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Full text of "Di geshikhแนญe fun der liแนญeraแนญur bay Yidn"

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ืฆืฆืช, ืขืžืคืž1ื ื–} ืขืค1ืืชืž1ื ืฆ 8 1611 6ืืขืž2ืช21ืข9ืค ืืขืฆืข1ืค 


4 +ืก ื 


ื˜ืข ืื˜ืช ื˜ืž1ื 8ื81ืคืื˜ื’) 121 
ืืขื•1ืฆ ืฅืื˜ ืื˜ 41 1,118 


ื™ืข 
4 ื˜ 


151861 /,10060 


{ื•ื˜ 0851016ื˜ืŸ 11846 1008 016ืกื˜ 1/118 {ืก ืฐืก0011ื–086ื–ื˜ 1ื—ื•ืกื—ื–ืื•ื•ื•ื–ืกืช 
8011006 1161 2 0ื–ืื–ื–ืกื 
{ืก ื™ื– 101671 14 


4 161116 65 1/0011ืค 


ืžืฆื˜ื“ื ืžืขื–ื–ื– ื’ื ืคื–ืคืคื ืฆ ืขืก ื0ืก1ื–ื“ืฉืกืข 6011 ืž/8ืช660 ืžื’ื–ื–1 ืชืกืข ืกืื ืคืื˜ืข 
ืžืช84ืžื– ื–ืืฆืกื˜ืข 1ื/ ื˜ืก 4 ืฆื˜ื ื“ืชื,ืข ืื– /0595181? ืžืžืชื–ื ืคื,ื˜ืขืฅ 
ืืกื–ื ื–ืืžืื˜ืก?ืข ืืช8214968440 .ื /2,,/ืž3/)2 ืกืื’, ืžื–ื˜ืืขื 


2 


ื ื ืืช:) 8008 ื‘ืคื•ืกืืก1ืฆ 41 8,110 ,ื•ื• 


9 211ืข9 ,81,455 , 1451 11 1 4, 




















ืื˜ ื“ืืขืก ืฆืกืกื ืชืžืคื ืกื˜ืคื ืฆ 41 ื10ื“ืข, ื 
ืคื“ื“ืขืคื˜4-4 ,59 1ื , 1ื“ืค ืขื˜ 1ื“ ื“ืข 


60 881124ืž19110ืคืกื ืฆ | 250-4900 413 


)ืชืข0ืก. ืžืข ื•ื™ืืข6ืืฆ0ืก80ืžื’ืค1ื ืกืž1ืฆ. ืฆื™ืขืœืขืฅ 


ืขืชื“ ืชืกืข ืกืคืื–ืกืคืชืืฉ? ืขืก ืŸื,ื–ื 
ืฆืชืข4ื ืชืž1ืŸ1 ืชืค1ื•ืžืžื ืฆ }ื’,;11ื˜ืกื•1ื ืกืชืข8 ืŸืขืค ืืง ืฆ4ืข1ืค 


;ืฆื ืคืขืคื•ื ืฆืกืขืข ,ืœืข 


4 1 01960ื˜) .ื 1006 1 

1 1ื–ื˜06ืฅื˜) 106 67 4716/ 
/ื“111ื–ื–ื1 11811ื˜711ื‘) ื–ื–ื•ืกื ื•ื–ืฉ6ืค 1116 
101111601101 1 ื–111/50//10 .ื ื—ื–ื—ื˜ื–ืกื ื”ื•ื— 100016 
8160 208 
06 +ื–6ื˜10 
1ืก1011110011 16/3008 151911160118 
0561 .ื›ืŸ /161 

1010111115/6 800 614 5001 
101111601101 679ื˜0111/'ืฉ 160116116 8114 /ืจื–ื–ื”ื‘ืŸ 
2 ืขืก ืคืžืชืื˜ื–ืืฅ ืกื ืคึผืžืชืขืžื–ืืชื–ื ื–ื 
ื–6116) 000 310615/1 8 1101 


{ืกืกืชืฅืค 1201010021 8 68000/4.18ืงืŸ 201060 ืขืก ,6ื˜ื—ื˜ 6ืฐ00/66 ืกืช 1 
ื–ืกื–1 002068 ืชืกืชืง010ืก ืขื˜ืก ืข10 ืชืกื—ื”ื–1ืงืคืช1 ืกืช 1 . ืฉ016811014 100150 04 
.151261 ,0ื–16:05216 }0 1ืช11202 600161/' 2084 0ืก1ืกืช 406 ืฉื˜ 4692 8 


1285 /?ื–ืกืงืŸืกืขื ืง 4611606021ืช1 ืกืช8 +12ืขืฅืขืงืกืก 106 16506048 /6016-) 8008 ืช310015 21ืช14210 ืกืช 1 
ืชื–ื’ืžื ืกืก ืกืกื˜ืง ืกื—} ืช1 /6ื—614 18 4106 415 ,1606ื˜ืฉืกืชื ืขื˜ืก 04 0684 106 10 .ืคืืกืกื˜ ;ื˜ืก ืชื– 
-1460414160 06 ื’ืก ื–106ืก0 124ืขืฅืขืงืกืก +ืชืกืขื–ื˜ืก ืกืช ื—ืก1ืชื˜ืฆ 104 ืืขืกื˜ืฅ ืชื’ืืงื–ืก ืชื’ 15 +1 ืขืก 
-- 0068 ืกืชื˜ื– ืฉืฉืกื—ื ื˜ืกืฅ 14 ืขืก - ืฆืขืกื˜ืฆ 4018 0 +18ืฆืฅืงืกืก 6ืข2061 ืชื’ 0(ืกืช ื˜ืกืฅ 1 
.18061ื˜0ืฅ8ืข01981121110 21 11ื’ืชื–ืก ืฆื˜ ืขืก ,153ื 413-256-4900 24 ืกืชืกืชืง ืขื˜ 5ื˜ 024204ืก 16256ืงืŸ 


ื“"ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฆื™ื ื‘ึผืขืจื’ 


ืจื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 


ืคืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื‘ึทึผืึทื ืฑ 


8 


ืคืึทืจืœืึทื’ ืžืฉื” ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืฉืฐืœืึทืจืกืงื™, 
ื ึดื™ื• ื™ืึทืจืง, ื’. ื™.. 1943 





ืฉื 8 8 ืืŸ21 } ื–ืก 


ืกื”ื—ื– ื–ืก ืฆืžืกื–ืคื•ื” ืคืžื”ื– 
ืชืžืžื˜ื–ืืžืคื–ื“ื•} ื”ืคึฟื•ืฉื˜ืŸ 


6 !01, 2106 6 .ื–ื 
7'ืช16 {906 ื–ื˜!24ื–1,116 66 ืžื˜} 


ืžืื˜ืกืŸ{ืกืฆ {ื“ืื˜ืกืฅ 


6.,ื˜ ืืŸ ืกืคื“ื|ื? 


ืฆืืคื—,/ 561 .5 0885 8 ื•ืžื = 


4 66 ,. ื–ืค ื˜ืกืžืื•ืกื•ื 10 
7 .ื ,2 ืื—ืกืฅ ืฉืฉืžื 
3 














4 /2 2 ื”; 2 


ื™ื˜ ื™ืœ ; 
: , 
: 7 ? 





ืขืก 











6 : 


28 2 
22 


ืชืจื•ืœ ื”ืขื™ืš ื˜ืค ืจืขืช - ืขืœ ืขื• ื™ื ื™ืก ืื•ื›ืก ื˜ื™ืฉื™ืคึฟื˜!. 








ืชืกื™ื˜ืŸ = ื“ื™ืžื• ื˜ื™ืจ. - ื›ึดื™ ื‘ืช ื˜ื›ื™ืจ ื›ืขื˜ ืฉื™ื˜ 
ืืจ 20ืจ ืืจื™ ื˜ืค . ืกื˜ืขืœืฃ ืงืŸ ื—ืœ ื›ึทืคึนื˜, ืกืคื™ืกึฐืŸ?, + 





, 


(- = ืฉืขืžื• 2ืชื˜ืŸ 2ืชื•ื ืชื›ืึทืœืจืŸ ื™ื”ื™ - 2 
= == ื™ื™ื• ึธืช ื’ืข ื ืชืกืก = 2 











42 
4 





2 0 24 7. 









ืกื•ื›ืกื™ ื™ืคืก ื™ื™ื˜ ื˜ื™ ืืœ : 
ื™ืื” ืจื•ืก ืฉื™ืก ืกืคื™ืชืจืœืชื˜ |ื• 


7 2 ื™ืข 


ื™ืงืžื™ืจื™ืชืก ืกืขื ืชึทืขื•ืคึฟื™ื˜? ืžื ื•ื˜ | 


ืจ 1 00 
22 4 
2 ,, 6 , 
0 2 





5 ื–ื™ื 


ืื‘ื 
8 


2 


: 5 ืžื•ื™ืžื•ืœืช ื‘ึฟื™ืข ื•ืžื™ืก ืกื˜ื™ื™ืจ ืืŸ 
ื•ื˜ ืชืชืœ ืฉื•ื›ืช ื•ืขืจื“ื–ื™ืช ื•ืœ ืื”ืœ 5 
ืคื•ืœื•ืž ืกืœ ืžืฉื•ืœื›ื•ื˜ ืžืชื‘ื•ื ืค : ืžื•ืžืชื• ืฉืžื•ืจ, โ€ 


2/ 0: 


ื™ืค ืจ ื™ืก ืคืจื‘ื™ืกื ื” ื‘ืœื” ื•ื ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืก - 
ืคื•ืกื™ืŸ ื—ืœ ื™ื™ืฉืžื™ืœ, ื‘ืชืจืš ื•ื‘ืฉ ืืก 8 


26 
, 
, 


: ืœืฉ ืœื•ืฉ 2 ื–ื™ืจ ?, ืชื• "ื•ื’ื• ืคืื˜ ื 


ื 
ื 
ื 


ื ื 





ืื™ 
= 















ืขื™ 


4 


?2 (, /2 
{ ,2 620 27 7 2 2644 6.9 6 : 
2 38,274 2 5 2 ื‚' 22 ืฆ 4 , = 
ื 7 4 ื• 
7 ืงื” ื“ืขื• ื‚ ื™ืข 8 ื•ื™ ืžื™ืฒืœืขืจืก . 
= : 7 ?ื™.ื™ .ื’ื™ , ื 7 2 +: ; 
ื™ , 0 { 18 7 2 : ืœ 1 : 7 67 285 * /' 6 ,; , 60,* 4 
;' , 2047 ืืง 2.4 : / 2 : ื™ื™ ,: : : 14 
ื , : 2 ืขืœ 2, / 05 : : 71 /9449/22ื™ 7 23 
: 4 5228 : 6 2, , 
+ื•, 2 9 4 2 ื™ืข : : 2 3 , , 
4 : :0 5 : : 
: 





+ 4 


ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื–ืฒึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื˜ื•ืื ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ,ื ื•ืคืช ืฆื™ืคื™ื" (ืคืึทืจ 1480) 


ื•ืข ื–ื™ื™ืก ื”ื˜ 
















ื’ื™ ื™ื ืขื“ื™ ;ื•ื˜ * ื™ื“ ื™ื™ 
ื˜ื’ = ืืข ืขืจ : 
ื’ืœ ืขื™ ื™ืจืš ื•ืข 






2 4 
ืฉืขืง ื™ื™ 7 ื™ื™ ื™ื™ ? ืœืข ื“ื™ 
3 ื™ืฅ 


7 
2354 ื™, 5 1 ื™ืฉ ื 
/ ืืœ ื›ื™ื ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืช2 
: ืจ ื™ื™ 2 
ื™ื™ืจ 7 ืงืŸ ืคืŸ : 
ื’ืก ืื•ืข:2ืŸ ืงื™ 
6 ื ืงื™ื  ืคื™ืœ 


















ื™ืขื’ ื™ื ืข ื™ื‘ 
ื”ืœื˜ ืจืงื™ ื™ืฉื™ (?ืกื ื’. : 
2 ื˜ื -ื ื™ื ื˜ 24 2 
"ื™ื™ .ื•ืง 0163 ื™ื™ ืกื•ืช 1 . 
5 ื™ื–ื•ืš ื™ื˜ ืขื” 
ื™, ื ืื™ 













1: 5 :5 ืื˜ : 


= = 7 ื ื™ื˜ = ื 


ืึท ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœ ืื•ื™ืก ืืœื™ื”ื• ืœืขืฐื™ื˜ืึธืก ืืฒื’ื ื”ืขื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืžืฆื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ 


ื–ืข ื–ื•ื•ื‘ืŸ 62 


ืคื™ื ืคื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ 


ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ื“ื ื˜ื•ื 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื ืขืกืึทื ืก.ืชึผืงื•ืคื” 





. ืจ ืงืก ึฐื”ึนืจึธื— ึทึดึท ื : 


ื™ื˜ 


ื™ื™ 


: ืื˜ ึธืœ ืฉ ืื”ืช ึด ืฉืฉ ; 
ืคึธ โ€ 


ื‘ื™ 







2 
4 


. 42 //// 27 222 2 
(45 ืฉืขืจ 27 + ื™ื 2 : 
2 206 
2 
, - 6 2 
2 2 
ืฉื™ 


ื ืื™ ืžืช ืืฉึธืื™ึผ ื 7 ื™ื• 
4 *. 7 ืœึทืกึฐืจึธืืชึดื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ืชืืจื™ ื™ืืž +" 
ืคื  ืฆึฐืชึนืึฒืจึนืฃ ื‘ื•ื’ึธืœึดื™ื ืึถืช ืžึทืึธืจื‘ื˜ื•ืืœ - 
ื™ืŸ ืืจื™ืช ื™ื˜ ึฐืฉืื•ืŸ ื—ึทืกึฐืจึฐืฉืื•ึผื‘ึฐืžึทื™ึนืื•ึผื’ืœ. + -; 
ืฆึถืช. ืื ื”ื”ื ื•ึฐืชื•ืจื™ ื ืœื | ืึถื‘ื˜ืฉึธืืจืจ - 
- ืจืชืื” ืื•ืชื™. ื™ืชื™ื™ื” ื•ืึธื‘ื˜ . 
| ืœื ื™ื˜ ืœื ื™ื‘ึดื™ืŸ ืžื•ื– ืฉื™ื‘ืฃ {; 
ืฉึดืืžึฐืžื”. ืึธื  ืฉึธืืœื•ึนื™ื ืœึถืจ ื”ื—ื”ื™ืจ} - 5 

ืžืืจื˜ 0 ื 2 
ื•ึถืฉืืœืื‘ื˜ ืจ ืžืื™ืŸ ื—ึดื‘ืจืชึฐื ื™ ืžึดื™ ื—ื•ืจ ื™ื˜ 
' ืื‘ื™ ืจืืฉึถืืจ ึดึน ื‘ึฐืœึธืฉืื•ึนืฅ ืขึดื‘ึฐืจึตื™ื™ ืึทืชึทึผืจื™ื– ? 
ืขื• ืฉืฉ ื– 88 ื’ืก ืึทืžืจื— ื™ื—ื” ?) 
ื•ื’ื“ืขืคื’ื™ื™ ืžื™ื™ื} - - ื™ื‘ 
ืึทื™ื ึธื™ ื”ื—ืชืจื™ ืจืื™ ืžืฉืžืจ ืžึทื™ื•ึนืชึดื™ ืœื™', 


ืืœ 
2 
8 5 










ื’ 





ืึท ื–ืฒึทื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึธืœืขืžื™ืฉืŸ ืฐืขืจืง ,ื”ื•ื™ื›ึผื•ื— ื”ืฉื ื™ื" 


ื•ืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืค7 


ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคืจืฒื ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจ == 
ืคื™ืŸ ืคืจื•ึนื™ - ืึท ื˜ืชื ื”, 


ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ 


ื“ื™ ืจืขื ืขืกืึทื ืกื™ืชืงื•ืคื” ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื™ื‘ึผื•ืฅ, -- ื“ืึธืืก ืื™ืžืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข "ื“ื ื˜ื™ืก 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืืฒื™ื ื’ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืžื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, -- ื“ื™ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืจืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื ื—ื ืจ= 
ืงืึทื ืึทื˜ื™/ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืขืœื˜ื™ื’ืึทื ืขืก, -- ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืคืขื”ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืžืึทื ื™ื•ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื 
ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืงื™ื‘ึผื•ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข, ืžืฉื” ืจื™ืขื˜ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ืคึผืึธืขืžืข ,ืžืงื“ืฉ ืžืขื", 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื˜ื™ื” ืฆื• ื›ื‘ึผืœื”. -- ื“ื™ ืคืœืึธื–ืึธืกื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื’ืขืกืึทื ืกื™ืชืงื•ืคื” ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืคึผืœื˜ื•ื ืก ืฐืขืœืžื™ืึธื ืฉืฐื•ื ื’. -- ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืึทื‘ึผืจื‘ึผื ืืœ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืŸ 
ืžืจืึทื’ื™ืฉ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืึทื‘ึผืจื‘ึผื ืืœื˜ ืคึผืึธืขืžืข ,6ื–0ื”ื•ื’ |4 ื•ืžืงึทืกื•ื’ึผื•ื . -- ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ืึทืœืก 
ื™ืกื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœืžืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื”ืึทืจืžืึธื ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืกืคืขืจืŸ", -- ืฆื—ื™ื™ ืึธืจืกืŸ 
ืœื™ื‘ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึทืฉืขืคืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืึทืคื•ื ื’ ื“ืขืจ 
{ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืœื•ื™ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข", -- ืฉื™ื ืงืฒื ืึทืœื ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข, -- ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ. 
ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื ืืœืก ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื ื“ื•ื ื ืกื™ืจื™ื ื’ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ 
ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขืจ, 


ื•ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืง ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืึทืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึธืœืง -- ื“ืขื 
ื’ืขื“ื•ื ื“ื ื™ืง! ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืขื ื™ืึธืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื•ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฉื•ืคืœื™ื™ื˜, ืคืึทืจื–ืึธืจื’ื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื ืฆื™ืงืกื˜ืข ื›ึผืœื™ื™ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ืฐืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจืื‘ื™ืฉื™ื™ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืขืจืคื™ื " 
ื“ื•ื ื’ืก-ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืึทืคืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืึท ื ื™ื™ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืฆื•, ืึทื ื˜ื“ืขืงืŸ, -- ืื™ื– ื—ืจื•ื‘ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืกื˜ืขืจ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ -- ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืข. ืคืึทืจ ืžืขืจื‘-ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืข --- ื“ืึธืก ื‘ึผืึทื ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืชืงื•ืคื”, ืคืืจืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืงื™ื‘ึผื•ืฅ -- ื“ืขืจ ืึถื ื–ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ื‘ึผื™ืŸ'ื”ืฉืžืฉื•ืช, 
ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœืขืจ ื™ืจื™ื“ื”. ื“ื™ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขื ืขืกื˜ื ืก ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืœืขื‘ื•ื ื’ ืคืึทืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืขื™ึทืฉื™ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืึทืœืก ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืงื™ืขื—, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืฆืึทื ืงืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข 
ืฉื˜ืจืึทืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ, ื ืึธืจ ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ืœืขืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก, ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืึธื ืคืึทืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœืขืจ ืึถืคึผื ืขืฒ 
'ืฉืžืึทื’ืขื ืงื™ื™ื. ื‘ึผืขืช ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืข, ืคืึทื ื’ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืฃ 
ืคืจื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึฟืึธืจืฉืขืจ-ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื‘ึผืึทืคึผืจืฒื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืœืืœื˜, ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืจืกื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง, ื’ืขื™ืึธื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืžื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื ืื”, ืคืึทืจืฉืคืืจื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืœืข ื’ืึธืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืœืึทื ื“ื–ืฉืขื˜ ืึทืœืฅ ืžืฆืฑ 
|' 


8 ื“"ืจ โ€ ืฆื™ื ื‘ึผืขืจื’ 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื ืขืคึผืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื ื’ืขืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืงืข 
ื’ืขืจ ืกื›ืึธืœืึทืกื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืคึผื™ืœืคึผื•ืœ, 


ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ืขืŸ ื”ื™ืž? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ึผืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข, ืื•ื’" 
ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ืจืึทืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื ืขืกืึทื ืกื™ืชึผืงื•ืคื”, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืจืš 
ืงืœื™ื™ื ืฆืึธืœื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื™ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื ืฆื™ื™ื˜-ืœืึทื ื’ ื’ืขืฐืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•- 
ืจืขืœืขืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื•ื ืขื 17ื˜ืŸ 
ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื˜ืจื™ื™ ื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืคื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ. ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ืื™ื– ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคื•ื ืงืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื”ืขืœ 
ืื•ื™ืคืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืงื•ืจืฆืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœืข ื“ึดื™ ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืœืข ื ืึทื›ื˜-ืฉืึธื˜ื ืก ืฆื• 
ืคืึทืจื™ืึธื’ืŸ. 


ื“ืขืจ ืขืงืฉื ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื“ืขืขืŸ-ืงืึทืžืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธืกื ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืœืึทื ื’ 
ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืฐืึทื ืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผืงืœืึทื ื’ 
ื’ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืงื™ื‘ึผื•ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืืœื™ืข. ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคื™ืจ- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืจืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœื™ื–ื ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืขืงื‘ ืึทื ืึทื˜ืึธืœื™ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื ืึธื›ืคึผืึธืœื’ืขืจ ื”ืึธื 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื ืกื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ึผืึธื“ืŸ. ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืื™ื˜ืึทืœ- 
ื™ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืคื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืข ื”ืฉืคึผื” ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ื‘ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืกื•ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื’ืขื ื“-ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื ืขื–ืขืŸ 1 ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืขื“ ืคื•ื ื ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืŸ 
ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื”ืœืœ ืื•ื™ืก ืฐืขืจืึธื ืข, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืฉื•ื ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืžืกื›ึผื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข ืžืึธืก ืคืึทืจ 
ืฉืึทืฆืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ื’ืœื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื—ืงื™ืจื”. 
ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ื™ื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืข ืื™ื“ืขืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื‘ืจื•ืช. ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื " 
ื–ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืจืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœื™ื–ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง ื‘ึผืึทืคืจื™ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื” ืคื•ื ื ื‘ึผืขืœ 
,ืชึผื ืžื•ืœื™ ื”ื ืคืฉ''; ืฆื• ืœื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธึถืขื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืžืกื•ืจื— 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืจืขืœื™ื ื™ืขื–ื“ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืึทื˜ืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื“ืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืขื’ื ืขืจ, 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืขืจ ื–ืจื—ื™ื” ื—ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜, ืืžืช, ื’ืขื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื, 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืจืึทื“ื™ืงืึทืœ-ืคืจืฒืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึธื˜ ื ืกืš ืึถื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจ; ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืื•ื™ื‘ื ืื•ื™ืคื™ืงืขืจ, ืึธืŸ ืึท ืคืขืกื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผืึธื“ืŸ, 
ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืจื—ื™ื”ืก ืœืขืจืข ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื ื™ื™ืข ื–ืึทืš, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ืจื•ืฉื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜, 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ื–ืจื—ื™ื” ื—ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืกืึทืจืงืึทืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืฉืžื™ื™ื›? ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืขื’ื ืขืจ ื—ืœ? ืื•ื™ืก ืฐืขืจืึธื ืข: , ืœืึธื– ืฆื• ืจื• ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืข, 
ืจื• ืงืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืขืกืขืจ ืื•ื ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืžืกื•ืจื”; ืœื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ืขื , ืกืคืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจื”", 


1 ื“ืจื™ืžืขืจ ืžื™ื™ืœ, ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ ืคื™ืจ. 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืฉืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึธืคื•ืจ ื’ื™ ื™ื“ืŸ 9 


ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื , ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืงื•ืžื”" ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ,ืกืคืจ ื—ืจื–ื™ื"!. ืื•ืŸ 
ืื– ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืกืคืจื™ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื‘ 
ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืื™ื˜ืืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ื–ืึธื ื˜ ืขื“ื•ืช ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ืงืœื ื™ืžื•ื ื‘ืจ 
ืงืœื•ื ื™ืžื•ืก, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื™ืง ื™ืึถืจ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื ืึธืฃ 
ื–ืจื—ื™ื” ืฉืึทืœืชึผื™ืืœ ื—ืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,ืื‘ืŸ ื‘ึผื•ื—ืŸ', ืึทื–ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฆื• ืคึฟืึทืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืึทื‘ึดึผื™ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื‘ึผืงื™ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉื— ื‘ึผืจืืฉื™ืช ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืึทื—ืึทืฐื•ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑื ืข ืกืคืจื™ื ื•ื™ , ืฉืขื•ืจ 
ืงื•ืžื”" ืื•ืŸ , ืกืคืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจื”" *. ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืึทื–ืึท ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ืึธื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืžื•ื ื™, ืฐื™ ืงืœื•ื ื™ืžื•ืกืขืก ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“, ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ืจื•ืžื™, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืคื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื ืขื ืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืงื‘ึผืœื”-ืกืคืจื™ื, ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืœื™ื™ืกื™ืง ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจื˜. ื“ืขื ,,ืกืคึผืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจื”'' ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ,,ืกืค- 
ื”ื‘ึผื”ื™ืจ", ืื•ึนืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืคื™ืœืŸ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื ืกืžืขืฆื™ืขืœ ื•ื•ืขืจืง 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉื™ืกื™ืžื‘ืึธืœื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ื ื ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืŸ ืึฒืœืฃ-ื›ื™ืช * ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื ื•ืคื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื ืชื’ืœื” ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผื˜ื ื™ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœึถืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืืงืข 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืคืจืฉ ืื•ึนืŸ ื‘ืึทื’ืฒืกื˜ืขืจื˜ืŸ ืึธื - 
ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจ -- ืขืžื ื•ืืœืก ืึท ื‘ื–"ื“ื•ืจ, ืžื ื—ื ืจื™ืงืึทื ืึทื˜ื™, 

ืึท ืคื•ื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืจื™ืงื˜ื ืึทื˜ื™ ื›ึผืœ ื™ืžื™ื• ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื˜ื–ืขืœื›ืข ืงื‘ึผืœื”-ืกืคืจื™ื ื•ื™ , ืกืคืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจื”", , ื—ื‘ื—ื™ืจ", ,,ื—ื™ื›ืœื•ืช'' ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžืช; 
ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืกื˜ืข ืคืึทืจืžืึทืกืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืงื•ื‘? 
ื–ืขื–ืจื™ืืœ ื ืึธืจ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœื™ืฅ ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ื™ ืื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ืกืคืจ ื—ื–ื•ื”ืจ 
ื”ืžื•ืคืœื". ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืชึผื•ืจื” (ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืขืœ 
ื“ืจืš ื”ืืžืช) ? ื’ื™ื˜ ืจืึทืงืึทื ืึทื˜ื™ ื ืึทื ืฅ ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜-ืื™ื“ืขืขืŸ ืคื•ื ื 


{ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฐืขืจืง, ื‘ืึทื ื“ |, 265, 


5 ืืื‘ืŸ ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ", ืขื' 141 ืคื™ืชืŸ ืขืจื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื“ ื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืขื•ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฆึถืจ / 
ืฆืจืืฉื™ืช, ืกึฐืคึทืจ ืฉืขื•ืจ ืงื•ืžื” ื•ืกืžืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื ืงืœ ืืฆืœืŸ ื›ืืคืจ ื‘ืŸ ืกื™ืจื" (ืžื™ืจ ืฆื™ืžื™ืจืŸ ืœื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืืฑืกื’ืึทื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ 1865), 


5 ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขืจืง ื’ื•ืคื ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื ืคึฟืึทืจืœืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขื ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ, ื‘ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื ืึทืœื ืคืึธืจืจืขื“ืข ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื“ืึธืงืŸ ื—ื™ื‘ึผื•ืจ, ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืœืžื ื•ืืœ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื ืข 
ืžึทื—ื›ึผืจื•ืช" (ืžืึทืงืึทืžืข |ื), 

5 ืจื™ืงืึทื ืึทื˜ื™ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืึธืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืฐืขืจื›; ืขื•ืืžืจ ื”' ืขื–ืจื™ืืœ ื–"ืœ, ื•ึนืืžืจ 
ื”ื—ื›ื ื”' ืขื•ืจื™ืืœ"ืค 

5 ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขืจืง ืื™ื• ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืคึผืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื, ืขืก ืคืขืœื ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆืžืขืจ ืคึผืจืฉื”, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉืžืขืจ ืึทื”ืฑืกื’ืขื‘ึผืขืจ ืžืึทื›ืฉ ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืช ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข 
ื‘ึผืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’: ,ืข"2 ืžืฆืื ื• ืžื•ื” ื”ืคืžืจ, ื•ืฉืžืขื ื• ืฉื”ืจื‘ ื•"ืœ ื ืชื‘ืงืฉ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื” 
ื‘ื•ื“ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื• ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ืœื ื”ืฉืœื™ื ืœืคืจืฉ ืขื•ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื”". ืึทื ื‘ ืื™ ื“ืึธื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฐืขืจืง 
ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืงื‘ึผืœื”ื™ืกืคืจ, ืฐืฉึธืก ืก'ืื™ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืง ื˜ืชื—ืช ืžื›ื‘ืฉ ื”ืจืคื•ื˜, 





10 ื“"ืจ ื™. ืฆื™ื  ื‘ืข ืจื’ 


ืื–ื•ื”ืจ", ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ื ื ,ื–ื•ื”ืจ" ื’ื˜ืฐืขืœื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืจื™ืงืึทื ืึทื˜ื™ืก: 
ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืง , ื˜ืขืžื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช". ,ืึทืœืฅ ืฐืึธืก ืขืงืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื“ืึธ. ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ืœื. 
ื”ืชึผื”ืชื•ืŸ --- ืœืขืจื ื˜ ืจื™ืงืึทื ืึทื˜ื™ --- ืื™ื– ืขื ื’ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื‘ึผืขืจืฉื˜ืข 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึทื“ืึทื ืง ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜, 
ื‘ึผืึทื ืจื™ื™ืคืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขื ืกื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคืึธืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขื•ืœื 
ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ,.. ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ -- 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผื‘ึผื™ืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืึทืจืข ืฆืขืŸ ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช; ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ื ื. 
ืขืจืจื™ืฉืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืœื˜, ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืึธืคึผืœื‘ึผื™ืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืขืŸ ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ. ืึทืœืข ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืคึผืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึทืœืก ืฉื˜ืึทืคึผืœืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก ื›ึผื•ืœื• ื˜ื•ื‘, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืึทืœืฅ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื– 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืขืจ ืžื“ืจื ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช -- ืฆื• ื’ืึธื˜ 'ืชื‘ึผืจืฃ 
ื‘ึผื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ื•ื‘ึผืขืฆืžื• 1. ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื–ืึทืฅ, ืึทื– ,, ื—ืงื‘ึผ"ื” ื•ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื. 
ื—ื“ ื”ื•ื'', ื‘ึผืึทืงื•ืžื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืจื™ืงืึทื ืึทื˜ื™ืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืื™ื™ื’ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืข ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืœื˜: ื’ืึธื˜,, 
ื“ื™ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ืึธ? -- ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืข- 
ืงื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ืจืงืฐืึทืœ -- ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขืจ *. ืžืขืŸ 
ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืœื™ื‘ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก. 
ื‘ึผื™ืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืœื˜; ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ืฉ ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื™ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืข ืžืฆื•ื•ื—, ื™ืขื“ืข ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื–ืึทืš, 
ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคืึทืจื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขื›ื˜, ืื™ื– ืขื ื’ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื™ืฐื•ืขืจืกืึทืœืขืจ ื”ืึทืจืžืึทื ื™ืข, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืขืจ ืžืจื›ึผื‘ื” . ืื™ืŸ 
ื™ืขืจืขืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ ืจื™ืงืึทื ืึทื˜ื™, ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึธืจื’ืŸ ื ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืกื•ึนื“.. 
ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ืžืข ืฉื™ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ึผื•ื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฐืขืœื˜ืึทืœื‘ึผื ื™ืŸ, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ืž ื— ืฉ ื‘ื” 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ ืข ืค ื™?, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจืคึผืขืจื˜ ืื™ื ื ื•ื•ืึธ ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผืคื™ืœื—.. 
ื•ื™ ืึทืœืข ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื, ืึทื–ืฑื™ ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืจื™ืงืึทื ืื˜ื™ ืึถืชึผื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ึนืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืชืคื™ืœื”; ืขืจ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื‘ึนืึท- 


1 ;ื›ืœ ื—ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื... ื•ืžืขื•ืœื ื”ืชื—ืชื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื“' 
ื”ื ื”ื ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ,,- ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื‘ืจืื™ื ื”ื•ื ืขื’ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ื ืžื ืขืฉืจ ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช 
ื‘ืœื™ ืžื”, ื•ื›ืฉื‘ื ืื“ื ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ื ืขืฉืช ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”,.. ื•ื›ืฉื ื‘ืจื ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืื“ื 
ืœืžื˜ื” ื ืžืฆื ืขืฉืจ ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžืขืœื”,,, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืœืขืœื•ืช ื›ึผืœ ื—ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื”ืคื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืขืœื” ืขืœ 
ืžืขืœื” ื•ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืขืœ ืžื“ืจื ื” ืขื“ ืฉื™ื ื™ืขื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื”ืฉืœื ื‘ืœื™ ื—-ืจื•ืŸ",6; 

2 ืขื—ืงื‘"ื” ื™ึดืชื‘ืจืšึฐ ืื™ื ื• ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืžื ื• ื•ืื™ื ื• ื“ื‘ืจ.. 
ื—ื•ืฅ ื˜ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ืงื›ืœื” ื›ื™ ื”ืงื "ื” ื™ืชื‘ืฑืš ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื•ืจื”", 

8 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ: ืขืœืคื™ ืฉื”ืื“ื ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื”ื• ื”ืžืฆื•ื—ื” ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ืืช ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื™+ 
ืื™ืข ืื™ืฉ ืœืžืœืื›ืชื• ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ืžืฆื•ื” ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืชืœื™ื” ื‘ื—ืœืง ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืจื›ื‘ืช". 





ืจื™ ื ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึธืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืจ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 11 


ืงืึทื ื˜ืข ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ื ื“ืขื ,ืคื›ืจ ื”ืžืจื›ื‘ืช" *, ื‘ึทึผื›ื“ื™ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ื•ื™ ื‘ืึท- 
ืฐื™ืœื™ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืœึดื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืก'ืื™ื– ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื’ืึธื˜ ื›ึผื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื“ื™ ืชึผืคื™ืœื”, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืฃ 
ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ืžื•ื•ื ื˜ืฉื ืก ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ ?, 

ืึดื ื“ื™ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืจืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื•ื ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื ื˜ื•ื ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ 
ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ื‘ื™ื” ืฆื• ื•ืขืจืŸ ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœืขืจ ืคืึทืกื˜ืึธืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืœืื ืฅื“ืชืงื•ืคื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืขื ืขืกืื ื. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืงืœืึทื ื’ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื”ื•ืžืึทื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ / 
ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืื™ื’ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืข ืคืึธืจืžืขืŸ, 

ืจื™ืงืื ืึทื˜ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื‘ืŸ-ื“ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึทื ื˜ืข ืื•ึนืŸ ืขืžื ื•ื? ืจื•ืžื™, ื•ื•ืขื– 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืืœื™ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฉืžืจืึทืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืจืขื ืขืกืึทื ืก-ืชึผืงื•ืคื”, ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืงืืจืฉื˜ ื‘ึผืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฉืคึผืจื- 
ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืžืึทื ื™ื–ื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืคื ืื›ืข ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืขืจื–ื˜ื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื™ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ืจื›ืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ืืคึผื•ื˜ืจื•ืคึผืกื•ืช, ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืœืืœื˜ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืืกืงืขื˜ื™ืฉ-ืกื‘ืืœืึธื- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฐืขืœื˜-ืึธื ืฉื•ื™ื•ื ื’, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืคืื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืึทืฐืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ืื ืฆืŸ 
ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื‘ึผืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืกื™ืจืช-ื ืคืฉื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ื— ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืืฑื™ืกืคืึธืจืฉ; 
ื“ื™ ืึทืœืžืข ืึทื ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฐื•ืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืžืึธืœื™ืงืข ื’ืจื™ื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ื™ืžืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ื™ื™ืข ื‘ืึทืฐืขื ื•ื ื’ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืจึนืึธื 
ืฉืืจืคืกื˜ืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื’ืœื™ื•ืขืจื˜ืฅ ื˜ืขืึธืœืึธื ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืจืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืžื™ื˜ืึทืœื˜ืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผื ืกืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ืžืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืžืึธืœื™ืงืข, ืคืืจืงืจื™ืกื˜ื˜- 
ืœืขื›ืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ื“ืขืจ ืกื“ืจ ืคื•ื ื ืึทื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ, ื”ืื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขื ืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืึธืœืก ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืขื˜ื™ 
ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื“ืขืืœืขืจ ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช; ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื™ืœ ืžื™ืžื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืฐืึทื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืฆื• ืจื™ื™ืŸื“ืจืขืœื™ื ื™ืขื–ืข ืคืจืื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• 
| ืžื™ื˜ืœืึทืœื˜ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืกื›ืืœื˜ืกื˜ื™ืง, ื“ืึธืก ืืžืช ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื›ืขื ืข, 
ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื“ืขืืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืงื™ื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืฑืกืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืกื™ื˜ืœืึทืœื˜ืขืจืœืขืš-ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื“ืขื? ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช- 
ืจื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืขืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืžื’ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื™ื™ืจื- 
ืคึผืขื™ึดืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜, ื”ืึธื ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืขื˜ 
ืื™ืš", ื‘ึผืึทื’ืจื™ืคืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึท ื–ืขืœื›ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคึผ ืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขืคื˜ื™ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืžืฉ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜. ืคื™ื– 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื ืขืกืื ืกื™ืชืงื•ืคื” ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืกื˜ื ืขืคื•ืœ, ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืกืคืขืงื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื’ืขื•ืฐืขืŸ ื‘ืึทื˜ืึทื ื˜ ื›ึฐืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืึทืจืึทื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 


ื™ืœ ืฉื™ //; 


ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื•ื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื™ื™ืจืืคึผืข, 


ื™ื™ื ืขื’ 





{ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฐืขืจืง, ื‘ืึทื ืจ |, 85, 


* ืื˜ืขืžื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช", 26--27, 


12 ืจ"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ืื™ื ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขืจืง ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื– ืึธืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึธื - 
ืฆื•ืžืขืจืงืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืกืขืจ ื’ืฐืึทืœื“ื™ืง ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ึผืขื ืข ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉืข 
ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืึทืœื•ื–ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืฐืึทื ืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืจื™ ืžืึทื‘ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืœืึทื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืจื•ื. ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ืŸ 
/ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื›ึผืœืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ืข ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžืขืจืฒื™, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื ืึทืœืขืจ ื’ืขืคึผื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืงืœื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื ืื•ื•ื”, -- ื“ืึธืก ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืขืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ืึทืœืฆืข ื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ,,ืื™ืš'', ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื ืฆื—ื•ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ ืคื•ึนืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืจื•ื™ืฉื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืคึผืจืึธืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ื’ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ ื‘ืึทื ืึทื‘ึผื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืจ- 
ืงืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืข ื—ื–ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข, ืึถื‘ึผืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื ืขืกืึทื ืก-ืชึผืงื•ืคื”, 
ืฐืึธืจืขื ืื™ื ื ืžื™ื˜ืœืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืืฒื™ืจืึธืคึผืขืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืข- 
ืฐื’ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืึธืจืึทืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืึทืคื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืึทื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื—ืฉื‘ึผื•ืŸ, ืคืึทืจื’ืขื˜ืขืจื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืŸ ืคึผื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืกืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื™ื™ืจื’ืŸ- 
ืคึผืขืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื˜ืœืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืœืึธืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ,ืื™ืš', ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื•ืœื˜ ื’ื ืข" 
ืฉื˜ืขืžืคึผืœื˜ืข ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœื™ื™ื–ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ, ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื‘ึผื™ืงืข 
ื’ืœื™ืง, ื“ืขืจื ืขื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืจืขืืœ, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธื˜, ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืขื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืคืฉืœื™ืกืœืขืš ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ืจืš ืื•ึนืŸ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืขืจ -- ื“ืขื ื’ืœื—. ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืึทืœืฒื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜, 
ื“ื™ ืงื™ืจืš ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื™ื‘ึผืขืจ-ืคึผืจื™ืกื˜ืขืจ --- ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืฑืคึผืกื˜, ืื™ื– ืึทืœืฅ. ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ืŸ ืขืจ 
ืงืึธืŸ , ื‘ึผื™ื ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ"; ืึทืœืข ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื™ืงืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืงื ืขื‘ื˜, ื ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ื•ืฃ, ื ืึธืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฉืžื”. ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืจืขื ืขืกืื ืก-ืชึผืงื•ืคื” ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืขืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืฆื•ืฃ 
ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืขืจืฉื˜ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืฐื•ืขืงื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื ืขืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืกื˜" 
ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ื–ืฒืŸ, ื“ืขื ืจืขืกืคึผืขืงื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคึผ ืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืกื™ื™ื˜, 
ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึทืงืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืกื˜ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ื–ืฒืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื™ื" 
ื’ืขืฐืึทื›ื˜ืข , ืื™ืš"-ื’ืขืคื™ืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืจืจื•ืง ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืงื•ืจืฆืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื‘ึผืึทืจื•ื™ืฉื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜: ืจื•ื. ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื•ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืึทื ื˜ืข ื’ืœื•ืกื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื‘ึผืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืžื” ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืฐื•ืขืจื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืึทืจื‘ึผืขืจ-ืงืจืึทื ืฅ ืคื•ื ื 
ืึธื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ. ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ื’ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ื–ืฒืŸ, 
ืึทื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ืขืจ --- ืขืจ ื™ืœ ืื•ื™ืš, ืึทื– 
ืึทืœืข ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืœืึทื ื“ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขืš ืึธื ืขืฑ- 
ืงืขื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืื™ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ. ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึทืจืงื ื ืขืžื˜ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืฉื˜ ื ืึธืš ืจื•ื ืžืžืฉ ืงืจืึทื ืงื”ืึทืคื˜ืข 
ืคืึธืจืžืขืŸ. ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื™ื ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืง ื—ื•ืœืืช, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื ื•ืคื ืื™ื– ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืžื•ื“ื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ื—ืจื˜ื” 


ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืžื•ืจ ื’ื™ ื™ื™ืจืŸ 13 


ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท. ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื“, ืขืจ ืฉืœืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ืขืœ-ื—ื˜ื: ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืจืึทื ืงื”ืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืœืขื›ืฆืŸ ื ืึธืš ืจื•ื ืื™ื– ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ืื•ืŸ 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ื™ืงืข ื’ืึทื•ื•ื” -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ 
ื“ื•ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฆืŸ ื“ืขื•ื•ื™ืŸ: ื“ื™ 
ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ, ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฐืื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืขื•ื™ืฉืขืจ ื ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ืคืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ 
ื”ืขื›ืขื“ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื”ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึทืคื˜ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืขืจืจ; ืึทืœืฅ ื‘ึผื•ืœื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืึทืกืกืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืึทืฐื•ืกื˜ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, 8ื– ื“ืึธืก ืขืจื“ื™ืฉืข ืื™ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืขืŸ; ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืฆื• ืขื•ืœื-ื—ื‘ึผื, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื˜ื•ืึธื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืคืึธื“ืขืจ- 
ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขื•ืœื-ื”ื–ื”ื“ื™ืง-ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืŸ, 
ืื™ื ื ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืšื™ื‘ึผืึท- 
ื’ืึทื‘ึผื˜ืข ืคืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 8 ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทืกืžืึธืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜-ืึทื ืฉืฑื•ื ื• 1 
ืึท ื ืึทื ืฅ ื ื™ื™ืขืจ, ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืžืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืข ื ืึธืš ืึทื–ืึท ืื•ืžื‘ืืงื˜ื ื˜" 
ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ, ื“ืขื•ื•ื™ื– ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืคื ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ืžืึทื ื™ืกื˜ 
ื’ืึทืœืขืึธื˜ืึธ ืžืึทืจื™ืฆื™ื•ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื‘ึผื•ืœื˜ ืื•ื™ื›ื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทืœื ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืจ" 
ืžืขืจ: ,ื•ื•ืขืจ ืขืก ืžื™ืจื˜ ืึดึทืŸ ืึธื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžืขืฉื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ 
ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืจืึทืœื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืจื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ --- ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื 
ืื™ื– ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฅื“ืขื“ืŸ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืคืงื-ืžื™ื ื” ื ื™ื˜, ืฆื•ึน ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื•ืžืช 
ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜". 


ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื ื“ื™ื™ืคืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ืข ื”ื•ืžืึทื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื•ื ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื–ื ืฉืืจืคืŸ ืึธืคึผืงืœืึทื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื—, ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ึนื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจืš ื ื™ื ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืขืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ืจื ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืœืึทื ืข, ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืก'ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืฃ 
ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืฑืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืกื˜ืฑืจืื™" 
ื˜ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทื“ืœืฉื˜ืึทื ื“. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื ื˜ืขื ืกื™ื•ื•ืข ืืค 
ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœืขื ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืคึผื•ื›ืœื™ืงืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ืฒื™ืขืŸ 
ืงืึทืžืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคื˜ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงืขืจืขื ื™ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืœืขื ืŸ ืคึฟืึธืจืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืขื–ืขืœ- 
ืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขืš-ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืกื“ืจ -- ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื—ื™ืฆื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ 
ืึทื–ืฑ ืึธืคื˜ ืึถืคึผ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืึธืกืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืึทืคืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื’ื™ื ืกื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืขื ืขืจื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ืึทื‘ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื " 
ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื ืขืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžื•ื ื ืก" 


1 ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืข ื‘ื•ื›ื”ืึทืจื“ื˜ื ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ืฐืขืจืง ,ื“ื™ ื›ื•ืœืžื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืžืึทืœึดื™ืข 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื ืขืกืึทื ื˜ื™ืชืงื•ืคื”", 





14 ื“"ืจ ', ืฆื™ื‘ ื‘ื› ืขืจ 


ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜. ื“ื™ ืฉืจืจื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื’ื™ืจืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข ืคื•ื ื˜ 14ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 18ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื” 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขืœ ืคึผื™ ื“ื•ื‘ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืงื ืึธืคืŸ ื™ื—ื•ึนื. 
ืžืื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉื”, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจืฐืึธืจื‘ืŸ ืึทื“ืึทื ืง 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืขื ืขืจื ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ืึทื– 
ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืืฑื™ืฃ ื™ืžื—ื•ื 
ืึธื‘ื•ืช,- ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื—ื•ืก ืขืฆืžื•. ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื–ื•ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœื˜ืก, ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, ื ึนืึถื“ ืงื•ื“ื"ื›? ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื’ื•ืคื, ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืคืขื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืŸ. ื‘ื™ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข 
ื‘ึผืื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืืคื™ืœื• ื•ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึฐึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืืœื™ืข 
ื’ืขื ืึธื˜ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ืคืจื™ื™ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœืึทืœื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื˜ืืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ืื•ื ื™ืฐื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข 
ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืกื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืฉืขืคื˜ื™ืงื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜. ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคึผื˜, ืึทืกื˜ืจืึธื ืึธืžื™ืข ืื•ึนืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ื›ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื’ืข- 
ืœืขืจื ื˜ืข ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ ืžื™ืจืŸ ืึท ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ืœืขื›ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•-ืื•ื™ืกื˜ื•ื™ืฉ ืคื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข 
ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืงืึธืœืขื’ืŸ !- ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื ืข ืคึผื˜ืงื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ืึธื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ 
ืคึผื•ืคึผืกื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœืืœื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื ื’ืขื’ืขื ืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ืจืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืจืึธืš 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืขืœืคึผื™ ืจื•ื‘ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื’ืข" 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื ืขืกืื ืก:ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจืฆื• ืื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ืคึผื•ื™ืคึผืกื˜ื™ืฉื˜ื•ืœ ื ื•ืคื ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ืขื ืงืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืžืขื ืขืจ, ื•ืึธื 
ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื“ื™ื™ื ื“ืœืขืš ืคึฟืึทืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืื• ื“ืขืจ ืงืื˜ื•ื™ืœื™ืฉ-ืคืจื•ืžืขืจ 
ืคืขืจื“ื™ื ืึทื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืข, ื”ืึธื‘ึนืŸ 8 ืกืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคืึทืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ืขื ืข ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ืฉื˜ืื˜ ืจื•ื™ื, ืฐื•ึผ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืข- 
ืžืึธืœื˜ ืคืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผื•ื™ืคึผื˜ื˜-ืฉื˜ื•? ืึทืœื›ึผืกื ื“ืจ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืงืกื˜ืขื•ื™. ื‘ึผืืœื“ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ืึธืš, ื‘ืขืช ืื™ืŸ ื“ื•ึนื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืœืก ืคึผื•ื™ืคึผืกื˜ ืจืขื ื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ืœืจืขื˜ืขืจ 
ืœืขืึธ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื™ืฆื ื˜ืขืจ (ื“ื–ืฉื™ืึธืฐืึทื ื™ ืžืขื“ื™ื˜ืฉื™), ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜ 
ืึทื•ืฑื™ ืคืจื™ื™ ืื•ึนืŸ ื ืœื™ืงืœืขืš, ืื– ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคืจื•ืžืข ื˜ืึธืจืฉื˜ืฒื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื” 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื: ืืคืฉืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึนึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื ื ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืŸ ืœืึทื ื“ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื›ื ืก, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืื’ืŸ ืึธืŸ. ื“ืขื ื‘ืืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ึทึผื™ืึทืช 
ื”ื’ื•ืืœ ืื•ืŸ ืขื˜ ืคึฟืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืžืฉื™ื—ืก ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ... 

1 ืื™ืŸ ืคึฟืึทื ืขืœืฉื˜ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื’ืขืจืก ,ื ืขืฉ. ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจืึธืก* (65, |) ืฐืขืจื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื™ื–ืŸ 
-ืช2/?0ืง5606 2206600068 ืžื• (8ืž06ื’ืŸ 90060ืช142/0 416) 516 260660 806400 0606ื–60ื–ืก 06 
ืก8ืฐืข 6016868 210:619212006 /112016014006 466 ืฐ1 .416016160 11661211861604 2116 2401 8ืกืข 
6 104 5060ื–84} 2000050012/6 8166 2500 0ืžื˜ 48060} /11601209616 ื–46 14 ,ืฐ66066 
ื—ื–ื•! ืž06ืž866 16ื–416160 06ืฐ420015010 .5000442 0=ืž18 26/20/60 400 5416660 ืกื–ืช1 ืžื–10:66 
8 449 :51412ื–00416 /1101020114 01086. 600113 .ืฐืฅ24161516 80190054ืŸ !ื•ืžื– ื–ืฐ46ื–6ื˜|ืกืค660 ืฉื•ืฆ 


ื–ึทืฉื 6464 20046 46 ื’} 215 ืžื–ืกืช 50068 ื–104612 ืช10015606 469 804 425 1541 029 .ืฐืกื˜ืก 54 
.1100646119ื–ืž8ืŸ| 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ ื™ืจืŸ 15 


ื˜'ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื ืึทื ืฅ ื‘ืึทื ืจื™ื™ืคืœืขืš, ืฐืึธื˜ ืจื“ืึธืก ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœืข ืื™ื˜ืึทืœ- 
ื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ื“ื ื˜ื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื”ืืจืฆืŸ ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ื™ื™ืข ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืกืข 
ื‘ืึทื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื ืขื ืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืื•ึนืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ. ื“ืึธืš ืžื•ืŸ 
ื“ืึธ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืึทื›ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ 
ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื•ื™ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืื“ืึทื ืง ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึทืจืึทื‘ึผื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฉื˜ึผืขื” 
ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉ-ืฉื˜ืื ื™ืฉืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ื‘ึผืึทื’ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื ืขืกืึทื ื˜ 
ืชืงื•ืคื” ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฐืืงืกืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ื•ื™ ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ืจื•ืžื™, ื“ืึทื ื˜ืขืก ื‘ึน|ื“ื•ืจ. ื‘ึผืขืช ืึธื‘ึถึผืขืจ ื“ืึทื ื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืื•ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึธื ื–ืึธื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ืขืจ ืชึผืงื•ืคื” ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœ- 
ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ื•ื™ื“ื ื˜ื•ื ื ืึธืš ืขืžื ื•ืืœ 
ืจื•ืžื™ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื“ืฒื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ. ื“ื™ ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืข ืชึผืงื•ืžื” 
ื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืจืขื ืขืกืึทื ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜. ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ึผื” ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื‘ึผืึทื ืจืฒืคืœืขืš. 
ื“ื™ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืงืข ื”ื™ื™ื“ื ื™ืฉืข ื•ืฐืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœื˜ืข ืจื•ื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื›ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืึทื–ืฑ ืึทื ื˜ืฆื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืžืึทื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื ืขืกืึทื ืก-ื™ืชืงื•ืคื” -- ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ืœื“-ืคืจืขืžื“ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ื“ื ื˜ื•ื. ื“ื™ ื’ืฐืืœื˜ื™ืงืข ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืึทื ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืขืจ-ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผืงืœืึทื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ื–ื™ ื”ืื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืึทืจื•ื™ื˜ืจื•ืคืŸ ื ืึทื ืฅ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง ื‘ึผืึทื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’. 
ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืกืข ืจืขื ืขืกืึทื ืก-ืฉื˜ืจืืœืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขื ื’ืขืฉืžืึธืœืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื“ื ื™ืฉืข 
ืึทื ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฐืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขืš-ืžื™ื˜ืœืึทืœื˜ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ; ื“ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืืœื‘ื™ื ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื›ื ืœืึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืขื ื’ ืคืึทืจื‘ืจื™ื“ืขืจื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึทื˜ื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืข ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข. ืื‘ึถึผืขืจ ื”ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืจื ื™ืฉ-ืึทื ื˜ื™ืงืข, ื”ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืกื˜- 
ืœืขืš-ืžื™ื˜ืœืึทืœื˜ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืฐืขืœื˜, ื‘ึผื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื‘ึผืœื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืคืจืขืžืจ ื“ืขื 
ื™ื™ื“ื ื˜ื•ื, ืคืจืขืžืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืึทืคื•ื ื’ืก-ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืก ื–ื™ื™ ืงืึทื ืขืŸ ืฉืึทืคืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืงื•ื ืกื˜-ื‘ึผืึทื’ืจื™ืคืŸ, ืื•ืžืฉืžืขืœืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืคืึทืจื‘ื™ืงืข ืกื™ืžื‘ึผืึธืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ, ' 

ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ืš-ืื•ื™ืคื ืขื‘ืœื™ืžืข ื ื™ืึทื ื–ื“ืชืงื•ืคื” ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืœืขื“ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืืžืช ืึทืจืฑื™ืกื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ื•ื–ื™ืึทืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ึผืึทื ื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื ืขื ื˜ืข ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’. ื“ืขืจ 
ืงื•ื ืกื˜-ื™ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ ื“ื–ืฉืึธืจื–ืฉื™ืึธ ืฐืึทื–ืึทืจื™ (//252ืข 4/0ื–ืกื•ื) ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ืฐืขืจืง -5001 //10000ืŸ /646611600 ื˜ื•ึนืขืš 66 46 16 
6011 6 /ื–ืกืŸ'. ืฐืึธืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื‘ืึทื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ 
ื‘ึทึผื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืžื™ืงืข? ืึทื ื“ื•ืฉืขืœืึธื ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืข ืžืึทืจืžืึธืšื™ 
ืคื™ื ื•ืจ , ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื•". ,ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืฉื‘ึผืช -- ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ืึทื–ืึทืจื™ --- ืคืœืขื ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืžืขื ืขื“ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืžื—ื ื•ืชื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ืขื•ืœื—-ืจื’? ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืกืงื•ืœืคึผื˜ื™ืจ ืื•ึนืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 


18 : ื“"ืจ ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ ืขืจื’ 


ืื™ื’ืขืจืจืึทืฉื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื™ืจืืช'ื”ื›ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืึทืฐื•ื ื“ืขืจืŸ 
ืžื™ืงืขืœ ืึทื ื“ื–ืฉืขืœืึธืก ืžื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืขืจืง"., ืึถื‘ึผืขืจ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืฆื• ืงื•ื ืกื˜- 
ืฉืึทืคืŸ, ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืื•- 
ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ื“ื ื˜ื•ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืึทื ื“. ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืจืขื ืขืกืึทื ืกื™ืชึผืงื•ืคื” ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึนึผืึท- 
ื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกืงื•ืœืคึผื˜ืึธืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืœืขืจ ื’. 

ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืงื•ื ืกื˜ืจื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจืžื•ื ื™ืฉืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ 
ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, --- ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœ- 
ื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืึท ื‘ึผืื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืจืึธืœืข ื’ืขืฉืคึฟื™ืœื˜. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื›ึผื“ืื™ ืฆื•ึน ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ื™ื˜-ืฉืคึผื™ืœืขืจ, ื“ื–ืฉื™ืึธืฐื•ืืŸ 
ืžืืจื™ืึท, ื“ืขื ืœื™ื‘ึผืœื™ื ื’ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืคึผื•ื™ืคึผืกื˜ ืœืขื•ื• ื“ืขื ืฆืขื ื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื 
ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉืŸ ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคึผืึทืœืึทืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืจืึทืคืŸ-ื˜ื™ื˜? ื‘ืืฉืึทื ืงืขืŸ. ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืงื•ื ื—"ืฉื ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื–ืฉืึท- 
ืงืึธื ืึธ ืกืึทื ืกืขืงืึทื ื“ืึธ, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ืจืึทืคืึทืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืึธืœื˜ 
ื“ืขื ื’ืึธื˜ ืึทืคึผืึธืœืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคึผืึทืจื ืึทืก. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข" 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข. ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ื“ื–ืฉื™ืึธื•ื•ืืŸ ืคึผืึทืึธืœืึธ ืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืœืขืงืกื™ืงืึธืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืข ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ 
(1584 ,114012ื ืŸ 6118 8146 061 11244210) ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืข ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืคื™ืœ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ. 

ืึท ื ืึทื ืฅ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ื‘ึผืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ื‘ึผืขืช ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืคื•ื ื 
ื˜ืขื ืขืจ- ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืข-ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜ ืคื•ื ื ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜. ื—ื•ืฅ 
ืื•ืžื‘ึผืื”ืึทืœืคืขื ืข ืฉืฐืขืจืฐืึธื’ื™ืงืข ื ืึธื›ืžืึทื›ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ? ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ 
ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขื ืข ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•}, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ื“ื ื˜ื•ื ื ื™ื˜ 
ื ืขื ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืจืขื ืขืกืึทื ืก-ืชืงื•ืคื” (ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืขืจืฆื ื˜ืŸ 
ื‘ึผื™ื–ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ืขื›ืฆื ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื”). ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ืกื˜ืข ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืชึผืงื•ืคื” , ืžืงืจืฉ 
ืžืขื˜'' ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฉื” ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื™ื™ื• (ื‘ึนึผืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืง) ืื™ืฉ ืจื™ืขื˜ื™ 5 . 


{ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœ.ืื™ืœื•ืกื˜ืจืึทื˜ืึธืจ ืžืฉื— ืงืึทืกื˜ืขืœืึทืฆืึธ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขื ืขื“ื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื--ื•ืฉื˜ื ื™"ื”, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืืžืช, ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ืฆืฒื˜ ืงื•ื ื”ื™ืฉื ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคืึทืœืึทื ื ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึถึผืขืจ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง ืึธืจื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื“ืฒื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืจื™ื™ืก (ื•ืข ืฐืขื ืŸ ืื™ื: 
ื‘ึผื•ืจืงื”ืึทืจื“ื˜ืก ืฆื™ืžื™ืจื˜ ืฐืขืจืง, ื‘' |, 2371 (1908); ื“, ืงืฑืคึผืžืึทืŸ? ื“ื™ ื—ื’ื“ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึทืจืึทื™ืขืฐืึธ, 
2 ื‘ืœื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื™ืึทื˜ื•ืจ.ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ื”ืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ื“ื ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขื ืขื‘ึผืŸ 
ืึท ืคึผืึธืจ ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ืคื•ืœืข ืžืึธืœืขืจ (ื“, ืงื•ื™ืžึผืžืึทืŸ, ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืฐืขืจืง, 290), 

3 ื—ื™, ืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืคื™ืœ, ื–ืจื— ื‘ึทึผืจืคืช, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1264 ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉื™ืจ 
ื“ืœื ืกืขืจ ืื™ื•ื‘ (ืคืจืึทื ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืคืชืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืคืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉืฐืขืจืฐืึธื’ื™ืงืข ืกืฉืจืึธืคืŸ ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ* 
ืขืคื ืกืœืขื›ื ืื™ืŸ ืืœื™ืฉืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจื‘ึผืœืึทื˜ ื“ืขืก ืึธืจื™ืขื ื˜ืก", 1841, 313--314), 

3 ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ืขื, ืื™ืŸ 1388, ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš 1460. 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึธื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 12 


ืžืฉื” ืจื™ืขื˜ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 8 , ืžื•ืฉืœื', ืืŸ ,ืืœื–ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืกืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ', 
(010618816ื˜ ืกื•ื–ืกื˜'ืŸ), ื•ื™ ืขืก ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ. ืืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ืขืจ ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ืกื˜ 1, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืงื™ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ื™ืงืข ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืŸ; ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจื˜ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜, ืคื™ืœืึธื™ 
ื–ืืคื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื˜ืึทืงืข ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืฆื•ื 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ื‘ึดึผื™ืŸ 1422 ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉืขืคื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืึทืœืก ืคึผืจืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึทืจืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ืกืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืึทืจื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืจื‘, ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืจื™ ืฉื˜ืขืœืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ืึท ืœื™ื™ื’-ืžืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืคึผื•ืคึผืกื˜ ืคึผื™ื•ื ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ. ืจื™ืขื˜ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื ื’ืขืจืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’-ืงื•ื ืกื˜. ื“ืึทื ื˜ืขื , ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืข" ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ื’ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืจื•ืฉื, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืคืขืกื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืึทืคืŸ ืœื•ื™ื ื“ืขื ื’ืฐื•ื™ืกืŸ ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ืึท ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉืข 
ืคึผืึธืขืžืข 5. ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืื™ื– ืจื™ืขื˜ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1416, 
ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืึท ืœืึทื ื’ืŸ ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ืž ืคืึทืจืขื’" 
ื“ื™ืงื˜ * 

ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ. ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™? ,ืื•ืœื" (ืคืึทื“ืขืจื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื™) ืื™ื– ืึทื™ื™ื ื’ืขื˜ืฒืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ื ืฃ ื’ืขื–ืึทื’- 
ื ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืžื›ึผืœ ื—ืžื™ื ื™ื: ืขืก ืฐืขืจืŸ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืข. 
ืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืฒื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ืึธื’ืžืขืŸ (ืขื™ืงืจื™ื) ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ, ื‘ืึทืœื“ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืึท ื‘ืึทืฉื“ืฒื™ื‘ึผื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜" 
ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœื›ืขืžื™ืข ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืชื•ื›ื *. ื“ืึทืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื " 
ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืก , ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืืžืจื•ืช" ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืึทืงืข ืžื™ื ืื‘ึผื“ืจืฉื“ื 
ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืœื‘"ื ืก ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืืึทื–"ื•ื•. ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ,ื—ื™ื›ืœ" 


1 ื“ื™ ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฉืžื•ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ ื–ื™ืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ, ืžืึทืขืกื˜ืจืึธ 
ื’ืึธื•ื™ื• (ื™ืฆื—ืง) 

2 ืจื™ืขืžื™ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผื ืฐืขื ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืขืžืข: 

ื›ื™ ืจืื™ื”ื™ ืœืื•ืžื— ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ืช 
ืกื›ืจ ื›ืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื• ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช 
ื•ืื›ืจืชื” ืœืžืœื™ืฆืชื• ื‘ืจื™ืช. 

4 ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื—ื”ืชื—ืœื— ื”ื™ ืž ืจื™ืขืžื™ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืžืึธืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืคึผืึธืขืžืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ (ืœื•ื™ืืŸ 
ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืึทื ืžืขื˜ ืฐืขืจืง), ื“ืœื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืฒืœ ืขื“ื‘ื™ืจ" ื”:ื ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื ื™ื 
ื‘ึผืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืึธื ืฆื•ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฐื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืžืฒืœ ืื™ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื ื™ื ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื. ืฆื•ื 
ืขืจืฉืžืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ืขื˜ื™ืก ืคึผืึธืœืžืข ืคึผืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1851 ื“ื•ืจืš 'ืขืงื‘ ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ื˜ืึทืœืก 

4 ;ืžื›ื“ืฉ ืžืขื˜", 20, ืขื' ื': 

ื’ื ืœื” ืกืขื™ืฃ ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืฆืจื™ืคื” 
ืคื“ืขืช ืื™ืš ื™ืฆื ืžืœื ื ืกืฃ 


ื›ื˜ื ื”ื‘ ื‘ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื™ืžื”, 
(2) 





18 ื“"ืจ ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืึทื›ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื , ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื—ืงื•ืจืฉ", ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข ืึธื‘ื•ืช, ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื, ืชึผื ึนืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื, ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื—ืฉื 1 -- ื“ืขืจืœืึทื ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ,ืžืขื•ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ืืœื™ื? --- ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื—ื“ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืชืคึผืœืœื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ื’ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื’ื•ืคื ืื•ื™ืก ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผืขื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื’ืึธื˜ 2. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ 
ื˜ืจืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜" (ืขื™ืจ ื”ืืœื—ื™ื), 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืกื™ืžื‘ึผืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ึผืชื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ืขื™ืจ ื”ืืœื—ื™ื" ื’ื™ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืึทืจื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื™ื™ื‘ึผืขืจื“ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ,ืื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืคึฟืฉ" (ื“ื™ 
ืฉื™ืคืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื ืฉืžื•ืช) -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ืจืžื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžืฉื ื” ืื•ืŸ ื’ืžืจื. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขื“ืจื™ืงืข ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืขืœื• ื”ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื’ืื•ื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ืกืงื™ื ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืคื™ืœ 
ืคึผืจื˜ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืคืึทืจืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ-ืคืึทืจืฉืขืจ 8, 


ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืžืžืฉ ื ืฉืชึผื•ืžื ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ, ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืื–ื 
ื‘ึผืฆื™ืžืฆื•ืžื“ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึทืœืขื ื˜, ืฐื™ ืžืฉื” ืจื™ืขื˜ื™, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื’ืขืงืจื•ื™ื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืึทื—ืจื™ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืŸ ืขืจืŸ-ื˜ื™ื˜ืœ , ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืึทื ื˜ืข". ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ 
6ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื” ืืœื™ื—ื• ื™ืขื ืึทืฆืึทื ื• ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง ื’ืขืฉืžืึทืง ื‘ึผืึทื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ 
ืจื™ืขื˜ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืŸ , ืงืึธืคึผ ืคื•ื ื ืคืึธืœืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ!/, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– , ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื›ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืž? 
ืœืขื›ืŸ ื“ืึทื ื˜ืข" +. ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 8 ืกืš ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื’ืข- 
ืจืขื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืชืคึผืขืœื•ืช ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ,, ื“ืึทื ื˜ืข ื”ืขื‘ืจื™? -- ื“ืขื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืึทื ื˜ืข 5. 
ืืžืช, ืจื™ืขื˜ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืึทืงืข ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื ืฉื•ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ืžื ืึทื‘ึผืข -- ืฉืึทื˜ืŸ 
ืึท ืžืึทื ื•ืžืขื ื˜ืึทืœ ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืึธืคึผืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 40, ืขืž' ื‘': 
ื—ื ืฉืจืคื™ื ืžืจืื™ื”ื ื›ืฉืจืžื™ื 
ื”ื ืฉื—ื˜ื™ื ืจื•ื—ืฆื™ื ื‘ื—ืœื‘ 
ื•ื—ื ืชืœื™ื ื›ืŸ ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ื™ืคื™ื, 

8 ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื’ืขื‘ืขื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฑื ื“ืขืจื ื‘ึผืึทืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื‘ึนึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืื™ืžืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 
ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืขืก ืึทืจืฒื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจ ืžื—ื•ื•ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื• ืขืก ืžืขืจืขืจืข ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื•ืขืฆื 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉ (ื•ืข ืคึฟืึธื ืขืœืฉืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื’ืขืจ, ืฆื™ื' ืฐืขืจืง, 71 ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื™ื“ืขืฃ 
ืื™ืŸ ,ืžืึธื ืึทื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜", ื‘' 43, 92-92), 

8 ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืฐื™ื›ืฉื™ืง ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืจื™ืขืžื™ ื ื™ื ืฆื• ืืฒื ื™ืงืฅ 
ืžื˜ืจืึธืคืขืก, 

3 ื•ืข ืืœืขื˜ืขืจื‘ึผืึธืจืข", , 104: 

ื”ื•ื ืจื™ืฉื ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืจ ื—ืžืฉื™ืื... 
ื—ื›ื ื”ืจื–ื™ื ื”ื•ึนื ื”ืื™ืฉ ื“ืึทื ืžื™.. 

5 ื–ืข ืจืขื’ื™ื• ืื™ืŸ ,ื‘ื›ื•ืจื™ ื”ืœืชึผื™ื', ืึถืŸ, 15-14} ืคืจ, ื“ืขืœื™ืžืฉ: ืืฆื•ืจ ื’ืขืฉึดื™ื›ื˜ืข ืจ, 
ื™ื•ึนื“, ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข", 154 ื ืึธืœื“ืขื ื˜ืึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืจืจืขื“ืข ืฆื• ืคื˜ืงื“ืฉ ืžืขื"ืŸ ืž, ื–ื™ืจืขืฅ ืื™ืฃ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจื‘ืœืึทืก ื“, ืึธืจื™ืขื ื˜ืก,, 1843, 26, ืืึทื•"ื•, ' 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ืฑืŸ 19 
ืฉ 


ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืื™ื“ืขืขืŸ-ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืก, ื•ื™ ื“ืื ื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ื- 
ืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืœืขื›ืข โ€ ื’ืขื˜ื™ืขืžืข ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืข!' ื˜ื•ื˜ ื“ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผื ื•ื’ืข ื“ืขื ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืžื™ื˜?" 
ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ. ืื–ื ืจื–ื™ืงืข ืืฑืคื ืื›ืข ืื™ื– ืึธื›ึผืขืจ ื’ืขื•ืฐื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ ืขืจ ืจืขื˜ื™ื 
ืฉื•ื•ืื›ืฉ ื›ึผื•ื—ื•ืช. ื˜ื•ื ืงืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžื˜ื•ืฉื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื‘ึผื™ืœื“, ืฐืึธืก ืจื™ืขื˜ื™ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืฉืื˜ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ืึทืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืชืขืจ ืคึผืึทืขืฑืข, ื ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ืึทื”ื•ื™ื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื ื˜ื™ืื˜ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืึทืคึฟื•ื ื’ื˜ ืคึผืึทื˜ืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื ื’. 
ื“ื™ืขื˜ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื™-ืกืกืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฅ ื’ืขื ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคืขืจื•ืš ืžื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื 
ื“ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื‘ืึทืคืจืฒื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืขืจืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทืžืคืœื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ืข ืึทื“ืึทื‘ื™ืฉืข ืžืขื˜ืจื™ืงื™ืคืืจืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืฆื™ืง ืื•ื™ื˜ื’ืขื ื•ืฆื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืึทื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงื™ืจื’ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื ื™ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ื“ืขื ืื™ื’ื ืึทืจื™ 
ื˜ื™ืงืŸ : ื“ืจื™ื™-ืคืขืจื–ื™ื ืขื–ืขืŸ. (108ื– 46/284), ืกื™ื ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ืึทื ื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึทื ื•ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ , ืงืึทื˜ืขื“ื™ืข". ืจื™ืขื˜ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธื˜ ืื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงื˜ื˜ืข -- ืึทืŸ ืืžืชืข ื‘ึผืึทื ืฒื™ืกื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’, ืึท ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ-ืจื™ื™ื›ืข 
ืžืื ื˜ืึธื–ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืืขื˜ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืจื•ื—-ื™ื—ืงื•ื“ืฉ (ืื™ื ื˜ื•ื™ืฆื™ืข ื‘ืœืข"ื–). 
ืฐืึธื˜ ืก'ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืš ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ,ืžืงื“ืจืฉ ืžืขื˜" -- ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ืคืืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืืขื–ื™ืข ื”ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ื’ืขื’ืจืึทืžื˜ืข ืœืขืจ- ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึทื’ื˜"ื™ 
ื›ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืฐืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธื“ืข ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœืึทืœื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื™ืึธ โ€ ื˜ืขืจืฆื™ื ืขืŸ", ืฐืึธื˜ ืก'ืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ -ื“ื™ ื”ืชืœื—ื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ื ื ื˜ื™ืฃ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผื™ืงืŸ ื ืึทื˜ืกืคืึธืจื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ; ื ืึธืจ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืคืขืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืœืื ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืชืขืจ ืคึผืึทืขื–ื™ืข ื• 
ืจื™ืขื˜ื™ืก ืฐื•ืขืจืง, ืฐืึธื˜ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขื“ื•ืช, ื•ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืืš ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื -ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื ืขืกืึทื ื˜-ืชึผืงื•ืคื”, 
ื›ืึทืฐื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื’ืึทื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•?ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื‘ึผื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ื“ื ื˜ื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจื ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืŸ. 
ืจื™ืขื˜ื™ ืื™ื– ื ื ืึทื ื™ืŸ ืฉืฐื•ืึทื›ืขืจ ื“ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืืขืžืข ืจืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ 
ืื•ื ื– ื ืึทื ืฅ ืืคื˜, ื•ื™ ื‘ืื”ืื•ื•ื ื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืข" 
ืžืึทืฒึทื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืŸ. ืงื•ื“ื-ื›ืœ ืื™ื– ืจื™ืขื˜ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจืฆื˜. ืžื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื›ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฐืขืจืง ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, -ื™ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ 
ืึท ื—ืฉื•ื‘ืŸ ืคึฟืœืึทืฅ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืžืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข ืื™ืŸ 
2ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื”; ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึทืกื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื ืขื˜ืึทื ืก- 
ืชืงื•ืคื”. ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื“ืึธืงื˜ื•ึนื™ืจื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืžื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ 


1 ื ืึธืš ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ื›ืขืจ ืื™ ื“ืขืจ ืคึฟืึธืขื˜ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื˜ืฒื ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ืขื˜ื™ืก ืฆืฐื™ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึฟืืขืกืœ 
;ืื’ืจืช ื™ืขืจ ืœื‘ื’ื•ืŸ", ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจื˜ืึทืกืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒื‘ึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืจื™ื™ืžื˜ืข ืคืขืจื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ืœื™ื, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืฃ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืชื™ื”ื˜ืงื“ืฉ (ื–ืข ืคึฟืึธื ืขืœืฉื˜ืฒืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื ืขืจื ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืฐืขืจืง, 60. 

ื“ื™ื™ืžืึธ ื“ืขื ืึท. ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืŸ ื—ืฒ ื™ื”ื•ืจื”" (1' 44) ืจื™ืขืฉื™ื ืึท ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืฉื˜ื™ืง 


ืืจืชืจ", ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขืจื ืื™ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจืœืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืฃ 


20 ื“"ืจ ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ื“ืึธืค ืจื•ื‘ ืœื™ื™ื‘ึผื™ืžืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืคึผื•ื™ืคึผืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 1. 
ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื“ืึธืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขืœื™ืคึผื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืึทืœื–ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’,. ืžืฉื” ืจื™ืขื˜ื™ ื’ื•ืคื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ 
ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ืข ื•ืขืจืง ืคื•ึนืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื‘ึผื™ืฉืข ื“ืขื ืงืขืจ, ืขืจ ืคืœืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ืจื•ื™ืก ืขืจืคืึธืœืŸ ืืจื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื˜ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืข ืฐื™ื›ึผื•ื—ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉ ืึท ืคึผืึธืœืขืžื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ืคื™ืจื˜ ืึท ืคื™ืœืึท- 
ื–ืึธืคื™ืฉื™ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืŸ ืฐื™ื›ึผื•ื— ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ื ืข 
ืžืึทื ื˜ ืึท ืจื•ืฉื ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ-ืคื™ื™ื ื“ืœืขื›ืข ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื 5, 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืจื™ืขื˜ื™ ืึทืจืฑื™ืก ืึทืœืก ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืึธื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืก ืื™ื“ืขืขืŸ"ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ,ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฉื™ื˜ื”" (ื•ืืชื”ืœื›ื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ืฉื˜ืชื•) ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื“ื” ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ , ืžืงืจืฉ 
ืžืขื˜". ื ืึธืจ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืจื™ืขื˜ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื—, 
;ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ื“ื•ึนืจ -- ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืขืžืข --- 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืคืขืจื˜ืข ืฐืขืœื˜ --ื“ื™ ืงื‘ึผืœื—"ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
ื˜ืจืึธื’ื ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ , ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช''. ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื”ืชืคึผืขืœื•ืช ืจืขืจื˜ ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืงื•ืคืœ ืจื™ืงืึทื ืึทื˜ื™, ,ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทื ื˜? ืึท ืกืš 
ื˜ื™ืคืข ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ึผืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ"; ื“ืขืจืคึผืึทืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืจื™ืขื˜ื™ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ื ื 
ื ืŸื“ืขื“ืŸ ืžื™ื ืจื•ื ื– ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืึทืจื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื ื ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืŸ ืžื•ื›ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืขืจืึธ 
ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืจืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืึถืคึผืฆื•ืฉื˜ึผืึธื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ . 
ื”ืงื‘ึผืœื” *. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ืžืขืจ ืจื™ืขื˜ื™ ืึทืคึผื™ืœื• ื—ืจื˜ืช 
ื’ืขืงืจืึธื’ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืžืึธืœ , ื ืขืคึผื˜ืจื˜ ืฆื™ื™ื˜" ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจืฐื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’-ืงื•ื ืกื˜ +, 

ื ื™ื ืื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ืขื˜ื™ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ-ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ, ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืฆื• ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืง --- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืš 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืขืคึผืึธื›ืข; ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืจืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืฃ 
ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืžืขืจืงืŸ ืฆื• ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ืžื•ื– ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 


1 ื–ืข ืคืึธื ืขืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื ืขืจืก ืฆื™ืžื™ืจื ืฐืขืจืง 111--112; ืœ, ืคื™ืจืกื: ,ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืจืขื ืข 
ืฆื•ืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืขืจืฆืฉืข ืึดื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขืŸ" (ื™ืึทืจื‘ึผื•ืš ืค. ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ื“. ื™ื•ื“ืขืŸ", 
|ืŸ, 225--370), 

8 ืœื•ื™ื ืจื™ื ืขืจืก ื”ืฉืขืจื” (ืฆื™ื, ืฐืขืจืง, 73) ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืฒืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ -- 
ื“ื–ืฉื™ืึทื ืึธืฆืึธ ืจืึทื ืขื˜ื™, ื“ืขืจ ืกืขืงืจืขืžืึทืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืฑืคืกื˜ืŸ ื ื™ืงืึธืœืึทื™ ื“ืขื ืคื™ื ืคื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึท. 
ืœื™ืงืกื +ืขื ื“ืจื™ืžืŸ, 

8 ;ืžืงื“ืฉ ืžืขื", 106, ืขื' ื: ืื›ืŸ ืจ' ืžื•ืกืกื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืืฉืจ ื“ื‘ึผืจ ืกืจื” ืขืœ ื—ื›ืžื™ 
ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื” ืœื‘ืœื™ ื—ื•ืง", 

4 ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ ,ืื ืจืช ื—ืžื•ื“ื•ืช" ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขื“ื•ืช: ืงื›ื™ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ืกื” ื‘ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื›ืœื, ื ืชื—ืจืŸ 
ื›ืžื” ืฉื‚ืขืกืง ืœื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืžื” ืฉื›ืชื’ ืžื”ื ื‘ื—ื‘ื•ืจื• ื”ื ืงืจื ,ืžืงื“ืฉ ืžืขืฉ" ื•ืงืจืื• ื‘ึผื˜ื•ืœ ื–ืžืŸ". 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืฉืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืคืขืจืึทื˜ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื™ืจืŸ 21 


ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ืกื™ื˜ ืึท ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ืคืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจื ืขื, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืค 
ื–ึตื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ืึธืคึผืงืœืึทื ื’ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ืกื˜ืข ื ื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืข" 
ื’ืขืกืื ืก-ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืจืึทื ื’ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ ืžื™ื˜ืœืืœ- 
ื˜ืขืจืœืขืš- ื˜ืขืึธืœืึธื ื™ืฉืข ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืืจื•ื™ืกืจื™ื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ืฉืคึผื™ื ืฐืขื‘ึผืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืจื•ืงืขื ืขืจ ืกื›ืึทืœืึทืกื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธื’ืžืึทื˜ื™ืง -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ืฐืึธื˜ 
ื ืกืš ื”ื•ืžืึทื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคึฟืึทืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืกืืœื˜, ืึธืคึผื˜ืžืึธืœ ืึทืคื™ืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืฉื ืื”, ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืŸ ืืฑื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื›ืึธึทืœืึทืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ? ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ -- ืฆื•ื ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ื•. ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืื•ื™ืก" 
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืœืืœื˜ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขืึธืœืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข --- ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ืงืข 
ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉืœืึทื˜ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืข ื“ืึธื ืžืึทื˜ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืก ืฉื™ื˜ื” -- ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืึทืžืฐืฒื ื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื‘ืึทืคืจื™ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ืง-ื–ื•ื›ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื ื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืจืขื ืขืกืึทื ืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื ืขื—ืœื•ืžื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ื ื™ื™ืขื ืœืขื‘ึผื ืกืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืึทืœืข ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืกืฆื•ืจืฒืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืงื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืึทื˜ืžืึธืก" 
ืคืขืจ ืคื•ึนืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทืจื˜ืข, ืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜ืข ื“ืึธื’ืžืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื›ึผืŸ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืจื™ื- 
ื˜ื•ืก ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื 1 ื ืคืึทื ืกืขืจืฐื•ืื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืงืจืึทืคื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจืฆืึทืžื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขื ื•ืขื  
ืฆื• ืึท ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื“ืขืขืŸ-ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื“ื•ืจื›ื ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืŸ ืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืจืึทืžื•ืก, ื‘ึผืขืช ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืคืจืึทื - 
ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื™ืจืš ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ: {ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ื• 
ืœืขืจื ื˜, ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื ื•ืฉืงืจ!" ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืึธืžืคึผืœื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉืฒื™ื“ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืง ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ึผื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึทืจื•ืฑื™ืกื ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœ-ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืข ื“ื™ ืจืขืคืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข- 
ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ืขื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข -- ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืžืืฉื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืจืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืงื ื•ื™ืœ ื”ืึธื ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืคืœืึธื›ื˜ืŸ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœ-ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœืขืงื˜ื•ืขืœ- 
ื ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืข ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืงืึธืจืฉื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืคื ืขืฐืึทื ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื–ืขืœื‘ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ื–ื™ื ื™ืงืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื˜ ืฆื• ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ืึทืœืข ืื™ืจืข ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืข ื›ึผื•ื—ื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืคืจื™ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœึถืข ืึทื–ืฑื™ ืงื•ื ืฆื™ืง ืคืึทืจืคึผืœืึทื ื˜ืขื“ื˜ืข 
ืคื™ืœืคึผื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืกื™ืœืึทื ื™ื–ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืœืึทืœื˜ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืกื›ืึธืœืึทืคื˜ื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื›ึผืœื•ืžืจืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ื ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืกื›ืจื•ืช. ืื™ืจ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืข ืคืึทืจื—ืœื•ืžื˜ืข ืœืขืจืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ืึทืคึผืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืึธืคึผืœืึทื˜ืึธื ื™ืงืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื™ืžืขืจื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขืœืกื˜ืข 
ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’,.. ืึธื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืžื”ืื™ ื˜ืขืžื ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืึทื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขืš-ืžื™ื˜ืœืึทืœื˜ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืกื›ืึธืœืึทืกื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืจืข 


1 ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื™ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืช 
ืฉื›ืึธืœืึทืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื ื ืžื™ื˜ืœืึทืœื˜ืขืจ, 





22 ืจ"ืจ 2 ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื  


ื ืขืคืึทื ืก-ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคึผื™ืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื•ื“ื-ื›ึผ? ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืจื™ื“ื” ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืข- 
ืื•ื™ืกืฉืœื™ืกืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืกืก ืืฑืฒื˜ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฐืึทืงืกื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ื ืขืึธืคึผืœืื˜ืึทื ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืึถื ืฉื•ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื ืึทื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืก ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืึทื˜ืึธื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ืื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืื ืฅ ื‘ึผื•ืœื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 18ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื”, 
ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืคื•ื ื ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ืกื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆึทื™ื™ื˜ -- 
ื ื™ืงืึธืœืึทื™ ืื•ื™ืก ืงื•ื–ืึทื ืึธ (5ื˜ืž6052 41601805), ื ืืš ืฉืึทืจืคืขืจ ื”ืึธื ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืžืขืจืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ื- 
ื–ื™ืงืŸ ื™"ื”. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ืžืขืฆืขื ืื˜ ืงืึธื–ื™ืžืึธ ืžืขื“ื™ื˜ืฉื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื ื˜ื“ืขืงื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืึทืคึผืœื˜ื•ื ืก ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜- 
ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ื˜ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื•ื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ื- 
ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื›ืฆื™ืงืฒืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื ืขืžื™ืกื˜ ืคึผืœืขื˜ืึทืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืคืœืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื˜ืข, ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื•ื ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืขื ืฅ 
ืคืึทืจืœืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื ื‘ื™ืื™ืฉื™ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืกืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืœ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ื“ื™ 
, ื˜ื™ืคืข ืกื•ื“ื•ืช? ืื•ืŸ , ืื™ื™ื‘ึผื™ืงืข ืืžืชืŸ", ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ืืจื ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ื , ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ'" ืคึผืœืึทื˜ืึธืŸ,. ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, ื‘ึผืขืช ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืฒ 
| ื–ื™ืžืึธืก ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ, ืœืขืจืขื ืฆืึธ, ื”ืื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืœืึธืจืขื ืฅ ื ืขื ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ืึท ืคึผื™ืึทื˜ืึธื™ 
ื ื™ืฉืข ืึทืงืึทื“ืขืžื™ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืฒืœื™ืกื˜ ืคื™ืœ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืข 
ื”ื•ืžืึทื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืจืืฉ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืœื˜ื˜ืึทืจืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ 
ืžืึทืจื˜ืฉื™ืœื™ืึธ ืคื™ื˜ืฉื™ื ืึธ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืืคืœื˜ื•ื ืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืื•ื™ืก 
ืœืึทื˜ึตื™ื™ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ื ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืึทืงืึทื“ืขืžื™ืข ืœืข ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคื˜ ืฆื•ื“- 
ื ื•ื™ืคืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœืข ื–ื™ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขื ืคืœืขื ืŸ ื ืขืคื™ืจื ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืคื™ืœืื–ืืคื™ื– 
ืฉืข ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ื ืกื˜ืข ืคืจืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจ; ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื 
ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืึธืคึผืœืึทื˜ืึทื ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืคื•ื ืงื˜. ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื”ื•ืžืึทื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ื ืข" 
ื’ืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืึทืœืก ืคืขืกื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขื ืขืจ 3ึผืœืœ, ืึทื– ื•ื•ืขืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืœืขืš ืžืึทื– 
ืกืึทื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืคึผืœื˜ื•ื ืก ืฐืขืœื˜-ืึธื ืฉื•ื™ื’ื ื’, ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืกืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืœ- 
ื“ืขื ืงืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืคื•ื ื ืžื•ื˜ืœืืœื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ืขืกืง ื”ื‘ื›ื, ื”ื™ ืื•ื™ืก 
ืึท ื ืขืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืฅ; ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืึทื˜ืึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึทืงื- 
ื“ืขืžื™ืข ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืขืœื˜ืึทืœ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืืฑืกืฉื˜ืจืึทืœื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื ืึธื˜ืก ืื•ืžืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื ืขื“ืจื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง, 
ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืœื™ื‘ ืข ื’ืขืฉืึทืคืŸ; ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืžืึทืฃ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ , ื–ื™ื ื“", ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉืคึผื™ื ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ื ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืŸ ืคืึธืฃ- 
ื‘ื™ืœื“ -- ื“ืขื ื›ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฐืขื ืขืจ. 
ืึดื ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื˜ืืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข 
ื”ื•ืžืึทื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืึตืŸ ืึธืคึผืงืœืึทื ื’ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื ื˜ื ื˜ืขืฅ 


ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื“ืŸ 23 


ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ื ืขืฉื˜ืึทืจืงื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืจืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืฆื•ึน ืงื‘ึผืœื”, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื™ ื ืขืึธืคึผืœื˜ื˜ืึทื ื™ืฉืข ื’ืจื•ื ื˜-ืื™ื“ืขืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืฆื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืื™ื’ื ืืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ 
ื ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืคื˜ืœื•ืช, ื ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืคึผืึทืกื™ื•ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืขืžืจืข 
ืื™ื“ืขืขืŸ, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืึทื—ื“ื™ื”ืขื ืจื•ืคื˜ ืึธืŸ , ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช" - 
ืึท ืงืขื’ื ื–ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœืข ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงืึธืœืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืข" 
ืœืขื›ึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืกื˜ืขืจ ืฉื›ื ื•ืช, - 

ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืึถื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืฅ 
ื”ืฉืคึผืขื”, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ื“ื™ ื ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ 
ืกืคืจื“, ื“ื™ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ื”ืึทืคื ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืขืจื™-ืžืงืœื˜, 
ื•ื• ืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืข ืคืึทืจื˜ืจื™ื›ืขื ืข ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืจื• 
ื ืึธืš ืึทืœืข ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืฉืจืขืงืœืขืš ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’. ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื”ื•ื™ืš-ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ืœื“ืขื˜ืข ืื™ืžื™- 
; ื’ืจืึทื ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง ื’ื•ืจื ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืกื ืื™ื˜ืืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข 
ื™ื™ื“ื ืžื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื˜ืึทืžืึธืœ ื ืชืขืœื” ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ: ื‘ึผืขืช ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืžืœืึทืœื˜ืขืจ 
ืึธืœื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืฆืึธืœื™ืงืขืจ ืงื™ื‘ึผื•ืฅ ื ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืึท ืฆืฐืฒื™ื˜ื ืจืึทื“ื™ืงืข ืจืึธืœืข, ื˜ืจืขื˜ 
ืขืก ืึทืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ื ื 10ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื” ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคึฟืึธึทื“ืขืจื ืจื•ื ื˜ ืื•ึนืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจื ืขืžื˜ ื“ืขื 
ื‘ื›ึผื›ื•ื“ื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืชืงื•ืคื”. 

ื“ื™ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืข ืฆืจื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ื ืข ื ื’ืขื•ื ื“ื ื™ืงืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขืก 
ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฐืึธื’ืœื˜ื ื™ืฉืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ ืกืคืจื“ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืจืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืจืข- 
ืžื•ื ื ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืื ื“ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื™ื–ืŸ, ื•ื™ ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ึดื™ ืžึดื™ื- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžืฉื™ื—-ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ื™ืžืืžื™ื“ื•ื• ืคืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืก 
ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœืก ืฉืึทืคืŸ, ืึทืœืข ื”ืึทื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ืœืขืคืŸ ืื™ืฃืขืจ ื“ื™ ื—ืžืคื• 
ืžืฉื™ื—'', ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื– ื‘ึผืืœื“-ื‘ืืœื“ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ , ืžืฉื™ื—ื 
ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ" 1. ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื—ื™ื•ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื‘ึผืจื‘ึผื ืืœืŸ ื ืข" 
ื’ืึทื ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืœื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื ื”ืึทืจืฆ- 


ืจื™ื™ืคื ื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื•ื ; ? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืจื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ืขื ืข 


1 ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืคึดื™ืœื• ื ืึทืœื“ ื‘ึผืึทืฐึนื™ื•ืŸ ืึท ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืŸ ืืฉืจ ืœืขืžืขืœืขืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื ื’ืขืฐืึทื ื“ืขืจื ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื•ืจื”, ืึธืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ 
ืžืฉื™ื— ื‘ึนึผืŸ ืืคืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืœืจ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื ืฐืขื ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืฐืฒื–ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื— ื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ 
ืคึผืจืึทื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืกืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื’ืขื ืœืฑื‘ื, ืึทื– ื–ืฒื™ ื”ืขืจืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ืคืจ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื™ื”, 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืึธื ืจืึทื ื“ื•ืจ ื’ืึทื ื– ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื, ื—ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื“ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืขืŸ 
ืจื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืืฉืจ ืœืขืžืขืœืขื ื ืฆื™ื™ืคืŸ, ื”ืึธืกื ื’ืขื”ืฒื™ืกืŸ ืฆืขืฐืึทืจืคืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืกื”ื” {| ืื”0ืŸ,. ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืคืœืขื ื ืžืฆื•ืช ื‘ืึทื›ืŸ, ืฐืฒืœ ืขืจ ืื™ ื’ืขืžืขืŸ ืฑื‘ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืกื— ืฐืขืื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื•ืŸ 
ืคืจืึทืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืจืฅื™ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ' 


2 ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 8,ืจืจืขืจืข ืฆื•ึน ืขืžืขืจื›ื” ื—ืืœื—ื•ืช. 





24 ื“"ืจ ื™ ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื ืขื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ -- ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืึทื– ื ืึธืจ ืึทื“ืึทื ืง 
ื“ืขื ืฉื•ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืขืข ืงื‘ืœื”-ืกืคืจื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ- 
ื•ื˜ืึธืŸ ื™ื•ืžื ื•ืœื™ืœื”, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ื›ื™ื” ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืฆื• ืฐืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœึถืข 
ืคึผื•ืจืขื ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ืฉื™ืงืขื ื™ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืฑื™ืกื ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ืฐืขื’. ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืึทื ื˜ื•ื, ืฐื• ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ืจืขืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ 
ืขืจ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ื ืกืชืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืŸ ืงื‘ึผืœื”-ืกืคืจ , ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืœื—ื•ืช'' ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื 14ื˜ืŸ ื™ื™"ื”, 


ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœืกื˜ืข, 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืขืึธืคึผืœืึทื˜ืึธื ื™ืฉืข ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื™ืžืขืจื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืœื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื ืขืกืึทื ืก- 
ืชึผืงื•ืคื” ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฐืึทืงืกืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ืจื™ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืคืจื•ื›ืคึผืขืจื˜ืŸ 
ื’ืึธื“ืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืึทื‘ึผืจื‘ึผื ืืœืก 1 ,ืฐื™ื›ึผื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข" 
(2/0016 /6 /0121080) 5, 

ื˜ืจืึทื ื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื ืึทื‘ึผื˜ืŸ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื–ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขื ื’ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื•ืž- 
ื’ืœื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ึผืจื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืข ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ. ืจื™ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื ืื‘ึผื˜, 
ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืžื™ืฉ ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ืœื“ืขื˜, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทืœืก ื˜ืึทืœืขื ื˜ืคื•ืœืขืจ ืึทืจืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืึทืกื˜ืจืึธื ืึธืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ 4 ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืฉืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ, ื™ืฆื—ืง ืึทื‘ึผืจื‘ื ื?; ืึทื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ืกืึทื‘ืึธืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืื™ื ืจื™ืžืฆืึธืจืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื“ืขืกืคึผืึธื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ ื™ืึธื”ืึทืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึทื ืคื™ืกืงื™ืจื 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืคืืจืžืขื’ืŸ. ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืึทื‘ึผืจื‘ึผื ืืœ 
ื‘ึผืึทื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึทืกื˜ื™ืœื™ืข. ื‘ึผืขืช ืก'ืื™ื– ืึทืจืฑืก ื“ื™ ื ื–ื™ืจื” ืื™ืŸ 1492, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื™ื—ื•ื“ื” ืึทื‘ืจื‘ื ื? ื‘ึผืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ืคืืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืœื•ืช, ื“ื™ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืง ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกืฆื•ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืคื•ื ื 
ืœืึทื ื“ ืึทื–ืึท ื’ืขื ื™ื˜ืŸ ืืจืฆื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืฆื• ืฆื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืึธื ื ืขืžืขืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืงืึทื˜ื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืŸ ื ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืึทืฐืขืงืฆื•ืจืฑื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื“ ืึถืคึผืฉืžื“ืŸ. ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืึทื‘ึผืจื‘ื ืืœ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึถึผืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทืฆื™ื™ื˜ื ืก ื’ืขืฐืึธืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืขืจื—ื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผื’ื ื™ื‘ื” ืื™- 
ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ื•ื’ืขื–ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฅ. ืขืจ ื ื•ืคื ื”ืึธื˜ 


1 ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ืึธืœื! โ€ (1160:2605 160 ,160ื˜116 160, 
0 )1.604, 

2 ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคึผืึธืจืฉืขืจ ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื“ืขืจืฐืฒื•ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขืจืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื‘ึผืจื’ื ืืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื•ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉืื˜ ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืžื™ ื”ืึธื ืขืจ ืื•ื ืฉืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฉืคืขื” 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขืึทืจื‘ึผืขื ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืึทืœืึธื’ืŸ" ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉ ("ื•ืข ืžืึธ. 
ื ืึทืžืกืฉืจื™ืคื", 1928, 426). ืึท ืกืžืš ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืฑื™ืงืข ื”ืฉืขืจื” ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื‘ึผืจื‘ื ืืœืก ืึท ื‘ึผืŸื™ื“ื•ืจ, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืฐื™ื™ืžืขืจ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืฃ 


8 ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืึทื‘ึผืจื‘ึผื ืืœ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผื•ื™ืจืŸ ื‘ืขืจืš 1400, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื™ืจืŸ 25 


ืžื•ืจื ื’ืขื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึทื ื“, ืฐื•ึผ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืงื™ื ื™ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฉื•ื ื ื™ืึทื”ืึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื–ืฉืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืึทืฐืขืก 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข, ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืึถื‘ึผืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ื•ื’ืขื–ื™- 
ืฉืขืจ ืžืœืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคืืจ ื ืžืฉื›ึผื•ืŸ, ืึทืœืกื˜ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื‘ึผืจื‘ึผื ืืœืก 
ืื™ื™ื ื™ืง?, ืื•ืŸ ื™ืึทื”ืึทื ืก ื ืึธื›ืคืึธืœื’ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ืžืฉื˜ ืขืžื ื•ืืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ 1495 ื“ืขื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื ืื‘ึผืจื‘ึผื ืืœ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉืข 
ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืคื•ื™ืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื•ืึทืœื“ ืึธืคึผืฉืžื“ืŸ, ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืฆื• ืจืึทื˜ืขืฐืขืŸ ืคื•ื ื 
ื ื™ื”ื ื•ื ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื ืฉืžื•ืช . 


ื˜ื™ืฃ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐื•ึผื ื“, ืืคื™ืœื• ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ 
ืึทืจื”ื™ื™ืœืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื’ื™ืกื˜ ื™ื—ื•ื“ื” ืึทื‘ึผืจื‘ึผื ืืœ ืื•ื™ืก ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฆืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ืจื ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขืžืข ,ืชึผืœื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื•ืžืŸ'". , ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืค 
ื™ืึธืจ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ --- ืจื•ืคื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก -- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืื™ืš 
ืงืึธืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•, ืกื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ื’ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ. ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื›ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ --- ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจืขืจ ื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื”ื™ืœื˜! ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคึฟืืจ ืžื™ืจ ืคืœื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ืœื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืจื˜ืŸ --- ืคืึทืจื•ื•ืขืœืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ึผืœื•ืžืขืŸ. 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขื ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉึฐืืœืึธืฃ ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขืจืฑื™ื›ื˜, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ื•ื•ืขืจื‘ืฅ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืคืข ืืฑืคื ืขื”ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืžืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฐืึทื ื“ืœื˜". 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืงืข ืกื˜ืจืึทืคืขืก ื‘ึผืขื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื ืขืกืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื•ื™ื‘ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจืก ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงืขืจืŸ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ืึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ *? 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืึถืจ (1809), ืฐืึธืก ืึทื‘ึผืจื‘ึผื ืืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืขืžืข 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื˜ืขืจ ืกื–ืœ ื‘ึผืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืขืจืง, 


1 ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ืคึผืจื˜ื™ื ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ื’ื•ืคื ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืขืžืข ืคืชึผืœื•ื ื” ืขืœ 
ื—ื–ื˜ืŸ"; 
ื‘ื›ืช ื’ื•ืจืฉื• ื‘ื ื™ ื ืœื•ืช ืกืคืจื“ -- ื™ืฆื• ืžืœืš ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืžืืจื‘ื™ 
ืœื‘ืœ ืืฆื ื•ืืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘'ืŸ ื’ื–ืจื™ื -- ื•ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื•ื ืง ื—ืœื‘ื™ 


ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืื• ื‘ึผื“ืชื• ื‘ืขื›ื•ืจื• -- ื•ื’ืœื” ืื ื™ ืื™ืฉ ืกื•ื‘ ืื”ื•ื‘ื™, 
ืฉืœื—ืชื™ื• ืขื ืžื ื™ืงืชื• ื‘ืื™ืฉื•ืŸ -- ื—ืฆื•ืช ืœื™ืœ ื›ืืœื• ื”ื•ื ื’ึฐื ื•ึนื‘ึดื™ 
ืœืคื•ืจืžื•ื ืืœ., . 

ื•ื›ืจืื•ืชื• ื‘ึนึผื ื™ ื›ื™ ื‘ื ืœืืจืฆื• -- ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื™ ื‘ืื™ืžืœื™ื™ื ื‘ึผื—ืฉื‘ื™ 
ืขืฆืจื—ื• 939 ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฆื•ื” -- ืœื›ืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื—ื‘ื™ ืžืฉื™ื‘. 

ื‘ึผืžื•ืชื• ืื—ืจื™ื• ืžืœืš ื›ืคื™ืœ ืงื - ื•ื”ื•ื ืื“ื•ืง ื‘ื“ืชื• ืื™ืฉ ื’ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ 


ื•ึฐืึธื ื˜ ื›ืœ ืขืจืช ื™ืขื›ื‘ ื•ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ -- ืขืœื™ ื“ืช ืคืœ ื‘ึผื ื™ ืขืžื™ ื ื“ื™ื‘ 
ื•ืœื•ื›ื— ืžื—ืžื“ ื ืžืฉื™ ื•ื”ื•ืžืจ -- ืฉืžื• ื”ืžื•ื‘ ื›ืžื™ ืฆื•ืจ ื ืงื•ื‘ื™ ื™ื™ 
3 ื“ื™ ืคึดึผื ึถืขืฆึถืข ื”ืึธื ืื ืจื‘ื ืืœ ืคืึทืจืžืึทืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1502, ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืื™ื• ื–ื™ ื’ืขื—ืขืŸ 
ืคื ืจืฒืคื ืžืœืขื›ื. ืื•ืŸ ,ืื•ืฆืจ ื ื—ืžืจ", |, 75 -- 70 ื“ืขืจื’ื ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืœื“ืจื™ืงื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืจื™ 
ื“ืขืจืข ืฆื™ ื’ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื”ื‘ื”', 





20 ืจ"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ืจ' ,2006 66 /0121040' 1 -- ื“ืขื ื‘ืื ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื’ืขืจื˜ืŸ ืฉื™ืจ-ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ 
ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข. ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทืœื‘ึผ-ืคึผืึธืจื˜ื•ื’ืขื–ื™ืฉืขืจ, ื”ืึทืœื‘ึผ-ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืขืŸ ื™ืึธืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข- 
ื ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜, ืึทื–ืฑ ื˜ื™ืฃ ืฉืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ืžืึทืœ- 
ื™ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ื•ืขื ืขืกืื ืก, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ื—ืฉื•ื‘ืข ืคืึธื ืขืŸ- 
ื™ื˜ื“ืขื’ืขืจ; ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ ื’ืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืกืคืจื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ื™ืจ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืจื™ื™ืŸ-ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื”ืื ื“ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึฟืึธืœืงืก-ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš 5, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ื ื 
7ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื—, ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืขืฆืขืจ 

,ืฐื™ื›ึผื•ื—ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข" ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื–ื˜ ืื•ื˜ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื“ืขื ืงืขืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืึทื‘ึผืจื‘ึผื ืืœ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื›ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืค- 
ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ *. ื™ืฆื—ืง ืึทื‘ึผืจื‘ึผื ืืœ ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื™, 
ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” , ืื™ื– ื‘ืœืชึผื™ื™ืกืคืง ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืงืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื•ืจ" !; ืื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื‘ืจื‘ื ื? ื’ื•ืคื ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขืžืข: ,,ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืึทืจืคืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ื“ืึทื ืง ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืึทืœืข ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื“ื•ื; ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฉื•ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืึทืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ---ื˜ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืฒ 
ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืŸ" *. ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืžื•ืŸ ืžื•ื“ื” ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื‘ึผืจื‘ึผื ืืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื˜ืืงืข ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื˜ื™ื™ื˜ 


1 ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืจืคึผืึทืกืขืจ ื ื•ืคื ืฐืฒื•ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื™ืึธืจ ืฐืขืŸ ืขืจ ื”ื˜ึธึผื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ ืฐืขืจืง ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ื•ื™ื ื•ื— ืœืฒืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ (ืžื™ืจ ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืœื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ื ืฆื™ื ื’); 
,ื”ืจื•ื™ ืื ื•. ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ึผืขื ืช ืžืืชื™ื ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ืฉื ื™ื ืžื”ืืœืฃ ื”ืฉืฉื™" (1502). 

2 ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขืจืง ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึธืจึถื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืึทืœืึธื’ืŸ (ืฆืฐื™ื™ื’ืขืฉื˜ ืจืข ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืคื™ืœื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกืึธืคึผื™ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ื”ืฒืกืŸ ื–ืฒ: ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืžื”, 

5 ื’ืจืขืฅ ืจืขื›ื ื, ืึทื– ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœื ืฐืขืจ : ื”ืึธื ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื“ื™ ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท, ื“ื™ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข .ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื™ืกื•ื“ ื’ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืจืขื (ืืจื™ื” ื‘ึฟืึธืจืขื ืึธ ืจืขื›ื ื ืืฑื™ื ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืืฑื™ืžืึธื‘ึผื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืžื™ืข ืึธืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืœื™ืžืขืจืึธืจื™ืฉ; ืึทืจื‘ึผืขืกืŸ,4 ื“ืขืจ ื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื”ื‘ื”?* ืฐืขืจื˜ 
ืึธื›ึผืขืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜. ื ื™ื ื‘ึผืึทื ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืฉ. ื•ึนื›ืฉ ื”ืฉืขืจื” (ื’ื”ืžื’ื™ืจ", ืฉื, 
5 ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ึผืจื•ืš ื˜ื•"ื ืื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื”, ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื ื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ 417ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื”, ื˜ื™ืจ ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ 2/0016 41 ื•ื˜ืขึฒืกื•ื•ื ื”ื™ึธืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื“ืขืœืžืข. 
ื“ื™ื’ืึธ (ื™ืฉ"ืจ ืžืงื ื“ื™ื), ืฐืึธืจืขื ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฉืจืฒื‘ึผื˜ ืฐืข;ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ึผ ืฆื•ื ืงืึท. 
ืจืึทืื™ื ื–ืจื” ื‘ึผืŸ ื ืชืŸ; ืื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืœ,,, ื”ื‘ืจ ืกืคืจ ื‘ึผืœืึทืžื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื—ื• ืื™ืŸ ืœืกืคืจ ืงืจืื• ืกืคืจ 
ืคื™ืœื•ืŸ ื•ืกื•ืคื™ื”,, ื•ื” ืขืช ืง ืชื™ ืก ืคืจ ื–ื” ื›ืœื• ื‘ึผืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื™ื™ืจ ืขื ื›ืฆืช ืกืคื™ 
ืจ' ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื” ื”ืืœื ืกื ื“ืจื™ ืฉื”ื‘ึผืจ ื›ืคืจื™ื ืจื‘ึดึผื™ื ืงืœืฉื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ืื—ืจืชื™ ืœึฐื”ื‘ึผืจ ืืœื• ื”ื™ื“ื™ื—ื™ื ื•ืชื™ืจ 
ืœืื—ื“ื™ื ื•ืื“ืคื™ืกื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื›ืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฉืจื? ืœืื•ืชื•ืช ื•ืœืžื•ืคืชื™ื, โ€ ื•ื ื’ื ื‘ื• ืžืžื ื™ ื•ืขื“ ื”ื ื— 
ืœื ืจืื™ืชื™" (ืืžึฐืœึนื ื—ืคื ื™ื", 21), ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ื”ื™ึทื˜ ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ืžืฉ 
ืœืขื›ื ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื” {ืžืงื™ืฆื™ ื ืจื“ืžื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ืง ืื™ืŸ 1871, 

,ืื™ืฆืจ ื ื”ืžื“'", {}, 258 ,ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ึผืœื™ ืกืคืง ืžื‘ื”ืจ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื” ื‘ึทึผื“ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื”, 

9 ื•ืขืžืงื• ื˜ื”ืฉื ื•ืชื™ ื‘ึนึผื” ื•ื”ื›ื˜ื™ -- ืื“ื•ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ึผืขื™ื ื™ ืคื—ื’ื‘ 


ื•ื”ื™ื›ืชื™ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื™ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื”ื -- ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ ื™ืขืจืš ืืชื™ ืงืจื‘ื™, 





ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื“ืŸ 21 


ื’ื™ื˜ ืคื™ืœ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ,, ืฐื™ื›ึผื•ื—ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข' ืื™ืŸ 
| ื˜ืึทืงืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืžืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœื–ืฒื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ,. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื‘ึผืงื™ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉ-ืึทืจืึทื‘ึผื™ืฉืขืจ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื’ืขื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ื•ื 
ืžื™ื˜ืœืึทืœื˜ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืžืคืจืฉื™ื. ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธืจืขื ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื—ื•ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืึธืจื˜ืึธื“ืึธืงืกื™ืฉืข ื˜ืจืึทื“ื™ืฆื™ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื™ื”ื•ื“ื— ืึทื‘ึผืจื‘ึผื ืืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืก ื”ื•ื™ื–, --- ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืขืก ืคื™ืœ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืจืงื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืคืืคืจื™ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืึทืฆื™ืึทื ืืœื™ื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ-ืžื™ื™ืžื•ื ื™ืก- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืขื•ื™ ืฉื™ื˜ื”. ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืจ ื ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื“ืขืขืŸื•ืขืœื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืœืึทืœื˜ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืงื‘ืœื” ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืขืจ ื ื˜ื™ื” ืฆื• ื ืขืึธืคึผืœืึธ- 
ื˜ืึธื ื™ื–ื 1. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืื–ื™ืงืข ืกื™ืžืคืื˜ื™ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ ืึทื‘ืจื‘ึผื ืืœืŸ ื ืึธืฃ 
ื›ื˜ื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืจืงื˜, ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื•ื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืื™ื™ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื™ื™ื ื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ืžืึทื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึทื˜ืžืึธืกืคืขืจ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืคึผืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืึธืคึผืœืึทื˜ืึทื ื™ืงืขืจ, 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืฉืขืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ, ื—140ื”?" ืื•ืŸ.ื—810ืกืžื•ื—ืฅืค" ื—ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ืึทื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
, ื ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ" ืึทืคึผืœืžื•ืŸ ?, ืื•ืŸ ื›ืขืช ืื›ื‘ึผืจื‘ื ืืœ ื‘ืึทื”ืึทื ื“ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœืึทื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืข 
ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜-ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืฆื•ื ื‘ึผื™ื™ืฉืคื™?, ื“ึดื™ ืคืจืึทื’ืข: ืฆื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื” ื“ืขืจ 
ืžื”ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืจ ืืฑื™ืกืฉื˜ืจืึทืœื•ื ื’ (ืขืžืฉื ืึทืฆื™ืข) -- 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื ื˜ืฉืฒื“ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืคึผืœื˜ื•ื ืก ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืคึผื•ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ืืจืคื˜ ืึดื 
ืึทืจื™ืคื˜ื•ื ื’ืจื•ื ื˜-ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผ ?. ืื‘ึผืจื‘ึผื ืืœ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™, ืึทื ื‘, ืคืึทืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง 
ื–ื™ืš ืกื•ืžืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืข, ืึทื– ื‘ึผืขืช ืืคึผืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืข ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืึทืงื˜ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืชึผื•ืจืช 
ืžืฉื” ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื›ืœ? ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื“ืขืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื˜ืืงืข ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืžื” ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืฉืข = 
ืฉื ืื”, ืงืจื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืกืงื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืžืขืจ ื ืคืฉื•ืช 
ืื•ืžื ืขื‘ืจืื ื˜ ื•ื™ ืึทืœืข ืกื™ื ื™ ืงืจืขื ืง ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ืฉื™ืงืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ืฆื•" 
ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ'', ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืึทื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื ื•ืคื ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื•ื”ืื˜ ืึทื–ื•ึนื™ ืคื™ืœ ืื•ื™ื" 
ืฆื•ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฉื ืื” ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืœื“ืŸ ืคืึทื ืึทื˜ื™ื–ืืก. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ 


3 ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฉืคึผืขื”, ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื ื”ืฒึทื ื’ืขื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขืึธืคึผืœืึทื˜ืึธื ื™? 
ืงืขืจ, ืฉืœืžื” ื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืœ ืžึดื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืงื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื', ืฐืฒื•ื ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืืœ ื’ื•ืคื ื ืึธืŸ (ืื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืขืœ ื—ืื”ื‘ื” 
ื“ืฃ 58, ืขืž' ื). 

* ืืฑื›ึผื•ื•ื– ืขืœ ื”ืื”ื‘ื”', 22 ืขืž' ืื™ 

8 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 86, ืขืก"ื: ืงื”ื•ื (ืืจื™ืกืžื•) ืžื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ื”ืืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื”ื“ ื‘ืขืฆื˜ืจ 
ื•ืืคื™ืžื•ืŸ ืืžืจ ืฉื—ื—ื›ืžื” ื ืžืฉื›ืช ืžื”ืืœ,, ื•ืื™ื ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื›ึผื“ืขืช ืืจื™ืกืžื•". 

