86. Oln'. Head of young Ammon 1.
. Silphium with three whorls and five umbels;
K Y PA
tripod E 1
B. 31. -B. 0-8. Wt. 114-1 grs.
W Obv. Similar.
Her. Similar ; in field L. R? : across field KY PA
B. 31. -E. 0-8. Wt. 120-9 grs. Another, o&r.
same die; rev. same monogram and bow-
case. Berlin.
256 E. S. G. ROBINSON.
88. 01)v. Similar.
Rev. Similar; across field above, KY PA; below,
I K p K.
B. M. JR. 0-85. Wt. 120-1 grs.
The obverses of these three coins are very close to
each other in style and therefore probably in time.
No. 86 forms one of the E 1 -tripod group and so probably
comes early in the series. No. 88, on the other hand,
connects up with a number of other issues, which are
therefore in close chronological relation with it. These
are (1) "autonomous" Ehodian tetradrachms and di-
drachms with I 1C l< and crab (see below, No. 89 and M.
i. 160 ?) ; (2) " autonomous " Phoenician didrachms in
silver and gold with H and crab (M. i. 180-1); (3)
Ptolemaic (Phoenician) gold didrachms with 1 K 1 * and
I K? (Svoronos Nop.iarp.aTa TO>V IlToXefjiaiGov, Nos. 102
and 151 156 ); (4) Ptolemaic copper with I IT or fl,
crab, and silphium. (Svoronos, op. cit., Nos. 70-1.)
It has not been previously noted that tetradrachms
of Ehodian weight were issued as well as didrachms,
but the following certainly fall within this period.
89. Obv. Head of bearded Ammon r., hair curling freely.
Rev. Silphium with three whorls and five umbels;
in field above, KY PH ; below, I fT H ;
beneath, in field r., crab.
B. M. JR. 1-05. Wt. 222-6 grs. Khodian tetra-
drachm. Another, same dies, in the market,
wt. 237-4 grs. Others in Jameson Cat.,
No. 1351 ("vers 400"), wt. 222 grs., and
at Berlin.
56 In the last the monograms are given as three, I r RP l"?
but obviously the first two are really one, the double Fl is written
in full, and the whole stands for a name like
QUAESTIONES CYRENAICAE. 257
90. Obv. Similar (different style).
Rev. Similar ; in field r. cornucopiae ; below, at base
of stem, 1. and r. KY PA
B. M. JR. 1-05. Wt. 230-5 grs. Ehodian tetra-
drachm.
There are didrachms corresponding to both of these
M. i. 160 (?) and i. 151-2.
No. 89 is interesting for the inscription. It is the
only instance of the abandonment of the Doric form
of the ethnic. That it should appear at the outset of
the Hellenistic age is characteristic of that time.
The crab on the reverse raises the whole question of
the monograms and symbols of the period. Are these
used to distinguish different issues of the same mint,
or the issues of one mint from another ? It seems
impossible to trace any system in their arrangement ;
sometimes the symbol is accompanied by a monogram,
sometimes not; sometimes it is the monogram that
stands alone. The crab occurs on coins of all issues of
this century, occasionally as a type, e.g. on the copper
(M. i. 340), mostly as a symbol, e.g. on Rhodian tetra-
drachms (No. 89) and didrachms (M. i. 175), on Phoe-
nician didrachms (M. i. 179-80), on later copper (M.
i. 247, 267, 280, 283), and on Ptolemaic gold and copper
(Svoronos, op. cit., Nos. 304, 70). These coins must cover
altogether a space of at least half a century, almost
certainly of considerably more. Leaving out of con-
sideration the fact that the symbol appears with
different monograms, we cannot therefore refer it to an
individual. The most likely explanation is that it has
a local significance. The crab points to a seaport. 157
157 Muller, i. p. 95. X??Aai, as he points out, means "mole" as
well as "claw".
258 E. S. G. ROBINSON.
But all these coins when they bear any ethnic bear
that of Gyrene. The port of Gyrene, known in
Ptolemaic times as Apollonia, in early Christian times
as Sozusa, is the one place which answers all the re-
quirements. First it was a port; second, as it was,
so to say, a suburb of Gyrene, we need not be sur-
prised to find KYPA on coins issued thence. I would
therefore assign all coins on which we find a crab
to a subsidiary Cyrenaean mint at Apollonia. Miiller
goes further and regards all coins bearing C as issuing
from this mint, 158 of which he thinks Sozusa was the
pre-Ptolemaic name as it certainly was the late
Eoman. But there is no reason to suppose that the
name of the place was anything but Apollonia until
late Roman, times, while if we take the monogram for
that of a magistrate the most natural explanation
it falls into line with the other monograms of the
series which have never been interpreted as referring
to anything but magistrates. Muller's reason for treat-
ing it exceptionally is the varying weight of the unit
pieces on which it occurs. This seems to him to require
a longer period of time than would be covered by the
activity of a single magistrate, a point which will be
dealt with below, p. 261.
Except for the latest copper issues, No. 119 below,
other symbols (save one) though they occur on coins
of different groups, e.g. the bow-case on No. 87 and on a
coin of Berenice II, 159 the snake on a Ehodian didrachm
(M. i. 171), and later copper (M. i. 265), must be referred
to individuals, as the common ethnic KYPA would
Miiller, ibid., p. 94, but cp. Suppl. 17, 18.
159 Svor., No. 319, who calls it a silphium and assigns it to
Berenice I.
QUAESTIONES CYRENAICAE. 259
naturally lead us to suppose. The one exception is
the fruit-laden branch which is found on a Rhodian
didrachm with the puzzling inscription BA 31 (M.
i. 364), on Ptolemaic gold staters of Phoenician weight
(Svoronos, op. cit., No. 101), and on late bronze (M. i. 339).
In none of these cases is the symbol coupled with the
ethnic of Gyrene, and in the last we have what is
probably the initial of Euesperides, so we may con-
clude that here, too, we have a clear example of the
local significance of a symbol. 100
Of M. i. 364 I have no explanation to offer.
BA$I must stand for BASIAEIIS. The fruit branch
seems to imply Euesperides. The coin itself, to judge
by the stiff style of the silphium, does not come early
in the series of Ehodian didrachms. The head suggests
personal traits and has vague Ptolemaic analogies, but
to say, as does Miiller (I. c.), that it is a head of Soter
seems too much. The enigmatic inscription would
suggest some time of interregnum such as the period
between the death of Ptolemy I and the open defection
of Magasfrom his half-brother Philadelphus (283-280?).
With this the style of the silphium accords well
enough, while the fleshy face agrees with what we
know of Magas' appearance. 161 At the same time it
is doubtful whether Magas actually assumed the royal
title. As I shall attempt to show later, the coins read-
ing BA$IAEH3 MAFA cannot be accepted as evidence,
and the literary authorities are not unanimous ; 1G2 nor,
if they were, would their evidence be conclusive, for
they are mostly on a level with Justin who calls even
160 See below, p. 278.
61 As Cavedoni suggested, M. i. p. 143, and note 4.
162 Cp. the references collected in Thrige, p. 223, note 9.
260 E. S. G. ROBINSON.
Ophelias " rex", though he died before any of the great
diadochi had assumed this style. If Magas had called
himself king, it seems difficult to believe that during
his period of independence, which must have lasted
more than fifteen years, he would not have put his
name in any form to the coinage. 163
The silver coinage we are discussing presumably lasted
down to the middle of the century and till the death
of Demetrius the Handsome. It probably began with
Nos. 84-5 above; but the break in style, which is
noticeable between the various gold and silver issues as
compared with those at the end of the fourth century,
and the number of magistrates whose names or initials
appear only on the copper, 104 would lead us to infer that
for several years after the reconquest by Magas the
coinage in the precious metals was very scanty. At any
rate we may suppose the introduction of the Rhodian
weight standard to be the result of its employment
by Ptolemy for his "satrapal" issues and therefore
subsequent to 305 B.C. 165 Of M. i. 171-4 with
the monograms I I 51 and I RP K E we may say that
they are earlier than 283 B.C., for corresponding
monograms occur on coins of Ptolemy I (Svoronos,
op. cit., Nos. 65-71). Latest in style seems to come the
group with the crab symbol and various monograms
(M. i. 161-5).
The weights of the silver coins of this period are
very confused, as is shown by a glance at the ' table
of frequency' prepared for the didrachms with the
head of beardless Ammon and the silphium plant as
163 For the alleged monogram of Magas see below, p. 288.
164 See p. 275.
165 Svoronos, op. cit., Nos. 101-80.
QUAESTIONES CYEENAICAE. 261
types, from the list of weights in Miiller and from
those specimens in the British Museum acquired since
he wrote. From this table it can be seen at a glance
that the normal weight is 11 6-1 21 -9 grs., and that from
116 grs. the "frequency" decreases rapidly and regularly
to 101 grs. Thus, while the number of coins between
116-118-9 and 119-121-9 is almost exactly equal, the
number between 113-115-9 is little more than half of
that between 116-118-9, the number between 110-112-9
little more than half of that between 113-115-9, the
numbers between 104-106-9 and 107-109-9 each a third
of that between 110-112-9. Between 92-101 grs. are
two coins, but between 80-90 there are no less than
six. Muller 1CG had already recognized the diversity of
weights and the two groups into which they fall, but he
failed to notice another group with a different obverse
type, the head of Apollo (M. i. 177-80). Specimens of
this group are by no means common, but, with one
exception, the weights of all that I have been able to
record fall between 98-106-9 grs. The exception (M. i.
i, pp. 117seqq., and 65- -7.
262 E. S. G. KOBINSOX.
179, wt. 1143) is also distinguished from every other
coin of the group by the absence of any monogram.
Undoubtedly at this time the weights of coins were
carelessly regulated, 167 and due allowance must be
made for under- and over-weight coins if the striking
was by tale. But it seems difficult to resist the conclu-
sion that we have here three different units, the lowest
and highest (80-90 grs. and 116-122 grs.) with the same
types, the intermediate one (101-107 grs.) with a dif-
ferent type. There is sufficient difference in weight
between the highest and the lowest of these units not
to deceive a Levantine, used to the miscellaneous cur-
rency of the Greek world. Where there might have
been a difficulty, the question was decided by a different
type. In the same way the Egyptian mint produced
simultaneously tetradrachms of Rhodian and of Phoeni-
cian standard, 108 the weight of which fluctuates con-
siderably. It may be suggested that the two heaviest
of these sets of di drachms were struck after their
model.
The question of the pieces of 80-90 grs. is more
difficult. Miiller apparently regards them as later
than the others and as didrachms of what he calls the
"Asiatic" (i.e. Samian) system, 169 reduced through
lapse of time. But surely the reduction involved (the
usual weight of the Samian tetradrachm is 203-8) is
too great. Side by side with these pieces of 80-90 grs.
we may put another coin (M. i. 182), wt. 43 grs., their
107 Cp. the weights of the Rhodian tetradrachms, Nos. 89, 90,
above, 222-237 grs., and of the contemporary regal and satrapal
money of Egypt.
168 Svoronos, pp. 104 seqq. and 183 seqq.
169 i. e. that employed for the tetradrachms of the fourth
century.
QUAESTIONES CYKENAICAE. 263
half. At the end of the previous period, too, we have
noticed a coin of Barce (p. 172, above, and M. Suppl.
325 A), wt. 159-8 grs., which may be a double of the
same unit. What is the standard ? Mliller calls the
Barcaean piece a "Phoenician" or "Asiatic" tridrachm.
If, however, it were a tridrachm, it would, in spite of
the loss by oxydization, give a tetradrachm of 213 grs.,
which is too heavy, especially for the fourth century. 170
If, as has been suggested, we regard the pieces of
80-90 as the halves of this so-called " tridrachm ", the
difficulty of such a name becomes more apparent ; in
the first place we should get a trihemidrachm, a very
awkward fraction ; in the second place, such a half
would postulate a whole of 160-180 grs., which would
place "Asiatic" (i.e. Samiaii) weight out of the
question.
In the end of the fourth century and the early
years of the third there was in use in Crete a reduced
form of the Aeginetic standard which tallies well with
the weight of these coins. For example, at Cher-
sonnesos the didrachms of the period in the British
Museum range from 164-2-174 grs., at Cydonia from
137-5 through 143-2, 165-2, 172-5, to 182-7. At Poly-
rhenium, for the period 330-280, the didrachms run
from 163-5-176, and the drachms from 69-6-87-2, while
one of the latter is over-struck upon a coin of Gyrene
f this very type. 171 As has been indicated above, the
connexion between Crete and Cyrenaica was very close.
Cretan mercenaries were always popular, and it was to
ro Tetradrachms of 0EY<l>EIAEY5 and IA5ONO in the
British Museum run from 195 to 203 grains.
171 B. M. C. } 10.
264 E. S. G. EOBINSOX.
Cydonia that in 323 the exiles of Gyrene and Barce
fled to seek the aid of Thimbron. I believe that in
these coins we have to do with the same standard
as we find in Crete.
The Gold Coinage.
The gold coinage of this period is more scanty than
that of the fourth century, and is marked by a change
first of denomination, then of weight standard. The
first issues consist of Attic tetrobols and obols. It has
been suggested above that the little piece of 13-5 grs.
was adopted in the fifth and fourth centuries because of
its adaptability to the silver, forming at the beginning
the equivalent of the Samian tetradrachm at the rate
of 15:1, and after Alexander the equivalent of the
Attic didrachm at 10:1. If we follow the same clue,
we can get an explanation of the change of denomina-
tion now under consideration. During the reign of
Ptolemy Soter the silver coins most frequently met
with in Gyrene must have been of Rhodian or Phoeni-
cian weight, for by the side of the Rhodian didrachms,
which form the bulk of the autonomous issues, the
Egyptian "satrapal" and " regal" issues (Rhodian tetra-
drachms and Phoenician tetradrachms and octo-
drachms) must have had free course. From the end
of the fourth century the exchange value of gold and
silver seems to have remained definitely at 10 : 1, and
at this rate the Attic obol of 11-25 grs. would be just
about the equivalent of its contemporary the Rhodian
didrachm, while the Attic tetrobol would correspond to
the Phoenician octodrachm.
Of the gold tetrobols we have three issues, (1) with
QUAESTIONES CYRENAICAE. 265
no mint symbol or monogram 172 (M. i. 205), (2) with
E 1 (M. i. 207), (3) with C- The series of obols offers
greater variety, as the following list shows :
91. Obv. Head of bearded Ammon r.
Rev. Female head r., wearing earring and necklace,
the hair gathered in a knot behind.
Paris. M. 0-25. Wt. 10-5 grs. E. T. Newell,
11-3 grs.
92. Olv. Similar.
Bev. Similar ; behind E 1 .
B. M. N. 0-3. Wt. 11 grs. (= M. i. 60, where
the weight is wrongly given).
93. Olv. Similar.
Rev. Thunderbolt between two stars.
B. M. M. 0-3. Wt. 11-3 grs.
94. Another, with one of the stars replaced by a plough.
B. M. N. 0-3. Wt. 11-3 grs.
95. Another, with ME in addition to the stars.
B. M. Wt. 10-6 grs. Paris, N. 0-3. Wt. 10-7 grs.
96. Another with the head to 1., one of the stars replaced
byC
B. M. N. 0-3. Wt. 11 grs.
97. Obv. Bow-case.
Eev. Silphium with two whorls and five umbels.
Gotha. N. 0-3. Wt. 11 srs. Paris. Wt. 7 grs.
(worn). 173
172 And therefore presumably at the head of the series. The
single star which appears behind the horseman's back on all these
issues (except one variety of (2) in Berlin) I am inclined to regard
as an adjunct to the main type. The horseman would then be one
of the Dioscuri.
173 M. i. 80, who did not recognize the obverse type.
NUMISM. CHRON., VOL. XV, SERIES IV.
266 E. S. G. KOBINSON.
The heads on Nos. 91-6 are distinctly later than those
on the corresponding little pieces of flOAIANGEY^.
If continuity of type goes for anything, we should
expect Nos. 91 and 92, which show a head on both
sides like the corresponding pieces of the previous
period, to precede Nos. 93-6, on which new types
appear. That No. 91, like the earliest silver of the
period, bears no magistrate's name or symbol, reinforces
the suggestion. No. 92 with E 1 would then come near
the beginning of the period, as a consideration of the
silver didrachms with the same monogram has already
led us to think likely. 174 The two stars of No. 93 and
the star and C of No. 96 occur on a corresponding
silver series (M. i. 153-4 and 156-9), the plough of
No. 94 on the copper series (No. 112, below). No. 97 by
its types stands apart from the rest; the absence of
magistrate's name or symbol and the type of silphium
suggest a very early date in the period.
One gold coin remains :
98. Obv. Nike driving a quadriga r. : above. KYPA-
NAION.
Rev. Zeus Ammon standing 1., his breast and
shoulders bare, his 1. resting on sceptre, his
r. holding patera over thymiaterion ; in field
r. |^ ; below, crab.
Paris. N. 0-75. Wt. 110-5 grs. (Published by Babe-
Ion in Rev. Num., 1885, p. 399, PI. xv. 7.)
No. 98, of the usual types of the Cyrenaean gold
staters, is of a different weight and a later style. In
style it is most nearly related to the latest coin of
nOAIANGEYS (No. 71, above), though there is still
some gap between. The head of the Nike looks r.,
instead of to front, and the treatment of the horse
174 Above, p. 255.
QUAESTIONES CYKEJSAICAE. 267
and chariot recalls the coins of Philistis, while the Zeus
of the reverse resembles very closely the Poseidon on
third-century coins of Tenos (B. M. C. : Crete, &c., p. 128,
No. 7). The monogram, as has been said above, 175
occurs on satrapal gold coins of Ptolemy Soter, as
well as on other autonomous Cyrenaean issues, and
therefore the coin was presumably struck before 283.
The weight standard is the Phoenician, on which the
gold satrapal coins are struck, not the Attic of the obols
and tetrobols above and of the staters of the previous
period.
It is perhaps worth noting summarily here, at the
end of the series, how the smallest gold piece forms
a point of contact between the different systems
through all the changes of gold standard from the
fifth century downwards. The earliest gold piece is a
Samian drachm (No. 31) of which the 13-3 is a quarter,
and the 13-3 is itself a tenth of the Attic stater, the
successor of the first coin; of this Attic stater the
new little piece introduced in the fourth period is the
Y 1 ^ (or obol), but it is at the same time the tenth of
the Phoenician stater by which the Attic in its turn
is superseded.
The Bronze Coinage.
The bronze coinage of the Cyrenaica falls mostly
within the limits of the Ptolemaic period, and though
the earlier issues were struck in the fourth century it
seems best to discuss it as a whole. 170 It can be divided
by style into the following groups : (1) Down to
175 p. 260.
176 See above, pp. 171-4, 177, for M. of Barce, Euesperides and
certain of Gyrene.
268 E. S. G. ROBINSON.
c. 270, with or without ethnic ; first without, then with,
magistrates' names and, later, with symbols. (Many of
the cases of apparent absence of inscription, however,
are due to poor condition.) (2) From c. 270 to Ptolemy
Physcon, c. 150, with symbols and monograms of later
style, e.g. M. i. 251-85. (3) The short period of freedom
between the death of Ptolemy Apion and the Eoman
dominion ; a few coins only. (4) The Eoman period.
Some of the coins without ethnic may belong to Barce
or Euesperides.
As many of the bronze pieces are overstruck, we may
get a little light on their chronological sequence. A
fixed point is established by the coin with the very
interesting reverse type of the tomb of Battus and the
magistrate's name EY<!>PIO (M. i. 234-5). The same
name 177 occurs on the flTOAEMAin KYPANAION
coins mentioned above, 178 which can be dated with some
certainty to 308-304. I regard the following as con-
temporary :
99. Obv. Horse's head r. ; in front 0E ; (beneath, symbol ?
or break in the die) ; dotted border.
JRev. Wheel with hub and six spokes.
B. M. M. 0-9. Wt. 210-9 grs.
The HTOAEMAin KYPANAION coins show also
the name of another magistrate GEY, whom I have
sought to identify above with the 0EY<1>EIAEY of the
Attic didrachm (No. 79), and I would add No. 98 to the
coins which he signs. If the attribution be accepted,
it increases the evidence for a second 0EY<I>EIAEY.
For, if the hypothesis of a second 0EY4>EIAEYS put
177 Unknown to Pape-Benseler and therefore unlikely to be a
different person.
178 See p. 170 note, and Svoronos, op.cit., p. 11, No. 61 seqq.
QUAESTIONES CYKENAICAE. 269
forward above is correct, part of that moneyer's activities
would fall within the time of Ophelias, on whose silver
the Carthaginian palm-tree has already occurred 1T9 ;
and here we have the Carthaginian horse's head.
The Paris specimen of the bronze coin with
EY0PIOS (M. i. 234) is overstruck 180 on a coin with
the same obverse type of the bearded Ammon, but fuller
and coarser as on M. i. 91 ; although the reverse under-
neath is not so clear, there are very definite traces of
what I take to be the wheel which is the reverse type
of M. i. 91. But the B. M. specimen of M. i. 91 is
overstruck on yet another coin, which, to judge by the
traces of the top of the silphium plant on the reverse,
was most probably the following :
100. Obv. Head of Apollo r. , laureate.
Rev. Silphium with three whorls and five umbels ;
^ J ; dotted border.
B. M. M. 1. Wt. 207-9 grs. (M. i. 86).
Of the large early copper coins No. 100 is the only
one I have seen on which the principal umbel of the
silphium is disengaged from its whorl, and in this it
tallies with the umbel underlying the wheel on the
B. M. example of M. i. 91. Reasons of style alone
would make us place it very early among the bronze
series, and the apparent absence of magistrate's name
confirms this classification. Other issues which the
same reasons style, and lack of a name would lead
us to put at the same early time are : those with the
head of Cyrene (inscribed KYPAMA) on the obverse, on
179 See above, p. 172, and Nos. 77-8.
180 Not double-struck as Miiller suggests. The shape of the lips
on the under type is much fuller than on the over type.
270 E. S. G. ROBINSON.
the reverse the triple silphium (M. i. .231-2) ; that with
the head of Athena on the obverse, on the reverse
a silphium (M. i. 233) ; and that with the head of
Apollo (?) on the obverse, on the reverse a silphium
(M. i. 241). The other coins which are usually given
as uninscribed are either of later style or owe their
apparent lack of magistrate's name to their condition.
Besides the two pieces cited above of the magistrates
0E - - and EY<!>PIO$, we have the following with
magistrates' names before c. 270 :
101. Obv. Head of bearded Ammon r., laureate; behind,
EY C outwards.
Rev. Silphium with three whorls and five umbels ;
p A 5 dotted border.
B. M. 0-85. Wt. 208-5 grs. =M. Suppl. 222 b.
Another specimen.
Beside this may be put the coin with bearded and
diademed head on the obverse, and the same reverse,
reading MIAAS (M. Suppl. 87 b).
102. Obv. Head of beardless Ammon r. ; in front of neck,
A, and behind, N AP (. ; dotted border.
Rev. Silphium with three whorls and five umbels;
Y M
B. M. M. 0-9. Wt. 217 grs. (and two other
specimens, the reverse inscription only
visible on one) = M. i. 82, 83, and 224-5
(where the inscriptions are not given).
With this would go the coin with head of Apollo
and silphium, also reading ANAP (M. Suppl. 87 A).
103. Obv. Similar ; in front, N } ; dotted border.
Rev. Similar; in field r., traces of KY]PA?; linear
border.
B. M. M. 0-6. Wt. 62-9 grs. The inscription is
not certain (M. i. 81 or 84 ?, 226-7).
QUAESTIONES CYRENAICAE. 271
104. Obv. Similar ; behind, THP C ; dotted border.
Rev. Triple silphium ; KY P.
B. M. jE. 0-6. Wt. 64 grs. [Obv. inscription off
the coin]. Imhoof (AntiJce gr. Miinz.,
p. 109). M. i. 228-30.
105. 06v. Similar, with fillet in front (?) ; behind HP;
linear border.
Eev. Silphium with three whorls and five umbels ;
linear border.
B. M. JE. 0-65. Wt. 70-2 grs. Inscription is
not certain (M. i. 81 ? and 84 ?).
106. Ol>v. Head of Apollo with flowing hair r. : in front
- - - PH*.
Eev. Silphium with three whorls and five umbels ;
in field r., ear of corn.
Hunter. M. 0-85. Wt. 181 grs. (Macdonald iii.
Gyrene, No. 30.)
The head on the obverse recalls that on the
<!>EI AIINO3 didrachms above (Nos. 76-7), while the ear
of corn appears on the EY<1>EIAEY didrachms in
the same group.
107. Olv. Free horse r. ; [above, star] ; exergual line; linear
border.
Eev. Wheel; to 1., NIKHNOSC outwards; dotted
border.
B. M. M. 0-75. Wt. 123-2 grs. 181 = M. i. 95.
181 As evidence for the contention that most of these copper coins
really have a magistrate's name or symbol, it may be mentioned
that of three specimens of No. 107 in the British Museum only
one shows the inscription and that with difficulty, while none shows
the star with unmistakeable clearness; the Hunter specimen
shows no inscription. Of eleven specimens known to Mtiller (i. 28,
note 6), only one showed the inscription clearly.
272 E. S. G. ROBINSON.
108. Ob v. Horseman walking r. ; between horse's forelegs,
AM ; dotted border.
Eev. Wheel with hub bisected by two spokes ; in the
1. half, two spokes; in the r., silphium plant
with three whorls and five umbels.
B. M. JE. 0-85. Wt. 135-3 grs. = M. i. 98.
Another similar with $A (M. i. 97).
With this may be mentioned the following, which
recalls the type of the gold drachms with XAIPIO^,
as does No. 107 those with F1OAI.
109. Obv. Horseman galloping r. ; behind, KY.
Eev. Wheel with hub and four spokes ; in 1. section,
silphium with two whorls and five umbels ;
linear border.
B. M. M. 0-85. Wt. 112-7 grs. (restruck) = M.
i. 248. Another = M. i. 96.
No magistrate's name or symbol has yet been noted
on coins of this issue. A piece of similar types (M. i. 247)
has on the reverse KY and a crab : this would connect
it chronologically with the gold and silver issues of the
Ptolemaic period bearing the same symbol.
110. Obv. Crab-, dotted border.
Eev. Jerboa r. EYA - - ; dotted border.
Paris = M. i. 99 (cp. ibid. Suppl., 99 A).
There is a fourth letter, possibly a f, to be read on
the Paris specimen. On another coin (M. i. 340) the
jerboa is turned to the 1., and the magistrate is
3fl3l(O). $fl occurs on silver didrachms (M. i. 178
and 161), and we meet the same pair in the following
little group (M. i. 88-90 and 237) :
111. Obv. Gazelle r. ; above, $fl ; in field r., bunch of
grapes ; dotted border.
Eev. Silphium with five whorls and seven umbels;
dotted border.
B. M. M. 0-75. Wt. 115-6 grs. (= M. i. 89 A).
QUAESTIONES CYKENAICAE.
273
Another example with a jerboa for symbol in place
of the bunch of grapes, and EYA in place of ft,
appeared in the Philipsen Sale, 182 and there is yet a
third variety (M. i. 89, and B. M.) with branch as
symbol and an uncertain magistrate's name, of
which the first letter seems to be f. Attached to this
group are two coins with the same types (though the
gazelle is turned to the left), and the magistrate's name
in full. On these we find SftSIS (M. i. 90 A) and
the very dubious AN0IF1I1N reported by Sestini (M.
i. 90).
All of the foregoing must be later than No. 101, on
a specimen of which one of them is over-struck (M.
i. 88 A). M. i. 88-90 will all belong to the same group,
though Mliller gives no magistrate, no ethnic, and some-
times no symbol. 18 "'
112. Obv. Head of Apollo (?) r., the hair falling in long
curls from the crown of the head.
Rev. Gazelle r. ; above, KYPA ; in field r., plough.
B. M. M. 045. Wt. 174 grs. = M. i. 246.
(Miiller calls the symbol "une couronne''.)
Another specimen, B. M., M.4, Wt. 12-4 grs. = M.
i. 245, has for symbol a plectrum of the shape
found on certain Lycian coins, 184 called by Miiller "un
chapeau". There was doubtless a symbol also on the
coins of the same types figured under M. i. 244. The
plough, as symbol, we have met with on the small
gold of the fourth period above (No. 94).
182 Hirsch, xxv, lot 3243 ; two specimens, also one in the British
Museum, on none of which is the name clear, though their reverses
read KYPA plainly.
183 The Hunter coin (Macdonald, iii. Cyrene, No. 28), which
Miiller gives under No. 88 without a symbol, really has the branch.
184 Cp. B.M. C.: Lycia, PL xii. 10.
274 E. S. G. ROBINSON.
The following coins, though they have (apparently)
no magistrate's name or symbol, seem stylistically later
than any of the pieces given above.
113. Obv. Head of bearded Ammon r. ; dotted border.
Rev. Wheel with hub and six spokes ; K] Y ; dotted
border.
B. M. 0-9. Wt. 142 grs. = M. i. 93. (Miiller reads
the Y as P.) The comparative lateness of
this issue is shown by the fact that one
specimen is struck over the Carthaginian
third-century copper with head of Demeter
and horse's head types (M. i. 94 A).
114. Obv. Horse stepping r.
Eev. Wheel with hub and four spokes ; K Y
P A
B. M. M. 0-5. Wt. 34-7 grs. (=M. i. 250).
Some of the coins just described Miiller places "avant
le quatrieme siecle ", 185 But this is most doubtful. He
bases his conclusion on the style and still more on
the fabric, which is very thick and often shows a
strong incuse on the reverse. But the style, although
it is rough, is not therefore necessarily early, and
its roughness is often emphasized by the condition of
the coins themselves, which is for some reason almost
invariably poor. 186 If one met the rough style, and
especially the thick fabric, on Sicilian coins, it is true
one would naturally think of the fifth and early fourth
centuries. But Gyrene lay on the outskirts of the
Greek world, and the same thick fabric and marked
85 i. p. 37.
!6 This circumstance is also probably the reason why so many
coins appear in Mailer's work and elsewhere as completely anepi-
graphic, whereas it may be supposed (and in many cases can be
demonstrated) that they often bore ethnics and generally magis-
trates' names or symbols.
QUAESTIONES CYKENAICAE. 275
incuse reverse meet us even in the copper coins
struck under Roman suzerainty after the death of
Ptolemy Apion. Further, the style of the heads (e. g.
Nos. 102-6) recalls that on the latest issues of the
fourth century (Nos. 74, 75, above, nOAIANGEYS),
and the same is true of the treatment of the silphium
which, as a rule, is of that thick florid type characteristic
of the issues just mentioned.
The magistrate's names, at least thirteen in number,
raise a difficulty. They are written at length or in
abbreviation, as is the manner of the fourth century,
not in monogram, as is the fashion of the next period.
But of these magistrates there is only one who appears
in what we should naturally be inclined to regard as
the corresponding silver or gold issues of the fourth cen-
tury. That one, however (the 0E of No. 99), is
in a sense an exception which explains the rule, for the
OEY<I>EIAEY of the Attic didrachm has been placed
last of all the magistrates of that series. Similarly
EY<!>PIO$ occurs also on Ptolemaic gold dateable to
308-305, 187 and the other apparent correspondences
between silver and copper likewise fall within Ptolemaic
times. They are not numerous : %l on No. 110, &c.,
and on the silver didrachms, M. i. 161, 178 ; the plough
on No. 112 and on the gold obol (No. 94). In other
words, all these correspondences are later than 310
a date which the style of the bulk of the coins con-
firms and therefore, if any except the uninscribed
ones are to be placed earlier in the fourth century,
we must assume that the striking of the gold and
silver and of the copper issues were at that time
entrusted to different authorities. Against this assump-
187 See above, p. 268.
276 E. S. G. ROBINSON.
tion the few coincidences of name that do occur in
the later period would militate. But why are the
coincidences so few ? Possibly the output of silver at
the Cyrenaean mint was restricted in the first years
after the recovery of the revolted city in 308, whether
for political reasons or through economic exhaustion.
To the second period of copper coinage from 270
down to Ptolemy Physcon the bulk of the common
copper coins of Cyreiie belongs. The three most im-
portant issues are : (1) Obv. Head of bearded Ammon,
Rev.V&lm tree (M. i. 251-69); (2) Obv. Head of Apollo,
Rev. Lyre (M. i. 270-82) ; (3) Obv. Head of bearded
Ammon, Rev. Silphium KOINON (M. i. 104-13).
There is a silver didrachm of Rhodian weight of the
same style, types, and legend as this latter class (M.
i. 269). The activities of the philosophers Ecdemus
and Demophanes in the Cyrenaica have been referred to
above, 1 >8 where it was suggested that the "new form
of rule " ascribed by Eusebius to Demetrius the Hand-
some should really be laid to their account. Whether
this suggestion be accepted or no, it is difficult to avoid
associating the KOINON issue with the government of
the comrades of Aratus, whose date (between 252
236) 189 fits excellently with the style of the coins. It
is, further, remarkable that on some of the copper
coins there occurs the monogram 101 , of which the
obvious resolution is AHM(O<!>ANH). It is always
possible that these coins were struck under Ptolemaic
suzerainty : a KOLVOV rS>v vrjo-Korooi' existed in such con-
ditions under Ptolemy I and II, though it has left us
no coins. But this view does not seem so satisfactory
See above, p. 250. 189 See above, p. 250, note.
QUAESTIONES CYKENAICAE.
277
as the attribution to Ecdemus and Demophanes, while
against it may be urged the large number of KOLVOV
coins over-struck upon regal Ptolemaic issues, and later
the equally large number of regal Ptolemaic issues of
all sorts and sizes over-struck upon coins of the KOLVOV.
This would indicate in each case a desire to suppress
and obliterate the existing currency, for which we can
find a motive only if the KOLVOV were independent of
Egyptian control.
The Apollo-Lyre series (M. i. 270-82) contains speci-
mens restruck on the Ammon-Palm tree series (M.
i. 251-69) and must therefore be the later of the two. 190
With some hesitation I would put both of these issues
before the KOLVOV coins. The Apollo-Lyre series is no
doubt later than the other; but to judge by style, it is
not much later, in fact, it presumably follows it
directly. Now both these series contain coins of very
poor work, but they also contain coins of very neat
work, and that not in one issue of the series but
throughout. Take, for example, the Apollo-Lyre series.
Here we have neat and careless style in the group
without symbol or monogram (M. i. 270), in that with
the crab (M. i. 280), with the star (M. i. 272) and in
the group with letters (M. i. 274-8). The same holds
good (though there is less variation) in the Ammon-
Palm tree series. This tends to show that the degenera-
tion is not due to lapse of time so much as to copying
by inferior workmen. If it were true that there was a
correspondence between the monograms of the Apollo-
Lyre series and of the Ptolemaic coins struck as Miiller
suggests after 305 B.C., 191 the date of the former would
190 M. i. 281.
i, p. 76.
278 E. S. G. ROBIXSOX.
have to be altered. The monograms said to coincide are
ll, fl, and rT. Now ll certainly occurs on the Apollo-
Lyre series (M. i. 275), but on the Ptolemaic coin he
cites (M. i. 275) the monogram is Fl I , as on the
earlier autonomous silver (M. i. 173); fl is not suf-
ficiently distinctive ; and for W on the Apollo- Lyre
series (31. i. 278) Sestini is our only authority.
Two minor points may here be noticed. The view
of Muller that the crab may be regarded as a local
mark (almost alone among the symbols of Gyrene),
and as referring to Apollonia, the port of Gyrene, has
been accepted above. The following seems to offer
some confirmation of the view.
Rev. Lyre ; K Y ; below the K. crab.
A
114 a. Obv. Head of Apollo r.
Lyre ; K Y ; bel
A
B. M. JE. 0-7. Wt 70grs. (= M. i. 280).
K Y
The ordinary inscription on these coins is p ^
Here a crab is substituted for the P. It seems in-
credible that the A would be left hanging in air, and
it should therefore admit of an independent interpre-
tation as some kind of mint mark, the initial either of
a magistrate's name or of Apollonia.
In the Ammon-Palm tree series there is a group
with letters from A to M (lacking A). 192 These Muller
rightly refuses to regard as numerals in the strict
sense 193 of the term, preferring to interpret them as
mint-marks. In view, however, of the use made of
the alphabet for reckoning on contemporary coins of
191 The Hunter coin with Y (Macdonald iii, Gyrene No. 52)
presumably belongs to the same series.
i, p. 76.
QUAESTIONES CYRENAICAE.
279
Egypt and Phoenicia u ' 4 it seems most likely that they
indicate the issues of successive years.
With these two groups, Ammon-Palm tree and
Apollo-Lyre. I would put, for style's sake, two or three
other coins. one with Obv. Head of Apollo to 1. ;
Rev. Lyre, different in treatment (M. i. 271). and the
following pieces :
115. Obv. Head of Libya r.. filleted, the hair hanging in
long curls below.
R ev . Gazelle r. ; above. KY.
B. M. .. 0-6. Wt. 454 grs. (M. i. 242, where
an ivy-leaf(?) symbol is given below the
gazelle's belly.)
116. Obv. Similar.
Rev. Silphium with three whorls and five umbels;
K Y
P A
B. M. JE. 0-7. Wt. 73-5 grs. (restruck on Ptole-
maic J2. with reverse, eagle r. with open
wings) ; (M. L 238).
117. Obv. Head of Athena in crested Corinthian helmet r. ;
dotted border.
litv. Similar ; inscription obscure.
Maj. J. S. Cameron. M. 0-6 (badly double-struck).
118. Obv. Head of Apollo r., laureate.
Rev. Bow, quiver, club (or arrow?) and fulmen ; to
1., KYPANASC.
Paris. JE. 65 (restruck on Ptolemaic ^E, with
reverse, eagle with open wings) = M. i. 285.
The head on No. 118 has certain Soteresque traits,
and almost suggests a portrait, but this is not against
the coin being assigned to the time of Magas' inde-
pendence of Ptolemy II. Magas was the step-son of
Soter.
194 Hist. Xum*, pp. 850 and 797.
280 E. S. G. ROBINSON.
One group of bronze coins still remains to be consi-
dered (M. i. 283, 339, 341).
119. Olv. Head of Apollo r., laureate.
Rev. Free horse r. ; above, star and changing letter;
beneath, changing symbol.
(1) KY and crab. B. M. M. 0-65. (2) Be and
cornucopiae. B. M. JE. 0-7 (restruck).
(3) E and branch laden with fruit. B. M.
M. 0-7.
These coins are more degraded in style than the
Apollo-Lyre group above, and the example of (2) is
overstruck upon a coin of the Ammon-Palm tree series.
A later date than either of these is therefore indicated.
Instead of KY we find on (2) a monogram, and on (3)
the letter E ; and when E is associated with the branch
which we have met with before, we cannot resist con-
cluding with Muller 193 that we have here the symbol
and initial of Euesperides. The monogram fr 196 he takes
as representing the little- known town Balagrae, on the
analogy of another coin (of the Ammon-Palm tree
series), M. i. 342, which bears the same monogram, and
which he takes to be an " alliance " coin of Balagrae
and Darnis. Here, it may be noticed, we have in
No. 119(1) an example of the crab symbol used with
local significance. But the objection may be raised in
connexion with No. 119(3) that the name of the
westernmost state of the Pentapolis after 240 B. c. was
not Euesperides but Berenice. This is a real difficulty
the solution of which may suggest a date for the group.
195 M., No. 339.
96 On some specimens it looks more like K and it is never very
clear. See, however, M. i, p. 96. If it be K the town Caenopolis
mentioned by Ptolemy, is available.
QUAESTIONES CYRENAICAE. 281
After the Apollo-Lyre group, that is after 250, if
the dating above is correct, or at least after 220, there
are no autonomous coins of the Cyrenaica save these
until the period of the Eoman suzerainty. In their
place we have a regular series of coins with Ptolemaic
types and inscriptions. The revival of the autonomous
coinage points therefore to a time of revolt and inde-
pendence, and it is at just -such a time that the name
Berenice with its Ptolemaic associations might be
rejected in favour of the older name Euesperides.
Such a revolt took place under Ptolemy Physcon 197
(c. 136 B.C.), and to that epoch I would assign the
group.
FIFTH PERIOD.
In 96 B. c. Ptolemy Apion, the last ruler of Gyrene,
died, and bequeathed his kingdom to Eome. For
twenty years the Eomans did not reduce the district
to a province, but contented themselves with taking
up the crown lands and laying a tax on silphium
(a royal prerogative?), leaving the inhabitants their
autonomy. To this period Miiller assigns with justice
the coins with head of Eoma (sometimes inscribed
PflMH) on the obverse, and a bee on the reverse
(M. i. 100, 286, and Suppl. 286 A), and here too I would
place the following coin.
120. Olv. Head of bearded Ammon r.
K Y
Rev. Bow case to 1. ; p ^ ; to r.
B. M. M. 0-75. Wt. 47-9'grs.
197 Bouche-Leclerq, Histoire des Lagides, ii. 36, 37.
NUMISM. CHBON., VOL. XV, SERIES IV. U
282 E. S. G. ROBINSON.
A late date for this coin seems to be justified by
several reasons. The head, though in a sense neat,
is different in style from that on the other autono-
mous bronze coins, e.g. the Ammon-Palm tree series,
and recalls rather that on the Roman denarii of Cor-
nuficius or Scarpus, struck in Africa in the second half
of the first century. 198 Thus, the horn is curled well
up under the ear as on these denarii, and on the
copper of the quaestor Pupius Eufus struck in the
Oyrenaica (M. i. 424), instead of turning downwards in
crescent shape as on all the Ammon heads of the third
century. The fabric inclines to the Egyptian form
with bevelled edge, which does not appear on any
Cyreiiaean coins (with the curious exception of the
KOINON group) earlier than those struck by the Eoman
governors in the first century B.C. The brief period of
autonomy under Eoman suzerainty (96-75 B.C.) would
provide a satisfactory occasion for the issue.
To the coins struck by Eoman governors after the
organization of the Cyrenaica as a province in 74
Svoronos, following a suggestion of Waddington, 199 has
added the set of coins bearing the name of Crassus
either in Greek or Latin (Svor., op. cit. 1901-1904).
Though we do not know definitely of Crassus governing
the province, yet, as Waddington pointed out, the style
and fabric, as well as the mixture of Greek and Latin,
instantly suggest the Cyrenaica; and further it may
be noted that on one the inscription flTOAEMAI(EnN)
is written in two vertical columns on either side of the
head, a characteristically Cyrenaic way.
1% B. M. C. : Rom. Republic, vol. ii, pp. 577, 578, and 583.
199 For a discussion of the Crassus coins see Svoronos, op. cit.
vir', and Waddington in Feuardent's Cat. de la Coll. Demetrio, ii,
pp. 3 and 8.
QUAESTIONES CYEENAICAE. 283
If the following coin may also be attributed to
Crassus, his connexion with the Cyrenaica is definitely
established, and with it the mint district of the other
coins bearing his name.
121. Obv. Head of Libya r. ; K P.
Rev. Silphium with two whorls and five umbels :
K Y.
B. M. JE. 0-6. Wt.41-8grs. Another (Hunter). 200
K Y
same obv. die (?) ; rev. inscription A p
M. i. 239.
This coin is again of a fabric pronouncedly Egyptian,
and is quite different from the autonomous bronze
coinage of the fourth-second centuries. The reading
of the obverse has been given by Muller (I. c.) as KYP ;
there is, however, no trace of a Y, and we should not
expect an ethnic on the obverse as well as on the
reverse. KP - - might be simply another magistrate,
but fabric and style would lead us to separate the coin
from the ordinary bronze issues and to put it where it
finds its closest analogies in these respects and also in
type and inscription. For type and fabric we may
compare the coin of similar module bearing the
head of Libya struck under Pupius Rufus and Scato,
governors of the Cyrenaica (M. i. 428 and 431). 201 The
same head appears on one of the coins bearing KPAS
(Svor., No. 1902). Even if the attribution of No. 121 to
Crassus be considered ill-grounded, the fact that the
heads of Libya and Apollo types so characteristic of
200 Macdonald, iii. Gyrene, No. 29.
201 Muller (I.e.) calls the head in both cases Apollo. But, as
he recognized later (Suppl., p. 13), the relief found by Smith and
Porcher at Gyrene (B. M. C.: Sculpture, i. 790) shows us that Libya
was conventionally represented by this peculiarly formed coiffure
of straight curls.
u2
284: E. S. G. ROBINSON.
the Cyrenaica occur on the group bearing the name
of Crassus 202 confirms the attribution of the group to
that district. If it be accepted, the question arises
whether some of the examples which do not read
FITOAEMAI may not have been struck at Gyrene
rather than at Ptolemais.
The latest coins attributable with any certainty to
the Cyrenaica were missed by Muller, though Cavedoni
had published them in 185 1. 203 They have since been
in part republished by Mowat. 204
122. Obv. Head of Drusus (son of Tiberius) r. laureate ;
behind, lituus ; in front, simpulum ; a round,
APOYSO5 KAISAPAYFOYSTOYYIOS
O ; dotted border.
Rev. Bare heads of his twin sons Tiberius and
Germanicus Caesar, face to face ; above, TIB
PEP; beneath, KAI5APES
M. 1-1. Wt. 241-2 grs. B. M. Two specimens.
[See Hunter Cat., iii, pp. 738 f., for other
specimens.]
123. Obv. Similar, without lituus or simpulum APOY
Rev. Similar.
M. 0-95. Wt. 168-2 grs. B. M.
124. Obv. Camel r. with halter ; above A (?) ; all in olive
wreath.
Rev. Similar.
M. 0.9. Wt. 70 grs. B. M. (from the Collection
of the late Count de Salis) = Mionnet Suppl.
t. ix, p. 247.
Mionnet, in publishing No. 124, mentions a cornu-
copiae on the obverse behind the camel, but not the A
above. He had not seen the original himself, and it
202 Svor., Nos. 1902, 1904.
2(n Annali delV Institute, 1851, p. 231.
201 Ecv. Num., 1911, p. 350 seqq.
QUAESTIONES CYKENAICAE. 285
may be suspected that the coin he describes is the one
actually under discussion. There is behind the camel
a long thick stroke which might have been taken for a
cornucopiae, but which seems to be almost certainly
the result of a break in the die. It is possible that the
A above the camel's back, which is not certain, may
be due to a similar cause. The obverse type of No. 124,
no less than the rough style and "Egyptian" fabric,
with bevelled edge, all point to North Africa as the
place of origin. And, if the A on No. 124 be accepted,
it makes its attribution to the Cyrenaica certain.
On the coins of the quaestor pro praetore A. Pupius
Kufus (M. i. 422-8) we get the same letter in both
Greek and Latin script, and there is little doubt that
it should be taken as the initial of Libya. 205 Even
without the support of this letter the camel points
surely to the Cyrenaica, where it has already appeared
as a type on the coins of Lollius (M. i. 391-4). In
imperial times the Greek language does not seem to be
employed on coins of North Africa except at Leptis
Minor and under Juba II of Mauretania. If any
language except Latin appears, we may expect the
coins to have been struck in a place where that
language was at home ; thus in the towns west of the
Pentapolis (except Leptis) it is Punic which appears
with Latin. And Cyrenaica is the only district of North
Africa where the Greek language was naturalized. 206
Tiberius and Germanicus Caesar, sons of Drusus and
5 M. i, p. 164.
206 That the later Koman issues of the Cyrenaic mint bear Latin
inscriptions need not disturb the argument; cp. the hesitation
1 between the two languages at Caesarea in Cappadocia under
Claudius-Nero-Vespasian (B. M. .: Galatia, &c., pp. 46, 47).
286 E. S. G. ROBINSON.
grandsons of Tiberius, appear also on the first brass
of the regular Roman series, their heads in two cornua-
copiae with a caduceus between them. 207 They were
born after October 10, A. r>. 19, and Grermanicus (the
knowledge even of whose name we owe to these pieces
and to a Cypriote inscription) died toward the end of
23, so it is possible to narrow down the date of the
coins to the four years 19-23. As already stated, they
are the last coins which can with any certainty be
given to the Cyrenaica. Later attributions are dis-
cussed and dismissed by Muller (i, pp. 171-4).
PTOLEMAIC ISSUES AT GYRENE.
A note may be added on the coins struck at Gyrene
in the names of the Ptolemies. During the reign
of Ptolemy Soter, as has been long recognized, there
are, outside of the unmistakable KYPANAION flTO-
AEMAin group (Svor., Nos. 61-4), certain monograms
common to the Ptolemaic and to the autonomous
coinage of Gyrene; for example IK**, IP, KE. (Svor.,
Nos. 65-72, PL iii. 6-12, M. ; Nos. 102, 147, 151, 152,
PL iv. 3, 4, v. 1, 2, 4. A/".) The copper Svoronos assigns
to the years immediately succeeding Magas' re-occupa-
tion, 308-304 ; but, as has been suggested above, the
corresponding Cyrenaean silver with these monograms,
as well as the corresponding Ptolemaic gold, seems
certainly later than 300. It is also possible that the
group of copper and silver drachms with the name of
Alexander (Svor., Nos. 49-58, PL ii. 27-34) were issued
from the mint of Gyrene. The similarity in style
between the heads, especially on Svor., Nos. 51 and 57
207 Rev. Num., 1911, pp. 347-9, PI. viii. 10 (on p. 349 the date of
the death of Germanicus is given as 28 instead ot 23).
QUAESTIONES CYKENAICAE. 287
(PL ii. 29 and 30), and on some of the Cyrenaean
didrachms of Bhodian weight, seems too close to be
accidental. On Svor., No. 53, the letter P (which
occurs also on the definitely Cyrenaic coin, Svor., No. 71,
though this is not conclusive) is sometimes written in
characteristic fashion as T ; Svor., Nos. 55 and 56 show
symbols, a thing exceptional in the regular Ptolemaic
series, and both of the symbols in question a bunch
of grapes and star occur at Gyrene. 208
Svoronos has shown that the Ptolemaic gold staters
with the elephant-quadriga type form, with theRhodian
tetradrachms with Pallas Promachos reverse, a more or
less homogeneous group of " satrapal" issues to be dated
305-285. 200 Some of these gold staters (Svor., No. 101
with the apple branch, 210 Svor., Nos. 102, 147, 151, and
152), avowedly belong to the Cyrenaica, and the re-
attribution of the group of copper (Svor., Nos. 65-72)
to the same district raises the further question whether
a larger portion of the satrapal issue, which possesses
at least two monograms ( $ and ft ) in common with
it, should not be assigned there also. If so, it would
supply an explanation of that scarcity of autonomous
Cyrenaean silver coinage in the early years of the
century which we have already seen reason to suspect. 211
Besides these, Svoronos assigns to the Cyrenaica
)8 The bunch of grapes on a copper coin (No. Ill, above) which
for quite other reasons I have given to the Ptolemaic era ; the star
often (cp. Nos. 93 seqq., above).
09 Svor., Nos. 101-52.
210 Not the silphium as Svoronos says. Cp. the symbol on the
Cyrenaic didrachm inscribed BA3I (M. i. 364), and the late
M., No. 119 (3) above. Mr. Newell tells me that a find has recently
been made containing coins of this type mixed with silver Rhodiari
didrachms of Gyrene with the two stars symbol (M. i. 153).
211 See above, pp. 254, 260.
288 E. S. G. ROBINSON.
during this period (304-285) other Ptolemaic gold,
silver, and copper issues (Svor., Nos. 304-37). The first
is a gold coin which by its weight (44 grs.) falls into
line with the contemporary autonomous gold tetrobols
mentioned above (p. 265) ; the symbol and letter (crab
and I) suggest that we have here to do with one of the
magistrates who appear (also with a crab) on the later
autonomous silver as ^ or I (M. i. 162 and 165). The
rest are silver didrachms of Phoenician weight with
the inscriptions BASIAEHS HTOAEMAIOY and
BASIAISSHS BEPENIKHS 212 (all of the latter and
certain of the former bearing the monogram M" in some
shape or other), and copper inscribed BA3IAEHS
FITOAEMAIOY, variously abbreviated, with the same
monogram.
The monogram has been explained plausibly enough
as that of Magas and the head accompanying the inscrip-
tion BA5IAIS5HS BEPENIKHS has been generally
recognized as that of Berenice II. But here we have
a serious difficulty. Berenice II was the daughter of
Magas. Why should he the ruler of Gyrene who
issued no coins in his own name 213 strike in the name
of his daughter, and then add his own monogram?
There are only two solutions of this impossible situa-
tion : either the portrait is not that of Berenice II or
the monogram is not that of Magas. Svoronos (I. c.)
adopts the first explanation. But the style is quite
late, with a rather poor portrait of Soter and very
212 It is perhaps worth noting here that the symbol given by
Poole (B. M. C.: Ptolem., p. 60, No. 12) and Svor., No. 319, as
a silphium plant is really a bow case, while that on B. M. C. :
Ptolem., p. 39, No. 25, and Svor., No. 322, as J is probably the
i'amiliar apple branch of Euesperides-Berenice.
218 See below, p. 290.
QUAESTIONES CYKNEAICAE. 289
weak ( weedy ' letters, and the female portrait is quite
unlike that on the other coins with the portrait of
Berenice I, while it resembles that on the accepted
coins of Berenice II. 214
Apart from these difficulties, however, there is the
fatal objection to the earlier date proposed by Svoronos,
that examples of the copper (Svor., Nos. 324-37) are
very frequently overstruck on coins of the KOINON
class (M. i. 104 sqq.) discussed above. Of the group
Obv. Head of Soter, Rev. Thunderbolt BASIAEftS
F1TOAEMAIOY M" (Svor., No. 324) the British Museum
contains seven specimens ; at least three of these are
thus overstruck two upon the variety with the mono-
gram 101 which shows plainly through, and one of
them so inefficiently that at first sight the piece seems
to be an ordinary KOINON coin. Of six specimens
with the eagle as reverse type (Svor., Nos. 327-32) at
least three are restruck, one certainly on a KOINON
coin. Similar specimens of Svor., No. 335 with Pegasus
reverse, and Svor., No. 337 with prow reverse, are
restruck on coins of Gyrene, the silphium plainly
showing through, and probably also on KOINON types.
This group of coins, then, must be later than the
KOINON coins, i.e. later than c. 250 B.C., and the
portrait is therefore that of Berenice II.
Mtiller reached the same conclusion without availing
himself of the evidence of the restruck pieces. 215 As
to the monogram, he points out (I.e.) (1) that Magas
is not the only possible resolution ; (2) that Magas is
by no means a rare name, occurring also on the coins
214 For Berenice I cp. the AAEA<J>flN 0EI1N coins, Svor.,
PI. xiv. 15seqq. For Berenice II, ibid., PI. xxix. 1-11.
215 i. pp. 145 seqq.
290 E. S. G. ROBINSON.
of Athens and Smyrna, to which it may be added that
the position of Magas himself would be likely to give
the name popularity; and (3) that, if the monogram
must be referred to a royal person, there is the grand-
son of Magas, son of Berenice II and Ptolemy III,
about whom we know nothing except that he was very
popular with the army, and that like his mother he was
put to death shortly after the accession of his brother
on suspicion of plotting for the throne.
On the strength of the first or second of these
considerations the Berenice coins have been placed
between the death of Demetrius the Handsome and
the accession of Ptolemy III, 210 when it has been sup-
posed that the latter reigned as consort of his future
wife. 217 This, however, seems impossible, for the
portrait is that of a mature woman, and Berenice
certainly was not such at the time, while the Berenice
coins, in view of the common monogram M~, cannot
be separated from those reading BA3IAEI13 flTOAE-
MAIOY, some of which, as we have seen, must be later
than 250.
The third explanation, that we have here to deal
with the younger Magas, and that these very coins
imply a condition of affairs which would account for
his murder, has been suggested by Miiller 218 and
adopted by Six 219 , who assigns to the same date the
well-known bronze coins with the supposed reading
BASIAEHS MAfA. 220 But there is no ground for
16 Pauly-Wissowa, s.v. Berenike II.
217 Mahaffy, Empire of the Ptolemies, p. 491, notes to pp. 188
and 196.
218 Vol. i, p. 147.
219 Num. Chron., 1897, p. 223
220 Svor., Nos. 860-61.
QUAESTIONES CYRENAICAE. 291
regarding this inscription as genuine. Svoronos puts
it down to an alteration of the inscription BA3IAE&3
FITO AEM A IO Y either on the dies or on the actual coins.
As Eegling 221 has remarked, the truth lies with the
second explanation, with the addition that the alteration
has been made in recent years. This is confirmed by
a careful examination of the different specimens.
Apart from the manner of the inscription, there are
certain points which show it to be a forgery. It only
appears on one class of Ptolemaic coins, that with the
head of the king of Egypt on one side and the head of
Libya on the other. But these coins extend over a
considerable period of time, and the engraver has not
always been careful to choose coins sufficiently early to
convince ; compare, for example, the style of the Hunter
coin with that of the two in the British Museum
(Svor. 861 and 860, PL xxxiv. 16 and xxxiv. 14, 15).
The head on Svor., PL xxxiv. 15 ( = B.M.C. : Ptolemies,
p. 38, No. 12) is certainly not that of Soter, as Poole
had already recognized. A comparison with the coins of
Ptolemy III, figured on PL xxx (Nos. 1-8) of Svoronos'
work, suggests strongly that it represents that monarch.
The shape of the head, throat, and chin, and the arrange-
ment of the hair and the diadem, are very similar.
"With the disavowal of the BA5IAEHS MAfA coins,
and the dating here suggested for those with the mono-
gram FT, all trace of the name of Magas on the coinage
of Gyrene vanishes.
Coins with these types the head (except in one
instance) of Soter and that of Libya form the staple
regal copper currency of the Cyrenaica. We find the
221 Apucl Svor., Urtetle, Bd. iv, p. 475.
292 E. S. G. ROBINSON.
KOINON coins often struck over them. Therefore they
must have first appeared before 250. The series is
only interrupted by the coins with the monogram K
and by a piece with the types Obv. Ram r., Rev. Eagle
L, BASIAEHS HTOAEMAIOY in field 1. star (M.i. 377
= Svor. 1243), or thunderbolt (Svor. 1244). For the
latter, Svoroiios, who gives them to Ptolemy V, will
not allow the Cyrenaic origin which is generally
recognized. But, though fabric and style do not help
us here, surely the type implies a Cyrenaic origin.
The ram meets us on the copper coins of Barce (Nos. 80,
81, above) and on the copper issued during the govern-
ment of Pupius Eufus and Scato in the first century
(M. i. 423 and 430).
Can the monogram M; be accepted as that of the
younger Magas ? Mtiller has with some reason main-
tained that the BA5IAI55HS BEPENIKHS coins are
to be assigned definitely to Berenice-Euesperides on
the strength of the wreath of apple-branch, the club
type with its reference to Heracles, and the particular
connexion between the princess and the city, to which
she may have stood in the same relation as Arsinoe,
wife of Lysimachus, did to Cassandrea, Tium and
Amastris; 222 and further, that her son Magas was
governor for her until his death, the result perhaps,
as Six suggests, of his intrigues with the army favoured
by his exceptional position. 223 But the extensive series
of silver and copper coins, whether bearing the name
of Ptolemy or that of Berenice, seems to imply a longer
period of time than could be possible if they were due
to Magas, who was murdered when little more than a
222 Miiller, i, p. 416.
223 Num. Chron., 1897, p. 224.
QUAESTIONES CYKENAICAE. 293
boy. The frequent restriking of the copper over
KOINON coins suggests that the one set followed close
upon the other, and that its object was to replace a
rebellious issue by a regal. Further, this special series
with various, sometimes local, types and a local de-
nomination, 224 stands isolated in the numismatics of
Ptolemaic Cyrenaica and points to special circumstances.
The most obvious occasion for it would be the recon-
quest and reorganization of the district after the KOLVOV
from the beginning of the reign of Ptolemy III and
Berenice II onwards. The policy of reconciliation
suggested by the rebuilding of Berenice would thus
be shown again in this issue of definitely regal yet
definitely Cyrenaic money.
E. S. Gr. ROBINSON.
224 The silver coins are carelessly struck, often base, didrachnis
of the local Rhodian standard, the weight of which fluctuates from
95-115 grains, most being about 107 grains. To judge by style,
the tetradrachm of the same types, symbol silphium, in the Dattari
collection, Svor. Suppl., PI. i. 38, belongs here also.
XI
SOME CYPRIOTE "ALEXANDERS".
(SEE PLATES XII-XV.)
THE arrival of Alexander the Great with his army
in the lands bordering on the Eastern Mediterranean,
and the subsequent downfall of the Persian Empire,
brought about great political and economic changes
throughout this portion of the ancient world. These
changes, naturally, are reflected in its coinages. Up
till this time the currency in these districts had con-
sisted, in the first place, of the gold darics and silver
sigloi of the Persian kings ; in the second place, of the
local silver issues of important commercial centres of
the Cilician and Phoenician coasts, supplemented at
times, for military purposes, by special issues of coin
in the name and by the order of Persian satraps and
generals. In addition to these various issues Athenian
tetradrachms played an important part in the com-
mercial transactions between East and West, and,
in consequence, were everywhere current. This rather
heterogeneous coinage came to an end with the in-
corporation of the lands in question into Alexander's
Empire. Nevertheless, the majority of the old mints
still continued in active operation as before. It was,
however, no longer a local coinage that they issued,
but one that conformed in types, weights, and denomina-
tions, to the money struck in the central mints of the
new Empire. This uniform coinage consisted of the
SOME CYPRIOTE "ALEXANDERS". 295
gold stater of an average weight of 8-60 grammes,
obverse : Head of Athene in crested Corinthian helmet
adorned with snake or griffin ; reverse : Winged Nike
standing or advancing to the left holding wreath in
outstretched right, and standard in left ; the silver
tetradrachm and drachm of Attic weight, obverse:
Head of youthful Herakles to right ; reverse : Zeus
aetophor enthroned to left ; lastly bronze coins,
obverse : Head of Herakles as on the silver ; reverse :
Bow in case and club. All the above were inscribed
AAEZANAPoY. At times multiples and divisions of
these principal denominations were struck, such as the
double and the half stater, the dekadrachm and the
didrachm, the triobol, diobol, obol, and hemiobol.
For the eastern portion of the Empire these odd pieces
generally have the same types as the principal de-
nominations. Such was the first truly national coinage
of the Greeks, destined to take the place, as a world
currency, of the Persian darics and Athenian tetra-
drachms. The new coinage was soon being struck in
various mints of Hellas, Macedonia, Thrace, Asia Minor,
Phoenicia, Babylonia, and Egypt.
To the above-mentioned districts, whence Alexander's
coinage was issued, must now be added Cyprus.
G. F. Hill, in his catalogue of the Cypriote coins in
the British Museum, publishes an Alexander tetra-
drachm 1 of the Paphos mint, and several bronze
pieces 2 of the same ruler from the Salamis mint.
Their attribution is certain, as the silver coin bears
as mint mark a flying dove and some letters of the
1 G. F. Hill, Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the British Musenm,
[Cyprus, p. 45, Nos. 50-1, PI. viii. 12, 13.
2 Hill, loc. cit., p. 65, Nos. 86-9, PI. xii. 20-3.
296 E. T. NEWELL.
Cypriote alphabet; the bronzes the mint mark A. 3
Considering the wealth and unusual importance Cyprus
enjoyed at this very time, it would indeed be sur-
prising if these few pieces were all that were struck
here in the name of Alexander. Compared to the
prolific issues of the near-by mainland they make but
a poor showing.
From the earliest times Cyprus had played an
important part in the history of the Eastern Mediter-
ranean. On account of its harbours and geographical
position, its wealth in minerals and forests, it was
invaluable to whosoever would dominate these waters.
Egyptian and Persian held it, later Lagid and Anti-
gonid struggled for it, knowing well that with it went
the naval supremacy of the Eastern Mediterranean.
From the dawn of history Cyprus seems to have
always been divided into many little kingdoms or
city-states, each jealous and suspicious of its neigh-
bours. Foreign domination was the easy result of the
almost continuous bickerings and petty wars which
tore the island for many centuries. The Persians, in
pursuance of their usual policy, allowed the petty
kings more or less local privileges and power which
only tended to keep their mutual enmities and
jealousies aflame, and so prevented any combination
against the Persian rule. In spite of this continual
unrest, the intermittent wars and occasional revolts,
the natural resources of the island were so great, its
geographical position commercially so important, that
many of its cities nourished exceedingly, and became
3 The known provenance of these bronze coins confirms the
attribution.
SOME CYPRIOTE " ALEXANDERS ". 297
wealthy and powerful. Among these, at the time we
are speaking of, were Salamis, Kition, and Paphos.
The right of coinage had been enjoyed by the
Cypriote kings ever since the sixth century B.C., and
seems seldom to have been curtailed by the Persians.
Latterly even gold coins had been struck in con-
siderable quantities. Thus, down to circa 333 B.C., we
have prolific series of coins in gold, silver, and bronze
to attest the wealth and commercial activity of the
island. Then, all at once, the coinage practically
ceases. Of Salamis we have only a few insignificant
bronze coins of Alexandrine types, and a remarkably
scant issue of local coins 4 to cover the important
period from 333 to 306 B.C., the year in which Demetrios
Poliorketes secured Cyprus ; of Kition we have only
half-staters of the local king Pumiathon, and these
only dated from 323/2 to 316/5 5 certainly a most in-
adequate coinage for two such cities as Salamis and
Kition in a particularly flourishing period of their
histories. Just before the arrival of Alexander in the
East the following kings and cities were coining in
Cyprus : Pumiathon of Kition, Stasioikos (?) of Marion,
the dynast of Paphos, Pnytagoras of Salamis, and
Pasikrates of Soli. On the other hand, as stated above,
after Alexander's arrival we have of Nikokreon of
Salamis only a few rare coins ; of Pumiathon of Kition
no coins at all between 332 and 323 B.C., then a few
dated half-staters until his death. Of Paphos we have,
in addition to the Alexander tetradrachm already
published by Hill, a tenth of a stater in gold, two
4 Babelon, Traite des mommies grecques, 2me Partie, vol. ii,
Nos. 1188-90,
5 Hill, loc. cit., xl-xli.
NUMISM. CIIKON., VOL. XV, SERIES IV. X
298 E. T. NEWELL.
silver coins, and a few rare bronzes given by Babelon
to Timarchos (circa 332 B.C.), and also the unique
tetradrachm 7 struck by Nikokles just before his down-
fall ; of Marion we have a number of types, 8 but the
coins themselves seem to be very rare ; of Soli we
have only a silver diobol and three rare fractions of
the gold stater. Thus is presented to us the strange
anomaly that during the troublous Persian times when
the island was torn by local dissensions and revolts,
when the high seas were infested by pirates, when
there was a tacit, at times even an actual state of war
existing between the Greek and the Persian worlds
all of which must have been of considerable detriment
to home and foreign trade the commercial centres
of Cyprus were striking coins in plenty. "When, how-
ever, with the fall of the Persian Empire, peace had
been restored throughout the Eastern Mediterranean,
the markets and products of Phoenicia, Inner Asia,
and Egypt thrown open to the Greeks, and a remark-
able commercial opportunity thus presented to the
merchants and ships of Cyprus, not only to take a
prominent part in the carrying trade between East
and West, but also to export their own island's con-
siderable wealth in minerals, natural products, and
manufactures, the coinage seems practically to cease !
Things were very different on the mainland near by.
Here every city which had thrown open its gates
without a struggle to Alexander was accorded local
autonomy, and, where a mint had previously existed,
6 Babelon, loc. cit., Nos, 1317-24.
7 Hill, loc. cit., PL xxii. 10.
8 Babelon, loc. cit., Nos. 1333-47.
9 Babelon, loc. cit., Nos. 1349-53.
SOME CYPRIOTE "ALEXANDERS". 299
was allowed to continue coining; with the proviso,
however, that the issues should henceforth conform in
types, weights, and denominations with the regular
coinage of the Empire. As a result, such cities as
Arados, Byblos, Sidon, and Ake coined as they never
had before, even in their most prosperous days. Can
it therefore be that Cyprus, equally submissive and
equally favourably situated, fell so far behind in an
outward sign of the prosperity which it now too
enjoyed ? Furthermore, when the news of the battle
of Issos and the submission of the Phoenician cities
reached them, the Cypriote kings found themselves
threatened with isolation, and hastened 10 to renounce
the Persian domination, tendering their submission,
together with their fine fleets, to Alexander. The
latter soon had occasion to make great use of these
ships in the investment and siege of Tyre. It would
therefore be strange if, in return for their submission
and the invaluable services of their fleets, Alexander
should have deprived the kings of Cyprus of their
immemorial right of coinage, or even have curtailed
it in any vital way. Much more likely that he followed
a policy already adopted towards the friendly city-
states of Phoenicia, and that he allowed these kings
to continue coining, but with Alexandrine types and
weights. Seeing, then, that Cypriote coins of autono-
mous types and weights almost disappear after circa
332 to 331 B.C., we have every reason to expect a large
coinage of " Alexanders " in their place. The problem
is now presented to us of picking these from out of the
great mass of gold, silver, and copper coins bearing
10 Arrian, ii. 20.
x 2
300 E. T. NEWELL.
the name and types of Alexander the Great which
have come down to us from ancient times.
Among the thousands of Alexander tetradrachms
contained in the great hoard discovered near Demanhur
in Egypt not many years ago, the majority were
ostensibly from Cilician, Phoenician, Babylonian, and
Egyptian mints. Of the 2,645 specimens which passed
through the present writer's hands, as many as 1,644
were attributable to Eastern mints. Acknowledging
the great probability of Alexander coins having been
struck in Cyprus it would indeed be strange if this
Egyptian hoard had not contained at least a few speci-
mens. In a monograph n on this hoard I described
two uncertain series which were given to " Mints
under Cilician Influence ". The first series (var. 122)
contained eighty-one coins with the monogram "]< in
the field ; the second series (vars. 123 and 124) con-
tained seventy-one coins with the symbol Bow in the
field. The die -cutters of these two series seem at first to
have been under Cilician influence, while the peculiarly
Phoenician custom was followed of using fixed or
adjusted dies. My description of these types ends
with the statement that " . . . . style and manufacture
together place them (the two series in question) in
some district not far from the north-east corner of the
Mediterranean Sea ". It now seems possible to assign
these two series to Kition and Salamis respectively.
11 American Journal of Numismatics, 1912, E. T. Newell: "Re-
attribution of Certain Coins of Alexander the Great ".
SOME CYPRIOTE " ALEXANDERS". 301
KITION.
SERIES I. Circa 332 to 320 B.C.
GROUP A.
1. STATER.
Obv. Head of Athene in crested Corinthian helmet
adorned with serpent. She wears necklace, and
her hair hangs in formal curls.
Rev. AAE3EANAPOY on right. Winged Nike stand-
ing, stretches out right hand (no wreath !) and
holds naval standard in left. To left, "T< ; to
right, CLUB.
London ; Paris [PL XII. l] ; Berlin (two specimens,
same obverse die, but one reverse has the Club
and monogram loth on the right).
2. STATER.
Obv. Similar.
Rev. Similar, but Nike holds wreath in right. Mono-
gram ~|< in field, but no symbol.
Vienna; London; E. T. N. 12 [PI. XII. 2] ; Paris; Turin.
3. TETRADRACHM.
Obv. Head of youthful Herakles right with lion's skin
covering, circle of dots.
Reo.To right, BASIAEflS. Beneath, AAEIANAPO
(sic /). Zeus aetophor seated left. Legs parallel
and draped, no exergual line. In field, K.
E. T. N. (same obverse die as PI. XII. 3).
4. TETRADRACHM.
Obv. Similar.
Rev. To right, BASIAEHS, Beneath, AAE3EANAPO.
Similar, but monogram "]< in field.
London ; Berlin (two) ; Vienna ; Storrs ; Dessewfy ;
E. T. N. [PI. XII. 3, 4.] (Of this variety
there are known twenty obverse, and thirty-
one reverse dies. Of BA^IAEfl^ A is some-
times A ; of AAE3EANAPO E is sometimes
3, N is H).
12 The initials E. T. N. denote the writer's collection.
302 E. T. NEWELL.
5. TETRADRACHM.
Obv. Similar.
Rev. Similar, but inscription now reads AAE3EAN-
APoY.
E. T. N. (one obverse, three reverse dies). [PI. XII. 5.]
6. BRONZE.
Obr. Head of youthful Herakles of same style and descrip-
tion as on the silver issues.
Her. Club to right, below AAEANAPoY (sic!);
below, quiver and bow. Monogram, "]< (?).
E. T. N. [PL XII. 6.]
GROUP B.
7. STATER.
01)V. Similar to previous stater (No. 2), but of modified
style. Behind head sometimes A.
Pev. AAEIAN APOY on right. Winged Nike advanc-
ing to left, holds wreath in r., standard in 1.
T< in field.
Petrograd [PL XII. 7] ; Berlin.
8. TETRADRACHM.
Obv. Head of youthful Herakles as on tetradrachm,
No. 5.
Rei: AAEIANAPOY on right. In exergue, BASI-
AEfl^. Seated Zeus of same style and descrip-
tion as on previous tetrad rachms. "]< in field.
Berlin; E. T. N. [PL XII. 8.] (Eight obverse, and
twelve reverse dies.)
9. DRACHM.
Olv. Head of Herakles as above.
Rev. On right, AAE3EANAPOY. Below, BASIAEHS.
Seated Zeus as above. "]< in field.
London [PL XII. 9] ; Paris ; Munich.
SOME CYPKIOTE ''ALEXANDERS". 303
10. TETRADRACHM.
0& ?; ._-Head of Herakles of different style(Miiller style IV).
Rev. Similar to previous tetradrachm. ~J< in field.
E. T. N. [PI. XII. 10.] (Ten obverse', seventeen reverse
dies known.)
SERIES II. After circa 320 B. c.
11. STATER.
Obr. Head of Athene to right in crested Corinthian
helmet adorned with serpent. The goddess no\v
has flowing locks.
7^._AAE3EANAPOY on right. Winged Nike of same
style and description as on previous stater.
~1< in field.
Petrograd. 12
12. TETRADRACHM.
Obv. Head of youthful Herakles as on previous tetra-
drachm.
Ilci: On right, AAEZANAPoY. Beneath, BASI-
AEll$. Zeus aetophor seated to left. Differs
from previous tetrad rachms in style. Zeus also
has his legs crossed, and there is sometimes an
exergual line. Throne sometimes has back. "]<
in field.
London ; Vienna (two specimens) [PI. XII. 11 and 12] ;
Paris; E. T. N.; Alexandria; Hague.
The old theory that the monograms found on
Alexander's coins usually contain the initials or the
full name of the issuing mint has so often been called
into question, and disproved, that one instinctively
looks with distrust on each and every such monogram.
For once, however, the old theory holds good, and
12 There are two staters in the Hermitage (Anadol Find,
Nos. 444-7) with monogram "]< these do not belong to Kition
but to some mint north of the Aegean.
304 E. T. NEWELL.
in the monogram "]< we must see the initials of the
name KITIo*/. No. 3, bound by identical obverse die
with some examples of No. 4 [PI. XII. 3], shows that K
must be the first letter of the mint name. In a similar
manner to the contemporary Alexandrine issues of
AraSos (y^), 13 Sidon (5I), U Ake (ny), 15 and Damaskos
(AA), 1G , Kition signs its coins with the first letters of
its name but in monogram. On the earliest of the
staters (No. 1) a club accompanies the monogram as an
accessory symbol in order that there might be no
doubt as to their mint Herakles, as is well known,
being tho patron god of Kition. This first issue of
staters is identical in style with the contemporary
staters of Salamis, of which more later.
The most remarkable peculiarity of these Kitian
Alexanders is found on the tetradrachms, Nos. 3 and 4.
Instead of the customary AAEZANAPoY the inscrip-
tions clearly give the form AAEZANAPO. If this
had occurred once, or even twice, on our coins, it would
have been considered merely as an engraver's error
particularly as the inscriptions are often rather care-
lessly cut, and we see A intended for A, 3 for E, and M
for N. On the contrary, we find that the odd form
AAE3EANAPO occurs, without exception, on every
one of the thirty-one reverse dies known for these two
issues (3 and 4). It is therefore no less than certain
that it was intentionally so written. Now the usual
and theoretical form of the genitive ending OY in the
13 Miiller, Xumiswatiqite d'Altxandre le Grand, Nos. 1360-72.
Hill, " Notes on the Alexandrine Coinage of Phoenicia," Notnisma,
iv, 1909, p. 2.
34 Jbicl, Nos. 1397-411. Hill, Nomisma, iv, pp. 6-7.
* Ibid., Nos. 1426-63. Hill, Xomisma, iv, p. 10 if.
16 Ibid., Nos. 1338-46.
SOME CYPRIOTE " ALEXANDERS". 305
Cypriote dialect is fl, the contraction of OO. But as
in the Cypriote alphabet there seems to have been no
distinction made between O and II, in transcribing
AAEZANAPH from his own alphabet to the Greek
the Cypriote engraver would be just as likely to write
AAEZANAPO. The confusion between pure and im-
pure vowel sounds at about this time may also have
caused the native die-cutter to stumble. The later
issues, as well as the gold, all give the Attic spelling
with OY. The occurrence of this, for the Alexander
coinage, unique 17 form, would very much favour our
attribution of the coins in question to Cyprus.
Although the monogram "T< is not clearly visible on
the bronze coin (no. 6) on account of wear, the style of
the Herakles head is identical with that found on
some of the tetradrachms. The engraver's error
(AAEANAPOY for AAEZANAPoY) is paralleled by
the careless writing on many specimens of the larger
denomination.
In group B the inscriptions of the tetradrachms are
altered, BA$IAEfl$ now is placed in the exergue, and
AAEZANAPoY behind Zeus. Very soon, also, the style
of the obverse is changed from Muller's 18 style II to
IV ; the reverse remains the same, however. Some of
these Herakles heads are modelled on contemporary
tetradrachms struck in Egypt.
Series II is distinctly later in style than the pre-
ceding. The reverses are now also of Muller's style IV,
17 There is, in fact, one other case where the form AAEZ-
ANAPO occurs but this must be looked upon as an error of the
engraver, as the mistake is almost immediately rectified, and the
succeeding reverse dies all bear AAEZANAPOY. See also
p. 317, no. 2 a.
38 Miiller, loc. cit.
306 E. T. NEWELL.
characterized by the crossed legs of Zeus. Egyptian in-
fluence is clearly seen ; compare, for instance, PI. XIII.
12, 13, which latter was certainly struck in Egypt.
It is very tempting to connect this influence with the
Egyptian occupation of the island in 320 B. c.
It is important to note that, from the commence-
ment, these Kitian Alexanders show adjusted dies
(usually ft). A few mints in Phoenicia and Cyprus
alone seem to have followed this custom previous to
Alexander's reign. They continued following it in
their subsequent issues struck in his name.
About 323-322 B.C., probably soon after the death of
Alexander, Pumiathon recommenced the coining of his
own half staters. This did not mean the cessation of
the coins with Alexander types ; but the two series,
as they do not overlap in denominations, probably
continued appearing together until the execution of
Pumiathon in 313 B.C. It is as yet impossible to
indicate which, if any, Alexander coins follow the two
"J< series. In the absence of any which can with
certainty be further assigned to Kition it would seem
best to suppose that the mint was abolished by Ptolemy
when he suppressed Pumiathon. It was also about this
time that Salamis recommenced prolific coining, and
so probably supplied the Kitian, as well as its own
share of the island's coinage.
SALAMIS.
SERIES I. Circa 332-320 B. c.
1. STATER.
Obv. Head of Athene r. in crested Corinthian helmet
adorned with coiled serpent. Her hair hangs
in formal curls, and she wears necklace.
SOME CYPKIOTE "ALEXANDERS". 307
Rev. AAEZANAPOY on right. Winged Nike stand-
ing 1., holds wreath in outstretched right, and
naval standard in left. In front : Bow.
Berlin. [PI. XIII. 1.]
2. STATER.
Olv. Similar. Same die used.
Bev. Similar. In front : QUIVER.
Berlin [PI. XIII. 2] ; London.
3. STATER. 1U
Obv. Similar. Same die used.
Rev. Similar. In front : EAGLE.
E. T. N. [PI. XIII. 3.] (Formerly Egger Sale XLV,
Nov., 1913. No. 488.)
4. STATER.
Obv. Similar, but other dies used.
Rev. Similar. In front: HARPA.
London; Gotha ; Petrograd ; E. T. N. [PI. XIII. 4] ;
Hague.
5. STATER.
Obv. Similar.
Rev. Similar. In front: SPEAR-HEAD.
London ; Paris [PI. XIII. 5] ; Berlin ; Vienna ;
Yakountchikoff.
6. TETRADRACHM.
Obv. Head of youthful Herakles r. with lion's skin
covering ; circle of dots.
.Rev. AAEZANAPOY on right. Zeus seated left, holds
eagle in outstretched right, sceptre in left. No
footstool or exergual line. In field : Bow.
Beneath throne, B.
London ; Paris ; Berlin ; E. T. N. [PL XIII. 6] ; New
York. (Two obverse, and five reverse dies
known.)
19 This stater, with Eagle as symbol, must not be confused with
the much more common ones from another mint (Svoronos, Ta
No/xt'o^ara TU>V IlToAe/Luu'coi/, iii, PI. II. 1-3).
308 E. T. NEWELL.
7. TETRADRACHM.
Obv. Similar, but during the course of this issue the
style changes from Miiller II to III.
Rev. Similar. 20 In field: Bow. No letter beneath
throne.
London (six) ; Paris ; Berlin (five specimens) ; Milan ;
Vienna (two); E. T. N. [PI. XIII. 7, 8, 9, 10];
Yakountchikoff ; Alexandria. (Seventeen ob-
verse, and sixty-one reverse dies known.)
8. DRACHM.
Obv. Similar, also with similar changes in style.
Rev. Similar. In field : Bow.
London ; Paris ; Berlin ; E. T. N. [PI. XIII. 11.]
9. BRONZE, size I.
Obv. Head of Herakles similar to later issues of tetra-
drachm No. 5.
llev. AAEZANAPoY club r., and bow-case within
bow. Above, ^A ; below, A.
London [PI. XIII. 12] ; E. T. N. ; Paris ; Jelajian,
Cyprus.
10. BRONZE, size II.
Obv. Similar.
Rev. Similar. Above, ; below, uncertain letter.
London [PI. XIII. 13, 14] ; Petrograd.
SERIES II. Circa 320-317 B.C.
11. STATER.
Obv. Helmeted head of Athene, similar to previous
staters, but slightly modified in style.
Rev. AAEZAN APoY on right. Winged Nike standing
as before. In front : RUDDER.
Berlin ; Petrograd (four) ; Turin ; E. T. N. [PI. XIV.
2, 3] ; Egger Sale XLI, 1912, No. 379 ; London
(three) ; Paris ; Vienna. [PI. XIV. 1.]
20 On the latest dies there is a line beneath Zeus's feet to denote
foot-stool.
SOME CYPKIOTE "ALEXANDERS". 309
12. TETRADRACHM.
Obv. Head of youthful Herakles as on the latest issues
of tetradrachm No. 7.
Rer. <J>|AinriOY a ^ on r feht. Zeus aetophor as
before, but with legs crossed and feet resting on
stool. In field : KUDDER. Beneath throne, T.
Alexandria ; London ; E. T. N. [PI. XIV. 4.]
13. TETRADRACHM.
Obv. Similar to above, but latest issues are of Miiller
style IV.
Rev. Similar. In field: RUDDER. No letter beneath
throne.
Alexandria [PI. XIV. 5] ; London ; Paris ; Vienna ;
E. T. N. ; Hague.
SEKIES III. Circa 316-306 B. c.
14. STATER.
Obv. Head of Athene r. in crested Corinthian helmet
adorned with coiled serpent ; hair in formal
curls.
Rev. AAEZANAPOY. Winged Nike as before. In
front: RUDDER. Behind, MIA.
London [PI. XIV. 6] ; Berlin.
15. TETRADRACHM.
Obv. Head of youthful Herakles r., Mailer's style IV.
Rev. AAE~ ANAPOY a ^ on "S^t. Zeus > holding
eagle in r. and sceptre in 1., seated 1. on throne
with back. In front : RUDDER.
E. T. N. [PI. XIV. 7.]
16. STATER.
Obv. Head of Athene as on No. 14.
Rev. AAEZANAPOY on right. Winged Nike as on
No. 14. In front : RUDDER and fo. Behind, ^.
Berlin. [PI. XIV. 8.]
310 E. T. NEWELL.
17. TETRADRACHM.
Obv. Head of youthful Herakles as above. One variety
in high, and one variety in low relief.
Ecu. AAEZANAPoY on right. Zeus seated as on
No. 15, but henceforth his legs are always crossed.
In front: RUDDER and /^. Beneath throne, ^.
Berlin (two) [PL XIV. 9] (high relief); Vienna ; E. T. N.
18. TETRADRACHM.
Obv. Head of Herakles as on previous tetradrachm.
Rev. AAEZANAPoY on right. Seated Zeus as before.
In front : RUDDER and fo. Beneath throne, M.
Vienna. [PI. XIV. 10.]
19. TETRADRACHM.
Obv. Head of Herakles as before.
Eev. AAEZANAPOY on right. Similar to above. In
front : RUDDER and ^. Beneath throne, N<.
Vienna [PI. XIV. 11] ; Leake, Numismata Hellemca,
p. 7.
20. DRACHM.
Obv. Similar to above.
Rev. AAEZANAPoY on right. Similar to above. In
front : RUDDER and ^. Beneath throne, N<.
Athens (see Journ. int. d 'Arch, et Num., x. 1907, p. 332).
21. STATER.
Obv. Head of Athene in crested Corinthian helmet
adorned with coiled serpent. Athene's hair is in
flowing locks.
Eev. AAEZANAPOY on right. Winged Nike as on
No. 16. In front : RUDDER and HE. Behind, $fc.
Berlin ; London. [PL XIV. 12.]
22. TETRADRACHM.
Obv. Head of Herakles as above.
Eev. AAEZANAPOY on right. Seated Zeus as above.
In front : RUDDER and pj(.. Beneath throne, HE.
E. T. N. [PL XIV. 13] ; Berlin ; Copenhagen (?)
M tiller, No. 635, gives a variant of the first
monogram.
SOME CYPRIOTE "ALEXANDERS". 311
23. STATER.
Obv. Head of Athene as on No. 23. Same die used.
Rev. AAEZAN APoY on right. Winged Nike as above.
In front : RUDDER and *<jr. Behind, f~E.
London [PI. XV. 1] ; Berlin.
24 TETRAD RACHM.
Obv. Head of Herakles as above.
Eev. AAEZANAPOY on right. Seated Zeus as above.
In front : RUDDER and GE. Beneath throne, HE.
Copenhagen (Mailer, 635 a).
25. STATER.
Obv. Helmeted head of Athene as on previous staters.
Rev. AAEZAN APoY on right. Winged Nike as before.
In front : RUDDER and HE. Behind, [^f>.
Leake, loc. cit., p. 5. [PI. XV. 2.]
26. TETRADRACHM.
Obv. Head of Herakles as on previous tetrad rachms.
Jfey.AAEZANAPoY on right. Seated Zeus as before.
In front : RUDDER and |<Jf> , HE.
Berlin [PI. XV. 3]; E.T.N.
27. TETRADRACHM.
Obv. Similar to the above.
Eev. AAE3EAN APoY on right. Similar to the above.
In front: RUDDER and |^|>. Beneath throne, J^|.
Vienna; E. T. N. [PI. XV. 4.]
28. STATER.
Obv. Head of Athene r. in crested Corinthian helmet
adorned with coiled serpent. Athene's hair held
back at neck by riband.
Eev. AAEZANAPOY on right. Winged Nike as on
previous staters. In front: RUDDER and "PI.
Behind, JBJ.
E.T.N. [PI. XV. 5.]
312 E. T. NEWELL.
29. TETRADRACHM.
Olv. Head of youthful Herakles as on previous tei;ra-
drachms.
7,>a\ AAEZANAPOY on right. Seated Zeus as on
previous tetradrachms. In front : RUDDER. Be-
neath throne, ^.
E. T. N. [PI. XV. 6.]
SALAMIS.
SERIES I.
The staters of this series form a group of five
varieties, at least three of which are bound together
by identical obverse dies. That they all belong to
a single mint is furthermore evident from their close
community in style a style, moreover, which is unlike
that of any other of the Alexander issues, except the
earliest of the staters already attributed to the neigh-
bouring mint of Kition. The Nike on the reverses of
these Salaminian staters stands on a base, and holds
a naval standard, peculiar in that its crossbar is un-
usually thick, and its projections face downwards
instead of upwards. In style this group of staters
merges into the succeeding staters signed with the
rudder symbol. All these staters are struck from
adjusted dies (position f f), a practice peculiar at this
early time only to Cyprus and Phoenicia. As we
possess ample Alexandrine coinages with fixed dies
for all the principal cities of Phoenicia, Cyprus alone
remains ; while the attribution to this island is proved
by the close similarity in style to the staters which for
other reasons have been assigned to Kition.
The accompanying tetradrachms and drachms are
all signed with the bow symbol only. At first their
SOME CYPKIOTE "ALEXANDERS
313
style, like that of the Kitian Alexanders, is modelled
after contemporaneous Cilician issues, but this is soon
changed to a style which is very individual. The first,
and perhaps the most convincing, grounds on which
these coins are to be assigned to Salamis, is the striking
similarity, in both appearance and detail, between the
Herakles head of their latest issues and the Herakles
head on the bronze coins published by G. F. Hill in
the catalogue of the coins of Cyprus in the British
Museum, PI. XII, Nos. 20 to 23. These Alexander
bronzes are proved by their provenance to be from
Cyprus, and by the letters 3A to have been struck at
Salamis. Both the bronze and the silver coins are
from adjusted dies (position f f), a custom, as stated
above, peculiar at this period to Phoenician and Cypriote
coinages only. Furthermore, we must not fail to notice
a peculiarity in the reverse type of these bronze coins.
As a rule on Alexander's bronze issues the unstrung
bow is represented alongside of or in its case ; here,
however, the bow-case is unusually small, and is placed
within the curve of the bow which is strung. This
makes the bow a most striking and important feature
of the type, consciously connecting it, to my mind,
with the bow which is the constant adjunct symbol of
the silver issues of this series. The bows of both the
silver and the bronze coins are strung, and are of
identical shape.
SERIES II.
Under this series have been collected all the staters
with the rudder symbol 2l in the field. Some of them
21 Recently one of these staters, for other reasons, has been
attributed to Cyprus by E. J. Seltman, Num. Zeitschrift, 1913,
p. 209.
KUMISM. CHRON., VOL. XV, SERIES IV. Y
314 E. T. NEWELL.
may very well have been struck during the period of
Series I, as their style is at first a close development
of the latest of the previous staters. The inscriptions,
as before, still read AAEAlNAPoY.
The silver issues of this series also are marked with
the rudder symbol, but the inscriptions are in honour
of Philip III. In the Cilician series this change was
made but a short time before the latter's death, at
Sidon the change was introduced in 320 B.C., at Arados
about the same time ; therefore it seems best to date
our Salamis WAIPPOY issues sometime between 320
and 317, the date of Philip's death. The style of these
silver coins is very similar to the latest issues of
Series I. During the course of this issue, however,
the Herakles head becomes in style what Miiller calls
"style IV" a similar change is found in the Alexanders
struck at Kition at this time. The curious and unusual
placing of the inscription the two words BA^IAEH^
and <J>IAIPPoY being written in parallel lines behind
the Zeus figure is worthy of particular notice.
"Whereas it would perhaps be somewhat bold to
assert that the bow was the symbol of the Salamis
mint during the period 332 to 320 B.C. (in view of the
fact that no less than five different symbols, including
the bow, appear on the gold coins at that time), the
rudder, on the other hand, seems almost certainly to
have been considered the " type parlant " of this mint,
and was so used on its coins. The rudder as a symbol
would be most appropriate to Salamis, the capital and
administrative centre of the island of Cyprus under
Ptolemy, a city of considerable commercial importance,
the possessor of a fine fleet of its own, and probably the
naval base of the Egyptian flotilla. The rudder hence-
SOME CYPKIOTE "ALEXANDERS". 315
forth, appears continually on all the Alexander issues
of the city under Ptolemaic supremacy, while mono-
grams are used for the control of the coinage.
SEEIES III.
This series is introduced by the tetradrachm, No. 15
(PI. XIV. 7), which constitutes the transition between
Series II and III. In style it is closer to the coins of
Series III, but in the placing of the inscription
AAE3EANAPOY BA5IAEHS it resembles the tetra-
drachms of Series II. The stater which is placed with
it may still belong to Series II. In style it is identical
with certain specimens of No. 11 (compare PL XIV. 3),
but in the magistrate's name in the field it has more
affinity with the staters of the present series.
This series consists of staters, tetradrachms, and
drachms in considerable abundance, all bearing the
mint-mark rudder, and, in addition, two monograms,
these monograms are constantly changing they
must denote the magistrates in charge of the coinage,
though it would be tempting to see in N< and M or fjsl
the respective names of Nikokreon 22 and Menelaos. 23
Alongside of these Alexander coins it would seem that
Nikokreon also struck the well-known staters and
Ehodian didrachms and drachms bearing his own name
and types. These were probably intended for use in
Cyprus only. There is nothing strange in the cur-
rency side by side of Attic tetradrachms and smaller
22 Until 310 B.C. king of Salamis.
23 Strategos of Ptolemy in Cyprus, and successor to Nikokreon
as king of Salamis and Governor of Cyprus.
Y2
316 E. T. NEWELL.
denominations of Rhodian weight, as Cyprus had been
accustomed to the latter system for many years on
account of its close commercial relations with the
great banking and trading centre of Rhodes. It has
also been shown 24 that at this very time Ptolemy
Soter was striking Attic tetradrachms and Rhodian
drachms side by side in his mint at Alexandria. On
the death or deposition of Nikokreon, about 310 B.C.,
Menelaos, the brother and strategos for Cyprus of
Ptolemy, succeeded to the " kingdom ". He too struck
local gold coins in addition to the regular Alexander
issues. It also seems likely that under his rule were
issued the bronze coins which bear on their obverses
the head of the Cypriote Aphrodite, 25 and on their
reverses the Ptolemaic eagle and the inscription
PToAEMAloY. A point of close similarity between
these bronze coins and some of the Alexanders which
we have assigned to Salamis is the unusual way in which
the hair is held back at the neck by a single riband.
Compare the stater No. 28 (PL XV. 5) with the above-
mentioned bronze coins. This would constitute another
proof of the Cypriote origin of these particular Alexander
coins.
PAPHOS.
SEEIES I. Circa 330 B. c.
1. TETRADRACHM.
Obv. Head of youthful Herakles r. in lion's skin head-
dress.
Z AN APO Yon right. BAS I AEH5 in exergue.
Zeus enthroned 1., holds eagle in outstretched
r., and sceptre in 1. In field : FLYING DOVE
and zo. Beneath throne, e.
24 Svoronos, loc. cit., vol. ii. Nos. 33-55.
26 Ibid., Nos. 74-82.
SOME CYPKIOTE "ALEXANDERS". 317
Paris [PI. XV. 7] ; London (two) ; see Catalogue of
Greek Coins in the British Museum, Cyprus,
PI. VIII, Nos. 12, 13 ; E. T. N. ; Berlin.
2. DRACHM.
Obv. Similar.
.7^. AAEZANAPoYon right. BA5IAEHS in exergue.
Similar to above. In field : FLYING DOVE.
Hague.
2 a. BRONZE, size I.
Obv. Head of youthful Herakles r. in lion-skin. Border
of dots.
Rev. AAEZANAPo[Y?] between bow in case and club.
Below: FLYING DOVE.
Jelajian, Cyprus.
SEKIES II. Before 320 B.C.
3. TETEADRACHM.
Obv. Head of youthful Herakles r. in lion's skin head-
dress. Circle of dots. Style much finer than
the preceding.
Rev. AAE3EANAPOY on right. Zeus enthroned 1.,
holds eagle in outstretched r., and sceptre in 1.
Lower limbs parallel and draped, feet rest on
foot-stool. In field : {$]. Beneath throne : BEE.
Munich ; E. T. N. [PI. XV. 8.]
4. TETEADRACHM.
Obv. Similar.
Rev. Similar. In field : $. Beneath throne : ROSE.
E. T. N. [PI. XV. 9.]
5. TETEADRACHM.
Obv. Similar.
Eev. Similar, but no symbol beneath throne.
E. T. N. [PI. XV. 10] ; London.
318 E. T. NEWELL.
6. TETRADEACHM.
Obv. Head of youthful Herakles r. Some dies like the
preceding others of a different style.
J?,._AAE:=EAN APoY to right of sceptre. BA5I AEHS
to left of sceptre. Zeus enthroned as on pre-
ceding. Infield: [$]. Beneath throne : EAR OP
CORN.
E. T. N. (first style) ; Yakountchikoff (second style).
[PI. XV. ll.j
7. TETRADRACHM.
Olv. Similar, but only of the second style.
Rev. Similar. In field: $]. Beneath throne: LAUREL
BRANCH.
London ; Berlin ; E. T. N. (formerly Egger Sale XL,
May, 1912) [PI. XV. 12] ; Vienna ; Naples ;
Petrograd.
8. TETRADRACHM.
Obv. Similar.
Rev. Similar. In field : f$|. No symbol beneath throne.
E. Storrs. [PI. XV. 13.]
9. BRONZE.
Olv. Head of youthful Herakles r.
Rev. AAE3EANAPOY between club and bow in case.
Below: p$J.
Paris.
To Paphos, at this time third in importance of the
cities of Cyprus, Hill has attributed an Alexander
tetradrachm (No. 1) signed with the flying dove of
Aphrodite and two Cypriote letters. As he shows, 26
this coin must have been struck in Alexander's life-
time; I would go further, and place it very early
26 Hill, loc. cit., Ixxix, 51.
SOME CYPRIOTE " ALEXANDERS". 319
(about 330 B.C.), on account of the odd style and the
presence of Cypriote letters. Like the first issue at
Kition with its AAEZANAPO inscription Cypriote
mannerisms are still in evidence. The Hague collection
also possesses a drachm of this issue, and Mr. Jelajian
a bronze.
The next coins which must be assigned to Paphos
are certain tetradrachms which occurred in the
Demanhur Hoard, and which, like the contemporaneous
coins of Kition, bear the city's initials in monogram
in the field, in this case: ($]. These coins are of very
good and rather individual style quite different from
the issues of Salamis and Kition. These latter were
more or less influenced by the coins of the Cilician
and Phoenician coasts, and were invariably struck
from adjusted dies. The Paphian coins, on the other
hand, were at first struck from loose dies, the oriental
custom of adjusted dies not being adopted till the
appearance of Nos. 6 to 8 (PI. XV. 11-13). These
latter usually show the position f | for their dies. In
style these Paphian coins remind one most of the
early Alexander issues of Western Asia Minor. In
only one point do they betray their Cypriote origin,
and that in the curious placing of the inscription
AAE3EANAPOY BASIAEHS, both words being in
parallel lines, the first to the right, the second to the
left, of the sceptre held by Zeus. This peculiar placing
of the inscription is only to be found on the con-
temporary Alexander issues of Salamis and on a certain
tetradrachm which, we shall see later, seems attributable
to Marion. The clue to their origin being thus fur-
nished by the inscriptions, the monogram p$l easily
resolves itself into fIA<l>. This reading is perhaps
320 E. T. NEWELL.
corroborated by one of the coins in the writer's col-
lection which has the letters PA roughly scratched
by some idle hand into the surface alongside of the
monogram in question. Of the four symbols to be
seen beneath the throne of Zeus, the rose occurs as the
reverse type on certain 27 autonomous bronze coins
of Paphos of about this same period. It is curious
to note that the symbol laurel branch occurs on the
justly suspected tetradrachm (?) of Nikokles of Paphos
in the Florence collection. Perhaps this latter speci-
men was an imitation of a genuine coin now lost ?
MARION.
1. TETRADRACHM.
Olv. Head of youthful Herakles r. Circle of dots.
.to.AAEZAN APOY to right of sceptre. BA5IAEHS
to left of sceptre. Zeus enthroned to left, holds
eagle in outstretched right, sceptre in left. Feet
rest on foot-stool. In field : THUNDERBOLT.
London ; E. T. N. [PI. XV. 14.]
The placing of the inscription on this coin betrays
its Cypriote origin. The style, though of lower relief,
is not unlike some of the Paphian Alexanders, while
the throne is identical in shape with that found on
these latter. Judging from the issues of Salamis,
Kition, and Paphos, the thunderbolt in the field would
in this case be a mint and not a magistrate's symbol.
The thunderbolt occurs only once as a type on the
coins of Cyprus, namely on certain bronze coins of
Marion struck in the reign of Stasioikos II (from
27 Hill, loc. cit., PI. VIII, 11.
SOME CYPRIOTE "ALEXANDERS". 321
before 315 to 312 B.C.), on whose coins Zeus 28 is a
common type. The mint of Marion would suit our
coin very well. It has many affinities with issues of
the near-by mint of Paphos, the Zeus thrones are
identical in shape, the general styles are not unlike,
and the dies were not at first adjusted as on the coins
of Salamis and Kition.
The Alexander coinages which thus far we have
been able to assign to Cyprus cover the period from
the time when the island kings first offered their
submission to Alexander, soon after the battle of Issos
in 333 B.C., down to the loss of the island by Ptolemy
Soter in 306 B.C. The coinages of Kition, Paphos, and
Marion appear, indeed, to have come to an end before
this latter date a fact which coincides well with what
we know of the island's history during this period.
For in 313 B.C. we know that, owing to a sudden revolt
of many of the Cypriote kings against his suzerainty,
Ptolemy was obliged to invade Cyprus, and soon
suppressed the disaffected kings among whom Pumia-
thon of Kition and Stasioikos of Marion are expressly
stated to have been. In 310 B.C. Nikokles of Paphos
perished in a similar attempt to throw off the Egyptian
yoke. Salamis, on the other hand, stood loyally by
Ptolemy, and its king, Nikokreon, was awarded the
governorship of the entire island. On his death
Ptolemy's brother Menelaos, who as general of the
Egyptian forces had assisted Nikokreon, succeeded
him. Salamis continued throughout his reign to be
the capital and administrative centre of the island.
28 In the environs of Marion there was a grove sacred to Zeus.
Strabo, xiv. 6, 3.
322 SOME CYPKIOTE "ALEXANDERS".
It is therefore not surprising to find its mint in active
operation down to the great naval battle and siege
of Salamis, in which Demetrios Poliorketes finally
worsted the Ptolemaic forces, and obliged them to
evacuate the island. 29
E. T. NEWELL.
29 Under Antigonid rule the island formed a very important
naval base of their empire until its reconquest by Ptolemy in
295 B.C. Antigonos, and later Demetrios, no doubt issued many
coins, probably from the mint at Salamis. If so, the types must
at first have been the usual Alexandrine ; the inscriptions, too, were
in honour of the Macedonian hero. As yet, however, the attribution
of certain of such coins which might belong to this time and place
is too doubtful to be hazarded here.
XII
SOME EAEE AND UNPUBLISHED EOMAN
COINS IN MY COLLECTION.
(PLATE XVI.)
HAVING acquired in the course of the formation
of my collection of Roman coins a certain number
of unpublished pieces, and also some which, although
recorded, are stated to be in foreign collections not
easy of access, I thought it might be of interest to
the Society to give a list of such coins together with
some remarks and suggestions in connexion with them.
In speaking of unpublished coins I refer to any that
are not recorded in the second edition of Cohen, that
being the latest and most complete record of all the
known coins of the Eoman Empire. At the same
time I am aware that he has failed to notice a few
coins of which mention is made by much earlier
writers, and in any cases of this sort I shall endeavour
to mention the circumstances. Although with such
a subject it is not possible to give a very consecutive
series, I shall describe the coins in the order in which
they come as to reigns and dates, and will begin with
some of the Emperor Augustus.
The first to be mentioned is a piece struck from the
dies of the as of the monetary triumvir C. Cassius
Celer, 1 on a large flan (PL XVI. 1). The coin is
1 B.M. C.: Rom. Rep., ii, p. 59, PL Ixv, 6.
324 FREDK. A. WALTERS.
perfectly circular, and there is a broad plain band out-
side the legend with a raised marginal line close to the
edge. This outer band and margin have apparently
been turned. 2 The legends are the usual ones for this
moneyer: Obv. CAESAR AVGVSTVS TRIBVNIC
POTEST; bare head of Augustus to right: Rev. C-
CASSIVS CELER III VIR A-A-A-FF; large SC in
centre. The weight is 302 grs., its module is size 10
according to Mionnet's scale (33-5 mm.). In connexion
with this piece I describe another also in my collection,
and equally exceptional. It is by the same moneyer, and
also as regards type it is the same as the ordinary as,
although it is rather larger. It is, however, of yellow
brass or aurichalcum. It is perfectly circular, and it
also has a turned margin, not so broad as the first
piece described, but with a hollow grooved edge. The
legends are the same as those of the first piece. The
weight of this coin is 188 grs., and the module is size
84 (29 mm.).
In Num. Chron., 4th series, vol. iv, Mr. Grueber, in a
paper on the bronze coinage of Rome of this period,
says that the sestertius and the dupondius were
struck in aurichalcum, while the as was in copper,
and was the only denomination on which the portrait
of Augustus appeared, the type of the dupondius being
invariably the wreath with the Emperor's name. I
see no reason for disagreeing with this general rule,
although the two pieces I have described are excep-
tions to it, and the question arises as to what they
were intended for. My own suggestion is that they
2 Cp. the Vienna coin of M. Maecilius Tullus (Willers, Gesch.
rom. Kupferpr., p. 152, No. 217), or that of Salvius Otho (ibid.,
PI. xvii, 2], or that of Gallius Lupercus (ibid., PI. xiv, 4).
RARE AND UNPUBLISHED ROMAN COINS. 325
were early attempts at placing the portrait of
Augustus on a larger and higher valued coin than the
common as. The coin in aurichalcum is larger, and
the portrait is better executed than on the as, and the
metal together with its size would make it of the
value of the dupondius. Owing to patination it is not
possible to ascertain readily the metal of the first
piece, but I suspect it to be copper, and if it is so,
it would be a dupondius in this metal, as the value of
copper was only about half that of aurichalcum. We
may thus perhaps have two varieties of the experi-
ment I suggest.
Another not improbable solution of the question is
that these pieces are some of the earliest examples
of the Emperor's image, struck specially for en-
closing in larger circles for the military standards.
The peculiar edges so perfectly circular are, I think,
in favour of this suggestion. In. later reigns, and
before the period when the regular medallions were
used for this purpose, there are examples of ordinary
bronze coins enclosed in broad outer margins of bronze
that were evidently so employed.
In pursuance of my first suggestion I will here
describe two coins, both of which are very rare,
although only one of them is not in Cohen.
1. OZw. CAESAR AVGVSTVS TRIBVNIC POTEST
Bare head of Augustus to right.
Bev.C. PLOTIVS RVFVS III VIR A A A F-F;
large SC in centre.
Wt. 380 gi-s. Cohen, No. 503.
2. Olv. CAESAR AVGVST PONT MAX TRIBVNIC
POT ; head of Augustus to left. Behind, a
figure of Victory with the right hand placing
326 FKEDK. A. WALTERS.
a laurel wreath upon his head, and in the left
holding a cornucopiae ; beneath the bust is
a globe.
Eev.M- MAECILIVSTVLLVS.il! VIR-A-A-A.
F-F ; large SC in centre.
Wt. 360 grs. Size 9| (33 mm.).
This coin is not in Cohen of this size, although
there is a specimen in the British Museum 3 from the
Thomas Collection, weighing 381 grs., and described by
Mr. Grueber in the paper previously referred to. The
writer there describes this coin as a sestertius, and one of
much lighter weight (258 grs.), of the moneyer M. Sal-
vius Otho, he also calls a sestertius, owing to its module
which quite justifies it. In pursuance of my suggestion
that these were tentative endeavours, if nothing more,
to place the portrait of Augustus in a larger and more
important manner upon the Senatorial bronze coinage
of Rome as his power became more absolute, I suggest
that the two coins last described, together with those
described as sestertii by Mr. Grueber, are really
dupondii in copper. Although neither of my own
coins can without injury be proved to be in copper,
I have seen a specimen of the Plotius (Cohen 503)
piece, which owing to a cut could be clearly seen
to be of copper, and the specimen in the British
Museum of the Maecilius coin, which is very slightly
patinated, has every appearance of being of copper.
If, as I am convinced, these coins are of copper, they
would only be of about half the value of the sestertii
of aurichalcum, and of the same value as the dupondii
3 B.M.C.: Rom. Rep., ii, p. 105, No. 4682. Willers, op. cit.,
No. 217, describes fifteen specimens of various sizes and weights,
of which the Brit. Mus. specimen is the heaviest.
RARE AND UNPUBLISHED ROMAN COINS. 827
of about half their size, in the same metal. The
reason for their being struck may however be, as
I suggest, a tentative effort to place the portrait of
Augustus on Senatorial coins of the largest size without
actually encroaching upon the then severe Republican
type of the sestertius.
The monetary triumvirs who struck the coins with
the head of Augustus crowned by Victory are M.
Salvius Otho, M. Maecilius Tullus, and P. Lurius
Agrippa, and M. Babelon puts their year of office at
12 B.C., as in this year Augustus received the title
of Pontifex Maximus, which appears upon all these
coins. Mr. Grueber, however, puts their date as 5 B.C.,
as he has reason to believe that other money ers, on
whose coins this title appears, held office before the
three who struck the coins in question. Perhaps,
however, the most interesting suggestion is made
by Willers. 4 He describes them as triumphal asses,
struck for 1 Jan., 7 B.C. He notes (pp. 175-6) that
they frequently exceed the normal size and weight
of the as, and that one at Berlin has remains of
ancient gilding. The obverse type suggests that they
were struck specially to celebrate a triumph, and he
comes to the conclusion that of the three possible
triumphs that of 1 Jan., 7 B. c. is the most probable.
I may observe that my own suggestion made above is
in no way incompatible with this view, if we may regard
these triumphal coins as dupondii as well as asses.
In making the suggestions as to copper dupondii
I should perhaps say that I have not overlooked the
fact that the ordinary sestertii of the reign of
4 Op. cit., pp. 152-3.
328 FREDK. A. WALTERS.
Augustus, with the wreath and palm branches, were
not issued by the three moneyers who struck the
type of the Emperor crowned by Victory. Probably,
however, none were wanted, as those and the dupondii,
struck by previous moneyers, must have been very
abundant, seeing that even now they are quite
common.
It is possible that some of the larger and heavier
specimens of the coins of M. Salvius Otho of this
type 5 may be really sestertii, and that even this
denomination may have been tentatively issued. The
metal, however, would be the real test.
The next coin of Augustus that I will describe is
one that for size should perhaps be called a medallion.
It is of the " Altar of Lyons " type, 6 but on the obverse
the head is to the left, which does not occur on any
large brass of this type mentioned by Cohen. It may
be described as follows :
Olv. CAESAR AVGVSTVS DIVI F PATER
PATRIAE; laureate bust of Augustus to
left of fine execution.
Rev. ROM ET AVG ; the usual "Altar of Lyons".
Wt. 444 grs. Size 11 (36-5 mm.). [PI. XVI. 2.]
This coin is quite round and carefully struck. Cohen
describes a piece of this reverse type (No. 239) of
size 11 as a medallion. It differs, however, from mine
in having the head to the right, and the legend
CAESAR PONT MAX.
The last coin I have to mention of Augustus is
5 See Willers, p. 153, No. 218.
6 See B. M. C. : Rom. Rep., ii, pp. 439 f.
RARE AND UNPUBLISHED ROMAN COINS. 329
an unpublished sestertius, presumably struck under
Tiberius.
0&*;.-DIVVS AVCVSTVS PATER; radiate head of
Augustus to left.
Rev. S- C- ; Victory flying to left holding a buckler upon
which is S P Q R.
Wt, 347 grs. Size 10.