4 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 85, ืขืž' 2 ,ืืคืœื›ื•ืŸ ืœืคื™ ืฉืœืžื“ ืžืŸ ื—ื•ืงื ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืฆืจื™ื (ืชืœืคื™ืง ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ 
ื™ื™ืชืจ,,, โ€ ื‘ึทึผื”ื™ื•ึนืช ืืคืœืžื™ืŸ ืชึผืœืกื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื–ึฐืงื ื™ื ื• ื‘ึผื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœืงื™ื™ื ืœืžื“ ืฐืชืจ.." ืจืึธืจืžืŸ 1, 


, : 8 
ืขื' ื ,ืฉืืคืœื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื” ืžืžืœืกื’ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื”, 





28 ื“"ืจ ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ ืขืจื’ 


ื“ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจืคืื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ,,ื•ื•ื™ื›ึผื•ื—ื™ื'' ืคืขืกื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ืขืก ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึทืจื•ื™ืก ืึทืœืก ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ,,ืึทื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ!', ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืขืงืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืื™ืจ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื“ื•ืžืžื™ื,, ื“ื™ ืงืึทืœื˜ืข ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ื‘ึดึผื™ื– ื“ื™ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืข ืกืคืขืจืŸ -- 
ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืœื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ึผืขืŸ; ืึทืœืฅ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื”ืึทืจืžืึธื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืึทืจ- 
ื‘ึผื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’. ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ื? ืื™ื– ืฉื•ืื ื’ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืขื›ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึทืคึผืœ, ืึทืœืฅ ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ึผืขื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืข. ืึทื˜ื™ืœื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื›ืึทืึธืก ื’ื•ืคื, ื“ืขืจ ืชื•ื”ื•ื™ื•ื‘ื•ื”ื• ืคื•ึนืŸ ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ึผืจืืฉื™ืช, ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืข, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื ืจื˜, 
ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฐืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื•ืž- 
ื“ืขืจื–ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ืœื•ืกื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื‘ึผืื”ืขืคื˜ื•ื ื’. ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื“ืจืึทื ื’ ื ืึธืš ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฉืึทืคืŸ, ืึทืœืฅ ืึธื˜ืขืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžืฉื˜ื™ืœื‘ึผืึทืจืขืจ ื’ื™ืจื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ 
ื ืึธืš ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคืึธืจืžืขืŸ-ื•ื•ืขืงืกืœ, ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื™ืข ื’ืขื‘ึผื•ืจื˜ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื˜ 
ืฆื• ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืŸ ืฆื™ืœ -- ื“ืขืจื ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืคื•ึนืŸ ื”ืึทืจืžืึธื ื™ืข, 
ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืจืงื•ืืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืžืึธื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื ืึทื ืฆืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื‘ึผืกืึธ- 
ืœื•ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ --- ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขืจ 1. ืึทืœืข ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›- 
ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ืื™ื™ื ืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข: ื“ื™ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื”ืขื›ืขืจืข, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืืš ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื ืึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื ืึทื ืฆืงื™ื™ื˜  .?โ€ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคึผืึถืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืึธืจึถื. ื ื•ืฆื˜ 
ืึทื‘ึผืจื‘ื ื? ืื•ื™ืก ืคึผื™ื˜ืึทื ืึธืจืก ื–ืึทืฅ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ื”ืึทืจืžืึธื ื™ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืข 
ืกืคืขืจืŸ". ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง ื•ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฉืึทืคืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื”ืึทื“- 
ืžืึธื ื™ืข ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืื™ื™ื ืฆืœื ืข ืึทืงืึธืจื“ืŸ โ€ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื ืขืจ, 
ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ื’ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ืึทื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืึทื ืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืื•ืžืื•ื™ืคื”ืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธืจืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ืื•ืžืคืืจื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืœืขื›ืข, ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึทืจืžืึธื ื™ืฉ-ื ืึทื ืฆืข ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกืึทืœืข ืœื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ืข- 
ื–ืึทื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืฑื™ ืขื ื’ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื ืขืคืœืึธื›ื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืฉืžืขืŸ, ืื™ื™ื ืก ืื™ื– ืึทื–ื•ื™ 
ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืึธืคึผื”ืขื ื’ื™ืง ืคื•ื ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืึทื– ื•ื™ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื ื“ืกื˜ืข ืจื™ื ื’ืขืœืข 
ืคืึทืœื˜ ืึทืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืžืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื˜ -- ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜;, 61, ืขืž' ืื˜ ืคืชื›ืœื™ืช ื›ืœ ืื—ื”ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ื‘ึผืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื—ืื—ืจื•ืŸ 
ืžื—ื—ืชืื—ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื‘ึผื•ืจืื•",. ื–ืข ืื•ื™ืš ืจืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 55, ืขืž' ื'; 43, ืขืž' ืื™ 
2 ื“ืึธืจืžืŸ, 20 ืขืž' ื‘', ืื‘ึผืจื‘ื ืืœ ืฉื˜ืขืœื ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ืื’ื‘ ืึธืคึผ ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช (ื‘ึนึผืœ, 17-- 
0) ืืฑืฃ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื ืึทืœื˜ืขืจืžื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืžืœืึทืœืฉืขืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ื‘ึผืึทืœื™ื‘ึผืกืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืœืฒืš ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืจืขื 
ื‘ึผื•ื™ ืคื•ื ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืŸ ืงืขืจืคืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆืฐืึทืžืขื ืœืึทื’ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืœืึทื ืขืกืŸ, ืขืจ ืคืœืฒืกื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทืŸ ืจืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืขืจ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื—ื™ื ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืžื™ืงืจืึธืงืึธืกื˜, 
| ื“"ื—ื” ืึท ื–ืขื™ืจ ืึทื ืคึผื™ืŸ, ืึท ื˜ื™ื ื™ืึทืžื•ืจ.ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื— ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฐืขืœื˜ืึทืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
| ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ /ื˜ืžื™ืงืจืึธืงืึธืกื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ื•ื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื ืœื‘ึผื™ืœืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึทืงืจืึธืงืึธืกืก -- ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื’ืขืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืขืœื˜ืึธืœ. 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืกืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื“ืŸ 29 


ื’ืขื ื•ื’, ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื”ืืจืžืึธื ื™ืฉืข ื ืึทื ืฆืงืฒื™ื˜ 2 
ืึธื ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื‘ึผืข, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืจื™ื ื’ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืฐืขืœื˜ืึทืœ, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ื”ื ืื” ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืคืจื™ื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ึนืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ืš -- ื–ื™ 
ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื˜ ืฆื• ืึทืœื’ืขืžืฒื ืขืจ ื”ืืจืžืึธื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึทื—ื“ื•ึนืช, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืึถืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ 
ื”ืึทืจืžืึธื ื™ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืืœืข ื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืึทืœื•ืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืคืึทืจื ืขื --- ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืึทื‘ึผืจื‘ึผื ืืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, --- ืื™ื– 
ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ื–ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ 
ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช 2 ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ึฟืŸ 
ื’ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจืข ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืžืขืจ ื”ืขื›ืขืจืข, ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฐื•ื•ื ื˜ืฉืขื ืข ื”ืึทืจืžืึธื ื™ืฉืข ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื”ืขื›ืขืจืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืžืขืจ 
ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคื•ืœืงื•ืžื˜ืข. ,ืฐืึธืจืขื, ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ 
ื”,ืฐื™ื›ึผื•ื—ื™ื", ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืชืข ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ืงืึธืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜, ื•ื• 
ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš. ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื ื™ืžื•ืชื“ื™ืงืข" *. 
ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืฒืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ื ืขื“ืึทื ืก, ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื‘ึผืจื‘ื ืืœ ืฆื•ื 
ืคึฟืึธืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผื•ืขืœ-ื™ื•ืฆื: ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ, ืคืึทืจืืŸ ืฆื•ื™ื™ ืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข: 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืจื˜ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ ืคึผืึทืกื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ืจ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก 
ื ืขืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜-ื‘ืืคืจื™ื“ื™ืกื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื“ืึธืก ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ื–ืฒืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื ื˜ืขืฃ โ€ 
ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืœืขื›ืฆื˜ ื ืึธืš ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขื ืงื•ื™ึทื’ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืคืจื•ื›" 
ืคึผืขืจื•ื ื’. ืขืก ืขืงืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืึธื‘ึถึผืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื ืื ืฅ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ืŸ --- ื“ื™ 
ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•' ืฉืืคื ื“ื™ืงืข, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขื ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืžืฉืคึผื™ืขืŸ; ื–ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ึผื˜ ืืœืฅ 
ืืจื•ื ืฆื• ื‘ืื ืœื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื–ืขื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื, ืฐืึธืก 
ืฉืคึผืจืึธืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืึทึธืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืื™ืจ ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืก ื ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืงืฐืึทืœ4, ื“ื™ 
ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืึทืจืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข, ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืฃ 
ื—ืฉืง ืฆื• ื‘ืืฉืขื ืงืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ื ืฉื•ื ืคืึทืจื’ื™ื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฆืึธืœื•ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ื’ืฐื•ืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืจืึทื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ืึทืจื•ื ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื”ืขื›ื˜ื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืคึผืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช --- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืืžืชืข 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 21, ืขืž' ื. | 

2 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 21, ืขืž' ื‘': ืขื›ื™ ื”ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœึนื ื›ึผืฉื‘ื ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืžื‘ื” ื”ืคึผืจื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช 
ืœืื”ื“ ืžื”ื ืืœื ื‘ึผืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื›ื™ ื‘ึผืœืชึผื” ื™ืคืกื“ ื”ื›ึผืœ, ื•ืžื–ื” ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื 
ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืœื™ื". 

ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 36, ืขืž' ื‘': ืึฒื›ึดึผื™ ื”ืกืจื•ืŸ ื”ืชึผืชืชึผื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืจื” ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ืืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ื›ื™ ื’ืจืขื•ืŸ 
ื”ืขืœื•ืœ ืžื•ืจื” ื’ืจื™ืขื•ืจืŸ ื”ืขื™ืœื”, ื•ื"ื› ื›ึผืฉื”ืขื™ืœื” ืื•ื”ื›ืช ื”ืขืœื•ืœ ืฉืœื• ื•ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ โ€ ืืช ื”ืชึผื—ืชึผื•ึผืŸ 
ื”ื ื” ืžืชืื•ื” ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื—ืชึผื—ืชึผื•ืŸ ื•ืœื™ื—ื“ ืื•ึนืชื• ืขืžื• ื›ึผื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ืฆืœ ืžื”ื”ืกื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื’ืจื™ืขื•ืช ืœื' 
ืฉื‘ึผื—ื” ื™ื ืฆืœ ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ื˜ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืขื“ืจ ืฉืœืžื•ืช"ืŸ 

4 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 36, ืขื' ื'. 

5 ื“ืึธืจืžืŸ, 0, ืขืž" ืื•ืŸ 0 ืขืž' ื‘ 





30 ื“"ืจ 'ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ ืขืจื’ 


ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ืงืึธืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ื–ื™ ื–ืึถืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืœืฅ 
ืึธืจื•ื ื–ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžืฉืคึผื™ืข ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช. 
, ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜-ื˜ืจืื’ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ึผื•ื™ื ืื™ื– ืฉืขื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœืงื•ืžืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ืœืึธื–ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ึผืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืฐืึทืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ึผืึทืคึผืจื•ื›ืคึผืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืคื™ื ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืึทืฐืขื ื•ื ื’, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื ืœื™ื™ืš ืฉืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœืŸ ืงืจื™ืฉื˜ืึธืœ-ืจื™ื™ื ืขื ื•ื•ืึทืกืขื“" :. ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื’ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืจืึธืš 
ื‘ึผืชึผื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช, ืกื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืฆื ื ืึธืš ืžืฉืคึผื™ืข ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืœืฅ ืึทืจื•ื, 
ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ืจืึทืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืœืฒื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœืงื•ืžืขื ืขื ื’ืœืึทื ืฅ. ืื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืขืจ- 
ืคืึทืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืืœืฅ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ื ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื˜, ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ืฆื• ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทืคืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ, ืืœืข 
ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื“ืจื ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช 2. 

ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื“ื™ ืขืงืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื•ืขืœ-ื™ื•ืฆื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜- 
ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืœึดื™ื‘ึผืข, ืืฆื– ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ื”ืฒื˜ ืขื ื’ ืคืืจื‘ึผื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช' ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทืคื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืขืจ ืฆื™ืœ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš 
ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงืขืจืŸ ืฆื•ื ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื”ืขืคื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื (ื›ื™ ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช 
ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืืœืงื™ืช ื‘ื•, ื›ืš ื”ืคืžืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื• 
ืชืœื•ื™ื ื‘ื”ื—ื–ืจื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืืœืงื•ืช ืขืฆืžื• ืฉื”ื•ืฉืคืข ืžื˜ื˜ 
ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื”). ื’ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืกื™ื‘ึผื” ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฆื™ืœ; ื•ื™ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึถืคึผ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื - 
ืฆืขืจ ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื ื ื‘ึผื•ื™ื ืŸ- ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืŸ, ืึทื–ืฑ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืกื™ื‘ึผื” ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืœืคืึทื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืึทืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ, ื•ืืก 
ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื“ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธืจืŸ 8. 
ืื•ืŸ ืึทื‘ึผืจื‘ื ืืœ ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ึผื ื’ื™ืœื“ืขืจ * ื“ืขื ืคืึทืจื›ื™ืฉื•ืคื˜ืŸ 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 94, ืขืž' ื‘ื™ 

3 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 53, ืขื' ื': ืื•ื•ื” ื”ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืชื›ืœื™ืช ืื”ื›ืช 
ื”ืืœ ืœืขื•ืœืžื• ื•ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื—ืœื›ื™ื• ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื• ื”ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืืœืงื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืฉืœืžื•ืช, 
ื•ื–ื”ื• ืช:ืœื™ืช ื—ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ืืœืงื™ืช ื•ื”ื’ ื ื›ืกืฃ ืžืืชื• ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ื•ืžืงื™ื™ื ื”ื›ืœ 
ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ื›ืœ ื•ืžื’ื™ืข ื”ื›ืœ,." 

8 ืก'ืื™ื– ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืึธืจืขืžื™ืงืข- ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทื ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื‘ึผืึทืฐืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ื ืขืึธืคึผืœืึทื˜ืึธื ื™ื•ื, ืคืจื™ื“ื‘ื™ืš ืฉืœืขื ืขืœ, ื—ื–ืจื ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื›ึผืžืขื 
ืฐืึธืจื ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืื‘ืจื‘ึผื ืืœื ื’ืขืจืึทื ืง, /ื—ื™ ื’ืึธื˜ื”ืฒื˜, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฉืœืขื ืขืœ, ืื™ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื‘ึผื™ืงืฒื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืข ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงื™ื™ื, ื–ื™ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืึธืฆืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื‘ึผืกืึธืœื•ื˜ืข 
ืคื•ืœืงื•ืžื”ื™ื™ื˜, ืึธื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื’ื ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœื.ื‘ืึทืฉืึทืคืŸ? ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืึทื›ึผืกืึธืœื•ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืจื ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธืจืŸ ืจืึธืก ื‘ืขื ืงืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ. 
ืคื•ืœืงื™ื™ื˜, ืฐืฒืœ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื•ื ื’ ืžื•ื ื ืื™ืžืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜2 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธื˜ื”ืฒื ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ื“ื™ ื”2ื›ืกื˜ืข ืžืจืจื’ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช', 


8 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 00, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ืฒื“ืŸ 31 


ืขื™ื ื•ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข!, ืฐื™ ืื–ื•ื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ืึทืœ-ืงืึธืกืžืึธืก ืื™ื– ื›ึผื‘ื™ื›ื•ืค 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ืŸ ืฆืขืฉืคึผืึธืœื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืžืื•ื™ืคื”ืขืจืœืขืš ื–ื™ืš ื•ื™" 
ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื”ืขืคื˜ืŸ: ื“ื™ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืข ืžื“ืจื ื•ืช ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš 
ืฆื•ื ืกื™ืกื‘ึผืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช, ืื•ึนืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœืงื•ืžืข ืฉื˜ืจืขืฆื˜ 
ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืฆื•ึน ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืจืขื‘ื˜ืข, ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ืจืึทืœืŸ ืขืก ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขื ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช 1 ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืืžืข 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืกืžื™ืฉืŸ ืจื™ื–ื™ืงืŸ ืขึตื™ื’ื•ืœ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืžื” ืื™ื– ,ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ืžืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืŸ ื ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืœื™ืžื˜" 
(ื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื—ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื”ืืœืงื™ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื‘ืขืœ ืชื‘ืœื™ืช), ื–ื™, ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื—, ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืš 
ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื‘ืึทืจืขืจ ื ืึธื‘ ื’ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ืก-ืจื™ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก 
ืคืึทืจืืฒื™ื ื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ืกื™ื˜ืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืขืœืŸ 
ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชึผื—ืชึผื•ืŸ. 


ื“ืึธ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืึทื‘ึผืจื‘ื ืืœ ืคืึทืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืขื ื’ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื 
ืคึผื•ื ืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจื ืขืžื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ื•-ืžื™ื™ืžื•ื ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืขื˜ื™ืง. ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ื“ืขื ืงืขืจ --- ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืึทื‘ึผืจื‘ึผื ืืœ -- ื‘ึผืึทื”ืฑืคึผื˜ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก 
ื”ืขื›ื›ืŸื˜ืข ืžืขื ืฉื˜ืฑื ืœื™ืง ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ืฒื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืคึฟืึธืจืฉืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข 
ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ื’ืœื™ืง ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ ืข ืฆื• ื’ืึธื˜. 
ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ื ื™ื˜, ืคื™ืจื˜ ืึทื‘ึผืจื‘ื ืืœ ืื•ื™ืก, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืฉื›? ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’- 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ื ืขืคื™ืœืŸ; ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ื“, ืคื™ืจื˜ ืขืก ื“ืขื 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืข ื›ึผื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื•ื ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืŸ ืฆื™ืœ --- ื‘ึผืึทื ืจื™ื™ืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื  
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธื˜ืก ื ืจื•ื™ืกืงื™ื™ื˜. ืึธืŸ-ื“ืขื ืงืึธืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืชืข ืœึดื™ื‘ึผืข ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ. 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื›ืœ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ,,ืžืœืš ื‘ึผื‘ึผื™ืคึผื”''. ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืขืจ ืขื 
ืฐืึทืงืกื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข, ืึทืœื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื“ืขืจื ืขื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื- 
ืกื˜ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืžื“ืจื ื”, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ื‘ืค ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ื™ืŸ- 
ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืœื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื•ื•ืขืœื˜ื™ืงื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืขืจ, ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืขืจืขืจ ืงืจืึทืžื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื“ืขืจ" 
ื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื“ืจื ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื–ื ืื•ืžื‘ืืฉืจืฒื™ื‘ึผืœืขื›ืขืจ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ื“, ืฐืึธืก 
ื’ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื›ืœ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข: ื“ื•ืจืฃ 
ื“ืขื ืคึผืึทื˜ืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืชืคึผืฉื˜ื•ืช ื—ื ืฉืžื™ื•ืช, ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืขืจ ืึถื ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ื•ื ; 
ืคื•ื ื ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ, ืึทื ื˜ืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื  ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื“ืขืจืฐืืจื˜ืข ืึทื ื˜ืคืœื˜ืงื•ื ื’, ื“ื™ 
ืงืจื™ืฉื˜ืึธืœื™ืงืœืึธืจืข ื–ืขื•ึผื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ื ืฉืžื” ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช, 
ืื™ืจ ื‘ึผืึทื–ืขืคื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื™ืžื™ืฉ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื˜ื”ืฒื˜, ืื™ืจ ืื™ื™ื ืก ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืึธื˜ 5 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 92--93, 


2 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 10, ืขืž' ื', 





32 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 

ื“ืขืจ ืฉื›?, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืึทื‘ึผืจื‘ึผื ืืœ, ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืึทืฐื“ืื™ ืคื™ืœ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ืฆื• 
ื ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืขืงืŸ; ืฐื•ึผ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื•ืืš, ื‘ึผืœื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื–ื™ ืึดื‘ึผืขืจ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืฉื›ืœืก ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”; ืึทื“ืจื‘ึผื”, ื–ื™ ื’ื•ืคื ืจืขื’ื™ืจื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ืื™ื, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึทืœืฅ ื‘ึผืึทื“ืขื›ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทืœื˜ ืฆืขื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจื ื“ื™- 
ืงืขืจ ืฉื›ืœ? ืคื™ืจื˜ ืขืก ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื‘ึผืขืช ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ืš ืžื•ืกืจ-ื ืคืฉ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ืžืืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืก-ื ืขืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜. ืฐืึธืก ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ึผืข" 
ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ึผืจืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ึผืขืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืงืจื‘ึผืŸ! ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ื ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื˜ืจ ืฉื›ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืงื•ื“ื-ื›ืœ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืชึผื›ืœื™ืช ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืŸ, ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืึทืคึผืึทื‘ึผืœ ืžืฉื™ื’ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืข 
ืžืชื™ืงื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ึผืึทื ืœื™ืงื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคืจื™ื™ื“ื™ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึธื ื ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ื‘ึผืจืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ึผืขื’. โ€ / 

ื“ืึธ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขื ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงื˜ื˜ืŸ ืงืขืจืŸ-ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื‘ึผืจื‘ึผื ืืœืก ืคื™ืœืึธ- 
ื–ืึธืคึผื™ืฉืŸ ืฐืขืœื˜-ื‘ึผืึทื ืขื. ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข -- ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื ืขืกืึทื ืก-ืชึผืงื•ืคื” --- ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ (ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื 
ืขืงืจื™ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื), ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืขื ื ื•ื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ื ืึธืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืกืืžืข ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ื ืึธืš ื”ืขื›ืขืจืก, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืขืช- 
ืกื˜ืข --- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืฉ ื™ื™ื  ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ืฐื•ืข ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ื ื ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทืคืŸ. ืืžืชืข ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืงืึธืŸ ืื‘ึถึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืคืขืœื˜ ื ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช. ื“ืึธืก ืจื™ื™ืŸ-ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ- 
ืœืขื›ืข ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื ื•ืฆืœืขืš, ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ, ืขืก ืื™ืŸ 
ืึธื‘ึถึผืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผื—ื™ื ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืืžืชืขืจ ื—ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ 
ืฉื™ืžืขืจื™ืจื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืœื•ื›ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ 5 

ื‘ึผืขืช ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ื™ืกื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืชืžืืจืช, ื“ืขื ืžื—ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื‚ื™ื™ื " 
ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจื ืขืžื˜ ื“ืขื ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืึทืœ-ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ , ื“ื™ืึทืœืึธื’ืŸ", ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ืฆื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึทื‘ึผืจื‘ึผื ื? ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื ืขืึธืคึผืœืึทื˜ืึทื ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ึผืขืœื™ืงื‘ึผืœื” 
ืึทื–ืฑื™ ื‘ึผืึทืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืŸ ื ืขื“ืึทื ืง ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื™ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืžื”ื•ืช. 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ?, ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ืขืจ ,ืกืคืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจื”", ื“ืขืจ ,ื–ื•ื”ืจ" ืื•ืŸ 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 11, ืขืž' ื‘'? ืฉื•ืื™ื–ื” ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ึนืชืจ ื ืื•ืชื” ืžืื”ื‘ืช ื”ืืœ, ื•ืื™ื–ื• ื—ื™ื 
ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื•ื” ื•ืžืฉื•ืœื—ืช ืžืžื ื”? ืฉื”ืจื™ ืื™ื ื” ืžืกื•ื“ืจืช ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื  ื•ืžืงืฒื™ื ืืช ื”ืื“ื, 
ื›ื™ ื™ืจื ื™ื ื”ื ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืขื ื•ืจ ืื”ื ืช ื”ืืœ ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœืžื•ืช, ื•ื›ืžื” 
ื”ื ืฉื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขื•ืฆื ืื—ื‘ืช ื”ืืœ ืื™ื ื ืื•ื”ื›ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื.. ืฉื”ืฉื›ืœ ืœึนื ื™ืกื›ื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ืืœื 
ื ืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืื•ืชื™ื.. ืฉื”ืื”ื‘ื” ืขื ื”ื™ื•ื”ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืขื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืงื” 
ื‘ื›ืื‘ ืื ื•ืฉ ืœื ื™ื•ื—ื™ืœ ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื•ืœื ื™ื—ืžื•ื“ ืœืฆืืช ืžืžื ื”"ื™ 

2 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 53, ืขื' ื': ืขื•ื"ื› ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื˜ื•ื—ืฉื™ 
ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื˜ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื—ื”ื ื—ืŸ ื•ื•ืคื™ืŸ ืืžื ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ืžืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ 
ื”ื”ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ืžืจื™ื ืœื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื”ื ื—ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืคื™ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ื ืฉื”ื ืื™ื ื ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื™ืคื™ื", 

8 ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื ื“, ื‘ึผื™ื™ืœืึทื’ืข ื ื•ืž' 9, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืฉืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 23 


ืคื™ืœืข ืžื™ื˜ืœืึทืœื˜ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื“ืขื ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ืก 
ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื ื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืงืฒื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื 
ืขืจ ื›ึผื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื›ื‘ึผืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืึธืจืฉื˜. ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ื“ืึทื ืง ื‘ึผืึทืงื•ืžื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืึทื‘ึผืจื‘ึผื ืืœืŸ ืึท ื ื™ื™ืขื ืœื‘ื•ืฉ. ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ืจืึธืคึผ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื‘ึผืข. ื’ืึธื˜, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืึทื‘ึผืจื‘ึผื ืืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ืœื™ื‘ึผื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ึผื˜. ืขืจ ืœึดื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื‘ึผื™ืงืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜. , ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ื•ื™ 
ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข... ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜" 
(ืื‘ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ื•ึนื ื”ื™ืคื”,.. ื‘ื™. ื‘ืืœ ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื—ื•ื ืงื•ืจื ื”ืื”ื‘ื”). , ื“ืขืจ ืขืจ" 
ืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืœ, ื“ืขืจ ืึถื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ึผ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ -- ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜" 
(ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉื—ื™ืชื” ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” -- ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื”ืืœืงื™) ! ืฉื™ื•ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืึทืœืฅ, ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืจืงืฐืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ, ื—ื–ืจื˜ ืžืขืจืขืจืข ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืคึฟ 
ื”,ืฐื™ื›ึผื•ื—ื™ื". ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืข ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ื ื“ืข ื’ืึธื˜- 
ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ืข ื’ื•ืคื --- ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืก?. ืกื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื›ืœ, ืื™ืŸ 
ืึทื‘ึผืจื‘ึผื ืืœ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ, ืงืึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ืžืฉื™ื’ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื›ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ 
ื‘ึผืึทื ืจืขื ืขืฆื˜ ืžื™ื ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทื’ืจื™ืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืจื˜, ืžื•ื– ืคื•ื ืื ื“ืขืจื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง, ื“ืขื ื“ืขื ืงืขื ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื ืขื“ืื›ื˜. ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ื’ืœืึทื ืฅ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืืฑืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืึทืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื‘ืค 
ื”ื›ึผื•ืœ?, ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื™ืฐืขืจืกืึทืœืขืจ ืฉื›ืœ, ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœึถืข ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืœื˜ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืงื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืคืึธืจืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ืก ืื™ื, ื“ืขื ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ 
ืฉืึทืคื ื“ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ, ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืฉื˜ืจืึทืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ืจื˜ืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืข, ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜; ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ืœื™ื‘ืข-ืคืึทืจื‘ื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ 
ื ืขื‘ืึธืจืŸ ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืกืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ * 

ื•ื™ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ืขื ืจื•ื‘ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ ืึทื‘ึผืจื‘ึผื ืืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ 
ื‘ึผืึทื ืขื ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืขืจืึธื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžืึทืจื‘ึผื•ื ื’. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืขืงื˜ื•ืขืœืŸ ื ื•ืžื ื–ืขื˜ 
ืึทื‘ึผืจื‘ึผื ืืœ ืขืคึฟืขืก ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืก ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืก, ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืคืœืขืกื•ื ื  ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืขื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื•ื•ื’ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื‘ึผ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ื™ืฉืข ืึธืคึผืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื– ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ืข -- 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 60, ืขื? ื. ืขื ื›ึผืึทืžืขืจืงื ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ื‘ืœื™ื™ืกืคืง ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืœืึทื˜ืึธืก 
ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ืึทืœืึธื’ ,,ืž910ืกืงืฐื•ืฅืค". 

2 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 60, 

ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ! โ€ ืžื—ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื”ืืœืงื™ ื—ื ืื”ื‘ ื ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื•ืช 
ืฉื—ื•ื ืื‘ ืืœ ื—ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ืฆื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ืขืœ ื•ืื”ื•ื‘ ืืœ ื”ื”ื™ื•ืœื™, ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืืœืงื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจ ื•ื”ื—ื›ื 
ื”ืื•ื” ื ืžืฉืฃ ื”ื”ื™ื•ืœื™ ืึดื. ื”ืขื•ืœื ืื•ื”ื ืช ื•ืืฉืช ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืื”ื‘ืก ื”ืืœืงื™ืช, 
ื—ืžื•ื—ืจืช ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื” ืžืฉื ื™ื”ื ื ืžืฉืš ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืขื™ื", 





34 ื“"ืจ = ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 
ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคืึทื”ืขืคื˜ื•ื ื’ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืขืจ ื—ื›ืžื” 1. 

ื ืึธืจ ื’ืึธื˜ ื›ึผื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ื“ืขืจ ืžืกืงื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืฉื™ื  
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜. ืฆื• ืฉืฐืึทืš, ืฆื• ืื•ืžื‘ึผืึทื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ 
ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืขืœืข ื‘ึผื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ืžื‘ึผืึธืœืŸ, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื›- 
ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ืงืœืึธืจืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื ึฐืจื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜. 
ืžื™ืจ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืœื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืจืžื–ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฉืขื " 
ืกื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืกื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜, ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืึทื‘ึผืจื‘ื ืืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืขื 
ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืึทืจืกื˜ืŸ ืžืฉืœ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืžืœืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื’ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืึทืœืข 
ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื™ืจ-ื”ึฐืฉื™ืจื™ื, ืฐื•ื•ึผ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืคืกืžืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืกื•ื“, 
ื“ื™ ืจื–ื™ ื“ืจื–ื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ *ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืžื‘ืึธืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ืคื™ื™ืจื " 

ืฉืึทืคื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื ืขืจืŸ 5 

ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื“ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืกื˜ืข ืžืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ืขืœ- 
ื ืขืจ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฉืึทืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืžืึธืกื˜ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืข ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ 2, ืื™ 
ื“ื™ ืืžืชืข ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื ื“ืกื˜ืŸ ืฉืžืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืฉืžื™ื•ืช. ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืฐื•ืขื‘ึผื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืขืœืข ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืขืจ" 
ื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ืึทืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืึท ื‘ึผืœืึทืกืขืจ 
ืฉืึธื˜ืŸ, ื ืฉื•ื•ืื‘ืข ืืคึผืฉืคึฟื™ื’ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืžืชืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜. ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– -ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื–, ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทื ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื˜ื™ืฃ ืคื™ืœื ื“ืขืจ, ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืฃ 
ื ืฉืžื” --- ืงืึธืŸ ืขืก ืขืจืฉื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื ืจื™ื™ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจืœื™ืฉืข ืฉื™ื™ื ืกื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ื™ื ืฉืžื—. ื•ื™ ื ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืง ืึธืคึผืฉืึทืฆืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืŸ-ืคึผืจืึทื›ื˜, ืึทื–ืฑ, --- ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืึทื‘ึผืฑื‘ึผื ืืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ -- ืงืึธืŸ 
ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคืึทืจื’ืจืขื‘ึผื˜ืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื ืฉืžื— ื ื™ื˜ ืžืฉื™ื’ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืช ื ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ึผืึทืฉืฒื™ื ื˜ ื•ื™ ื–ื•ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืจืึทืœืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื—ืœืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ 2 ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ึผืขื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื ื™ื™ืกื™ 

1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 87, ืขื' ื': ืื–ื™ื•ื’ ื”ืื™ืฉ ื•ื”ืืฉื” ื”ื•ื ื“ืžื•ืช ืืœ ื–ื™ื•ื’ ื”ืงืจื•ืฉ ื”ืืœืงื™ 
ื‘ื™ื—ื™ืคื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื•ื”ื—ื›ึผืžื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื—", ื–ืข ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 61, ืขื' ื. 

2 ืึทื‘ึผืจื‘ื ืืœ ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื‚ื™ืจื™ื" ืึทืŸ ืึทืœืขื’ืึธืจื™ืข โ€ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืฒืœื™ืงืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื•ื ื“ 
ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืขืžืœืขื›ืขืจ ื—ื›ื˜ื— (ื“ืึธืจืžืŸ, 86--87, 95), ืขืก 
ืื™ื– ืึทื ึตื‘ ื›ึผื“ืื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฆื•ืฉื˜ืจื™ื›ืŸ ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžืึธืžืขื ื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืฃืจ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ 
ืคึผืึทืจ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืชืงื•ืžื”: ืคื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื™ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคืœื™ื™ืกื ืฆื• ืึทืœืขื’ืึธืจื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ืœืข 
ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœ, ืึทื–ื•ืฑื™ ื”ืึธืก ืึทื‘ึผืจื‘ึผื ืืœ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืืฑืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ื™ื 
ืžื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ื‘ืœื•ื™ื• ืžืฉืœื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืขื ืึธืจื™ืขื (ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 1, 68, 74 ืืึทื–"ืฐ), 

8 ,ื™ื•ืคื™ , ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื“ื” ืœื›ืœ ื™ื•ืžื™", 

4 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 77, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึธื˜ื•ืจ ื™ื™ ื™ื™ืจืŸ 28 


ื˜ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ -- ืืœืฅ ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืžื” ื“ื•ื™ื›ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ืข ื ืฉืžื” ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ึผืจืขื ืคึฟื•ื ืงื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึทืžืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืœืข ืคื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆืขื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืฃ 
ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืขื ืงืฉืึทืคื˜ ื ืึธืš ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจืืฒื ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื• 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขืจ +. ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื ื“ื•ื ื ื˜-ืจืึธืœืข, ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืจื™ื ื’ --- ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึธืจื’ืŸ ืจึธืึธื 
ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื’ืœื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืชืขื ื•ื -ื ืขืžื™ืœ ืžื•ื ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, 


ื‘ึผืขืช ืื™ื ื ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืœืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืขื ืขื” ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืืจืื•ืžืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืฐื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื˜ืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืจ --- ื–ืขืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื™ ืึทื‘ึผืจื‘ึผื ืืœ, ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฐืึทืงืกืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืื™ื“ืขืขืŸ- 
ืฉื˜ืจืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืœืึทืœื˜ืขืจืœืขืš ืึทืจืึทื‘ึผื™ืฉื™ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื“ืขื ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืจื™ 
ื—ื•ืžืึทื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจ, ืจืขื—ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืกื˜ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ืกื˜ื–ืฒืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืึท ื“ื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ืžื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกืืœืขืจ 
ืจืึธืœืข, ืฐืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ืžืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืŸ ืงืึธืกื˜ืžืึธืก. ืึทื‘ึผืจื‘ื ืืœ ืื™ื– ืคืขืกื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืขืจ ื ืฉืžื” ืจื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืžืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืึทื‘ึผื™ ืขืฃ 
ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ืฆื• ื’ืึธื˜, ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื ืจืขื ืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืžื—ื•ืช ื“ื™ 
ื’ืึธื˜ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทื›ื˜, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื’ืึธื˜ --- ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืคึผืค 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืฉืจ, ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื˜ื–ืขืœื™ืงื™ื™ื˜? -- ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ 
ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขืจ, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืขืจ ืจืึธื˜ื’ืขื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ื˜ื™ืจืขืจ 5 
ื”ืœื•ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ"ืคืขืจืŸ: โ€ ื“ืจืฉืชื™ ืงืจื‘ืชืš, ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื™ ืงืจืืชื™ืš, ื•ื‘ึฐืฆืืชื™ 
ืงืงืจืืชืš --- ืœืงืจืืชื™ ืžืฆืืชื™ืš" -- ื•ืขืžื™ื ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื‘ึผืจื‘ึผื ืืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ, 
ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉ-ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ. ื’ึฐืจื•ึนื™ืก, ืื•ืžืขื ื“ืœืขืš ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ื ืฉืžื” ื‘ึผืขืช ื–ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื˜ ืื•ึนื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืคืœื™ื ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืื™ืจ ื’ืึธื˜ 
ืึทื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ. ืฐืึธืจืขื ืฐื•ืึธืก ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ึผืขื ืขืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ืข,. ืืœืฅ ืฐื•ื ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืึทืจืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทื›ื˜ืคื•ืœืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื‘ืข ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ; 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื ืœื™ืงื˜ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ืฆื™ืงื•ื ื’ ื’ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ื“ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ื”, ื“ื™ ืฆืึทืคึผืœืขื ื“ื™ืง-ืœื™ืฃืŸ" 


2 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 63, ืขื' ืื™ 

2 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 6, ืขืž" ื’': ;ืื™ื–ื—ื• ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช ื•ื—ื ื™ื ื— ื ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืืœืงื™ืช! ื•ืื™ื–ื”ื• 
ืฆื“ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื ืžื”ื ื—ื ืชื• ื™ืชื›ืจืš? ื•ืžื” ื—ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ืงื™ื 
ื–ื—ื–ื›ืžื” ื—ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืžื•ืงื” ื•ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื— ื—ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฉืจื” ืžืื•ืชื ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื• ื™ืชื‘ืจืš?" 


8 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 





38 ื“ื™ืจ ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจื  


ื“ื™ืกืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ื ืฉืžื”, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ืึทืžืขืŸ, ืฉืžืขืœืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ 4 

ื“ื™ ืื™ื˜ื˜ืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข , ื“ื™ืึทืœืึธื ืŸ" ืคื•ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ 
ืึท ื ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืจื•ืฉื. ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ืคื•ืคืฆืŸ ื™ืึธืจ (1535--1800) ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืึทื‘ึผืจื‘ึผื ืืœืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคื™ื ืฃ ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ึผืŸ, | 

ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืœืขืึธื ืก , ื“ื™ืึทืœืึธื’ืŸ" --- ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืึท ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ 2 -- ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืข- 
ืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืœ, ื•ื™ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืึทืจ- 
ืคืึทืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš (502 ื‘ึผื˜ืขึทืช/1 ื—!) 2 ื“ืึทืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื”ืึทื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืžืชืงื ื ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื›ืŸ". 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคึฟืจืึทื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ, ื“ืขื ื™ืก ืกื™ืœืฐืขืกื˜ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™-ืคึผืึทืจืก, 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ , ื“ื™ืึทืœืึธื ืŸ" ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคืจืึทื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืจืžืขื˜ . 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืึทื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืœื›ึผื” ืงืื˜ืขืจื™ื ืข ืžืขื“ื™ื˜ืฉื™ (18981); ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš 
ืื™ื– ืึทื‘ึผืจื‘ึผื ืืœืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืขืฆื˜ ื ืขืฐื•ืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืึทื˜ืฒืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืึทื ื•ืึธืฃ ื ื“ืœื™ื” ืื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉ 4 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืจืžืขื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉืŸ ืงื™ื ื™ื , ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืจื˜-ืคืึทืจ- 
ื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ืŸ ืคื™ืœื™ืค ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืจืึธืžืึทื ื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ึผื•ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ , ืœื™ื‘ึผืข? ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืœืึทื ื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึทืœืก ืžืชึผื ื” ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ื™ืคื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืคื™ื™ื ื“... 

ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืฉื ืื‘ึผืจื‘ึผื ืืœืก , ืœื™ื‘ึผืข-ื“ื™ืืœืึทื ืŸ" ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ" 
ืฐืึธืจื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืข, ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขื“ื•ืช ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื•ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฉืขืคืขืจ ืคื•ื ื 
, ื“ืึธืŸื“ืงื™ื›ืึธื˜'*, ืคืขืจืฐืึทื ื˜ืขืก, , ื‘ืึทืจื™ืจืกื˜ื• --- ืึทื–ืฑ ืขืฆื”ื˜ ืื™ื ื ,,ืคึผืจืึธืœืึธืŸ'? 
ื“ืขื ืคึฟืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ --- ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข"ืคึผืจืึธื‘ึผืœืขื, ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืืŸ ืฆื• 
ืœืขืึธ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขืฉ, ืขืจ ื•ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื“ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืคื•ืœืขืจ ืžืึธื". 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 95, 

2 ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืœืึธืžืขืึธ ืงืœื•ื“ื™ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื• ืคื•ืŸ /154, 

8 ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ื˜ื“ืจื•ืง. 2 ื’ื˜ืขึฒืžื•ืŸ ืž! ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘. 
ื“ืขื™ื˜ืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš. โ€ ื–ืข ื–' 24, ื”ืขืจื” 2, : 

4 ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื (1905) ืื™ื– ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืึท ื ืฒืข ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉืข ืืฑืกื ืึทื‘ึผืข ืคึฟื•ืŸ 
ืึทื‘ึผื™ื‘ื ืืœื ืื“ื™ืึทืœืึธื ืŸ", 








ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ 


ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ื”ื•ืžืึทื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, -- ืคึดึผื™ืงื• ืžื™ืจืึทื ื“ื•ืœืึทืŸ 
ืืœื™ื”ื• ื“ืขืœ.ืžืขื“ื™ื’ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื‘ึผื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื“ืช". -- ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืึทืœืขืžืึทื ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืŸ 
ืœืขืจืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคื ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื’ืขื•ืŸ", -- ืจื™ื›ืœื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืžืึทื ืฉื˜ืึทื“ื˜, ื‘ืจื•ืš 
ืื•ื™ื ื‘ึผืขื ืฐืขื ึฐื˜ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืึทื ืฉื™ื ืึธ, -- ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืึทื ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฐืขืœื˜, -- ื ืฉื” ืื‘ึผืŸ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื“ืจื›ื™ ื ื•ืขื', -- ืžื™ืกืจ ืœืขืึธืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,ื ื•ืคืช ืฆื•ืคื™ื } ื“ื™ ืœืึทื˜ืฒื ื™ืฉืข ืงืœืึทืกื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ื‘ึผืœื™ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’.-- 
ืื‘ืจื”ื ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืœืžืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,ืžืงื ื” ืื‘ืจื”ื". -- ืืœื™ื”ื• ืœืขืฐื™ื˜ืึท ืึทืœืก ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš. 
ืคึผืึธืจืฉืขืจ; ื–ืฒื ืข ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคืจื™ื™ื ื ืื•ืŸ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, -- ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉืžืข ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข 
ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, -- ืœืขืฐื™ื˜ืึท ืึทืœืก ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, -- ืžื™ืกื™ืึธื ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืžืขื ื“ืขื ืฆืŸ; ืกืข. 
ื‘ึผืึทืกื˜ื™ืึทืŸ ืžื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืฑืœื•ืก ืคึฟืึทื ึดื™ื•ื ืึทืœืก ืึทืจืฑื˜ื’ืขื‘ึผืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืกื™ืึธื ืขืจื™ืฉืข / 
ืฐืขืจืง, -- ื‘ึผืึธื ืขื ื“ื™ ืœืึทื˜ืขืก, -- ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืชื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ืืชื•ืจื” ืื•ืจ", 


ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื™ื–ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ื ื’ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ 
ืจื•ืฉื ืึทื‘ึผืจื‘ึผื ืืœืก , ื“ื™ืึทืœืึธื’ืŸ" ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื ืขืžืึทื›ื˜. ื“ื™ ืื™ื“ืขืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉ ื‘ืืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฆื•ื ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืžืึทื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ืึทื‘ึผืจื‘ึผื ืืœืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืกื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืชืงื•ืคื”. ืึทื‘ึผืจื‘ึผื ืืœืก ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธ- 
ืคื™ืฉ-ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืกื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื™ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืึทืคื ื“ื™ืงืŸ , ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ", ืขืžืคึผื˜ืึทื ื’ื ื“ืขืจ , ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ" 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข, ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืงืจื‘ื•ืชืฉืืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขืš-ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืข ืึธื ืฉื•ื™ื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ืืคื™ืœ ื’ืขืฉืึทืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ืึท ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืข, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ , ื“ื™ืึทืœืึธื’ืŸ'' ื”ืึธื˜ ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืžื™ื• ืึธื  
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ืฐื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืึธืคึผืœืึทื˜ืึทื ื™ืฉืข 
ืื™ื“ืขืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื‘ึผืึทื’ืจื™ืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜, ืื– ื—ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉืข 
ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืง, ื”ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ื“ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ืืžื•ื ื” --- ื‘ึผื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืžืึธืก ื’ืขืฉืขืคึผื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืฐืึทืœึฟ, 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื“ืข ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืขืจ ืื™ื“ืขืขืŸ-ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืžืงื•ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขื- 
ืคึผืœืึทื˜ืึทื ื™ืงืขืจ. ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืžืึทื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืคืจื™ื™ืŸ- 

21 


38 ื“"ืจ ', ืฆื™ื ื‘ ืจื’ 


ื“ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืœืข ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ืื™ื™ื ื ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข 
ื ืขืึธืคึผืœืึทื˜ืึธื ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื“ืขืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฆื•ื ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ื‘ึผืคืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ,ื–ื•ื”ืจ", ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื‘ึผื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ึผื ื™ืŸ, ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืžืึทื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื”ืฒื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื - 
ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื—ืฉืง ืฆื•ึน ื‘ึผืึท- 
ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื‘ึผืœื”ื™ืกืคืจื™ื. ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผื›ืœ? ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธื ื ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ึทึผื™ื• 
ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืžืึทื ื™ืกื˜ืŸื ืขืึธืคึผืœืึทื˜ืึทื ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, 
ืื– ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืึทืœื˜ืข ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื ืึทื ืฆืข 
ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ. ืึทืœืก ืคึผื•ืขืœ-ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื–ืขืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคื•ืฃ ืคื•ื ื 19ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื”ื•ืžืื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื ืึทื ืฅ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืฆื• ื—ื›ืžืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ึผืคืจื˜ ืฆื• ืงื‘ืœื”. ืคื™ืœืข 
ื”ื•ืžืึทื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผืขื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืข ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ึผืึท- 
ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืขืœ-ืคึผื” ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืกื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜-ืื™ื“ืขืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื”ืึทื ื“ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉืข ืคืคืจื™ื. 

ื“ืึธ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืงื•ื“ืื™ื›ึผืœ ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฉืคึผืขื”, ืฐืึธืก 
ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ื ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืŸ ืคึผื™ืงื• ื“ื™ ืžื™ืจืึทื ื“ื•ืœื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขืžืขืก ื™ื•ื ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื›ึผื•ื—ื•ืช ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืื•ืžื‘ึผืจื—ืžื ื•ืชื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืคื ืขืฆืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ืžืฉื˜ื™ืœื‘ึผืึทืจืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืฉื˜ ื ืึธืš ืืžืช ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื• 21 ื™ืึถืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืงื‘ืจ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืžืึทืŸ ืื™ื– 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืึทืจื™ื’ื™ื’ืขืœืขืจ ื“ืขื ืงืขืจ, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ืกื’ื•ืœื”, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื• ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืคึผืจื™ื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’;: ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืึทืคึผืœื“ื™ืงืข, ื‘ึผืขื ืงืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ 
| ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ืžื“ืขืจืžื™ื“ืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืจืึทื ื’ ืฆื• ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ" 
ืคืึธืจืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึธืจื’ืขื ืข ืกื•ื“ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ืœืŸ ืึทึตื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงืึธืกืžื™ืฉืข ื–ื™ื™ืŸ... | 

ืคึผื™ืงื• ื“ืข ืžื™ืจืึทื ื“ื•ืœืึท ืงืึธืŸ ื›ึผืฉื•ื ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื›ื›ึผื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืœืฑื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉ-ืจื•ื™ืžื™ืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœืข ืคืึทืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™- 
ื“ืขื ืข ืชึผืงื•ืคื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืœืขื ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ, ืึทื– 
ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืœืึทืœื˜ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ื”ืึทืœื‘ึผื™ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืข ื›ึผืชื‘-ื™ื“ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื ืข- 
ืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืคึผืจืึธื‘ึผืœืขืžืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืึทื ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืึทืคึดื™ืœื•ึน ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคืึทืจ- 
ื ืขืœื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืขื ืข ื‘ึผืœืขื˜ืขืจ, ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ ืคึผื™ืงื• ื“ื™ ืžื™ืจืึทื ื“ื•ืœื, ืœืึธื–ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื”ืขืจืŸ ืงืœืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืคืึธืœื ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ: ืื™ื™ื‘ึผื™ืง ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ, 


ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉึดื™ื›ึฐืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 30 


ื’ื™ื ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืข ืคื™ืœืึธืœืึธื’ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืชืข ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืคึผื™ืœืคึผื•ืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžื›ึผื•ื— ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืข ืึทื’ื“ื•ืช, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ื’ึดื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคืข ืคึผืจืึธื‘ึผืœืขืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื’ืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืจ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผืขื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึท- 
ื ืจื™ื™ืคืŸ, ืึทื– ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื“ื™ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืžืคึผืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจืึทื›ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ,ื‘ึผืึทืจื‘ึผืึทืจืŸ", ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจื™ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืœื™ืคืŸ, 
ื ืึธืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ 1 


ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผื™ืงื• ื“ืข ืžื™ืจืึทื ื“ื•ืœืืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืžื™ื˜ืœืืœื˜ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื–ื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ 
ืฆื•ื ืขื ื’ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš. ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ืืจื™ื™ื " 
ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช, 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืึทืžืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืึทืœืจืฒื™ื›ืข ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื—ืงื™ืจื”' ืื•ืŸ ืงื‘ึผืœื”" 
ืกืคืจื™ื. ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืึทื‘ึผืจื‘ึผื ืืœ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืœืึทื˜ืฒืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื‘ึผื•ืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทืจืžืึธื ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืข ืกืคืขืจืŸ /6061 66) 
(12ื—ืกืฐื—ื–ื’ื— *, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ-ืึทืจืึทื‘ึผื™ืฉืขืจ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ืกื - 
ื“ื•ืจืฉื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ื—ื•ืžืึทื ื™ืกื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื“ืขืœืžืขื“ื™ื ืึธ * ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ืชึผืงื•ืคื” ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ืข ืจืึธืœืข, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึทืจืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื ืข" 
ืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก ืงืึทื ื“ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข. ื ืึธืš ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืขืœืžืขืจื™ื ื ื’ืขืฉืžื˜ ืืก 
ืขื™ืœื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื‘ึนึผืงื™ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“!; ืฆื• 20 ื™ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืึตื™ื ึธ- 
ื ืขืœืึทื“ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทื“ื•ืึท ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืจืืฉื™ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื‘ืึทืœืฃ 
ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืข ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข ืงืจื™ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึทืœืก ื’ืจื™ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึทื–ืึธืคื™ืข. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื 
ืึทืœืก ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืขืจ ื ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑื™ ื ืจื•ื™ืก, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทื“ื•ืขืจ 


1 ื‘ื•ืจืงื”ืึทืจื˜, ,ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื ืขืกืึทื ืก", }, 217 (ืฆืขื ื˜ืข ืืฑืคึผืœืึทื ืข), 

2 ื–ืข ืึท. ื’ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ;ืื•ืฆืจ ื ื—ืžืจ,, ื‘' 224--5. ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ืงื ื ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืึธืคึผ 
ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื™ื“ื™ืขื” (ื”ืขื‘ืจ. ื‘ื™ื‘ืœ, |ืื, 111), ืืฒื ื™ืงืข ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ืฐื™ืœืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื“ืขืจืฐืฒื–ืŸ, 
ืึทื– ืคึผื™ืงื•ืก ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ,ืœืขืึธ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื•ืก" ื”ืึธื ืงืฒื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืช ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืคึฟืึทืจืคึผืึทืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ,ื“ื™ืึทืœืึธื’ืŸ", ื–ืข ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืงืขื ืŸ ื“ืขื: ื”ื™ื™ื ืฅ ืคืคืœืฑืžืก ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืื™ืŸ ืขืžืึธื ืึทื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื", 
8, 344--50. | 

3 ื ืขื‘ึผืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื–ืœ ืงืึทื ื“ื™ืึท, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธืก ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ืžืขื ืขื“ื™ื’, ืื™ืŸ 
1460 (ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืงืก ื”ืฉืขืจื”--ืื™ืŸ 1430), ื’ืขืฉืžืึธืจื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1497, 

4 ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื”ืœืžื•ื“ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื, ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงื•ืœื•ืŸ, ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืกื˜ ืืœื™ื”ื• 
ื“ืขืœืžืขื“ื™ื ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื ืคืึธืœื ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฉื ื—ื™ืื™ ,ืžืฆืจืฃ ืœื—ื›ืžื”, ื›ื•ื— ืœืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื•ื™ื“ื™ ื•ืœื‘ื• ืœืืœ ืืžื•ื ื”, 
ื›ืœ ืืžืจืชื• ืฆืจื•ืžื”, ืžื ื•ืคื” ื‘ืฉืœืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ื ืคื” ื•ืชื™ืง ื•ื™ื“ื™ื“ ื ืคืฉื™" (ืฉื•"ื”, ื ื•ื' 54), 





40 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื•ืจืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคึผืฉืจื”-ืžืึทื›ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืึทืจืคืŸ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืŸ ืฐื™ื›ึผื•ื—, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ 
ืฆืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคื™ื™ื ื“ืœืขื›ืข ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื“ื™ ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืข ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื•" 
ื“ืขื ื˜ืŸ 1. ืฆื• 28 ื™ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืœืžืขื“ื™ื ืึท ืคืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืื˜ืขื“ืจืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึธ- 
ื–ืืคื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทื“ื•ืขืจ ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืฉื˜. ืื•ื™ืš ืคืœืขื ื˜ ืขืจ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคืึธืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืคืœืึธืจืขื ืฆื™ืข, ื•ื•ืขื ืขืจื™ืง, ืคึผืขืจื•ื“ื–ืฉื™ืึท ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜, 
ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืฆื• ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืข 
ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืŸ, ืื‘ึผืŸื“ืจืฉื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืžื•ื ื™". 


ืฆื• ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ืคึผื™ืงื• ื“ื™ ืžื™ืจืึทื ื“ื•ืœืึท, 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืข ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“. ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื˜ืืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืœืžืขื“ื™ื ืึธ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึฐืฉื ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืœืึทื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง (ื“ืึธืก ืจื•ื‘ ืื‘ึผืŸ ืจืฉื“ืก ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื) ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืจ 
ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงืึทื˜ื™ืฒืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฐื•ืขืจืง, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคืขืกื˜ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืจืขื ืขืฆืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืึดืคึผ ื“ื™ ืืžื•ื ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึทื–ืึธืคื™ืข. ื“ื™ 
ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืข ื˜ืขืžืข ื‘ึผืึทื”ืึทื ื“ืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืœืžืขื“ื™ื’ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉ ื•ื•ืขืจืง 
, ื‘ึผื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื“ืช", ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืชึผืœืžื™ืจ ืฉืื•ืœ ื›ึนึผื”ืŸ ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ +. ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื•ืฐืขืจืง ื–ืึธื ื˜ ืึทืžื‘ึผืขืกื›ืŸ 
ืขื“ื•ืช, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืกืข ืึท ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ืคื•ืœืขืจ ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืึทืจื™ื–ืึทื˜ืขืจ, 
ืึท ืžืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืจื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœืขืจ ืจืขื ืกืขืจ. 


ืื™ืŸ ,, ื‘ึผื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื“ืช'' ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื™ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทืœื˜ืข ืคืจืึทื’ืข, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืฒื™ ืคื™ืœ ืžืึธืœ ื“ืขื‘ึผืึทื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื“ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ื”- 
ืื˜ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ: ืฆื™ ืžืขื’ ืึท ื’ืึธื˜ืกืคึผืึธืจื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื ืขืžืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืข ืึธืŸ ื—ืฉืฉ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืึทืคึผื™ืงื•ืจืกื•ืช? 
ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืฆื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 923 ืคื™ืœืึทื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืข ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆื• 
ืคืึทื–ื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื”? ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ื”ืจืึทื’ืข ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื 
ื“ืขืœืžืขืจื™ื ื ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืึทื ื˜ืฉืฒืจืขื ืขื ื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืช, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ 
ื“ืขืœืžืขืจื“ื™ื ืึธ, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึทืคื™ืฉ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื, ื•ืึธืก ืžื•ื– ืขืจืฉื˜ ืงื•ื“ื 


1 ื–ืข ,ืžืฆืจืฃ ืœื—ื›ืžื”", 2:ื˜ืขืจ ืงืึทืคึผ 
2 ื–ืข ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผืจื™ืฐ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืœื˜ืจื™ื’ืึธืก ืชึผืœืžื™ื“, ืฉืื•ืœ ื›ึผื”ืŸ, ืฆื• ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื‘ึผืจื‘ึผื ืืœ, 
"ืจ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื“ืœืžื“ื™ื ื• ื–ืฆ"ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ื—ื›ื ืฉืœื ื›ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืขื™ื•ื ื™ืช, ืžืื ืฉื™ 
ื•ืคืœื•ืจื™ื ืฆื™ื ืžืœืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ื•ืžื™ื•ืชืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืฉืžื— 
ื–ืข ืื•ื™ืš ืงื•ื ืคื•ืจืฉื• ืกืงื•ืจื ื”"ื•ืจื•ืช". 


ืจืฃ ื™' ืขืž' ื'+ ,ื›ืžื” 
ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื•ื™ื ื‘ืคื“ื•ืื” 
ืึตืฆึตืœ ื—ื›ืžื™ื”ื,,. ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื™ื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืžืืฆื™ืœื™ ื”ืืจืฅ". 


3 ื–ืข ืคืขืจืœืขื, ,ื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืจืขื ืข," 197--18 ืžืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืฐืขื ืŸ ืจืขืœืžืขื“ื™ื’ืึธืก ืœืึทืฉืฒื™ 


ื ื™ืฉืข ืึทืจ;ืขืืŸ ื–ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืฒึทื“ืขืจ, ื”ืขื‘ึผืจ. ื‘ื™ื‘ึผืœ, 1ื, 719 


4 ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึทื ื•ืึทืจ 1491 ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1629, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ืจืŸ 41 


ื‘ึผืึทื ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืข ื‘ึผืึทืฐื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืขืจ ืœืขืจื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืคืขืœื˜ 
ืžืงื™ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœืŸ ื‘ึผืคึผื•ืขืœ ืึทื–ืขืœื‘ืข.-ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• 
ืึท ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืจืึทืœื™ืฉ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ, ื“ืขืœืžืขื“ื™ื’ืึธ ืจืขื“ื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืคืึทืจื“ืจื•ืก 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ , ืžืชืคึผืœืกืคื™ื", ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืขื ื”ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื ืจื™ื™ืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื™ื, ื“ืขืจ ื’ ืขื“ืึทื ืก ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืึธ{, 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื˜ื•ืœ? ืฆื• ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช 1. , ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื›ึผื•ืคืจื™ื ื•ืžื—ืจื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืชึผื•ืจื” --- ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื›ึผืขืก ื“ืขืœืžืขื“ื™ื’ื -- ืื•ืŸ 
ื˜ืึทืงืข ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขืก ื’ื•ืจื, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ืขืจ ื—ืžื•ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืžื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื›ึผืœื•ืžืจืฉื˜ืข ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืืžืชืข ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, 
ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ"2, 

ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ืจื•ื ื– ืจืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืœืžืขื“ื™ื ืึธ ืื•ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืฉืจื ื™ื 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื-ืžืึทื›ืขืจืก, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืžืขืจืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืืจืคืข ื’ืจืขื ืขืฆืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืฆืึทืžืขืŸ ืึดืคึผ ื“ืขื ื“ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื•ื ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื“ืข, ืคืึทืจืงืจื™ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืึธืคื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื—. ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ, 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขืœืžืขื“ื™ื ืึธ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื˜ื•?, ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืคืืจืžื™ื˜ืœืขืจ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืชึผื•ืจื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึธ- 
ื–ืึธืคืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ื ื•ืคื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืชึผื•ืจื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึทื–ืฒืคืŸ; 
ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื— ื‘ึผืึทืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคึผืฉืจื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืื•ื™ื ืŸ ืคื•ื ื ืคืึธืœืง, ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ื™ืกืงืจืขื“ื™ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ ืคืœื•ื™ื– * 

ืืžืช, ื–ืึธื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืžืขืจ ื“ืขืœืžืขื“ื™ื ืึธ, ืคื™ืœืื–ืืคื™ืฉืข ืกื‘ืจื•ืช ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืข" 
ืฐื•ื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื‘ึผืขืช ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืžืฉื™ื’ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื”ื“ืช, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื“ื™ 
ืชึผื•ืจืช ืžืฉื” ืื™ื– ื˜ืืงืข ื” ืข ื› ืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ืฉื›ืœ, ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืกื•ืชืจ ื“ืขื 
ืฉื›ืœ. , ื“ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืชึผื•ืจื” ืคืึธื“ืขืฑื˜ 553 ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจืฉืคึผืจื•ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืœืึธื ื™ืง. ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฉื›? ืฉื˜ืึทืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืžืขืจ, 
ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื ื–ื™ื ื“ ื‘ึผืขืช ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ 
ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืกืชึผื™ืจื” ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ" 2. ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื–ืขืขืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข, ืื™ื– ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ โ€ ื‘ึผื”ื™ื ืช ื”ืจืช", ื•ื™ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ื•ืืก 
ืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ืจืš ื”ืืžืช, ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ื’ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ื•ืึธืก ื•ื™ 


1 ,ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืจืช" 172 ,ื•ืืœื— ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืœื™ื. ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื. ื‘ืื•ืžืชื•ื ื–. ื•ื”ื—ื™ืฉืžื™ื ืœื—ืชืคื™ื˜; 
ืึฒืฉืจ ืœึนื ื™ืชืคืฆื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ื•ืจืชื ื• ื•ืงืฆื ื™ืœืขื™ื ืจ ื‘ื ื•ึน ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ืฉืชืกืคื™ืง ื”ื›ื™ื ื”, 2 
ื›ึผื›ืœืœ ื”ื›ื•ืคืจื™ื ื•ืžื—ืจื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”'", 

ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 73 

5 ื“ืึธืจืžืŸ,, 16; ,ื•ืฉื‘ื• ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื ื™ื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืœืชื• ื”ื•ืจื ื™ื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื˜ ืœื ืชื•ืจื ื˜ื 
ื•ืœื ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื•ืืขืค"ื› ืื•ืœื™ ืฉื”ืฉื ื”ืฉืžื• ื‘ื•ื— ืœืงืจื‘ ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ืืฆืœ ื’ื ื™ืจ ืืจื ื”ืฉืช ื”ื• 
.ื‘ืขื•ื›ืจื™ื”", ื•ืข ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 452 


5 ื“ืึธืจืกืŸ, 14, 





42 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ื ื™ื ืื•ื ื– ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื›ึผืœืœื™ื ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื–ื™ืš ื ื•ื”ื’ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ, 
ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืงืขื ื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคืข ืืžืชืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึทืจื•ื ื“ืขื, 
ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื—ืœืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ 1. ืึทืจื™ื™ื ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึท- 
ื–ื™ืงืข ืืžืชืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ืจืš ืคื•ืŸ ื—ืงื™ืจื— ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื™ื—ื™ืจื™ ืกื’ื•ืœื—, 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉ ื’ืขืฉื•ืœื˜ืขึธืจ ืฉื›? ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื•ื™ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืง ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืงืจืึทืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืข ืจืึทื™ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืกื‘ืจื•ืช. ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ, ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜. 
ื“ืขืœืžืขื“ื™ื ืึธ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืฉืคื™ืœื• ื“ื™. ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคื™ืœืึทื–ืึธืคื™ืฉ-ื“ืขื ืงืขื ื“ื™ืกืข ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ 
ืกื ื•ืœื” ื’ืœืฑื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื™ืงืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื”, ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืึธืก. 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืืžืช ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืขืจ ื—ืงื™ืจื”, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืงื•ื“ื"2ืœ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืกื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ืžืกื•ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข 
ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื. , ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจื˜ --- ืื™ื– ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ , ื‘ึผื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืจืช" -- ืื™ื– 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ื ื™ื˜ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคึผื™ืฉื™ื“ืขื ืงืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ืŸ 
ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื—ืžื•ืŸ. ื‘ึผื™ื™ื“ืข ื ืœื™ื™ืš ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึธืŸ ื ืฉื•ื ืคึผื™ืงืคึผื•ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื: 
ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื”" 2, 

ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื” ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื”ืกื›ึผื ืžื™ื˜ ืจื™ื™ืŸ-ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืข ืกื‘ืจื•ืช, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืœืžืขื“ื™ื ืึธ, ื”ืึทืœื˜. 
ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื ืคึผืฉืจื” ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื” 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืข, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ื ืŸ ืžื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก. ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจืœืึธืŸ 
ืžื™ืš ืื™ื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืืžืช ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืžืกื•ืจื— ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™?ื™- 
ืงืขืจ ื ื‘ื•ืื” (ืื‘ืœ ื ืฉืขื ืชื™ ื‘ื ื‘ื•ืื” ื•ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ืืžืช) *. ืกื™ืจ, ืึทืœืก ืืžืช 
ื ืœืฑื™ื‘ึผื™ืงืข, ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืกื™ื™ ืฐื™ ื’ืœืฑื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื”, ืึนื™ื– 
ื“ืึธืš ื ืœื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืฉื˜ ืคื•ื ื ืคึผืกื•ืง, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ื. 
ืื•ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ื‘ึผื“ืจืš ืจืžื–, ื•ื™ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืžืชืคึผืœืกืคื™ื 4 

ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืึทื ืฅ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื•ื–ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื“ืขืœืžืขื“ื™ื ืึธืก ื˜ืขื ื•ืช 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 553 ื ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื™, ืฐื™ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉ --- , ื›ื‘ืจ ื“ืฉื• ื‘ื• ืจื‘ื™ื˜". 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืขืœืžืขื“ื™ื’ื ืคืึทืœื˜ ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจื™ ืžืชืคึผืœืกืคื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืฉืจื ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ 
ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืžื—ื™ืฆื”, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืึดืคึผ ื“ืขื ื“ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคื™ืœื™ื™ื–ืืคื™ืข.---ื—ื–ืจื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ (ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื ืึธืš ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืึธืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื 
ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ) ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื›ึผืกืคึผื™, ื—ืกื“ืื™ ืงืจืฉืงืฉ; 


| 1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 65, 

2 ืž"ืž ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื—ื›ื ื™ึฐืึฒืžึธืช ื”ืฉืจืฉื‚ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ืžืฆื“ ื”ืขื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื“ ืื‘ืœ ืžืฆืจ 
ื”ืกื›ืžืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื, ื•ื‘ื•ื” ื™ืฉื•ื”ืฃ ื”ื—ื›ื ื•ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ืžืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืช, ืจ'ืœ ืฉืฉื ื™ื”ื ื™ืืžื™ื ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ 
ืžืฆื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืื•ืœื ื”ื—ื›ื ื™ืฆืจืฃื” ื”ืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžื” ืฉื’ื–ืจื” ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื‘ืœื”ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื ื™ืฆืจืฃ ืœื•ื”" 
(ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 56). 

2 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 18. 

4 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 49, 





= ื™ื• 


ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึธืžื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 43 


ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื-ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข; ื“ื™ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ , ื‘ึผื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื“ื–" 
ื–ืื’ื˜ ืึทื“ืจืฑืก ื‘ึผื ื•ื’ืข ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึทื ื“ื— (ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 86), ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืจื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš ืึทื ื˜ืฐื™ืงืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืœืœ ืื•ื™ืก ืฐืขืจืึทื ืขืก ,ืชึผื ื˜ื•ืœื™ ื”ื ืคืฉ" ื™ 

ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื‘ึผื ื•ื’ืข ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืึทื ืข ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขืœืžืขื“ื™ื’ื ืึทืจืฑืฑื™ืก ืึทืจื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœืข ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื–ืขืœื‘ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื•ืฐื•ืขื ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
,ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ื ืกืชึผืจ'', ื“ื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืคื•ืŸ ืงื‘ึผืœื”. ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคื™ืœืข ืกืชึผื™ืจื•ืช 
ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืงืขื’ื ื ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ืข ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืขืจ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื•ึทื•ื™ื™ื–, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืœืขืจืข ืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืžืชืขืจ ืงื‘ึผืœื”, ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื•ึนืจ ืฆื• ื“ื•ืจ 2. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื“ืขื ืžื•ื˜ ืงืœืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืคึผื™ืงื•ืจืกื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขื“ืื ืง, ืึทื– 
! ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื•ื—ืื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ,ื–ื•ื”ืจ" ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืก ืจืื™ื” ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ 
ืขืจ ืึธืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ื ื ,,ื–ื•ื”ืจ'' ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืคื™ืœืข ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜ 
ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืชึผื ืื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ื—ืื™. 

,ืขืก ืื™ื– ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืžื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืกืคืง---ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื“ืขืœืžืขืจื™ื ื-- 
ืึทื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืง ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑื™ื ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื›ึผื•ื— ื“ืขื 
ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื’ืขืคึผื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืš ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ ืคืืจ ื ื›ึผื•ืคืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืึทืคึผื™ืงื•ืจืก, ืฐืึธืก ืœื™ื™ืงื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ืฐืึธืจื˜. ืื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืคืขืกื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ- 
ืฆื™ื™ื’ื, ืึทื– ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึท ื˜ืขื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืึทื ืฅ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืช" + 

ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ , ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืคืืœืง" ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืคื™ืœืข, 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ืกื™ื˜ ื“ืขืœืžืขื“ื™ื ืืก ืงืึทืžืฃ ืงืขื’ืŸ 
ืงื‘ึผืœื”. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื–ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืคืขืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืœืžืขื“ื™ื ืึธืก ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ --- ื’ืจืืฃ ืžื™ืจืึทื ื“ื•ืœืึท. ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ืคืึทืจืขืจืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืก, ื–ื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคืขืกื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืฆื™ื™ื ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึนึผืึท- 
ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืข ืกื•ืจื•ืช. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืจืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– 


1 ื–ืข ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืžืข, ื‘ึทึผืึทื ื“ ืฆืฐืฒ, |' 264-258. ื“ืขืœืžืขื“ื™ื’ืึธ. ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื™ืœ ื’ืข 
ื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื ื ืึธืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจื™ืคืฉืฉืคืขืœืขืจ, ื ืฒืขืจื ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืŸ ื. ื’ึดื‘ึผืฉ 
ื”ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ (ืžืึธื ืึทื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜, 1882, 555--562; 1883, 46-28) ื“ืขืจื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื‘ึผืื•ืชื•ืช 
ื•ื ึผืžื•ืคืชื™ื, ืึทื– ืึท ื‘ึผืึทื“ืฒืคื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืฒืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ,ื ึผื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื“ืช" ืื™ื– ืึท ืคืฉื•ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื‘ึผืŸ ืจืฉื“ืก ืฐืขืจืง ,, ื’ื•ื– 1??), ืฐืฆึธืก ืžืจืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ื“ืขื 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ,ืกืคืจ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ื”ื“ื‘ื›ื•ืช", 

8 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 45, ืขืž' ื 

2 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 43-42: ,ืืฉืจ ื™ืืžืจื• ืืœื” ื”ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ืœื” ืฉื”ืžื” ื“ื ื•ื™ ืจ"ืฉ ื‘ืŸ 
ื™ื•ื—ืื™ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื ืงืจื ืกืคืจ ื”ื•ื”ืจ -- ืื™ื ื• ืืžืช, ื•ื•ื” ื™ืจืื” ืžืคื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื: ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ึผ 
ื—ื‘ืจื• ืจ"ืฉ ื”ื™ื• ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ืŸ ืžืžื ื• ืื™ื–ื• ื‘ึฟืจื™ื™ืชื ืื• ืื™ื–ื” ืื’ื“ื” ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื›ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื• ืžืกืคืจื™ 
ื•ืžืฉืืจ ื—ื‘ึผื•ืจื™ื ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืœึนื ื™ืกึฐืฆื. ื•ืžืขื ื•. ืขื•ื“ืจ ืฉืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื”ืžื” ืืฉ- 
ื”ื•ื•ื›ืจื• ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื• ืื—ืจ ืจืฉื›"ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช". ื–ืข ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจืกืŸ, 68--09, 


+ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 70 





44 ื“"ืจ 'ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื  


ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืจื™ื™ื ืฆื•ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช; ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึถื›ึผืขืจ ืื™" 
ื‘ึผืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜, ืึทื– ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืœืžืขื“ื™ื’ืึธ ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืฒื™ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื›- 
ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึธืจื’ืขื ืข ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทื " 
ื˜ืึทืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขื“ื‘ึผืึธืจืŸ ื”ื™ื›ืœ. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ื’ื ื˜ืฉื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืชืจื™ืกืŸ ื‘ึผืขืœ-ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœ 


ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืึทืœืขืžืึทื ื• ื ื™ 


ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืึทืœืขืžืึทื ื• ืื™ื– ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืื™ืฒื’ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืข ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜. ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ื˜ืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ , ื ื•ืœื™ ืฆืจืคืช" --- ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืก ืคืจืึทื ืงืจื™ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ึผืขื ืข 
ื™ื™ืจืŸ + ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฆื–ื™ื ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš, ื•ื™ ืขืก ืฉื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืœืึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื ื ืข-ื•ื ื“ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ืœืขื ื ืขืจืข ืฆื™ื™ื ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืืฒื™ืจืึธืคึผืขื™ึทืฉืขืจ ื˜ืขืจืงื™ื™. ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืึทื ื˜ื™ื ืึธืคึผืึธืœ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 8 ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืŸ ื ื“ื‘ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืฆืขื ืึธื˜ ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ืื•ื™ืก ืคึผื™ื–ื, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืึทื‘ึผืจื‘ึผื ืืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ืœืขื›ืŸ ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื•-ืคืืจืงืขืจ *. ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœืขืžืึทื ื• ื‘ึนึผืึท- 
ืงืึทื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผื™ืงื• ื“ืข ืžื™ืจืึทื ื“ื•ืœืึท, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ื ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืœืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืง. ื ืžืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœื–ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึท ื ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉ-ืึทืจืึท- 
ื‘ึผื™ืฉืขืจ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืข, ืื™ื– ืึทืœืขืžืึทื ื• ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ืึท ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืžื™ืก- 
ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ืึธื ื”ืขื ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื‘ึผืœื”. ื“ืขืจืคึผืึทืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืจืขืฅ, ืึทืœืก 
ืคืึทืจื‘ื™ืกืขื ืขืจ ืฉื•ื ื ืคื•ืŸ ืงื‘ึผืœื”, ื’ืขืคึผืกืงื ื˜, ืึทื– ืึทืœืขืžืึทื ื•ืก ื•ึถื•ืขืจืง ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืœืข- 
ื›ืขืจืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ื™ืง (ื’ืฒื™ืกื˜ืœืึธื–ืข, ืงืึธื ืคื•ื–ื™ืึธื ืกืคื•ืœืข ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืŸ); ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืจ 
ืึธื‘ึผื™ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ, ื ืขืช ืขืจ ืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึทืœืขืžืึทื ื•, ื”ืึทืœื˜ 
ืคืืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืึธื ืฆื•ึผื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– , ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ื˜ื™ืžืœื™ื‘ืข ืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืฆื•ืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืง 
ืื•ื ื“ ืึทืจืึทื‘ึผื™ืฉืข ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืข, ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ื ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ึผืขืœืขื–ืขื ื”ื™ื™ื˜, ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคึผืขืจ- 
ื–ืขื ืœื™ื‘ืข ืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืื™ื ืฆื• ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืขืŸ ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื“ืขืจ 
ืจืขื ืขืกืึทื ื" +. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืœื ื–ืงืŸ ืžื•ืคืœื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืœืขืžืึทื ื• ื ืึธืš ืึทืœืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืจื•ื™ืก 
ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ื ืกืชึผืจ ืคืึทืจ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ 
ืฆืึธืœ ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทื ื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื˜ืกื˜ืข ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืคึผื™ืงื• ื“ืข ืžื™ืจืึทื ื“ื•ืœืึท. 


1 ืœื•ื™ื ืคึผืขืจืœืขืกื ื”ืฉืขืจื” ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืขื˜ืึทื ื• ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืžืึทื ืฉื˜ืึทื“ืกืก ืจื‘ึผื™ ื“ืึทื˜ื™ืœื•ืก ืืฒืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืข ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืŸ. 

3 ืึทืœืขืžืึทื ื• ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 5 ืื•ืŸ ื’ืฒืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ ืึทืœืก ื•ืงืŸ ืžื•ืฉื™ืœื’ ืื™ืŸ /152. 

8 ืึธืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ึนืŸ ืึทื›ึผืจื‘ึผื ืืœืŸ ืฆื• ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ืืก ืคื™ืึท ืื™ื“ ืคืึทืจ. 
ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืื•ืฆืจ ื ื—ืžื“", {, 00-65. 


+ ืขื”ืขื‘ึผืจ, ื”ืึทื ื“ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœ, ืฆื• ื‘ึผืขืจืœื™ืŸ", {ืŸ, 5; ื”ืขื‘ึผืจ. ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœ., ื•ืืฆ, 130--132. 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื‘ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ืจืŸ 35 


ืึทืœืขืžืึทื ื•ืก ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ืฐืขืจืง ,,ื—ืฉืง ืฉืœืžื—ื”' 1 ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื ื•- 
ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜, ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ , ืฉืขืจ ื”ื—ืฉืง" *. ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืึทืœืขืžืึทื ื• ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ-ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜-ืึทื ืฉืฑื™ื•ื ื’, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืืœืก ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ 
ืฆื• ,ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื". ืึทืœืขืžืึทื ื• ืื™ื– ืคืขืกื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืฉืœืžื” ื—ืžืœืš 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืงืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืงืกื™ืคื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ืึทืœืข ืื•ืžื•ืช 
ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืคืืจ ืึทืคึผืœื˜ื•ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืŸ, 
ื’ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืคึผืจื˜ื™ื ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฉื” ืจึดื‘ึนึผื ื• 5. ืฉืœืžื— ื”ืžืœืš, ืคืึทืจ" 
ื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ ืึทืœืขืžืึทื’ื•, ื‘ึผืึทื–ื™ืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื‘ืึธืจืข ื—ื›ืžื—, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืžืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืžืฉื™ื’ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืคื•ึนืŸ ื—ื›ืžื” ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืžืœืš ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ , ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื", 


ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ื›ึผื“ืื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฆื•ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืจื˜. 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืึทืœืขืžืึทื ื• ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืึทืจื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืึทื‘ืจื‘ึผื’ืืœืก โ€ ื“ื™ืึทืœืึธื ืŸ"; ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ? ืึทืœืขืžืื ื•ืก ื•ืขืจืง ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ , ื“ื™ืึทืœืึธื’ืŸ" ืคื™ื˜ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ ืคื•ืคืฆืŸ, ืžื•ื– ืžืขืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืฆื•ื ื‘ึผืึทืฉืœื•ื, ืึทื– ืึทืœืขืžืึทื ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ื”ืฉื˜ืขื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” 
ืึทื‘ึผืจื‘ื ืืœ, 

ืึทืœืขืžืึทื’ื• ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜, ืึทื– ืฉืœืžื— ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจืฒื - 
ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื˜ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืกื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืกื”ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ืื•ึนืŸ ืขืก ืงืึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจื•ื˜ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ืคืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืข ืฐื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืกืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ. 
ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืœืึทื ืขื˜ืŸ, ื’ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื?, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืฐืขืจื˜ ื ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืขืจ, ืขื ืœ 
ื‘ืื ืจืขื ืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืกื˜ --- ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืžืœืจ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ื™ืช" 
ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ --- ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึดึผื™ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”, ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจืขืจืฐืฒืœื˜ืขืจ ืึธืจึนื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ื’ืึธื˜ืก 


1 ื“ึดืฆึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฐืขืจืง ื”ืึธื ืึทืœืขืžืึทื ืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืฐืขืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ ืึธืœื ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืคื•ืคืฆื™ืง 
ื™ืึธืจ (ื–ืข ืงื”ืขื‘ึผืจ.,ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœ,", ืฉ, 28), ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืึทืœืขืžืึทื’ื•ืก ืึท ืฆืฐืฒื˜ ืฐืœื™ืง ื•ืข ื’, ืฉืœื•ืžื ื ืึธื˜ื™ืฅ 
ืื™ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืช ืกืคืจ" ืฉ, 213--211, 

* ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ืฐืึธืจื ืึธ ืื™ืŸ 1600 ืžื™ื ืึทื˜ึนืšึฐ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ืขืจ, 
ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืฉื” ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืš, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื›ืขืจืฉื˜ืึทืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1862, | 

* ืืฉืขืจ ื”ื”ืฉืง", 114 {ื‘ื–ื” ื—ื™ ื”ื›ื ื”ื›ืœืš ืฉืœืžื” ืข"ื— ืžื‘ืจืข"ื”", ื‘ึผืขืช ืขืจ ืฐื™ื•ื˜ 
ืึธืŸ, ืึทื• ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืžืœืš ืื™ื• ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื‘ืงื™ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื—ื›ืžื•ืช, ืคึผืึทืจืจื•ืคื ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœืขืžืึทื ืจ ื’ืึทื ืฅ 
ืึธืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืžืงื•ืจื™ื, ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ ืื•ืฑืฃ ืึทืคึนึผืึฒืœืึธื ึดื™ ื“ืขื ืฉื™ืึทื ืขืจืก ืึท ืฐืขืจืง, ืฐืขืœื›ืข 
ืขืจ ืจื•ืคื ืึธืŸ ืฉืžืœืื›ืช ื›ื•ืฉื›ืœืช,, ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฐืขืจืง, ืฐืฒื–ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืึทืœืขืžืึทื ื•, ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืœืึทื˜ืฒื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืขืฆื ืื•ึนื™ืฃ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ ืึทืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ืคื•ื ื 14ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื” ืฉืœื ื” ื‘ืŸ ื ืชืŸ 
ืื•ืจื’ื™ื™ืจื™, 





46 ื“"ืจ ื™. ืฆื™ื ื› ืขืจ ื’ื‘ 


ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืื ืฅ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื ื™ื 
ืคืึธืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืคืึทืจื ืขืžื˜ ื’ืื˜, ืฐื•ื™ ืฉืœืžื” ื—ืžืœืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืึธืŸ (ืžืœื›ื™ื, ื' ื”'), 
,ื›ืœ ืชืคืœื” ื•ื›ืœ ืชื—ื ื”", ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ึผืกื ื—ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืก ื’ืขื‘ึผืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื™ืขื“ืขืก ื”ื™ืœืคื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืก ืืœืข ืขืงืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜1, 

ื‘ึผืขืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืึทื‘ึผืจื‘ึผื ืืœ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืคืึธืจืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, 
ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืึทืœืขืžืึทื ื• ืึทืœืก ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ืกื•ื“ ื“ืขื ,ื—ืฉืก? -- ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžื™ืฉืŸ 
ืคืืจืœืื ื’. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ, ืคืืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ ืึทืœืขืžืึทื ื•, ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืืžืชืŸ ื™ืจืึทืช-ืฉืžื™ื, ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืฉื›ืœ (ื”ืฉื›? ื”ืขื™ื•ื ื™) ื‘ึทึผืœื•ื™ืŸ 
ืึท ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ืขื ื™ืงืข ืจืึธืœืข. ื‘ึผืœืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืฉื•ื•ึผืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ื‘ึผืœืขื ื“ื ื“ื™ืง ื”ืข? ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืึทืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฐืึธืก 
ื ื‘ื™ืื™ืฉืข ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช, ื“ื™ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ื˜ื•ื™ึทืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื“ืจื’ื— ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืชืคึผืฉื˜ื•ืช 
ื”ื ืฉืžื™ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืœื˜ืŸ 
ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื”ื“ืขืช ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืข ืกื‘ืจื•ืช, ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžื™ืฉืŸ 
ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’, ืžื™ื˜ ืžืชื™ืงื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืึทืคึผืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ืขืงืกื˜ืึทื–, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื– ืฆื•ื 
ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืŸ2 ืื•ื• ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืืงืข ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ื“ ืคื•ื ื 
ื ื‘ื™ืืก (ื—ื•ืฉืข, ื˜' 7) ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ,,ืื•ื™ืœ? ื”ื ื‘ื™ื, ืื™ืฉ ื”ืจื•ื—"5, 


ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžืข, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ืฆื™ืงื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธืจืขื ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจืœืข- 
ื‘ึผื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืจ ื ืฉืžื”, ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ ืึทืœืขืžืึทื ื•, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืœื™ื™ืš 
ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื’ืขื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืข 
ื—ื•ืฉื™ื *. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ืคื˜ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืŸ ืขืงืกื˜ืึทื–, ื“ืขืจื–ืขืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืœื˜ ื•ื™ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืงืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืฉื‘ืค, 
ืขืก ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืขื ืข ืื•ื™ื ืŸ ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืžืึธ- 
ื ื™ืฉืข ื’ืึทื ืฆืงื™ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื–ืขื˜ 


1 ,ืฉืขืจ ื”ื—ืฉืง", 25 (1690). 

2 ืขื ืื™ ืฉืฐืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืฆื™ ืื™ื• ืึทืœืขืžืึทื ื• ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืคืœื˜ื•ื ื˜ ,ืคืขืจ. 
ืจืึธ", ืฐื•ึผ ืขื ืฐืขืจื ืึฒืœื ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจ ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื’ืขื™ืŸ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–.ื ื‘ื™ืื™ืฉืขืจ ืขืงืกืžืึทื–, ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื ึดื™ื˜ ืžืขืกื˜ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื, ืฆื™ ืื™ื• ืืœืขืžืึทื ื• ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ื’ืข. 
ืฐืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื’ืจื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ,ื ื’ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขื ืงื™ื™ื', ืฐืึธืก ื—ื•ืจื ื–ื™ืš ืึทืฐื™ ืึธืคื ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ื ื ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขืึธืคึผืœืึทืฉืึธื ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื™ืœื• ืื•ื™ื ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื”. 

5 ,ืฉืขืจ ื”ื—ืฉืง", 33 ืขื' ื ืื•ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื—ื–ืฉืง ื”ื•ื ืฉื’ืขื•ืŸ ืืœื”ื™, ื•ืืžืจ ืฉื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื 
ื•ื”ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื—ืื˜ื™ืชื™ ืœึนื ื™ื•ึนืฉืื’ ื›ื™ ืื ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืคืฉ โ€ ื”ืื“ื ืฉื˜ื•ืคื” ื‘ืฉื˜ืฃ ื”ื—ืฉืง ื•ื”ืฉื’ืขื•ืŸ 
ื”ืืœื”ื™ ื‘ืืžืจื• ืื•ื™ืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืžืฉื‚ื™ื ืข ืื™ืฉ ื”ืจื•ื—', 

3 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 46 /8' ื’'! {ื”ื”ืจื ืฉ ืืฉืจ ืชืจื ื™ืฉ ื”ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืœื™ ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื’ืฉื” 
ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ื—ื•ืงื” ืžืื•ื” ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ืืก ื”ืžืชืจื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื, ื›ื™ ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื ื—ื™ืชื” ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช 
ื—ื•ืงืช ื”ื—ื›ื•ืช ืžืื•ืจ ืžืื•ืจ ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื”ื—ืžืจื™ื”', 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ืจืŸ 0 


ื™ืขืก ื’ืืจ ืื•ื™ืก ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื ื”. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ , ืฉื™ื’ืขื•ืŸ" 
ื’ืึทื’ืจื™ื™ืคืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขื ืืžืชืŸ ืžื—ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ึผืœื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืคืึทืจื”ื•ื™ืœืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึธืจื’ืŸ ืคืึทืจืŸ ืœืึธื’ื™ืฉ ื“ืขื ืงืขื ื“ื™ืกืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืžืึธืš- 
ืฉืขืจ"ื ืขื“ืึทื ืง. ื“ื™ ืจืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื›? ื”ื™ืฉืจ ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ืคืขื ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ 
ืื™ื– ื‘ืœื•ื™ืŸ ืึท ืฉืฐืึทื›ืข ืึธืคึผืฉืคึผื™ื ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืฑื ื ื‘ึผืœื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืคืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ" 
ืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’, ื‘ึผืขืช ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผื—ื™ื ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื’ืขื•ืŸ. 

ืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ: ื•ืื”ื‘ืช ืืช ื“' ืืœื”ื™ืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื‘ืš, ื‘ื›ืœ ื ืคืฉืš 
ื•ื‘ื›? ืžืื“ืš --- ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’, ืฐืึธื˜ ืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืฆื•ื ืืžืชืŸ ื’ืœื™ืง, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื ืึธืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ึทึผืข ืงืึธื ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื“ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืœื™ื™ื“ื ืฉืึทืคึผื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืขืงืกื˜ืึทื–, ืฆื•ื ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื’ืขื•ืŸ 1ื™ 

ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืึทืœืขืžืึทื ื•, ื–ืขืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขื ื—ื™ืœื•ืง 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื ืขื™ื ื–ืžื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืžื”. ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืจ 
ืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ืฆื• ื’ืึธื˜; ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจืœื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– 
ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื‘ึผืข, ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ ืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื•ื ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืŸ ืฆื™ืœ -- ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื–ืึธืœ 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื”ืขืคื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืึธื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืชื—ืœื— ืื™ื– ืื•ึนื™ืš ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืžืœืš ื’ืขื ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธื˜ืขืจ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืœืš 
ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ื•ืžืข, ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืึทืคึผืœ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืขืจ ืžื“ืจื ื— ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ -- ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืชืœื—ื‘ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื’ืขื•ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ 
ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ืกื•ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื ื– ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื" *. 

ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืึทืœืขืžืึทื ื•ืก ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ื‘ืื ืขื ืื™ื– ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธื ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคึฟืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื• 
ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื: ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืึทืกื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ึผืึทื•ืฐืขื’ื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืึทื ืขื˜ืŸ -- ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ื– ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืึท ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ื“ืจืึทื ื’ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื ื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืžืงื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช, ืžื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื˜ื”ืฒื˜ 5 
ืฐืึธืก ื’ืจืขืกืขืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืžื—ื™ืฆื”, ืฐืึธื˜ ืžืขืจ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘- 
ืกื˜ืขืจ ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช --- ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธื˜ืžืฒื˜ --- ืึทืœืฅ ืžืขืจ ื ืฉืžื™ื•ืช, 
ืึทืœืฅ ืคืึทืจื’ืจืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืžืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ืจืขืจื™ืงืกื˜ืข 
ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช, ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืžื ื•ืฉืžืกื˜ืขืจ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคื•? ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืจืึทื ื’ 


{ ื•ื‘ื–ื” ืืคืฉื‚ืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืืฑื ืœื‘ื•ื ืืœ ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื›ื™ ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืื”ื ื” ื”ืžื‘ื™ืื” 
ืืœ ื”ื—ืฉืง ื•ื”ืฉื’ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื”ื• ื—ื ื•ื›ืจ"ื™ 

2 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 34-33; ืื•ืื ืฉื—ื™ื” ืœืฉืœืžื” ื•ืืช ื”ืื”ื‘ื”ืช ื”ืชืžื™ืžื” ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” 
ืžื•ื ื•ื ืขืœื— ืขืœื™ืช ืขื•ืœ ื•ืึธื•ืŸ, ื—ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื” ืœื ืขืœื” ืึนืœ ื—ื˜ืขืœื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืœื”ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื ืคืจืจ 
ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืืœ ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืง ื”ื—ื•ื ื›ื™ ืื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืฉืง ื•ื”ืฉื ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื”ื™ ื•ื”ืฉืžื™ืคื” 
ื”ื ื–ื›ืจืช,,, ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ืกื•ื“ ื›ืœื• ืืฉื” ื’ืœื” ืœื’ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืจื• ืฉื™ืจ ื—ืฉื™ืจื™ื . 


8 ื“ืึธืจืคืŸ, 38, ืขืž' ื‘ื™ 





48 ื“"ืจ ', ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืคึผ? ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืึทืคึผ? ื‘ึผื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืข ื”ื™ื™ื›ืŸ 1, 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœืกื˜ื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืžื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืจืึทื ื ? 
ืฐื•ื•ึผ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืงื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืึทืจืขืจ ืคืจืึทืžื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ" 
ื”ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื’ืฒื™ืกื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืงืœื™ื™ื ืœืขืš-ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื˜ืจื™ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื˜- 
ืœืขื›ืข ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ึผืขื ืข ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืข ืกืคืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก. 
ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืจืึธืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืึธืœืŸ? ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ , ื—ืฉืก", ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžื™ืฉ-ืœื™ื™ื“ื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’,4 ื“ืขืจ ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืขืงืกื˜ืึทื– 
(ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 89), 

ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’---ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทื•ื•ืขื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืงืจืึทืคื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
ื‘ึผืจืขื ื ื˜ ืืœืฅ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึทืจืžืึธื ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืขืจ ืžื“ืจื’ื” 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ?. ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจืคื•ืœื˜ ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืงืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜, ื”ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืข ืึทื–ืฑ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืขืจื“ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืขืœืข, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืžืึธืก, ื•ื™ ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืข ื‘ึผืขื ืงื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ึผื˜ ืฆื•ื ื”ืขื›ืขืจืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœืงื•ืžืขืจืŸ, ืึทื–ืฑื™ ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืฆื•ื ืขืจื“ื™ืฉ- 
ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืŸ, ื“ื•ืจื›ื ืขื“ืจื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ื ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืข ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช 8 

,ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืขืจ ืžืึธืก, ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืขืจ 
ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช --- ืึทื–ืฑื™ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื“ืึธืก ื ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื– ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ 

ืื•ื ื– ืฆื• ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขื ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช"4 

| ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžื™ืฉืข ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ืขืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ื—ืฉืง ืื™ื™ืคืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทื ืงืขืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ื•ื ื˜ืฉ ืžืฉืคึผื™ืข 
ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ --- ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขืก ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜-ื–ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื™ --- ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ืฐืขืœื˜ืึทืœ 5, 

ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’, ื“ืขืจ ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืขืงืกื˜ืึทื• -- ืื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืึธื˜ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืจื™ื ื’ื˜-ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื—ืœืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืคืึทืจืื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ ืึทืœืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืขืง ื‘ึผื™ื– ืฆื•ื ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ื‘ึผื™ื ื“ื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืึท- 


1 ืื›ื— ื•ื ื‘ื•ืจื” ื ืชืŸ ืœื•ื”ืช ื”ื—ืžืจ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืžืขื ืžืขื ื•ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืื—ืจ ืžื“ืจื’ื— ืขื“ ืžืขืœื” 
ืœืฉืžื™ื ืฉื™ืื• ื•ืžืขืœืชื• ืขื“ ืœืฉื—ืงื™ื˜". 

2 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 38, ืขืž' 3': ืงื”ืœื ืชืžืฆื ื›ื™ ื”ื”ืฉืง ื™ืขื ื” ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื˜ื•ืฆื™ื. 
ื•ื”ืžื‘ื™ื ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœึนืืฉื•ืจื• ื•ืœืชื›ืœื™ืชื• ื•ืฉืœืžื•ืชื•", 

8 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 39, ืขื' ื'1 ืื›ื™ ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉืง ื‘ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื• ืคื•ื‘ื• ื›ืŸ 
ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉืง ืœื”ืฉื˜ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ., ื”ืฉืง ื”ืฉืคืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืืœ ืฉื™ืชื“ืžื” ื‘ื• ื•ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื”ืฉื•ืง 
ื”ืฉืคืœ ืืœ ืฉื™ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื• ื•ื™ืจืื” ื‘ื• ืฉืœืžื•ืชื•", 

4 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 34, ืขืž' ื‘'. 


5 ืขื”ื ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื“' ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ื" (ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 39, ืขืž' 3). 


/ 





ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 49 


ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึธื˜ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉืื•? ืชึผื—ืชึผื™ื”, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื ื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ืฐืึธืก ื’ืจืึทื‘ึผืœืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืกื˜ืข ื’ื™ื”ื ื•ื-ืึธืคึผื ืจื•ื ื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืข 
ื”ื™ื›ืœื•ื— โ€ 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืืœืขืจ ืคึผื™ื ื˜? ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืื•ืžืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืŸ ืฐืขืœื˜ืึทืœ 
ื˜ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ. ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜-ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืึธื‘ึถึผืขืจ ืึทืœืขืžืึทื ื• 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจื™ื™ืŸ-ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืžื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ื™ืคึผืกื™ื›ืœืึธื’ื™ืฉ, ื ืึธืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ 73 ื”ืžื™ื ื™ ื ื•ื˜ืจื™ืงื•ืŸ. ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื•ื™ืกื˜ 
ืคืึทืจืจื•ืคื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืึธืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืึทื‘ึผื•ืœืคื™ื”? ืื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื’ื™ืงืึทื˜ื™ืœืึท 5, 
ื•ื™ ืื‘ื•ืœืคื™ื” ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ืขื“ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืืœืขืžืึทื ื• ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื” ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืžื“ืจื ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช. ื“ืขืจ , ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื ืงื ื”", ื“ื™ , ืžื•ืฉื›ึผืœื•ืช", ืฐืึธืก 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื“ืขืจืฐื•ืขืจื‘ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคึผื™ืฉืขืจ ื—ืงื™ืจื” -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืขืจืฉื˜ 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืกืžื“ืจื’ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช; ืึท ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ ื”ืขื›ืขืจืข ืžื“ืจื’ื” -- 
ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื˜ืข --- ืื™ื–, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืึทืœืขืžืึทื ื•ื ื‘ึผืึทื ืจื™ืฃ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื ืขืฐื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ื˜ืข ื’ืขืคื™ืœ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ื ื‘ึผืึทื ืฒืกื˜ืขืจื˜ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืงืขืจ 
ืชืคื™ืœื”'!, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืข, ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ืžื˜ืข ืžื“ืจื’ื—, ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ,ืฐื™ ืขืก ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื“ืขืจ ,ืกืคืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจื”" ืื•ืŸ 
ืคื™ืœืข ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจืข ื‘ืขืœื™-ืงื‘ึผืœื” ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื‘ื•ื”ื ืึทื‘ึผื•ืœืคื™ื” ื‘ึผืจืืฉ". ื“ื™ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช, 
ืคึฟืึทืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ ืึทืœืขืžืึทื ื•, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข ืฆื™ื™ื›ื ืก, ื ืึธืจ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข 
ืกื™ืžื‘ึผืึธืคึฟืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžืึทืจื‘ึผืึธืจื’ืŸ ื ื’ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืข ืกื•ื“ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืข ืงืจืึทืคื˜. 
ื“ื•ืจืš ืฆื™ืจื•ื˜ื™ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฉืžื•ืช ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืึทืจื™ื™ื ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื”, ืฐืึธืก ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืž" 
ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ื–ื™ื™ ืžืฉื™ื’ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸืŸ; ื“ื•ืจืš ืคืฆืจืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืŸ 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ื•ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทืคืŸ". ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš -- 
ื•ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฃ ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืกื•ื“ื•ืช, ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึท ื”ืข- 
ื›ืขืจืข ืžื“ืจื ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช: ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจ? 
ืคึผืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉื™ื, ื”ื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทึตื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช,. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืจื™ืงืึทื ืึทื˜ื™, 
ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืึทืœืขืžืึทื ื• ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื’ื•ืจื, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ,,ืฉืคืข'' ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืขื“ 
, ืžืจื›ึผื‘ื”" ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืึธืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ื“ื•ืจืš 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 9, ืขืž' ื: ,ืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืกื•ื‘ื‘ ื”ื•ืœืš ื—ื™ื•ื— ื”ืืœื”ื™ ืžืžื ื• ื•ืืœื•ื,, ื”ื—ืฉืง 
ืกื ื‘ ื‘ื™ืชืืœ ื•ื”ื ืœื’ืœ ื•ื”ืžืฆืคื” ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆืจืฃ ื“' ื‘ืฉืื•ืœ ืžื˜ื” ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช |'. 


3 ื“ืึธืจืกืŸ, 35, ืขื' ื‘, 
5 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 37, ืขื' ื’. 
4 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 34, ืขื' ื’, 
5 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 36, ืขืž' 1, (14 





50 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ื“ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื ื“ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื“ืขื , ืขื•ืœื ื—ื’ืฉืžื™" ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
,ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™'; ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืฐื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืึทื ืขื˜ืŸ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื”ืึทืจืžืึธื ื™ืฉืข ื‘ึผืึทื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืคืืœืŸ ื’ืขืจืึทื ืง 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื—ื›ืžื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”, ืึทื–ืฑื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื”, ื‘ึผืขืช ื–ื™ื™ 
ืคืึทืจืงืขืจืคืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ื˜ืึธืŸ -- ื“ื™ ื”ืชื ืœื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ื’ืึธื˜"ื‘ึผืึทื’ืจื™ื™ืคืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืกื™ืžื‘ึผืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื- 
ืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ !! | 

ืึดื ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืึทื ืึทื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขื“ื™- 
ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ , ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื’ืขื•ืŸ'" ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืึทืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืจืืฃ ืคึผื™ืงื• ืžื™ืจืึทืŸ- 
ื“ื•ืœื ืื™ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื•ืœืคื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ึผืœื”. ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืœืขืžืึทื ื•ืก ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืึทื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ืงืึทื ืฉื˜ื™ืก 
ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืชึผื•ืจื” ,ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ื ืคืฉ" ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืขื–ืจ ืื•ื™ืก ืฐืึธืจืžืก (ืื™ืŸ ืœืึทื˜ื™ื™- 
ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ื”ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฐืขืจืง ,20/086 80160004') 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉื-ื˜ื•ื‘ืก ืคืึทืœืงื™ืจืึธืก ,ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืขืœื•ืช". ืื™ืŸ 1486 ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจืื ื“ื•ืœืึท 
ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืง 68 ,1090221080 006105/065ืก 
6 /16 8115416846ื˜", ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื”ืึทื ื“ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜-ืคืจืึธื‘- 
ืœืขืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืก ืžืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืžื™ืจืึทื ื“ื•ืœืึท ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืงื‘ึผืœื— ืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืคืจืื’ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืœืขืจืข, 

| ื’ื™ื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจืึทื ื“ื•ืœื ื–ื™ืš ืึทื–ืฑ ืคืืจืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืข- 

ืกื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืงื‘ึผืœื—. ืึท ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืŸ ืึทื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืžื™ืจืึทื ื“ื•ืœืึทืŸ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ึผืœื” ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืฉืึทืจืฃ ืื•ืŸ- 
ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืึธื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกืืœืข ืจืึธืœืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื - 
ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืงืึธืกืžืึธืก; ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ ืกืคื˜ ื ื™ื˜, 
ืึทื– ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜-ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึธื˜ 
ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจืึทื ื“ื•ืœืึธืก ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืข, ืึทืœืก ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืขื - 
ืกื˜ืข ื“ืขื ืกืžืขืœืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื ืขืกืึทื ืก-ืชึผืงื•ืคื— ืึธื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ืข ืจืขื“ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ,,ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืกื™ื™ื˜"", 

ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจืึทื ื“ื•ืœืึท ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืง. 
ื˜ืึทืงืข ืžื™ืจืึทื ื“ื•ืœื ื’ื•ืคื ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืงืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ื ืกืชืจ ื“ืขื ื‘ื- 
ืจื™ืžื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ื•ืžืึทื ื™ืกื˜ ืจื™ื™ื›ืœื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืง 
4 416 ืกืกื•" ืื•ื™ืš ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจืึทื ื“ื•ืœืึท ื’ืขืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– 
ื“ื™ ืงื‘ึผืœื” ืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืก ืึทื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืข- 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 45 ืขืž' ื, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืฉืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ืฒืฑืŸ 51 


ื‘ืขืจ ืืžื•ื ื—. ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืฑืคึผื˜ื˜ ื’ื•ืžื, ืกื™ืงืกื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืึทืคื•ื™ืœืŸ 
ืื™ื›ืขืจืฆื•ื–ืขืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ . ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืึทื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืงื‘ืœื—-ืกืคืจื™ืื˜, ื•ื™ื™ืค 
ื“ืึธื˜ ืงืึธืŸ, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื™ืœ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืงื™ืจืš, 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืึทืœืขืžืึทื ื•ืก ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ ื™ืึธื”ืึทืŸ ืึทืœื‘ึผืจืขื›ื˜ ืฐื™ื“ืžืึทื ืฉื˜ืึทื“ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข 
ื™ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข. ืึทืœืขืžืึทื ื• ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึทืคื˜, 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืึทืจ ืฐื™ื“ืžืื ืฉื˜ืืจื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึทืจื“ื™ื ืึทืœ ืขื’ื™ื“ื™ืึธ ื“ืขื™ื•ื™- 
ื˜ืขืจื‘ึผื ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉ-ื’ืขื‘ื™ืœื“ืขื˜ืŸ ืžืงื•ื‘? ื‘ึผืจื•ืš ืื•ื™ืก 
ื‘ึผืขื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื˜ืึท ืขืจ ื–ืืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืึทืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉืข ืงืค:ื”-ื˜ืคืจื™ื 1 ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืขืจ ืฐื™ื“ืžืึทื ืฉื˜ืึทื“ื˜ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืคืจื™ื™ื ืจืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ึนึผืึท- 
ืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคึผื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืขืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ึผืŸ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืžืึทื ื˜ื™ื ืึธ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ึผื™ืœื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืจืึธืœืข ืึทืœืก ืื•ืžื‘ึผืจื—ืžื ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืงื˜ื™ื’ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืจืึทื’ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ื•ืจ? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทื ื˜ืื–ื™ืขืคื•ืคืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืœืžื” ืžื•ืœื ื•, ืฐื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง ืกื™ืžืคึผืึทื˜ื™ืฉ ืึทืœื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื›ึผืœืœ-ื˜ื•ืขืจ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืžืึทื ื˜ื™ื ืึธ ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืžืึทืจื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ. ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึทืจืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืœืึธื ื™ืข, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืœื™ื™ื‘-ืžืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
ื›ึผื™ื™ื ืคึผื•ื™ืคึผืกื˜ ืคึผื•ื™ืœื•ืก ื“ืขื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ, ืคึผืจืึทืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉืŸ ืžึฟืึทืงื•ืœ- 
ื˜ืขื ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืžื’ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผื™ืช-ื“ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ืžื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื—ื™ืœื”, 
ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทืงื˜ื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ื•ึนืึธืš 
ื”ืื˜ ืžืึทื ืกื™ื ืึท ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ืข ืฆื™ื™ื ืึธืคึผืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืจื™ื™ืŸื•ื•ื™ืกื - 
ืฉืึทืคึผื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคืจืื’ืŸ. ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื’ืข ืงืจื™ื˜ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ (ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ื™ืกืงื•ืคึผ ืื•ื™ืก ืฐืขืจืึทื ืข ื“ื–ืฉื™ืึทื ืžืึทื˜ืขืึธ ื–ืฉื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข) ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืึทืŸ- 
ื˜ื™ื ืึท ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืคื•ึนืŸ ืื‘- 
ืจึนืฉื“ ืื•ึนื™ืฃ ืึทืคึผืœื˜ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ื•ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜, ื“ืขื ืจืžื‘ึผ''ืžื˜ , ืฉืžื•ื ื— ืคืจืกื™ื'' 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื˜ื™ื™ืœื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืืจืขืžื ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื“ืขื , ืžื•ืจื” ื ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื" 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืึทื˜ื™ื™ืŸ "2 


1 'ืื™ืŸ = ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ โ€ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืžืึทื ืฉื˜ืึทื“ื˜ืก ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืึธืœื’ื ื“ืข ืฆื•ืฉืจื™ืžื˜; 
ื–ืฉื ืŸ 2004018 5ืกื–ืกืŸ ืคื˜ื•ื•/ื–ืง ื•ื˜ ,0ื–04040512 ื•ืกื˜ื•ื•ื•ื•ืงืก ื’ื•ื˜ื”ื’)ืฐ0696ืช86 ื”ืกื˜ื–ืกื /2406/6 
4ื•0//2ืฆ 0011802005 ืช1 0ื–ืก/60:16102 0ื–146:016056) !2644 (ื–ืข ืคึผืขืจืœืขืก ืฆื™ื˜, ืฐ. 180)), 


ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื‘ึผืขื ืขืฐืขื ื˜ืึธืก ื‘ึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ืคื™ืœืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืข ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ื–ืข: ืžืคึผืฑืœื•ื ืขืžื™ืœื™ื•ืกืขื ื‘ึผืจื™ื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืึธืจืจืขื“ืข ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื ืกื‘ึผื•ืจื’ืขืจ ืืฑื™ืกื ืึทื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืžืฉืคืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื“ื™ืฉ-ืจื™ืžืฉ, 
(ื–ืข ืงืžืึธื ืึทืžืฉืจื™ืžื˜", 1876, 263--365). 

2 ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ ืืฉืœืฉืœืช ื—ืงื ืœื”' ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ืžืขื•ืช, ื‘ึผืขืช ืขืจ ืจืขื“ื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืžืึทื ื˜ื™ื ืึธ 
ืึทืœึนื ื“ืขื ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื•ืขืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืžื•ืจื” ื’ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื" ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืึทื˜ืฒืŸ (ื”ืขืชื™ืง ืžื•ืจื— ื ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื 
ืœืฉืคืช ืœืืžื•ื ื•), ืžืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื”ื™ื›ื•ืช ืฐืขื ืŸ ืžืึทื ื˜ื™ื ืŸ ื–ืขื  ืคืึธื’ืขืœืฉื˜ืฒืŸ ืื•ื ื“ ืจื™ื’ืขืจ, ืฆื™ื, ืฐ. 
97-4 ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื”ืขื‘ึนึผืจ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ" ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื—ืœื‘ืจ, ื‘ื™ื‘ืœ," 44 86ืŸ 
ืขื’ืจืขืฅ, ื ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข, 3' ื ืคืจืขืฐื™, 7, ืขื, ื•ืฉื”,", ืฐืฉ, 282 ื. 





52 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืงื•ื ื”ื“ืฉื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš 
ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืžืึทื ื˜ื™ื ืึธืก ืึท ื‘ึนึผื–ื“ื•ืจ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืœืžืขืก. ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืง ืึทืœืก ื—ืฉื•ื‘ืข- 
ืคึผืจืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึทืจืฆื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืœืžืขืก ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืคื™ืœ ืึธืคึผื ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื—ื›ืžืช 
ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทื“ื•ืขืจ ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคืžืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืคืึทืจ 
ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื“ื™ื˜ืืจื™ืข 1. ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึทืจื“ื™ื ืึทืœ 
ื“ืึทืžื™ื ื™ืงืึธ ื’ืจื™ืžืึทื ื™, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ืจื™ื™ื›ืœื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทืžืฃ 
ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืžื™ื ื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืฉื•ืžื“ ืคึผืคืขืคึผืขืจืงืึธืจืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืœืžืขืก 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืฉ โ€ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืึทื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ืื‘ึผืŸ ืจืฉืจ. 
ืื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื“ื–ืฉืึท ื"ืึท. | | 

ืงื•ื ื”-ืฉื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึธืœืžืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืœืก ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืข- 
ืฆืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืึทืœืก ืคืึทืจืคึผืึทืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ,,ืžืงื ื” ืึทื‘ืจื”ื'' (1823) 
ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ืฐื™ืกืŸ -- ืึท ื ืขื›ึผื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืคืึทืจืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜. ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื”ื•ืžืึทื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉื™ื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืข ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ, ืฉื– 
ืคึผื™ืงื• ื“ื™ ืžื™ืจืึทื ื“ื•ืœื ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื”ืึทืฐื•ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืข- 
ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืื™ื›ึผืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืึทื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจืึทื ื“ืึธืœืึท ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื‘ื˜ ื›ึผืœืœ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ืึทื. ื“ืขืจ ื ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ืค'ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืจืขื ืขืกืื ืก-ืชืงื•ืคื” ืึทืจืฑื™ืกื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฐื•ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœืืกื™ืฉืข 
ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 7ืื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ื”ืื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื’ื•ืจื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื•ืืก ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืžืึทื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขื ืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืง- 
ื–ืึทืžืงืฒื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืกืฐืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ --- 
ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื‘ืœ-ืฉืคึผืจืืš. ืืžืช, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข ืกื™ื‘ึผื”. 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืฆื•ึน ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœื™ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึธื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืฒื™ื“ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืข ืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ. ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืคื•ื ื 18ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื— 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื•ื•ื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืœืึธืจืขื ื˜ื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ื•ืขืจ 
ื“ื–ืฉื™ืื ืึทืฆืึธ ืžืึทื ืขื˜ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืื– ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ 
ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึทืœืขืžื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึทื ืžื˜- 
ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืข ืคึผืจืื‘ึผืœืขืžืขืŸ, ืžื•ื– ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื ื‘ึผืึทื”ืึทื•ื•ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืค" 
ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื›ืžืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืŸ ืžืึทื ืขื˜ื™ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื•ืฑื™ืคึผืกื˜ ื ื™ืงืึธืœืึทื™ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืคื˜ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืื•ืฑื™ืคึผื˜ืจืึธื ื˜, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืžืกื ื™ื™ 
ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืคื•ื ื ืึทืจื™ื ื™ื ืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืึทื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœ. ืžื™ืœืข ื”ื•ืžืึทื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืึทืจืฑืกื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืžืขืจ ืขื•ืœืžืฉืข ืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ: ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืคืขืกื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœื™ืก? ืฆื• ื’ืึทื ืฆืข 


ื™ืจื•ื˜ ืฉื–ื ื–ื™ ื“ื ื—ืฉื” 54 ืฉืฉื— ื”ื™ื™ื” ื™ืžืข 


: ! ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืึทื‘ื•ื”ื ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืœืžืขืกืขืก ืชึผืœื˜ื™ื“ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ ืื™ื ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ืกืฉืขืจ ื ืึธืฐืขืœื™ืกื˜ ืคืจืึทื ื˜ืฉืขืกืงืึธ ืžืึทืจื™ืึท ืžืึทืœืฆืึท. 


ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื™ืจืŸ 52 


ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ื ื˜ืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ. ,ื ืึธืš ืœืึทื ื’ ืคืืจ ืจื™ื™ื›ืœื™ื ืขืŸ --- ื•ื•ื™ื™ื•ื˜ 
ืึธืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื—ืฉื•ื‘ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื ืขืกืึทื ืก-ืชืงื•ืคื” ื•ื™ ื‘ึผื•ืจื›ื”ืึทืจื“ื˜, --- 
ื”ืึธื ืŸ ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืžืึทื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืฉืข 
ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš", ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืจื™ื™ื›ืœื™ืŸ ื ื•ืคื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืงื‘ืœื— ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจืึทื - 
ื“ื•ืœื, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืจื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœ-ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ื‘ึนึผืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืกืžื•ืจื ื• 1. ืจื™ื•ื›ืœื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืื’ืจืึทื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืข- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืึตื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœื ืคึผืจืึธ- 
ืคืขืกืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ึนืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื ืขืจ ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ- 
ืกื™ื˜ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ืขืฉืืคืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืฉื•ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืกื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืง,0001060 ืกืกืขืกื˜ 06" (ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืฐืืจื˜) ื–ื™ื ื ื˜ 
ืจื™ื™ื›ืœื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืชืฉื‘ื—ื•ืช ื“ืขืจ , ื ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ" ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš. ื ื™ื™ื“ื•- 
ืฉืขืจ ืชืžืœืžื•ืจื™ื—ื›ื ื‘ืจื›ื™ื” ืื•ืŸ ื ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 
ืงืึทืคึผื ื™ืึธืŸ ืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืึท ื•ื™ื›ึผื•ื— ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืฃ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข. ืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื•ึนื˜ ืกื•ืฃ ืฆื•ื ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจ, ืึทื– ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืคึผืจืืš ืื•ืŸ ื—ื›ืžืช 
ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ื™ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืคื“ืจื’ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืึทืžื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืŸ ืึทืœืฃ-ื‘ึผื™ืช, ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื—ื• ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื‘ึผืึทื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืข ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืกื•ื“ื•ืช. ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข 
ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ,4 ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื–ืฑ ืคืึทืจืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ืกืžื™ื˜ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืจื™ื™ื›ืœื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขืจื ื‘ึผื•ืš (12506) *1601202 806/0060/8" - ื“ื™ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข ื’ืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ืง ืคืึทืจืคืืกื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื ืงืจื™ืกื˜. ืจื™ื™ื›ืœื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืคื 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžืึทืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ 
,ื ื“ืขื ืงืžืึธืœ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืœ" ((ืกื˜ 260 ื—ื–ื˜!ืชืกืžื•ื˜ื—ืกืžืช 6408 
9ื˜/6600); ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืžืชืŸ ืึถื‘ึนึผืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืœืขืจื ื‘ึผื•ืš ื ืื ืฅ ื•ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช. ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืœืขืžืขื ืžืึทืจืกื˜ืข ื‘ึผืœืœื™ื ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ืงื“ื•ืง, ืื•ืŸ ื ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ. 
ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ื›ืฆื™ืžืฆื•ืžื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ืœืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื“ื•ืจืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืžืึทื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ. ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื”ื™ืœืฃ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉืข ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข. 

ื˜ืึทืงืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืžืึทื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื“ืขืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื ื•ืคื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืจืงื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืฆื•ื 
ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ืฐื™ืกืŸ. ืขืก ื‘ึผืึทืžืขืจืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืฉื˜ืจืขืžื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืคืจื™ืข ืชึผืงื•ืคื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ-ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ, ื‘ึผืขืช ื“ื™ 


1 ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื”ืช ืกืคื•ืจื ื•, ื–ืข ื•ื™ื™ืžืขืจ ืงืึทืคื™ื˜ืœ ืคื™ืจ, 





54 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ ืขืจื  


ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืึทืจืึทื‘ึผื™ืฉืข 
ืคื™ืœืึทืœืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ื‘ึผืจื“ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื“ืขืจืžื™ื“ืœืขื›ืŸ ืคืœื™ื™ืก ืื•ื™ื˜- 
ืฆื•ืคืึธืจืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผ?-ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš. ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืจ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืžืึทื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืคื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืคื•ื ื ืงืœืึทืกื™ืฉืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจื˜ื•ื, ืึทืœืฅ ืžืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ 
ื ืชืคึผืขืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืœืคืึทืจื‘ึผื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ื™ื“ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ. ื“ื™ ื“ืขื ืงืžืขืœืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึทื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉืŸ ืึทื›- 
ื˜ืขืจื˜ื•ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืงื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื—ื›ืžื•ืช 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ. ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืขืจืกื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืœื™ื‘ื˜ืกื˜ืข ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ืขื ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื ืขื ื˜ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจืจ-ืคึผื•ื‘ึผืœื™ืงื•ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืึทื ื˜ื™ืงืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคึฟืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ื ืขืจ. ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ึดื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทืจื ื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื–ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื™ืจื ื“ื™ืง ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช, ืึทื‘ึดึผื™ 
ืฐืึธืก ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืฃ ืื•ื™ืคืฆื•ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืฑื™ืกืฆื•ืคืึธืจืฉืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉ-ืจื•ื™ืžื™ืฉืข 
ืึทืœื˜ืขืจื˜ื•ื... ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื›ึผืœืœ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื ืจืึธื“ ื“ืึธืก 
9ื˜ืข ื™"ื” ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืฑ ืจื™ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืจืึทืฉื ื“ื™ืงืข ืึทื ื˜ื“ืขืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื ืข- 
ื‘ึผื™ื˜ ืคื•ึนืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฉืจืจื•ืช ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ 
ื’ืขื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึทื ืฆืข ืฉื‚ื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืœืขื ื’ืŸ 
ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืข ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื ืฐืึทืœ- 
ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉ-ืจื•ื™ืžื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ- 
ื ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 19ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื–ืฑื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืื™ื˜ืืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื ืขื ืฅ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ืฑื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื ืึทื›ืœืขืกื™ืงืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื ืึทืฆื™ืึทื ืึทืœืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. 
ืึทืœืฅ ืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืžืึทื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืก, 
ืึทื– ืœืึทื˜ืฒืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืœื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืึทืœึถื ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ืึทื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ืข 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ-ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš. ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื‘ึผืึทื“ื•ืฑืขืจื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ 
ื“ืึทื ื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ืœืขืš ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ืขืจ 
ืคืึทืœืงืก-ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš. ืึทืœืก ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืขืจ ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื“ืขืืœ? ืคืืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืคึผืจืึธื–ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืฆื™ืฆืขืจืึธ. ืคื™ืœืข ื”ื•ืžืึทื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืขืก 
ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืขืจืฑืคืจืึทื’ืข ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ึผืจื•ื™ื›ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง, ืฐื•ืขืค- 
ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ืขื ,ืื•ืžื“ืขืจื’ืจืฒื™ื›ื‘ึผืึธืจืŸ ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ" ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืœืึทืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืœืึทื˜ืฒื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื–ืข. ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื“ืขื? ืื™ื“ 
ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืžืึทื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืฉืึทืคืŸ ื ื ื™ืฒ-ืœืึทื˜ืฒื ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข, ืื•ื™ืกื ื•ืฆืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ืฆืขืจืึธ, ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืœืึทืฐื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืึทืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ื ืขืจ- 
ืงื•ื ืกื˜, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืจืขื“ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืŸ 
ืจื•ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืขื˜ืึธืจื™ืง ืคืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ื ืึทื ืฅ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ืŸ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืžืึท- 
ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืึท ื”ื•ืžืึทื ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืšืŸ 
ื“ืขื, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื ืคื˜ืจื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื  ื›ึทึผื™ื™ ื ืคึผืึทืกื ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื ืœืึทื˜ืฒื™ื ื™ืฉืข ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผื™ืจืขื“ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผื•ื™ื˜ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข 


ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึธืžื•ืจ ื’ื™ ื™ื“ืŸ 55 


ื›ึผืœืœื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืกืขืจ ืจืขื“ื ืขืจ-ืงื•ื ืกื˜. ืฆื• ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ ืœืึธืจืขื ืฆืึธ ื•ื•ืืœืœื ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคื™ืœืึทืœืึทื ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ 
ืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืกืœืขืจืŸ ืึทืœืข ืืฒื’ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืฒื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื - 
ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืึทื˜ืฒื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ื•ืึธืจื˜ื“ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช 1, 

ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ื ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืข 
ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืขื ื˜ืข ืงืจื™ื™ื•ืŸ. ืžืฉื” ื‘ึผืŸ ืฉืก"ื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘, ืึท ื’ืขื‘ืึธืจืข- 
ื ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก ืœื™ืกืึทื‘ึผืึธืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืึท ืชึผื•ืฉื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื" 
ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข *, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1480 ืคืึธืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขืจื ื‘ึผื•ืš , ื“ืฑื›ื™ ื ื•ืขื,, ื•ื• 
ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื”ืึทื ื“ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึธืจืžืขืŸ ืคื•ึนืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ืงื•ื ืกื˜, ืื•ื™ืกื ื•ืฆื ื“ื™ืก 
ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื›ึผืœืœื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ื•ื ,ืคืึทืขื˜ื™ืงื. ืื‘ืŸ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ื“ืื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืฉืกืœ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื“ื™ื‘ื˜-ืงื•ื’ืกื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื ื ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจืžื•ื ื™ืฉืข, ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืฉืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ 8 
ืื‘ืŸ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืคืืกื˜ ืึท ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข ื’ืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ืง , ืคึผืจื— ืฉื•ืฉืŸ", 
ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืึถื‘ึถึผืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ึผืœื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ +. | 

ืคื™ืœ ื˜ื™ืคื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืžืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ืจืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืึท ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš-ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื—ื™ืืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืกืจ ืœื™ืื•ืŸ, | 

ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ืžื™ืกืจ ืœื™ืื•ื ืก ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜, ืžื™ืจ ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ 
ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื–, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทืจืฆื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื ื•ืคื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื’ืจื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจื˜ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืŸ ?. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ื ืœืขื ื ืขืจืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืึทื ื˜ื•ืึท ืึทืœืก ืจื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื”. ืกืžื—ืžืช ืึท ืฉืึทืจืคืขืจ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช 


1 ืฐืึทืœืœืึธืก ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ืฐืขืจืง ืื™ื– 6160400048 1200026 110026 ืกืกืŸ". 