This coin is of exactly the same type as Cohen, No.
242, in " second brass ", but the whole is on a larger
scale. The weight is a little light for a sestertius, but
not much, and is far too heavy for a dupondius. A
similar specimen was in the E. F. Weber Collection. 7
After Augustus I have nothing remarkable until the
reign of Nero. The first piece to mention is what I
believe to be a unique medallion, weighing 1563 grs.,
or practically four sestertii. It has apparently been
long in water, and has suffered much from attrition
in the manner often to be observed in coins washed
up by the sea, or found in running water. It is
of the Port of Ostia type, and may be described as
follows :
OZw. NERO CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVG CER
P-M-TR-P IMP P P ; laureate head of Nero
to right.
Rev. AVGVSTI above, POR OST below (probably
between S C ). The port of Ostia with nine
vessels, the statue of Neptune on a pedestal
above, and recumbent figure of the Tiber
below.
Wt. 1563 grs. Size 13 J (46 mm.). [PI. XVI. 4.]
This piece exactly reproduces on a larger scale the
7 Hirsch, Katal. xxiv, Taf. v. 842 (34 mm .).
NUMISM. CHRON., VOL. XV, SERIES IV. Z
330 FREDK. A. WALTERS.
details of most of the sestertii of the same type,
except that the temple usually found at the end of
the quays on the left side is not shown. I believe
that on some sestertii the temple does not appear,
and possibly it may not have been built till after the
inauguration of this great work. The Port of Ostia
type is one of those that appear to have been struck
almost, if not quite, throughout the reign of Nero, and
those struck after its erection are no doubt those that
show the temple. In the Numismatic Chronicle for
1841 (vol. iv, p. 156) Mr. Roach Smith, in describing a
quantity of Roman coins found in the Thames on the
site of Old London Bridge, amongst which were several
medallions, suggests the probability that many of the
coins, and particularly the medallions, were thrown in
as votive offerings at the inauguration of the bridge
or ferry that existed in Eoman times, or when from
time to time it was repaired. In the same way I
venture to suggest that the piece I now describe may
be one of a number specially struck for casting into
the water as votive offerings at the inauguration of
the Port of Ostia. Its condition points to the action
of the sea, and it may have been cast ashore or dredged
up long ago. 8
8 This coin of Nero in its present worn condition shows every
sign of genuineness, but perhaps it is desirable to mention that in
size it recalls certain " medallions " which have long been
recognized as forgeries ; of these the British Museum possesses
two. The first is of Caligula and his three sisters : Obv. as Cohen, 2
i, p. 237, No. 3, but head bare ; Rev. as No. 4 ; size 50 mm.; weight
1762 grs. The second is of Claudius and Nero Drusus : Obv. and
Rev. as Cohen, 2 i, p. 254, but reading AVGIMPPMTRP instead
of AVCPMTRP IMPPP; size 50mm.; weight 1764 grs. The
style of these is, however, inferior, and it is easy to recognize them
as forgeries. Their weight is also excessive for four sesterces.
KAKE AND UNPUBLISHED EOMAN COINS. 331
The next coin to which I will allude is quite as
remarkable, and has the advantage over the last
of being in very fine condition. It is a sestertius of
medallion size of a remarkable and quite unpublished
type. It may be described as follows :
Oiv. IMP NERO CLAVD CAESAR AVG GERM
TRP XIV P.P.; draped bust of Nero to left
crowned with a remarkable wreath of serrated
and plain leaves.
Rev. No legend. Victory winged and draped hastening
to right, in her right hand she holds a tall
palm branch, and in her left outstretched she
supports on a stand a small helmeted figure
of Pallas with javelin and shield. In the
field S C-
Wt. 472 grs. Size 11 (39 mm.). [PI. XVI. 5.]
This coin is remarkable not only as being a newly
discovered type of reverse, but in various other ways.
The bust of Nero is the only draped example I know
of, the portrait is more pleasing than usual, and the
wreath is very exceptional. The date is also a special
feature, for TR-P-XIV- is the last year of Nero's reign,
and this date has been said not to be known on his
coins, although Mr. Hobler claimed to have one with
the cuirassed bust reading TRP Xllll. As TRP XII
and XIII of this latter type are known, although very
rare, there may have been a mistake if the coin was
not in good condition.
The reverse type of Victory is also remarkable, and
calls for explanation. The date TR-P- XIV places the
coin at probably the end of A.D. 67, when nothing in
the shape of a military victory is recorded. Nero had
just been engaging in the various athletic and musical
contests of Greece, and was proclaimed victor greatly
z 2
332 FREDK. A. WALTERS.
to his own satisfaction ; and his preference for record-
ing on his coins triumphs of this nature rather than
political achievements is to be remarked on such types
as the Decursio, Nero as Apollo, and the Quinquen-
nalian games. According to Suetonius, Nero c. xxv :
* on his return from Greece, arriving at Naples, because
he had commenced his career as a public performer in
this city, he made his entrance in a chariot drawn by
white horses through a breach in the city wall, accord-
ing to the practice of those who were victorious in the
sacred Grecian games. In the same manner he entered
Antium, Alba, and Rome. He made his entry into the
City riding in the same chariot in which Augustus had
triumphed, in a purple tunic, and a cloak embroidered
with golden stars, having on his head the crown worn
at Olympia, and in his right hand that which was
given him at the Pythian games ; the rest being carried
in a procession before him, with inscriptions denoting
the places where they had been won, from whom, and
in what plays or musical performances ' Accord-
ing to Merivale this pageant took place either in
December 67 or January 68. Mr. G. F. Hill believes
that he recognizes in the composition of the wreath
worn by Nero the bay, olive, and pine respectively
representing the Delphian, Olympian, and Isthmian
games, and it seems highly probable that my coin
commemorates his return from Greece, and the extra-
vagant pageants accompanying it. I am indebted to
the Rev. E. A. Sydenham for the foregoing suggested
explanation of this remarkable type. During his visit
to Greece Nero was present at Delphi and the Isthmus,
as well as at the Olympian games.
The coin was, I believe, found in Rome itself within
BAKE AND UNPUBLISHED KOMAN COINS. 333
quite recent years, and is probably unique, as, if my
suggestions regarding it are correct, possibly few if
even any others were struck. Its size, roundness, and
careful striking and fine condition may indicate that
it was in the nature of a pattern piece, and it is a coin
that I have much satisfaction in bringing to the notice
of the Society.
Another apparently unpublished coin of Nero to
which I can draw attention is an as with the reverse
type of Neptune standing, similar in all respects to
that on the coins of Agrippa, although the work is
of a different and superior style. It may be described
as follows :
O^.-NERO CLAVDIVS CAESAR AVC CER ;
laureate bust of Nero to right.
Bev. Neptune standing to left with trident in left hand
and dolphin in right, a mantle hanging
behind from the two arms. S-C- in field.
Wi 148 grs. [PL XVI. 3.]
This coin, although of the Agrippa type, is not a
mule, as the work is of the time of Nero. It is also to
be noted that Cohen quotes examples of two " second
brass " coins of Nero (presumably asses) with Augustan
type, No. 255, Rev. PROVIDENT S C altar, and
No. 256, ROM ET AVG. These, together with my
coin, appear to show a tendency at a certain period
of Nero's reign to revive well-known types associated
with the reign of Augustus, and it would be interesting
if a reason could be assigned for this.
Of the reign of Galba I have two sestertii of
interest. One is according to Cohen's valuation the
rarest type of Galba, while the other is unpublished,
and is closely connected with the former by portrait
334
FKEDK. A. WALTERS.
and legend. The first is the sestertius with the reverse
XXXX REMISSA and the so-called triumphal arch;
a type which has been discussed by Mowat 9 and
Gnecchi, 10 and into the meaning of which I need not
enter here.
In October, 1913, Mr. H. Mattingly read a paper
before the Society in which he gave reasons, with
which I concur, for ascribing these coins to the Lyons
mint, but in the paper as published in the Numismatic
Chronicle of 1914 I rather regret to see no mention
of the point, as the second coin to which I now have
to call attention is so evidently from the same mint
that additional interest would be given to the sug-
gestion. It may be described as follows :
O&y. SER CALBA IMP CAESAR AVG PM ;
laureate bust of Galba to right with small
globe at the point of the truncation.
j^.VICTORIAE IMP CALBAE AVC ; Victory to
right, inscribing S P Q R upon a buckler
which she rests upon an altar or cippus.
There is no S-C- upon this coin.
35 mm. [PI. XVI. 6.]
It is to be regretted that this coin leaves so much
to be desired as to preservation, seeing that it is a
hitherto unrecorded type. The head of Galba and the
obverse legend are so exactly similar to the last coin
described that there can be no doubt as to the dies
being from the same hands. The portrait is rather
unlike that on most sestertii of Galba, and if, as I
think Mr. Mattingly rightly suggested, it marks the
character of work of the Lyons mint, it is useful to
9 Rev. Num., 1909, pp. 79 ff.
10 Eiv. Ital., 1914, p. 174.
RAKE AND UNPUBLISHED ROMAN COINS. 335
have the evidence of another type with the same
portrait. The absence of the S C is remarkable, and
may point to its having been struck by Galba's
authority after his acceptance of the invitation of
Vindex to assume the Imperial power, and before his
recognition by the Senate.
FEEDK. A. WALTEES.
XIII
HOAED OF NINE ANGLO-SAXON PENNIES
FOUND IN DOBSETSHIRE.
(SEE PLATE XVII.)
THIS hoard was unearthed in Dorsetshire a few
years ago, and the person who acquired it from the
actual finder stated that the latter assured him that
these nine coins comprised the entire find, and that
they were discovered lying together in a depression or
cavity in the solid chalk. It is said that there was no
sign of any kind that they had been contained in either
a bag or other receptacle.
CoenwulfofMereia[A.i>. 796-822].
1. Penny, Obv. diademed bust to right, legend commen-
cing at top, +COENVVLF RE+ m. Rev.
within a circle a cross nioline +OBH TONETH
Wt. 204 grs.
2. Penny, Obv. diademed bust to right, legend com-
mencing behind head, +COENVVLF REX T.
Rev. within a circle, a cross with V-shaped ends,
a pellet in each angle. + SVVEFHERD MONET7T
(Rud., PI. vi. 13). Wt. 20-3 grs.
3. Penny, Obv. diademed bust to right, legend commen-
cing behind head, + COEN VVLF RE* ff). Rev.
within a circle, four crescents turned outwards
each enclosing a pellet, in the centre a pellet,
+ DEHLLH MONET7T (Rud., PI. vi. 15, var.).
Wt. 21-7 grs.
HOAED OF NINE ANGLO-SAXON PENNIES. 337
Ecgbeorht of Wessex [A.D. ? 814-39].
4. Penny, Obv. small bust to right, + HECBEHRHT
REX. Rev. within a circle, a cross crosslet,
+ DIORTOD TISEt (Bud., PL xiv. 1, var.,5. If.
Cat,, type IV). Wt. 19-9 grs.
5. Penny, Obv. diademed bust to right, + ECGBEORHT
REX. Rev. within a circle a cross potent,
+ DYNYN TOISETTT (B. M. Cat., type V). Wt.
21-7 grs.
6. Penny, Obv. circle enclosing a cross potent +ECG
BEORHT REX. Rev. circle enclosing a
tribrach potent, a pellet above +BETTGTYO
TONE (Obv. B. M. Cat., type XIII, unpublished
type of reverse). Wt. 19-6 grs.
7. Penny, Obv. circle enclosing a cross pattee +EGC
BE7TRHT REX. Rev. circle enclosing a sun
of six rays pattee of equal size, + OB7T TOHETTT
(B. M. Cat., type XV). Wt. 19-8 grs.
Wulfred, Archbishop of Canterbury [A. D. 805-33].
8. Penny, Obv. tonsured head facing, completely within
a circle, +VVLFRED ARCHIEPIS. Rev.
DRVR CITS in two lines with a circle; a pellet
in centre, +SVVEFHERD MONET around (Num.
Chron., 1904, p. 458). Wt. 22 grs.
Sede Vacante (?}.
9. Penny, Obv. tonsured head facing, completely within
a circle, + SVVEFNERD MOISET7T. Rev.
+ -DOROBERNIH CIVITH-S- in five lines
across field (Obv. Kud., PL xiii. 4 ; Rev. Eud., PL
xiii. 3). Wt. 20-50 grs.
338 R. CYRIL LOCKETT.
Although, the find consisted of only nine coins, it
presents several peculiar and interesting features and
I therefore venture to call attention to the following
points, which appear to me to be of special interest.
First, it is remarkable that all the coins are different
in type from one another ; secondly, they were all struck
by Kentish moneyers (four of them having worked for
Baldred, King of Kent), and, thirdly, an entirely new
type of Ecgbeorht's coinage is added to those already
published. The coins in question are now in my
cabinet.
COENWULF of Mercia (A.D. 796-822) is represented in
the hoard by three pennies, all of which have the bust
on the obverse, but with the reverses all different in
type ; that with the four crescents curved outwardly,
with the addition of a pellet in each [PI. XVII. 3],
is an unpublished variety. The three coins are struck
by different moneyers. DEALLA, the originator of the
unpublished variety, coined for Ecgbeorht but not for
Baldred. He may possibly have been the same person
as Dealing who coined for Ceolwulf I (A.D. 822-3
or 4). Pennies with very similar reverses were also
struck for Coenwulf by Tidbearht (Bud., PL vi. 15),
Werheard and Diormod, for Coenwulf and Ceol-
wulf I by Ealhstan (Bud., PL vii. 1 ; Hks., fig. 72), and
for Ecgbeorht by Dynyn (Bud., PI. xiv. 4). Diala
occurs as a moneyer of Archbishop Ceolnoth (A.D.
833-70).
OBA [PI. XVII. l] was also a moneyer of Ceolwulf I,
Baldred, and Ecgbeorht. He also struck so-called Sede
Vacante coins with the regal head. The cross moline
reverse was employed by Diormod on Coenwulf s
coinage (Bud., PL vi. 7).
HOARD OF NINE ANGLO-SAXON PENNIES. 339
SWEFHEAED, who struck the coin illustrated [PI.
XVII. 2], also coined for Baldred, Ecgbeorht, Arch-
bishop Wulfred, and both types of the so-called Sede
Vacante pennies. 1
ECGBEORHT of Wessex (A.D. 802-38 or 9) is represented
by four pennies, each by a different moneyer, and all
differ in design both in respect of obverse and reverse.
Two are with the king's bust.
The bust on the coin struck by DIOEMOD [PI. XVII. 4]
closely resembles in style the bust on Baldred's pennies,
and it is strange that Baldred (A.D. 807-25) is not
represented in this find. It will be noticed that the
name is spelt HECBEARHT. It is believed to be an
unpublished type for this moneyer, but a coin with the
same obverse and reverse by Sigestef is illustrated in
Rud., PL xiv. 1. On it the king's name is spelt
ECGBORHT and MISET is omitted.
DIOEMOD also coined for Coenwulf and Baldred.
He also struck the Sede Vacante type with the regal
head, and is in the list of those moneyers who coined
Ecgbeorht's issue which has the Canterbury monogram
on the reverse.
The other penny with Ecgbeorht's bust [PI. XVII. 5]
is struck by DYNYN, who was also a moneyer of
Baldred. Dun and Dunnic occur as moneyers of
Coenwulf and Ceolwulf I respectively. It will be
1 It is curious that the coin of Coenwulf of the type illustrated in
B. M. Cat., vol. I, PI. viii. 19, is absent from the hoard. This was
certainly current at Coenwulf 's death, as his moneyerWodel used the
identical reverse on a penny of his successor Ceolwulf I. Possibly
the explanation is that Wodel was a Mercian craftsman, and the
coins struck by him and other Mercian moneyers were not in
common circulation in Kent. I suggest that the person, who
originally lost or hid this hoard, was a man from Kent, or had
Kentish associations.
840 K. CYRIL LOCKETT.
seen that the coin in the hoard differs from that
illustrated in Rud., PL xxvii. 1, by the legend on
the obverse commencing behind the bust instead of
beneath it.
DYNYN also struck pennies with bust on the obverse,
and four crescents turned outwardly on the reverse.
The cross-potent reverse design was also used by the
moneyers Ethelmod and Beagmund on Ecgbeorht's
pennies without bust.
OBA, the moneyer of the penny illustrated on PL
XVII. 7, issued another type for Ecgbeorht, which had
the cross patte'e design both on the obverse and reverse,
and his name is also in the list of known moneyers of
the Canterbury monogram reverse, but none of his coins
are published with bust but without monogram. As
before stated he was a moneyer for Coenwulf, Ceolwulf,
and Baldred.
The last of Ecgbeorht's pennies in the hoard is that
of BEAGMUND [PI. XVII. e]. It is a remarkable coin,
as the reverse type is an entirely new device, which
may have some special religious significance. It is
a cross potent of three limbs or ' tribrach potent ', the
upper limb of the cross being substituted for a pellet.
[The Ecgbeorht Penny illustrated in Num. Chron.
Series 4, vol. VIII, PL xvi. 13, is also an example of
the intentional omission of the upper limb of the
cross.]
The view put forward by the late Sir John Evans
that the tribrach, symbolical of the Trinity and
derived from the Archbishop's pall or pallium, was
used to denote coins struck at the Canterbury mint,
is now generally accepted by numismatists. Those of
Ecgbeorht's coins that have the tribrach either in
HOAKD OF NINE ANGLO-SAXON PENNIES. 341
simple or compound form are believed to have been
struck there.
Sir H. H. Howorth is in doubt as to whether
Beagmund was a moneyer of Canterbury or Rochester
(Num. Chron., as above), but the discovery of the coin
under discussion may settle the point that he worked
at Canterbury, and perhaps at Rochester as well.
BEAGMUND occurs on two other types of Ecgbeorht,
viz., B. M. Cat., type XIII. with a cross potent on
either side (also used by the moneyer Ethelmod), and
B. M. Cat., type XIV, with interlaced A's on obverse,
and a cross potent on reverse (unique). BEAGMUND does
not appear to have struck any pennies for Ecgbeorht
with the bust, and he is not among the moiieyers who
struck the monogram type, which Sir H. Howorth
considers was Ecgbeorht's latest issue. This is remark-
able inasmuch as Beagmund struck no less than six
different types for Ecgbeorht's son and successor,
^Ethelwulf. Beagmund did not coin for any of
Ecgbeorht's contemporaries in Mercia or Kent.
The two remaining coins of the hoard are the
WULFEED and so-called Sede Vacante pennies (ton-
sured head type), both of which are by the moneyer
SWEFHEAED, to whom reference has already been made.
Mr. Lawrence has suggested that the issue of so-
called Sede Vacante coins took place not later than
A.D. 825, when Ecgbeorht in August of 825 defeated
Beornwulf of Mercia at the battle of Ellandune
and immediately (or on the authority of Roger of
Wendover in A.D. 827) followed up his victory by
driving Baldred from Kent.
Wulfred was consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury
on the death of Athelheard in 805, and held the see
34:2 K. CYKIL LOCKETT.
until his death in 832, and is said to have been a native
of Kent. His penny [PL XVII. 8], in the Dorset
find, has on the reverse DRVR CITS (Dorovernia
Civitas) in two lines across the field, and SWEF
HEARD MONET round it, and is identical in type
with Baldred's penny (Hks., fig. 57) by the moneyer
DIORMOD. The latter, Hawkins says, 'is the earliest
known coin with name of the Canterbury mint '. It
is clear that it and Wulfred's penny were contem-
porary. The introduction of the name of Dorovernia
and the tonsured head indicates a scholarly influence,
and the suggestion that it was the archbishop who was
the inventor, and that the reverse of Baldred's coin
was copied from Wulfred's and not vice versa, should
not be dismissed lightly. 2 Perhaps also Ecgbeorht,
at a later date, was indebted to the archbishop for the
prototype of his monogram coinage.
In fixing a date for the burial of the hoard, the
scanty particulars we have relating to this period of
our history make it difficult to assign one with
certainty.
As the find contains as many as three pennies of
Coenwulf, and on the other hand none of Ceolwulf I or
Beornwulf, it would lead to the assumption that it
was deposited prior to or about the date of Coenwulf 's
death (A.D. 822). Sir Henry Howorth, however, in
2 Reference to Rud, PI. xiii. 3 (Wulfred), and Rud, PL xiii. 4
(uncertain).
Hks., fig. 144 (Wulfred), and Rud., PI. xiii. 3 (uncertain), prove
that the pennies with Wulfred's name were struck before the Sede
Vacante series. It is obvious that the latter were copies from the
former, as to suggest the contrary necessitates the impossible pro-
position that the money ers on their own responsibility introduced
at Canterbury the innovation of coins with the archbishop's bust.
HOARD OF NINE ANGLO-SAXON PENNIES. 34:3
two very able papers upon the coinage of Ecgbeorht
and his sons (Num. Chron., Series 3, vol. XX, and
Series 4, vol. VIII), puts forward powerful arguments
to show that the coinage of Ecgbeorht, after his
return from exile in France, did not begin until about
the year 825, when he first conquered Kent. As
already mentioned, the Dorset hoard contained pennies
of Ecgbeorht struck by the money ers Diormod, Dynyn,
and Oba, who were all moneyers of Baldred, and it
seems impossible to conceive that Baldred would have
allowed Ecgbeorht to employ these moneyers whilst
he was himself on the throne of Kent. It was only after
his expulsion that Ecgbeorht could make use of their
services, the relationship (political and fiscal) between
the rulers of Mercia and Kent being on a very different
footing from that between Kent and Wessex. Conse-
quently, I suggest that the hoard was hidden in A. D. 825
or a little later.
E. CYKIL LOCKETT.
844
K. CYKIL LOCKETT.
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XIV.
THE PYX TBIALS OF THE COMMONWEALTH,
CHARLES II AND JAMES II.
IT was not until eight years after the death of
Charles I that the moneys struck in the Common-
wealth mint were formally tested. On 9 November,
1657, Oliver Cromwell, then Lord Protector, issued
a warrant directing that an assay should forthwith
be made at his palace of Westminster. I read in the
Memorials of the Goldsmiths Company that the Pyx
jury attended at the usual place near the Star Chamber
on 14 November, 1657, but the indented standard pieces
of gold and silver (as delivered to the Council of State
on 22 November, 1649) were not produced. Accordingly
the jury was dismissed, with instructions to appear
again on that day fortnight, and meanwhile inquiry
was to be made for the missing standard pieces.
The details which follow are extracted from Ex-
chequer accounts, Q.E., Proceedings on trial of the
Pyx, bundle 3, vols. 2 and 3.
3 December, 1657. Assays and trial of the moneys
coined within the Tower between 9 November, 1649,
and the day of trial, in accordance with an indenture
dated 27 July, 1649, and made between the late
Keepers of the Liberty of England by authority of
KUMISM. CHRON., VOL. XV, SERIES IV. A Qi
346 HENRY SYMONDS.
Parliament and Aaron Gourdain, doctor of physic
and master-worker of the mint.
Gold of 22 carats fine, the privy mark being the
Sun, was taken out of the pyx, and consisted of unites,
double-crowns, and crowns, amounting in coined
moneys to 137.
Silver moneys, with the same mark, consisted of
pieces of 5s., 2s. 6c?., Is., 6d., 2d., Id., and %d., amounting
to 737.
Oliver Cromwell's coins of 1656 were presumably
not included in this pyx, as its contents bore the
Commonwealth privy mark only.
CHARLES II.
Shortly after the Restoration, standard trial pieces
were again prepared by a jury of goldsmiths, who
reported on 19 October, 1660, as to the accurate adjust-
ment of three standards, viz. gold of 23 carats 3J grs.,
gold of 22 carats, and silver. Each of the pieces was
divided into six indented portions which were distri-
buted to the warden and the master-worker of the
mint, the wardens of the Goldsmiths Company, and
the Treasury of Eeceipt of the Exchequer, for the
testing of the king's money.
9 July, 1663. Assays and trial of moneys coined
within the Tower between 20 July, 1660, and the day
of trial, in accordance with an indenture dated 20 July,
1660, and a warrant dated 19 January, 1662, for the
striking of groats and threepences which were not
ordered by the indenture.
Gold of 22 carats fine, the privy mark being the
PYX TKIALS OF THE COMMONWEALTH, ETC. 347
Crown, was taken out of the pyx and consisted of
unites, double-crowns, and Britain crowns, amounting
in coined moneys to 52.
Silver moneys, with the same mark, consisted of
pieces of 2s. 6d., Is., 6d., 4d., 3d., 2d., Id., and %d. y
amounting to 615.
The pyx which was opened at this trial must have
contained both types of the hammered gold coins and
the three main types of the hammered silver coins.
4 July, 1664. Assays and trial of moneys coined
between 6 February, 1662, and the day of trial, in
accordance with the indenture of 20 July, 1660.
No gold coins in this pyx.
Silver coins consisted of pieces of 5s., 2s. 6d., Is., 2d.,
and Id., amounting to 363.
A privy mark is not mentioned in the record of this
trial or in those of later dates. It should be observed
that the period during which these silver coins were
struck overlaps the period covered by the trial of
9 July, 1663. The presence of the silver piece of 5s.
shows that some milled coins were tested for the first
time on 4 July, 1664.
4 August, 1669. Assays of gold moneys coined from
30 December, 1663, and of silver moneys from 4 July,
1664, until the day of trial; in accordance with (1) the
indenture of 20 July, 1660, (2) a warrant of 12 June,
1667, authorizing the striking of gold and silver by
the mill and press, (3) a warrant of 19 January, 1662,
for striking groats and threepences, and (4) a warrant
of 24 December, 1663, for the cutting of the pound
Troy of crown gold into 44 pieces and one half, each
piece to pass for 20.9., and the half for 10s.
A a 2
348 HENRY SYMONDS.
Gold of 22 carats fine consisted of pieces of 5, 2,
l, and 105., amounting to 967.
Silver coins consisted of 5s., 2s. 6d., Is., 4d., 3d., 2d.,
and Id., amounting to 381.
I notice that the word "guinea" is never used in
the official documents of this period when reference is
made to the gold coins. Therefore that term would
appear to be merely a popular designation which was
not recognized at the mint.
16 January, 1671. Assays of gold and silver moneys
coined in accordance with an indenture dated 8 October,
1670.
Gold. 5, 2, 1, and 10s., amounting to 511.
Silver. 5s., 2s. 6d., and Is., amounting to 194.
"And other silver taken from the same pyx", 4d., 3d.,
2d., and Id., amounting to 10s. 9d.
The fact that the four lowest denominations of silver
were noted separately in the record of this trial seems
to place them in a class apart from the ordinary
currency and to confirm the belief that the type
with the linked C's was used for Maundy purposes.
This is the only occasion on which the distinction
occurs.
21 January, 1672.
Gold. 2, 1, and 10s., amounting to 111.
Silver. 5s., 2s. 6d., Is., 4d., 3d., 2d., and \d., amount-
ing to 313.
14 February, 1673.
Gold. 5, 2, 1, and 10s., amounting to 174.
Silver. 5s., 2s. 6d., Is., 4d., 3d., 2d., and Id., amount-
ing to 327.
PYX TRIALS OF THE COMMONWEALTH, ETC. 349
20 February, 1674.
Gold. 5, 1, and 10s., amounting to 130.
Silver. 5s., 2s. 6d., Is., 6d., 4d., 3d., 2d., and Id.,
amounting to 35.
On this occasion the gold was ^ gr. and the silver
was \ dwt. worse than the respective standards.
14 June, 1677.
Gold. 5, 2, 1, and 10s., amounting to 585.
Silver. 5s., 2s. 6d., Is., 6d., 4d., 3d., 2d., and Id.,
amounting to 603.
14 June, 1679.
Gold. As 1677, amounting to 641.
Silver. As 1677, amounting to 166.
5 August, 1681.
1st pyx : from the last trial until 19 July, 1680, in
accordance with the indenture of 8 October, 1670.
Gold. As 1677, amounting to 10.22.
Silver. As 1677, amounting to 322.
2nd pyx ; from 22 July, 1680, under a commission
to Sir John Buckworth, dated 15 July, 1680.
Gold. As 1677, amounting to 588.
Silver. As 1677, amounting to 157.
7 November, 1684.
Gold. As 1677. Total coinage 889,919.
Silver. As 1677. Total coinage 317,346.
Coined until 1 October, 1684. In this case the figures
must refer to the aggregate sums coined during the
period, and not to the amounts found in the pyx.
The latter are not given.
350 HENRY SYMONDS.
JAMES II.
14 July, 1686. In accordance with two commissions
to Thomas Neale, dated 10 September, 1684, and
11 March, 1685-6, respectively. The coins struck
tinder the former warrant would presumably comprise
the last issue of Charles II.
Gold. As 1677. Total coinage 969,654.
Silver. 2s. 6d., Is., 6d., 4d., 3d., 2d., and Id. Total
coinage 117,249.
Here, again, the aggregate sums coined are substi-
tuted for the amounts found in the pyx.
There was only one trial during this short reign.
Notwithstanding the preparation in 1660 of trial
pieces for gold of 23 carats 3^ grs. fine in the pound
Troy, no coins of this standard are mentioned in the
pyx returns. The standard of the silver was invari-
ably 11 oz. 2 dwt. fine, although the fact is not
stated.
"With regard to the dates of the various trials, which
are here given as in the original manuscript, they should
be interpreted according to the Old Style when the
day falls between 1 January and 25 March. Thus, the
16 January, 1671, is 1672 according to the present
style, or 1671-2 as sometimes written.
HENRY SYMONDS.
XV.
COINS OF THE SHAHS OF PERSIA.
(Continued from Ser. IV, Vol. XV, p. 248.)
IV. COPPER COINAGE, 1502-1877.
UNDER the Safavis every town had its own copper
mint and its own particular dies, which were changed
yearly, as well as on the appointment of every new
governor.
The unit, which, in the earlier part of this period
was the dinar, of 72 grains, was afterwards superseded
by the kazbaki (5 dinars), which remained in circulation
until the issue by Fath 'All Shah of the copper shahi.
I have noted the following weights : 288, 216, 144, 72
and 36 grains. It may be added that Russian copper
coins were occasionally utilized. We have thus a two
* A \^
copek piece of 1830 with the countermark u } and
a two copek piece of 1816 which was re-struck in
tiULJtjb
Isfahan: Obv. lion and sun r., Rev.
As great confusion existed owing to the kran being
exchanged in various provinces for 70, 50, 30, or 20
shahis, Nasr ad Din, in 1857, fixed the standard for the
copper currency at 78 grains. But inasmuch as the old
currency was not redeemed, the new issue tended to
increase rather than diminish the prevailing chaos.
Finally, in 1877, the provincial mints were abolished
and a new type of copper coinage was introduced,
352 H. L. KABINO.
which remained unchanged until the issue of nickel
coins in 1901.
The following are a few of the unedited copper coins
which I presented to the British Museum :
1. Rasht, 1232.
Obv.- ^ J
Eev. e*, irrr ^^
JE -8x-9.
2. Kasht, undated.
Obv. Lion and sun r., in ornamented border.
Eev. cui, u-jli
& 1-5 x -9.
3. Kasht, 1235.
Obv. Dragon.
Rev. i fro ouij ^
M 1-1.
4. Rasht, date obliterated.
Obv. Double-tailed dragon.
Mev. oi, LJ^-J
^E -8.
5. Rasht, 1148?
06v. Bird r., formed by the following chronogram :
t,^^
llev. cui, (~>j*o
M 1-1.
6. Rasht.
06v. Shah on horseback holding spear r.
Eev. ^ ^^ ^
JE 1-2.
COINS OF THE SHAHS OF PERSIA. 353
7. Rasht.
Obv. Buddha.
Rev. e^7^
J 1-1.
8. Kasht.
Obv. Ewe 1., beneath ; lamb r.
Rev. e^ <->j*
With a sparrow r., between the two words.
M -85.
9. Gllan.
Obv. Camel with rider r.
Rev. u^" *T>r* ul/
M -9.
10. Iran, 1257.
Obv. Laila and Majnun.
Rei\ irov y
M -95.
11. Iran, 1257.
Obv. Double-headed eagleholding 1. sceptre, and r. globe.
Rev. Similar to 10.
JE -8.
12. Tabaristan.
Obv. Bull standing on fish r., above tKDI.
Rev. (j^j^> ^j*> u!/.^ u**
M -65.
N.B. Similar coin but dPA.
13. Kum.
Obv. ^li Jj^
Rev.
M -8x-95.
354 H. L. RABINO.
14. Rasht.
Obv. ^^ j^ b
Rev. o^ M^J
JE -95.
15. Rasht, 1229.
Obv. Within border of dots jub ..* J j >uj
L- L-
Rev. irri oJ^ L_^-J
M 14.
N. B. Another Rasht coin bears the Persian rendering of
this saying: i.e. .*Ja>. t^U-j cx-sclii> oj!c
16. Tabaristan.
Obv. Eagle devouring fish, r.
Rev. ^lu-^Je i^-i
M -7.
17. Astarabad, 1259.
Obv. Man on horseback, 1.
Rev. lor i j> bl^l (j-i^s
M -7.
18. Astarabad, 12 ? ?.
Obv. Outline of bird 1., within octagon formed by two
squares superposed.
Rev. ir ol)Li-,l ^H^i-s
JE -75.
19. Iran, 1277.
Obv. Lion recumbent and sun 1. ; beneath, i rw.
Rev. ; Uo slsr} J\f\ ^>\
2I7 1 1
./* 1.
COINS OF THE SHAHS OF PERSIA. 355
20. Iran, 1286.
Obv. Lion and sun 1., within wreath of laurels, beneath
lion i r A i .
Rev. u ^il t-^ isDL* ^\j (j*j\i
1 -95.
21. Tihran, 1294.
Obv. Lion and sun 1., within wreath of laurels, beneath
lion \x slsH
Rev. Within circle of dots i r IF ^[^b wilil ; b ^^
Outer margin, laurel wreath.
M -95.
22. Lahijan.
Defaced, countermark u^^
JE -95.
N. B. I also find a Lahijan coin with the countermark ^^
23. Easht.
Obv. Cross with pellet in each angle.
M -95. Wt. 1-05.
24. Easht.
Obv. Two sparrows facing one another.
Rev. e*-iT p>\ } o-i
" M 1-05.
Of new types for copper coins I also find the following:
double-headed eagle ; bird flying ; boar ; bull and stag ;
camel and driver ; fleur de lys ; man's head ; mitred
head ; turbaned head ; horseman holding spear, below
356 H. L. KABINO.
boar, above bird flying ; horseman with, uplifted sword ;
mouse ; rope dancer ; pair of scales ; bust of shah with
hawk on his wrist ; star ; scorpion ; two lions back to
back with sun behind ; serpent attacking sheep ; rat ;
five fishes forming wreath ; Sagittarius.
Huwaizah, Nakhchivan, Khalajistan, Nahavand, and
Sari, as mints for copper, are new.
On a copper coin found in Gilan I made out the
following :
Chaukam and Kuyakh are two villages near the lagoon
of Anzall.
H. L. RABINO.
MISCELLANEA.
Notice sur un tetradraclime de Catane, avec la signature
TTPOKAH^/ et d'un autre de Syracuse, avec >f, provable-
ment signature de Kimon.
DANS la l Numismatic Circular,' fasc. 7, pag. 441, juillet
1914, dans la relation de la seance de la Koyale Societe
Numismatique de Londres, 21 mai 1914, j'ai lu que
Sir Arthur Evans, 1'eminent President de ladite Societe,
a illustre devant la meme deux tres importantes monnaies
grecques de Sicile : 1'une, un tetradrachme de Catane, avec
la signature TTPOKAH3 sous la tete d'Apollon, et 1'autre,
un tetradrachme de Syracuse, a grande tete de femme, avec
la lettre >| derriere le cou.
II parait, selon ladite relation, que le Dr. A. Evans a
fait remarquer que de cette piece de Catane on ne connait
358 MISCELLANEA.
qu'un autre seul exemplaire pareil, celui de la collection
du Due de Luynes, a Paris ; et que le tetradrachme de
Syracuse, avec la lettre N, probablement signature de
Kimon, pour sa combinaison du droit avec le revers, est
unique, meme inconnu du Tudeer, dans son important et
tres recent ouvrage sur les tetradrachmes de Syracuse.
Ayant observe les empreintes de ces deux pieces, que je
dois a 1'exquise obligeance du Dr. Evans, j'ai pu constater
que 1'exemplaire de Catane provient de la vente Egger,
Vienne, Nov. 1913, Cat. XLV, N260, PI. vn, et 1'autre de
Syracuse de la vente du Dr. J. Hirsch, Munich, Nov. 1912,
Cat. XXXII, NO 342, PI. xm.
Cependant, quant a la piece de Procles, j'ai le plaisir
de signaler 1'existence d'un autre exemplaire, du meme
type, avec la meme signature, appartenant a la celebre
collection du Baron Pennisi de Floristella, a Acireale. Ayant
eu le bonheur, il y a quelques annees, d'etudier cette collec-
tion, je pus, par 1'obligeante courtoisie de son possesseur,
prendre des notes sur les pieces les plus belles et les plus
importantes. En fouillant dans ces notes, j'ai trouve ainsi
decrit ledit tetradrachme de Catane :
D. Au dessus: KATANAIflN (quelques lettres ne sont
pas bien lisibles), tete lauree d'Apollon a gauche, les cheveux
sont ondules et releves derriere ; devant, un poisson et une
ecrevisse, derriere, une feuille de laurier ; sous la tete, en tres
petites lettres, la signature TTPOKAH3.
K. Quadrige au galop, a gauche, conduit par un au-
riga tenant le fouet dans la main droite et les renes dans
la gauche. Nike, volant a droite, s'apprete a couronner
1'auriga.
Et pour que je pusse me prononcer positivement sur
la conformite parfaite de 1'exemplaire decrit avec celui de
Luynes et 1'autre du Dr. Evans, j'ai sollicite de la grande
amabilite du Baron Pennisi 1'envoi du moulage de son
exemplaire, et, en le comparant avec les empreintes des
deux autres exemplaires, j'ai pu m'assurer que les trois
pieces sont parfaitement identiques, sans la moindre diffe-
MISCELLANEA. 359
rence, bien que 1'exemplaire du Baron Pennisi soit moins
bien conserve que les deux autres. 1
Je pourrais meme supposer que ce tetradrachme etait
bien connu du Prof. A. Salinas, qui avait tant travaille sur
la collection Pennisi, mais il parait certain qu'il n'en publia
aucune notice. Que si cela etait, le tres savant Dr. Evans
en aurait eu connaissance et, bien surement, il n'aurait pas
juge son exemplaire de Catane, par Procles, le second, mais
le troisieme jusqu'ici connu.
Quant au tetradrachme de Syracuse, signe de la lettre M,
le Dr. Evans s'est tronipe en jugeant que sa piece etait in-
connue du Tudeer, dans son ouvrage : ' Die Tetradrachmen-
priigung von Syrakus in der Periode der signierenden
Kiinstler, . .' parce que, comme je Fai dit, elle provient de
la vente Hirsch, Nov. 1912, et je la trouve citee dans le-
dit ouvrage de Tudeer, a la page 49, N 68 A , et signalee
comme unique a la page 288 (25-42 = 68 A , I).
Cependant je vais causer une agreable surprise a ces
savants-la, en donnant notice d'un autre exemplaire de
Syracuse, inedit, et tout a fait pareil a celui du Dr. Evans,
appartenant a une importante collection privee, assez rare-
ment accessible aux numismates, mais qu'une fois j'eus le
plaisir de pouvoir observer. Grace aussi a Texceptionnelle
obligeance, a mon egard, de son possesseur, Mr. J. C., je pus
prendre des notes, ainsi que quelques empreintes, des pieces
les plus importantes. Et voila la description dudit exem-
plaire de Syracuse :
D. Tete de femme, de type large, a droite, portant doubles
boucles d'oreilles et un collier orne de neuf perles et d'un
pendant. Une ampyx, avec noeud devant, entoure les
cheveux ondules, retenus dans une sphendone ornee de
trois etoiles et d'un motif a zig-zag sur la bandelette
inferieure du cou, et de laquelle s'echappent quelques meches,
1 Voir les reproductions : n 1. Tetr. de Luynes, n 2. Tetr. du
Baron Pennisi. Pour le tetr. appartenant a Sir A. Evans je renvoie mes
lecteurs au Catalogue Egger precite.
360 MISCELLANEA.
flottantes par derriere. Au dessus, la legende : ^YPAKO-
^IfllM. Derriere le cou de la deesse N ; devant et derriere
la tete : deux dauphins.
K. Quadrige au galop, a gauche, conduit par un auriga
qui tient les renes dans les deux mains et le fouet dans la
droite. La bride du troisieme cheval retombe libre ; sous
les pieds du cheval le plus rapproche, une roue brisee.
Nike, volant a droite, couronne 1'auriga ; a 1'exergue, sous
double ligne, un epi d'orge, a gauche. Mm. 28, gr. 17, 27. 2
Bien que cette description soit tres precise, j'en ai aussi
compare les empreintes avec celles de 1'exemplaire du
Dr. Evans et je peux, sans doute, annoncer que les deux
pieces sont parfaitement identiques et, surement, du meme
coin. L'exemplaire Evans a cependant des defauts de
refrappe sur le visage de la deesse, tandis que 1'autre de
Mr. J. C. est d'une conservation merveilleuse, a fleur de coin.
On peut done conclure que, jusqu'a present, on connait
deux seuls tetradrachmes de Syracuse, tout a fait identiques :
au type large de Kimon, avec M derriere le cou de la deesse,
associe au quadrige de Parmenion, avec la bride a terre et la
roue brisee.
G. DE CICCIO.
Palerme, Janvier 1915.
2 Voir la reproduction n 3. L'exemplaire Evans est figure dans le
Catalogue Hirsch precite.
NUM. CHRON. SER. IV., VOL. XV. PL. XII.
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CYPRIOTE ALEXANDERS. KITION 1-12.
NUM. CHRON. SER. IV., VOL. XV. PL. XIII.
JJ 'J
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CYPRIOTE ALEXANDERS. SALAMIS.
NUM. CHRON. SER. IV., VOL. XV. PL. XIV.
CYPRIOTE ALEXANDERS. SALAMIS.
NUM. CHRON. SER. IV., VOL. XV. PL. XV,
1 A
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CYPRIOTE ALEXANDERS. SALAMIS 1-6. PAPHOS 7-13. MARION 14.
NUM. CHRON. SEP. IV., VOL. XV. PL. XVI.
SOME RARE ROMAN COINS.
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AN EARLY ANGLO-SAXON FIND.
XVI.
A CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT OF THE
COINS OF CHIOS ; PART II.
(Continued from p. 52. SEE PLATES XVIII, XIX.)
INTRODUCTORY NOTE.
SINCE the publication of the first part of this study
in the Numismatic Chronicle, and after the following
pages were practically ready for the press, there
appeared in the Journal of the American Numismatic
Society a monograph by Miss A. Baldwin on the
Electrum and Silver Coins of Chios issued during the
sixth, fifth, and fourth centuries B.C.
The author has here brought together such a wealth
of material, and stated her conclusions in so clear
and concise a manner, that I felt on first seeing the
paper that it would be a work of supererogation to go
over the same ground again. As the present article,
however, is only a portion of the whole task that
I have set myself, I have decided, with the kind per-
mission and encouragement of the Editors, to entrust
it to the Numismatic Chronicle as originally intended.
In doing so I have now the advantage of Miss Baldwin's
researches, which not only covered a wider field than my
own, but record a greater number of types than mine
do even from sources explored by us both. This is
especially noticeable in the case of the didrachms
NUMISM. CHRON., VOL. XV, SERIES IV.
362 J. MAVKOGORDATO.
belonging to the archaic and transitional periods.
Altogether Miss Baldwin's catalogue provides a store-
house compared with which the information collected
by Mionnet and Kofod Whitte, to whom I have alluded
as pioneers in our particular line of inquiry, presents
little more than an academic interest.
Reference to Miss Baldwin's work will accordingly
be found below wherever it seems worth while to
draw attention to the fresh evidence supplied by her,
and wherever it has become necessary for me to alter
my original views in consequence of the force of her
arguments. As a matter of fact, our conclusions with
regard to the period now under review are in agree-
ment on all major points, but it may have been noticed
that we differ in one or two important particulars
connected with the archaic period. As the present
seems a fitting occasion on which to refer to these
I propose to do so now as briefly as possible.
Miss Baldwin contends, very justifiably from her
point of view, that the earliest electrum staters that
we possess should not be dated earlier than 550 B.C.
I prefer to follow the authorities who think that no
electrum coins were struck by the Greek states during
their subjection to Persia. In consequence of this,
and of my bias in favour of the precocity of Ionic
art, it will be found that my types Nos. 3 and 5-7 are
dated earlier than Miss Baldwin's more independent
standpoint allows by about fifty years on the average.
In arranging these issues I placed type No. 5 before
No. 6 chiefly on the strength of what I took to be its more
primitive incuse square. Miss Baldwin reverses this
order, and her arguments, based on the style of the
coins (Nos. 3-6 of her PL i), whatever may be the
CHRONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS. 363
correct interpretation of their incuses, are quite con-
vincing. The only other important difference of
opinion between us though there are several minor
points that would take too long to discuss here is
that concerning the dates we respectively ascribe to
the bulk of the archaic silver coinage.
My attribution of the electrum coins naturally led
to a corresponding, though of course conjectural,
arrangement of the archaic silver wherever possible,
as may be seen from the notes on my types Nos. 8-13.
Miss Baldwin was forced, for similar reasons, to choose
a narrower field, but she seems to me to have crowded
the issues together even more than the limits of her
period demanded.
On the assumption that the coins she illustrates,
Nos. 19-23, PL i, are the contemporaries of the stater
of the Ionic Eevolt (Nos. 9-12, PL i) she is obliged to
assign some twenty different types, mostly illustrated on
PL ii, to the years 500-490 B.C. As there is a strong
probability that no coins at all were struck for at least
three or four years after 494 B.C., this already restricted
period must be still further reduced to about six years.
But there is a stronger argument still for pushing
back and extending the dates of Miss Baldwin's
PL ii, &c. This is the evidence of the Taranto hoard
(Rev. Num., 1912, pp. 1-40), consisting as it did of
a large variety of archaic silver coins all earlier than
510 B.C. This hoard included the didrachm No. 25 of
Miss Baldwin's PL ii, or my type No. 20. It is a fine
example of what archaic art was capable of producing
at this time, and is, moreover, a most valuable landmark
in the Chian series. We are thereby provided with
a criterion of date of much greater value than that
Bb2
364 J. MAVROGORDATO.
afforded by the resemblance between the didrachms
with the uplifted paw and the electmm stater of the
Ionic Eevolt, a resemblance that is due 3 in my opinion,
to the deliberate archaism of the latter.
PERIOD V. 478-431 B.C. (?).
When the tyranny with its Persian sympathies had
been finally abolished, Chios became once more a purely
Greek island, and entered upon that period of peace
and prosperity that was to make her the envy of all
her neighbours. 48 Whereas in the sixth century Samos
had been the most powerful Ionian community, the
lead passed to Chios after the Persian wars, and far
the best part of seventy years the island was able to
devote all its energies to the development of its
resources. It was rare indeed among the Greek city-
states for such a long term of years to pass without
war, and, more remarkable still, without civil strife.
At first the oligarchy or aristocratic party had com-
plete control of affairs, and seems to have conducted
them very successfully. Then, under the influence of
Athens, a democratic party arose for the first time in the
island's history, and gained ground steadily, though
only slowly at first. This sowed the seeds of all the
subsequent faction and disorder that wrought such de-
struction in Chios towards the end of the fifth century.
But during the course of the present period, or at any
rate during the earlier part of it, Chios seems to have
been an eastern rival of Athens. That state of things
could not last for long of course, and as Athens grew
48 Thucydides viii. 24.
CHKONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS. 365
the island had either to submit to the greater power or
become its ally. The ruling party was wise enough
to perceive the advantage of the latter course, and,
though secretly antagonistic to her, its members kept
up the appearance of being sincerely friendly to
Athens. They maintained their position in the state
by yielding on every occasion when Athens interfered
in its aifairs, and at the beginning of the Peloponnesian
war Chios even sent her fleet against Sparta though
really in sympathy with her cause.
It is to the period of true independence, which is
hard to define within a decade, that belong the famous
Jidrachms and tetrobols that are perhaps the best
known of the island's silver coins. They must have
been issued in large quantities, but a really fine
specimen is very hard to obtain, for in spite of the
skill and care with which the dies were executed the
coins are seldom well struck. The weight is carefully
preserved on the whole, but does not quite equal that
attained by the didrachms of the previous century.
It is. by no means unusual to come across one of the
latter weighing 123 grains (7-97 grammes), or the
maximum of the standard, but among the fifth-century
didrachms 121-5 grains (7-87 grammes) is the highest
point touched in my experience. This is confirmed
by the tetrobols, the heaviest I know of being No. 13
of B. M. Cat.: Chios, which weighs 40-5 grains (2-624
grammes), and thus exactly represents the limit
reached by the didrachms.
The type carries on the leading features of the
previous century with the addition of a bunch of
grapes above the amphora, and a few minor refine-
ments, some of which have already been noted as
366 J. MAVKOGOKDATO.
appearing sporadically in the last period but one. The
amphora itself, for instance, is neatly fitted with
a stopper, and the hair of the Sphinx is always raised.
The whole design, moreover, is invariably arranged on
a convex circular shield.
The varieties, although insignificant from the point
of view of artistic interest, are sufficiently numerous
to show that these issues must have continued un-
interruptedly over a considerable period. No better
proof could be found of the conservative policy of the
mint thus far than the way in which the simplicity of
the type was preserved at a time when artistic develop-
ment was at its highest. The bean-shaped flan, punch-
struck incuse, and division into thirds are also signs of
adherence to previous tradition and to Ionian influence.
The analogy with Athenian contemporary practice is
striking as regards the archaism of the coins, but there
is not a trace as yet of Athenian influence over the
methods of the mint. That was still to come. We
have no record of any sculptors of note during this
period, but the engraver Dexamenos, who flourished
between 460 and 430 B.C., is known to have been
a native of the island. Most of his work, however, if
not all of it, is supposed to have been done outside
Chios, and nothing has yet been discovered among its
coins that could be ascribed to him.
One of the most keenly discussed subjects connected
with the Chian series finds its place in the present
period. I allude to the late electrum issue struck on
the Cyzicene, or, according to M. Babelon, on the
Lampsacene standard. This is represented to-day by
a unique stater at Berlin, which has been attributed
to such widely different dates as the last quarter of
CHKONOLOGY OF THE COINS OP CHIOS. 367
the sixth 49 and the first half of the fourth cen-
tury B. ov 50
The latest student of the question, Miss A. Baldwin,
in her " Electrum Coinage of Lampsdkos ", pp. 15-18,
suggests the decade 450-440 B. c. as the probable date
of this stater's issue. The author bases her arguments
on considerations of style as between this actual piece
and the other fifth-century coins of Chios on the one
hand, and the Z staters of Lampsacus, independently
proved to have been issued circa 450 B.C., on the other.
I entirely agree with her conclusions, though inclining
towards the later limit of the date suggested by her
rather than the earlier one.
It seems to me that this coin was struck at the
height of the Chian prosperity already referred to as
having occurred between the Persian and Peloponne-
sian wars, and while the island was still perfectly
independent. The issue may very well have been
made with the object of competing on the Athenian
market with the Cyzicene staters that were then in
such keen demand there. 51
The following are the principal types of the
didrachms and tetrobols:
24. Olv. Sphinx of transitional style seated 1. on plain
exergual line; wing curled in naturalistic
manner ; hair rolled ; and further foreleg
49 Babelon, Traite, ii, pp. 191-3.
50 Von Sallet, Kgl. Miinzkabinett, No. 82.
51 It will be noticed that, as M. Babelon has already observed
loc.cit., the weight of this stater is rather lower than that of the
Cyzicenes, 236-7 grains (15-34 grammes) as against 252-246-9 grains
(16-33-16-00 grammes). At the conventional ratio of 10 : 1, as
between silver and electrum, twenty of the contemporary silver
didrachms would have been almost exactly equal in value to
one of these staters.
368 J. MAVKOGORDATO.
showing behind nearer. In front stoppered
amphora [with ball at point], surmounted by
bunch of grapes hanging perpendicularly. The
whole on raised circular shield.
Rev. Quartered incuse square divided by broad bars
into moderately deep and irregularly shaped
compartments ; punch-struck.
M. -ITTTT mm. Weight? Chian didrachm. Cabinet
13-00
de France. [PL XVIII. 1.]
25. Obv. Sphinx of transitional style seated 1. on plain
exergual line ; wing curled in semi-conven-
tionalized manner ; hair elegantly dressed on
top of head ; further foreleg outlined beyond
nearer. In front stoppered amphora, with
ball at point, surmounted by bunch of grapes
hanging perpendicularly. The whole on raised
circular shield.
Rev. Similar to preceding.
M. ^r mm. 120-3 grains (7-795 grammes). Chian
didrachm. My collection. [PI. XVIII. 2.]
(Miss Baldwin places this, or a similar type, at the
end of her didrachm series, No. 44, pp. 22-3. I prefer
this order because the eye of the Sphinx is not in
profile as in the succeeding types, and the position of
the bunch of grapes connects this with the earlier
type, No. 24.)
26. Obv. Sphinx of early fine style seated 1. on plain
exergual line ; wing curled in semi-conven-
tionalized manner ; hair arranged in a mass
of short curls ; further foreleg outlined behind
nearer. In front stoppered amphora, with ball
at point, surmounted by vine-branch showing
leaves and bunch of grapes inclined to left.
The whole on raised circular shield.
Rev. Similar to preceding except that the bars are
extra broad.
JR. 15-75 mm. 121-2 grains (7-85 grammes). Chian
CHRONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS. 369
didrachm. Coll. B. Yakountchikoff ex
Sherman Benson Coll., No. 696 (part of)
Sotheby's Cat., 1909. [PL XVIII. 3.]
16-50 mm. 121-5 grains (7-87 grammes). Chian
didrachm. Brit. Mus., No. 7, Cat. Ionia, Chios.
jg^mm. 120-2 grains (7.792grammes). Chian
didrachm. My collection.
26 a . Variety of preceding without leaves to vine-branch
over amphora.
18-50
14^50 mm ' 12 t4 S rains (7-80 grammes). Chian
didrachm. Cabinet de France. [P1.XVIII.4.]
1775
121-2 grains (7-85 grammes). Chian
didrachm. My collection.
Both common.
27. Obv. Sphinx of early fine style seated 1. on plain ex-
ergual line ; wing curled in more naturalistic
manner than in other coins of this period ;
hair elegantly dressed ; only one foreleg show-
ing. In front stoppered amphora [with ball
at point]. The whole in vine- wreath, showing
a bunch of grapes both before and behind the
Sphinx, on raised circular shield.
Rev. Quartered incuse square divided by broad bars
into shallow compartments ; punch-struck.
JR. - ^ mm. 119-8 grains (7- 76 grammes). Chian
1J-50
didrachm. Brit. Mus., No. 12, Cat. Ionia,
Chios. [PI. XVIII. 5.]
(Miss Baldwin calls all these coins transitional, but
I am venturing to divide them into transitional and
early fine art, with the drawing of the Sphinx's eye
as a test.)
28. Obv. Sphinx of transitional style seated 1. on plain
exergual line ; wing curled in semi-conven-
tional manner ; hair rolled ; further foreleg
showing behind nearer. In front stoppered
370 J. MAVKOGOKDATO.
amphora, with ball at point, surmounted by
bunch of grapes inclined to 1. The whole on
raised circular shield.
Rev. Quartered incuse square divided by narrow bars
into moderately deep compartments ; punch-
struck.
M. 10-50 mm. 39 -3 grains (2-545 grammes). Chian
tetrobol. Mr. W. C. Weight's stock, 1914.
[PL XVIII. 6.]
10-75 mm. 37-8 grains (245 grammes). Chian
tetrobol. My collection.
Kather rare.
29. Obv. Sphinx of early fine style seated 1. on plain
exergual line ; wing curled in semi-conven-
tionalized manner ; hair elegantly dressed on
top of head ; further foreleg outlined behind
nearer. In front stoppered amphora, with ball
at point, surmounted by bunch of grapes hang-
ing perpendicularly. The whole on raised
circular shield.
Rev. Similar to preceding.
M. 10-25 mm. 40-1 grains (2-60 grammes). Chian
tetrobol. Cabinet de France, No. 4972.
[PI. XVIII. 7.]
11-00 mm. 39-1 grains (2-53 grammes). Chian
tetrobol. My collection.
10-50 mm. 40-5 grains (2-624 grammes). Chian
tetrobol. Brit. Mus., No. 13, Cat. Ionia,
Chios.
Common.
30. Obv. Sphinx of early fine style seated 1. on plain
exergual line ; wing curled in semi-conven-
tionalized manner ; hair arranged in a mass
of short curls ; only one foreleg showing. In
front stoppered amphora, with ball at point,
surmounted by bunch of grapes inclined to 1.
The whole on raised circular shield.
Rev. Similar to preceding.
M. 11-00 mm. 39-3 grains (2-545 grammes). Chian
tetrobol. Brit. Mus., No. 15, Cat. Ionia,
Chios. [PL XVIII. 8.]
Uncertain rarity.
CHRONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS. 371
The electrum stater referred to above may be
described as follows :
31. Obv. Sphinx of early fine style seated 1. on plain
exergual line, raising further forepaw ; wing
curled in semi-conventionalized manner ; hair
rolled. In front stoppered amphora, with ball
at point, surmounted by bunch of grapes which
hangs from vine-wreath encircling the type and
is touched by Sphinx's upraised paw.
Rev. Incuse square of mill-sail pattern like Cyzicene
staters ; anvil-struck.
El. mm. 236-7 grains (15-34 grammes).
Lampsacene stater. Berlin Cabinet.
[PL XVIII. 9.]
No. 24. This is the earliest didrachm showing the
bunch of grapes of which I have been able to obtain
a cast, and it is also the only one of its type that
I have seen. In the collection of Prof. Pozzi, of Paris,
there is another early type which may possibly be
a trifle older. It has the letters XIO in the depressions
of the reverse which were noted in Nos. 17 and 20 of
Period III. Miss Baldwin shows two more specimens
of this type, and also three intermediate types between /
it and the next (Nos. 8, 9, and 11-14, PL iii).
Nos. 25-7. These types may be supposed to have
followed each other in the order given. This is only
conjectural, of course, and they do not represent all
the known varieties of their class by any means. But
they are typical of the principal changes in the design,
which are mostly unimportant. The eye of the Sphinx
from No. 26 onwards will be observed to be correctly
drawn in profile. The flans seem to have become
flatter as time went on. No. 25 is a very rare variety,
and No. 27 is unique to the best of my belief. There
372 J. MAVKOGORDATO.
is no reason to suppose from the wreath surrounding
the type that this coin belongs to the same issue as the
electrum stater, No. 31.
Nos. 28-30. It is extremely difficult to distinguish
between the various issues of these little pieces as they
are so carelessly struck, and, with the small surface
available, the slight differences to be noted are almost
imperceptible. Still, I have succeeded in identifying
at least three varieties, and I am illustrating them on
PI. XVIII from specimens which, I hope, are sufficiently
well preserved to justify my pretensions. Although
the wing of No. 28 is rather later in style, though not
in shape, than that of the didrachm No. 24, these two
coins cannot be much removed from each other in
date of issue. It is by far the earliest tetrobol I have
seen. It has the full-faced eye, large head, and short
wing of the purely transitional coins. No. 29, on the
other hand, has the long neck, elegant head, and
upright bunch of grapes of the intermediate types of
didrachm. And No. 30, showing as it does the
characteristic curls of didrachms Nos. 26 and 26 a ,
may safely be classed as their contemporary. The
eye in this type is undoubtedly drawn in profile, as in
the didrachms.
No. 31. This unique stater was first published by
Fr. Lenormant in the Rev. Num., 1864, PL i. 4. From
the point of view of style it forms a link between the
foregoing silver didrachms and the tetradrachms with
their divisions of the next period. The amphora shows
the stopper of the earlier coins, which after this is
seen no more; but the drawing of the Sphinx by
means of a very flat curve between throat and fore-
foot, in place of the bird-like outline of the didrachms
CHRONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS. 373
and tetrobols, connects it directly with the later issues.
The heavy muscular foreleg is also characteristic of
the tetradrachm issues, but the wing, on the other
hand, comes nearer to the less conventionalized type
of the didrachms. The raised shield is absent, and
though this is a feature that tends to disappear, and is
consequently of value in determining the approximate
date of a coin, its absence in this case, taken in con-
junction with the other details of the type, may be
disregarded. Miss Baldwin very correctly points out
that the amphora on this stater, apart from the
stopper, has the character of that on the succeeding
tetradrachms.
PERIOD VI. 431(?)-412 B.C.
Although the oligarchy continued to rule after the
outbreak of the Peloponnesian war, the democracy
was now much stronger, and it was only by absolute
subservience to Athens 52 that the former party main-
tained its hold on the reins. Athenian influence was
paramount, and when, in a last burst of independence,
the islanders tried, in 425 B.C., to fortify their capital,
an order came from Athens that the walls were to
be thrown down. It was promptly obeyed. 53 So things
continued until the news of the Sicilian disaster gave
the aristocrats their opportunity. In 412 B.C. they at
length threw off the mask and declared for the
enemies of Athens, and the renewed strength that
they gained under their fresh masters enabled them
52 Eupolis, quoted by Scholiast on Aristophanes, Birds, 881.
53 Thucydides iv. 51.
374 J. MAVROGORDATO.
to keep the bulk of the population, who did not
approve of the revolt, in subjection.
On turning to the coins this growth of foreign
authority is clearly reflected in them. It is impossible
to say exactly when it began, but probably some time
between 440 and 431 B.C. a complete change came over
the methods of the Chian mint. Though it is con-
venient on account of the familiarity of the date to
fix the year 431 B.C. as the dividing line between
Periods V and VI, I am at the same time marking
it as doubtful because it looks as if the change must
have taken place a few years before the outbreak of
the Peloponnesian war.
It is possible that the decree of Clearchus, or rather
7 J&\ the policy that it embodied, which dated from the
e M*tf\) transfer of the Delian fund to Athens in 454 B.C., may
A* **" have been the immediate cause of this change in the
currency. The decree forbade the use of any silver
money but Attic in cities subject to Athens, and the
r* introduction of the tetradrachm, &c., at Chios looks
like a compromise between the two states. Chios
would have been incapable of refusing to comply with
the decree if enforced, and Athens would probably
have hesitated to dictate on such a matter to so
valuable an ally. The date of the decree is not exactly
known, but it fell some time between 454 and 414 B.C. 54
In the clean sweep now effected the standard and
type were preserved, it is true. They had made too
good and too wide a reputation for themselves to be
interfered with to any serious extent, but the weight
54 See P. Gardner, "The Coinage of the Athenian Empire,"
J. H. S., 1913. ui*4**H4> **S^V '^*4s J
CHRONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS. 375
was again slightly reduced, and the design was less
carefully executed. 55 Everything else that connected
the coinage with the old Ionian traditions was swept
away. The denominations were altered ; the Ionian
system of division into thirds and sixths gave way
to the Athenian preference for halves and quarters;
and the method of anvil-striking was adopted, the old
bean-shaped punch-struck flans disappearing for good
with the didrachms and tetrobols.
The issues of this new style consisted of tetra-
drachms, divided into drachms and hemidrachms. No
didrachms are known, and their absence is another
feature in agreement with Athenian custom. The
evolution of this coinage presents a few minor problems.
It is customary among most Greek series to find
anepigraphic coins followed by others bearing, first,
symbols representing the magistrate of the year; next,
single letters or monograms, the initials of their
names ; and finally, the magistrates' names themselves
in full. All these steps occur in the Chian issues of
the present period, but, as will appear in due course,
their sequence in the order commonly supposed to
be the normal one cannot be substantiated from the
style of the coins. As no other arrangement, however,
gives completely satisfactory results, I prefer to follow
the stereotyped course, and to point out the objections
to it as they arise.
All authorities hitherto have assigned the tetra-
drachms without symbols or names [PI. XVIII. 10]
55 The question of weights will be developed more fully later on.
The quality of the work speaks for itself. Compare the amphora
and Sphinx's tail of PI. XVIII. 10 with the same details on any
of the didrachms.
376 J. MAVKOGOKDATO.
to a much earlier date than that now suggested,
regarding them in fact as forming part of a coinage
in which the didrachms and tetrobols just described
[PI. XVIII. 1-7] were relegated to a subordinate position.
But a very little consideration for details of style
will, I think, suffice to show that any such theory
is untenable. Attention has already been drawn to
the chief points under this head in the remarks made
above on type No. 31, the electrum stater of the
last period. _The conventionalized wing exhibited by
even the earliest of the tetradrachms, to confine our-
selves to one point only, is so obviously a development
of the more naturalistic forms found on the didrachms
that it is in itself a sufficient proof that the latter
must have led the way. The drawing of the Sphinx's
body too, and the disappearance of the stopper from
the amphora in the coins attributed to the present
period, tend in the same direction. Also, the com-
paratively small differences in treatment between the
tetradrachms without names and the earliest of those
with them would necessitate moving up a considerable
quantity of that large series, not to speak of the few
issues with symbols, or the drachms with letters, &c.,
into the first half of the fifth century, if the theory
were carried to its logical conclusion. The im-
practicability of such a step of course requires no
demonstration.
There is also the question of the weights of the
different coins. These speak for themselves for the
most part, especially when we consider that most of
the early tetradrachms that we have are in nearly
mint state. The heaviest, as will be seen below, is
the one at Boston, which is the counterpart of the
CHKONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS. 377
British Museum specimen. This weighs 237-7 grains
(15-40 grammes), which represents a didrachm of
118-8 grains (7-70 grammes), whereas it has already
been pointed out that didrachms of Period V are known
weighing as much as 121-5 grains (7-87 grammes).
Besides, since we cannot separate didrachm No. 26
from tetrobol No. 30, nor tetradrachm No. 32 from
drachm No. 33, one would have to suppose that two
distinct systems of division were being carried on
concurrently if all these coins are to be taken as con-
temporaries. What system do we know, even amid the
splendid confusion of Greek monetary standards, that
would combine a didrachm weighing 121-5 grains
(7-87 grammes) maximum and a tetrobol or third in
perfect agreement with it, with a tetradrachm and
drachm representing a didrachm of 118-8 grains (7-70
grammes) maximum?
; ; $
the Ashburnham Sale Cat., Sotheby's, 1895, weighing
239-97 grains (15-55 grammes). If this weight could
be relied upon it would somewhat weaken the above
argument, as the resulting didrachm would be 119-98
grains (7-775 grammes). But since the four other
known tetradrachms with symbols are all of consider-
ably less weight, there seems to be some justification f
for doubting the accuracy of the catalogue.
Whether the coinage after the change was less
plentiful or not than before cannot be stated with
certainty, but there are signs that it was, at any rate
for a time. We have no jtetradrachms, for instance,
with a single letter or monogram, and even those
with symbols are excessively rare, while if the drachms
NUMISM. CHRON., VOL. XV, SERIES IV. C C
Miss Baldwin records a tetradrachm with the
astragalus symbol (No. 54 a, fig. 6, of her paper) from
ii A 1,1 i - c_i_ n~i. ci_.i.i i '-. i orktr - .1
378 J. MAVROGORDATO.
with letters, some of which are fairly common, occu-
pied the place in the series assigned to them here,
it would mean that there was a gap in the tetradrachm
issues. There are also several issues of drachms and
hemidrachms without letters of undoubtedly later date
than the tetradrachm No. 32, though apparently con-
temporaries of the drachms with letters. Like the
latter, these coins have no accompanying tetradrachms
either. Their absence in both cases may be purely
accidental of course, but it may mean, as suggested
above, that the coinage was somewhat restricted for
a short period before the revolt from Athens.
This particular phase of the coinage is represented
on PI. XVIII. 17-22 and PL XIX. 1-3. The pieces there
illustrated include, as will be observed, two bronze coins,
and though it may seem revolutionary to suggest that
bronze was coined at Chios as early as this, there is
nothing inherently improbable about it. Bronze is
known to have been struck at Athens during the archon-
ship of Callias in 406 B.C., and, if M. Svoronos's theory
with regard to the KoXXvpoi 5G is to be credited, it was
introduced there at a much earlier date still. Camirus
in Rhodes seems to have made use of it in its coinage
considerably before the end of the fifth century
(B. M. Cat.: Caria, Rhodes, Camirus, No. 15, 500-408
B. c.), and Samos also struck bronze of good style that
is attributed to the beginning of the fourth century
(B. M. Cat. : Ionia, Samos, Nos. 143-60).
The little bronze pieces that I am venturing to
include in the present period are not well known, but
they have everything to recommend their attribution
56 Journal Int. <TArch. Num., 1912, pp. 123 60.
CHRONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS. 379
so far as style is concerned. The_only doubtful point
about them is the somewhat early appearance of a
reverse type combined with punch- striking, at a time
when anvil-striking was in force, and when the other
coins, suggested as their contemporaries, still had
conventionalized incuse reverses. The use of a new
metal may be enough to account for this innovation.
Moreover, the reverse of drachm No. 45 is so highly
conventional that it almost amounts to a type, and yet
it is an unmistakable contemporary, within a year
or so, of the other drachms in its class whether with
or without letters.
Though the definite attribution of these early bronze
coins must remain an open question for the present,
I think that there can be no gainsaying that they
must at any rate follow the fortunes of the drachms
and hemidrachms with which they are now grouped.
Until the production of evidence tending to determine
the date of the latter more exactly than I am able
to do there seems no serious objection to the present
arrangement.
The early tetradrachms and their divisions, so far as
they are known to us, together with the apparently
separate issues of drachms, hemidrachms, and early
bronze, are the following :
32. Obv. Sphinx of fully developed style seated 1. on plain
exergual line ; wing curled in conventionalized
manner ; hair elegantly dressed on top of head ;
further foreleg outlined behind nearer. In
front amphora [with ball at point], surmounted
by bunch of grapes hanging perpendicularly.
The whole on raised circular shield.
R e ^ Quartered incuse square, divided by narrow bars
into shallow and irregularly shaped compart-
ments ; anvil- struck.
cc2
380 J. MAVROGORDATO.
JR. 23.50mm. 237-6 grains (1540 grammes). Chian
tetradrachm. Boston Mus., U.S. A., ex Warren
Coll., No. 1142, Kegling Cat.
22.50mm. 235-6 grains (15-27 grammes). Chian
tetradrachm. Brit. Mus., No. 5, Cat. Ionia,
Chios. [PI. XVIII. 10.]
33. Identical with preceding.
JR. 14-00 mm. 58-2 grains (3-77 grammes). Chian
drachm. Metr. Mus., New York, ex Ward
Coll., No. 680, G. F. Hill's Cat.
[PL XVIII. 11.]
14-25 mm. 57-9 grains (3-75 grammes). Chian
drachm. Berlin Cabinet ex Lobbecke Coll.,
1906.
34. Similar to preceding, but reverse has broader bars.
JR. 10-00 mm. 23-5 grains (1-52 grammes). Chian
hemidrachm. My collection.
[PI. XVIII. 12.]
35. Olv. Similar to No. 32, except that Sphinx is drawn
with the further breast showing, and a dolphin,
head to 1., in field r.
Eev. Similar to No. 32, but reverse has broader bars,
and is slightly more conventionalized.
90 oo
JR. .'mm. 236-5 grains (15-32 grammes). Chian
tetradrachm. Sir H. Weber's collection.
[PL XVIII. 13.]
36. Obv. Similar to No. 32, but of more careless execution,
and with an astragalus in field r. The convex
shield is also lower than in any of the preceding
types.
Rev. Quartered incuse square divided by rather broad
bars into moderately deep compartments ; anvil-
struck.
23-50
JR. - mm. 236-9grains(15-35grammes). Chian
tetradrachm. Munich Cabinet.
[PL XVIII. 14.]
CHRONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS. 381
"
No 36
Ben.- Quartered incuse square evenly divided by rathei
25-00
232.2grains(15.05grammes). Chian
tetradrachm. R Jameson Coll. ex Coll
GL Durufle, No. 1522, E. J.'s Cat.
25-00 [PL XVIII. 15.]
mm. 217.6grains(14-10grammes). Chian
tetradrachm. Berlin Cabinet (worn).
38. Ofo-Similar to preceding, except that the Sphinx's
breasts are not shown, and that the dolphin in
neld r. is here drawn head downwards.
^.-Identical with No. 36, allowing for difference
in size.
16-00
13^50 mm- 5> ' 9 S rams ( 3<6 2 grammes). Chian
drachm. Berlin Cabinet. [PI. XVIII. 10.]
38 !1 . Similar to preceding, except that Sphinx has its hair
dressed in the earlier manner of No. 33.
&. 13-50 mm. 52-5 grains (3-40 grammes). Chian
drachm. Brit. Mus., No. 22, Cat. Ionia,
Chios.
12.75mm. 50-8 grains (3-29 grammes). Chian
drachm. Brit. Mus., No. 23, Cat. Ionia,
Chios.
39. Olv. Sphinx of fully developed soft style seated 1. [on
plain exergual line] ; wing curled in conven-
tionalized manner ; hair rolled, with one lock
382 J. MAVROGOKDATO.
hanging on neck ; further foreleg faintly out-
lined behind nearer. In front amphora [with
ball at point], surmounted by bunch of grapes
hanging perpendicularly. The whole on slightly
raised circular shield.
Rev. Quartered incuse square divided by narrow bars
into shallow compartments showing a finely
granulated ground ; anvil-struck.
JR. 13-00 mm. 54-8 grains (3-55 grammes). Chian
drachm. Cabinet de France, No. 4978.
Katherrare. [PI. XVIII. 17.]
39 a . Identical with preceding, except that reverse has a
larger and more conventionalized incuse square
showing an artificially granulated ground.
JR. 13-75 mm. 56-2 grains (3- 64 grammes). Chian
drachm. Cabinet de France, No. 4979.
[PI. XVIII. 18,]
14-00 mm. 54-8 grains (3-55 grammes). Chian
drachm. Cabinet de France, No. 4976.
15-00 mm. 53-6 grains (3-47 grammes). Chian
drachm. Vienna Cabinet.
Common.
40. Identical with preceding.
JR. 12-00 mm. 27-6 grains (1-79 grammes). Chian
hemidrachm. My collection.
[PI. XVIII. 19.]
Rare.
41. Same as No. 39 a , except that in field r. the letter E is
engraved above the Sphinx's tail.
JR. 14-25 mm. 52-5 grains (3-40 grammes). Chian
drachm. Cabinet de France, No. 4977.
[PI. XVIII. 20.]
41 a . In field r. 0, and reverse has fine granulations like
No. 39.
JR. 14-00 mm. 57-4 grains (3-72 grammes). Chian
drachm. Imhoof-Blumer's Mon. Gr.,
No. 134. 57
67 This coin, which is now in Berlin, shows no trace of the
X on reverse mentioned in Dr. Imhoof-Blumer's description.
CHRONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS. 383
13-50 mm. 51-7 grains (3-35 grammes). Chian
drachm. My collection.
15-00 mm. 55-3 grains (3-58 grammes). Chian
drachm. Pro we Coll., No. 1095, Egger's
Cat., 1914
41 b . Jn field r. K, and reverse like No. 39.
M. 14-00 mm. 57-1 grains (3- 705 grammes). Chian
drachm. My collection ex Philipsen Coll.
13-50 mm. 54-3 grains (3-52 grammes). Chian
drachm. Berlin Cabinet.
13-00 mm. 55-4 grains (3-59 grammes). Chian
drachm. Hunterian Coll., No. 2.
4K In field r. <.
JR. 13-50 mm. 54-0 grains (3-498 grammes). Chian
drachm. Sir H. Weber's Coll.
42. Similar to No. 38, but with monogram ^ in place of
the dolphin. The first specimen described
below has a crescent in one of the depressions
of the incuse square. The incuse, though
similar to that of No. 38, is of a later and
more formal type.
M. 14-00 mm. 57-0 grains (3-695 grammes). Chian
drachm. My collection.
13-50 mm. 55-5 grains (3-595 grammes). Chian
drachm. Brit. Mus., No. 19, Cat. Ionia,
Chios. 58
13-00 mm. 57-0 grains (3-70 grammes). Chian
drachm. Philipsen Coll., No. 2249, Hirsch's
Cat., 1909.
42 a . In field r. H".
JR. 14-75 mm. 53-2 grains (3-45 grammes). Chian
drachm. Cabinet de France, No. 4975.
[PI. XVIII. 21.]
14-25 mm. 57-3 grains (3-71 grammes). Chian
drachm. Berlin Cabinet.
58 In the B. M. Cat. this mon. is rendered ^ , but I think that
is the correct reading.
384 J. MAVROGORDATO.
13-50 mm. 54-0 grains (3498 grammes). Chian
drachm. Brit. Mus., No. 20, Cat. Ionia,
Chios.
42 b . Same as preceding with H", but reverse has granulated
surface like No. 41.
M. 13-50 mm. 54-8 grains (3-55 grammes). Chian
drachm. Berlin Cabinet.
Bare.
43. Same as No. 39 a , but in field r. ^H.
M. 13-25 mm. 55-3 grains (3-583 grammes). Chian
drachm. My collection.
Bare.
44. Same as preceding, but in field r. R.
M. 11-50 mm. 28-9 grains (1-873 grammes). Chian
hemidrachm. Brit. Mus., No. 27, Cat. Ionia,
Chios. [PI. XVIII. 22.]
Bare.
45. Obv. Sphinx seated 1., as on No. 39, but of larger size,
and hair in thicker roll resembling a turban.
Rev. Quartered incuse square divided by broad bars
into very shallow compartments filled with
coarse granulations ; anvil-struck.
JSL 14-00 mm. 56-0 grains (3-63 grammes). Chian
drachm. Berlin Cabinet ex Imhoof-
Blumer Coll., 1900. [PI. XIX. 1.]
46. Obv. Sphinx similar to preceding seated 1. on raised
circular shield without exergual line. Before
it bunch of grapes hanging perpendicularly.
Mev. Amphora, with ball at point, in circle of large
dots within incuse circle ; punch-struck.
M. 11-00 mm. 20-8 grains (1-35 grammes). Berlin
Cabinet ex Lobbecke Coll. Published Z. fur
N., 1887, pp. 148-57, No. 18. [PI. XIX. 2.]
10-00 mm. 18-5 grains (1-20 grammes). Athens
Cabinet.
10-25 mm. 17-4 grains (1-125 grammes). My
collection ex Philipsen Coll.
Rather rare.
CHRONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS. 385
46 a . Same as preceding, but type to r.
M. 10-OOmm. 21-60grains (140 grammes). Athens
Cabinet.
47. Same as No. 46, but shield on obverse very slightly
raised, no incuse circle on reverse, and on
either side of amphora the letters A 3.
M. 10-OOmm. 16-8 grains (1-09 grammes). Berlin
Cabinet ex Lobbecke Coll. Published Z. fur
N., 1887, pp. 148-57, No. 17. [PI. XIX. 3.]
11-25 mm. 15-1 grains (0-98 gramme). Athens
Cabinet.
Very rare.
47 a . Same as preceding, but no dotted circle or letters on
reverse.
M. 10-OOmm. Weight? Published Z. fur N. t
1887, pp. 148-57, No. 19, ex Lobbecke Coll.
(A specimen at Paris has the letter (retro-
grade) to r. of amphora, but is in too bad
condition for fuller description.)
No. 32. The chief points of this fine coin have
already been noted. The two specimens quoted are
from the same dies, and Miss Baldwin mentions
a third from Brussels with different dies.
No. 33. There can be no doubt whatever that this
drachm belongs to the same issue as the preceding.
This cannot also be said with regard to the hemi-
drachm No. 34, though the form of its incuse and the
absence of any symbol justify its position. The coin
is unfortunately in bad condition, but it is the only
specimen I have seen. Miss Baldwin illustrates
another from Cambridge, No. 24, PL iv, which,
although in better condition than mine, and un-
doubtedly belonging to this period, also cannot be said
to represent the same issue as No. 33.
386 J. MAVROGORDATO.
Nos. 35-7. The development of style in these three
coins is very gradual and interesting, particularly as
regards the raised shield of the obverse. The first is,
I believe, unique. The second, thanks to Miss Baldwin's
discovery of the Ashburnham specimen, referred to
above because of its weight, is represented by two
specimens. The third is also only known by the two
specimens recorded here, the latter of which, from
Berlin, is very much worn and has lost a good deal of
weight. This type, No. 37, shows the first signs of the
softer style and turban-like arrangement of the hair
characteristic of the drachms assigned to the end of
this period. The naturalistic manner, too, in which
the bodily forms of the Sphinx are treated distinguish
this issue from all other contemporary ones, and, as
even the well-preserved specimen is of light weight
for the period, it may fairly be regarded as the
latest tetradrachm we have previous to those with
names.
Nos. 38 and 38*. Judging from their reverses, which
are curiously like that of tetradrachm No. 36, and the
position of the dolphin, these drachms may belong to
an earlier issue than the preceding. Their obverses
present a duality of type similar to those of the
drachms next to be described.
These are all the types at present known with
symbols in the field. As has been observed above, the
chief feature in which they, and all succeeding Chian
issues, differ from the didrachms of the last period is
the absence of the stopper from the amphora. This is
an infallible test, although only such a small detail in
itself, and is a strong argument, of the second order,
in favour of including the electrum stater, No. 31,
CHRONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS. 887
among the coins that appeared before the change
introducing the tetradrachms and their divisions.
We now come to the later drachms and hemidrachms
with which no corresponding tetradrachms have so far
been identified. It will at once appear from a com-
parison of PL XVIII. 11 and 12 with PI. XVIII. 17
and 19, that perfectly distinct issues of these anepi-
graphic coins were made, and that the latter form part
of a subsequent and what looks like a separate phase of
the coinage. The isolation suggested may, of course,
be more apparent than real, and it seems just possible
that the coins with letters only may have been issued
in conjunction with the earliest tetradrachms bearing
magistrates' names in full. If there are no tetra-
drachms, however, with single letters or monograms it
is equally true that there are no drachms exactly
corresponding to the two earliest of the three classes
into which the tetradrachms bearing full names may
be divided. From the list of these given below it will
be seen that all the single letters and monograms
known to us from the drachms and hemidrachms,
except H" and R, can be matched with names from
those set out below under the tetradrachms of class a.
But the style of the two denominations does not agree
in the manner that one would expect from pieces
forming part of the same issue. 59 And if, in spite of
69 To illustrate this compare PL XVIII. 10 and 11, which un-
undoubtedly belong to the same issue, with the combination now
suggested, PL XVIII. 20 and PL XIX. 4.
While the main points of difference between the latter, viz. their
reverse types, and the single letter as opposed to the full name,
suggest a later date for the tetradrachm and its fellows than for the
drachm, it must be admitted that the Sphinx's head on the
tetradrachms has an earlier look than that on the drachms on
388 J. MAVKOGOKDATO.
this, we are to look upon the tetradrachms signed by
"Avutvos and the rest of his class as the true contem-
poraries of the drachms with letters, what are we to
think of the drachms without letters, Nos. 39, 39 a , and
45 ? These two groups cannot be separated from each
other, nor. for the matter of that, can either of them
be easily distinguished from the earlier of the two
classes of drachms with names in full, though these
must surely have been subsequent issues.
Among the bronze coins of Imperial times issues
will be found without magistrates' names alternating
with others on which names occur, down to the very
last products of the mint under Gallienus. Can it be
that some such custom as this, the meaning of which
even in Imperial times is unknown to us, so far as
I am aware, may also have been in force in the fifth
century B.C.? It seems unlikely, though there are
signs of the practice during the intervening centuries,
in the case of small coins both of silver and bronze, to
which attention will be drawn in due course.
In the matter of weights these coins stand on a
distinctly lower level than the anepigraphic drachms
that preceded them. From the table given below,
with the object of demonstrating the gradual decline
account of the former's resemblance to type No. 32. See remarks
made below, under type No. 46, with reference to the similar
characteristic that it presents.
Mr. G. F. Hill makes the suggestion, for which I am much obliged,
that these single letters may be numerals. This seems highly
probable, but the difficulty of the anepigraphic specimens remains,
and that of determining the proper place in the series of the drachms
in question is, if anything, increased. Judging from the highest
surviving letter, A, the group, on this hypothesis, would have lasted
twelve or eleven years, according as we assume ^ to have made
part of the series or not.
CHKONOLOGY OP THE COINS OF CHIOS. 389
in weight of all the silver coins of this and the following
periods, it will be seen that this difference is in keeping
with the result shown by comparing the two leading
groups of'tetradrachms. It is true that my type No. 33
is only represented by two specimens, but their average
weight is fully maintained by Miss Baldwin's two
additional specimens (No. 57, p. 25, of her paper, the
first of these coins being a quite unusually heavy one).
It is very difficult even to guess at the probable order
of succession of the issues under discussion from a
consideration of style alone, every test that is applied
leading to a different and contradictory result. As to
their proper place in the series, I have been content
to be guided by the sequence usually observed among
Greek coins subject to the exceptions demanded by
the anepigraphic types Nos. 39, 39 a , 40, and 45. It
will be agreed, I think, that Nos. 39-40 are later types
than No. 38, and that No. 45 is later than any of them.
There is a good deal to be said in favour of grouping
these drachms and hemidrachms with the tetradrachms
of class a, detailed below. One obvious advantage
arising therefrom would be the closer association that
such an arrangement would bring about between them
and the earlier class of drachms with names in full,
type No. 50. In fact, the evidently near relationship
of these two groups is perhaps the best argument for
assigning a later date to types Nos. 39-45 than that
suggested by their reverses.
It will be seen that Miss Baldwin unhesitatingly
pronounces in favour of a fourth-century origin for
these types (see pp. 47-8 and PI. v. 11-31 of her paper),
and she may be right, but I am leaving my arrange-
ment unaltered since I have already described it as
390 J. MAVROGORDATO.
only tentative. On the whole, however, the fresh
evidence produced by Miss Baldwin is in favour of
placing some at least of these doubtful coins more or
less as I am doing. The two types that she illustrates
on PL iv under Nos. 20-1 are clearly connected by
their reverses, as she points out, with the anepigraphic
drachms Nos. 17-19 on the one hand, and with the
practically contemporary coins showing a dolphin,
Nos. 22-3, on the other. But their obverses, in my
opinion, as clearly indicate a connexion with these
later drachms. The comparatively large head of the
Sphinx on both coins, the turban-like arrangement of its
hair on No. 20, which is characteristic of the doubtful
group, and to which I have called attention under my
type No. 37, and the loose locks of hair on No. 21 are
all more suggestive of the drachms on Miss Baldwin's
PL v than of those among which they are placed.
Nos. 39-40. The style of these coins calls for no
further remark than has already been made. It is
sufficient to observe that they show a type of Sphinx
different both from that of the earlier anepigraphic
coins and of the signed tetradrachms. I do not feel
sure that the roughened ground in the incuse square
of No. 39 is artificially produced, although Miss Baldwin
(p. 47) makes no exception of it in tracing the develop-
ment of the artificially granulated ground.
Attention may be drawn once more to the rarity of
the hemidrachm No. 40, especially as it is one of the
chief features that differentiate this group from the
earlier of the two classes of drachms bearing names
in full.
No. 41. Of the coins with single letters those with
and K are fairly common, but those with E and A are
CHRONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS. 391
rare. Miss Baldwin mentions a second specimen with
E in addition to the one I have noted, but the specimen
with A appears to be unique.
No. 42 is an earlier looking type than any of the
others in this group, both on account of the Sphinx,
which is very like the one seen on the drachm with the
dolphin symbol, type No. 38, and of the incuse square.
This reverse, like the tall Sphinx, is peculiar to the two
issues with /P and H", the former of which is rather
rare.
No. 42 b . This coin is remarkable as being the only
case that I have met with of an obverse with monogram
combined with the more usual granulated reverse of
type No. 41, &c.
No. 43 seems to be unique. It is also interesting as
exhibiting the commoner type of Sphinx on a coin
with monogram. .Miss Baldwin illustrates three others
which had escaped me (Nos. 25-7 of her PL v).
No. 44. This hemidrachm, which also appears to be
unique, is another case wherein the usual type of
Sphinx appears in conjunction with a monogram.
The evidence of the last three types goes to prove
that all the coins of this group are practically contem-
poraries, although I have not been able to detect
any significant interchange of dies among them.
Miss Baldwin only mentions one between her types
86-7, p. 30.
No. 45. The coin representing this type is the only
one I have seen. It certainly has a later look, in my
opinion, than any of those preceding it here, the cross-
bars on the reverse having all the appearance of being
ready to receive a magistrate's name. It might, in
fact, be a pattern for one of the later issues.
392 J. MAVKOGOKDATO.
Before passing on to the bronze it is worth while
noting here that the earliest case of plating that I have_
come across in the Chian series belongs to the present
period. In the Berlin Cabinet there is a copper coin
that evidently formed the core of one of those drachms
without letters, possibly type No. 39 a . It measures
TT^Q mm - and weighs 39-7 grains (2-57 grammes).
Nos. 46-47 a . These early bronze coins were first
published by Herr A. Lobbecke in an article which
will be dealt with more fully later on. The author
did not attempt to assign a date to this particular
part of the find that he was describing, being content
to settle the time when the hoard was probably
deposited, but he remarks that some of the bronze was
much worn and had evidently been in circulation for
a long time. Though this observation refers more par-
ticularly to twenty -nine pieces that were unrecognizable
in their details, it can also be taken to cover the coins
included under these four types, as all the specimens
I have seen, with the exception of that illustrated
PI. XIX. 2, are more or less affected by wear. The coin
chosen to illustrate type No. 47 [PL XIX. 3] is quite the
best I know. This type, No. 46, will be recognized as
presenting, in its obverse, all the characteristics of the
genuine fifth-century coinage near which it is placed.
In fact, the wing of the Sphinx and the clean line
formed by the back of its neck, free from the fourth-
century curls, are more suggestive of this early period
than the obverse types of any of the drachms and
hemidrachms with which it is actually grouped. The
turning of the Sphinx to right in the solitary specimen
I am recording under No. 46 a is most unusual. "With
CHRONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS. 393
the exception of the electrum staters showing this
position, no other coin of Chios has a Sphinx to right
till we reach the large bronze issues made in the
second century B.C.
Nos. 47 and 47 a are evidently later than the others,
and No. 47 may very possibly be a contemporary of the
fcetradrachm with the name "Aa-pews, but as the next
period introduces us to quite a new style of bronze
coin, it is more consistent on the whole to class these
types with the two preceding ones. No. 47 a seems
to be the latest of all, judging by the disappearance
of the dotted circle from its reverse ; but if that be
accepted it must be noted that we have here the first
instance, since the drachms just discussed, of an issue
without inscription following after one on which
letters had been engraved. Unfortunately, I have been
unable to trace any of the eighteen pieces described
in Herr Lobbecke's paper under his No. 19, and I have
consequently had nothing but his description to guide
me in assigning its place to the type. Otherwise it
seems possible that this type might furnish the
link, at present missing, between No. 47 and the
earliest of the small bronze coins with magistrates'
names.
Although, with the appearance of a device on the
reverse, the question of fixed or loose dies now arises,
I have no ground for supposing that the dies of these
bronze coins were fixed. Out of eleven pieces that
I have been able to examine, two show the die-position
ff , and one f<-, but, as all the rest are quite irregular,
it is probable that these three cases are accidental.
This conclusion is in favour of the early attribution
of these coins, for it will be seen later that all the
NUMISM. CHKON., VOL. XV, SERIES IV. D &
394 J. MAVROGORDATO.
remaining bronze issues of Chios were probably struck
from fixed dies.
The weights of Nos. 46-7 are fairly constant in the
region of 20-52 grains (1-33 grammes), which is roughly
the weight maintained by the small bronze coins of
the next period.
PEEIOD VII. 412-334 B.C.
It is a remarkable though perhaps not an ex-
ceptional fact that the seventy odd years following
upon the defeat of the Athenians at Syracuse were,
at one and the same time, some of the most disastrous
in the annals of Chios in ancient times, and, through-
out the greater part of their course, the richest from
a numismatic point of view. There would be neither
object nor profit in trying to follow here the various
changes of fortune in the state after the introduction
of the Spartan governor Pedaritos. Suffice it to say
that between the oppression of the Spartans within,
and the ravages of the Athenians along the coasts,
the accumulated wealth of the two previous genera-
tions must have soon been dissipated. Each of the
rival parties in the island identified itself with one
of the belligerents, the oligarchs helping the Spartans
to defend the citadel, and the democrats giving all
possible encouragement to the Athenian raids. Almost
every year saw a fresh revolution, as first one side
and then the other gained the upper hand. Finally,
after the crowning defeat of Aegospotami, when the
last hopes of the democrats sank with the Athenian
ships, and J/he oligarchic captains were being honoured
by statues at Delphi, 60 all civic independence seems to
60 Pausanias x. 99.
CHRONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS. 395
have been destroyed for a time. The names of the
Chian leaders, as recorded byPausanias, wereAstykrates,
Kephisokles, Hermophantos, and Hikesios. Only the
last three are mentioned as a rule, and, as will appear
below, two of these have also been preserved on the
coinage. In establishing one of his decarchies Lysander
effectually stifled both local parties, and the harmosts
who followed him inaugurated a reign of terror.
Chios now shared in the misfortunes that resulted
from Spartan rule all over the Aegean, and fell so low
that she even lost her fleet. 61 Things improved a little
after the victory of Conon, but the peace of Antalcidas,
and the restoration of autonomy, only meant weakness
for the impoverished state. The consequence was that
the island became the prey of every power that arose
during the following years, and passed successively
under the dominion of Spartans, Athenians, and
Thebans. Then came the short-lived thalassocracy of
the Carian princes, and the complete subjugation of
Chios, Ehodes, and Cos by Hidrieus and Pixodarus.
This occurred in 345 B.C., but in 340 Athens once more
became the dominant force in Ionia. There must
now have been some return again of prosperity in
Chios, for we hear of her people paying a subsidy to
Athens to ensure the safety of her merchants at sea. 62
She certainly seems to have been able to re-establish
a fleet, since Athenian and Chian ships are known to
have fought side by side at Byzantium against Philip
of Macedon.
But the recovery was only temporary. The expedi-
tion of Alexander threw everything into the melting-
61 Isocrates, De face, 98.
62 Demosthenes, De Ctiersoneso, 24.
Dd 2
396 J. MAVROGOKDATO.
pot once more, and faction raged more wildly than
ever. Torn between Macedonian and Persian, and
later by the rivalries of the Diadochi, it is a wonder
that any trace of civilization remained when peace
was at last secured under the Ptolemies.
It is worth while recalling the fact, on account of
the names concerned, that, when the approach of Alex-
ander's army was announced, Memnon persuaded the_
Chians to side with Darius, and the leaders of the day
threw open their gates to a Persian garrison. These
men were Apollonides, Athenagoras, and Phesinos.
All three names are to be found on the coins of
this period, and it seems justifiable to suppose that
they represent these very men, though during earlier
terms of office.
The only local artists belonging to the fourth
century, whose names have come down to us, are the
sculptors Sostratus and his son Pantias. The former
name occurs on one of the drachms of the present
period, but the owner can hardly have been the
sculptor, as the latter only flourished about 320 B.C.
Another name, borne by a Chian of note, which appears
on the coinage of this century, is that of Theodorus,
the Stoic philosopher, but his exact date is uncertain.
Although the silver issues which chiefly characterize it
probably ceased some years previously, the Macedonian
occupation makes a suitable ending for this period.
This is because the bronze issues which, for reasons
given below, can safely be assumed to have continued
until the date of that occurrence, if not beyond it,
are so closely bound up with the silver ones that it is
best to preserve them all in the same category.
The coins now to be considered are distinguished
CHEONOLOGY OP THE COINS OF CHIOS. 897
by two remarkable facts. The first is the references
made to them by Thucydides and Xenophon in pas-
sages that have frequently been quoted and discussed.
The second is that one of the very few finds of Chian
coins, that have been scientifically described, covers
practically the whole period. It seems hardly necessary
to go over the ground of controversy regarding the
two classic references just mentioned. There can no
longer be any doubt that the expressions used both by
Thucydides (viii. 101) and Xenophon (Hell. i. 6. 12)
indicate the Chian tetradrachms of circa 411 and
406 B.C. The reo-o-epaKoo-rr) Xia of the former, and the
K Xiov 7TVTa8paxfJ-ia of the latter, both render certain
fixed sums of Chian money in terms of the Aeginetic
currency used by the inhabitants of the Peloponnesus. 03
The find in question was made near the village
_ of Pity os, in the northern plain of Chios, and was pub-
lished, several years afterwards, by Herr A. Lobbecke
in Zeit. fur Num., 1887, pp. 148-57. The hoard com-
prised 50 silver and 175 bronze coins of different
mints. Among the former wereJJ drachms of Pixodarus
of Caria in nearly mint state, 1 1 Chian drachms with-
03 The expression reaa-e paKoa-rf) Xia has been recognized (Head,
Hist. Num., i, p. 513) as the fortieth part of the Aeginetic rnina,
which, as we have seen, would be the equivalent of the contemporary
Chian tetradrachm 9,600 grains or 622 grammes -5- 40 = 240 grains
or 15-55 grammes. The TrevTadpaxnia* about which more doubt has
been expressed, is now admitted to be (Head, ibid., and P. Gardner,
J.H.S., 1913, p. 162) not any particular coin, but a method of
describing two Chian tetradrachms, i.e. a five-Aeginetic-drachms'-
worth, since 96 grains or 6-22 grammes x 5 = 480 grains or 31-10
grammes. The Guernseyman of to-day, who uses French silver
coins, but thinks in values of a local currency with English names,
does practically the same thing as the above when he calls a two-
franc piece a twenty-penny. He is putting a foreign denomination
into terms of his own money as succinctly as possible.
398 J. MAVROGORDATO.
out letters or symbols, 4 hemidrachms of the same
class, and 4 Chian drachms bearing magistrates' names.
Out of the Chian pieces concerned no record appears
to have been kept of the anepigraphic drachms and
hemidrachms, and I have been unable to trace them,
but details of the drachms with names will be found
below. There were other silver coins in the hoard
of great individual interest, but without any special
connexion with Chian chronology. The bronze in-
cluded 149 Chian pieces, 41 of which belonged to the
types described under Nos. 46-47 a , and 29 were in an
unrecognizable condition, as already stated. The rest,
all with magistrates' names, and mostly in excellent
preservation, will be found noted under types Nos. 53
and 54.
The main lesson to be derived from the find is that
the vase containing the coins was probably hidden
during the troublous years of the Macedonian occupa-
tion. The two drachms of Pixodarus, being in nearly
mint state, afford an unimpeachable fixed point, as
these things go, from which to calculate. The date
of Pixodarus's reign was 341-335 B.C., and the coins of
the find, therefore, cannot be much later than 334 B.C. L
which is the limit taken for this period. Herr
Lobbecke's paper does not appear to have received
the attention that it deserved, for one sees the Chian
bronze coins to be described below assigned to any
but their correct date in most collections.
Although there is no doubt, then, that all these
bronze coins with names were issued some time during
the first three quarters of the fourth century B. a, the
date claimed for types Nos. 46-47 a may appear exces-
sively early in view of their presence in this find.
CHRONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS. 399
The fact that they formed part of a peasant's hoard
some seventy years after they are supposed to have
been struck might be advanced as an argument
against such an attribution, in spite of their poor
condition. But since the hoard also contained anepi-
graphic drachms and hemidrachms. belonging pre-
sumably to the types described under Nos. 39-40, this
difficulty is considerably reduced.
Just as we are uncertain as to the exact date down
to which the issues of tetradrachms and drachms with
names were continued, so we cannot tell precisely when
they began. The revolt from Athens has generally
been accepted as the time, and it certainly provides
us with a most plausible occasion for their introduction.
The revival of the aristocratic party under Alcibiades
seems to demand some such recognition, and in any
case the date is a convenient landmark.
We have already seen the difficulties that attend
the exact arrangement of the coins with symbols,
letters, monograms, &c. There are not very many of
these issues extant so far. My list, which, as I have
explained, is by no means complete, comprises some
16 or 17 issues between types Nos. 35-45. Still, at
present we cannot reckon with many more, even
allowing for types that I have not had an oppor-
tunity of examining. If, as I have decided to place
them, the drachms and hemidrachms with letters, &c.,
came between tetradrachm No. 37, supposing that it
was the last of its class, and the first coin with a name
in full, well and good. Between circa 435 B.C., the date
suggested for the first tetradrachm issue, and 412 B.C.
there are about twenty-three years, and, allowing for
lost and missing types, these 16-17 issues may be
400 J. MAVROGORDATO.
looked upon as filling the gap on the assumption that
there was a fresh issue every year. But if the doubtful
coins are to accompany the early tetradrachms with
names, then the latter might be moved up some ten
years or so. That, I think, is as far as it is prudent to
go in trying to determine this question.
In proposing ten years only, instead of the whole
interval available between the dates named, I am
making a concession to my belief that, even if we have
to sacrifice the doubtful drachms and hemidrachms,
there was still a break in the tetradrachm issues.
This I base chiefly upon the fact that there is a signi-
ficant inferiority in the weights of even the earliest
tetradrachms with names as compared with those with-
out them. The only exception is type No. 37, and I am
strongly inclined to think that, if it should be ulti-
mately decided to banish the doubtful drachms and
hemidrachms to the fourth century, this tetradrachm
ought to accompany them. Then the general level of
the work expended on the signed tetradrachms is, on the
whole, inferior to that exhibited by types Nos. 32, 35,
and even 37. The average relief of the shields, for
instance, among coins with names is much lower than
among those without. Here again No. 37 is an excep-
tion. Another point, and that not the least important,
is that punch-striking seems to have been resumed
with the introduction of names on the reverse. What-
ever opinion may be held as to the accuracy of descrip-
tion conveyed by the terms anvil- and punch-struck,
there can, I think, be no doubt but that a totally
different method was employed in the striking of
coins like Nos. 10-16 and 17-22, PI. XVIII, from
that used for Nos. 4-7, PI. XIX. It has already been
CHRONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS. 401
pointed out that the early bronze pieces also follow
the punch-striking method.
The silver coinage of this period seems to have con-
sisted of tetradrachms and drachms only, no hemi-
drachms with magistrates' names having so far been
discovered. We of course do not know whether
drachms and bronze coins accompanied the issue of
every tetradrachm or not, or whether the smaller coins
were sometimes struck without tetradrachms, though
it is highly probable that the material we possess repre-
senting these issues is only fragmentary in spite of its / .<>*-) tareo>3
plentifulness.
The style of the coins deteriorates steadily throughout
the period, the most noticeable failing being the gradual
disappearance of the convex shield on the obverse.
The last form it assumes is a plain ring border en-
circling the type [PI. XIX. 7]. The forelegs and
paws of the Sphinx become coarser, but its hair is
more elaborately arranged. Instead of the trimly
dressed heads of PI. XVIII. 10 and PI. XIX. 4-5, we
have a more ornate style in which one or two curls
hang down behind, concealing the line of the neck, as
in Pl. XIX. 6, 7, 11. The first appearance of this
fashion has already been noted under type No. 37, and
it seems later to have served as a model for some of
the best work done under the early Eoman Emperors.
The evidence with regard to die-positions in the
case of these tetradrachms and drachms is conflicting.
On the whole I think that it is best to assume that the
dies of these coins were not fixed, at any rate as far as
regards the two earlier classes.
The weights show a regular decline, as may be seen
from the following averages :
402 J. MAVROGORDATO.
Early tetradrachms without names, from last period
LscJifrW* (4 specimens 64 ). 236-73 grains (15-34 grammes).
*7 GjrA Tetradrachms with names, classes a and ft
(20 specimens). 229-17 grains (14-85 grammes).
jC&t*'^ * f Late tetradrachms with names, class y
(17 specimens). 207-56 grains (13-45 grammes).
Early drachms without names or symbols, from last period
(2 specimens). 58-02 grains (3-76 grammes).
Early drachms with symbols, letters, &c., from last period ""^.^
(31 specimens 65 ). 54-80 grains (3>55 grammes^
Drachms with names, class ft
(38 specimens). 55-40 grains (3-59 grammes).
Late drachms with names, class y
(9 specimens). 52-16 grains (3-38 grammes).
The bronze coinage, of which there are two main
types, shows a greater break with previous traditions
than any other group that we have studied so far.
There is no trace upon any of the issues of the raised
convex shield on the obverse. The introduction of the
word XIO^ } too, is a striking innovation, notwith-
standing its exceptional occurrence on some of the
early didrachms. Of these two main types the smaller-
sized pieces would seem to have come first, and their
descent from the bronze coins ascribed to the last
period is fairly evident, though perhaps not quite
direct. 66 The bunch of grapes on the obverse only
appears on a few issues, but it is impossible to say
whether these came first or not.
64 The two specimens of type No. 37 are not included among
these, as both of them are very much below the average weight of
their class, a difference that is not entirely clue to wear, as has
already been remarked.
65 These 31 specimens do not include No. 26, Brit. Mus. : Cat.
Ionia, Chios, as it is so very much worn.
66 See remarks above under type No. 47 a . Everything points to
these early bronze issues types Nos. 46-47 a having been kept
in circulation for an unusually long time.
CHRONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS. 403
In the larger pieces the bunch of grapes is not seen
at all, but its place is taken by a vine-wreath sur-
rounding the reverse type, which is clearly a develop-
ment of that seen on the silver coins of this, period.
These coins are divisible into two classes distinguished
by the cross on the reverse. In the earlier one it is
narrow and raised, somewhat like that on the tetra-
drachm [PL XIX. 7], but in the later it is wider and
flush with the rest of the design as on the majority of
the tetradrachms belonging to class y. I have not yet
seen a specimen of these later issues in sufficiently
good condition to say whether the obverse type was
also modified or not. It looks as if these large bronze
pieces were introduced after the mint had ceased
coining silver, the issue of the small ones being con-
tinued concurrently so as to provide a lower denomi-
nation. Although the weights are not more carefully
regulated than in any other contemporary Greek mint,
these two bronze types appear to have been struck
with the object of maintaining the same relation
between them as existed between the tetradrachms
and drachms. The large coins weigh about 61-73
grains (4*00 grammes), and the small ones evidently
following the standard established for types Nos. 46-7
from 15-43 to 23-15 grains (1 to 1-50 grammes). This
practice of striking two sizes of bronze coins evidently
found favour at Chios, as will appear from the subse-
quent issues.
We may conclude that the pieces of larger module
were first issued between 350 and 340 B.C. None of
the names so far found upon them coincides with those
known from either tetradrachms or drachms, although
the style of the Sphinx in the earlier class at least
404: J. MAVKOGORDATO.
will be seen to be almost exactly the same as that of
the latest tetradrachms. No specimen of the later
class occurred in the Pityos find mentioned above, but,
as two of the small coins with names common to both
series did so occur, we are justified in including these
large bronze pieces in the present period. Otherwise
it might have been preferable to assign them to a date
after the Macedonian occupation.
The style of the small coins is even better than that
of the large, as would be expected, the preservation of
the bunch of grapes and of the incuse circle on certain
issues fully bearing out the suggestion that they were
the first to be struck. In them, as will be seen, we
meet with four names already noted on tetradrachms
or drachms, and it seems fair to assume that the same
magistrate is represented.
The dies of all these bronze coins seem to have been
fixed, and their positions are given accordingly in the
following descriptions by means of tt-
The tetradrachms, drachms, and bronze coins assigned
to this period are as follows :
Class a.
48. Obv. Sphinx of fully developed style seated 1. on plain
exergual line, sometimes missing ; wing curled
in conventionalized manner ; hair dressed on
top of head, but in more elaborate fashion than
No. 32 ; further foreleg outlined behind nearer.
In front amphora, with ball at point, surmounted
by bunch of grapes hanging perpendicularly.
The whole on shallow raised circular shield.
Rev. Striated incuse square, quartered by bands of
varying width, on one of which appears magis-
trate's name ; punch-struck.
M. A^AAENO^ Rev. Striations vertical, and
broken ; broad cross.
CHKONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS. 405
22-50 mm 230-25 grains (14-92 grammes).
Ohian tetradrachm. Cabinet de France
No. 4983. [PI. XIX. 4.]
Rev. Striations horizontal, and
broken ; broad cross (1). Striations vertical
and broken (2).
22.50mm. 232-1 grains (15-04 grammes). Chian
tetradrachm. Cabinet de France. No 2001
Coll. Waddington.
22-OOmm. 232-1 grains (15-04 grammes). Chian
tetradrachm. Berlin Cabinet.
OEOAHP05 Rev. Striations horizontal, and
broken ; narrow cross.
23-75 mm. 230-6grains (14- 94 grammes). Chian
tetradrachm. Cabinet de France, No. 2002
Coll. Waddington.
OHPflN Rev. Striations horizontal, and
broken ; broad cross.
21.75mm. 231-9grains (15-03grammes). Chian
tetradrachm. Cabinet de France, No. 2003,
Coll. Waddington.
KAAAIKAHS Rev. Striations vertical, and
regular ; narrow cross.
21-25 mm. 235-1 grains (15-234 grammes).
Chian tetradrachm. Brit. Mus., No. 31,
Cat. Ionia, Chios.
22-50mm. 218-5grains(14-158grammes). Chian
tetradrachm. No. 698, Sotheby's Cat, 1909,
of Sherman Benson Coll. ex Khoussopoulos
Coll. (the weight according to cat., but it
seems light considering the condition of the
coin).
Rev. Striations horizontal, and
broken ; narrow cross.
24-OOmm. 230-6 grains (14-94 grammes). Chian
tetradrachm. Vienna Cabinet. Published
Num. Zeit., 1908, p. 130.
noEIAinP03 Rev. Striations vertical, and
broken ; narrow cross raised, and tapering in-
wards (1). Striations horizontal, and broken ;
narrow cross (2).
406 J. MAVROGOKDATO.
23-00 mm. 229-5 grains (14-87 grammes). Chian
tetradrachm. Brit. Mus., No. 33, Cat. Ionia,
Chios.
25-OOnim. 230-1 grains (14-91 grammes). Chian
tetradrachm. Cabinet de France, No. 2004,
Coll. Waddington. [PI. XIX. 5.]
Class ft.
49. Ol>v. Sphinx, &c., similar to preceding, except that the
shield is very shallow, practically non-existent
in some specimens, and replaced by a plain ring
border in others ; and that the Sphinx's hair is
invariably dressed so as to show loose curls on
the neck behind.
Rev. Similar to preceding, except that the striations of
the incuse square tend to become regular.
M. AMcfclMHAH^ Rev. Striations horizontal,
and broken ; broad cross.
23-OOmm. 213-6grains(13-84grammes). Chian
tetradrachm. No. 2247 of Hirsch's Cat., 1909,
of Philipsen Coll. (condition bad, and weight
no doubt affected by oxidization).
APISTHS Obv. TyP e in rin g border. Rev.
Striations horizontal, and broken ; narrow
cross.
24-OOmm. 235-Ograins (15-23 grammes). Chian
tetradrachm. Berlin Cabinet.
BA3IAEIAH3 Ecv. Striations horizontal,
and broken ; broad cross (1). Striations
vertical, and broken (2).
23-OOmm. 232-Ograins (15-033 grammes). Chian
tetradrachm. Brit. Mus., No. 28, Cat. Ionia.
Chios. [PI. XIX. 6.]
25-OOmm. 235-2grains(15-24grammes). Chian
tetradrachm. Berlin Cabinet.
EOPYNOM05 Olv. Type in ring border.
Eev. Striations vertical, and regular ; broad
cross.
.23-50mm. 232-9 grains (15-09 grammes). Chian
tetradrachm. Vienna Cabinet. Published
Revue Suisse, 1905, p. 239.
\
CHRONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS. 407
EPAAOcfcANTo$ Eev. Striations horizontal,
and regular ; broad cross (1). Striations
vertical, and regular ; broad cross (2).