9 


ืื‘ึผืŸ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืฐื™ื™ื–ื ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืึธืŸ? ืื•ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื‘ื‘ื•ืžื•ื’ื˜ื• ืžื—ื•ื– ืคื•ืœื™ื™ื ื˜ื“ื•ืฉื ื”", 


3 ื–ืข ืื“ืจื›ึดื™ ื ื•ืขื', 12, ืขื' ื' (ืžื™ืจ ืฆื™ืžื™ืจืŸ ืœืฑื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื ืขืฆื™ืึทื ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื* 
ื ืึทื‘ึผืข ืคื•ืŸ 161546 ืžื•ืžืขื™ืšืฃ ืื ื™ ืขืœื™ ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฐืึทืœื™ื ืฆื™ื” ื‘ืงื”ืœืช 
ืžื•ืจื•ื™ืžืจื™ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื• ืœื™ ื›ึผืœ ื”ืขื ืืฉืจ ื‘ืฉืขืจ ื•ื”ื–ืงื ื™ื, ื›ื™ ืฉื ืžืฆื‘ืช ืงื‘ื•ืจืช ืฉืจ ืฆื‘ื 
ืืžืฆื™ื” ื˜ืœืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื•ื›ืฉืžืขื™ ื—ืฉืชื™ ื•ืœื ื”ืชืžื”ืžื”ืชื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืฆื‘ืชื• ืžืฆื›ืช ืื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉ 
ื”ื—ืจ, ื•ืื—ืจ ื”ืขืžืœ ื•ื”ื˜ื•ืจื— ื›ืจืืชื™ ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื™ื” ื—ืงื•ืง ืขืœื™ื” ืฉื™ืจ ื•ื–ื” ืœืฉื•ื ื•: ืฉืืŸ 
ืงื™ื ื” - ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืžืจื” -- ืœืฉืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ -- ืœืงื—ื• ื™ื”. ื•ืœื ื™ื‘ื•ืœื ื• ืœืงืจื•ืช ืขื• ื›ื™ ื—ื™ืชื” 
= ื’ืžื—ืงืช, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื™ื™ื ื—ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™,,, ืœืืžืฆื™ื”, ืืŸ ื”ืืžื ืชื™ ื›ึผื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ืช ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ 

ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื™ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืขืœ ืื“ืžืชื", ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒืขืจืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื ื”ืึธื ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคึทืึธืจื™ 
ืฉืขืจ ืึทืจืฑืกื ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืึท ืฐืฒื ื™ืง ื‘ึฟึผืึทื ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ืข ื”ืฉืขืจื”, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื‘ึผืŸ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ึนืึท. 
ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผื, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืฆื‘ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืœืžื” ื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืœ (ืคื—ื”ืฉืœื”, |, 228). 

4 ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืจืืฉื™ ืคึผื™ืงึดื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืขืจืง ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื ืฆืฐืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื“ืจื›ื™ ื ื•ืขื" ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืขืžืจืคึผื ืœืฉื•ืŸ", 

5 ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ, ื“ื•ื“, ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื, ืึทื– ืžื™ืกืจ ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื ืคึผืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืึทืžืฒืŸ ืึท ืžืข" 


ื“ื™ืฆื™ื’ื™ืฉ ืฐืขืงืง, 





56 ื“"ืจ ') ืฆื™'ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ืฐืึธืก ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึธื›ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืŸ ื’ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงื•ืœื•ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืคืขืœ ืคื•ื ื 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืขืจืฆืึธื’ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ (1749) ืžืึทื ื˜ื•ืึท. ืžื™ืกืจ ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืก ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš 
ื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืื“ื•ื, ืึทื ืงืึทื ื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืึทืคึผืึธืœ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ึผืŸ ื ืึธืš 
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| ืžื™ืกืจ ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืข ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื‘ึผืขืช ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ืชึผืงื•ืคื”, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืŸ, ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ ืคื™ืจืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ืข ืฉื˜ืจืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ืคืึทืจืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœื˜ืข 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ื™ื™ืขื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืคื•ืœืŸ ืชึผื•ื›ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืข, ืžืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื™ 
ืžืขืกื™ืงืข ืคืึธืจืžืขืŸ. ืžื™ืกืจ ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื˜ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืึทืจืึทื‘ื™ืฉ-ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืข *, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื›ืŸ ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื‘ืจ 
ืจืฉื“ืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง *, ืคึผืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ืึท ืคืขืจื ื‘ื•ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืœืึธื’ื™ืง , ืžื›ืœืœ ื™ื•ืคื™", ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ 
ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืึทืฑื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืงื“ืžื” ื ืึทื ืฅ ืฉืึทืจืฃ ื—ืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ , ืžืชืคึผืœืกืคื™ื", ื”ืŸ 
ืงืขื ืŸ ื“ื™ , ื ืึทืจืึธื ื™ื", ืจื™ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก , ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืึทืžืœื™ื‘ึผืกื˜ืŸ ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืก'ืื™ื– ืืžืžื™ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืœื•ืžืคึผืขืจื˜").. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื 
ืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืกืจ ืœื™ืื•ื ืก ืฐื•ืขืจืง ื“ืขืจ ืึธื˜ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื ืขืกื˜ื ืก" + 
ืชืงื•ืคื”. ' ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื”ืชืžื“ื” ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ึนืŸ ืฆื™ืฆืขืจืึธ 5, 
ืงืฐื™ื ื˜ื™ืœื™ืึทืŸ * ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืžืคืจืฉื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืคืœืขื ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืคื™ื™ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืึธื ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ? 
ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ึผืขื ืข ืคื•ื™ื‘ึผ- ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ืจืขื“ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืขื‘ึผื•ื™ื˜ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืกื˜ืข ื›ึผืœืœื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืจืขื˜ืึธืจื™ืง 
ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ื ืขืจื™ืงื•ื ืกื˜. ืžื™ืคืจ ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึทืจ ืึท ืงื™ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ืจืขื ืขืกืึทื ืก, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ื ื ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืึท ืคื™ื™ื ืขืจ 


1 ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืคึผืจืึธืฐืึทื ืกืึทืœื™ื ื‘ึผืจื™ืฐ ืฆื• ืžื™ืกืจ ืœื™ืื•ื ืก ื•ื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
0, ืฐืขืจื˜ ื ืึธืš ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืกืจ ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืฐื™ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืึท ืœืขื‘ึผืขืจื™ืง. 

? ืืžื”, ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ืŸ โ€ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืœืึทืžืฒื ื™ืฉืข ืงืฐืขืœืŸ; ืฐืึธืจืขื ืก'ืื™ืŸ 
ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืกืคืง ืฆื™ ืžื™ืกืจ ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื ืึทืจืึทื‘ึผื™ืœ, 

4 ืžืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื ื™ื ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ืกืจ ืœื™ืื•ื’ืก ืฐืขืจืง, ื•ืข 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ, ,ื”ืขื‘ึผืจ, ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืŸ." ื–' 77--86, 

4 ื•ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื“ื ืจ ื‘ืžื“ืจื ืช ื”ื”ืžื ืข ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืขืจื‘ ืœื”ื ืœืกึฐื›ืœื•ึนืชื 
ื•ืืžืจื•: ื”ื ื” ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืžื” ื’ืขื™ื", ืžืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื–ืข ื‘ึผืฒืœืฆึทื ืข, ื ื•ื' (, 

5 ืฆื™ืฆืขืจืึธ -- ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ืžื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืขื“ื ืขืจ, ืฉืจื™ืคึผื˜ืฉืžืขืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืžื•ืขืจ, ื”ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืฆืžืŸ ื™"ื” ืคึผืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฆืฒื˜.ืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’, 

6 ื‘ึผืึทืจืฒื˜ื ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ืžื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจื™ืคึผื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผ ืื™ืŸ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื™"ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฆืฒื™ื˜.ืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ื™ 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื“ืŸ 51 


ืกื˜ื™ืœืกื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืžืกื›ึผื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืžืึทื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ื•ื™ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขื ืขืจ ืžื™ื•- 
ื ื•ื ื’, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืฆื™ืฆืขืจืึธ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืขืจ ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืื•ื ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืจืขื“ื ืขืจ-ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœืงื•ืžืกื˜ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื–ืข-ืกื˜ื™ืœ,. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ, 
ืึทื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ืกื˜ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทื˜ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืขื“ื ืขืจ-ืงื•ื ืกื˜ 
ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืึธื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืืœืก ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืžื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ึผื™ื›ึผืœื™ืฉืข ื ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข-ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผืขืจ. ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืฆืฐื•ืขืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคืืจืžืืกื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ,,ื ื•ืคืช ืฆื•ืคื™ื" 2. 

ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืจื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึทื ื˜ื•ืึท ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ืขื ืžื•ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผ? ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ืŸ 
ืึทืœึตืก , ื›ึผืชื‘ื™ ื— ืง ืฐื• ื“ ืฉ'', ืึทืœืก ื’ืขื˜ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืง ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืืœืก 
ืื™ื™ื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืงืฐื•ืขืจื“ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืข ื“ืขื ืงืžืขืœืขืจ, ืึตืœึถื 
ื–ืึทืžืœื‘ื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืกื•ื  ืก ื˜ - ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื•ื ื ืขืŸ. ืžื™ืกืจ ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ืงืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ื™ืœื™ืึทื ืก ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืืžืชืขืจ ืกืžื•ืฉืœื ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืจืขื“ื ืขืจ ืžื•ื– ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืจื™ื™ื ืข ืžืึธืจืึทืœื™ืฉืข ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›- 
ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ืึท ื’ืขืฉืœื™ืคืขื ืข ืฆื•ื ื  ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ืขืจ 
ืจืขื“ื ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึธื ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ื ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืข ืžืขืœื•ืช. ื“ืขืจืžืึทืจ 
ื˜ืึทืงืข, ืคื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ืจ ืœื™ืื•ืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืจืขื“ื ืขืจืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ึผืขืกื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ื ืกื˜ืข ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืฒืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืื•ืžื” -- ื“ื™ ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื *. 

ื•ื™ ื“ืึธืก ืจื•ื‘ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข ืคื•ื ื ืžื™ื˜ืœืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ืกืจ ืœื™ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื ื˜, ืึทื– ืึทืœืข ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช 
ืฉื˜ืืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ื‘ึผื™ืžื™ ื—ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื, ื–ืึธื ื˜ ืžื™ืคืจ ืœื™ืื•ืŸ, ื‘ึผืขืช ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืจื•ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืจื’ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื˜ืจืขื ื˜ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืœื–ืฒื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข ืชึผื•ืจื” 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืงื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื—ื›ืžื•ืช. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ 
ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœึถืข ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ืคืœืขื ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืžืืœื˜ 


1 ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคืึธืจืœืขื–ื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึทึผืจืึทืš ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืงืจื™ื• 
ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืฆืฐืขืง ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1454 ืึท ืกืคึทึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืœืขืจื ื‘ื™ืš, ื–ื•ืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื‘ืฒืœืึทื’ืข ื ื•ื' 1, ' 

ืคึฟืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ื ืึธืš 1454, ืฐื™ื™ืœ ืขื ืฐืขืจื ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืึทืคึนึผืึธืจ ืžืึธืœ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืขืจืง 
ืืœื‘ื ืช ื”ืกืคื™ืจ", ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื™ืึธืจ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึนืึท. 
ื ื•ืฆื˜ ืžื™ืื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒืขืจ ื–ืขืœืžืขื ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื˜ื•ืึทื ืขืจ ืืฑื™ืกื ืึทื‘ึผืข (ืคึฟืึทืจ 1480), ื ืึธืจ ื™ืœ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืœืข. 
ืžืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื ื ื•ืžืขืจื™ืจื, ืฐืขืœืŸ ืกื™ืจ ืฐื™ื™ืžืขืจ ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืœื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฐืฒื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก. 
ื’ืึธื‘ึผืข, ืฐืึธืก ื™ืขืœื™ื ืขืง ื”ืึธื ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1862, | 

8 ืื ื•ืคืช ืฆื•ืคื™ื", 211 ืื•ืœื•ื” ืžื•ืคืœื ื™ ื”ื”ืœืฆื” ื”ื• ื‘ื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ืื•ืžื” ื•ืกื’ื•ืœืชื” ื›ื˜ืขืฉ 
ืฆืฉืœืžื• ื‘ื”ื ื”ืžืขืœื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื, ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ืขืœื™ื”ื, ื•ื›ืœ ื•ืช 'ื—ื•ืง 
ื“ื‘ื“ื™. ืงื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ืœื™ืึทื’ื•". ื–ึถืข ืื•ื™ืš: ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 23, 184 ื"ื•, 





58 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ ืขืจื’ 


ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื– ื–ืึธื’ืŸ: ,,ืขื ื—ื›ื ื•ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื ื”ื–ื”". ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ, ืฐื™ 
ืก'ืื™ื– ืžื—ืžืช ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื–ื™ื ื“ ืื ื˜ืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจื™ืงื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืฐืืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื—ื›ืžื”, 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืึทืจื™ื™ื ืฆื•ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื›ึผืชื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ. ื“ื™ ืœืึทื’ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜ืŸ, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขืขืŸ 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืึธืคื˜ ืคืึทืœื ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’: ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ึผืึท- 
ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ื ืค ืจ ืข ืž ื“ืข ืงื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ --- 
ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื•ื ื– ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื– 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื— ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื– 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ื’ืขื‘ึผืœื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื– ืคืึทืจื”ื•ื™ืœืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืข, ืื™ื– ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžื™ืกืจ ืœื™ืื•ืŸ, 
ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืงืข ืคืึธืจื’ืขืกื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื ื•ืคื: โ€ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื, ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื› 
ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืžืงื•ืจื™ื 1 ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคื”ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ 
ื‘ึผืึทื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขื˜ืึธืจื™ืง --- ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœ? ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืงื•ืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ืึทื ืฅ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืžืขื“ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื–ื•ื™ื ืก, ื•ืขื ืŸ ืฐืึธืž ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ 
ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื” ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ืขืžืืœื˜ ืคืึทืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ื•ื™ ืฆื• ืฉืขืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืจืขื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืคืืจื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืœืขื›ืข 
ืกื˜ื™ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืึทืงืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ื™- 
ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ึนืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ, ื•ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข 
ื’ืจืขื–ืขืœืขืš ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืขื“ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืกืจ ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืชืคึผืขืœื•ืช, ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืึทื›ื“ืขื, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืงืื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ื™ืœื™ืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ืฆืขืจื, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ 
ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืื•ื ื™ืฉืข ืจืขื“ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืงืœืึทืกื™ืงืข ืžื™ื™ืก- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทื˜ืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืœ? ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืกืจ ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ื ื– ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื›ึผืœื•ืžืจืฉื˜ืข ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืง", ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืขื ื”ืŸ, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื” ืื•ื™ืก ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืžืงื•ืจื™ื. ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขืก 
ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืžืงื™ื™ื ื“ืขื ืคึผืกื•ืง , ื™ื ื“ื™ืœ ืชึผื•ืจื” ื•ื•ืื“ื™ืจ'' --- ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ 
ืึท ื˜ืขื•ืช; ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืจื™ื™ื“ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื”, ืฐืึธืจืขื. 
ื–ื™ ืœื™ื™ื ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’,4 ืฐืึธืก ืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื•ื ื’ืจื™ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืืฑืกืคืึธืจืฉืŸ 
ืื™ืจืข ืื•ืžืฉืึทืฆื‘ึผืึทืจืข! ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช . 


: ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ,ืคืจืขืžืจืข ืžืงื•ืจื™ื" ืฆื™ืžื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ืกืจ ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ืึทืžืžืฒื™ืกืžืŸ ืงืฐื™ื ื˜ื™ืœื™ืึทื ืขืŸ 
ืฆื™ืฆืขืจืึธ, ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ืจื•ืคื˜ ื ื™ื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, ื ึฐืฆึธืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืื™ื’ื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 
ืžื•ืœื™ืึท. (ืคื˜ื–ื•ื•ื˜ื“), ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื™ืฆืขืจืึธืก ืึท ืžืคืจืฉ ืฐื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ื ืึธ, ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืึธืคึผื ืคึฟืึทืจืจื•ืคื˜ ื–ื™ืฃ' 
ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ืกืจ ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืืงื•ืจืฆืŸ ืœืขืจื ื‘ึผื•ืš" (ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื”ืœืฆื”), ืฐืึธืก ืึทืจื™ืกืกื• ื–ืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึทืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ื•ืŸ (ื“ืึทืจื˜, 65, 88, 99), 

2 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 184, 192, ื", 


* ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 49, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึธืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ืฐืฑืŸ 59 


ืžื™ืกืจ ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื‘ึผืึทืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื’ืข ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืกื™ื ื“ื™ ื ืจื•ื ื˜" 
ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขื˜ืึธืจื™ืง, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ื ืืจื˜ื™ืงืข ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื›ึผืœืœื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ื˜ื 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขื ืงืœืึทื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทื˜ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืกื˜ื™ืœ, ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืขืจืขืจ ืคืึธืจื ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ื˜ ืขืจ ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืื•ืคืŸ 
ืขื ื’ืขืœื™ื ื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื™ืžื‘ึผืึธืœืŸ, ืฆื™ื™ื›ื ืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื’ืœื™ื™ื›ื•ื - 
ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื ืขื—ื™ื™ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื›ืข ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ื ื“ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืคืืจื‘ึผื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ืึทืคืขืงื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืึทืœืฅ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ,,ื ื•ืคืช ืฆื•ืคื™ื'' ื‘ึผืึทืœืฑื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืœื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฉืœื™ืกืœืขืš 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืžืึทื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื‘?, ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื‘ึผืึทื’ื™ืฒื™ืกื˜ืขืจื˜ืข ื–ืขื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื " 
ื–ืขืจืข ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื, ื ืึธืจ ืึทืคื™ืœึฟืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืžื•ึนืŸ ืžื™ืกืจ ืœื™ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืึทืœืก ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื”ืฑื™ื‘ึผืขื ืขื ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ืกื˜ื™ืœ. ื‘ึผืขืช ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืขืจ- 
ื“ื™ืงืข ืžืคืจืฉื™ื, ืคืคืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืขืœื™-ืงื‘ืœื”, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ 
ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื ืขื—ื–ืจื˜ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืฑื•ืง, ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืชึผื•ืจื”, ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืข ืจืžื–ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืข ืกื•ื“ื•ืช --- ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ , ื ื•ืคืช 
ืฆื•ืคื™ื'' ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœืฅ ืึทืœืก ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ืข ืกื˜ื™ืœ-ื‘ึผืืคึผื•ืฆื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ 
ืึธืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืžื•ื– ืึทื–ืฑ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื›ึผืœืœื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขื˜ืึธืจื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธื“ืขืจืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืฆึทื˜ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืขื“ื ืขืจ-ืงื•ื ืกื˜ 1. 


ืžื™ืงืจ ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ืฒื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืึทื– ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืฉืึทืคื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื˜ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงื•ื ืกื˜-ืคืึธืจืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืงืข ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื›ึผืœืœื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขื˜ืึธืจื™ืง ืงืึธืŸ ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทืœืก ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ืœืคืกืžื™ื˜? ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืงื–ืขื ืขื˜ื™ืง, ื“"ื” ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœื™ื˜ืขืงืกื˜; 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ืึทืœืก ื‘ึผื™ื™ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืคื™ืœืข ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื‘ึนึผืึท- 
ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผ27, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืื•ื™ืก ื˜ื•ื ืงืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืž" 
ืคึผืึทืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขืš, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ื ื ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืข- 
ื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ื ืกื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกื˜, ืึทื– ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืจืึธ 
ื“ื•ืงื˜ืŸ ืคื•ึนืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ืคึผืึทื˜ืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืงื•ื ืกื˜-ืฉืึทืคึผืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืŸ. 


ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื ื˜ื•ื, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืกืจ ืœื™ืื•ื ืก ,,ื ื•ืคืช ืฆื•ืคื™ื'' ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉืข ื‘ึผื™ื›ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ืึทืจืฑืก ,, ืžืชึผื—ืช ืžื›ื‘ึผืฉ 
ื”ื“ืคื•ืก". ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ืœื“ืขื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจืฆื˜ ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ื›ึผื•ึนื ึทืชึผ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื‘ึผืขืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉืข ื“ืจื•ืง ืื™ืŸ 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 193, 
2 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 26, 90, 170 171 ืืฆึทื–"ื•, 





ืฉ6 ื“"ืจ ื™ ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ืžืึทื ื˜ื•ืึท 1 ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืึทื ื˜ืฆื™ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืกืจ ืคื™ืื•ื ืก , ืจืขื˜ืึธืจื™ืง'', ืึทื– 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืคื ืึทื‘ึผืข ื–ื™ ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ 
ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืข ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ 2, 


ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ืžื™ืกืจ ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1454 
ืคึฟืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ื™ื ืข ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืึท ืœืขืจื ื‘ึผื•ืš ืคืึทืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืจืืžืึทื˜ื™ืง, 
ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ, 
ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืคื•ื ื 19ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืจ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืจืงื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึทืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข ื“ืขืจืฐืขืงื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื”ื™ืœืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงืึธืœืขื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืึทืคืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ 
ื”ื™ืœืคืกื‘ึผื™ื›ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื“ืขืจืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ึผืึทืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื‘?- 
ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš. ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืฆืฐื•ืขืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืžื™ืกืจ ืœื™ืื•ื ืก ืชึผืœืžื™ื“, ืื‘ืจื”ื ื“ื™- 
ื‘ึผืขืœืžืขืก, ืคืืจืคืืกื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸืืฑื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ ื’ืจืืžืึทื˜ื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืขืจืง , ืžืงื ื” ืื‘ืจื”ื", 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืง 
ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืคืึทืจ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืžืึทืจ โ€ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืคืขืœืกืขืจ" !}; ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ 
ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขืจืง ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ (ื•ื•ืขื ืขื“ื™ืง, 1998) ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืœืึทื˜ืฒื ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉืขืจ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืื™ื–ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช, ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ื“ื™ ,,ื’ื•ื™ื™ึดื'' ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ. 


ื“ืฒื‘ึผืึทืœืžืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื™ื“ืžืคืง ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ ,,ืžืงื ื” ืึทื‘ื“ื”ื? ืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ื˜ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉ ื‘ึผืึทื’ืจื™ื ื“ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผื•ื™ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš, ื ื™ื˜ ืึท ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉื™ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ืœื™ืง 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ืฐื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉืขืจ ื’ืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื•ืึทืจืคื˜ 
ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ืึดืคึผ ืคื™ืœืข ืึธื ืฉืฑื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืžื“ืงื“ืงื™ื *, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ 


1 ื–ืข ืฆื•ื ืฅ, ืคืฆื•ืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืฉืข ืื•ื ื“ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ', 249; 

ื–ืข ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืฉืจื™ืžื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ;,ื ื•ืคืช ืฆื•ืคื™ื": ,ื™ืจื“ืชื™ ื•ืจืื™ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืžื’ื™ื“ ืืžืจื™ 
ืฉืคืจ,,; ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื—ื–ืชื™ื• ืืฃ ื—ื‘ืงืชื™ื• ื•ื”ื›ืืชื™ื• ืืœ ื—ื“ืจื™ ืžืฉื›ื™ืช' ื•ืฉืœื—ืชื™ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืงืœืžื•ืกื™ 
ื–ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ื• ืœื•ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื", 

8 ืžื™ืกืจ ืœื™ืื•ืŸ , ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผื ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒึทื ืขื ืึทื‘ึผืจื™ืฐ ืคื•ืŸ 11474 ืื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื›ืœืœื™ ื—ื“ืงื“ื•ืง 
ื–ื” ืœื™ ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื” ืืฉืจ ืžืชืงื• ืžื“ื‘ืฉ ืœืื•ื›ืœื™ ืžืฆื“ื ื•ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื• ื‘ืื™ื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื" (ื•ืข 
? ื ืึทืงืก ืื™ืฉื•ืจืŸ", ืฐืฉ, 432 ' 

4 ื ืื ืืžืฆื ืื™ืฉ ืžื›ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ ืื• ืžืŸ ื”ืœืจืœื™ื ืืฉืจ ื™ื“ื‘ื ื• ืœื‘ื• ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ื•ืœืชื•" 
ื”ืงื—ื›ืžื” ืึฒืฉืจ ื›ึผื• ืืฆืคื”,,. ื›ึผื™ ื‘ืกืคืจื ื™ ื–ื” ื™ื“ืขื• ื›ืœ ืขืžื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื•ื›ืŸ. 
ื™ื‘ืœืฉื ื ื• ื ื’ื‘ืจ". | 

5 ื‘ึผืึทืฐื ื“ืขืจืก ืึธืคื˜ ื˜ืจืขื ืขืจ ืึทืจืฑืก ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืจ"ืง (ืจ' ื“ื•ืจ ืงืžื—ื™). ืื™ืŸ ืืžืงื ืช 
ืื‘ืจื”ื" ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืกื™ืจ ืึธืคึผื ืึทื–ืฑื ืข ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืงืŸ? ืคืืœื” ื”ืก., ืืฉืจ ื—ึดืฉื‘ึธึผื•ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื'ื˜ืŸ 
ื”ืคื“ืงื“ืงื™ื ื•ืœื ื’ืจืื• ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื,,, ื•ืœื•ื” ื ืฉืชึผื‘ืฉ ื•ื‘ึผื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืงืžื—ื™ ื•ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืžื•", 





ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 1 


ื”ืืœื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืื•ืžื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ืข. ื“ื™-ื‘ืืœืžืขืก ืื™ื– ืึทื’ื‘ ืจืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืจื™ 
ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคื™ืœืึธืœืึธื’ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ืกื™ื ื˜ืึทืงืกื™ืก ืึตืœึดื ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื–ืขืœื‘- 
ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ืง 1, 


ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคึผืึทืกืขืจ, ื•ื™ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืขืจ ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ื˜ 
ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืื˜ื˜ืœืขืš ื‘ึผืึทื’ืจื™ื ื“ืŸ ื”ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขื ืข ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืึทืŸ ืœืฉื•ืŸ-ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, ื”ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืจืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ,, ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช" ืฉื˜ืขืกื˜ ืึท ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึธืจื’ืขื ืข 
ืงืจืึทืคื˜, ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืึทื’ืจื”, ืฐืึธืก 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืึทื– ื’ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืคืึทื• ืื“ื-ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœึถืข ืคื™ื™ื ืค ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืžืœืขืŸ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ 
ืื•ึผืŸ ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืฐืขื˜ ืึธื ืจื•ืคืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉ, ื“ืึธืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ". ืขืก ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ื ื™ื˜, ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื“ื™-ื‘ึผืึทืœืžืขืก, ืึทื– ื™ืขื“ืข ื‘ืึทืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืึธื“ื-ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืœืฉื•ืŸ-ืงื•ืจืฉ 2, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขืจ ื‘ึผื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ื•ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื”ืกื›ึผืžื” ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ืจื™ืก ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ืืžืชืŸ ืžื—ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทื˜ืจืขืคื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉ. ืึธื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืื™ื– ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ึผืขืœ ,ืžืงื ื— ืึทื‘ืจื”ื", ืจื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืœืฉื•ืŸ-ืงื•ื™ืฉ, ื“"ื” 
ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜?; 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื ืขืฉืึทืคืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ึผืึทื’ืจื™ืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ื‘ึผืึทืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืจื™ืกืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ืืžืชืŸ ืžื—ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืึทื›ืŸ, ื•ื™ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืึทืœืข ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช * 
ื“ืขืจ , ืžืงื ื” ืื‘ืจื”ื" ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื‘ึผืงื™ืื•ึนืช, ืึธื‘ึถึผืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื˜ ื”ืึทืจื˜ืขืจ ืฉืฐืขืจืฐืึธื’ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื•ืขืจืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื ื™ื 
ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ึผืคืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึทืžืžืฒืกื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื™ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื‘ึผืึทืœืžืขืก ืฐื•ืขืจืง -- ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืกื˜ืŸ *. ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืึถื‘ึผืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืืžืชืขืจ ืจื‘ึผื™ ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ืจื”ื™ื“ืจืš ืคืึทืš 
ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื”ื•ืžืึทื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืกืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 


1 ื–ืข ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื‘ึผืขื˜ืŸ ืฉืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืืžืงื ื” ืื‘ืจื”ื" (ืฉืขืจ ื”ื”ืจื ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืฉืžื•ืฉ). 


7 ื“ื™.ื‘ึผืึทืœืžืขืก ืคึผืจื•ืฐื ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ,ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคึผื˜ืœืขื›ืข" ืจืื™ื•ืช, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื ืึทื ื ื™ 


ืฉืคึทึผืจืึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื•ึฐืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืœืฉื•ืŸ. 
5 ืืžื›ื ื” ืื‘ืจื—ื" ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฉืขืจ: ืืœื›ืŸ ื’ืืžื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื–ื”ื• ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืกื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืจื 
ืขื ื”ืื“ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืงืจื ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ: ื—ืงื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื”ื’ื‘ ื“ืค 
ื•ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื• ืœื‘ื“ื• ื™ืื•ืช ื™ื•ึนืชืจ ื™ื—ื ื”ืงื“ืฉ ืกืชื ืžื›ืœ ืงื“ื•ืฉ", 
4 ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžืฆื•ืคื•ื™ื“ื ืงืฒื™ื ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื ื“ืฒื™ื‘ึผืึทืœืžืขื 
ืฐืขืจืง, ื•ืข ื‘ึทึผื™ื™ ืคึผืขืจืœืขืืก: ืคื‘ื™ื™ืžืจืขื ืข* ืืึทื–"ื•, 37--39. 


62 , ื“"ืจ ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ื“ื™ื™ื‘ึผืึทืœืžืขืก ืึท ื™ื™ื ื’ืขืจืขืจ ื‘ึผืŸ-ื“ื•ืจ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ืจ' ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื”ืœื•ื™ ืึทืฉื›ึผื ื–ื™, ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืืœื™ื”ืŸ. ื‘ึผื—ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืืœื™ื”ื• ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ื, 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืืœื™ื—ื• ื”ืœื•ื™ื ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืงื ืึทืคึผืข ื™ืจื™ืขื•ืช; ืžื™ืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื–, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธืจืฃ ืื™ืคึผืฉื”ื™ื™ื, ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ึนืŸ 
ื ื™ืจื ื‘ึผืขืจื’, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผื•ืจื˜ืก ื–ื™ืึธืจ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืคึทึผืœื•ื ืชึผื. ื“ืึธืก 
ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ึผื™ืึธื ืจืึทืคืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื™ืืจ 1479, ืฉื˜ื™ืฆื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื‘ึทึผื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
| ื”ืงื“ืžื— ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื ืึทื‘ึผืข ืคื•ืŸ , ื‘ึผื—ื•ืจ", ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ 1842, ืฐื•ึผ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ืœื•ื™ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš: ,ื•ื—ืจื™ ืื ื™ ื›ื‘ืŸ ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื—", 
ืžื™ืจ ืกืคืงืŸ ืึธื‘ึถึผืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ืึทื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืจ' ืืœื™ื—ื• ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1468. ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผืœืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืง , ืฉืขืจื™ 
ื“ื•ืจื", ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 12548, ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ืœื•ื™, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืฑื™ืกื ืึทื‘ึผืข, ื‘ึผืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืึธืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืœื˜ ืึท ื› ืฆ ื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ !. ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1468,. 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื ื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืŸ: ื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื•ืึธืคืขืจืข ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืŸ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ืœื•ื™ ืื™ื– ืึธื ื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืืœื™ืข, 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงืœืึธืจ. ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืฐืึธืจืฉืฒื™ื ืœืขืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ื ืึทื”ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืกื™ื‘ึผื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืฆืฐื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœืึธื–ืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื-ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข -- ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืจื“ื™ืžื•ืช ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืข 
ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืงืœืึธืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืœืื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœื™ื—ื• ื—ืœื•ื™ ืงื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ืคึผื™ืœืึทืœืึธื ื™ืฉืข ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฐืึทืจื‘ึผืŸ. ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผื›ื™? 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฐื•ืฒื™ื ื™ืง ื‘ึผืึทื”ืึทืฐื•ื ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ื“ื™ืงื“ื•ืง, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืกืคืจื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืฉื›ึผื ื–ื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ 
ื’ืขื’ืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืึทืœืก , ืขืœื’ื™ ืฉืžื”" ืื•ืŸ , ื›ื‘ื“ื™ ืคื”" ?; ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืคืง 
1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ืฆึธืคึผื’ืขื“ื•ืงื˜ ืคืึธืœื ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื” ืœืขืฐื™ืžืึธึท: 
ืคืคืจ ื ืขื™ื ืฉื‚ืขืจื™ ื“ื•ืจื ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื‘ ืžื“ื•ืจื 
ื‘ึผื• ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžืื›ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืžื•ื—ื• ื“ื™ื ื™ื ื—ื•ืจืช, 
ื‘ื• ื ืฆืžื“ ื”ืœื ื•ืช ื ื“ื—, ืขื ืจื•ื‘ ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืœืžื•ื“ื™ ืชื•ืจื” 
ื ื“ืคืก ืœืคืจื˜ ื’' ืžืฉื‘"ืก, ื›ืŸ ืžืกืคึผืจ ืงืคืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืฆื™ืจื— 
ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื—ื•ื ืืœื™ื—ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืจ, ื–ืงืŸ 8' ืœื’ื‘ื•ืจื”, 
ื–ืข ืฐืขื ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืš! , ืฆื™ื•ืŸ" 1, 1199 ,ืœื™ื˜ืขืจ,ื™ื‘ืœ, ืจ, ืึธืจื™ืขื ื˜ืก", 3, 114 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 7, 58, 
2 ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื‘ึผืจื‘ื ืืœ ื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผืจื™ืฐ ืฆื•ึน ืฉืื•ืœ ื›ึผื—ืŸ ื”ืืฉ:ึผื ื•ื™ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ื™ืขื ืขืจ, ืึทืœืก ืืฑืกื ืึทื ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืึทืœืข ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ;ืืฉืคึผื ื–ื™ื', ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื˜ 
ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึธืฉ: ,ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื•ืคื ื™ื• ืžื—ืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฆื—ื•ืช ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืŸ 
ื ืืจืฅ ืืฉื›ื ื•, ื—ืฆื™ืจ ืืฉืจ ืžืžื ื• ื—ื•ืฆื‘ืช ื•ืœื ื‘ืคื™ ืจื‘ื ื™ื— ืื ืฉืœืžื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื— ืชื—ืช 
ืœืฉื•ื ื ืขืžืœ ื•ืื•ืŸ ื•ืœืขื’ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื”" (ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•', 11 ืขืž' ื') 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื’ื ืขื ืขื ื–ื™ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ืขืจ. ื™ื—ื•ืฉืข ืฉื•ื ืฆื™ื ืึธื’ (ื•ื›ืœ 
ื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขื ื—ื ืขืœื’ื™ ืฉืžื— ื›ื‘ื“ื™ ืคื—ื” ื•ื›ื‘ื“ื™ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื›ื” ื‘ื”ื ืœื‘ืžื ื‘ืฉืคืชื™ื 
ื•ืœื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ืก ื—ืขื•ืžืง ื”ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ืชื•ืš ืœื‘ื, ื•ืœื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื ืืœื ืžื™ ืฉืฉืžืข ืื•ืชื" (ื•ืข 
,ืงื•ืจื ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช", ืฐืขื ื’ืขืฆื™ืึทื ืขืจ ืืฑืกื’ืึธื‘ืข, 29, ืขื' ื), 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื“ืŸ 6 


ื ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืืœื™ื—ื• ื”ืืฉื›ึผื ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ , ืกืžื“ืงื“ืง" ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืขืก ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื•?. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ื ื 
8ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื” ื‘ึผืึทื ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ืœื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื•ืขื ืขื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1804 ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ 
ืขืจ ื–ื™ึทืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืึทื“ื•ืึท ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข 
ืคื™ืœืึธืœืึธื ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ! ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื•ืžื ืขืจื™ื ื ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 
ืคื™ืœืึทืœืึทื ื™ืฉืข ืึทื•ื‘ึผืขื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืฆื• ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืžื—ื™ืก ื’ืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ืง 
,ืžื—ืœืš ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื”ื“ืขืช'', ืฐืึธืก ืึทื“ืึทื ืง ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ึผื—ื•ืจืก - ื”ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืงืœืข- 
ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธื ื•ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงืจื™ื™ื•ืŸ;: ื–ื™ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืื•ื™ืกื ืึทื‘ืŸ  .?โ€ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืกื˜ 
ืคืขื‘ืึทืกื˜ื™ืึทืŸ ืžื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื“ื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• 
ื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ืืœื™ื”ื• ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ื *, + ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขื ,ืžื”ืœืšืฃ ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ 
ื”ื“ืขืช" ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืœืึทื˜ืฒื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ (ื‘ึผืึทื–ืขืœ, 1831, 1856). 


ืื™ืŸ 1809, ื‘ึทึผืขืช ืคึผืึทื“ื•ืึท ืื™ื– ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื™ื ื“ืœืขื›ืข 
ื—ื™ื™ืœื•ืช, ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื—ืœื•ื™ ืคืึทืจืœืึธืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึทื ืฅ ืคืึทืจืžืขื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืึทืฐืขืง ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืขื ืขื“ื™ืง. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื™ืืจ ืึทืจื•ื (ืื™ืŸ 1514) 
ื‘ึผืึทื–ืขืฆื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ืŸ ืงืึทื˜ื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืขื“ื–ืฉื™ื“ื™ื ืฐื™ื˜ืขืจื‘ืึธ. ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืœืึทื ื’ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืข ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ืฉืืคื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืึท ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข 
ืจืึธืœืข ืื™ืŸ ืืœื™ื”ื• ืœืขืฐื™ื˜ืึธืก ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ *. ืขื“ื–ืฉื™ื“ื™ืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ 


1 ืืœื™ื” ื‘ึผื—ื•ืจ ืฐื™ื™ื•ื ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืึธืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฐืฒื ื™ืง ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ื 
ืชึผืœืžื•ื“, ื–ืข ื“ื™ ืฆืฐืฒึทื˜ืข ื—ืงื“ืžื” ืฆื• ื’ืชืฉื ื™': ื•ื•ืืฃ ืฉื‘ืขื•ื ื•ืชื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ืจื• ืจื•ื‘ ืฉึดืื ึฐื•ืชึดื™ ื•ืœื 
ืจืื™ืชื™ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื›ื” ื‘ื—ื•ื™ื•ืช ื“ืื‘ื™ื™ ื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืœื”ื›ืžื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืฉืžืฉืชื™", 

2 ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืืฑืกื ืึทื‘ึผืข ืคื•ืŸ ืงืžื—ื™ืก ื’ืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ืง ื˜ื™ื˜ ืืœื™ื—ื• ื—ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื—ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžึผื™ื–ืึทืจื• ืื™ืŸ 1508, ืืœื™ื” ื—ืœื™ื ืื™ื’ื ื”ืขื ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืฉ ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื ืข 
ื—ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฆื• ืงืžื—ื™ืก ื ืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขืžื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืึทื“ืขืจ ืึทื–ื™ืึทื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืžื•ื•ื™ื™ (ื•ืข ืคื™, 
ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ืข ืคึฟืึทื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข). 

8 ื–ืข ืคึผืขืจืœืขืก ืฆื™ื˜. ืฐ. 232, 39, 

4 ืืœื™ื” ื—ืœื•ื™ ื’ื™ืคื ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒื™ื›ื ืคึฟืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžืจื™ื™ื ื“ืœืขื›ืข ื’ืึทืฆื•ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืงืึทืจืจื™ื ืึทืœ 
ืขื“ื–ื™ื˜ื™ืจื™ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืงื“ืžื”ืช ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ {ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื˜ืกื•ืช". ืขืจ ืฉืžืจื™ื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื’ื•ืžื ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขื ืึทืฉื˜ ื‘ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ืฉืŸ ืชืœืžื™ื“; ื—ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื”ืžืชืงื ื• ืกื™ืจ 
ื™ื—ืจ, ื•ืจื•ื—ื™ ืขืœื™ื• ืืฆืœืชื™, ื•ื ื ืื ื™ ืžืžื ื• ืืฆืœืชื™, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ืขื™ืžื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืขื ื”ืืžืช 
ืžื˜ื›ื™ืžื™ื" (ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ 9-8), ืžื™ืจ ืฆื™ืกื™ืจืŸ ืœื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขื ืœืฆื™ืึทื ืขืจ ืืฑืื’ืึธื‘ึผืข). ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ื—ืงื“ืžื— ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื—ืฉื‘ื™' ืฐื™ื–ื ืืœื™ื— ื”ืœื•ื™ ืึธืŸ, ืึทืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื™ืจื™ืขื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคืจืึทืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืฑ ืื•ื™ืกืฉืœื™ื˜ืœืขืฃ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืฑืึทื ืงืขืŸ ืขืฑื•ืฉื™ื“ื™ืึธืฃ /ื ื ื™ืชืžืชืžื• ืขืœ 
ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ื‘ืืชื™ ื‘ื—ืจื‘ืช ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ืขื ืฉืื™ื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ ื—ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื—ื”ื•ื, ืื‘ืœ ืœึนื ื™ื“ืขื• 
ืฉืื ื™ืŸ ื—ืงืจื“ื™ื’ืืœ ืืฉืจ ืขืžืฑืชื™ ืขืžื• ืฉืœืฉื” ืขืฉืจื” ืขื ื” ืงื‘ืœืชื™ ื›ืœ ืืœื”" (ืžื™ืจ ืฆื™ืžื™ืจืŸ 
ืœื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ 1541), 





01 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื’ ืขื™ืจื’ 


ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืขืฐื•ื™ื˜ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ืึทืจื™ื - 
ืคึผื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ื ืกืชึผืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืืงืึทื ืžืฉืึทืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉืข ืงื‘ึผืœื”-ืกืคืจื™ื. ืก'ืื™ื– ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืขื“ื™ื”ื™ื•ื ืื•ื™ืคื ืขื”ื™ืื’ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ืœื•ื™ืก ืื™ื™ื ื ื”ืขื ื˜ื™ืงืข ืึธืคึผืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื”ืจื•ืงื—ืก ืงื‘ืœื”-ืกืคืจื™ื 
,ืกื•ื“ื™ ืจึธื–ึตื™ื", , ืก' ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ื ืคืฉ" ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ , ืกืคืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจื”", ื•ื•ืขืœื‘ืข 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1818 ืงืึธืคึผื™ืจื˜ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ? ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืชืœืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื™ืฆืขืจ ืขื“ื–ืฉื™ื“ื™ืึธ 1. ื“ืขืจ ืขืงืฉื ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืึทืžืฃ ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืจื™ื™ื›ืœื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืžืฉื•ืžื“ ืคึผืคืขืคืขืจืงืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืžื™ื ื™ืงืื ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ื ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืจื•ืฉื, ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทืจืงื˜ 
ื“ึนืขื ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึทืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. ื“ืขื ืฐื™ืก-ื‘ึผืึทื’ื™ืจื™ืกืŸ ืขื“ื–ืฉื™ื“ื™ืึธ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืคืŸ 
ืึธืคึผื ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉืขืจ ืคื™ืœืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื“ื"ื›ึผืœ ืึธื ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืึท ื”ืึทื ื˜ื‘ึผื•ืš 
ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืืš *. ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ืœื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืขืœืข ืžืขื’" 
ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ึผืขื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื™ื˜ึถืขืจื‘ึผืึท ืื™ื 
ื‘ึผืึทื–ืขืฆื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš (1517) ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืคืึทืจื–ืึธืจื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ื”ืฆื˜ืจื›ื•ืชืŸ ? ื ืึธืš 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžื ื™ืขื”, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืก ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืึทื•- 
ื‘ึผืขื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืฐื™ื˜ืขืจื‘ึผืึธ ื’ืขื–ืึธืจื ื’ื˜ ื‘ืืฆื™ื™ื˜ื ืก ืฆื• ื‘ึผืึทื–ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ: ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื 
ืคึฟื•ื™ืคึผืกื˜ ื ืขืคึผื•ืขืœื˜ ื ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ึผืขื ื™ืฉ ืฆื• ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื ืึท ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉืข. ื“ืจื•ืง 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœืขืจ ืืฑื™ืคื’ืึทื‘ึผืข ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืฆื• ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ 
ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ืœื•ื™ ืึทืฉื ึผื ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืฆื˜ , ื‘ึผืึฐื”ืœึนื” ืฉืœ ืชึผื•ืจื—'' ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืึท ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื ืึธืŸืฃ 
ื•ืขืจืง, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1817 ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืœืขืฐื™ื˜ืืก ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืข 
ื’ืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ืง ,,ื›ึผื—ื•ืจ'' ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ืœื•ื™ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ , ืœื•ื— ื‘ึผื“ืงื“ื•ืง ื”ืคึผืขืœื™ื'' ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขืจื ื‘ื•ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืžึทื™ 
ืคึผืœื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ,ืกืคืจ ื”ื”ืจื›ึผื‘ื”' * 


ื–ืข , ืื ืจื•ืช ืฉื“"ืœ" ื‘'ื•ืœ. ื–ื™ 1-21020, 

ื–ืข ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืจืขื“ืข ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉืคึฟืขืจ ืืฑืกื ืึทื‘ึผืข ,ื‘ื—ื•ืจ", 

ืคืึธืจืจืขื“ืข ืฆื•ื ืืชืฉื‘ื™", 1528, 9 

ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืืฑืกื ืึทื‘ึผืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ,ืกืคืจ ื—ื”ืจื ื‘ื”" ืžื™ื ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืฒื“ืขื ืข ื”ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื”ืึธื 
ืคึผืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืืœื™ื” ื—ืœื•ื™ ื’ื•ื ื ืื™ืŸ 1546, ืฐื™ ืขืจ ืฐื™ื™ื–ื ืึธืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฉื™ืจ; 


48 080 410 = 


,ืืžืจ ื—ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื—ื ื–ื›ืจ--ืืฉืจ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื• ื ื›ืจ, 
ืกืคืจ ื”ื”ืจื›ื ื— ื—ื‘ึผืจืชื™--ื•ื‘ืจื•ืžื™ ืื•ืชื• ื’ืžืจืชื™ 
ืขื”ื” ืฉื ื™ืช ื‘ื• ืขื‘ืจืชื™--ื”ื˜ื‘ืชื™ ืืฉืจ ื“ื ื•ืชื™ 
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ึนื ื ืžืกืจ 

ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื‘ื•ืžื‘ื™ืจื’ื• ื”ืฉืจ 

ื•ื ื“ืคืก ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื•ืจื ื™ืœื™ื™ื• ืื“ื™ืœืงื™ื ื“ ืžื›ื•ื ื” 
ืืฉืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ืžืžื•ื ื”, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื’ื™ ื™ื™ืฑืŸ 65 


ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ืœื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืึท ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขืืจื‘ึผืขื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืคืข 
ืคื™ืœืึทืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืข ืฐืขืจืง: ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื ื‘ึผื™ื›-ืงืึทื ืงืึธืจื“ืึทื ืฆื™ืข ,ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช" 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืึท ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจื‘ึผื•ืš , ืžืชื•ืจื ืžืŸ" ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืึทืจืึทืžื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืชึผืœืžื•ื“. ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืข ืงืจื™ื’ืก-ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ืึทืžืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคึผื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืึทืจื‘ึผืขื˜ืŸ: ื“ืขื ืงื™ืกืจ 
ืงืึทืจืœืก ื—ื™ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื (/182), ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ 
ืจืฑื™ื‘ึผืขืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืคืึธืจื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœื™ื—ื• ื”ืœื•ื™ ืคืึทืจืœืึธืจืŸ 
ื ื™ื ื ืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืคื˜ืจืžืขื ืŸ, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ื˜ื™ื™? ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืš- 
ื˜ื™ืงืข ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ !. ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ืœื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื ืขื“ื•ื ื“" 
ื™ืึธืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ื‘ึผืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ื–ืึทืจืึธ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ- 
ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจ ืฉื•ื ืฆื™ื ืึธ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึธืœืึธื ื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืขืจืก ,,ืคึผืจืงื™ 
ืืœื™ื”ื•? ?, ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฐืึทื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜, ื‘ื™ื– ืขืจ ื‘ึนึผืึท- 
ื–ืขืฆื ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 1829 ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ืขื“ื™ืก. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ืขื“ื–ืฉื™ืจื™ืึธ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืจื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื ืขื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ืึทืจื‘ึผืขื˜ *. ื–ืึธืจื ืคื•ืœื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ืœื•ื™ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ื˜- 
ื“ื™ืง ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืคึผืจืึทื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื“ื˜ืŸ ื–ืึธืจื–ืฉ ื“ื™ ืกืขืœื•ื•, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื™ื 
ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉ 4 ืื™ืŸ 1038 ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ืœื•ื™ ืคึผืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 


1 ื–ืข ืคืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช", 1538, 10, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืฆื•ื ,ืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช", 
8 ื ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ื˜ืขื•ืช, ื‘ึผืขืช ืขืจ ืฐืฒื•ื ืึธืŸ, ืึทื• ืฉื•ื ืฆื™ื ืึธ ื”ืึธืก ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื“ืขื 


| ,ืจืงื™ . ืืœื™ื”ื•" ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1520 ืื™ื ื ืฉืœื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฐื™ื™ืžืขืจ ืฐืขื ืขืฆื™ืึทื ืขืจ, ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ืข 


(1546) ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจืจื•ืงื˜ ืคึฟืึธืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื”ืขืจื”! ืื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื ื“ืคืกื• ืฉื ื™ืช ืืœื• ื”ืคืจืงื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื—ื‘ืจ 
ืืœ ื—ื• ืื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืžืจืงื“ืงื™ื ื‘ืงืฆืช ื“ื‘ื™ื™ื ืคื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ืกื™ืช ืขืœื™ื—ื, ืืฉืจ ืœึนื ื ื•ื“ืขื• ืœื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ื 
ื”ื—ื ื›ึนืืฉืจ ื ืชื ื ืœื—ื“ืคื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืคื™ื–ืจ, ืœืื™ืฉ ืฉื•ื ืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉื ืช ืคื•"ืจ" (/152, 

2 ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืขืจื ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื ืื™ืŸ ืืœื™ืชื• ื”ืœืฑื ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ื™ 
ืฉืจื™ืคื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ,ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžืŸ": ;ืืžืจ ืืœื™ื—ื• ื‘ืจ' ืืฉืจ 
ื—ืœื•ื™ ื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ: ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื—ืฉืœืžืชื™ ื•ื›ื•', ื•ื”ื ื”ืช ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ื ื—ื ื•ืจ ื–ื— ื”ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจื•ืžื 
ืจื‘ืชื™ ื ืฉื ืช ื—ืžืฉืช ืืœืคื™ื ื•ืžืืชื™ื ื•ืฉื‚ืžื•ึนื ื™ื ื•ืฉืฉ ืœื‘ืจื™ืืช ืขื•ืœื ื•ื”ื™ ื‘ืฉื ืช ื—ืฉื ื™ืช 
ืœื—ืชื—ืœืชื• ืฉื—ื•ื ืจืค"ื– ืœืคืจ"ืง ื ืœื›ืจืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ื—'ืชื” ืœืฉื™ืœ ื•ืœื‘ื—ื– ื•ืœื•ืงื—ื• ืžืžื ื™ ื›ืœ ืกืคืจื™ 
ื•ื ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ื” ื ืขืฉื— ื™ื•ึนืชืจ ืžื”ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืกืฉืจ ื—ื•ื— ื•ืœื ื ืฉืืจื• ืœื™ ืžืžื ื• ื›ื™ ืื ืงืฆืช ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื 
ื•ืจืคื™ืŸ ืืฉืจ ืžืฆืืชื™ ืจืžื•ืกื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื•ืกื™ื ื›ืงื•ื‘ ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช ื•ึนืœืงื—ืชื™ื ื•ืฉืžืชื™ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื•ื—ื•ืœื›ืชื™ื ืขืžื™ 
ื ื•ืœืช ืžืขื™ืจ ืœืขื™ืจ ื•ืžืžืœื›ื”ืช ืืœ ืขื ืื—ืจ ืขื“ ืฉึฐืื‘ึนืืชึดื™ ื”ื ื” ืœืขื™ืจ ื—ืžื—ื•ืœืœืช ืฐื™ื ื™ืกื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 
ืžืจ"ื˜ ืœืคืจื˜, ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื“ื ืจ ื”ื—ืฉืžืŸ ืืœื™ ืœืืžืจ: ืžื“ื•ืข ืœึนื ื›ืœื™ืช ืืช ืžืœืื›ืชืš ื›ื—ื‘ื•ืจ ื—ืกืคืจ 
ืืฉืจ ืืžื•ืชื™ ืœืฑื– ื•ืกืคืจืชื™ ืœื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื—ืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื•ึนืชื™, ื•ืืžืจ ืœื™: ื”ื•ื”ื™ ืžื”, ื”ืฉื‘ ื ื 
ื™ื™ืš ื•ืชื—ื™ ื›ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื•ื ื“ื•ึนืจ ืคืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื—ื–ื” ื•ืื ื™ ืืชืŸ ืืช ืฉื ืจืš. ื•ื›ืŸ ืคืชื ื™ ื•ืืคืช 
ื•ื™ื ืขืชื™ ื•ืžืฆืื—ื™ ื•ื—ืฉืœืžืชื™ ื—ื™ื•ื ื“' ื‘ืขืจ" ืฉื ื ืฉื ืช ืจืฆ"ื ืœืคืจื˜ ืงืกืคืŸ ืคึผื” ื—ื™ื ื™ืกื™ื" 
(ื–ืข ,ื˜ืึทื ืึธื–ื™ืŸ ื. ื™ื•ืจื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข", |, 68), 

4 ื•ืข ื‘ืจื™ืœ, ื™ืึธืจื‘ื•ืš, ืฉื•, 181 ืื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื—ื• ื”ืœื”ืก ื“ืึทื ืงื™ื’ืจื™ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืกืขืœืฐ ืื™ืŸ 
ืจืขืจ ื”ืงืจืžื” ืฆื•ึน ืคืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช". 





-66 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ึผืขืจื’ 


ื•ื•ืขื ืขื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืง , ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช", ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ื“ืขื 
ืคืึทืจ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื ืขื“ืึทื ืง, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ,, ื”ืœื›ื” ืžืกื™ื ื™!!; ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
; ื ืึธืš ืื™ื ื ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืขื–ืจืื˜ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื‘ึผื™ืžื•ึผ 
ื”ืชึผืœืžื•ื“; ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืขืจืฉื˜ ืึท ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคื˜ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืขืœึดื™ ื”ืžืกื•ืจื”, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืจื™ื” ื ืึธืš ื—ืชื™ืžืช ื”ืชึผืœืžื•ืฃ1 


ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืึท ื’ืฑื•ื™ืกืข ืื•ืžืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืจื˜ืึธ- 
ื“ืึธืงืกื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ืœื•ื™ืก ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ ืืžืชืข 
ืึทืคึผื™ืงื•ืจืกื•ืช. ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขืฐื•ื™ื˜ืึธืก ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ 
ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ื’ืฐืืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืจื•ืฉื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ ื•ืขืœื˜. 
ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืื™ื– ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื–ืขืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจืก 
ืœืึทื˜ืฒื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœึถืข ื“ืจื™ื™ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืก ืคืึธืจืจืขื“ืขืก. ืกืžื™ื˜ 
,ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช" ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ืฆื˜ ืึทืœืข ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืกื˜ืŸ: ื‘ึผื•ืงืกื“ืึธืจืฃ, ื“ื™-ืจืึธืกื™ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืึทื ื“. ืื™ืŸ 1772 ื”ืึธื˜ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืึทืŸ 
ืžืึตื™ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืึท ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืข ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืขืจืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ (1867) ื”ืึธื˜ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜. ื“ื•ื™ื“ ื’ื™ื ื–ื‘ึผื•ืจื’ ืคืึทืจืขืคืขื ื˜ืœืขืœื˜ 
ืึทืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืก ื‘ึผื™ืื ืจืึทืคื™ืข, 


ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขื ืขื“ื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืึท ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ืงืึธืจื“ืึทื ืฆื™ืข 
,ืคืคืจ ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช'', ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืืจื‘ืขื˜ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืง 
ื™ืึธืจ 5. ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขื“ื“ื™ืงืข ืคื™ืœืึธืœืึธื ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ื ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜- 
ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืคื ืึท: , ืžืชื•ืจื’ืžืŸ" (1241), ืึท ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉื™ื”ืขื‘ึผืจื˜ื™ึดืฉ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจื‘ื™ื›ืœ 


1 ื“ืจื™ื˜ืข ืคืึธืจื•ืขื“ืข ืฆื•ึผ ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช, 1528, 11--115 ืคื•ื”ื ืœืš ืจืขืชื™ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ 
ื”ื•ื”; ืื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ื—ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืงื•ื“ื ืขื•ืจื ื•ืœื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืขื–ืจื ื•ืœื ืื—ืจ ืขื–ืจื 
ืขื“ ืื—ืจ ื—ืชื™ืžืช ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ื‘ื“ืื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ื”ื•ืช ื•ื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช (422,, ืœื›ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ 
ืื ื™ ื›ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื™ ืฉื”ื ืงื•ื“ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื•ืœื ื ื‘ืจื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ืช"ืžื•ื“ ืขื“ ื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ 
ื—ืžืกื•ืจืช ื•ื”ื ืื ืฉื™ ืžื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื ื”ื ืงื‘ืœื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื ืงื•ื“" (24-23) (ื–ืข ืื•ื™ืš ืืœื™ื—ื• ื”ืœื•ื™ื 
,ื•ื‘ ื˜ืขื", ื“ื™ ื—ืงื“ืžื” ืื•ืŸ, ืื•ื™ืš ืงืึทืคึผื™ 2, /' 9 


9 ื–ืข ื“ื™ ื—ืงื“ืžื” ืฆื• ืงืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช', 1558 /2. ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขืจืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืœื•ืึธืœื˜ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ื—ืฉืชึผื“ืœื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืกืขืœืฐ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจื™ื–, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ื ืื•ืžื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืข 
ืžื ื™ืขื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขืจืง ื ื™ื ืคึผืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื—ื™ื•ื ื ื™ื ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜, 
ื’ืขืจืจื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ; ืœืขืฐื™ืžืึธืก ื“ืึทื ืง.ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืขืœื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจืฒื ืคื™ืจ ({ืžืึธื ืึทื˜. 
ืฉืจื™ืคื˜", ืฐื, 96--108), ื“ื™ ื’ืขื’ืจืึทืžื˜ืข ื”ืงื“ืžื— (ืœืขื˜ืขืจื‘ึผืึธืจืข', ืฐื˜, 147-146, ืื™ืŸ 
5 ื”ืึธื ื‘, ื’ืึธืœื“ื‘ืขืจื’ ื’ืขื•ืึธืœื˜ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืงืึธื ืงืึธืจื“ืึทื ืฆื™ืข, ืขื ืื™ืŸ ืึธื‘ืขืจ 
ืึทืจื•ึนื™ืก ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืงื•ื ื˜ืจื (ื›ึดึผื™ื• {ืื’ืžื"), 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืคึผืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ 3 ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ 


, ืฉืžื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื'' (1842) 1 ืื•ืŸ , ืชึผืฉื‘ึผื™" (ื ืื•ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืฉื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผื•ื’: 
ืคื•ืŸ 712 ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคึฟืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืžืจืจืฉื™ื) 3, 

ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื”ืึธื‘ึนึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื• 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทื“ื™ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื•ึน ืืœื˜ื“ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ืœื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืจื™ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืงืกื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื•ืขืจืก, 
ื•ื  ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื”ืึทื ื“ืœื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืืœื˜ื“ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื—ืœื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื ืื ืฅ ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืฉื ื™ื˜: ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขื ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืขื ืžื™ืœืึทืœืึธื’, ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ,ืกื•ืจืฆื•ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืŸ" ืจืึธืžืึทื ืขืŸ-ืฉืจื™- 
ื‘ึผืขืจ, ื“ืขื ื‘ืึทืฉืขืคืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ื‘ื‘ืืคื›ื‘ื–ืš ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ-ืจืึธืžืึทื ืขืŸ. ื“ืึธ 
ืึธื‘ึถึผืขืจ ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉืึทืฆื•ื ื’ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื“ืขื 
, ืคืจืงืจืง!', ื“ืขื ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ , ืคื™ืกื•ืจืช ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช''. ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ื ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึฟืึธืจืฉืขืจ, ืฐืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคืึทื ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื ื ื™ื™ 
ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜? ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ืฐื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืก-ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜; ืžืขืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ื 
ื™ืขื“ื ืžืึทืœืก ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืžื™ืื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืงืœืึทืกื™ืงืข ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉืข ืžื™ืœืึทืœืึธื’ืŸ ืคื•ื ื˜ 
1ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื—, ืฐืึธืกื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš- 
ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’, 

ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ืœื•ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืึท ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืœื™ื™ืกื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืฃ 
ืคืึทื›ืžืืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจื™ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืฉืึทื ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 8 ืžืึทืœืึทื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ื˜- 
ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืึทืจื™ื–ืึทื˜ืึธืจ, ื“ืขืจืฆื• ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ึดึผื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ืื™ื™ื’ื ืฉืึทืกื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืึทืžื‘ึผืขืกื˜ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื ืขืคืืกื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ื—ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืึธืœืข, 
ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื˜ื™ืœื˜: ื‘ึผืึทืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš:ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทื˜ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžึดื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ื ืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืžืคึผืจืึทืš ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื ืข ื’ืข" 
ื‘ึผื™ื™ื“ืขื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืžืึทื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืจืขืžื•ื ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขืจ" 
ื•ื•ืขืงื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœ, ืืœื™ื—ื• ื”ืœื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ 


1 ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจื‘ื™ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื™ืงืจ ื—ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื’ืŸ ืขืก 
ื’ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ื™ืจื™ืขื•ืช ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ึดื™ื’ืŸ; ืฉืขืจืœืขืก, ืฆื™ื˜, ืฐืขืจืง, 121--8ืŸ ืž. ืฐื™ื™ื’ืจื™ื™ืš, ืฉื˜ืึทืคึผืœืขืŸ, 83--86 

9 ื“ืึธืก ืจื•ื‘ ืขืงื–ืขืžืฉืœืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ื ื ืคืชืฉืฆื™", ืฐืึธืก ืื™ ืึทืจืฑื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืœืึทื™ 
ื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื˜ (1541), ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืžื’ืขื—ื™ื ื ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืžื™ื ืืฒื ื™ืงืข ืืฑืกื’ืขืจื™ืกืขื ืข 
ื’ืœืขื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ื•ืจื ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ืึธื˜ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืคื™ืฉื•", ืฐืึธื˜ ืฐืขืจื ืืฑืฃ ืืฑืกื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืฉื˜ 
ืื™ื ื ืืชืฉื‘ื™", ืœืขืฐื™ื˜ืึธื˜ ืฉื™ืจื•ื™ืฉ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื•ื™ืงืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื• ื’ื™ื ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฆืขื ื–ืึธืจืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืงื•ืขื˜ืฉืœืึทืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืกื ืขืจ ืืฑืกื’ืึทื’ืข, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืึทื ื•ืฆื˜, ืื™ื• ืึทื”ืฑืกื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืึธื˜ 
ื—ืฉื•ื“ืข ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ืึธืฉึผื’ืขืจืจื•ืงื˜; ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืงื–ืขืžืฉืœืึทืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทื–ืขืœืขืจ ืืฑืกื ืึทื‘ืข, ืฐืึธื 
ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืึธื’ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื• ืื•ื™ื˜ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื, ืฐื•ึผ ืขื ื’ืขืคื™ื’ืฉ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ึนืŸ 
ืœืึทื˜ืฒื ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืกืขืงืกื˜ ืคื•ื ื ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืฉื•"ืก 





68 ืจ"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ ืขืจื’ 


ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื™ืข ื•ืขื ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ื˜ ื•ื™ ื“ื™ื™ื‘ึผืึทืœืžืขืก ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืึทืœื˜ืข --- ืึทื“ืจื‘ึผื”, ืขืจ ืคืึธืœื’ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผื ื™ ืงืžื—ื™, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข 
ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื ื™ื™ืข ืื•ื™ืกื ืึทื‘ึผืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจ ืงืžื—ื™ืก ื’ืจืฆืžืื˜ื™ื– 
, ืžื›ืœื•?'' ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ (,,ื’ื™ืžื•ืงื™ื''). ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืœืขืฐื•ื™ื˜ืึท 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื ื•ึนื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืคึผืึทืกื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืคึผื ืึทื‘ึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื‘ึผืึทืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืžืื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงื•ื™ื™ื™ื–ืŸ 1. ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื•ืœืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ ื–ืึธื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ื”ื• 
ื”ืœื•ื™, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขื ื™ื• ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžืขืจื™ื™? 
,ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืึธืคืŸ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ึผืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื›ื™ื”, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื ืึธืš ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ 
ืึทื–ืฑ ืึธืคึผื˜ ื ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜. ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืึธื ื•ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ- 
ืคึผื•ื‘ึผืœื™ืงื•ื... ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ืก ื”ืŸ ืฆื•ืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ 
ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœึถืข ื ืึทืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ื™ื" *. ื ืึธืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ 
ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ืœื•ื™ ืคืึทืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฆื•ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ: , ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขืจ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœึฐืฅ ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืื™ืš ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ืžื•ื™ื ืขื ืึท ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ 
ืชึผืœืžื™ื“, ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’" + 

ืคึฟืขืฐื™ื˜ืึธืก ืฉื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื - 
ืฉืขืจ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฅ; ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืคืึธืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืึท ืงืึทื˜ืขื“ืจืข ืื™ื ื ืคึผืึทืจื™- 
ื–ืขืจ ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜ } ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื–ืขืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคืจืึทื ืงืจื™ื™ืš, ืฐื•ึผ ืก'ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ 1599 ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืึทื™ื™ื ืœืึทื“ื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• 


1 ืื™ืŸ ืืœื™ื—ื• ืœืขืฐื™ื˜ืึทืก ืืฑื‘ึผื ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ื ื”ืขื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืฑื™ืคึผื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืึทืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ืกืข ื ืึธื˜ื™ืฅ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื ืึธืจืึทืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืคืœืขื ื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืกืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื ืข 
ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืชึผืœื˜ื™ื“ื™ื ืคึผืึทืจ ื–ืฒื™ื ืข ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉืข ืฉืขื”ืŸ: ืžื™ื•ื ื’' ื•' ื ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืจื™ ืฉ"ื“ (1544) 
ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื•ืŸ ืคืจื ืฆื™ืกืงื• ื’ื•ื™ ืื—ื“ ืฉืฉื˜ืžื• ืกื™' ืฐืึทืŸ ืžึทึผืจื™ืึทื” ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื ื™ื•ื 
ืœื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื' ืœื™ื' ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื•ืื ื™ืœืžื•ื“ ืืชืจ ืขืžื”ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ื™ืจื ื• ืฉื›ืจื•", 

ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืžืข ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืฆื• ,ืžืกื•ืจืช ื—ืžืกื•ืจืช": ื•ื ื–ื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืืฉื ื— ื•ื”ื™ื•ืฉืจ ืื“ื‘ืจ, 
ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื ึผืจ ืฉื•ื›ื” ืืœื”ื™ื ืื•ึนืชื• ืœืจืื” ืœืคื ื™ ืžื•ึนืชื• ืกืคืจื™ื• ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื•ื ืขืฉื™ื ื•ื›ืžื” 
ืคืขืžื™ื ื ื“ืคืกื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื–ื›ื” ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ืชื™ ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืฉืžื™ ื ืงืจื ื‘ืคื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื 
ื’ื•ื™ื ื›ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืœืชื•ืจืชื ื• ื—ื˜ื“ื• ื•ื›ืžื ื™ ืœืžื“ื•", 

8 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ : ืฉื•ื”ื ื ื™. ื ืฉื‘ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืฆืจื™, ื›ื™ ื’ื•ื™ ืื—ื“ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ืœื–ืช ื”ืขื™ืจื ื™, ื•ืขื“ ื”ืœื•ื 
ื”ื‘ื™ืื ื™", 

{ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืคืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข.ื‘ึผืึทืฐืขื’ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืงืึทื˜ืฑืœื™ืฉืข 
ืงื™ืจืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื ืฉื˜ื™ืขื ื’ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฆื•ืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืจื ึผืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื–ืขืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึนึผืœ ืืฑืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ืžื’ืึทื ื’-ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš; ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืก ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขื ืฆื•ื ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืึทืœ ืคื•ื ื 
ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœ-ื˜ืขื›ืกื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืฆืขืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืึทืจื•ึผื ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื“ืขืจืฉืฒื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึนึผืœ.ืื™ื™ 
ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’, ืื™ื– ืึทืจืฑืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง ื“ื™ ืคืจืึทื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ืขืจ ืึถืœื™ืฐืขืืึธ, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืกืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 69 


ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคืืจืœืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืฉื•ืœ 1. ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืึถื‘ึผืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ืœื•ื™ ื’ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืœืึทื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžืฆื“ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ืื™ื™ื ื ื˜ื™ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืœืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ื”ืฑืคึผื˜-ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื˜ืจืืžืคึผืึทื–ืฉ, ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ื™ื ืขื 
ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืงื•ืœ- 
ื˜ื•ืจืขืœืข ืืฑื™ืคื’ืึทื‘ึผืข. ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืก ืงืœืึธืจ ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื›ึผื“ืื™ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœืขืจ ืจืึธืœืข, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉ-ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื ืขืกืึทื ืก-ืชืงื•ืคื”, 

ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื™ื‘ึผื•ืฆื™ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื ื•ืฆืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ 
ื’ื•ื˜ื ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืก ื’ืื•ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ืžืฆืื”. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ืฆืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืึทืจื•ื ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื•ื™ ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืืกื‘ื•ืจื’ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง-ืฐื•ืืจืฉื˜ืื˜ ืกื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทื•ื•ืขื’ืœืขื›ืŸ 
ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ (1460), ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืžืืœื™ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื’- 
ื“ืขื˜, ืื™ื™ื ืข ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื“ื–ืฉื™ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ืขื•ื•ืข ื“ื™ ืกืึทืงืึธ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืœื•ื™ื‘ืœื™ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ื ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ. 
ืกืคืจ (ืจ' ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ึผืŸ ืึถืฉืจื ,,ืืจื‘ึผืขื— ืžื•ืจื™ื'') ื’ื™ื ืึท ืงืœืึธืจืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื’ืจื™ืฃ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก 
ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ื”ืชืคึผืขืœื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ืขื ื˜ื•ื–ื™ืื–ื ื“ื™ ืื™ื˜ืืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ,, ืžืœืื›ืช ื—ืงื•ื“ืฉ'' ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื›ืขืจ: 

,ืื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื ืคื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืงื•ื ื˜ื˜ืŸ. ืึทืœื™ืŸ 
ืึท ืคืึทืจื‘ืึธืจื’ืขื ืข --- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทืœึถืข ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ึผืึทื”ืืœื˜ืŸ; ืึธืŸ ืคึผืขื ืขืก --- 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืœืขืš, ืึธืŸ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื˜ื• ืื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ื›ืขืจ 
ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทืคืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืืฑื™ื’ื ื‘ึผืœื™ืง ื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื˜ื•ื ืงื˜. ืึธืŸ ื•ื™- 
ืจืขืก --- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืื™ื– ื ืœื™ื™ืš ื’ืขืคืึธืจืžื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜. ืขืก ื ืขืžื˜ ื ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื— ื”ื ื›ื™ืื”, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื , ืฉื‘ื˜ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื" ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ; ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ ืžื™ืš ืึทืœืก ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื›ึผืขืจ ืื™ืจ ืงืึธืคึผ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื ืŸ, 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืœื•ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืืจ ื—ืžืฉืช ืืœืคื™ื ืจืœ"ื” ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’" 5 


1 ื–ืข ื“ึดื™ ื“ืจื™ืžืข ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืฆื•ืก ืขืชืฉื‘ื™": ืื›ื™ ื›ืžื” ืคึทืขืžื™ื ื ืงืจื ื ืงืจืืชื™ ืžืฉืจื™ื 
ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื ื ืžืงืจื“ื™ื ืึทืœื™ ื ื ืžืชื’ืžื•ื ื™ื โ€ ื’ื ืกืขื™ืจ ืคืจื™ื– ืืฉืจ ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ื‘ืฆื•ืช ื”ืžืœืš 
ื™ืจ"ื”, ื•ืœื ื”ืฉืชื™ ืื•ื•ืŸ, 


8 ืื ื™ ื—ื›ืžื” ืœื›ืœ ื—ื›ืžื” ืขืžืจืช ืชืžื™ื” ืขืœ ื“ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช 
ืื ื™ ื ืกืชืจ ืœื›ืœ ืกื•ืจ ืžืกื’ืจืช, ื ืฉื‘ื˜ ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืจืจืช 
ื‘ืœื™ ืงื•ืœืžื•ืก ื•ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ ื’ื›ืจืช ืœื• ืื•ืชื™ ืจืืชื” ื‘ืžื—ืชืจืช 
ื‘ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืคืจ ื—ื•ื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืขืœื™ ืจืืฉื” ื”ื•ืฉืžืชื™ ืœื›ื•ืชืจืช, 
ืจื‘ืช ืื”ื– ื“ื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ ืขื•ื‘ืจื”, ืœืžืกืคืจ ื‘"ื™ ื—ืžืฉืช ืืœืคื™ืชื ืจืœ"ื” 


ื‘ื™ ืฉื™ืจื˜ื•ึนื ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ืžื™ื™ืฉืจื”. ืœืžื–ื›ืจืช, 





70 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ ืขืจื’ 


ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ืึธืŸ ืคึผืขื ืขื 
{ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ", ืื™ื– ื ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ื ืคึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืึทืคื™ืœืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทืœืก ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ. ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืขืจ 
ืฆื™ื™ื˜ (ื‘ึผืขืจืš ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 14/9) ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืฑื‘ึผื ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ืœื“ืขื˜ืขืจ 
ืฉืจืฆื˜ ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ื›ึผื•ึผื ืชึผ ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ืึท ื™ืจื•ืง ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื ื˜ื•ื, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ืฑื™ืกื ืึทื‘ึผืŸ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฅ; , ืื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืœืข ืคึผืขื ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžืขืฉื” ื ืกื™ื. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืžื™ืš 
ืคื™ืœ ื‘ึผืึทืžื™ื˜ ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™,ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื–ื™ืš ืžืึทืจืคื•ืœ- 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื•ืง-ืงื•ื ืคื˜, ืฆื• ื–ืขืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืœื™ื™ื›ืข ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืึทืœื˜ 
ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ" 1. ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจืก ื”ืึธื›ึผืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืก 
ื–ื™ืš ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ื˜ืจืขื ืขืจ: ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืื™ืžืข ืื•ืฑื™ืกื ืึทื‘ึผืŸ ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ื•ึผ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ืึธืคึผื ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืฆืขืจืก 
ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืœืึธื›ื”, ื“ื™ , ืžืœืื›ืช 
ื”ื“ืคื•ื', ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืืžืชืข ,,ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ'', ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ื“ื™ 
ื–ื›ื™ื” ,,ืœื”ืจื‘ื™ืฅ ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจื‘ึผื™ื' 5 

ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื›ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ * ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜- 
ื‘ึผืึทืจืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ืึทืจื‘ึผืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข ืฉืึธื ืฆื™ื ืึธ, ื•ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจื ืขืžื˜ ื“ืขื 
ื‘ึผื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ึผื•ื›ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจื™ื™. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืื™ื˜ืืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜ 
(ืื™ืŸ ืฉืึธื ืฆื™ื ื•, ื‘ึผืจืขืฉื™ืึธ, ืงืื–ืืœ-ืžืึทื“ื–ืฉืึธืจื ืื), ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 
ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืึทื ื˜ื™ื ืึธืคึผืึธืœ โ€ ืื•ืŸ ืกืึทืœืึธื ื™ืงื™ *. ,ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื“ืœื•ืช ื“ืขืจ 


1 ื–ืข ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ', ืžืึทื ื•ืึทื ืขืจ ืืฑืกื ืึทื‘ึผืข: ืื”ื ื•ืชื‘ ื›ื›ืžื” ืงื•ืœืžื•ืกื™ื 
ื ืœื ืžืขืฉื” ื’ืกื™ื, ืืฉืจ ื™ื’ืข ื•ืžืฆื ืœื”ืจื‘ื™ืฅ ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื”ืฉื™ื’ ื–ืืช ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ 
ื›ืฑืœื›ื” ืžืขืจื›ื” ืขืจื•ื›ื” ืœืงืจืืช ืžืขืจื›ื”". 

2 ืžื™ืคึผื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ืœืžืฉืœ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ืฉืจื™ืคื ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ื•ืช", - ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืึทื ื˜ื™ื ืึธืคึทืึธ. 
ืœืขืจ ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ึผืข, 1512; ืื•ืชืฉืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ืžืœืื›ืช ืฉืžื™ื, ื™ืคื” ืฆืจื•ืคื— ืžื–ื•ืงืงืช ืฉื‘ืœืชื™ื, 
ืขืœ ื™ื“ ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืจ' ืืฉืžืจื•ืง ื“ื˜ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืฉื™ื:- ืืช ืคืœืื‘ืช ื”ืงื“ืฉ 
ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ื“ืคื•ื. ื•ื”ึถื ื‘ืขืฆื˜ื ื ืฉื ืœื‘ื ื•ื ื“ื‘ื” ืจื•ื”ื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฅ ื•ืœื”ืจื‘ื™ืฅ ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ 
ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžืžื•ื ื ื•ื—ื•ื ื ื ื›ื ืกื• ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ืงื•ืจืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ื ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื–ืืช,. ื™ืจืฆื” ืœืคื ื™ 
ืืœ ืคืขืœื ื•ืฆื“ืงืชื ืชืขืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ื”ื ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืขื“ ื”ืขื•ืœื", ' 

8 ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 70ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ื ื 15ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื” ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืš ื’ืขื ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ื ืึท ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข 
ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจื™ื™ โ€ | ื ืขืึทืคึผืึธืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื ืคึฟืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืคื™ืœ ื–ืฒืขืจ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ืข ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืฉืข ืฐืขืจืง, 
ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ึตื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขื ืจืžื‘"ืžืก ,ืžื•ืจื” ื ื‘ื™ื›ื™ื'. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉืขืจื™ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื‘ึถึผืขืจ ื ื™ื 
ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื™ื•ืŸ ื ื™ื ื“ื™ ื“ืึทื˜ืข ื ื™ื ื“ืึธืก ืึธืจึถื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจื™ื™. ื“ืขืจืคึผืึทืจ ื”ืึธื ื›ืฐืึธืœืกืึธืŸ ืขืœื™ืคึทึผื™ 
ื˜ืขื•ืช ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจื™ื™ ื”ืึธื ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคึผื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจืฑื™ื (ื–ืข ,ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ 
ืค. ื”ืขื‘ึผืจ, ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœ,", ืฐืฉ, 26), 

4 ืžืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื ืฆื™ื ืึธ-ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจืฒืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืจืงื™ ื–ืข ,ืฆื™ื™ืื˜ืจื™ืคื 
8, ื”ืœื‘ืจ, ื‘ื™ื‘ึผืœ. , ืึถืŸ, 21--25 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ "ื“ืŸ ื•ืจ 


ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืกื˜ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืขืจ โ€ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจ"ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข 
ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ (ื“ื–ืฉืขืจืึทื ื™ืžืึธ) ืฉื•ื ืฆื™ื ืึธ, ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืึท ื’ืฐืืœื˜ื™ืงืข ืฆืึธืœ 
ื‘ึผื™ื›ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืึทืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืชื•ืจื”, ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื ืึธืšืฃ 98 
ืžืคื›ืชื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ ืจืฉ"ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื ืขืจืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื›ื•ืช" 1 , ื›ื™ ืžืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฆื ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ื“' ืžืฉื•ื ืฆื™ื ื•? -- ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืฉืคึผืจื•ืš ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืœื™ื‘ื›ึผืกื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื ืฆื™ื ืื™ื“ืจื•ืง" 
ืžื™ืจืžืข. | | 
ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืกืขืจื™ื™-ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉืข 
ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืึท ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ืข ืจืึธืœืข ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื ืื™ื– ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ื—? ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืึทื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜- 
ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ื™ืคื ืื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ืจื˜ืจื™ื˜ืง ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื›ืขื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื•ื‘ 
ืื•ื™ืคื ืื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื™ ืขืœื˜ืกื˜ืข ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืงืœืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจืขืกื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœืข ืฆื•ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืžืึทื ื’ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ. ืขืก 
ืคืœืขื ื˜ ืึธืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ืžืข ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืฆื• ื‘ึผืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ 
ื›ืชื‘ื™ื™ื“, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑื™ื ืข ืฉืฐืขืจื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืขื ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื–ื•ึนื™ ืคึฟืึทืจื’ืจื™ื™ื–ื˜, ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื›ึผืžืขื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขื ืœืขืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืฆื•ึน ื‘ืึทื ื•ืฆืŸ * ื“ืขืจ ืึทืงืึธืจืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืฆื™ื ืึธ ืื™ื– ืึทืจื•ืžื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืคืจืื ืงืจื™ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ. ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข 
ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืข ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืกืขืจื™ื™ * ืขื ืคืœืขื ื˜ ื’ืื ืฅ ืึธืคื˜ 
ืคึผืจืขืคืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืœืขื ืขืจ, ื‘ึผืขืช ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืึทืŸ ืืœื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ-ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข ื”ืื ื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ืึธืคึผืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื’ืข" 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื–ืŸ; ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืœืขื’ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืจื™ืจื— ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื•ึนืŸ ื‘ึผืฉืขืช 
ื“ืขื ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื‘ึทึผื›ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ 
ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืคื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคึผืึทืกื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜. ืขืก ืคืœืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืคึผืึทืกื™ืจืŸ, ืึทื– ื‘ึผืฉืขืช ื“ืขื ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขื ืคึฟืึทืจืœืขื ืขืจ ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ึผืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ึผืขืกืขืจืข ืึธืคึผืฉื•ื™ืคื˜ ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจืขืคื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฐื•ืขืจืง, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืึทืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœืึธื–ืขื ืข ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืึธืคึผื“ืจื•ืงืŸ 
ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ื ื ืกืคืจ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืจื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืคึผืึทืกื ื“ืŸ 


1 ืขืชื“ืคืกืชื™ ืกืคืจื™ื ืขื“ ืื™ืŸ ืงืฅ ื‘ื”ื•ืจืชื ื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื–ื•ืœืชื™ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืฉืœืฉ ืžืกื›ืชื•ืช 
ื—ื ื—ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขื 08 ืจืฉ"ื™ ื•ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช" (ืžื™ืจ ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืœื•ื™ื ื›ืฐืึธืœืกืึธื ืก ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืขืจ, ืึทืจื™ 
"ืขื ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข "ื“ื™ืฉืข ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจื™ืขืŸ)ื 

2 ื–ืข ื›ืฐืึธืœืกืึทื ื˜ื ืฆื™ืžื™ืจื˜ืข ืึธึทืจื‘ึผืขื. 

5 ื–ืข ืฉื•ื ืฆื™ื ืึธื ืคึผืึธืจืจืขื“ืข ื ื–ื™ืŸ ืงืึทื ืกื˜ืึทื ืžื™ื ืึธืคึผืึธืœืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื ืึทื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืจ"ืงื 
ืคืžืคืœื•ืœ 0 





12 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ึผืขืจื’ 


ืึธืจื˜ 1. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืŸ ื•ืขืจืง ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช, 
ืจืขืžืืœื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื’ื™ื” (ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ) ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื‘ืจื ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืืฑื™ืกืงืœื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜; ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื ื™ื”ื™ื ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข 
ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ: , ืชึผืงื ืชึผื™ ื•ึฐื”ื•ืคึผืคึผืชึผื™ ืžื“ืขืชื™ --- 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื“ืึธ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื›ึผืขืกืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ื“. 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฅ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ื ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื ืึธืš ื’ืจื•ื™ื 
ืžื™ ื’ืขืœื•ื ื ืขืŸ ,ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœืข ื’ืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ". 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ 8 ืœืึทื ื’ืข ืฆื•ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืก ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืงืœืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืกื•ืžื˜ ืึธืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืฆื• ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืคืึทืจื’ืจื™ื™ื–ื˜ืข ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื‘ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจืฒื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืขืจ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึทืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืืฑื™ืกื‘ึผืขืกืขืจืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื˜ืขืงืกื˜: 
, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘'"ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ืึทื“ื•ื ื™ื”ื• ืœื™ื ืขืœ: ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื”ื ื”ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ,,ืกืคืจ ื˜ื”ืจื•ืช'', ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืขื ื˜" 
ืคืขืจืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื ืึธืš ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง ื ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืฆื• ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื›ึผืชื‘-ื™ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคืึทืจื’ืจื™ื™ื–ื˜; ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืก'ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ื‘ึผืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ื–ืึธืœ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืœืขืจื ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜, ืึทื– 
ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ืžื™ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืจื—ื” ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื’ืขืคึผื˜ืจื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืฆื• ืขื ื“ืข ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ื ื”ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืกืคืจ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื’ืข" 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจ ืคื•ืŸ , ื›ึผืœื™ื'" ื‘ึผื™ื– ,,ื ื’ืขื™ื'', ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื ื ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื•ื ื’, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืื™ื– 
ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ึผืขืกืขืจื˜... ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืกืคึฐืชึผื ืื™ืŸ ืžืžืฉ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ื ืื ืฅ ืึธืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ., ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืœืคื™ ืขื ื™ื•ืช 
ื“ืขืชึผื™ ืึทืœืฅ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืงืœืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ื‘ึผื™ื– ื™ืขืจืข 
ืฉื˜ืขืœืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืงืœืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขืš. ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื ืึธืš ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ื”ืึธื›ึผ ืื™ืš ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืกื‘ืจื, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขื ืœืขืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืชึผื•ืกืคืชื ืฆื•ึน , ื›ึผืœึดื™ื "... ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึดื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืคื•ืœื˜. ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื• ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืคืึทื•ืฑื’ืจื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ืžืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขืš, ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืื™ืš ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขื‘ึผืขืกืขืจื˜ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ืจ" . 
1 ื–ืข ื›ืฐืึธืœืกืึธื ืก ืฆื™ืžื™ืจื˜ืข ืึตื™ื‘ึผืขื˜, 12 


2 ืžืขื ื™ื•ืช, ืืกื“ืจ ื˜ื”ืจื•ืช', ืฐืขื ืขืฆื™ืึทื ืขืจ ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ืข, 1516, ื“ืฃ 163, ืขื' ื‘': 
ืืžืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ึผ"ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื“ื•ื ื™ื” ืœื™ื ืœ, ืื—ืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื™ ื”ื ื”ืช ืคื“ืจ ื”ืจื•ืช ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื”ืชื ืฆืœ 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ืจืŸ 73 


ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ื ืึทื ืฅ ื‘ึผื•ืœื˜, ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืขืœื™ ื”ื’ื”ื” (ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ 
ื‘ืœืข'"ื–) ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืคึฟืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืึธืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ; ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
-ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืข ืึทืจื‘ึผืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ึผืขื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉ ื‘ืึทืœืฒื›ื˜ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ --- ืึทืŸ ืึทืจื‘ึผืขื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืึทื—ื•ืฅ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช, ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื—ื•ืฉ, ืึท ืคื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื˜ืึทืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืคึฟืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื›ึผืœืœ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืึธืคื˜ ืคืึทืœืฉ ืื•ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ืฉืขืจ ืคืึทืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผืขืจืก ืคืึทืจื’ืจื™ื™ื–ื˜ืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ; ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืžื ื™ื”ื™ืžื ืื•ื™ืกื‘ืขืกืขืจืŸ ืžืœืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื–ืึท ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ 
ืคื ืจื’ืจื™ื™ื–ื˜ ื ืคืึทืจืคึผืœืึทื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืงืœืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข 
ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ืืœื™ื”ื• ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืึท 1 ื“ืขืจืฆื• ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืฆื•ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืฆืจื”. ื“ื™ ืžื’ื™ื”ื™ื 
ื‘ืื ื•ื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ --- ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืฆืขื ื–ืึธืจืŸ, ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ืžืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืก ื™ืจืึทืช-ืฉืžื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™ืšื“ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืข 
ืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ื–ื™ื ื™ืง ืื•ึนืŸ ื˜ืขื ื“ืขื ืฆื™ืขื– ืขื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืžืึทื›ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื˜ืขืงืกื˜. ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ืกืึทื ื˜ืข ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื›ืฐืึธืœืกืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจื˜ืŸ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืœ, ืžื™ื™ืžื•ื ื™, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,ืžืฉื ื” 
ืชื•ืจื”", ืึทื– ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื—ืก ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขื ื“ืขืจื ื•ืขืจืŸ ืจื™ 
ืคื“ืจื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื“"ื” ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืŸ ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื ืึทื’ื‘ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ื'ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ื: {ื•ื’ืจ ื–ืื‘ ืขื ื‘ื‘ืฉ, 
ื•ื ืžืจ ืขื ื’ื“ื™ ื™ืจื‘ืฅ" ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ,ืืจื™ื” ื›ื›ืงืจ ื™ืื›? ืชื‘ืŸ" -- ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื• 
,, ืžืฉ? ื•ื—ื™ื“ื”". ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื˜ืกืคืึธืจื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ 
,ืฆืคึผื™ืงื•ื™ืกื™ืฉืŸ" ื–ืึทืฅ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืึทืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžื™ื™ืžื•ื ื™ืก ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขื ื ืคึผืึธืœืขืžื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืคื•ืŸ ื ืื ืฆืข 28 ืฉื•ืจื•ืช -- 
ืง ืขื’ | ื“ืขื ืจืžื‘"ื ื’ื•ืคื. ืื• ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืช ื ื™ื 
ืื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ื•ื™ื›ึผื•ื— ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ืžื•ื ื™ืก ื˜ืขืงืกื˜, ื ืึธืจ 
ื“ืขื ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจืจื™ืงืŸ ื‘ึผืขืœ-ืคึผืœื•ื ืžื, ื“ืขื ืคืจื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื ื™ื” 5 


ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื™ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื‘ึฟืœืชื™ ืคื•ืจื’ืœ ื•ืกืคืจื™ ื—ื”ืงืชื›ื” ืžื•ื˜ืขื™ื ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ื’ืžืฆืื™ื ื›ึทึผืจ ืื ื‘ืกื•ืจืช 
ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื™ื“ืข ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ืžื” ืžื•ืจื– ื•ื˜ืฉื ื ืฉืืชื™ ืขืฃ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชืฉืœื•ื 
ื”ื”ื ื”ื” โ€ ืžื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื– ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืช ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื‘ึดื™ ืื ื˜ื•ืคืก ื' ืกื›ืœื™ื ืขืจ ื’ื ืขื™ื ื•ืชื™ืง 
ืžื•ื˜ืขื” ื‘ืชื›ืœื™ืช, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื ื˜ื˜ืจ ื‘ื™ืจื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืงืช ื‘ืจื•ืง ื•ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื• ื˜' ืฆื‘ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฅ 
ื•"ื— ืฉืœ ืฉืื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืชื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื•ืžืงื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืช ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ืžืช ื•ืืžื™ื™ 
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื‘ื“ื•ืง ื—ื™ืช ื˜ื•ืžืขื”,, ื•ืื ืŸ ืœืคื™ ืขื’ื™ื•ืช ืจืขืชื™ื’ื•. ืฉืงืœื™ื’ืŸ ื•ืžืจื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ื” ืžื•ื‘ื ื‘ื›ืœ 
ื“ื•ื›ืชื ืขืจ ื“ืืชื‘ืจืจ ืœืŸ ื“ื ื—ื™ืจ ื•ืฆื”ื™ืจ ื•ื›ืงืฆืช ื“ื•ื›ืชื™ ื“ื’ืจ' ืœื™ ื“ื”ื™ื” ื—ืกื™ืจ ื”ื•ืกืคืชื™ ืžืจืขืชื™ 
ืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ื‘ื•ืœืชื™ ื›ืžื• ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืชื ื‘ื›ืœื™ื,,, ื”ื ื—ืชื™ ื—ืžืงื•ื ืคื ื•ื™... ื’ื ื‘ืงืฆืช ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืชื™ 
ืื™ื” ื”ื ืชืช ืœืขืฆืžื” ืžื” ืฉื’ืจ' ืœื™ ืฉื”ื™ืฃ ืงืฉื” ื‘ืœื™ื’ื™", 
1 ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืจืจืขื“ืข ืฆื• ืืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื˜ืกื™ืจืช", 1538, 18, 


9 ื›ื‘ืฐืึธืœื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฆื™ื˜, ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜, 1615 





74 ื“"ืจ 'ื™. ืฆื™ื ื’ ืขืจื  


ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืึทื–ืึท ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงื ืึทืคึผืŸ ืึทื—ืจื™ื•ืช-ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืžืฆื“ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜. 
ืขืจืฉื˜ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืงืœืึธืจืš ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื’ืจื™ื™ืคืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ื ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœืŸ ื‘ืื˜ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืงื˜, ืึทื– ื‘ึผืจืืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจื™ื™ืขืŸ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ื™ืกื ื“ื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืกื˜ืคื•ืœืขืจ ืคืึทื›ืžืึทืŸ ื•ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ืœื•ื™, 
ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ืึถื‘ึถึผืขืจ ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืจื˜: ืึธืœืก ืžื’ื™ื” ืื™ื– 
ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ืœื•ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืœื™ืคึผื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื“ืจื•ืงืข- 
ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, ื•ืืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ืง ืจื™ืก ื˜ืœืข ื›ืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžืขืจ. ืžืขืŸ ืžื•ื– 
ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื-ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืข, ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืข, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืขืงืกื™ืก- 
ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื‘ึผื™ื– ื“ื™ 90ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ื ื 15ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื”. ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื ื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืก 
ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ื•ื’ืึทืœ, ื“ืึทืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจืึทื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉ-ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ืžืœื—ืžื” ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื ื•ืจื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ืจื•ื‘ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื—ืจื•ื‘ ื ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืื™ื ื ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ 1404--1806. ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื ืฆื™ื ืึทื“ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจื™ื™ 
ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืืฒื™ืจืึธืคึผืข, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืคืขืจื˜? ืคื•ื ื˜ 16ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื”, ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ืขื 
ืฐืึทืกืกื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืฆื•ึน ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉืขืจ ืคื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ื”ื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ 
ืึท ื ื™ื™ืข ืชึผืงื•ืคื” ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ึผื•ื›ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจื™ื™. ืง ืจ ื™ืก ื˜- 
ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžืขืจ, ืก'ืจื•ื‘ ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ืื•ื™ืก ื•ื•ืขื ืขื“ื™ืง, ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืจื™ื™ื›ืข ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจื™ื™ืขืŸ {. , ืื™ืŸ ื ืœืึทื ื ืŸ ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืึธืจืŸ -- ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ 
ื“. ื›ืฐืึธืœืกืึธืŸ --- ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืจื™ื™ื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ืข ืฐืขื ืขืฆื™ืึทื ืขืจ ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ืื•ื™ืกื ืข" 
ื ืขื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืกื•ืžืขืก ื’ืขืœื˜ ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืฆื•ืฆื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืขืกื˜ืข ืžื’ื™ื”ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคึผืจืึทื›ื˜ืคื•ืœืข ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืึทื–ื ืžื“ืจื ื”, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฐื•ื ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืืฑื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ึผืŸ ื›ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืขื“-ื”ื™ื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืฆื™ืงื•ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ืฉืขืฆืขืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื™ื™ื ืกื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืžืึทืง", 


ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœืฑื™ื– 
ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ื ื•ื˜ืข ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื ืึธืจ ืฐื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื’ื•ื ื ืขืฉืขืคื˜, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ , ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืงื•ืจืฉ". 
ื–ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืœืฑื– ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื”ื•ืžืึทื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ. ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ 
ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืคืึทืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื  ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื ื™ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ึผืŸ 
ื™ืฆื—ืง ืึทืฉื›ึผื ื–ื™, ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืึทืจื‘ึผืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ 
ืฐืขื ืขืฆื™ืึทื ืขืจ ืžืึทืจืงืึธ ืึทื ื˜ืึธื ื™ื ื“ื–ืฉื•ืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืึทื ื™ 


1 ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื ืขืœืขืจื ืžืขืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืœื•ืฆืึทืžืึธ ืฐืฒื–ื˜ ืึธืŸ (,ืื ืจื•ืช ืฉื“"ืœ" 1129--. 
0, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขื ืขื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืคึผืึทืจ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ื”ืขื ื, ืฐื•ืฒืœ ื“ื™ ืฐืขื ืขืฆื™ืึทื ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ืขืฆืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผื• ืคืึทืจื‘ึฟืึทืžืŸ ืฒื“ืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ึผื•ืš". 
ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจื™ื™. 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ืฒื“ืŸ 15 


, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืœืขืจ ืคึผืึทื˜ืจืึธืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทื–ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ึผื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 

ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืคืืœืง ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืขืฆื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ื‘ึผืื”ืœื” ืฉืœ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืื•ึนืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืคืขืกื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ืจืข ื–ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜" 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืืฑื™ืคึผื˜ืจืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืึทืจื ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืื•ึนืŸ 
ื–ืขืŸ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืจ ื ื•ืฆืœืขื›ืข ื‘ึผื™ื›ืขืจ... ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ื ืชืขืฉืจ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ึผืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทื˜ืจืึธืŸ ืžื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ 
ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื•ื›ื“ื“ื•ืงืขืจื™ื™, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืš ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื—ื™ืœืฃ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ืจื™ืง ื ืึธืš 
ื ืึธื˜ืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืฆื•ึน ืงืฑื™ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข 
ืกืคืจื™ื, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ... ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืขืจ ืฆื™? ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจ ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืœื–ื›ึผื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื..." 4 


ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืกื•ื—ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืขื˜ื ื˜ ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข 
ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจื™ื™, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ืกื•ื—ืจ ืื•ื™ืก ื•ื•ืขื ืขื“ื™ืก ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื‘ึผืึธืžื‘ึผืขืจื’ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจื™ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืฉืžื˜ ืึทืœืก ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืขื - 
ืกื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื›ืกื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืึธืžื›ึผืขืจื’ ืึทืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื ื˜ ืึท ืงืึธ- 
ืœืึธืกืึธืœ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืคืึทืจืžืขื ืŸ, ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืฆื• ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื ื‘ืึทื ืจื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื™ื™ื ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืึทืจื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ, 
ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึทื›ื˜ืคื•ืœืข ื‘ึผืึธืžื‘ึผืขืจื ื™ืฉืข ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœ-ืื•ื™ืกื ืื‘ืข (ืžืงืจืื•ืช ื ื“ื•ืœื•ืช --- 
28 8:181101664) ืžื™ื ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืจืฉ"ื™, ืื‘ึผืŸ ืขื–ืจื, ืจื“"ืง ืื•ืŸ 
ืจืœื‘ึผ"ื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1217 ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื—ื“ืฉื™ื + 
ื‘ึผืึถืžื‘ึผืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื™ื™ื ื’ืขืœืึทื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืขืกื˜ืข ืคื’ื™ื”ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ 
ื ืึธืจ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ืœื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืฆื™ืข (19899) ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืึธืžื‘ึผืขืจื’ 


1 ื–ืข ืืกื“ืจ ืžื”ืจื•ืช", ืฐืขื ืขืฆื™ืึทื ืขืจ ืืฑืกื ืึทื‘2, 1546, ืจืฃ 163, ืขืž' ื‘* โ€ ,ื ื”ืชืขื“ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ 
ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ ื”ื ืขืœื” ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืงื“ืฉ ืœื“ื‘ืงื” ื‘ื• ื•ืœืื”ื‘ื” ืขื ืกื ื•ืœื” ืœื•ืžื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื—ื‘ื” 
ื™ืชื™ืจื” ื ื•ื“ืขืช ืœื• ืœื‘ื ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ืงื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื“ืœืชื•ืชื™ื” ืœื”ืงื™ื ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื” ื•ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”, ืคืงืจ 
ืขืœื™ ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ืฉื ื™ื— ืœืคื–ืจ ืžืขื•ืช ื ื”ื ื• ืœื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช., ืœื”ืฉืชื“ืœ ืœื”ื“ืคื™ื ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ 
ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช,,, ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืขืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืจื™ ื”ื ื–ื›ืจ ืœื ืฉืžื ื™ ืื“ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืชื• ื•ืžื•ืฉืœ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœืชื• ื•ืืช ืœื›ื•ื ื” 
ื‘ืขืฆื ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื”ืชืขืฉืจ ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืจื™ื•ื— ืœื‘ื™ืช ื ื›ื•ึนืชื•, ื›ึผื™ ืืก ืœื”ืชืขืกืง ืœื›ื‘ื• ื”ืฉื 
ื•ืจื•ืžืžื™ืชื• ื•ืชื•ืขืœืช ื”ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจืชื• ืืฉืจ ื—ืก ืขืœื™ื”ื ืขื™ืŸ ื—ืžืœืชื• ื•ืžื—ื˜ืช ื™ื•ืงืจ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื ื–ื•ืจืฃ 
ืื—ื•ืจ ืžืงื ื™ืชื•.,, ื•ื›ืคื™ ืชืฉื•ืงืช ื”ืขืจ ื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ ื”ื’ื•ื›ืจ ืจืง ืœื•ื›ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืขืงืจ ื›ื•ื ืชื”,.* 


2 ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึธืžื‘ึผืขืจื’ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจื™ ื–ืข: ื, ืคืจืฒืžืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ,ืฆื™ื™ืกืฉืจื™ืคื˜" 
98 ื”ืขื‘, ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœ,, ;ื, 26-32, 28--40, 88-79; ื, ื‘ึผืขืจืœื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืึทืจื‘ื™ืš โ€ ื“, ื™ื“. 
ืœื™ืกืขืจ, ื, ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึธืคื˜", ืŸ | 

8 ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึธืžื‘ึผืขืจื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจืฒ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื›ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืœืฑื‘ึผืขื ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ืขื 
ืคืฑืคึผืกื˜ ืœืขื” ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ึฐื‘ึธืœ ืคึฟืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื ืฆืขืจ 
ืชึทึผืœืžื•ืจ ื‘ึผื‘ืœื™ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ (1521--1522), 





16 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ึผืขืจื’ 


ืื™ื ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจื™ื™ 8ืœืก ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜-ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ืขืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืึท ืคืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื– 1858,. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึธืžื‘ึผืขืจื’, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคื™ื ืึทื ืกื™ืขืœืขืจ ืœืึทื ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืฐืฒื™ืœื™ืง ืฆื•ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจื™ื™. ื‘ึผืึทืœืจ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื (ืื™ืŸ 1840) 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜, ื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืกื˜ ืคืึทื•ืœื•ืฉ ื‘ืึทื’ื™ื•ืฉ 
(ืคืึทื ื™ื•ืก) ืึทื™ื™ื ื’ืขืœืึทื“ืŸ ืึทืœืก ืคืึทืจืฐืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจื™ื™, ืฐืึธืก 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ื–ื ืึท (ืื™ืŸ ืฐื™ืจื˜ืขืžื‘ึผืขืจื ). ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ืœื•ื™, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ื ืขืฉืขืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืœืขืจื•ื ื˜ืŸ ืคืึทื ื™ื•ื 1, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ืขืœืข, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1844 ื”ืึธื˜' 
ืืœื™ื”ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื™, ืคื™ืœื ืจื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืฐื•ืึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ, ื‘ึผืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงืขืจืŸ. 
| ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ึผืœื™ื ื’-ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื•ืฐืขื ืขื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ,ืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœื˜ื™ื˜ืฉืงืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™" 2. ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข, ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื ืขื“ื™ืง ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ืœื•ื™ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึธืจื™ืฉ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคื˜ื™ืงื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืึธื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื ื’ื”ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึธืžื‘ึผืขืจื ืก ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืืฑื™ืกื ืึทื‘ึผืŸ. 


ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืจื•ืฉื, ืฐืึธืก ืืœื™ื”ื• ื—ืœื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื“ื•ืจ, ื–ืึธื ื˜ ืขื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืคืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ื”, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื ืข- 
ื ื•ืฆื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ื–ืึทืฅ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืึทื– ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ื ื›ื™ื ืื™ื– 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขื ื ืขืฉื˜ื™ื’ืŸ ื ืœื™ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืžืœืขืŸ = ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื ื–ื™+ 
/ืžืชืจืขื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ึนึผื—ื•ืจ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืฅ 
ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืคื ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืกื•ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื”, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ืœืขื ื ืขืจืข 


1 ื–ืข ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืงืจืžื” ืฆื•ื ืขืชึผืฉื‘ึผื™"!; ืขื•ื‘ืืžืช ื“ืื•ื™ ื”ื•ื (ืคืึทื ื™ื) ืฉื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื• 
ื–ืงืจืื• ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืจื‘ื ื• ืžืฉื” ื‘ืŸ ืžืฒืžื•ืŸ; ืžืžืฉื” ืขืจ ืžืฉื” ืœึนื ืงื ื›ืžืฉื—, 
ื‘ืš ื™ืืžืจื• ืขืœื™ื•: ืžืคืื•ืœื•ืฉ ืขื“ ืคืื•ืœื•ืฉ ืœื ืงื ื›ืคืื•ืœื•ืฉ", 


2 ื–ืข ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืจืจืขื“ืข ืฆื•ื ;,ืžืชึผื•ืจื ืžืŸ", ืคื•ืœ' ืžื™ื ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืชึผืคื™ืžื™ืช ื–ืฒึทื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 


ืฉืœื•ื.ืคืขืจื•ืŸ ; 
ืื ื, ืืœื™, ืœื™ ื•ืœืืฉืชื™ ื”ื—ืกื“ ื ื ื”ืืžืช ื›ืŸ, 
ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื”ื™ื” ืืœืžื ื”, ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืื”ื™ื” ืืœืžืŸ! 
ื™ื—ืจ ื ืžื™ืช, ื•ื‘ื’ืŸ ืขื“ื ื•ืช ืชื•ืš ื”ื™ืงื” ืื™ืฉืŸ ืขื“ ืœื•ืžืŸ 
ื™ื‘ื•ื ื”ืงืฅ ื•ืื–ื™ ื ืงื™ืฅ ื•ืœื—ื™ื™ ืขืจ ื™ืชืจ ื ื•ืจื˜ืŸ. 


8 ื”ืœื ืื ืŸ ืžืงื™ืจ ืชื•ืขืง -- ื•ืชื”ืžื” ืœื›ืœ ืขื•ื‘ืจ -- ืขืœื™ ื–ืืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืจื”, 
ืขืœื™ ืจื‘ืŸ ืืฉืจ ื ืœืงืช -- ื•ืขืœื” ื‘ืฉื˜ื™ื ืึถืœ ื™ื” ื‘ืกืขืจื”ืŸ 
ื”ืœื ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืืฉืจ. ื”ืื™ืจ ื‘ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ืืคื™ืœืชื• ื•ืฉื ืื•ืชื• ืœืื•ืจื”, 
ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืขืก ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืฆื• ;ื›ืกืื•ืช 
ืœื‘ื™ืช ื“ื•ื“" /(1646): ,ืขื“ ืฉืœื ื™ืืžืจื• ืขื•ืš ื”ื˜ื•ืฉืœื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ืขืœื•ืชืช ื“' ืืช ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ื˜ื“ืงืจืง 
ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืกืขืจื” ื”ืฉื˜ื™ืžื” ื ืกืœ ื—ืœืงื• ืžื”ืจืงืจื•ืง ื•ื—ืœืง ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืžื•", 





1ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 121 


ืฆื•ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืงืึทืจื“ื™ื ืึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ 1 ื•ื™ืึธ, ืืžืช, -- 
ืคืึทืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ืืœื™ื—ื• ื”ืœื•ื™ --- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืฆืขืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 
ื’ื™ื™ื ืงืึทืจื“ื™ื ืึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื‘... ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ,.. ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืึถื‘ึผืขืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืึทืœืขื ื‘ึดึผื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ื ื’ืึธื˜ืกืคืึธืจื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ 
ื™ื™ื“ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคื™? ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื–ื™ื ื“. ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื’ื™ืœื˜ ื“ืึธืš 
ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ึผืœื”, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื˜ืึธืจ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื ืžื ืœื— ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข, 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคืึทืจ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ืกื ื•ืœื”. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืึถื‘ึผืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ืกื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื™ืจืŸ ืกื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ืงื“ื•ืง, ื“ื™ ื›ึผืœืœื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืจืืžืึทื˜ื™ืง?. ืื•ืŸ ืขื” 
ืคืึทืจืจื•ืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื” ืคื™ืœืข ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ , ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ" * 

,ืื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, --- ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ืึธืŸ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื—ืœื•ื™, --- ืึทื– 
ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืœืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืกืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืงื•ืžื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื˜ื•ื‘ื”; ืื™ืš 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืึทื™ื™ืš ื‘ึผื”ืŸ ืฉืœื™, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืœืข 
ืึธื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืึธืจื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ื˜ื•ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื™ืจืŸ". / | 

ืืžืช, ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ืœื•ื™ืก ื ืืขื ื˜ืคื˜ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“, ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืจื“ื™ื ืึทืœ ืขื“ื–ืฉื™ืจื™ื, 
ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืงืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื•ื”ื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ืคึฐึผืจื•ึผื•ื• 
ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผื•ื™ืคึผืกื˜ืก ื‘ืึทืคืขืœ (ื‘ึผื•ืœืข) 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึทื™ื™ื ืคื™ืจืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ืข-ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ืงืขื ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืจืึทื ืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืš ืžื•ื– ืึธื ื’ืข* 
ืžืขืจืงื˜ ื•ืขืจืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืžืึทื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ-ื˜ืขืึธืœืึธื ื™ืฉืข ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ืœื•ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ืœืขืš ืคึฟืึทืจืฆื•ื ื“ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜ ืึท ื’ืข" 
ื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืคื™ื™ื ื“ืœืขื›ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื  ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื“ื ื˜ื•ื, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืžื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืžืคืœืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจื™ืคื˜. 


1 ืฐืขื ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื ืืœื™ื”ื• ืœืขืฐื™ื˜ืึท ื ื•ืคื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ โ€ ,ืžืกื•ืจืช 
ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช": ืื•ืขืœ ื–ื— ื’ืจืœื” ืขืœื™ ื”ืฆืขืงื” ื•ืœื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื™ ืœืฆื“ืงื— ื•ืงืฆืช ื”ื•ื ื ื™ื ืื™ื’ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื 
ืœื™ ืคื ื™ื ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื ืคืฉื™ ืื•ื™, ืขืœ ืฉืœืžื“ืชื™ ืชึผื”ืจืช ืœื ื•ื™", 

5 ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื ืื™ื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง, ืคึผืึทืงืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื™ื™ืฉืึท 
ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืชึผืœื  ื“ื™ื ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืžื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ืง, 
ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื ื™ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื‘ืœื”, ืขื“ื•ืฉื™ืจื™ืึธ, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื™ ืคืึทืจื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ื•ื™ื ืข ื™ื“ื™ืœื•ืช 
ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืžืคื™ืง ืื•ื™ืกืฉืœื™ืกืœืขืš ืืœื™ื—ื• ื‘ึผื—ื•ืจ,. ืœืขืฐื™ืžืึท ื ื•ืคื ื”ืึธื ื ืึทื ืฅ ืฐืฒื ื™ืง ื’ืขื™ 
ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื‘ึผืœื— ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื ืึทืœื ืื ืึทืจื™ืฉืงืฒื˜ืŸ" ื“ืขื ื’ืœืฑื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ืœื™ืช ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืžืœืื›ื™ ื—ื›ืœื”, ,ืคื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ืžืื ืฆื• ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฐืขื ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืื™ืš ื’ืœืฑื‘ึผ ื ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืึธืœืข ื’ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช" (ื•ืงืฆืชื™ ืœื›ื•ื”ื‘ื ื›ึผื™ ืื™ื ื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื), 

8 ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืฑื, ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื‘ืŸ 
ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ (5ื˜66ื˜ืŸ 813), ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื™ืš ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืงืขื’ื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื‘ึผืœื” ืขื“ื–ืฉื™ื“ื™ืึธืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืžืึทื ืฉื˜ืึทื“ื˜ (ื–ืข ืคืึธื’ืขืœืฉื˜ืฒืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื ืขืจ, ืฆื™ื, ืฐืขืจืก, {, 92; ืคึผืขืจืœืขืก, ืฆื™ื, ืฐ, 186)- 





8/ ื“"ืจ , ืฆื™ื ื’ืขืจื‘ 


ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืึทืงื˜ื™ื• ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื˜ืฉืข ื”ื•ืžืื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, 
ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขืฐื™ื˜ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกืข ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ืื•ึนืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืขืจืขืจ, ืคืขื‘ืืกื˜ืึทืŸ 
{ืžื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืก ืื™ื™ื ืกืข ืฐื•ืขืจืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืึทื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื–ืขืœ ืื™ืŸ 1999 ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึทื˜ืฒืŸ 
ืึท ืคึผืึทืžืคืœืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื•ืขืจืง 1 ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ืึทืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื” ืื™ืŸ ืคึนืึธืจื ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ื•ื™ื›ึผื•ึนื— 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืึท ืงืจื™ืกื˜ ืื•ึนืŸ ื ,ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื ื—ืฆื•ืฃ' (ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืฆื•ืฃ). ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืก ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“, ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผื•ื™ืœื•ืฉ ืคืึทื ื™ื•ืก, ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ (ืื™ื–ื ืึท, 1842) ืฆื•ื–ืึท" 
ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืขืจ ืœืึทื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ื ืฉืฉืจืคืŸ ืคืืžืคืœืขื˜ 
ืงืขื ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืžื•ื ื”, , ืกืคืจ ืืžื ื”", ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžืฉื•ืžื“ ื ืžื™ืกื™ืึทื ืขืจ 8. 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ืึธืจ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื’ื™ื ืขืจ ืึทืจื•ืก ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืžื™ืกื™ืึธื ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื›ึผื•ื•ื ื— 
ืึท ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื—ื•ืžืฉืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืงื“ืžื”, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคื•ืœ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืœื–ื•ืœื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉืงื™ื™ื˜ 2 ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข. 
ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ื—ืœื•ื™ ืคืึทืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืึธื ืฆื•ึผื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืจืขื“ืข ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ , ืกืคืจ 
ื—ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช", ืึทื– ืึทื–ื ืงืึทื ืงืึธืจื“ืึทื ืฆื™ืข ืื™ื– ื—ื•ืฅ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง 
ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™, , ืฐืึธืก ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืคื™ืจืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืขื ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืืžื•ื ื”" * 

ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคืœืขื ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ 
ืึทืจืฑืกื˜ืฑื™ืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืึทืœืขืžื™ืฉืข ื•ื™ื›ึผื•ื—ื™ื, ื‘ึผืึทืงืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืฉื˜ืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืžืึทื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ื•ืจ, 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขืึธืœืึธื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืจื•ื™ืก ืคืึทืจืฐื•ื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ืึทื– 


1 ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฐืขืจืง ืื™ื– ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื™ืงืจ ื”ืคืฆื™ืื•ืช, ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื•ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืšืฃ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืึทึธื“ืขืจ ืึทื–ื™ืึทื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ื™, ืžืงืจ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื–ืข 
ื‘ึผื™ื™ืœืึทื ืข ื ื•ื' 2, : 

2 ื–ืข ื‘ืฒืœืึทื’ืข ื ื•ืž' 3. ืฉื˜ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒื•ื ืึธืŸ (50 ,ืฉื ,ืคืกื˜ื•ื˜ืŸ 14 .6 .866), 
ืึทื– ื ืฆืš ืžื™ื ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ืึธืจ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื˜ืขื‘ืึทืกื˜ื™ืึทืŸ ืžื™ื ื˜ื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืึทื“ืฒื˜ื . 
ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืึทืžืคืœืขื˜ ืื™ื ื ,7014 061 164 ืฐืขืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืึทืจืคึฟืึทืกืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ,ืกืคืจ ืืžื ื”" ื”ืึธื˜, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืฉื™ื™ื ื, ืคืึทื ื™ื•ื ื’ื•ืคื ืื•ืฑืš ื ื™ื ื’ืขืจื•ืกื˜, 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ื ื ื ื•ืš ืื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’: ืงืื ื™ ื”ืžืขืชื™ืง ื—ืงื˜ืŸ 
ื•ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืžื—ืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื–ื”, ืฉืื ื™ืžืฆื ื ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื“ื™ื ื ื™ ืœื›ืฃ ื•ื›ื•ืช 
ื›ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฆืืชื™ ื”ืขืชืงืชื™", ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฉืขืจื”, ืึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืคื•ื ื ืงืกืคืจ ืืžื ื”" ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืคึผืึทื•ืœ ื‘ืึธื ืคึผื•ืึท ({{ืกื•ืกืžืžืกื ื•ืฉื’ืก), ืึท ืžืฉื•ืžื“, ืฐืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ 
ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืคื•ื ื 15ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื” -- ื–ืข ื‘ืฒ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื™ืจืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 8ืกื˜ื•ื˜{ 244068 .6 ืกื˜ื˜ืกื, ืขื• 08 

8 ื–ืข ืž. ื•ื™ื™ื ืจื™ื™ืš, ,ืฉื˜ืึทืคึผืœืขืŸ", 109--102, | 

4 , ื˜ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื•ื” ืกื•ื‘ ืœืกืคืจ ื ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื•ืขื™ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ืชื•ื›ืช ืขื ื”ืžืชื ื’ื“ื™ื 
ืืœื™ื ื• ื›ืื‘ื•ื ื”, ื•ื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืื•ืคื ื™ื: ื”ืื—ื“ ืฉื”ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ืชื•ื•ื›ื— ืขืžื ื• ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืจืื™ื” ื›ืŸ 
ื”ืคืกื•ืงื™ื,,, ื•ืžื™ ืฉื™ืจื’ื™ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื” ื™ื“ืข ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืŸ ื’ื ื”ื•ื. ื•ื”ืื•ืืŸ 
ื”ืฉื ื™ ื™ื“ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ื›ึผื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฐื•ื™ื›ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื ื ื• ื•ื‘ื™ื ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ืช ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื 
ืื• ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืขืœ ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื ืœื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื•ื›ื• ืืค" 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 20 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ืคืึทืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื ื‘ึผื›ึผื‘ื•ึนื“ื™ืงืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื‘ื”ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขืš-ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืข ืึธื  
ืฉื•ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืขืฉื˜ืึทืจืงื˜ ื“ืขื ืžื™ืกื™ืึทื ืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ึผืจืขืŸ. ื–ื™ 
ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ืข ืฐื™ื›ึผื•ื—ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืœืขืจ.ื˜ืข, ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืื•ืชื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืคืชื™ื, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ,, ื—ื›ืžืช ื—ื ืกืชืจ'' ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืžืกื›ึผื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ึผืฒ 
ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืœืขืจืข. ืึท ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืฉ ื‘ึผื™ืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฐื™ื›ึผื•ื—ื™ื ื’ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ื˜ืืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ ืงืืจ? ื‘ืึทื•ื•ื™ืœื•ื (800009 6810105) ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืึทืจื“ืขื“ืข ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ,11410ืช111 6 /'ืชึทืกื•ึนื’1ื" (1519), ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ 
ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจืฒื™ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืœืขืžื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผื•ืคึผื˜ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผื™ืžืขื“ื™ืง ื‘ึผืึธื ืขื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืœืึทื˜ืขืก (ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ึผืŸ. ืขืžื ื•ื?) 1, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงื•ื ื”-ืฉื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื ืขื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืึทืกื˜ืจืึทื ืึธืžื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื’ืœืขื‘ืงื™ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขืจืŸ ืžืึทืžืขื ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืึทื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื˜'ืื™ื– ืคึผืœืึทื ืขื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ 5 

ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜. ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ืคืึทืœื ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืจื˜: ื˜ืึทืงืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืฃ 
ื–ืขืœื’ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืืฒื’ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืกืข ื˜ืขืึธืœืึธื ื™ืฉืข 
ืฐื•ื™ื›ึผื•ื—ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื˜ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทื ื™ื•ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืžื™ืกื™ืึทื ืขืจื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง 
ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ื™ื—ื™ืื ,ืชื•ืจื” ืื•ืจ"?, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ืคืึทืจืคืึทื˜ืขืจ ืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืžืฆื•ื“ืขืงืŸ ื“ืขื , ืžืื•ืจ ืฉื‘ึผืชื•ืจื”" ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื" 
ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœื˜. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื‘ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉื˜ืึทืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื—ืฉื•ื‘ืขืจ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข, ืฐืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ื ืคืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืจืึธืœืข ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืจ- 
ื˜ื•ื ืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืข. ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื˜ 11ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื— ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ืกืึทื‘ืึธืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืžื•ืŸ ื“ื™ , ื‘ึผื ื™ ื™ื—ื™ื'' --- ื“ื•ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ึนึผืŸ ื™ืขื™ืฉ, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื”ืŸ 
ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืจ" 
ื˜ื•ื’ืึทืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืœืš ืึทืœืคืึทื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืคื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทื ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืขืจื " 
ืฉื™ื˜ืœ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืœื“ื™ืฉืงื™ื™ื +. ื“ืขื ื‘ืขืœ ,ืชึผื•ืจื— ืื•ืจื" ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข, ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ึผืŸ 


1 ื‘ืึธื ื›ื ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืฑืคืกื ืœืขืฐ ื“ืขื ืฆืขื ืกืŸ, ืฐืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ืคื•ื— ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืจื™ื™ื›ืœื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืžื™ื ื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืฒื›ืœื™ืŸ 
ืงื•ืจืžื™ื›ืœ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืขื ื“ื ืฆื• ื‘ืึธื ืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืงืฉื”, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ืคืึทืจืžืฒื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืŸ 
ืคึผื•ื™ืคืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืงืข ื‘ืึธื ืขื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื ืžืขืŸ ืขื ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืขืงืฉื ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืึทืžืฃ 


ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื™ื™ื›ืœื™ื’ืก ื ืฆื—ื•ืŸ (ื–ืข ื’ื•ืฉืžืึทืŸ, /ื˜ืึธื ืึทื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜", 1899, 258--123 


ืคืขื’ืขืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื, ืจื™ื’ืขืจ, ืฆื™ื˜. ืฐ,, 83-81), 

2 ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจืคื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึธื ืขื ื‘ืึทืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื ืฐืขืจืง ,ืก/ืžืกืชืกื–ื•25 !ื•ื˜ืชื—ื 06"ื• 
(ืจื•ื™ื˜, 1493), ื•ื•ืึธืกื ื™ืขืงื‘ึฟ ืคืึทื‘ืขืจ (812400160809 ื–896? ืคื˜ื˜ืกืกื’ืŸ) ื”ืึธื ืขื ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ 1500 (ื’ื•ื˜ืžืึทืŸ, ,ืžืึธื ืึทื˜ืฉืจื™ืžื", 1899, 260). 