23-25mm. 233-95grains(15.16grammes). Chian
tetrad rachm. Vienna Cabinet.
23-00 ram. 233.95grains(15.16grammes). Chian
tetradrachm. Berlin Cabinet.
HPAfOPH$ Ecv. Striations vertical, and
regular ; broad cross.
22-50 mm. 218-5grams(14-158grammes). Chian
tetradrachm. Brit. Mus., No. 30, Cat. Ionia,
Chios.
I P P I H $ Eev. Striations broken ; narrow cross,
raised, and tapering inwards.
24-OOmm. 2184grains(14426grammes). Chian
tetradrachm. Hunterian Coll., No. 4.
4>OINIZ Olv. Type in ring border. Eev.
Striations vertical, and broken ; narrow cross,
raised, and tapering inwards.
23-75 mm. 23 1-5 grains (15-00 grammes). Chian
tetradrachm. Cabinet de France, No. 2005,
Coll. Waddington. [PI. XIX. 7.1
Class /3.
50. (W Sphinx of fully developed style seated 1., generally
without exergual line ; wing curled in conven-
tionalized manner ; hair rolled, with loose curls
hanging on neck behind ; only one foreleg
showing as a rule. In front amphora, with
ball at point, surmounted by bunch of grapes
hanging perpendicularly. The whole on shallow
raised circular shield.
Eev. Granulated incuse square quartered by bands of
varying width, on one of which appears magis-
trate's name ; punch-struck (?).
JR. APTEMHN Eev. Coarse granulations ; nar-
row cross.
15-00 mm. 54-3 grains (3-52 grammes). Chian
drachm. Cabinet de France, No. 2006,
Coll. Waddington.
15-00 mm. 56-3 grains (3-65 grammes). Chian
drachm. Berlin Cabinet.
408 J. MAVROGORDATO.
Eev. Fine granulations ; broad cross.
14-00 mm. 54-3 grains (3-52 grammes). Chian
drachm. Berlin Cabinet. Published Eevue
Suisse, 1895, p. 306.
15-50 mm. 56-9 grains (3-69 grammes). Chian
drachm. Boston Mus., U.S.A., No. 493 of
Page Perkins Coll.
EPAINE[T03] Eev. Fine granulations;
broad cross.
13-50 mm. 56-9 grains (3-69 grammes). Chian
drachm. Brit. Mus., No. 36, Cat. Ionia,
Chios.
14-00 mm. 56-0 grains (3-63 grammes). Chian
drachm. Coll. Dr. Imhoof-Blumer, 1912.
[PI. XIX. 10.]
OEoTTIZ Eev. Coarse granulations; nar-
row cross.
15-50 mm. 54-6 grains (3-54 grammes). Chian
drachm. Cabinet de France, No. 2007, Coll.
Waddington. [PI. XIX. 8.]
15-00 mm. 57-6 grains (3-73 grammes). Chian
drachm. Berlin Cabinet, ex Lobbecke Coll.
Published Z. fur N., 1887, pp. 148-57, No. 3.
Name on No. 4 of A. Lobbecke's paper ren-
dered OEYTTI[Z1 Five other specimens
known, all with OEoTTIZ.
IPriAZ Eev. Coarse granulations; narrow
cross.
13-50 mm. 53-8 grains (3-49 grammes). Chian
drachm. Brit. Mus., No. 37, Cat. Ionia,
Chios.
14-75 mm. 54-3 grains (3-52 grammes). Chian
drachm. Cabinet de France, No. 4991.
[PI. XIX. 9.]
ISXIMAfXO*?] Eev. Coarse granulations;
broad cross.
15-00 mm. 56-3 grains (3-65 grammes). Chian
drachm. Berlin Cabinet. Published Klein-
asiat. Munz., vol. i, p. 102.
CHRONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS. 409
15-50 mm. 57-1 grains (3-70 grammes). Chian
drachm. Coll. B, Yakountchikoff.
ZnZTPA[ToZ] Rev. Coarse granulations ;
broad cross.
15-00 mm. 544 grains (3-524 grammes). Chian
drachm. Brit. Mus., No. 38, Cat. Ionia,
Chios.
15-00 mm. 55-9 grains (3-62 grammes). Chian
drachm. Cabinet de France, No. 4992.
efcANoKAH^ Rev. Fine granulations ; broad
cross.
14-00 mm. 57-8 grains (3-74 grammes). Chian
drachm. Berlin Cabinet ex Lobbecke Coll.
Published Z. fur JV., 1887, pp. 148-57,
No. 5.
14-00 mm. 57-6 grains (3 -73 grammes). Chian
drachm. Berlin Cabinet ex Lobbecke Coll.
Published Z. fur N., 1887, pp. 148-57,
No. 6.
The final , though lacking on these Berlin
specimens, is supplied by Egger's Sale Cat.,
of Prowe Coll., No. 1098, May, 1914.
c^HZINoZ Rev. Coarse granulations ; broad
cross.
14-50 mm. 53-5 grains (3-47 grammes). Chian
drachm. Leake Coll., Fitzwilliam Mus.,
Cambridge.
15-00 mm. 57-6 grains (3-73 grammes). Chian
drachm. Coll. Sir H. Weber.
Class y.
51. Obv. Sphinx of fully developed style seated 1. on plain
exergual line ; wing curled in conventionalized
manner, and the feathers indicated by coarser
lines than before ; hair dressed to show chignon
as well as side roll with curls hanging down at
back of neck ; only one foreleg showing of very
massive proportions. In front amphora, with
pear-shaped tip, surmounted by bunch of grapes
hanging perpendicularly. The whole, occasion-
ally, in plain ring border.
NUMISM. CHROK., VOL. XV, SERIES IV.
410 J. MAVROGORDATO.
Rev. Striated incuse square quartered by broad bands,
on one of which magistrate's name; punch-
struck.
M. AHMOKPATHS Rev. Striations vertical,
and regular.
22-50 mm. 227-6 grains (14- 75 grammes). Chian
tetradrachm. Brit. Mus., No. 29, Cat. Ionia,
Chios.
HP I A AN O$ Rev. Striations horizontal, and
regular (1). Striations vertical, wide, and
regular (2). Has a coarsely granulated
ground (3).
20-OOmm. 211-6 grains (13-71 grammes). Chian
tetradrachm. Cabinet de France, No. 4985.
[PI. XIX. 11.]
20-50 mm. 205-3 grains (13-30 grammes). Chian
tetradrachm. M c Clean Coll., Fitzwilliam
Mus., Cambridge.
20-25 mm. 199-7grains(12-94grammes). Chian
tetradrachm. My collection ex Prowe Coll.,
No. 1096, Egger's Cat., 1914.
Not rare.
KH4>ISOKPIT[OS] Eev. Striations vertical,
wide, and regular (1). Obv. Type in ring
border. Rev. Striations horizontal, and
regular (2). Obv. Type in ring border.
Rev. Striations vertical, and broken ;
raised cross (3).
21-25 mm. 202-3grains(13-llgrammes). Chian
tetradrachm. Brit. Mus., No. 32, Cat. Ionia,
Chios.
23-00 mm. 209-9 grains (13 -61 grammes). Chian
tetradrachm. Hunterian Coll., No. 5.
21 -50 mm. 208-5 grains (18-51 grammes). Chian
tetradrachm. Berlin Cabinet.
Not rare.
5KYMNO Rev. Striations vertical, and
regular. Obv. Type in ring border.
22-25 mm. 212-4 grains (13- 76 grammes). Chian
tetradrachm. Cabinet de France, No. 4988.
CHRONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS.
Class y.
52. Obv. Identical with preceding, but no plain ring border,
and exergual line sometimes missing.
Rev. As preceding.
M. HPIAANOS Rev. Striations vertical, wide,
and regular.
16-50 mm. 52-5 grains (340 grammes). Chian
drachm. Brit. Mus., No. 34, Cat. Ionia, Chios.
14-50 mm. 51-0 grains (3-30 grammes). Chian
drachm. Vienna Cabinet.
KH<*>I50KPIT05 Rev. Striations vertical,
and regular.
14-00 mm. 53-2 grains (3-45 grammes). Chian
drachm. Cabinet de France, No. 4987.
[PL XIX. 12.]
14-00 mm. 52-5 grains (3-40 grammes). Chian
drachm. Coll. Sir H. Weber.
OMA\Y>I Rev. Striations vertical, and
regular ; raised cross (1).
^KYMNO^ Rev. Striations horizontal, wide,
and regular (2).
13-50 mm. 55-2 grains (3-58 grammes). Chian
drachm. Brit. Mus., No. 35, Cat. Ionia,
Chios.
14-50mm. 51-0 grains (3-30 grammes). Chian
drachm. M c Clean Coll., Fitzwilliam Mus.,
Cambridge. [PL XIX. 13.]
Mionnet's Medailles grecques, vol. vi, p. 389. No. 6,
records a tetradrachm, measuring 22-00 mm., with
magistrate's name AYKIAEO^. I have been unable to
trace this coin, and therefore cannot assign it to its
class among those given above. The form of the name
is suspicious, and suggests a mutilated original.
53. Olv. Sphinx similar to type No. 50 especially as
regards the wing seated 1., with or without
a plain exergual line. In front of it, some-
times, a bunch of grapes.
E e 2
wL*
412 J. MAVROGOKDATO.
Rev. Amphora, with pear-shaped tip, having on the
one side of it a magistrate's name, and on the
other XIO$ or XloZ. Incuse circle of varying
depth, and punch-struck, but often absent.
JE. AOHNAffOPAS] Obv. Grapes. Eev. Slightly
concave field. X 1 .
ft 1 1-00 mm. 18-7 grains (1-21 grammes). Berlin
Cabinet, Published Z.fur N., 1887, pp. 148-
57, No. 7.
ff 13-00 mm. 17-6 grains (1-14 grammes). Berlin
Cabinet. Published Z.fiirN., 1887, pp. 148-
57, No. 7.
f J, 11-25 mm. 21-5 grains (1-39 grammes). My
collection ex Lambros Coll., No. 743 (part),
Hirsch's Cat., 1910.
--- Olv. No grapes. Eev. Slightly
concave field.
fj, 12-00 mm. Weight? In private hands at Chios.
Olv. Grapes. Eev.
ft 11-00 mm. 18-5 grains (1-20 grammes). Berlin
Cabinet. Published Z.fur N., 1887, pp. 148-
57, No. 8.
ft 12-00 mm. 19-6 grains (1-27 grammes). Berlin
Cabinet. Published Z.fur N. , 1887, pp. 148-
57, No. 8.
H 10-50 mm. Weight ? Collection in Public
Library at Chios.
Obv. No grapes. Small Sphinx.
Eev. Concave field.
f/ 67 10-00mm. 13-12grains(0-85gramme). Athens
Cabinet.
IHNflN Obv. No grapes. Eev. No incuse.
XloZ.
67 Whenever a coin fails to show either the upright f, inverted |,
or transverse < >, positions in its reverse, I am representing it
thus / . Any positions but those mentioned probably mean that
the dies were either not fixed at all or had become displaced.
CHRONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS. 413
ft 11-00 mm. 19-2 grains (1-24 grammes). Berlin
Cabinet. Published Z.furN., 1887, pp. 148-
57, No. 9.
tf 12-00 mm. 2 1-6 grains (1-40 grammes). Berlin
Cabinet, Published Z.jurN., 1887, pp. 148-
57, No. 9. [PI. XIX. 16.]
O&v. No grapes. Rev. Slightly
concave field. XIO$.
ft 12-00 mm. 22-8 grains (1-48 grammes). Berlin
Cabinet. Published Z.furN., 1887, pp. 148-
57, No. 10.
ft 12-50 mm. 18-9 grains (1-22 grammes). Berlin
Cabinet. Published Z.furN., 1887, pp. 148-
57, No. 10.
H]PIAAN[OS] Obv. No grapes. Small Sphinx.
Eev. Shallow incuse circle.
ff 9-75 mm. 19-6 grains (1-27 grammes). Brit.
Mus., No. 40, Cat. Ionia, Chios.
[PI. XIX. 15.]
irPIAZ Obv. grapes. Eev. XIOZ.
ff 11-50 mm. 19-3 grains (1-25 grammes). Berlin
Cabinet. Published Z.furN., 1887, pp. 148-
57, No. 11.
ft 12-00 mm. 19-9 grains (1-29 grammes). Berlin
Cabinet. Published Z.furN., 1887, pp. 148-
57, No. 11.
ISXIAAA[XOS?] Obv. grapes. Eev. Incuse
circle. XIO$.
ff 11-50 mm. 23- 15 grains (1-50 grammes). Berlin
Cabinet. Published Z.furN., 1887, pp. 148-
57, No. 12.
ft 11-50 mm. 21-1 grains (1-37 grammes). Berlin
Cabinet. Published Z.furN., 1887, pp. 148-
57, No. 12.
ff 11-50 mm. 15-1 grains (0-978 gramme). Brit.
Mus. Collection, uncatalogued.
[PI. XIX. 14.]
AYKOPrMAS] or [TA5] Obv. No grapes.
Eev. No incuse.
414 J. MAVROGORDATO.
ft 11-50 mm. 18-9 grains (1-22 grammes). Berlin
Cabinet. Published Z.furN., 1887, pp. 148-
57, No. 13.
ff 12-00 mm. 18-5 grains (1-20 grammes). Berlin
Cabinet. Published Z.furN., 1887, pp. 148-
57, No. 13.
PEIZI --- Obv. No grapes. Eev. No incuse.
XIOZ. (Lobbecke renders name PESI, but
the first I is certain.)
f/ 1 11-25 mm. 20-5 grains (1-33 grammes). Berlin
Cabinet. Published Z.furN., 1887, pp. 148-
57, No. 14.
f/ 11-00 mm. 18-1 grains (1-17 grammes). Berlin
Cabinet. Published Z. fur N., 1887, pp. 148-
57, No. 14.
ff 11-50 mm. 17-7 grains (1-15 grammes). Athens
Cabinet.
Ob v. No grapes. Rev. No incuse
(land 3). Incuse circle (2). XIOS.
f < 11-00 mm. 29-6 grains (1-92 grammes). Berlin
Cabinet. Published Z.furN., 1887, pp. 148-
57, No. 15.
f / 12-00 mm. 21-6 grains (1-40 grammes). Berlin
Cabinet. Published Z.furN., 1887, pp. 148-
57, No. 15.
\f 11-75 mm. 12-4 grains (0-80 gramme). My col-
lection.
4>ITTAK[OS] Obv. No grapes. Small Sphinx.
Eev. No incuse (1 and 2). Shallow incuse
circle (3). XI OS.
f / 11-00 mm. 18-5 grains (1-20 grammes). Berlin
Cabinet. Published Z.furN., 1887, pp. 148-
57, No. 16.
f / 10-25 mm. 21-6 grains (1-40 grammes). Berlin
Cabinet. Published Z.furN., 1887, pp. 148-
57, No. 16.
ft 10-50 mm. 22-4 grains (1-45 grammes). Athens
Cabinet. (The K of name is clear on this
specimen, though Lobbecke read one as S.)
CHRONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS. 415
53 a . Obv. Same as preceding.
Rev. Amphora between bunch of grapes 1. and XIO3 r.
No magistrate's name. No incuse circle.
f f M. 9-50 mm. In private hands at Chios.
54. Obv. Sphinx similar to type No. 51, seated 1. on plain
exergual line.
Rev. Vine-wreath tied below, within which two narrow
raised bands crosswise, on the horizontal one
magistrate's name, and on the vertical one
. AITE - - -
ft 17-00 mm. 56-9 grains (3-69 grammes). Berlin
Cabinet. Published Z.furN., 1887, pp. 148-
57, No. 20. [PL XIX. 17.]
ft 17-00 mm. 62-8 grains (4-07 grammes). Berlin
Cabinet. Published Z.fiirN., 1887, pp. 148-
57, No. 20.
IKE5IOS
ff 17-00 mm. 56-5 grains (3-66 grammes). Berlin C> li
Cabinet. Published Z. furN., 1887, pp. 148-
57, No. 21.
ft 16-00 mm.61-3 grains (13-97 grammes). Cabinet
de France, No. 5009 a .
ft 17-00 mm. 58-7 grains (3-80 grammes). Berlin
Cabinet. Published Z.furN., 1887, pp. 148-
57, No. 23.
55. Obv. Sphinx like preceding, but of more careless
execution in some specimens.
Rev. Vine- wreath tied below, within which two broad
bands crosswise, flush with rest of design, on
the horizontal one magistrate's name, and on
the vertical one XIO^ or XloZ.
M. IHNHN Rev. XloZ.
f/ 16-50 mm. 69-0 grains (4-47 grammes). Brit.
Mus., uncatalogued, from Lawson, Smyrna.
HrHSin[POS] Rev. XI05.
416 J. MAVKOGORDATO.
ft 16-75 mm. 53-8 grains (349 grammes). My
collection ex Whittall Coll. (?).
AANAAPI --- Eev. XIOZ.
ft 17-25 mm. 51-8 grains (3-36 grammes). My
collection ex Sir H. Weber Coll.
[PI. XIX. 18.]
ft 17-00 mm. 51-5 grains (3-34 grammes). Berlin
Cabinet. Published Kleinasiat. Muns., i,
p. 103, No. 5.
POAYMH - - - Eev. XIO&
ff 15-00 mm. 62-9 grains (4-08 grammes). Cabinet
de France, No. 5111. [PI. XIX. 19.]
ft 16-25 mm. 52-8 grains (3-42 grammes). Berlin
Cabinet.
TIMOA---? Eev. ?
f/ 14-00 mm. 33-1 grains (2-14 grammes). Brit.
Mus., No. 43, Cat. Ionia, Chios.
The mutilated names AFA - - and OX - - may be
added to this group (see Appendix II), since coins of
the next type, No. 56 a with EPMUNAZ, are found
struck over them.
- IQ^KOY- from a similar coin with 4HATHZ in the
British Museum may safely be restored to [A]lo3KoY-
[PIAHS].
Mionnet's Medailles grecques, vol. vi, p. 389, No. 14,
records one of these bronze coins measuring 15-00 mm.
with magistrate's name ANAZAI . Kofod Whitte,
perhaps describing the same coin, De Rebus Chiorum,
<&c., p. 81, No. 71, reads the name ANA , . TO - - -. The
name might possibly be restored as ANAZAFO[PAZ],
but as I have been unable to trace the coin it is
impossible to say to which of the above two classes
it should belong.
No. 48. The coins of this type are very rare, and
CHRONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS. 417
the list given above includes all specimens known to
me. Enough has already been said about the style
of these coins, and about their place in the Chian
series. With regard to the names they record, it
has already been remarked that a Stoic philosopher
named eo&opoy is known to have been a native of
Chios, and IIocrtiBnnros occurs on a grave stele found
on the site of the ancient citadel. yleo>xoy is unrecorded
either by Pape, or Fick and Bechtel ; it may be a pet
name for Atuxdprjs. The coins with eo&opoy and
Qrip&v are from the same obverse die, but two quite
different dies, both obverse and reverse, were used
for the two coins with the name JTocref SLTTTTOS ; see Miss
Baldwin's PL iv. 29 and PL v. 1. I may be wrong
in attributing the issues with KaXXiKXfjs to this class
instead of to the next. Miss Baldwin, it will be noticed,
places them very low down on her list, which seems
to aim at being chronological.
The forms of the letters employed throughout are
quite consistent, M, l~l, and Z always taking the forms
AV P, and , but N varies from M to N.
No. 49. These coins are just as rare as the pre-
ceding, and the remarks already made in their case
apply here as well. The differences in style and
treatment between this and the last type can be
clearly seen from the illustrations on PL XIX. 4-7.
In addition to the other distinctions already noted
the striations of the reverse field tend to become
regular, although there is a good deal of variety in
the designs, of a minor kind. Altogether the main
characteristic of this class is the fact that it presents
a greater variety of design either than its predecessor
or than the class that follows it. The specimens showing
418 J. MAVKOGOEDATO.
a plain ring border in place of the convex shield have
not been kept separate, although they would appear to
be the latest. 68
The l Ep{ji6(f)avros, whose name is found on one of
these tetradrachms, may have been one of the Chian
generals to whom statues were erected at Delphi after
the battle of Aegospotami. The characteristically Ionic
names Eopvvonos, 'Hpayoprjs, and 'Iinrt^s may be noted,
as none of them in this Ionic form occurs in either
Pape's, or Fick and Bechtel's works. There is no change
in the letters since the last type, but <|> is apparently
always represented 4>.
The coins from Berlin with the names Baa-iXeLdrjs
and ^EppofyavTos are from the same obverse die, which
die is of quite a different type from that used for
the tetradrachm with the former name in the British
Museum [PI. XIX. 6]. The Sphinx on the coin with
QoTvig [PL XIX. 7] is of a special type, to which
attention has already been drawn in the cases of the
coins illustrated PL XVIII. 16 and PL XVIII. 21, 69
and which will be met with again in the drachms
of the next series [PL XIX. 8]. This is only one more
proof of the very close connexion that exists between
the coins of these two classes with names in full and
those of the previous period with single letters and
monograms.
No. 50. The correct placing of these coins is as
68 From now onwards it will no longer be necessary to divide the
coins into so many different types as heretofore, in view of
the broader distinctions rendered possible by grouping a certain
number of magistrates' names under a given type. The minor
variations need then only be referred to as above.
69 See remarks under types Nos. 42 and 43.
CHRONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS. 419
much a puzzle as that of the group described under
types Nos. 39-45. They are not so rare as the tetra-
drachms of classes a and /?, those bearing the names
@eorTt?, 'iTTTna?, and S<oo-Tpa[ros\ 3 in particular, being
met with fairly frequently. .The specimens with the
finely granulated reverses [PL XIX. 10], and the names
'ETrafVefro?], Tepm^, and $avoK\f)s, are the rarest, and
may perhaps be considered the latest of their class.
I owe this attribution to a suggestion of Miss
Baldwin's, p. 48. My first impression of this sub-type,
based on the style of its lettering, which never shows
the later forms occurring on the issues with coarse
granulations, was that it came at the head of its class.
There is very little difference between the various
obverses concerned, but the peculiar ground of the
reverses on these particular issues certainly comes
better at the end of the series than between the drachms
with letters, &c., and the bulk of this class, as would
have had to be the case otherwise.
In arranging these drachms under the heading of
class /?, it is not intended to convey the impression
that they are supposed to have formed part of the
same issues as the tetradrachms just described. It
is rather that they fit in better as companions to the
tetradrachms of class ft than to those of class a, while
class y, with a distinctive style of its own, is the only
one of the three in which given tetradrachms and
drachms can unhesitatingly be ascribed to the same
magistrate. Besides, class y is undoubtedly later than
these drachms. They really stand apart, more so even
than the drachms with single letters and monograms,
which at least can claim a possible connexion with the
tetradrachms of class a. But in the case of these coins
420 J. MAVKOGORDATO.
the names found on them are distinct from those
occurring on any of the tetradrachms, with the pos-
sible exception of 'I-rnrias and 'ITTTTL^, the latter
belonging to the tetradrachms of class /?. It is by no
means certain, however, that these two names should
be taken as referring to the same person. It may be,
of course, that this absence of connexion with other
groups is only another case of material that is lacking,
but it is curious.
Then, in the matter of style, with the exception of
the tall Sphinx [PI. XIX. 8], which is common to all
three groups, the obverses of the present coins bear
a much greater resemblance to the drachms with single
letters, &c., than to any of the tetradrachms. The two
groups of drachms seem to follow each other closely.
The Sphinx's wing, on all varieties of this group, is
of a later type than on the drachms with letters, as
would be expected, and the amphora, on a few
specimens, exhibits the pear-shaped tip that was
generally adopted for class y and subsequent coins,
and may consequently be regarded as a sign of com-
parative lateness. The pear-shaped tip is certainly
never found on the drachms with letters, nor on the
tetradrachms of classes a and ft. The raised shield,
on the other hand, is always present here in a more
or less degraded form, and I have never noticed the
plain ring border that has been referred to in the case
of some of the class ft tetradrachms as probably the last
stage it reached before disappearing altogether. Also,
the weights of this group differ very little from those
of the earlier one, the averages shown in the table
above being, if anything, in favour of the drachms
with names. It is difficult to separate them, and yet
CHRONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS. 421
the conservative rule I have chosen to follow demands
it. The absence of a hemidrachm from the series with
names has already been noted, and marks a break that
may have been of longer duration than mere appear-
ances suggest. Another noteworthy point, supporting
the attribution of this type No. 50 to at least as late
a date as the tetradrachms of class /?, is that the
lettering on the coins seems to indicate a period of
transition. Looked at as a whole, the lettering is less
archaic than that of any of the tetradrachms even
those of class y, with their accompanying drachms and
of some of the bronze. M takes the two forms M and
M, and N is always N, fl is always P, but Z is as often
Z as , <I> has the form already noted 4>. It is a pity
that none of these test letters occurs on the drachms
and hemidrachms of types Nos. 39-45.
The curiously worked field of the reverses is also
a distinctive feature of this type. It can be traced
back without a break to the artificially granulated
ground of type No. 37. It is never seen on the tetra-
drachms of classes a and /?, which followed a separate
line of development, though no doubt derived from
the same source. It appears only once, so far as I have
observed, on the tetradrachms of class y, but, as will
be noted when they come to be discussed, it was
probably an archaism in that case. This artificially
granulated surface is peculiar to these drachms of
Chios, the nearest approach in any other Greek series
being the similarly treated reverses of certain issues
at Teos. 70 The proximity of the two cities naturally
adds to the interest of the resemblance.
70 Brit. Mus., Nos. 24-5, Cat. Ionia, Teos.
422 J. MAVROGORDATO.
Of the names supplied by the group, ZaxrrpaTos, as
stated above, is known to Chian history through the
fourth-century sculptor of that name, and $rj<rivos
(accent according to Pape, ed. 1875) was one of the
magnates who threw open the gates of the citadel
to Memnon and his Persians. Pepooy is a name unknown
to Greek records, but there seems no reason to doubt
the reading of the coins. The initial P, which has
been thought uncertain, is quite clear on one of the
specimens at Berlin. 'Lrx^ a X oy > which seems a safe
restoration for I^XIMA, is also new. It maybe a weak
form for 'Icrxo/iaxo?. It is interesting to note the
alternative forms @OTTIS and SVTTIS, in this case
undoubtedly struck by the same magistrate.
There remains the question of the method used in
striking. Though we find occasional instances of deep
punch-struck incuses like the one illustrated PI. XIX. 8,
about half these pieces show much the same type of
reverse as the drachms with single letters, &c., which
were described as anvil-struck, fcdtf+q CO^J^LOK
Nos. 51-2. Some of the tetradrachms now to be
considered are the most plentiful that have come down
to us. The specimen in the British Museum collection
with ArjfjLOKpaTTjs and that from Paris with ^KVJJLVOS
are not known elsewhere, but the other two varieties
of the class bearing the names 'HpiS&vos and KT^O-O-
Kpiros look as if they had been issued fairly freely
for this denomination.
It is a little doubtful whether the coin with Arj^o-
Kpdrr)$ should be included in this class or not, as, its
condition being not very good, it is difficult to dis-
tinguish details, and its weight is rather high. But
the way in which the Sphinx's head is drawn, thrust
CHKONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS. 423
forward, and the shape of its wing, are both character-
istic of the type, while it is struck on the small module
that is one of its chief features. The smaller module
and the total absence of the raised shield as a back-
ground to the obverse are the principal differences
between this class and its predecessors, apart from the
reduced weight. This last point is especially noticeable
both in tetradrachms and drachms, and marks off the
coins of this class as the latest silver issues of the fourth
century.
This question of the approximate position to be
assigned to the present group among the fourth- century
issues constitutes the most important difference be-
tween Miss Baldwin's and my conclusions with regard
to this period. It will be seen from her PL vi that
Miss Baldwin places all the drachms of what I call
type No. 50 after these tetradrachms and drachms
of types Nos. 51-2. I cannot agree with this for the
reasons given here and under type No. 50. I have
tried to point out the difficulty of separating types
Nos. 39-45, if taken as a whole, from the earliest coins
of type No. 50 by more than a few years. I have also
agreed that the three issues with fine granulations
would come better at the end than at the beginning of
the type No. 50 series, as otherwise the sequence would
have been broken. But by interpolating the coins
of types Nos. 51-2, as on Miss Baldwin's PL vi. 1-12
before 13-26, an unnecessary difficulty seems to have
been created.
It is no doubt curious that the Pityos find should not
have contained any of these coins, if, as I believe, they
are later than the drachms with @OTTI? and $avoK\fj$,
which formed part of the hoard, but their absence
4:24: J. MAVKOGORDATO.
hardly affords a basis for argument as to the relative
ages of the two types.
A greater uniformity in the obverse types than in
the coins of class /3 or even of class a is also to be
observed. The hair of the Sphinx's head is more
elaborately dressed than on any of the preceding coins,
the knot or chignon at the back being only seen here,
and on the bronze issues summarized under type
No. 54. The ground of the reverse is almost invariably
ruled with vertical or horizontal lines carefully drawn
and spaced, and easily distinguished from the broken
striations or closely packed straight lines of the a and
/3 classes. The only two exceptions to this, that I
have noticed, are the tetradrachm with 'Hpidavos,
already mentioned, showing a granulated ground of
extra-conventional type (see Miss Baldwin's fig. 13,
p. 32), and the same denomination from Berlin with
KrityiaoKpLTos, on which the irregular striations of the
older style are to be seen. This coin also has a ring-
border round the obverse, and is very likely one of
the earliest of its class.
None of the names encountered calls for any special
remark, though it is interesting to note 2Kvfj,vos, a
well-known Chian name in later days, appearing thus
early. The lettering, although somewhat roughly
executed, shows a tendency to archaism that has
encouraged me to attribute the granulated reverse of
the tetradrachm just mentioned to the same cause.
Considering that these coins are undoubtedly later
than the drachms of type No. 50, it is strange that we
never meet with the forms M or Z upon them that
have already been noted on the latter, while even the
obsolescent M is occasionally seen. There is also the
CHRONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS. 425
drachm with ^KV^OS in the British Museum, on which
the name is written retrograde, the only case of retro-
grade lettering that I have observed in the whole
Chian series. 71 This must be another piece of archaism,
and an interesting parallel with it is afforded by
a quarter drachm of Pixodarus in the British Museum
(Brit Mus. Cat: Caria, p. 185, No. 15, and PI. xxviii.
15), on which the dynast's name is written retrograde
between the rays of a star. Considering the influence
of the Carian princes in Chios from 345 to 340 B.C.,
something more than a coincidence seems called for
to explain this. I am illustrating the variety of this
drachm with the name Sievpvos from Cambridge [PL
XIX. 13], as it seems to me to mark the last stage of
degeneration reached by these fourth-century silver
coins, and it may well be the latest representative of
the old Chian silver standard.
The tetradrachm with Krjfao-oKpiros in the Hunterian
collection (No. 5 of Dr. Macdonald's Catalogue) and the
unique specimen with ZKVIJLVOS are from the same obverse
die with a ring border. Though the name KrjfacroKpiTo?
always appears in an abbreviated form on the tetra-
drachm s it can be safely restored from the drachms,
where, curiously enough, it is written at full length
in spite of the more restricted space. All coins of this
class are much more distinctly punch-struck than the
drachms of class ft.
No. 53. We owe these small bronze coins almost
entirely to the Pityos find, and they are all rather rare.
71 Exception must be made in favour of a few cases of single
letters; the , for instance, on type No. 47 a , and the numerous
occurrences of T in Period IX.
NUMISM. CHBON., VOL. XV, SERIES IV. F I
426 J. MAVROGORDATO.
They are very neatly executed, and the lettering is
fine and clear. They fall naturally into three sub-types
that are represented by the specimens illustrated on
PL XIX. 14-16. The first shows a bunch of grapes in
front of the Sphinx and an incuse circle reverse. It
has already been observed that it is impossible to say
whether coins with the bunch of grapes are earlier
than those without it or not, but the type is placed
first here for the sake of continuity. No. 2 is of
smaller module than either of the others, and exhibits
a small Sphinx of a design practically identical with
that of the tetradrachms, which cannot be said of
Nos. 1 and 3. It looks earlier than they in spite of
not showing the bunch of grapes. The reverse also
has an incuse circle. In both these sub-types the
letters M and Z appear under the forms F\ and ^, but
N has the late form. No. 3 is of rather larger and
thinner module than the preceding, always shows the
later form of Z, and has no incuse circle. Attention
may be drawn to the pear-shaped tip of the amphora
plainly shown on Nos. 2 and 3. The Sphinx's hair is
dressed in a style intermediate between the tetra-
drachms of classes a and y.
Two names of historical interest are furnished by
the group if some small latitude in restoration be
allowed. 'AOyvayopas seems a fair assumption from
A0HNA-- since the only other known names that
would fit the case are 'AQrjvaios and 'AOrjvdSr)?, while
'AOrjvayopas happens to be the name of one of the three
oligarchs who are said to have betraj r ed their country
to the Persians. $770-^0? we have already met with
on the drachms of type No. 50, and the third, 'AtroX-
, may be restored from APOAAft - - of this
CHRONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS. 427
series, though not with quite the same confidence as
'AQrjvayopas from A0HNA - -.
I have only seen one specimen with the name
AM4>IAO--, and one again with ASMEN--. The'
latter no doubt stands for^0-/^oy 3 but probably refers
to a later magistrate than the one who signed the
tetradrachm of class a.
'Hyrjo-nnros (or more likely 'Hyfonnros at Chios) is
a safe restoration of HFHS - - on account of the large
piece with HrHSIP--- included among the coins of
type No. 55.
'H]pi8av[6s] may very likely be the same magistrate
whose name we have met already under types Nos. 51-2.
'iTTTn'ay and 'I(rxfy a [x$] are already known through
the drachms of type No. 50. The rest call for no
special remark, except <^Tra/c[6y], which is an un-
common form, and probably an alternative for -ZTirra/coy
(see Pape) or WITTCLKOS.
These coins show the same irregularity in the forms
of the letters employed as the drachms of type No. 50.
The three specimens illustrated on PI. XIX afford
excellent examples of nearly all the variations to which
attention has been drawn above.
No. 53 a . This is the second instance to be recorded
of a coin without a magistrate's name following or
accompanying others of the same type bearing names
(see above in reference to type No. 47 a ).
No. 54. The coins of this type are also principally
known to us through the Pityos find, and are rare.
Their obverse type, as may be seen from PL XIX. 17,
is remarkably like that of the tetradrachms and drachms
of class y. The raised cross on the reverse was not
-a convenient design for preserving the inscriptions of
Ff2
428 J. MAVKOGORDATO.
the coins, as, in the absence of either incuse square or
circle, the letters quickly became worn. Out of thir-
teen specimens known to me, five, which under more
favourable circumstances might have preserved their
legends, are quite illegible.
The name 'Iireo-io? may record the magistracy, though
somewhat late in life, of one of the Chian generals
whose statues were seen at Delphi by Pausanias. Of
the other two names occurring on coins of this type
AffE - - is not susceptible of certain restoration, but
I am suggesting 'lo-naTos for I^TI - - on account of the
prevalence of that name at Chios and other cities of
Ionia. The lettering on these coins, like that on the
tetradrachms and drachms of class y, appears to consist
of the more archaic forms only, though is the only
test letter provided by the specimens so far discovered.
No. 55. This type is clearly later than the last, and,
as suggested above, may even have been struck after
the limit assigned to the present period. The coins are
rare. The style of the Sphinx appears to vary, but as
all the known specimens are in poor condition it is not
possible to classify them. I am illustrating two speci-
mens in order to show different types of Sphinx
[PL XIX. 18-19] and the varied forms of the letters.
The name Zrjvcov has already been noted on a small
coin of type No. 53, also 'Hyriawnros. AANAAPl -
looks, at first sight, like a mutilated inscription, so
little does it suggest a Greek name, 72 but the letters
are perfectly distinct as PL XIX. 18 shows. The speci-
men in Berlin, which is the only other one I have seen,
is not so clear, and might be read MANAAoZ, but
72 See R. Miinsterberg's Beamtennamen, p. 46.
CHRONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS. 429
that does not help matters. The reading TIMOA
on No. 43 of Brit. Mus. Cat.: Ionia, Chios, is very
uncertain.
The lettering in general shows the transitional
character of types Nos. 50 and 53, and is well ex-
emplified on the pieces illustrated.
Some of these coins have a slightly concave field not
to be observed on the previous type.
J. MAVEOGOEDATO.
(To be continued.)
430
J. MAVROGORDATO.
APPENDIX I
List of magistrates' names belonging to coins of Period VII
shmving the denominations on which they occur.
tetr.
dr.
browse.
tetr.
dr.
bronze.
A 7 a-- . . .
_
7
c l/f<r<oj . .
$
'Ayyc - -
_
3
'iTTTTtaS . .
_
-
a
'AOrjva^opas] .
_
a
'IffJTt'i;?
/8
'Af*<pi\o - - . .
_
a
c I<TTt[afos] .
_
&
'An<piwfys .
ft
'I<7x<> a [xs]
_
-
a
'AtroAAcu[vt87/s] .
a
Ka\\iK\fjs . .
a
_
'ApiffT7)S .
_
KrjfplffLlKplTOS .
7
7
_
'ApTfJ.QJV . .
AavSapt - - . .
7
'Afffjicvos .
a
-=r-
^-^.a
Af'cuxos . . .
a
_
Ba<n\ei'577? .
3
_
Auo/)[/tasor-Tas]
_
a
Fe'pcuj ....
-
'o x -- ...
-
7
ATjfJLOtfpCLTTJS . .
[A]toaKOi;[j8j7j]
7
__
7
UoXv/JLT] - - . .
a
7
~EopvvofJ.oi . .
_
TIOfffiSnTTTOS . .
a
_
'E7ratV[Tos] . .
2U/XVOJ .
7
7
_
"Epfiapxos . .
n
2a/ffT/>a[TOs]
3
'E,pfj.6<pai>Tos , .
_
_
4ai/o/fA.^s
_
_
Zrjvajv ....
_
a and 7
^^fffl/OS . . .
_
/3
_
'H777(Tt7r[7ros] .
'Upafoprjs . .
a and 7
4>/AT;y . .
*tTTa/f[os] .
a
a
'HpiSavos . .
1
7
a
&oivi. . .
_
_
Q( oScupo? . .
eoTTis or QCVTTI s
a
_
'Ava.la.yo - - .
AVKIAEOZ
(?)
01-7
Qrjpcav
a
~
~
TIMOA--
-
7
The letters a, 0, 7 indicate, in the case of the silver, the three different
classes into which these coins are divided above ; and in that of the
bron/e, types Nos. 53, 54, and 55 respectively.
CHRONOLOGY OF THE COINS OF CHIOS. 431
HH jx> 10
X r^OO
Q g^
5 =o d,
W S A
to -t^
CU ^N 00
<J ^00
w os o o co o oo
C t> CO C
S g -5 ? 7 J= x
I i S 03 I> >.
o o ;2 o 1-1 es *
w
Ii 1 asilE|g
^ Sa 5- OO-e-Hitt!
^^
Q cS ej
tu H ^
13 ^5 TT
C
o^ C
K W
432
J. MAVROGORDATO.
No. of Coins
in hoard.
......--=.
17^i&97^
50^fl175JE
CO"*>OOt^OOCSOi-H<NCO . .-
II
I
6 ^ ^, *7
^ co s^ T o" i
1 Ig" 1
1
'
:O 2?
>ENDIX II (continued).
1
J 1
O ^
1 1 ~ - ^ I *
1 2 -2 - o
. C B o ^ S -TJ s^
a : i<'^i :.y : ISI 5
^ f^L. . " r i W W t "~ >> ? "rt
>uj5t-^ t^^fc^l I 1 S = =
<c-e-^<^ <^^WfS5^^
t-H
Obverse.
60
w 'i
i = t
g 'o ^ *o ^ "
1 g 11
05 M W K
J
L... ! i4 j!|-
i
3 1 ^2 Sjlgl i
S | 'II
XVII.
NOTES ON THE COINAGE AND SILVER CUR-
RENCY IN ROMAN BRITAIN FROM VALEN-
TINIAN I TO CONSTANTINE III.
(SEE PLATE XX.)
1. ON A LARGE HOARD OF LATE ROMAN SILVER
COINS PROM THE NORTH MENDIP, INCLUDING
SlLIQUAE STRUCK AT AUGUSTA (LoNDINIUM).
IT is well known that the "West of England especially
the Mendips and adjoining region has been the scene
of repeated finds of considerable hoards of late Roman
coins, mostly silver, dating from the last half of the
fourth century of our era or the first years of the fifth.
The most recent is that from G-rovely Wood, Wilts , an
account of which was laid before this Society by
Mr. Hill in 1906, 1 consisting of silver coins from
Constantius II to Arcadius.
A general survey of the Somerset hoards has been
given by Professor Haverfield in the Victoria County
History? and several have already been referred to by
my father in the account of the East Harptree find
which he laid before this Society in 1888. It contained
1,496 silver pieces, the dates of which extend from
Num. Chron., 1906, pp. 329 seqq.
Victoria County History, " Somerset," i, pp. 354, 355.
434 SIR ARTHUR EVANS.
Constantine the Great's time to that of Gratian. 3 My
father there made the following statement : " A far
larger hoard of silver coins belonging to a some-
what later date was discovered somewhere in the same
neighbourhood above twenty years ago and came into
my possession. The list of types that it comprised
I hope on some future occasion to communicate to the
Society."
Dis aliter placitum. Two unique siliquae of Magnus
Maximus from this find, referring to the London mint
under the name of Augusta, have been already published,
by my father in the Numismatic Chronicle in 1867. 4
But his intention of giving a full account of this
discovery was never carried out.
Since any reasons for reticence as to the matter no
longer exist, I feel in a special way called on to publish
from my father's papers a catalogue of this hoard, the
sorting and preliminary listing of which was, indeed,
one of my own earliest numismatic exercises. As a large
part of the hoard also passed into my own hands, I have
been able to supply additional materials as to the weights
of the various classes of coins there represented.
Of the provenance of the hoard it is impossible to
say more than that according to my own traditional
information it was found in the North Mendip region
not far from Bristol. Here it may be convenient to
refer to it as the " North Mendip Hoard ". It is by far
the largest of the finds of this West Country region,
the number of the silver pieces discovered amounting
to 2,042. The earliest specimen in the hoard is a single
* J. Evans, " On a Hoard of Roman Coins found at East Harptree,
near Bristol," Num. Chron., 1888, pp. 22-46.
4 Num. Chron., 1867 (N.S. vii), pp. 62, 331. See below, p. 438.
COINAGE AND CUERENCY IN ROMAN BRITAIN. 435
coin of Consfcans a double siliqua or so-called "medal-
lion", while the latest record the Quinquennalia of
Honorius. The great bulk of the hoard consisted of
siliquae, 2,003 in number, but there were 31 of these
larger silver pieces and 10 smaller coins, identified
below with half-siliquae.
A full catalogue of the coins will be found in the
succeeding Section. The following table gives an
analysis of the coins according to the Emperors repre-
sented. The first column (A) includes the double
siliquae or so-called " medallions " ; the second (B) the
siliquae ; and (C) silver coins of lesser denomination.
Besides the coins with imperial titles there are three
(Nos. 98, 99) from the Treves mint with TR and the
head of Roma on the obverse, and X and XV within
a wreath on the reverse.
SUMMARY ANALYSIS OF NORTH MENDIP HOARD.
A. "Medallions" (Double Siliquae). B. Siliquae. C. Half-Siliquae.
A. B. C. TOTAL.
Constans .
1
1
Constantius II .
8
186
194
Constantius Gallus .
1
1
Julian II .
1
456
457
Jovian
1
15
16
Valentinian I
5
57
62
Valens
4
296
300
Procopius .
Gratian
4
2
233
3
2
240
Valentinian II .
3
255
1
259
Theodosius I
2
175
1
178
Magnus Maximus
227
1
228
Victor
30
1
31
Eu genius .
1
23
24
Honorius .
12
12
Arcadius .
36
36
Eoma
3
3
31 2,003 10 2,044
436 SIR ARTHUR EVANS.
Among the later coins of the hoard those of Eugenius,
who usurped in the West A. D. 392-4, are well repre-
sented. Seven pieces celebrate the Decennalia of
Arcadius, which were due on Jan. 15, 393. Of Hono-
rius, who was made Augustus on Jan. 10 of that year,
there are only twelve coins, but ten of these from the
Milan mint celebrate his Quinquennalia, which would
have taken place on Jan. 9, 397. There is evidence
that at this period these celebrations took place with
strict punctuality. 5 On the whole, therefore, we may
safely conclude that the present hoard was deposited
in the last years of the fourth century.
The distribution of the coins according to mints, as
far as they can be attributed, is as follows :
Antioch . .30
Nikomedia . . 10
Constantinople 6 . 9
Carthage ... 1
Thessalonica . . 4
Sirmium ... 6
Siscia . . .18
Rome 57
Aquileia. . . 78
Milan ... 75
Treves . . . 1,087
Aries . . .387
Lyons . . . 254
Augusta (Londinium) 2
2,018
It will be seen that over half the coins belong to the
Treves mint, while, longo intervallo, Aries and Lyons
take the second and third place. The three Italian
6 It isknown,forinstance,thattheQuinquennaliaof TheodosiusII,
who was raised to the dignity of Augustus in January, 402, were
celebrated in 407 on the completion of the fifth year of h js reign
(Ch)'on. Pasch., p. 308 B (TT\ TOVTVV TWV virdruiV eVf TfXfV^q Kv'ivKfj>vd\ia
06o6o<rt'ov vtov Avyovcrrov cv KIT. p.T)vl Avdvvaia irpb y ld<0>v 'lavovapiuv).
So too the Tricennalia of Honorius took place at their proper date
in 492 (Marcellinus Comes " Honorio XIII et Theodosio X Coss.").
Coins with C.A., C.B., Of., C.A., CZ.,C PT and the
exceptional Cf Sf$> of No. 43 are here attributed to Constantinople.
Those showing CON and CONST in various combinations are
given to Aries (Constantina). The coin of Valens (No. 45) with
CON CM is enigmatic.
COINAGE AND CURRENCY IN ROMAN BRITAIN. 437
mints, Eome, Aquileia, and Milan, are fairly repre-
sented, and, after them, Antioch. Of the London mint
under its new name there were but two specimens. 7
That coins with the London mint mark should at
this time be very rare even in British hoards is suffi-
ciently explained by special circumstances of the case
referred to below. Our knowledge of the contents of
many of these hoards is however unfortunately very
imperfect, and further information might appreciably
add to the number of specimens of coins of this period
from the London mint.
This hoard, as will be seen, was specially rich in the
so-called " medallions " here identified with double
siliquae or "miliarensia". Among these that of Theo-
dosius, given under No. 76, seems to be unique.
It reads VICTORIA AVCVSTORVM R, and
Victory is seen bearing a trophy and palm-branch.
Among the siliquae several pieces referring to
Vota occur for the first time. Among these are
No. 42, Valens VOT. X. MVLT. XV TR PS, Nos. 86
and 87, Magnus Maximus (described below), struck at
Augusta, andNos. 95, 96, Arcadius VOT V MVLT X
MD PS and VOT X MVLT XV. The coins reading
PER PET VET AS, with the rayed phoenix 011 a globe,
whether siliquae or of the lesser module, here identified
with half-siliquae (PI. XX, Fig. 11), are of great rarity. 8
The specimens from the present find are of Gratian
(No. 52) and Theodosius (No. 76), and another is
known of Yalentinian II. 9 The phoenix on the globe
7 Nos. 86, 87 below. Of. p. 438, and PL XX, Figs. 4, 6. The
coins were presented by ray father to the British Museum.
8 See below, p. 472.
9 Cohen, viii, p. 142, No. 25.
438 SIR ARTHUR EVANS.
is the well-known type of AETERNITAS, and as
such already appears on an aureus struck to com-
memorate the death of Trajan. 1 By Hadrian, on
another aureus, it was taken as a symbol of the Golden
Age, and accompanied by the legend SAEC(VLVM)
AVR(EVM). 11 Later on, on the fine bronze medallion of
Constantino, we see Crispus receiving from his father
the same secular symbol. 12 The head of the phoenix
is now rayed, and so too on a well-known series of
bronze coins of Constans and Constantius we see it,
either alone or in the Emperor's hand, accompanied by
the legend FEL(ICIVM) TEMP(ORVM) REPARATIO.
With the reintroduction of this type by Gratian may
be compared the legend GLORIA NOVI SAECVLI
that appears on a series of his coins in all metals.
The most interesting of the coins for the first
time made known to us by the North Mendip hoard
are the two siliquae (Nos. 86, 87), already referred to,
struck from the London mint under its new name of
Augusta [PI. XX, Figs. 4, 6]. They are both of Magnus
Maximus. The reverse of No. 86 is VICTORIA AVGG,
Victory marching left bearing wreath and palm-branch;
in ex. AVG PS (i.e.AVG(VSTAE) (argentum) P(V)S(V)-
LATVM). 13 That of No. 87 is VOT V M VLT V within
a wreath ; in ex. AVG. This latter piece, which cele-
brates the Quinquennalia of Maximus, should have
been struck in A.D. 388, the year of his death, though
10 Cohen, ii, p. 87, Nos. 658, 659.
11 Ib., p. 216, No. 1321. A youthful figure, perhaps personifying
the Golden Age and standing within the arch of the Zodiac, holds
a phoenix on a globe.
12 Cohen, M.R., vii, p. 259. The accompanying inscription is
GLORIA SAECVLI VIRTVS CAESS.
13 See below, p. 497.
COINAGE AND CURRENCY IN ROMAN BRITAIN. 439
it is possible that, as in other contemporary cases, his
Vota were anticipated.
Special attention is also called below ( 5) to a class of
coins of lighter weight and smaller modules which are
here claimed to represent half-siliquae.
2. CATALOGUE OF COINS OP NORTH MENDIP HOARD.
(Ned. = Double Siliqua. Half-S. = Half-Siliqua. The other
coins are Siliquae.)
CONSTANS.
1. Olv. FL I VL CONSTANS P F AVC Diademed
bust r. with paludamentum.
Rev. TRIVMFATOR CENTIVM BARBA-
RARVM In exergueTES Military figure
standing r., in right hand a standard, the
left resting on a shield (Coh. 115) (70 gr.)
Med. 1
CONSTANTIUS II.
2. Olv.- -FL IVL CONSTANTIVS AVC Dia-
demed and draped bust r.
.Re^.-CONSTANTIVS AVC In ex. SMTR
Four military standards (Coh. 5) (70 gr.)
Med. 1
3. Otv.-D N CONSTANTIVS P F AVC Dia-
demed and draped bust r.
Eev. FELICITAS ROMANORVM Inex.SIRM
Two military figures standing beneath
arch (Coh. 74) (65Jgr.) Med. 1
4. Otv.D N CONSTANTIVS P F AVC Bust r.
as last.
Bev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS In ex. C A Mili-
tary figure standing with spear and shield
(Coh. 326) (67| gr.) Med. 1
440 SIR ARTHUR EVANS.
5. Olv. As No. 3.
tf^.VIRTVS EXERCITVS Military figure
standing with spear and shield (not in
Cohen) ; in ex. P CON (69 gr.) Med. 1
6. As last ; in ex. C B (64 gr.) Med. 1
R (65 gr.) Med. 2
TES (67 gr.) Med. 1
7. Olv.As No. 3.
Bev. VICTORIA DD NN AVC Victory 1. with
wreath and palm-branch (Coh. 229) ; in
ex. LVG 3
8. Obv. As No. 3.
flet;. VOTIS V MVLTIS X in wreath (Coh.
338) ; in ex. S CON 1
T CON 1
9. Olv. As No. 3.
Rev.VOT\S XXX MVLTIS XXXX in wreath
(Coh. 342); in ex. ANT 6
P CON 66
S CON 46
LVC 56
SIRM 2
SMN 5
Total, Constantius II 194
CONSTANTIUS GALLUS.
10. Obv.-D N FL CL CONSTANTIVS NOB
CAES Bare-headed draped bust r.
Rev. FELICITAS ROMANORVM Two em-
perors facing under an archway (Coh. 79);
in ex. SIRM ? Badly preserved (58 gr.)
Med. 1
JULIAN II.
11. Obv. D N FL CL IVLIANVS P F AVG Dia-
demed and draped bearded bust r.
Eev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS Military figure
standing with spear and shield, above
shield eagle with wreath in beak ; in ex.
P CONST (Coh. 72) (62 gr.) Med. 1
COINAGE AND CURRENCY IN ROMAN BRITAIN. 441
12. Olv.-fL CL IVLIANVS P P AVG Beardless
diademed and draped bust r.
^.-VICTORIA DD NN AVC Victory stand-
ing 1. with wreath and palm (Coh. 58) in
ex. LVC 3
13. Obv.-D N IVLIANVS NOB CAES Bare and
beardless draped bust r.
Rev. Star of eight points in wreath (Coh. 172)
in ex. AN f 1
14. Olv.-D N IVLIANVS NOB CAES Bust as
last.
Jfe-VOTIS V MVLTIS X in wreath (Coh.
154) ; in ex. T CON 24
Uncertain 1
15. Olv.-D N CL IVLIANVS AVC Beardless
bust as last.
VOTIS V MVLTIS X in wreath (Coh.
158) ; in ex. P CON 1
S CON 4
T CON 10
14 TR^r 19
TR 8
Uncertain 5
16. Olv.-fL CL IVLIANVS PP AVG Bust as
before.
Rev. As last (Coh. 163, &c.) ; in ex. LVC 60
P LVC 20
S LVG 17
Uncertain 4
One barbarous reads FL CL IVLIANV P
P AVG
17. oiv. FL CL IVLIANVS AVG Bust as before.
Eev. As last ; in ex. TR 1
14 Three read VOTIS IV.
NUMISM. CHRON., VOL. XV, SERIES IV. G g
442 SIR ARTHUR EVANS.
18. Obv.D N IVLIANVS P F AVC Bust as before.
Rev. As last ; in ex. P CON 14
S CON 18
T CON 26
LVG 1
19. Olv.-D N FL CL IVLIANVS P F AVG Bust
as before.
Rev.VOT\S V MVLTIS XX in wreath; no
exergual mark. Barbarous. 1
20. Obv. FL CL IVLIANVS PP AVG Bust as
before.
Rev. VOTIS X MVLTIS XX in wreath (Coh.
146); in ex. LVG 2
P LVG 13
S LVG 7
21. Obv.D N FL CL IVLIANVS P F AVG Bust
as before.
Eev VOT X M VLT XX in wreath (var. of Coh.
146); in ex. P LVG 7
S LVG 4
S LVGD 1
22. Obv. As last. Bust slightly bearded.
Eev. As last ; in ex. P CONST 32
S CONST 17
T CONST 25
23. Obv. As last. Bust more bearded.
Rev. As last ; in ex. P CONST 28
S CONST 30
T CONST 26
Barbarous P LVG 1
Uncertain 10
24. Obv. FL CL IVLIANVS P F AVG Bearded
bust.
Eev. As last ; in ex. ANT 12
COINAGE AND CURRENCY IN ROMAN BRITAIN. 443
25. Obv.D N IVLIANVS P F AVG Beardless bust.
Eev.-VOT\S XXX MVLTIS XXXX in wreath;
in ex. P CON 2
26. Obv.D N FL CL IVLIANVS P F AVG
Bearded bust.
Eev. VOT + + + MVLT++; in ex. 8HO3S 1
Barbarous reverse.
Total, Julian II 457
JOVIAN.
27. Obv.D N IOVIANVS P F AVG Diademed
and draped bust r.
Eev. VOT V MVLT X in wreath (Coh. 33);
in ex. ANT 1
P CONST 4
S CONST 3
T CONST 4
15 SMN 3
28. Obv. As No. 27.
Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM Emperor under
arch(Coh. 4) (63igr.) ANT Med. 1
Total, Jovian 16
VALENTINIAN I.
29. Obv.D N VALENTINIANVS P F AVG Dia-
demed and draped bust r.
Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS Emperor standing
looking 1., holding labarum and shield
(Coh. 58); in ex. SMTR (66|gr.) Med. 1
TRPS (61^ gr.) Med. 1
TES (62|gr.) Med. 1
, Obv. As last.
Eev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM Victoryr.
inscribing VOT V MVLT X on a shield
placed on a cippus (Coh. 51) ; in ex.
R P (68 gr.) Med. 1
SMTR (65^ gr.) Med. 1
15 One reads IOVANVS.
444 SIR ARTHUR EVANS.
31. Obv. As last.
ROMA Rome seated on cuirass 1.
(Coh.81); in ex. LVG 1
LVG PS 12
LVC S 2
32. Olv. As last.
Rev. As last, but Rome seated in curule chair
(Coh. 83) ; in ex. RP 6
R*P 1
R*d 1
TRPS 19
Uncertain 1
33. 0&v.--As last,
Rev. VOT V MVLT X in wreath (Coh. 70); in
ex. R T 8
34. Obv. As last.
Rev.VOT\S V MVLTIS X in wreath (Coh.
79); in ex. SIRM 2
35. Olv. As last.
Rev. VOT XV MVLT XX ; in ex. SISCPS 2
36. Obv. As last,
Rev. VOT X MVLT XX in wreath ; in ex.
ANT 1
SISCP 1
Total, Valentinian I 62
VALENS.
37. Obv. D N VALENS P F AVC Diademed and
draped bust r.
^.GLORIA ROMANORVM Valens and
Valentinian facing, each holding a laba-
rum and a globe (Coh. 18) ; in ex.
*SIS (67 gr.) Med. 1
38. Obv. As last.
Rev. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM Victory r.
inscribing VOT V MVLT X on a buck-
ler standing on a cippus, her L foot on
a globe (Coh. 60); in ex.
SMTR (68 gr.) Med. I
COINAGE AND CURRENCY IN ROMAN BRITAIN. 445
39. 060. As last.
Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS Valens standing
looking to 1., holding labarum and buckler
(Coh.71);inex. SISCP (66J gr.) Med. 1
TRPS (67 gr.) Med. 1
40. Olv. As last.
jtey._VOT V MVLT X in wreath (Coh. 91);
in ex. LVC 1
SMN 1
RP 2
RB 6
RT 1
RQ. 1
TES 1
41. Olv. As last.
to. V T in wrea th (Coh. 88) ; in ex. CB 1
cr i
xcr i
CRT i
cz i
42. Olv. As last.
to. VOT X MVLT XV in wreath (not in
Cohen); in ex. TRPS 3
43. Olv. As last.
to VOT X MVLT XX in wreath (Coh. 96);
in ex. ANT 1
. ANT 2
ANTK 1
ANT.. 2
ANTT 2
C^S^ 1
P LVC 1
44. Olv. As last.
JZesVOTIS XV MVLT XX in wreath (Coh
98) ; in ex.
446 SIR ARTHUR EVANS.
45. Obv. As last.
Rev.VOT\S XXMVLTXXXin wreath (Coh.
101); in ex. CONCM 1
46. Olv. As last.
Rcv.VR&S ROMA Rome seated in curule chair
(Coh. 108) ; in ex. Plain 1
AQ.PS 3
Star in field 1
Rd 5
TRPS 214
P LVC 2
47. Obv. As last.
fi eVt VRBS ROMA Eome seated on cuirass
(Coh. 110); in ex. TRPS. 3
TRPS 29
Barbarous imitations, Rome in chair 3
Barbarous imitations, Rome in chair Rd 1
Total, Valens 300
PEOCOPIUS.
48. Obv.D N PROCOPIVS P F AVC Diademed
and draped bust r.
Rev. VOT V in wreath (Coh. 14) ; in ex. C A 1
SMN 1
Total, Procopius
GRATIAN.
49. Olv. D N CRATIANVS P F AVC Diademed
and draped bust r.
Hev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS Emperor stand-
ing looking r., 1. hand resting on shield,
in r. labarum (Coh. 52] ; in ex.
TRPS (67 gr.) Med. 1
AQPS (68 gr.) Med. 1
S ISC PS (67 gr.) Med. 1
COINAGE AND CURRENCY IN ROMAN BRITAIN. 447
50. O&z'. As last.
Rev. VOT V M VLT X in wreath (cp. Coh. 63)
in ex. SMKAP (68Jgr.) lied. 1
51. Obv. As last.
Rev. CONCORDIA AVCGG Constantinople
seated facing, resting her foot on a prow,
holding a sceptre and a cornucopiae (Coh.
6) ; in ex. LVGPS 1
TRPS 1
52. Obv. As last.
Rev. PERPETVETAS Phoenix 1. on globe (Coh.
27); in ex. TRPS Half-S. 1
53. Obv. As last.
Rev. VICTORIA AVGG Victory standing ].
with wreath and palm (Coh. 36) ; in ex.
AQPS i
54. Obv. As last.
tfa. VICTORIA AVGGG Victory as last (not
in Cohen); in ex. RB Half-S. 1
55. Obv. As last.
7 ?m _VIRTVS ROMANORVM Kome seated
holding globe and sceptre (Coh. 56); in ex.
AQ.PS 9
TRPS 28
TRPS Half-S. 1
LVGPS 2
56. Obv. As last.
Rev. MOT X MVLT XV in wreath (Coh. 68);
in ex. TRPS 1
57. Obv. As last.
p ev _VOT XV MVLT XX in wreath (Coh. 72);
in ex. SISCPZ 4
TR 1
TRPS 1
448 SIR ARTHUR EVANS.
58. Obv. As last.
Rev. VRBS ROMA Rome seated on armour
(Coh. 87); in ex. AQPS 2
Star in field 10
LVCPS 4
TRPS 29
59. Obv. As last.
Rev. As last, but Rome seated on curule chair
(Coh. 86); in ex. RB 2
R 2
RXP 1
RXT 3
RXQ 2
TRPS 127
Total, Gratian 240
VALENTINIAN II.
60. Obv. D N VALENTINIANVS P P AVC
Young diademed and draped bust r.
Rev. GLORIA ROMANORVM Valentinian
standing, looking 1., holding standard, left
arm resting on buckler (Coh. 18) ; in ex.
LVCPS (59i gr.) Med. I
61. Obv. D N VALENTINIANVS P F AVC
Young bust as last.
Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS Valentinian stand-
ing 1., holding standard, his 1. arm resting
on buckler (Coh. 8) ; in ex.
TRPS (67 gr.) Med. 1
62. Obv. D N VALENTINIANVS IVN P F AVC
Bust as last.
Rev. As last ; in ex. AQPS(69gr.) JMcd. 1
63. Obv.
Rev. VICTORIA AVCCC. Victory 1. with
wreath and palm (Coh. 40) ; in ex.
AQ.PS 6
LVCPS 4
TRP 2
TRPS 129
COINAGE AND CURRENCY IN ROMAN BRITAIN. M9
64. Olv.-D N VALENTINIANVS P F AVC
Bust as last.
Rev. As last (Coh. 41) ; in ex. TRPS 2
65. Obv.- As last.
Rev. As last (Coh. 42) ; in ex. R P Half-S. 1
66. Olv. As No. 60.
7^. VIRTVS ROMANORVM Rome seated
1., on arms holding Victory and spear (Coh.
61); in ex. TRPS 48
67. Olv. As No. 60.
Rev. As last, but Rome seated facing looking 1
(Coh. 60); in ex. AQPS 8
68. Olv. As No. 62.
Rev. VOTIS V MVLT X in wreath (Coh. 66);
in ex. TRPS 1
69. Obv. As No. 60.
Rev. As last (Coh. 66) ; in ex. SISCPS 2
Var.
70. Olv. As No. 60.
7^._VOT X MVLT XX in wreath (Coh. 71);
in ex. MDPS
TES
71. Obv. As No. 60.
Rev. VRBS ROMA Rome seated 1., holding Vic-
tory and spear (Coh. 76, 78) ; in ex. AQPS
LVCP
LVCPS 10
LVCS 1
LVC 1
RXB 3
TRPS 7
72. Obv. As No. 62.
Rev. As last ; in ex. 1(t AQPS 17
TRPS 7
Total, Valentinian II 259
10 Star in field.
450 SIR ARTHUR EVANS.
THEODOSIUS I.
73. Obv.D N THEODOSIVS P F AVC Diademed
and draped bust r.
tfa-. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM Victory
bearing trophy and palm-branch, leading
captive to r. (not in Cohen) ; in ex.
R (80 gr.) Med. I
74. Obv. As No. 73.
Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS Emperor standing
facing, looking 1., in r. hand standard, 1.
resting on buckler (Coh. 55) ; in ex.
TRPS (66| gr.) Med. 1
75. Obv. As No. 73.
Rev. CONCORD I A AVCCG Constantinople
seated (Coh. 4) ; in ex. TRPS 18
AQPS 1
76. Obv. As No. 73.
Pev. PERPETVETAS Phoenix to 1. on globe
(Coh. 26); in ex. TRPS Half-S. 1
77. Obv. As No. 73.
Rev. VIRTVS ROMANORVM Borne seated
on arms 1. (Coh. 57) ; in ex. LVGPS 1
MDPS 8
TRPS 109
78. Obv. As No. 73.
Rev. As last, but Kome seated facing (Coh. 59) :
in ex. AQ.PS 7
TRPS 7
Barbarous 1
79. Obv. As No. 73.
7?er. VOT V MVLT X in wreath (Coh. 64) ; in
ex. SISCPS
80. Obv. As No. 73.
Rev. VOT X MVLT XX in wreath (Coh. 67);
in ex. CONS
MDPS
COINAGE AND CUKRENCY IN ROMAN BRITAIN. 451
81. 0Zw. As No. 73.
Rev. VRBS ROMA Kome seated on arms (Coh.
72); in ex. LVCP 1
LVCPS 4
LVCS 2
TRPS 1
82. Oli\ As No. 73.
Rev. As last, but Kome seated on chair (Coh. 71);
in ex. R*P 4
RXB 1
R*e i
Barbarous 1
Total, TheodosiusI 178
MAGNUS MAXIMUS.
83. Ol>v. D N MAG MAXIMVS P F AVC Dia-
demed and draped bust.
Rev. VIRTVS ROMANORVM Rome seated
facing (Coh. 20); in ex. AQPS 3
MDPS 8
TRPS 209
TRPS Half-S. 1
TPRS 1
84. Olv. As No. 83.
J?ev. CONCORDIA AVCC Constantinople
seated (Coh. 1) ; in ex. TRPS 3
85. Obv.As No. 83.
^.VICTORIA AVCVSTORVM Victory 1.
(Coh. 16) ; in ex. AQ.PS 1
86. Olv. As No. 83.
Rev. VICTORIA AVCG. Victory (N. C., N. S.,
vii,p.62);inex. AVGPS PI. XX, Fig. 4. 1
87. Obv As No. 83.
Rev.VOT V MVLT X in wreath (N. C., N. S.,
vii, p. 331) ; in ex. A VG PI. XX, Fig. 6. 1
Total, Magnus Maximus 228
4:52 SIR ARTHUR EVANS.
VICTOR.
88. Olv. D N FL VICTOR P F AVC Diademed and
draped bust r.
Rev. VIRTVS ROMANORVM Rome seated
facing (Coh. 6) ; in ex. AQ.PS 4
MDPS 17
TPRS 4
TRPS (IHalf-S.) 6
Total, Victor 31
EUGENIUS.
89. Obv.D N EVCENI VS P F AVC Diademed and
draped bust r.
Rev. VIRTVS EXERCITVS Emperor standing
1. with r. hand holding standard, the 1.
resting on buckler (Coh. 13) ; in ex.
TRPS (65i gr.) Med.
90. Olv. As No. 89.
Rei:~ VIRTVS ROMANORVM Rome seated
(Coh. 14); in ex. MDPS
TRPS
91. Olv. As No. 89.
Rev. VRBS ROMA Rome seated 1. (Coh. 18) ;
in ex. LVCPS
Total, Eugenius 24
HONORIUS.
92. Obv.D N HONORIVS P F AVG Diademed
and draped bust r.
Rev. VIRTVS ROMANORVM Rome seated
on arms 1. (Coh. 59) ; in ex. MDPS 2
93. Obv. As No. 92.
jRey.-VOT V MVLT X in wreath (Coh. 63) ; in
ex. MDPS 10
Total, Honorius 12
COINAGE AND CURRENCY IN ROMAN BRITAIN. 453
ARCADIUS.
94. Otv.D N ARCADIVS P F AVG Diademed
and draped bust r.
Jfei;. VIRTVS ROMANORVM Kome seated 1.
(Sabatier 27) ; in ex. AQPS 2
MDPS 2
TRPS 12
95. Olv. As last.
Kev.VOT V MVLT X in wreath ; in ex.
MDPS 9
96. Olv. As last (not in Sabatier).
Bev.VOT X MVLT XV in wreath ; in ex.
MDPS 7
97. Obv. As last (not in Sabatier).
Rev. VRBS ROMA Kome seated on arms 1.;
in ex. TRPS 4
Total, Arcadius 36
EOMA.
98. 0fa\ Head of Eoma 1.
JRev. X in wreath ; in ex. TR Half-S. 2
99. Obv. As last.
Rev. XV in wreath ; in ex. TR Half-S. 1
Total, Roma ' 3
TOTAL OF HOARD 2044
3. THE DOUBLE SILIQUAE OR MILIAEENSIA.
There were in the present hoard 31 larger silver
pieces or so-called "medallions", of the following
Emperors and mints :
454 SIR ARTHUR EVANS.
Constans (Thessalonica) ..... 1
Constantius II (Constantinople 2, Thessalonica 1,
Sirmium 1, Rome 2, Treves 1, Aries 1) . .8
Constantius Gallus (Sirmium) .... 1
Julian (Antioch) ....... 1
Jovian (Antioch) ....... 1
Valentinian I (Rome 1, Treves 4) . . . .5
Valens (Siscia 2, Treves 2) 4
Gratian (Siscia 1, Aquileia 1, Treves 1, Car-
thage 1) . 4
Valentinian II (Lyons 1, Aquileia 1, Treves 1) . ,3
Theodosius I (Rome 1, Treves 1). . . .2
Eugenius (Treves) ...... 1
31
Of these, 28 well-preserved specimens give the
following metrological results:
Average Weight. Maximum. Minimum.
4-2 grm. 548 grm. 3-98 grm.
(c. 65 gr.) (c. 80 gr.) (c. 61-5 gr.)
The average weight in the case of 18 similar " medal-
lions" from the Harptree hoard 17 is in close agreement
with this :
Average. Maximum. Minimum.
4-227 grm. 4-536 grm. 3-823 grm.
(65-25 gr.) (70-5 gr.) (59 gr.)
That in the case of these larger pieces, which
evidently had a less circulation than the siliquae, the
weight should have been somewhat higher in propor-
tion is only what might have been expected. But, in
spite of this tendency, the relation of the larger to the
17 Thanks to the kindness of Professor Oman, I am able to add
three more " medallions " from this hoard to those described by
my father (Num. Chron., 1888, pp. 38 seqq.). These are Valens,
Virtus ExercitusTES , wt. 65 gr. (Coh. 72) ; SISCP, wt. 65-5 gr.
<Coh. 71) ; Valentinian II, do. TRPS, wt. 67-5 gr. (Coh. 58).
COINAGE AND CURRENCY IN ROMAN BRITAIN. 455
smaller coin is clear. These so-called "medallions", with
an average weight of about 4-2 grammes, must certainly
be taken to be the doubles of the smaller pieces
weighing one with another about 2 grammes. In
other words, we have here to deal with double siliquae.
The siliquae, as we see, were tariffed at 24 to a
gold solidus, of which five had the legal value of a
silver pound. As money of account they were thus
legally reckoned as 120 to a pound in spite of their
deficient weight. The double siliquae would there-
fore represent a sixtieth of a pound, or a gold value
equivalent to 5 solidi. There can be no doubt then
that these are the sixtieths referred to in the Edict
promulgated in A.D. 384 by Valentinian II and his
colleagues, reserving to the Emperors and Consules
Ordinarii the right of distribution of certain more
precious sportulae on the occasion of public festivals.
In this Edict not only is it forbidden to make gifts of
gold coins, but also of any of silver larger than those
habitually struck when a pound of silver is divided
into sixty silver pieces. 18
The very point of this enactment is that the double
siliquae were a recognized part of the regular currency.
And the particular value of these great hoards in the
present connexion is that we here see these silver
18 Cod. Theod., xv. 9. 1, De Expensis Ludorum : " Nee maiorem
argenteum minimum fas sit expendere quam qui formari solet,
cum argentea libra una in argenteos sexaginta dividitur." The
larger silver pieces thus excluded are chiefly represented by a long
series of "medallions" from the time of Constans and Constantius II
to Honorius and Priscus Attalus (Gnecchi, Medaglioni Romani, i,
pp. 61 seqq., and PI. xxx-xxxvii), of which sixty specimens in
various cabinets are known, and give an average weight of approxi-
mately 12-75 grammes. They answer, therefore, with sufficient
exactness to three double siliquae or six siliquae.
456 SIR ARTHUR EVANS.
" sixtieths " taking their place beside the siliquae as
current coin.
It is to be noted that the average weight of the
"medallions" from the North Mendip and Harptree
finds is distinctly below the average presented by a mass
of isolated finds. The heavier specimens would be natu-
rally kept apart from the ordinary currency, and might
indeed in some cases have been profitably melted. That
this process of elimination was at work appears from a
comparison of the weights given in Gnecchi's great work
on Eoman medallions, in which is included a consider-
able series of this class, taken from all sources from the
time of Constantine to Honorius. 19 An analysis of 305
coins of this series yields an average weight of 4-65
grammes. 202 of these pieces weigh between 4 and
5 grammes ; 55 are over 5 grammes 20 (with an average
weight of 5-28 grammes), and 48 under 4 (with an
average weight of 3-72 grammes). They range from
about 3-2 to 5-8 grammes. As in the case of the sili-
quae, it is the maximum weights that give the real
clue to the theoretical standard. And in this case we
obtain definite information from a remarkable piece
struck at Aquileia on the occasion of the Decennalia
of Constans, 21 giving the numerical indication LX
19 Grnecchi, Medaglioni Romani, i, pp. 57 seqq.
20 It is noteworthy that twenty of these referred in one way or
another to the quinquennial festivals. It looks as if on these
occasions fuller measure was allowed.
21 Cohen, viii, p. 429, No. 164 (Gnecchi, op.cit., i, p. 64, Pl.xxxi. 2).
Rev. VICTORIAE DD.NN. AVGG. Victory seated to 1. and
holding shield on her knees inscribed VOT X MVLT XV :
in ex. LXAQ.. The module 27 mm. is somewhat large, but is
equalled by other " medallions " of the present series. A similar
piece with AQ. only in the exergue (Cohen, No. 163) weighs
5'38 grammes.
COINAGE AND CURRENCY IN ROMAN BRITAIN. 457
before the mint name in the exergue. The weight of
this piece is 5-48 grammes well within the limit of
the heavier specimens of the present series. It
approximates to the theoretic weight about 5-6
grammes of ^ pound of silver, and must be unques-
tionably identified with one of the silver sixtieths
referred to in Valentinian's Edict as used in public
distributions.
The type which in the above case bears this special
indication of value is well represented among the
more or less contemporary "medallions" of several
Emperors, though sometimes with the slight variation
that Victory appears in a standing position with her foot
on a globe. 22 In all cases she is depicted writing quin-
quennial or decennial Vota on a shield. But the
weights as a whole fall into the ordinary scale of the
" medallion " series with an average of 4-226 grammes.
The module varies in a similar way from 27 to 21 mm,,
the mean being about 23 mm.
It will be seen that these varieties cannot be separated
from the other silver " medallions " of the present series.
Any attempt to break it up into coins of separate
22 There are two varieties : 1. That represented by the piece of
Constans, bearing LX in the exergue, bears the inscription
VICTORIAE DD NN AVGC, and shows Victory seated
writing VOT X MVLT XX (in other cases VOT X
MVLT XV) on a shield. This variety is also included among
the silver " medallions " of Magnentius from the Aquileia Mint
(Gnecchi, No. 6), weight 440 to 3-94 grammes. 2. With legend,
VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM. Victory standing with foot
on globe, and writing on shield in the same way VOT V
MVLT X and VOT X MVLT XV or VOT X
MVLT XX (Valentinian I, Gnecchi, Nos. 14-19; Valens, do.,
14-20 ; Gratian, do., No. 4). The weights, as a whole, vary from
5-380 to 3-700 grammes.
KUMISM. CHROX., VOL. XV, SERIES IV. H Li
458 SIR ARTHUR EVANS.
denominations is indeed doomed to failure. Within
the limits given above, the same types are found con-
stantly varying in weight. They show the same
approximate module centring round 23 millimetres
with a margin of two or three in either direction.
The evidence of contemporary documents, indications
supplied by the coins themselves, and the harmony
of the monetary system represented by the value of
the siliquae and solidi, are only reconcilable with one
conclusion. In these silver " medallions " we should
recognize pieces having a^ theoretical value of ^ pound
silver though in truth, like the siliquae themselves,
of which they are the doubles, they were a coinage of
account.
But if all these units, including the so-called
" medallions ", fitted thus into a simple and har-
monious system, where, it may be asked, are we to
look for the silver pieces known as " miliarensia "
so frequently referred to from the close of the fourth
century onwards ? The name itself, which clearly has
to do with reckonings in thousands or thousandths,
seems to have been of old traditional usage. 23 It has
been generally recognized as having been applied to
a silver coin = T o 1 oo of a pound of gold. It is possible,
as Seeck 24 suggests, that it was thus applied to the
denarius argenteus, a thousand of which, according
to Diocletian's abortive reform put forth in his Edictum
de pretiis rerum of 301, were equal to a pound of gold.
But the evidence of the attachment of the name to such
23 Mommsen, Monnaie Eomaine, ed. Blacas, iii, p. 82, n. 1, cites
the story preserved by Lydus (de Mens., iv. 2) that Scipio had
invented this piece when short of gold in his war against Hannibal.
24 " Die Munzpolitik Diocletians und seiner Nachfolger" (Zcit.f.
Num., xvii, pp. 36 seqq.).
COINAGE AND CURRENCY IN ROMAN BRITAIN. 459
silver pieces, which could only have had an ephemeral
existence, is still to seek. Mommsen, on the other
hand, has pointed out that the average weight of the
silver pieces with which we are dealing estimated by
him at 4-55 grammes, a result closely approaching that
given above corresponded in fact with the silver
value of Y^O o of a pound of gold. He concludes there-
fore that the name of " miliarense " was for this reason
attached to these coins, 25 and in this he has been more
recently followed by M. Babelon. 26 This piece then
was the equivalent of 7 ^ of a silver pound, just as the
Constantinian solidus was -^ of a gold pound. Accord-
ing to this reckoning the value of the miliarense as
compared with the solidus was as 1 to 13-88.
That this equivalence of the average weight of the
silver t: medallion" with the thousandth part of a
pound of gold attached to it the name " miliarense "
is in itself probable enough. The miliarense itself
figures too largely in official documents of the time
for it not to have answered to some well-known type
of coin. The scrinium a miliarensibus, mentioned in
the Notitia, 21 is only one of a series of indications
that this name was applied to a familiar monetary
class. It is true that in the Edict of Valentinian II
and his colleagues, above cited, the name does not
appear. But in a Novella of Justinian, which to a
certain extent may be regarded as a reinforcement of
25 Op. tit., pp. 81, 82.
26 Traite des Monnaies Grecques et Eomaines, i, pp. 569, 570.
27 Notitia Dignitatum Orient-is, c. 12 ; Occiclentis, c. 10. The office
was in each case under the " Comes Sacraruui Largitionum ", and
was distinct from the "Scrinium Argenti" or "Ab Argento", and
from the " Scrinium a Pecuniis " which dealt with bronze coinage.
Cf. Cod. lustinianus, xii. 24. 7.
Hh 2
460 SIR ARTHUR EVANS.
tlie earlier Edict, 28 this particular coin takes the
place of the silver "sixtieths" previously named as
being proper for distribution by those beneath the
imperial dignity, this restriction here being extended
to Consuls. 29
On the whole we need not hesitate to accept the
view that the official name of " miliarense " was
applied to the larger silver pieces with which we are
dealing. But great caution seems to be necessary
in accepting some of the logical consequences that
eminent numismatists have deduced from this, with
regard to the current value of these " medallions". It
is sufficient indeed to examine the contents of these
large silver hoards, and to take the actual comparative
weight of the coins of which they are composed, to
see that the " miliarense " (to adopt the name) was
here fitted into a much simpler and more practical
system. It passed, as we see, as a double siliqua, and
12 not 13 and a fraction, or even 14 went to a
solidus. Nay, more, in some cases it actually bore the
indication of value, 60 to a silver pound.
The short-lived system introduced by Diocletian
(A.D. 301-3) had at least a practical basis. As a
matter of fact the relation of the standard silver and
gold pieces and of the pound of gold as proposed by
28 By the provisions of Cod. Theod., xv. 9. 1, however, Consules
Ordinarii as well as the Emperors were allowed to make distribu-
tions in gold. By Justinian's Novella only silver distributions are
allowed to Consuls.
" Just., Novellae, cv, De Consulibus, c. 2. 1, in the Latin text:
" Non, tamen, aurum spargere sinimus, non minoris alicuius, non
maioris omnino, non medii characters aut ponderis, sed argentum
sicuti praediximus solum. . . . Hoc sinimus in eos spargere in his
quae vocantur miliarisia," &c. (ev rols Ka
COINAGE AND CURRENCY IN ROMAN BRITAIN. 461
him greatly resembled that which at present obtains
between French francs, Napoleons, and 1,000 franc
notes. 20 ''argentei" went to a solidus, and 50 solidi
or 1,000 argentei to a pound of gold. The solidus
having been finally established by Constantino (about
A. D. 309) at the rate of 72 to a pound, a new harmoni-
zation with the silver system was naturally entailed.
The siliquae or Kepdria were theoretically issued on
a footing of ^ to the solidus. These siliquae, as we shall
see, 30 had become monetary units at least as early as
A.D. 323 the approximate date of the issue of the
larger silver denomination with which we are dealing.
But to strike, side by side with these " twenty-fourths ",
a new silver piece 3^0 of a pound of gold in value, and
of which 13-88 would be the equivalent of a solidus,
could have had no practical utility whatever. Even
assuming that this piece was tariffed at 14 to a solidus,
it would represent a cross system of reckoning wholly
beyond the popular comprehension. It would not
even in this case hit the mark. Since 5 solidi now
went to the pound of silver this would make the rate
70 miliareiisia to a solidus instead of 72, which is the
centre-point of the whole system.
As a matter of fact, though the average weight of
these coins from the middle of the fourth century
onwards was, as we have seen, compatible with a
reckoning of 1,000 to a pound of gold, this does not
seem to have been the case with the earlier class as
introduced by Constantine from about A. D. 324. 31 An
examination of the series of Constantmian pieces of this
30 See below, p. 464.
31 See J. Maurice, Numismatique Constant inienne, ii, pp. 414-16.
The evidence of date is best supplied by the Sirmium mint.
462 SIK ARTHUR EVANS.
class given in Gnecchi's work 32 shows that the average
weight of 19 was exactly 5 grammes, and there can be
no doubt that a selection of the better preserved pieces
of this class would give an appreciably higher average.
5 grammes itself is about half a gramme heavier than
the proper full weight of the silver value of -f^-g-g of
a gold pound, which, as we have seen, is 4-55 grammes.
Such a result is fatal to the conclusion that these
pieces were originally struck as " thousandths " of the
gold pound, while it strongly favours the view that
they were intended for sixtieths of the silver pound.
It is absurd to suppose that the new coins were struck
at an actual loss to the Treasury of 10 per cent.
We must therefore infer that the application of the
traditional name of " miliarense " to these pieces was a
later accretion, and that this could hardly have taken
place earlier than the latter half of the fourth century,
when the average weight of these pieces had reached
a level compatible with such an equation.
The conclusion to which we are led by these con-
siderations may be stated as follows. While there
seems to be no sufficient reason to dispute the fact that
the larger silver pieces answer to the official milia-
rensia of the close of the fourth century and later,
they were yet originally introduced as sixtieths of the
silver pound, or double siliquae. Both standpoints with
regard to them are in fact reconcilable. Regarded as
32 Medaglioni Romani, i, pp. 57-9. I have omitted defective or
exceptionally \vornand fractured pieces (Nos.l, 16), while something
should be added to the fractured piece (No. 26), here given as 5-800.
Seven out of eighteen of these coins weighed 5 grammes or over;
one over 6 grammes, and to this must certainly be added the last
mentioned, the original weight of which could not have been less
than 6-500 grammes.
COINAGE AND CURRENCY IN ROMAN BRITAIN. 468
monetary units it was necessary that they should bear
a simple relation to the gold and silver coins with
which they were associated in the currency. But with
the growing tendency, from about the middle of the
fourth century onwards, 33 to reckon larger sums by
weight, it was an almost equal convenience to have
a coin the value of which averaged in practice T ^
of a gold pound. 34
4. THE SILTQUAE.
The early history of the miliarensia is very closely
bound up with that of the smaller companion pieces,
33 See the provisions of the Theodosian Code, passim.
34 As a logical consequence of this may be explained the fact
that in the Nomic Glosses contemporary with the Novellae of
Justinian the solidus was equated with 14 miliarensia (Hultsch,
Metrologicorum Scriptorum Reliquiae, i, p. 307). The two statements,
MiXiapicnov, TO ^tXtoordv rrjs TOV xP v<J v MT/XW and TO vofj-ur/jia
(xpva-ovs) Xayxat/ei /uiXiapiata IA, are there complementary to one
another.
An unknown lexicographer (Hultsch, op. cit., i, pp. 308 seqq.)
gives two alternative estimates of the miliarense, one equating
it with 1| siliquae, the other giving its contemporary value (rrpos
TO vvv Kparovv) as 2 siliquae. On the other hand, we have the
earlier statement of Saint Epiphanius in his work, De Ponderibus
et Mensuris (Hultsch, op. cit., i. 266-9), written at Alexandria
about 392, in which the great follis of 125 miliarensia is equated
with two silver pounds (dpyvpovs) or 250 siliquae (here called
drjvtipia). The miliarense, therefore, as Seeck points out (Zeitschr.
f. Xumismatik, xvii, pp. 68, 69), was at the end of the fourth century
equivalent to two siliquae. In one respect, however, this calcula-
tion somewhat differs from that which (following the provision
of the Theodosian Code) I have above adopted, inasmuch as 125
siliquae are here reckoned to a silver pound instead of 120, which
would make the legal weight of the miliarense about ^ of a pound
silver instead of -fa. This is awkward, and it is safer to follow the
provision of Arcadius and Honorius as stated in Cod.Theod., xiii. 2. 1,
by which 5 solidi (of 24 siliquae or keratia) or 120 siliquae went
to the silver pound. If 2 siliquae go to the miliarense this gives
12 of the latter to the solidus and 60 to the pound, a more rational
arrangement.
464 SIR ARTHUR EVANS.
the siliquae. Both classes seem to have sprung into
existence about the same time. It is interesting to
note, moreover, that the first mention of siliquae also
occurs in a " sportulary " connexion. An inscription
found at Feltre (Feltria), in Venetia, in 1907, shows
that the siliqua was already used for public distri-
butions as early at least as A.D. 323, the date of this
lapidary record. 35 The inscription gives the terms
of a legacy of 500,000 denarii, the interest accruing
from which was to be distributed as sportulae to the
municipal authorities and the " Collegia Fabrum et
Centonariorum " at the feasts held in memory of the
benefactor, on the anniversary of his birthday and
at the time of the Rosalia. Aurei, siliquae, and nummi
are here named as the coins to be used in these
distributions.
The copious issue of siliquae as ordinary current
coin does not seem to have taken place earlier than
about 340, when Constantius II would have celebrated
his Quinqueiinalia, referred to on some of these pieces.
But we have other evidence besides the lately dis-
covered inscription that siliquae of very full weight,
35 " Severe et Rufino Consulibus." The inscription was published
by Gherardini (Notiziedegli Scavi, 1907, pp. 431-7) and by Lorenzina
Cesano (Rendiconti della r. Accad. del Lincei, 1908, pp. 237-56), who
called attention to the first mention of the siliqua. The whole
subject has been rediscussed by W. Kubitschek (NumismatiacJut
Zeitschr., xlii, pp. 52 seqq.). He read the last part of the in-
scription MM VIR(IS) ET SEX PRINC(IPALIBVS)
ET OFF(ICIO) PVB(LICO) SPOR(TVLARVM)
NO(MINE) AVREOS DEN(OS) ET SIL(IQVAS)
SINC(VLAS) NEICNON ET PER ROS(AM) AT
MEMOR(IAM) EIVS REFRICERAR(I) DEVEB(VNT)
N(VMMIS) CCCLXII.
COINAGE AND CURRENCY IN ROMAN BRITAIN. 465
and analogous in this respect to the early " sixtieths ",
were struck before the death of Constantine III.
M. Maurice had in fact already recognized coins of
this denomination in certain silver pieces issued by
Constantine in 324. 3G It is clear that during the pre-
ceding decennium the Roman silver coinage had
almost entirely ceased. 37
The following is an analysis of the weights of
siliquae from Constantius II to Honorius belonging
to the present hoard:
WEIGHT OF SILIQUAE.
Average Maximum
Weight. Weight.
Grammes. Grammes.
Constantius II .
20 fairly preserved speci-
mens (slightly worn)
1-990
2-43
Julian
100 fairly preserved speci-
mens (slightly worn)
1-937
2-6
Valentinian I .
20 good specimens
1-92
2-21
Valens
100 good specimens .
1-955
2-36
Gratian
20 good specimens
1-99
2-30
Valentinian II .
20 good specimens
1-916
2-30
Theodosius I
20 good specimens
1-88
2-40
Magnus Maximus.
50 good specimens
1-90
2-21
Arc ad ius .
5 good specimens
1-90
2-10
Honorius .
5 good specimens
130
1-60
36 J. Maurice, Numismatique Constant inienne, I, xliv, xlv; II. p. 415
(Eicista Italiana di Ntimismatica, 1904, p. 85). The piece here
attributed to Sirmium has no exergual indication. Obi: IMP
CONSTANTINVS AVG Laureate head to right. Rev.
VIRTVS AVC ET CAESS Trophy with shield and spears
on either side. Weight, 2-65 grammes ; 17 mm. A unique silver
piece of Constans in my collection may also be regarded as a
siliqua of somewhat full weight. Obv. FL IVL CONSTANS
P AVC Diademed bust r. with paludamentum and cuirass, liev.
CONSTANS AVC Three palm-branches, star over the central
one; in ex. SISl^. Weight, 2-84 grammes ; 17mm.
37 Cf. Maurice, op. cit., I, xliv.
466 SIR ARTHUR EVANS.
It will be seen from this Table that the average
weight of the siliqua from the time of Constantius II
to Arcadius here works out at about 1-93 grammes, 38
while the maximum weight varies from 2-10 to
2-60 grammes. But the coinage of Honorius as ex-
emplified by well-preserved specimens from this hoard
shows a distinct falling off the average being only
1-30 grammes and the maximum 1-60 grammes.
It is further noteworthy that the earliest series of
coins belonging to Constantius II and Julian, though
slightly worn in comparison with the others, are quite
on a level with them in weight. Indeed, it looks as if
a set of finely preserved siliquae of Constantius II
would yield an average weight of quite 2 grammes.
The results regarding the minimum of weight in the
different series are not of the same value as those that
give the average or the maximum. 39 With coins of
abnormally low weight the wear or oxidization of the
surface, fractures, and insidious forms of clipping and
sweating, generally play a determining part, so that
38 Thus closely approaching the average of the Grovely Wood
specimens, 1-909 grammes (Hill, Num. Chron., 1906, p. 342). The
siliquae of the Danubian Hoard, described by Missong (" Fund
romischer Siliquen aus den Jahren 360-367 n. Chr. Geb.," in Wiener
XumisniatiscJie Monatshefte, 1868), had an average weight of
1-838 grammes.
39 Omitting some obviously defective coins the minimum results
in the case of various samples of the present hoard were as follows :
Constantius II, 20 coins weighed; 2 under 1-8 grin., minimum
1-6 grm. Julian, 100 weighed; 8 under 1-8 grm., min. 1-6 grin.
Valentinian I, 20 weighed ; 2 under 1-8 grin., one 1-6 grm. Valens,
100 weighed ; 13 under 1-8 grm., min. 1-55 grm. Gratian, 20
weighed ; 3 under 1-8 grm., min. 1-5 grm. Valentinian II, 20
weighed ; 1 under 1-8 grm., min. 1-75 grm. Mag. Maximus,
50 weighed ; 8 under 1-8 grm., min. 1-45 grm. Theodosius I,
20 weighed ; 2 under 1-8 grm., min. 1-05 grm. Arcadius, 5 weighed;
1 under 1-8 grm., min. 1-11 grm.
COINAGE AND CUKRENCY IN ROMAN BRITAIN. 467
the weight itself has little relation to the original
intention of the moneyer. From a number of tests
made in the case of the present hoard it appears that
no more than about 10 per cent, of the siliquae were
under 1-8 grammes (c. 28 gr.) in weight. On the
other hand, out of two hundred well-preserved coins
from this find of various Emperors twenty, or again
exactly 10 per cent,, weighed over 2-2 grammes. It
thus appears that, of the siliquae in good condition
from Constantius to Arcadius inclusive, some 80 per
cent, ranged in weight between 1-8 and 2-2 grammes.
We shall not be far wrong in saying that the original
average weight attained by the siliquae of this period
was approximately 2 grammes.
This of course is below the theoretical value of the
siliqua. For we know that 24 siliquae (or Kepdria)
went to the gold solidus, and that the legal value of
a pound of silver was 5 solidi; 40 120 siliquae there-
fore went to the pound of silver or according to the
standard Eoman weight 327-5 grammes, so that by
this reckoning the siliqua should have weighed about
2-72 grammes. It is true that the silver ingots, evi-
dently intended to represent a pound weight, issued
officially by the Treves mint weighed, as we know
from the examples contained in the Dierstorf find,
only about 310 grammes. But even supposing that
provincial standards of this class were kept in view,
the difference between the net and the theoretical
average weight of the siliqua is too great to be
explained by any such hypothesis.
We must infer that the siliqua was largely a money
40 Cod. Theocl, xiii. 2. 1.
468 ARTHUR EVANS.
of account, and that its coinage was probably a con-
siderable source of profit to the Imperial Treasury.
It is clear, however, that in dealing with the double
siliquae or miliarensia, often called " medallions ",
represented in this and similar hoards we are on
somewhat different ground. That these were current
coins indeed is generally admitted, but it seems none
the less clear that they represent issues of an honorary
character and were used for official distribution on
certain festal occasions.
5. THE HALF-SILIQUAE OR " MINUTULI ".
In addition to the siliquae and their doubles,
the North Mendip hoard produced a series of coins
of lesser weight and module. It is no doubt difficult
at times to distinguish these "conventional qui-
narii" from siliquae of exceptionally small weight
and module. As Mr. Hill pointed out in the case of
the Treves coins from the Grovely Wood hoard, the
catena of weights in the case of undoubted siliquae
stretches with few missing links from about 2-6 grammes
(40 to 41 gr.) to 1-1 grammes (17 to 18 gr.), 41 and he
cites the fact that in the Danubian Hoard described by
Missong the weight ranged from 2-27 to 1-38 grammes
so gradually as to defy division into two groups. The
same is true in the case of the ordinary siliqua types
in the present hoard. But it must be remembered
that the exceptionally high and exceptionally low
weights in all these series represent a vanishing
minority. They are like the bad shots of a fairly
practised marksman becoming fewer and fewer in the
rings of the target as they recede from the bull's-eye.
" Num. Chron., 1906, pp 343, 344.
COINAGE AND CURRENCY IN ROMAN BRITAIN. 469
The real amount aimed at is shown by the average
weight, which in the case of a large number of siliquae
weighed is seen to hover about 2 grammes.
But apart from the coins of ordinary siliqua type
of abnormally low weight there occurred in the
present hoard a small series of silver pieces, several of
them of types distinct from those of the siliquae, and
all of these were below a weight limit to which the
latter only exceptionally descended.
The principal reverse types of these diminutive
silver pieces are as follows :
A. VICTORIA AVCCC Victory marching left and
holding palm and wreath.
1. Gratian. (Olv. DN CRATIANVS PF A VG : draped
bust to r.) In ex. of reverse R B (Kome).
No. 54 above. 4 - Wt. 1-14 grm. Mod. 15-5 mm.
PI. XX, Fig. 8.
2. Valentinian II. (Olv.- DM VALENTINIANVS PF
AVC : draped youthful bust r.) In ex. of reverse
R P (Rome).
No. 65 above. 43 Wt. 0-875 grm. Mod. 14 mm.
PI. XX, Fig. 10.
8. Do. Similar types and inscriptions. In ex. of reverse
TRPS (Treves).
B. M. ; apparently from the North Mendip hoard.
Wt. 0-842 grm. Mod. 16 mm.
4. Theodosius I. (Olv. DN THEODOSIVS PF AVC:
as preceding.) In ex. of reverse MD (Milan).
B. M. Wt. 1-150 grm. Mod. 13 mm.
5. Honorius. (Olr.DN HONORIVS PF AVC: draped
and cuirassed bust r.) In ex. of reverse RV
(Ravenna). In my collection; perhaps N. Mendip
hoard.
Wt. 1-05 grm. Mod. 13 mm. PL XX, Fig. 14.
42 Not in Cohen.
43 Cohen, No. 422. No weight given, but described as "quinarius".
470 SIR ARTHUR EVANS.
6. Do, (Obv. Similar type and legend.) In ex. of re-
verse apparently RM (Rome). 44
B. M. Collection. Wt. 1-01 grm. Mod. 14mm.
7. Do. (Obv. Same type and legend.) In ex. of reverse
MD (Milan).
Wt. 1-057 grm. Mod. 145 mm.
B. PERPETVETAS Phoenix with rayed head stand-
ing 1. on globe.
1. Gratian. (Obv. DN CRATIANVS PF AVC :
draped bust to r.) In ex. of reverse TRPS 45
(Treves).
No. 52 above. Wt. 1-3 grm. Mod. 16 mm.
2. Theodosiusl. (Obv. DN THEODOSIVS PF AVC:
as preceding.) In ex. TRPS 46
No. 76 above. Wt. 1-35 grm. Mod. 16mm. PI.
XX, Fig. 11.
C. VIRTVS ROMANORVM Rome seated facing with
head turned 1. holding globe and spear.
1. Gratian. (Obv. DN CRATIANVS PF AVG :
draped bust r.) In ex. of reverse TRPS.
No. 55 above. Wt. 1-25 grm. Mod. 15mm. PI.
XX, Pig. 7.
2. Magnus Maximus. (Obv. DN MAG MAXIMVS
AVG: similar type.) In ex. of reverse TRPS
(Treves).
See No. 83 above. Wt, 14 grm. Mod. 14-5 mm.
PI. XX, Fig. 9.
44 Under Honorius, No. 38, " tres petit module ", Cohen gives this
exergual inscription as well as RV and MD-
40 A silver piece of the same type of about the same module (also
TRPS) is given by Cohen, Gratian, No. 27, but without indication
of weight (M. Rollin).
46 Cohen (Theodosius, No. 26) reproduces a similar piece of about
the same module (M. Charles Robert, weight not given). Another
similar piece, also from the Treves mint, is in the British Museum,
but it shows a weight which comes within the lower limits of the
siliqua scale, viz. 1-781 grm. Its module is 16-5 mm.
COINAGE AND CURRENCY IN ROMAN BRITAIN. 471
3. Victor. (OZw. DN FL VICTOR PF AVC : same
type.) In ex. of reverse TRPS (Treves).
See No. 88 above. Wt. 1-54 grm. Mod. 14-5 mm.
PI. XX, Fig. 12.
D. VIRTVS ROMANORVM Borne seated to 1. hold-
ing Victory and spear.
1. Honorius. (Obv. DN HONORIVS PF AVC: as
preceding.) In ex. of reverse MDPS (Milan).
In my Collection. Cf. No. 92 above. Wt. 0-75 grm.
Mod. 13 mm. 47 PI. XX, Fig. 13.
E. VOT X MVLT X in wreath.
1. Honorius. (Obv. Draped bust to r.) In ex. of reverse
MDPS (Milan).
B. M. ; Coleraine Hoard. Perhaps very slightly
clipped. Wt. 1-068 grm. Mod. 15 mm.
We have here then a class of small silver pieces
which both in the range of their weight and module
come well below the siliqua standard. Their average
weight is 1-126 grammes as compared with about
2 grammes. Their weight ranges from 0-750 to 1-540 as
compared with about 1-6 to 2-4 grammes. Their average
module is about 14-5 mm. with a range of from 13 to 16.
That of the siliqua, according to my own researches,
averages 17-5 mm., and its range is from 16 to 19-5.
It will be seen that the coins of this class might
easily pass for \ siliquae of somewhat full weight, and
as such it may be convenient to regard them. So far
* 7 The reverse of this coin is from a die of the ordinary siliqua
module, so that there was no room for the outer circumference
of the inscription on the flan. Coins of Arcadius (wt. 1-05 grm.)
and of Honorius (wt. 0-98 grm.), both of the VIRTVS
ROMANORVM type and from the Milan mint, and 16 mm.
in diam., may perhaps be regarded as examples of debased siliquae.
472 SIR ARTHUR EVANS.
as the above evidence goes this coinage was confined
to the mints of Rome, Treves, and, later, Ravenna and
Milan.
Of the above types, A, reading VICTORIA AVGCC,
though it occurs on the small bronze coins of Gratian,
is not known on his ordinary siliqua series, but it is
not unfrequent on that of Valentinian II. It is not
found on any siliqua of Theodosius I 48 from the
present hoard. The phoenix type (B) reading PER-
PETVETAS is of great rarity, and seems to be spe-
cially associated with this diminutive class, though
one or two specimens of ordinary weight and module
exist. 49 The classes (C and D) reading VIRTVS
ROMANORVM answer to a regular siliqua type.
To the series given above must be added two addi-
tional types of small silver coins (F and G) of the
same approximate weight, but forming a distinct and
interesting group. To the specimens from the North
Mendip hoard I have been able to add three from the
British Museum.
F. Olv. Draped helmeted bust of Koma 1., within circle
of linked pellets. The bust in some specimens is
of inferior execution.
4b Cohen mentions a single specimen, reading AQ.PS (Theodosius,
No. 40) on the authority of D'Ennery.
* 9 A coin of Valentinian II of this class is mentioned by Banduri
(Tom. ii, p. 492) as in the Farnese Collection "nummus rarissimus
imo singularis est et desideratur in Mediobarbo ". Another was
published by H. L. Tovey in Num. Chron., xi, 1849, pp. 176-9 (cf.
Cohen, No. 25). He does not give its weight or module, but speaks
of it as " of the common diminutive size of the period ". He
asserts, however, that the reverse was from the same die as a
"coin of Theodosius in the British Museum". This specimen
come* within the ordinary siliqua limits both in weight and
module.
COINAGE AND CURRENCY IN ROMAN BRITAIN. 473
Itei\ X within laurel-wreath. In ex. TR (Treves).
Two specimens. No. 98 above. Wt. 0-9 and
1-06 grm. Mod. 14 mm. Wt. 1-06 grm. Mod
15 mm. PI. XX, Figs. 15, 16.
B.M. Wt. 1-08 grm. Mod. 15 mm. Wt. 0-94 grm.
Mod. 14 mm.
G. Obv. Similar.
.to. XV in wreath. In ex. TR (Treves).
No. 99 above. Wt. 0-63 grm. (About a third of the
coin is broken off and the original weight must
have been about 1 gramme.) Mod. 13 mm.
B.M. Wt, 0-78 grm. Mod. 15 mm. PI. XX, Fig. 17.
It will be seen that the average weight of the coins
of types F and G is 0-96 gramme, with a maximum
weight of 1-08 grammes and a minimum of 0-78. The
module varies from 13 to 15.
FIG. 1. Hybrid half-siliqua, found at Upware, Cambs.
It is clear that the above pieces all represent the same
denomination as the others, and their average weight
answers very accurately to the half of the siliqua of ordi-
nary circulation. They are all from the Treves mint,
and a noteworthy point about them is that the obverse
type shows the head of Roma in place of that of a
reigning Emperor. This is a rare deviation from the
ordinary rule in the case of the later silver coinage,
but it is shared by a parallel group of small silver
pieces to be referred to below.
A curious hybrid type, belonging to Professor Hughes
of Cambridge (Fig. 1), may be taken to show that
similar small silver pieces were also struck by the
Aquileian mint. The obverse of this, which is dis-
NUMISM. CIIRON., VOL, XV, SERIES IV. I 1
474 SIR ARTHUR EVANS.
tinctly barbarous, seems to present a blundered version
of the name either of Theodosius or Honorius. The
reverse, however, with XV in a wreath and AQ. below,
is clear enough. Professor McKenny Hughes, to whose
kind permission the publication of this piece is due,
kindly adds the information that it was found on the
Upware ridge opposite Stretham, Cambs., together
with a silver piece (siliqua) of Julian II from the
Treves mint reading VOTIS V MVLTIS X. The coins
lay with the remains of two skeletons, and each had
served as one of Charon's obols.
On their reverse these coins show X and XV respec-
tively within the usual laurel- wreath that elsewhere
contains the enumeration of the Vota. There can be
no reasonable doubt that the figures in the present
series have a similar signification, of which, indeed, no
one familiar with the contemporary coinage would be
for a moment in doubt. What remains uncertain is
whether we should regard these all as decennial pieces,
and see in the respective figures a reference to the
solution of the Decennalia Vota and the susception of
the Quindecennalia, as in the common legend VOTIS
X MVLTIS XV, or whether we should regard them
as representing two successive issues, one in honour of
the Decennalia, the other of the Quindecennalia. The
latter appears to be on the whole the more reasonable
assumption.
A figure of type F is given by Cohen in his section
dealing with the Constantinian series reading VRBS
ROMA. 60 It is of similar small module, but the
weight, as usual, is not recorded. M. Feuardent, how-
50 Descr. des Monn. Romaines, ed. 2, vii, p. 329, No. 11.
COINAGE AND CUERENCY IN ROMAN BRITAIN. 475
ever, makes the just observation that the coin is later
than Constantino's time, and that it cannot have been
earlier than the age of Valentinian II.
In some respects, however, the coins of types F and
G present a close parallel to a very enigmatic group of
small silver pieces of similar module. Some of these
bear on their obverse a helmeted head of Roma, while
on the reverse appears K, P, or R in a beaded circle, and
they have been variously regarded as later than the
Constantiniaii period, as belonging to the time of
Theodosius or to that of Justinian.
The letters in the field on the reverse have been
interpreted as referring K to Constantinople and R or
P to Rome. The weight of the specimens of this series
in the British Museum varies from about 1-425 grammes
(22 grains) to 0-650 (10-3 grains). 51 Some are quite
neatly executed, but the bust of Roma on the bulk of
them is extremely barbarous, at times recalling the
" Iiivicta Roma " of the Ostrogothic bronze coins. In
certain cases the reverse with P or K is coupled with
an imperial head on the obverse. One such has been
attributed to Fausta, 52 but her coiffure bears a greater
resemblance to that of Helena, 53 while the youthful bust
of Constantino II or one of his colleagues has been
recognized in another. 54 Another shows a bearded
bust. 55 It seems probable that we have here to deal
51 W. Wroth, Imperial Byzantine Coins in the British Museum
i, p. 71. The suggestion is there made that these pieces may be
tesserae rather than coins.
52 By Feuardent, in Cohen, Monnaies Romaines, ed. 2, vii, p. 337.
53 Compare Cohen, vii, p. 95, No. 4.
54 Cohen, vii (in 1st ed. assigned to Fausta). Feuardent would,
however, refer it to Arcadius or Honorius (loc. cit., note 1).
55 Wroth, loc. cit., rev. K (Rev. Num. Beige, 1905, p. 160.
476 SIR ARTHUR EVANS.
with occasional pieces issued at intervals during a con-
siderable period of years, but the whole series is
deserving of special investigation.
The natural question suggests itself Have we in the
series of small silver issues enumerated above under
types A-Gr examples of the " argentei minutuli " which
were current about the end of the fourth century? The
word itself implies a distinction between the ordinary
current silver coin, in which we must recognize the-
siliquae, and a more diminutive class.
Our knowledge of the term c; minutuli " is indeed due
to that strange farrago known as the Scriptores Historiae
Augustae, 5G so largely pieced together, as recent criti-
cism has shown, from forged documents, and replete
with anachronisms. The work itself belongs to the
close of the fourth century, and the numismatic details
foisted into its materials have now been conclusively
demonstrated to be altogether foreign to the monetary
conditions of the third century, to which they are
applied. On the other hand, every element as far as
it can be traced illustrates the system and nomen-
clature of the Imperial coinage as it existed in the age
of Honorius. 57 In. this way there is a certain value in
the statement of Lampridius, in his Life of Severus
Alexander, 58 that the price of a pound of pork or veal
66 Fl. Vopisci, Vita Aureliani, 9. 7 and 12. 1. (The application
here of the term Philippeos to silver coins itself sufficiently
marks the work of an ignorant forger.) Ael. Lampridii Vita Sev.
Alexander, 22. 8.
57 I need only refer to the convincing and exhaustive essay of
K. Menadier, "Die Miinzen und das Munzwesen bei den Scriptores
Historiae Augustae," Zeitschr.f. Numismatik, 1913, pp.1 seqq.
58 c. 22. 8 " Tantumque intra biennium vel prope annum
porcinae carnis fuit et bubulae ut cum fuisset octo minutulis
libra ad duos ununique utriusque carnis libra redigeretur ". The
COINAGE AND CURRENCY IN ROMAN BRITAIN. 477
was reduced in little over a year from eight to two
"minutuli" or even a single minutulus ". For we
know that in Diocletian's edict, De pretiis rerum, the
price of a pound of pork was fixed at 12 denarii and
of veal at 8. About 28 of Diocletian's "denarii"
(50,000 to a gold pound) would have been contained in
the later siliqua. If we roughly take the price of a
pound of meat at the doubtless very low rate of 10
denarii (the mean of 12 and 8) this would make its
value if or somewhat over a third of a siliqua. This
tends to show that the " minutulus " must have been of
lesser denomination than the siliqua, and for this reason
Seeck 59 identified it with the small silver pieces current
under Honorius.
That from Honorius's time onwards halves or lesser
divisions of the siliqua were freely issued is generally
recognized by numismatists. 00 The importance of the
emendation octo mimitulis for the unintelligible octominutalis is
due to Mommsen.
59 Ehein. Museum, 49, p. 221. But in view of the existence of
half-siliquae as early as Gratian, this identification does not in
itself show that the passages in the Scriptores are necessarily later
than A. D. 395.
00 Seeck, " Die Miinzpolitik Diocletians und seiner Nachfolger,"
Z.f. Numismatik, xvii (1890), p. 66 "Doch beginnt schon Honorius
ein neues Nominale zu schlagen, das nach seinem sehr geringen
Umfange und seinein Gewicht von 1-13-0-83 etwa das Halbsttick
der Siliqua bedeuten kann ". He thinks, however, it may answer
to the "decargyrus" mentioned in Cod. Theod., ix. 23. 2, which
would have contained 10 denarii, and was about = * siliqua.
Babelon, Traite de Numismatique, i, pp. 577, 578, speaks of half-
siliquae of Constantius II and Julian, but he assigns to the siliqua
a higher mean weight than results from the mass of the evidence
("clans les medaillers les siliques se repartissent, sauf exceptions,
entre 2 gr. 30 et 2 gr. 15, aussi bien pour le regne de Julien que
pour celui de Constance II. Sous Gratien les pieces que j'ai pesees
vont de 2 gr. 50 a 2 gr. 08 "). There was, however, as pointed out
above, such a constant variation in the siliqua weight above and
478 SIR ARTHUR EVANS.
small silver pieces contained in the present hoard and of
the comparisons to which they lead lies in the evidence
thus afforded that the half-siliqua issues go back to
the time of Gratian. They were doubtless, however,
of a limited kind, and may have been of a " sportulary "
class, recalling our "Maundy money". They were
useful, it seems, for Charon's toll. From the beginning
of the fifth century, however, these halves or other
fractions of the siliqua became the ordinary silver
currency, though here again we must remember that,
as in the case of Honorius's silver issues, a certain
proportion of these coins were intended for siliquae,
though much debased in weight.