8 ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื˜ื•ืฃ 1527, ื’ืขืจืจื•ืงื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึธืœืึธื ื™ืึท ืื™ืŸ 1528, 

4 ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืฉืœืฉืœืช ื—ื™ื•ื—ืกื™ืŸ ื ึดื™ื ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืจืขื“ืข ืฆื• ื–ืฒืŸ 
ืคื”ื•ืจื— ืื•ืจ", ื–ืข ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื ืก ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ืฐืขืจืง ืคืฉืœืฉืœืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื”", 





0 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ื“ื•ื“, ืึท ื—ืฉื•ื‘ืขืจ ื›ึผ59-ื˜ื•ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ืกืึทื‘ึผืึทืŸ, ืื™ื– ืืœืค 70ื™ืืจื™ืงืขืจ ื–ืงืŸ ืึทื ื˜- 
ืœืึธืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1494 ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื•ื’ืึทืœ ืื•ื™ืก ืคึทึผื—ื“ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฐืึทื ื’ื™ืฉืžื“-ื ื–ื™ืจื”, 
ืฐืึธืก ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ื•ื’ืึทืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืœืš ื™ืึธื”ืึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ. 
ื ืึธืš ืœืึทื ื’ืข ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืœืึทื ื’ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทืกื˜ื™ืœื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืžืฉืœื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึทื˜ืฑืœื™ืฉ-ืคืจื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืขืจื“ื™ื ืึทื ื“, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืชึผื•ืคืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืฉื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื”ื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคืึทืจืžืฉืคึผื˜. ืึทื“ืึทื ืง. 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจืฆืึธื’ ืึทืœืฐืึทืจืขืก ืื•ื™ืก ื‘ึผืจืึทื’ืึทื ืฅ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืคืจืฒื™ื˜ 
ื ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืœืฑื‘ึผืขื ื™ืฉ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ืงืึทืกื˜ื™ืœื™ืข. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืฉืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื• ืฆื• ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ: ื‘ึผืขืช ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธืœื˜ ืึทืจืฒื ืคึผืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ื–ื, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข ื’ืขืคืึทื ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืจืึทื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืข 
ื—ื™ื™ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืจืึธื“ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื ื‘ึผืึทืœืึทื’ืขืจื˜. ืคืึทืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ื™ืก- 
ืœื™ื™ื–ื“ื’ืขืœื˜ ื”ื ื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืคืจื™ื™ื’ืขืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืข- 
ืจืึทืจื. ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืฆืจื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืึทืœึฐืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจ- 
ืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜. ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื‘ึผืึทืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื’ื™ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืžืึทืจืึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืœืฑื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงืขืจืŸ; ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืขืคืขื ื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืึทื™ื™ื ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื’ืขืคึผื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜. ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืŸ ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืข ืžื˜ื‘ึผืขื•ืช ื‘ึผืึทืคืจื™ื™ื˜ 
ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ; ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืžืึทื˜ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคึผืฒื ื™ืงื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืœืจ ื ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ึผืŸ 1. 

ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ , ืคึผื•ืจื” ืื•ืจ" ื’ื•ืคื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื‘ึผื•ื™ืš ื ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืึทืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืจืึทื˜ืขืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ืขื ืฐื•ื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ. ืื™ืŸ 1404 ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ 
ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืฐืึทื ื’ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืžืขื ืœืขื›ืข ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ืœืึธืคึผืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ืœื™ืกืึท- 
ื‘ึผืึธืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ื–ืึท, ื‘ึผืขืช ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืึทื”ื•ืžื ืขืจื™ื ื’ืœื˜ ืคื•ื ื ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืฉืฐืึทื ื’ืขืจืข 
ืคึผืจื•ื™, ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืจืึทื˜ืขืฐืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึทืกืขื ืข ืคืึทืœื“ืึทื˜ืŸ, ืึทืจืึธืคึผื’ืข- 
ืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื”ื•ื™ื›ืŸ ื˜ื•ืจืขื, ื ืึธืจ ืขืœื™ืคึผื™ ื ืก ื’ืขื‘ึผืœื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืึท- 
ืฉืขื“ื™ืงื˜. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืœืึธืจืขื ืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคึผืึทืจ ืžืึทื ืึทื˜ 
ืึธืจื•ื ื“ืขื ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธืจืŸ. ,ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ --- ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ ,ืชึผื•ืจื” ืื•ืจ" --- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ" *. ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ื˜ืจืึทื ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื‘ึผืขืŸ- 

1 ื’ืจืขืฆื ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’, ืึทื– ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ึนึผืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฑืกื’ืขื—ืึทืœื˜ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืขื™ื ื•ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืขืคึผืขื ื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ื’ืขืฉืžืึธืจื‘ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื›ืžื™ืง, ื–ืข ื“ืจื™ ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืฆื• ,ืชื•ืจื” ืื•ืจ", 

? ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืขืงืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฐืึทื ื’ืขืจืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืฉืขื“ืœืขืš ื’ืขืฐื™ืจืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืจ ืงื™ื ื“, ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ืื™ื• ืคืœ ื™ืžื™ื• ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฉืฐืึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืงืจืขื ืง* 
ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืคืึธืจื‘ึผืŸ ืฆื• 45 ื™ืึธืจ (ืื™ืŸ 1529), 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜;ืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 81 


ืœืขื‘ึผื•ื ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืฐืขืœื˜ื™ื‘ึผืึทื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื‘ืขืœ , ืžื•ืจื” ืื•ืจ". ืคึฟืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึทื˜ืกืคืึธืจื›ื˜ื™ืง ื˜ืจืขื ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ืฉืฒื™ื“ืŸ 
ืึทืจื•ื™ืก ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืžื‘"ื ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื™ืขื ืขืจ , ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืคืึทืŸ" 
ืคื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึฟื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช" (ื ืชืคืชื” ืื—ืจื™ ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช 
ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื) ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืึทื–ืึท , ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ืคืึทืœืฉืขืจ" ืžืกืงื ื, ืึทื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื”ืฉืืจืช 
ื”ื ืคืฉ ืงืึธืŸ ื”ืึธืคืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืœืึทื–ืึธืคื™ืฉ ื’ืขื‘ื™ืœื“ืขื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื•ืจืš 
ืคื™ืœืึทื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืขืจ ื—ืงื™ืจื”, ื“ื•ืจืš ืฉืึทืจืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื‘ื™ืœื“ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื›ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื‘ึผ- 
ืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืข ื‘ึผืึทื’ืจื™ืคืŸ, ืฉืึทืคื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืึท ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึทื ื“ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื”ืฉื ื—ื”. ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืก, ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืื– ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืจืžื’ "ืžื˜ ื“ืขื” ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืฉืืจืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื’ืขื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ ื‘ืœื™ื– ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ืกื ื•ืœื”, 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืจื•ื‘ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ (ื›ึผืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื”ืžื•ืŸ), ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื™ื“ื ื“ื™ืง 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ -- ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืœืข ื•ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืžืขืงื˜ ืคื•ื ื ืกืคืจ 
ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืคืจื•ื ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ ื˜ืจื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ื ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื’ืขื‘ืึธื˜ืŸ 1 ืื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ื“ื™ 
ื ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืึทืคึผื™ืงื•ืจืกื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื›ึผืคื™ืจื”. ืขืจ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื‘ึผืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™ืžื” ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืžืืžืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื—ื–"?, ืึทื• ,2 ? ื™ืฉืจื? ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื—ืœืง ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื". ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืขืกื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื ื˜, ืึทื– ,ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ื™ืขื™ืงืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืชื•ืจื” ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืจ ืœืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื"?, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ื‘ึทึผื™ืึทืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ืื•ืŸ ืชึผื—ื™ื™ืช 
ื”ืžืชื™ื ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ 
,ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืฆื• ืคึฟืึทืจื ื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึฟืึธืœึถืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคืึทืจ ืึทืœืข ื“ื™ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืข ืคื™ื™ื“ืŸ, 
ืฆืจื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ืžื ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืฉื˜ื- 
ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืœื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ" 5 

ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืจื˜: ืื›ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื, ื‘ืขืช ืขืจ 
ืคึผืึธืœืขืžื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืจืžื‘ึผ"ื, ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื ืึทื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืขืœ 
,ื—ื›ึผื•ื–ืจื™", ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ืœื•ื™. ืกื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืง (ืงืึทืคึผ. ืก) ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืœื•ื™ ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ื’ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐืึธื˜ - 
ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืจื™ื™ืŸื’ืึทืฆื™ืึทื ืึทืœืŸ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืืžื•ื ื—, ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื• ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืช ืงืึธืŸ ืึทื ื˜- 
ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืžืึธืจืึทืœื™ืฉืข ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฐืฒื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœืขืจ ืžืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืขืจืฆื™ื•ื ื ืก-ืงืจืึทืคื˜ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ื–ืขื›ืœืขืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืง, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ 
ื ืึธืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืชื•ืจืช ืžืฉื” ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื ืื ื’ืขืŸ 


1 ,ืชึผื•ืจื” ืื•ืจ", ื“ืฃ 5 ืขืž' ื' (ืžื™ืจ ืฆื™ืžื™ืจืŸ ืœื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืืฑืกื ืึทื‘ึผืข ืคื•ืŸ 1538), 

2 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, }, ืขืก' ื'; ,ืขื™ืงืจ ืฉืจืฉื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืืœื”ื™ืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืื•ืฉืจ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ", 

8 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืงืึทืคึผ' 41, ื•ืข ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืงืึทืคึนึผื™ 78: ;ื‘ื™ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื” ื•ืชื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื 
ืฉืจืฆื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ืœื•ื›ื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืฉืจ ืžืชื•ึน ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช ื ืื ื—ื™ื ื•ื ืื ืงื™ื ื•ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื• 
ืžืขื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืจื•ื“ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืžื•, 


)6( 





82 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจ ืฆื•ึน ื“ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืจืงื˜ ืื•ืžืื•ื™ืคื”ืขืจืœืขืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื ืึทื ืฅ ืœืึทื ื’ืขืจ ืกื™ื™ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจืฆื•ื™ื ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืึธืจืึทืœื™ืฉ ื ืขืคื™? ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ืึธื˜ ืึทื“ืึทื ืง ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ื“ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงื˜ืขืจ 
ืžืคื•ืจื”, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ืจื•ืฉืช ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจ ืฆื• ื“ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก ,ืื•ื™ืกื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ืข" ืคึฟืึธืœืง, 
ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืง ืคื•ืŸ , ืืชึผื” ื‘ึผื—ืจืชึผื ื•". ื—ืœื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืึทื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื•ื•ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ,, ื‘ึผืึทื”ืขืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืื•ื ื–'' (ื”ื ืœื•ื” ืืœื™ื ื•), 
ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืึธืš ,ื ื™ื˜ ื ืœื™ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื–" (ืืš ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื— ืขืžื ื•). ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืง 
ื‘ึผืึทืงื•ืžื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื—ื™ืืŸ ืึทืŸ ืืžืช ืงืึธืกืžื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึทืจื ืขื. ,ื™ืฉืจื? ื”ื ืžื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื•" --- ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืง, ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืื ืฅ 
ื–ืขืœื‘ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืงืึทื˜ืขื’ืึธืจื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืขืœื˜ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทืคืŸ !. , ื–ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืžื“ืจื ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ 
ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทืคืŸ, ืœืขืจื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ,ืชื•ืจื” ืื•ืจ": ื“ื™ ืžื“ืจื’ื” 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืœืึธื›ื™ื, ืคื•ืŸ ื ืœื’ืœื™ื, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึธืœืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ืช, 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืžื—ื™ื (ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืงืคืŸ) ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืžืžื™ื (ืžื™ื ืขืจืึทืœืŸ)" * ,ื“ืึธืก ืคึนืึถืœึธืง 
ื™ืฉืจื? ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื”ื™ื™ื˜" (ื”ืกื’ื•ืœื— ืžื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื),. ื“ืขื 
ืจืžื‘ึผืž''ืก ืœืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจืช ื”ื ืคืฉ, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ , ืชื•ืจื” ืื•ืจ, ืื™ืŸ 
ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฆื• ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืื•ืžื•ืช, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื’ืขืžื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื " 
ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจื“-ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื“ืขื โ€ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืคึผื•ืขืœ'; ื“ืึธืก ืžืึธืœืง 
ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืกืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขืจ 
ื‘ึผื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ื•ื’ืขืฆืžื• 2 ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืข ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื ืฉืžื” ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื–ืŸ ืœืฑื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ืžื”ื•ืช ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืจืขื ,, ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ 
ื›ึผืกื ื”ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“" โ€ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื›? ื”ืคึผื•ืขืœ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ึผื™ืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึธืœืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ืชึผื•ืจื” ื’ื•ืคื (ื›ื™ ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื•ืจื—) 5. 


ืื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืื™ื ื ืคื•ืœืŸ ืงืขื’ื ื–ืืฅ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืžื™ืกื™ืึธื ืขืจื™ืฉ 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืข ื”ื•ืžืึทื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื–ืขืœื™ื˜ื™ื–ื.. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง ื‘ึผืึทื ืฒืกื˜ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ื ื ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง, ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืฉื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผื™ืงืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ ืคืœื™ื ? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืžื•ื ื”, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžืจืขืžื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื ื™ื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ, ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ; ืงืึทืคึผื™ 11, 
5 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืงืึทืคึผ' 37, 
5 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืงืึทืคึผื™ 16, 17, 42, 
4 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืงืึทืคึผ' 62, 
5 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืงืึทื˜ึผ' 33, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืฉืขืจืืกื•ืจ ืคึฟื™ื™ ืฐืฑืŸ 83 
ื•ึฐ 


ืฉื–ื•ึนื™ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืขื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืจ ืžื—ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืขืžืคึฟืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ืกื™ื™ื˜, ืกื™ื ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื˜ืก ืื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืึทืฉืึทื ืงืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื ืฉืžื— ืื“ืึทื ืง ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทื›- 
ื”ื™ืกื˜ืืจื™ืฉืขืจ, ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืง-ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœื˜ื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืช 4 | 

ื“ืขืจ ,ืชึผื•ืจื” ืื•ืจ" ืื™ ืฉื ื‘ึผืœื”ื• ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™? ืคื•ืŸ ืื‘ืŸ 
ื™ื—ื™ืืก ืคึฟืึทืจื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืจื™ื–ืšื•ื•ืขืจืง. ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ: โ€ ,ื“ืฃ" 
ื—ื™ื™ื'' -- ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ึผืฉื˜ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ , ื ืจ ืžืฆื•ื”'' -- ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื•ื“ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื˜ืึทืจื‘ึผืึธืจื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืคื•ึนืŸ ืชื•ืจืช ืžืฉื” ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข 
ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข, ื•ื™ ืกื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืจืงื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืจืขืืงืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืฆื• ืจื•ื“ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืกืคืจื™ื, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื—ื™ืื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืึท- 
ืขืœ ืคื•ื’ื ืฆืขื ื–ืึธืจ ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ , ืฉืขื“ืœืขื›ืขืจ" ืžืขื ื“ืขื ืฅ 6 
ื™ื™ ืื‘ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ืืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืึดื‘ึถึผืขืจ ืฐืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืืœื™ืข ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ื™ ืึทืจืฑืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ; ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืžืชืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืื ื™ื–ื ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืกื˜ ื–ื™ืšืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื,. ืฐืึธืก ื‘ึทึผืฉืขืช ื“ื™ ืจืขืœื ื™ืขื–ืข 
ื•ื•ื™ื›ึผื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆื“ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืื•ืžื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ืจืึธืคื˜ ืึทืจืฑื™ืกื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง ืงืขื’ื™ 
ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืฉื˜ื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื™ืจืš, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื•ื™ื›ื‘ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื, ื•ืืก ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ืœื•ื™ืก 
ืึทืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืค|"ื“ื•ืจ, ืื‘ืจื—ื ื‘ึผืŸ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืคืืจื™ืฆื•? (ืคืืจื™ืกืึธืœ). ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงืึทืคึฟื™ื˜, 


1 ื“ืึธืจืžืŸ ืงืึทื˜' 62, 
2 ื–ืข ืคึฟืึธืจืจืขืจืข ืฆื•ื ืคืชื•ืจื” ืื•ืจ", ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื‘ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ืื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืฆื• ื‘ึผื™ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืฃ 
ื–ืข ืคืจืžื•ืœื™, ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืœึฐื‘ื ื™ ื™ื—ื™ื", 22-549, 

5 ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื ื–ื™ืŸ ืฐืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ืืฉืœืฉืœืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื—', ืขืจืฉื ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืœืึทื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืฆืœืืœ ืจืึธื˜ืข ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืจืฒืฉื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืคึธื•ืŸ ืื‘ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ืืก ,ื“ืจืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื" ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ื’ื”ืขื ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืึธืคึผืฉื™ื™ืคื˜ ืคื•ื ื˜ ื‘ืขืœ {ืฉืœืฉืœืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื”' (ื•ืข ืืงืจื™ืช ืกืžืคืจ", | 1927, 
236ื™240), 








ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ 


ื“ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทืจืงื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขื ืฆื• ืงืึธืกืžืึธื ืจืึทืคื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจืฒื‘ึผื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื ืฒื™ืึทื ืกื“ืขืงื˜ืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, -- ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืคึฟืึทืจื™ืฆื•ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,ืื ืจืช ืืจื—ื•ืช 
ืขื•ืœื", -- ื™ืกืฃ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจืฒื‘ึผื•ื ื’ ื“ืึธืก ,ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ื“ื™ืข', -- 
ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคื‘ึผืœื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข-ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจืฒื‘ึผื•ื ื’ ืึทืœืก ืคึผื•ืขืœืฒื•ืฆื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจืฑืกืŸ 
ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ. ืื•ื™ืก ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืข. -- ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ื–ืคื•ืชื ืึทืœืก ืึทืกืžืจืึธื ืึธืืก ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข. 
ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึฟืขืจ. -- ื“ื™ ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข ืื‘ืŸ ืฐืขืจื’ืึท ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒื™ืขืจ ืืฉื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”". -- ืฉืžื•ืืœ 
ืื•ืกืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืขืžืข, -- ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืึทืœืก ื›ืœืœื™ื˜ื•ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื‚ื™ื›ื˜ืข.ืฉืจืฒ. 
ื‘ึผืขืจ; ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื™ืžื™ื" ืื•ืŸ ืืขืžืง ื”ื‘ึผื›ื", -- ืืœื™ื—ื• ืงืึทืคึผืกืึทืœื™ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ 
,ื“ื‘ื™ ืืœื™ื—ื•"; ืงืึทืคึผืกืึทืœื™ ืึทืœืก ืกื˜ื™ืœื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ืฉืขืจ. -- ื’ื“ืœื™ื” ืื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,ืฉืœืฉืœืช ื”ืงื ืœื”", -- ืื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื—ื™ืืก ืฐืขืจืง ืึทืœื ืฐื™ื›ืฉื™ืงืขืจ ืžืงื•ืจ 
ืคืึทืจืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึฟืึธืœืงืœืึธืจ, -- ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืฆื• ืึทืจื›ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืขืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืžึถืฉึทื‚ืขืจ. 
ืืจื™ื” ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,ืฉืœืžื™ ื”ื’ื‘ึผื•ืจื™ื", 


ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ึผืŸ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืคืืจื™ืฆื•ืœ, ืึท ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก ืึทืฐื™ื ื™ืึธืŸ (ื ืขื‘ึผืึธืจืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ 1481), ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœืก ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืกื™ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจืžืืŸ ื ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืžืึทื ื˜ื•ื, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ืกื™ื˜ ืžื™ืกืจ ืœื™ืื•ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื ืคึผืึธืจ ื™ืึธืจ 
ืึทืจื•ื ื‘ืึทื–ืขืฆื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขืจืึทืจื; ื”ืึทื‘ึผื ื“ื™ืง ืึท ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืœ, ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ืขืจ ื—ื–ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ : ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื” 1. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ืื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ 
ื—ื–ืŸ ืึทื“ืึทื ืง ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืœื–ืฒื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืคืขืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ื ื ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ืขืจ" 
ืฆืึทื ืœืขื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืจืงืึทืœืข ื“'ืขืกื˜ืข. ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ืกื ื‘ึผืึทื’ื™ืจื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ืขื " 
ืงืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืขืจืฆืึธื  ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ืคืžื™ืจืŸ ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ืกื - 
ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืคืึทืจื™ืฆื•?, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืจื•ื™ืก ืคืึทืจื ื’ืขื ื™ื ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืจืขืœื™ื ื™ืขื–ืข 
ืฐื™ื›ึผื•ื—ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืคืœืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื•ื•ืขื–ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืึธื ืึทื›ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทื˜ื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืข ืึธืจื“ื ืก. ,ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉ ืคื•ื ื ื”ืึทืจ, ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจืฆืึธื’ ืขืจ- 
ืงืึทืœืข, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ึผืจื™ื“ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืคืึทืจื™ืฆื•ืœ, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืคื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธื ื•ื•ืขื–ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜. ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืข ืฐื™ื›ึผื•ื—ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ 
ืงืจื™ืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข: ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธืžื™ื ื™ืงืึทื ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืึธื ืึทืš ืœื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืก 
ืฐืึทืœืขื ืกื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืžื ืึธืจื™ื˜ ืžืึทืœืขืคึผื™ื ื˜ืึท (ื”ืื” ืžืืœืžื™ื ื˜ื ืžื›ืช 


31 ื•ืข ืืื ืจื•ืช ืฉืฑ'ืœ", 424, 
84 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ืจืŸ 85 


ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื)". ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืฆืึธื  ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืคืึทืจืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ 
ืฐื™ื›ึผื•ื—ื™ื, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจื™ืฆื•ืœืŸ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื‘ืึทืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื" 
ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื™ื›ึผื•ื— ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉ ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉ, ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื“ ืฉื›ึผื ื’ื“ ื–ืึธืœ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ, 
ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜-ืคืึธืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื™ืฆื•ืœืก ืคึผืึทืœืขืžื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืขืจืฅ 
ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื™ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ืจืขื ืข 
ื ืขืžืขืŸ. , ืžื’ืŸ ืึทื‘ืจื”ื? ืื•ืŸ ,ื•ื›ึผื•ึนื— ื”ื“ืช". ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ืคื™? ืžืขืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžืฉืขืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ืข ืจืืฉื™ ืคึผืจืงื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 74 ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืš, ืื•ื™ืก 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ืฒื˜ 1 ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืงืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ื’ื•ืคื 2, ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจื™ืฆื•ืœืก , ืžื’ืŸ 
ืื‘ืจื”ื" ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง ืึทืจื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœ. ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื‘ ืคืึทืจื™ืฆื•ืœืก ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืึธืœืขืžื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, 
ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ื‘ึทึผื™ื™ ืจ' ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ึนึผืจ ืฆืžื— ื“ื•ืจืืŸ. 


ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืึถื‘ึผืขืจ ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืคืึทืจื™ืฆื•ืœ ืึทืจื•ืฑื™ืก ืึทืœืก ืืžืชืขืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขื ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืฐื•ืขืจืง, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืงื•ื ื”-"ืฉื ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืคืืจื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืจืึทืฉื ื“ื™ืงืข ืึทื ื˜ื“ืขืงื•ื ื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื™ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ื ืื•ื ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืงืึธืœื•ืžื‘ึผื•ื ื”ืึธื ืึท ื ื™ื™ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜; ืžื•ื˜ื™ืงืข ื™ื-ืจื™ื™ื–ื ืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ 
ื˜ืจื•ืžื’ืขื‘ึผื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ืžื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืข ื‘ึผืจืขื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืคืจื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื ืข- 
ืœื™ื™ื’ื ืึท ื ื™ื™ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืข. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ื™ืœื“ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื™ืฆื•? ืื™ืŸ 
ื˜ืึทืงืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข, ืฐืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืคืึทืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืง ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืฉืึทืฆืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืกืžืึธื ืจืึทืคื™ืข, 
,ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื˜ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ืฉืจื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืคืึทืจื™ืฆื•ึน?, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข-ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ- 
ืจืึทืžืึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช, ืจืขื›ืŸ ืื™ืš, ืึทื– 
ืค'ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคื™ืœ ื ื•ืฆืœืขื›ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ึผืึทืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืข- 
ืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 
ืงืึทืกืžืึธื’ืจืึทืคึผื™ืข. ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขืœ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืื‘ืข ื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืžืขื’ื ืœืขื›ืกื˜ 
ื’ืขื ื•ื™ืข ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฒื™ื’ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืฒื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืงืœื™ืžืึทื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื; ื›'ื•ื•ืขืœ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจืฒื‘ึผืŸ ืึทืœืขืจืœื™ื™ ื˜ื™ื™ื›ืŸ, 
ื‘ึผืขืจื’ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืขืจ, ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ื ืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ, ื“ื™ 
ืึธืงืึธืจืฉื˜ ืึทื ื˜ื“ืขืงื˜ืข ื ื™ื™ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜" 5 
ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืขืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจื™ืฆื•ืœ ืึทื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1824 ื–ื™ื™ืŸ , ืื’ืจืช ืืจื—ื•ืช 


1 ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ, ืงืึทื˜ืึทืœืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืขืจืœื™ื ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคื˜ืŸ, 1878, 109--110, 
3 ื–ืข ืงื™ืจื›ื”ื™ื™ื ืื™ืŸ {ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจื’ืœืึทื˜ ื“. ืึธืจื™ืขื ื˜ืก', |ืฉ, 1 . 


3 ื–ืข ื“ื™ ื”ืกื“ืžื” ืฆื™ {ืื’ืจืช ืืจื—ื•ืช ืขื•ืœื", 





28 | ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ึผืขืจื’ 


ืขื•ืœื", ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ืคื™? ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื’ืขืจื ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 1 ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืžืึทืก ื”ื™ื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืึทื˜ืฒืŸ (1691) ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 1180481058 
/6ืชื˜)ืช 4/ืกื/6ืŸ". ืคืืจื™ืฆื•? ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ืฆื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืขืจืก ื”ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืœ" 
ื˜ืขืจืข ืงื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื”ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ืข ืึทืจื‘ึผืขื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ื ืึธ, ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืึทืžืึธืก ืื•ึนืŸ | 
ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข; ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขื˜ืึทื ื˜ืกื˜ืข ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืคืึทืจื™ืฆื•ืœื ืื•ื™ืคื˜ื•, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผ? ื’ื•ืคื ืึทืœืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืงื•ื•ืขืœืข ืคืึทืจ 
ืงืึธืกืžืึธื ืจืึทืคื™ืข. ื“ืึธืจื˜, ื•ื•ื• ื’ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœื™ื, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉ- 
ื ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืข ืจืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื ืขื–ืขืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืข ืึทืœืขื ืึธืจื™ืขืก: ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจื™ืฆื•ืœืก ื ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืึธืจืขืจ ืฉื›ืœ * ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ 
ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืขืจื“ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทื ืงืจืขื˜ืข. ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื“ืขื ื’ืšืขื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืจืืฉื™ืช, ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืคืึทืจื™ืฆื•? ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืžืœืขืŸ ื ึนืึธืจ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขื“ื“ *?, ืื•ืŸ. ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืžืขืจืขืจืข ืžืึธืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ? ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืชึผื•ืจื” 
ืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื’ืขืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื, ืึธื ืฆ 
ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคืขืกื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืข ื’ืจืขื ืขืฆืŸ +* 


, ,ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื’ืื ืฅ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจื™ืฆื•ืœ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื˜ื•ืœ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ 
ืขืคืžื™ื“ื”ืืจืฆื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžื ื•ืฉืžื“ื™ืงืข ืงื ืึธื‘ืœื™ืคืจืขืกืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ึผืื™ืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื 
ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ" 5 


ืคืึทืจื™ืฆื•? ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื“ืขื˜ ื ื™ื™ืขื ื•ื•ืขื  ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืข, ืฐืข?ื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ื•ื ืขื–ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ โ€ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืงืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™-ืึทื ื˜ื“ืขืงื˜ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขืœื˜. ืื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึทืงืึธืจืฉื˜ ืึทื ื˜ื“ืขืงื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืึทื ื˜ืจืขืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืงืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืจื™ืฆื•ืœืก ื ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขืจ 
ื‘ึผืŸื“ื“ื•ืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ืคื•ืœืขืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ึนึผืŸ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื”ื›ึผื”ืŸ. 

ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ื•ื™ ืคืึทืจื™ืฆื•? ื”ืึธื˜ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื›ึผื”ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง 
ืึธื ืฐื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืกืžืึธื ืจืึทืคื™ืข 
/ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1888 ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึฐืฉ ื™ืึทื”ืึทืŸ 
1 ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื ื•ืฆื ืžื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืึธืงืกืคืึธืจื“ืขืจ ืืฑืกื ืึทื‘ึผืข ืคื•ืŸ 1691. 
| 9 ืคืึทืจื™ืฆื•? ื ื•ืคื ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™: ืืžืงืคื ื™ ืืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ื‘ืœื™ื ืื ื™" -- ืื™ืš ื’ืœืฑื‘ึผ 
ื ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึทืจื™ืฉืงืฒื˜ืŸ. 

2 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืงืึทืคึผื™ 30, | 

4 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืงืึทืคึผ' 210 ืขื•ื ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ืžืžืฉ ื ื”ื ื” ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืœื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื 
ื‘ืืžืช". 

5 ืคืึทืจื™ืฆื•ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืขืฆื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึทื˜ืฒื ื™ืฉ ืืฑืฃ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืฉ ืืฒื ื™ืงืœ ืฐืขืจืง 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืจืคื™ืจื™ื•ืก ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืึท ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืชึผื•ืจื” (,9ืจื”ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืฉื ื™ื"), 
ืึดื™ื•ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืงื”ืœืช, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืžื•ืฃ ื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 87 


ื‘ึผืขืžืก ื’ืขืึธื ืจืึทืคื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื• ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ , ืžืฆื™ื‘ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืขืžื™ื". ืฆึดื• 
ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื›ึผื”ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ื˜ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืข? ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ?, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ 
ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจืฒื‘ึผื˜, ืฉื˜ื™ืฆื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืึท:ื“ืขืจืข ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืงืฐืขืœืŸ, 
- ื“ืขื ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืจ ืคืึทืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืžื‘ึผื•ืœ 2 ,ื•ืขืจ ืขืก ื•ื™ืค 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžึดื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื” ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ -- ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื™ื•ืกืฃ 
ื”ื‘ึผื”ืŸ -- ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื•ืš ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ!" ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื›ึผื”ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื‘ื" 
ืงืขืฆืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื•ืืก ืงืึธืœื•ืžื‘ึผื•ืก ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื ืึธื›ืคืึธืœื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื ื˜ื“ืขืงื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืขืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงืืคื™ื˜ืืœืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืขืจ ืคืจืื ืฆื™ืกืง ืœืึธืคึผืขืก 
ื“ื™ ื ืึธืžืึทืจืึท ,100125 185 46 26001216 1119101/6 8 1". ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื›ึผื”ืŸ ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืึทืœืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ืฐืขืจืง: ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข, , ืกืคื•ื™ 
ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”,, ื‘ืื”ืื ื“ืœื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ื“ื™ืข ื“"ื— ืืžืขืจื™ืงืข 
ื‘ึผื›ืœืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื• ื‘ึผืคืจื. ืึธื ืึธื˜ ื–ืขื˜! ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ืึท ื‘ึผื•ืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, --- ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ 
ื™ื•ึนืกืฃ ื”ื›ึผื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืจืจืขื“ืข, -- ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืึตื™ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืข ื‘ึผืึทืงืขื ืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืข"  ?โ€ ื“ืึธืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื‘ื•ืš ื˜ืจืึธื ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ 
ื”ื›ึผื”ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึทืžืขืŸ ,ืกืคืจ ืคื™ืจื ืื ื“ื• ืงื•ืจื˜ื™ืฉ". , ื”ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืึทื ืฆื•, --- 
ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทื˜ืขืจ, --- ืื™ืš ืฐื•ืขืœ ืึทื™ื™ืš. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืงื•ืจื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ --- 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžืขืฉื™ื, ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉืŸ! ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžื™ื ืžืขืงื˜ื™ืงืข ื“ืขื ืงืืžืฃ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ื ื—ื›ืžื” ื‘ึนึผืึท- 
ืฆื•ื•ื•ื ื ืขืŸ!? 5 


ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืื™ื– ื’ืขื›ืœื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ 5 ื ื™ื ืคึฟืึธืจ- 
ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืคืืจืœื™ืคืŸ ื™ื•ืกื” ื”ื›ึผื”ื ื ืึตืŸ ืื ื“ื˜ืจ ื’ืขืึธื’ืจืึทืคึผื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืขืจืก, 
ืฐืึธืก ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืจืึธืŸ ื’ื™ื ืฆื‘ื•ืจื ืก ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ื- 


1{ 1520 ,.8950ื˜2 ;435 )6 9 65ืกืชื• ืžื•ื˜ื•ื•ื—ืก2 ื•ื•ื˜!ืžืžื•0) ,5ื˜0ื–806 ืžื’ืกืŸ 

? ืึฟืืžืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื’ึดืŸ ื™ื”ื•ืฉื‚ืข,,, ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ืืฉื‚ืจ ื”ื ืจ ืฐืึทื ื™ ืึทืื›ึผืึฒื ื•ึผ ื‘ื•ืื™ืžื• 
ื”ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ ืื ื” ืืœื—ื”ื™ื ืœื™ื“ ื•ื•ื™ืกื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื•ืืชื ื” ืืช ืœื‘ื™ ืœื”ืขืชื™ืงื• ืœืœืฉื ื  ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉืช 
ืœื—ื•ื“ื™ืข ืืช ื‘ึผื ื™ ืขืžื ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ืฉืžืขื” ืื•ื ื ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืœืžืขืŸ ื™ื“ืขื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื›ืœ ืžืขืฉื” 
ืืœื”ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื” ื‘ื”ื•ื•ึนืชื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืžื™ื.. ื•ึนื ื ืื’ื™ ื”ื•ืกืคืชื™ ืขืœื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ื”ืžืœืื›ื” 
ื—ืคึผืจืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื›ืœื• ื›ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื’ื—ื•ืจืช ืžืฉื” ืขื‘ื“ ื“' ื•ืขื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืจื•"ืœ ื•ืžืคื™ 
ืคึผื•ืคึผืจื™ื ืื”ืจื™ื". 

8 ืจืื• ืกืคืจ ืึฒืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืจ ืœืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ืื™ื™ื ื”ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื". 

5 ืขืžื“ื• ื•ืื ื™ืจื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืงื•ืจืžื™ืฉ -- ืžืงืจื™ื• ืชืœืื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื• 

ื”ืื™ืฉ ืืฉืจ ื ืœื—ื ื‘ืžื™ื’ืฉื™ืงื• -- ื•ืœื›ื“ื ื” ืขื ืžื•ืžื•ืชื™ 

ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื ื•ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืžื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืฉื™ื™ื ืฉื ืฒื™ืจืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ืžึฐืึธ. 
ื˜ืึทืœืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื’ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื‘ึผืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื,. ืœืขื‘ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉื•ึนืŸ !4 .6 ืฉึธืืกึผื, !6ื, 290--31, 





88 ื“"ืจ 'ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ ืขื•ื  


ื˜ืขืก:!. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื›ื”ื ืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืžื–ืœ 
ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืฆื• ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึทื“ืึทื ืง ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง 
ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ --- ืคื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืึทืจืฒืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืชึผืงื•ืคื— ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืฆื•ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืึทืžืงืฒื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื™ื•ื™ืจื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืขื ื˜ืข ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ -- ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข-ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจืฒื‘ึผื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 


ื“ืขืจ ืžืื•ื™ื™ืžื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื—ื•ืจื‘ึผืŸ ืคื•ื ื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืงื™ื‘ึผื•ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืข, 
ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื™ืคืฐืึทืงืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ืข ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืฒื™ืจืึธืคึผืขื™ึดืฉืขืจ 
ื˜ืขืจืงื™ื™, ืื™ืŸ ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืึทืคืจื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืœืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึดื‘ื•ืช -- ืื™ืŸ 
ืคึผืึทืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข, ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœึนืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ื’ืขืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืจื•ืฉื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™" 
ืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืงืึธืจืฉื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜ืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ 

. ื“ื™ ืขื“ื•ืžืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ืกืคืึธืจื ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื ืขื–ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื™ื ืคึผืขืจืœืขืš ื“ื™ ืืžืชืข 

, ื—ื‘ืœื™ ืžืฉื™ื—". ืจื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœืŸ ืื•ืžืขื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืคื•ืœื˜ืข ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ 
ื’ืขื–ืึธืจื’ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื–ืึทืžืœืขืŸ , ืื™ื ื ืœืึธื’? ื“ื™ ื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœืข ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ", 
ืคืึทืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืจื™. ืึทืœืข ื˜ืจืึทื ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื›ืจืึธื ื™ืงืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืกืคืจื™ 
ื™ื•ื—ืกื™ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืœื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง 
ืื™ื‘ื ืขืจื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉืจืฒื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ืฆืจื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ 
ืึธื‘ื•ึนืช ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจ ืฆื• ื“ื•ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืก ืฉืœื•ืก-ืึทืคืึทืจื“ . 
ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื›ืจืึธื ื™ืงืขืก ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื”ืึทืจืฆืจืฒื™ืกื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ึฐืึท- 
ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืึทื˜ืึทืกื˜ืจืึทืคืข, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉืคึผืึทืจื˜ื•ื ืขื–ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื ื˜ื•ื. 


ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืึธื’ื“ืึทืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื›ืจืึทื ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื• 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืœื™ ืกืคืจื“, ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ืคื•ื ื. 
,ื™ื•ื—ืกื™ืŸ", ืึทื‘ื“ื”ื ื‘ึผืŸ ืฉืžื•ื? ื–ืึทืงื•ื˜ื™ (ื–ื›ื•ืช), ืึท ื’ืขื‘ึผืึทืจืขื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขืจ 
ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืกืึทืœืึทืžืึทื ืงืึท (ืื™ืŸ 1480), ื”ืึธื˜ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื–ืึทืงื•ื˜ื™ ื ืึธืš 
;ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงื•ื ื”ื“ืฉื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืœืก ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ืขืจ ืืกื˜ืจืึธื™ 
ื ืึดื ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืขืžืึทื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผื•ืจื˜" 
ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื›ึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืกื˜ืจืึทื ืึธืžื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธื“ 
ืจื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข. ืื™ืŸ 1478 ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืึทืงื™ื˜ื™ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉืœืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืึถื ื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืข 
ืคืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข ืžืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืข ืึทืกื˜ืจืึทื ืึธืžื™ืฉืข ื˜ืึท- 
ื‘ึผืขืœืŸ *. ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืึทื˜ืฒืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
!ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืื™ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ึผืœื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ื• 
| { ืฉื ื™ืื•ื• ื–ืึทืงืฉ ืคึฟืึทืจืฆืฒื™ื›ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทื˜ืึทืœืึธื’ (ื ื•ื›ื‘' 257) ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฐืขืจืง 
ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคึฟืึธืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ : ืคื’ืœื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ืจืฉ ืžืจ' ื™ื•ืกืฃ. ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ,ืขืžืง ื•ื•ื‘ึผื›ื", 


2 ืžื˜ื–ื”ื•ืกืชื!ืง ืžื–ืกื•ืง6+ 14001846 64 1065ื•ืกื•ื–ึธืกืขืžื˜ 6 ืžื–ื˜ื˜!ืกื ื–ืกืฅืŸ 41020200. 


ืจื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ืจืŸ 89 


ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ 1. ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื ื™ืจื•ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ 1402 ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืึทืงื•ื˜ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืœืข 
ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืคืึทืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ืขื ืข ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ื•ื ืึทืœ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึนึผืึทืœืจ 
ืคืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืงื™ื ื™ื ืœืขื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื‘ึผื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ืขืœืข ืึทืœื ืึทืกื˜ืจืึธืœืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ 
ืึทืจื›ื™ืฐื•-ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ, ืงืึธืœื•ืžื‘ึผื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื›ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ื™ื-ืจื™ื™ื–ื ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึทืกืงืึธ- 
ื“ื™-ื’ืึทืžืึท ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืŸ. ืงืึธืœื•ืžื‘ึผื•ืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืึทืงื•ื˜ื™ื ืึทืกื˜ืจืึทื ืึธืžื™ืฉืข ื˜ืึทื‘ึผืขืœืŸ, ื‘ึผืขื– 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฑืกื’ืขืึทืจื‘ึผืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืœื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ืž" 
ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ื ื™ื ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ืคื•ื ื ื’ืื•ื ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ืึทื ื˜ื“ืขืงืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื—ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉืข ืื•ื™ืกื ืึทื‘ืข 
ืžื•ึนืŸ ื–ืึทืงื•ื˜ื™ืก ื˜ืื‘ืขืœืŸ, ืื•ื™ืš ืฐืึทืกืงืึทื™ื“ืฒื’ืึทืžืึท, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืข" 
ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ื™ื-ืจื™ื™ื–ืข (1497), ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืจืึทื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ืœืขืš ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืขื’ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื 5 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื™ืืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ึถึผืขืจ ื ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืœื™ ืกืคืจื“ ื’ืข" 
ื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ: ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ืคึผืึธืจื˜ื•ื ืึทืœ ืคืืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ื–ืึทืงื•ื˜ื™ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืกื ื™ื™ ืึถืคึผืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื’ืœื•ืช. ื–ืึทืงื•ื˜ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธื ืœ-ืฐืขื’ - 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ; ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ ื”ื˜ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขืคืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืข" 
ื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื’ืขืœื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื ื™ืก, ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืึทื ื’ ืจื• 
ืฆื• ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ. ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ืื™ื– ื˜ื•ื ื™ืก ืึทืจื™ื ื’ืขืคืึทืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืขืจ; 
ื–ืึทืกื•ื˜ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืึทื ื˜ืœืฑืคืŸ, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืœืึทื ื’ื˜ ืงื™ืŸ 
ื˜ืขืจืงื™ื™, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 1819 ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ, 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึทืงื•ื˜ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ึผื•ืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื ื™ืก,. ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ (1804) ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืขืจืง , ืกืคืจ ื™ื•ื—ืกื™ืŸ", 
ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืงื•ื ื”-ืฉื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ 
ื ื•ืคื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืจืขื“ืข, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฆืจื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ื ื ืขืขืœื˜ืขืจื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึธื›ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืข ื›ึผื•ื—ื•ืช 2. ื“ืึธืก ืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืึทืงืข ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื‘ึผื•ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืึทืจื›ื™ื˜ืขืงื˜ืึธื ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืง. ืื™ื ื ,,ืกืคืจ ื™ื•ื—ืกื™ืŸ" ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ืึทืงื•ื˜ื™ ื›ึผื“ืขื” ื ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืจืึธื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืŸ ืกื“ืจ ืึท ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืึทื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข-ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจืฒื‘ึผื•ื ื’ ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืกื˜ืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ึผื™ื– ื“ืขื 14ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื”. ืื™ืŸ 


1 ื“ืขืจ ืกืคืจื“ื™ ื“ื’ื™ืืœ ื‘ืŸ ืคึผืจื—ื™ื” ื”ื ื”ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื ืขื“ื”ื•ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื™ 
ื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืฉืข ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืึทืœึถื ื”ื•ืกืคื” ืฆื•ึดื ืžืึทื˜ืขืžืึทื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืฐืขืจืง ;ืฉืืจื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ" 
(ื˜ืึทืœืึธื’ื™ืงื™, 1568): 

3 ื–ืข ืงื™ื•ืขืจืœื™ื ื’, ืคื ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ื•ื ืึทืœ", 121--123. 

8 ื‘ื™ ื‘ืขื•ื ื•ืชื™ ื˜ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉืžื“ื•ืช ื•ื—ืฉื›ื™ื” ื•ืฆื™ืจืš ื”ืžื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ ื›ืช ื•ืœื ื—ื›ืžืช 
ื“ื“ืขืช ื•ืœื ืขืžืจ ืคึผืขืžื™ ื‘ื™ ื•ืจื™ืชื™ ื ืกืฑ," 





99 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ื“ืขืจ ืืžืชืŸ ืึถื‘ึผืขืจ ืื™ื– ื–ืึทืงื•ื˜ื™ืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืึท ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ืจืขื ืข 
ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ื™ืฉืข ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจืฒื‘ึผื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืขืœืคึผื™ ืจื•ึนื‘ ืคื•ึนืš 
ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ-ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ืคื™ืœ ืึธืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜; 
ืึธืคึผื ืขื ืขื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขื ืกื“ืจ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืชึผื ืื™ื, ืืžื•ืจืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข- 
ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ืชึผื•ืจื”, ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ืฆื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ ื“ืขื ืจืึทื‘"ื“ืก , ืกืจืจ ื”ืกื‘ึผืœื”",. 
ื ืึธืจ ืึธืŸ ืึท ืฉื•ื ืกื“ืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจืฒื‘ึผื•ื’ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ื™ืกืข ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœื ืขืžืฒื ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ื™ื™ื”ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข. ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืฐื•ื™, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจืฒื™ื‘ึผื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืข 
ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืจื ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ืžื ื“ื™ืชื, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืœืขื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ึผืึทืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืกื“ืจ, ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืžืขืŸ ืคืœืขื ื˜ ืืฑื™ืกืงืœื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื™ืฉื™ื’ืœื•ืชื -- ื”ืึธื‘ึฐืŸ 
6 ื ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก, ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขืจ ืคื•ื ื 
ื–ื•ื”ืจ" 1, 

ื“ืขื ,,ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื•ื—ืกื™ืŸ" ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืึทืงื•ื˜ื™ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜. 
ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืคืฆื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ ืึทืจื•ื ื ืึธืš ื–ืึทืงื•ื˜ื™ืก ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจืฆื˜ ืฉืžื•ืืค 
ืฉื•ืœืึทื ืื•ื™ื ืงืึทื™ึทืจืึธ ืึธืคึผื ืขื“ืจื•ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืึทื ื˜ื™ื ืึธืคึผืึธืœ ื–ืึทืงื•ื˜ื™ืก ื•ื•ืขืจืก, 
ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืกืš ืงื™ืจืฆื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื. ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืขืจืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ 
(ืื™ืŸ /189) ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื™ืœื™ืคึผืึธื•ื•ืกืงื™ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ,,ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื•ื—ืกื™ืŸ", ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ืึทืงื•ื˜ื™ืก ืื™ื™ื’ื ื”ืขื ื˜ื™ืกืŸ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืึธืงืกืคึผืึธืจื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง 2, 

ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช --- ืžืึทื ื’? ืื™ืŸ ื›ืจืึธื ืึธืœืึธื ื™ืฉืŸ ืกื“ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืึทื˜ื™- 
ืฉืขืจ ื ืึทื ืฆืงื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืฑื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื ืึธืš ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืขืจ ืžืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืขืจืŸ , ืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”", | | 

ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ,;,ืฉื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”'' --ืฉืœืžื” ืื‘ึผืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื ื 8, 
ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜. ื ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธืจืขื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึทืกื˜ื™ืœื™ืข, ืคืœืขื ื˜ ืื™ื, 
ืฐื™ ืขืก ืฉื™ื™ื ื˜, ื ืึทื ืฅ ืึธืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืฒืœื™ืงืŸ โ€ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืข 
ืฐื™ื›ึผื•ื—ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธื“ืข. ืขืจ ืึทืœื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ 1481 ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืึทืœืก ื‘ึผืึทืคื•ืœืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉืข 
ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืึทืจื•ืžื ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืฆื ื•ื™ืคื ืขืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื•ื™ื” ; ืคึผื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื", ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•" 


1 ื–ืข ืขื™ื•ื—ืกื™ืŸ", ืคึผื™ืœื™ืคึผืึธืฐืกืงื™ืก ืืฑืกื ืึทื‘ืข, 88--89, 95--96, 

2 - ืžืขืงืกื˜.ืื•ื™ืกื‘ึผืขืกืขืจื•ื ื ืขืŸ ื–ืข : ืคืกื˜ื•ื˜ืŸ .64 .4 .ื˜ืกื” ,1660 .ืค}, |ืฉื, 228--235, 

* ืฉืœืžื” ืื‘ึผืŸ ืฐืขืจื’ืึธ ืื™ื•, ืืžืช, ื ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืืฒืืฒื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจืคึผืึทืกืขืจ ืคื•ื ื: 
ืืฉื ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”": ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืึท ื“ืฒื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืจื™ืึทื ืึธืคึผืึธืœ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืžื™ื, 
ืคื•ื ื ื•ึนืฉึธืื ื™"ื” ืื•ืŸ ื”ืœื˜ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ืึท ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ ,ืฉืืจื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ', ื”ืึธืก ืฆื• ื–ืฒืŸ, 
ืคึผืึธื˜ืขืจื ืฐืขืจืง ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืืฒื ื™ืงืข ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจืฒื‘ึผื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื ืข". 
ืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื. 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ึนึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 1 


ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคืึทื ื’ืขื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ืจืื ืึทื“ืข ื•. ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื ื™ืจื•ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ 1492 ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื’ืึธ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืœืข ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ึผืขื ืข 
ืคื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ื•ื’ื?. ืื™ืŸ 1497, ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ืึทืœ ืื™ื– ืืจื•ื™ื 
ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืื™ื– ืื‘ึผืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื ืึธ, ื•ื™ ืขืก ืฉื™ื™ื ื˜, ื ืžืึทืจืึทืŸ ื’ื ืข" 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ; ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš, ืฐื•ื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื ืขื ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ืกืึทื‘ึผืึทืŸ, 
ืฆื•ื ืขื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืึธื ืจืึธื, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืกืึทื‘ึผืึธื ืขืจ ืคึผืขื‘ึผืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื™ืึธืจ 1806 ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื•ืกื™ื. ื ื™ืึธืจ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื•ื™ ืคึผืึธืจืฒ 
ื˜ื•ื ื?ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ื ืจืขื ืขืฆืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื•ืกื™ื, ืื™ื– ืื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื ื ืึทื•ื•ืข? 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข, ื•ื• ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ. ื“ืืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืš ืคึฟืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืจืึธื ื™ืง ,ืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”"? 

ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื ื ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœื—ืจื™ื–ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึทื‘ึผืึธืจืขืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืœื•ืกื˜ื™ืงืข ืคึผืึทืจืึธื“ื™ืขืก, 
ื‘ื™ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืงืข ืกืึทื˜ื™ืจืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืฉืึทืจืฃ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืฆื˜ืข ืขืคึผื™ื’ืจืึทืžืขืก. ืื™ืŸ ืขืจ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขืช-ืฆืจื” ื’ืขื‘ืึธืจืŸ, ื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ืื™ื ื ื“ื•ืจ ืคื•ื ื ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืŸ ื—ื•ืจื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืคื•ื ื ื‘ึผื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ืœื•ืช-ื‘ืขื›ืขืจ --- ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืœื™ืคึผืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื•ืขืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืœื•ืกื˜ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืข ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ื ื 
ืขืžืง ื”ื ื›ื", ื“ืขืจ ื›ืจืึธื ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ื™ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื›ืจืึธ- 
ื ื™ืงืขืจ ื ึดื™ื ืื™ื ื ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ , ืฉื‘ื˜ 
ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”", ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืึธื ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื™ื˜ืึธื  ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืงื•ื ืฆื™ืง ืฆื•" 
ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืคืœืึทื›ื˜ืŸ , ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื•ื ื“ ืฐืึทืจื”ืฒื˜., * 

ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ึผืจ ื ื•ืคื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืื™ื ื ืืจื™ื™ื ืคื™ืจ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ืื– ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืฅ 
ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ , ืฉืžื“ื•ืช ื•ื’ื–ืจื•ืช" ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ึผืชื‘ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื‘ึผืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื ื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ึผืŸ ืึธืœืก ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ืกืึทื‘ืึธืŸ *. ื“ื™ ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื 
ืื•ืŸ ื ื–ื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ , ืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”", ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ืขืฉืขืคึผื˜ ืื•ื™ืก 
ื”ื™ืกื˜ืืจื™ืฉืข ื›ืจืึธื ื™ืงืขืก, ื”ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข, ื”ืŸ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข . ื ืึธืจ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืจื™ื™ืŸ 


1 ,ืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”", 108 (ืฐื™ื ืขืจื ืืฑื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ึผืข), | 

2 ืื‘ืŸ ืฐืขืจื’ืึธ ืฐืฒื–ื ืึธืŸ (ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 89), ืึทื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื ืคืึทืจืคึผืึทืกื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึท ืฐืขืจืง 
ืคืฉื‘ื˜ ืขื‘ืจืชื•", ืขื ืื™ืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื™ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, 

5 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ 94, 

4 5 ื‘ืขืจ ื”ื“ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ึผืขื ืืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฐื•ื›ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืงืฐืขืœืขืŸ 
ืื•ื ื“ ืงืึทืžืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆื™ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืก ืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื—ื•ื“ื”" ื“ืขืจืฐื™ื•ืŸ, ืึทื– ืฉืœืžื” ืื‘ืŸ ืฐืขืจื’ืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื ื•ึนืฆื 
ืื•ื™ืก ืฉืœื™ืกืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืข ืงืฐืขืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืœืึทืžืฒื’ื™ืฉืข ื›ืจืึธื’ื™ืงืขืก", ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืจืขืฃ 
ืคึฟืึทืจืคึผืึทืกืขืจ ืคึผืึทืจืจื•ืคื ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืึธืคึผื, ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉืœื’ ื”ื™ื— ื•ืœื ื ื‘ืจื", ื‘ืขืจ ืฐืฒื–ื ืื™ืš ืึธืŸ 
ืฐื™ ืคืœื™ื™ืกื™ื ืื‘ืŸ ืฐืขืจื’ื ื”ืึธื ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื ื“ืขื ืื™ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ" ืื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื‘ึผืจื‘ึผื ืืœื 
ืฐื•ืขืจืง (ื“ืึธืจื 52 -56), 





92 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืกืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื‘ึผืŸ ืฐืขืจื’ืึธืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืคึผื•ืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฆื™ืจื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึถืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช. ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช 
ื’ื™ื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’: , ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืžืคื™ ืฉืœื™ื—", , ืžืคื™ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ" 
ืึธื“ืขืจ , ืžืคื™ ืื™ืฉ ื—ืกื™ืจ ื•ื—ื›ื". 

,ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ --- ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™?ื˜ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื‘ึผืŸ ืฐืขืจื’ืึท. (ื ื•ื' 
1 --- ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึทืžืึธืœ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืึท ื“ืขืจื”ืจื’ืขื˜ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขืš 
ื–ื™ื ื’ืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืึท ื‘ึผื™ืœื‘ึผื•ืœ, ืึทื– ื“ึฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื 
ื’ืขืฉืึธื›ื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ึผ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืข ืฆื•ื•ืขืงืŸ.. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข" 
ื•ื•ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผ?, ื“ืŸ ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืœื•ื™, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื”ืจื•ื’ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ 
ืฆื•ื ื’ ืึทืจื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืœืฒื™ื ื˜ ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ืœ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื-ื”ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ื ื ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืœื™ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ 
ืืžืชืข ืจื•ืฆื—ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืขืก ื˜ืึทืงืข ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผื™ืœื‘ึผื•ืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ึดื™ ื™ื™ืจืŸ" 4 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึทืœึถืข ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจืฒื‘ึผื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ื ื 
,ืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”", ืืคื™ืœื• ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ 
ืกืคืง -- ืึท ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก. ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืœึตื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืจืขืงืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืคื•ื ื ื‘ึผื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ื™ืจื•ืฉ, ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืึทื ื™ืฉืกื˜ืข, ื”ืึทืจืฆืจื™ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืงืข 
ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื ืึทื ืฅ ืจื•ื™ึธืงืŸ, ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืขืคึผื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ; ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœืืกืขื ืข 
ืจื•ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืขืจ ื’ื™ื˜ ืึทืžื‘ึผื•ืœื˜ืกื˜ืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขื ืื™ืžื”ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜- 
ืฉืจืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืชึผืงื•ืคื”. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’, ืึทืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก 
ื ืžื ื•ื•?, ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ึผ-ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืขื›ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ 
ืืฑื™ืกื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืึท ื‘ึผื™ื™ื‘ึผื•? --- ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืึทืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื”ื•ื™ืคื ืก, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืฉืึธืฃ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืึธื›ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ... 

,ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก --- ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืคืึทืจื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื˜ ื™ืจืขืจ ืžืœืš ืึทืœืคืึธื ืก ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉืข 
ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ --- ืœืขืจื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขืก ืึทืฒืขืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื’, ื‘ึผืขืช 
ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืึทืœืข ืึทืฒืขืจืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืึธื’?" *. 

ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืขืช ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืœืš ืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ 
ืึท ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืง ืคืึธืœึผืง ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ึตื™ื™ --- ืขื ื˜ืคืขื”ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจื ืกื™ื: ,,ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข 


1 ื“ื™ ื•ืขืœื‘ึผืข ืžืขืฉื” ืฐืขืจื˜ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื {ืžืขืฉื”ื™ื‘ึผื•ืš", ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ืžืงื•ื›ึผืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื—ืกื™ื“, ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื™ 
ืื™ืงืขืจ ืžืึธื˜ื™ืฐ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจ ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืึธืจื™ืขื ืฉืึทืœื™ืฉืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ึนึผืึทื™ 


2 


ืขืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ . ืืคึทื•ืœืขื•ืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,ื ื™ืœื“ืขื ืขื ืื™ื™ื–ืœ'. 


2 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 26, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ ื™ื“ืŸ 93 


ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืงืจืขื ืง, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื•ึน ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืึทืงืึธืจืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜, ื”ืึธืกื˜ื•ึน ื“ืึธืš 
ืคืึทืจื ืขืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืกื˜ืขืจ ืงืจืขื ืง: ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื™ืฆืขืจ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื–, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ 
ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื– ื ื’ื•ื˜ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื’ื™ืคื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื ืื” ืื•ืŸ ืงื ืื”", 

ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืงืึทืœืฒื™ื“ืึธืกืงืึธืคึผ ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ , ืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”" ืื™ื™ืŸ ืกืฆืขื ืข ื ืึธืš 
ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ื˜ื™ืคืขืจ ืฆืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™. ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉืข , ืฉืœื•ื—ื™ื" ืคึฟืึทืจืŸ ืคึผื•ืคึผืกื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื’ื™ื- 
ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืงื˜ื™ื’ื•ืจ, ื ืžืฉื•ืžื“, ืฐืึธืก ืžืกืจื˜ ืคืึทืจืŸ ืคึผืฑื™ืคึผืกื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื‘ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืกื˜ืข ื‘ื™ืœื‘ึผื•ืœื™ื. ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืฉื•ืžื“ืก 
ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผื•ืคึผืกื˜ืก ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืข ืจื™ื™ื“ืš ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื˜ืขืจืข ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ, 
,ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ึผื™ื™ื–ืข ืจื™ื™ื“ ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืื™ืจ ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, --- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคึผืฑื™ืคึผืกื˜, --- ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืึทืฒื™ืขืจืข ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืข ืžืขืฉื™ื!" ,ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ -- ืขื ื˜- 
ืคืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ , ืฉืœื•ื—ื™ื? --- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข, ืฐืึธืง ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื’ืข" 
ื‘ึผืœื™ื‘ึผืŸ; ืฐืึธืจืขื ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ื‘ึทึผื™ื™ ืึทื–ืฑื ืข ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืข 
ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ. ืึธื˜ ื–ืข --- ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ืจ ื“ืขื ืžืฉื•ืžื“ -- ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ื“ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื‘ึผืœื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืขืจ ืจื•ื“ืคื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜. 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช. ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืขื’ืœื™ื›ืŸ ืฆื• ืึท ืคื•ื™ื’ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ 
ืื™ื ืึธื ื’ืขื™ืึธื ื˜, ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก, ืจื™ื™ืกืŸ ื˜ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืขื’? ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ืกืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ*!, ,ื ืขืžื˜ ืึธืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ -- ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืžืฉื•ืžืจ --- 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื“ืจื™ืงื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื“ืจื™ืงืขืจ!" , ื“ื• ื‘ึผื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ --- 
ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, -- ืึทื– ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื”ืึธืคื˜ ื“ืขื ื ื™ื™ืขื ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืšื“ืขื“ืŸ. ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ึผืขืกืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ื™ื”ื ื•ื ืืจื™ื™ืŸ, ืึดื‘ึผื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืŸ-ืขื“ืŸ", 

ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื‘ืึทืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืกืžื™ื™ื˜ ื–ืฒืขืจ ื˜ืจืื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืึทื˜ืึธื 
ืึท ื’ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืจื•ืฉื, ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ , ืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”" ื“ืขื ืฉื•ื™ืขืงืœืขื›ืŸ 
ื’ื•ืจืœ, ื•ืืก ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืึท ื ืจื•ืคึผืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืข ืคืืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ึผืขื ืข. 
ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืŸ ืคื•ื ื ืฉื™ืฃ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื‘ืข ื ืข-ื•ื ื“ื ื™ืงืขืก 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื™ื ืึทืจืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื•ื™ืกื˜ืŸ 
ืื™ื ื–ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืึทื•ื•ืขืง ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฃ. ื“ืึธืก ืจื•ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ึผืขื ืข 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ึผืŸ, ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผืœื™ื‘ึผืขื ืข ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ื- 
ื’ืขื–ืึทืžืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื›ึผื•ื—ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืฃ ืคื•ื ื ืื™ื ื–ืœ, 
ื”ืึธืคื ื“ื™ืง, ื} ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื“ืขืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ. 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื‘ึผ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืขื‘ืขืš ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ื“ื™ ื›ึผื•ื—ื•ืช ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืื ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™} 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 82, 





94 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ื  


ืึท ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข ืึทื ื™ื“ืขืจื’ืขืคืึทืœืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื’ืึทื - 
ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืคืึทืจืฉืžืึทื›ื˜ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ื’ืขืคืึทืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื—ืœืฉื•ืช, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื‘ึผื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืข 
ื–ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ึผืŸ. ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ึผืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉืคึผืจื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ: ืจื‘ึผื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ื -- ื“ื•ึน ื”ืึทืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืŸ! ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืึทืœืฅ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืคื•ึนืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข 
/ืึธื‘ื•ืช! ื˜ืึธ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทื– ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืข ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ื™* 
ื ืขืจ --- ื ื™ื™ื“ ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ื“ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื‘ึผืœื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืึทืœืข ืฆืจื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ืฐื•ืขืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืกื™ืจ ืึธื ืฉื™ืงืŸ! ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื ืขื–ืืžืœื˜ 
ื–ืึทืžื“ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจืึธื–ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืงื ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืขื“ืขืงื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืšืฃ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืึท ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ.. 1. 

ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืคืืจืŸ ื‘ืขืœ , ืฉื›ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”" ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืกืข 
ื‘ึผืขื ืงืฉืึทืคื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืœืึทื ื“, ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืฆื• ืื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ื–ื˜ืžืกื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื- 
ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ. ื‘ึผืขืช ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจืฒื‘ึผื˜ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืก ืคืจืึทื ืงืจื™ื™ืš, ื“ืขืจ" 
ืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ื™ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ึผืขื ืข, ื•ื™ ื ืึธืจ 
ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืึธืจื ืขืœื™ื™ื ื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืึทื ืงืจื™ื™ืš, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืœื™ื™ืฃ 
ื‘ึผืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืึธื ืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ, ืฐืึธื ื–ื™ื™ 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืžื•ืจื ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜, ืึทื– ืขืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืึทืœืฃ 
ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื™ืข ืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช. , ืœืึธืžื™ืจ --- ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ --- ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื•ืž- 
ืงืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืึทื ื“, ืฐื•ึผ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธืจืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ 
ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ!" 8 | : 
ืคื•ื ื ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ืก" 
ื˜ื™ืฉืกื˜ืข ืื™ื ื ,,ืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื—ื•ื“ื”" ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจืฒื‘ึผื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื, ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืจืขืœื™ื ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื•ื™ื›ึผื•ื—ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ 
ืคื•ื ื ื ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืกืคืจ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœึถืข ืฐื™ื›ึผื•ื—ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื ื , ืฉื ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ืจื”" 
ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื•ื™ื›ึผื•ื— ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธืจื˜ืึธื–ืึธ, ืึท ื”ื™ื˜" 
ืฉืึธืจื™ืฉืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“; ื ืึธืš ืึทืคึดื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจืฒื‘ึผื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ 
ื–ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ. ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืคึผืจื˜ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ 
ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฐื•ืขื‘ึผื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืื ื˜ืฉืกื˜ื™ืฉื˜ ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืก; ืึทืœืข ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื™ืงืข ื•ื™ื›ึผื•ื—ื™ื 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ --- , ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื•ืœื ื ื‘ืจื", ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืึท ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืืจืŸ ื›ื" 


1 ื“ืึธืจืžืŸ, 19 ืืงื ืขืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื• ื•ืืžืจ: ืจื‘ึผื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ื! ื”ืจื‘ื— ืืชื—ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืฉืืขื•ื•ื‘ 
ื“ืชื™. ืชื“ืข ื ืืžื ื” ืฉืขืœ ื›ืจื—ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืฉืžื™ื ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืื ื™ ื•ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืื”ื™ื”, ื•ืœื ื™ื•ืขื™ืœ ื›ืœ 
ืžื” ืฉื”ื‘ืืช ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ืŸ ื•ืืกืฃ ื˜ืŸ ื”ืขืคืจ ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืขืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ื›ืกื” ืืช ื”ื ืขืจื™ื ื•ื”ืœืš ืœื‘ืงืฉ 
ื™ืฉื‚ื™ื‘". 

2 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 46, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 05 


ืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ, ืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื‘ืŸ ืฐืขืจื ืึธืก , ื“ื™ื‘" 
ื˜ื•ื ื’" ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื™ืœ ,ืฐืึทืจื”ืฒื˜?,. ืืฉ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืœืึทื ื ืข ื•ื™ื›ึผื•ื—ื™ื ืื™ืŸ , ืฉื‘ื˜ 
ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”", ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืœื›ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืฑืคึผืกื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข, ื ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื•ืœื˜, ืึทื–ืฑ ืคึฟืึทืจื’ื ืจื™ื™ืš ืื™ื›ืขืจ ื“ืขื 
ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผื ืกื˜ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ืชืงื•ืคื”. ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืฒื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ , ืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื—ื•ื“ื”" ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืื•ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืคืึธืœืงืœืึธืจ 2 ืื™ืŸ ืื‘ึผืŸ ืฐืขืจื’ืึธื˜ ื•ื™ื›ึผื•ื—ื™ื ืื™ื– ืึทืœืฅ ื˜ื™ืคื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืข" 
ืกืึทื ื˜: ื“ื™ ืึทืœืขื ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืื‘ึผืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื ืึธ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ื”ืฃ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข 
ืคึผืกื•ืงื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘259 ื–ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืฒื“ืขื ืข ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ-ืขืจืฉื™- 
ื ื•ื ื ืขืŸ 2 ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืœืขืžื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ืคืึทืœืŸ, ื“ื™ ืžืฉืœื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืขืก ื‘ืื ื•ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืกืคึผื•ื˜ืึทื ื˜ืŸ ?. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึทืœืฅ ืฉื•ื•ืขื‘ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืจืคืึท 
ืกืขืจืก ืื™ืจืึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื‘-ืคืึทืจื‘ืึธืจื’ืขื ืขืจ ืกืึทืจืงืึทื•ื,., 

ืึธื ื˜ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ื›ึผืœืื™ื™ื“ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื ื˜ ืึทืจื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื“ื™ื˜ืคึผื•ื˜ืึทื ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™? ืึทืจื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑื ืข ืจื™ื™ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืœื™ื ื˜ 
ืคืึทืจื‘ืึธืจื ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื›ึผื˜ื™ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜" 
ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืœืขืจืข. ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื•ื ืขืจ ืžืœืš ืืœืคืึธึทื ื–ืึธ, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืจื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื™ื ืคืึทืจื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื˜: 
,ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืขืก ื“ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, ืื– ืึท ืžืœืš ื–ืึธืœ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ 
ืึท ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ, ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืžื›ืคึผืจ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข 
ืฐื™ื“ืขืจืฉืคืขื ื™ืงืข ืงื ืขื›ื˜?"? ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืฑืคึผืกื˜, ื‘ึผืขืช ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื•ื™ืš, 
ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืœื‘ื•?, ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืื™ื– ืคืึทืœืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืžืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง --- ื–ืื ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžืงื•ืจื‘ื™ื: , ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ 
ืฆื• ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืขืก ืงืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืกืŸ 
ื’ืขื”ืจื ืขื˜, ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืœื•ื™ื• ืึท ืฉืงืจ"ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ'ื™?,. ื”ื™ืขืจืขืก ืžืึธืœ, -- ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืžืึธืก, --- ื•ืขืŸ ืกื™ืจ ืžืึทืœืŸ ืึทืจืฒืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืกืคื™ืงื•ืช, ื•ื•ืขื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืข ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืคื•ื ื ื‘ึผื™ื‘ืœื™ืฉืŸ 


1 ื–ืข ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืžืึทื ืฉืข ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืคื•ึนืŸ ืœืขื‘ ืžื˜ืŸ'6 ืกื˜ืงื•ืžืกื–ื•ื•ืก 14 6208 11{ 1014-1016 1.6 
(ืฆื•ืŸืื ,1315 64 .4 .ืฉื˜ืกืช) 4ื–ืกื˜ 

2 ื•ืข, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืขืฉื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืจื”", 464 

,58--9  ,ืŸื˜ืฑึธืื“โ€Ž 8 

4 ื•ืข, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื“ื™ ืฐื™ืฆื™ืงืข ืžืขืฉื— ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ืฃ ื‘ืฉืขืชืŸ ืฐื™ื ื•ื—, 
ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื•ืง ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืขืึธืœืึธื’ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืœืฒื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืฐื™ื•ืŸ ืืฑืก 
ื‘ึผื™ื‘ืœื™ืฉืข ืคึผืกื•ืงื™ื, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื”ืึธื’ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ื ื‘ื™ืื•ืช ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืืฑืฃ ืงืจื™ื˜ืคื•ื˜ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืงื™ืจืš (ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 461 

5 ืฐืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 24 

6 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 6126 





96 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ึผืขื•ื ื’ 


ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืงืœืขืจืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ" ื’. ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ืžืœืš 
ืึทืœืคืึทื ื–ืึธ. ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืกืฆื•ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืึทืคึผื™ืงื•ืจืกื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง, ืึทื– 
,ื”ื“ืชื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืžืชืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื›ื™ ืื ืขื ื”ื“ืคื™ื•ืŸ' -- ื ึตืึถืจ ืึทื“ืึทื ืง ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื - 
ื‘ึผื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืœื™ื ื™ืขืก ืึท ืงื™ื•ื. ,ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ -- ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืœืš ืึทืœืคืึธื ื–ืึธ --- ื‘ึผื™ืœื“ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืชืข 
ืืžื•ื ื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืœืฑื™ื‘ึผืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ืขืก 
ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึตืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ื“ืช, ืื™ื– ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื™ื ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื›ืŸ ืฆื• ืฆึท ื‘ึผื”ืžื”; ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ 
ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ืœื“ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืึทึตื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– 
ืึท ื‘ึผื”ืžื” ื ึผืฆื•ืจืช ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืžื” ื•ืฐืขื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจืฐืึธื’ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื ื 
, ืžื“ื•ืจ ื”ืชึผื—ืชึผื•ืŸ'"' (ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืกื˜ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’) ืคื•ื ื ื’ื™ื”ื ื•ื. ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืจืขื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ืฉืœืขืžื™ --- ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืขืจ ืึทื™ื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ, ืึทื– ื”ืŸ ืคืึทืจืŸ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 
ื”ืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ื”ื ื•ื"",, 2 

ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ? -- ืคืจืขื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื˜ืขืจ 
ืžืœืš ื“ืŸ ืคึผืขื“ืจืึธ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื—ื›ื ืืคืจื™ื ื‘ึผืŸ ืฉืึทื ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ืื™ื 
ืึท ืงืœืึธืจืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ 5. ื‘ืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื—ื›ื ื“ืจื™ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื ื’ืขื‘ึฟืŸ ืึท ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื”. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ืึธืจื•ื ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืœืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืŸ ืžืฉืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื ืชืŸ ื”ื—ื›ื ืกืึทืœืึทื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืœืขืกื™ื ื’ืขืŸ +. 
ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธ ื”ืึทื ื“ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ. ,ื ื™ื 
ืื™ืš --- ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื—ื›ื -- ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืฉืึทืฆืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื‘ึผืจื™ืœื™ืึทื ื˜ืŸ,. ื•ืขื ื“ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืื™ื, ืฆื• ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ 
ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขืจ, ื“ืขื ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืึธืจืŸ ื™ื•ื•ื•ืขืœื™ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึธืŸ- 
ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ื“ืขืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ืกื˜ืขืจ" *. 

, ืคืึทืจืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืขืก ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื ืขื™ืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคึผืœืึธื’ื˜?'" 9 - 
ืคืจืขื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืœืš ืึทืœืคืึธื ื–ืึธ ื“ืขื ื—ื›ื ื˜ืึธืžืึทืก. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคืจืึทื’ืข ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžืœืš ืึทืœืคืึธื ื–ืึธ, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืฉืœืžื” ืื‘ึผืŸ ืฐืขืจื’ืึธ ื’ื•ืคื, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ืื™ื– ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื˜-ืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ื•, โ€ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ึผื ืกื™ื ืขืจื•ื• ืคื•ื ื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ , ืฉื‘ื˜ 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 117, 

2 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 16, 

2 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 54 

4 ื“ืขื ืขืœื˜ืกื˜ืŸ ื ื•ืกืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืžืฉืœ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœ 
ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ึผื•ืœืคื™ื”, ื–ืข- ื’ืฒื™ืœืึทื’ืข ื ื•ื' 4, 

5 ื“ืึธืจืžืŸ, 54; ,ื”ื ื” ืขืฉื• ื•ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื”ื™ื ื—ื™ ื•ื ืชืŸ ืœื›ืœ ืื”ืช ืื‘ืŸ ืื—ืช ื•ืืจื ื ืจ 
ืฉื•ืืœ ืื™ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื•ื›ื—,. ื™ืฉืœื” ืžืœื›ื ื• ืฆื™ืจ ืœึนืื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื›ื™ ื—ื•ื ื—ืœืืคื™ื“ืืจื™ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ 
ื•ืชื•ื ื™ืืžืจ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ืื‘ื ื™ื". 

6 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 16--17, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืฉืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึธืกื• ื’ื™ ื™ืจืŸ 97 


ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”". ืขืก ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืกืคืง ื ื™ื, ืึทืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืขืจ ื—ืฉืง ืคื™ืœื–ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• 
ื‘ึผืึทืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื™ื˜ืึธื’ื˜ืข ืคืจืึทื ืข โ€ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื• 
ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜-ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”" ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื‘ึนืึท- 
ืฉืœื•ื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืจืึธื ื™ืง ืฆื• ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทืคืŸ, | 1 

,ื—ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช ื—ื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืœืื™ื ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืจืคื•ืื”" --- ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ื“ื ื˜ื•ื. 
ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจืขื ืง, ืฐืึธื˜ ืก'ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืชึผืจื•ืคื” ื ื™ืคืึธ! ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข 
ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก. ื“ืขืจ ื—ื›ื ื•ื™ืจืฉื•ืจื™ืฉ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื˜ ืžืœืš, 
ืจื™ื™ืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ื–ื™ืคืฅ ืคื•ื ื ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจืก ืคืืจื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื”ืึทืจืฅ 
ื’ื•ืคื. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ , ืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”" ืื™ื• ืคืขืกื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืคึผืึธืœืง ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ,, ืื•ื™ืกื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ืข" ืคืึธืœืง, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ื“ื ื˜ื•ื ืื™ื– ืจืขืจ ืคืึทืŸ- 
ื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื ืก-ืจื™ื ื’, , ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจืืฒื™ื ื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ื™ืžืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“"; ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ , ืืชื” ื‘ื—ื”ืจืชื ื™ืง" ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืขื”ืืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื™ืึทื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉืจืขืง- 
ืœืขืš ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื ืก-ื•ื•ืขื’... 

ืคืึทืจืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืฆืึธืจืŸ? -- ืคืจืขื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ , ืฉื‘ื˜ 
ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”", --- ืคืึทืจื•ื•ืืก ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืขืก ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืึธืคื˜ ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืžืขืœืงืขืจ?" 
ืื‘ึผืŸ ื•ืขืจื’ืึธ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ื–ืึทืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฉืœื™, ืึทื– ,ืืช ืืฉืจ ื™ืื”ื‘ ื“' ื™ื•ื›ื™ื—? --- 
ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื‘, ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืจืึธืคื˜ ืขืจ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื ืขืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื ืข ืจื™ื™ื“ ืคื•ื ื ื ื‘ื™ื: ,ืื–ื™ ื–ืึทื ื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ึผื•ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ื‘ืœื•ื™ืŸ 
ืึทื™ื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื’ืขืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ืฐืขืœ 
ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืคื•} ืึทึตื™ื™ืš ืคืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขืฆืึธืœื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืึทืœืข ืืฒื™ืขืจืข ื–ื™ื ืš!" 1 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืคืจื™ื“ื™ืงืŸ. ืขืจ ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ื˜ 
ื‘ืึทืœืฒื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื”ืึทืจื‘ืข ืคืจืึทื ืข ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ื ื ืจื™ืŸื“ืจืขืœื™ื ื™ืขื–ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“- 
ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜; ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื“ืขืงืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื˜ื™ื›ืึธืœืึธื ื™ืฉืข ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช, 
ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื—ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜, ื˜ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืืžืงื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ืงืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื™ืขื“ืขืก ืžืึธืœ ืื•ื ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืึทื ืข ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ืขืœื™ืœืช"ืจื. ืžื™ื˜ 
ืคื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ืจืึธื ื™ืข ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืคึฟืึทืจื™ 
ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืกืœืžืขื ืขืจ ืื™ื–, ืฐืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืขืก ื ืึธืจ ื’ืœื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑื ืข ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ืื•ื™ืกื ืขื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืข ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช 2. ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคึฟืึทืกืขืจ ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜, ืื– ืžื™ื˜ ืœืึทื ื™ืฉืข ื‘ึผืึทืฐื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืœื™ืœืช-ื“ื ื ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ึผื™ื™ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ื ืฉืคึผืฒื™ื–ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืœื•ื™ื– ืื•ืžื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ- 
ื ืœืฑื‘ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ื“ื-ื›? ื’ื ื™ืž ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืืก. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ ,ืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”" 


1 ืขืžื•ื, 3, 21 

2 ืื ื‘ ืฉืžืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจืคึผืึทื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื•ืขืจืข ืžืึธืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ (ื“ืึธืจื˜ 27, 40, 449 ืึทื– 
ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื ื™ื ืœืฒื’ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืฐืขืจื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜ืข ืึธื’ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ 
ื–ืฒืขืจ ืฉื•ืœืจ ืื•ื’ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืจืขืงืœื™ื›ืข ืขื™ื ื•ื™ื. ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืฉืขืช ืคึผืฒื ื™ืงืŸ ืžื•ืจื” 
ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืงืฒื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜, | 

)7( 0 





99 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื  ื‘ืขืจื  


ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืžื•ื ืžื•ื“ื” ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื ืื” ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืžืึธืก ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื’ื•ืคื ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง. , ืคืึทืจืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื•ืช 
ื”ืขื•ืœื ืึทื–ืฑ ื ืจื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืฉื ืื” ืฆื• ื™ื™ื“ืŸ?'' ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคึผืจืึทื’ืข ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื - 
ื˜ืจืึทืœ-ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ื ื ืœืึทื ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืŸ ืฐื™ื›ึผื•ื— ื ื•ืž' 7, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืžื•ื ื ื ืึทื ืฆืŸ , ืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื—ื•ื“ื”". 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื—ืœืง ืค'ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื ืื” ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึทื ื˜ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืึทื˜ืฑืœื™ืฉืข ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื’ื™ืคื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืจืขื“ื™ืงืŸ, ืึทื– ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืจื•ื“ืคืŸ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ , ื’ืขืงืจื™ื™ืฆื™ืงื˜ 
ืงืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืกืŸ". ืื‘ึผืŸ ืฐืขืจื ืึธ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคื™ืœืข ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืกื™ื‘ึผื•ืช, 
ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื“ื"ื›ึผ? ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื“ืจื™ื™: 1) ื“ื™ ืืฑืคื ืขื‘ึผืœืึธื–ืขื ืข ื’ื“ืœื•ืช 
ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™?ืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืง ื’ืขื™ืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงื˜, ื•ื™ ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ื™ 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ึผืึทื ืœื™ืงืŸ --- ืชึผื™ื›ึนึผืฃ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฐืึทืจืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืจืึทืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืœืึทื ืฅ ืื•ืŸ 
ืจื™ื™ื›ืงื™ื™ื˜. ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขืจืฐื•ืขืงื˜ ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืงื ืื” ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืึธืœ:- 
ืงืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ -- ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทื˜ืขืจ, --- ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืข- 
ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืขื ื™ื•ื•ืช, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืจื™ื, 
ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื“, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืœื‘ึผืฉื” ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธืจืขื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืคืืš, ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืงื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืกื ืื” ืื•ืŸ ืฉื ืื”; ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืขืœื™ืœืช-ื“ื 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืกื˜. 2) ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืกื™ื‘ึผื”, ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืžืขืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืฉื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืึทืžืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื‘ึนึผืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืึทืžืœื˜, 
ื“ื•ืจืš ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข 
ื”ืขื ื˜ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ื“ืจื™ื™ ืคืขืจื˜? ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœึถืข ืขืจื“ื’ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื“. 8) ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืข 
ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืžื ื”ื ื™ื, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืขืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ, 

ืื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื’ืึธ ืคืึทืจื“ืขืงื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื—ืคืจื•ื ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื–ืขื ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ; ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืฐื™ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืึท ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืœื”ื•ื˜ 
ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืžืขืจืงื˜ ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื™ืžืฆืึธืจืŸ, ืึทื– ,ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 
ืคืึทืจื ืขืกืŸ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืืžื•ื ื”, ื•ื™ ื ืึธืจ ืขืก ืฉืžืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคึฟืึทืจ" 
ื“ื™ื ืกื˜?'" (ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื“ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ึผื•ึน ืชื•ืขืœืช) ืื•ื– ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ 
ืจืขื“ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ , ืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”'' ืžื™ื˜ ื ืจื•ื™ืก ื”ืชืคึผืขืœื•ืช ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืงื™ื‘ึผื•ืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ื‘ึผืึทื ืฒื™ืกื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืžื•ืคืจ-ื ืคืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื”ืฉืืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื•ื ืึธ ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึทื ื“ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืึถื‘ึดื™ื ื•ึน ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ื•ืจ ืคื•ื ื ื ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ, ื•ืืก 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฅ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื”ื•ื™ืคื ืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื•ืกืจ" 
ื ืžืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ื˜ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ. 


ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ึผืฒ "ืจืŸ 99 


,ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ -- ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ,ืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื—ื•ื“ื—'' --ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื•ื™ 8 ื‘ืจืขื ืขื’- 
ื“ื™ืง ืœื™ื›ื˜: ื‘ึผืขืช ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ืคืœืึทื ืคืื•ื ื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜, ื‘ึผืึทืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืขืก 
ืžึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’" 1 ' 

ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืจืŸ, ืฐืึธื˜ ื™ื™ืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 8 ื’ืขืฆืึธืœื˜ 
ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื–ื™ื ื“ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ -- ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ 
ืึทื–ืฑ ืื•ืžื“ืขืจื˜ืจืขื’ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขืš ืœืื ื’. , ื•ื•ืขืŸ-ื–ืฉืข ืฐืขื˜ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึท ืกื•ืฃ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืฆืจื•ืช? ---ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื™ื˜ืึธื’ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ , ืฉื‘ื˜ 
ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”". ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื ื’ืขืจืขืจ ืืคืŸ ืฐืขืจื’ืึธ, ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ึผืŸ ืฉืœืžื”, ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื•ื™ 
ื›ึผืจืึทื ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึฟืึธืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืกืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜: โ€ ื“ื•ึน ื’ืึธื˜ ื“ื• 
ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืขืจ! ื“ื• ื–ืขืกื˜, ื•ื™ ืื•ื ื– ืคืืจืฆืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืื•ื™ืคื–ืขืจืœืขื ืข 
ืฆืจื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ! ืื•ืฑื™ืกืฐืึทืจืฆืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ื“ืขื ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืจืขืฉื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ืŸ, ืฉื˜ืึธืง-ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืืจื•ื ืื•ื ื–, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืืฉืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ 
ืคื•ื ืง, ื‘ึผื™ื– ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฅ ืฉึดื•ึนื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ. ืขืก ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ 
ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื›ึผื•ื—ื•ืช,, ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืฆืึทืคึผ? ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื”.. ื“ื• ื’ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืกืœ! ื“ื• 
ื”ืึธืกื˜ื™ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื– ื’ืขืฉื™ืกื˜ ืึท ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ื ืึธืš ื ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ, ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ื’ืขื–ืึธื ื˜: 
ืจืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ืฉื˜ืจืึธืฃ ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื“ --- ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืœืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื’ืึธื˜ ื‘ึฟืึทืฒ 
ืฐื•ื™ืœื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’! ืื•ืŸ ื–ืข -- ื’ื™ื™ืข ืฆืจื•ืช ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืื™ื’ืขืจ ืื•ื ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ! ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ึผืึทื ื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืž -- ืื•ึนืŸ ืžื™ืฃ 
ื˜ืึทืคึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ื˜ื˜ืขืจ! ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ื—ื™ื•ืช ืจื™ื ื’ืœืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืืจื•ื; ื•ืขืœืฃ ืื•ืŸ 
ืœืขืžืคึผืขืจื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื ื–.. ื’ืึธื˜ ื“ื• ื˜ืœืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ! ื–ืข, ืฐื™ ืืœืฅ ืึธืจื•ื 
ืื™ื– ืืฑืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื ื–: ืืคื™ืœื• ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืžืœ ืคื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื– 
ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื“ื™ ืขืจืจ ืฐืึทืงืœื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜; ื ื™ื˜ืึธื’ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืœืŸ, ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืขื ื“? ืžื•ืŸ ื ื‘ึผื•ื™ื, 
ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื ืจืขื–ืขืœืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืžื“ืœ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’, ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื•ื•ึนืึดื 
| ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš , ื˜ืื˜ืข", , ืžืึทืžืข!! ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืœื™ืคึฟืŸ --- ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืฉื•ื ืื™ื... ื“ื•, ืืœ ืจื—ื•ื ื•ื—ื ื•ืŸ! ื•ื™ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ื• ืฆื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืœืง ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืœื™ื™ืจืŸ) ื˜ื• ื‘ืœื™ืงืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืŸ ืจื• ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ึผืจืึธืš --- ื’ื™ืš ื˜ึผื•ึน ืคืืจืฉืคึฟืจืฒื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ื ื– ื“ืขื ืžืึทื ื˜? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื ืึธืจ, ื”ืขืœืฃ ืื•ื ื– ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืื•ืœื”! 
ื“ืขืจืคื™? ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืฐืึธื˜ ื”ืึธืคึผื˜ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ื ืคืึทืจืงื™ื ืจื™ืงื˜?. " 

ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืืจื˜ ืคึฟืืจื ืขืžื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ื›ึผืจืึธื ื™ืงืขืก ืคื•ืŸ 16ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื” ื“ืึธืก ื•ืขืจืง ืคื•ื ื ืคึผืึธืจื˜ื•ื ืขื–ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืึทืจืึทืŸ ืื•ื˜ืงืข 
;ื ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฆื• ื™ืฉืจืืœื˜ ืคึฟื™ื™ืจืŸ" (18861 66 9ื—110018006 0ื–000801208). 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 2117 ืคื—ื ื” ื—ื™ืชื•ืจื™ื ื›ืžืŸ ื”ืื‘ื•ืงื” ื”ืจื•ืœืงืช ืฉืฉื•ืจืคืช ื•ืžื›ืœื” ืืช ืขืฆืžืช 
ื•ืžืื™ืจื” ืœืื—ืจื™ื". 





100 ื“ื™ืจ ', ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื’ 


ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื™ื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืจืืš (ืก'ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขืฉื“ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ื•ื’ืขื–ื™ืฉ), ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืจื. ืก'ืื™ื– ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืจืึธื ื™ืง, ื ืึธืจ ื ืคึผืึธืขืžืข, ืจื™ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื™ืš ืคึผืึทื˜ืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืกื˜ื™ื’ 1. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืข- 
ืจืขืกืฆื ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขืคึฟืงืฒื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึทื ืฅ ืงื ืึทืคึผืข ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– 
ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืœืข ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืึทืจืึทื ืขืŸ ื ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ืฅ 
ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขืจืึทืจื˜, ื•ื– ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขืกืœืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ืจืฉื˜ ืขืกื˜ื. 
ืขื ื“ืข ืคื•ืคืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ื ื 16ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื” ืื™ื– ืื•ืกืงืข ืึทืฐืขืง ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืžืช, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึท ืžื™ื˜ื ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ื ื ื“ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœื™ื-ืงืจื™ื™ื–. 8 ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 8 ืคึผืึทืขื˜ื™ืฉ ืคื™ืœื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืฉืžื”, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืกืงืข 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื”ื™ืœืฃ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ึผืจื™ื“ืขืจ, , ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ ื ืข" 
ืคืึทืœืขื ืข --- ื•ื™ ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืง -- ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ 
ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืžื•ื˜ื™ืง ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ึผ ื“ืขืจ ืืžื•ื ื” ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืึธื‘ื•ืช",. ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืขืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึถืขืžืข ื ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ 
ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ึผื™ืœื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื•ื˜ ืื•ื™ื" 
ื“ืขืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื™ื ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช. ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืขืžืข ืื™ืŸ 
ืึทื™ื ื ืขื˜ืฒืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ ื ืขืฉืคึผืจืขื›ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ ืคึผืึทืก" 
ื˜ืขื›ืขืจ; ื™ืึทืงืึธื‘ึผืึธ (ื™ืขืงื‘), ื ื•ืžืขื (ื ื—ื•ื) ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ืœืึธืจืขื™ (ื–ื›ื•ื™ื”). ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืคึผื˜ืขืš ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืกื™ืžื‘ึผืึธืœึฟ ืคื•ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ 
ืจืขื“ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ื ื•ืคื. ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ึผืึทืงืœืึธื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆืจื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ 
ื ืขื‘ึผืขืš ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืฉืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืึธืฃ" ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ืืžืชืข ื•ื•ืขืœืฃ, ืื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ืŸ ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื ื‘ึดึผื™ื– ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื ื ืžื™ื˜ืœืึทืœื˜ืขืจ. ื™ืขืงื‘ืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ 
ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืคึผืจื–ึผื•ื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ืŸ; ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืึธืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืคืึธืœืง ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื; 
ืขืจ ืื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืจื‘ึผืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืœื™ื™ื“ื˜ ืคืืจ ืึทื ื“ืขืจื˜; ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฐื•ืขื˜ 
ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ื™ ื ืื•ืœื—, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฅ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ื™ื“, ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืึธื›ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฆืฐื™ื™ 

1 ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ึดื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ืฆื ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืกืŸ ืฉึธืจื™ื ื™ื ืึธืœ (ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื– ื ื™ื 
ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขืš), ื ืึธืจ ื‘ึทึผืœื•ึนื™ื– ืžื™ื ื“ื™ ืคืจืึทื ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื - 
ืฉื ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ (,ืคืขืกื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ืฆ, ืฆืขื ื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืคื˜ื•ื ื ืกื™ืคืขืกื˜ื ื“ืขืก ืึทืงืึทื“ืขื, ืคืขืจื™ื™ื ื ืคื™ืจ ื™ืจืค 
ื ืขืฉ, ืื•ื ื“ ืœื™ืžืขืจ,",. 38--77), ื’ืจื™ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื–ืขืจืœื™ื ื  ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผืฉืืขืชึผื ืคึฟืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื, ืฉืžื™ื , 
ืฉื ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ (ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ , 3), ืึทื– ื‘ื™ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจื˜ื™ืง ืฆื•ื 
ื“ืจื•ืง ืึท ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืข ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื  ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืกืงืขืก ืคืึธืขืžืข ืกื™ื ืึท ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉ* 
ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืึทืจืฒื ืคื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ื‘ึผืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื ืขืŸ, ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื ืขืจ ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื—ื™ ืขืก 
ืฉื™ื™ื ื, ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื. 





ื“ืจื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืกืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื“ืŸ 1011 


ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื™ื“ื ืก-ื•ื•ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœ-ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ึผื™ื– ื—ื•ืจื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผื™ืช ืฉื ื™, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืขืก -- ื“ื™ ืฉืจืขืกืœืขื›ืข 
ืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื ืžื™ื˜?ืืœื˜ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื– ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ 
ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ื•ื ืึทืœ. ืึทืœืก ืงื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื‘ืœื™ืก 
ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ืฆื˜ ืื•ืกืงืข;. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืคืœืึทืฐื™ื•ืกืขืก ื•ืขืจืง, ื“ื™ ืืคึผืึธืงืจื™ืคื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ 
ื—ืฉืžื•ื ืื™ื ื' ืื•ืŸ ื—ืฉืžื•ื ืื™ื ื‘', ื“ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืœืึทื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉืข, ืคืจืึทื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉืข ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคืŸ,. ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื“ืขื ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืขืจ ืึทืœืคืึธื ืึธ 
ื“ื™ื™ืกืคึผื™ื ืึธ, ื“ืขื ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 1106/6 0ื–ื˜12/6ื–20' (ื“ื™ ืคืขืกื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคืึทืจ 
ืืžื•ื ื”). ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืข, ืื•ื™ืก ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืงืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืข- / 
ืงืœื™ื‘ืขื ืข ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช, ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืžื ื•ืœื’? ืื™ืŸ ืคึนึผืึท- 
ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ึผื™ืœื“ืขืจ, ื‘ึผืึทื”ืขืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉืžืึธืœืฆืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืก ื˜ืจืึท- 
ื’ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืึทื˜ืึธืก, ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืึทืคึผื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืึธืจืŸ. ,ืฐื•ื”ื™ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืฃ 
ื•ื•ืขื ื“ืŸ, --- ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืกื˜ืขืš ื™ืขืงื‘, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ื•ืขื ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื’ืข 
ืฆืขื–ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ืข ื˜ืฉืขืจืขื“ืขืก, --- ืฐื• ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ 
ืคึผืึทืจ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืฐื•ื ื“ืŸ, ื–ืึทืœื‘ึผ ืคื˜ืจ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคึทึผืึทืจ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืšืจ- 
ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื ืฉืžื”? ืื•ื™, ืืฒื™ืจืึธืคึผืข, ืืฒื™ืจืึธืคึผืข! ื“ืŸ -- ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื”ื ื•ื ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜! ืžื™ื. ืฐืึธืกืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื’ืจื™ืกืŸ, ืึทื– ืึทืœึทืข ื“ื™ื™ื ืข 
ื ืฆื—ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื‘ึผืึทืฉื™ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ืžื’ืขืกื•ืžืขื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฉืœืึธ- 
ื’ืขื ืข? ื•ื™ ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืš ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ, ื“ื™ืš --- ืžื™ื˜ ืœืึทืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืคื•ืœื˜ืข, ืงืจื™" 
ื’ืขืจื™ืฉ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข? ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื•ื™ ืึท ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจื™ืงืข ืœื™ื™ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืฉืึธืฃ ืคืืจ- 
ืฆื•ืกื˜! ืคืึทืจืคืœื•ื›ื˜ืข ื›ื˜ืขืคึผืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืึทื ืงืจื™ื™ืš --- ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืœืขืžืขืœืขืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฒืขืจืข ืคื˜ืจื’ื™ืคื˜ืขื˜ืข ื’ืขืฐื™ืงืกืŸ! ื“ื• ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฆืข, ื“ืŸ 
ืฐื™ืœื“-ื‘ึผืขืจื’ื™ืง ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืœืึทื ื“! ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฉืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ 
ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืฉืคึผื™ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจื•ื ื–ื˜ืข ืึทืœืคึผืŸ; ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ืฆื‘ื•ืขืงื™ืฉ-ืžืืœืฉืข ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืฉืคึผื™ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืฆืจื•ื ื–ื˜ืข ืึทืคึผืŸ! ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•, ืฆื‘ื•ืขืงื™ืฉ-ืคืืœืฉืข ืื•ืŸ 
ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ึผืขืกื˜ืข ื˜ืฉืขืจืขื“ืขื!..." 

ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืกืงืข, ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืจืึทืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืžื˜ื™ืจืช-ื ืžืฉ ืึทื ื˜ืœืึธื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ืขืก ืฉืึทืจืคืข ื ืขื’ืœ, ืจืขื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืจืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืึธืก ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื ืข" 
ื˜ื•ื ืงื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืข. , ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื ืฉื˜ืึทืžื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืื•ืžื ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืฐื•ืœืึธื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืจืฆื•ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืžื”ื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ึผืœื™ืงืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื ืขืฐื•ืึธืจืคืŸ 
ืึท ื˜ื•ื™ื˜-ืฉืจืขืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืข,. ืื•ื™ืก ืึตื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื’ืข- 
ืคืึธืจืžื˜, ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืึทืคึผื˜ ืกื™ื˜ ืกื ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœืึทื ื’ืขืŸ-ื’ื™ืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืึทื ืฆืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืกื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืœ. ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ึผืœื™ื™ื“ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืคืœื™ื ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืœ 
ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ื‘ึผืึทื“ืขืงื˜... ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื“ืจืึทื›ืŸ-ืฉืœืึทื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืคึผืจื™ืงืึทื ื™ืฉืข ืžืจื‘ืจื™ื•ืช 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื•ืžื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื ืœื™ื›ืŸ!.. ื˜ื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืฐืขื‘ึผ? ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก 


102 ื—"ืจ ื ืฆื™ื ื’ ืฆืจื’ 


ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ ืคืœื™ืกืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ-ืงืจื‘ึผื ื’ืช ื˜ื•ื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืจืŸ. ืžื™ืก ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืึทืจืฆืŸ 
ืฉืึธื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ืขืš ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืขืงืŸ, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ื 
ื˜ื•ื˜ ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื”ืขืœ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜-ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืŸ --- ื“ืึธืก ืื•ืžื’ืขื”ื•ื™ืขืจ ืžืึทื›ื˜ 
ืึทืคื™ืœืช ืžืฆืจื™ื; ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื ื“ืŸ --- ืึทืœืฅ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืกื˜, 
ืคืึทืจื“ืึทืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึทืœืข ื’ืจืึธื–ืŸ, ืคืึทืจื˜ืจื™ืงื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึทืœืข ื‘ึผืœื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผื™ื™ืžืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ื‘ึผืึทืจืกื˜ืข ืœืึทื ื“ ื•ึถื•ืขืจื˜ ืคืึทืจืฐืึทื ื“ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฐื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจื™ 
ื˜ืจื™ืงื ื˜ืŸ ืžื“ื‘ึผืจ!., 

ืื•ืกืงืขืก ืคึผืึธืขืžืข, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืึทืจืึท ืื™ืŸ 18552, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ืŸ 
ื˜ืึทืœืขื ื˜ืคื•ืœืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข-ืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื›ึนึผื”ืŸ. 

ื‘ึผื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจื˜ื™ื ื’ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื›ึผื”ืŸ ื’ื•ืคื ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข 
ื•ื•ืขืจืง 1. ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืคืคืจื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื ื•ืขื˜ืข. ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ื•ืกื” ื”ื›ึผื”ื ืก ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ, 
ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ึผืŸ ืžืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืฐื™ื ื™ืึธืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1496 ืฆื•ื 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืœื™ืงื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ื ืฃ ื™ืืจ ืึทืจื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” 
ื–ื™ืš ื›ึผืึทื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืจื™ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข 
ืขืจืฆื™ื•ื ื’. ืึธืœืก ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ืคืึทืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื›ึผื”ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจื˜ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทืœืก ืคึผืจืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึทืจืฆื˜, ืึทื–ืฑ ืงื•ื ื”-ืฉื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืึทื– 
ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืึทื™ื™ื ื’ืขืœืึทื“ืŸ ืึทืœืก ืœื™ื™ื‘ึผ-ืึทืจืฆื˜ ืฆื•ื ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธื–ืฉ ืึทื ื“ืจืขืฉ 
ื“ืึธืจื™ืึธ. ื‘ึผืขืช ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1216 ืคืึทืจึฐื˜ืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืึท, ื”ืึธื 
ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื›ึผื”ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทืงื˜ื™ืง. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืš ืคื™ืคึฟ ืึธืคึผื ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื—ืœืฉืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ. ื’ืจืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื ื“ึถืจืขืึท 
ื“ืึธืจื™ืึธ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึทืจ? ื“ืขื ืคื™ื ืคื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืขืจืงื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื’ืขื ื•ืขื–ื™ืฉืข ืงืจื™ื’ืก-ืฉื™ืคืŸ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืึธืคื˜ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื‘ึผืขืจื™ืฉืข ืึถื ืคืึทืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ึผืจืขื ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื›ื ืœืึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคืจื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืข 
ืึทื™ื™ื ืฐื–ื™ื ืขืจ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฆืึถืœ ื™ื™ึดื“ืŸ. ื™ื•ืกืฃ 
ื”ื›ึผื”ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึทืŸ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงื˜ ื. ืกืš ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื• ื‘ึผื›? ืชึผืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื’ืขื‘ึผืขื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืจื™ 
ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืžืงื™ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืคื•ืŸ , ืคึผื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื•ื™ื™ื", ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ื- 
ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ืกื•ืžืขืก, ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืœื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคืึทื ื’ืขื ืข ืืฑืฃ ื“ื™ 
ืงืจื™ื ืก-ืฉื™ืคืŸ 2. ืื™ืŸ 8, ื‘ึผืขืช ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืึทืœืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืขืœืข ื ืึทืฐื™, ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื›ึผื”ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืึท, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ 1580, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืึท ืื•ื™ืคืกื ื™ื™ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื ืขื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึท ื‘ึผืึทืคืข? 


ื™1 ืคืขืง ื”ื‘ื›ื", ืคืึธืจืจืขื“ืข, ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ (93, 94, 102, 103, 106--7, 40109 ื•ืข ืื•ื™ืš 


ืื™ื–ื™ื“. ืœืขื‘ ืื™ืŸ ,605( 95 46 ื˜ืกืช ื–ืฉื, 44-41, 
2 ืžืขืจ ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืข: ืื™ื–. ืœืขื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืžื™ืจื˜ืŸ ืึทืจืžื™ืงืœ 46--49, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืคื•ืจ ื’ื™ ื™ื“ืŸ 103 


ืึทืจืฑืกืฆื•ื˜ืจืฒื‘ึผืŸ ืึธืœืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืคืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื›ึผื”ืŸ, ืืก ื’ืขื ื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืึทืจืฆื˜, ืึทื™ื™ื ื’ืขืœืึทื“ืŸ ืฆื•ึน ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืฐื•ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืึทื“ื•ืฉื™ืึธ, 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืฉื‘ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ึผืœื™ื‘ืŸ: ืื™ืŸ 1807 ืื™ื– ืึทืจื•ื™ืก ืึท ื‘ึผืึทืคืขืœ, 
ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืึทืจืฑืกื˜ืจืฒื‘ึผืŸ ืึทืœืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ื’ืขื ื•ืขื–ืขืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื“ื™ 
ืึทื™ื™ื ืฐื•ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ืึธ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื ืขืคึผื•ืขืœื˜ ื‘ึผืฒ ื“ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทื›ื˜, ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ 
ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื ื—ืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืคื•ืœืŸ ืึทืจืฆื˜; ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื›ึผื”ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ืื ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ื—ืกื“;: ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืฐืึทื ื“ืขืจ-ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื–ืขืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 
ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืขืœืขื˜ืึธ, ื•ื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ืœืขืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ 1 ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1871 ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื›ื—ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืึทื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ (ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฉืžืึธืจื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ 18/98), 

ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจืึทืงื˜ื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื›ึผื”ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉืฐืึทื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉืžืึทืจืงืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืฆื• ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ. ื ืึธืฃ 
ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคื™ืœ ืึธืคึผื ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืืขื–ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืขืก 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทืคึผื™ืœื• ืื•ื™ืคื ืขื”ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ.ื ืกืš ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ 8!---20ื™ื™ืืจื™ืงืขืจ 
ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜? ื‘ืื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื›ืึทืจืืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืจ, ื•ื• 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืึทืœืก ืงื™ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื ืขืกืึทื ืก-ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื‘ืึทื–ื™ื ื ื˜ 
| ื“ืจื™ื™ื“ืื•ืŸ-ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื™ืง ื›ึผืœืœึทื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ-ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜. ื—ื•ืฅ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื’- โ€ 
ื˜ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ , ืกืคืจ ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”" ืื•ืŸ , ืกืคืจ ืคื™ืจื ืื ื“ื• ืงื•ืจื˜ื™ืฉ" 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื›ึผื”ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 8 ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœืข ืึทืจื‘ึผืขื ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœื™ืฉืข ื ืขืžืขืŸ 
(ืกืคืจ ืคึผืœืก ื”ืฉืžื•ืช, ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืชื "ืš ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื"ื‘), ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉืŸ ืกื˜ื™? ?. ืึธื‘ึถึผืขืจ ืงื•ื ื”-ืฉื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื”ื™ืก" 
ื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื“ืึทื ืง ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืœื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืข 
ืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื—ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, 

ื‘ึผืขืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื—ื›ึผื”ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืึทื“ื–ืฉื™ืึธ, โ€ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื”ืึทืจื‘ึผืกื˜ 11809 ืคึฟืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืขืจืง ;ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ?ืžืœื›ื™ ืฆืจืคืช 


1 ื–. ืงืขืžืง ื”ื‘ื›ื", 131, 

2 ืฉื™ืจึดื™ื ืฉื—ื’ื•ืชื™ ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื—ืจื•ืชื™". ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืฑื™ืงืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจื™ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ 
ื™ื•ึนืกืฃ' ื”ืฆื”ื ืก ืคึฟื™ืœืข ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืคืชื‘ื™ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ,ืึทืœืœื™ืึทื ืก 
ืื™ื–ืจืึทืขืœื™ื˜" ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื’ืก ืคื•ื™ืขืจ ืฆื™ืžื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ึผืขื, ืึท ืฆืฐื™ื™ื˜ืขืฃ 
ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื ื”ื ื ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื’ืขืžื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืจืึธืŸ ื ื™ื ืฆื‘ึผื•ืจื’ืก ืงืึธืœืขืงืฆื™ืข 
(ื’ื•ืž! 212: , ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื—ืจื•ื–ื™ื ื•ืชืืจื™ ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื ืžืจ' ื™ื•ืกืฃ .ื”ื›ื”ืŸ"), 

8 ื•ืข ืื™ ืœืขื‘ืก ืึทืจื‘ึผืขื, 31 

4 ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืŸ ืฐืขืจืง ืฐืฒื–ื˜ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื ื”ืŸ ืึธืŸืฃ ื ื”ืฉืœืžืชื™ื• ื ืกื•ืฃ ื—ื•ืจืฉ ื”ืฉื•ืŸ 
ืฉื ืช ื•ื—ืฉ ืขืชื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืžื•", 





104 ื“ื™"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ื•ืื•ื˜ืึธืžื˜ืŸ" 1. ,ืขืก ืื™ื– ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜, -- ืขืจืกืœืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืึทืœืฅ 
ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื›ึผื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืจืขื“ืข ืฆื•ึผ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข, --- ืึทื– ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื™ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ 
ื”ื›ึผื”ืŸ (ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืคืœืึทื•ื•ื™), ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืœื—ืžื” 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืจื•ื™ื ืื•ึผืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข-ืฉืจื™ื™ืฆึผืขืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ื‘ึผื™ื– ืื™ืš, ื™ื•ืกื” ื”ื›ึผื”ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข-ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ, ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื‘ึผืจื™ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ื›ึผืจื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ืŸ ื ืขืฉืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคืึธืจื™ืงืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ"*, ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืžื•ื– ืžื•ื“ื” ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื›ึผื”ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืข- 
ืฐื•ื™ืกืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืœื™ื™ื›ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผื“ื“ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืก ืื•ืŸ 
ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื›ึผืื™, ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืขืœ , ืกืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื'' ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื™ืจืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคืึทืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ื’ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข-ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ , ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื™ืžื™ื", 
8 ืžืึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืœื–ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ืœืจื•ื ื’, ืึท ื˜ืึทืœืขื ื˜ืคื•ืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื›ึผื”ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืฉืึธื ืกืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืŸ ืืžืชืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธ- 
ืจื™ืฉืŸ ื—ื•ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื“ืึทื ืง ื“ืขื, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืึธืก ืื‘ึผื™ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•-ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜. ืึท ื‘ึผืงื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœืึทื˜ืฒืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืืฒื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืขื™ึทืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื›ึผื”ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ื" 
ืฆื•ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ื ืกื˜ืข ืงื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉ ื‘ึผืึทืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื”ื™ืก" 
ื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึธืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ื ื•ืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื›ึผื”ืŸ 
ื”ื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื‘ึผืœื™ืง ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขื ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืœื›ื•ืช 
ืจื•ืžื, ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ ืึถึดืคึผ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื—ื•ืคื” ืคื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ื™ืฅ-ืฆื•ื’ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช. ืขึถืจ ื’ื•ืคื ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื ืขื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืงืฉื ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ื—ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึทืžืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื•ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืขืจ ืžืœื•ื›ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื˜ืึธืžืึทื ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื—ื•ืจื‘ึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื‘ึผื™ื–ืึทื ืฅ-ืงื™ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื™ืš ืžืื›ืžืขื“ืก ืคืึธืŸ ื‘ืึทืคืขืกื˜ื™ืงื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ื˜ ืงืจื™ื’ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืงืจืึทืคื˜ ื ืฆื—ื•ื ื“ื™ืก ื“ึถืขื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒื™ืจืึธืคึผืข,. 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื ืึทื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื›ึผื”ืŸ 
ื ืขื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึทืžืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืจื™ื–ื™ืงืข ืงืจืขืคื˜ืŸ --- ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื–ื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ 
ืืฒืจืึธืคึผืข, ืคื•ื ื ืื™ืกืœืื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ื ื˜ื•ื ?. ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื“ืข ืจืึทื ื’" 


1 ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ื ืฐืขืจ?: ,ืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื™ืžื™ื ืœืžืœื›ื™ ืฆืจืคืช ื•ืžืœื›ื™ 
ื‘ึดึผื™ืช ืื•ื˜ื•ืžืืŸ ื”ืชื•ื’ืจ", ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืืฑื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ืื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึทื‘ึผื™ืฆึธื ืขื˜ืึท ืื™ืŸ 1554, ื“ืึธืก 
ืฐืขืจืง ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืขืฆื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืึทืžืฒึทืŸ, ืคืจืึทื ืฆืฑื–ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ, 

2 ,ื›ื” ืืžืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื—ื•ืฉืข.., ื™ื“ืข ื›ืœ ืฉืขืจ ืขืžื™ ื›ื™ ืœื ื›ื ืกื•ืคืจ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ 
ื›ื™ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืืฉืจ ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืืจืฅ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื—ื“ืœื• ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช 
ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ืจืœื•, ืขืจ ืฉืงืžืชื™ ืื ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืงืžืชื™ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื•ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ", (ืžื™ืจ ืฆื™ืžื™ืจืŸ 
ืœื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืืฑืกื’ืึธื‘ึผืข), 


5 ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืกื˜ืข ืžืœื•ื›ื—, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื, ื”ืึธื 
ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืคื”ืŸ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทื ืงืจื™ื™ืš, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ืฒืจืŸ 105 


ื™ืœืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ืึทื™ื™ื ื ืขืงืœืึทืžืขืจื˜ ื“ืจื™ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืข ืฐืขืœื˜ -- ื“ืึธืก ืคึผื™ืช 
ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื“ืึธืก ,ื’ืขื™ืึทื ื˜ืข ืฉืขืžืขืœืข", ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ืจืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึธื˜ืก ืฐืึธืจื˜, 
ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื–ืึธื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืื•ื›ืฃ... 

ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื–ืึท ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืœืขื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืคืืจืคืืกืขืจ ืฆืฐืึทืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืึทืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฉืจื™ื™- 
ื‘ึผื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ,ื ืœื•ืช", ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคื™ื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืจื•ืช. ื“ื™ ืื™ืžื”ืจื™ืงืข 
ืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืจืฆื™ื—ื•ืช, ื™ึดื•ืฆึธึผืกื ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืœื•- 
ื˜ื™ืงืข ื˜ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืกืขื™ ื”ืฆืœื‘, ืจื•ืคืŸ ืึทืจืฑื™ื ื‘ื™ื™ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข-ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืึธืจืŸ. ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจืฒื‘ึผื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืจืขืง" 
ืงืขื›ืข ืžืขืฉื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™' ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื•ื•- 
ืคึผืจืึทืฐื™ื ื™ืฅ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืงืจื™ื™ืฅ-ืฆื•ื’, ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื›ึผื”ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืคืึทืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื ืงืžื—-ื“ื•ืจืฉื˜ื™ืงืข ืฉื•ืจื•ืช: ,,ื–ืึธื ื ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื›ึนึผื”ืŸ: ืื™ืฆื˜ ืขืœ ืื™" 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืืคืŸ ืžึดื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทื ื“ืขืก ืฆืœื-ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ืฆืจื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ --- ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืกืžื”. ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ 
ื ื•ืงื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืœืง ื™ืฉืจื?, ื˜ื• ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึทืœืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ!" 1 

ืื™ืŸ 1888 ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื›ึผื”ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืžื•ื? 
ืื•ืกืงืขืก .0ื–ืก00050180", ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืคึผืึธืขืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื , ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื•ื’ืขื–ืขืจ" (ืึทื–ืฑ 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืกืงืข ืคื™ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื›ึผื”ืŸ), ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื ื ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ื’ืฐืืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืจื•ืฉื˜. 
ื™ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืœื™ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืกืงืขืก ืžื™ื˜ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ืกืคืขืฆื™ืขืค 
ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ืฆืจื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืฑื™ืกื•ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื˜. 
ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ื™ืฅ-ืฆื•ื’ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื– ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ืึธืจ ืึธืจื•ื, ืื™ื ื ื–ื•ืžืขืจ 1800 5 
ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงืฉ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืืกืฆื™ืข ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,ืขืืก 
ื”ื‘ึผื›ื" (ื˜ืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืึธืžืขืจ). ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืขื ืขื‘ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืจื™ืงืข 
ื”ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื–ืึท ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืจืึธื ื™ืง ื‘ึผื™ื• 1578 = 


1 ืขื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื", ื“ืฃ 45, ืขื' 1'3 ,{ืœืžืขืŸ ื™ื“ืขื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื™ ืืœ ื ืงืžื•ืช ื“' 
ืืœ ื ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืจืขื” ื•ืœื ืœืกื•ื‘ื” ื•ื ืงื ืืช ื ืงืžืช ืขืžื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืœื‘ืŸ ืื•ื“ 
:ื‘ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืœืฉื ื™ืšืฃ { ืื–ืžืจ", 

3 ืื™ื ื ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืฑื™ืคึผื˜, ื˜ื™ื ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืœืขืค ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื ื•ืฆืฉ, ื’ืขืคื™ื ื ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขื 
ืคึฟืึทืจืคึผืึทืกืขืจื ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฆื•ืฉืจื™ืคื: ืคื•ืชื”ื™ ื”ืฉืœืžืชื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื—ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืจืฉ ืืœื•ืœ ืฉ"ื›". 

8 ื•ืข ืืขืžืง ื”ื’ื›ื" ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื˜ืขืจื™ื ืืฑืื ืึทื‘ึผืข, 126--4135 ืขืคืขื ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื™ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืืžื’ื™ื—" (ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ) ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ื•ืกืฃื” ื”ื ื”ื ื ื›ืจืึธื ื™ืง ื“ืขืจืคื™ืจื ื’ื•ืŸ 1605. ื“ืข" 
.ืขืžืง ื”ื‘ึผื›ื" ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ื ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉ ื“ื•ืจืš ืฐื™ื ืขืจ (1858) ืื•ืŸ ื ืคืจืึทื ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉ 
ื™ื“ื•ืจืš ื•ืฉื™ื•ืœืขืŸ 8ืข (9ื–1160 8166 8, 1881). 





106 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ื•ืฃ ื”ื›ึผื”ืŸ ืคืึธืจืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื‘ึผืชื•ืจ ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืึท ืœื™ืจ,, 
ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ: , ืขืžืง ื”ื‘ึผื›ื" ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืขืจืง, ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคึผืึทืกื˜ ืฆื•ื ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜... ืฐื•ึผ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืึทื›ื–ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ, ืขืจ 
ืžืขื’ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืกืขืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ืื•ืžื” --- ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืกืคืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜: 
ื–ื™ืคืฆืŸ ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™, ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื˜ืขืจืข ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ. ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ื 
ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ื ืึทื›ื˜, ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ืช-ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืื™ื– ื—ืจื•ื‘ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืึธื ืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื’ื•ืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืœืง. 
ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงืฐืึทืœืŸ ืคื•ืœ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ึนื™ืš ืื•ื™ื" 
ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ; ื‘ึผื™ื– ืฐืึทื ืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผื™ื™ื ื™ืงืŸ? ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืš-ื–ืฉืข, 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืืœ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜! ื ื™ืš ืœื™ื™ื– ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืึทื ื“ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื™ื˜, ื ื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืื™ื ื“ืขื ื’ื•ืืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ึดืฉื™ื ืฉื˜ืึทื!" 

ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื›ึผื”ื ืก ืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉ ืžืงื•ื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ: ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข: 
ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ืกื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื ื”ื’ ืฆื• ืœืฒืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ,ืขืžืง 
ื”ื‘ื›ื" ืื•ื ืชืฉืขื”ื™ื‘ืื‘ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื•ืช, 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื–ืขืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึทืจืžืึทื ื™ืฉ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื•ื ื“ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ื" 
ืžืขืจืงื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืึทืจืคื–ื™ื ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืึธื‘ึผืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฆืฐืึทืžืขืŸ ืกื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืŸ, ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืึทืžืขื ื˜ืคื•ืœืŸ ืคึผืึทื˜ืจื™ืึธื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ 
ืžื–? ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžื ืœื™ืงืœืขืš ืคืึธืœืง. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื›ึผื”ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,ืขืžืง ื”ื‘ึผื›ื" 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ืฆื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื•ื•ืขืœืŸ !, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืข, ืžืจืึทื " 
ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืœืึทื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉืข ื ืขืฉื™ื‘ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื›ืจืึธื ื™ืงืขืก, ืžื™ื˜ ืกืขื‘ึผืึทืกื˜ื™ืึทืŸ ืžื™ื " 
ืกื˜ืขืจืก .800/2ื–0050004ืก", ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืœืข ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืงื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ, 
ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื ื˜ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง 
ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืข ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช. ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ ืื™ื–, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื›ึผื”ื ืก ืžืขืœื“ื•ื ื’, ืึทื– 
ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื ืฆื—ื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืึทืจืึทื‘ึผืขืจ ืฐืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึธืคึผื ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคึผืขืฃ- 
ืกืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 6090, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืึทื ื˜ืœืึธืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ืคึผืจืก ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื–ืขืฆื˜ 
ืื™ื ื ืœืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกืŸ, ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืœืึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืŸ, ื”ื• ื–ื™ื™ 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืึท ืกืš ื˜ืœื˜ื ืขื–ืขืกืขื ืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 5 

ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื›ึผื”ืŸ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ื‘ึผืขืช ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื”ืขืจ ืžืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข 
ืคึผืจื˜ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืึทื ื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ื—ื•ืฉื“ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทืŸ 


4 ืื•ืกืงืขืก ืคึผืึธืขืžืข (ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 62, 64, 67 ืืึทื–"ืฐ); ื“ื™ ื›ืจืึธื ื™ืงืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืึถืœื™ืขื–ึถืจ ื‘ึผืŸ 
ื ืชืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืคืจื™ื ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืฑื ื‘ึผืึธื ืึท (ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 24, 29, 21), ืงืœื•ื ื™ืžื•ื ื‘ึผืŸ ืงืœื•ื ื™ืžื˜ื•ืกืขื 
,ืื‘ืŸ ื‘ึผื•ื—ืŸ" (ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 44, 48) ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข, 

2 ื“ืึธืจืื™, 9: ืื•ื ื•ืกื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืืจืฅ ืคืจืก ื›ืžืคื ื™ ื—ืจื‘, ื•ื™ืชื”ืœื›ื• ืžื’ื•ื™ ืืœืœ 
ื ื•ื™ ื•ืžืžืžืœื›ื” ืืœ ืขื ืื—ืจ, ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืืจืฆื” ืจื•ืกื™ื ื•ืืจืฅ ืึทืฉื›ื ื– ื•ืฉืฑืฆื™ืื”, ื•ืžืฆื ืฉื 
ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื", ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื˜ื™ื, ื•ืึธืก ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืฆึผื”ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื ืฐืœื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ืกื™ื˜ืŸ.ื‘ืึทืฐืขื’ื•ื ื’. 





ืื› 


ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 107 


ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื ืคืจื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืืจืข ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืืœื˜ ืึธื›ึถึผืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ื“ืขื ื’ืขืœืืก|ืจื•ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื•ื ื˜ ืงืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึทืจืึทื ืจืึทืฃ, ื‘ึผืขืช 
ืขืจ ื ื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืข ืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช, ื•ืืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคืืจืฐื•ืื ื“ืœื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ื ื ืžื™ื˜ืœืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืžืชืŸ , ืขืžืง ื”ื‘ึผื›ื". ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืฉืจื™ืฒ 
ื‘ึผื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืกืขืจืข ืฆืจื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืจืฆื™ื—ื•ืช ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืฉืขืช ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ื™ืฅ-ืฆื•ื ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸื–, ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื›ึผื”ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืึธืคื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจ" 
ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืึทื˜ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืึธืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ืกืจื•ืคืŸ: ,ื”ืขืœ ืืœื” 
ืชืชืืคื˜ ื”'!' -- ,ื“ื• ื–ืขืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฅ ืฆื•, ื’ืึธื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ืกื˜? ื•ื•ืขืจ-ื–ืฉืข 
ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขืฉ ืื•ื ื– ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื”ื™ืœืฃ?'" , ื“ื• ื ืึธื˜, ื“ื• ื‘ืึทืฉืขืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ, 
ื•ื•ืืก ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื˜ืขืžื˜! ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื ื•ืงื ืคืึทืจืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง- 
ืื•ืžื ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืข ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืœ ืœืึธื– ืจื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืจื™ื™ื ืข 
ื ืฉืžื•ืช!? , ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึทื–ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื•ืžื ืœื™ืง ืžื•ื– ืื™ืš ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ื™ืกืŸ 
ืžื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ, ืงืœืึทื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืจ, ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ืคืืœืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ? ื˜ืจืื’ื˜ ื ื™ื 
ืžืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื“ ืื•ึนืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืœืข ื’ืขืฐืื ื˜ืŸ, ืฆื™ืจื˜ ืึทื™ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจืขืค' 
ื˜ื™ืงืข ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื“ ืื™ื– ืฆืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืคึฟืึธืœืง, ืื•ืžืขื˜ื•ื, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืœืข ื•ืฐืขื ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื’ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืจื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื’ื ืข" 
ื™ืื ื˜, ืžืขืŸ ืจื™ื ื’ืœื˜ ืื™ื ืืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ืื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื• -- ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉืจืขืงืœืขืš ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ื™ื˜!"" 


ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื•ื ื  ืคื•ื ื ื‘ืœื•ื˜'ื‘ื™ืœื›ื•? ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื ? ื ื™ืขืŸ ืคึฟืึธืจื•ึนื™ืก 
ืคืืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฉื•ืจื•ืช: ,ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื›ึนึผื”ืŸ: ื™ื™ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ึผื•ื™ืจืŸ! ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื•ืžื ืœื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืคืจืึทื ื˜ืจืฒืš, ื•ืขื ืŸ ืึท ืฉืจืขืง" 
ืœืขื›ืŸ ื‘ืจืืš ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœื•ื ืคื•ื– ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืžื ืข" 
ืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืง ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืคื™ืจื˜!"+ ,,ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื›ึผื”ืŸ -- ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืืจื˜ --- ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ืจื•ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืื ืงืจื™ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจืขืงืœืข- 
ื›ืขืจ ื ื™ืจื•ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคืื ื™ืข -- ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจื•ืฐื•ืขืคืกื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืืฉืœื•ื 
ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธึทื–ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืฆื• ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ, ื–ืืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ื•ืืก 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื ืขืžืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข 
ืฉืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืœืืฆืŸ! ืฐืึธืจืขื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธื’.,,? * ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืœื”ืŸ ื ึดื™ื ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ืŸ ื–ืึทืฅ ืคื™ืœื ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืฐืึธืจื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ื™ื 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืœื˜ืขืจ ื ืงืžื— ืื•ืŸ ืฆืืจืŸ -- ืœื™ ื ืงื ื•ืฉืœื”! 
ื–ืข ืฆ"ื‘ ื–ื™ื 100, ืฐื•ึผ ืขื ืฐืขืจื ื“ืขืจืฆืฒืœื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืฉืœืžื” ืžื•ืœื›ื•ื ืฉืจืึทื’ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 23, 46, 15, 16, 85 ืืึทื–"ืฐ, 
ื–ืข ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฐืขืจืง, ื‘ืึทื ื“ |!, 32, 27, 


ืžืขืžืง ื”ื‘ื›ื,, /23; ืงืจื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื", /5. 


8ื˜ - ืคืืฃ โ€ 605 68 = ื”ื™ 





108 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื•ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืข ืฉืจืขืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืžืึธืœื™ืงืข ืฆืจื•ืช 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืฆื• ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืขืœ ,ืขืžืง-ื”ื‘ึผื›ื". ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ื’ื•ืคื 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืจืขืึทืงืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืื™- 
ื˜ืืœื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฒืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจืข ืžืขืฉื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ื™ืคื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฉื•ื ื 
ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื“ืขื ืคึผื•ืคึผืกื˜ ืคึผืึทืฐืขืœ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžื™ื˜ื”ืขืœืคืขืจ; ืื•ืŸ 
ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื›ึผื”ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืข ื’ืข- 
ืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 16ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื” ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฐืึธืจื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืึธื ื–ืึธื’ืขืจ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืจืขื ืขืกืื ืก-ืชึผืงื•ืžื” ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืจื™ื™ื ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืฉืึธื˜ื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื›ื˜... ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ 
ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืข ื›ืจืึธื ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื˜ืึทืœืื ื˜ืคื•ืœืŸ ื ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืฅ- / 
ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืจ, 


ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืคึผืจื˜ื™ื ืื™ื– ืขื ืœืขืš ืฆื• ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื›ึผื”ืŸ ืึทืœืก ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืŸื“ื“ื•ืจ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ึผืŸ ืืœืงื ื” ืงืึทืคึผืกืึทืœื™, ืึท ื’ืขื‘ืึธืจืขื ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื–ืœ 
ืงืึทื ื“ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžืžืฉืœื— ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืข- 
ื ืขื“ื™ืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ึผืŸ ืืœืงื ื” ืื™ืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 19 ื™ืึธืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ (1808) 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทื“ื•ืึท, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ึทึผื™ 
ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืŸ ืจื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืจ' ืžืื™ืจ ืงืึทืฆืขื ืขืœืขื ื‘ึผื•ื™ื’ืŸ (ืžื”ืจ''ื 
ืžืคึผืึทื“ื•ื). ืึทื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื™ืืจ 1894 ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผื•ืจื˜ืฉื˜ืื˜, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื›ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื ืจืืฉ-ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ื“ืขืจ" 
ื ืึธืš ืึทืœืก ืจื‘ ื”ื›ึผื•ืœืœ. ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืŸ ื›ืืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ืื•ึนืŸ ืฉืืจืคืŸ 
ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื’ืขืจืึทื ืก, ื”ืึธืก ื–ื™ืš ืงืึทืคึผืกืึทืœื™ ืคืึทืจื—ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ 
ืฆื• ืื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ืข ืืฑื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื• ืคืขืกื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขื ืข ืžื ื”ื ื™ืก 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืกืงื™ื ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ื™ืงืข ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจ 1. ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืึทืœืก ืžืจื 
ื“ืืชืจื™ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืก ืคึผื•ืกืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืงื•ื ื”-ืฉื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืึทืœืก ื˜ืึทืœืขื ื˜- 
ืคื•ืœืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข-ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืึทืœืก ืคืึทืจืคึฟืึทืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืขื ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืจืงื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืœื•ื›ื” ,ื“ื‘ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื•", ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜" 
ืคื•ืœืข ืงื•ื•ืขืœืข ื”ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืึทืœื’ืขืžืฒื ืข, ื—ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ื•ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข. 


ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ืกื™ื‘ึผื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึนึผืŸ ืงืึทืคึผื™ 
ืคืึทืœื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื‘ึผืึทืฉืœื•ืก ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืฆื•ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืขืจืก. 
ืขืจ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืืจื™ื›ื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืขืช ืžืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืงืึทืคึผืกืึทืœื™ืก 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื–ื›ึผืจื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึธืงืึทื˜ืฉื™ืึธืก ื‘ึผืืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผื•ื ;, 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ , ื“ืขืงืึทืžืขืจืึธืŸ? ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, 


ื™.ื™ 


1 ื•ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ื›ืกื•ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื“ืขืœืžืขื“ื™ื ืึธ, ื–ืข ืฉื•"ืช ืจ' ืžืฉื” ืืœืฉืงืจ, 179. 





ื“ื™ ื’ืœืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื;ืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ืจืŸ 109 


ื‘ึผืึทืœืฃ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื•ื™ ืงืึทืคึผืกืึทืœื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทื ื“ื™ืึท, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืจืข / 
ื“ื™ ืคึผืขืกื˜ ืืฑืกื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึธื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืกืŸ ื—ื•ืจื‘ึผืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืžืึทื‘ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข 
ื•ื™ ื‘ึผืึธืงืฉึทื˜ืฉื™ืึธ ื‘ึผืฉืขืชึผื•, ื’ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืงืึทืคึผื˜ืึทืœื™ ืึท ืžื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื”ืึทืคื˜ ื‘ึผื™ืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืŸ ื ืึทืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืื™ืžื”ื“ื™ืงืข ืžืขืฉื™ื 1. ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื " 
ืกื˜ืขืจืข ื˜ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืขืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืงืึทืคึผืกืึทืœื™ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืฆื• ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ, 


,ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืจืขืง, -- ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืงืึทืคึผืกืึทืœื™ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืก- 
ืฐืึธืจื˜ -- ืฉื˜ืขื’ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ืึทืกื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืž- 
ื‘ึผืจื—ืžื ื•ืชื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื˜-ืึทืจื’ืขืก ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ื—ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืžืึทื ื˜? ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื›ื˜, ื—ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืœืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ, ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ื˜ื ื“ ื‘ืึทืฉืขืคื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื“ืฉื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืขืจื ืกื˜ืŸ 
ืขื ื™ืŸ. ื˜ืจื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื ื’ืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช, ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื– 
ื’ืขืฐืึทืจื˜, ืึทื– ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ืคึฟืึทืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ืจืœ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืœื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืื™ืš ืขืก ื‘ืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืจืก 
ืฆื•ึน ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื ื ืงืจื™ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืข, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืžืขื˜, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื˜ื•ื™ื˜-ื™ืฉืจืขืง ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ,. ืื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ื‘ืึทืฆืฐืขืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข 
ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ื–ื˜ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ, ื—ื•ืฅ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืฆื™ืœืŸ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืงื“ืžื” ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ" *ื™ 


ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื—ืงื“ืžื” ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืงืึทืคึผืึทืกืืœื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืœืขืจื ื“ 
ื“ื™ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ-ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืื™ื–, ืฐื™ ืคื™ืœ ืžื•ืกืจ ืžืขืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ืื™ืจ ืึทืจื•ื™ื- 
ื ืขืžืขืŸ. ืื•ื ื ื’ืึทื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืขืจ ื ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข, ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืงืึทืคึผืกืึทื˜ื™ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืึทื ื˜ื˜ืœืขืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืžื‘ื•ืœื˜ืกื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐื•ื ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืืจืข ื—ื›ืžื” ืคื•ื ื ื‘ืึทืฉืข- 
ืคืขืจ, ืฐืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ืจ? ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ, ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืฃ 
ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืคื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืขื˜ ืฆื•ึน ืึทืœืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ืžืขืฉื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืฉืคึผื˜ืŸ 
ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืง ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจื“ื™ื ืกื˜., ืงืึทืคึผืกืึทืœื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื ืขื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขืจ" 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื ืฆื—ื•ื ื•ืช ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื˜ืึธืžืึทื ื™ืฉืข ื—ื™ื™ืœื•ืช ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืกื›ื•ืœื˜ืึทื ืขื– 
ืกืขืœื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืกื•ืœื™ื™ืžื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืื›ื˜ืคื•ืœืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ ืคื™ืœืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉื˜ 
ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื“ื•ืจ ? ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื–ืขืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึธืกืก ื•ื™ืœืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ,ืžื•ื ืจ", ื“ื™ ืึธื˜ืึธืžืึทื ื™ืฉืข ื’ืจื•ื™ื" 
ืžืึทื›ื˜, ืึทืœื ื ืึธื˜ืก ืฉื˜ืจืึธืฃ-ืจื•ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขืงื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืจืขื ืื™! 
ื‘ึผืœื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื“ ืื™ื™ื™ื ื’ืขื˜ื™ื ืงืขื ืขื ืื™ืจืึธืคึผืข. , ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืฉื ืžื™ื™! 

{ ,ืœื™ืงื•ื˜ื•ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื", 18--821. 

7 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 28, 

8 ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฒื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžืฒืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฐืขืจืง, 





110 ื“"ืจ ื™ืฉ ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ื‘ึผื•ืš -- ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื•ึนื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืชืคึผืขืœื•ืช ืงืึทืคึผื˜ืึทืœื™ --- ื ืขืžื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื›ื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ --- ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื’ืจื™ื™ืคืŸ, ืื– ื ืึธื 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื—ื›ืžื” ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ื“ื•ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื˜ืขืจืงื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืง, ื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืžืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทื›ื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ึผืึทื ืœื™ืงื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ื ืจ -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืึธืฃ ืจื•ื˜ 
ืคื•ึนืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืึธืจืŸ, ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ื ื˜ื•ื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ ืžืฉืคึผื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฆืึธืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ืคื™ื™- 
ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ื™ืงืข ืื•ืžื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืคื•ืœื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืžืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ื ื“" 1. 

ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืกืคืง, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ ืื™ื– ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืงืึทืคึผืกืึทืœื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืจ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื–ืึท ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื•ื•ืขืจืก 
ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื ื”ืึทืœื‘ึผืŸ ืžืึธื ืึทื˜?. 

ื‘ึผืขืช ืงืึทืคึผืกืึทืœื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื˜ืึธืžืึทื ืขืŸ (ื‘ึดึผื™ื– 
3), ื ื™ื˜ ืขืจ ืึทื ื‘ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืคื•ืœืข ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ึผื ื•ื’ืข ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข 
ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืงื™ื™ ืคืึทืจืŸ ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ 1488--12899, ืื™ื ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืกืคืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื’ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื‘ืœื™ืง ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืงื™ื‘ึผื•ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจืฒื‘ึผื˜ ื“ืขื ื ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ื ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื•ื’ืึทืœ. ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ, ืฐื• ืงืื- 
ืกืึทืœึตื™ ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒื‘ึผื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืึธืœืข, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื”ื•ื™ืฃื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœึถืข ืื™ื ื˜ืจื™ื ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื›ึผื›ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื“ื™ื ืึทื ื“ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื–ืึทื‘ืขืœืึท ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ืฒื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืจืึธืŸ 5 

ืงืึทืคึผืกืึทืœื™ืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜. 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืจื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทื ืงืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืืžืช ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืึทืœืขื ื˜; ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืื™ื– ืงืœืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืข- 
ืจื™ืฉ, ืึธืŸ ืจื™ื˜ืืจื™ืฉืข ืžืœื™ืฆื•ืช, ืฐืึธื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื‘ึผืึทืœื™ื‘ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืข" 
ื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืืžืช ืฆื• ื‘ึผืึทื“ืฑืขืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข 
ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืœืขื ื˜ืคื•ืœืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื˜ื“-ื—ื™ื•ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืกื˜ 
ื‘ึผืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ-ืคึผื•ื‘ึผืœื™ืงื™ื ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ืงื•ื˜ื™ื 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 26: ,ืขื‘ืจื• ืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ืฉืขืจื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืœื”ื•, ืคื ื• ื“ืจืš ื“', ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืืœ ืกืคื•ืจื™ื•, 
ืคึผืงื“ื• ื ื ื•ืจืื• ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื™"ืช ื‘ื—ื›ืžืชื• ื•ื’ืชื‘ื•ื ืชื• ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ื•ื”ืื“ื™ืจ ื”ื’ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื” ื”ืชื•ื’ืจืžื™ ืคืจืฅ 
ื•ื”ืจื‘ื™ืฅ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ืฉืœื— ื“' ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ื˜ืืจืฅ ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ื•ื™ื‘ืจืš ื‘ืจื•ืš ืื•ืชื•, ื•ื”ืชื•ึนื ืจ ืฉื‘ื˜ ืืคื• 
ื•ืžื˜ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื“ ื–ืขืžื• ืœืžืขืŸ ื™ืคืจืข ืขืœ ื™ืจื• ืžืŸ ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื—ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื—ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช 
ืฉื ืชืžืขืœื” ืกืืชื ื•ึฐืึตืœ ื“ืขื•ืช ื“' ื•ืœื• ื ืชื›ื ื• ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช", 

2 ืœื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืœื“ื•ื  ืคื•ื ื ืคืึทืจืคึผืึทืกืขืจ ื ื•ืคื: ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืœื– ื‘ื™"ืจ ืกื™ื•ืŸ 
ื”ืจืค"ื’ ื•ื”ืฉืœืžืชื™ื• ื—ื™ื•ื ื›"ื” ืืœื™ืœ ื”ืจืž"ื’ ื•ืชื•ืจื•ื– ื•ื”ืœืœ ืœืจ'", 


8 ื–ืข ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 48--66, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ืฒื“ื• 111 


{ืคืจืึทื ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ),, ืฐืึธืก ืžืฉื” ืœืึทื˜ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ืึธืจ 600 ืคืืจ. 
ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ 2 

ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืœื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทื ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ (1994) : 
ืงื˜ืคึผืกืึทืœื™ืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืขืจืง---ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื˜ืจืึธืคึผืึธืœื™ืข, 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื ืขืฆื™ืึทื ืขืจ ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ึผืœื™ืง (ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืœืžืœื›ื•ืช ื•ื•ื ื™ืฆื™ื”), ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ- 
ืคืึทืกืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ื’ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ึดื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื•ืขื ืขื“ื™ืง --- ืขืจ ื’ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืึทื ื‘ ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืืœื™ืข. ืื™ืŸ 8 ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืคื™ื˜ืฃ 
ื‘ืึทืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื‘ื•ืœื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื™ื™ืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืœืึทื ืจ. 

ืื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ืคึฟืึธืจื•ึนื™ื,4 --- ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืงืึธืคึผืกืึทืœื™ ืื™ืŸ ,ื“ื›ื• 
ืืœื™ื—ื•' ---ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื• ื•ื•ื™ืจืกืœืขื›ืข ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื•ืฑื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืข ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื ืึฒืจื ึดื™ืฉื ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื“ืขืฃ 
ืืžืช ืื™ื– ื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืœืฅ * ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทืคึผืกืึทืœื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืืงืข ืžืงื™ื™ื ื’ื ืข" 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื•ื™ ืคื™ืœืข ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ ,ื“ื‘ื™ ืืœื™ื—ื•. ื’ืขื”ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜, ื“ื™ ืงื‘ืœื— ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ , ืฐื•ื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ื”ื›ืžื—'" 
(ื—ื›ืžื” ื ืคืœืื”) ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื”ืจ -- ,ื“ืึธืก ื ืขื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข 
ื‘ึผื•ืš'" ? ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืš, ืื“ืื ืง ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจ.ืฉืŸ ื—ื•ืฉ, ืื™ื– ืงืึทืคึผืกืึทืœื™ ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื•ืขืจืง ื ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืึธืจ, ืึธืŸ ื ืฉืžืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืก 
ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟืึทื ื˜ืึทื˜ื˜ื™ืง. ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฆื•ื ืกื•ึนืฃ ืคื•ื ื ,ื“ื‘ื™ ืืœื™ื”ืŸ", ืื™ืŸ ื ืกืžืขืฆื™ืขืœืขืจ 
ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 8 ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืงืขืคึผืœ , ื›ึผื— ื”' '', ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืฉื•ึนื™ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ื ืื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ืคืึทื“ืขืจื’ืจื•ื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืึทืคึผื˜ืึทืœื™ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืจื-ืฉืžื™ื 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ื‘?. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืจืขื“ื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฉื›ืจ ื•ืขื•ื ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื•ืขื’ืŸ , ื“ืขืจื– 
ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ืงื‘ืœื— ื‘ืกื•ื“ ื”ืขื™ืฃืŸืฃ" 5 

ืžื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ื™ืฅ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ืคื˜ืจื™ืฉืข ื•ืขืจืง 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืคื˜ืึทืœื™ื˜ ื ื™ื™ื ื’ืขืจืŸ ื”ื‘" ื“ื•ืจ -- ื ื“ืœื™ื—ื• ืื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื, ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ืขืจ 
, ืฉืœืฉืœืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื— . 


1 ืขืœืงื•ืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื", ืคึผืึทื“ื•ื,. 1869, / ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจืฑื˜ื’ืขื‘ึผืขืจ ื”ืฒืฉ ื–ื™ืšืฃ ื‘ืึทื ื•ืฆื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜, ืฐืึธื˜ ืก'ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืจืขืจ ืžืขื’ืขืฆื™ืึทื ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ืชืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง. 

8 ื“ื•ืจืš ื’. ืคึฟืึธืจื’ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืฉืจืขืฐื• ื“'ืขืกื™ื” ื•ืฉืฐื™ืฃ , 2?' 09, 600-28, ืื™ืŸ 
ื›ืชื‘ื™ื™ืš ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืงืึทืคึผืกืึทืœื™ื ืฉื•"ืช ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื”, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื’ืขืžื™ื‘ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืข ืคึผืจืžื™ื ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒื™ื,. ืืฒื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืฑืงืข ื‘ืจื™ื” 
ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจืขืคึผื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืงื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื , 13--18, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื’ืจืขืฆืŸ (ื‘' ืฐื•ึนืฅ, 443 

8 ืืœืงื•ื˜ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื ื™ื˜", /3, 

4 ,ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื”ื™"ืŸ. ื•ื—ื’ื•ืจื, ืกืคืจ ื”ื•ื”ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ืคืœื’". 

* ื’ืœืงื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื', 129 ืฉื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื—ื˜ื™ืฉื™ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื˜ื”ื‘ืจืช ื—ื›ึผื— 7'" ื•ืฉึตื ืขื•ืจืจืชื’ 
ืงื•ืฉื™ืช ืฆืจื™ืง ื•ืจืข ืœื• ืจืฉืข ื•ืฉื•ึนื ืœื•, ื•ื—ื•ื›ืจืชื™ ื›ืœ ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ื•"ืœ ื”ืืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ืžืจื ื' ื”ื ื” 
ื•ื' ื”ื ื” ื‘ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื– ื•ืื—"ื› ื—ื•ื›ืจืชื™ ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ื›ื˜ื™ ื”ืงื‘ึผืœืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื“ ื—ืขื™ื›ื•ืจ , 





112 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ื ื“ืœื™ื”ื• ืื‘ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ึผื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1819 ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื˜ืืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื™ืžื•ืœื, ืฐื•ึผ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ืึธืจ ื‘ึผืึทื–ืขืฆื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื›ืึธื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืงืื ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ึผืข? , ืชึผื•ืจื” ืื•ืจ', ื™ื•ึนืกื” ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืจ. 
ื ื“ืœื™ื” ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืœืขืจืŸื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขืจืึทึธืจืขืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”; 
ืื™ืŸ 1849 ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืจืึทืฐื™ื ืึธ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืึทืจื™ื‘ึผืขืจ- 
ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธึทื“ื™ื ื™ืึธืœ, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ื“ืจื™ื™ ื™ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึทืœืึธื ื™ืงื™, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1808 ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผื•ืจื˜ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜. 
ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืœึฐืึทื ื’ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜, ื•ื™ื™? ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืคืขืœ ืคื•ื•ื ืคึผื•ื™ืคึผืกื˜ 
ืคึดึผื™ื•ึผืก ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืคื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืึทืœืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ, ื’ื“ืœื™ืช 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืึท ืฐืึทื ื“ืขืจ-ืœืขื‘ืŸ; ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข ืคื•ึนืŸ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืคึผืจืขื“ื™ืกืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–" 
ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉื˜ืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขืžืขืก. ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืขืงืกืึทื ื“ืจื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื™ืืš 
7, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืกื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ื ื“ืœื™ื” ืื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืึท ื ืข-ื•ื ืฃ" 
ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื™ืœ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ื ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืขื˜ื™- 
ืงื™ื™ื˜; ืขืจ ื’ื•ืคื ืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก 1 21 ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืขื ืข ืฐืขืจืง, ื ึนืึธืฃ 
ืงื•ื ื”-ืฉื ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืกืŸ -- ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื , ืฉืœืฉืœืช. 
ื”ืงื‘ึผืœื”', ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ 5 ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืจืžืขื˜. 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ.. 

ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ืคืึทืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผื›ืœืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืจื•ื™ืก ื‘ึผื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืฆื•ื 
, ืฉืœืฉืœืช ื”ืงื‘ึผืœื”'', ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืกืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ,,ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•- 
ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืคืœืึธื›ื˜ืŸ ืืžืช ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืกืจ, ืึธื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ืข ืคืึทืกื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผืœืขื›ืข 
ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืก'' 5. ื–ื™ื™ ื—ื–ืจืŸ ื“ืึธ ืคืืงื˜ื™ืฉ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื–ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ื’ืข" 
ื›ืขืจื ื˜ืŸ ื™ืฉ"ืจ ืžืงืึทื ื“ื™ืฉ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืคึผืกืกื ื˜ ื‘ึทึผืฉืขืชึผื•, ืึทื– , ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ 
ื’ื“ืœื™ื” ืื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื—ื™ืืŸ ืงืึทื˜ืขืฐืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื™ื™ื–ืขืจื ืข ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืงืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื‘ึผืขื™ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช''*+, ืึทื–ืึท ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืŸ ืคึผืกืง 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ , ืฉืœืฉืœืช ื”ืงื‘ึผืœื”'' ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•-' 
ืžืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื“ืžื”, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ 


1 ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื˜ืฒืœ ืฉืœืฉืœืช ื”ืงื‘ึผืœื”", ืฐืฒืœ ืขืจ ืฐืฒื•ื˜ ื“ืึธืจื ืึธืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืฒ 
ืกืขืจ ืฉืžืึธื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขื ืฐืขืจืง ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืฒื™ ืึท ืงืœืึธืจ ื‘ึผื™ืœืš' 
ืฐืขื ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืึทื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืžึดื—ื‘ึผืจ ื“ืขืจ ื ืขืฒื•ื ื“ื ื™ืง ื”ืึธื ื“ื•ืจื›ื ืขืžืึทื›ื˜, 

3 ื ื“ืœื™ื” ืื‘ึนึผืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืŸ ืคืฉืœืฉืœืช ื”ืงื‘ึผืœื”" ืื™ืŸ ืจืึทืฐืขื ืข. 
ืื™ืŸ 1580, 

2 ื–ืข ื’ืจืขืฅ, ื‘ืึทื ื“ 8; ื“ื•ื‘ึผื ืึธืฐ 4.ืง68 ืืืงืก1ืกืฉ 48ื˜86606*, ื•ื•ื• 58. 

4 ,ืžืฆืจืฃ ืœื—ื›ืžื”", ื“ืฃ 7 ืขืž' ื': ืขื•ื”ื•ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืœืฉืœืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืฉืงืœืงืœ 
ื”ื‘ื•ืจื• ื‘ื›ื•ื‘ื™ื• ืขืจ ืฉื”ืืžืช ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืื™ื ื” ื ื›ืจืช", (ืžื™ืจ ืฆื™ืฉื™ืจืŸ ืœื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื+ 
ื’ืึทื ืข ืคื•ืŸ 1629), 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ืฒื“ืŸ 113 


ืึท ืฆื™? ืฆื• , ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ, ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžืขืกื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื—ืกื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜, ื“ืขื ื‘ืึทืฉื™ืฆืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ึนืŸ ื‘ึผื™ืช ื™ืฉืจื?: ,ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืœืš ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื– ืื•ื™ืก ื ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืื•ืŸ 
ืคึผืึทืจื˜ืจืฒื‘ื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืคื•ึนืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื“, ื’ืขืžื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื ืึธื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืžืœืš ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึทึผื™ื™ ืื™ื ืฉื•ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืข". ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืคื ืึทื‘ืข , ืื•ื™ืคืฆื•ื•ื•ืขืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ึผืจืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืชึผืฉื•ืงื” ืฆื•ื ื‘ึผื•ืจื ืขื•ืœื", 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ,,ื“ืขื ืคืœืึทื ืคื•ืŸ ืžืคื™ืจืชื™ื ืคืฉ ืœืฉื ืฉืžื™ื, ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื–ืึธืœ 
ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžืงืจื™ื‘ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ื˜ื˜ืข ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคึฟื™ื ื˜ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื’ืœื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ื ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ" 1. ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื–, 
ืืžืช, ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืืžืชืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื˜ืข ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ. ,ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ -- ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ 
ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืงื“ืžื”, -- ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐื•ืขืœ ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ื–ื™ืš ืคืœื™ื™ืกืŸ ืฆื• 
ืคืึทืจืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืกืคืจ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคืขืกื˜ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื˜ืข ืคืึทืงื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืฉื™ื, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื“ื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืฐื•ืขืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื—ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื—ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืข ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืžืขืฉื—, ืฐืึธื˜ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืŸ) 
ืกืคืจ ืฆื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ื›ืชื‘ื™ื™ื“, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื‘ืขืœืคึผื” ืคื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึนึผืึท- 
ื’ืœื•ื™ืขื ื˜ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ *. ืื•ื‘ ื“ื• ื•ืขืกื˜ ืึธื‘ึนึผืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืžืขืจืกืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืกืคืจ ืขืจื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ืงืข ืขื ื™ื ื™ื, ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ื• ื“ืึธืš ื ืขื™ 
ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ืฐืึธืกืขืจืข ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื ืœ 
ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืจื™ื ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืจื•ื™ื˜, ื–ื™ื ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื”ื•ื™ืคื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืขื’ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืกื•ื•ืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืŸ --- ื“ืขื ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ ?, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืš 
ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืกืคืจื™ื''. ื ื“ืœื™ื” ืื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขืš ืคืœื™ื™ืกื™ืง ืื•ื™ืกื ืขื ื•ืฆื˜ 
ืึทืœึถืข ืื™ื ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื ืœืขื›ืข ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื•ื•ืขืœืŸ, ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืข +, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคื™ืœืข ืœืึทื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉืข ื›ืจืึธื ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ืึทืจื‘ึผืขื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ืกื˜' 


1 ืืœื”ืœื”ื™ื‘ ืชืฉื•ืงืช ื”ืงื•ืจื ืœืงื“ืฉ ืฉื˜ ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื‘ื• ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืื•ื“ื• ื›ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื• 
ืฉืœืžื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืกื•ืคืจ ืขื ื™ื ื ืื™ืš ืžืกืจื• ืขืฆืžื ืขืœ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื“' ื•ื‘ืœ ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื•ื’ืœื™ื•ืช 
ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืœื ื—ืกืื• ื•ืœื ื ืชื ื• ืชึทึผืžืœึนื” ืœืืœื”ื™ื, 

ืขื”ื ื ื™ ื ืฉื‘ืข ืืœื™ืฃ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœื ืื›ืชื•ื‘ ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื—ื›ื ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื• ืžืื•ืžื•ืช 
ืื• ืฉื•ื ื”ื ื“ื” ื•ืžืขืฉื” ืื˜ ืœื ืจืื™ืชื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืชื’ ื™ื“ ืื• ื‘ื“ืคื•ื ืื ืœื ืฉืงื‘ืœืชื™ื• ื‘ืขืœ ืคื” 
ืžืื ืฉื™ ืื›ืช ืฉื”ื™ื” ืคืจืงื ื’ื ืื” 

5 ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืืฑืคึฟืŸ ืชืœืžื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข, ื–ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืฒื™ื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ, 

4 ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ ืื™ืฉืœืฉืœืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื”" ืคึฟืึทืจืจื•ืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืึธืžื: ืคื•ืจืื™ืชื™ ื‘ืงื•ื ื˜ืจื•ื 
ื™ืฉืŸ", ืžื•ื™ื’ืขืชื™ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื, ื‘ืงื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื” ื•ื”ืงื•ื ืฉืจืกื™ื ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ ื™ื“', ืืฒื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ื›ืข ืืงื•ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื", ืžื™ื ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื ื“ืœื™ื” ืื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื ื”ืึธืก ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื ื•ืฆื˜, ื”ืึธืก ื“. ืงื•ื™ืคืžืืŸ 


ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 0/08ื˜ืŸ 60 .4 ืกื˜ืฆืกื”, ืฉึถืŸื” 208--6225 
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114 ื“ื™ืจ ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘;ืจื’ 


ืœืขื›ืข. ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจืก 1 ืžืขืŸ ืžื•ื– ืžื•ื“ื” ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ , ืฉืœืฉืœืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื”" 
ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื™ื ื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืงื•ื•ืขืœืŸ; ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื™ื™ื–ื˜, ?ืžืฉืœ, ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ืึท ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื—ื•ืฉ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžืกื•ืคึผืง ืฆื• ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืงืข ืืžืช ื“ื™ ื‘ืึท- 
ืงืึทื ื˜ืข ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ , ืขืฉืจื” ื”ืจื•ื’ื™ ืžืœื›ื•ืช', ื ื“ืœื™ื” ืื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืข, ืึทื– ืื™ื ื ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืจื•ื™ืžื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื‘ึผื•ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื ื“ื™ืŸ ืคื•ื ื ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืŸ ื’ืจ, ื“ืขื ,ืึธื‘ ื‘ึผื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ" ืคื•ื ื ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื --- ืื‘ื˜ืœื™ื•ืŸ. ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ ,, ืฉืœืฉืœืช ื”ืงื‘ึผืœื”'' ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื™ืฉ- 
ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœื˜ืข ืจื•ื™ืžื™ืฉืข ื›ืจืึธื ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจ, 
ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืœืขื ืขื ื“ืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ื•ื™ ืึท ื‘ึผืึธื‘ึผืขื“ืžืขืฉื”. ื“ืึธืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ืึทื– ื ื“ืœื™ื” ืื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 5 ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืื•ื™ืคื ืึทื‘ึผืข ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ื—ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืขืจืง. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ึผื•ื•ื ื” ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš, ื•ื™ 
ืขืจ ื’ื•ืคื ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืฆื• ื ืขื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ ,, ืฉืœืฉืœืช ื” ืง ื‘ 9 ื”ืก" ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฉื— ืจื‘ื ื• 
ืึธืŸ , ื‘ึผื™ื– ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’'"?. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื•ืื ืฅ ื‘ึผืึทื’ืจื™ื™ืคืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ึผืขืœ ,, ืฉืœืฉืœืช ื”ืงื‘ึผืœื”'' ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืึทื™ื™ื ืฆื•ืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
,ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื“ื™ืฆื™ืขืก'' ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ืžืกื•ืจื” ื ืขื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงื˜ืข ืœืขื’ืขื ืจืขืก 
ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ื•ืช, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืจื™ ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืคืึทื ื˜ื˜ื–ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจื•ืžื ืขืฉืคึผื•ื ืขืŸ ืึทืจื•ื ืื™ืจืข 
ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืข ื”ืขืงื“ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ืคื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ , ื–ืึธืœ 
ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื•ืœืŸ ืฆื•ื˜ืจื•ื™ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื“ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืžืกื•ืจื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืคื•ื ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื•ืจ"ื™ *. ืื™ืŸ ,, ืฉืœืฉืœืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื—'' ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ 
ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืึทื’ื“ื•ืช ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืึทืœื˜ืข ื˜ื“ืจืฉื™ื, ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ืกืฃ 
ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืก ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ืคืึธืœืชืก-ืžื•ื™ืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ืžื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš 
ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ึผืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืึธื˜ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืฉืึทืคืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึทื“ืึทื ืก ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื“ืœื™ื” 
ืื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื—ื™ืืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืคืืจืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืœืึธืจ. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ , ืฉืœืฉืœืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื”'' ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื– ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข 
ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืŸ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขืœื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜: ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฉืœืžื” ื ื‘ื™ืจื•ืœ ืื•ืŸ 
ืจ' ืขืžืจื, ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืœื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ึผืŸ ืขื–ืจื, ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืžื‘'ื™ื 
ืื•ืŸ ืจืฉ""ื™, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื‘ึผื ื• ืชึทึผื ืื•ืŸ ืจ' ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื—ืกื™ื“, ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ืจ' ื˜ืžื ื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื‘ึผืขืœ , ื ืชื ื” ืชึผื•ืงืฃ'' ืื•ืŸ ืจ' ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ืื•ื™ืก ืคึผืึทืจื™ื–... 

ื ื“ืœื™ื”ื• ืื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ื ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ึถึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ืขืจ ื“ื™ , ืฉืœืฉืœืช ื”ืงื‘ึผืœื”''. ื‘ึผื›ึฐื“ื™ ,, ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ 


1 ืžื™ืจ ื‘ึผืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืฉืœืฉืœืช ื”ืงื‘ึผืœ" ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืึธืคื˜ ื“ื™ -ืึธื ืฐืฒื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ: ืืจืื™ืชื™ 
ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœื—ื", ืึธื“ืขืจ; ,82ื™ ืฉืžืฆืืชื™ ื‘ืงืจืึธื ื™ืงื™ ืฉืœื”ื". ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื’ืœืฑื‘ึผื™ืงืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ื›ืจืึธื ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื–, ืœื•ื™ื ื ื“ืœื™ื” ืื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื—ื™ืืก ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืคืจืึท ื™ืึทืงืึธืžืึธ ืคืœื™ืžื• ื“ื‘ึผืขืจื ืึทืžืึธ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ืฆื ืขืจ ื–ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื ื–ืฒืŸ ืฐืขืจืง ืึธืคึผื˜ืขืจ ืฐื™ ืžื™ื ืึทืœืข ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข, 

2 ืขื•ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ื›ื• ืœื—ื•ื“ื™ืข ืฉืœืฉืœืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืžืชื•ืจืช ืžืฉื” ืžืžืจืข"ื” ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื", 

8 ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืœื”ืขืฉื™ืช ื›ืžื•ื ื™ ื•ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืืœ ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืขืœ ืคื” ืžื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ืจื•ืจ", 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืกื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ืจืŸ 15 


ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžืขืฉื™ื,,, ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืื‘ืŸ ื™ื—ื–ื™ื ืคืึทืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืจืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืฐื•ื™ืฃ- 
ื˜ื™ืงืข ืคืจืื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืคื™ืจื•ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืกื•ืจ ื”ืขื™ื‘ึผื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืžื”ื•ืช ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืœืื›ื™ ื—ื‘ึผืœื”, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืœืื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ื˜ ื’ืฉืžื”, 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฉื“ื™ื, ื›ึผื™ืฉื•ึนืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืงื™ื, ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืœืฅ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืคื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ , ืฉืœืฉืœืช ื—ืงื‘ืœื”'', ื•ื– ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืžื˜ื‘ึผืขื•ืช, ืฐืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธื˜ืŸ; ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื ืขื‘ืŸ ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื‘ืœื™ืฅ 
ืžื›ื•ื— ื“ื™ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฆืจื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื™ืจืŸ ื”ืึธื ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ !+ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜:- 
ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื˜ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช, 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื—ื™ืื˜ ืฆื™ื™ื˜: ื“ืึธืก ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืชืกื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืืจืขื ืขืฅื’ืขื–ืขืฆืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืžื•ื™ืœื•ืก ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืจื•ื™ื˜ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
, ืฉืœืฉืœืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื”'' ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขื˜ืึทื ื˜ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื ื’ืึทื’ืฅ ื‘ึผื•ืœื˜ ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉื˜ื™ื’?ื˜ ื™ืขื ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ- 
ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืึท ืคื™ื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืึทืจืขืจืขืจ ืžื•ื ื , ื–ื•ื—ืจ ื—ืงื“ื•ืฉ, ื‘ืึทืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืื‘ืŸ 
ื•ื—ื™ื ื˜ืจื™ื™ ื ืึธื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ื”ืจ ื“ืขื ืžื—ื•ืช ืคื•ื ื ืกืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ื ืฉืžื” ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข 
ื’ืœื ื•ืœื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ;ืก ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. ืขืจ ื’ืœื™ื‘ื˜ 
ื‘ึผืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœืžื” ืื™ืŸ ื›ึผื™ืฉื•ืฃ, ืื™ืŸ ืฉื“ื™ื, ืžืœืื›ื™ ื”ื›ืœื” ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื‘ึผื•ืงื™ื; ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฆื•ื™ืœื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื‘ึผืึฒืจื™ื›ื•ืช, ื•ื™ ืึทื–ื•ึนื™ ืื™ื ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• 
ืคื™ืจืŸ ืึท ืฉืžื•ืขืก ืžื™ื 8 , ื“ื™ื‘ึผื•ืง', ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™, ื“ืึธืก 
ื‘ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืกื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคื™ื™ ืึธื˜ ืฐืึธืก; ื‘ึผืขืช ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ. 
ืคึฟืึทืกืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืฆื•ึน ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื›ึผื™ืฉื•ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืžื™ื ื™ ืžื—ืคืœื™ื ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ื™ื˜"ื’ื•ื˜ืข, ืขื“ื•ืชื ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืืžืžื™ื™ื˜ื˜ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ื˜ืึธืจ- 
ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ: ,,ื•ื—ื›ืžื™ ื–ื•ืœืชื™ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืฉื–ื” ื”ืจื•ื— 
ื ื›ื ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื”ื•ื -- ื”ื•ื ืฉื“ ื•ื ื‘ืจื™ื” ืื—ืจืช'; , ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ --- 
ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ืื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื, --- ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ื ื™ื˜-ื ื•ื˜ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทืคืŸ ื’ืขื™ 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ: ื›ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื ื‘ืจืื• ื—ืžืœืื›ื™ื --- ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธื , 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืœืึธื›ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทืคึฟืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื ื‘ืจื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ืžืœืืš ื‘' ืฉื”ื™ื” 
ื ืงืจื ืœื•ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ืจืŸ'' ืืื– ื•. 


ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ึผื•ืจืงื”ืึทืจื˜ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื ืขืกืึทื ืก ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขืŸ" ืคื™ืœืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืข ืคืจื˜ื™ื 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ,, ื“ืขื ืึธื‘ึผืขืจื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ื™ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืžืึทื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ,, ืึทืคึฟื™ืœื• ื“ื™ ืจืื“ื™ืงืืœืกื˜ืข 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืึทืคึผื™ืœื• ื“ื™, , ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืงืขืžืคื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืึธืคึผืฉืึทืคืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทื“ืœ- 

1 ืึทืœื ืงืฐืขืœืŸ ื ื•ืฆืฉ ื“ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื ืื•ื™ื ื“ืขื ื’ืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ืจื”' ืื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื›ื”ื ืก 
ื’ืฐืขืจืง, 





116 ื“"ืจ 'ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ-ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ื”ื™ื™ื˜'', ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขื’ืœืฑื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ 
ืื™ืฅ ื“ื™ ืžืœืื›ื™ ื—ื‘ืœื” ืื•ืŸ ื›ึผื™ืฉื•ื—ื™ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ื ืก, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ืœืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืฉืึทืคืŸ -- ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ืกื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜: 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืœืข ืžื™ื ื™ ื™ื-ืกืึทื˜ื™ืจืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืขืงืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืคื™ืฉ ืืึทื–"ืฐื•, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคึผืึทืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื ื•ื˜ืžื•ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ , ืฉืœืฉืœืช ื”ืงื‘ึผืœื”'' ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืฉื˜ื™ืฆื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงื•ื•ืขืœืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื›ึผืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ ืฐื•ื™ืœื“ืข ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ, 
,ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืึทื ืกื˜ืจื™': ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ืึท ื˜ืึธืคึผืœื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืคืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืฆืึทืคึผืขื ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ 
ืคื•ื– ื ืœื™ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืงืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ; ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืจื™ื™ ืฉื•ืจื•ืช 
ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืก, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืกืึทื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืขืจื“ื™ืฉืข ืงืึธืคึผื™ื˜ืขืก, ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ื ื™ืœื ื•ืœื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื ื ืึทื ืฅ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืจื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื ืขืฉื˜ืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืฐืึธืœืฃ 
ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืก'ืงื•ืžื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. 
ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืึธื˜ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื, ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขืขืŸ, ื’ืขื ืึทืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข, 
ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืคื•ืŸ , ื”ื•ืžืึทื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข'' ืงื•ื•ืขืœืŸ. ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ืœืจืขื˜ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืข" 
ื’ืœื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื›ึผื™ืฉื•ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜-ื’ื•ื˜ืข. ื“ืขื ืกื•ืœื˜ืึทืŸ ืกื•ืœื™ื™ืžืึทืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื ืก 
ืคื™ื™ื‘ึผ-ืึทืจืฆื˜, ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื’ื•ืฉ, ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคึผืึทืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื˜ื ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขื“ืง ,ื›ึผื‘ื•ืจ ืืœื—ื™ื, ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืึท ืกืคืขืฆื™ืขืœืข ืึทืจื‘ึผืขื˜ , ืขื›ื™ืง 
ื”ืฉื“ื™ื"', ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื“ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืึทื ืฅ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช 
ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผื ืก-ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ 1. ืึท ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœืข ืึทืจื‘ึผืขื˜ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ื™ื’ื•ื˜ืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ืžื ื—ื ื›ึนึผื—ืŸ ืคึผื•ืจื˜ื• *. ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืึธื ื”ืฒื™ื‘ึผ ืคื•ื ื 17ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื” (ืื™ืŸ 1608) ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืึท ืจื‘ 
ืึท ืคืจื™ื™ื“ืขื ืงืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคืŸ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื’ืœืฑื™ื‘ึผื˜. ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื“ื™ื 
ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ื—ื•ืช, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืึทืจื™ื ื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ืข ื‘ึผื›ื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืขืฆืžื” 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืกื˜ืจืึทืฉืขื˜ ื“ืขื ืจื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืกื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืึธืฃ, ืื•ื‘ ืขืจ ืฐืขื 
ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื–ื , ืึทืคึผื™ืงื•ืจืกื•ืช" *. 

ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื˜. ืื™ื– ื›ึผื“ืื™ ืึธื ืฆื•ืžืขืจืงืŸ ืื™ื ื , ืฉืœืฉืœืช ื”ืงื‘ึผืœื—'". ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืจื˜ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึนึผืขืจ ื‘ืึทืจืืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืคืืจืŸ , ืฉืœืฉืœืช 
ื”ืงื‘ืœื”'' ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืึทืœึถืข ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ืจืึธื ื™ืงืขื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ. ืฐื™ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง 
ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ 


1 ืขื›ึฐึผื‘ื•ึนื“ ืืœื—ื™ื", ื“ืฃ /6, /ืž' ื, 
9 ืžื ื—ื” ื‘ืœื•ืœื”, ื“ืฃ 201, ืขื' ืื™ 
3 ื“, ืงืฑืคืžืึทืŸ, ,ืžื ื—ืช ืงื ืื•ืช', 50, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ ื™ื™ืจืŸ 117 


ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืกื˜ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืœึถืข ืคืึทืจืื™ื ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืจื™ืš: ืขืก ืฉื•ื•ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐื•ื™ ืฉืฐืึทืจืฆืข ืฉืึธื˜ื ืก ื“ื™ ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฉืจืขืง-ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ,, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ึผืขื ืข ืื•ื™ืก 
ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื•ื’ืึทืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืึทืœืฅ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืขืจ. ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ืืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืื•ืœื”, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ 
ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืฉื™ื— ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ืœื“ืขื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจืฆื˜ ื‘ึผืึธื ืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืึทื˜ืขืก 
ื–ืึธื’ื ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืฉื•ืจื”, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ืืœ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 11805. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ 
,ื”ื™ื•ื—ืกื™ืŸ'', ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืžืึทื˜ืขืžืึทื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืึทืกื˜ืจืึทื ืึธืžื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื™ืึธืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืฉื™ื— ื•ืฐืขื˜ 
ื‘ึผืœื™ื™ืกืคืง ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 
0 +. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึถื‘ึถึผืขืจ ืึท ื˜ืขื•ืช ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ื–ื›ึผื•ึนืชื, 
ืื•ืŸ ื ื“ืœื™ื” ืื›ึผืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ , ืฉืœืฉืœืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื”' ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ื 
ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื ืขืžืœืขืš ื–ื›ื•ืงืืก ื˜ืขื•ืช ืื™ื– ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ืงืœืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืœืขืš: ื“ืขืจ , ืงืฅ'' ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1808.., 

ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ึผืึทืžืขืจืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ื›ึผืจืึธื ื™- 
ืงืขืก: ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคืึทืจืคึผืึทืกืขืจ ื’ืจื™ื‘ึผืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืกืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืคื™ื‘ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืึทืจื›ืขืึธืœืึทื ื™ืข, ื•ืขืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜. ืกื™ืจ +ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึทืฆืึทื ืึทืœืŸ ื”ื™ืœื™ืง- 
ื˜ื•ื -- ื“ืขื ื‘ึผื™ืชื™ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืื™ื ื , ืฉืœืฉืœืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื”" 
ืคืึทืจื ืขืžื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒื™ื‘ึผื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ื ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ. ืฉืœืžื” 
ืื‘ึผืŸ ืฐืขืจื’ืึธ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,,ืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”'' ืึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืก ื ืœืึท- 
ื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจืฒื™ื‘ึผื•ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ-ืคึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ื ื ื‘ื™ืช'ื”ืžืงืจืฉ 4 ืืŸ 
ื’ื“ืœื™ื” ืื‘ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ืืก ืึท ื‘ื“ื“ื•ืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื˜:ืึทืจืฆื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทื ื˜ื•ืึทื ืขืจ ืคื™ืจืฉื˜ 
ื’ืึทื ื–ืึทื’ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืœืข ืœืึทื˜ืฒื ื™ืฉืข ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉืข. ืฐืขืจืง 8 
ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืขืจ-ืืจื™ื” (ืคึผืึธึทืจื˜ืœื˜ืึทื ืข) -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ืขืฉืจื™ื ืŸ ื ืกืคืขืฆื™ืขืœ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง ,,ืฉืœื˜ื™ ื”ื ื‘ึผื•ืจื™ื'', ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ืคึผืจื˜ื™ื ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจื™ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื‘ึผื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผื™ืช-ื™ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืึทืœืข ื›ึผืœึดื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื“ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืข ืฆืขืจืขืžืึธื ื™ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืคืึธืจืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 


1 ื–ืข ืคืึธื’ืขืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื’ืขืจ, ืฆื™ื. ืฐืขืจืง, |, 415, 

2 ืขื–ืจื™ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื, ืคืืžืจื™ ื‘ื™ื ื”', ืงืึทืค' 43 

5 ,ืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ืจื”, 2108-795 ืขืจืื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฉื˜ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ืชืคืืจืช ื”ืžืงืจืฉ 
ื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืฆืืชื™ื• ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœื•ื™ืจืฉื•ืจื™ืฉ ื”ื ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉืืœ ืกืžื ื• ื”ื˜ืœืš ืืœืคื•ื ืฆื• ื”ื—ืกื™ืจ, 
ื•ื”ืขืชืงืชื™ ืื™ืชื• ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ืœืืžื™ืŸ ืืœ ืœืฉื•ื ื ื• ื”ืงื•ืจืฉ". 

4 ื | ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžืขืจื™ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉืข ืฐืขืจืง, ืื™ืŸ ,,8ื–ื˜ื’ 465 1069 ื•ึนืงึทืกื•ื’ื•ื'ื™, ืฐืฒื•ื 
ืึทื‘ื™ื”ื ื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื•ืจ ืึธืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ืฆืŸ ื’ืึธืœื“ ืึธืœืก ืึท ื”ืฒืœ. 


ืžื™ื˜ืœ. 





118 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ ืจื’ 


ืื™ื ื ,, ื—ืชื™ืžืช ื”ืกืคืจ' 1, ืฐื•ื•ึผ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทื“ืคืึทืกืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืคื™ืœืข 
ืืฑื˜ืึธื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจื˜ื™ื, ืฐืขืฑึผื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืฐืึธืกืขืจืข ืื•ืž" 
ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืฆื•ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉ ืฐืขืจืง. ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง 
ืคืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทืงื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉืข ืึทืจื‘ึผืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ,ื‘ึผื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืชึผื•ืจื”'', ืื™ื ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ืึทืฐืขืงื ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ?, ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1608, ืื™ื– ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืคืืจืฉืœืึทืคื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ;: ื“ื™ ืœื™ื ืงืข ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื™ื 
ื ืขืœื™ื™ืžื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขื•ื ืฉ ืคืึทืจึนืŸ , ืขืœื‘ึผื•ืŸ ืฉื™ 
ืชึผื•ืจื”'', -- ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืคืืจืฉืขืžื˜; ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืึท ื‘ึผืขืœ-ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืจืึทื ืงืขืจื”ืฒื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื”ืชืžื“ื” ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ึน ืœื™ืžื•ื“ 
ื”ืชึผื•ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ืืก ืงืจื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืžื›ืคึผืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,,ื–ื™ื ื“'', ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืฉืš. ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ืึธืจ ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ , ืฉืœื˜ื™ ื”ื ื‘ึผื•ืจื™ื'' --- ืื™ื™ื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืคื•ืœืกื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืจื›ืขืึธืœืึธื ื™ืข 5. 

ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืคึผืึทืจื˜ืขืœืขืึธื ืึธ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืึธืŸ, ืึทื– ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืขืจืง ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ืŸ, ื”ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทืœื˜ืข, ืœืึทื˜ืฒืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉ, 
ื”ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ืข --- ืคืจืึทื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉ, ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉ ื"ืึท. ืึท ื‘ึผืงื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืึทื ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืคืืกืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ 
ื”ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื™ืœ ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉืฒ ื™ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืงืŸ 
ืขืจ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืคืึธืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ 7:8ื™ื™2 ืคื•ื ื ืกืคืจ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข 
ื›ึผืœืœื™ื ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืœ. ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ืขืœืขืึธื ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง 
ืฐืึทืจืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคืึธืœื ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืจื˜. ืึทืœืก ืืžืชืขืจ ืžืึทื ื˜ื•ืึทื ืขืจ, 
ืึทืœืก ืžืงื•ื“ื‘ ื‘ึทึผื™ื™ื ืคื™ืจืฉื˜ ื’ืึธื ื–ืึทื’ืึธืก ื”ื•ื™ืฃ, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ, ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข- 
ื–ืขืŸ, ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืฆื•ื™ื ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœึถืข ืขืงืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืึทืจื˜ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืขืจ --- ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืขืœืขืึธื ืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ึผื”ืึทื‘ึผืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง. ื‘ึผืขืช ืขืจ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืขืจืง ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจืฒื‘ึผืŸ, ื•ื™ 
ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ื™ ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ืชื™ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ื‘ึผืึทืงืขื ื˜ ืขืจ ืงื•ื“ื ื›ึผืœ ืื™ืŸ 
ืึท ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืง? ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืึธืจื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืง*. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš 
ืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืชึผืงื•ืคื” ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ ื”ืขื›ืขืจืขืจ ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืฐื™ 


1 ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขืจืง ื’ืึทืฉื‚ื˜ืฒื˜ ืืฑื 90 ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื–ืฒ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทืœืก ื‘ึผืฒืœืึทื ืข 
ืจืจื™ื™ ,ืžื ื™ื ื™ื" ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืจืขืœื™ื ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜, 

2 ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืขืœืขืึธื ืข ืื™ืŸ ื ืขื‘ึผืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1542, 

9 ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฆึทื ื˜ื•ืึท ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1612 

4 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืงืึทืคึผื™ 4 ื“ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจืคึผืึทืกืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ืฆื ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ โ€ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื™ืœืข ืึทืœื˜ืข ื’ืจื™- 
ื‘ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืœืึทืžืฒื ื™ืฉืข. ืงืฐืขืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืฑืš ืžื™ื ื ืฒืขืจืข, ืคึผื ึธืจื˜ืขืœืขืึธื ืขืก ืฐืขืจืง ื”ืึธื ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืึท ืฆื™ื™ื ืึทืจื•ื ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืœืึทื˜ืฒืŸ, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ึผืžืขืจืึธืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 10 


ืึทืคึผื™ืœื• ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื›ืŸ. ืขืจ ืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ื 94 ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืืœื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืคืœืขื ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื ื•ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฉึถืขืจ ืึธืจืงืขืกื˜ืขืจ, ื‘ึทึผืขืช ืขืจ ืจื•ืคื˜ 
ืึธืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืขืจ ื ืœื™ื™ืฃ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉ, ืœืึทื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืžืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉ 1 

ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืžืืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืœื–ื™ื™ืžื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ืœื“ื•ื ื  ื”ืึธื˜, ืฐื™ 
ืคื™ืœืข ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉ-ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื—ื•ืฉ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ืฆื• ืึทื–ื•ื™ื ืข ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืžืขืงืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืžืœื ื•ืช. ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืคื•ึนืŸ ื ืคึผืกื•ืง ืื™ืŸ ืกืžืจ ืื™ื•ื‘, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ 
ื‘ืึทื ื•ืฆื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง ,, ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืกืžืจ ืึทื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงืจื™ืฆื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ'' ืงื•ืžื˜ 
ืคึผืึทืจื˜ืขืœืขืึทื ืข ืฆื•ื ืคืขืกื˜ืŸ ื‘ืืฉืคื•ืก, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื•ืง-ืฐื•ืึทืจืฉืžืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื•ื‘ืก ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ 5 


ืžื•ืฉืœ "ื™ืงืืจ === ื“ื™ื™ื”ืฉืฉืฉืขืจื™ื˜ืŸ 





? ื“ืึธืจื˜ื™, }, ืงืึธืคึผ. 11-55, {ืŸ, 109-7108, 

2 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 14-183 ืขื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืืคืง ื˜ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืชื•ืขื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ืœื•ืจื ื• 
ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืงื™ ืฉื”ืืžื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืจืคื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืฉ, ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœืขื•ืœืžื™ื ืืœื ืžืจื•ื‘ 
ืœืง' ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ื›ึผืืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจื•, ื•ื”ื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉืžืœืื›ืช ื”ื“ืคึฟื•ื ื—ื™ืชื” ื’ืœื•ื™ื” 
ืœื’ื• ืœืžืื•ืช ื•ืœืืœืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื., ื›ึดึผื™ ื”ื ื” ืื™ื•ื›,, ืืžืจ ื‘ืžื™ืจื•ืฉ: ืžื™ ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ืงื•", 
ืึทื ื‘ ื’ึดื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคึผืึทืกืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ืžืข ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึฟืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ 
ืคืœืขื’ื ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื ื’ื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืจื™ืžื˜ื™ืื•ืชื™ื•ื” (ื“ืึธืจืกืŸ, { /183) ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฒื’ื˜ ืืฑื ืจืข* 
ืฆ+ืฆืคืžืŸ, ืฐื™ ืึทื•ึนื™ ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ึผืŸ ื’ื•ืืข ืžื™ื ื˜ (ืจืึทืจื˜ืŸ, , {/18. 





ืคืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ 


ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืขืžื™ืงืžืขืจ ืงืึทืžืฃ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ื•ื ืคืœืึธื–ืึธืคึผื™ืข. -- ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ืื•ื™ื 
ืคึผื™ื•ืึท ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,ืžื ื—ื•ืช ืงื ืื•ืช". -- ื“ื•ื“ ืžื™ืกืจ ืœืขืึธื ื ืชืชึผื”ืœื” ืœืจื•ืฃ". -- 
ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ืกืคื•ืจื’ื• ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ,ืื•ืจ ืขืžื™ื { ื“ื™ ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœ ืึทืœื ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืกืฉืขืจ ืงืฐืึทึตืœ 
ืคืึทืจ ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคึผื˜ืŸ, -- ื“ื™ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืคื•ื ื ืคื™ืœืึธื•ืึธืžื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง. -- ื“ื™ ืฉืžืึธื˜ 
ืžืึทื ื˜ื•ืึท ืึธืœึนืก ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ.ืฆืขื ืžืขืจ, -- ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืึธื ื–ืึทื’ืึธ. -- 
,ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ.ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“" ืื™ืŸ ,ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ-ืงืขื’ื ืขืจ", -- ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืกื•ืžื• ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ืžื™ืžืจ ืœืขืึธืŸืฃ-- 
ื“ื™ ื›ืฉืคึผื—ื” ืคึผืจืึธืฐืึทื ืกืึทืœ (ืคึผืจืึธืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืึทืœื™) ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื  ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ 


ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื, -- ื™ื—ื•ื“ืช ืžื•ืกืงืึทืžื• ืึทืœืืก ื”ื•ืžืึทื ื™ืกื ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ื ืขืจืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ 
,ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”" ืื•ืŸ ืืงื•ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”", -- ืขื–ืจื™ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืืจื•ืžื™ื ืึทืœืก ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉ-ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜, -- ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืžืฃ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืŸ ;ื˜ืื•ืจ ืขื™ื’ื™ื", 


,,ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืฐื™ืึท --- ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืคึนึผืึฒืจื™ 
ื˜ืขืœืขืึธื ืข ืื™ืŸ ,, ื—ืชื™ืžืช ื”ืกืคืจ'' ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ , ืฉืœื˜ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ึผื•ืจื™ื'' --- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
:ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึทืงื•ืœื˜ืขื˜ (ื‘ึผื›ื ืกื™ืช ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื) ืฉืžื•ื“ื™ืจื˜ ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืก 
ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื›ืŸ ืื™ืคึผืึธืงืจืึทื˜ืŸ, ื’ืึทืœืขื ื•ืŸ ืื•ึนืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืึทืจืึทื‘ึผื™ืฉืข ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ื ืขืจ'!,. ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืก ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžืขืจ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืึทืœืข ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜?ืขื›ืข ื“ื™ืกืฆื™ืคึผืœื™ื ืขืŸ, ืฐื•ื™ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืœืึทื ืฅื“ืชืงื•ืคื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืœืืœื˜ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืกื›ืึธึทืœืึทืกื˜ื™ืง. ืืžืช, ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื ืขืกืึทื ืก-ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคืœื™ื™ืกื™ืง ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจื˜ ืฉึทืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืก ืœืึธื ื™ืง. 
-ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืขื ืงืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึทืœืฅ ื’ืขื’ืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืึทืœืก ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืืฑื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืŸ; ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืžื•ืจื”-ื“ืจืš, ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืœืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ --- ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื“ื™ ืึธืจื˜ืึธื“ืึธืงืกืŸ, ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืกื•ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ื™ืจืืช-ืฉืžื™ื, ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื ืขื”ืึทืœึฟื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ,ื™ื•ื•ืŸ', ื“ึถืขื ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืคึผืขืจื™ืคึผืึทื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืคึผื™ืงื•ืจืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื”. ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืึทืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื™ืจ ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉืฐืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืขืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื ืคื•ืŸ ,,ื—ื•ื˜ื ื•ืžื—ื˜ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ื". 
ืื™ืจ ื‘ึผื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ื™ืงืŸ ,,ืžื–ืจื—-ืคึผืœืึทืฅ'' ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืื™ื“ืขืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 

100 


ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึธืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ืจืŸ 134 


ืฉื˜ืจืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืš ืคื•ื ื 
6ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื” ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ื‘ึผื•ืš, ืฐืึธืก ืคื™ืจื˜ 
ื ืึธืš ืžืœื—ืžื” ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ืึธื˜ืขืœื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืŸ ืงืจื™ื’ืขืจื™ืฉ- 
ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจืขื’ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื™ื›ึผื•ื—ื™ื ืคื•ื ื ืจืฉื‘ึผ"ืืก ืื•ืŸ 
ื™ื“ืขื™ื” ืคึผื ื™ื ื™ื ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ. ,,ืžื ื—ืช ืงื ืื•ืช'' ื—ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื‘ึผื•ืš, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ื‘ึนึผืŸ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืื•ื™ืก ืคึผื™ื–ื, ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ ืคื•ื ื ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื? ืื•ื™ื 
ืคึผื™ื–ืึท, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืข ืงืึธืจืขืกืคึผืึทื ื“ืขื ืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืฆื—ืง 
ืึทื‘ึผืจื‘ึผื ืืœ!, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ (ืื™ืŸ 1490) ืก'ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผืืงืœืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ืคึผืึธืขืžืขืก (ืฆื• ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื˜ืขืจืฆื™ื ืขืŸ-ืกื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ื™ืขื“ืข ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ) ื“ืขืจ ืืกื˜ืจืึธ- 
ื ืึธื ืื‘ึผืื“ืžืืจื™ ื—ืœืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ-ืขื–ืจื ื“ื™ื“ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืจื 5, 

ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ื‘ึผืŸ ืฉืžื•ื? * ืื™ื– ืคืจื™ ืึท ื™ืชื•ื ื’ืขื‘ึผืœื™ื‘ึผืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขื‘ึผื™ืœื“ืขื˜ืข 
ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ * ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ื ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื•ื ื’. ืืŸ ืึทื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™- 
ื˜ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืชึผืœืžื•ื“, ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ื‘ึผืŸ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื’ืจื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš 
ืฉื˜ื•ืจื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืœืืœื˜ืขืจืœืขื›ื˜ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ึผืงื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืฃ 
ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื ืขืกืื ืก-ืชืงื•ืคื” * ืึทืžื ืึทืขื ื˜ืกื˜ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ึผืกื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืคืœื™ื, ื•ื™ 
ืžื ื—ื. ืจื™ืงืึทื ืึทื˜ื™ ืื“'"ื’?, ืึทืœืก ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืืฑื˜ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื™ื ื ืข- 
ื’ืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืžื‘ึผ''ืŸ. , ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื›ืŸ -- ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ , ืžื ื—ืช ืงื ืื•ืช', -- ื•ื•ืขืžืขืก ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืขืก ื’ืœื•ืกื˜ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•; 
ืืžืช -- ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืจืžื‘ึผ"ื ืก ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ 
ื”ืชึผื•ืจื”. ื•ื•ืขืจ ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืึทืคึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ื˜ 
ืขืก ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื“ืขืจืงื•ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืืฑื’ืŸ -- ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืŸ ืฆื•ื 
ืจืžื‘''ื ืก ื˜ื™ืคืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื– ื“ืขื ืงื•ื•ืืœ ืคื•ื ื ืœึถืขื›ึทึผืŸ" *, 


1 ื–ืข ,ืื•ืฆืจ ื ื—ืžื“", {|, ืฐื•ึผ ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืึทื‘ึผืจื‘ึผื ืืœื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ืื•ื™ื 
ืคื™ื•ืึท, ืื•ืŸ ื“, ืงื•ื™ืคึผืžืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ 0065{ 64 ,64 ืกื˜ื˜ืกืช, ื•ืฉื, 106-2100, 

* ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1063 64 .6 6ื˜ืฆืกื, |ืฉื, 110-2106, 221--231, 

8 ื’ืขื ืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขืจืš ืื™ืŸ 1492, ื“ืึธืก ื™ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฆืฒื 
ืฉืขืกื˜ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ื“ื•ื“ ืงืฑืคื˜ืึทืŸ ื”ืฆึธื˜ ืคึผืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ (ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื—. ื“, ืขื. ื–ืฉื•ื™ืฃ, 
ืื•ื•ืืื, 64) ืึท ื“ืœึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึทื˜ืข 1514, ื˜ 8 ื™ื”'ืืœ ื›ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืืœื˜ ื—ืชื™ืžื”, ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื™ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ึผืŸ, ืฐืฒื™ืœ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ ืืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื ืจืขื“ื ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื 
ืื™ื’ื ื™ืึธืจ 1575 ืฐื™ ืฐืขื ืŸ ืึท ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ึผืขื ืขื (,ืืžืจื™ ื‘ึผื™ื ื”", ืงื˜ืค' 3). 

4 ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืข ืคึทืจื˜ื™ื ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื™ื—'ืืœืก ืคึผืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข ื—ืคืจืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจ ืจืื•ื‘ื ื™ื 
ืžึผืขืžื•ืึทืจืŸ (ื–ืข ื ืฒื‘ึผื•ื™ืขืจืก ืืกื“ืจ ื”ื—ื›ืกื™ื ื•ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื™ื,, |, 166 ื"ื”), 

5 ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืึธืคึผื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจืจื•ืคื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืฃ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืŸืจื•ืจ ืึทื’ื•ืกื˜ื™ื ืึธ 
ืื•ื™ืก ืกืขืกืึท (86582 06). 

5 ,ืžื ื—ืช ืงื ืื™ืช", 13, 16, 26, 13, 1106 ืืžื™ ืฉืœื‘ื• ื ืฉืื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ืืžืช 
ื“ืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ืงื“ืกืช ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ืจื”ืช ืœืจื‘ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืจืกื‘'ืŸ,, ื•ืกื™ ืฉื™ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ื˜ืกื•ื” ื”ืขื•ืจื•ืŸ 
ืžืœืœ ืคื ื™ื• ื™ืฉื’ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื ื—ื˜ื ื™,. ืึฒืฉืจ ืžืคื™ื• ืื ื• ื—ืฒ"ื˜", 





12 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ื ื˜ื™ืฃ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผื™ืงืข ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ืึท ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ืึธื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื‘ึผืœื”, ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืจื•ืฉ 
ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ืื•ื™ืก ืคึผื™ื–ืึท ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืฆืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืึทืฆื™ืึธ 
ื’ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง, ืฐืึธืก ืคืœืขื ื˜ ืึธืคื˜ ืืจืฑืกื’ืขื–ืึธื ื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื™ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืชึผื•ืจื— ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืข, ืึทื– ื–ื™ ืžื•ื– ืขืจืฉื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืœืึทื ื™ืฉืข- 
ืจืึทื™ื•ืช ืคื•ื ื ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ-ื’ืขื“ืื ืง. ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜,:ืึทื– ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืœื•ื›ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธื ืงื•ืจื™ืจืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืขืจ (ื›ื™ ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช ื–ื• ืœื–ื•), ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื™ื—ื•ืก: ืื™ื™ื ืข ืื™ืŸ --- ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื, ื ืžื•ืŸ ื ืึธื˜ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืกื˜ืข, 
ืื•ึนืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข --- ืึท ืคึผื•ืขืœ-ื™ื•ืฆื ืคื•ื ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ื‘ึผืึทื ืจืขื ืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ. ื”ืึธื˜. 
ื™ื—ื™ืืœ. ืื•ื™ืก ืคึผื™ื–ึฐื ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ ื ืงืึทืžืฃ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉืข 
ืืจื™ืกืžืึทึธื˜ืขืœื™ืงืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืก ืฆื™ืœืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืึธื ืคืึทืœืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื- 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืŸ ื™ื“ืขื™ื” ืคึผื ื™ื ื™ืก , ื›ึนึผืชื‘ ื”ื—ื”ืชื ืฆืœื•ืช, ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ 
ืžื™ื‘ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืจืขืจื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื ื“1, 

ืงื•ื“ื"ื›ืœ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ืคืืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื›ึผ5? ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืขื’ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืŸ. ืึทื“ืจื‘ึผื”, ืขืจ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืึทืจ ื ื•ืฆืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง. ืขืจ ืงืขืžืคื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืงืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขื˜ืขื ื–ื™ืข ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ 
ื ืึทื ืฆืข ืžืžืฉืœื” ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืกื›ึผืžื”. 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืžืชืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ, ื‘ึผืขืช ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ ,, ืžื ื—ืช ืงื ืื•ืช'' ืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฆืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื– ืฐืึทื ืขืŸ, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื ืึธืš, ื“ื™ ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืžืฉืœื”, ื–ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ืœื™ื™ืš ื•ื™ ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ืื•ื• 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ื™ืง ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ื— ืื™ื–. ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ื‘ึผืŸ ืฉืžื•ืืœืก ื‘ึผืึทื ืจื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืชึผื•ืจื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ืจื”-ื“ืจืš, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื•ื ืงื•ื•ืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืงื–ืขืœื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืืฉืจื‘ึผืœืขื ืกื™ื™ื˜, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืงื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื—ื›ืžื•ืช (ืขื™ืงืจ ื•ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื›ืžื•ืช) *. ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜, ืื– ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืกื˜ืข ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ื™ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทืคื•ื ื’, 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื”ื•ืช ืคื•ื ื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืืœ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืฉื˜ืฒื•ึผื ื’ ืคื•ื ื ืงืึธืกืžืึธืก --- ื ึดื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืึทืžื•ืจืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืข --- ื ืึธืจ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืชึผื•ืจืช ืžืฉื”, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืคื™ืœืึทื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืข ืจืื™ื•ืช --ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ , ืžื ื—ืช ืงื ืื•ืช'" 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, -- ืื™ื– ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืงืœืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื“ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ืก ืฆื• ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ, 
ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืืฉืืคืŸ ืึทืœืก ,ื™ืฉ ืžืื™ืŸ!' --- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ 
ื™ืกื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืžื•ื ื—ืช 5 ,ืžื™ื˜ ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึทื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืขืจ ื—ืงื™ืจื” -- 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื–' 121--122, 

* ,ืžื ื—ืช ืงื ืื•ืช", 10, 

2 ,ืขืจ ืขืก ื’ืœืฑื‘ึผื˜ ื ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืึธืœืก ื™ืฉ ืžืื™ืŸ -- ืขืจืงืœืขืจื ื“ืœืฃื™ 
ื‘ึผื›ืœ ,ืžื ื”ืช ืงื ืื•ืช" -- ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื—ืœืง ื›ึผืœืœ ื‘ึผืชื•ืจืช ืžืฉื” ื•ื ื•ืคืจ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ", 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืฉืขืจืึธืžื•ืจ ื”ืฒ ื™ืจืŸ 182 


ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ ื™ื—ื™ื? ืื•ื™ื ืคื™ื•ื -- ืื™ื– ืžืขืŸ ื ึดื™ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื˜ื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื 
ื’ืึธื˜ืก ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืจื•ื—ื ื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืŸ 
ืžื—ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื”ื•ืช ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืœืื›ื™ื ' 2 ื“ืึธื˜ ืึทืœืฅ ืงืขืฉื˜ ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื—ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืงืจื•ืฉื”, 
ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื”, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคืกื˜ืข 
ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืื•ืŸ ืชึผื  . ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืข ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช, 
ื ืึธืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข 82 ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืืžืช, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ- 
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ืงื‘ืœื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจ ืฆื• ื“ื•ืจ ื–ื™ื ื˜ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืึถื‘ึดื™ื ื•ึน ื‘ึผื™ื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ 5. 

ืื•ืŸ ื ืœื™ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™, ื˜ื˜ืงืข ื•ื™ ืึทืŸ ืืžืชืขืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผ?, ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื™ื—ื™ืืœ 
ื‘ึผืŸ ืฉืžื•ื? ืึทืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ , ืืฆื™ืœื•ืช', ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
, ืžื™ื“ื•ืช'' (ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช) ืขืžืึทื ื™ืจืŸ (ืฉื˜ืจืึทืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืก) ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืงืจืึทืคื˜--- 
ื“ืขื ืžืงื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ. | 

ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืึท ื“ืจื™ื˜ืœ ืคื•ื ื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืคืึทืจื ืขืžื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื—ื™ื? ืื•ื™ืก ืคึผื™ื–ืึท 
ื“ื™ ืคืจืึทื ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื”ื•ืช ืคื•ื ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ื ืฉืžื” ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ึผืœืขื 
ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื”ืฉืืจืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื”ืฉื ื—ื— 4 ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ , ืžื ื—ืช ืงื ืื•ืช'' ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ื• ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžืคืจืฉื™ื, 
ื’ืึธืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื’ึดื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืขื ื“ื ื™ืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข 
ื”ืึทืจื‘ึผืข ืฉืืœื•ืช. ,ื“ื™ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืœืขืจื ื˜ ืื•ื ื–, ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื™ื—ื™ื? ืื•ื™ืก ืžืคื™ื–ื 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, -- ืึทื– ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืข ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืึทื‘ึผืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืข ื‘ึผืื’ืจื™ืคืŸ 
(ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฉื›ืœื•ืช) ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื•ื ื“ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืจืึธื‘ึผืœืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื‘ึผื™ืงืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ; ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื™ ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ, ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ื– 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืข ื“ื™ ืจืขืœื™ื ื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืœืขืจืข ืฐืขื ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจืช 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 26, 

* ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, |1--12, 108 ืืึทื–"ืฐ, 

8 ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ื‘ืื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜, ืึทื ื‘, ื“ื™ ,ืžื™ื“ื•ืช" ื‘ึผืœืฑืŸ ืึธืœืก ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื›ึผืœื™ื (ื”ืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื 
ื›ึนึผืžื• ื—:ืœื™ื) ื ึดื™ื ืึทืœื ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช (ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, |' 23--25), ื'ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืœืกืึทื ื˜, 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืข ืื™ื“ืขืขืŸ ื–ืฆึธื ึถื ืื•ื™ืš ืึทืจืฑื™ื ืึท ืฆืฐืฒื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ืขืจ, ืคืึทืงืข ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ืื•ื™ืก 
ืคึผื™ื•ืึทืก ืึท ื‘ืŸ:ื“ื•ืจ, ื“ื•ืจ ืžื™ืกืจ ืœื™ืื•ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ื ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผืขืœ ืคื ื•ืคืช ืฆื•ืคื™ื". ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืขืชึผื”ืœืช ืœื“ื•ื“" ืคืœื™ื™ืกื ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื•ื“ ืžื™ืกืจ ืœืขืึธืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืฐืฒื•ืŸ, ืึทื– ;ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืคืขืจ 
ืคืจืึทื ืข ืฐืขื ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื”ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ื”ืฒื˜ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืœืฒื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืขืœื™ ื”ืžื”ืงืจ 
(ื“"ื” ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืกืŸ) ืžื™ื ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืขืœื™ ื”ืงื‘ึผืœื”ืŸ ืฐืึธืจืขื, ืขืจืงืœืขืจื ืžื™ืกืจ ืœื™ืื•ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธ. 
ื–ื™ืงืข ืคึผืจืึทื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœื™ ื—ืงื’ืœื— ืคื™ืœ ืงืœืึธื“ืขืจืข ื‘ืึทื ืจื™ืคืŸ (ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื•ืืจืช) ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคึฟืŸ, ื–ืฒ, 
ื“ื™ ื‘ึทึผืขืœื™ ื”ืงื‘ืœื”, ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืึทืจืฒืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ึผืึธืจื’ื ืกื˜ืข ืžื™ืžืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ 
ืคึผืจืึธื‘ึผืœืขื, ื‘ึผืขืช ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืค; ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸืŸ ืฐื™ ื‘ึผืœื™ื ื“ืข,. ืฐืึธืก ื”ืขืจืŸ ื’ืœืฑืŸ, ืึธื‘ึถึผืขืจ ื•ืขืขืŸ ื ึดื™ื* 
(ืฉืขื—ืœื” ืœื“ื•ื“", โ€ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ืœ, ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ), 

* ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 52--90, | : 





124 ื“"ืจ ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื ื’ 


ื”ื ืคืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืจ ื•ืขื•ื ืฉ" !. ื•ื™ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื”ืœืœ? ืื•ื™ืก ืฐืขืจืึธื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืขืœื™ 
ืงื‘ึผืœื”, ืึทื–ืฑ ืคืึทืจื ืขืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ื‘ึผืŸ ืฉืžื•ืืœื ืฐืขืœื˜ื‘ึผืึทื ืขื ื“ืขื 
ื‘ึผื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜. ืื•ื™ืš ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื–ืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืข- 
ื˜ืขืจ --- ื“ืขื ืฆื“ื™ืง, โ€ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืœืื›ื™ ื”ืฉืจืช ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืœื ืœื™ื, 
ืฐืึธืจืขื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืขืจ ืจื™ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื ื“ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืขืจื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืŸ 5, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ื ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืื•ื™ืคื ืึทื‘ึผืข ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคึผื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืœื“ื™ืงืข ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ื’ ืขื“ืึทื ืง, ื ืึธืจ ื“ื•ืจืš 
ืžืข ืฉื™ ื, ื“ื•ืจืš ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก 
ื™ืขื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื ืคืึทืจืงืขืจืคึผืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืกื™ืžื‘ึผืึธืœ, ืึท ื ืจื•ื ื˜- 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ึผืขื ืข ื ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืข ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื ื ืขืŸ *. ืื• ื ื™ื˜ ืืฑืคืŸ 
ืจืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืกื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธื˜ืŸ โ€ 
ืžืฉื™ื’ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืื ื“ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ื ื ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™- 
ืงืขืจ ื“ืขื ืงืขืจ ื•ื™ ืจื‘ึผื ื• ืžืฉื” ื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ื™ืžื•ืŸ; ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคึทึผืจื•ืฐื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ 
ืขืœื™ืคึผื™ ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉื›? ื“ื™ , ื˜ืขืžื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช'' ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื™ื—ื™ื? ื‘ึผืŸ ืฉืžื•ืืœืก 
ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืฉืฐื•ืึทืš ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ื™ืง (ื—ืœื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื ืจืคึผื™ื). ืื•ื™ืคื”ื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึธืจื”ืึทื ื’, 
ืฐื•ืึธืก ืคืึทืจื“ืขืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื‘ืึธืจืข, ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึธืจื ืขื ืข ืคื•ื“ื•ืช --- 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœื•ื ื ืขืŸ, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื™ื—ื™ื? ื‘ึผืŸ ืฉืžื•ืืœืก ืคืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืฆื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ื‘ึผืœืฑื™ื– ื“ืขื 
ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืŸ, ื“ืขื ,,ื’ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืจื™ื–'' (ื”ืขื ืง ื”ื ื“ื•ืœ) ืจ' ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื•ื—ืื™, ื“ืขื 
ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ +. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข, ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ ,,ืžื ื—ืช ืงื ืื•ืช', ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืึทืœื•ืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืจืึธืœืข ืžื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขื“ ืื•ืžื”, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืขื ืขืจื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึธื˜ืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ" 
ืคื™ืœื˜ ื˜ืจื™ื™ ืึทืœืข ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื 5, 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืจื•ืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืึทืงืข, ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ ืื•ึนื™ืš ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ื‘ึผืŸ ืฉืžื•ืืค, 

ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื™ืกื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ืข ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืง ืื™ื– ืึท ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ื ืึทื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ื 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืŸ ื ื’ืขืฉืœืขื›ื˜ (ื”ืขื ื”ืงื—ื•ืฉ ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืื•ืจืชื ืžื™ื•ื—ืจืช 
ื•ื ื‘ื“ืœืช ืžืฉืืจ ื—ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™). ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืง, ื—ื–ืจื˜ ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ื‘ึผืŸ ืฉืžื•ืืœ 
ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื™ื”ื•ืจื” ื”ืœื•ื™ืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ,, ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึทืจื™ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื”ื™ื™ื˜'" 
(ื–' 85), ื“ืึธืก ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืฆื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ื‘ึผืึทืฉืืคื•ื ื’ (ื–' 89). ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 12 81, 

2 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 73, 84--85, 

3 ื“ืฆึธืจื˜ืŸ, 11, 85 ื"ื•. 
+ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 009, 

5 ื–ืข ืืฑื‘ึผืŸ, ื–ื™ 79--82, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืฉื•ืฑ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื“ืŸ 125 


ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื›ึผืกื ื”ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“, ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ืื•ืžืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืŸ ืงืฐืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜, 
ืฉื˜ืึทืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื ืฉืžื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืึท ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื”ืฉื ื—ื— , ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจืœื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื›ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ื™ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ 
ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื˜ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืžื”, ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื’ืœื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžืกื™ืจืช-ื ืคืฉ, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืžืกื™ื™ื ื’ืึธื˜ืก ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืึธื˜ืŸ *, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืžื” ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึธื - 
ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ื ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืึทืจืขืจ ืžืชึผื ื” -- ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืจื•ื— ื—ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื•ืื”, ืึดื 
ื“ืขื ืœืขื‘ึผืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงืฐืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ืœื™ื‘ึผืŸ (ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 40). ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ื 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขื•ืช, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ , ืคืžื ื—ืช ืงื ืื•ืช'' ืกื•ื˜ื™ืฃ, ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื“ืขื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจืฉื™ 
ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืชืคึผืœืกืคื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ืึทื– ืžืขืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืงื•ืœืึทื˜ื™ื•ื•" 
ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื—ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื•ืื”. ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึธ- 
ื–ืืคื™ืฉืขืจ ื—ืงื™ืจื— ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืฃ, ืคื•ื ื ืคึผื•ืขืœื“ื™ื•ืฆื ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืกื™ื‘ื”ืŸ ืืœืข 
ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื–ื™ ื‘ืื ืจื™ื™ืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื•ืจืš ืœืึทื ื™ืฉืข ืจืื™ื•ื– 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื›ืื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืžืขื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืงื•ืžื˜ ื–ื™ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืึธืคื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืื ืฅ 
ืคืึทืœืฉืข ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืœื˜ ืึทื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคึผืœืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืชื™ืจื•ืช. ื ืึธืจ ืื " 
ื“ืขืจืฉ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื•ืื”; ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขื’ -- ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื•ืฐื•ืขื  ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ื™- 
ื•ื•ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื•ื ื’; ื”ืขืœ ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœื™ืฅ ืฉื™ื™ื ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคืืจ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ 
ืกื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืžื—ื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ ื ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื ืœื˜ื ืฅ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืจืึทืœื˜ืข 
ืื•ื™ื’. ื“ืจื™ื ื’ื˜ ืึทืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืชึผื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธื 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืึทืœืข ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืกืŸ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืก --- 
ื“ืขื ืงืฐืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœึถืข ืกื™ื‘ึผื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– 5. 

ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืึธื ื ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืžืฃ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืืจื™ืกื˜ืึทื˜ืขืœื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื—ื–ื™ื? ืื•ื™ืก ืคึผื™ื–ืืก ื“ื•ืจ ื•ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื‘ึผื™ืก? ืœืื—ืจ 
ื–ืกืŸ. ืฐืืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืึธืก ื’ื•ืจื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ , ืžื ื—ืช ืงื ืื•ืช'" 
ืื™ื– ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ึผืœื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืข" 
ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 4. ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืจืึธื“ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ 


1 ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ื—ื–ืจื ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื•ื” ืžื™ืกืจ 
ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืชื”ืœื” ืœื“ื•ื”" (/' 14, 235, 85 ื"ืึท). {ืฐืขืŸ ืึทืคึผื™ืœื• -- ืฐืฒื–ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืžื™ืคืจ 
ืœื™ืื•ืŸ -- ืึท ื™ื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืžื—ืœืœ ืฉื‘ึผืช ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืฉ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืคื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ ืืžื•ื ื” -- ืฐืขืจื˜ 
ืขืจ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืฆื• ื™ืขื ืข, ืฐืฒืœ ืคืขืกื ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืช ืฆื•ื ื™ื* 
ื’ืขืคืœืึธื›ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื ืฉืžื” ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฒื‘ึผื™ืง ื ื™ื˜ ืฆืขืฉื™ื™ืจืŸ" (?ืฉื”ืืžื•ื ื” 
ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ื“ื’ื•ืงื” ื‘ื ืคืฉ ื“ื‘ื•ืง ื—ื–ืง ื•ืžืกื•ื›ืš ื ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ืคืจื“ ืžืฉื ืœืขื•ื™ื"), 

7 ืืžื ื—ื•ืช ืงื ืื•ืช", 181 (ื›ื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ืจืื•ื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื 0502* 
ื›ืคึฟืœื™ืก ืžืžื” ืฉืกื‘ืœื• ืขื•ืœ ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ื•ื—ืžืฆื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงืฅ ืœืชื›ืœื™ืชื" 

5 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 117--118, 

5 ื“ื•ืจืš ื“, ืงื•ืฑืคืžืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1898, 





126 ืจ"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ ืขืจื’ 


ืึทืœืฅ ืžืขืจ ืึทื ืขืจืงืขื ื•ื ื’ ื“ืขืจ ื ืขื“ืื ืง, ืฐืึธืก ื•ืขืจื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืึธื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ , ืžื ื—ืช ืงื ืื•ืช'? ืึทื– ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืคืจืึธื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืึธืจืึทืœ, ื ืึธืจ 
ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืจื™ื™ืŸ"ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืจืึธื‘ึผืœืขืžืขืŸ ืฐื™, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืข, ื‘ึนึผืึท- 
ื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’, ืฐืขืœื˜ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทืคื•ื ื’ ืืึทื–'ื•ื•, ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืคื“ื™ 
ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืคื™ืœ ืงืœืึธืจืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืฆึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ ื•ื™ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ , ืžื ื—ืช ืงื ืื•ืช'' ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืึท ืฐื•ืขืจืง, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ 
ื˜ืขืžืข, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ,,ืื•ืจ ืขืžื™ื'' ืคื•ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ืกืคื•ืจื ื•, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืขืจืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืึทื˜ืฒืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ืกื˜ ืขืก ืึทืœืก ืžืชึผื ื” 
(ืื™ืŸ 1848) ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึทื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืขื ื™ื’ ื”ื™ื™ื ืจื™ืš ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ. 

ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ืกืคื•ืจื ื• ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืจื˜ โ€ ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกืึทืœ- 
ืคื™ืœื–ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ - (0010615216 ืกื•ื—ืกื˜'ืŸ), ืžื™ื˜ ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืก'ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืฑ 
ืจื™ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื’ืขืกืึทื ืค-ืชึผืงื•ืคื” ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข. ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืœ 
ืฆืขื–ืขื ื• ืื™ืŸ 1478, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจื˜ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ื–ื™ืš 
ืงื•ื ื”-ืฉื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืœืก ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึทืจืฆื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ึผ" 
ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื•ืขืจื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ ืึทืœืก , ืื‘ึผื™ืฃ 
ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื'', ืกืคื•ืจื ื• ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื‘ึผืงื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผืœืžื•ืจื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืขืžืึทื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึทื–ืึธืคื™ืข. ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืœืึธื ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ืึท ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื’ื•ืคื ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืงืข' ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” 53 
ื™ืžื™ื• ื‘ึผื™ื–ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ (1580). ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ื‘ึผื™ืื•ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืขื•ื•ืงืœื™ืจืก ืžืึทื˜ื˜- 
ืžืึทื˜ื™ืง (ื‘ึผืื•ึนืจ ืœืกืคืจ ืื•ืงืœื™ื“), ื ืึธืจ ืงื•ื ื”ื“ืฉื ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข 
ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื›ึผืชื‘ื™ ื—ืงื•ืจืฉ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืชึผื•ืจื”, 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืชื”ืœื™ื, ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ืงื—ืœืช, ืื™ื•ื‘ ื'ืึท ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผืจืงื™ ืึธื‘ื•ืช 1. 
ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœื˜-ืึธื ืฉืฑื•ื ื’ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 8 ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืึทื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืกื“ืจ. ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืขืจืง , ืื•ืจ ืขืžื™ื"". 

ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื™ืœื–ื™ื™ืžื™ืง ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ืœื“ืขื˜ืขืจ ืžืืŸ ื‘ืืงืขืžืคื˜ ืึทืžืึทื ื˜- 
ืฉื™ื™ื“ื ืกื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขื ืขื ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื” ืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ 
ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ 2. ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข, ื‘ึผืึทืงืœืึธื’ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืกืคื•ืจื ื•, ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ื ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื‘ึผืœื™ื ื“ืŸ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื— ืฉื™ื’ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื›ืœ ื ืึธื˜ืก ื‘ึผืึทืคืขืœืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึธื˜ืŸ --- ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืืคื™ืข, 


1 ื“ืขื“ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืจื•ืžื™ (ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1540), 

2 ,ืื•ืจ ืขืžื™ื", ื“ืฃ 8, ืขืž' ื‘': ืขื•ื ืืœื” ื™ืชื‘ืืจ ืืฆืœ ื›ืœ ืžืขื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื 
ื™ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืงืจืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืงื ื” ื™ื“ื™ืขื”, ืื‘ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ืค ื™ืืžื™ื ื ื”ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืœื ืฉื™ืจืขื, ืืฉืจ 
ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืฉื—ืง ื•ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืœืง ื™ืœืขื  ืœืžื•" (ืžื™ืจ ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉืžืขืจ ืื•ื™ื" 
ื ืึทื‘ึผืข ืคื•ืŸ 1537) / 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื™ืฑืŸ 121 


ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืฆื• ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ื•ื ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคึผื™ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื™ืœืข ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื•ื ื–. 
ื–ื•ื™, ืงืžืฉืœ, ื“ืขืจ ืจืžื‘ึผ''ื, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืขืจ 
{ื—ื ืžื” ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืกืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื. ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืก ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืข, ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืกืžืคื•ืจื ื• ืืช- 
ื˜ืขืจ, ืœื™ื™ืงื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืžืงื•ืจื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ 
ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข ืชึผื•ืจื”. ืื•ืŸ ืกืคื•ืจื ื• ืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ื•ื™ ื”ืŸ ื“ื™ ืชึผื•ืจื” ื”ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืึทืœืฒืŸ, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื•ื™ืš ืคึผืึธืจืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืกืŸ:. ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ื•ึผ 
ื›ึผืชื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ึผืึทืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืจื™ื™ืŸ-ืฐื•ื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืืžืชืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืคื™ืœ 
ื™ืžืขืจ ืงืœืึธืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืึธืจื, ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืข. ืกืคื•ืจื ื• 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ืึธืคึผ ืื•ื™ื” ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืข /2 ืืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ,ื—ืงื“ืžึผื•ืช'ื™, 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืจื™ื™ืŸ-ืฐื•ื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ื” 
ื“ืืฉื•ื ื” ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ื—ื•ืžืจืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ึถืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ึผืœืขื ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื—ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึท- 
ื˜ืขืจื™ืข, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ื™ื˜ื•ื•ืขื ื“ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืฉื’ื—ื—, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜. ืกืคื•ืจื ื• ืื™ื– ืคืขืกื˜ 
|ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜, ืึทื– ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผื™ื‘? ื’ื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืขื ื“ื ื™ืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจื™ ืึทืœืข 
ืคึฟืจืึทื’ืŸ, ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ื•ื ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืžื™ืข ืึธื‘ึถึผืขืจ ืคึผืœืึทื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืกืชื™ืจื•ืช. ื‘ึผืœื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœ, ื–ืึทื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืกืคื•ืจื ื•, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืึทืœืขืฃ 
ืจืึธืœืข ืคื•ื ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ืขืœื˜"ื’ืขืคื•ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืก ืื™ืจ ื•ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ืฃ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ื—ืœืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜, ืึทืœืข ืกืคืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืึทืคืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธื˜ืก 
ื‘ึผื™ืœื“, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึธื ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ, ื‘ื›ืจื™ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืึทืฉืขืคืขืจ ืขื ืœืขืš ืฆื•ึน ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ. , ืื˜ ืคืึทืจืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืฆื“ื™ืก, ืฐืึธืก 
ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜ ื ืึธื˜ืก ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืึทืฉืขืคืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื”ื™ืžืœืขืŸ!"2. , ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืชื•ืจื”, --- ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืกืžื•ืจื ื• 
ืฆื•ื ืฉืœื•ื --- ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ื ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืืžืชืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืกื˜ืข ืจืื™ื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืจืฑื™ืงื˜ ืึทืœืข ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืกืคื™ืงื•ื—. 
ืื•ึนืŸ ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’, ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื–ื™ ืคื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื ื–, ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ึผ 
ืคึฟืึทืจืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืขื’ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืข ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคืŸ" 5 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื“ืฃ 8, ืขื' 1.3 ืขื•ื›ืืœื” ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ืœื–ืจื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” 
ื•ื—ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื’ื ืื—ืช ืžึนืฆึธืฐื•ื– ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ื” ื‘ืืจ ื”ืืœ ื™ืชื‘ืจืฃ ื‘ืืžืจื• ืœื ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื•ืจืข 
ื™ืขืงื‘ ืชื—ื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ื ื™ ืื ื™ 7" ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืฆื“ืง ื˜ื ื™ืจ ืžืฉืจื™ื", 

5 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 53--51, 

5 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืจืฃ 59, ืขืž' 3': ,ืืžื ื˜ ืชื•ืจืช ืืœื”ื™ื ื• ืชื•ื“ื™ืข ื‘ืžื•ืคืชื™ื ื ื›ื•ื—ื™ื ืœืžื‘ื™ืŸ 
ื™ื“ืขื•ืช ืืžืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืชื™ืจ ื”ืกืคืงื•ืช ื”ื ื–ื›ืจ, ื›ื•ื ื ืช ืขืœื™ื ื• ืžืžืœื•ืœ ื•ื“ืจืš ืจื‘ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืžื“ืจืš 
ื’ื—ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื—ื ื–ื›ืจ, ื‘ึผื• ื™ื‘ื•ื ื›ืœ ืžืขื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืจืฆื•ื ื• ื™ืชื”ืœืœ,, ื—ึดืฉึฐื‚ืคึธืœ ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ื ืคืœืื•ืช ืžืชึผื•ืจืชื ื•", 





128 ื“"ืจ , ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ืžืขืŸ ืžื•ื– ืžื•ื“ื” ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ื‘ึผืŸ ืฉืžื•ืืœืก ืื•ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ืกืคื•ืจื ื•ืก ื•ื•ืขืจ? 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืขื“ื•ืช ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืคื•ื ื ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ืฆื™ื™ื˜. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉ-ื’ืขื‘ื™ืœื“ืขื˜ืข ื˜ืขืึธืœืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื–ืฑ ืžืชืจื˜ื 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืข, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื–ื™ ืฐื•ื™ืœ ืžืกื™ื’ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ืŸ ืื™ืจ 
ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜ืŸ -- ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื–ืฒึท ื’ื•ืคื ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ 
ื ื ืึทื ืฅ ืงื ืึทืคึผืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื’ืจื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื™ืฆื”, ืฐื•ืึธืก ื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืึดืคึผ ื“ืขื ื“ืช ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคึผื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืขืจ ื—ืงื™ืจื”, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉืŸ, ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืžืึธืก 
ืžื™ื˜ื ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืขืžื•ื ื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืœื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืืœื™ืข. ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื•ืขืœื˜, -- ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืข ื‘ึผืึทื ืฒืกื˜ืขืจื•ื ื  ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืึธื˜ืœืึทื˜ืึท- 
ื ื™ืฉืข, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืกืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ-ื˜ืขืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขืคืืจื‘ื˜ืข ืื™ื“ืขืขืŸ, ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืื™ื˜ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ืึทืœืึธื’ื™ืข, ืฆื• ื“ืข- 
ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืขื˜ืึธืจื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ื ืกื˜; ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืคื•ื ื ื ืึธึทืขื ื˜ืŸ 
ืžื–ืจื—, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœื˜ืข ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจืก: -- ืึทืœืฅ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืขืจ ื“ื™ 
ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ-ืงื›ึผืœื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืจืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื’ื•ืจื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ึผ 
ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ืกื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืœืขื ื˜ืคื•ืœืกื˜ืข ืคึฟืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ืื™ื˜ืืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื™ื™ื“ื ื˜ื•ื ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื‘ึผืขืกื˜ืข ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืข ื›ึผื•ื—ื•ืช ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืคืŸ 
ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืงื•ืœืึทื˜ื™ื•ื“ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืขืจ ื—ืกื™ืจื”, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื’ืข- 
ื‘ึผื™ื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืžืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื ื˜ื•ืึท, ื“ื™ ืจืขื–ื™ื“ืขื ืฅ-ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื’ืขื‘ื™ืœื“ืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืฆืึทื ื™ืžืฉืคึผื—ืช 
ื’ืึธื ื–ืึทื ืึธ, 

ืžืึทื ื˜ื•ืึท ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื ืขืกืึทื ืกื“ืชึผืกื•ืคื” (ืื™ื ื 15ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 16ื˜ืŸ 
ื™"ื”) ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืกืกื˜ืข ื‘ึผื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’-ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจืก ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข. 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืฆืึธื’ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึทื ื˜ื•ืึท ืื™ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืจื™ื™ื›ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืคืœืขื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ, ืึทื– 
ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ-ืงืึทืกืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืง --- ื“ืึธืš ืื™ื– ืžืึทื ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืœืคึผื•ื ืงื˜, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืขืก ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื–ืึทืžืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ื™ืกืกื˜ืข ืคืึธืจ- 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืขื ืขืกืึทื ืก-ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ. ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืื™ื ื ื”ื•ื™ืฃ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ืœื“ืขื˜ืข ื’ืึธื ื–ืึทื ืึธืก, ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืคืึธืจืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืืจื™ืึธืกื˜ืึธ, 
ื˜ืึธืจืงืฐืึทื˜ืึธ, ื˜ืึทืกืึธ, ื‘ึผืขืžื‘ึผืึท, ื‘ึผืึทื ื“ืขืœืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข *. ื“ื™ ืœืึทื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืฃ 


1{ ืžืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื ืฐืฒื™ืคืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฐืขืจืง, 
3 ื–ืข ื‘ึผื•ืจื›ื”ืึทืจื“ื, ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืฆื™ืกื™ืจืžืŸ ืฐืขืจืง, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืžืข ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 129 


ื‘ึผืึทื“ืฒื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ 1 ืืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื’ื™ื ืกื˜ื™ืงืข. 
,ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉืŸ, --- ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจืฆืึทื ืœืขื›ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืคืขืœ ืคื•ื ื ื™ืึธืจ 
9, ---- ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข 
ื ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืœืึธื›ื•ืช, ืคื“ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ', 
ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ืขืงืจืขื˜ ืื™ื–.ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขื“ื•ืช ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืึทื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ืกื•ืฃ 16ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื”, ื“ืข-ืฐื•ื™ืœืึท- 
ืžืึธืŸ (?!ื—ืกื–ื’/0ืข 466). ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžืขืžื•ืืจืŸ ืคืึทืจืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ื 
ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ: , ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขื ื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืžืจื™ื™ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืงืึธืŸ 
ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื ื ืขืœืŸ ืึทื“ึถืขืจ 
ืึทืจืึทื ื–ืฉืŸ ืคึผืึทืกืขืง?, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืœื™ื ืงืŸ ืึทืงืกืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒื™ืขืจ 
ืžืึทื ื˜ืœ"2. 


ื“ื™ ืžืึทื ื˜ื•ืึทื ืขืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืข" 
ืžืึธืœื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืึธื ื˜ืฒึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื•ืžืื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฐืขื ื•ื ื’, ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืื ื˜ื•ื ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื™ืœ ืึธืคึผื ืขื ืขื‘ึผืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืงื•ื ืกื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืคืขืจื˜ืœ ืคื•ื ื 16ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื” ื”ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืึทืจื˜ื™ืฉื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐืึธืจื‘ืŸ ืึทื–ื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื˜ืืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ื™ื ืข, ืื• 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืฆืึธื’ ื’ืึทื ื–ืึทื ืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ 
ืึทืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ืื™ืจืข ืึทืจื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืจืขืคื˜ืŸ ื ื˜ืจื•ืคืข ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ" 
ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืงื—ื™ืœื” ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจืฆืึทื ืก ืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื ืœืขื ืฆื " 
ื“ื™ืกื˜ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืคึฟืŸ; ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืจืึทืœื™ืฉืข ื˜ืจื•ืคืข, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจื ืึทื ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืกื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืขืจืš ื—ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื™ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื ืขืžื˜ ืึท ื‘ึผื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ื ื ืื™ื˜ืึทืœืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ 2 ืึทื“ืึทื ืง ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึท- 
ื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ืคึผืข ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืžืœืคื•ื ืงื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆื•ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืขืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืขืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข 4 ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ื˜ึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืจืืฉ 


1 ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ืคื•ื ื 16ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื” ื”ืึธื ื“ื™ ืฆืึธืœ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืึทืฒื™ื ืฐืฑืฑื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื ื˜ืึท 
ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ 1844; ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1596 ื”ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื ื 445 ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช (ื‘ืขืจืš 2200 ื ืคืฉื•ืช), 

? ืกืช 0004 ืกืกื–ืืง 2120064 /0) 1106116 6ืชื˜ 024 21406006 46 0108{ 15 
6 8/ืช859606,ืŸ 646 0606 ืชื—ื˜ 2 ื˜ื˜ืื•ืฃ 3ืช60:606 198 8ื˜ืก} 6008 0649ืฐ16000 5004 
''ื ื’ืกื•ืžื”ื•ื– ื–ืก! 46 220006 00506 ื˜ืก +01160ืง 8|ื˜ื ืกืขึทืžืคื–ืก ื–ื•ืก (ืžื™ืจ ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืœื•ื˜ ืึทืœืข. 
ืกืึทื ื“ืจืึท ื“'ืึทื ืงืึธื ืึทืก ืฐืขืจืง: ืกืชื’0ื’)ืŸ 1626 |66 ืก0ืฐืชื•:0, {, 409 


2 ื–ืข ื“'ืึทื ืงืึธื ืึทืก ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื™ืฉื™ืจื˜ ืฐืขืจืง, 429-398, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืืจื‘ึถึผืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื™ืขืฐืจืขื™ืกืงืึทื™ืึท ืœืขืžืึธืžื™ืก", ืฉืŸ, โ€ 26846028402 ืฆืฆืกืชืค 8 1610 8/686808ืžื™ 
4 ื–ืข ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื™ื›ื™ืจืกืข ืึทืจื’ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืŸ! ืฉ. ื‘ื™ืจื’ื‘ึผื•ื™ื, ืคื™ืจื™ืฉืข ืžื•ื™ืง 
; ืืก ื”ืึธืกืข 8. ืžืึทื ื˜ื•ืึท", 
(9) 





130 = ื“"ืจ ื™ ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ-ื˜ืจื•ืคึผืข ืึท ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ืคื•ืœืขืจ 
ืจืขื–ืฉื™ืกืขืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœืขืึธื ืข ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืกื•ืžื• !. 

ื™ื”ื•ืจื” ืกื•ืžื• ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื‘ึนึผืงื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื‘ึผื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ 5, 
ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœื˜ ื ื•ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืกื˜ื™ืœื™ืกื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึธื ื˜ื™ื™? ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืื™ื™ื’ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฐื™ื›ึผื•ื—, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื”ื™ืฅ ื“ื™ ,,ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ- 
ืงืขื ื’ืขืจ'' ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ , ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸื“ืฉื™ืฆืขืจ''. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื ื“ ืึธื - 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ื•ื™ ื ืึธืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ ื“ืขื , ืฉื•ื ื ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื'' ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ, 
ืื™ื– ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ,,ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ-ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“'' ื™ืฆื—ืง, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืึทืจื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื™ื“ืขื™ื” ื‘ึผื“ื“ืฉื™. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข, 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื ืขืกืึทื ืก-ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›ึผื•ึนื—. 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืข- 
ืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื‘ึผืœื™ื˜ ืึท ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœืข 
, ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ-ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ'', ืขืก ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืคืึธืจืกื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืื™ื™ื’ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืข ื˜ื•ืจื ื™ืจืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ื ื’ืขืคืขื›ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ืฆืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืขืจืฆื™ื ืขืŸ, 
ืกื˜ืึทื ืกืŸ, ืกืึธื ืขื˜ืŸ, ืขืคึผื™ื’ืจืึทืžืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืงืขื’ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ, ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืื•ื™ืก 
ืกืึทืจื˜ืขืึทื ื•, ืื™ื– ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคืึทืžืคืœืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืคืฆื™ืง ื˜ืขืจืฆื™ื ืขืŸ, 
ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 
ื•ื™ , ืœื™ืœื™ืช'" *. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ื˜ืจืง ืคืึทืจื“ืจืึธืกืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ-ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ืึทื‘ื™ื’ื“ื•ืจ 
ืื•ื™ืก ืคืื ื• ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืœื™ื“, ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืจ- 
ืฆื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื‘ึผืึทื ื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืึท ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืข 
ื“ืึทืžืข ืื•ื™ื˜ ืคึผื™ื–ื ื—ื ื” ืฐืึธืœื˜ืขืจื• 4, ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ื“ืขื , ืฉื•ื ื ื”ื ืฉื™ื'' ืฆื• ื”ื™ืœืฃ 
ืื™ื– ื“ืึทืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผ? ืืœื™ื”ื• ืื™ืฉ ื™ืขื ืฆืึทื ื•. ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืคึผืึทืจื‘ึผื™ืกืขื ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ-ืคื™ื™ื ืจ ืฉืึทื ืขืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืžืคืœืขื˜ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื“ื™ 
ืืžื”ื•ืช ืคื•ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทื --- ืฉืจื”, ืจื‘ืงื”, ืจื—? ืื•ึนืŸ ืœืื”, ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืฆื• ื“ืขืœ" 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ืงื”ืœืช ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืงืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจ, 
ืึทื– ,, ืืฉื” 3 ืืœื” ืœื ืžืฆืืชื™'' --- ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคืจื•ื™ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื ืฆื• 


1 ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงืฐืขืœืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกื ืขืจ ื•ึทื—ื–ืžื•ืกืค 64, ืื•ื™ืš ืกืกื–ืขื 6ื—0ืก1. ืื™ืŸ 
ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉ ืคืœืขื ื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื—ืชืžื˜ื ืขืŸ; ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื›"ืž ื™ืฆื—ืง ืกื•ืกื• ื˜ืฉืขืจ ืืจื™ื”. ืžืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ื›ื•ืช 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืข ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืืฑื‘ืŸ ืฆื™ืžื™ืจืžืข ืึทืจื‘ึผืขืฉื, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒืกื˜ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ (,ืžืึธื ืึทื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜", 1931, 97--117) ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืกื•ืžื•ื ืึท ื”ืขื›ึผืจืขื™ืฉืข ืงืึธื™ 
ืžืขื“ื™ืข ืืฆื”ื•ึนืช ื˜ืจื™ื—ื•ื•ื’ื ื“ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ", ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขื ืฐืขื ื–ืฒื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ืขืงืกื˜ืŸ 
ื‘ึผืึทื ื“ ืคื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข. 