6. INDICATIONS OF A REVIVAL OF THE LONDON
MINT BY VALENTINIA'N I.
The Eoman mint at London was first opened by
Carausius and maintained by Allectus, both Emperors
using it for gold as well as inferior metal. By
Diocletian and his colleagues C1 it was confined to the
issue of bronze pieces, as well as by Constantine and
his family. 62 In A.D. 326 the mint of London, like
that of many other cities, was closed by Constantine.
It was not allowed, moreover, like many other mints,
to enjoy a period of renewed activity from 333 to 337.
below an average of about 2 grin., that in identifying fractions of
a siliqua the only safe rule seems to be to make it a condition that
an exceptionally low weight should be accompanied by an ex-
ceptionally small module, so that the bulk of these pieces can be
recognized by eye.
61 On the London coins of Diocletian without mint-mark see
De Salis, "Roman Coins struck in Britain," NUM. Chron., 1867, p. 58.
62 See on this J. Maurice, Nnmismatique Constantinienne, ii,
pp. 1 seqq.
COINAGE AND CURRENCY IN ROMAN BRITAIN. 479
It was long supposed that the Roman mint of
London did not survive the Constantinian age. In
1867, however, De Salis called attention to some rare
gold solidi of Magnus Maximtis struck that is about
A.D. 383 with the legend VICTORIA AVCC, and
bearing the mint-mark AVCOB, hitherto ascribed to
Treves, and pointed out that Londinium Augusta had
a better claim. 63 This view received further support
in a paper by my father in the same volume of
the Numismatic Chronicle, Gi who there described the
FIG. 2. Silver gilt solidus of Theodosius with mint-mark
of Augusta. (B. M.)
two siliquae of Magnus Maximus, referred to in the
preceding paper, with the exergual legends AVCPS
and AVC.
In his last communication to this Society, in a paper
read by him on April 23, 1908, 05 my father returned to
the same subject, and published a fresh specimen of
a solidus of Magnus Maximus with the exergual
inscription AVC. OB (PI. XX, Fig. 5).
There also exists in the British Museum a solidus of
Theodosius I of a similar type (Fig. 2), and presenting
C3 Num. Chron., 1867, pp. 61, 62. Of. Madden, Num. Chron., 1861,
p. 122, note, for the name "Augusta" as applied to London.
64 Num. Chron., 1867, p. 329, "Coins of Magnus Maximus struck
at London."
65 Num. Chron,, 1908, pp. 99 seqq., and PL x. 15. Of., too,
L. Forrer, " Un Sou de Maxirne frappe a . Londres," Bull.
Numismatique.
480 SIR AKTHUR EVANS.
the same exergual inscription A VCOB. GC It is really of
silver gilt, but was certainly taken from a gold original,
and must therefore be regarded as representing an
Imperial issue. 67 As, however, in spite of the murder
of Gratian, Theodosius found it politic for a while to
recognize the usurper as a colleague, the solidus in
question may have been struck in Maximus's lifetime.
That Magnus Maximus, who made Britain the start-
ing-point for his Continental enterprise, should have
struck coins at the London mint was natural enough.
But the great restoration and reorganization of Eoman
Britain at the hand of Valentinian's general, Theo-
dosius, had taken place sixteen years earlier, and
there exist, as we shall see, some curious pieces of
numismatic evidence which bring the revival of the
mint at Londmium Augusta into connexion with that
event.
Already in 360 Julian, then in his winter quarters
at Paris, had been seriously disturbed by the news
of a combined attack of Picts and Scots on Britain,
and had sent his Magister Armorum Lupicinus to
"Lundinium ", which here appears under its old name, 63
to take remedial measures. But matters went from
bad to worse, and it seems probable that the Saxons
then ravaging the Gaulish limites had also taken a hand.
The Dux Britanniarum Fullofa tides was successfully
ambushed by the barbarians, and " Comes Maritimi
tractus" Nectaridus, whose sphere of activity would
66 Published by De Salis, Num. Chron., 1867, p. 62, and
PL iv. 16.
07 De Salis, loc. cit., was inclined to regard the piece as barbarous,
I venture to think on insufficient grounds. It weighs 50-7 gr.
68 Ammianus Marcellinus, lib. xx, c. 1.
COINAGE AND CURRENCY IN ROMAN BRITAIN. 481
point to the Channel and later "Littus Saxonicum",
was slain.
This news was brought to Valentinian in 361, who
was then leaving Amiens, where he had just conferred
on his young son Gratianus the dignity of Augustus.
He at once dispatched his great general Theodosius,
" the father of a line of Emperors," to liberate Britain.
The first task of the new " Dux " on his march from
Eichborough to London was to clear the Kentish tract
through which he passed from roving bands of bar-
barians, a fact which clearly illustrates the extent to
which Britain had been overrun. He then proceeded
to the relief of London, which had been reduced to
great extremities, and made his triumphal entry into
the city in A.D. 368. 69
The passage of Ammianus Marcellinus 70 describing
the entry of Theodosius into London has been more
than once cited in connexion with the changed name
of its mint as seen on the coins of Magnus Maximus.
It is there described as " Vetus oppidum quod Augustam
posteritas adpellavit ". A little later, on the departure
of Theodosius from the city, Ammianus reiterates his
annotation on the name "Augusta . . . quam veteres
adpellavere Lundinium ". 71 Valentinian's general, we
are told, recovered the Roman province which had
fallen under the hostile yoke, renaming it Valentia
in honour apparently of his brother Valens. 72 After
restoring the cities and provinces of Britain, and
69 Ammianus Marcellinus, lib. xxvii, c. 8 "Mersam difficultatibus
suis antehac civitatem, sed subito, quam salus sperari recreatam,
in ovantis speciem laetissinius introiit ".
70 Loc. cit. 71 Lib. xxviii. 3.
72 Bury, note to Gibbon, vol. iii (1897), p. 45, note 122.
482 SIR ARTHUR EVANS.
regarrisoning the Castra and limites, he made a
triumphant return South in 369, and recrossed the
Channel on his way to rejoin his master at Treves.
That one episode in this great work of restoration
was the reopening of the mint at London may be
inferred from a very interesting group of silver coins
struck by Valentinian and his colleagues to which
attention is now for the first time directed.
The coin which first arrested my own attention
was a silver piece of Valentinian the Elder of the
double siliqua or miliarense class [PI. XX, Fig. l].
It was formerly in the collection of Seiior Vidal
Quadras y Ramon at Barcelona, 74 and was acquired by
me at his sale in 1913. This collection contained a
numerous series of these larger silver coins, apparently
derived from a hoard. The large hoards of Eoman
silver coins dating from the last half of the fourth
century have, as is well known, been almost exclusively
confined to Britain, and in most cases to the western
part of our island, especially Somerset, 74 but I have
not been able to trace the provenance of those in
the Vidal Quadras y Ramon Collection. Another coin,
apparently of an identical type from the Garthe Col-
lection, is mentioned by Cohen, 75 though unfortunately
r3 Paris Catalogue, Dec. 16, &c., 1913, No. 719.
74 See Haverfield, Victoria Count;/ History of Somerset; and cf.
Hill, Xiim. Chron., 1906, pp. 337 seqq.
75 Monnaies Romaines, eel. 2, viii, p. 98, No. 78, "Module 6J-".
The exergual legend is given as SMLAP, and the palm-branch
is not mentioned. The exergual letters that appear on this
group of coins are constantly omitted from Cohen's lists under
Valentinian I, Valens, and Gratian. It is difficult to explain this
omission. Gnecchi, Medaylioni Romani, i, p. 98, No. 32, gives the
weight of this piece as 4-92 gnu., and refers to it as " Gia Coll.
Weber". It is not in the Weber Catalogue, however.
COINAGE AND CURRENCY IN ROMAN BRITAIN. 483
the exergual inscription is given without its punctua-
tion and the symbol is omitted.
The following is the description of the coin in my
collection :
Obv.D. N. VALENTINIANVS P F AVC Diademed
bust to r., wearing cuirass and paludamentum
(fastened by circular brooch with three pen-
dants).
Rev. VOTIS V MVLTIS X in laurel crown. In
ex. S. M. L. A. P. and palm-branch. Wt.
5-25 grm. (c. 82 gr.). Diam. 25 mm. PI. XX,
1.
The punctuation of the exergual inscription is indi-
cated with exceptional fullness. The first and last
elements, S. M. = Sacra Moneta and P. = Prima, refer
to the officina. But, in place of the two connected
intermediate letters with which these elements are
in other cases associated on the coinage of the time,
such as TR, Ad, SD, and so forth, denoting respec-
tively the mints of Treves, Aquileia, and Serdica, we
find the indication of the two initials L. A. answering
to a double civic name. There is no Continental mint
with which these letters are associated.
I venture to read the full inscription as follows :
S[ACRA] M[ONETA] LFONDINII] A[VGVSTAE]
P[RIMA] sc. OFFICINA.
The use of the double appellation fittingly corre-
sponds with a period of transitional usage. On the
Constantinian and earlier issues of the London mint the
exergual inscription in one form or another refers to
Londinium. On the pieces struck by Magnus Maximus
A.D. 383-8 the name has become simply Augusta.
It looks as if the official emphasis on the " Augustan "
484: SIR ARTHUR EVANS.
name, of which we find the echo in the passages of
Ammianus already cited, may have been part of
Theodosius's scheme of renovation in the island.
According to all analogy we should expect that
similar quinquennial pieces were also struck by the
London mint in the name of Valens. It is indeed
probable that such will come to light, and it will be
shown below that silver pieces of this denomination
with the London stamp were, as a matter of fact,
struck in his name at the time of his Decennalia.
The following piece at any rate shows that such
coins with Quinquennalia Vota were struck in the
name of the youthful Gratian, who had been proclaimed
Augustus in September 397. A specimen of this coin
existed in M. de Queleii's Collection, 76 another in the
Paris Cabinet is shown in PI. XX, Fig. 3.
Obv.D N CRATIANVS P F AVC Bust of the
Emperor to the right, diademed, draped and
in cuirass.
Rev. VOTIS V MVLTIS X in laurel crown.
In the ex. S. M. L. A. P. \Vt.5-15grm.
Diam. 24 mm. PI. XX, Fig. 3.
It is specially interesting to note in support of the
attribution of the coin of Valentiiiian to the London
mint that it commemorates his Quinquennalia, which
took place in A. D. 368, 77 and that its issue thus corre-
sponds with the date of the triumphal entry of his
76 Catalogue, Paris, 1888, No. 2244. The exergual lettering is
erroneously described in the text as S . M L . A P , but the phototype
on the plate shows the true punctuation S. M. L. A. P.
77 That the Quinquennalia of two Emperors were celebrated
this year appears from the record of those of Valens preserved by
the Oration of Themistios (Or. viii, TrevTafTrjpiKus). Cf. Clinton,
Fasti Romani, i, p. 471.
COINAGE AND CURRENCY IN ROMAN BRITAIN. 485
great general into Londinium Augusta. The coin
of Gratian was probably struck at the same date as
that recording the Quinquemialia of his father, and
on the same auspicious occasion in A.D. 368, though
as a matter of fact little more than a year had passed
since his elevation to the dignity of Augustus. 78 A
close parallel to this is presented by the aureus struck
conjointly by Gratian and Valens in A.D. 376 to com-
memorate the proclamation of the infant Valentiniaii II,
and on which he is credited with Quinquennalia Vota. 79
Gratian himself, who reigned sixteen years, has coins
bearing the inscriptions VOT. XX MVLT. XXX. 80
Valens. who reigned less than fifteen years, celebrates
his Vicennalia Vota in the same way. The two earlier
Vota (V and X) of Valentiniaii I and Valens, however,
seem, as we shall see, to have been celebrated at their
proper seasons.
It further appears that silver coins of the same large
module were struck by both Valentinian I and Valens
at the London mint at the time of their Decennalia.
The types are as follows :
VALENTIXIAN I.
Olr.D N VALENTINIANVS P F AVC Dia-
demed bust to r., wearing cuirass and paluda-
mentum.
Kev.VOT\S X MVLTIS XV in laurel crown.
In ex. "SMLAP". (This is Cohen's reading 81
78 Cf. Clinton, Fasti Eomani, i, p. 468.
79 I may refer to ray observations on this coin in Num. Chron.,
1910, pp. 108, 109.
?0 Cohen, op. cit., viii, p. 135, No. 77, who also cites a small bronze
piece in Si'gnor Gnecchi's Collection with the inscription VOT.
XX MVLT. XXX.
81 Cohen, viii, p. 99, No. 80, refers to this com as in M. Kollm s
possession. No weight is given.
486 SIR ARTHUR EVANS.
and no symbol is mentioned. It is practi-
cally certain, however, in view of the
analogy presented by the parallel piece of
Valens, that the inscription should be S. M.
L. A. P. followed by a palm-branch.)
VALENS.
Olv. D N VALENS P F AVG Diademed bust
to r., wearing cuirass and paludamentum.
Bcv.VOT\S X MVLTIS XV in laurel crown.
In ex. S. M. L. [A.] P. and palm-branch. The
"A." is here partly obliterated, but on the
analogy of the other coins of this series can
be safely restored.
Diam. 25 mm. The weight of this coin is
abnormally low, 4-66 grm., but the defi-
ciency may be partly accounted for by the
small break in the margin. 82 In the Paris
Cabinet (PL XX, Fig. 2).
The date of the Decennalia Vota of Valens can be
fixed with, certainty from the eleventh oration of
Themistios StKaeTrjpiKos addressed to the Emperor
in Syria. In it the orator expressly refers to the
conclusion of the cycle of ten years from the accession
of Valens, which fixes the date to March 28, A.D. 373. 83
The London mint was, therefore, still functioning at
this time, and it is probable that similar silver pieces
were struck at the same time in the name of Valen-
tinian I and of Gratian, though specimens of them do
not seem to have come to light.
It will be observed that certain characteristics
82 This coin is described and figured by Cohen (viii, p. 1 18, No. 105).
Cf. Gnecchi, op. cit., i, p. 78, No. 36.
83 Themistios, Omtiones, loc. cit. ; and cf. Clinton, Fasti Romani,
p. 481.
COINAGE AND CURRENCY IN ROMAN BRITAIN. 487
common to this whole group of coins proclaim their
issue to have been of an exceptional kind.
1. The coins are all of the larger class of silver
pieces double siliquae, that is, or miliarensia. Their
module is about 25 mm., and their weight, so far as
recorded, varies from 5-25 to 4-66 grammes.
2. They were all struck at the time of the Quin-
quennalia and Decennalia Vota.
3. They bear, apparently in all cases, the palm-branch
symbol after the indication of the civic name. This
appears also on the London solidi of Magnus Maximus,
rising above the exergual line.
It is by no means improbable that further issues of
the same kind from the London mint will be ultimately
brought to light covering the period from 373, the date
of the Decennalia of Valentinian and his colleague, to
A.D. 383, when Magnus Maximus made use of it under
the sole title of Augusta. The coins that we should
look for in the first instance would be double siliquae of
Valens with the inscription VOTIS XV MVLTIS XX,
of G-ratian with decennial or later Vota, and of Valen-
tinian II with his earlier Vota, though no large
quinquennial pieces of that Emperor seem to be
known.
A solidus of Valentinian I from the Paris Cabinet is
described by Cohen 84 as presenting .the exergual
inscription LONSA. It represents on the reverse the
common type of the Emperor holding a standard and
a small figure of Victory. As however the " SA " is
enigmatic, and other coins of this particular variety
showing the standard without the Christian monogram
84 viii, p. 90, No. 24.
488 SIR ARTHUR EVANS.
are so far as is known from the Eastern mints, it is
well to place this solidus to " a reserve account ".
For reasons given in the succeeding Section there
seem to be good grounds for concluding that even if
there was a break in the London coinage during the
interval of ten years from 373 tp 383, the mint itself
may have continued to perform other functions con-
nected with the assaying and weighing of silver ingots
destined for the more prolific Continental centres.
The revival of the London mint under its new name
of "Augusta", for actual coinage by Magnus Maximus
seems to have been of a less limited character than
that of Valentinian and his colleagues. That double
siliquae celebrating his Quinquennalia (whether anti-
cipated or not) were struck by him here is made
probable by the existence of his siliqua from the
North Mendip Hoard with the inscription VOT V
MVLT X. But in addition to this we have the
siliqua from the same hoard with the inscription
VICTORIA AVGC (confined to his British mint) and
his gold solidi with the same inscription.
7. THE BAR AND INGOT CUEEENCY IN THE WESTERN
EMPIRE AT THE CLOSE OF THE FOURTH CENTURY.
It should be borne in mind that the Roman Pro-
vincial mint officials and, perhaps in an exceptional
degree, those of Britain had other functions to per-
form besides the actual striking of coins. They had
also important duties connected with the refining and
warranting of precious metals, brought to the mint
in a more or less crude form.
This form of activity indeed had been considerably
extended since Constantine's time, owing to various
85 Cod.Theod.,xii.6.2i xii. 7.1; vi.22.2;
ix. 17. 2 ; and cp. H. Willers, Num. Zeitschr.,
xxx. 211, 212.
86 F. Kenner, Bomische Goldbarren mit
Stempeln (Num. Zeitschr., xx (1888), pp. 19-
46, and Plates ii, iii, iv) ; and cp. Arch.-Ep.
MittlieUungen aus Oesterreich, xiii (1888),
pp. 1-24 ; Mommsen, Goldbarren aits Sir-
mhim (Z. fur Numismatik, xvi (1888),
pp. 351-8); Willers, Num. Zeitschr., xxx
(1898), pp. 222, 223, and xxxi (1899), p. 38.
NUMISM. CHRON., VOL. XV, SERIES IV.
COINAGE AND CURRENCY IN ROMAN BRITAIN. 489
enactments of that Emperor and
his successors, in accordance with
which fines were made legally pay-
able not only in coin but in gold
or silver weight. 85 The weight
reckoning in gold and silver largely
superseded the earlier practice of
reckoning by folles, and payments
to the Imperial Treasury were made
on this basis. Further, in order to
facilitate such payments, the prac-
tice also arose of melting down
bullion and converting it into bars
or ingots of a duly refined standard
attested by the stamps of mint
officials.
The classical example of gold
bars of this class is due to the dis-
covery in 1887 of sixteen specimens
of such in the Haromzek County of
Transylvania. 80 The gold of these
bars was 98 per cent, pure, and their
weights, in all cases different, ranged
from about 100 to over 500 grammes.
Kk
490 SIR ARTHUR EVANS.
One of these bars is shown in Fig. 3. The metal
of these bars, cast in a mould, had been stamped after
it was cooled by officials of the Sirmian mint. One
of the stamps employed shows the facing busts of two
adult Emperors and a boy, a combination which would
agree with the association of Gratian by Valentinian I
and Valens in A.D. 367, or with that of Valentinian II
by Valens and Gratian in 375, or again, of Gratian,
Theodosius, and Valentinian II in 37H. 87 On another
stamp the "Tyche" of the city of Sirmium is seen
seated, with the name appended.
The first stamp on the bars, bearing the name of
the mint official Lucianus, 88 certifies the metal as
" obryzum " or " red gold ", the Christian monogram
being added as a further sanction. The letters OBR
indeed that here appear are a fuller form of the
OB first introduced on to the gold coinage by the
87 Kenner (op. cit., p. 29) has Valentinian I, Valens, and Gratian.
Mommsen, op. cit., pp. 352, 353, adds, as preferable, the alternative
of Gratian, Theodosius I, and Valentinian II (378-83). The Sirmian
mint still existed in Theodosius I's time (cp. Cohen, viii, p. 159,
No. 37, exergual legend SI ROB).
88 The inscription reads LVCIANVS OBR. -I- SIC .
Mommsen, op. cit., suggests, doubtfully, that I = primum, as
showing that this was the first stamp impressed on the bar. He
altogether rejects Kenner's interpretation "primae (notae) " = i.e.
refined gold of the first standard, referring to the mark on the
touchstone. 1 venture to suggest that the inscription should read
LVCIANVS OBR[YZIARIVS] PRIMVS SIC[NAVIT]
CHRISMATE, and as indicating that Lucianus signed as the
first of the officials to whom actual assaying had been entrusted.
It finds, in fact, a perfect analogy in the OF. PRIMVS
(Officinator primus) on the silver ingot from the Treves mint
described below, p. 497. Obriziarius occurs in Glosses. (Du Cange,
s. v.) From the further existence of the word obriziatus (" solidos
obriziatos," Du Cange, s.v.) it seems possible that the title oltryzhttor
may have also existed.
COINAGE AND CURRENCY IN ROMAN BRITAIN. 491
Valentinian dynasty as a guarantee for the standard
fineness of the gold used for the solidus and its parts. 89
This appears appended to the civic indication in the
exergue by both Eastern and Western mints, 90 and it
is interesting in the present connexion to recall that
Magnus Maximus added to such exergual inscriptions
already known AVC OB for the London mint.
There is evidence that in the period to which the
Sirmian bars belong the obryzum of the mints was
under the general charge of a special monetary official
of the dignity of Comes. Already in Valentinian I's
time we see the inscription COM ousting the indica-
tion of the civic name from the exergue, and relegating
it to a secondary position in the field, on coins of
Treves, Lyons, and Milan. Under his successors,
beginning with Valentinian II and Theodosius, the
fuller form COM OB becomes usual as the exergual
mark in various mints belonging to both halves of the
Empire. Numismatists are by now well acquainted with
the felicitous reference of Willers 91 in this connexion
to a late Roman collection of official abbreviations
appended to that of the earlier grammarian Probus,
89 Possibly, as suggested by Willers, Z. f. Num., xxxi (1899),
pp. 49, 50, the OB on solidi should rather be regarded as
the equivalent of solidus obryziacus (cp. Cod. lust., xi. 11. 3
" obryziacorum omnium solidorum uniforme pretiuui 11 ; Cod.
Theod., vii. 24 " in una libra auri septuaginta duo obryziaci ").
90 Namely, those of Constantinople, Antioch, Thessalonica,
Sirmium, Aquileia, Milan, and Treves. *
91 Num. Zeitschr., xxx (1899), pp. 44, 45. The text of the
annotations as given in Keil's Grammatid Latini, vol. iv, appears
in the somewhat corrupt form COM. OB, Comitia obryziaca;
?' 9' ^, Comitiobridriaca; OB, obnjziacum; O. B, obridriacus ;
O. D
but Willers's emendation seems quite satisfactory. COM. by itself
is given as the equivalent of COMES.
Kk2
492 SIR ARTHUR EVAXS.
where COM OB is interpreted as COMITIS OBRY-
ZIACVS, that is, " the standard gold solidus of the
Comes". Whether this official is the "Count of the
Sacred Largesses " or his subordinate the " Comes
Auri " mentioned in the Notitia of the Western
Empire 92 is more difficult to determine. It is in
favour of the former supposition, however, that there
exists a standard gold weight or exagium solidi with the
triple busts of Honorius, Arcadius, and Theodosius II,
the reverse of which bears the inscription EXAC[IVM]
SOL[IDI] SVB VI[RO] INL[VSTRI] lOhANNI
COm[ITE] S[ACRARVM] L[ARCITIONVM]. 93 The
administration of the mints as a whole was under the
last-named official.
The second class of stamp on the Sirmian bars bears
the names of monetary officials who seem to have
controlled the work of the former officer, to whom
perhaps was entrusted the actual refining of the metal.
One variety bears the inscription :
FL FLAVIA
NVS PRO
SIC AD DICMA>^
This stamp is ascribed by Mommsen 94 to the Procurator
92 This is Willers's suggestion (Num. Zeitschr., xxxi (1899), p. 45).
93 Sabatier, Medailles Byzantines, i, PI. iii. 9 ; Cohen, viii, p. 191. 8
(see, too, Num. Chron., 1878, PL ii. 3).
94 Z. fur Num., xxx (1898), p. 223, and xxxi (1899), p. 38.
The existence of Imperial officials called probatores is ascer-
tained. The Greek equivalent of probator was fio/a/iao-r/jf. Willers
appositely cites Jeremiah vi. 27 "Probatorera dedi te in populo
meo robustum ; et scies et probabis viam eorum . . . Defecit
sufflatorium, in igne consumptum est plumbum'; frustra conflavit
conflator, malitiae enim eorum non sunt consumptae. Argentuin
reprobuin vocate eos, quia Dominus proiecit illos." In the Greek
translation here probator is doKi^aa-rr^ and argentum reprobuin
COINAGE AND CURRENCY IN ROMAN BRITAIN. 493
Monetae, who, as we know from the Notitia, was the
principal mint official. Willers, however, has given
good reasons for referring it to the Probator = assayer,
a monetary title of which there is also evidence. 95
This officer here appears to certify the fact that the
gold of the bars is "up to sample" (AD DIGMA 96 ),
and it is of special numismatic interest that the
symbol which follows his signature is the palm-branch.
On another stamp, which takes the place 97 of this on
some of the bars, the names of two officials appear
with that of Sirmium appended, and two symbols,
the palm-branch and star the palm, however, taking
the place of honour.
The use of this symbol as the mark of the principal
controller of the standard explains its frequent appear-
ance on coins of this period, both of the East and
"West. 93 In the West it is found not only at Sirmium
itself, but at Thessalonica, Rome, Aquileia, Milan, and
Treves. We may therefore assume that the appearance
of the palm-branch in a similar position on the coins
of the London mint, described above, must also be
taken as the special mark of the Probator Monetae.
95 Op. cit., p. 354. A stamp, moreover, on one of the gold bars
from the Aboukir find reads /////ANTIVS [P]ROBAVJT.
The inscription in this case appears in a shallow impression above
and below a more deeply punched stamp reading ACVEPPSIC
i. e. the stamp of the Signator. See Hill, Proc. Soc. Ant., xx,
pp. 92 seqq. The Aboukir bars date from the age of Diocletian.
96 Digma 8ery/i.
97 It reads Q.VIRILLVS | ET DIONISVS | X SIRM ^
98 For a conspectus of its usage see Kenner, op. tit., pp. 40, 41.
The secondary controlling official of the bars apparently used
the star as his mark, which also is of frequent appearance in con-
nexion with exergual inscriptions on contemporary coins (op. cit.,
pp. 41, 42).
494 SIR ARTHUR EVANS.
It must have the same significance on the solidus of
Magnus Maximus with the name of Augusta, where
it rises above the exergual line, as in other con-
temporary gold pieces of similar type.
Sanctioned thus in the same way by the Imperial
effigies, stamped by the same monetary officers and
with a similar certificate of the metal as " obryzum ",
it will be seen that such bars were by this time as
much a part of the official currency of the Empire
as the coins issued from the same mints. They repre-
sented various weights of precious metal of a very
high standard of guaranteed purity. Their fabric
itself was much more economical than that of struck
coins of an equivalent value, and in large amounts
paid by weight they were a distinct convenience.
The evidence of similar vehicles of currency in
silver with the same official guarantee of purity was
subsequently afforded by the discovery in 1898 at
Dierstorf, north of Minden, of three ingots stamped
by officinatores of the Roman and Treveran mints."
The ingots with incurved sides of very ancient
tradition, somewhat resembling early double axes
were three in number, weighing respectively 299-73,
309-5, and 309-81 grammes. The first ingot bears a
stamp with three Imperial busts, the central one
facing, the other two, one of them of a young boy,
in profile, and both the style, the comparative ages,
and the grouping correspond with exagia solidi or
solidus weights attributed to the end of the fourth
99 H. Willers, Rdmische Billet-barren mil Stempeln (Num. Zeitschr.,
xxx (1898), pp. 211 seqq., and xxxi (1899), pp. 35 seqq.). The
ingots were first erroneously said to have been found at Nendorf.
COINAGE AND CURRENCY IN ROMAN BRITAIN. 495
496 SIR ARTHUR EVANS.
or the beginning of the fifth century. 100 It is possible
that we have here Theodosius the Elder and his two
sons, Arcadius and Honorius, the latter of whom, then
a boy often, was associated in A.D. 394. 101 The further
stamp on this ingot presenting the seated figure of
Borne and the legend VRBS ROMA should, on the
analogy of the similar figure of Sirmium on the gold
bar, connect it with the Roman mint. The quality of
the metal is further attested by the mint official
Paulus as "white" or "fine" silver CAND[IDVM
ARGENTVM].
The other two ingots from this find, of nearly equal
weight, both bear official stamps of the Treves mint.
They are of special interest in the light they throw
on the mint-marks of a series of silver pieces that
100 Compare, especially, Sabatier, Monnaies Byzantines, i, PL iii,
Figs. 4, 5. These two exagia solicit, &s well as Figs. 6-9, on which all
three heads are facing, are attributed by Sabatier to Arcadius,
Honorius, and Theodosius II (made Augustus in 408 when one year
old). The prominence of the central bust seems to me, however,
to agree better with the association of Honorius, Arcadius, and
Theodosius I. This is also the attribution suggested by Cohen
(viii. 264).
101 Seeck, indeed (cited by Willers, op. cit., p. 217). regarded the
profile head to the left as that of an empress, and would therefore
recognize here Galla PJacidia, Theodosius, and the young Valen-
tinian III. In this case the date could not be earlier than A.D. 425
about half a century later than the Sirmian bars, which otherwise
present such parallel features. But the object which he takes to
be a wreath above the head to the left, and which he would there-
fore compare with the small wreath held by a hand often seen
above the head of Galla Placidia and of other empresses of the
same period, seems to me to be simply an exaggerated version of
the circular jewel of the usual Imperial diadem. In profile heads,
especially at the end of the fourth and the beginning of the fifth
century, this feature is often much exaggerated. There is, more-
over, no trace of the hand and wrist. The style of the work and
notably the seated figure of Urbs Roma seem to me to be of
distinctly earlier date.
COINAGE AND CURRENCY IN ROMAN BRITAIN. 497
first make their appearance in the last half of the
fourth century.
The stamp on one of these ingots bears the inscrip-
tion OF. PRIMVS. TR. PVS. PI, no doubt correctly
interpreted by Willers Of(ficinator) primus Tr(evero-
rum), pus(ulati] p(ondo) I = unum or una libra. The
stamp on the other ingot reads .. PRI(S)CI. TR PS
P. I, conjecturally completed . . Prisci(anus) Tr(e-
verorum) p(u)s(ulati) (P)ondo (U)num.
Pusulatum, sometimes pustulatum, was the regular
name for silver refined by the process of cupellation,
the surface of which in consequence of this pre-
sented a pimpled or "pustuled" appearance. Classical
scholars will recall Martial's lines referring to Spanish
silver :
"Nulla venit a me
Hispani tibi libra pustulati." 102
Even more apposite is the passage in Suetonius
recording Nero's whim to have nothing but newly
minted coin : " . . nummum asperum, argentum pu-
stulatum, aurum ad obrussam." 103 We have here
coupled the two technical expressions for pure silver
and gold, afterwards taken over into official stamps
and dies.
The abbreviated form PS given for pusulatum 011 the
last-mentioned ingot at once explains the appearance of
these letters after the indication of the mint 011 silver
pieces, of which the first were struck by Valentinian
and his colleagues in the Western mints. Such are
TR PS, as on the ingot at Treves, LVC PS at Lyons,
102 Lib. vii, Ep. 86, ver. 6, 7, and cp. viii, Ep. 51, ver. 6.
103 Suetonius, Nero, c. 44. 2.
498 SIR ARTHUR EVANS.
AQ. PS at Aquileia, MD PS at Milan, SISC PS at
Siscia. To these, on the siliqua already referred to,
Magnus Maximus added AVC PS at the London mint.
From Honorius's time onwards the practice was also
adopted at Eome and Eavenna, as we see by the
frequent exergual legends RM PS and RV PS.
We have here then two silver ingots representing,
as appears from the inscriptions themselves, pound
weights, though of a very reduced kind, viz. 309-5
and 309'81 instead of 327 grammes. The gold value
of a pound of silver was fixed by a decree issued in the
name of Arcadius and Honorius at Constantinople in
A.D. 397 as five solidi, 104 and the weight of these solidi
was, as we know at this time, correspondingly re-
duced. It will be seen that these silver ingots are even
more closely assimilated to ordinary currency than
the gold bars. Not only do they bear the official
stamps of the Treveran mint certifying the standard
purity of their metal, but they represent a fixed weight,
and that weight the equivalent of a fixed amount
of gold coin.
8. THE LATEST COINAGE OF ROMAN BRITAIN AND THE
RELATION OP THE MINT AND TREASURY OF LONDON
TO THE CURRENCY OF SILVER INGOTS.
That the London mint should have been largely
occupied with the assaying and certifying of such
bars and ingots is the more probable when we re-
member the important part that the silver mines of
104 Cod. Theod., xiii. 2. 1, De Argenti pretio quod tliensauris
infertur : " lubemus ut pro argenti summa quam quis thensauris
fuerat inlaturus inferendi auri accipiat facultatem, ita ut pro
singulis iibris argenti quinos solidos inferat."
COINAGE AND CURRENCY IN ROMAN BRITAIN. 499
the West seem to have played in the inner economy
of Roman Britain. That the lead-mining district
of the Mendip, of which Charterhouse is the best
known example, was primarily worked for the extrac-
tion of silver appears certain from some of the stamps
found on the lead pigs themselves, such as the well-
known example reading IMP(eratoris) VESPASIAN I
AVC(usti plumbum) BRIT(annicum) EX ARC(entariis)
VE. In this and other districts, moreover, which were
the scenes of Roman lead-mining operations, copper
ores occur in close proximity to the lead ores, ''and
must occasionally have been smelted with them ". 105
The traces of furnaces for refining silver found at
Silchester show that the metal in that case was ex-
tracted by a special process of cupellation from ore
in which copper formed a large ingredient. 106
At Charterhouse itself the Roman mining activity
seems to have been greatest in the earlier periods of
the occupation, and hardly extends, if we may judge
from the coins and other relics there found, beyond the
Constantinian age. 107 But the continued prosperity
in the Mendip region seems to be clearly reflected in
the great hoards of Roman silver coins of the middle
and latter part of the fourth century, or even the
beginning of the fifth, that have been there brought
to light. 108
100
In Shropshire, Montgomeryshire, Flintshire, and Anglesey,
according to Professor Gowland, Roman lead-mining operations
were carried on in the same association.
106 W. Gowland, "Remains ot a Silver Refinery at Silchester"
(Archaeologia, 1900, pp. 113-24).
107 See Haverfield, Victoria County History, Somerset, pp. dd, 66\).
10i A summary account of the Somerset hoards is given by
Professor Haverfield (op. cit., pp. 354, 355). Similar hoards have
been found, one in Worcestershire, one in Berks., two in Hants,
500 SIR ARTHUR EVANS.
These abundant discoveries of hoards of silver coins
belonging to the latest period of Roman rule in
Britain are the more remarkable in contrast with the
paucity of such discoveries in the Continental parts
of the Empire. Mr. Hill, in referring to this group of
finds in his account of the Grovely "Wood find in
1906, was only able to cite two foreign hoards of
the same kind. 109 One, consisting of siliquae, which is
said to have been derived from " some unknown place on
the Lower Danube", has been described by Missong; 110
the other, comprising not more than a dozen similar
pieces, is from Cazeres-sur-1'Adour. 111
How then are we to account for the singular limi-
tation of such discoveries of hoards of late Roman
silver coins to Britain a limitation also largely shared
by similar hoards of gold coins ? And how particularly
are we to explain their most frequent occurrence in a
comparatively poor part of our West country the wolds
and marsh-lands of the Mendip district of Somerset?
The problem has puzzled both numismatists and
historians.
It does not seem unreasonable, however, to connect
these signs of well-being, and especially of the abun-
dant circulation of a silver coinage, with the continued
activity of the silver-mining industry in the Mendip
district. It may indeed be suggested that important
Treasury officials took over the crude or partially
one in Wilts. (Grovely Wood) all these more or less in the West
of England. Two have been found in Norfolk, while one (referred
to below) is from Coleraine in Ireland. (Cp. G. F. Hill, Num.
Chron., 1906, p. 338.)
d Num. Chron., 1906, pp. 338, 339.
110 In Wiener Numismatische Monatshefte, 1868.
111 Bull, de Num., 1895, p. 23.
COINAGE AND CUKRENCY IN ROMAN BRITAIN. 501
refined metal at a fixed rate from the contractors or
private proprietors who worked the mines, giving the
legal equivalent in current coin of the same metal.
The other factor in the exceptional phenomenon
presented by the occurrence of these British hoards
is to be found in the divergent course of our insular
history. Whereas in other parts of the Western
Empire the supreme catastrophe which put an end
to Roman, dominion did not take place till the middle
and third quarter of the fifth century, in Britain it
already anticipated itself in the middle of the third.
Already as a result of the invasions of Julian's time
the island seemed about to be divided up between
Picts and Scots and Attacotti and Saxons. The
victories indeed of Valentinian's great general gave
Roman life in Britain a respite, but the renewed raids
and the successive withdrawals of the legions by
Stilicho and Constantino III in the first years of the
fifth century were rapidly followed by its final over-
throw.
But both the first and the second of these main
tides of barbarian invasion in Britain took place
at a time when, at any rate in the mining district
referred to above, there was a considerable amount
of silver currency for the panic-stricken inhabitants
to hide in the earth. In Gaul and other Continental
regions where the final blow fell somewhat later on
in the fifth century there was practically no silver
currency to stow away. It is a significant fact that
no silver issues of Honorius bear a reference to any
date beyond his third Quiiiquennalia ; in other words,
there seems to have been a great cessation of silver
coinage in or shortly after A.D. 408 almost the exact
502 SIR ARTHUR EVANS.
date of the crossing of the adventurer Constantino III 112
from Britain to Gaul with what remained of the
Roman garrison. If we examine the coinages of
Honorius's successors, such as Johannes, Valentinian III,
Avitus, Majorianus, Li bins Severus, Grlycerius, Julias
Nepos, and Romulus Augustulus, nothing is clearer
than that the gold pieces are of very much more
frequent occurrence than the silver.
The natural question arises whether the shortage
in the Imperial silver supply that makes itself ap-
parent simultaneously with the loss of Britain may
not itself have been largely due to that event. The
evidence of an extensive circulation of specie in
precious metals in the silver-mining region of the
West may fairly be taken as an indication of a
considerable output there well on into the reign of
Honorius.
It has been assumed above, as an explanation of the
existence of these large hoards of silver coins, that
the Imperial Treasury officials were in the habit of
paying for the metal extracted its equivalent in silver
money. Pigs and ingots might also be paid for in
gold, but it is obvious that the chief proprietors or
farmers of the mines needed lesser change for distribu-
tion among their subordinates. The crude or partially
refined material thus purchased by the Treasury officials
was in its turn handed over to the mints. By these
it could either be converted into coin or into stamped
ingots which formed in fact part of a regular currency.
We have seen that those of the Dierstorf find not
only bear the official stamps of the Treves mint cer-
112 The revolt of Constantine took place in A.D. 407.
COINAGE AND CURRENCY IN ROMAN BRITAIN. 503
tifying the standard purity of the metal, but each
represent a pound weight.
We must conclude that the London Mint, or, if
that was closed, the London Treasury, was in the
same way largely occupied with the assaying, weigh-
ing, and stamping of similar ingots, and the larger
the proportional output of silver in Britain the greater
the amount of work thus thrown on the officials.
Such certified silver ingots may indeed have been
chiefly used to supply the material for coinage in the
more prolific mints of the neighbouring Continental
provinces in a principal degree probably at Treves
itself. The contents of the great silver hoards of this
period found in Britain show indeed a great pre-
ponderance of coins struck at Treves, Lyons, and Aries.
After the death of Magnus Maximus in A.D. 388
there is every reason to suppose that the issue of coins
in the name of Augusta was discontinued. In the
Notitia Dignitatum, drawn up in the time of Honorius,
only three Procuratores Monetarum are mentioned in
the Prefecture of the Gauls, namely, at Treves, Lyons,
and Aries. The probability indeed might suggest
itself that Constantine III, who was elevated to the
purple in Britain and made it the starting-point for
Continental dominion in the same way as Magnus
Maximus, might, like him, have begun his career by
an issue of coins with his effigy on the British Augusta.
The simultaneous issue of a coinage quite out of pro-
portion to the material results afterwards achieved
was indeed the usual practice of such Pretenders to
the Empire, so that ephemeral careers like those of
Procopius, for example, have left a fairly abundant
numismatic record.
504 SIR ARTHUR EVANS.
A prima facie case, and to a limited extent a good
case, may indeed be made out for regarding the certain
mint-marks on coins of Constantine the Third as having
reference to the British mint with the restored name
of Londinium. A parallel for this might be found,
moreover, on the G-allic issues where AR for Arelate
alternates with abbreviations of Constantina the
almost universal monetary form since the middle of
the fourth century, and adhered to on the coinage
of Honorius. On Constantino's siliquae we find the
exergual lettering SMLD and LDPV (PL XX, Fig. 18). 11::
The letters L-D also appear in the field of one of his
solidi bearing the exergual inscription COMOB. 114
The regular abbreviation for the Lyons mint on
the exergue is LVG or LVCD, and in certain cases
this was adhered to on the coinage of Constan-
tine III himself. A rare gold solidus of his bears the
inscription SMLVC 115 in this position, and a small
bronze piece LVCP. 116
The centres of Constantino's activity were however
so much on the Continental side that, in default of
clearer evidence, it seems nevertheless safest to assign
these types with LD to the Lyons mint. In the field, at
least, this was the natural abbreviation for Lugdunum,
113 B.M. Collection; Rev. VICTORIA AA V COG. From the
Coleraine hoard (Num. Chron., 1855, p. 115), there were two
specimens with similar reverses. The abbreviation PV for
PV[SVLATVM] is also found on Constantine's Milan siliquae
of this type (Cohen, viii, p. 199, No. 7).
114 Cohen, viii, p. 199, No. 5. A solidus of this type from the
Eye find is in my own collection.
115 Cohen, viii, p. 198, No. 1. Eev. RESTITVTOR REIPVB-
LICAE (Freiburg Museum).
116 Op. cit., p. 199, No. 3. Rev. VICTORIA AVGGG- "M.
Recamier. P. B. Q."
COINAGE AND CUKKENCY IN ROMAN BRITAIN. 505
just as we find MD for Mediolanum, and the exergiial
usage may have become assimilated to this. A triens
of Valentinian II m and solidi of Eugenius 118 also
exist with L-D in the field.
Among the exergual inscriptions of siliquae of
Constantine III of the ordinary type 119 Cohen also
mentions SMAP and SMLP, but whether these are
to be connected with the London mint under one of
its alternative names must be left an open question.
They certainly suggest a concurrent usage like that
exemplified by the S. M. L. A. P of Valentinian's time.
In any case, however, the following siliqua in the
British Museum has considerable claims to be regarded
as having issued from the London mint under its earlier
title :
Obr. DN CONSTANTINVS P F AVC Diademed
bust in cuirass and paludamentum to r.
Rev. VICTORIA AA V COG Eoma seated to 1.
holding spear and Victory on globe ; in ex.
S M L O. PI. XX, Fig. 19.
What may be regarded as the last trace of Eoman
coinage in Britain was pointed out by me some years
since to this Society. 120 This evidence is afforded by
a small bronze piece found at Richborough and of
somewhat barbarous fabric, but presenting on both
obverse and reverse a definite inscription in a style
which best accords with the early part of the fifth
century. This remarkable coin reads on the obverse
117 Cohen, viii, p. 145, No. 49. Rev. VICTORIA AVCV-
STORVM (French Cabinet).
118 Op. cit,, p. 173, No. 6.
119 Op. cit., p. 199, No. 4. Rev. VICTORIA AVCCC.
120 Num. Chron., 1887, pp. 191 seqq.
NCMISM. CIIRON., VOL. XV, SEEIES IV. L 1
506
SIR ARTHUR EVANS.
DOMINO CARAVSIO CES, and 011 the reverse
DOMIN. CONXTA[NTI]NO (Fig. 5). In the re-
verse inscription I venture to see a reference to
Constantino III, in the " Dominus Carausius Caesar "
of the obverse the name and title of some tyrannus
who had sprung up in the island at the moment
A.D. 409 when it had been practically cut adrift from
the rest of the Empire. Of the continued existence
of the historic name of Carausius in the island we
have indeed direct evidence in the inscribed tomb-
stone 121 found at Penmachno in Caernarvonshire re-
cording the sepulture of a Christian and later Carausius
FIG. 5. Bronze coin of Second Carausius
found at Richborough.
beneath a cairn. But no mint-mark is visible on the
coin referred to.
To the persistence of the Roman authority in Britain
in the early part of the fifth century we have a curious
testimony in the inscription which from its late
character was included by Dr. Hiibner in his Inscrip-
tiones Britanniae Christianae, referring to the erection
of a Castrum at Eavenhill, near Whitby, by a certain
Justinianus, Praepositus (Militum). This Justinianus
seems to have been the officer of Constantino III who,
accompanied by Nevigastes, was sent forward with the
121 Inscriptiones Britanniae Christianae, p. xx. Placed by Hiibner
among inscriptions written more Romano rather than more Britan-
nico, and therefore early of its class.
COINAGE AND CURRENCY IN ROMAN BRITAIN. 507
vanguard of his forces at the time of his expedition
into Gaul. 122
A tombstone recently found at Penmachno, 123 and
belonging to the same class as that of the Christian
Carausius at the same place, carries the tradition of
Roman official usage in Britain down to at least the
middle of the sixth century. The remaining part
of the mortuary inscription reads FILI AVITORI, 124
and bears the cross entry
IN TE(M)P[ORE]
IVST[INI]
CON[SVLI(S)]
This refers to the Consulate of the Emperor Justinus
in A.D. 540, which was used to fix the beginning of
an era at Lyons until the opening of the seventh
century. 125
Though, so far as our information at present goes,
the Roman mint at London, except for these possible
short revivals, ceases after the time of Magnus
Maximus, there is evidence in the Notitia of the
continued existence of a high Treasury official in
Britain whose seat was at "Augusta". Following on
m I suggested this identification in Num. Chron., 1887, p. 209.
123 See Sir John Rhys's account, Athenaeum, Sept. 25, 1915,
p. 213.
124 This is equivalent to the mediaeval Irish Mac Uidhir, or, in
modern Anglo-Irish, Maguire (Rhys, loc. cit.}.
125 Goyau, Chronologic de V Empire Romain, cited by Rhys, loc. cit.
Rhys suggests that the sepulchral inscription itself may have
belonged to the latter half of the sixth century, and that the
chronological note might be slightly later i.e. the beginning of
the seventh. But he admits that the lettering of both is practically
identical.
Ll2
508 SIR ARTHUR EVANS.
the " Praepositi thesaurorum per Gallias " is the
entry
: In Britanniis
Praepositus thesaurorum Augustensium ", 12 ' 5
The use of the word Augustensium here instead of
Augustae is interesting, and is paralleled in other
cases such as Lugdunensium, Arelatensium in the same
connexion. It is clear that this Treasury official must
have been charged with all fiscal arrangements regard-
ing the mining industry in Britain. In the absence
during the period that followed the death of Magnus
Maximus in 388 of any Roman mint in the island,
it is evident that silver ingots could no longer be
officially assayed and stamped in the manner followed
for example by the mint at Treves. But the Treasury
at Augusta may well have authorized the issue of
ingots of proper quality and weight, duly stamped
with the names of certain privileged officinatores.
That this method of procedure was in fact adopted
may be gathered from the discovery in the British
islands of a series of silver ingots of this class belonging
to the period in question, and which, from their dis-
covery in each case in association with contemporary
coins, were evidently regarded as part of the lawful
currency.
9. SILVER INGOTS OF THE CLOSE OF THE FOURTH
AND BEGINNING OF THE FIFTH CENTURY DISCOVERED
IN THE BRITISH ISLANDS.
A brief enumeration of the stamped silver ingots
discovered in the British Islands may be here given.
The earliest is that communicated in 1778 to the
126 Notitia Dignitatuw, Oc. xi. 36, 37.
COINAGE AND CURRENCY IN ROMAN BRITAIN. 509
Society of Antiquaries by its President, J.Milles, 127 which
was found in September of the preceding year in the
Tower of London "in digging for the foundations of
a new office for the Board of Ordnance ". Having
sunk to a great depth, and broken through foundations
of ancient buildings, the discovery was made on the
natural ground, and, as is supposed, even below the
level of the present bed of the river. The find consisted
of the silver ingot reproduced in Fig. 6 and three
solidi, two of Arcadius and one of Honorius. The
latter were of the common type, 128 with the reverse
legend VICTORIA AVCCC and COMOB (=Comitis
obryziacus) in the exergue. The solidi of Arcadius bore
in the field the letters R-M and M-D,that of Honorius
M-D, showing that they were respectively from the
mints of Eome and Milan.
The ingot (Fig. 6), of the usual double-axe like shape,
" 4 inches long, 2| inches in the broadest part and 1|
in the narrowest " had been first cast, then beaten out
to quite fine edges at the ends. In the centre it bears
a stamp with the inscription
EXOFFE
HONORINI
This seems to be a miswriting for
" 7 Archaeologia, v (1779J.
128 Emperor holding standard and globe and setting his loot on
a captive. Sabatier, Med. lyz,, PL iv. 2 (Arcadius); Cohen, vm,
p. 185, No. 44 (Honorius).
Haverfield, Additamenta Quinta C. I. L., vn, p. 640, ad L. n.
1196; H. Willers, Num. Zeitschr., xxxi, p. 369 (Bronzeimer wn
Hemmoor (1901), PP - 237 seqq.) had suggested EX OF FL
The inscription was courageously read by Milles (op. at., p. A
"EXOFFICHONORII".
510 SIR Ai.Tiiri; KVANS.
On tho othor side the ingot, is seoivd in tho middle MS
if indicating the place where il might be cut in half.
Its weight as given by Milles is 11 oz. 7 dwt. 6 gr. 1 '
= 323481 grammes. At present it is somewhat less
li.^o-l.'J grammes but there are signs of a slight flaking
off at the edges which may account for the difference.
FlO. ('. Silver in^ot found in t he
Tower of London.
It is clearly intended, like the Dierstorl ingots, to
rt'i'ivsi-nt ;i j;ouiid \\cight, and shows a somewhat
tidier measure. 181
"Of the Towrr pound." II.- ;ilso ^ives its weight ;is l.'.l'.fj
Troy grains ". Tlu; in,i;ot is now in the IJrUish MIIS.MIIU.
il The analysis of this ingot as g\\<'\\ 1>\ Wilh-rs i \nm. '/itxt-ln:,
, . :;; i is M fcllowii
Silver O.VS'J JM-I- 1-,-nt. Icon 0-04 IMT cent .
Gold OIL' .. Tin trace*.
Coppn- L'-'.ti /in,. traces,
Lead U-4i)
COINAGE AND cURKKNcy IN UOMAN BRITAIN, 511
BVoxn (he occurrence of the solidus of Honorius
n appears that this deposit took place in or after
A. i.. ;v.);>.
In connexion with the find on the site of the Tower
<>i London must almost certainly be taken a discovery
made in 1781 at Bentley Priory, near Stanmore,
Middlesex, It consisted of a hoard of fifty lioman
gold coins (solidi) dating from Constantino Junior or
Constant ins II's time onwards, "some small silver
and copper coins of Valentinian", two finger-rings
;uid a bracelet of gold, and a "plate or piece of
silver inscribed HONOR, sot in a triangular frame
of iron ".
We have here similar associations to those of the
Tower hoard, and thero is every reason to boliovo that
the last item represents a half-ingot of the same type
as that above described.
It will l>o seen from Fig. C that, in order to divide
such an ingot in halves, a cut would be made across
the middle of the stamp in its narrow par!-- hetwoen
the EX OFFI and the HONORINI of the inscription.
Owing to the axe-like expansion of the ends each half
would present a sub- triangular appearance, and the
impression of the three last letters of HONORINI may
well have heen imperfect. The triangular iron frame
prohahl\ represents part of the iron hindin^ of some
small cliost that had hecome attached to Ihe !ialf-in;',o!
by oxidization.
The ^-old coins as desenhed in (iou-di's ( 1 <uinlrn
wen- of ( 'oiistanliiie Junior, ( 'oiisfantius, Valeiifinian,
Valens, (Jrafian, Magnus IMa.ximiis, Thoodo:;in::, and
Aivadius, and this description has hoon universally
followed.
512 SIR ARTHUR EVANS.
A coin, however, attributed to Constantino the
Younger, is thus described :
Obv. FL CL CONSTANTINVS AVC Head of
Emperor.
Rev. VICTORIA AVCCGG Emperor holding
labarum and treading on captive.
About this piece it must be observed that both the
obverse and reverse inscriptions belong to Constan-
tine III, in whose reign, moreover, the reverse type
of the Emperor holding a labarum and trampling on
a captive is frequent, while in Constantine IPs time
it was unknown. The coin is in fact a variety of a
solidus type of Constantine III given by Cohen. 13 -
The reference to four Augusti on the reverse of this
coin places its date after 408, the year of Constantino's
association of his son Constans, slain like himself in
411. The Stanmore hoard dated therefore from about
the close of the first decade of the fifth century.
Another remarkable find of this class was made in
April 1854, near Coleraine, in the County of London-
derry, and an account of the discovery was shortly
afterwards laid before this Society by Mr. Scott Porter,
who had previously communicated it to the Ulster
Journal of Archaeology. 1 "''' The deposit was made in
132 Cohen, vol. viii, p. 199, No. 5. The obverse legend in this case
is D N CONSTANTINVS P F AVC ; that of the Stanmore
coin recurs, however, attached to another gold type (Cohen, No. 1).
The reverse legend of No. 5 is VICTORIA AVCCC. Variety
No. 6 gives VICTORIA AAAVGCC. The mint-mark of the
Stanmore piece is not recorded.
133 Num. Citron., xvii (1855), pp. 101 seqq., "On Roman Coins
found near Coleraine " (from Ulster Journal of Archaeology, ii.
pp. 182-92). A catalogue of the coins by James Carruthers is
given, op. cit., pp. Ill seqq. He there states that an inaccurate
COINAGE AND CURRENCY IN ROMAN BRITAIN. 513
"^moory" earth in the town-land of Ballinrees, and
from the fragments of silver vessels and other pieces
of decorative plate contained in it seems to have
represented the stock-in-trade of a silversmith. The
find was entirely of silver, and the total weight about
203 oz. Troy. With the fragments of silver plate were
1,506 late Eoman silver coins, together with uncoined
silver in the shape of simple lumps and tongues of
metal, and two parts of silver ingots like the preceding,
stamped and inscribed. It is interesting as illustrating
the impression made by their peculiar form that in
the first popular account of the find in the Coleraine
Chronicle they are described as " silver battle-axes ".
The coins had suffered much from clipping, and were
in many cases in whole or part indecipherable. Among
those described are two siliquae of Constantine III
(A.D. 407-11) and one of Hoiiorius, said to bear a
reverse, otherwise unknown, referring to his Tricen-
nalia: "Wreath. VOTIS XXX MVLTIS XXXX." 134
The Tricennalia of Hoiiorius are recorded to have
taken place at their proper date, in January, that is,
422. 135 The latest Vota hitherto described by any
competent authority as existing on siliquae of Honorius
are VOT XV MVLT XX which would date from
A.D. 407, and it is impossible to accept this isolated
account of the find had previously appeared in the Coleraine
Chronicle. It is, however, noteworthy that in this account the
number of coins is given as 1,937, and the weight of the hoard
341 oz.
134 J. Carruthers, op. cit., p. 115. This reverse is not given by
Cohen. No exergual inscription is given. It is possible that this
exceptional coin was a double siliqua.
135 Marcellinus Comes, sub anno ; and see Clinton, Fasti Romani,
i, p. 600, and cp. p. 528. The thirtieth year of Honorius began on
Jan. 10, 422.
514: SIR ARTHUR EVANS.
testimony of a not very accurate numismatic writer 136
as to the existence of this much later issue belonging
to a time when the silver coinage of Honorius was
otherwise non-existent. The statement seems to have
been due to some confusion with a common siliqua
type of Constaiitius II.
The coins of Constantino III here found, however,
which refer to four August!, show that the Coleraine
FIG. 7. Half silver ingot, Coleraine Hoard,
hoard was buried in or after A.D. 408, 137 at precisely
the same epoch, that is, as the Stanmore deposit
described above.
Three silver half-ingots, two impressed with stamps,
were found with the coins 138 and the other objects.
136 Among the exergual inscriptions given in this account are
"MOPS", constantly repeated, for MDPS and "PLVS"
for PLVC.
137 Both bore the reverse legend VICTORIA AAA CCCC.
There was a Lyons piece with the exergual inscription LDPV.
Cp. Cohen, viii, p. 199, No. 7, where, however, this exergual legend
is not given.
138 For the ingots see Willers, Num. Zeitsclir., xxx (1899),
pp. 379, 380. They are now in the British Museum.
COINAGE AND CURRENCY IN ROMAN BRITAIN. 515
One of the stamped specimens (Fig. 7) bears half
the original legend: CVRMISSI. The legend in its
original form would have been
EX OFF//
CVRMISSI
Curmissus apparently represents a Celtic name form.
The weight of this half-ingot is 153*114 grammes
(2362-76 grains), 139 so that the original ingot would
have weighed about 306 grammes (4730 grains), closely
approaching that of the silver ingots from Dierstorf.
FIG. 8. Half silver ingot, Coleraine Hoard.
The other stamped half-ingot (Fig. 8) presents the
complete inscription
EX OFPA
TRICItf
It has a large perforation, and one comer has been cut
off since its discovery, so that it is considerably below
its original weight. The present weight is 74-68
grammes. 140
Length, 71 mm. ; breadth, 58 to 77-5 mm.
Length, 56mm.; breadth, 31 to 58-5 mm.
516 SIR ARTHUR EVANS.
It is certainly an interesting coincidence that this
half-ingot, which must have reached Ireland about the
time when St. Patrick was carried captive thither,
should have the name of Patricius. St. Patrick himself,
the son of a Decurion with the equally Roman name
of Calpurnius, was born in Britain at Bannaventa,
"near the Western Sea", according to his biography
by Muirchu, written in the seventh century. 141 It
may well be therefore that he belonged to the same
Western region which produced the silver ingots,
and the date of his arrival in Ireland as a boy of
sixteen, approximately placed by Professor Bury in
A.D. 403-4, 142 corresponds very nearly with that of the
Coleraine hoard. The coincidence afforded by the
name on the ingot corroborates the fact that the name
of Patricius was one rife among the Romano-Britons
at the beginning of the fifth century. It is by no
means improbable, moreover, that the booty repre-
sented by the Coleraine hoard and the captivity of
the boy Patrick were actually due to the same Irish
raid, perhaps one of the latest enterprises of King
Niall, 143 who perished in "the Sea of Wight" about
A.D. 405.
The most recent find of this nature was made in
1900 during Prof. Garstang's excavations 144 around the
great cruciform platform of concrete that occupies the
centre of the Roman fort at Richborough (llutupiae).
11 See especially Bury, Life of St. Patrick, pp. 23seqq., 290seqq.,
and, for Bannaventa, pp. 322 seqq.
12 Op. cit., pp. 331 seqq.
13 Bury, op. tit., pp. 25, 26, connects St. Patrick's captivity
with the last expedition of the Irish High-King who died about
A. D. 405.
144 J. Garstang, Arch. Cant/ana, xxiv, p. 272.
COINAGE AND CUKRENCY IN ROMAN BRITAIN. 517
The result of the discoveries was to show that this
massive foundation, the purpose of which still remains
enigmatic, was surrounded by what appears to have
FIG. 9. Silver ingot from Richborough.
been a corridor or cloister of marble. On the eastern
border of this, three yards from the concrete mass, was
found the silver ingot shown in Fig. 9. 145 It bears
145 See Haverfield, Additamenta ad C. I. L., vii, p. 640, and cp.
his remarks, Antfquanj, 1900, p. 335, and Athenaeum, Jan. 5,
1901, p. 26. The cast from which Fig. 9 is taken was due to the
kindness of the Curator of the Canterbury Museum, where the
ingot is now preserved.
518 SIR ARTHUR EVANS.
the stamped inscription
EX OFFI
I2AT?S
and the weight is exactly 11 oz. or 342-138 grammes.
Professor Haverfield 146 recalls a fourth- century per-
sonage whose name in the nominative case seems to
have been Isaac and in the genitive Isatis. A Jew of
that name therefore seems to have ranked among the
officinatores privileged at this time by the Roman
Treasury in Britain to stamp the ingots used as silver
currency a curious anticipation of the later connexion
of men of his race with the Mint and Treasury of this
country.
As in the case of the other silver ingots cited, we
have here to do with a pound of silver.
Among the coins found during the same excavation
were pieces of Honorius, and the very late maintenance
of Roman dominion at Rutupiae is further illustrated
by the discovery here of the coin of a second Carausius,
described above.
With the exception of this remarkable piece, belong-
ing perhaps to an usurper who held out awhile within
the walls of Richborough at a time when the legions
had left the greater part of Britain, and apparently of
a few siliquae struck at Londinium under its old name
by Constantine III, the Provincial mintage had alto-
gether ceased since the time of Magnus Maximus.
But the evidence before us shows that during this
latest period of Roman rule in the island there con-
tinued to be a regular issue of stamped ingots under
146 Antiquary, 1900, p. 335.
COINAGE AND CURRENCY IN ROMAN BRITAIN. 519
the control of the Praepositus Thesaurorum Augusten-
sium in Britanniis.
The whole ingots represented pound weights of
silver, varying from a little over 300 grammes in the
case of the Coleraine specimen, to about 323 in the case
of that from the Tower. Their stamps, moreover, were
so placed that a cut between the two lines of the
official inscription would divide them into two halves,
and the half-ingot seems to have had at least as large
a circulation as the whole. The value of the pound
of silver, as we have seen, was fixed at 5 solidi or
120 siliquae, 147 so that the half-ingots would have been
worth 2J solidi or 60 siliquae. But payment at this
time certainly went by weight and not by the nominal
value as represented by the coinage, and it would have
taken nearer 200 siliquae of the reduced Honcrian
weight to make the equivalent of a pound of silver.
ARTHUR EVANS.
147 Cod. Theod., xiii. 2. 1.
MISCELLANEA.
A COIN OF M. AEMILIUS LEPIDUS.
Mr. G. F. HILL in his work on Historical Roman Coins
(p. 52) mentions a coin, struck about 65 B.C. by M. Aemilius
Lepidus, which represents the equestrian statue, granted by
the Senate, of one Aemilius Lepidus, who as a boy of fifteen
slew an enemy in battle and saved the life of a Roman
citizen. The story of the youthful hero is told by Valerius
Maximus, who says (iii. 1. 1) : Aemilius Lepidus puer etiam
turn progrcssus in aciem hostem interemit, civcm servavit. In
accordance with this passage the inscription of the coin :
M. LEPIDUS AN. XV. PR. H. O. C. S. has been resolved
. . . an(norum) xv pr(ogressus) h(ostem) o(ccidit), c(ivem)
s(ervavit). As regards the four last letters, this reading is
evidently correct, but, as Mr. Hill points out, progrcssus
used absolutely is hardly good Latin. A better suggestion
is pr(aetcxtatus}, but then, as Mr. Hill observes, the standing
of the lad has been already sufficiently indicated by AN.
XV.
Although not myself a numismatist, I venture to subject
to the judgement of experts a new suggestion : PR. =
proelio. This resolution is supported by the wording of
passages in ancient literature on the corona civica. e. g.
Gell. v. 6. 11 : dvica corona appcllatur quam civis civi a quo
in PROELIO scrvaius cst, test is vitac salutisqiie dat.
S. PANTZERHIELM THOMAS.
Christiania, Dec.. 1915.
INDEX
Aemilius (M.) Lepidus, coin of,
520
AKE^IO^, magistrate of Barce,
91, 94. 98
AAAX --- , magistrate of
Barce, 91, 94
Alexandre do Bruchsella, en-
graver, 133-135
Amraon, on cuins of Gyrene, 66,
68, &c.
AMeNAO, Chian magistrate,
412
trate, 406
Arcadius, coins of. from North
Mendip hoard, 453
Arcesilas IV. 74-75
APlSTArOPA(S), magis-
trate of Gyrene, 141
APITH, Chian magistrate,
406
APlTIO, magistrate of
Gyrene, 141, 145
APISTOMHAEO5,
trate of Gyrene, 96, 98
APTEMHN, Chian magis-
trate, 407
Astarabad, coins of, 354
A^MENO^, Chian magistrate,
404, 412
AGHNA(roPAS), Chian
magistrate, 412
Augusta Londinium, 438, 478 if.
Augustus, Altar of Lyons, type of,
328
B.
Bar currency of the Roman
Empire, 488-519
Barce, coins of, 70-71, 76-86, 88-
96, 172-174
Barce Teucheira, coinage of, 76-
80
BA5IAEIAHS, Chian magis-
trate, 406
NUMISM. CIIBON., VOL. XV, SERIES IV.
Beagmund, Anglo-Saxon moneyer,
340-341
Bentley Priory, Roman ingot from,
511
BOI KOY, on a Croton coin,
189
Brabazon, William, treasurer of
Irish army, 195-197
BROOKE, G. C. :
Irregular Coinages of the Reign
of Stephen, 105-121
C.
Calne, a mint of Matilda, 11, 120
Carausius, coin of, struck on
Philip I, 135-136 ; second
emperor of that name, 506
Catana, tetrad rachm of, by
Prokles, 357-360
XAIPE0HN, magistrate of
Gyrene, 141, 147
XAlPlO,magistrateofCyrene,
141
Charles II, Pyx trials of, 346-348
Chios, coins of, Period I, 625-
617 B.C., 17-26; II, 575-541 B.C.,
26-35; III, 545 500 B.C., 35-
46; IV, 500-478 B.C, 46-52;
V, 478-431 B. c., 364-371 ; VI,
431-412 B.C., 373-394; VII,412-
334B.C., 394-432
ClCCIO, MONSIGNORE DE :
Notes sur un tetrad rachme de
Catana, &c., 357-360
Clonmines, silver mines of, 218
Coenwulf of Mercia, pennies of,
336
Coleraine, Roman ingots from,
512-513
Comes obriziacus, 491-492
Constans, Constantino II, and
Constantius Gallus, coins of,
from North Mendips, 439-440
Croton, later coins of, 179-191
Croton and Sybaris, 190-191
Cyprus, Alexandrine coins of,
294-322
Gyrene, coinage of, 53-104, 137-
M m
522
INDEX.
178, 249-293 ; first period, 54-
65 ; second period, 65-86 ; third
period, silver, 87-104, 159-172 ;
gold, 136-159; fourth period
history, 249-254 ; silver, 254-
264; gold, 264-267; bronze,
267-281 ; fifth period, 281-286 ;
Ptolemaic coins of, 286-293.
D.
AAMH KYPANAION, in
scriptionon coins of Gyrene, 162
163. 167, 170, 172
A AMflN A KTO*, magistrate
of Gyrene, 141
Dealla, Anglo-Saxon moneyer, 338
AHMOKPATHS, Chian ma-
gistrate, 410
Diormod, Anglo-Saxon moneyer,
o39
Dorsetshire, find of Anglo-Saxon
coins, 336-344
Drake medal, technique of, 232,
242
Dublin mint instituted, 210-211
Dynyn, Anglo-Saxon moneyer,
339-340
E.
Ecgbeorht of Wessex, 357
Edward VI, Irish coinage of, 209-
229
EPAINEfTOS], Chian magis-
trate, 408
Electrum coins of Chios, 11-13
EOPYNOAAOS, Chian magis-
trate, 406
EPMAPX05, Chian magis-
trate/ 405
EPMO*ANT05, Chian
magistrate, 407
Estrete, John, granted mastership
of coinage in Ireland, 193
Euesperides, coins of, 71-76, 174-
Eugenius, coins of, from North
Mendips, 452
EVANS, SIR ARTHUR :
Coinage and currency in Roman
Britain, 433-519
HfHSflPPOS], Chian magis-
trate, 413
HPAfOPHS, Chian magis-
trate, 407
HPIAANOS, Chian magis-
trate, 410, 411, 413
G.
Galba, rare sestertii of, 333-335
i Gazelle, type of Gyrene, 54-56
PEP 11$, Chian magistrate, 408
Gilan, coin of, 353.
Gratian, coins of, from the North
Mendips, 446-448
GROSE, S. W. :
Croton, 179-191
H.
Haromzek find of gold bars, 489
Helena N. F., 132-133
Henry of Anjou, coins of, 115-
120; visits England, 117
Henry VIII, Irish coinage of,
192-209
Hermes on coins of Cyrenein allu-
sion to marriage of Ophelias. 17 J
HILL, G. F. :
The Technique of Simon van
de Passe, 230-243
Honorius, coins of, from North
Mendips, 452
Hydrax, no mint of, 73
I.
I A SO NO 5, magistrate of Cy-
rene. 141, 143, 147-149
IKESIOS, Chian magistrate, 415
Ingots, Roman, found in England,
508-519
IPPIAZ, Chian magistrate, 408
IPPIHS, Chian magistrate, 407
Iran, coins of, 353-354
Ireland, coinages of Henry VIII
and Edward VI for, 192-229
l$XtMArXO$], Chian magis-
trate, 408, 413
Ismail I of Persia, coins of, 245
ITI[AIO], Chian magis-
trate, 415
J.
James I, plaque of, 241-242
James II, pyx trials of, 350
Jovian, coins of, from the North
Mendips, 443
Julian II, coins of, from the North
Mendips, 440-443
K.
K A IN I UN, magistrate of Barce,
91, 93
KAAAIKAH5, Chian magis-
trate, 405
INDEX.
523
Karpathos, Gyrene coin attributed
to, 61
Kasos,Cyrene coin attributed to 61
KH*ISOKPIT[05J, Chi'an
magistrate, 410, 411
Kition, Alexandrine coins of 301-
306
KYAIOSe - - - , magistrate of
Gyrene, 141, 143, 152, 160
K Y0 , magistrate of Gyrene,
141, 145
Kum, coins of, 353
KYXAIPIO5, magistrate of
Gyrene. 141. 143, 152
KYYEAH TH <DIAH
N(O$), magistrate of Barce
91, 93-94
L.
Lahijan, coins of, 355
Laus and Sybaris, 189
AEHXO3:, Chian magistrate
405
AIBYSTPATO5, magistrate
of Gyrene, 102-103
Lin-Tzu, coins of, 121-131
Lion's head at Gyrene, 58-60
LOCKETT, R. C. :
A Hoard of Nine Anglo-Saxon
Pennies found in Dorsetshire.
336-344
London mint under Magnus
Maximus, 438 ; revived by
Valentiniari I, 478-488
A YKI AEO$, Chian magistrate,
probably misreading, 411
AYKOP[/V\A5], Chian magis-
trate, 413
Lyons, Altar of, 328
M.
Magnus Maximus, coins of, from
North Mendips, 451-452
Marion, Alexandrine coins of,
320-322
Matilda, coins of, 113-115
Maurice, J., on Helena N.F., 132-
133
MAVROGORDATO, J. :
A Chronological Arrangement
of the Coins of Chios, 1-52,
361-432
Mendip hills, Roman silver coins
from, 499 ff.
Minoan influence on Chios, 10
MinuMi argentei, 476-477
N.
l-Dln of Persia, coins of,
Nero, unpublished sest., rev.
Victory, 330-331; do., rev.
Neptune, 329-333; medallion
of port of Ostia, 329-330
NEWELL, E. T. :
Some Cypriote "Alexanders",
294-323
NIKIS, NIKI05, magistrate of
Gyrene, 96, 97
O.
Oba, Anglo-Saxon moneyer, 338
Ophelias, coins of Gyrene attri-
buted to, 168-171
Ostia, medallion of Nero of, 329-
330
P.
Palm-branch, mark of assayer on
late Roman coins, 493
Paphos, Alexandrine coins of,
316-320
Passe, Simon van de, technique of,
230 ff.
PERERIC, inscription, 109-113
4* A IN , magistrate of Barce,
91
<*>ANKAHO5, Chian magis-
trate, 409
<J>EIAflNO$, magistrate of
Gyrene, 166
^H^INO^, Chian magistrate,
409
Philip III, Salamis coins in name
of, 314
cfclATH^ Chian magistrate,
414
*ITTAK[03], Chian magis-
trate, 414
* O I N I Z, Chian magistrate, 407
Pirry, Martin, of Dublin mint,
215-217
Pityos find of Greek coins, 397-
399
Plaques, engraved, production of,
232-237
IOAIAN0EY5, magistrate of
Cyrene, 141, 155, 161
POAYMH - - -, Chian magis-
trate, 416
524
INDEX.
, Chian magis-
trate, 405
Procopius, coins of, from North
Mendips, 446
Prokles, engraver at Catana, 357-
360
PS on late Roman coins pusu-
latum, 497-498
Pyx trials of Commonwealth to
James II, 345-350
R.
RABINO, H. L. :
Coins of the Shahs of Persia,
243-248, 351-356
RAMSDEN, H. A. :
Coins of Lin-Tzu, 121-131
Rasht, coins of, 352-353
Richborough, Roman ingot from,
516-518
ROBINSON, E. S. G. :
Quaestiones Cyrenaicae, 53-104,
137-178, 249-293
Roettier, John, technique of, 237
Rowlett and Bowes, commissioned
to order coins for Ireland, 199
S.
Sakha hoard, 33
Salamis, Alexandrine coins of,
306-316
Sedevacante, Anglo-Saxon coins, 337
Siliquae of fourth century, 465 ff.
Simon van de Passe, technique
of, 230-242; new plaque by,
220-232
^KYMNO^, Chian magistrate,
411
S. M. L. A. P., London m. m.
of Valentinian I, 483; of
Gratian, 484
Stephen, irregular coinages of
reign of, 105-121 ; from erased
dies,105-109; PERERIC,109-
113; Matilda, 113-115; Henry
of Anjou, 115-121
ZnZTPA[TOZ], Chian
magistrate, 409
S wef heard, Anglo-Saxon money er,
339
Sybaris and Croton, 190-191
Sybaris and Laus, 189
SYMONDS, HENRY :
The Irish coinage of Henry VIII
and Edward VI, 192-229
The Pyx Trials of the Com-
monwealth, Charles II and
James II, 345-350
Alexandra de Bruchsella, 133-
135
Syracuse, tetradrachm by Kimon,
357-360
T.
Tabaristan, coin of, 353
Tahmash I of Persia, coins of, 247
Taranto find, 64
Tehran, coin of, 355
Teuchira, coin of, 76-80
OEOAHPOS, Chian magis-
trate, 405
Theodosius, coins of, from North
Mendips, 450-451
OEOTTIX, Chian magistrate,
408
GEY0EIAEY5, magistrate of
Cyrene, 141, 143, 154, 162-166
0HPI1N, Chian magistrate,
405
THOMAS, S. P. :
A Coin of M. Aemilius Lepidus,
520
TIMAfOPA , magistrate
of Barce, 175
TIMOA , Chian magistrate,
416
Tower Hill, Roman ingots from,
507-511
V.
Valens, coins of, from North
Mendips, 444-446
Valentinian I and London mint,
478-488 ; coins from North
Mendips, 443-444
Valentinian II, coins from North
Mendips, 448-449
Victor, coins of, from North
Mendips, 452
Victory, type of Nero, 333
Vourla find, coins from, 30
W.
WALTERS, F. A. :
Roman Unpublished Coins in
my Collection, 323-335
A Coin of Carausius rc-strn.-k
on one of Philip Senior, 135
WEBB, P. H. :
Helena N. F., 132-133
A Coin of Carausius restruck
on Antoninianus of Philip I,
135-136
Wulfred of Canterbury, coins of,
337
NUM. CHRON. SEP. IV., VOL. XV. PL. XVIII.
*&
CHIOS, PL, III. PERIODS V (478-431? B.C.) ; VI (4319-412).
NUM. CHRON. SER. IV., VOL. XV. PL. XIX.
CHIOS, PL. IV. PERIODS VI (431?-412 B.C.); VII (412-334 B.C .
ftt*
NUM. CHRON. SER. IV., VOL. XV. PL. XX.
&J
10
13
11
14
16
is ^^33
19
LONDINIUM-AUQUSTA.
LIST OF FELLOWS
OF THE
EOYAL
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY
1915
PATRON
HIS MAJESTY THE KING
LIST OF FELLOWS
OF THE
EOYAL
NUMISMATIC SOCIETY
1915
The sign * indicates that the Fellow has compounded for his annual
contribution : t that the Fellow has died during the year.
ELECTED
1909 ADMIRAL H.S.H. PRINCE Louis OP BATTENBERG, P.O., G.C.B.,
G.C.V.O., K.C.M.G., A.D.C., F.R.G.S., Kent House, East
Cowes, Isle of Wight.
1907 ALLAN, JOHN, ESQ., M.A., M.R.A.S., Biitish Museum, W.C.,
Hon. Secretary.
1907 ALLATINI, ROBERT, ESQ., 18 Holland Park, W.
1892 AMEDROZ, HENRY F., ESQ., M.R.A.S., 48 York Terrace,
Regent's Park, N.W.
1884 ANDREWS, R. THORNTON, ESQ., 25 Castle Street, Hertford.
1909 ARNOLD, EDWIN L., ESQ., c/o "The Daily Telegraph," Fleet
Street, E.G.
1882 BACKHOUSE, SIR JONATHAN E., BART., The Rookery,
Middleton Tyas, R.S.O., Yorks.
1907 BAIRD, REV. ANDREW B., D.D., 247 Colony Street, Winnipeg,
Canada.
1909 BALDWIN, Miss A., 404 West 116th Street, New York, U.S.A.
1902 BALDWIN, A. H., ESQ., 4 A Duncannon Street, Charing Cross,
W.C.
1905 BALDWIN, PERCY J. D., ESQ., 4A Duncannon Street, Charing
Cross, W.C.
1898 BANES, ARTHUR ALEXANDER, ESQ., The Red House, Upton,
Essex.
1896 BEARMAN, THOS., ESQ., Melbourne House, 8 Tudor Road,
Hackney.
4 LIST OF FELLOWS.
ELECTED
1906 BEATTY, W. GEDNEY, ESQ., 265 Central Park West. New York,
U.S.A.
1910 BENNET-POE, J. T., ESQ., M.A., 29 Ashley Place, S.W.
1909 BIDDULPH, COLONEL J., Grey Court, Ham, Surrey.
1880 *BIEBER, G. W. EGMONT, ESQ., 4 Fenchurch Avenue, B.C.
1885 BLACKETT, JOHN STEPHENS, EsQ.,C.E.,Inverard, Aberfoyle,
Perthshire.
1904 BLACKWOOD, CAPT. A. PEICE, 52 Queen's Gate Terrace, S.W.
1879 *BLUNDELL, J. H., ESQ., 157 Cheapside, E.G.
1907 BOSANQUET, PROF. R. C., M.A., F.S.A., Institute of Archaeo-
logy, 40 Bedford Sti-eet N., Liverpool.
1896 BOULTON, SIR SAMUEL BAGSTER, BART., J.P., D.L., F.R.G.S.,
Copped Hall, Totteridge, Herts.
1903 BOUSFIELD, STANLEY, ESQ., M.A., M.B. (Camb.), M.R.C.S.,
35 Prince's Square, W.
1897 BOWCHER, FRANK, ESQ., 35 Fairfax Road, Bedford Park, W.
1906 BOYD, ALFRED C., ESQ., 7 Friday Street, E.C.
1899 BOYLE, COLONEL GERALD, 48 Queen's Gate Terrace, S.W.
1895 BRIGHTON PUBLIC LIBRARY, The Curator, Brighton.
1910 BRITTAN, FREDERICK J., ESQ., 63 Bingham Road, Addis-
combe, Croydon.
1908 BROOKE, GEORGE CYRIL, ESQ., B.A., British Museum, W.C.
1905 BROOKE, JOSHUA WATTS, ESQ., Rosslyn, Marlborough, Wilts.
1911 BROWNE, REV. PROF. HENRY J., M.A., 35 Lower Leeson
Street, Dublin.
1896 BRUUN, HERR L. E., 101 Gothersgade, Copenhagen.
1878 BUCHAN, J. S., ESQ., 17 Barrack Street, Dundee.
1881 BULL, REV. HERBERT A., M.A., J.P., Wellington House,
Westgate-on-Sea.
1897 BURN, THE HON'BLE MR. RICHARD, I.C.S., M.R.A.S., c/o
Messrs. Grindlay & Co., Bombay.
1881 BURSTAL, EDWARD K., ESQ., M.Inst.C.E., 32 Cathcart Place,
South Kensington, W.
1911 BURTON, FRANK E., ESQ.. J.P., South Manor, Ruddington,
Notts.
1878 *BUTTERY, W., ESQ. (address not known).
1904 CAHN, DR. JULIUS, Niedenau, 55, Frankfurt-am-Main,
Germany.
1886 CALDECOTT, J. B., ESQ., The Stock Exchange, E.C.
1908 CALLEJA SCHEMBRI, REV. CANON H., D.D., 50 Strada Saluto,
Valletta, Malta.
LIST OF FELLOWS. 5
ELECTED
1914CAMEKO N ,MA J OBj.S.,LowWood,Bethersden,Ashford,Kent
CA In LLf W * E " M " ESQ " LC - S " Mi -nited Province"
1894
1905 CAETHEW, COLONEL R. J., j.p., Woodbridge Abbey,
1914 Ciccio, MONSIGNORE GIUSEPPE DE, 131 Via Stabile, Palermo,
1891
1911 CLEMENTS, LUTHEE, ESQ., Charlton House, Peckharn Rye SE
COATES, E. ASSHETON, ESQ., 15 Onslow Crescent, S.W.
1913 *CODEINGTON, HUMPHEEY W., ESQ., BA MR AS
Puttalam, Ceylon.
1886 CODEINGTON, OLiVEE, ESQ., M.D., F.S.A., M.R.A.S., 12 Vic-
toria Road, Clapham Common, Librarian.
1895 COOPEE, JOHN, ESQ., Beckfoot, Longsight, Manchester.
1906 COSSINS, JETHEO A., ESQ., Kingsdon, Forest Road, Moseley
Birmingham.
1902 COVEENTON, J. G., ESQ., M.A., C.I.E., Director of Public
Instruction, Rangoon, Burma.
1910 CEEE, JAMES EDWAED, ESQ., Tusculum, North Berwick.
1886 *CEOMPTON-ROBEETS, CHAS. M., ESQ., 52 Mount Street, W.
1914 CEOWTHEE-BEYNON, V. B., ESQ., M.A., F.S.A., Westfield,
Beckenham, Kent.
1914 DALTON, RICHAED, ESQ., Park House, CothamPark, Bristol.
1884 DAMES, M. LONGWOETH, ESQ., I.C.S. (retd.), M.R.A.S.,
Crichmere, Edgeborough Road, Guildford.
1900 DATTAEI, SIGNOE GIANNINO, Cairo, Egypt.
1902 DAVEY, EDWAED CHAELES, ESQ. (address not known).
1886 *DEWICK, REV. E. S., M.A., F.S.A., 26 Oxford Square, Hyde
Park, W.
1915 DILLON, SIB JOHN Fox, Bart, J.P., D.L., Lisinullen, Navan,
Co. Meath.
1911 DEUCE, HUBEET A., ESQ., 65 Cadogan Square, S.W.
1905 EGGEE, HEEE AEMIN, 7 Opernring, Vienna.
1907 ELDEE, THOMAS L., ESQ., 32 East Twenty-third Street, New
York, U.S.A.
1893 ELLIOTT, E. A., ESQ., 16 Belsize Grove, Hampstead, N.W.
6 LIST OF FELLOWS.
ELECTED
1914 ELLIOT, SIR THOMAS H., K.C.B., Deputy Master, Royal
Mint, E.G.
1904 ELLISON-MACARTNEY, RT. HON. WILLIAM GREY, P.C.
Government House, Tasmania.
1895 ELY, TALFOURD, ESQ., M.A., D.Litt., F.S.A., 92 Fitzjohn's
Avenue, N.W.
1888 ENGEL, M. ARTHUR, 20 Route de Malagnou, Geneva.
1872 *EVANS, SIR ARTHUR J., P.S.A., M.A., D.Litt., LL.D.,
Ph.D., F.R.S., F.B.A., Corr. de I'Inst., Youlbury, near
Oxford, President.
1892 *EVANS, LADY, M.A., c/o Union of London and Smith's Bank,
Berkhamsted, Herts.
1904 *FARQUHAR, Miss HELEN, 11 Belgrave Square, S.W.
1886 FAY, DUDLEY B., ESQ., 287 Beacon Street, Boston, Mass.,
U.S.A.
1902 FENTIMAN, HARRY, ESQ., Murray House, Murray Road,
Baling Park, W.
1914 FIALA, K. u. K. Regierungsrat Eduard, Palais Cumberland,
Vienna.
1910 FISHER LIBRARY, THE, University, Sydney, N.S.W.
1908 FITZWILLIAM MUSEUM, The Curator, Cambridge.
1901 FLETCHER, LIONEL LAWFORD, ESQ., Norwood Lodge, Tup-
wood, Caterham.
1915 FLORENCE, R. Museo Archeologico of, Italy.
1898 FORRER, L., ESQ., 11 Hammelton Road, Bromley, Kent.
1912 FORSTER, R. H., ESQ., M.A., LL.B., F.S.A., 2 Enmore Road,
Putney, S.W.
1894 *FOSTER, JOHN ARMSTRONG, ESQ., F.Z.S., Chestwood, near
Barnstaple.
1891 *Fox, H. B. EARLE, ESQ., Woolhampton, Berks.
1868 tFRENTZEL, RUDOLPH, ESQ., 46 Northfield Road, Stamford
Hill, N.
1882 *FRESHFIELD, EDWIN, ESQ., LL.D., F.S.A., New Bank
Buildings, 31 Old Jewry, B.C.
1905 FREY, ALBERT R., ESQ., New York Numismatic Club, P.O.
Box 1875, New York City, U.S.A.
1896 *FRY, CLAUDE BASIL, ESQ., Stoke Lodge, Stoke Bishop,
Bristol.
1897 *GANS, LEOPOLD, ESQ,, 207 Maddison Street, Chicago, U.S.A.
1912 GANTZ, REV. W. L., Wallington Rectory, Baldock, Herts.
LIST OF FELLOWS. 7
ELECTED
1871 GARDNER, PROF. PERCY, Litt.D., LL.D FSA FBA
12 Canterbury Road, Oxford.
1907 GARDNER, WILLOUGHBY, ESQ., Deganwy, North Wales.
1889 GARSIDE, HENRY, ESQ., 46 Queen's Road, Teddington, S.W.
1913 GILBERT, WILLIAM, ESQ., 35 Broad Street Avenue, E.G.
1904 GOLDNEY, FRANCIS BENNETT, ESQ., F.S A MP Ahhnto
Barton, Canterbury.
1894 GOODACRE, HUGH, ESQ., Ullesthorpe Court, Lutterworth
Leicestershire.
1907 GOUDY, HENRY, ESQ., M.A., LL.D., D.C.L., Regius Profess
of Civil Law, All Souls College, Oxford.
1904 GRAHAM, T. HENRY BOILEAU, ESQ., Edmund Castle
Carlisle.
1905 GRANT DUFF, EVELYN, ESQ., C.M.G., British Legation
Berne.
1891 *GRANTLEY, LORD, F.S.A., Red Rice, Andover, Hants.
1865 GREENWELL, REV. CANON W., M.A., F.R.S., F.S.A., Durham.
1914 GROSE, S. W., ESQ., Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge.
1871 GRUEBER, HERBERT A., ESQ., F.S.A., Bembridge, Isle of
Wight.
1910 GUNN, WILLIAM, ESQ., 10 Swan Road, Harrogate.
1899 HALL, HENRY PLATT, ESQ., Toravon, Werneth, Oldham.
1898 HANDS, REV. ALFRED W., The Rectory, Nevendon, Wickford,
Essex.
1912 HARDING, NEWTON H., 110 Pine Avenue, Chicago, U.S.A.
1904 HARRIS, EDWARD BOSWORTH, ESQ., 5 Sussex Place, Regent's
Park, N.W.
1904 HARRISON, FREDERICK A., ESQ., Sunnyside, Fourth Avenue,
Frinton-on-Sea.
1903 HASLUCK, F. W., ESQ., M.A., The Wilderness, Southgate, N.
1902 HAVERFIELD, PROF. FRANCIS J., M.A., LL.D., D.Litt., F.S.A.,
F.B.A., Winshields, Headington Hill, Oxford.
1914 HAYES, HERBERT E. E., ESQ., Hythe Road, Greenhithe,
Kent.
1906 HEADLAM, REV. ARTHUR CAYLEY, M.A., D.D., Whorlton
Hall, Barnard Castle, Durham.
1901 t*HENDERSON, REV. COOPER K., M.A., Flat 4, 32 Emperor's
Gate, S.W.
1886 *HENDERSON, JAMES STEWART, ESQ., F.R.G.S., M.R.S.L.,
M.C.P., 1 Pond Street, Hampstead, N.W.
8 LIST OF FELLOWS.
ELECTED
1900 HEWLETT, LIONEL M., ESQ., Greenbank, Harrow-on-the-Hill,
Middlesex.
1903 HIGGINS, FRANK C., ESQ., 5 West 108th Street, New York,
U.S.A.
1893 HILBERS, THE YEN. G. C., M.A., V.D., St. Thomas's Rectory,
Haverfordwest.
1898 HILL, CHARLES WILSON, ESQ. (address not known).
1893 HILL, GEORGE FRANCIS, ESQ., M.A., Keeper of Coins, British
Museum, W.C.
1883 HOBART, R. H. SMITH, 619 Third Street, Brooklyn, New
York, U.S.A.
1898 HOCKING, WILLIAM JOHN, ESQ., Royal Mint, E.
1895 HODGE, THOMAS, ESQ., 13 Wellington Street, Strand, W.C.
1875 HOUTUM-SCHINDLER, GENERAL SlR ALBERT, K.C.I.E.,
M.R.A.S., Petersfield, Fenstanton, Hunts.
1910 HOWORTH, DANIEL F., ESQ., 24Villiers Street, Ashtou-under-
Lyne.
1878 HOWORTH, SIR HENRY H., K.C.I.E., D.C.L., F.R.S., F.S.A.,
45 Lexham Gardens, S.W., Vice-President.
1883 HUBBARD, WALTER R., ESQ., 6 Broomhill Avenue, Partick,
Glasgow.
1885 HUGEL, BARON F. VON, 13 Vicarage Gate, Kensington, W.
1908 *HUNTINGTON, ARCHER M., ESQ., Honorary President of the
American Numismatic Society, Audubon Park, 156th
Street, West of Broadway, New York, U.S.A.
1911 HYMAN, COLEMAN P., ESQ., Royal Colonial Institute,
Northumberland Avenue, W.C.
1879 t*JEX-BLAKE, THE VERY REV. T. W., D.D., F.S.A., 13 Ennis-
more Gardens, S.W.
1911 JOHNSTON, LEONARD P., ESQ., The Cottage, Warningcamp,
Arundel, Sussex.
1911 JONES, FREDERICK WILLIAM, ESQ., 22 Ramshill Road,
Scarborough.
1874 *KENYON, R. LLOYD, ESQ., M.A., J.P., D.L., Pradoe, West
Felton, Salop.
1914 KERR, ROBERT, ESQ., M.A., Royal Scottish Museum,
Edinburgh.
1876 KITCHENER, FIELD-MARSHAL EARL, OP KHARTOUM, K.G.,
K.P., G.C.B., O.M., G.C.S.I., G.C.M.G., G.C.I.E., P.C., c/o
Messrs. Cox & Co., Charing Cross, S.W.
LIST OF FELLOWS. 9
ELECTED
1901 KOZMINSKY, DR. ISIDORE, 20 Queen Street, Kew, near
Melbourne, Victoria.
1883 *LAGERBERG, M. ADAM MAGNUS EMANUEL, Chamberlain
of H.M. the King of Sweden, Director of the Numismatic
Department, Museum, Gothenburg, and Rada, Sweden.
1910 LAUGHLIN, DR. W. A., M.A., Box 456, Virginia City
Nevada, U.S.A.
1898 LAYER, PHILIP G., ESQ., M.R.C.S., 3 Church Street, Col-
chester.
1877 LAWRENCE, F. G., ESQ., Birchfield, Mulgrave Road, Sutton,
Surrey.
1885 *LAWRENCE, L. A., ESQ., F.S.A., 44 Belsize Square, N.W.,
Vice-President.
1883 * LAWRENCE, RICHARD HOE, ESQ., 15 Wall Street, New
York, U.S.A.
1871 *LAWSON, ALFRED J., ESQ., Smyrna.
1893 LESLIE-ELLIS, LIEUT. -CoL. HENRY, D.L., J.P., F.S.A.,
F.R.G.S., Magherymore, Wicklow.
1900 LINCOLN, FREDERICK W., ESQ., 69 New Oxford Street, W.C.
1907 LOCKETT, RICHARD CYRIL, ESQ., F.S.A., Clonterbrook,
St. Anne's Road, Aigburth, Liverpool.
1911 LONGMAN, W., ESQ., 27 Norfolk Square, W.
1893 LUND, H. M., ESQ., Waitara, Taranaki, New Zealand.
1903 LYDDON, FREDERICK STICKLAND, ESQ., 5 Beaufort Road,
Clifton, Bristol.
1885 *LYELL, ARTHUR HENRY, ESQ., F.S.A., 9 Cranley Gardens,
S.W.
1895 MACDONALD, GEORGE, ESQ., C.B., M.A., LL.D., F.B.A.,
17 Learmonth Gardens, Edinburgh.
1901 MACFADYEN, FRANK E., ESQ., 11 Sanderson Road, Jesmond,
N e wcastle-on-Ty ne.
1895 MARSH, WM. E., ESQ., Rosendale, 35 Holligrave Road,
Bromley, Kent.
1897 MASSY, COL. W. J., 30 Brandenburgh Road, Chiswick, W.
1912 MATTINGLY, HAROLD, ESQ., M.A., British Museum, W.C.
1905 MAVROGORDATO, J., ESQ., 6 Palmeira Court, Hove, Sussex.
1901 McDowALL, REV. STEWART A., 5 Kingsgate Street, Win-
chester.
1905 McEwEN, HUGH DRUMMOND, ESQ., F.S.A.(Scoi), Custom
House, Leith, N.B.
10 LIST OF FELLOWS.
ELECTED
1868 MCLACHLAN, R. W., ESQ., 310 Lansdowne Avenue, West-
mount, Montreal, Canada.
1905 MESSENGER, LEOPOLD G. P., ESQ., 151 Brecknock Road,
Tufnell Park, N.
1905 MILLER, HENRY CLAY, ESQ., 35 Broad Street, New York,
U.S.A.
1897 MILNE, J. GRAFTON, ESQ., M.A., Bankside, Goldhill, Farn-
ham, Surrey, Foreign Secretary.
1910 MITCHELL LIBRARY, THE, Glasgow, F. T. Barrett, Esq.,
Librarian.
1898 *MONKTON, HORACE W., ESQ., F.L.S., F.G.S., 3 Harcourt
Buildings, Temple, E.G., and Whitecairn, Wellington
College Station, Berks.
1888 MONTAGUE, LiEUT.-CoL.L.A.D.,EsQ.,Penton,nearCrediton,
Devon.
1905 MOORE, WILLIAM HENRY, ESQ. (address not known).
1879 MORRIESON, LIEUT.-COL. H. WALTERS, R.A., F.S.A., 42 Beau-
fort Gardens, S.W.
1904 MOULD, RICHARD W., ESQ., Newington Public Library,
Walworth Road, S.E.
1900 *MYLNE, REV. ROBERT SCOTT, M.A., B.C.L., F.S.A., F.R.S.E.,
Great Amwell, Herts.
1909 NAGG, STEPHEN K., ESQ., 1621 Master Street, Philadelphia,
U.S.A.
1893 NAPIER, PROF. A. S., M.A., D.Litt., Ph.D., F.B.A., Headington
Hill, Oxford.
1905 NATHAN, SIDNEY, ESQ., M.D., 11 Bolton Gardens, S.W.
1910 NESMITH, THOMAS, ESQ., c/o J. Munro & Co., 7 Rue Scribe,
Paris.
1905 NEWALL, HUGH FRANK, ESQ., M.A., D.Sc,, F.R.S., Madingley
Rise, Cambridge.
1906 NEWBERRY LIBRARY, Chicago, U.S.A.
1915 NEWCASTLE, THE LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL SO-
CIETY OF, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
1905 *NEWELL, E. T., ESQ., Box 321, Madison Square, New York,
U.S.A.
1909 tNiKLEWicz, H., ESQ., 28 Park Place, Brooklyn, New York,
U.S.A.
1904 NORFOLK, DUKE OF, E.M., E.G., P.C., Arundel Castle,
Arundel.
1904 NORTHUMBERLAND, DUKE OF, E.G., P.C., LL.D., D.C.L.,
F.R.S., 2 Grosvenor Place, S.W.
LIST OF FELLOWS. 11
ELECTED
1898 OGDEN, W. SHARP, ESQ., F.S.A., Naseby, East End Road,
r men ley, .N.
1897 "O'HAGAN, HENRY OSBOENE, ESQ., A 14 The Albany,
Piccadilly, W.
1882 OMAN, PROF. C. W. C., M.A., LL.D., F.S.A., F.B.A All
Souls College, Oxford.
1911 OPPENHEIMER, HENRY, ESQ., 9 Kensington Palace
Gardens, W.
1903 PARSONS, H. ALEXANDER, ESQ., " Shaftesbury," Devonshire
Road, Honor Oak Park, S.E.
1882 *PECKOVER OP WISBECH, LORD, LL.D., F.S.A., F.L.S.
F.R.G.S., J.P., Bank House, Wisbech.
1896 PEERS, C. R., ESQ., M.A., F.S.A., 14 Lansdown Road,
Wimbledon.
1915 PERRINS, CHARLES WILLIAM DYSON, ESQ., J.P., F.S.A.,
F.R.A.S., F.Z.S., Davenham, Malvern.
1894 PERRY, HENRY, ESQ., Middleton, Plaistow Lane, Bromley,
Kent.
1862 *PERRY, MARTEN, ESQ., M.D., Spalding, Lincolnshire.
1909 PETERSON, F. W. VOYSEY, ESQ., B.C.S. (retd.), 28 Bassett
Road, W.
1888 PINCHES, JOHN HARVEY, ESQ., Whitehill Cottage, Meopham,
Kent.
1910 PORTER, PROFESSOR HARVEY, 39 Court Street, Westfield,
Mass., U.S.A.
1889 POWELL-COTTON, PERCY H. GORDON, ESQ., Quex Park,
Birchington, Thanet.
1915 POYSER, A. W., ESQ., M.A., Grammar School, Wisbech.
1903 PRICE, HARRY, ESQ., Arun Bank, Pulborough, Sussex.
1911 PRICHARD, A. H. COOPER-, British School, Palazzo
Odescalchi, Rome.
1906 RADFORD, A. J. VOOGHT, ESQ., F.S.A., Vacye, College Road,
Malvern.
1913 RAO, K. ANANTASAMI, Curator of the Government Museum,
Bangalore, India.
1890 RAPSON, PROF. E. J., M.A., M.R.A.S., 8 Mortimer Road,
Cambridge.
1905 RASHLEIGH, EVELYN W., Stoketon, Saltash, Cornwall.
1915 RASQUIN, M. GEORGES, Tanglewood, Bushey Park, Herts.
1909 RAYMOND, WAYTE, ESQ., South Norwalk, Connecticut,
U.S.A.
12 LIST OF FELLOWS.
ELECTED
1903 REGAN, W. H., ESQ., 124 Queen's Road, Bayswater, W.
1876 *ROBERTSON, J. DRUMMOND, ESQ., M.A., 17 St. George's
Court, Gloucester Road, S.W.
1911 ROBINSON, E. S. G., ESQ., B.A., British Museum, W.C.
1910 ROGERS, REV. EDGAR, M.A., 18 Colville Square, W.
1911 ROSENHEIM, MAURICE, ESQ., 18 Belsize Park Gardens, N.W.
1903 RUBEN, PAUL, ESQ., Ph.D., Alte Rabenstrasse, 8, Hamburg,
Germany.
1904 RUSTAFFJAELL, ROBERT BE, ESQ., The Union Trust Co.,
Fifth Avenue, Sixtieth Street, New York, U.S.A.
1872 *SALAS, MIGUEL T., ESQ., 247 Florida Street, Buenos Ayres.
1877 *SANDEMAN, LIEUT.-COL. JOHN GLAS, M.V.O., F.S.A., Whin-
Hurst, Hayling Island, Havant, Hants.
1907 *SELTMAN, CHARLES T., ESQ., Kinghoe, Berkharnsted, Herts.
1890 SELTMAN, E. J., ESQ., Kinghoe, Berkharnsted, Herts.
1900 SHACKLES, GEORGE L., ESQ., Wickersley, Brough, R.S.O.,
E. Yorks.
1908 SHEPHERD, EDWARD, ESQ., 2 Cornwall Road, Westbourne
Park, W.
1913 SHIRLEY-FOX, J. S., ESQ., R.B.A., 5 Rossetti Studios, Flood
Street, Chelsea, S.W.
1896 SIMPSON, C. E., ESQ. (address not known).
1893 *SiMS, R. F. MANLEY-, ESQ. (address not known).
1896 SlNHA, KUMVAR KUSHAL PAL, RAIS OF KOTLA, Kotla,
Agra, India.
1912 SMITH, G. HAMILTON, ESQ., Northside, Leigh Woods,
Bristol.
1892 SMITH, VINCENT A., ESQ., M.A., M.R.A.S., I.C.S. (retd.),
116 Banbury Road, Oxford.
1890 SMITH, W.BERESFORD, ESQ., Kenmore, Vanbrugh Park Road
West, Blackheath.
1905 SNELLING, EDWARD, ESQ., 26 Silver Street, B.C.
1909 SOUTZO, M. MICHEL, 8 Strada Romana, Bucharest.
1894 SPINK, SAMUEL M., ESQ., 17 Piccadilly, W.
1902 STAINER, CHARLES LEWIS, ESQ., 10 South Parks Road,
Oxford.
1878 STRACHAN-DAVIDSON, J. L., ESQ., M.A., LL.D., Master of
Balliol College, Oxford,
1869 *STREATFEILD, REV. GEORGE SYDNEY, Goddington Rectory,
Bicester, Oxfordshire.
LIST OF FELLOWS. 13
ELECTED
1914 *STREATFEILD, MRS. SYDNEY, 22 Park Street, Mayfair W
910 SUTCLIFFE, ROBERT, ESQ., 21 Market Street, Burnley Lanes
SYDENHAM, REV. EDWARD A., The Vicarage, Wolvercote',
1885 STMONDS, H., ESQ., F.S.A., Union Club, Trafalgar Square,
1896 TAFFS, H. W., ESQ., 35 GreenHolm Road, Eltham, S.E.
1879 TAL c B o 4 a ^ IE ^ T /- t ( ; OL - THE HON. MILO GEORGE, Hartham,
1888 TATTON,THOS. E., ESQ., Wythenshawe, Northenden, Cheshire
1892 *TAYLOB, R. WRIGHT, ESQ., M.A., LL.B, F.S.A., 8 Stone
Buildings, Lincoln's Inn, W.C.
1887 THAIRLWALL, F. J., ESQ., 12 Upper Park Road, Haverstock
1890 THOMAS-STANFORD, CHARLES, ESQ., M.P., M.A. F.SA
Preston Manor, Brighton.
1896 THOMPSON, SIR HERBERT, BART., 9 Kensington Park
Gardens, W.
1896 THORBURN, HENRY W., ESQ., Cradock Villa, Bishop
Auckland.
1903 THORPE, GODFREY F., ESQ., 21 Esplanade Mansions, Espla-
nade, Calcutta.
1894 TRIGGS, A. B., ESQ., Bank of New South Wales, Yass New
South Wales.
1887 TROTTER, LIEUT.-COL. SIR HENRY, K.C.M.G., C.B., 18 Eaton
Place, W.
1912 VAN BUREN, DR. A. W., American Academy, Porta San
Pancrazio, Rome.
1899 VLASTO, MICHEL P., ESQ., 12 Allee des Capucines, Marseilles,
France.
1892 VOST, LIEUT. -CoL. W., I.M.S., Muttra, United Provinces,
India.
1905 WACE, A. J. B., ESQ., M.A., Leslie Lodge, Hall Place,
St. Albans.
1883 WALKER, R. K, ESQ., M.A., J.P., Watergate, Meath Road,
Bray, Ireland.
1897 WALTERS, FRED. A., ESQ., F.S.A., 3 Adam Street, Adelphi,
W.C., and Temple Ewell, Dover, Hon. Secretary.
1911 WARRE, FELIX W., ESQ., 231 A St. James's Court, Buckingham
Gate, S.W.
14 LIST OP FELLOWS.
ELECTED
1901 *WATTERS, CHARLES A., ESQ., 152 Princes Road, Liverpool.
1901 WEBB, PERCY H., ESQ., 4 and 5 West Smithfield, B.C., Hon.
Treasurer.
1885 * WEBER, F. PARKES, ESQ., M.D., F.S.A., 13 Harley
Street, W.
1883 *WEBER, SIR HERMANN, M.D., 10 Grosvenor Street, Gros-
venor Square, W.
1884 WEBSTER, W. J., ESQ., 76 Melford Road, Thornton Heath.
1904 WEIGHT, WILLIAM CHARLES, ESQ., Erica, The Broadway,
Letchworth.
1905 WEIGHTMAN, FLEET-SURGEON A. E., F.S.A., Junior United
Service Club, Charles Street, St. James's, S.W.
1899 WELCH, FRANCIS BERTRAM, ESQ., M.A., Wadham House,
Arthog Road, Hale, Cheshire.
1915 WHITEHEAD, R. B., ESQ., I.C.S., M.R.A.S., Amballa, Panjab,
India.
1869 * WIGRAM, MRS. LEWIS, The Rookery, Frensham, Surrey.
1914 WILLIAMS, R. JAMES, ESQ., Ascalon, 37 Hill Avenue,
Worcester.
1908 WILLIAMS, T. HENRY, ESQ., 85 Clarendon Road, Putney,
S.W.
1910 WILLIAMS, W. I., ESQ., Beech Villa, Nelson, Cardiff.
1881 WILLIAMSON, GEO. C., ESQ., F.R.S.L., Burgh House, Well
Walk, Hampstead, N.W.
1906 WILLIAMSON, CAPT. W. H. (address not known).
1904 WINTER, CHARLES, ESQ., Oldfield, Thetford Road, New
Maiden, Surrey.
1906 WOOD, HOWLAND, ESQ., Curator of the American Numis-
matic Society, 156th Street, W. of Broadway, New York,
U.S.A.
1903 WRIGHT, THE HON'BLE MR. H. NELSON, I.C.S., M.R.A.S.,
Bareilly, United Provinces, India.
1889 YEATES, F. WILLSON, ESQ., 7 Leinster Gardens, Hyde
Park, W.
1880 YOUNG, ARTHUR W., ESQ., 12 Hyde Park Terrace, W.
1898 YOUNG, JAMES SHELTON, ESQ., 19 Addison Gardens, W.
1900 ZIMMERMANN, REV. JEREMIAH, M.A., D.D., LL.D., 107 South
Avenue, Syracuse, New York, U.S.A.
15
HONORARY FELLOWS
1898 His MAJESTY VICTOR EMMANUEL III, KING OP ITALY,
Palazzo Quirinale, Rome.
1891 BABELON, M. ERNEST, Membre de 1'Institut, Bibliotheque
Nationals, Paris.
1903 BAHRFELDT, GENERAL-MAJORM. VON, 9 Humboldtstr., Hiides-
heim, Germany.
1898 BLANCHET, M. J. ADRIEN, 10 Bd. ^mile Augier, Paris.
1898 DRESSEL, DR. H., Miinzkabinett, Kaiser Friedrich Museum,
Berlin.
1899 GABRICI, PROF. DR. ETTORE, S. Giuseppe dei Nudi 75, Naples.
1893 GNECCHI, COMM. FRANCESCO, Via Filodrammatici 10, Milan.
1873 IMHOOP-BLUMER, DR. F., Winterthur, Switzerland.
1893 JONGHE, M. LE VICOMTE B. DE, Rue du Trone, 60, Brussels.
1878 KENNER, DR. F. VON, K. u. K. Museen, Vienna.
1904 KUBITSCHEK, PROP. J. W., Pichlergasse, 1, Vienna.
1893 LOEBBECKE, HERR A., Cellerstrasse, 1, Brunswick.
1904 MAURICE, M. JULES, 10 Rue Crevaux, Paris.
1899 PICK, DR. BEHRENDT, Miinzkabinett, Gotha.
1895 REINACH, M. THEODORE, 9 Rue Hamelin, Paris.
1891 SVORONOS, M. J. N., Conservateur du Cabinet des Medaille?,
Athens.
16
MEDALLISTS
OF THE ROYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY
ELECTED
1883 CHARLES ROACH SMITH, ESQ., F.S.A.
1884 AQUILA SMITH, ESQ., M.D., M.R.I.A.
1885 EDWARD THOMAS, ESQ., F.R.S.
1886 MAJOR-GENERAL ALEXANDER CUNNINGHAM, C.S.L, C.I.E.
1887 JOHN EVANS, ESQ., D.C.L., LLJX, F.R.S., P.S.A.
1888 DR. F. IMHOOF-BLUMER, Winterthur.
1889 PROFESSOR PERCY GARDNER, Litt.D., F.S.A.
1890 MONSIEUR J. P. Six, Amsterdam.
1891 DR. r !. LUDWIG MILLER, Copenhagen.
1, 92 PROFESSOR R. STUART POOLE, LL.D.
1893 MONSIEUR W. H. WADDINGTON, Senateur, Me* ; ^re de
I'lnstitut, Paris.
1894 CHARLES FRANCIS KEARY, ESQ., M.A., F.S.A.
1895 PROFESSOR DR. THEODOR MOMMSEN, Berlin.
1896 FREDERIC V. MADDEN, ESQ., M.R.A.S.
1897 DR. ALFRED VON SALLET, Berlin.
1898 THE REV. CANON W. GREENWELL, M.A., F.R.S., FS.A.
1899 MONSIEUR ERNEST BABELON, Membre de 1'Inst t, Con-
servateur des Medailles, Paris.
1900 PROFESSOR STANLEY LANE-P >OLE, M.A., Litt.D.
1901 S. E. BARON WLADIMIR VON TIESENHAUSEN, St. Petersburg.
1902 ARTHUR J. EVANS, ESQ., M.A., F.R.S., F.S.A.
1903 MONSIEUR GUSTAVE SCHLUMFERGER, Membre de 1 mtitut,
Paris.
1904 His MAJESTY VICTOR EMMANUEL III, KING OF ITA .
1905 SIR HERMANN WEBER, M.D.
1906 COMM. FRANCESCO GNECCHI, Milan.
1907 BARCLAY VINCENT HEAD ESQ., D.Litt., D.C.L., Ph.D., Corr.
de 1'Inst.
1908 PROFESSOR DR. HEINRICH DRESSEL, Berlin.
1909 H. A. GRUEBER, ESQ., F.S.A.
110 I R. FRIEDRICH EDLER VON KENNER, Vienna.
1 I C ,IVER CODRINGTON, ESQ., M.D., M.R.A.S., F.S.A.
1 ( 2 GENERAL-LEUTNANT MAX LAHRFELDT, Dr.Phi? B"'
heim.
1913 GEORGE MACDONALD, ESQ., M.A., LL.D.
1914 JEAN N. SVORONOS, Athens.
1915 GEORGE FRANCIS HILL, ESQ., M.A.
3EPT. MAR 1 1958
CJ
i
N6
ser.4
v.15
The Numismatic chronicle
and journal of the Royal
Numismatic Society
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