2 ืกื•ืžื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท ื”ึทืขื‘ึผืจืขื•ึฐืฉื ืฐืขืจืง ืคืืžืจื™ ื ื•ืขื" (ื–ืข ืขื–ืจื™ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื, 
;ืืžืจื™ ื‘ึผื™ื ื”", ืงืึทืคึผื™ 18), ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืœืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ, 

8 ื“ื ื ืคึผืึทืžืคืœืขื ืฐืึธื˜ ื ืฒื‘ึผื•ื™ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืขื˜ืฉืขืจื‘ืึธืจืข', ื, 98--101. 


9 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 101--1023, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืฉืขืจืึทืžื•ื™ ื‘ื™ ื™ื™ืจืŸ 131 


ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ 1 ืึทื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ื™ืฉื ืฆืื ื•ืก ื’ืจืึธื‘ืŸ ืคึผืึทืžืžืœืขื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืืจืฑื™ืกื ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื , ืฉื‘ื— ื”ื ืฉื™ื' ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงืื ื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืื›ืขืจ ืคื•ื ื 
,ืชื”ืœื” ืงืจื•ื“"', ื“ื•ื“ ืžื™ื˜ืจ ืœึฐื™ืื•ืŸ. ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ืžืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ื‘ืึทืจืขืจ 
ืคืืจืคืื˜ืขืจ * ื•ื•ืึธื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคึผืกื˜ื ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืขื ืจืœื‘''ื ื˜ , ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืจ''' ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ืคึฟืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืืคื™ืกื•ืจืกื™ืฉืข ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคื™ื™ืขืจ ืกืืจ" 
ื‘ึผืจืขื ืขืŸ -- ืื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืืœืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ืงืึทืฐืึทืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืžืขืŸ"ืฉืขืฆืขืจ, 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืคื™ืจืึทืžื‘ , ืฉื‘ื— ื”ื ืฉื™ื'' ืื™ื– ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืขืœืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืขืจืฃ 
ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืึทืžืข ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืฉืจื”, ืึทื– ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืจ ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื–ืืœ 
ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืขืจ ื˜ืขืžืข ื•ื•ื™ื“ืžืขืŸ ื ื’ืจืขื˜ืขืจืข ืึทืจื‘ึผืขื˜. ืžื™ื˜ืจ ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื™ 
ืคื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื‘ึผืงืฉื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืื™ื™ื ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ื˜ืŸ: ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ื ื˜ืฉืขื ืข 
ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึธืจื ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื˜ืคื™ืจืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืงื- 
ืคึผื™ื˜ืœ ืื™ืŸ , ืžืฉืœื™', ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ื‘ืึทื ื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ - ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ื˜ ืจื™ 
ืžืขืœื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ืืฉืช ื—ื™?'', ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ,,ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ'' ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงืฒ 
ื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื˜ืจืขืคื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืชืงื•ืคื—. ื“ื•ื“ ืžื™ืกืจ ืœื™ืื•ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•" 
ืžืขืจ ืจื‘ 8 ืื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ืžืงื•ืคืœ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ึผื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžื•ื–ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืืขื–ื™ืข *, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ื˜ ื—ืฉืง ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืึทื˜ืฒื™ื ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื˜ืืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื™ 
ื ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ืจืขืฃ 5 ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืžืขืœื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืืฆื™ืจืŸ ื“ืึธื˜ 
ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ-ื’ืขืฉืœืขื›ื˜, ืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืžื™ืกืจ ืคื™ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ , ืืฉืช 
ื—ื™ืœ'" ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืžืขืฉื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžืกื™ืจืชื™ื ืคืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ืข ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืฒื“ืขื ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทืœืก ืงื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ืฆื˜ ื“ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ืžื™ืกืจ ืœื•ืื•ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขื ืชืœืžื•ืš ืื•ึนืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืึทืœื˜ืข ืจื•ื™ืžื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 104--103, 

8 ื“ืขื ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืกืจ ืœื™ืื•ื ืก ืคื™ืœืฆืึธืœื™ืงืข ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืข: (ืœืขืžื˜ืขืจื‘ึผืึธืจืข', 26, 
4111-6 ืฉื”ื’ืชืœื” ืœื“ื•ืจ", ืจืฃ 97, ืขืž" ื'ืŸ ,ืคื‘ื•" ื—ื›ืžื™ื', ืคึฟืึธืจืจืขื“ืข, 

5 ื“ื•ื“ ืžื™ืžืจ ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืกืžื™ื›ื” ืฆื• 18 ื™ืึธืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ืกืจ ืœื™ืื•ื ื˜ ืฉื•"ืชื™ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืจืคึผื‘ื™ื™ืงืึธืœืขืงืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธื˜ืข"ื™ื‘ื™ื’. 
ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืึทื“, ืžื™ืžืจ ืœื™ืื•ื ื ืกืงืง ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ื•ื’ืข. 
ื–ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืกืคืจืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื—ื™ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ืึทืฐืœืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืฉ, ื‘ืขืจื ืžืขืœืจ (ืื›ื‘ื•ืฃ 
ื—ื›ืžื™ื", 1898), 

+ ื“ื•ื“ ืžื™ื˜ืจ ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ื ื˜ ืึทืœืฒืŸ 1 ืขื•ื‘ืคืจื ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื—ืœืฆื” ื•ื—ืคื•ืื™ืฉื™ืื” ื”ืื”ื•ื›ื” 
ืืฆืœื™ ืžืื•ืฃ", | 

5 ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืขื’ืจื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืืฑื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ืฉืขืจ ื“ืึทื˜ืžืข ืฉืจื” ื“ืขืจืฆืฒืœื˜ ืžื™ืกืฃ 
ืœื™ืื•ืŸ โ€ ืืฆืคื• ืžื™ ื”ืฆืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื•ึนืืฉื™ ืœื•ึนืœื™ ื“' ืฉื—ื™ื” ืœื™, ื›ื™ ืœื—ืžืœืชื• ืขืœื™ ื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืžื”ืฉื˜ืข 
ื—ื›ืžืชื• ื•ืจื•ื— ื ืจื‘ืชื• ื•ื™ืคืžื›ื’ื™ ืขื–ืจื ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื—ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื,,, ื•ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื’ืจื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืคึผื˜ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฉื™ื, ื’ื ื’ื‘ ืฐืจื•ื•ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืขืคืจื™ ื•ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื  ืฆืจื™ 
ื‘ืขืชื•ึนืช ื”ืคื ืื•" (ื•ืข ืืœืขืžื˜ืขืจื‘ืึธืจืข", ืึธ, 08 { ืคืชื”ืœื” ืœืจื•ืจ", 97ืŸ ืื”ืขื‘ืจ, ื‘ื™ื›ืœ.' ืฐื, 33), 





132 ื“"ืจ ื™ ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ื ื™ื™ืข ืื™ื˜ืืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. ืคึผืกื•ืงื™ื ืื•ื™ืก ,ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื'. ืื•ืŸ 
ืชื—ื”ืœื™ื'' ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื™ื ื”ืึทื ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื”ืื ื˜ ืžื™ื ืฆื™ื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ืึธื•ื•ื™ื“ึนื™ ืื•ืŸ 
ืงืึทื˜ื•ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืึทื™ื•ืช ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืึทื ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืขืื˜ืจื™ื˜ืฉ, ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึทืจืงืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืœืึทื•ึผืจืึท,. ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืœื“ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึทืจืงืขืก ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืึทืคืŸ ืฉืขื ืกื˜ ืžื™ื›ืจ 
ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœืข ืึทืจื‘ึผืขื˜, ื•ื• ืขืจ ืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ืคื™ืœืข ื”ืึถื‘ึผื•ึผ 
ื ื˜ืขื•ืช ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืœืึทื•ืจืึท ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืข 
ื”ืžืฆืื” ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืขื˜ืจืึทืจืงืขืก ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทื–ื™ืข. ืžื™ืกืจ ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื ื˜ ืจืึทื™ื•ืช, ืึทืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื”ืขืœื“ื™ืŸ ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐื•ืขืœื˜-ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืข ืกืึธื ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ืึท ืจืขืึทืœืข ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธ- 
ืžืขืŸ ืœืึทื‘ึผืจืขื˜ืึธ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื•ืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื™ื™ื ื™ืึธืŸ 1. 

ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช, ืฐื•ื™ ืžื™ืคืจ ืœื™ืื•ืŸ, ืื™ื– ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืžืŸ 
ืึทืœืก ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ-ื‘ืึทืฉื™ืฆืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ , ืฉืœืฉืœืช ื”ืงื‘ึผืœื”', ื’ืจื“ืœื™ื” ืื‘ึฐึผืŸ 
ื™ื—ื™ื, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืœืึทืœื˜ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ึนึผืฉืขืชึผื, ืึทื–ืฑื™ ืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ืžืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึนืึท- 
ืฉืขื ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ืžืขืœื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฆื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœึทึผืข ืžืชึผื ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข 
ืงื•ื ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ืข ืžื•ื–ืขืก. ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ื ืจึผืขืกืขืจืŸ ื™ื—ื•ืก ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืžื˜ืŸ, 
ื–ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื—ื™ืืก ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ืคืึทืงื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืŸ 
ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืก ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ึผ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทืคืŸ, ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ ืึถื‘ึนึผืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ืจื™ืคึผ. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื˜ื ื™ื ื•ืจ-ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืชื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ,06ื—40 0606 5846 
(ืึท ืฉื‘ื— ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ) ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืคื™ืœืข ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืข ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืืžืึธืœื™ืงืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงื•ื ื” ืฉื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข 
ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜ืŸ 2, 

ืึทืœืก ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸื“ืคืืจื˜ื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื˜ื•ืฒ 
ืึทื ืขืจ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ-ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืกื•ืžื•ึผ, ืึทืœืก ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ- 
ืžื™ื™ื ื“ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืึทืžืคืœืขื˜ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,,ืžื’ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื'' (ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ-ืฉื•ืฅ). ื“ืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ ืงืขื ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืžื•ื—? ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ื™ , ืฉื•ื ืื™ 
ื”ื ืฉื™ื'', ื™ืขืงื‘ ืคืึทื ื•, ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืึท ื‘ึผื™ื™ื–ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืึทืžืคืœืขื˜ , ืฉืœื˜ื™ 
ื”ื ื‘ื•ืจื™ื'', ื•ื– ืขืจ ืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืึถืคึผ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืกื•ืžื• ,,ื“ืขื ืžืึทืขื˜ื•" 
ืึทื ืขืจ'' (ืžื ื˜ื•ื‘ืึทื ื•) * 

ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืกื˜, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ 
ืคืฉืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื—ื™ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื ื˜ื•ืึท 
ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื™ืจืข ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ืคื•ืœืข ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืขืจ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ, 
ืึทื– ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืคืฆื ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื” ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื ื˜ื•ืึท ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ืœื“ืขื˜ืขืจ ืืจืฆืฉ 

1 ื–ืข: ืคืกื˜ื•ื˜ืŸ โ€ 66 .64 ื™ื˜ืกืช, ื, 691-94 

3 , ืœืขืžื˜ืขืจื‘ึผืึธื“ืข", {, 139--147, 

8 ,ืœืขืžื˜ืขืจื‘ึผืึธืจืข", {, 124--133, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืžื˜ืข ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืžื•ืฃ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 13 


ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ึผื•ื ืช ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ (ืื™ืŸ 1416) ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื”ืขื›ืจืขื™ืฉืข 
ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ. ื“ืึธืจื ืื•ื™ืš ื”ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืึทืคืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื•ืฐื•ืขืจืง ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” 
ืžื™ืกืจ ืœื™ืื•ืŸ (ื–ืข ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ' 2) ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื–ืขื›ืฆื ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื— ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืจื•ื•ื• ืฆื• ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืŸ ืึท ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜. 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืจื•ื• ืื™ื– ืขื ื’ ืคืึทืจื‘ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคืึธืจ- 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ืœื“ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข ืคึผืจืึทืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืึทืœื™, ื“ื•ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ 
ืื‘ืจื”ื. ื“ื•ื“ ืคึผืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฆืึทืœื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื‘ึผืงื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื- 
ื”ืชึผืœืžื•ื“, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜ืŸ. ื“ื™ 
ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึทืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืจืก, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื•ื“ ืคึผืจืึทืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืึทืœื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ึน ืื•ื ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
,ื“ื•ื“ ื—ื”ืคืœื ื”'', ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ืขื–ืจื™ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืข 
ืคึผืจื˜ื™ื 1. 

ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– 
ื’ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื•ื ื– ื™ื™ืจืŸ, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜. 
ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืึธืœื ืคืขืกื˜ื ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ื‘ึตึผืœืœ, ืึทื– 5ืฉื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจืฉ 
ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืกื˜ืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืึทืœืข 
ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ึผื™ื–ืŸ ,,ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื”ืคืœื ื”''. ื“ื•ื“ ืคึผืจืึทืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืึทืœื™ ืคึทึผืจื•ื•ื•ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ืกื’- 
ืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขืš ื›ึผืึทืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทืฐืฒื™ื–, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข 
ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื™ืœืข ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืžื•ื˜ืขืŸ- 
ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื‘ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ. ืขืจ ืจืขื›ื ื˜, ืื’ื‘, ืื•ื™ืก 
ื’ื’ื ืฆืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืœืึทื˜ืฒื™ื ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ืืžืขืŸ 
ืคื•ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืขื˜ื™ืžืึทืœืึทื ื™ืฉ ืื•ื™ืก ื”ืขื‘ืจื˜ื™ืฉ 2 

ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ 1804 ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ื“ ืคึผืจืึทืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืึทืœื™ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ 
ืึทื‘ืจื”ื (ืึทืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืขืจ ืึทืจืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื ื˜ื•ื) ืฆืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืขื - 
ืกื˜ืข ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืึท ,,ืคื•? ืงื•ืจื" *, ืฐื•ึผ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ึผืืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ืฉืจ ืคึผืจืึถื™ืขืกื˜ ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืŸ ื , ื›ึตึผื™ืช ื•ืขื“ ืœื—ื›ืกื™ื" ืคึฟืึทืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื™ื ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื˜, 
ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืงืึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืืœ- 
ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืข ื•ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืŸ, ื•ื™ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืŸ, ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืข, ืงืึธืกืžืึธื ืจืึทืคื™ืข, ืจื™ื˜ืืจื™ืก 


3 ืืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื’ื™ื", ืงืึทื˜ึผ' 457 

3 ืื•ื™ื ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื", ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื›ืฉ ืึทืฒื . 
ืฆื•ื–ืขืŸ,. ืึทื– ืคึผืจืึธืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืก ื‘ึผืึทืฐืฒื–ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฉืžืึทื ื“ืคื•ื ืงื, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื•ื™ืกื’? 
ืฉืึทืคึผื˜ืœ;ื›ืŸ ืฐืขืจื, ื–ืฒ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื‘ืœืฑื• ืขื“ื•ืช ืืฑืฃ ืฐืึธืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ื‘ึผืขืจืš ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืกืจืจื ื” ื“ื™ 
ืคืึทืจื’ืœื™ื™ื›ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš-ืคึผืึธืจืฉื•ื’ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื˜ืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ. 

8 ื“ืขื ืืงื•ืœ ืงื•ืจื" ื”ืึธื˜ื ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื‘ึผืขืจืฉืžืึธื ืคึฟืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ื ื 
ืคื”ืœื‘ื’ื•ืŸ", ืฉ, ื’ื•ื' /29-21. ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื“ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืจืจื•ืงื ืžึดื™ื ืึท ื“ื™ื™ืžืฉืขืจ ืื™ 
ื‘ืขืจื•ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ {ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื ืขืจ ืคืขืกื˜ืฉืจื™ืื", 164 -675 





14 ื“"ืจ โ€ ืฆื™ื ื‘ึผืขืจื’ 


ืืึทื–"ื•ื•. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึทืงืึทื“ืขืžื™ืข, ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื , ืงื•? ืงื•ืจื", 
ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ืŸ, ืœืึทื˜ืฒืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืคื™ืœืึธืœืึธื ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผ-ืงื•ื ืกื˜ 1., 

ื ืืขื ื˜ืข ื ื•ื˜ืข ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข ืคึผืจืึธืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืึทืœื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทื“ืฒึทื˜ื ื“ืกื˜ืข ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืฒื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื ื˜ื•ื: ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ื“ื ื˜ื•ื ืคื•ื ื 16ื˜ืŸ 
ื™"ื” ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืžืึทื ื˜ --- ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืจื™ื” ื‘ึนึผืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžื•ืกืงืึทื˜ื•2, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื ืขืกืื ืก:ืชืงื•ืคื”, ืขื–ืจื™ื” ืกืžืŸ 
ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื. 


ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžื•ืกืงืื˜ื•ืก ื‘ึผื™ืึธื ืจืึทืคื™ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื– ื“ืขืจื’ืื ื ืขืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืก ืคึผืจื˜ื™ื. ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื–, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื™- 
ืงืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ื ื 16ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื” ืื™ื ื ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืขืœืข ืึดืกื™ืžื•, ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืึทื ืงืึธื ืึท. ืžื—ืžืช 
ื“ื™ ืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืึทื ืงืึธื ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ื ื 
ืคึผื•ื™ืคึผืกื˜ ืคึผื•ื™ืœื•ืก ื“ืขื ืคืขืจื˜ืŸ (ืื™ืŸ 1854--1858), ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื ืขืจ ืžื•ื˜- 
ืงืึทื˜ื• ื ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื ื˜ื•ื, ื•ืฆ ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืึท ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื“ืœืขื›ืŸ ืืฑืคึผื ืึทื ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืžืขืจ ืคืึธ- 
ืžื™ืœื™ืข ืžื™ื ืฆื™ ื‘ึผืขืจืขื˜ืึธืจื• ?. ืึทื“ืึทื ืง ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข ื”ืึธืฃ ืžื•ืกืงืึทื˜ื• 
ื ืขื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ึผืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทืœื–ืฒื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ึผื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืฉื ื—ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืคึผืจืึธืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืก ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ, ื“ืขื ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืœืขื›ืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืข- 
ืžืึทื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืฉื” ืคึผืจืึทืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืึทืœื™ +. 

ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžื•ืกืงืึทื˜ื• ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืœื™ื™ืกืคืง ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืกื˜ืข 
ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ื“ื ื˜ื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื ืขืกืึทื ื˜" 
ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืžืึธื’ื˜. ืจื™ื™ึทืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื“ื™ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทื ืงืขืŸ: ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ื- 
ื ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ืขืจ ืกื˜ื™ืœื™ืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืืžืชืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืึท ื ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ืขืจืฑ 


3 ื“ืขืจ ืขืงื•ืœ ืงื•ืจื" ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืึธืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคืขืจื•ืŸ: 
ืงื•ืžื• ื‘ึผื ื™ ืืœ ื—ื™ ื•ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ืœืชืช ืคืืจ ื•ื—ื•ื“ ืœืชื•ืจื”ืช ืืœ 
ื—ื•ืฉื•, ืงื ื• ื—ื›ืžื”, ืงื ื• ื‘ื™ื ื”, ื”ืจื‘ื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ 
ืฉืœื—ื• ื‘ื ื™ื›ื ืืœ ื˜ืงื•ื ื”ื•ืจื”, ื™ืงื ืžื‘ื•ืงืฉื• ืœื›ืœ ืฉื•ืืœ 
ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื–ื• ื™ืงืฅ ื•ื ื ื™ื—ื™ืฉ ื•ื‘ื ื ื•ืืœ, 

2 ืฐืขื ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ืฉื˜ืฒื•ึผื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึทืžื™ืœื™ืขืŸ-ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืžื•ืกืงืึทืฉื• ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืืŸึฐ 
ืคึผืึทืจืฉืฒืจืขื ืข ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช. ืึทื‘ึนึผื ืึทืคึผืคืขืœื‘ึผืฑื ืคึผืจื•ื•ื ื“ืขืจืฐืฒื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืŸ ืขืชึผื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื›ื•ื+ 
ืงืึทืคึผื•ึผ", ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืžื ืคื•ื ื ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืืžื•ื›ื•ืชื', ื‘ึนึผืืฉืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ 
ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ืžืขืจื ืฆื“ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืŸ ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ื–ื ื•ืชืืก ืึทืŸ ืื•ืจืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ, 

5 ื–ืข ืžื•ืกืงืึทื˜ื•ื ื‘ืจื™ื• ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ืคืึทื ื’ ,ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”" (ืขืจื™ืฉืžืข ืืฑืคื ืึทื‘ึผืข! 

4 ื ืขื‘ึผืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1504, ื ึนืึธืšึฐ ื–ืฒืŸ ื˜ืฑื™ื (ืื™ืŸ 1576) ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ืฒืŸ ืชืœืžื™ืš ืžื•ืกืงืึทืžื• ื’ืขืฒ 
ืคึผืึธื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื ืึท ื ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื”ืกืคื“ (ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื ืื™ืŸ ืคื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช 'ื”ื•ื“ื”", ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœ"ื’). 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ึผืฒ ื™ื“ืŸ 135 


ืคึผืจ'ืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื“ื ืขืจ-ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ืึทื ืžืฆื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืงืขืจ ื“ื–ืฉืึทืจื“ืึทื ืึธ ื‘ึผืจื•ื ืึธ 1 --- ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข 
ืกืชื™ืจื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื›ืืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ื ืึทืจ" 
ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืชืงื•ืคื”: ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื”ืชืคืขืœื•ืช ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ืึทื ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื ืื™ืจ ืงืœืืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ -- ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช 
ืฆื• ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืจืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ; ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืจืื ื’ ื ืึธืš ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฐื•ื™ืกืŸ -- ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ื™ืฉื ืึทื™ืฐืขืจ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืขืจืœืฒื™ ื‘ึผืึทื‘ึผืขื™ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ 
ืžืœืื›ื™ ื—ื‘ึผืœื”; ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืฆื• ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœึฐื˜ืขืจื˜ื•ึนื -- ืื•ืŸ 
ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื ื“ืกื˜ืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื—ื•ืฉ ื‘ื ื•ื ืข ืฆื•ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืŸ ืขื‘ืจ. ืžื•ืกืงืึทื˜ื•, 
ื“ืขืจ ืจื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ-ื“ืจืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ืขืจ ืจืืฉื™ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื—, -- ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ 
ืึท ืคื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง 2 ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืงืข ืชืžื™ืœื•ืช ืื•ืŸ 
ืคึผื™ื•ื˜ื™ื *, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืกืคึผื™ื“ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืกื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืคื•ื ื ื‘ึนืึท- 
ืจื™ืžื˜ืŸ ืคึผื•ืกืง, ื“ืขื ื‘ืขืœ ,, ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืšืฃ'' ืื•ืŸ , ื‘ึตึผื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ,' -- ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืึทืจืŸ 4, 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืขืœืขื’ื™ืขืก ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืฆืึธื ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืก ืกืึทืฐืึทื™ืึท,, ืกืืจื’ืืจื™ื˜ื *- ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘? ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ืื™ื 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืื ืฅ ื ืึทืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื›ื’ื•ืช ืžื™ื ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื™ืข, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื–"ืœ ืคืœืขื›ื˜ ืขืจ ืึตื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ืฆื™ืฆืขืจืึธ, ืงื•ื•ื™ืŸ" 
ืžื™ืœื™ืึทืŸ, ืึทื•ื•ื™ื“ื™, ืคึผื™ืงืึท ื“ื™ ืžื™ืจืึทื ื“ืึธืœืึท, ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ื•, ื”ืขืจืึทืงืœื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ --- ืึธืคื˜ืขืฃ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ื ื“ืขื ,, ื ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืคึผืœืึทื˜ืึธืŸ" 2 ืึทืคึผืœื˜ื•ื ืก ืœืขืจืข ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืจื•ื ื˜-ืื™ื“ืขืขืŸ, ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฉืžื— ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืขืฃ 
ืืฑื™ืกืฉื˜ืจืึทืœื•ื ื’, ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึทึผื™ื™ ืื™ื, ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื ืขืคืœืื›ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ืžืจืื ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ืจื™ืฉืข ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœื™ื, ืึทืœื ื”ื•ื™ืคื˜-ื˜ืขืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื“ืจืฉื•ืชื– / 
ืึถื ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืื™ื“ืขื™ืฉืข ื ืืขื ื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืึทืคึผืœื˜ื•ื ื ืœืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ืฉื•ื™ื’ืฃ 
ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืื–ื ื‘ืื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืจืึธืœืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืง, ื”ืึธื˜ 

1 ื–ืข ื’ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ืค, ื”ืขื‘ืจ. ื‘ื‘ืœ ', ื•ื•ึธืฉื, 29, 

* ื–ืข ืื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ืจื”", ื“ืจื•ืฉ ื'. ืžื ื—ื ืคึผื•ืจื˜ืจ ื–ืึธื ื˜ ืขื“ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืืžื ื—ื” 
ื‘ึผืœื•ืœื”" } ืงืจ' ื™ื•ื“ื” ืžื•ืกืงืึทื˜ื• ื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจ ื›ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ืจื’ื• ื‘ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื˜", 

8 ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื’ื“ืขืจืก ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื• ื–ืฒื™ืŸ ืชืคื™ืœื” {ื›ืื™ืœ ื”ืขืจื•ื’ ืืœ ืืคื™ืงื™ ืžื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืขืฃ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืคึฟืึทืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1390 ื‘ึผืฉืขืช ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื˜ืจื™ืงืขื ื™ืฉ, ืฐืขืŸ ืึทืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขื’ืึทืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขื‘ึผืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ืฃ ืจืขื’ืŸ (ื“ื™ ืชืคื™ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืœื™ื—ื•ืช:ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ืขืื™ืœืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ", 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื”ื‘ืจื” ืงืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื ื•ืงืจ" ื”ืึธื ืึทืจืฑืกื ื ื ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื ื˜ื•ืึท, 612 , ื•, 162-6161), 

8 ื–ืข ืขืื•ืฆืจ ื’ื”ืžืจ , {{, /16, 

5 ืึธืคึผืคืขืœื‘ืฑื, ืฆื™ื, 8 /59-65, 

5 ืื ืžื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ืจื”', ื“ืฃ 35, 28-27, 10, (4, 40 16, 132 138, 200, 222 (ืžื™ืจ 
ืฆื™ืžื™ืจืŸ ืœื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขื’ืขืฆื™ืึทื’ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืึธื‘ืข, 1509), 


7 ืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืจืฉื•ืชื™ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ืœ ืื ืคื•ืฆื”?; ื™ื—ืจ"ื” , 


136 ื“"ืจ ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


| ืžื•ืกืงืึทื˜ื• ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš 1,, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืขืกื˜ ื’ืขื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืข, ืึทื– ืึทืคึผืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืฉืขืช ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ 
ืžืฆืจื™ื ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืขืจ ืชึผืœืžื™ืš 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืขืจืขืจ 2, 

ื•ื™ ืคื™ืœืข ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข, ื”ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื”ืŸ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข, ืื™ื– ืื•ื™+ 
ืžื•ืกืงืึทื˜ื• ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืฆื™ื™ื ื˜, ืึทื– ืึทืœึถืข ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืึทืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ; ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืึทืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืึทืงืข, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ 
ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืึธืคื˜ ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข 
ืจืขื•ืช. ,, ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœืฅ -- ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ --- ืฉื˜ืืžื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข 
ืงืฐืึทืœืŸ; ืื™ืš ืงืขืจ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช' 2. ื‘ึทึผื™ื™ ืžื•ืก- 
ืงืึทื˜ื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืกืคืง ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืคื ืึทื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœึถืข 
ืฐื•ื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– , ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื ืขืŸ" ื“ื™ ืืžื•ื ื”, ื“ื™ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื. ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทืฐื™ื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึทื ืฅ ื‘ึผื•ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆืขืฉืคึผืึธืœื˜ื ืงืฒื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืชึผืงื•ืคื”, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืฉื™ื™ื“ื•ื•ืขื’, ืขืœ ืคึผืจืฉืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื... ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ืจื•ื™ืก ื‘ึผืึทื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคึผืจืขื“ื™ืงื˜ ืžื•ืกืงืึทื˜ื•, ืึทื– ืคืจื™ื™ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื—ืกื™ืจื” ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึธื˜ืŸ. , ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ, --- ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืขืจ, --- ื–ื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืฉืจืขืงืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืข ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ึนืŸ ืงื”ืœืช: ื ืึธื˜ ืื™ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืžืœืข!ื– ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื‘ึผืœืึธื ืงืขืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ื™ื™ื ืข ืจื™ื™ื“. ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืคืึทืจ 
ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธื˜ืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื—ืงื™ืจื”. ืึทืจืจื‘ึผื”, 
ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืžืฉื›ึผื™? ืื™ืŸ ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ ืึทืจื™ื™ื ืฆื•ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ-ื’ืขืจืึทื ืง 
ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืึทื ื“" *. ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ึนืึธืš ืžื•ืก- 
ืงืึทื˜ื• ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ,, ื’ืขืœื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ'' (ื—ืžืื•ืจื•ืช) --- ืจื™ ืจืขื“ 


1 ,ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”', 28-27: ืคืขืžื™ืคืช ืื•ืจ ืœื”ื›ื”ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื™ืกืช 
ืืคึผืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืชื•ืจืชื ื•, ืžื˜ื” ืฉื”ื™ืจื’ืœื• ื“ืขื•ืช ืืคืœืžื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชืงืจื‘ ืžืื•ื” ืœืจืขืช ื—ื–"ืœ.,,. ื•ื•' ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข 
ื‘ืจ' ื ื”ืžื™ื” ืžืกื›ื™ื ืขื ื“ืขืช ืึทืคึผืœื˜ื•ืŸ". ืืฑืฃ ื“ืขื ืงืจื ื•ืช ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืืคึผืœื˜ื™ื ืก ืฉื˜ื” ืื•ืŸ ื’ืข* 
ืฐื™ืกืข ื“ืขื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื—ื›ื˜ื™ ื”ืชืœืžื•ืจ ื”ืึธื ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื—ื™ื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืžื•ืกืงืึทื˜ื™ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ืื™ื™ื ืžึผื™ื•ืึท 
(,ืžื ื—ืช ืงื ืื•ืช", 32, 844), 

3 ื– ืคืงื•ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”", ืคึผืจืง ืจ', ืกื™ืž' 63 | 

3 ,ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”", ื“ืฃ (3, ืขื! 3': ืขื•ืืœ ืชืชืžื” ืžืืฉืจ ื—ื™ืจื ืœืชื™ ืœืฉืื•ื‘ ืžื™ื 
ืžื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื–ื•ืœืชื ื•, ืฉื”ืจื™ ื”ื ืืฆืœื™ ื ื•ื•ืœื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ื‘ืืจื ื•,, ื•ืืก ื›ืŸ ืžื™ื“ื ื• ื”ื›ืœ ื•ืžื™ื“ื ื• ื ืชื ื• 
ืœื ื•, ื•ืื ืœื•ืงื— ืื ื™ ืžืจื‘ืจื™ื”ื,, ืืช ื ืขืฉืงืชื™ ื•ืืช ืžื™ ืจืฆืฆืชื™, ืœื ื• ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืœื—ื˜ื ื• ื”ืก", 

4 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื“ืฃ 20, ืขื' ื': ืื•ื ื ื›ื™ ื™ืขืžื•ื“ ื ื ื’ื“ื  ืžืืคืจ ืงื”ืœืช: ื”ืืœืงื™ื 
ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ืš ืžืขื˜ื™ื, ื˜ื›ืœ ืกืงื•ื ืœึนื ื ื ืขืœื” ื“ืœืช - ื‘ืคื ื™ 
ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื“' ื‘ืฉืขืจ ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื”; ืื“ืจื‘ึผื” -- ื”ื•ื ื˜ืกื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื›ืœ ื˜ืฉื›ื™ืœ ืฉื™ื‘ื“ื™ืง ืขืจ ืžืงื™ืก 
ืฉื™ื“ื• ืžื’ืขืช? 





ื“ื™ ื’ื’ืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ืจืŸ 137 


ืœื™ื ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืžื˜, ืฉื™ื™ื ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜; 
ื“ื™ ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ ืึถื‘ื›-, ื–ื™ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉืคึผื™ื ืœื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืจืืœืŸ -- ืžื™ื˜ 
ืฉื˜ืจืืœืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื’ืขื ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื’ืขืกืœืขื›ืขืจ ืชื•ืจื” 2 ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื˜ืืงืข, 
ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ ืžื•ืกืงืึทื˜ื•, ืงืึธืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ื ื™ื ื’ืขืกืึทืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื– ืืžืชืข ื—ื›ืžื” ื–ืึธืœ 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืชื™ืจื” ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืชื•ืจื”, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ืคืึทืœืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ 
ื‘ึผืึทื ืขื’ื ื˜ ื™ืึธ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืžื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคึฟืึธืจืฉืขืจ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืกื•ืชืจ ื“ื™ ื ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืชื•ืจื” -- ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื. ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ 
,, ืžืชืคืœืกืคื™ื,', ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืคืขืœืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐื™ืคื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืคืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื•ืืœืŸ? 


ืขื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ, ื—ื–ืจื˜ ืžื•ืกืงืื˜ื• ืื™ื›ืขืจ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืืžืชืข 
ืื™ื™ื‘ึผื™ืงืข ื’ืœื™ืง ืงืึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ื“, ื’ืขืฉืึทื˜ืขื ืข ืฐื™ืคื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืŸ (ืœื ื ื•ื›? ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืื•ืฉืจ 
ื ืฆื—ื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ื”). ,ื“ืขืจ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื ืงื ื” -- ื“ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš 
ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื—ืงื™ืจื— ืึทื ื˜ืฐื™ืงืœื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืึทื ื“, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฆืข ืžืึธืŸ, 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืขืจ ืกื™ืžื‘ืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืŸ ืคึฟืึธืจืฉืจื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ืจ - 
ื“ื•ื ื ; ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื˜ืžืชืข ืคืึธืŸ ืคื•ึนืŸ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข, ืฐืึธืก ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ ื‘ืืฉืขื ืงื˜ 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื ืฉืžื” ืกื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ืงืŸ ืœืขืคืŸ."" 5 


ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืคื™ื˜ ืจื™ื™ืš-ืื ื˜ื•ื™ืงืœื˜ืข ืขืžืึธืฆื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืคื™ืŸ 
ื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื•ืกืงืื˜ื• ืžื™ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคึผืœืึทื˜ืึธื ื™ืฉืŸ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื”ื™ืœื˜ืŸ , ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ื ืกืžืจ". ื“ื™ ื ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจ, ื“ื™ 
ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืื•ื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคืกื˜ื˜ ืกื•ื“ื•ืช -- ื“ืึธื 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ืกืงืึทื˜ื•ื ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ , ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ืืžืช'", ื“ื™ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื, ื‘ึผืจืืฉ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉืขืคืขืจ ืžื•ื ื ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืŸ ,, ื–ื•ื—ืจ, ื“ืขื โ€ ื ืขื˜ื™ืขื›ืŸ' ืจ' ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ 
ื™ื•ื”ืื™, ,,ื•ื•ืขืžืขืก ื•ืฐื•ืขืจืžืขืจ ืขืก ื•ืขืœืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ (ืžึดื™ ืงื“ื•ืฉ 
ื™ืœืขื•ืœื ืงื™ื™ื ื”ืืœืงื™ ืจืฉื‘'"ื™). ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืกื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืคื™ืœื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืึทืงืข ื’ืื ืฅ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึถืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื•ืกืงืึทื˜ื• 
ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ , ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช", ื“ื™ ืึทื ื˜ืฉื˜ืฒื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ืžืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืŸ 
ืฐืขืœื˜ืึทืœ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ , ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”' --- ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืื•ืจืงื•ื•ื? ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ *. 


3 ื“ืึธืจืžืŸ, 68, 12, 4174 

5 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 168 ืขื•ืื•ืœื ื”ื”ืชื ื ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ืžืฆื ืกืŸ ื”ื–ื›ืžื•ืŸ ืืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืืœืงื™ืช ืื™ื ื• 
ืืœื ืกืฆื“ ื”ืžืชืžืœืกืคื™ื ืฉื’ื ื›ืจ ื”ื—ื›ืกื•ืช ื•ื™ืžื•ื?, 

8 ื“ืึธืจืžืŸ, 168 ืื›ื™ ืฐื– ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื’ืงื ื” ื”ื•ื ื“ื’ืœ ืจื•ืžืžื”ืข ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื“ื’ืœ ืื”ื‘ื” ื”ึนืฉึธื‚ื ื’ืคืฉื’ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื, 


5 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื“ืจ ื™ืฉ 4, 8 ืื™ืŸ 621 





18 ื“"ืจ 2 ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


* 


ื ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ืคื•ืœืขืจ ืจืขื“ื ืขืจ, ืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื•ื˜ืงืื˜ื• ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื™ื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก 
ื“ืขื ื–ื•ื—ื”ืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฆื•ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ื ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ื‘ืจ 
ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืคึผืึทื˜ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื™ืฐื•ืขืจืกืึทืœืขืจ ืจืึธืœืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ืชึผืคื™ืœื” ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื›ึผืขื˜ 1. ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืืงืข ืฉื˜ื™ืฆื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ,,ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ืืžืช'" 
ืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื•ืกืงืึทื˜ื• ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืž ืข ืฉ ื”, ื“ืึธืก 
ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ื ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ืœื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ ืึธ ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืžื•ืก- 
ืงืึทื˜ื• ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืกื™ืžื‘ึผืึธืœืŸ, ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื, 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื ืขื˜ืึธืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ื ื’ืขื‘ืึธื˜ ืื•ืšืŸ 
ื‘ึผืึทืคืขืœ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ืื ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ื ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจืคึผืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืขื ืžืฉืœืขื›ืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ -- ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ ื ืชื ืœื” ืึทืœืก ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืจื™ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืื ื˜- 
ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืกื•ื“ ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืจื™ืึทืช ื”ืขื•ืœื 2 ืคื•ืกืงืื˜ื• ืงื•ื˜ื˜. 
ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืฆื•ื ืœืึธื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผื•ืขืœ-ื™ื•ืฆื ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ 
ืื•ื ื™ืฐื•ืขืจืกืึทืœืข ืจืึธืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืงื™ื™ื,. 
ืคืึทืจืงืขืจืคึผืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืžืžืฉื•ืชื“ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ. ื”ืœืœ ื—ื–ืงื’ืก ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืŸ ื–ืืฅ: ,ืื 
ืื ื™ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื›? ื›ืืŸ!', ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืžื•ืกืงืึทื˜ื• ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™" 
ื ืขืจ: ,, ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื–ื™ืš, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ื“ืข- 
ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืึทืœืขืจ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื™ื ื ื—ืœืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขืœื˜; ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืžืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข 
ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ืŸ; ืขืจ ืื™ื– ,,ื— ื›ึผ ืœ'', ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื–! ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืืงืข ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฉืžืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ 
ืžื•ืกืงืื˜ื• ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื”, ืึทื– ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืึทื›ื“ืขื ื•ื™ ื ืึธื 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทืคืŸ -- ื•ื™ืจื ืืœื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘, ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ื•ื™ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทืคืขื ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื–! 8 

ื“ื™ ืื™ื“ืขืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืžืึทื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ื” 
ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืฉืœื™ืกืœืขื›ืขืจ ืจืึธืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฉืžืขืœืฆืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืคึผืจืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืžืึทื ื™ืฉื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ 
ื–ืึทืš, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจืคึผืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึธืœื ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืง-ืœื™ื‘ึผืœืขืš ื‘ึผื™ืœื“; ืึทืŸ 
ืึทืœื˜ืข ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืœืขื ืขื ื“ืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืึทื– ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืžืœืš ื“ื•ื“ ืฆื•ืงืึธืคึผื ืก ืื™ืŸ 
ื ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื‘ืึทืจืข ืคื™ื“? ื’ืขื”ืึทื ื ืขืŸ; ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ ื ืึธืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื—ืฆื•ื”, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืœืข ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืจื•ื ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื“ืœ? ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึทื›ื˜ืคื•ืœืกื˜ืฅ 
ื˜ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ื“ืขื ื—ืœืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฐื™ื ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืึทืจืข 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื“ืจื•ืฉ 42 ืื•ืŸ 44, ื“ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ืฆืฒืฉื ืฐื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ืกืงืึทื˜ื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืงื•ื‘ึผืœ 


ื’ื™ื‘ืจ ื“ืขื ืจืขื“ื ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจื˜ื™ืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ,ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช" ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืฆื™ืงืข ื’ื•ื˜ืจื™ืงื•ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ืื•ืช (ื–ืข ืื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”,, 54, 55, 208, ื ืฐืŸ ืขืงื•ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”', ืฉืŸ, ืงืึทืคึผ' 3). 


2 ,ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”", 36; ืขืขื™ืงืจ ื›ื™ื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืฆื•ืช. ื‘ืคืขืœ. ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืฆื’ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ 


ืžืขืœื–". ื–ืข ืื•ื™ืš : ื“ืึธืจื;, 17, 84-83, 87 ื"ื•. 


8 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 28--40, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืฉืขืจืึธืคึฟื•" ื‘ื™ ืฒื“ืŸ 129 


ืคึผื™ื“ืœ, --- ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืžื•ื˜ืงืึทืžื• ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืฉ 1 --- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื•ื“ 
ื”ืžืœื›ืก ื ืฉืžื” ื’ื•ืคื. ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ึผืขืจื™ืง ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ืคื™ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื˜, 
ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืžื•ืกืงืึทืžื•, ืื™ื– ืึท ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืึทืงืึธืจื“ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืงื•ื ืฆื™ืง-ืฐื•ื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืึทืจืŸ ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืœืก ืฉื‘ื•ื– 
ื“ืขื ื‘ึผื•ืจื ืขื•ืœื. ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ ืึท ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืึทืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜; ื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ืจืงืฐืืœ ืื•ืŸ ืชึผืžืฆื™ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื ืฉืžื” ืื™ืŸ ื ื ื™ื ื•ืŸ, ื ื”ืืจืžืึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืึทืงืึธืจื“. ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขืฆื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ ืจื•ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื ื—, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ (ื›ื™ 
ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ื‘ึผืžืขื•ื ื”), ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ึผืœ? ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืž? ืื•ืŸ ืขืจื“, ืื™ื ื ืฉื‘ื— 
ืื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื‘-ืœื™ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ื”ืค ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ื“ื™ ื ืึทื ืฆืข 
ื ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืชึผื•ืจื” ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ื”ืืจืžืึธื ื™ืฉ ืœื™ื“ 2. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ 
ื˜ืึทืงืข ืœืขื›ืฆื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ื ืฉืžื” ื ืึธืš ืžื•ื–ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืกื˜ืขืจ 
ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ --- ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืขื ืงื˜ ื–ื™ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืŸ ื’ืขื–ืื ื’, 
ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขืœื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื–ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื ื™ืกืŸ ื•ื™ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืื•ืจืงืฐืึธืœ. โ€ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข, ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืžื•ืกืงืื˜ื•, ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ 
ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืื˜ืจืื›ื˜ ื•ื™ ืึทืŸ ืขื•ืœื ืกื˜ืŸ -- ื ื•ืขืœื˜ ืคืืจ 
ื–ื™ืš; ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืžื” ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืึท ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืึทืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืกื˜ืจื•ื ืขืก ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืึทืœืข ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืขืจื“ื™ืฉืข ืึทืงืึธืจื—ืŸ. ื™ืขื“ืข ื ืฉืžื” 
! ืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ- 
ื‘ึผืึทืจืŸ ื ื™ื ื•ืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผ- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึทื ืง"ืœื™ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืึทืœึถืข ืฐืขืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื‘ืึทืฉืขืคืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืึทืงืึธืจื“, ืฐืึธืก ืฆื™ืžืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืจื•ื ืขืก ืคื•ื ื 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ื ื’ืฉืžื—, ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜. ืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืงืœืึทื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืขืจ ืกื™ืžืคึฟืึธื ื™ืข. ืื•ืŸ 
ืื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึทืงืข, ืื™ื–ืŸ ืžื•ืกืงืึทื˜ื• ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ *, ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืคืขืจ ืกื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื–ื•ื”ืจืก ื‘ึผืึทืงืื ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ืžืจื, ืึทื– ื™ืขื“ืขืก ืฐืึธืจื, ื™ืขื“ืข ื›ื•ื ื”, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขืจืฃ 
ื’ืขื‘ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ื”ืึทืจืฅ, ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืงืœืึทื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช 
ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื โ€ ,ืืžืจ ืœื™ื” ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืœืžืฉื”: ืœืš ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ! ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืึธื ื‘ึผืจื•ืš-ื”ื•ื. ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฆื• ืžืฉื”ืŸ -- ื’ื™ื™ ื–ืึธื’ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, 8ื– ืžื™ืŸ 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– , ืื”ื™ื” ืืฉืจ ืื—ื™ื”!'' ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜: ืื”ื™ื” -- ืื™ืš ื•ืข? ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืžื™ื ื“ื™ืจ ืฐื™ ื“ื• ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ! ืื™ืš ืขืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื ืค-ื‘ื™ืœื“, ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืื˜ืŸ. 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืข? ืื™ืš ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืึธืจืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืฆืึธื“ืŸ 


1 ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืึทื ื“ืœื ื–ื™ืš ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ื–ื™ืœ, 

2 ,ื•ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืืœืงื™ืช ื ืงืจืืช ืฉื™ืจื”.. ื•ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื” ืืฉืจ ืฉื ืžืฉื” 7ืคื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ 
ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ ืฉื™ืžื” ื‘ืคื™ื”ื ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื”'ื” ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื”ื•ืืช ืœืขืš ื‘ื‘ื’ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ", 

3 ื“ืจื•ืฉ, 46 

5 ื“ื ึธืจืžืŸ, 212: ืขื•ื›ืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื ื›ื‘ื“ ื”ื”ื•ื ืžืžื•ืœื ื›ืชืจืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ืกื“ ืื‘ืŸ ืคื ืช ื™ืงืจืช 


ื™ื™ 
ื”ื“ืขืช ื”ืืคืชื™ ื”ืœ . 





140 | ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ึผืขืจื’ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ !. ืืžืจ ื”ืงื‘ึผ"ื” ืœืื“ื---ื–ืื ื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืจื™ืš-ื”ื•ื ืฆื•ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ; 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜. ืฆื™ื ื“ืกื˜ื• 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืึธืŸ---ืคืœืืงืขืจื˜ื ืœื™ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ?-ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืžื•ืกืงืึทื˜ื•, ืฐื™ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš, ื”ืขืœ 
ืคืœืึทืงืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืžื” ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืกืคืข ืึทืงืึธืจื“ืŸ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ 
ืื™ืจืข ืฆืึทืจื˜ืข ืกื˜ืจื•ื ืขืก --- ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ื”ืขืœ ืื•ื™ืคืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืฐืฐื•ื ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืึทืจืข ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืœื™ื›ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ื˜ื ืฆืข ื•ืขืœื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืึทืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ , ื’ืึธื˜ืก ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ" ื›ึผื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ, | 
ืžื•ืกืงืึทื˜ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข 82 ื“ืจืฉื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืข- 
ื–ืึทืžืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ,,ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”'', ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื ืื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš ื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– 8 ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืงื ืึทืคึผืŸ 
ื‘ึผืึทื ืจื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืจืขื“ื ืขืจ-ืงืจืึทืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืจื™ื™ืš- 
ื‘ึผืึทื ืื‘ึผื˜ืŸ ืคึผืจืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ. ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ื’ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”'' ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืึทืœืก ื‘ืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืขื“ื•ืช, ื•ื™ ืคื™ืœ ืžื•ืกืงืึทื˜ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืฑื™ืคื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื”ืึทืžื™ืœืขื˜ื™ืง, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืฉ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจื™ืงื ื˜ืข ืึทืœื˜ืคืจืขื ืงื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืจืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– 
ืื™ื ื ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืึทืจื™ื™ื ืฆื•ืขื˜ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืŸ ืฆืึทืคึผืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ, 
ืื•ื™ืคืคืจื™ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืขืœืข ืฉื™ืžืขืจื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜- 
ืขืœืขืงืกื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื ืก"-ืœื•ืกื˜ื™ืงืข ืจืขื ืขืกืึทื ืก-ืึทืงืึธืจื“ืŸ. ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžื™ืกืจ ืงื™ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืฉืขืชึผื• ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ึผื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืขืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ืฆื• ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ืกื˜ื™ืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืึทืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืขื“ื ืขืจ-ืงื•ื ืกื˜. ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืกืจ ืœื™ืื”ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข- 
| ืงืขืžืคื˜ --- ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื•ืกืงืึทื˜ื• ื’ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜. ื“ืขืจ ,,ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”"" 
ืื™ื– ื“ืฒึทืจ ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืงืžืึธืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ื“ื ื˜ื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืฉืึทืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืžื™ืœืขื˜ื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื“ืขืจ" 
ืžืึธื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืจืขื“ื ืขืจ-ืงื•ื’ืกื˜. ืึทืคื™ืœื• 
ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฉื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืื ื“ืœืขืŸ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึทื–ืึทืคึผื™ืฉ-ื˜ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจืึทื‘ืœื˜- 
ืžืขื–: ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ึผืจืืฉื™ืช, ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ื ืึธื˜ืก ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืืึทื–"ืฐื• -- ืืฑืš ื–ืฒื™ 
ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงื•ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืึทืจื›ื™ื˜ืขืงื˜ืึธื ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื™ื ืขื ื’ืข 
ืฉืœื™ืคืขื ืขื ืกื˜ื™ืœ, 


1 ,ื›ื™ ืฉืžื™ ืื”ื™ื—ื” ืืฉืจ ืื”ื™ื”, ืžื—ื• ืื”ื™ื” ืืฉืจ ืื”ื™ื”? ื›ืฉื ืฉืืชื” ื”ื•ื” ืขืžื™ 
ื›ืš ืื ื™ ื”ืฐื” ืขืžืš, ื•ื›ืŸ ืื˜ืจ ื“ื•ื“: ื“' ืฆืœืš ืขืœ ื™ื“ ื™ืžื™ื ืš,. ืžื”ื• ืจ' ืฆืœืš! ื›ืฆืœืš. ืžื” 
ืฆืœืš? ืื ืืชื” ื˜ืฉื—ืง ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื—ืง ืœืš, ื•ืื ืืชื” ื‘ื•ื›ื” ืœื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื›ื” ื›ื ื ื“ืš, ื•ืื 
ืืชื” ืžื•ืื” ืœื• ืคื ื™ื ื–ืขื•ืžื•ืช ืื• ืžืกื•ื›ืจื•ืช ืืฃ ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืš ื›ืš", 

2 ื“ืึธืจืžืŸ, 211: {ืืž- ื”ื—ืงื‘"ื” ืœืื“ื: ื ืจืš ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื•ื ืจื™ ื‘ื™ื“ืš... ืื ืืชื” ืชืื™ืจ 
ื”ืจื™,, ืื ื™ ืžืื™ืจ ื ืจืš,, ื›' ื‘ืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืื“ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืืœ ื”ื“ืœืงืช ื ืจื•ึนืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื ืคืฉื™ื•ืชื™ื™. 
ื–ื”ื•ื ื”ื ืจืžื• ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื“ืœื›ืงืช ื”ืžื ื•ืจื”, ืื– ืืœ ืžื•ืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ื™ืื™ืจื• ืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ื’ืจื•ืช 
ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ืฉื‘ืขื”ืช ืืœื” ืขื™ื ื™ ื“' ื”ืžื” ืžืฉื•ืกื˜ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ", 





ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ื™ 1 141 


ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ื—ื•ื“ื”'' ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ืฐืึธืก ืžื•ืก- 
ืงืึทื˜ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš 
ืงื•ื ื”"ืฉื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ืขื ื’ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื•ื ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืœื•ื™ืก ,, ืกืคืจ ื—ื›ึผื•ื–ืจื™"". ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœืขื ื ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืึธื ึฐืฆื•ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ื™ ืงืขืžืคืขืจ 
ืฉืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืึทืฆื™ืึทื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืจืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืึทื–ืึท ืงื ืื™ ื•ื™ ืฉื-ื˜ื•ื‘ 
ื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื˜-ื˜ื•ื‘ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ , ืกืคืจ ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช,, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืึทืคึผื•ื“ื™ ืื•ืŸ 
ื—ืกื“ืื™ ืงืจืฉืงืฉ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ , ื›ึผื•ื–ืจื™'' ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืŸ 
ืืฑื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื ื™ื˜, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื ืขืกืื ืก-ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ืึธื˜ืขืœื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืจืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจื“ืจืขื ื’ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื’ืขืึธืคึผืœืื˜ืึทื ื™ืฉืข, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืžืขืจ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื ื˜ื™ื” ืฆื• ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืง --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ-ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ืงืจื™ื™ื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ืึธืคึผื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื”ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืึทื–ื•ื ื’: 
, ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืคื•ื•!" 


ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืœื•ื™ื‘-ืœื™ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืžืื™ืจ ื‘ึนึผืŸ ื™ื•ืกืช 
ืื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึธืจืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ึผืข ืคื•ื ื ,,ื›ึผื•ื•ืจื™'', 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1906, ื“ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ,,ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ"ืงื•ืœ''-ืžืขื˜ืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืžื˜ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ- 
ืขืœื˜ืขืจ-ื–ื™ื™ื“ืข, ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ึผืŸ ืฉืœืžื—, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึธืงืึทื ื˜ืข ืขืœืขื ื™ืข ื ืึทื›ืŸ 
ืจืฉื‘ 'ืื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ 1 ,ืฐืึธืก ื ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทืœืฅ ื ืึธืš --- ืคืจืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืจื ื–ื•ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ 
ื‘ึนึผืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ -- ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ื—ืจื˜ื•ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืœืฉืข ืคึผืจื™ืกื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ึผืœืึธื ื“ื•ืฉืขืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื•ืžืข ื•ืขื’ืŸ? ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืกื•ืจื” ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึถื‘ื•ึนืช ืคึฟืึทืจื ืขืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื™ืขื’ ื ืึธืš ืคืจืขืžืจืข 
ืชื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจืฐืึธืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ืœืฆืขืจื ืข ื’ืขืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืœืึธื–ืข ืฆืœืžื™ื. ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืข 
ืึธืคึผื ืขื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืขืกื˜ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืจื•ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืขื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ึนืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื ืขืžืœืขื›ืข ืฐืึธืจื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื˜ื™ื˜ ื“ื• ืคื™ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึทืจืคื˜ ืึทืฐืขืง ื“ืึธื˜ ืฉืœืึทื ื ืข-ื ืขืฅ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืข ืกื‘ืจื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืฆื™ืง-ืœืึธื ื™ืฉืข ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ 
ื’ืขืคึฟื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืคืึทื ื ืขืŸ ืึทืœืข ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืงืข ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช! ืงื•ืžื˜ ืึทืœืข ืึทื”ืขืจ! 
ืึทืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’, ืžืขื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื–ื™ื’ืจื•ื™ืข ื–ืงื ื™ื! ื’ืขื ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื‘ึผืฉืžื™ื-ื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืกื™ืจ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืึตื™ื™ืš ื“ึนืึธ ืึทื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ.. ืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืž" 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื—ื›ื ื“ืขื ,, ื›ึผื•ื–ืจื™'', ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืกืคืจ ืึทืœืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข 
ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ืกืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืจื™ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื‘ืึทืคึฟืจื™ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืึทืœืข,4 ืฐืึธืก ื’ืœื•ืกื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืืžืช ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ. ื•ื™ ืึท ืคื•ื™ื›ื˜ 
ืฐืึธืœืกื ื“? ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ืจืึทืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ; ืงืขื ืŸ 


1 ื–ืข ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฐืขืจืง, ื“ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ื“, | 124-122, 





12 ื“"ืจ ื™. ืฆื™ื’3ืขืจื’ 


ืื™ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขืจืก ื•ื™ ื ื™ืฉื˜ื™ืงืข ื’ืœื™ื“ื•ื•ืขืจืขืžืœืขืš ืงืขื ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืœืื ืฅ 
ืžื•ึนืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืข ืžื–ืœื•ืช. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืง ื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื ื“ื™ ืืคึผื™ืกื•ืจืกื™ืฉืข ืœืขืจืขื 
ืคึฟืึทืจืžื™ืœื™ืงืŸ ืืึทื–"ื•ื•, ืืึทื–"ื•ื•ื™ 1 ืึทืคึฟื™ืœื• ืึทื–ืึท ื ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืึทืจืคื–ื™ื ื™ืงืขื™ 
ืคึฟืึธืจืฉืขืจ, ื•ื™ ืขื–ืจื™ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืึทื“ื•ืžื™ื, ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜, ืื– ,ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ืกืคืึธืจื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ 
ื™ื™ื“ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื’ืจื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ,, ื›ื•ื–ืจื™'' ืื•ืŸ ืึทื™ื™ื ืงืจื™ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขืจ" 
ืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื: ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ื˜, ืื™ืจ ื–ืืœื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ืคื™ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ" 3. 


ืื•ื™ืš ืžื•ื˜ืกืงืึทื˜ื• ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึทืกื˜ื™ืœื™ืขืจืก ื ืคื™ื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
ื—ืกื™ื“, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื‘ื•ื ืก ืฉืฐืขืจืฐืึธื’ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– 
ื“ืขืจ ื›ึผื•ื–ืจื™-ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืขืจื˜ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื ืง?ืœ ืื•ึนืŸ ืื•ืžืžืึทืš- 
ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขืš, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ื”ืœื•ื™ืก ืคืึทืจืขืจืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืขื ื“ื˜ (1578) ืฆื• ืžื•ืก- 
ืงืึธื˜ื•, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ,, ื›ึผื•ื–ืจื™'' ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืฆื•- 
ื’ืขื ื’ืœืขืš ื“ืึธืก ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืก ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืข ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ-ืฉื™ื›ื˜ืŸ *- ืžื•ืกืงืึธื˜ื• 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื—ืฉืง ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ึผืขื˜; ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ืฆื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื”ืึทื ื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืช 
ื˜ื•ึนืŸ ืื‘ืŸ ืชื™ื‘ื•ื ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืืจื“ื™ื ืืœ. ื‘ื™ื–ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืึทืœืฅ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคึฟื˜ื™ืงื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ืึทื–ืฑ 7"ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืŸ ื•ืขืจืง, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ 1294 ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืžื•ื˜ืงืึทื˜ื•ืก ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืคืฉืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ 


1 ืžื” ืชืœื›ื• ืœืงืจืืช ื ื—ืฉื‚ื™ื ื—ืฉื™ื -- ืชืคื ื• ืœืงื•ื›ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืœื—ืฉื™ื ื—ืฉื™ื! 

ืืœ ืชื“ืจืฉื• ืื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื‘ื•ืช ืžืขืœื• -- ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืคื ื•ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืฉื‚ื™ื, 

ื™ื•ื ื• ื•ื™ืคื ื• ืืœ ืืœื™ืœื™ื”ื ื•ึนึผื“ึถื‘ึฐ -- ื‘ื™ ืืœ ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื“ืฉื™ื.. 

ื‘ื•ืื• ืฉืชื• ื™ื™ื ื™ ื•ืœื—ืžื™.ืœื—ืžื• - ื’ืขืจ ื•ื•ืงืŸ ื˜ืฃ ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืฉื™ื. 

ืกืคืจ ืืฉืจ ื‘ื• ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื›ื•ึผ -- ื–ื” ื”ืŸ ื•ืฉื›ืœ ืขืœ ื ืคืฉื™ื ืคืฉื‚ื™ื 

ืคืจื™ื• ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืขืžื• ื™ืจื• ื›ืœ ืฆึดืžึท--ืื™ ื‘ึดื™ืŸ ื‘ืืฉืคืจ ื•ืืฉื‚ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืฉื™ื 

ื‘ึผื• ื™ื–ื—ื™ืจ ืฉื›ืœ ื•ืžืขื™ืŸ ื”ึดืชึธึผื‘ื•ึผ-ื ื•ืช ื›ืœ ืืคืœื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฉื™ื ืžืฉื™ืื™. 

ื—ื•ืงืจ ื•ืขื•ืงืจ ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืคื•ืงืจ ื•ืชื•ืš -- ืืฉ ืžื—ืงืจ ืชืื›ืœื ื›ืืฉื™ื ืืฉื™ื ื•ื• ื•ื›ื• 
ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื‘ื™ืœื™ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“, ืงืฑืคึผืžืึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืžื™ื ืึท ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืข- ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื•ืขืฆื•ื ื’ 
ืื™ืŸ ,ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืฉืจ. ืค. ื”ืขื‘ึผืจ. ื‘ื™ื‘ืœ,", } 116--6117. 


9 ืืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื', ืงืึทืค' 26: ืื—ืกืคืจ (ื—ื›ื•ื–ืจื™) ืขื ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื˜ืœื ื‘ืจื›ืช 7' ื‘ืจืขื•ืช 
ืืžืชื™ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื ืืžืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืชื• ื™ืื•ืช ืœื• ืœืœืžื“ื• ืœืขืฆืžื• ื•ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืฉื™ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ืœื•ืช 
ืœื‘ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ื• ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื•ืจ ืขื ืฆืฐื™ ื•ืื•ื”ืจื”; ื”ืฉืžืจ ืœืš ืคืŸ ืชืขื•ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืœื”!" ื“ืขื 
ื‘ืขืœ ,ื”ื ื•ื•ืจื™" ืจื•ืคื ื“ื™ื™ืจื•ืกื™ ืึธืŸ: ืขื”ื”ื›ื ื”ืืœื”ื™", 


8 ื–ืข ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืจืจืขื“ืข ืฆื• ืขืงื•ึนืœ ื™ื”ื•ืจื”", ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ึนื™ืฃ ืขื›ื–ืจื™", ืฐืึธืก ื’ืชื ืืœ 
ื›ึผืกืคึผื™ ื”ืึธื ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1287, ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ ื ื™ื ื’ืขื”ืึทื, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผืœื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฆืึทื ืฆืŸ ืื•ืžืฆืึทืงืึทื ื˜ (ื–ืข ื’ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ืฑื‘ึผืœืึทืก ืจ, ืึธืจื™ืขื ื˜ืก', 1848, 571). 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื”ื™ ื‘ื™ "ืจืŸ 143 


ื ืึธืžืขืŸ , ืงื•?ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”" 2 ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื• ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืžืขืจืขืจืข ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื ืข- 
ื“ืจื•ืกื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื ืกื™ื˜ ืžื•ืกืงืื˜ื•! ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืกืื ื˜ื•ื. ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ื“ืข" 
ืฆื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคึฟืืจืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื˜ืืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ื“ื ื˜ื•ื 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื ืขืกืื ืก-ืชืงื•ืคื” ืคึฟืึทืจืžืึธื ื˜ --- ืขื–ืจื™ื” ื‘ึผืŸ ืžืฉื” ืžืŸ ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื 
{ื“ื™ ืจืึธืคื™), ืขื–ืจื™ื” ืื™ื– ;ืขื‘ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทื ื˜ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš ืื™ืŸ 1511 * ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืžื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืกื˜ืข ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข. ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ 
ืึทื ื“ื” ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื›ืข ืึทื“ืขืœื™ืงืข ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื”ื" 
ืžื™ืœื™ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื™ื˜ื•ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื˜ืจื˜ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื 5 
ื ึดื™ื ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงืจืขื ืงืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืึธืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ 6 ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื–ืึธืจื ืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœื–ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ืขืจืฆื™ืชื , 
ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœื ืขืžื™ื™ื ืข ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืึธื ืขืจ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ? ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจื˜ 
ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื˜ืึทืงืข ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ ืึทืœืก ืžืงื•ืจ ืคืึทืจ ืคึผืจื ืกื”. ืืžืช, 
ื—ื™ื•ื ื”, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื‘ื“ื•ื—ืง; ื ืงืจืขื ืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืกืื˜ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื•ืึทื ื“ืขื”ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืึธื˜2, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš, ืœืขื‘ื ื“ื™ืง 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื—ืงื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืขืจ ื›ึผืœ ื™ืžื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ,ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ื•ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื— ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืšืฃ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฆืขืฉื™ื™ื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ื˜ืข ืกืคืจื™ื. ืขื–ืจื™ื” ืžืŸ ื—ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื ื’ื•ืืœื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ื™ ื ึดื™ื˜ ื’ืืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืืฒืจืึธืคึผืขื™ืฉืขืจ; ืึทืœื˜ ืืžืชืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื ืข- 
ืคืึทื ื˜-ืชืงื•ืคื— ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืจื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš ืืฑื˜ื’ืขืคืึธืจืฉื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ื ื ืืœื˜ืŸ 
ื’ืจื™ื›ื ืœืื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื, ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืึธืœืึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืœืืœื˜ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืงื™ืจืš, ืื•ืŸ ืคื™? ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจืฐื™ื˜ื ืฉืึทืžื˜ืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื‘ืงื™ืื•ืช 
ื–ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืจื•ื™ื˜ ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœืข ืฆื™ื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ ืฐืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืคึฟื•ืŸ 
ืึธืคึผืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ืงื˜ืขื ืึทื˜ืึทื ื˜, ื”ืึทืžืขืจ, ื”ืึธื“ืึทืฆื™ื•ื˜, ืคึผืœื•ื˜ืึทืจืš, ื”ืขืจืึธื“ืึธื˜, ืคึผืœื™ื ื™ื•ื˜, 


1 ื˜ืžื•ืกืงืึทื˜ื• ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ (ืžื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”', ื“ืจื•ืฉ 4, ืขืงื•ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”", /ื•, ืงืึทืคึผ' 17) 
ื’ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืึท ื“ืจื™ืฉ ืฐืขืจืง - ืึทืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืืฑืฃ ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื ืื”ืžื™ 
ื’ืขื”ื™ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, 

2 ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืงืึทื˜ื™ื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ,ืืจื™ ื‘ึผ'ื ื—" ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื˜ ืขื•ืจื™ื” ื“ื™ื™ืจื•ืกื™: ื•ื›ืœ 
ื™ืฉื›ืŸ ืœื—ื™ื•ืชื™ ื›ื‘ึฟืŸ ืฉืฉื™ื ืฉื’ื”". ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื•ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืขืจืง ืื™ ืขืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขืžืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 4151 / 

5 ืืžืจื™ ื‘ื™ื ื”', ืงึนืึธืคึผ' 160 ,ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ืžืŸ ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื โ€ ืืฉืจ ืงื‘ืœื ื• ืžืงื“ืžื™ื ื• 
:ื—ื™ื•ืชื” ืื—ืช ื˜ืŸ ื”ืืจื‘ืข ื”ื™ืงืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื’ืœื”ืช ืฉื™ื˜ื•ื ืœืจื•ืžื™", 

4 ืื™ืŸ 1543 ืื™ ื“ื™ื™ืจื•ื˜ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึทื ื˜ื•ืึท ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืึทืจืึท, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื’ืข* 
ืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื ืงืึธื ื, ื‘ึผืึทืœืึธื ื™ืึธ, ืกืึทื‘ึผืึธื ื™ืขื˜ืข, ืื™ืŸ 1569, ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื—ื™ ืจืขืจ ืคึผืฑืคึผืกื ืคึผื™ึผื 
ื“ืขืจ ืคึฟื™ื ืคื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธืœืข ื™ืฒื“ืŸ ืคึฟื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื”ืึธื ื“ื™ื™ืจื•ืกื™ ืฆื•ืจื™ื›ื’ืข= 
ืงืขืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืขืจืึทืจืึท. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจ, ืฐื• ืขื :3 ืื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคึฟืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื. 
-ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืžืึทื ื˜ื•ืึท ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข ;ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ (ืคืคื˜ื•ื˜ืŸ 60 .6 ืกื˜ื˜ื˜ืช, ืืืื•, ' 81, 487 





144 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื  


ืงืฐื•ื™ื ื˜ื™ืœื™ืึทืŸ, ืคืืจื ืขืœื™ื•ืก, ืื•ื™ื’ื•ืกื˜ื™ืŸ, ื™ืขื•ื•ืกืขื•ื•ื™ื•ืก, ื™ื•ืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืึทืŸ, ืื™ืกื™ืจืึธืจ, 
ื“ืึทื ื˜ืข, ืคึผื™ืงื• ื“ืข ืžื™ืจืึทื ื“ืึธืœืึท ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข, ืคื™ืœืข ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืข ืื•ึนืŸ ืฉืคึผืข- 
ื˜ืขืจืข ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ 1 ื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ื‘ึผืงื™ืื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืข 
ืืจื‘ืขื˜ืกืœื•ืกื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื ืœื™ืงืœืขืš ืคืืจื‘ึผื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑื ืข ืžืขืœื•ืช, ืฐื™ ืึท ื˜ื™ืคืขืจ ืงืœืึธืจืขืจ ืฉื‘ืค 
ื ื’ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื–ื›ึผืจื•ืŸ, ืึทืŸ ืืžืชืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื—ื•ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื ืึธืš ื’ืข- 
ื‘ึผืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืกืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜. ื“ื™ ืจื•ืกื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขื ืข ืฉื™ืจื™ื 2, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ืขืจ ืกื˜ื™- 
ืœื™ืกื˜, ืฐื™. ืก'ืื™ื– ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืžืขืจืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื”ืืคื˜ืข ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ 
ื“ื™ ืื™ืžื”ื“ื™ืงืข ืขืจื“ืฆื˜ื™ืขืจื ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขืจืึทืจืึท. ืื•ึนืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืจื™ื™ืš-ื›ึผืึทื’ืึทื‘ึผื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ,ื ื—ื›ื ืืœ ื”ื›ึผืœื™ื,, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื– ืฆื• 
ื–ืขื›ืฆื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืืžืชืข ืกื™ื‘ึผื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฉืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’. ื“ืขื“ ื“ืึธ- 
ื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ืื•ึนืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื•- 
ืฉืขืจ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื–ื˜ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจ. ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžื–? ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื ืŸ ืฆื• ืกื•ืžืขืŸ ืค ื ืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ืึธืก 19ื˜ืข ื™"ื” ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืง ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืฉืึทืฆืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืŸ. ื“ื™ื™ืจื•ืกื™ ื ื•ืžื ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืฐื•ื™ ืขืก 
ืฉื™ื™ื ื˜ ื ืขืคื™ืœื˜; ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ื˜ืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืจื™ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืขืžืคืขืจ-ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืฉืฐื•ืึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืงืจืขื ืงืœืขืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ื’ืขื’ืืจื˜ ื ืึธืš ืจื• ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืชื‘ึผื•ื“ื“ื•ืช. ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืฐื•ื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ึผื™ื. ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื–ืฑ. ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ึผืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืขืžืขืจืœ; ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ืึท ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืข ืงืึทื˜ืึทืก-' 
ื˜ืจืึธืคืข ืคึผืึทืกื™ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื’ืขืฆึฐืฐื•ื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืŸ 
ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื”ืขืœื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืฑื™ืกื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืขืคื ื˜- 
ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจื‘ึผืกื˜ 1570 ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขืจืึทืจืึท, ื•ื• ื“ื™ื™ืจื•ืกื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืข" 
ืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜, ืึท ื’ืฐืืœื˜ื™ืงืข ืขืจื“ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ ืืฑืกื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึธื›ืŸ. ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 200 


1 ื•ืข, ืœืžืฉืœ: ืึธืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื" (ืฐื™ืœื ืขืจ ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ึผืข, 1865), ื’ื‘, |, 5, 9, 10, 78, 
4, 85, 90, 106, 117, 122, 123, 150, 154, 212, 1226 |, 55ืŸ ืืžืฆืจืฃ ืœื›ืกืฃ', 100, 
6 ืืึทื–"ื•, 


4 ืฐื™ ืžื•ืกืงืึทื˜ื•, ืึทืฐื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืš ืขื–ืจื™ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืึทืฐืฒื™ื ื ืื™ืŸ ืขืžืœืขื›ืข 
ืขืœืขื’ื™ืขื ื“ืขื ืคืจื™ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืกื•ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืฆืึธื’ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ืกืึทืฐืึธื™ืข (ื–ืข ืขืžืื•ืฃ 
ืขื™ื ื™ื" ืื™ืŸ ื“, ืงืึทืกืขืœืก ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ึผืข), ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ืฐืขืจืง ื’ึดื™ื 
ื“ื™.ืจื•ืกื™ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืข ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื•ืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ืžืงื•ื ืกื˜, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ืจืŸ 145 


ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ืžื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื•ึนืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืจื•ื˜ื™ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผื“ืจืš ื ืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืจืื˜ืขื•ื•ืขื˜. ื“ืขืจื–ืขืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขื˜ 
ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืคึผื ื™ื ืืœ ืคึผื ื™ื, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขื–ืจื™ื” ืคืŸ ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื, ื•ื™ ืขืจ ื ื•ืคื ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ 
ืฐื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื { ื’ืขื”ืฉืฉ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืคืฉ: ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืึท ื’ืขื“ืขื›ืขื ื™ืฉ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืงื”ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ื ื ืขื–ืืžืœื˜ืข ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืžื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ?ื˜ืžื™ื•ืŸ. ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ 8 ื“ืขื ืงืžืึธืœ ืฆื• ืฉืืคืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึตื™ื–ึนืŸ, ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทื˜ืึทืกื˜ืจืึธืคืข, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคึผืขืจืึทืจืึท ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื—ืจื•ื‘ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ึดื™ื“ื“ื•ึนืกึดื™ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื–ืขืฆื˜. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื 
ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืข ื“ืขืจืคืขืจ ืื•ึนืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงืจื™ืกื˜" 
ืœืขื›ืขืŸ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ืงื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืคึผืึทืงืจื™ืคื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ-ื”ืขืœืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืึทืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื—ืฉืžื•ื ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืชึผื ืื™ื 2, | 


ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืขื–ืจื™ื” ื“ื™-ืจื•ืกื™, ืฆื™ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ื" 
ื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ื ืคื•ื ื ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืŸ ืฐืขืจืก ,ื“ืึธืก 
ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืคื•ึนืŸ ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ืขื•ึผืก!', ื“ื™ื“ืจื•ืกื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืžื™ื“ื” ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื™ื™ืจืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ 3ื›2? ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื“ืจื•ืคื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึทืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ 
ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืจื™ื“ืขืจ, ื•ืืก ื‘ืึทื•ื™ืฆืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืœืึทืกื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ืŸ 
(ืœืึทื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉ), ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื• ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ืขื•ืก, ื ืึธื“ ื‘ึผื›ืœืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ- 
ื”ืขืœืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืขืคื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืชึผืงื•ืคื”. 
ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื ื“ืขืจื˜ื”ืึทืœื‘ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ? ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ืื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืึถื ืฆื•ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึฐึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืจืขื“ืืงื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื–ืŸ'ื•ื•ืขืจืง ,,ืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืฒื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืจื™ 
ืžื™ื™?: 1) ืงื•? ืืœื”ื™ื --- ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจืฒื‘ึผื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคืขืจืึทืจืึท, 2) ื”ื“ืจืช ื–ืกื ื™ื --- ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ืขื•ึผืก , ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช'" * 
ืื•ืŸ 3) , ืืžืจื™ ื‘ึผื™ื ื”'' --- ืึท ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ื˜ืึธืจืฉื•ื ื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืืจื›ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข. ืื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื‘ื•ืš, ืฐืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก 00 ืงืึทื™ 
ืคึฟื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื“ืจื•ืกื™ื ื•ื•ืขืจืง, 

ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ึผื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
60 ื™"ื— ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื‘ืœื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืึทื ืจืึท- 
ืคื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ืื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืฉืจ ื˜ืืงืข ืื™ื– ืขื–ืจื™ื” ื“ื™ื™ืจื•ืกื™ ื“ืขืจ 


3 ,ืืžืจื™ ื‘ื™ื ืช", ืงืึทืคึทึผ" 61 
7 ื–ืข ืขื ื“ืข ืืงื•ืœ ืืœื”ื™ื", 
+ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื’ 1571 ื‘ึดื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจื‘ึผื˜ื˜ 1572 
4 ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืื”ื“ืจืช ื•ืงื ื™ื. ื–ืข 3, ืฐืึทื›ืฉื˜ืฒื ื˜ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ 
ืื™ืŸ ืงืคื™ืœืึธืœืึธื ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจื™ืžื˜ืŸ", 0 261--274. 
(10) 





146 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึท 
ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื™ื™ืŸ-ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจืึธื‘ึผืœืขืžืขืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืข 
ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื“ืขืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืกืฉืœื™ืกืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื™ืกื˜ ืึธืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื›, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืคืืจืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืœืฒื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงื•ื•ืขืœืŸ, ืึทืœืก ืงื™ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื ืขืกืึทื ืก-ื™ืชืงื•ืคื”, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ื ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคื™ืฃ- 
ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืื™ื– ื“ื™-ืจื•ืกื™ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืึทืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื“ื™ ืฐื•ืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื“ืขืึธ- 
ื”ืขืœืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืชึผืงื•ืคื”, ื‘ืึทืงืขื ื˜ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืœื™ืฒื™ืขื ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืœ ืื•ื™ืก 
ืึทืœื›ึผืกื ื“ืจื™ื” (ื™ืจื™ื“ื™ื” ื”ืึทืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื•ื ื™) 1 ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ื’ืจื™- 
ื›ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœ-ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ 5 ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™-ืจื•ืกื™ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผื ื›- 
ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื ืขื‘ึผืŸ , ืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื!; ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืึธืคืขื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืชึผืงื•ืคื”, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื•ืฐืขืœื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื‘ึผืœื™ื ื“ ื’ืขื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืกื•ืจืช ืึธื‘ื•ึนืช ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืืฑื˜ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ , ืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื", 
ื’ืขื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืžื•ื˜, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•- 
ืคึฟืึธืจืฉืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ื™ ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื, ืื•ื™ืฃ. ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ืžืกื•ืจื” ื ืขื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงื˜ืข ืงื•ื•ืขืœืŸ. ื›ื›ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื ืฑ" 
ื•ื•ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื“ืึธืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืึทืœื˜ืข ืงื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืื•ึนืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ , ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื'" ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ, ืื™ื– 
ื—ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืืžืช, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื™ืจื•ื˜ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืข? ืืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื 
,ื™ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ" ?,. ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืข- 
ื”ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ื ื ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืžืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืคึผื™ืงื•ืจืกื•ืช, ื”ืึธื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ , ืžืื•ึนืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื'' ืžื™ื˜ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื—ื•ื™ืคื•ืช ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ 
ืคืึทืจื ืจื™ื™ื–ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ืื•ืžื ืขืœื•ืžืคึผืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืึธืคึผืฉืจืฒื‘ืขืจืก 
ืื•ึนืŸ ืงืึธืžืคึผื™ืœื™ืึทื˜ืึธืจื˜ ืฐืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื˜ืขืงืคื˜ ืคืืจื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ืขืจื˜. 
ื“ื™ื™ืจื•ืกื™ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืืจืฉื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืœืฑื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื ืงืœื˜ื˜ืข ืชึผืงื•ืžื— ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข -- ื“ื™ 
ืคึผืขืจืกื™ืฉืข, ืคื•ืŸ ื›ึผื•ืจืฉ ื‘ึผื™ื– ืึทืœื›ึผืกื ื“ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ื•ืŸ, 


ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผื›ืœืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืžืงืคึผื™ื“ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืจื- 
ื ืึธืœืึทื’ื™ืฉืข ื“ืึทื˜ืŸ. ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ืžื™ ื—ื•ืจื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผื™ืช ืจืืฉื™ืŸ 


1 ื™ืžืจื™ ื‘ื™ื ื”", ืงืึทืคึผ' 3--6, 
? ,ื”ื“ืจืช ื–ืงื ื™ื"ืŸ ื ึทืืžืจื™ ื‘ื™ื ื—", โ€ ืงืึทื˜' (--ืค. 


2 ,ืืžืจื™ โ€ ื’ื™ื ื”', 114, 118, 224--5, 229 (ืžื™ืจ ืฆื™ืžื™ืจืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ืœื ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื. 
ื ืฆึทื‘ึผืข 4)1865 





ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉื™ื›ืฉืข ืฉื•ืŸ ืจืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืžื”ืจ ืฆืฒ ื™ืจืŸ 241 


ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืึทื ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจื˜ื™ื ืื•ื™ื 
ืžื™ื˜ื•ืกืขืก ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืคืขืจื˜ื™ืฉืข ืชืงื•ืคื”, ืฐืึธืก ื ืขืžื˜ ืืจื•ื ื”ืขื›ืขืจืฃ 
0 ื•ืึธืจ, ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื ื ืžืœืžื•ื“ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื’ืขืฉืจื•ื˜ืคึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจ ืคื•ึนืŸ ื‘ืขืจืฃ 
ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืื˜ืข ื ืึธืจ ืึทื“ืื ืง ื“ื™ื™ืจื•ื˜ื™, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืจืึธื•ื™ืงื˜ 
ืคึฟืึทืจื’ืขื˜ืขื ืข, ืึธืฆึผืขืจ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื˜ืฐื™ืงืœื ื’ืกื™ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ื˜ ืคื•ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื ื˜ื•ื ืึทื–ื™ 
ื˜ื™ื ื˜ื™ืงืข ืชืกื•ื˜ืช ืชื—ื™ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื ืืฑืคื ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ:. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืจื•ื™ื 
ื”ืจื™ืคื•ืช ืคืืจื’ืœื™ื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉืข ืงื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ืชืœืžื•ื“ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื“ืจืฉื™ื 
ืžื™ืก ื“ื™ ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื“ืขืึทื™ื”ืขืœืขื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืงืœืื˜ื™ืฉ-ืจื•ื™ืžื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื–ื ืื•ืžืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื’ืขืœื ื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ื˜ืขื•ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื˜ืืจืŸ ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืื˜ ื“ื™ ืคึฟืืจื ืขืกืขื ืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืขื•ืจื 
ื—ืกื•ื˜ืจื ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื– ืžื’ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช, ื“"ื” ืคึฟื™ืŸ ื ืื›ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐื•ื ื“ืขืจ" 
ื‘ืืจืŸ ืžื•ืงื“ื•ื ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ืขืœืจ, ืึทืœื›ึผื˜ื ื“ืจ,. ื‘ึทึผืขืช ื“ื™ื™ืจื•ืกื™ ืคืึทืจื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืฃ 
ื˜ืจืึทื’ืข, ื•ื™ ืœืึทื ื’ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืชึผืงื•ืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™, ื“ืขืงื˜ ืขืจ 
ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคืืจ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืงืœืึธืจืŸ ืืžืช, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ื˜ื ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื’ื“ืขืกื˜ืข ืึทืคึผื™ืงื•ืจื˜ื•ืช, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก 
ื™ื™ืจืŸ ืคื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืกืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืจื™ืึทืช-ื”ืขื•ืœื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืจืขืึทืœืŸ 
ื™ืกื•ื“ ื ื™ื, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื 2ืŸ ืื“ื ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื˜ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืก, ืึธืŸ 
ืึท ืฉื•ื ื˜ืขื•ืช ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื–ื™ื ื˜ ืืฑื 
ื”ืจืืฉื•ื’ื˜ ื“ื•ืจ ืึธืŸ, ืึทึธื’ื‘ ื˜ืจืขื ื“ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ืึทืจื•ึนื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ , ืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื" 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฉืึทืจืžืขืจ ืงืจื™ืžื™ืง ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ , ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ ืงืฆื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื–ื™ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืึทื ืฃ ืกื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื—ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ , ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ ื—ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช" ืื•ืŸ ื›ึผืœึถืขืจืœื™ื™ 
ื’ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ืื•ืช ืคึฟืึธืจืื•ื™ื˜ื–ืึทื ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืฉื™ื” ืฐืขื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ,ื“ืึธืก ืื™ ืœื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ื’ืืจื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืขื ื“ืจื˜ื ื™ืฉ", ืจืฑืคื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื›ึผืขื = 


ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ืœืข ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืคืจืื ืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™"ืจื•ืื™' 
ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉ ื‘ืึทืœืฑื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื—ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉืฒืฑื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืกืกื˜ืข ืงื•ื•ืขืœืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื˜ื˜ ื“ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื’ืฉื ืฅ ืึธืคึผื˜ ืฆื• ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืžื™ืจืŸ, ืฐืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืœืฉืจ ื˜ื”ื™ืจื” ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืคื•ืจื—. ืืคืช, ื“ื™ื™ืจื•ื˜ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืžื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜, ืึทื– 
ื“ืึธืก ืฉืžืขืกื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืžื™ื ืึทืคึผื™ืงื•ืจื˜ื•ืช, ื˜ื•ื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืžึฟืึธืจ" 
ื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง, ืคืœื™ื™ื˜ื˜ ื–ื™ืŸืฃ ืื™ื•ื ืฆื•ื”ื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืึทืžื˜ืœืขืžืข ืืžืชืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคื•:- 
ืžืขืŸ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื™ืจืื” ืฉืžื™ื, ืขืจ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืึทืคึฟื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึทืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืื ืค" 
ืฉื•ื›ื“ื™ืกืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ืคื™ื•ืขื ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืกื ืขืจ ืคืื ื•ืฆื˜ ื–ื•ื™ืš ืกื™ื˜ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืงืฐืขืคืŸ 5, 

1 ืืืžืจื™ ืžื™ื’ื” , ืคืจืงื™ื 29--41, 

8 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, /, 1104 ืื”ืชื•ืขื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืœ ื ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ื ื™ื˜ื˜ืจื™ืื” ื”ื›ืœ 
ืื‘ืœ ื•ืจืขื”; ื”ื•" 

9 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืงืึทืžื™ื˜ืœ. 





148 ืจ"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื’ ืขืจื  


ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื‘ึผื”ื“ืจื’ื”, ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื˜ืจื™ื˜, ืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื• 
ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื•ื ื’, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื™ื”ืชึผืœืžื•ื“, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืฅ 
ืืฑื˜ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขืœื™ื ื™ืขื–ืข ืคึผืจืึทื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื™ื, ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืึทืจืฑืก ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑื ืข ื“ืขื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ึดื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืกืชึผื™ืจื” ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื”ื ื—ื•ืช 1 ืืฑืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ, ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ 
ื“ื™ื“ืจื•ืกื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคื™ืœืข ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื, ืึทื’ื“ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืžืจืืก ืงื•ืกืŸ 
ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคืึทืจื’ืœืฒื™ื›ึผื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ึผืืคึผื•ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืขืจื ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืฑื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืคึผืฉื˜ 8. 


ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื•ืฐืขืจื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืขื–ืจื™ื” ืกืŸ 
ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ืžืก ืœืขื‘ึผื ืกื•ื•ืขืจืง ื ื’ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืฒื˜. ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื 
ืจืžื‘ึผ'"ื ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ , ืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื'' ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกื - 
ืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ โ€ ืกื˜ื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงืœืึทืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื–ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืจื•ื™ืžื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขื–ืจื™ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ืึทืจืฒื ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜- 
ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื“ืขื ืœืึทื˜ืฒื ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืœืึธืจืŸ ืขืงื–ืึทืงื˜ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืœ, ื‘ึผืึทื”ื•ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ึผืึทืœึถืขื‘ึผื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ืึทืจืžืึธื ื™ืฉืŸ ืจื™ื˜ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ื˜ืจืฆื™ื™ืœืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืคึผืจืึธื–ืฅ * 


ื“ื™-ืจื•ืกื™, ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืคืืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง; ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื™ื™ื ืฆื•ื”ื™ืœืŸ ืืŸ ืึท ืคืจื•ืžืขืŸ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืืคึผื™ืงื•ืจืกื•ืช ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑื™ ืฐืึทืจืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื ืŸ -- ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ. ืฆื• ืคืจื™ื™, ืฆื• ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื 
ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ืฉื•ืฑื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกืจื•ืคืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืึธืจื˜ืึธื“ืึธืงืกื™ืฉืข ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ. ื“ื™ื™ืจื•ืกื™ืก ืžื–ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืก" 
ื˜ืขืจื•ื•ืขืจืง ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืงื™ืขื—, ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืจื™ืจื”, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืกืข ืฉื˜ื•ืึทืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืžืึทื ื™ื–ื ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื ืขืกืึทื ืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš 
ืึทืงืึธืจืฉื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื“ืขืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืœืข ืฐืึธืœืงื’ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื’ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืจืขืึทืงืฆื™ืข. ื“ืขืจ , ืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื" ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืึท ื’ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขื 
ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืจื•ืง"ืฐืึทื“ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ +. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื‘ื ื™ืฉืข 
ืคืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืจืขืฉ ื“ื™ ื™ื“ื™ืขื—, ืึทื– ืขื–ืจื™ื” ื“ื™-ืจื•ืกื™ ืœื™ื™ืงื ื˜ 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืงืึทื' 11, 

2 ืืืžืจื™ ื‘ึผื™ื ื—", ืงืึทืค' 15--16, 

ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื’ืึทื˜ืฒื ืคื•ืŸ ืขื–ืจื™ื—ืช ืžืŸ ื—ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ืึทืœื ืกืžื™ืœื™ืกื ื”ืึธื˜ 80ืข= 
ืฆื™ืœืœ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื” ื’ื™ืจืขืžืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ,ื”ืฉืžื”", 1912, |ื™ 26-25, 

4 ื“ืขืจ {ืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื" ื”ืึธื ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืš ื’157--5 (ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื ื˜ืึท), 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ืจืŸ 149 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜-ืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžืกื•ืจืช 
ืึธื‘ื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื–ื” ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ื ื™ืกื™ื ืขืœื™ืคึผื™ ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื‘ืฅ 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืึทืœื˜ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ืข ืคึผืึถืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืข ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื”, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ 
ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืžืจื (ื’ื˜ื™ืŸ, ื“ืฃ 56, ืขื˜' ื‘') ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื ื”ืจืฉืข, ื•ื™ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคืœื™ื’ืขืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืขื ื‘ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืžื•ืช 
ืžื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื–ืขืจื ืขื ืฉื ืึธื‘ึผืœ. ื“ืขืจ ืงืจืขื ืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืึทืกืขื ืขืจ ื“ื™-ืจื•ืกื™, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื˜ื‘ืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืจื•ื“ืฃ ืฉืœื•ื, ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื‘ึผืขืชืŸ ื“ืจื•ืกืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ืœืฅ 
ื•ื™ื™ื ืข ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ืข ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ืขืจืžืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคึฟืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผื ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ!, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื“ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฉืึทืจืคืข ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืงืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ *. ืึทื ื‘ ืื•ืจื—ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืช ื“ืขื ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืข- 
ืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืื™ื ื ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืึธื ืคืึทืœืŸ ืžืฆื“ 
ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื˜ืกืคืึธืจื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื. ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืจื•ึนื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืขืžื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ื™ื“ื•ืกื™ืก ืคืจื™ื™ืข ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืึทืจืฑืกื ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืœืขืจื ืžืข ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ. ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ 
ืจื•ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ื™-ืจื•ืกื™ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ ืคืึทืจืœืืจืŸ, 

,ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืง, --- ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ื™ืจื•ืกื™ --- ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ืŸ 
ืคืึทืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ื™ืงืข, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืึทืจืŸ ื ืึธืš ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคืจื™ื™ื“ืš ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ. ื’ืึทืจืึธื’ื™ื ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื‘ื•ืขืงืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ึผื™ื™ืกืŸ 
ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืฉืœืึทื ื’ืขืŸ --- ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื•ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึถื ืจื™ืจื•!" 8, 

ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื, ืึทื– ืึทืœืข ื•ืึธืก ื’ืึทืจืŸ ื ืึธืš ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื ืึทืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืขืจ. ืงืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ื“ืขื , ื“ืขื ืงืžืึธืœ!', ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฉืึทืคืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืžืขื - 
ื“ื™ืงืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช -- ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ,, ื ืึทืจืึธื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืฆื‘ื•ืขื™ื", 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“, ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื˜ืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ ืžืึทื˜ืขืžืึท- 
ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ืžืฉื” ืคึผืจืึธืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืึทืœื™, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ื™ื“ืจื•ืกื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืงืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืก 


1 ื–ืข ื‘ึผืฒืœืึทื’ืข ื’ื™ื' 5. 
2 , ืื˜ืจื™ ื‘ึผื™ื ื”', ืงืึทื˜ึผ' 28, 42 
5 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืงืึทืคึผ' 2, ื–ืข ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื”, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงืฉ ืฆื•ื ืกื™ืฃ ืคื™ื ื ืฐืขืจืง: 
- ื—ืœื ืื‘ืกืช ื—ื™ื•ืช ื›ึผืœ ื”ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื 
ืฉืžื—ื™ื ื‘ึผื•ึน ื•ืืช ืคื ื™ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื, 
5 5 9 5 6 6 6 6 
ื•ืึธืคึธึผืก ืขื ืคืชืื™ื ืื• ืฆื‘ื•ืขื™ื 
ื•ื”ืขื•ื˜ื™ื ืžืขื™ืœื™ ื”ื›ืชืฉื™ื 
ื‘ืจื™ืช ืื›ืจื•ืช ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ื™ื ืขื• ืคึฟื• 
ื”ืœื ื—ื *ื™ืฉื›ื•ื—ื•ืจ ืคื ื”ืฉื™ื. 





150 ื“"ืจ ื™ ืฆื™ื ื‘ืข?ืจื’ 


ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ืึทืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง, ืื™ื– ืึทืจืฑืกื ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืงืขื ืŸ ื“ืขื , ืžืื•ืจ 
ืขื™ื ื™ื'' ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืึธืจื ื“ื™ืงืข , ื”ืฉื ื•ืช,', ืืœืฅ ื“ืขืจืžืืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™-ืจื•ืกื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื˜- 
ืฐืึทื ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกืฆื•ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืกืคื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ึผื ื•ื ืข ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืฆื•ื™ื˜ืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื–ื™ ืื™ื–ืŸ ื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืกื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ืžืกื•ืจื” !. ื‘ึทืึฒืœืจ ื ืึธืšืฃ 
ืคึผืจืึทืฐื•ื™ื ืฆื™ืึทืœื™ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™-ืจื•ืกื™ืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืคื™ื ืฆื™ ืื•ื™ื ืžืžืฒ 
ื–ืึทืจืึธ 2. ื“ื™ ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ื“ื“ื•ืกื™ืก ืึทืคึผื™ืงื•ืจืกื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจื•ื“ืขืจื˜ 
ืึทืœืข ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื’ื“ึฐื•ืœื™ ื”ืชึผืœืžื•ื“. ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ืจืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ,, ืžืื•ืจ 
ืขื™ื ื™ื'' ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื•ืฐื•ืขืœื˜ ืจืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขืจื˜ืŸ ื ื™ืื• 1874 
ื“ื™ ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืฆื™ืข, ื‘ึผืจืืฉ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืžื”ืจ''ื ืžืคึผืึทื“ื•ืึธืก ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ืช 
ืงืึทืฆืขื ืขืœืขื ื‘ื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืฆืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืึท ื›ึผืจื•ึนืŸ 8 ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœึถืข ืื™ื˜ืืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช, ื•ื™ 
ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื›ืจื™ื– ื•ืžื•ื“ื™ืข, ืึทื– ืกื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื˜ืกืคืึธืจื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ ื˜ืึธืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ืฆื• ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ึทึผื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื ืกืคืขืฆื™ืขืœืขืจ ื“ืขืจืœื™ื‘ึผืขื ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืžืืจื™ ื“ืืชืจื ืขื–ืจื™ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ืžืก ืึทืคึผื™ืงื•ืจืกื™ืฉ ืฐืขืจืง , ืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื, ื•ื‘ 
ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ , ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืึทื–ื•ื™ื ืข ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืกืข ืึฒื›ื•ึนื– 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื•ืกื˜"". 


ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืฐืขื ืขืฆื™ืึทื ืขืจ ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืงืขื ืŸ ื“ืขื ,, ืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื'? 
ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื ืคื•ึนืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜: ืจื•ื™ื, ืคืขืจืึทืจื, ืคึผืึฒื“ื•ื, 
ืคึผื™ื–ืึทืจืึธ, ืฐืขืจืึธื ื˜, ืึทื ืงืึธื ืึท ื'ืึท +- ื“ืขืจ ืงืจืขืžืึทื ืขืจ ืจื‘, ืื‘ืจื”ื ืžื ื—ื 
ืคึผื•ืจื˜ื•, ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืŸ ืฐืขืจืง , ืžื ื—ื” ื‘ึผืœื•ืœื”', ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืงื’- 
ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื’ื•ืคื ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื , ืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื" ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ 


1 ืคึผืจืึธืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืึทืœื™ืก ืึทื—ืฉื’ื•ืช" ื”ืึธื ื“ื™ื™ืจื•ืกื™ ื’ื•ืคื ืคึฟืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืฐืขืจืง ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื ื–ืฒืŸ ืขื ืžืคืขืจ. 

2 ื–ืข ืืžืฆืจืฃ ืœื—ื›ืžื”', 41 

8 ืžื•ืจ ื‘ืจืขื ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ื“ืขื ื˜ืขืงืกืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ื ื›ืขืจืขืกืึทื’ื˜ืŸ ื›ืจื•ืจ: ื ื™ื”ื™ื 


/ 


ืžื•ืจื ืฉึธืืžึดื™ื ืขืœื™ื›ื! ื‘ื”ืฉืžืข ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ืกืคืจ ืฉื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื”ืจืคื™ื ื˜ื—ื“ืฉ ืจ' ืขื–ืจื™ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื˜ 
ื•ื” ืฉืžื• ืืฉืจ ื™ืงืจืื• ,ืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื" ื•ื—ืœืงื™ื•: ืงื•ืœ ืืœื”ื™ื, ื•ื”ื“ืจืช ื”ืงื ื™ื ื•ืืžืจื™ ื‘ึผื™ื ื”, 
ื•ื—ื™ื• ืงืฆืช ืคืจืงื™ื ืžื—ื—ืœืง ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื—ื•ื” ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื ื™ืžื™ ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื”ื ื” ืžืœื ื›ืœื• ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื—ืจืฉื™ื 
ืœึนื ืฉืขืจื•ื ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื—ืœืงื ื‘ื—ื™ื, ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ื’ืื•ื ื™ ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืขื™ืจ ื•ืขื™ืจ ืžืงื”ื™ื•ืช 
ื”ืงื•ืจืฉ ื”ืงืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืึฒืฉืจ ื‘ืื™ืžืœื™ื” ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืชืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื™ื—ื™ื” ืžื›ืœืœ ืงื”ืœ 
ืขื“ื” ืขื“ื” ืžื”ื ื•ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื—ืฆืจื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื•ืœืชื ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ื,. ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืœื”ื—ื•ื™ืง ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื• ื”ื”ื‘ื•ืจ 
ื”ื ื–' ืœื ื›ืœื• ื•ืœื ืงืฆืชื• ื•ืœื ืœื”ื ื•ืช ื‘ื• ื›ื™ ืื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืžื”ื ื™ืฉื™ื’ ืจืฉื•ืช 
ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื—ืชื•ื ืžื—ื›ืžื™ ืขื™ืจื•. ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ืžื™ื ื•ืœืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื™ื’ืขื ื•ืขืœื™ื”ื ืชื‘ื•ื 
ื‘ืจื›ืช ืคื•ื‘", ื“ืขื ื›ืจื• ื”ืึธืก ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื ื“, ืงืฑืคึผืžืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืŸ ืึทืจืกื™ืงืœ 4 4ืขื˜ื•ื–ื•ื—ืก! 
(87---77 ,1896 282 ,69ื˜ื•ื˜ืŸ 66 .6 ืกื˜ื˜ืฆืกื) 0099 06 ื’1ื–2599'ื 106065 6465 5/0106:ื”'1 
ื™ืฐ ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื ื™ืงืข ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื–ืฒืขืจ ืื™ื ืฉืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืข ื“ืึธืงื•ื˜ืขื ืฉืŸ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข 
ื“ืขื ืงืึทืžืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื ืืฑืกื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึธื‘ืŸ ืงืขื ืŸ ื“ืขื ืกืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื?, 


4 ื–ืข ืงื•ื™ืคึผืžืึทื ื˜ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืฆื™ืžื™ืจื˜ืข ืืจื‘ืขื˜, 85-84. 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืกืข ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึธืžึดื™ืจ ื‘ึผืฒ ื™ืจืŸ 151 


ื’ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ 1 ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทื ื•ื ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื, ื•ืึธื ืฉื‘ึผืช ื ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื“ืขื ื›ึผืจื•ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืฆื™ืื ืขืจ ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื 
ืคืึธืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื ืกืคืขืฆื™ืขืœืข ื“ืจืฉื”, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืฃ 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื”ื™ืœืช ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืคืึทืจืคื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืึทืคึผื™ืงื•ืจืงื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ึผื•ืš, ื•ื•ืึธื ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ,, ืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื'', ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืžืชืŸ 
ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจื˜ ืขืก ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจืึธื‘ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ื ื 
ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉืŸ ืจืช 2 

ื“ื™ื™ืจื•ืกื™ืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ืจืขืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข 
ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ. ื“ื• ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืขืคืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ืกืคืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื–ื— ืืจื•ื™ืก- 
ืฆื•ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืžืกื•ืจื” ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉืืจืคืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืžื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ืคื ืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื‘ึดึผื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ืฆืคืชืขืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื—; ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืืจื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ืคืืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ืคื•ื ื , ื‘ึตึผื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ'' ืื•ืŸ ,, ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ 
ืขืจื•ืš'', ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืงืก-ืื•-ืึทื›ืฆื™ืงืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ ื–ืงืŸ, ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืึทึธืจื•, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื• ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืžื™ื ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืงื‘ืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทืื•ื™ืคึผื˜ืจืึทื ื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืืœื™ืฉืข 
ื’ืืœื™ืงืข, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืฆื•ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืžื•ื ื ื—ืจื, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืคืชืขืจ 
ืจืคื ื™ื ืืœืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืขืžืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™-ืจื•ืกื™ื ืฐืขืจืง 2 ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืึธืจื• ืื™ืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ 
ืืœื“ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื– ืžื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืžืชืขืจ ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื ืื™ื– ืึทืจื•ื™ืก ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื—ืชื™ืžื”. ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืœืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืฐื™ ืคื™ืœ ืžืึธืœืกืก ืœืขื ืขื ื“ืขืก, ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื’ืขืจ ืจื‘ 
ืคื—ืจ"2, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืงืขื ืŸ ื“ืขื , ืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื,,, ืื– ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜: , ืื™ืš ื‘ึตื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืžืขืกื˜ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื›ืจ 
ืคื•ื ื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืืœืง ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืึทืคึผื™ืงื•ืจืกื™ืฉืข ื‘ึผื™ื›ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ืžืขืŸ ื“ืŸ: , ืึธืžื•ืจ ืœืงืจื•ืช ื‘ึผื”ื" * 

ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื ื˜ื•ืึท ื’ื•ืคื ื•ื• ื“ืขืจ ,, ืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื’ื™ื'' ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื“ืจืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื• 8 ื”ืึธืคึฐืŸ ืื–ื ื—ืฉื•ื›ืข ืจืึธืœืข ื’ืขืฉืคื™ืœื˜ ืจืจืจื•ืกื™ื ืืœื˜ืข ื’ื•ืžืข ืคืจื™ื™ืœืฃ 


3 ืžื ื—ื ืคื•ืจืฉื• ืฐืฒื–ื ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆึธืึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ ืฆื•ื ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœ ืžื ื—ืก ืคึผืึทื ื•, ืึทื– ืขืจ 
ื”ืฆึธื ื“ืขื {ืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื" ื ืึธืฃ ื ื™ื ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ; ืขืจ ืฐื™ื™ืก ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืืฑื ืึท ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขืš 
ืžึดื™ื ืคื•ืจื™ื” ื“ื™ื™ืจื•ืกื™, ืึทื– ื™ืขื’ืขืจ ืœื™ืงื ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆืฒืฉื™ืจืขื›ืขื’ื•ื’ื’: ื’ืืžืช ื›ื™ ืœื 
ื™ืจื“ืชื™ ืœืžืœื ื•ืช ื™ืชืจ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ืืฉืจ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืฉืžื•ืขื” ืฉืžืขืชื™ ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืžืชืœื•ืฆืฅ ื‘ื“ื‘ื“ื• 
ื—ื–"ืœ, ื›ึดึผื™ ืœื ืจืฆืื™ืชื™ื™ ืขื“ ื”ื ื”, ืื›ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื”, ื”ื•ื“ืืช ื‘ืขืœ ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” 
ืืฆืœื™, ื› ื›ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžื ืกื•ืื” ืชืžื™ืœ ืœื”ืฉ ื‘ึทึผืื•ื ึดื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืข ื”ื”ื”" | 

7 ื–ืข ืคื•ืจืคื•ื ื‘ืจื™ื”, ืฐืึธื˜ ื”ืึทืœื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืึทื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจืขืžื ื˜ืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืชึผื”ืœืช 
ืœืžืฉื”", 2-7, 

2 ื“ื™ื™ืจื•ืžื™ ื’ื•ืžื ืจืขืจื ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืŸ ืฐืขืจืง ืกื™ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืจืขืกืคืขืงืก ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืึฒืจื” ' 

9 ืคึธื‘ึนึผืืฑ ื—ื ื•ืœื”', 1589, { 38, } 142 ืขื•ืžื™ื‘ืžื” ืื’ื™ ืจ 87 ืฉื” - ื›ืคืคืจ ื”ื•ื˜ 
ืฉื˜ ื•ืฉืืจื™ืช ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืจืง ื™ืจื•ื ื• ืื•ืชื• ื›ื‘ืฉืคื˜ื•, ื•ืกืคืจ ื•ื” ื”ื•ื 2723. ืกืืจ'ื˜ ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื ื™ื 
ืจืขืจ ืืคื•ืจ ืœืงืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ื"ืก 





152 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ ืขืจื’ 


ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžื•ืคืงืึทื˜ื• ืื•ืŸ ืžืฉื” ืคึผืจืึธืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืึทืœื™, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืจื™ ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึธื˜ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื— 
ืžื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื”, ืฐื™ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืœื˜ 28 ื™ืึธืจ, ืฆื• ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ,.ืžืื•ืจ 
ืขื™ื ื™ื'!, ืกื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืกื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื“ื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœืข ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ึผืขื ื™ืฉ. 

ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ืึธื ืคึผืึทืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื—ืจืžื•ืช ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื™ืจื•ืกื™ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืึท ื›ึผืชื‘ ื”ืชื ืฆืœื•ืช ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ , ืžืฆืจืฃ ืœื›ึผืกืฃ''. ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื™ืงืŸ, ื’ืขืœืึทืกืขื ืขื 
ื˜ืึธืŸ ืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื˜ ื“ื™ื™ืจื•ืกื™ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืจื•ื ื–ืข ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜- 
ืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– 53 ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืฉื” ืžืกื™ื ื™ !; ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ืฉืข 
ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื’ื’ ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืชึผืงื•ืคื” ืื™ื– ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืจื™ืึทืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึธืคื˜, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืจืื™ื•ืช ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ื™ืจ 
ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ,,ื—ื›ืžื™ ืฆืคืช'' ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขืฉื™ืกื˜ 
ืืŸ ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจ ,,ืžืฆืจืฃ ?ื›ืกืฃ'' ื“ื™ ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืคืช 5 

ื“ืขืจ , ืžืฆืจืฃ ืœื›ึผืกืฃ'', ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืงืœืึทืกื™ืฉืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืœ, ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื“ืจื•ืกื™ื ,,ืฉืฐืึทื ืขืŸื™ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื’". ื“ื™ ืฉืืจืคืข ืึธื ืคึผืึทืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผื ืก- 
ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืจื•ื™ื ื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืฉืฐืึทื›ืข ืคื™ื–ื™ืฉืข ื›ึผื•ื—ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ึผืŸ (ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 1578). ื ืึทืจ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื ืึธืš 
ืขื–ืจื™ื” ื“ื™-ืจื•ืกื™ืก ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,,ืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื'' ื ืึธืš ื ืœืึทื ื’ืข. ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ ืœืึทืกื˜ ืคื•ื ื ืฉื ื–ืจืขื ื’ืŸ ื—ืจื. ื“ื•ืจืš ื“. ืงื•ื™ื- 
ืžืึทืŸ ืึท ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขื“ื•ืช, ืึทื– ืคืขืจืฆื™ืง ื™ืืจ ื ืึธืš 
ื“ื™ื™ืจื•ืกื™ืก ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ (1619) ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื’ืขื‘ึผืขื˜ืŸ 
ืึท ื”ื›ืฉืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืคืขืจืึทืจืขืจ ืจื‘ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื•ึน ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื , ืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื˜', ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืคืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ืจื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ 17ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื”, ืœืขืึธืŸ ื‘ึผืจื™ืขืœื™, ื‘ึผืขืช ืขืจ ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจื˜ 
ื“ืขื ,,ืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื'', ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืึธื ืฆื•ึผื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœืข ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ึผืขื ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ื“ื•? ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืฆื• ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึธื˜ืขื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง. 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ , ืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื'' ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื•ืช ื ื™ื ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืงืข ืžืงื•ื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผื ืก-ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืงืข 
8 ืžืึทื ื•ืžืขื ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ึผืœื™ื‘ึผืŸ, ื ืžืึธื ื•ืžืขื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืฒื ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืขืกืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื™ื™ื–ืŸ. ื“ืขื ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืžื”ืจื™"ืœืก ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ 
ืžืงื•ื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ --- ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืžืขืงื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืจืขื›ืขื ื™ืฉ 
ืคื•ื ื ,,ืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื', ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. 
ืืžืช, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืฉืึทืฆืŸ . ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ 


? ,ืžืฆืจืฃ ืœื›ึผืกืฃ', 9 {ืž:ื ื•ืœื ืœึนื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื‘ืœื” ื ื›ื•ืื™ืช ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ 
-ืžืฆื•ืกืฆื˜ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”", ื–ืข ืืฑื™ืš ,ืืจื™ ื‘ื™ื’ื”ื™, ืงืึทืคึผื™ 25 ืื•ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ืงืึทืคึผ' 29, 


5 ,ืžืฆืจืฃ ืœื›ืกืฃ", 116, 135, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื“ืŸ 13 


ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜. .ืึธื‘ึถึผืขืจ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™-ื“ื•ืกื™ืก 
ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืจื‘ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื—ืจื ื’ืขื”ืึทื ื ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ,, ืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื'' ื’ืจื•ื™ืก 
ืจืขืกืคึผืขืงื˜ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ. ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืขื ื‘ืขืœ , ืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื'' ื’ืขื™ 
ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ืขื ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื ืื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืขืžืจื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ 18ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจื—ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜, ืื– ืขื–ืจื™ื” ื“ื™-ืจื•ืกื™ื ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื“ืึทึฒืจืฃ 
:ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื ื™ื˜ , ืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื', ื ืึธืจ ,ืžืขึทื•ื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื"". ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื 
ืคืœื™ื™ืกื™ืง ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืœื™ื™ืกื™ืง ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจื˜ -- ืืžืช, ืขืœืคึผื™ 
ืจื•ื‘ ืึทื ืึธื ื™ื, ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ืจื•ืคื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ื ื‘ึทึผื™ื™ื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืคืจืกื ืžืื›ืŸ 
ืึทื–ื ื ืขืคืขืจืœืขืš ื—ื™ื‘ึผื•ืจ 1. ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ื•ึนืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ื ื 
18ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื— ื“ืขื ,,ืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื ึดื™ื'' ื ึดื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืขืจ- 
ืœื™ื ืขืจ ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื, ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืขืœื™ ,,ื”ืžืืกืคื™ื', ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื’ื•ืึตืœื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ 1794 ืžื™ื˜ ื ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื ืื‘ืข ืžื–ื›ึผื” ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ. ืคื™ืœ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ืœืขื›ืขืจ 
;ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื , ืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื'' ืคืึทืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ื 
4--18ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜, ืึทื–ืฑื™ื ืข ื ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข ื•ื™ ื‘ื•ืงืกื˜ืึธืจืฃ, ื‘ืึทืจืžืึธืœืึธื˜ืฉื™, 
ื‘ึผืึธื›ื”ืืจื˜ ื"ื ืคืœืขื ืŸ ื ื™ื ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขืจืก ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก 
ื™ืจืึทืช ื”ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ ื“ืขื ื‘ืขืœ , ืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื', ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ื ึดื™ื˜ ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืึทื˜ืฒืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืกืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ , ืืžืจื™ ื‘ึผื™ื ื”" 


1 ื–ืข 1 ืฆื•ื ืฅ, ืฆื™ื, ืฐืขืจืงืŸ ืž. ืฉืžืจืึทืฉื•ืŸ, ื—ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฆื• ืžืง"ื™ื” ื ืืžื ื”", 810-207. 








ืคื™ื ืคื˜ืขืจ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ 


ืจื™ ืฉืงื™ืขื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื ืขืกืึทื ืกื™ืชึผืงื•ืคื”. -- ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉืข ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึท. 
ื˜ื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืข ืจืขืึทืงืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืžืึทืœื™ืข. -- ืœึฐืื™ืฆึธืœืึธ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทืจืึทืคึผืึท, ื“ื™ ื™ืขืฐื™ึทื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ื™ื ืขืจ, -- ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืงืฐื™ื–ื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ืฆืขื ื–ืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ืขื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ึผื•ืš, -- ื“ืขืจ ืชึผืœื˜ื•ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืจืึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฉืฒืคึฟืขืจื”ืฑืคืŸ, -- 
ื“ื™ ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืฑืคึผืกื˜ ืคึผื•ืฑืœื•ื ื“ืขื ืคึฟืขืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืึธืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™' 
ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื“ืึธืงื˜ืฑื™ืจื™ื, -- ื“ื™ ืฆืขื ื–ื•ืจ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ึผื™ื›ืขืจ, -- ื“ื™ ืจืขืึทืงืฆื™ืข 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. -- ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทืจืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉืžืจืข+. 
ืžื•ื ื ืขืŸ, -- ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื“ืจื•ืงื™ืืฑืกื’ืึทื’ืข ืคื•ื ื {ื•ื•ื”ืจ' ืื•, ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข 
ืงื‘ึผืœื”:ื˜ืคืจื™ื. -- ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืกืจื•ืง ืื•ืŸ ืžื ื—ื ื“ืฒืคึฟืึทื ื•, -- ื“ื™ ืจืึธืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืข ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืžืึทืœื™ืข, -- ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžื™ื ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงื•ืœื•ืŸ. -- ื™ืขืงื‘ 
ืœืึทื ื“ืฑ ืื•ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ ืงืึทืฆืขื ืขืœืขื’ื‘ึผืฑื’ืŸ, -- ื“ืฒืžืฉื™ืจื‘ึผื ื™ืฉืข. ื™ืจืืช.ืฉืžื™ื ืื•ืŸ 
ืจืขื ืขืกืึทื ืก=ื™ืจื•ืฉื”, -- ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ื’ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื’ื ื™ื ื”ื–ื™ื•ืŸ". -- ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืคื•ื ื 
ืฐืขื ืขืฆื™ืึทื ืขืจ ื’ืขืžืึธ. ืื™ืŸ ืึทืจื™ื” ืคืึธื“ืขื ืึทืก ื‘ึผืจื™ืฐ ืื•ืŸ ืืฑื˜ืึธื’ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืžื™ืข, -- 
ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืึทืจืงืขืฐืึธืœื˜ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื•ื’ืช ื”ื›ึผื•ืฉื', -- ืืจื™ื” ื“ื™ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึทืก ืงื™ื’. 
ื“ืขืจ.ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ึผืึทื ืึทื‘ึผื•ื ื’ืŸ ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท ืึทืœื ืคึผืขืจ. 
ื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื, -- ื“ืขืจ ,ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจ" ืึทืœื ื’ืจืขืคืžืขืจ ืืฑืžืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื, -- ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึทืก 
ืงื•ืง ืืฑืฃ ื“ืขืก ืขื ื“ืฆื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœืž, - ืึท ืจื‘ ืึทืœืก ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืงืขื’- 


ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื ื•ืช, -- ืืจื™ื” ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท โ€ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฉืึทืŸ ืžืขืกืœื™ืข, -- ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืฒื˜ 
ืคึผื•ื ื ืคึผืึทืžืคึผืœืขื˜ ืึธืงึธื•ืœ ืกื›ืœ". -- ื“ืขืจ 38ืขืฉื˜ืขืจืขืจ" ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื‘ึผื•ื ื”', -- 
ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืžืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท ืงืขื’ืŸ ืงื‘ึผืœื”. -- ื–ืฒืŸ ืื‘ึนึผืŸ ื“ื•ืจ" ืื•ืŸ ื”ืืจื™ ื ื•ื”ื". 


ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ื ื ืงืึทืžืฃ ืงืขื ืŸ ื“ื™-ืจื•ืกื™ื: 
ืคึผืจื™ื™ืข ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ืงื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืึธืจื˜ืึธื“ืึธืงืกืข ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื. 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœื™ื ืื•ื™ืก ืฆืคืช, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืจืึธ- 
ืคึผืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืคื™ืœื–ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’, ื•ื™ ืžืฉื— ืคึผืจืึทืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืึทืœึตื™ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžื•ืกืงืึทื˜ื•!,. 
ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผื•ืœื˜ืข ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฉื™ื ื™ื™, 


{ ื–ืข ืžื•ืกืงืึทื˜ื•ื ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ืกื™, ืฐืึธืก ืงืฑืคึผืžืึทืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ โ€ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืคืจื™ื›ืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืึธื ื˜ืŸ ืึทืจืฉื™ืงืœ ืคึผืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื (ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 81), ืื™ื ื ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื• ืคื™ืœื ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื‘ึผื•ืœื ืžื•ืกืงืึทื˜ื™ืก. 
ืจื•ื ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื™ืจื•ืกื™, ืคืึทืจืฐืึธืก ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžืคืงืคืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืึธืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึทืžืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขืจืŸ 
ื ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืชึผืœืžื•ื“, ื‘ึผื ื™ื ืข ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทื ืข, ืฐื™ ืœืึทื ื’ ืก'ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขื“ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึดึผื™ืช ืฉื ื™ 
154 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉ ื›ืกื’ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขืจ ืœื™ืฉืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ืฑืŸ 153 


ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืคื•ื ื 10ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื— ืคืึธืจื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืคื•ื ื ืื™ื˜ืืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื™ื—ื ื˜ื•ื. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึทื–ื™ืงืข 
ืฉื˜ื˜ืจืงืข ืขื ืจืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืžื™ืžื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืขื ื˜ืข 
ืงืจื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขื’ื’ ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ื•ื ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ื™ื ืกื˜ื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ืคืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืž" 
ืฉื˜ืขื ืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืึทืœืฅ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ ื’ืขืจืจื™ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืขืงืึธ- 
ื ืึธืžื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข. ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื›ึผืŸ ืคืจืขืžื“ืฅ 
ื—ื™ื™ืœื•ืช ืคืืฑืคืœื™ื™ืฆื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืœืึทื ื“, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืจ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืื˜ื•- 
ืœื™ืฉืข ืจืขืึทืงืฆื™ืข ืึทืœืฅ ืื•ืžื‘ืจื—ืžื ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืึทื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืฉืืจืคืข ื ืขื’ืœ, ื“ื™ 
ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉืข ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืžืึทื›ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืœื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื’ืขืึทืคึผืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ืœืืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื‘ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฅ ืื™ื˜ืืœื™ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ". 
ืฉื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึธื˜ืขื ื“ืขื ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืื ื™ื–ื, ืฆืขื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ . 
ืื™ืจืข ื‘ืึทืฉืคึผืึธืจื ืกืข ืฉื˜ื™ื•ื•ืœ ื“ืจื™ ืฆืึทืจื˜ืข ืจืขื ืขืกืึทื ืก:-ื›ืœื•ืžืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ 

ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื˜ืคึผืึธื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง ื”ืึธื ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืžืึทืœื™ืข ืฆืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ 
ืจื™ ืฉื•ื•ืืจืฆืข ืคืœื™ื’? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืื˜ื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืขืึทืงืฆื™ืข. ื“ืขืจ ืžืœืš ืงืึทืจืœ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคื™ื ืคื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืขืจ ืฉืคึผืึทื’ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ืจื™ ืงื™ืกืจ-ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืจื™ื™ื˜ืฉืœืื ื“, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืกืœืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืคืึทืจืžืึทืฆื™ืฅ- 
ื‘ึผืื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืจืชึผื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ืกื˜ืŸ ืงืืžืฃ. ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื–ืขืจื ืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ื”ืื˜ 
ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืึธืฆื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ึนื ื ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, 
,ืืคึผื™ืงื•ืจืกื™ืฉืŸ'' ื’ืขื“ืื ืง. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืงืึทืžืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึทืจ? ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืกื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทื˜ืฑื™ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื™ืจืš. ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ื ืื™ืžืคึผืขื˜ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ , ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืจ ื•ืœืื‘ื“' -- ืื•ืฑื™ืกืจืึทื˜ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ. ืื™ืŸ 1840 ื”ืึธื’ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข, ื“ืขืจ ืฉืžืึทื ื™ืขืจ ืœืื•ืึธืœื 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืžืืœื™ืขื ืขืจ ืงืืจืืคื, ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ื“ืขื ื™ืขื–ื•ื™ื˜ืŸ- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืขืึธื™ 
ื˜ื™ื ืขืจ-ืึธืจื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฆื™ืœ ืื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืคืึธืจืžืืฆื™ืข" 
ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขื ืขืจืฉื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ืŸ ืงืื˜ื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ื•ืจืขื ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืกื ื™ื™ ื‘ืึทืคืขืกื˜ื™ืงืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื–ืขืจื ืขืจ ื“ื™ืกืฆื™ืคึผืœื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื›ืจื—ืžื ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงืึทืžืฃ ืงืขื ืŸ ืึทืคึผื™ืงื•ืจืกื•ืช 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ืื ืง, ืืจืื ืง ื“ืขื ืขืงืฉื ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงื ืื™ ืงืึทืจืึทืคืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืื™ื– ืึทืœึฐืฅ ืžืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึทืงื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ืฐืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคึผืฑืคึผืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืจืึทื•ื•ื™ื ืฆืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜ -- ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืงื•ื™- 
ื–ื™ืฆื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืคื ืึทื‘ืข ืื™ืŸ ืฐื•ื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืŸ ืœืึทื ื“ ื“ื™ 
,ืฆืจืขืช'" ืคื•ืŸ ืืคึผื™ืงื•ืจืกื•ืช. ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืืงืข ืึทืœืฅ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืงืึทืจืืคื ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืฆื•ื ืžืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืœืœืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ืŸ ืงืืžืฃ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ืจืœืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืกื˜ืŸ ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ --- ื“ืขื ื“ืจื•ืงื™ื•ื•ืืจืฉื˜ืื˜. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืขืก ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืึตื™ื " 
ื’ืขืคื™ืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผื™ื›ืขืจ-ืฆืขื ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืฆื•ึน ืฉื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืจืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืจื•ื™ืข ืฐืึธืจื˜. ืึทืคื™ืœืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืื•ืžืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง ื‘ึผื•ืš, 


158 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ึผืขืจื’ 


ืฐื™ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ืจืึทืคืึทืขืœืก ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ืงืืกื˜ื™ืœื™ืึธื ืข ,ืกื–ื˜ื•ืŸ 
0 660' (ื“ืึธืก ื‘ึผื•ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืชื ื”ื ื•ืช ืคื•ื ื ื”ืฑื™ื˜ืžืึทืŸ), ืื™ืŸ 
!ืึทืจืฑืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ึผืฉืŸ ื•ืขื™ืŸ: ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื ื–ืึธืจ-ื‘ึผืœืฒืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜, ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžืขืงื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ , ืคืึธืจื˜ื•ื ืึท!'. ืฐื•ึผ ื ืึธืจ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ืฅ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืฐืึทื ื“ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืึท ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ืจื’ืขืจ ืืึทื–'ื•ื•. ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ืžื–ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื‘ึผืึธืงืึทื˜ืฉื™ืึธืก 
ื“ืขืงืึทืžืขืจืึธืŸ!' ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง. ื ืึธืš ื‘ึผื™ื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžื–? ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ื™ืฉืข ืกืคืจื™ื, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื“ึนืขึถืจ ื”ื•ึนืžืึทื ื™ื–ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขืคืึธืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืฆื•ึน ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, 
ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทื˜ื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืข ืฆืขื ื–ืึธืจืŸ, ื“ื™ ืชึผืœื™ื ื™ื ืคื•ื ื 
ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง, ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคืืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืฉื ื 
ืฆื•ื ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉืŸ ื‘ึผื•ืš. 


ืกืš-ื”ื›ึผืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ื ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืฐื•ื•ื ื˜ืฉ ืคื•ื ื ืจืืฉ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทื˜ื•ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื™ืจืš, ื“ืขื ื’ืขื‘ื™ืœื“ืขื˜ืŸ ืคึผืฑืคึผืกื˜ ืœืขื•ื• ื“ืขื ืฆืขื ื˜ืŸ, 
ืึท ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืœืขื’ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืึธืคึผื ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ื‘ึผืขื ื“ ื“ืขื 
ื ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื™ืง ื™ืึถืจ ืึทืจื•ื ื”ืึธื ืžึถืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ื‘ึผืึทืžืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื•ืคึผืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฉืชึผื“ืœื•ืช ืคื•ึนืŸ ืงืจื™ืกื˜" 
ืœืขื›ืข ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจ, ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืขื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื”ื•ื™ืคึฟืŸ.. 


ืึท ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื ื•ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืฉืขืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืฆื™ืข ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืึทืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืจื™ื™ื›ืข ืงื•ื™ืคืœื™ื™ื˜, ื™ื•ืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืึทืŸ ืื•ืฃ 
ื‘ึผืจืึทื ืึทื“ื™ื ื™, ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืฉืข ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจื™ื™ืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืงืึธื ืงื•ืจื™ืจื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ื‘ึทึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ 
ืงืึทื ืงื•ืจืขื ื˜ืŸ ืืฑืกื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึธื›ืŸ ืึทื–ื ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืขืจ ืกื™ื›ืกื•ืš, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ืข ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช. ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืฉื•ืžื“ื™ื, 
ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžืึธืจืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื—ื ื ืืœ ื“ืฒืฒืคืืœื™ื ื™ืึธ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœื™ื”ื• 
ืœืขืฐื•ื™ื˜ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ, ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ืžืฉื•ืžื“, ืฉืœืžื” ืจื•ืžืึธื’ื•, ื ืขืžื˜ืจื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ืข, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข 
ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉืข ืกืคืจื™ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ื™ื ื“ืœืขื›ืข ืึธื ืคืึทืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ื ื˜ื•ื 1. 
ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืงืฐื•ื™ื–ื™ื˜ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ื™ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืœืคื ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ึผืึทื“ 
ืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืึท ืงืึธืžื™ืกื™ืข. ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืจื“ื™ื ืึทืœืŸ, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื—ื•ืงืจ ื•ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื™ 
| ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืกื™ืจื” ืื™ื– ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง. , ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜. ืžืขืŸ ืขืก -- ื‘ึผืึทืžืขืจืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืึทืœ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ื™ืœื“ืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืกื˜ ืึทื ื“ืจื™ื™ ืžืึทืกื™ื•ืก -- ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืข ื‘ึผื˜ืื•ื™ืคื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ 


1 ื›ึผืึทืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืข ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืฉืขืจืขืกืึทื ืžืข ื‘ึผืจื™ืฐ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืจืฒ ืžืึทื—ื™ื•ืก, ื”ืึธื 
ืฉื ืจืœื˜ืก ื”ืึธื ืคึฟืึทืจืขืคื ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืจืขื’ืข", 221--231, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืกืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืกื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 11 


ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืขืก ืึทืจืฑืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืฐื•ืึทืœื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทื•ื‘ึผืŸ""1ื’ 
ื“ื™ ืงืึทืจื“ื™ื ืึทืœ-ืงืึทืžื™ืกื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ืึทืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึทื ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืคึผืกืงื™ื“ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืช 
ื“ืขื ืกืžืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืœืึทื ื ื˜ ื ื‘ืงืฉื” ื“ืขื ื˜ืฑื™ืžืกื˜ ื™ืคื™ื•ื ื“ืขื 
ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ, ืึทื– ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืฐืึธืก ื ื™ื›ืขืจ ืืฑื™ื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืžืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืฉืขื“ืœืขื›ืข ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื•ืคึผื˜ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึตืฒื™ื ื ืขืฐื™ืœื™ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
2 ืื•ื ื•ืกื˜ 1899 ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืกืคืขืฆื™ืขืœืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืคืขืœ, ื“ื™ ืื•ื - 
ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืฆืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืจืข ื‘ึผืึทืคื•ืœืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื˜ืข, ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ 
ื”ื•ื™ื–ื“ื–ื•ื›ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ึนื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทืœืข ืชึผืœืžื•ืจื™ืขืงื–ืขืž" 
ืคึผืœืึธืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื ืขืžื•ื ืขืŸ. ืฉื‘ึผืช, ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜! ื˜ืึธื’ ืจืืฉ-ื”ืฉื ื—, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ืชืœืžื•ืจืขืงืขืขืžืคึผืœืืจืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืขื ื˜ ืื™ืฃ 
ืืŸ ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ึนื™ื. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื—ื–ืจื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืœืึธื ื™ืข, ืคืขืจืึทืจืข, ืžืึทื ื˜ื•ื, ืฐืขื ืขื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉืฅ 
ืกื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจืก 2. ,ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื–ื™ื ื“ --- ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืึธืจืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืืฑื‘ื ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ืžืึทืกื™ื•ืก -- ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื“ืขืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืึทื ืจ 
ื“ืขื ืคึผืขื˜ืจื•ืก-ืฉื˜ื•ืœ ืคื•ื ื ืจื•ื™ืžื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืฑืคึผืกื˜! ื™*. ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืจืขืจ ืฉืึทื ืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื“ืขืงื˜ ื“ืขืจ ,ืคึผืขื˜ืจื•ืก-ืฉื˜ื•?'' ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื•ื™ ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืคืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคึผืฑื™ืœื•ืก ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืงื ืื™ ืงืึท- 
ืจืึทืคื, ื“ืขืจ , ื˜ืขืื˜ื™ื ืขืจ'' (ื˜ื™ืึธื˜ื™ื ืŸ), ืฐื™ ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืฅ 
ืงื•ื•ืขืœืŸ * 

ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืคึฟืึทื ืึทื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืื” ืฆื• 
ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื– ืฆื• ืงืจืขื ืงืœืขื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืŸ *, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื‘ืึทื ื•ื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื”ื•ื™ืคื ืก ืคืึทืจ. ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืกืคืจื™ื -- ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื’ืืจื˜ ื ืึธืš ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ืงืจื‘ึผื ื•ืช. ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืกืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื–ื™ื ื˜ 
ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธืœืขืจืึทื ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืฑืคึผืกื˜ ืœืขื•ื• ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ, ื‘ึดึผื™ื– ื“ืขื ืคึผืฑืคึผืกื˜ ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ื“ืข 
ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืคื•ื™ืคึผืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืจืึธืฐื™ื ืฅ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืžืงื•ื ืกืžืงืœื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ 


ื“ืึธืจืกืŸ, 0225 
ื–ืข ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื ื›ื” ืืขืžืง ื”ื‘ื›ื", 111; ืคึฟืึธื’ืขืœืฉื˜ืฒืŸ ื, ืจื™ื’ืขืจ, ืฆื™ื˜, ืฐืขืจืง, |, 4146 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 223, 229 

4 ,ืขืžืง ื—ื ื›ื", 116 ื"ื•ืŸ ืึทื‘ืจื—ื ื’ืจืึทืฆื™ืึทื ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจืขืฐื™, ื“. ืขื˜. ื–ืฉืฐื™ืฃ', ืฉืช 
6, ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืงืฐืขืœืŸ ืฐืขืจื ืึทืคึผื™ืœื• ืืฑืกื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜, ืึทื– ืžึดื™ึธืกึดื™ื ื• ืžืึทื›ื˜ 
ื‘ื’ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื -- ื”ึธืžึถืŸ 


= 08 ืืก 


5 ื™ืกืฃ ื”ื ื—ืŸ ื’ึดื™ื ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคืึทืงื˜ (ืฆื™ื, ืฐืขืจืง, 116--3)117 ื“ืขื” 
ืคึผืฑื™ืคึผืกื˜ ืคึผื•ืœื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ื’ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจื™ืฐืŸ ืึท ื‘ึผืึทืคืขืœ, ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื‘ืกื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื›ื.ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ / ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฆื™ื ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขื˜ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื, ื ืึธืจ ืึทื“ืึทื ืง ื“ืขื 
ืงืึทืจื“ื™ื ืึธืœ ืคึฟืึทืจื’ืขื–ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธืก ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืง ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืขืจืฐื•ึผืกื, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ืœืจืขื” 
ื’ืึทืคืขืœ ื’ึดื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคื™ืจื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸืก 





156 : ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ 2ืจื’ 


ืื•ื™ืก ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื•ื’ืึทืœ ืึทื ื˜ืœืืคืขื ืข ืžืึทืจืึทื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืœ- 
ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืกื›ึผืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผื•ืคึผืกื˜ืŸ ืึธืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืฆื•ื ื’ืœืฑื™ื‘ึผืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืึธื‘ื•ึนืช. ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ึนื ื“ืช 
ืžืฉื” ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื ืขืงืขืจื˜ืข ืžืึทืจืึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืึทื ืงืึธื ืึท. ื“ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทื ืึทื˜ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืคึผืฑืœื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืึท , ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉื'', ื ืคืึทืจืฉื•ื•ืขื›ื•ื ื•ื’ ืคื•ื ื ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืกืŸ ืงืจื™ืกื˜- 
ืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืึทื‘ึผืึทืคึผืขืœ, ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ,,ืคื•ืจืฆื™ 
ื’ื“ืจ'' ื ืขื˜ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืขื ื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื ืขื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขื˜ ืžืฉืคึผื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ืข. ืคื™ืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืจืึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื ืงืึธื ืึท ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื ืขื’ืœื™ืงื˜ ื‘ึผืึท- 
ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื ืก ืฆื• ืึทื ื˜ืœืฑืคืŸ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ื“? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื•ืขืœื˜, ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ื‘ึผื˜ืจื™ืžื˜ืŸ ืžืขืฅ- 
ื“ื™ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึธืžืคึผืขื ื“ื™ื•ื ,66010040',,. ืึทืžืึทื˜ื•ืก ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ื–ื™ื˜ืื ืขืจ. ื ื˜ื™ื™ืค 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืขื ื•ืžืขื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ืข ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืŸ 
ื‘ืึทืคืขืœ ืคื•ึนื ื ืึทืœืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืกื•ืœื˜ืึทืŸ ืกื•ืœื™ื™ืžืึทืŸ ืึทืจืฑื™ืกืœืึธื–ืŸ ืžืจื™ื™, ืึทืœืก ื˜ืขืจ- 
ืงื™ืฉืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ 24 ืžืึทืจืึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืขื‘ึผืขืš ืื•ืžื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืฉื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื”ื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ืขื 24ื˜ืŸ ืžืึทื™ 1856 1. 


ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืฑืคึผืกื˜ ืคึผื•ื™ืœื•ืก ื”ืึธื ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื‘ืึทื ื•ื ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืจืึทื ืขืŸ. ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื•ื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืขื˜ืจื•ืก" 
ืฉื˜ื•ืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึทืจื™ืกื ืขื ืขื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืงืจืขื˜ ืคืคื•ืชืžื•ื ืฐื–ื˜ื˜ 
ื—ื–ื˜6ื–ื˜809',,. ืกื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืŸ ืฆื™ืœ ืฆื• ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื—ื•ืจื‘ึผืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืขืงืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉืขืจ ืœืึทื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžืึธืจืืœื™ืฉ ื‘ึผื™ื– 
ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืžื“ืจื ื”. ื—ื•ืฅ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ืจืขื ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ? ื•ืขืจื˜ 
ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขืงืจืขื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ึผืึธื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื“ืึธืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืงื•ืจื™ืจืŸ 
ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืึทืฆื™ืขื ื˜ืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ึนื™ื–ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ืึทืŸ 


1 ื•ืข ืขืขืžืง ื”ื‘ื›ื', 117--118. ืืจืขืฐื™ ื“, ืขื, ื–ืฉืฐื™ืฃ', ื•ืฉื, 168-66 ,ืฉืœืฉืœืช 
ื”ืงื‘ึผืœื”", ืฉืœื•ื, ืฐื•ึผ ืขื ืฐืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื ืงืึธื ืึท ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืข 
ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื˜, 

2 ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืงืจืขื, ืฐืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ืื•ื™ื 18 ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ, ืคืึทืจื‘ึฟืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ ื•ืึธืœืŸ 
ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื“ื™ื ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉืึธืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื ืคึฟืึทืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืกื—ืจ, ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื“ืœ ืžื™ื 
ืึทึธืœื˜ืข ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ, ื™ื™ืจืŸ ืžืึธืจืŸ ื ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ึผืึทืฐื˜ื’ืœืขืš ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ื•ื; ืฐื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ 
ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžืกืŸ ืึธืคึผื ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืŸ ืงืฐืึทืจื˜ืึทืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืขื ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒื™ ืขืจืœืฑื‘ึผื˜ ืฆื• ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื ื™ื 
ืžืขืจ ืฐื™ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœ, ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ืš ืื™ื– ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ ืฆื• ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืึท ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ื˜ืœ ืื™ืคืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขืจืข 
ื–ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืจื•ื™ ืึท ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœืŸ ืฉืœื™ื™ืขืจ, ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ ืœืฒื›ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืคึผืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’, ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธืจืŸ ื ื™ื ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืขื ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฒื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžืฉืžืช 
ื–ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื“ืŸ; ืืฑื™ืš ืคืึธืจืŸ ื–ืฒื™ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื ืฐืขื ื“ืŸ ืฆื• ืึท ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืขืจืŸ.ืฉื™ื˜ืœ 
ืืฐื•ืžื–ืก6" (ื•ืข ื”ืฉืœืฉืœืช ื”ืงื’ืœื”", ืกื•ืฃืŸ ืคึผืึธื’ืขืœืฉื˜ืฒืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื’ืขืจ, ืฆื™ื, ืฐืขืจืง, ื•ื• 152 3, 
ื–ืข ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ึผืฒื™ืœืึทื’ืข ื ื•ื' 6)). 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืคึผืขืจืึทืฉื”" ื‘ื™ ื™ื”ืŸ 9 


ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืข ืจืึธืœืข ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื“ืึธืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข; ืจืขืจ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ึผืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื’ืขืžืื ื›ื˜ ื ืฉื˜ืืจืงืŸ ืจื•ืฉื, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฆื• 
ื‘ึผืึทืฉื™ืฆืŸ ื“ืขื ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ื ืขืจื™ืงืึธืึธืคึผืขืจืึทืฆื™ืข, 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธืคืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื™ืจืข ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ืข ืคึฟืึทืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืขืจ: ื•ืจ 
ื“'ืึทืกืงืึธืœื™ 1 ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื“ื™ื™ืคึผื•ืžื™ืก ?, ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ 
ืคื•ื ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืœืขืงื˜ื™ืงืึทื’ืจืึทืคึผื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืง , ืฆืžื— ื“ื•ื“ ? ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืžืขื“ื™- 
ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉืข ืึทืจื‘ึผืขื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืค ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขืฉืึทืคืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกื– ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืข- 
ืœืขืจื ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜. ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืžื™ื˜-ืึทืคึผืึทืœืึธื ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฐืขืจืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื–ืฑื™ื ืข ืงื ืื™ื ืฐื™ ืคื•ื™ืœื•ืก ืื•ึนืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžื™ื˜ื”ืขืœื˜ืขืจ. ื“ื•ื“ 
ื“'ืึทืกืงืึทืœื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืึทืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืคืขื ื ืขื ื™ืฉ 4 ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื˜ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื , ื˜ืขืึธื˜ื™ื ืขืจื˜'' ืžืžืฉืœื” 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืœ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขืคืœืืงืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื”ื•ื™ืคื ืก ื˜ื•ืฑื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข ืกืคืจื™ื, 

ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ,,ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื”ืชึผืœืžื•ื“'', ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจื‘ืกื˜ 
3, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืกื•ื–ื˜ ืคืึทืจืžืื›ืŸ ืึทืœืข 
ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืฑืคึผืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืจืึทืฐื™ื ืฆืŸ. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ืœื“ืขื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื ื ื™ื™ืข ืื›ืกื ื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืงืจืขืžืึธื ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื•ื ืžื™ืœืึทื ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืฆืึทื ื˜ื•ื. ืงืจืขืžืึทื ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ืขื™ืจ 
ื”ืžืงืœื˜'; ืึทื”ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึทืจื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ืกืคืจื™ื, ืฐืึธื˜ ืก'ืื™ื• 
ืฆืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืจืึทื˜ืขื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ื ืชืœื™ื•ื ื˜ ื”ืขื ื˜, ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ืจืขื˜ 
ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจื™ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทื–ืึธืจื ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ึผื™ื›ืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึทื ื’ ื’ืข" 
ื“ื•ื™ืขืจื˜. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืžื™ื ื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืข ื“ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทื˜ืฑืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืข- 
ืืงืฆื™ืข, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื’ึถืขื•ื•ืึธืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื™ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ื ื’ืจื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ื•ืž?, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ืœื˜ื ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืฆืึทื ื˜ื•ื. ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืข" 
ื˜ื•ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืžืฉืœื—, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืžื™ื ื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ 
ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืขืœืคืึทืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ 
ืื™ื ืคืืœื“ ืึทืฐืฑืกืคืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื ืŸ ื‘ืึทืžืขืœ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืฆื• ืคืืจื˜ื™ืœื™ืงืŸ +ื™ 
ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขื›ืข , ืึทืคึผื™ืงื•ืจืกื™ืฉืข'' ื‘ึผื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ ื™ื™ืจืŸ, ื ืึทื ืฆืข ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ื‘ืขื ื“ 


1 ื–ืข ืคืึธื ืขืœืฉื˜ืฒืŸ ื. ืจื™ื’ืขืจ, ืฆื™ื. ืฐืขืจืง, |, 194ืŸ 5 ืคื™ืจื˜ื˜, ,ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจืขื ืข + 
ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ื“, ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืŸ ืขืจืฆื˜ืข" (ืฉื™ืึทื”ืจื‘ึผื•ืš ื, ื’ืขืฉ, ื“. ื™ื“ืข , || 358); 
2 ืžืขืจ ื‘ึผืึฒืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื•ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื ืฉืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื•ืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒื™ื, ื•ืข 
ืคื™ืจื˜ื, ืฆื™ื˜, ืฐืขืจืง, 358--269, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืฆื™ ืคืฆืžืช ื“ื•ืฃ" 
5 ืึท ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉื™ืึธืจืึทืžืขื™ืฉื™ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉื™ืœืึทื˜ืฒื ื™ืฉ ืฐืขืจืฉืขืจื‘ื•ืš,, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืคื•ืžื™ื 
ืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืฆืฉ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจ ืงืžื—ื™, ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ืืœ, ืืœื™ื”ื• ืœืขืฐื™ื˜ืึท ื ืึทื• 
ืกืึทื ืขืœืฉืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ึนืŸ ืจื™ื’ืขืจ, ืฆื™ื˜, ืฐืขืจืง, 154 





100 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ (ืื™ืŸ 1889) ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืจืขืžืึทื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืืœืข 
ืคืืจื‘ึผืจืขื ื˜ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜. ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ึผื™ื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทื’ื‘ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื“ืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืกื˜ื˜ืึทื ื˜ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึทื ื’ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฉื™ื ืขื ืข ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ื‘ึผื™ื‘ืœ-ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ 1 ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื™ืืจ ืื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืš ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื ื ืคึผืฑืกืคึผื˜ืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ืข- 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ืึทื˜ืขื ืข ื‘ึผื™ื›ืขืจ (18664), ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ- 
ืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ืฉืื™ ื›ึผืœื™ื. ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืฆื• 
ืจืึทื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ,, ืฉืืจื™ืช ื”ืคึผืœื™ื˜ื”!, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึธื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื—ืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืึทืœึถืข ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืข ืกืคืจื™ื, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื’ืขืคืึทืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคืึธืœื ื - 
ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืึธืจื’ื™ื ืขืœืขืจ ื”ืžืฆืื”: ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ,, ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื”ื—ืชึผืœืžื•ื“'' ืคื•ืŸ 19853, 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืึทื“ืข ืคืึธืจื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื-ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขื ืคืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึท ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”, ืึทื– ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื˜ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื, ืฐืึธื 
ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืคื“ื™ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื•ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ื ื ื•ืฐื•ืขืจืง *. ื“ื™ ื“ืจื•" 
ืงืขืจื™ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืจืขืžืึทื ืข ืื™ืŸ 1880, ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึทื™ื™ื ื’ืขืึธืจื“ื ื˜ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืฆืขื ื–ื•ืจ-ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึทืœื˜. ื™ืขื“ืขืก ืฐื•ืขืจืง, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ, ืคืœืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ ืคืจื™ืขืจ, ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜, ื ืขื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืฆื•ืงื•ืงืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืžืฉื•ืžื“ ืฐื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ื ืขืœื™ืื ื•, ืฉืœืžื” ืจื•ืžืึทื ื•ืค ื‘ึผืจื•ื“ืขืจ. ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืœ ืžื™ ืื•ืŸ 
ื ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืจืึทื˜ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืข 
ืจื‘ึผื ื™ืฉืข ืคืคืจื™ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืชึผื ืึทื™, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ื‘ึผื™ื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืง ,,ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ" * (ืž0ืก80ืขื–ื˜ืงืื) ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืœืข ืฆืขื ื–ืึธืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฆืึธืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื’ื•ืคื *. ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผื™ืฆื™ืขืœืข ืฆืขื - 
ื–ืึธืจืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ึผืขื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื—ืฉื•ื‘ืข ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื, ืฐื™, ืœืžืฉืœ, 
ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืคึผืจืึทืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืึทืœื™, ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืจืื•ื™ืก ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืึท ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื“ืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžืขืงื˜ ื•ืขืจืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึทืคื™ืœืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืฉืึทืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึท ืกืคืขืฆื™ืขืœ ื”ืึทื ื˜ื‘ึผื•ืšืฃ ,59/ื—1002:10ื–ื˜ 08ืž8ืก' (ืื™ืŸ 
ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ,,ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื™ืงื•ืก'), ืžื™ื ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืขื ื•ืึธืจืŸ 
ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ืฆืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื , ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงืŸ'" ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ึผื™ื›ืขืจ *. ื“ื™ ืžื—ื‘ึผืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืจืขื›ืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืข ืฆืขื ื–ืึธืจืŸ 


1 ื•ืข ;ืขืžืง ื”ื‘ึผื›ื", 120--122} ืœ, ืคื™ืจืกื, ืฆื™ื˜, ืฐืขืจืง, 340, 
ืคึผืึธื ืขืœืฉื˜ืฒื™ืŸ ื, ืจื™ื ืขืจ, ืฆื™ื. ืฐืขืจืง, 148; ืขื”ืขื‘ืจ. ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœ.", ืฉ, 14ื™ 
ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืฉ ืื™ื• ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื’ืขืฉืึธืกึฐืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 8 ืกืคืขืฆื™ืขืœืขืจ ื˜ืขืจืžื™ืŸ:! ;ื–ื™ืงื•ืง". 
ื–ืข ืื”ืขื‘ึผืจ, ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœ,", ืฉ, 03 

5 ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื™ืงืŸ ,ืกืคืจ ื”ื•ื™ืงื•ืง" ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื›ืœืœ ืฐืขื ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื ื–ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข 
ื‘ึผื™ื›ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข ืื™ื ื 16ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื—, ื•ืข ,ื”ืขื‘ึผืจ, ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœ,", ืฉ, 11-72, 101-596, 125--18 
ื“ืึธืจืžืŸ, ื•ืฅ, 70-68{ ,ืฆ, 8. ื”ืขื‘ืจ. ื‘ื™ื ืœ,", ืฐื˜, 166. 


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ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉื™ื ื˜ืข ืžื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืคึผืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื™ืจืŸ | 161 


ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ืข, ืฉื˜ืึทืฑื˜ , ื’ืขืจืฒื™ื ื™ืกื˜'' ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ 
ื ื™ื ื ื›ืฉืœ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื‘ึผืขืช ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ ื‘ึทึผืขืœื™ ,, ื—ื–ื™ืงื•ืก'', 
ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ ืื™ื–, ืฆื•ื ื‘ึผื™ื™ืฉืคึฟื™ืœ, ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืœ: ืขื–ืจื™ื” ื“ื™ื™ืจื•ืกื™ ืฆื™ื™ 
ื˜ื™ืจื ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืึธืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืก ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื‘ื™ื™ื’ืขืคื™? ื“ืขื ื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืŸ ื”ืขื‘- 
ืจืขื™ืกื˜ ืกืขื‘ืึทืกื˜ื•ืืŸ ืžื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขืจ ืžืึธื ืึทืš ืื™ื– 
ืึถื‘ึทึผืขืจ , ื ืชืคึผื˜ืจ'" ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืกื˜ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืจืขืคืึทืจืžืึทืฆื™ืข-ืคืึทืฐืขื’ื•ื ื’. ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื“ื™ ืกืื˜ื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืข ืงื™ืจืš ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืคืึทืจ 
ืึท ื›ึผื•ืžืจ ื‘ึทึผืขื™ืงืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธื˜ืœืขืกื˜ืขืจืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืจื•ืกื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืืจ ืžื•ืจื ื’ืข- 
ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคื˜ืจ ืึธืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜: 
ืคึผืœื•ื ื™ ืึทืœืžื•ื ื™'' ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžืชื ,, ื—ื›ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™" 1 


ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคืืจ 773 ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ึน ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืึทื–ืึท ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื ืขืจ 
ืฆืขื ื–ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื˜ืžืึธืกืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื›ืจื—ืžื ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงืึทืžืฃ, ืฐืึธื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ืข ื”ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืึทืคึผื™ืงื•ืจืกื™ืฉืข ื‘ึผื™ื›ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ึนึผืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ 
ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉืข ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ื—ืฉื“ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื™ืขื“ืŸ 
ื ื™ื™ืขื ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืก, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืจื•ืกื™ืก ืคืจื™ื™ืข ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขื›ื˜ื˜ืข ืืคึผื™ืงื•ืจืกื•ืช, 


ื“ืึท ืžื•ื– ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึถื‘ึผืขืจ ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 8 ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜} 
ืคึผืจื˜. ื˜ืึทืงืข ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ืขืš ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืจืขืึทืงืฆื™ืข, ื‘ึผืขืช ื“ืขืจ ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืฐืขืจื˜ 
ื’ืขืจื•ื“ืžืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืขื ื˜, ื˜ื•ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืฉื˜ื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืข ืกื™ืจืš ื’ื•ืคื ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜- 
ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื‘ึผืœื”-ืกืคืจื™ื ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืฐืึธื˜ ืžืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฉืคืจืฒื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคึฟืึทืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ"ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉืข 
ืžืฉื•ืžื“ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืฐืึทืœื“ืขืฐืขื˜ ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ , ืฉืขื“ืœืขื- 
ืงื™ื™ื˜'' ืคื•ื ื ืชืœืžื•ืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฆื•ึน ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืื˜ื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืข 
ื ื™ื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข, ืึทื– ื“ืขื ,,ื–ื•ื—ืจ'" ืื™ื– ื’ื™ื˜ ืคืจืขืžื“ ื“ืขืจ ื ืจื•ื ื˜-ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื™-ืื™ื™ื’ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืฐืขืจืง ื”ืขืจืฉื˜ 53 
ื ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ืœืขื›ืข ืคืืฆื™ื•ื ื’ ื™ืฆื•ื ืงืจื™ืกื˜ื ื˜ื•ื, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจื˜ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขื , ื˜ืขืึทื˜ื™ื ืขืจืก'' ืžื™ื˜ื”ืขืœืคืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท 
ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจื•ื“ืคื˜ ื“ืขื ืชึผืœืžื•ืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ืึทืœืขืจืึทื ื˜ 
ืฆื• ืงื‘ืœื—-ื˜ืคืจื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื‘ืขืช ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื•ื‘ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•-- 
ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจื ืžื•ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ืข ื ืขื›ืจืขื ื˜ 
ื“ืขื˜ ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžืคืจืฉื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื”ื•ื™ืคื ื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื—ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง ืื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืœื—"ืžืคืจ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ: ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ , ืกืžืจ 
ืืžื•ื ื•ืช'" ืžื•ึนืŸ ืฉื"ื˜ื•ื‘ } ืฉื"ื˜ื•ื‘ (1866), ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ , ืžืจืื•ืช ืืœื—ื™ื'' 


3 ื–ืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ ืกืขืจืœืขืกืŸ, ื’ื™ื™ื˜ืจืขื ืข, 40, 
110) 





162 ื—'ืจ ', ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


(1556) ืจืขืจ ,ืœื•ื™ืช ื—ืŸ" (1857), ื“ืขืจ , ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืœื—ื•ืช'. (1568) 
ืืึทื–"ื•ื• 1 : 

ืื™ืŸ 1589, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืึธืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืจืขืžืึทื ืข ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ 
ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืกืคืจื™ื ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืก ืคึฟืึทืจืคึผืจืขื ื˜, ืื™ื– ืžืึทืงืข ืื™ืŸ ืงืจืข- 
ืžืึธื ื˜ ื’ื•ืคื, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื ืคื•ืืฉ, ื“ืขืจ 
,ื–ื•ื”ืจ'' ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ื ื“ืจื•ืง ืึทืจืฑืก, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื ื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืึทืžืึธืœ, ืคึผื•ื™ืœื•ืก ื“ืขืจ , ื˜ืขืึทื˜ื™ื ืขืจ'' ื ื•ืคื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ืข ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืกื›ึผืžื” ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืจืขืžืึธื ืขืจ 
ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ึผืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ืฉื˜ื˜ืจืงืŸ ืึธื ื˜ื™ื™? ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืฐื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืึธ 
ืขืœึทื™ืึทื ื• ? (ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ึผื—ื•ืจื˜ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืง?), ืฐืึธืก ืึทื“ืึทื ืง ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืกื™ืจื” ืื™ื– ืขืก 
ื“ื™ ื“ืึทืžื™ื ื™ืงืึทื ืขืจ ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกืฆื•ื‘ึผืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœืคืึทืจ- 
ื˜ืจืขื˜ืขืจ ืึท ื‘ึผืึทืคืขืœ ื“ืขื , ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขืš-ืคื™ื™ื ื“ืœืขื›ืŸ" ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืขื ืขืŸ. 

ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ื ,,ื–ื•ื—ืจ'' ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื 
ืขืช ืฆืจื”, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจื•ื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืจื‘ึผื ื™ืฉืข ืฐืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข. 
ืึท ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืŸ ืžื”ืจ''ื ืžืคึผืึทื“ื•ืึท ื‘ึผืจืืฉ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜, 
ืื– ืขื˜ ืื™ื– 53 ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ื•ื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ,, ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ื ืกืชืจ'', ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ . 
ืื™ืŸ ,, ื–ื•ื”ืจ'', ื–ืึธืœ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืฆื•ื ืขื ื’ืœืขืš ืคืึทืจ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ. ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื›ึผืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืขืคืึทืจ ื’ืจืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื˜ืขื ื“ืขื ืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทื–ื•ึนื™ ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื ื ,,ื–ื•ื”ืจ'" 
ืึทื–ืฑื ืข ืคืึทืจื›ึผื™ื˜ืขื ืข ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ืคื•ื ื ืชืœืžื•ื“, ื•ื™ ืคึผื•ื™ืœื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžืงื•,'ื‘ื™ื. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึทืคื™ืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขืš ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืึทื– , ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ,,ื–ื•ื”ืจ'' ืงืึธืŸ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื›ึผืคื™ืจื”'' ื–, ื“ืขืจ 
ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ื“ืขื ,,ื–ื•ื”ืจ'' ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง ืฆื• ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ 
ื ืขื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืึทื–ื•ื™ื ืข ื”ื™ื™ืกืข ืึธื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจ, ื•ื™ ืžืฉื” ืคึผืจืึธืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืึทืœื™, ื“ืขืจ ืžืงื•ื ืœ 
ืžืฉื” ื‘ืึทืกื•ืœื. ืื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืก ื“ื™ืœืึทื˜ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึทื“ืึทื ืง ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก 


1 ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ ืื™ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืŸ ืจื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒื˜, ืžื ื—ื ืคึผื•ืจื˜ื•ื ื ืึทื™ึธืฐืข 
ื‘ึผืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ ืื™ื ื ื ืึธื›ืฐืึธืจื ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,ืžื ื—ื” ื‘ึผืœื•ืœื”": ืคื•ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ื›ึผื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ืœืขื™ื’ื• ื™ืกืžื™ืจื• ืฉืคื— 
ืขืœื™ ื‘ืคืจื ื›ึผื™ ืžืื—ืจื™ ืœื•ืงืชื” ืžืืชื ื• ื”ื’ืžืจื. ื’ืชืžืœืื” ื”ืืจืฅ ื“ืขื” ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœื™ื ื‘ึผืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื” 
ื”ืืœื—ื™ืช ื™ื•ืฉื‚ื‘ื™ ื‘ืกืชืจ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืืกืคืงืœืจื™ื ื”ืžืื™ืจื”, ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ ื•ื‘ืื•ืœืชื™ ืจืžื™ื 
ื•ื’ื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื›ึผื™ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื‘ื—ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื—ื–ื” ืœื ื™ืžืฆืื• ื›ืืœื” ื›ื™ ืื ื•ืขืจ ืฉื ื–ืขืจ 
ืฉื". (ืžื™ืจ ืฆื™ืžื™ืจืŸ ืœื•ื™ืคึผ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขืจืึธื ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื›ึผืข ืคื•ืŸ 1544), 

2 ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจืขืžืึธื ืขืจ ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ื’ืขืžื™ื ื ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืึธืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ึผืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’: 
ืฉื•ืชืฉืœื ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืงืจืฉ ืžื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื ืขื ื• ื•ื˜ืฆืื ื• ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื•ื•ื”ืจ'.. ื”ื™ึผื ื™ื•ื ืฉืฉื™ ื—' 
ื›ืกืœื• ืฉื ืช ื”ืžืฉืช ืืœืคื™ื ื•ืฉืœืฉ ืžืื•ืช ื•ืชืฉืขื” ืขืฉืจ ืœื‘ืจื™ืืช ืขื•ืœื, ื•ื”ื•ื’ื” ืขืœ ื™ืจื™.., ื”ื‘ึนึผื—ื•ืจ 
ื›ืž"ืจ ื•ื™ื˜ื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืืœื™ืึทื ื• ื ื›ืจื• ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื“ืงืจืงื™ื ื”ืจ"ืจ ืืœื™ืชื• ื”ืžื“ืงืจืง ื•"ืœ", 

8 ,ื”ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ื•ื—ืจ ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืžื™ื ื•ืช" (ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื•ื™ืงืข ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ืœืึทื™ 
ื˜ืึทืกืขืก ื”ื˜:ืžื” ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉืฉืขืจ ืฐื•ื”ืจ.ืื•ื™ืกื ืึทื‘ึผืข ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึทื ืžื•ืึท) 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืฉืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื™ืจืŸ 163 


ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืกืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื˜ื™ื˜. ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขื˜ืึทื  
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ื“ืœืึธื˜ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•1ื’, 
ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ื•ื—ืจ ืงืึธืŸ ื›ึผืจืขื ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื›ึผืคื™ืจื”: , ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืกื ื“ื™ ื”ืึทื ื˜ 
ืคื•ื ื˜ ืžืœื›ื•ืช, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ื ื—ื›ืžื”, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื– 
(ื“ื™ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื) ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื™ืจื˜, ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐืึธื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืžืื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื ื•ื˜ืข ื›ึผื•ื•ื ื” ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื–ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืจื‘ึผืข ืื•ื™ืก" 
ื“ืจื•ืคืŸ, ืฐืึธื˜ ืจื•ืคึฟืŸ ืืจื•ื™ื˜ ืงืจื™ื’ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืจื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ืจืŸ. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข 
ืจื‘ื ื™ื ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ (ื“"ื” ื“ื™ ื–ื•ื”ืจ-ืงืขื’ื ืขืจ), ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืึทืœึฐืฅ ืขื•ืงืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ --- ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขืก ื“ื™ ืื˜ืชืข ื•ืขืœื˜ืื•ืกื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืจ โ€ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœื˜ื™ืฆืข- 
ืฉื˜ืขืจืขืจ" ื’. 

ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ืขื›ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื 
ืืžื•ืœืคื™ื” ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืฆืึธืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืึธื ืคืึทืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืชืœืžื•ืจ., 

ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืึทืจื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉืข ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ = ื ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืชืœื•ืคื” ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืงืคื•ื ื’. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื™ื•ืขื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธื˜ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ื™ืœื“ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื˜ืึธืžืึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ื•ื•ืืœื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืœื•ื›ื”*, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ื™ ืงื‘ึผืœื— ื‘ึผืืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ื™ืข ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ืŸ. ืฆืžืช ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืื‘ึผืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ื•ืจื”, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืข ืžืงื•ื’ืœื™ื ืจ' ืžืฉื” ืกื•ืจื“ื•ื‘ื™ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ืจ' ื™ืฆื—ื” ืคื•ืจื™ื 
{ืื•""ื™). ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืคืช ืึทืจืึธืคื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืืœื™ืข ื ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœืขืจ 
ื˜ืฉื•ืœื—, ื™ืฉื•ืืœ ืคืจื•ื˜ 2 ืึทืŸ ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึทื ื™ื˜ืึทื˜ืึธืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื™ื˜ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืขืจืžืึธืœื’ ืคืืจืฉืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืขืจืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืคืชืขืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื ื˜ื•ืึท 
ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื•ืงืŸ ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืขืจื‘ืŸ ืึท ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืึธื ื”ืขื ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืจ"ื™ื ืฉื™ื˜ื” 
ืื™ืŸ ืงื‘ึผืœื” ืึดื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืŸ ืคื•ื ื ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืขื ืคื’ื—ื 
ืขื–ืจื™ื” (ืขืžึฐื ื•ืืœ) ื“ื™ื™ืคืึทื ื• 4, ื’ืขืžืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ืึทืจื˜ ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืฆืขืจ 
ืคึฟืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข *, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื ื—ื ืขื•ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืคื™ืœื–ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื•ื ื’, ืฉึถื‘ึผืขืจ 


1 ื’ืข ื“ื™ื™ืœืึทื˜ืขื˜ืขื ื”ืกืฆืกื” ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื˜ื•ืึทื ืขืจ ื–ื•ื”ืจื™ืื•ืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ึผืข (ืจื™ื™ืœืึทื˜ืขื˜ืขืก 
-ืฉื•"ืช, ื”ื’ื™ื’ืขืจ ืืฑืžื’ืึทื’ืข, 1860 / 4)124: (ื›ื™ ืืœื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ืคืฉื™ื ื”ื—ืœื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ืจื”ื 
ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืืกื•ืจ ื›ึผื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืชื’ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื’ื•ืจื— ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืจืคืช ื”ืชืœืžื•ืจ ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืงืขื” ืžืฆึธืื• ื•ื’ืœืจื• 
ื‘ื” ื ืฑืจ, ืื•ื™ ืœืื–ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืŸ ืฉื•ืžืขื•ืช,. ื•ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœึนื ื ื’ืขื” ื‘ื ื• ื™ื“ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉืœืช ื‘ืชื›ืžื” 
ืฉืœื ื›ื•ื ื• ืืœื ืœื›ื•ื ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื—ืกื™ืจ ืงื•ืฆื™ื ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืกืœื›ื•ืช ื—ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืœื™ืจื™ 
ืงื˜ื˜ื” ื‘ึดื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ืžื™ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืฉืจืืœ;, ื•ืืœื” ื”ื‘ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ืœืขืงื” ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ื”ึฐื‘ึตืœึตื™ ืขื•ืœื 
ื•ื˜ื—ืจื™ื‘ื™ ืขื•ืœื", 

2 ื•ืขื ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื ืฐืฒื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืžืข, 

8 ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืกืจื•ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจืง ื ื™ื (ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื—ื•ึนืฅ ืึทืคึดึผื™ืจื•ึนืฉ โ€ ื’ื ืขื™ื 
ื–ืžื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ืืฑื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ึผืชืจื™ืงืข ืขื•ืžื™ืจื”ืช". 

4 ื’ืขื‘ึผื•ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1548, ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1620 

5 ืžืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข ื“ื™ื™ืžืึทื ื•ืจ ื–ืข ืงืฑืคึผื˜ืึทื ืก ืึทืจื‘ึผืขื ืื™ืŸ ืคืจืขื”ื™ 
ืขื, /ื–ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฃ", 35, 84--690 | 





164 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื’ ืขืจื’ 


ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืฉื˜ืฉืจืง ืฆื• ื–ึดื™ืš ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื›ื™ืฉื•ืฃ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ึถืขืจ ;,ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ื ืกืชืจ'. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืžืงื•ื‘? 
ืงื•ืจื“ื•ื‘ื™ืจื—, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืื™ื ืึธืคื˜ืข ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ึนืŸ ื ืึธืš ืงื•ืจื“ื•ื‘ื™ืจื—ืก ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™-ืคืึทื ื• ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืกื•ืžืข ื’ืขืœื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืงืฑืคื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœืžื ื— ืึทืœืฅ. 
ื›ึผืชื‘ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขื• ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื•ืจื“ื•ื‘ื™ืจื—ืŸ, ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื•ื™ ืคืจื•ืง ืฐืึธื˜ ืื™ื 
ื‘ึผืฉึทืงึถืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืฆื—ื˜ ืœื•ืจื™ืืก ืฉื™ื˜ื—, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืจ"ื™ืก ืึท ื‘ืจืขื ืขื - 
ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื—ืกื™ื“. ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื”ืชืคึผืขืœื•ึนืช ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืึทื ืฉื ื“ื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืึทืจ"ื™ืก. 
ืื™ื“ืขืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคื™ืœืฆืึธืœื™ืœืข ืฐืขืจืง, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ +, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื—, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ึฟ ื’ืขื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฉื ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืคืœืขื’ื™ 
ืึทื—ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก. 
ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืœืึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ื™ืœืŸ, ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ, ื•ืืก 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ื™ืฉ'"ืจ ืžืงืึทื ื“ื™ื ืงืจื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ , ืจื‘ึผืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ื‘ืคื™ 
ืืจืฆื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘" *?, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืข= 
ื–ื•ื—ืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืงืฐืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื›ืžืช ื—ื ืกืชึผืจ, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื, 
ืื•ื™ืš ื ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืืฑื˜ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื” โ€ ื› ื— ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ืขื ื›ืœืœ, ืึทื– ,ื“ืขืจ ืชึผืœืžื•ืฃ 
ื‘ึผื‘ึฟืœื™, ื“ืขืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืข' (ืฉื”ื‘ื‘ืœื•' 
ื•ื”ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื•ืกืคืจ ื—ื–ื•ื—ืจ ื›ื•ืœื ืืžืจื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ), 

ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืึทื–ืึท ืคืจื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ, ืฐื•ื™ ืขื–ืจื™ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืึทื“ื•ืžื™ื, ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ืขืฃ- 
ืงืขื ื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืืฑื˜ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ , ื—ื›ืžื™ ื—ืืžืช"+, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืขื ื–ื•ื—ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ'' ืจ' ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ 
ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื•ื—ืื™ (ื—ืืœื—ื™ ืจ' ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื›ึผืŸ ื™ื•ื—ืื™) *+ ืืžืช, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืึทืจืคืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื‘ึผืœื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืจื•ืกื™ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึธืจื ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ื ื ื–ื•ื—ืจ ื—ืึธื‘ึผืŸ 
ื‘ึผืฉืื•ื ืื•ื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืคืŸ ื™ื•ื—ืื™ืก ืฆืฒื™ื˜ืŸ; 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึถื‘ึผืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธื’ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืึธื ืฆื’ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจืขืคื ื“ื™ืกืข ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ืจื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ?. ืื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื”ื• ืœืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขืก 


1 ืžืฉื— ืงื•ืจืจื•ื‘ื™ืจื—ื˜ ื–ืŸ, ื’ื“ืœื™ื”, ืฉืจื™ื™ื ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืงื“ืžืช ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉืžืขืจ 
ืืฑืกื ืึทื’ืข ,ืื•ืจ ื ืขืจื‘" 1 ,ื—ื—ื›ื ื”ืฉืœื ื—ืจืž'ืข ืžืคืื ื• ื ืจ"ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื ื™ืช ืื‘ื™ ื ืืกืŸ ื”ื• 
ืืฉื™ ืื—ื‘ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœื• ืจื•ื‘ื™ ืชื•ืจื•ืชื™ื•, ื‘ื”ื ื“ื‘ืง ืžืื•ื“- ืœืื—ื‘ื”", 

2 ื“ืขื ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื™ืคืึทื ื•ืก ืฐืขืจืง ื ื™ื '. ืฐื™ื“ืึทืกืœืึทืฐืกืงื™ ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,ืชึผื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืจ' ืžื ื—ื ืขื–ืจื™ืช ื“ื™ืฒืžืึทื ื•', 1904, /4--36, 

5 ืื™ืŸ ,ืžืฆืจืฃ ืœื—ื›ืžื—", ื“ืฃ 14 ืขืž' ื. 

4 ื•ืข ,ืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื", |, 86, ื•ื• 28 ืืึทื–"ื•, 

* ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, |, 99, /, 186, 

? ื“ืึธืจืžืŸ, 1222 ืื ื ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื›ื™ ื—ืžื“ืจืฉื‚ ื”ื ืขืœื ื›ืœื• ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืจืขื™ื ืžื”ื™ืžื ื ื—ื•ื‘ืจืจ 

ืžืขื™ืžืจื ืข"ื™ ืืžื•ืจืื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืืžื ื— ืจื•ื‘ ื“ื‘ื•ื™ื—ื ื™ืฆืื• ืžื—ื›ืžื™ ืงื“ื", 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 165 


ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ืข ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื’ื’, ืึทืŸ ื“ื™ ,ื ื’ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื˜ืขืžื™ื'. ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื™ืœ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื—ื•ืจื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผื™ืช ืฉื ื™ , ืฐืึทืจืคื˜ ื“ื™ื™ืจื•ืกื™ 
ืึถืคึผ ื‘ืœื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ื˜ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืึธืคื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืจืึทืฃ *, ื“ื™ื™ืจื•ืกื™ืก ืึท ื‘ึผืŸ-ื“ื•ืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ึผืŸ 
ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœื•ืฆืึทื˜ื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื‘ืœื” ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืฃ 
ืฆืคืช, ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜, ืึทื– ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืจื™ื ื ื˜ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืกื•ื“ื•ืช, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข 
ืกืคืจื™ื, ืงืึธืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ , ื‘ึผืขืœ ืชึผื•ืจื” ื‘ึผืืžืช'; ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ , ื›ึทึผืคืชึผื•ืจ ื•ืคืจื—'', ืฐืึธืก 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืขื ื“ืข 1880 ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื–ืขืœ, ืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ึน ื“ืขืจ- 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ ,, ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉืœ ืจืฉื‘ึผ'ื™'', ื“"ื— ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ืจืš ืคื•ื ื ,ื–ื•ื”ืจ', ื“ื™ 
ืืžืชืข , ื›ึผื•ื ื•ืช ื—ืื’ื“ื•ืช'', ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคืข ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืจืžื–ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื”, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทื ื˜ืืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืึทื’ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ 
ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื›ื‘ืœื™, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืืŸ ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื , ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืžืชืจืขื 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืžืจื , ืึทื•ืขืงืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื ืึทืงืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื–', ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืงืœืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉื›ืœ. ,ืื•ื™ ืœืื•ืชื” ื‘ื•ืฉื” 
ืื•ื™ ืœืื•ืชื” ื›ืœื™ืžื—!'' ืจื•ืคื˜ ืœื•ืฆืึทื˜ืึธ ืื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื›ึผืขื * 

ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ, ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื˜ืจื™ื˜,. ืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ึผื˜ ืึถืคึผ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืคืจืึธืกื˜ื™ืงืŸ 
ืึธื˜ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืึทืงืฆื™ืข ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ึผืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืžืึทื ื™ื–ื ื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขืš-ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ. ืึทืœืฅ ืžืขืจ 
ืฐืึทืงืกื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืจื™ืึทื ืขืจ ืงื‘ึผืœื” ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืฆืคืช ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืขืจ ืคืืจืžืจื”:ืฉื—ื•ืจื”ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืจื‘ึผื ื•ืช ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื 
ืฉื›ื ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืœืึทื ื“. ืžืขืŸ ืžื•ื– ื“ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜, ืึทื– ื ืึธืš 
ืืคื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืœืื ืฅื“ืชืงื•ืคื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืขื ืขืกืื ืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืžืืœื™ืข ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ืกื˜ืข ืจืึธืœืข ื ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื ืขืฉื˜ืึทืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืœืึทื ื“. ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ื” ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 


1 ื–ืข ืืฑื‘ืŸ, ืงืึทืคึผ' 2. 

2 ,ืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื", ืงึฐืึทืžึผ' 59. 

8 ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืื™ื• ืœื•ืฆืึทื˜ื•ื ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืจืขื“ืข ืฆื• ,ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ื•ืคืจื”' : ืขื•ื”ื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื˜ืขื ืžืขื˜ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ืœืช ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจืชื• ืชืืคื™ืœื ื• 
ื–ืงืœ ืชื”ืœื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืฉื•ืžื™ื ื“ืจืš ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื•ืœืช ืคืฉืžื™ื ื›ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืฉื‘ืื• 
ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“; ื•ื›ืฉืชืจืื” ืฉืขื“ืฒืŸ ื ื›ืกืคื” ื’ืคืฉื• ืืœื™ื” ื•ืฉื•ื ื” ืชืžื™ืจ ื‘ืื”ื‘ืชื” ื•ืชืคืฅ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื™ 
ื‘ื™ืชื” -- ืชื˜ืขื™ืžื ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื•ึนืชืจ ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ื‘ืจื˜ื• ื•ืชื˜ืฉื™ืœ ืœื• ื˜ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ / ืœื• 
ืื•ืชื•ืช ื•ืžื–ื™ื ืืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืกืชืจื™ื ื•ื ืขืœืžื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื ื ืงืจื ื”ื’ื“ื”ืŸ ื•ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืชืจ ืฉื•ึผืงื“ื• ื•ืจื’ื™ืœ 
ืืฆืœื” ืื• ืชื ืœื” ื•ืชืจืื” ืืœื™ื• ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื•ืชื•ืจื™ืขื  ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืจืžื•ื™ื ื•ืชื ืœื” ืœื• ืžืฆืคึผื ื™ 
ืœื‘ื” ื•ืžืฉื ื•ื”ืœืื” ืœื ืชื›ืกื” ืžื˜ื ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื— ื”ื ืงืจื ื‘ืขืœ ืžื•ื™ืช ื‘ืืžืช'ื™, 

4 ,ืœืคืฉื•ื ื”ื’ืžืจื ืขืจื•ืžื” ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ืฆื ืชื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื” ื•ืœืœื›ื•ืฉ ืœึนื” ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืกื“ื•ืžื— 
ื‘ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื•ืœื’ ืžืจื•ืžื”". 





8 


166 ื“"ืจ 28 ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 
ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืœืขื‘ื ืกืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืขื“ ืคืจื™ื™ื”ื™ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึฐึผืŸ ื’ืขื ืึธืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืขืจืš ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง ืึธืคึผื’ืขื ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ืกืงื™ื. ืžื™ืจ 
- ื”ืึธื›ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืึถื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธืคืŸ ืคืืจ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ื•ื™ ืคืึทืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ. ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื—ืฉืง ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจื˜ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืŸ, ืึทืกื˜ืจืึธื ืึธืžื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก 
ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื•ืขืœื™ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ 
ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง ื‘ึผืขืœื ื™ื ืฆื• ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ? ืึธืคึผื ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืจื‘ื ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื, ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืึธืก ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื™ืฐื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜ ื ืข- 
ืงืึธืกื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ ื‘ึผื™ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขึธื“ื•ึนืช 
ืึท ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ -- ืึท ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ืขืงื‘ ืคึผืจืึธืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืึทืœื™ ืฆื• ื“ื•ื“ ืžื™ืกืจ ืœื™ืื•ืŸ !, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1490, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืึธืคึผื ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืง ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉืข 
ื™ื•ื’ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื ืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ืข ืคืึธืจืฐืฐื•ื•ึผื“ืคืŸ, ืคืึทืจืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื’ื™ื‘ึผืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง ืึดืคึผ ืžื™ื˜ ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื‘ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, 

,ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš -- ื˜ืขื ื”ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ --- ืคื™ืœ ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื– ื”ืขืจืŸ ืคืึธืจ- 
ืœืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืคืืจ 6 ื’ืึทื ืฅ 
ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื ืฉื›ืจ-ืœื™ืžื•ื“, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืข ืžืฆื“ ื“ืขืจ ืžืœื•ื›ื” 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทื˜ืคืึทืจืฐืึทืœื˜ื•ื ื’. ืื•ื™ืš ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื™ื™ืจ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ" *, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคึผืึทืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธื 
ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข ืื™ื– ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื›ืกื ื™ื” โ€ ืฉืœ ืชื™ืจื”, ืื•ืŸ ื•ืขืŸ 
ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืจื™ื™ื›ืข ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึท ืจื‘, ืคืœืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ื ื–ื•ื›ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืœืึทื ื“ 5. | 

ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืจื‘ื ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืจืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžื™ื ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ึผืŸ ืฉืœืžื” ืงื•ืœื•ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื’ืข- 


1 ืื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื", 1849,. 65, 

2 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 73: ,ื”ืœื ืžื•ื‘ ืœื ื• ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืžืคื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ื ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ื™ืœืžื“ื• ืœื ื• 
ื‘ื“ืžื™ื ืงืœื™ื, ื•ื•ื— ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืขื ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ื ื•ื™ื ื•ืคืงื—ื™ ื”ืื™ืžื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืคืจืก ื’ื“ื•ืœ 
ืžื ื™ืช ื”ืžืœืš ืื• ืžืชืงื™ืžื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื ืžืงื™ืœื™ื ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉื•ืืœึดื™ื ืœื—ื”ืก ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื” ื”'ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื 
ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืคื™ื–ื•ืจ ืžื˜ื•ืŸ ืœืชืช ืœืฉื•ื ื—ื›ื ื™ื—ื•ืจื™", ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื– ืฉื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ 
,ืžื ื—ืช ืงื ืื•ืช", ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ืื•ื™ื ืคึผื™ื–ืึท, ื”ืึทืœื ืคึผืึทืจ ื ืฒืžื™ืง ืึธื ืฆื•ึผืฐืฒื™ื–ืŸ: ,ื•ืœื ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื• 
ืงืฆืช ืžื›ื ื™ ืขืžื ื• ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”: ืžื” ืœื ื• ืœื—ืœื•ื ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื‘ื ืจืกื•ืช ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื•ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช 
ื”ืืžื•ืจืื™ื. ื“ื™ ืœื ื™ ืœื“ืขืช ื“ืจืš ืคืกืง ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ื•ืœื ื ื—ื•ืฉ ืืœ ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืืžื•ืจืื™ื ื•ืกื‘ืจื”ื 
(,ืกื ื—ืช ืงื ืื•ืช", 88). 

* ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืฐืขื ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืข: ื’ื™ื“ืขืžืึทืŸ, ืฆื™ื. ืฐ, |}, ืงืึทืคึผ' /! ืฐืฒืค, ืื“ื•ืจ ื“ื•ืจ 
ื•ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื•", ืฉ, ืงืึทืคึผื™ /2, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืคื•ืจ ื’ืฒ ื™"ื“ืŸ 167 


ืฉื˜ืึทืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืฒื™ื˜ืฉืœืึทื ื“, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืกื ืื™ื– ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ , ื’ืจื•ืฉื™ ืฆืจืคืช'' -- ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ึนื™ืก ืคืจืึทื ืงืจื™ื™ืš ืคืืจื˜ืจื™ื›ืขื ืข, ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึฟืึธื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืขื ืžื™ื™ื ืฆืขืจ ืจื‘ ืจ' ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืขืœื™ื ืก ื ืชึผืœืžื™ืจ, ื’ืข- 
ืฉืขืคึผื˜ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืฒื™ื˜ืฉืœืึทื ื“, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงื•ืœื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ืื•ืฑื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื™ืœ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืจืงื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืข ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœื˜ื‘ึผืึทื ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœืฅ ืžืขืจ ื ืขืฉื˜ืึทืจืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข,. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงื•ืœื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื ืื•ื ื™ 
ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจ ', ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืื™ื™ืจืึธ- 
ืคึผืขื™ืฉืข ื‘ึผื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืึท ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜ืŸ ืงืขื’ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื‘ืœื” ืื•ืŸ ืืฒืจืึธืคึผืขื™ืฉ ื’ืขื‘ื™ืœื“ืขื˜ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” 
ืกื™ืกืจ ืงื™ืื•ืŸ *. ืึทืŸ ืขืงืฉื ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงืึทืžืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืงื‘ืœื—-ืงืขื’ื ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืคื™ืœืึทื–ืึทื˜ื™ืฉื™ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ืœื“ืขื˜ืŸ ืืœื™ื—ื• ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ื’ื“ื•? ื”ื“ื•ืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืืฑื‘ื ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžื™ื ืฅ. ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ึผืŸ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ 
ืžื™ื ืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืžึดื™ืœื• ืคึฟืึทืจืžืึทื ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืึทืœื ืขืžื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’ ื•ื™ ืงื•ืœื•ืŸ ', ื“ืึธืš 
ื”ืึธืก ืื•ื™ืš ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืึทืคึผื™ืงื•ืจืกื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ื™ืข ื’ืขื“ืื ืงืขืŸ, ื•ืึธืก 
ืขืก ืคืœืขื ื˜ ืึทืคื™ืœืŸ ืึทืจืฑื™ืกื–ืึธื ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ , ื‘ึผื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื“ืช". 

ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืข ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืืœืจ ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื ื•ื™ื ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ื ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ื ื‘|ื“ื•ืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื•ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผื•ืกืง ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ึนึผืจื•ึนืš 
ืคืึทื ื“ื•ื™, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื™ื•ื•ื™ืข ืึทืจื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืฒื™ื˜ืฉืœืึทื ื“ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทื“ื•ืึท, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืขืึทืคึผืึธืœ, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ื”ึผืœืžื™ื“ ืขื–ืจื ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื™? ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืฉืขืคื˜ื™ืงื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคึฟื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ืื˜ื•ืจืฐื•ื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืึธืคึผื ืขื‘ืŸ 
ืคื™ืœ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื; ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ึผืงื™ ืื™ืŸ 
ืืœืข ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช, ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœืึทื ื“ืฑ ืคึฟืึทืจืคืืกื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึทืžืœื›ื•ืš 
,,ืื ื•ืจ'', ืฐื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืื•ื™ืกื ืื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ 


{ ืฐืขื ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื˜ืฒื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงื•ืœื•ืŸ ืึฒืœื ื”ืœืžื•ื“ื™ืกื˜, ื–ืข: ื’ื™ื“ืขืžืึทื™, โ€ ืฆึดื™ื. 
ื•ืขืจืง, 209, 188--190} ื•ื•ื™ื™ื, ืฆื™ื˜. ืฐืขืจืง, 269- 214. 

2 ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืœืฑื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืคึผืขืœ ืคื•ื ื ื”ืขืจืฆืึธื  
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื“ืข ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื ื’ืขืžื•ื•ืื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจืœืึธื•ืŸ ืžืึทื ื˜ืึท. 

5 ื’ื™ืจื•ื ื“ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ;ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื ื“ื•ืœื™" ื•ื›ื•,, 122, ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืึทืŸ ืขืจ ื’ื•ืคื ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธื“ื™ืขืจ ืื•ื ื™ื•ืขืจืกื™ืกืขื ื”ืขื ื ืขืŸ ื™ื”ื•ืจื” ืžื™ื ืฆื ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืžื™ื ืึทืŸ ืืฑืคืฉืจื™ืคื˜, ืึทื– 
ืžื™ื ืฅ ื”ืึธื ื‘ึผืฉึฐืืขืชึผื•ึน ื’ืขืœืฒืขื ื˜ ืœืขืงืฆื™ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ื ื™ืฐืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜: ืคื™ื”ืงืงื• ืฆืœื 
ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืชื• ื‘ึผืžื“ืจืฉ ื”ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื•ืื ึดื™ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืจืื™ืชื™ื• ืžื•ืฆื‘ ืฉื ื‘ืžืขืœื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืœื ื˜ื ืžื›ื”ืฑ 
ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืชื”ืœืชื• ืœื›ื›ื•ื“ืจ ื•ืœืชื ืืจืช". 


4 ื–ืข ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืจืจืขื“ืข ืฆื• ืฉืื ื•ืจ". 





168 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ื–ืึทื˜ืœืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืขืจืš ืึธื ื“ืขืจื˜ื”ืึทืœื‘ึผืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืคึผืกืงื™-ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื 
ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืงืึทื ื“ืฑ ืึทืจื•ื™ืก ืึทืœืก ืฉืึทืจืคืขืจ ืžื—ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ืึธื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ 
ืจื‘ึผื ื™ ืึทืฉื›ึผื ื– 1 ืœืึทื ื“ืฑ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืึทืœืก ืคึผื•ืกืง ืึทืคื™ืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื™ื ื™ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื•ึฐื—ื™ืชึผืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ;ื–ื•ื”ืจ" 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืงื‘ึผืœื”-ืกืคืจื™ื, ืฐื•ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืืฑื˜ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ?. ืขืก 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืœืึทื ื“ื•ื™ืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง 
ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒื™ื˜ืฉืœืึทื ื“, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื’ืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืึทืœืก ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ืกื˜ืข ืคึผื•ืกืงื™ื. โ€ . 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืฐืึธืก ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžื™ื ืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทื“ื•ื˜, 
ื”ืึธื›ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืžื™ืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืœืึทื ื“ ืึทื ื˜ืœืึธืคืขื ืข ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื˜ื ืื•ืŸ 
ื˜ืึทืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืื™ื– ืึทืจืฑืกื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื˜ื ื“ืกื˜ืขืจ 
ืจื‘, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข. ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืžืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 16ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื”, ืจ'ื™ืžืื™ืจ ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืง 
ืงืึทืฆืขื ืขืœืขื ื‘ึผื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืžืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืžื”ืจ'"ื ืกืคึผืึทื“ื•ืึท 5 


ื“ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืœืึทื ื“ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืข ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ืึธืจื˜ืึธ- 
ื“ืึธืงืกื™ืฉืŸ ืฐืขืœื˜ื‘ึผืึทื ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื›ึผืœ? ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื ืขืคืขืœืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ื ืก- 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข .ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ื ื—ื’ื”, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื ืขืกืึทื ืก-ืชึผืงื•ืคื” ื’ืขืคื•ึนืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืึทืกื™ืžื™ืœื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข 
ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื—ื•ืžืจื•ืช 
ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืขื ืฆื• ืจื•ื™ืฉื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผื ืก-ืฉื˜ืจืึธื, ืื•ื™ืก- 
ืœืขืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืจื”-ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื ืข ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึธื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืœื•ืกื˜ ืฆื•ื ืœืึทื›ื ื“ื™ืง! ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื˜ืคื•ืœืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืคื™ืœ 
ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœื’ืขืžืฒื ืข ืจืขืึทืงืฆื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืจืงื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืคื•ื ื 16ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื”. 


ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืงื™ื‘ึผื•ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืืœื™ืข ื ืึธืš ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง 
ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื”ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึธื›ืงืœืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื ืขืกืึทื ืก-ืชึผืงื•ืคื”. ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ื™ืจื™ืงืŸ ื“ืจืึทื ื’ ืฆื• ื’ืขื ื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืชึผืขื ื•ื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ 
ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ื•ืจืฉื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขื“- 
ืžืึธื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ื ื 16ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื” ืื™ื– ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ืจืŸ 


1 ,ืื’ื•ืจ", ื“ืฃ 51, ืขืž' ื' ื"ืฐ. 


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ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื“ืฃ 5 ืขื! ื" (ืžื™ืจ ืฆื™ืžื™ืจืŸ ืœื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืึธืคืขื ื‘ึผืึทื›ืขึถืจ ืืฑืกื ืึทื‘ืข, 1718), 

3 ืขืจ ื”ืึธื ื—ืชื™ื ื” ื ืขื”ืึทื ืคึฟืึทืจ ื™ื”ื•ืจื” ืžื™ื ืฆืก. ืืฒื™ื ื™ืงืœ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืšึฐ ืžื™ื ืฆืก ื˜ื™ื 
ืื™ื– ื’ืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืจื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทื“ื•ืึท, ื–ืฒืŸ ืฐื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ืึธื˜ื ืจืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืชื™ืžืช ืื•ื ืคืขืจ ื“ืขื ื›ืจื•ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“' ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื ืงืขื’ืŸ ืขื–ืจื™ื” ื“ื™.ืจื•ืกื™, 





ื“ื•ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึธืžื•ืจ ื’ื™ื™ ื™ื™ืจืŸ 109 


ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื™ืขื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืขื• 1. 
ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืข ืจึผื‘ึผื ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืึทื™ื™ื ื‘ึผื™ืจื ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื ื 
ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืงื™ื‘ึผื•ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข ื“ืขื ืึทืกืงืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’-ืึธืจื˜ืึธื“ืึธืกืกื™ืฉืŸ 
ืœืขื‘ื ืก-ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืขื’ื”ื™ืœื•ืช --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• 
ืกื™ื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืฆืึธืจื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืžืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ื ืงื™ื™ื˜. ื“ื™ ื ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ืกื˜ืข ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืข- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื“ ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืกื˜-ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื› ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืข ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ : ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืจื™ื” (ืœืขืึธืŸ) ื“ื™ื™ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท ืื•ืŸ 
ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ืจื“ื™ื’ื•. 

ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืคืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื“ืžืึธืจืขื ืึทืก ื›ึผืขื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืคึผืจื˜ื™ื 
ืึทื“ืึทื ืง ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืกื˜ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื˜ืขื’ 
ืคึผืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ?. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื‘ื™ืึธื ื•ืึทืคึผื™ืข, ืฆื•ื–ืึทื™ื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืึธืง ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื•, ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื– ื“ืขืจื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ 5, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื ื‘ืึทื“ืฒื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืŸ 
ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก, ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ึดื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขืึธืŸ ืžืึธืจืขื ืึท 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื ืก-ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ 
ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉืŸ ืงื™ื‘ึผื•ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข, ื‘ึผืคืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื ืขืฆื™ืึทื ืขืจ ืกื”ื™ืœื”. ื ื™ื 
ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฐืืจืฆืขืจ ืจืขืึทืงืฆื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ื ื–ื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื›ืข 
ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ึผืึทืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืฆื™ืข ื’ืขื ืึธืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืœืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื 
ืฉื•ื™ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ึผืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ. ืžืขืŸ ืจืึทืจืฃ ื“ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ -ืคืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜, 
ืึทื– ื•ื•ืขื ืขืฆื™ืข ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื 16ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื” ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ 
ืœืขื‘ึผื ืกืœื•ืกื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ื– 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืฐื™ืงืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืกื˜ืขืจ ืžืึธืก. ื“ื™ ืฐืขื ืขืฆื™ืึทื ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ืœื™ื‘ึผ. ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืขืฉื™ืงืข ื˜ืฑื–ื ื˜-ืงืขืคึผื™ืงืข ืคืึทืจื–ืึทืžึฐืœื•ื ื’ืข;, 
ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืจืึทื“ื™ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืกื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžืขืจื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคึผืจืึทื›ื˜" 
ืคื•ืœืข ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฆื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ; ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื›ึผื•ืจื˜ ืžื™ื ืจืขื 
ื–ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคื™ืœืคืึทืจื‘ึผื™ืง! ื’ืœืึทื ืฅ ืคื•ื ื ืœืึทื›ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ืจืœื•ืกื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. 
,ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ -- ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ืคื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื“ืฉืขืฆืขืจ 
ื–ื•ื™ ืž. ืžื•ืจืึทื˜ืึธื• -- ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืงืฒื™ื ื›ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื–ืึทืžืœื˜ ืึทื–ืฑื ืข 


ืื‘ืก ืจืงื™ ืฉื“ื—ื” ืงื™ื– ื“ื™ื“ื™ 


1 ืื™ืŸ ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ื™ื ืœื (ื’ื™ื ืชื•ื™ื•ืŸ", 4 (ื’ืขืฉื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1578 ืฐืขืจื ื“ืขืจืฆืฒืœื: 
ืึทื•ื™ื”ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื”ื ื” ื™ื—ื“ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื ื• ืจื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฆืคื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ืขืจ ืื—ื“ ืืฉืจ ื”ืœื›ื ื• ืฉื ืœืฉื•ืžื˜ ื•ืœืฆื•ึผืจ 
ืฆื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ื, ื‘ื™ ื›ืŸ. ื”ื™ื” ืกืฉืคื˜ื ื• ื‘' ืื™ ื’' ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข" (ืžืขืจ ื‘ืึทืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืึทื‘ืจื”ื 
*ื’ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืฐืขืจืง, ื–ืข ื‘ืฒืœืึทื’ืข ื ื•ื' 40 - 

3 ื–ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืจื”", ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืก ืฐืขืจืง ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผืฉืชึผื ืžืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืฉ. ื“ื™ 
ืœื•ืฆืึทืฉืึธ ืื™ืŸ ื, ื’ื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื”ืึธื ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉืคืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ,ื—ื™ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืจื”" 
ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ื›ึผื”ื ื ืื™ืŸ 1912 

8 ืœ, ื‘ื™ื•ื™, (ืœืขืึธ ื˜ืึธืจืขื ืึทืก ื‘ึผืจื™ืขืคึทืข ื. ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ื™ืงืข (ื›ืชื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ืจื” ืืจื™ื” 
ืžืžื•ื“ื™ื’ื), 1906". 


10 ืจ"ืจ ื™ื™ ืฆื™ื’ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืžืขืจ, ืึทื–ืฑื™ื ืข ืคื™ืœืคืึทืจื‘ื™ืงืข ืคึผืจืึทื›ื˜-ื’ืขืฐืขื‘ึผืŸ, ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืฆื™ืข ืคื•ื ื 
0ื˜ืŸ ื™''ื”, ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ื™ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืฅ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืกื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืœืึทืฆืŸ, ื“ื™ ืงื™ืจื›ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืคืึทื“ืขืจื•ื•ืขื ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื”ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ื ืึทื ื“ืึธืœืŸ, ื“ื™ ืžืึทืจืง-ืคึผืœืขืฆืขืจ ืึทืคื™ืœืŸ -- ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื”ืึทืŸ- 
ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื“ืขืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืกืึทืžืขื˜, ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื˜ื ืกื˜ืข ื“ื™ืฐื•ืึทื ืขืก. 
ื‘ึผืฉืขืช ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืกื™ืขืก ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฐืขื ืขืฆื™ืึทื ืขืจ ืงืึทื ืึทืœ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื’ืึธื ื“ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฆื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืขืœ-ืจื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืจืฉื˜ืึธืฃ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ 
ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื’ืืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื’ื” ื ื™ื˜, ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคึผืจืึทื›ื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขื ื—ื•ืฉ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืง ืึธืคึผืฆื•- 
ืฉืืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจืœื™ืฉืข ืฉ ื ืงื™ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืคืึทืจื‘ึผื™ืงืข ืžื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื‘ึผืึทื“ืขืงืŸ ื’ืึทื ืึธืข ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื™ื“ืขืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืึธืคึผ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืžืขืจื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข 
ืงืืกืงืึทืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ื“ืขืงืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ืงืข ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขื ืงื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคื™ื™ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ... ืึธื˜ ืคึผืึทืจืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ืŸ 
ื ืึทื ืฅ ื‘ึผืœืืกืข ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ืคืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืคึผื•ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืึท ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืฆื™ืข, 
ืคึฟื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื™ ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื•ืืจ 
ืกืขืจืŸ, ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื ืจื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ื ื ื™ื"1, 

ืื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื”ืฉื›ึผืขื” ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืฆื™ืข. ื ืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื ืขืžื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึนึผืึท- 
ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ื–ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผื ืกืœื•ืกื˜ื™ืงืข ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืฆื™ืข, ืื™ืŸ ืฆื• 
ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืึทื–ืึท ืขืจื ืกื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ึนึผื—ื•ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืข- 
ืงืึธื ื˜ ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทื ืฆื•ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื–ื ืคืจื™ืฐื•ืึธืœืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ื ื™ื‘ึผื•ืœ-ืคึทึผื” ืื™ื‘ืขื“- 
ื’ืขืœืึธื“ืขื ืขื ืคึผืึทืžืคืœืขื˜, ื•ื™ ,,ื”ืžื‘ื“ื™ืคื™ 2, ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืคื•ื ื ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ 
ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขื ืขืฆื™ืข ืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืืฑืฃ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึท- 
ืœืึทื ื˜ืคื•ืœืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ื ืฐืขื ืขืฆื™ืึทื ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ -- ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ืŸ 
ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื“ื™-ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ-ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืžืึธื“ืขื ื, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ื ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืื ืฆืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืขืจื™- 
ืงืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืึทื“ืขื ืึท ื–ื™ืš ืคื™ืœ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง, ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ 
ื ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืคึผืึทืกื˜ืึธืจืึทืœืŸ, ืจืขืคึผืขื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืคึผื™ืขืกืŸ ืคืึทืจืŸ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืงืึทืคึผืขืœืžื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืึทืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื•?, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ 
ื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ โ€ ืงืึธื ืฆืขืจื˜ืŸ ื ื•ืึธืš 5 ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฐืื’ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ืžืฉื”, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืฅ- 
ืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืคึผื™ืขืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื•ืคึผืœืขื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื ื•ืคื ืคืœืขื ื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืงื•ืคึผ- 


ื™ื™ื 





1 1184 4ื•20283) ื—ืกืฒื”ืงืฆื•ื” 5 |, 26 

3 ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ืกืœืขื›ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื’, ืฉื˜ื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ,ืฆืฒื™ืžืฉืจื™ืคื', |, 150--1598 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ,ืฉืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ", |, 148 -119, 

5 ืžืขืจ ื›ึผืึทืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื–ืข ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ึผืขื ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขืฐืจืขื™ืกืงืึทื™ืึท ืœืขืžืึธืคึผื™ื", ืฉืŸ, ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืฒื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื ืขืกืึทื ืก.ืชืงื™ืคื”, 


ื“ื™ ื’ืœืฉื™ื›ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืคื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื“ืŸ 171 


ืœืขื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ; ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื“ืขืก, ื™ืขืงื‘ ื”ืœื•ื™, ืึท ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ึผืจืขื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื—ื›ึตึผืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืงื‘ึผืœื”ืช-ืกืคืจ !, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื—ื™ื•ื ื” ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกื™ืึทื ืขืœืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื ืขืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืขื ืฅ 5, 
ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึธืก ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข ืื™ื– ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ืž ืœื™ื™ื‘ึผ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ, ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืขื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึทืก ืคืขืจืฆืŸ-ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ืžืจืจื›ื™. 
ืื™ื ื ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ 1009 ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก ืคึผืขืจืึทืจืึท ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ- 
ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ืขืคืขื™ืฉืจืฒื‘ึผืขืจ ืžืฉื”: ,ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืขืก ื“ืขืจื ืขื - 
ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืข; ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืžื™ืš ื“ืข- 
ืžืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ, ืื™ืš ื‘ึผืขื˜ ื“ื™ืš, ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผื—ื•ืจื™ื 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืึธืœืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื›ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ". ืื™ืŸ 
ืึท ืงื•ืจืฆืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืึธืจื•ื ื‘ืึทืจื™ืจื˜ ืขืจ ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื• ืฆื•ื ืคืขื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ 
ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืข ืคืจืึทื’ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืึทื’ื‘ ืึธืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื‘ึผืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ,,ืื•ืŸ ืึทึตื™ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื•, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื“ืึธืš, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืคืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืข''. ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืฉืœื•ืก- 
ืคึผืจืึทื–ืข, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ื‘ึผืŸ"ื”ืจื‘ ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื•. ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืจืึธื“ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ , ืฉื‘ึผืช ืฉื™ืจื”', ืคึผืึทืจืึธื“ื™ืจื˜ 
ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึทื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื• ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ: ,,ืคึผืจืฉื” ืึธื– ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืžืฉื” ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืžื™ื“ื™ืื”'' (ื“"ื”: ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ืื“ 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืฉื” (ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขื˜ืขืจ) ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ื ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืžืขื“ื™ืข) 5. ืžืึธื“ืขื ืืก 
ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ, ื–ื‘ื•ืœืŸ, ืึท ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ื ืœืขื‘ึผืžืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ื“ื•ืขืœื™ืฉื ื˜, ืื™ื– ื˜ืจืึทื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฉื•ื•ืขืจื“ืŸ-ื’ืขืคืขื‘ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงืึธืž- 
ืคึผืึทื ื™ืข ืื•ื™ืกื ืขื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขื ืข ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 

ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืคื•ึนืŸ ืžืึทื“ืขื ืึธืก ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” ื–ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ืขื ื•ื’ ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ 
ืึทืจืฑื™ืก, ืฐื™ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื•ืžื™- 
ืงืขืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื ืขืฆื™ืึทื ืขืจ ืงื—ื™ืœื”, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืง ื“ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื”ืึท-- 
ืžืึทื ื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื ื“ืขื ืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื“ืขืืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืข ืึธืจื˜ืึทื“ืึธืง- 
ืกื™ืฉืข ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื. ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจืื›ื˜, ื‘ึผืขืช ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ 
ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ืŸ ืงืึทืžืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ืœืขืึธืŸ 
ื“ื™ื“ืžืึธื“ืขื ืฉ, ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืึท ืจื‘, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜- 
ื‘ึผืึทื ืขื. 


1 ,ืืจื™ ื ื•ื”ื", 1, 

2 ืื—ื™ื™ ื™ืชื•ื“ื”", 22, 

5 ื‘ึผืœื•ื™, ืฆึดื™ื, ืฐืขืจืง, 115. ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื“ื™ื™ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืึท ื˜ืจืึท, 
ื’ื™ืฉืขืจ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื™ื•ื ื ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืึทืœื›ืขืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ืŸ, ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืขืจืœืขื›ืข 
ื ืึทื–ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืœื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื–ืขื ื™ืง ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ื ืคึผืึทืจื’ื™ืคื˜ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื” ื–ื™ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื, 





172 ื“"ืจ ื™,. ืฆื™ื ื‘ ืขืจื’ 


ืืจื™ื” ื“ื™-ืžืึทื“ืขื ืึท ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื 223ื˜ืŸ 
ืึทืคึผืจื™ืœ 1871 ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืขื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื“ื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ื™ื—ืกื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข 1. ืงื™ื ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ื– 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืึทืจื™ื” ื‘ึผืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ ื ืื•ื ื™ืฉืข ืคืขื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ: ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ึผ 
ื™ืึธืจ ืึทืœื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ึผืช ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœ ืคืึธืจื ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืงื•ืœ ื“ื™ 
,,ื”ืคื˜ื•ืจื”'', ืฆื• ื“ืจื™ื™ ื™ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื“ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ 
ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืฉื˜ ืึท ืคึผืกื•ืง ื ืึธืš ื ืคึผืกื•ืง 2. ืึท ืคื™ื ืฃ ื™ืึธืจื™ืง ืงื™ื ื“ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืกืคื™ืงื•ืช, ื’ืขื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ึผืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื’ืขื—ืœื•ืžื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’! 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืŸ ืจื•ื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจืึธืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืŸ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง, ื˜ืึธืžืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืœื™ื ื ืขืŸ ื ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืจ ืึทืฐืขืง ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ 5 ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึทืก ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ืขื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,,ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ-ืงื™ื ื“'' ืึท ืคื™ืœ 
ื–ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ืขืจืฆึดื™ึธื•ื ื’. ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ึผืœืขื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ 
ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืฉืžื•ื? ืึทืจืงืขืฐืึธืœื˜ื™, ื“ึถืขื ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉ! 
ืฉืคึผืจืืš-ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜. ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท ื’ื•ืคื ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืžืขืจืขืจืข 
ืžืึธืœ ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ื‘ื™ 
ืึทืจืงืขืฐืึธืœื˜ื™ืŸ. ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืึทืจืงืขืฐืึธืœื˜ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึธื ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื™ืœืึธืœืึธื ื’ื™ืฉืŸ ื—ื•ืฉ. ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืขื“ื•ืช ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคึผื™ื•ื˜ื™ื + ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ื ืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ืฉ ืฐืขืจืง , ืขืจื•ื’ืช 
ื”ื‘ึผื•ืฉื'' (ื•ื•ืขื ืขื“ื™ืง, 1609) *?. ืืžืช, ืึทืœืก ืงื™ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš 

1 ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึทืก ืžืฉืคึผื—ื” ืฉื˜ืึทืžื˜ ืื•ื™ื ืคึผืจืึทื ืงืจื™ื™ืš, ืืจื™ื” ื“ื™ื™ืžืึธืจืขื ืึทื ื•ื™ื™ื“ืข, ืžืจื“ื›ื™, 
ื”ืึธื ื–ื™ืš ื›ื•ื ื”ื™ืฉื ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืึทืœื ืึทืจืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึทื ื˜ืจืึธืคึผ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ืจ ืงืึทืจืœ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืค. 
ืžืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ.ืขืžืึทื ึฐื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ื˜ื˜ ืึทืœืก ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ื ื 
ื“ื™ื˜ืขืจ-ืึธืจื“ืŸ ,ื ืึธืœืจืขื ืขืจ ืคืœื™ื" (ื–ืข ,ื—ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”', 11-710): 

9 ,ื—ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, 115 ืื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœืฉ ืฉื ื™ื.. ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืคื•ืชืจ ื”ืคืจืฉื” ื•ืžื‘ื™ืŸ", 

8 ื–ืข ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึทืก ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ..ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”": ืขืื ึดื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื›ื™ ืงื ืืช' 
ื‘ื”ืœื•ืœื™ื ื›ืืœื”, ื›ืœ ื™ืžึดื™ ื ืฆื˜ืขืจืชื™ ืžืื– ื”ื™ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืŸ ื—ืžืฉ ืœืžื›ืจื ืืžืจืชื™ ืžืชื™ ื™ื‘ื•ื ืœื™ืจ' 
ื–ืืงื™ืžื ื•. ืื™ื™ ืœื™ ื›ื™ ืืžื•ืชื” ื”ืคืขื, ืืฆื ื•ื”ื™ื”ืชื™ ืจื•ื— ืฉืงืจ,, ื•ืฆื™ืืชื™ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืงื™ื ืœื 
ืชืฉืื™ืจ ืจื•ืฉื ื ื›ืจ" (ืžื™ืจ ืฆื™ืžื™ืจืŸ ื ึนืฆึธืšึฐ ื“ืขืจ ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ึผืข ืคื•ืŸ 1602), 

4 ืคื™ืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืจืงืขืฐืึธืœื˜ื™ืก ืคึผื™ื•ืžื™ื ื–ื™ืฒื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทืจืฒืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื—ื•ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข, 
ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืขืจ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,ืื™ื–ื™ ื”ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ" 
ื•ืคืืจ ืœืจืืฉ ื‘ื ื™ืš', ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืึทืจืงืขืฐืึธืœื˜ื™ืก ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืึทืจื‘ึผืขื˜ืŸ 
ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ", 2354--355, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืจื™ืฐื™ื–ืึทื˜ืœื•ื ื’ ,ื˜ืขื™ืŸ ื’ื ื™ื" 


ื ื™ืฉืข ืงื”ืœื•ืช (ืžื ื”ื’ ืจื•ืžื ื™ื), 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ึตืึธื ืฆื™ื•ืŸ-ืœื™ื“ ,ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืฆื‘ื™ 
ื–ืข; ืžืจืจื›ื™ ื ื™ืจื•ื ื“ื™, ืžืชื™ืœื“ื•ืช 
ื”ืึธื ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ, ื‘ึผืึทืจืึธืŸ ื’ื™ื ืฆื‘ึผื•ืจื’ืก ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ.ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ื ื•ื' 247, 

5 ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืขืจ ื™ืฉ"ืจ ืžืงืึทื ื“ื™ื, ื‘ึผืขืช ืขืจ ืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื’ืจืช ืื—ื•ื•" ื“ื™ 
ื‘ึดึผื™ื– ืืœื™ื” ืœืขืฐื•ื™ื˜ืึท, ืื™ื• ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ืกื•ืกื™ืฃ: 


ื–ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึทึผืจืึทืš-ืคึผืึธืจืฉืขืจ ืคื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื’ืŸ 
(ื•ืื•ืœื ื—ื›ื•ืจ 


ืฆื‘ึผืขืจ ืึทืจืงืขืฐืึธืœื˜ื™ืก ,ืขืจื•ื’ืช ื”ื‘ึผื•ืฉื' ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืขืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื–ืฒืขืจืข ืฐืขืจืง 
ื”ืืœื•ืฃ ื›ื”ืจ"ืจ โ€ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ืืจืงืฐืœื˜ื™ ื”ื ืงืจื ืขื™ื•ื ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืฉื" ืžื›ืจื™ืข ื”ื•ื ืืช ื›ืœื ื•ืžื”ื 


ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“ืจ 2;ืฆื•ื. 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื’ื™ ื™ื™ืจืŸ 173 


ืึทืจืงืขืฐืึธืœื˜ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื” ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื‘ึผืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ. ืžื•ืจืื“ื™ืงืข ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื’ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืข ื›ึผื•ื—ื•ืช !. ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ , ื˜ืจืึทืฃ'' --- 
ื“ื™ ื ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืžื™ื, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ืฉืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ื”ืึธืก ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืขืกื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื™ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ 
,ื–ื•ื—ืจ'" ืืคึฟื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึธื ื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืขื“ื•ืช , ืฉื—ื˜ืขืžื™ื˜ ืžืกื™ื ื™ ื ืชื ื•" 4 ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ 
ืึดื‘ึผืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืงืขื ื˜ ืึทืจืงืขืฐืึธืœื˜ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืœืึธืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื™ื’ื™- 
ื ืขืœืขืจ ืคึผืึธืจื ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ืื™ื’ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš;. 
ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ, ืฐื• ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืžืึทืกืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ืึทืจืข ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžืึธืจืžืขืŸ (ืงืึทืคึผ' 24) ืื•ืŸ ืžืœื™ืฆื”- 
ืกื˜ื™ืœ (ืงืึธืคึผ' 28---29) ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™-ื—ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ 
ืึทืจื ื™ื ืขืœืข ื‘ื™ื™ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืขื˜ืจื™ืง (ืงืึทืคึผ' 81--82),. ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆ" 
ื˜ืขืจ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜? ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ื ืขืคืขืœืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืŸ ืกืจื™ืกื˜" 
ืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผื•ืงืกื˜ืึธืจืฃ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ื ื ืขืจืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืึทื˜ืฒืŸ. 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจื ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืึทืœืก ื”ื•ืกืคื— ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื˜ืฒื ื™ืฉืขืจ ,ื›ึผื•ื–ืจื™'"" 
ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ (1660). ื ื ืื ืฅ ื ื™ื™ืข ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืข- 
ืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื™ืงืกื˜ืขืจ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ, ืฐื•ึผ ืึทืจืงืขืฐืึธืœื˜ื™ ืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืคื˜ืขื ืึธื’ืจืึทืžื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฉื™ืคืจ-ืฉืจื™ืžื˜ (ื‘ึผื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ึผื•ืจ ื•ื”ืžื›ืชึผื‘ ื”ืžืชื ื›ืจ), 
ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืกื˜ืขืจ ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืึทืจืงืขืฐืึธืœื˜ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื›ึผืœ-ื™ืžื™ื• ื ืขืžื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ืœืขื›ืŸ ืคึผืจื™ืฐ-ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื ื“. ืžืึธื™ 
ื“ืขื ื ื ื•ืžื ืื™ื– ืžื•ื“ื”, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื™ืœ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ึผื™ืŸ, 
ื“ืขื ื‘ืขืœ , ืขืจื•ึนื ืช ื”ืฆื•ืฉื''. , ืื™ื -- ืฉืจื™ื™ื ื˜ ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท --- ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืื™ืš ืฆื• 
ืžืึทืจื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื™ื ื”ืึธืคึผ ืื™ืš ื ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืจื™ื-ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ"" *. 
ืฆื• ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ื™ืืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืžืึธื“ืขื ื ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื”ืขื- 
ืจืขื™ืฉ ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืจื™ืึธืกื˜ืึธืก ืคึผืึธืขืžืข , ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึทืœืจืขืฐื™ื ื“ืขืจ 
ืจืึธืœืึทื ื“!',, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื™ืืจ ืึทืจื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืืกื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื›ึผื•ื— ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืงืึธืจื˜ืŸ"ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ,, ืกื•ืจ ืžืจืข'', ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืืฑืกื ืึทื›ึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืขืฆื˜ ื ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ, ืœืึทื˜ื™ืŸ, ืคืจืึทื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉ 4 
| 1 ืขืจื•ื’ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืฉื", ื“ืฃ 4 ืขืž' 1'2 ืคื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืงื‘ืœื ื• ืžื—ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื“ ื“' ืฉื—ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช 


ื—ืงื“ื•ืฉื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืฉืžื•ืชื™ื—ืŸ ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ื ืข"ื ื•ืื•ืจ ื ื›ื‘ื“", 

ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื“ืฃ 91, ืขืž' 3': ืขื•ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื—ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ืชืงื•ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืื•ื“ืจื,, ืฉื”ืžืขื˜ื™ื 
ื’"ื› ืžืกื™ื ื™ ื ื”ื ื• ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ื ืืœ ื—ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ื™ื—ืก ื”ื ืฉืžืช ืืœ ื—ื•ื•ื—". 

2 ืชึทื—ื™ื• ื™ื—ื•ื“ื—", โ€ 118-17 ,ืžืžื ื• ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื•ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื—ื ืชื‘ ื•ื—ื•ื ืื—ื‘ื ื™ 
ืื—ื‘ื” ื ืžืจืฆืช ืžืื– ืขื“ ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืชื•", 

4 ,ืกื•ืจ ืžึตืจืข ืขืœ ืฉื‘ึผื— ื•ื’ื ื•ืช ื—ืฆื—ื•ืง ื’ื“ื•ืš ื•ื™ื›ื•ื– ืฉื—ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื“ื“ ื•ืžื™ื“ืจ", ืœื•ื™ื 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ ื”ืฉืขืจื— ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ืคืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืŸ ืœื™ื“ ืฐืขื ืŸ 
ืฉืื ึธืš.ืฉืคื™ืœ , ืžืขืฑื ื™ ืžืœืš", ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ื™ื• ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื, ืึทื• ืึฒื‘ืจืชื 
ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ (ื•ืข ืขื”ืขื‘ืจ, ื ื™ื‘ืœ,", ืฐื, 64-660, 





174 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื’: ืขืจ. 


ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ื ื ืคึฟื ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ื™ื™ื ื’ืœ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืขืจื•ืช ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืึท ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื ืึทื‘ึผื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื ื‘ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื›ืึท- 
ืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžืึธื“ืขื ืื˜ ืฉื˜ืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฉืึทืคื•ื ื’ืก - ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื™ื ื 
, ืคึผื•ืจ ืžืจืข'' ืคื™ืจืŸ ืึท ื•ื™ื›ึผื•ื— ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ืึธื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืจื˜ืŸ-ืฉืคึผืœ, 
ืžื™ืจื“, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜ืขืจ ืงืขื’ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ 
ืฆื™ื™ื˜-ืคืึทืจื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘, ืืœื“ื“, ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืขื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื™ื ืคึผืขืจึธืœืขืš, ืึทืŸ ื ื™ื ื“ืขื ืงืึทืžืฃ 
ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืขื“ืœืขื›ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคึฟืึทืคึผืขืจ --- ืื™ื ืื™ื - 
ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื ืงื•ื“ื-ื›? ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืฐื•ืขื˜ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืึทื–ืึทืจื˜ ืคื•ื ื ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื ื•ึนืžื, 
ื“ื™ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืืœืขืงื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึทืž ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืฆื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ- ื’ืขืคืขื›ื˜. 
ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท ื’ื•ืคื ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืขืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืึธืŸ ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืข- 
ื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ ืฐื™ื›ึผื•ื—ื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจืขืœื™ื ื™ืขื–ืข ื˜ืขืžืขืก ื”ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฅ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ, ืึทื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœืขืžื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืืžื•ื ื”, ื”ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืœืึทื˜ืฒืŸ ื”ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉ, ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืจืขืจืžื™ื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืงืื ื˜ '. ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ื™ืจื™ืงืขืจ ื—ืฉืง ืฆื• ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–-ืคึผืึธืœืขืžื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึทืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉ 
ื“ืขื ืืžืช ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืืžื•ื ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื‘ื•ึนืช ืฆื•ึน ื‘ึผืึทืฉื™ืฆืŸ: ืื™ื 
ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืœืขืžื™ืง-ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ืš, ื“ื™ ืงืึทืžืฃ- 
ืึทื˜ืžืึธืกืคืขืจ, ื“ืึธืก ื ืฆื”ื•ื ื™ืฉืข ืื•ื™ืคื“ืขืงืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขื•ืชืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ึทื˜ ื’ืขืœื•ื - 
ื ืขื ืข ืจืื™ื•ืช ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืงืขืžืคื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงืขื’ื ืขืจ... ืžืึธื“ืขื ื ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 8 ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœื–ืฒื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทึธื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืœืึทืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืขืžืึทื˜ื™ืง, ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืข ืื•ืŸ 
ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจืฐื•ื™ืคื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ึผื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืจ 
ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื’ืจืขืกืขืจืŸ *, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง ืขื ืœืขืš 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ,, ื–ื•ื›ืขืจ'' (ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื), ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื ื“. ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึธืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืฉื˜ ื ืึธืš ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื•ืขืœ-ื™ื•ืฆื ืคื•ึนืŸ ืึท ื–ื•ื›ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืฉืžื—, ืฐืึธืก ืœืขื›ืฆื˜ ื“ืขื ืจื™ื›- 
ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฐื•ืขื’ ืฆื• ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืฆื•ื ืื™ื“ืขืืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืช ืื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืฉืจ; 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืคึผืึทืกื ื“ื™ืงืข ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืข ืฉืคึผื™ื™ื– ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ืข 
ืคืขื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ืงืข, ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืืฑืคืจืขื’ื’ึผืึธืจืข, ืึดื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ึดืคืข ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ; ืžืึธื“ืขื ื ืฉืฐืขื‘ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจืคืœืืš, ืขืจ 
ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื™ืกื˜ื ืก ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขื ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึทืš ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืึทืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช, ื’ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ื™ืงืข ืžืขื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื ืึทื‘ึผื•ื ื’, 


ื ื™ื˜ 





7 
1 ื•ืข ,ืืจื™ ื ื•ื”ื", ืงืึทืคึผ' ื’ืŸ ืื‘ึผื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืงื‘ึผืœื”", ื•ื•ื | 
2 ืžื™ืžื™ืฉ ื–ืฒื’ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึทืก ืคึฟืึธืœื ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ (,ืืจื™ ื ื•ื”ื", 5); 
ื‘ื™ ื•ืชืŸ ื™ืฉืื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื ื—, ืœืจื•ืกื ื•ืœืงื™ื ืœืึทืœ ืฉื™ื—ื™ื” ืขื•ื•ืจ ืœื™ ืœืจืขืช ื›ืœ ืžื™ ื›ืœ ืžื•ึนืฉืื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื". 


7 ื 


ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ืจืŸ 15 


ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื™ื ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืคึผื•ืกืง, ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืขืจ ืืฑื˜ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ --- ื“ืขืจ 
ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจ; ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจ, ืื™ื– ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืžืึธืจืขื ืืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืึทื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ืข ืžืึธืก, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ ืฉืึทืฆืŸ ืึทืœึถืข ื ื™ื™ืก- 
ื˜ื™ืงืข ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช, ืึทืœืข ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ื•ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ืŸ. ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืœืึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ื ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืชึผื™ืจื•ืช ืื•ื– 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืœืขื ื’ืœื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ ืžืึธื“ืขื ืืก ืงืจืึทืคื˜, 
ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉึฐื•ื•ืึทื›ืงืฒื˜: ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื ืจืขื ืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ื— ืงืึธืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข 
ืžืึธื“ืขื ืืก ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืึธื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉืึทืฆืขืจ --- ื“ืขืจ ืฉื›ืค 
ื”ื™ืฉืจ, ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืžืื›ื˜ ืึทืœืฅ ืึทื–ืฑ ืงืœืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืœืึธื–ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื˜ื•ื ืงืœืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื•ืœื˜ื˜. 
ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืื•ืžื‘ึผืึทื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขืจื ื“ ื•ื™ ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืข ื’ืจืขื ืขืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืžืขืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื - 
;ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืึธืคึผืฉืึทืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืขืœืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ 
ืืœืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ืชึผื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ืขืŸ. ืืžืช, ืขืก ืคึผืึทืกื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–, ืฐืึธืก ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท ื ื•ืคื ื•ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจืฉืคึผืขื ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ืขืจ- 
ื™ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืŸ ืจื™ื ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉืืฆืขืจ; ืขืจ 
ื˜ื•ื˜ ื“ืึธื˜ ืึถื‘ึนึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืฆื™ื™ื ื˜, ืึทื– ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฉื˜ืขื ืจื™ืง ืงืึธืŸ. ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืก ื ืื ืฅ ืึทื - 
ื“ืขืจืข ื˜ืขืžื™ื. ืžืึธืจืขื ื ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืืฑืคืจืขื ื‘ึผืึธืจืขืจ 
;ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืึธื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ืŸ ื›ืึทืจืืงื˜ืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• 
ืฉื•ื•ืืš ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืงืœื“ื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžืขืฉื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืึทืœื™ืฉืข ืื•ื™ืžืคื™ืจื•ื ื  
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฑืกื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืกึฐืชึดื™ืจื•ึนืช. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜, 
ื•ื™ ืกื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื ืขื–ืขืŸ, ื“ืขื‘ึผื™ื•ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคึผืึทืžืคืœืขื˜ 
ื™ืงืขื ืŸ ืงืึธืจื˜ืŸื“ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 72 ื™ืกื™ืŸ ืึท ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ืจืขื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืงืึธืจื˜ืŸ-ืฉืคึผื™ืœืขืจ.. ืขืจ ื ื•ืคื ืื™ื– ืžื•ื“ื” 1, ืึทื– ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ , ืคืึทืจืฉืึธืœื˜ืขื ืข!' ืชืึทื•ื•ื” 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืคื™ืœ ืฆืจื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื›ื–ื™ื•ื ื•ืช; ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืฅ. 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ึผื™ื˜ืขืจ ื ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขื›ื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช,. ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื‘ึผืึทืฆืึธืœืŸ 5, 


1 ,ื—ื™ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืจื” , 26, 28, 29, 30, 233, 34, 239, 46, 51, 62, 68, 


8 ืฐืขื ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื• ืื™ืš ื‘ึดึผื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื‘ึผืข ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืึทืœืฅ ื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ: 
ื“ืขืจ ืฆืึธืœ.ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ -- ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืžืขืจ ื‘ื™ ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ืึธืจื’ืŸ. 
ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืžืึธื ืขืจ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืžืึธืจื ืŸ : 
ื“ื™ ืฆืฐื™ื™ืกืข ื”ืขืœืžื ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืžื•ื ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ, 
ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฐืขื ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืฐื™ื™ืกืŸ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš -- ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืจืขืžืœ ืคืึทืจื’ืขื˜ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื•ืึธืจื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืงืœื•ื’ืŸ ื–ืึทืฅ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขื ื“: ื–ืึธืจื’ื˜ ื ื™ื ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืื’ื•ืช ืคื•ื ื ืงื™ื ืคื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ. 





18 ื—"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื’ื‘ ืขืจื’ 


ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืฐืึทืš, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผื•ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึดืชึทึผ" 
ื–ืึธื ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ,, ื—ืฆื—ื•ืง ื—ืžืงื•??' -- ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฉืึทืœื˜ืขื ืขืจ ืฉึผื™ืœ. ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ืžื•ื˜ ืึธื ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืข 
ืฉื•ืœื“, ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ , ืคึผืึทืจืคืœื•ื›ื˜ืขืจ'' ืชึผืึทื•ื•ื”: 
ืขืจ ืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื™ื™ื ืฆื•ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืขืจ ื ื•ืคื ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง -- 
ืก'ืื™ื– ืึท ื’ื–ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื, ื“ื™ ืคึผืœืึทื ืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืกื˜ืจืึธืœืึทื ื™ืฉืข ืžื•ืจืื“ื™ืงืข 
ืงืจืขืคื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขืก ื’ื•ืจื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึดึทืŸ ืึทื–ืึทืจื˜-ืฉืคึผื™ืœืขืจ ื›ึนึผืœ ื™ืžื™ 
,,ืฐืึธืก ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš ื˜ืึธืŸ --- ืงืœืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื•!, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืžืœืขืŸ ืจื•ื“ืคืŸ ืžื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช''. ื•ื™ . 
ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืข ื’ืขืœื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ -- ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืขืจ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืžืึธืœ -- ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื ื•ืจ? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืื ื“ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื ื–ืจ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ึผืฐื•ืขื ื“ืŸ" 4 ,ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืข ืžื–ืœื•ืช -- ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื–ืขื‘ึผืœืกื˜ื‘ึผื™ืึทื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข --- ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืึทืžืึธืœ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื ืึทืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืš 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืื™ืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขื—ื˜ ื“ื•ืกืึทื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜'' 5. 
ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ืงืขืžืคืขืจ ืคืึทืจืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื—ื™ืฉืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ืœืฑื‘ึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ , ื—ื›ืžืช 
ื”ื™ื“'' } ืื™ืŸ ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช * ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืœื›ืขืžื™ืข ื™ 
ืึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืจืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื™ืกืขื ืขืจ ืงืขื’ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืง 
ืื•ืŸ ืงื‘ึผืœื”, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืึธื“ืขื ื ื ื•ืคื ื’ืขื”ืึทื ื“ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืกืžื™ืขื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืกื’ื•ืœื•ืช, ืคืึทืจ- 
ืคืึทืกื˜ 53 ื”ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ืขื•ืช 7. ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืกื˜ื‘ึผื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ืจืขื‘ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 26 ืžืœืื›ื•ืช. 
ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจื ื˜ื•ืช, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืึทืœึถืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื 
ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืื™ื ืึทืจืฑืกืจืึทื˜ืขืฐืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขึถืจ ื ื•ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืึทืœืข 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืœืขื ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืชึผืึทืฐื” ืฆื• ืงืึธืจื˜ืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ืŸ 


(ืžืŸ ืœื™ืœ ืžื—ืฆื™ืชื• ืื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื—ื•ื‘ื•ืชื™, 
ื›ื™ ืœืคืจื•ืข ืื™ืŸ ืœื™, ืงืฆื ื‘ื ื•ืื—ืจ; 

ืื—ืจ ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื—ืœื™ืœ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ึดื™ 
ื—ืฉื ื• ื ื ื’ื ืืชื ืขื“ ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉึนืื—ืจ! 

ืื™ืฉืŸ ืืŸ ืืจื“ื ื›ึดื™ ืื•ื›ื•ืจ ื“ื‘ื™ื™ ืก' 
ื—ื›ื ื—ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ:! ืืœ ืชืฆืจ ืฆื•ืช ืžื—ืจ), 

,ืคืชื‘ื™ ืืจื™ื— ื“ื™ ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื—', ื ื•ืž' 45 

{ื—ื™ื™ ื™ื—ื•ืจื”", 50, | 

ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 52, 

ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 35, 

ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 37 ื"ื—, 

ื“ืึธืจืคืŸ, 20, 34 ื"ื•, 

ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึทืก ื—ืฉื ืขื•ืช ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื–ืึทืžืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขืกื•ื“ ื™ืฉืจื™ื" (1595)* 


= 5 3ืก = ืชื 20 ืจ 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 17 


ื›ึผื“ืื™ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ืžืœืื›ื•ืช, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืึทืจื ื•" 
ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจื‘ ืžื•ื ื 17ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื”: 
1) ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, 2) ืžื™ื˜ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, 
3) ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื• ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ, 4) ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืžื’ื™ื“, 8) ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืคืึทืจ- 
ืคืึทืกืŸ ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื‘ึผืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืฆืึธืœื˜, 6) ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืึท ื—ื–ืŸ, 7) ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืขืงืจืขื˜ืึทืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช, 8) ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืจื‘, 9) ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืคึผืกืงื™ื, 10) ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืช, 
1) ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืœืขืจืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช, 12) ืคืœืขื ื˜ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธืคื™ืฆื™ืขืœืข ื“ืึธื™ 
ืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ, 13) ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื•, โ€ 14) ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง, 18) ืคืœืขื ื˜ 
ืฉืจื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื•ืช ืคืึทืจ ืžืฆื‘ื•ืช, 16) ืคืœืขื•ื˜ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ืกืึธื ืขื˜ืŸ, 17) ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืขืก, 18) ืคืœืขื ื˜ ืจืขืคึผืขื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจื™ื™ 
ืคึผืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, 9) ืคืœืขื ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื•ืกื— ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึทืกื˜ืŸ, 
0 ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืขืฆืขืจ, 21) ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข 
ื•ื•ืขืจืง, 22) ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงืึธืจืขืงืžืึธืจ, 28) ืคืœืขื ื˜ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื•ื™ ืฆื• ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ 
ืกื’ื•ืœื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืงืžื™ืขื•ืช, 24) ืคืœืขื ื˜ ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืกืคืจื™ ืกื ื•ืœื•ืช, 5 ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืึท ืคืจืกื•ืจ, 20) ืึท ืฉื“ื›ืŸ 1, 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžืึธื“ืขื ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ื˜, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ ื ืœื™ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืงืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืคืึธืœื ื ื“ื™ืกืขืจ ืคึทึผืจื˜. ืงืึธืจื˜ืŸ-ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ 
ื‘ึผื›ืœืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืžื›ึผืช ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผื“ืฒื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ื™ื’? (ื–ืข ื‘ื™ื™" 
ืœืึทื’ืข ื ื•ืž' 6) ื‘ึผืึทืงืขื ื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ , ื’ื™ื ื—ื–ื™ื•ืŸ'' ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืŸ 
ื˜ื™ืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืขื ื˜ืŸ ืงืึทืจื˜ืŸ-ืฉืคึผื™ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืžื™ืœื• ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ" 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ืงืึธืจื˜ืŸ-ืฉืคึผื™ืœ? ืื™ื– ื ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืคืขืจ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจื˜ืŸื‘ึผื™ืœ- 
ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืžื”ื“ื™ืงืข ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืข ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื ื ืึทื ืฅ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืคืึทืจื ืขื *. ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืฆื• ืงืขืžืคืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื–ืึทืจื˜-ืฉืคึผื™?ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทืฉืœื•ื˜ (1638) ืึทืจื•ื™ืก- 
ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื”ืชืจืื”, ืึทื– ืฐื•ืขืจ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ื˜ื™ื˜ ืกืึธืจื˜ืŸ-ืฉืžึผื™ืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืึทื–ืึทืจื˜-ื™ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืึทืจืฒื™ื ืฐื•ืึทืจืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื—ืจื. ืžืึธื“ืขื ื 
ืื™ื– ื ืœื™ื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืงืขื ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจ- 
ืคืึทืกื˜ ืึท ื’ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ื™ืงืข ืงืขื ื ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ? ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื—ืจื ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 


1 {ื—ื™ื™ โ€ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” , 65-664, 

3 ืื’ื™ื ื—ื•ื™ื•ืŸ", 8-7: ืึทืืžืจ ืœื™: ื“ืข ื›ึผื™ ื›ืœ ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื ื ืงืœืคื™ื 
ื•ื‘ืงื•ื ื™ื™ืื•ืช ื•ืืฉืจ ื”ื›ื™ื ื ื•ืกื“ืจื ื—ื™ื” ืื™ืฉ ืืœืงื™ื ื ื•ืจื ืžืื•ื“, ื—ื›ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืฉึธืืœึดื ื™ื“ืข 
ื˜ืคืจ ื•ื‘ื™ื ื” ื•ืกื“ืจื ืœืจืžื•ื– ืœื›ืœ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื”ืืจืฅ. ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื—ื™' ืœืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืœื ื’ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ 
ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื—ื ื ื“ื•ืœืช ืงื•ื ื•" ืืึทื–"ื˜, 

4 ืžืึธืจืขื ืึทืก ืงืขื ื ืฉืจื™ืžื˜ ื”ืึธื ืœืึทืžืคึผืจืึธื ื˜ื™ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ืกืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,ืคื—ืจ ื™ืฆืชื›' 
ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืขืจืš ืื—ืจื", 

)12( 





178 ืจ"ืจ ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ืฐืึธืจืŸ,. ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธื“ืขื ื˜ืก ืึทืฐื•ืฑืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืข ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ื’ืขื•ื™ืกืŸ 
ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ื™ ืึถื ื’ื™ โ€ ' ืึทื– ืงืึธืจื˜ืฑืฉืคึผื™ืœ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืžื›ึนึผืช ืžื“ื™ื ื”; ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข, ืื™ื™ ื“ืขื .,ื‘ึผื•ืจื˜ืกืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœึถืข 
ืžื™ื ื™ื ืœืึทื˜ืขืจืฒืขืŸ, ืื™ ื“ื™ ืชึผืึทืฐื” ืฆื• ืึทื–ื. ื“ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ- 
ืฉืคึผืจืฒื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื ืขืกืึทื ืก-ืชืงื•ืคื”. ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืึธืŸ, ืึทื– 
ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ื™ืฉืข ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื, ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืึธืคื˜ ื‘ื 
ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ืœื”ืฒื™ื–ืขืจ ืื•ึนืŸ ืงืœื•ื‘ึผืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ 
ืงืœื™ืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึธืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืฒืœื™ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืœ โ€ 


ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท, ื“ืขืจ ืึทื–ืึทืจื˜-ืฉืคึผื™ืœืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืก ื’ืขื’ืœื™ืงื˜ 
ื›ึผืœ ื™ืžื™ื• ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืœื™ืง ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืขื " 
ืœืขึถื‘ึผืŸ ', ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ-ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืŸ 
ืฉืคึผื™ืœ, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืื˜ ืžืฆื“ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ื‘ืึทืฉืขืคืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื 
ื™ื™ื“ื ื˜ื•ื ืึทื–ืฑ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขื ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜. 
ืฆื•ื•ืขืง ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืœืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืคื•ื ื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืฐืขืœื˜ืึทืœ, ื‘ึผืึทืงื•ืžื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึธืŸ 
ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืžืฉื•ื ื—ื“ื™ืงืข ืฆื•ืจื”. ,ื™ื -- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืื™ืจืึธ- 
ื ื™ืข -- ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื“ืขื ืžื™ื˜ืœืคื•ื ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ 
ื‘ืึทืฉืึทืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ ืฐืขื ืŸ; ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื 
ืึท ืฉืคึผืึทืก, ืึท ืฉืคึผื™ืœื›ืœ, ืฐื™ ืึท ื“ืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืœืข ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืœืคึผืขืœืข ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื•ื™ 
ืขืจื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉืจืจื•ืช, ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื ืœื ืœื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืข ืžื–ืœื•ืช ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข 
ืฆืึทื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืžืขืกื™ืง --- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึถึผืขืจ ืœืึทื ื’" 
ืฐืฒื™ืœื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื˜ื ื˜. ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืœืึทื ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื™ืกืข ืจืขื’ืœืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ 
ื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ืงืกืŸ. 
ื‘ึผืœืฑื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ึผื—ื™ืจื— ื‘ึผืœื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ื˜- 
| ื ืึทื. ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืžืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจืžืขืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืฐื™ 
ืžืœืึธื›ื™ื ื ืœื™ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืœื˜ ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื•ืžืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจืึทื‘ืœื˜ ื•ื™ 
ืึท ืฐืึธืจืขื ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ึผ. ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ืึทื ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืขืœื™ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื™ืจื™ื“ื•ืช, ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื•ืžื“ืขืจืžื™ื“ืœืขื›ืข ืงืจืึทืžืคื”ืึทืคื˜ืข ืงืœืขื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 


,ืžื”ืขืกืง ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื—ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืฆื•ื”ืงื™ื, ื•ืคืขืžื™ืก ืจื‘ึผื•ึผืช 
ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืœื™ืฉื ื•ืœืชืŸ ืขืžื”ื ื‘ึผืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืฆื•ื—ืงื™ืื˜ ืฉื, ืื• ื‘ื ื™ืช ื•ืขื“ ื”ืฆื—ื•ืง, ืื• 
ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžื˜ืฉ ื•ื”ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื›ืจื™ื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืฆื—ื•ืง", 

2 ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึทืก ืจืจื™ื™ ื–ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒื ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ ืฆื• 26 ื™ืึธืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฐื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ืื™ื• ื’ืขื”ืจื ืขื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื‘ึผืฉืขืช ืึท ื’ืขืฉืœืขื’, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ืžืขืจ, ืึทืŸ ืืฑืกื’ืขืœืึทืกืขื ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื , 
ื”ึดืฆึธืก ืขืžื™ื’ืจื™ืจื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืจืึทืฑื™ืœื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืกืขืจ ืึทืจืฒืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธืื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ื ื™ื ื‘ึผืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื‘ึผืฒื™ื“ืข ืืฒื“ืขืžื ืื•ืŸ ืืฒืŸ ืคืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจื—ื™ื™ื ื ืขืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื›ืึธื“ืขื ืึทืก ืคืจื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืจืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื“ืŸ 179 


ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื›ืŸ -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื˜ื ื˜ ืฆื•ืฆื•ื–ืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื™ 
ืึท ืขืจื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืœืš ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืฉืคึผืึทืก ื ึดื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืฉืจืจื™ืช ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ื ื“ื™ื ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืก ืื•ื™ืกืจืจืขื˜ื™ืจื˜ืข ื”ื™ื ื˜, ืžืึทื™ืคืขื˜, ืจื™ื™ื“ื ืจื™ืงืข ืคื™ื™ื ืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื“, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึทื ืขืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืงื•ื ืฆืŸ -- ืึทื–ืฑ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืึทืก 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื ืึทืœึถืข ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ 
ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื™ื ืœืขื›ืŸ ืคึผืึทืœืึทืฅ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืจืจื•ืช ื—ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ืข ื“ื™ื ืขืจ ื ืขืจืŸ 
ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืœื›ื ืœื™ื‘ืœื™ื ื’ --- ื“ื™ ืžืึทืœืคึผืข 1. 

ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืจื•ืฉ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืžืึธื“ืขื ื, ื‘ึผืขืช ืขืจ ื•ื™ื™ื™ื•ื˜ 
ืึถืŸ ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ืŸ ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก. ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืึทื›ืŸ, ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืชืจื™''ื’ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืื™ื– ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืคืจื™ื” ื•ืจื‘ื™ื” -- 
ืจื•ืคื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื›ึผืขืก: ,ืืš, ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื ื– ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ืœืขื ื“ื˜, ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืคึฟืึทืจืคื™- 
ืกืคื˜ืขืจื˜! ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื’ื•ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืขืœืŸ ืงื™ื•ื, 
ื˜'ื ืึทื ืฆืข ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื ืคืึทืจื™ืึธืžืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื˜ืขืจื˜. 
ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ื–ื™ื ื“, ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ืจืฉืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื‘ึผ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืคืจื ืก ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ. ื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึฐึผืŸ ื–ื™ ืื•ื ื– ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื”ืึทืœื– ืื•ื™ืคื’ืข- 
ื”ืึทื ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผื›ืจื™ ืกื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ... ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื’ืจื•ื™ื˜ืข 
ื‘ึผืขื ื“ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืœืขืงื˜ ืฆื•ึน ื‘ืึทืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืึทืœืข ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืฆืจื•ืช ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื›ื ื˜, ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ื“ืœื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ื™ื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืœืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืึธื˜'ื™ 2. | 

ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ื- 
ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืžืึทื“ืขื ืึทืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืœื˜ืžืึธื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืจื‘ึผื ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื ื˜ื•ื. ืžืขืŸ ืžื•ื– 
ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืจืึทืฆื™ืึทื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ืจื‘ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื ืึธืขื ืขื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฆื™ื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜- 
ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฐืฐืขื ืขืฆื™ืึทื ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืฉื•ื‘ ืื•ืŸ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 5 ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื“ื ืขืจื™ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ ืคืœืขื ื˜ ืฆื•ืฆื™ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ื ืข 


1 ,ืงื•ืœ ื˜ื›ืœ", 8--9: ื’ื›ืžืœืš ื‘ื•ื ื” ืืจืžื•ืŸ ื•ืžืขืžื™ื“ ื‘ื•ึผ ืžืฉืจืชื™ื˜ ื•ึผืžึดืฉื‚ืจึฐืชึดื™ื ืœื”ื 
ื•ื›ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช ืœืฉืจืช ืœื—ื, ื•ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ืงื•ืคื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืฆืฉื•ืจื™ื ื•ืกื•ืกื™ื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ืœืขื•ื ื’ 
{ ืฉืœื• ืคืจื˜ื™.,, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื›ืœื ืฉื™ืชืขื ื’ ื‘ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืื“ื, ื"ื› ืื™ืŸ ืžืขื•ืœื” ืžืžื ื•, ื•ื›ืฉื ืฉืžืฉืจืชื™ 
ืžืœืš ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื“ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืขืœื” ืงืฆืช ืœึนื ื™ื‘ื– ืœืฉืจืช ืงื•ืฃ ืื• ืฆืคื•ืจ ื ื—ืžื• ื•ื™ืงืจ ืœืžืœืš, ื›ืŸ 
ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™' ืจื•ื ื•ืžื ื—ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื™ืฉืจืชื• ื”ืืจื.. ื›ืžืœืš ื‘"ื• ืœื ืžืชืขื ื’ ื‘ืขื‘ื“ื™ื• ื”ื™ืฉืจื™ื ื’ื ืœื 
ื’ื˜ืฉื™ืชื™ื• ื”ืคื—ื•ืชื™ื ื›ื™ ืื -ื‘ื›ืœื‘ ืงื˜ืŸ, ืงื™ืฃ ืื• ืฆืคื•ืจ ืื• ืกื•ื, 8ืขื ื™ืขืฉื” ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืื“ื 
ื™ืžืขื ื›ื‘ื—ืžื”", 

2 ื“ืึธืจืžืŸ, 2 

8 ืžื ื“ืขื ืึทืก ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ, ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘, ืฉืจืฒื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืจื•ืขื“ืข ืฆื™ ,ืžื’ืŸ 
ื•ื—ืจื‘": ืื ื•ื“ืข ื™ื•ึนืชืจ ื‘ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื•, ืื”ื•ื‘ ื•ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื—ื›ืžืชื• ื•ื‘ืขื ื•ืชื ื•ืชื• ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื—ืฉื˜ื ื™ื, 
ื“ื•ื›ืกื™ืก, ื’ืœื—ื™ื, ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ ืžืœื›ื™ื ื•ืฉืจื™ื ื˜ื›ืœ ืขื ื•ืœืฉื•ืŸ". 





180 ื“"ืจ , ืฆื™ื ื‘ืฆืขืจื•ื’ 


ืคึผืจืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคื™ืœืข ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ; ืื™ื ื”ืขืจืŸ ืžืœืขื’ืŸ ืึธืคื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงืึทื˜ื•ืœื™ืฉืข 
ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืคื•ื ื ืึทื“ืœืฉื˜ืึทื ื“. ืฉืึทืจืคื–ื™ื ื™ืง, ื ื™ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ืš, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ- 
ื”ืึทืœื˜ื ื“, ืื™ื– ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึธ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื˜ึดืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืึทืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ื ืขื–ืขื ืกื˜ืข 
ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ืขื“ื™ืง. ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื”ื•ื™ืคืœื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืฆื™ื‘ึผื™ืฉืึธืคืŸ,. ืขืจ ืคืœืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข 
ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืฉืึทืคื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ื’ืจื™ื ืขื ืกืึธืจื˜ืŸ-ื˜ื™ืฉ. ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืขืจ, ืฐื™ 
ืึธืคึผื˜ ืื™ื ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคึดื™ืจืŸ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืข ื•ื™ื›ึผื•ื—ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทื˜ืึทื ื˜ืข 
ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฉื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืกื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืึธืคึผืฆื•ึผืฐื•ืขื ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืฆื• ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทืœืข ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ืคืึทืœืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ืŸ 
ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ื ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ื•ืจื ื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื•ืข 
ื•ื•ื™ื›ึผื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื•ื™ืœื ื“ื™ืง ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ ืึดืž- 
ื’ืขืฉืฐื•ืึทื›ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืจืขืœื™ื ื™ืขื–ืข ื ืขืคื™? ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ื ื™ืœื˜ื™ืง ืฆื•ึน ื“ื™ 
ืคึผืจืึธื‘ึผืœืขืžืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืึทืžืŸ ืžื—ื™ืฆื•ืช ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืืžื•ื ื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืคึผืึทืกื˜ ืฆื•ื ื ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืŸ , ืฉื›ืœ ื—ื™ืฉืจ'', ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฉืœืึทื‘ึผืขืจื™ืงืขืจ 
ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธื“ืขื ืืื˜ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืŸ ืฐืขืœื˜ื‘ืึทื ืขื, 
ืึทืœืฅ ืžืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื ืขืฐืึทืกืกืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื’ื– ืื•ื™ืคืŸ โ€ ืึธืจื˜ืึธื“ืึธืงื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืจื‘ึผื ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื™ื™ื“ื ื˜ื•ื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืจืึธืจ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทืจืงื˜ืขืจ 
ืจืขืึทืงืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข, ื ืขืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืืฑื‘ึผื ืึธืŸ 
ืคื•ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืจืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท ื—ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื ืœื™ื™ื‘- 
ื ื™ืœื˜ื™ืง ืฆื•ื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืฉืžืขื” ื•ื™ 
ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’. ืึธืจื˜ืึธื“ืึทืงืกื™ืฉ-ืจื‘ึผื ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืจืขืžื•ื ื ืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ 
ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท ืื™ื– 2ึผืœืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืขืžืคืขืจื™ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคืขืกื˜ืŸ ื ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืŸ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทืžื” ืงืขื’ืŸ ืจืฆื ื•ืช ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ 
ืื™ื™ื’ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืข ืคืึธืจืžืขืŸ. 


ืื™ืŸ 1616 ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทืžื‘ึผื•ืจื ืขืจ ืกืคืจื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืงื—ื™ืœื— ื–ื™ืš ื ื’ืขืฐืขื ื“ื˜ ืฆื• ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึทืŸ, ืึทืœืก ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ึผืงื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœืขืžื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืงืฉืช, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช ืื ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืึตืŸ 
ืขื ื“ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ืงืข ืชืฉื•ื‘ื— ืื•ื™ื” ืขืœืฃ ืฉืืœื•ืช, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืึตืŸ ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืจืึทืฆื™ืึธ- 
ื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืึทืคึผื™ืงื•ืจืก ืื™ื– ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ึผืœื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ืจืช ืึธื‘ื•ื–. 
ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 1 ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ืžืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ื ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืึทื ืึธื ื™ืžืขืจ ืึทืคึผื™ืงื•ืจืก, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื‘ืึทืื•ืžืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื ื™ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืคืจื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกื”ื™ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืžื ึผื•ืจื , ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ืกื˜ืขื“ ืื•ืจื™ืืœ ืึทืงืึธืกื˜ืึท, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื™ืง ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ 


1 ื–ืข ื’ ืคึผืึธืจื ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื’ืฆื™ื™ืกืฉืจ, ืž, ื”ืขื‘ืจ, ื‘ื™ื‘ืœื™", 1911 80--82, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื• ื™ื“ืŸ 181 


ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืžื‘ึผื•ืจื’ 1 ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขืš ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืขื ืขื“ื™ืง ืึทืŸ 
ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื•ืขืจืง, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ื“ืขืจ- 
ืžืึทื ื˜ืข ืขืœืฃ ืฉืึทืœื•ืช ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืชึผืœืžื•ืจ. ืžืึธื“ืขื ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ 
ืœืึทื ื’ ื‘ึผืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ืึธืคึผื ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืึทืคึผื™ืงื•ืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืžื‘ึผื•ืจื  
ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืึทืœืขืžื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ *,,ืžื’ืŸ ื•ืฆื™ื ื”"" ?- ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื• 
ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทืžื‘ึผื•ืจื’ืขืจ ืงื—ื™ืœื” 1 ืจืขื“ื˜ ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท ืžื™ื˜ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื›ึผืขืก ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ,,ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืฆื“ื•ืงื™'', ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ื ื—ื•ืฆืคึผื” 
,,ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขื–" ืื•ื™ื” ื“ืขืจ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ึผืขืœ ืคึนึผื”. ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ,,ืžื™'' ืื•ืŸ 
,ืฆื“ื•ืงื™"" ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื’ืขืงืขืžืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืจืึท ืฆื™ืึทื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืจ; 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืึธื ืคืึทืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึทืคึผืขืœื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท! 
ืึทื–ืฑื™ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื’ืขืึทื›ืคึผืขืจื˜ืŸ ืืฑื˜ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ --- ืฆื•ึน ื“ืขื ื ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจ. 
ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืจื•ืฉื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืขืœ , ืžื’ืŸ ื•ืฆื™ื ื”", 
ืขืก ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื•ื ื– ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ. ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืข ื˜ืขื–ื™ืกืŸ ืคื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื”ืึทืžื‘ึผื•ืจื’ืขืจ ืึทืคึผื™ืงื•ืจืก, ืงืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท ืคึผืึธืœืขืžื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืงื•ื ืฆื™ืช 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,,ืžื’ืŸ ื•ืฆื™ื ื”'', ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืึธื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ืึทืœึธืก ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข 
ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึทืŸ ื’ื•ืคื. ืึทืœืก ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœืขืžื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืื™ื‘ึผื˜ืข- 
ื“ื™ืึทืœืขืงื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ืฐืขื ื“ื˜ ืขืจ ืึดืคึผ ื“ืขื ืงืขื’ื ืขืจื ื˜ืขื ื•ืช, ื‘ึผืขืช ื˜ื™ืฃ ืื™ื ื 
ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืžืกื›ึผื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™. 

ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื—ื–ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืช ืขืจ ืงืขืžืคื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืึทืคึผื™ืงื•ืจืกื™ืฉืข ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ,,ืึทื‘ึผื™ืงื•ืจืก!' --- ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืฉื•ืžืฃ 
ืื‘ื ืจ ืื•ื™ืก ื‘ึผื•ืจื’ืึธืก, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืคืืจื™ืงืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื ืจ 
(ืงืืคึผ' ?). ืžืื“ืขื ืึท. ื’ื•ืคื ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ื ื’ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืจื•ืฉื ืขืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื‘ื ืจืก ืคึผืึทืžืคืœืขื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืชึผืœืžื•ืจ +. ,ืื–ื ืžื™ืŸ 
ื–ื•ืขืจืง.--- ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืชืคึผืขืœื•ืช -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืึถื ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ 
ื ืึธืจ ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ึผืงื™ืื•ืช. ื“ืขื ืจืžื‘ึผ''ื ืก ืชึผืœืžื™ื“, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื‘ื ืจ 


1 ื–ืข ื“ืึธืจืžืŸ, 41, ืึดื•ื™ืšึฐ ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท ืฐืฒื•ื ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,ื ื’ืŸ ื•ืฆื™ื ื”", ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึนึผืึทื™ 
ื˜ืจืขืคื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืึทืคึผื™ืงื•ืจืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืฆื™ื™ืฉืฐืฒื™ืœื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืžื‘ึผื•ืจื’ : ,ืื™ืฉ ื›ืกื™ืœ ืฉืžื• 
ื–ื”ื™ื” ื“ืจ ืืื– ื‘ื”ืžื‘ึผื•ืจื’",. ืกื™ืจ ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจืกืœืจ ืื–ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื›ืกื™ืœ" 
ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื ืคืึทืงืข, ืึทื• ื“ืึธ ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืึทืงื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ, ืฐืฒืœ ,ืื™ืฉ ื›ืกื™ืœ" ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื‘ื ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื: 
ืื•ื™ืืœ ื“'ืงื•ืกื˜ื™, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ื“'ืงื•ืกื˜ื•, 

2 ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืขืคึผื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš :ื’ื™ื™ื ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1856. ื ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืึท ื˜ืขื•ืช 
ื‘ึผืขืช ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ (ืœืขืึธ ื“ืข ื˜ืึธื“ืขื ืึท, 25--/2),, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืึทืคึผื™ืงื•ืจืก, ื˜ื™ื˜ ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ 
ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท. ืคึผืึธืœืขืžื™ื–ื™ืจื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืœึนื ื”ื™ื— ื•ืœื ื ื‘ืจื. ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท ื’ื•ืคื ื”ืึธืก ื•ื™ืŸ {ืžื’ืŸ ื•ืฆื™ื ื”" 
ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืขืฆื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉ (ื–ืข ืื”ืขื‘ึผืจ, ื‘ื™ื‘ืœ.", |ืฉื, 24-23), 

8 ื–ืข ื‘ึผืœื•ื™, ืฆื™ื,. ืฐืขืจืง, 146, 

4 ืžืึธืจืขื ืึท ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื ื ื™ื ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึธืœืขืžื™ืฉืŸ ืฐืขืจืง, ื“ืึธ ืจืขื“ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื‘ืœื™ื™ ื™ืกืคืง ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื‘ื ืจื ืืžื ื—ืช ืงื ืื•ืช", 





182 ื“"ืจ ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ึผืขืจื’ 


ื’ืขืฉืขืคึผื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืขืกื˜ืข ืงืขืœืขืจืก, ื“ืขืจ ื’ื ื•ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืึถื‘ึนึผืขืจ ื‘ื™ื™ 
ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื ืงืึทืœื™ืข ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. โ€ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื›ึผ? ื™ืžื™ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืคื•ืคืฃ 
ืžื’ืข ื•ืžืฉื ืžื™ื˜ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ ืจืขืœื™ื ื™ืขื–ืข ืฐื™ึดื›ึผื•ื—ื™ื... ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฅ 
ื–ืื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืœืขืกื™ืฉ ื•ืฐืขืจืง ืื•ึนื™ืฃ 
ืœืึทื˜ืฒืŸ, ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉ, ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืžื•ื ื”. ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืœืข 
ื•ื•ืขืจื ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืงื•ื ืฆื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ื‘ืงื™ืื•ืช ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืฆื˜ ืคืึทืจ 
ืึท ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืŸ ืฆื™ืœ ืึทืœืข ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจืขืคื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคึผืกื•ืงื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืชึผื "'ืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืงืœืข" 
ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืชึผืœืžื•ื“, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืจืคืืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื. 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืฐืขืจืง. ืžืขืŸ ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื˜, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื ; 
ืึท ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ืŸ ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ื™ืงืขื ืขืจ 1 

ืžืึธื“ืขื ื ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืขื ื˜ืคืขื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื‘ื ืจืก ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ื•ื•ืขืจืง. ื“ืขื ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืึธื›ืขื ืขื ืขื ื˜- 
ืคืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, ื‘ึผืขืช 
ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท ื ื•ืคื ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืึท ืงืึทืžื” ื“ืขื ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืึทืงืข ืกื•ืžืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ , ืจื‘ึผื™ ืื‘ื ืจ" 5. 

ืขืก ืคืขืœืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืœื™ื™ึดื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืชึธึผืึทืจ ืื•ื ื– 
ืื•ื™ืคื“ืขืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืคึผืจื˜ื™ื ื“ืขื ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืกื™ื›ืึธืœืึธื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื - 
ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก,. ืฐื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืึทืŸ ืื ื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืขืจ. ืจื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ืžื ื•ืœื ืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื™ืกืขื ืขื ืฉื•ื ื ืคื•ื ื ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ึผื ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื™ื™ื“ื ื˜ื•ื. ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืกื˜-ื‘ึผื™ืึทื ืจืึทืคึผื™ืข ืคืืจืฉืฐื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื ื ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธ- 
ื–ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜, ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ื•ืึทืกึถืขืจืข ื˜ึธืขืžื™ื. 
ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื ืื” ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื ื™ื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜, ื•ื•ืขืžึถืขืก ืึธืคื™ืฆื™ืขืœืขืจ 
ื˜ืจืขื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืฒื™ืขืจ ืขืจ ื’ื•ืคื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื™ืœื ื“ื™ืง 
ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ, ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ืงื™ื ื“ ืคื•ื ื 17ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื” -- ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึทื ื™ 
ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืœื— ื–ืฉืึทืŸ ืžืขืœื™ืข (ื–10651/6 ื—108), ื“ืขื ืคืึทืจืคึผืึทืกืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืกื˜ื– 
.1ื—6ืฐื—1692" (ืฆื•ื•ืื”). ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืงืขืจ ื“ืึธืจืค-ื ืœื—, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
3 ื™ืžื™ื• ื˜ืจื™ื™ ืžืงื™ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืœื–, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื ื—ืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืœืก 
;ืคื™ืฆื™ืขืœืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืก-ื“ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื— ืฉื”ื•ื 
ืคื•ึนืŸ ืึทืคึผื™ืงื•ืจืกื•ืช, ืคึฟืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ืš 8 ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืขื ืข ืฆื•ื•ืื”, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ืขืจ ื’ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ึผื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื˜ื™ืคืข ืœืขื‘ึผื ืก-ื“ืจืึทืžืข. ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึทืœื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื ืื”, ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื˜ื•ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืึทื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ 


1 ,ื’ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื“ืช", ืฐื•ื-- ืฉื 
3 ืืงื•ืœ ืกื›ืœ", 51. 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 183 


- ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืขืจ ืึทืจืฑื ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ืจืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืจื™ืกื˜ื ื˜ื•ื; ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ืขืจ 
ื“ืึธืจืฃ-ื’ืœื—, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื›ึผืœ ื™ืžื™ื• ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื ื›ื ืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืŸ 
ื ื™ื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฉืจืจื•ืช, ืจืขื“ื˜ ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ื ืฉืึทืจืคืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืึทืจื•ื™ืก ืึทื–ื•ื™ื ืข 
ืึทืคึผื™ืงื•ืจืกื™ืฉืข ,,ื ืึธื˜ืœืขืกื˜ืขืจืœืขื‘ืข'" ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ,4 ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ึผื˜. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืžืคืกืœื•ืกื˜ื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ืคืงืœืขืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™- 
ื“ืขื ืงืขืจ ืื™ื ื 18ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื”. ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึทึผื™ื™ื ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืžื•ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึท ืงืขืžืคืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืึทืœืก ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ืœื˜ื›ืขืจ ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขืš 
ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืชึผืžื™ืœื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืชึผืฉื‘ึผื—ื•ืช ื“ืขื ื ืึธื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผื˜, 
ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืื” ื ื•ืงื ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืคึผื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื”ืึธืก ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืืžื•ื ื” ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฐืึทืจืคื˜ ืื™ื 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑื™ื ืข ื–ื™ื“ืœื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ. ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
,ืžื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื™ืฉื•?, ื ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขืš-ืคื™ื™ื ื“ืœืขื›ืŸ ืคึผืึทืžืคืœืขื˜. 
,ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ. ืžื•ื --- ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืžืขืœื™ืข -- ืฆื• ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืึธืคืŸ 
ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ, ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืืžืช ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ ืขืงื–ืขืคืคึผืœืืจืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืื” ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ึผืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืขืจ ืงืึทื˜ืขื“ืขืจ 
ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืจืฃ-ืงื™ืจืš, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื™ืขืจืŸ ื•ื–ื•ื ื˜ืึธื’ ื“ึนืขื ื’ืึธื˜ืขืกื“ื™ื ืกื˜ 
ืคึผืจืึทื•ื•ืขืŸ. 

ืืจื™ื” ื“ื™-ืžืื“ืขื ื ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืขืžืคึผืขืจื™ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืึทืคื™ืœืŸ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืชืŸ ืคึผืจืฆื•ืฃ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืึธืคืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืึธืจื‘ืขื ืขื 
ืืžืช. ื‘ึผืขืช ืขืจ ืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ื‘ึผื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื‘ึผื•ืจื™ื, ืฐืึธืก 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸืŸ, ืื™ื– ืžืึธื“ืขื ื ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ: ,ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืกื˜ื ืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื ื—ืžื”, ืึทื– ื“ืขื ื˜ื•ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื˜ืขืจ ืžื–ืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœื”ื›ืขื™ืก, ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืš 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžืขืงื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืืœืง" 2. ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืึถื‘ึถึผืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืœืฒื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืึทืœื ื’ื“ืŸ? 
ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืค, ื ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจื”ืึทืกื˜ืŸ ืฉื ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทืคึผื™ืงื•ืจืก ืื•ืŸ ,, ืขื•ื›ืจ ื™ืฉืจื" 
ื•ื™ ื—ื™ื•ื•ื™ ื”ื‘ึผืœื›ื™, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืืœื™ืฉืข ื‘ึผืŸ ืื‘ื•ื™ื”, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื‘ึผืืฉืœืึธื˜ืกืŸ 
ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ. ืงืึทืžืฃ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื‘ึผื ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื ื˜ื•ื ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคืŸ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืขืจ 
ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช, ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืึท ื‘ึผืึทื”ืขืœื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ, ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืœืขืจ ืคืึทืกืงืข ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคึผื ึดื™ื.. 

ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ 1022 ืื™ื– ื›ึผืœื•ืžืจืฉื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
8 ื‘ืืงืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ื ืื™ื– ื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ 


3 {ื—ื™ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”', 45-42, 
? ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 42: ืื›ื™ ื–ืืช ืœื™ ืœื ื—ืžื” ืจื‘ื”, ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ืžื—ื” ืฉืžื™ ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืžื”ืขื•ืœื 
ืขื•ื“ ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืขืœ ื›ืจื—ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืช ื•ื ื ืจ ื—ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืจืข ื”ื•ื”" 








184 ืจ"ืจ ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ืึท ื›ืชื‘-ื™ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืค'ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืงืึทืœืฒื™ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ 120 ื™ืึธืจ 
ืึท ืคืึทืจื‘ื™ืกืขื ืขืจ ืงืขื ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืชึผืœืžื•ื“,. ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืžืึธื“ืขื ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
, ืžื’ืŸ ื•ืฆื™ื ื”'' ืงื•ื ื”-ืฉื ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืœืก ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœืขืžื™ืกื˜, ื”ืึธืž 
ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื ืขื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืขืคื•ื ืขื ืขื ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืงืฉื” ืึธื ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืœืข ืึธื ืคืึทืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืกืŸ 
ืึทืคื™ืงื•ืจืก. - 

,ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืžื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืงืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื›ึผืชื‘"ื™ืš -- 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึธ --- ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื•ื ื’, 
ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืึธื ืคืึทืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื‘ึผืงื™ืื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืžื•ื– 
ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืคื™ืœ ื ืึธื›ืจืขื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ, ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืž- 
ืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืึธืคึผืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืฆื• ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจืื ืื ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท 
ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืื™ื‘ึผื˜ืŸ ืงืขื’ื ืขืฃ"". 

, ื“ื• ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ --- ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžืึธื“ืขื ืืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืขืจื ืกื˜ืŸ ืคึผื ื™ื ืฆื•ื 
ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ -- ื‘ืืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทืœึถืข ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื’ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื ืื™ื›ึผืขืจ, ื•ื•ืข- 
ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ื”ืขืจืŸ -- ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืŸ, ืฐืขืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ื–ื•ื›ื” -- ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ- 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ!" 1 

ืขืก ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ื ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืžืขืฉื” ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขื ืขื ื›ึผืชื‘-ื™ื“ 
ืื™ื– ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ ืืŸ ืึธื ืฉื˜ืขืœ, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ื ืึทืคึผื™ืงื•ืจืก ื–ืึธื ื˜ ืขื“ื•ืช, 
ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ืŸื– ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืึท ืžืฉืœ. , ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ึผืจ -- ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึธ -- 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืึทืžืชึผื™ ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื“ืขื™ื” ืื‘ึผืŸ ืจื–. ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜: ื“ืขืจ ืืžืชืขืจ, ื“ืขื ื’ืึธื˜-ื“ืขืจ- 
ืงืขื ืขืจืก ื–ื•ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึธืฆืœื™ื ื’ ืคื•ื ื ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ืกื•ื“, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง. 
ื‘ึผืฉื ืช ื”ืจืก'' (1500). ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ , ื”ืจืก" ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืึท ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืŸ 

ื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืฉ --- ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’. ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ื ื ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืคืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท ื ื™ื˜ ืึถืŸ 
ืขืจ ื ื•ืคื ืงืจื•ื™ื ื˜ ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ,,ืงื•? ืกื›?'' (ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื ื ืืจ), ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื™ื , ืฉืื ืช ืืจื™ื”'' (ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืœื™ื™ื‘ึผ). 
ืžืึธื“ืขื ืืก ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ื•ื™ ืึทืŸ ืึธื ืฉื˜ืขืœ?. ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ 
ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงืข ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืœืึทื–ืข ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืš. ื“ืืก 
ื–ืึธืœ ื›ึผืœื•ืžืจืฉื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืฐื•ืขืจืง, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืš 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึทื ืฆืข ืคื™ื ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ 2 ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืึธื“ืขื ื ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื”ืžืฉืš ืฆื• ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื™ื‘ึผืขื ืข ื•ืฐืขืจืง. ื“ืขื ื ืึทื ืฆืŸ 
ืžืึทืกืงืึทืจืึทื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืึธื“ืขื ื ืฆื•ื ืขื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื›ึผืœืขื ื“ืŸ, ืžืขืŸ 
ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ: ืฆื• ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืขื ื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– 
ืžืึธื“ืขื ื ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืžืชืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืกื›ึผื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื–ื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืคึผื™ืงื•ืจืก 


1 ืืงื™ืœ ืกื›ืœ", 5 
3 ื˜ืึธื“ืขื ืึท ืื™ืŸ ื ืขืฉืžืึธืจื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขื 26ื˜ืŸ ืึธืจืจ (21ืกืŸ ืžืขืจืฅ) 1648 





ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 5 


ืื•ื™ื ืึทืœืงืึทืœืฒ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื‘ึผื“ืขื” ืฆื• ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืึท ืฉืึทืจืคืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผืฐืขื ื“ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืžืก ืึถื ืคืึทืœืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืชื—ืœื”ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืš 
ืคื•ื ื , ืฉืื ืช ืืจื™ื”'' ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืžืึธื“ืขื ื ืึท ืคืึทืจืคืจื•ืžื˜ ืคึผื ื™ื, ื ืœื™ื™ืš ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื” ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง, ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืชึผืžื™ืžื•ืชื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฉื˜ืืง-ืคืจื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืžืึทืžื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื’ืœืฑื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื‘ึผืœื™ื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข ืžืกื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื ื‘ึผืึทืคืฑื™ืœืŸ, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึถื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ื‘ืืžืขืจืงืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืึทื˜ืกืคืึธืจื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืึทืกืงืข ื“ืขื ืคื™ืคื™ืงืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืง-ืฉืžื™ื™ื›? ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืคื™ืงืึทื˜ืึธืจ, ื“ืขื ืคืจื™ื™ื“ืขื ืงืขืจ 1. 

ื“ืขืจ , ืงื•ืœ ืกื‘ึผืœ'' ืื™ื– ื ื™ื ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ืขืจื“ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ื‘ึผื•ืš ืคืึธืจืข- 
ื ืึธืก -- ืขืก ืคืึทืจื ืขืžื˜ ื‘ึผื›ืœ? ืึท ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืึทืœื˜-ื”ืขื‘- 
ืจืขื™ึดืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. ืฐื•ื™ ื“ื™ , ืฆื•ื•ืื”'' ืคื•ื ื ืงืึทื˜ืฑืœื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืœื— ืžืขืœื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืกืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื" 
-ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื ืื” ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ืจืš ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ื“ืึธื’ืžืขืŸ, ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง 
:ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืจื‘ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื 17ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื” ืึทืŸ ืืžืชืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื ืื ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ. ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื™ืกืขื ืข ืงืขื’ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื, ื“ื™ ืงืึทืจืึทื™ึทืžืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืฆื• ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืึทื–ืึท ื‘ึผื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื›ึผืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืฉื ืื” ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ึผืขืค 
ืคึผื”, ืฐื™ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท ืื™ื ื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืžืชึผื™ ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื“ืขื™ื” ?. 

,,ื–ืขื˜, --- ืฉืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื›ึผืขืก ืึทืžืชึผื™ ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื“ืขื™ื” --- ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื ื–ืขื“ืข 
, ื—ื›ืžื™ื'' ื”ืึธื ืŸ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืชึผื•ืจืช ืžืฉื”, ืคื•ื ื ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืฅ! ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืคืจื•ืฉ: ืืช ื›? ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืืฉืจ ืื ื›ื™ ืžืฆื•ื” ืืชื›ื ืื•ืชื• ืชืฉืžืจื• 
ืœืขืฉื•ืช, ืœื ืชื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืœื ืชื ืจืข ืžืžื ื• -- ืึทืœึฐืฅ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื“ื™ืจ ื ืข- 
ื‘ึผืึธื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืึทืจืคืกื˜ื• ื˜ืจื™ื™ ืžืงื™ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ื˜ืึธืจืคื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื ืขืจืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ; ื–ื™ื™ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ, ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืœืขืจืขืจ, ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื—ื›ืžื™ื˜, 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ื™ืคึผืš. ื–ื™? ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ , ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืฆื•ื™ืžื˜" 
ื“ื™ ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ื™ืข ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื›ึผืœืขืจืœื™ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจื•ืช, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก 
ื ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื’ืขื–ืขืฅ ืื™ื–ืŸ ืžืžืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืขืก ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ 
ื”ืขื–ื” ืฆื•ึน ืคืึทืจืจื•ืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืืฑื˜ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืกื•ืจื”, ื–ื™ื™ ืจื™ื™ืจืŸ 
ื ืึธืš ื•ื•ืขื ื’ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืฉื” ืžืกื™ื ื™, ื’ื•ืŸ ืคืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ื ื ืคืืœืง ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื‘ึผืœื™ื ืจ 
ืžืงื™ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทืคึดึผื™ืœื• ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœื™ื ืงืก --- ืจืขื›ื˜ืก 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจืขื›ื˜ืก -- ืœื™ื ืงืก 2 ื“ื™ ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืข ื•ืขื ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืฑื–ื™ื˜ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ 


1 ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื–ืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ื™ ืจืขื’ื™ื• ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื“ืช", 268-2253, 

* ืึทื– ืึทืžึธืชึทื™ ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืจืขื™ื” ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืœืฑื™ื• ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืจืขื ืึทืŸ ื’ื•ืคื, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ 
ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืึธื’; ื“ืขืจืฐื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื•ืช ื•ื›ืžื•ืคืชื™ื *, ืฉ. ืจืขื’ื™ื•, ื’ืฒื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœืฒื‘ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืชืœื™ื 
;ืง2ื’ืŸ-ืฉื ื ื•ืช (ืฆื™ื, ืฐืขืจืง 92-91) ื–ื™ึทื ืขืŸ ื ึดื™ื ืื™ื’ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื ืจ, 

8 ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ', 28 -29, 





60 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ึฟ 


ืงื‘ึผืœื”-ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ึผื ื• ื‘ึผื™ื– ืฆื• ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื“ื•ืจื•ึนืช --- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื 
ื”ื™ื— ื•ืœื ื ื‘ืจื, ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ื“ื™ ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื, ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜. ื•ื™ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืข 
ื“ืึท ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขืจื™ืกืขื ืขืจ ืงื‘ึผืœื”-ืงื™ื™ื -- ื˜ืขื ื”ื˜ ืืžืชึผื™ ื‘ึถ} 
ื™ืจืขื™ื” --- ื‘ึผืขืช ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœ ื ื•ืคื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื™ ื ืึธืš ื™ื”ื•ืฉืขืก 
. ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžืœื›ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ืฉืจื?, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ 
ืชึผื•ืจื” ืึทื–ื•ึนื™ ื ื’ืจื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš ืคืืจื ืขืกืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืึทื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผื™ืžื™ ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• 
ื ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื›ืœ ื ืกืคืจ-ืชื•ืจื” ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื ื™ื™ืก ืื™ ืคืืจืŸ 
ืžืœืš ืื™ ืคึฐืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื›ึผื•ื”ึนื ื™ื. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื—ื–ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืœื•ืช 
ื›ึผื‘ืœ; ืื•ืŸ ื›ื‘ึผืขืช ื‘ึผื ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขื–ืจื ืื™ื‘ืขืจืื ืฒื™ืก ืึทื ื˜ื“ืขืงื˜ ืžื•ืจืช 
ืžืฉื— 1. ืื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ื—ืœื™ืœื” ื ื™ื˜ ืžืกื•ืคึผืง -- ืื™ื– ืืžืชึผื™ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ืึทื”ืึธืœ- 
ื˜ืขื ืขื ืฉืžื™ื™ื›?, -- ืึทื– ืขื–ืจื ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืขื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืช ืืคื™ืœืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชื•ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœึถืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืชึผืงื ื•ืช ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข 
ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืœืงื•ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื”; ืึถื‘ึนึผืขืจ ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืคึฟืึธืจื˜ ืžืขืจ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืชึผื•ืจื” ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš ื‘ึผืึทืงืŸืฒ 
/ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขื–ืจื ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฉื”ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžึผื™ืจ ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑื  
ื ืึทืจืึธื ื™ื ืฆื• ื’ืœืฑื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜ื ืคื™ืœืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช 
ื ืึธืš ืขื–ืจืืŸ, ืึทื– ื˜ืึทืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื ืขื ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืงื‘ืœื” ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข 
ืชึผืœื™ื™ืชืœื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืžื ื”ื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื–ืขืฆืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™, ื“ื™ ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ 
ืึทื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜, ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื“ื™ ืชึผืงื ื”, ืึทื– ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืื•ื ืคืจื™ื™ื˜ืื’-ืฆื•ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืขืกืŸ 
ืงื ืึธื‘? ื•ื™ ืึท ืกื’ื•ืœื” ืฆื• ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ-ื’ืขื‘ึผื•ืจื˜ *ื™ 

ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื•ื -- ื˜ืขื ื—ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืืžืชึผื™ ื‘ึนึผืŸ ื™ื“ืขื™ื”, --- 
ืึทื– ื’ืจืึธื“ ื ืึธืš ืขื–ืจืืก ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื’ืขืžืขืจื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข 
ื›ึผื™ืชึผื•ืช: ืฆื“ื•ืงื™ื, ืคืจื•ืฉื™ื, ื‘ึผื™ื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ื"ื. ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืœึถืข ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืข ืคืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื•ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื”, ื™ืขื“ืข ื›ึดึผื™ืชึนึผื” ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืชึผืงื ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืึธื ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืชืงื ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื›ึผื™ืชื•ืช. ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืืžื‘ึผืขืคื˜ืŸ, ืื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ืข, ืคื•ืŸ 
ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ืึธื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ืข ืžืกื•ืจื” ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืชึผืžื™ืœื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท โ€ ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืžืฉื” ืžืกื™ื ื™", ื ืชึผืงื ื”, ืฐืึธืกึธ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงื˜ืขืจ ืงื‘ึผืœื”-ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืชืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื; ื•ื•ืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืงืขืžืคืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธ- 
ื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืชึผืงื ื” ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ ืึธื ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ? 5 

ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื—ื•ืจื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผื™ืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ,,ื—ื›ืžื™ื'' ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ื™ื™ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ. ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ืจื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผื™ืช-ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืื•ืŸ 


ืื™ ืื™ 


8 





4 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 424 
=+ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 25--26, 


3 


ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ืจืŸ | 182 


ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื“ ืคึผืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ -- ื“ืžืœ ื’ืข" 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึท ืกืš ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธื˜ืŸ, ืื•ื™ื” ื“ื™ ื’ืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ืคืึธื›ืง ืื™! ืžื•ื˜ืœ ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืคึผืึทืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืฆื•ึน ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ืข ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืœื•ืช. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขื•? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืงื“ื•ืงื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง-. 
ืœืขื›ืข ืคืึทืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ึผืขื ืข, ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ ืœืึทื ืข ืื™ื ื ืœืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคื™ื™ื ืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื“ืจื™ืงืขืจ, ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ึผื ืกืงืึทืžืฃ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืขืงืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืื” ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื•ืžื™ืงืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’. 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืคื™ืจืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจื˜: ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ื—ื•ืžืจื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก 
ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืžืชืงืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืคืึทืจ ืฉื˜ืึธืง-ืคืจื•ืžืข, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ -- ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืึธืš ืžื•ืจืื“ื™ืง ืคืึทืจื’ืจืขืกืขืจื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืคื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืคืึธืœืง. ืึธืŸ ืึท ืฆืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืžืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข 
ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึธื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืคืขืœืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืจื™ืงืŸ ื•ื™ ืึท ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืœืึธืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ืจ, 
ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืื•ืžืขืจืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื ืึทื ืฆืข ืคืืœืง 
ืฆื• ืฉืคึผืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฅ -- ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืขืง: 
ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขื ืคืึธืœืง ืฆื• ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืง ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื ืื ืฆืŸ 
ืึธืคึผื”ืขื ื’ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื™, 
ื“ื™ ืฐื•ึนื™ืœืงืขื ืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืงืข, ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื ืขื‘ึผืขืจ,. 1 

ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง, ืึทื– ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืชึผืงื ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื–ืขืฆืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™- 
ื”ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืž?- 
ื–ืึทื›ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขื ื•ืฆื˜ ืึทืœืก ืžื™ื˜? ืฆื• ืคืึทืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืžืฉืœื” 
ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ืฉื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง --- ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ื“ืึทืžื™ื ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขื 
ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืจืง , ืงื•ึนืœ ืกื›ืœ''. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืึทื–ืฑื ืข 
ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ึนื™ , ืœื”ืฉืชึผืจืจ ืขืœ ื”ืขื“ื”'', , ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืฉืจืจื— ืขืœ ื”ื”ืžื•ืŸ,', ,,ืœื—ืจื‘ึผื•ืช 
ื‘ึผื“ืงื“ื•ืงื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชึผืจืจ', ,ืœื›ืœื•ืช ืžืžื•ื ื ืฉ? ื™ืฉืจื? ื•ืœื”ื“ืื™ื‘ 
ื—ื™ื™ื”ื'' ืืึทื–'"ื•ื•. 


ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื’ ืจืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืฐืขืœื˜-ื‘ึผืึทื ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืึทืœืฅ ื ืขืžืึธืกื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืกืงืึทืจื‘ึผืึธื•ื•ืขืจ ืžืึธื› ืคื•ื ื ื ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืฉื›ืœ-ื”ื™ืฉืจ -- 
ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืื ื“ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืง ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืฉืึทืฆืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืฒื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืจืึธืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืฉื›ื‘ึผืขืœื™ืคึผื” --- ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื ื“ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืžืกื•ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื- 
ืจื™ืฉืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืฐื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ืก-ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก.. ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืœืขื ื“ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื”ืืก ืื•ืŸ ืฆืึธืจืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ืฐื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ืก-ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ื ื ืจื‘ึผื ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– 
ื“ืขื ื‘ึผื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขื ื’ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืงืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื™ืึธื’ืŸ ื’ื™ืจื™ืง ื ืึธืš ืžืึทื‘ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืื ืฅ ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืœื•ืฑื™ื– ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืจ ื™ืขื ืขื ,,ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืคืึทืจื™ 
ื‘ึผื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ'' (ืœื”ื“ืื™ื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื”ื). ื”ืฉื ืื” ืžืงืœืงืœืช ื”ืฉื•ืจื” -- ืฉื ืื” ืžืึทื›ื˜ 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 
; + 





188 ื“"ืจ ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ื‘ึผืœื™ื ื“, ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ืคึผืขืจืกืคึผืขืกื˜ื™ื•ื• ื•ื•ืขืจื ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืžืึธื“ืขื ืืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฆืขืฉื•ื•- 
ืžืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜ ืึธืคึผื˜ ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™-ื”ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑื ืข ืชึผืงื ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช. 

ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื ืึธืš ื—ืชื™ืžืช ื”ืžืฉื ื—, ื˜ืขื ื”ื˜ ืึทืžืชึผื™ ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื“ืขื™ื”, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืชื•ืจื” 
ืฉื‘ึผืขืœ-ืคื” ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึท ื ืข ืฉืจื™ื‘ ืขื ืข ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข 
,ื—ื›ืžื™ื'+ ื ืึธืš ืึทืœืฅ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ื ื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื ื™ื™ืข 
ืกื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืชึผืงื ื•ืช. ื›ึผื›ื“ื™ ืฆื• ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขื ืคืึธืœืง, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืžื ื”ื™ื ื’ื™ื ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื’ืขืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื– ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื ืขื–ืขืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืฉื ื” ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื ืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทืคืŸ ื ื™ื™ืข 
ื‘ึผืขืจื’ ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ืึธื˜ืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืืจื•ืžื’ืขืฆื•ื™ืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ื ืฐืขื‘ืก, ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื™ื‘ึผ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืึธืคึผื”ืขื ื’ื™ืง 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคึผืกืกื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช. ืึถื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ื ืข- 
ืฐื•ืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื˜ื•ืจืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ึผื‘ืœื™. ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขืจ ืคื•ื ื 
ืชึผืœืžื•ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืคืึทืจื ืจืขื‘ึผื˜ ืœืึทื ืจ, ืžื™ื˜ 
ืึท ื ืื ืฅ ืขื ื’ืŸ ืฐืขืœื˜ื™ื‘ึผืึทื ืขื, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ืขืœื˜, ื“ื™ 
ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ --- ืืœืฅ, ืึทืœืฅ ื’ืขืžืึธืกื˜} ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงืขืจ ืžืึธืก ืื•ืŸ 
ืขื ื’-ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืงืŸ ืงื•ืง. ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืŸ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ืจืขื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื‘ึผื•ื™ื˜, ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืฑ ืžืฉื•ื ื” ืื•ืžื’ืขืœื•ืžืคึผืขืจื˜, ืึท ืืžืชืขืจ ืชึผื•ื”ื• 
ื•ื‘ื•ื”ื•? ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืึทืœื™ืŸ, ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืฆึทืฉืขืคืขืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืžื•ืจื” ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ื‘ึผื ื•ื’ืข. 
ืฆื•ื ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ึผื‘ืœื™ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžื‘ึผืขืกื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืขืคึผืึทืกื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง: , ื‘ึผืžึทื”ืฉื›ึผื™ื 
ื”ื•ืฉื™ื‘ื ื™'' --- ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ 1. ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื - 
ื“ืขืจืŸ ื›ึผืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื˜ื•? ืจืขื“ื˜ ื“ืขืจ' ืคืึทืจืคึผืึทืกืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ,, ืงื•ื’ ืกื›ืœ'' ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืฉื ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ื ื ืชึผืœืžื•ื“. ืื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทืกื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ืœืขื ืขื ื“ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืขืจ 
ืกืชึผื™ืจื” ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจ -- ืงืขืžืคื˜ ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืึธืŸ ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฐืึทืจืคื˜ ื–ื™ ื˜ื™ื˜ ืคื™ื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
| ืคืืจืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’. ืึธื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืงืœืึธืจืข ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืŸ --ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืึทืžืชึผื™ ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืจืขื™ื” -- 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื ื– ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื‘ึผืขืจื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื ืขืฉืคึผื™ืฆืฉืŸ ืคึผื™ืœืคึผื•ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืข ื ืขืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื ืฐืขื‘ึผืก; ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืชืขืจ ื—ื›ืžื”, ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื• 
ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืข---ืึทื’ื“ื” ืื•ืŸ ืžื“ืจืฉ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืฐื™ื‘ึผืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืฉื•ื•ื™ื‘ึผืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืงืฒื™ื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคื•? ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ื ื•ื–ืžืื•ืช, ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ื‘ึผื•ืœื™ืคึผื”, ืžื™ื˜ 
ื’ืจืึธื‘ึผืข ื‘ึผืึทื’ืจื™ืคืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ื ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืขืจื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ื‘ึผืึทื’ืขื’ื ื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื•ืฆืœืขื›ืข ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคืขื ื˜ืขื ืฆืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืืจืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœึฐึผืฅ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื‘ึทึผื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ,,ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข ืžืกื™ืจื”'!... 


1 ื“ืฆึธืจื˜ืŸ, 1 ืคื‘ึผืžื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื•ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื” ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ ื›ึผื‘ืœื™" 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื ืกืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 189 


ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™-ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืขืก ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ ืืœืก ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ 
ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื’ืจื•ืœื™ื --- ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ึผืขืœื™ ื—ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืขืœื™ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช 
ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ืกืงื™ื. ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืืžื•ืจืื™ื ื”ืึถื‘ึผืŸ ืคืึทืจื˜ื•ื ืงืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืฉื ื—, ืึทื–ึดืฑ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืขื  
ื ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืก ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืฆื•ื ืชึผืœืžื•ื“, ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜; ืงืœืึธื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ืึทืžืชึผื™ ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื“ืขื™ื”, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึทืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืื•ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ื ืจ ื™ืฉืจื? ืจื‘ึผื ื• ืžืฉื— ื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ื™ืžื•ืŸ, ื’ืข" 
ืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ื˜ ืคืืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธืง ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,, ืžืฉื ืช. 
ืชึผื•ืจื”'' ื‘ึผืจืขื ื ืขืŸ ืึท ืกื“ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ืžื—ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืชึผื•ื”ื• ื•ื‘ื•ื—ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฐืึทื ืจืœืขืŸ 
ืจืขื ,,ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ึผืœื‘ึผื•ืœื™'" (ื“ืขื ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืœืึทื ื˜ืขืจ) ืื™ืŸ ,ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืขืจื•ืฃ" 
(ืื™ืŸ ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืจื“ืขื ื•ื ื’), ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ื ืึธืš; ืื™ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืข" 
ื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ืึทืœืข ืžื™ื ื™ ืคึผื•ืกืงื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืขื•ืงืจื™ ื”ืจื™ื; 
ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืขืก ืึธื ื’ืขืžืึทื ื’ืขืŸ , ืื•ื™ืกื‘ึผืขืกืขืจืŸ'' ื“ืขื ืจืžื‘'"ื, ืฆื•ื ืขื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื™ืข ื’ืข" 
ื–ืขืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื“ืกื˜ืข ืžื ื—ื’ื™ื ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ ืคึฐึผืึทืจ , ื—ืœื‘ื— ืžืกื™ื ื™". ื ืึธืจ ืื™} 
ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืืœืข ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข. 
ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื–-ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืจืขืžื“, ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ืึทื˜ื•ื“ืฐื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ื“, 

,ืฐืึธืก ืฉืึธื“ืŸ ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš ื“ื™ ืึทื›ึถึผืข ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ื™ื ื™ื?'' --- ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ 
ืคืจืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืึทืจื˜ืข ื ืึทืจืึธื ื™ื ' ื’ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืง ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฉืึธืจืŸ --- 
ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืืžืชึผื™ ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืจืขื™ื— --- ื“ืึธ ื”ืึทื ื“ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ื•ื•ืึดื 
ืื•ื ื–ืขื“ืข ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ืขื ืชื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื—, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื•ืžืฆืึธืœื™ืงืข ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืคืืฑืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ื–ืฒื™ืŸ ืžื•ื ื ืคืืœืง 
ืื•ืŸ. ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ื—ืžื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื™ื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืขื™ืงืจ ืคื•ื ื ื˜ืคืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืกื˜ืŸ ืžื ื”ื’, ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ 
ืขืจ ื ืขื‘ึผืขืš, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื“ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ืคื•ื ืงื˜ ืึทื–ื”ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก, ืฐื•ื™ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื›ึผื•ืคืจ ื‘ึผืขื™ืงืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื—, ื–ื™ื™, ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข, ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืกื™ื™ื’ื™ื, ืชึผืงื ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ื ื™ื, ื—ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืขืก ื ื•ืจื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืืœืง ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ืขืจื ื™ื“ืข' 
ืจื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืœื•ืช. ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืื™ื– ืžื•ื˜? ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 14 
ืคืึทืจื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืœื•ืช ื“ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื”; ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื‘ื- 
ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ึนืจึนื”. , ื›ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืืคื™ืฒ 
ื—ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืคื™ื›ืš ื•ื ืœื‘ื‘ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืชื—'' --- ื’ืจื™ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ืขื•ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื– 
ื–ื™ ืžืงื™ื™ื ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึทืจืฅ, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืงื“ื•ืงื™ 
ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ, ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ืฆื• ื’ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื“ืจื›ื™ื. ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืืจืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืข" 
ืฐื•ืกื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื ืœื•ืช ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืจื™ื ื’ืขืจืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื“ืขื˜ ืขึทื•ืคึฟ 


1 ื“ืึธืจืคืŸ, 22, 





190 ื“"ืจ ื™,. ืฆื™ื ื‘ ืขืจื’ 


ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื”, --- ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ื“ืขืจืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืกืข 
ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ,,ืื—ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื,', ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ืึทืช 
ืžืฉื™ื— ืื•ืŸ ื ืื•ืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืฐืึธืจืขื ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืกื˜ื˜ืข ืคืขืœ- 
ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ !, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื ืข ืืžื•ื ื”, ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื•ื ื– ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืชึผื•ืจืช ืžืฉื” ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืจื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื–ื™ ืึธื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืคืขืœืฉื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื 2 
ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื”ืขืคื˜ ืึธืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคืึธืœืง, ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืง; ืคืขืกื˜ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ื“ื•ื“ืก ืฉื˜ื•ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, 
ื–ืขืจ ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฉื™ืžืขืจื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื ื– 
ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืฉื™ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื’ืขื ืึธืš ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืึทื ืฅ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื—ื•ืžืจื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืชึผืงื ื•ืช ื ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืฆื• ืฉืคึผืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• 
ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืคืึทืจื”ืึทืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืืœืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ, ื™ืขื ืข ื‘ึผืึทื”ืึทื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืฐื™ ืงื ืขื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืฐืึทืกืกื˜ 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉืึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงื•ื ื’. 


ื™ืœ 


ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ ,,ืงื•ืœ ืกื‘ึผืœ'' ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื•ื—ืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ึดืชึผืœืžื•ึนืจ ื“ืขืจ- 
ื˜ื˜ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืžืชืงืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืจ ืื™ื– ื—ืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื™ืœื”, ืื•ืŸ 
ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืŸ ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ,, ื“ื™ื ื™ ืกืจื•ื'", ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ 
ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื’ืจื™ืžืฆืึธืจืŸ,. ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜, ืึทื– ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ื ืฒื™ื ืขื‘ึผืึธ- 
ืจืขื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืž? ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ื ื•ืคื ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื”, ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืžืขืœืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืœื•ื›ื•ืช ื–ื™ืš 
ื‘ึผืึทื”ืขืกื˜ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื–; ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื’ืœืฑื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ 
ื ืื•ืœื— ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ (ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 99). ,,ืื•ื™, ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื–! -- 
ืจื•ืคื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืึทื˜ืึธืก --- ื•ื•ื™ืคื™? ืฆืจื•ืช, ื•ื•ื™ืคื™?ืœ ืื•ืžื ืœื™ืงืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ 
ืคืืœืง ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœึถืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ืึทืœืฅ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข 
ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื ืจืขื‘ึผื˜ืงืฒื˜ ืืฑืกื ืขื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ 
ืึทืœืฅ ื ื™ื™ืข ื“ื™ื ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืชึผื•ืจื” ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธื˜ืŸ!''*, 


1 ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ืชื™ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ. 
3 ื“"ื” ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืจื ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ื ื˜ื•ื, 


8 ื“ืึทืจื˜ืŸ, 33: ืื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืขื•ืœืžื™ื ื”ืžื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงื•ื” ื ืื—ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืึทืช ื”ื˜ืฉื™ื— 
ื’ืื•ืœืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›ื™ ื—ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ึนืจึธืืฉึดื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืœื›ื™ื”ื ืืฉืจื‘ืงืฉื•ื•ืœื ืžืฆืื• ื“ืช ืœืื”ื•ื• ื‘ื• ืขื“ ืฉื”ืฆืจื›ื• 
ืœืงื—ืช ืชื•ืจืช ืžืฉื” ืืš ืขื ื”ื—ืœื•ืฃ ื•ื”ื•ื™ื•ืฃ, ื”ื™ื• ืžืชื“ื›ืงื™ื ื‘ื” ื•ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืขืœื™ื”ื 
ื‘ืฆื•ืจืชื” ื•ืชื™ืงื•ื ื”, ื•ื”ืฒื ื• ืœืขื ืื—ื“ ื•ื›ืœื ื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ื›ืกื ื“ื•ื“ ื ื›ื•ืŸ 
ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืขืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื• ื•ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื“' ืขืœื™ื ื• ื–ื•ืจื—". 


4 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 56: ,ืื•ื™ ืœื ื•! ื›ื˜ืžื” ืฆืจื•ืช ืกื‘ื ื• ื™ื™ืกื ื‘ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจ ืœืื•ืžืชื ื• ื˜ืื™ืŸ 
ื ื”ื ื“ืขืช ื•ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื” ืฉืœื ืฆื•ืชื” ืชื•ืจื”", 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื“ืŸ 191 


ืึทื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜, ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืื•ื ื–ืขื™ืข, --- ื‘ึผื˜ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืขื™ืคื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ืจืึธื ื™ืข ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ ;,ืงื•ืœ ืกื›?',--- ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ืจื•ืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœึฐืฅ ื“ื™ 
,, ื–ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ื ื ื’ืœื•ืช'' (ืขืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืœื”)! ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืขืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ืจื•ื ื˜ื–ื™ื™? ืคื•ึนื ื ื’ืœื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ืื“ืึทื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉืžืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ืœื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืขืŸ 
ืึทืœืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ'" 1 

ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืืžืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ , ืงื•ืœ ืกื›?'' ืงืขืžืคื™ 
ึนืืžึฐืชึผื™ ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืจืขื™ื” ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ึผืขืœื™ืคึผื” ื‘ึผื›ืœืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ึผืคืจื˜, 
ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ, ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ืžืืžืจ, ืฆื• ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ 
ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ื•ื™ ืคื™ืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืงืขืจ ืกืชึผื™ืจื” ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืžืขืจ ื•ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืฉื˜ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืข ืึทื™ื ืคืึทืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ , ืึทืœื˜ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื - 
ื“ืขืจ'' (ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื–ืงื ื•ืช ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื); ืึธื“ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ , ืกื•ืœ ืกื›ืœ'', ืžืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื ื–ื™ื™ ืžืชืงืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขื ืคืึธืœืง ืฆื• ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืœ- 
ื˜ื™ืงืŸ. . ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึทืจื™ืฉ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคึผืึทืกืขืจ ืคื™ืœืข ืชึผืงื ื•ืช ื‘ึผื ื•ื ืข 
ืึธืคึผื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื‘ึผืช ?, ื“ืขื ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื—ืžืฅ ืื•ื ืคืกื– 5 ื“ื™ื ื™ ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ื•ื‘ึผื“ื™ืงื” +, 
ื™ื—ื•ืคึผื” ื•ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ?, ืžื™ืœื›ื™ืงืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉื™ืงื? ืื˜ื–"ื•ื•. ืืžืชื™ ื‘ึตึผืŸ ื™ื“ืขื™ื” ืื™; 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืžืชืจืขื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืชึผืขื ื™ืชื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜, ืึทื– ืึทืคึผื™ืœื• ืื•ื 
ื™ื•ื-ื›ึผื™ืคึผื•ืจ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืกื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื›ึผื•ื—ื•ืช ื ืึธืš, ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื™ืฉืฐื•ืึทื“, ืื™ื– 3 ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ืฆื• ืคืืกื˜ืŸ, 


ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืึทืจืคืข ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง ื•ืฐืขืจื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืืžืชึผื™ ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื“ืขื™ื” ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจืขื ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ; ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืึธื˜ืขื ืžื•ึนืŸ ื’ื™ืคื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืื ืื” ืื•ืŸ ืงืืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื˜ื•ืœ. ื‘ึผืขืช ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืจืคืึท. 
ืกืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื“ืขื ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืกืš, ืจื•ืคื ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ 
ื›ึผืขืก: ,, ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืืœืฅ ืืฑื˜ื’ืขื˜ืจืึทื‘ื˜ 
ืึทื–ืฑื ืก, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืจืžื– ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ืชึผื•ืจื—; 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœืฅ ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืื•ื ื– ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืจ ืคืืจื”ืืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืžื™ืื•ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื•ืžื™ืงืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ!'ื™ ืึทืคึผื™ืœื• ืึทื–ืึท โ€ ืื•ืžืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืข ืชืงื ื” 
ืžืฆื“ ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ืชึผืœืžื•ื“, ืึทื– ืื•ื ืคึผื•ืจื™ื , ืžืจื‘ึผื™ื ื‘ึผืฉืžื—ื”'', ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืค 


ืื™ 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 59, 
3 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 44--46, 
5 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 47, 
4 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 52--53, 
5 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 62--64, 
5 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 54, 
{ ื“ืึธืจืกืŸ, 155 ืคืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืŸ ืขื“ ื•ืœื ืขืฉื‚ื• ืœื”ื‘ืื™ืฉ ืืช ืจื™ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืขืžื™ื˜ 
ืœื›ืœื•ืชื ื• ื›ื—ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื” ืขืœ ืืฉืจ ืœึนื ืฆื•ื” ืจ' ื•ืœื ืขืœื” ืขืœ ืœื‘ื•". | 





192 | ื“"ืจ ื™ ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 
, ืงื•ืœ ืคื›ืœ'' ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึธืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื›ื™ืงืข ืื™ืจืึธื ื™ืฉืข ื‘ึผืึทืžืขืจืกื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•. ืขืจ ื”ืึทืœื˜ 
ืึทืคึฟื™ืœืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืžืขื ืœืขืš ืื•ื™ืกื ื•ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทืžืฃ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ ื“ื™ ื ื™ืคื˜ื™ืงืข 
ืคื™ื™ืœืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธืจื’ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืึทื–ืึท ืฉื•ื ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ืŸ 
ืงืขื ื ืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืœืฑื‘ึผืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ืขื ืžื•ืžืจ ืื‘ื ืจ ืื•ื™ืก ื‘ึผื•ืจื ืึธื.., 

ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืึทืžืชึผื™ ื‘ึนึผืŸ ื™ื“ืขื™ื”ื—ืก ืคืึทืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืชึผื˜ื™ืœื•ืช. ืึทืœืก ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ึผื”ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง ืื™ื– ืึทืจื™ื” ื“ื™-ืžืึทื“ืขื ื ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ืขืกื“ื™ื ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœ ื–ืึธืœ ืฆื•ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ื 
ืคึผืึทืจืึทื“ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืข ื›ืœื™-ื–ืžืจ +. ืึทืœืก ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ ืจืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทื™ 
ืœื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขืžื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืจืŸ ื ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืŸ ,, ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจ'' ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืึถื‘ึผืขืจ ืคืจืขืžืจ 
ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทื˜ืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืงืข ืชึผืคื™ืœื•ืช, ื“ื™ ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ื ื ืจืขืœื™ืฒ 
ื ื™ืขื–ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืœืฑื‘ึผื™ืงืขืจ ื ืฉืžื” ื‘ึทึผืขื– 
ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืžืชืคึผืœ? ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื‘ึผืขื ืงืฉืึทืคื˜ ืฆื• ื ืึธื˜. ืžืื“ืขื ืืก ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจืงื•ืœ --- 
ืึทืžืชึผื™ ื›ึผืŸ ื™ื“ืขื™ื”, ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจื˜ืึทืจ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ื•ืึธืš 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืœืึทื ื’; . ืขืจ ืคื™ื™ื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืคืึธืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืงื•ืจืฆืข 
ืชึผืžื™ืœื•ืช, ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืื’ ืึธื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืขืกื˜ื ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ืข ืชึผืžื™ืœื•ืช 
ืคื•ื ื ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ. ืึถื˜ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ืข ืชึผืคื™ืœื•ืช, ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืชึผืคื™ืœื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื " 
ื˜ืขืจ ืžืึธืจื“ืขื ืืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืขื“ื™ืง ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ืŸ 
(1699) ,,ืชึผืžื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืฉืจื™ื', ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืœืึธื“ืŸ, ืขืจื˜ืขืจื•ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืึทืžื™ืœื• ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ืกื˜ื™ืœ, ื–ื™ื™ ืคืขืœื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข 
ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข -- ื“ื™ ืืžืชืข ื—ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช, ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทื˜ืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืœื•ื™- 
ื‘ึผื™ืงืขืจ ื ืฉืžื”, 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ;ืงื•ืœ ืกื›ืœ'',, ืฐืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืคืขืจื˜ืœ ืคื•ื ื 
7ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื”, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขื–ืึทืžืœื˜ ืึทืœืข ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ืคืึทืœืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื , ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš-ื™ื™ื“ื ื˜ื•ื, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื™ืœ 
ืฉืžืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื‘ึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืžืึธืก ื›ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืจืขืคึผืึธืจืžื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืงืœืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 19ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื”, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื ื™ื˜, 
ืฐืึธืก ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืœื•ืฆืึทื˜ืึธ, ื•ื™ ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืงืึธื ื˜ (1846) ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ,,ืงื•? ืกื›ืœ'', ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ืคืŸ ืฆื• ื–. ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ: , ื—ืึธืกื˜ื• 
ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ,, ืฉืื’ืช ืืจื™ื”'' ืžื™ื˜ืŸ , ืงื•ืœ ืกื›ืœ""? ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึธืŸ ืฉื•ื ืกืžืง, ืึทื– 
ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ'.,,ืกื•? ืกื›ืœ'' ืื™ื– ืจ' ื™ื—ื•ื“ื” ืึทืจื™ื”ืก ืึทืจื‘ึผืขื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืจื‘ 
| ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื™ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ืžืฉื ื— ื•ื—ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ ืคื™ืœ ืขืจื ืขืจ ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืงืจืื™ื, 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ ืœื™ื ืงืขืจืขืจ ืจืขืคืึธืจืžื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื’ืขืจืŸ. 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 51, 

ื  ื–ืข ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึธืก ืคืึธืจืจืขื“ืข ืฆื• ืฉืœืžืช ืจื•ืกื™ื” ืงืึธืžืคึผืึธื–ื™ืฆึดื™ืขืก (1615), ืฐืขื ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืง 
ื ืฉืขืช ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ืขืกื“ื™ื ืกื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท ืึท ืกืคืขืฆื™ืขืœืข ืฉื•"ืช ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ (ื•ืข ืœื™ื‘ืืฐื™ืžืฉืขืจ 
ืœืขืึธืŸ ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึธ", 96 611 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 193 


ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื 220 ืฆื•ืจื™ืง! ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข!" 1 ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฉืžื•ืืœ 
ืจืขื“ื–ืฉื™ืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ืึธืจ ืึทืจื•ื (ืื™ืŸ 1882) ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื“ึถืขื , ืงื•ืœ 
ืกื›ืœ'' ืžื™ื˜ืŸ , ืฉืื ืช ืืจื™ื”, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืึท ื’ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืจื•ืฉื 8, 
ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืคึผื™ืœื• ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑื ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื–ืึธื ื˜ ื ื”ืฉืขืจื”, 
ืึทื– ื ื™ื˜ ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท, ื ืึธืจ ืจืขื“ื–ืฉื™ื ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืคื™ืงืึทื˜ืึธืจ. ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืžืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืขื ื”ื˜, ืึทื– ืึท ื‘ืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ืจื‘ ืคื•ึนื ื 17ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื” 
ื–ืึธืœ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืึทืคึผื™ืงื•ืจืกื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืฉื›ึผื™ืœ ืจืขื“ื–ืฉื™ืึธ, 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ , ื”ื“ืช ื•ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื', ื“ืขื ,,ืงื•ืœ ืกื›ืœ" ืคืึทืจืคืืกื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ 
ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืœืขื ื“ืŸ, ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืึธื ืฉื˜ืขืœ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึธืก ื›ึผืชื‘ื™ื ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ 5 

ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ,, ืงื•ืœ ืกื›?'' ื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึธืœื ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื•ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ: ,, ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืคื“ืขืงืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื–ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ื“ืึธืก ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืงืฒื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื•ื ื– ,,ื—ื‘ืžื™ื''. ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขื“ืขืงื˜, ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– 
ืึท ื ื™ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ, ื˜ืึทืงืข ืื—ื“ ืžืืœืฃ ื•ืจื‘ึผื•ื™ ืจื‘ื‘ื•ืช. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ื•ื™ 
ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึทืžืขืจ"ืงืœืึทืคึผ, ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืจืขืžืœ ืื•ื™ื-" 
ืฆื•ึผื•ื•ืขืงืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื“ืจื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ื ืึทื™ื ื ืขืฉืœืขืคืขืจื˜, 
ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื“ืขืจื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืง, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง. ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืึทื’ืจืฒืคืŸ, 
ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจื˜ื•ื ืงืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืœืึทื ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืฉื˜ืจืึทืœื ื“ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื”. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ 
ืคืึทืจืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืื™ืžื—ื“ื™ืง ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืขื›ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื’ึผ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง 
ืึทื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ืึทื ืฅ ื’ื•ื˜, ืึทื– ืฐื™ ื ืึธืจ ืขืก ื•ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืขื ืŸ 
ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืืฉื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ ืžืึทื‘ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืก 
ื’ืขืฐืึทืœื“ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ื•ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ ืึตืœึฐืก ืคื™ืŸ, ืึทืคึผื™ืงื•ืจืก, ืžืฉื•ืžืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ืžืจ, ืื™ื ื‘ึผืึทืฉื™ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืœืœื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื—ืจืžื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื”ื™ืœื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ืขืŸ. ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ,,. ื•ื•ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜: ืืคืฉืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื•ืš ืึทืจืฒื™ืŸ- 
ืคืึทืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ,ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื“ื•ืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงืœืึธืจืŸ, 


3 


1 ืื’ืจื•ืช ืฉื“"ืœ', 980, 

8 ื“ืขื ื—ืงื•ืœ ืกื›ืœ" ื”ืึธื ื˜ืขืŸ ืฆืฐื™ื™ ื‘ืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉ : ื“, ืึทืฒื ื”ืึธืจืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ 1856 ืื•ืŸ ืฉ, ืฉืžืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ, 2 (ืื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืžื˜ืฃ ื“ืขื ืจืึทื‘ื‘ื™ื ืขืจืก ื’ืขื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขืŸ ืชึผืœืžื•ืš 
ืื™ื ?1 ื™ืึทื”ืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื), ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธ ืืฑืš ืึทืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ (01871, 

8 ืจืขื“ื–ืฉื™ืึธ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื ืื™ืŸ 1824: ืขื ืชื‘ืฉืจืชื™ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ืงืจื™ ืืฉื›ื ื– ! ื”ืขืœื™ืœืŸ ืขืœื™ืœื— ืขืคื• 
ืœืืžืจ, ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ืชื™ ืžืœื‘ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ,ื›ื™ืœ ืกื›ืœ" (ืขืื•ืฆืจ ื ื—ื˜ื“", |, 127), ืžืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ื›ื•ืฅ 
ืฐืขื ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจื™ , ื™ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื“ืขืจืฉืฒื ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ื ืืงื•ืœ 
ืกื›ืœ", ื–ืข ืœื™ื‘ึผืึทืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ืฆื™ื, ืฐืขืจืง, ืงืึทืคึผ. ืื™ 

)13( 





104 ื“"ืจ ื™} ืฆื™ื ื‘ ืขืจ 


ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืกืคื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืงืจืขื ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืขื-ื”ืืจืฆื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื•ื”. ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื‘ 
ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ื™ืงืŸ, ื“ืขื ืื™ื ืฆื™ืงืŸ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ื›ึผืœืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืฐืึทืœื“ืขืฐืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืžื•ืŸ 
ื ืึทืจืึธื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื˜ืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ื™ืงืข". | 

ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ,,ืงื•? ืกื›ืœ" ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืึทืจืฒื ืžืึทืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื•ื™ 
ื”ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ,ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ึผื“ื•ืจ', -ืคื•ืŸ ,,ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ', 
ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืžืึธื“ืขื ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืžื•ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืฆื• 
ืคืึทืจืขืžื ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืึท ืคืจืขืžื“ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจืœืึธื– ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืึท ืฉืœืึทื‘ึผืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืึธื“ืขื ื ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืคึผื—ื“ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืคืึทืจืŸ ืฆืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ,,ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื ืึทืจืึธื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืข', ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืžืึธืจืึทืœื™ืฉืŸ ืžื•ื˜ ืฆื• ืงืขืžืคืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื ื“ืขืจืฐืึธืจื‘ึผืขื ืขื ืืžืช. ืžืึธื“ืขื ื ื’ื•ืคื 
ืจืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืึธืคึผื ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืกื˜ื‘ึผื™ืึธื ืจืึทืคื™ืข, ืฐืึธืง ืคึฟืึทืจ ื ืฉืจืขืง 
ืื™ื ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืึทืคืึทืœืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื‘ึผื•ืŸ 
ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคืจื™ื™ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื–ืึทื ื˜ืข ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ 1616 ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคืึธืš- 
ืฉืœืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœึฟืึธืจื“ ืื™ื ื’ืœืขื– (81656ืช1) ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืขืฃ 
ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืคืึทืจืŸ ืขื ื ืœื™ืฉืŸ ืžืœืš ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืึท ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืฐื•ืขืจืง, ืฐื•ื•ึผ ืขืก 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื›ึผืึทืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื˜ืขืžืึทื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืึธืจื ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืžื ื”ื ื™ื, ืฐืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืœื™ื ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผื ืกืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ (6061 100910018 
ืงื•ื–ื˜! 400650 /4 /11696 4606 /005607802 61 /11601810 401), 
ื™ื•ื•ื™ื™?ืœ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืกื˜ืึทื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืึท ื›ึผื•ื•ื ื” 
ืขืก ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง 
ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืจืขื‘ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืข ื›ึผืœืœื™ื ืคื•ื ื ,,ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื™ืงื•ืง'', ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืžืŸ 
ืื™ื ืงืฐื™ื–ื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ ืคื•ื ื ืงืึทื˜ื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืŸ ืฆืขื ื–ืึธืจ. ืึท ืกืš ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ 
(ืื™ืŸ 1688) ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึธืก ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืึทื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข- 
ื–ืฉืึทืงืึธืžืึท ื ืืคืืจืขืœื™, ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืึธืจืขื ืึธืก , ืจื™ื˜ื™'; ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื™ื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืึธื›ืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืจ 
ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจืึทื ืงืจื™ื™ืš, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืขื›ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืึทืคืึทืจืขืœื™ 
ืžืงื™ื™ื ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ืึถืจ ืึธืจื•ื ืื™ื– ืžืึธื“ืขื ืืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืึทืจืฑืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืจื•ืง 1. ื•ื™ ื ืึธืจ ืžืึธื“ืขื ื ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 


1 ,ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืึท. ื“ืขื™ ืจื™ื˜ื™" ื”ืึธืก ืืฑืกื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืืฑืกื ืึทื‘ึผืŸ, ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก 
ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ึผื ืจื–ืขืฆื˜ ืืฑืฃ ืคืึทืจืฉืฒื“ืขื ืข ืฉืคึทื™ืึทื›ืŸ: ืื•ื™ืฃ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉ (1650, 1707 ืื•ืŸ 1153, 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผืจืึทื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉ (ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืŸ ืจื™ื˜ืฉืึทืจื“ ืกื™ืžืึธืŸ, 1671, 1681 ืื•ืŸ 1710), 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื”ืึธืœืขื ืจื™ืฉ (1683) ืื•ืŸ ืœืึทื˜ืฒืŸ (1692), ืื™ืŸ 1863 ื”ืึธืก ืฉืœืžื” ืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึทืก ืฐืขืจืง 
ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึถืฉ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš" ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขืœื™ื ืขืงืก ื‘ึผืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืึธืจื˜ื ืึธืก ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ื ื ื™ืฉืข ืฐืขืจืง ื•ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื™ืจืขืจ: ,ื“ื™ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ืžืข, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ึผืฒ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 15 


:ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ืฉืจืขืง. ื‘ึผืขืช ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื‘ึผืœืขื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืคึผื™ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื•ืขืจืง, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื™ื™ ืื™ื. ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื™ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืžืขืจืงื˜, 
ืึทื– ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื ื–ื•ืจ. 
,ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ --- ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืžืึธื“ืขื ื --- ื’ืขื–ื™ืคืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงืจืขื›ืฆื˜, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึธืจื“ ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื™ื ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื” ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ึผืœื™ื‘ึผืŸ. 

ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜: ื•ื™ ื ืึธืจ ืžืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื•ืขืจืง ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืจื•ื™ื, ืงืึธืŸ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื‘ืŸ ื ื’ื” ืคืึทืจ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื™ืฉืจื?,.. ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืคืจื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ 
ื’ื•ืคื. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื ื™ื ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื”ื™ื ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžื•ื™ืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขื ืœืขืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืึทื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืจืืจื˜, ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึธืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคืึทืจ ืคื™ืœ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจ 
ื•ื™ ื–ื™ ืื™ื–,.. ืื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืจ ืคื•ึนืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืึธืคึผ ืคืึทืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืžื•ืจื ืื•ืŸ โ€ 
ืขื’ืžืช ื ืคืฉ'' !. ืžืึธื“ืขื ื ืื™ื– ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืึทืฐืขืง ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜. 
ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืึถืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฐื™ื–ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืฉืจืขืก 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜: ื ืึทืคึผืึทืจืขืœื™ ื’ื•ืคื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืขืกืŸ 
ื—ืฉื“ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืฆืขื ื–ืึธืจืŸ. ืžืึธื“ืขื ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึถื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ื ื  

ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืขืช ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ืึธืจ ืึทืจื•ื ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืง (ื•ื•ืขื ืขืจื™ืง, 
9, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคื™ืœ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ, 
ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืžืขืจืงืฐื•ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื’ืขืงืขืžืคื˜ 

,,ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื ืฉืžื•ืช''. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื , ืงื•ืœ ืกื›ึผ?'' ืฆื• ืคืืจ- 
ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ, ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ืŸ, ืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืจื• ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจ- 
ื”ืึทืกื˜ืŸ ืงืขื’ื’ืขืจ; ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ื ื™ื™ืขื ืึถื ืคืึตืœ, ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืข- 
ืึท ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึธืจื’ืขื ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœ, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคื™ืคื™ืงืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืœื™ืคึผืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื ื 
ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจืงืŸ... ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ืฐื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ , ืงื•ืœ ืกื›?" ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืขื - 
ื“ื™ืงื˜, ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท ืฆื• ืฆื• ื ื ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง 
ืงื•ื ื”"ืฉื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืกืš ืคืึทืจืขืจืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฐืึธืจื‘ึผืŸ, , ื‘ึตึผื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”'' ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง 5 


ืจืึทืกื•ืจ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื“ืขืŸ" (,ืžืึธื ืึทืกืกืฉืจื™ืคื˜", 1899, 316-311), ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึทืก ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืข ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข, 
ื ื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ื‘ืœืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื•ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธืก ื ื™ืฉ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคื™ืจื ืฐืขืจืŸ, ืฐืฒืœ ื“ื™ ืฆืขื ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืึธื ื–ื™ 
ื’ืขืึทืกืจื˜, ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท ื”ืึธื ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื• ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื (1612) ืึท ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉ.ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ, 
ื‘ึผื•ืš (ืื’ืœื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”", 0ืชื’:/14 6 4000ื–1160 10100008010 ืกื˜ืกืืŸ), ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืฐืขืจืŸ ืขืจ 
ืงืœืขืจื ื“ื™ ื”ืึทืจื‘ึผืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื‘ึผืœ, 

{ ืชื—ื™ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”", 56--57, 


3 ื“ืขืจ ืฆื‘ึดึผื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”" ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1625 ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืš 





196 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ึผืขืจื’ 


ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ 15ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื” ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืœื™ ืกืคืจืจ, -ืขื˜ื‘ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘, 
ื ืื›ื“ืขื ื•ื™ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึทืœืึธื ื™ืงื™, ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื–ืึทืžืœื˜ ืึทืœืข 
ืึทื’ื“ื•ืช ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืึทืœืก ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื•ืš ืื•ื - 
ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ,,ืขื™ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘'', ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืœื™ื‘ึผื˜- 
ืกื˜ืข ืคืึทืœืงืกืจื‘ึผื™ื›ืขืจ !. ื“ืขืจ ,ืขื™ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื™ื– ืึทื ื‘ ืืฑืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ื”ืึทื ื˜ื‘ึผื•ืš ื‘ื™ื™ ืึทืœึถืข ืžื ื™ื“ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื™ 
ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื–ืืžืœื˜ืข, ืึทื ื“ื•ืช ืฆื• ื‘ึผืืคึผื•ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคึผืจืขื“ื™ืงืŸ. ื“ืขืจ 
, ืขื™ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘'' ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื‘ึผืึทืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืึทืจื™ื” ื“ื™-ืžืึธ" 
ื“ืขื ืึท,. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึนึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ืžืึธื“ืข:ืึท. ืื™ืŸ ื’ืข 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ. ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื˜ืึธื“ืขื ื˜ 
ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคึผืจืขื“ื™ืงืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื™ืจืŸ, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืึท ืฉื ืึทืœืก ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทื’ืึทื‘ึผื˜ืกื˜ืข 
ืคึผืจืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ, ื˜ื– ืžืึธื“ืขื ืฉ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืจืขื“ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ืฉื•ืœืŸ ื ืึธื›ืึทื ืึทื ื“ 5. ื”ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ืคื•ืœืŸ ืจืขื“ื ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ืกื˜ืข ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื ืขืฆื™ืึทื ืขืจ ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ึผืœื™ืง; ืื™ื™ื ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคึผืจืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื‘ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืจืึทื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืŸ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ืก ื‘ึผืจื•ื“ืขืจ 5ื™ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคึผืจืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขื ืขื ืžื ื”ื , 
ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืึธืคื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืคื•ืฆืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืึทื ื“ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืžืฉืœื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ 
ืื™ื ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืฆื• ื ื•ืฅ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ืก ื–ืึทืžืœื‘ึผื•ืš +. ืื™ืŸ 1629 ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžืึธื“ืขื ื ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ืึท ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœืŸ , ืžืคืชึผื—'" ืฆื•ื ืขื™ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘" ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ , ื‘ึผื™ืช ืœื—ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื ืฆืขื˜ืœ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื•ึนื™ื–ืŸ ืึทืœืข 
ืงื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืึทื’ื“ื” ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ. ืื•ึผืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืขืžืึทืœื˜ ืื™ื– ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึทืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ืฆื• ืฉืึทืคืŸ ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืฐื•ืขืจืก, , ื‘ึตึผื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”'', ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ 


ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืืฑื™ื ืคืึทืจืฉืฒื“ืขื ืข ืžื ื™ืขื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก. ืฐืขืจืง ืึทืจืฑื 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง ืขืจืฉื ืื™ืŸ 1635 (ื–ืข ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืจึถืจืขื“ืขื ืฆื•ึน ืื ื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”" ืื•ืŸ ืื›ื™ืช ืœืชื 'ื”ื•ืจื”'; 
ื–ืข ืื•ื™ืš ืื—ื™ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”", 52). 

1 ืžืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ื›ื•ืช -- ืื™ืŸ ืฐืฒืžืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ 

? ืืจื™ื” ื“ื™ื™ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืคึผืึทืกืฉ ืคึผืจืขื“ื™ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ 
ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ึผืœื•ื– 22 (,ื›ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื•ืจื”", 41602, 

8 ,ื—ื™ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”", 46, /4, 58 

1 ืžืขืŸ ืžื•) ื“ืขืจื‘ืฒ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜, ืึทื– ืžื—ืžืช ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืข ืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ ืžืฆื“ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ืงืฐื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ืข, ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืจืขื ืึทืก ืฆืฒื™ืคืŸ ื ื™ื ื ืขืฐืขืŸ ืฆื• ืงืจื™ื ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ 
ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืŸ ืชึผืœืžื•ืจ-ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผ'ืฆืจ (ื–ืข ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึทืก ,ืจื™ื˜ื™", {, 14, 
ืฐ, 2, 45 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืกืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ืจืŸ 197 


ื–ืึธืœ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื‘ืคึผืขืงืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื ืคืึทืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ึผืขืœ ืคึตึผื” ื‘ึผื›ืœืœ. ืื‘ึผืŸ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,ืขื™ืŸ 
ื™ืขืงื‘'' ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื“ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืžืฉืœื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืžื—ืžืช ื–ื™ื™ืข"ืข 
ืฆื• ืื™ื‘ืขืจื ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ื–ืžืื“ื™ืงืข ืคืึธืจืžืขืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ืฉืึทืจืคืข ืื•ื™ื" 
ื“ืจื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืคืึทืœืฉ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ื ื ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ. ืึดื ื“ื™ 
ืึทืœึถืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœืึธื–ืขื ืข ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื ืข- 
ื–ืึทืžืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ื›ึผื•ื•ื ื” ืึทืจืฑื™ืกืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื ืกื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜. ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ื ืึธืš ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืขืจ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื•ืฉื, ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืžืึธืจืขื ืึท 
ืื•ืžื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืึทืจืฑื™ืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฆืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื‘ึผืŸ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืข" 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืึทื’ื“ื•ืช ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ , ื›ื‘ึผื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ืจื”'' ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ึนึผืึท- 
ืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืข ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื™ื. ,ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืคืึทืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžืึธื“ืขื ื, ื–ืฒ 
ืคึผืึทืกื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืขืจืŸ ื ื™ื ืฆื•ื ืขื ื™ืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื“ืขื 
ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื ื•ืฆืœืขืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ" . | | 

ื“ืขื ื›ึผืœื•ืžืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ,,ืงื•? ืกื›ืœ'' ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžืึธื“ืขื ื ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื , ืฉืื ืช ืืจื™ื”'' --- ื”ื”ื•ืจืก, ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืจืขืจ, ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื’ื•ืคื ืจื•ืคื˜ 
ืžืื“ืขื ื ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ , ื‘ึผื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”'' --- ื—ื‘ึผื•ื ื”, ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื™ืขืจ?. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืึถื‘ึผืขืจ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ื™ืฅ ืืฒื™ื’ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ , ื‘ื•ื™ืขืจ'', โ€ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข 
ืคืจืึทื ืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืึธืคื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื” ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ,, ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืจืขืจ. .., 


ื‘ึผืขืช ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืŸ ืžืืžืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืจ' ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ , ืฉืื™ืŸ 
ื ื‘ื™ื ืจืฉืื™ ืœื—ื“ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ', ืึทื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืจืขื›ื˜ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืขืคึผืขื ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื™ืก ืฆื• ืชึผื•ืจืช ืžืฉื”, ืงื•ืžื˜ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ื , ื‘ึผื•ื ื”"? 
,ืชึผื•ืจืช ื“' ืชึผืžื™ืžื”, ื’ืึธื˜ืก ืชึผื•ืจื” ืื™ื– ื”ืึทืจืžืึธื ื™ืฉ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื ืชึผื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช, ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืžื™ื ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืจืขืกืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ... 
| ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึธื˜ืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื“ืขื ื ื‘ื™ื, ื˜ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืš ืึท ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ืขืจ 
ื›ึทึผืฉืจ ื•ื“ื ืึทื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืื›ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ืจื”''*- ื“ืึธืก 
ืึทืœืฅ, ืื™ื– ืžืื“ืขื ื ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ืจืึธื ื™ืข, ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜: 
ื•ึทื•ืึธืก ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ื“ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื›ึผื•ืชื‘ ื”ืชึผื•ืจื” ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื ืขื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื“ 
ื’ืขืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื‘ึผืึทืคืขืœืŸ ืฆื• ืจื™ื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงืœืึธืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืข- 
ื›ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื ืขื›ึผืึธื˜ืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขืš ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜ ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ -- 


| 1 ืคึผืึธืจื™ืขื“ืข ืฆื•ึน ืื‘ึดึผื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”": ืื•ืื ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืœึนื ื™ืจืื” ืœืš ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื 
ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื• ืžืงื•ื ืืœื ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื, ื’ื ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืจื” ืึฒืฉืจ ืžืืชื• ืชืฆื ื•ืจื™ื•ื— ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืš ื‘ื•". 
ืึทืœืข ืึทื’ื“ื•ืชืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื‘ื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”" ืคืึทื ื’ื ืžืึธืจืขื ืึท ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจ. 
ืฉืขืจ: {ืืžืจ ื”ื›ึผื•ื ื” -- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื•ื™ืข-". 
.ื‘ึดึผื™ืช ื•ื”ื•ืจื”", |, 28, ืขืž' ื' (ืžื™ืจ ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืœืฑื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉืžืขืจ ืฐืขื ืขืฆื™ืึทื ืขืจ 
;ืื•ื™ืกื ืึทื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ 1635), 





198 ื“"ืจ ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ืฐื™ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืงื™ื™ื 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ! ื–ื™ื™ ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืชึผืžื™ื“ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื•ื•ืขื ืŸ, ืฐื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฆื• ืคืืจื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืคึผืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ื™ืคึผืš. ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืจืึทื™ึดืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœึถืข ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ,,ื”ืžื ืœื™ื ืคึผื ื™ื ื‘ึผืชึผื•ืจื” ืฉืœื ื›ื”ืœื›ื”'' (ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ) 1. 

ื“ืขืจ ,,ื‘ึผื•ื ื”'" ืคื•ืŸ , ื‘ึผื™ืช ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™; ' ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื” ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ,, ื”ื•ืจืก'" 
ืคื•ึนืŸ , ืงื•? ืกื›?'' ื‘ึผื ื•ื ืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืชึผืคื™ืœื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื™ืึธืจ. , ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืคืืœืง --- ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ , ื‘ึผื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”'' -- ืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืœื•ืช ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืฃ 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืŸ, ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืงื•ืจืฆืข ืชึผืคื™ืœื•ืช' *ื™ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืข? ,ื‘ึผื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”'' ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื• 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ ,ืงื•ืœ? ืกื›?'' ื‘ึผื ื•ื ืข ืฆื• ืชึผืขื ื™ืชื™ื ?, ืื•ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืžื™ืœื” ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื’ืจื™ื +. 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื›ึผื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฆื™ื˜ืึทื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ 
ื ืžืจื, ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ืืจืฅื“ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ืึท ืฉื˜ืจ-ืžื›ื™ืจื”, ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื—ืชืžืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืฉืขืช 
ืžืขืฉื” ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื ืฉื‘ึผืช *. ืขืจ ืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ืคื™ืœืข ืชึผืงื ื•ืช, 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผืฉืืขืชึผื ืžืชืงืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืขืคึผืึทืกื˜ 
ืฆื• ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืžืึทืžืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืข ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืึท ืกืš ืึทื–ืฑื ืข ืชึผืงื ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผื˜ืœ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ?. ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืืฉื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืžืึธื“ืขื ื ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆื•ื ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ. ,ื•ื”ื‘ืŸ ืžืื•ื“'' --- ื”ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคืžืขื“ื˜- 
ื–ืึทื ืฆื•, ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœืข. ,,ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข 
ื—ื›ืžื™ื --- ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ , ื‘ึผื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”'' --- ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื‘ึผื•ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืจืžื–ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืขื ื™ืฉืŸ, ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืขืก ื–ึฐืึถืœ ื“ืขื ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ืŸ 
ืขื•ืœื ื ื™ื˜ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืžืชืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ (ืœืžืขืŸ ืœื ื™ื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ึผื ืงืœ 
ืœื”ืžื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื”ื) ? ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท ื ื•ืคื ืจืขื“ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืึธืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ , ื‘ึผื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”'" 
ื‘ึผืคื•ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืจืžื–ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืขื ื™ืฉืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืœืข ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื™ืŸ 


{ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, |, 6 ืขืž' ื', ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืืฒื ืฉื˜ื™ืžื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื•ืข: ืึธืงื•ืœ ืกื ืœ", 21, 22, 
8, 29, 52, 53, 54, 55, 04, , 
2 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, |, 5 ืขืž' ื': ,ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ืขืช ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ื“ืจืš ื”ื ืœื•ืช ื•ื‘ืกื›ื ื•ืช. 
ื”ื›ืงืจื™ื ื”ืžืชืจื ืฉื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืชืคืœื” ืงืฆืจื—". 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, |, ื“ืฃ 15, ืขืž' ื‘, 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื“ืฃ 17, ืขืž' ื.. 


8 
4 
5 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื•ื• 17, 
8 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, |, ื“ืฃ 0, ืขืก' ื'ืŸ ื–ืข ืื•ืฑืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 19, ืขืž' ื' (ืขืจื•ื‘ื™ืŸ, 56). 
1 


ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, |, ื“ืฃ 9, ืขืืž' ื 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 19 


ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืขืจ ื ืจื•ื ื˜-ืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ื•: ืฉื ืื” ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ื’ื– ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืžื™ ื”ืชึผืœืžื•ื“. ื“ืึธ 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืชึผืžืขืฐืึทื˜ืข ืคึผื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึธืจื’ืขื ืขื ืฉืžื™ื™ื‘ืœ, 
ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึทืœืก ืžื™ื˜ื ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืื–ื•ื™ื ืข, ื’ื•ืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืฆื˜ืŸ ืคึผื™ืœืคึผื•ืœ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื˜ืึธื’ -- ื ืึทื›ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื˜ืžื =- ื˜ื—ื•ืจ. ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืขืจ ืึทื ื 
ืื•ืจื—ื ืึท ื‘ึผืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ,,ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื'' ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื•ืคื ื’ืึทื ืฅ 
ืึธืคึผื˜ ืึทื–ืฑื ืก, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึธื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ื“ืขื ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืŸ: ืขืจ ื ื•ืฆื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืก ื™ืขื“ืข ืคึผืึทืกื ื“ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคึผืึทืกื ื“ืข ื’ืขืœืขื ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ 
ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื—ืจื—ืจื™ ืจื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ื“ืคื™ ืžืžื•ืŸ (ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 1, 10, ืขืž' 
ื‘ึผ', 16, ืขืž' ื‘' ืืึทื–ื•ื•), ืึทื– ื“ืขื ื‘ึผื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื›ึผื•ื”ืŸ ื ื“ื•ืœ ืคืœืขื ื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคืึทืจ. ื’ืขืœื˜ 2. ืึทืคื™ืœืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ , ืกื•ืœ ืกื‘ืœ* 
ื–ืึธื’ื ืึทืจืฑืก, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืœืึทื ึฐื“ ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ึผื‘ืœื™ ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžื•ื•ื™ืกื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืจืขื‘ึผื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ืง?, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจื™ 
ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืชืงื ื”, ืึทื– ืื•ื ืคึผื•ืจื™ื , ืžืจื‘ึผื™ื ื‘ึผืฉืžื—ื”" -- 
ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœึฐืฅ ื‘ึผืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื—ื–ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืคื•ื ื 
,ื”ื‘ึผื•ื ื”''. ืึดื™ืŸ , ื‘ึดึผื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”'? ื˜ืจืขื˜ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื‘ึผื•ืœื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืข 
ื˜ืขื ื“ืขื ืฅ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื›ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ 
ืฐื™ ,ื ื™ื˜ ืงืœื•ื’'', ืฐื™ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจื ืœืฑื™ื‘ึผืขืจื™ืฉ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ,,ื”ื‘ึผื•ื ื”'" 
ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท. ื›ึผื™ืฐื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืชืœืžื•ื“, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืจืขื“ื˜. 
ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ืึทื‘ึผืึธื‘ึผืึธื ืขืก, ืึธื‘ึผืขืจื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ, ื”ืฉื‘ึผืขื•ืช, ื•ืขื ืŸ ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืฉื“ื™ืก, 
ื”ื›ึผืœ? ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ื ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืกืชึผื™ืจื” ืžื™ื˜ืŸ , ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื–ื•ื ื˜ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจ 5 ื“ื™ ื ืึทื™ื•ื•ืข ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืœืขื ืขื ื“ืข, ืึทื– ื‘ึผืฉืขืช ืžืจื™ื 
ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื” ืื™ื– ืงืจืขืฆื™ืง ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื‘ึผื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ื•ื‘ึผืขืฆืžื• ื–ื™ ืึทืœืก ื›ึผื•ื”ืŸ 
ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื ื˜, ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืจืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ ืžืึธื“ืขื ื ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืกืืจ 
ืงืึทืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›? +. ืขืจ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ื–ื™ื ื™ืง ืื™ื™ืŸ ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืข, 
ืฐืึธืก ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืกื™ื™ ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ,,ืขื™ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘!?; ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœืฅ, ื›ึผื›ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจ ,,ื”ื‘ึผื•ื ื”'' ื–ืึธืœ 
ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืคืึทืœื ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื™ืจืึธื ื™ืฉืข ื‘ึผืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’: ,,ื ืื˜ ื–ืขื˜, ื•ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืก'ืื™ื– 
| ื“ืขืจ ืฉื›ืจ ืคืึทืจ ืึถืคึผื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืžื–ื•ื–ื”... ื–ื™ ืกืึธืŸ ืžืฆื™? ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืข 


1 ื“ืึธืจืžืŸ, 1 6 ืžืœื ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืื™ืฉ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื—ื›ื ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื 
ื”ื ืจืื™ื ื ื•ืžื™ื ืœืชืื•ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ืื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืชื• ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืก ืžื”ื”ืžื•ืŸ.,,. ื›ื–ื” ื•ื›ื–ืืช ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ืก 
ื”ืืœื” ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื ืžื—ื˜ื ืืคื™' ื™ืžื™ื ืžื•ืขืกื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืœื™ ืืฉื”, ืื‘ืœ 
ืœืฉืืจ ื”ืขื ื—ื•ืจื• ืฉืœื ื”ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ื ื›ืŸ", 


ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, |, 1. | 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, |, 35, ืขื' ื'ืŸ {, 3, ืขืž' ื ืขื' 23 ืืึทื–"ื—, 


ื“ืึธืจืžืŸ, ||, 238, ืกื•ืฃ ืžืกื ืช ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื, 





200 ื“"ืจ ื• ืฆื™ื ื‘ืข-ื  


ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื•ืฐื•ืขื ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขื ื ื–ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”. ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืื–ืึท 
ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืื•ืžื ืขื’ื ื˜ ืžืึทืจื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ื›ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื–ื•ื–ื”" 1. | 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ื‘ึผื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”'!, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืฆื• ืžืึธื“ืขื ืืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ืชืœืžื™ื“, ื“ื•ื“ ืžื™ื ืฆื™, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืงืฉื”, 
ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืึทืจืฑืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืœืฑื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ืœื’ื•ืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืฉืคื™ืœื˜ ืึท ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืจืึธืœืข ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœื™ื, ืžืึธื“ืขื ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึทึผืึทืœื“ 
ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืขื ืขื‘ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืจื‘ึผืขื˜ ,ื›ื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื•ื“" ?. ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžืื“ืขื ื ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืชึผืœืžื™ื“, ืึทื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• 
ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืึทืœื”, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื 
ืึธืคืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ืžื‘ึผืืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ. ืื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื 
ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจืœืึธื– ืžื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืึทื’ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื - 
ื–ืขืจืข ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืึธื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ืข ืื•ื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืขื˜ืŸ. ื“ื• ื•ื•ื™ื™ืคื˜ ื“ืึธืš, ืึทื– ื“ื™ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืจ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื–ื” ืึทืจืฑืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื™ื ื“ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฉืœืขืคึผืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขื ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืžืจืึธื˜ืขื ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’, ื“ืขื 
ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื ืœื™ื™ืš ืึทืœืข ื ืึทืคืึทืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืข, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ 
ืึทืŸ ืึทืคึผื™ืงื•ืจืก, ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ืš, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืชึผืœืžื™ื“, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ึผื™ืกื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื™ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ 
ื–ื•ืŸ, ืฐืข? ืื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึทืจืŸ, ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ืจ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืขืจืึทื ืกืขืŸ". 
ืื•ึนืŸ ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืฉืึทืจืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ืงืจื™ืฉื™ืงื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื“ืขืข ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื’ื•ืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฐื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜, ืึทื– ื–ื™ ืฉื˜ืึทืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื“, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื. 


ื“ืขืจ , ื‘ึผื–-ื“ื•ืจ' ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืขืจืฉื˜ ืึท ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ื ืคืึธืจืฉืคึผื™? ืฆื• 
ื“ืขื ืงืึทืžืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืจืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ ืžืึธื“ืขื ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื”ืึทืคื˜ืŸ. ืฉื•ื ื -- ื“ื™ ืงื‘ืœื—, 

ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ , ืงื•ึน? ืกื›ืœ'' ื‘ึผืึทืžืขืจืงื˜ ืึทืžืชึผื™ ื‘ึนึผืŸ ื™ื“ืขื™ื”, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืงื‘ึผืœึถื” ืจื•ืžื ื– 
ื–ื™ืš ,,ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืืžืช' ื‘ึนึผืœึฐืฉื•ืŸ ืกื ื™ ื ื”ื•ืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
ื”ื™ืคื•ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืช ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืงืข ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ: ,,ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื˜ 
ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืงื‘ึผืœื”"*. ืžืึธื“ืขื ื 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืฐืขืจืง ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืงื‘ึผืœื—, ื ืึธืจ ื•ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ โ€ 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื•, 2 ืขื' ื': ืื‘ื ื•ืจืื” ื›ื˜ื” ื’ืจื•ืœ ื›ื— ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื•ื”,,. ืฉื”ื™ื 
ื›ึผื“ืื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืขื™ืจ ื ื“ื•ืœืช ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืžืžื˜ื” ืขืœ ืขื•ืŸ ืข"ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืกื ื” 
ื•ื™ืชื›ืคืจ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื”", 

2 ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื ืื™ืŸ 1855 ืื™ืŸ ืื˜ืขื ื•ืงื ื™ื" (61--4)64 

8 ,ื›ื•ืœ ืกื›ืœ", 32-721, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืฉื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ืจืŸ 201 


ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืกืš ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ --- ืกื•ืฃ 1658. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึทืŸ ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ 16ื˜ืŸ 
ื–"ื” ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ืข ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืจืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืจืขื’ืขืก ืคื•ื ื ื™ืจื“ืŸ ืื•ึนืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื ื›ึผื ืจืช. ืžืึธื“ืขื ืืก 
ืงืจื•ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ืจืืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœื™ื ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืึทืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘'' -- ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ืขื–ืจื™ื” ื“ืฒ-ื›ึผืื ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืึทืจ"ื™ืก ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืฉืœื™ื—, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืกืจื•ืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท ื’ืขื”ืึธื˜ 
ืึธืคื˜ืข ื•ื•ื™ื›ึผื•ื—ื™ื 1. ื“ื™ ืกืคืจื™ ืงื‘ืœื”, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืึทื“ืึทื ืง ื“ืขื 
ื“ืจื•ืง-ืฐืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืขื ื’ืœืขืš, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืคืึทืจื“ืจื™ื™ื ื“ื™ ืงืขื 
ื“ืขื ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ืŸ, ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง ื“ืขืจืฆื• ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืœื™ืขื ืขืจ-ืคึผื•ื‘ึผืœื™ืงื•ื. ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื“ืขืžืืœื˜ื™ืงืข ื ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืจืž''ื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทืœึตื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืžื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืงื‘ึผืœื”, 
ืื™ื– ื–ื™ืš ืึทืคึผื™ืœื• ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืžืชืจืขื. ,,ืื•ื™ืš ืคื™ืœืข ืคื•ื ื ื—ืžื•ืŸ --- ืงืœืึทื ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืจืž''ื -- ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืงื‘ึผืœื”. ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ื”ืชืžืจื” 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ืกื˜ืข ืกืคืจื™ ืงื‘ึผืœื”, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืึทืจื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืื™ื“ืขืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืขืœื™ ื”ื ืกืชึผืจ, ื‘ึผืคืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืขื ื’ืœืขืš ืึทื–ื•ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ืฐื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ื”ืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ืงืึทื™ 
ื ืึธื˜ื™, , ืฉืขืจื™ ืื•ืจื”'' ื'ืึท. ืึทืœืข ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฐื•ืขืจืง ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืึทื– ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืงืœืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขืš; ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืืžืชืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืฉื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึธืจื ืŸ, ืืคื™ืœื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ืข 
ื‘ึผืึทืœืขื‘ึผืึทื˜ื™ื, ืขืžื™-ื”ืืจืฆื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืกืคืจื™ื; ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืึท. ืคืจืฉื” 
ื—ื•ืžืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืฉื™ -- ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืงื‘ึผืœื” "2, 





ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื“ื™ ืจืึทืฆื™ืึทื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื“ืขืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
! ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ืŸืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืžื•ื ื™, ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื›ึผืึทื˜ืจืขืคื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืชึผืงื•ืคื” ื“ื™ ืงื‘ึผืœื” 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึท ืžืึธื“ืข-ื–ืึทืš. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ-ืฆื™ืžืขืจ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ 
ื˜ืจื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืžืึทืจืง-ืคึผืœืึทืฅ. ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑื ืข ืคึฟืึทืจ" 
ื‘ึผืจืขื ื˜ืข ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืงื‘ึผืœื”, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื˜ื•ืœ? ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ื ืกืชึผืจ; ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ืคืœืขื ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืงืœืขืจืŸ, ืึทื– ืฐืขืจ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื•ื›ื” ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืจื™ื™ื ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื•ื“ื•ืช 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื‘ึผืœื” --- ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื ืื™ื™ื‘ึผื™ืง ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื’ืจืึทื‘ึผืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
/ื•ื•ืขืจ ืขืก ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ , ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช/' --- ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึท ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคื™ืงื•ืจื *, 


{ ,ืืจื™ ื ื•ื”ื", 35, 70, 
* ืืชึผื•ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืœื”", || ืงืึทืกึน' 4, 


5 ,ืืจื™ ื ื•ื”ื", 42-61 





 * : 202โ€ ื“"ืจ 'ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื  


ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ- 
ืฆื™ื™ื ื˜ืŸ ืจืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ ื•ื™ ืึทืจื™ื” ื“ื™-ืžืึธื“ืขื ื. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ึถึผืขืจ ืืœืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืข- 
ืฐืึทื’ื˜ ืึธืคืŸ ืึทืจืฑื™ืกื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืึท ืœืขืจืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜ืข 
ืึธื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืขืจืขืจ. ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ, ืึทืœืก 8ืกื™ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ ื–ืงืŸ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ ืงื‘ึผืœื”-ืงืขื ื ืขืจื™ืฉ-ื•ื•ืขืจืง ,ืืจื™ ื ื•ื”ื, ,, ื•ื• 
ืขืก ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื’ืœืึทื ื™ืŸ ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึธืก ืคึผืึธืœืขืžื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ 1. 

ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืงืขื’ืŸ ืงื‘ึผืœื” ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืึทืจืฑื™ืก- 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืข ืื•ื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท ื“ืึธืก 
ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื”ืขืœื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื 
,ืืจื™ ื ื•ื”ื'' ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 5. 

,ืžืขื ึฐื˜ึฐืฉืŸ --- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท -- ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ,,ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืงื‘ึผืœื”'" 
ื•ื™ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืขืก ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคึผืคึผืึธืจืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ื™ื ืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืœืกื˜ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ืคึผื•ืš ืคื•ื ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ (ืฉื ื™ ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืคื›ื™ื ืœื ื•ืฉื ืื—ืจ)! ื“ืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ื ืึธืจ 
ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืŸ ืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจ. ื™ืขื“ืข ื—ื›ืžื” ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืฃ 
ื“ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ ื’ื•ืคื ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืจืข ื”ื ื—ื•ืช, ื“ื•ืจืฃ 
ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื–ื•ื›ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฐื•ืขืจื‘ึผื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ืจืข ืืžืชืŸ. ื“ื™ ืงื‘ืœื” 
ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืจืื™ื•ืช, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื•ื™- 
ื˜ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืกื•ืจื” *. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขื ืขืจ ,,ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืงื‘ึผืœื”" 
ืื™ื– ืคืืงื˜ื™ืฉ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื”, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ึผืœื”. ื–ึดื™ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื–, 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืจืข ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ืฉืข ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืŸ; ื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืชืข 
ืงื‘ืœื”, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืกื•ืžืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืคื•ืจืช ืึธื‘ื•ึนืช, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื“ืขืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžืกืงื ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื’ืึทื ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจ ืฆื• ื“ื•ึนืจ -- ื“ื™ 
ื ืึทื ืฆืข ืœืขืจืข ืคื•ืŸ ,,ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ื ืกืชึผืจ'' ืื™ื–. ื“ืึธืš ื ืึธืš ื‘ึผืขืจืš ื™ื•ื ื’, ื“ืึธืก ืงืึธื ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืจืข ืึธื ื”ืขื ื ืขืจ ื ื•ืคื ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผืœืฒืงืขื ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืžื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ื ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกืžืข 
ืคึผืจืึทื ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืœื˜, ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธื™ืŸ 


1 ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท ื”ืึธืก ื“ืขื ืžื•ื ื ื™ื ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื–ืฒืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืึทืจืฃ ืคืึธ. 
ืœืขืžื™ืฉ ืฐืขืจืง; ืื™ื– ืขื ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ื’ืขื‘ึผืœื™ื ึผืŸ4 ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒืขืจืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขื ื™, ืคื™ืจืกื˜ ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ (1840), ืคื™ืœืข ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืืฑืกื ืึทื‘ึผืข ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ืžืข ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืืžืช" ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืขื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ {ืืจื™ 
ื ื•ื”ื" ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึท ื™ืงืจ ื—ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืขืจืฉื ื’ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆืžืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ (1920) ืื™ ืžืึธ, 
ื“ืขื ืึทืก ืฐืขืจืง ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื ืฒืขืจ ืืฑืกื ืึทื‘ึผืข, 

2 ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขื ;ืืจื™ ื ื•ื”ื" ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท. ื’ืขืฉืจื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ืฒึทื ืขื ืึท ืชึผืœื˜ื™ื“, ื™ื•ืกืฃ 
ื–ื–ืœื™ืฃ, ืึท ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ืงื‘ึผืœื”.ืึธื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจ, | 

5 ืึธืืจึดื™ ื ื•ื”ื", 1840, 10. 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึธืžื•ืจ ื›ึผืฒ ื™ื“ 208 


ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืžืชืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืื•ึนื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื’ืขื”ื™- 
ืœื™ืงื˜ืขืจ ืžืกื•ืจื”. ืืžืช, ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœืฅ ืืฑื™ืฃ ืฐืขืจืง, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื›ึผืœื•ืžืจืฉื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ืฉืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ: ื“ืขืจ ,,ืกืคืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจื”" 
ืฉื˜ืึทืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืึถื‘ื™ื ื•, ื“ืขืจ , ืคืคืจ ื”ื‘ึผื”ื™ืจ'' --- ืคื•ืŸ ืจ' ื ื—ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ึผืŸ ื”ืงื ื” 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ืจ' ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ึนึผืŸ ื™ื•ึนื—ืื™. ืจืึธืก 
ืึทืœืฅ -- ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืืจื™ื” ื“ื™-ืžืึธื“ืขื ื -- ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื ื•ืฉืงืจ, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืข 
ื‘ึผืึธื‘ึผืข-ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช! ืืžืช, ืžืึธื“ืขื ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ืฆื• ืคื™ื™ื ืขื ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ืจื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขืฉืžืึทืง, 
ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื•ื“ื— ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคึผืึทืจืืŸ ื’ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ืข ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ 1; 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื”ื™ืกื˜ืืจื™ืฉ-ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืึทื ืึทืœื™ื– ืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึถื‘ึผืขืจ ืžื- 
ื“ืขื ื ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ื”ืจ.ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืชึผื ืื™ื, ื ืึธืจ ืคื™ืœ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืคื•ื ื 19ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื” 9, 
,ื“ื™ ืึธื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ,, ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืงื‘ึผืœื”!' --- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ --- ื–ืขืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื›ึผืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ ื ื•ื˜ืจื™ืงื•ืŸ ื’ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืข ืกื•ื“ื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ื ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ. 
ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ืงืžื™ืขื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ึผืขื•ืช ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึธืจื’ืŸ ื ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืึทืจืข ืงืจืึทืคื˜. ื“ืึธืก 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ื—ื•ื–ืง ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืคื•ื ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ื“, ืคื•ื ื ืฉืž5 
ื”ื™ืฉืจ. ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืึทื™ื™ื ืจืฒื“ืŸ, ืึทื– ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ 
ืคึผืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ืกื™ื ืฐื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื“ืขื ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื‘ืข -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืŸ ืึธื“ึถืขืจ ื“ื™ ื ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื ืืจื™ืฉ- 
ืงื™ื™ืžื–!'"' 8 ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑื ืข ืคึผืึทืจืฉืฑื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ื”ืขื–ื” ืฆื• ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื•ืขื ืŸ 
,ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืืžืช'; ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ ืืžืชืข ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจ, ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข ืคืึทืจ ืึทืคึผื™ืงื•ืจืกื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืขืžื™-ื”ืืจืฆื™ื ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื™ืขื ืข ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืœืฑื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ,,ืืžืชืขืจ ื—ื›ืžื”''. ื“ื™ ,,ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื”''--- 
ื–ืึธื ื˜ ืžืึธื“ืขื ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ---ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืคื™ื™ื“ื™ืง ืื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื” ืื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื‘ึผืœื—, 
ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืืžืชืขืจ ืื‘ืŸ ื ื’ืฃ ืคืึทืจืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืจ ืœืขืจืข 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืขืŸ , ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช'' ื’ืจืึธื‘ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื™ืกื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืืžื•ื ื” -- 
ื’ืึธื˜-ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ; ื–ื™, ื“ื™ ,ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืืžืช,, ืฐืึทืจืฆืœื˜ ืึตื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืืก 
ืคึผืึธืœืง ื“ื™ ืึทื ื˜ืจืึธืคึผืึทืžืึธืจืคื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ึผืึทื’ืจื™ืคืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ 
ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื–ืฑื™ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงื‘ืœื” ืึทืœืข ืžืฉื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ืกื˜- 
ืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ +. ืืžืช, ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท ืึธืŸ, ื“ื™ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœื™ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ 


1 ,ืืจื™ ื ื•ืชื', 48. 

2 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืงืึทืคึผ' 17--18, 

8 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 62: ืืฉื›ืกื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืฉื’ืขื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื‘ื›ื— ืฉืžื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช 
ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžื‘ืข ื•ืื•ืชื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืคืชื™ื", | 

4 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, /, 79. ืึท ืคึฐึผืึธืจ ื™ืึธืจ ืคืึทืจืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื (ืื™ืŸ 1645) ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึทืจ. 
ืคึผืึทืกื˜ ืึท ืกืคืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืคึผืึธืœืขืžื™ืฉ ืฐืขืจืง ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืจื™ืกื˜ื ื˜ื•ื {ืžื’ืŸ ื•ื—ืจื‘" (ืืฒื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคึผืจืึทื’. 
ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืฐืขืจืง ื”ืึธื ื, ื’ืฒื’ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืฆืฐืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ {ื ื’ืŸ 





ื—ื™ ื™ื– 
="ืจ = +ื™ ื ื ื“ื— 66 = = 
4 ื• ื• 9 = = = 6 2 ื 


ืžื•ืจื”, ืึทื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื›ืข ืงืจื•ื‘ืขืฉืึทืคึผื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ื“ื’ืขืจืึทื ืงืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืคืจื™ ืงื‘ึผืœื” ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืคึผืœื˜ื•ื ืก ืื™ื“ืขืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืข, ืึทื– ืึทืคึผืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ื ื›ื™ื 
ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ื• -- ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ;ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง. ืฐื™ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืขืก ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ื ืข ืœืขื›ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ! ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืœึตื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ื’ืจื•ื™ืก 
ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืงื‘ึผืœื” ืื™ื– ืึท ,ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ื ืกืชืจ -- ืึท ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึธืจื’ืขื ืข 
ื—ื›ืžื”, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ื›ื™ื” ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ 
ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืจืข ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืึทืจืข ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ 
ืคืจืขืžื“ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืงื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื—ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ื”ืฒื™ื˜--- 
ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ืึทืœืข ืกื•ื“ื•ืช, ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื“ื™ืง ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืขืจ ื—ื›ืžื— 1. ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึดึผื™ืฅ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ืฒื™ื˜ 
ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื -- ืคื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืžืึธื“ืขื ื, -- ืฐืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ 
ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื•ื ื–, ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™; ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ืึทืฉื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื•, ื ืึธืจ ื‘ึผืึทื“ืฒื™ื˜ื ื“ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื“ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ. 
ืžื™ื™ืžื•ื ื™. ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืคึผืœื˜ื•ื ืก ืื™ื“ืขืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื“ืขื ืงืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื ื˜ืฐื™ืงืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœืขืจืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ืงื‘ึผืœื”, ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ืขื›ืึธืœื˜, ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ ืžืึธื“ึถืขื ื, ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทืคึฐืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ื•ื”ืจ'" ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืจ' ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ 
ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื•ื—ืื™.., 


ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ , ืฆื•ื•ืื”'' ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื‘ื•ืขืง ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืฐื™ื™-ืคึผื ื™ืžื“ื™ืงืขืจ?. ืžืึทื“ืขื ืืก ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขื›ืข ื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืึทืœื˜, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืžืช ืคึผื ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช. ื ื™ื ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืžืึธื“ืขื ื ื’ื•ืคื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืคึผื ื™ื ื ื™ื ื‘ึผืึทื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืึท ื›ืืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจืœืึธื–ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืึธืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืึทืจ- 
ืงืขืจ ืžืึธืจืึทืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืจืึทืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขืžืคืขืจ-ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ึผืืฐื•ืกื˜ื–ื™ื ื™ืง ืคืึทืš- 
ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืช ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜. ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคืจืฒื™ืข ื’ืขื“ื˜ื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ื“ืขืจืงืœื˜ืฅ- 
ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึทื™ื™ื ื’ืขื”ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืจืžื–ื™ื ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืึทืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื- 
ื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืœืึทื ื’ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื‘ืœื™ืกื˜. 
ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืฉื™ื™ื ื˜, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืžืื“ืขื ื ื ื•ืคื, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืื ื˜ 


ื•ืฆื ื”", ื‘ึผืขืช ื“ืขืจ ืึทืคึผื™ืงื•ืจืกื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืœื—, ืžืขืœื™ืข, ืคืึทืจื”ืึทืœื ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื ื ืจื•ื™ืก ื‘ึผื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืก 
ืฆื•ื ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ืงืจื™ืกื˜ื ื˜ื•ื, ืจืขื“ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฒื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืจืฒื“ืขื ืงืขื“, ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท, ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ื 
ืจืขืกืคึผืขืงื ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ื ืกืŸ ืึทืœืก ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงืฒื˜ (ื•ืข ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื•ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืจืขื ืึทื 
ืชึผืœืžื™ื“, ื“ืขื ื›ืฉื•ืกืจ 2100 0060 ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจืœื™ื ืขืจ ,5ืขืกื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื, 3340. 

1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 44, 


8 ,ื–ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืจื”", 69, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืžื•ื™ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ืจืŸ. 205 


ืขืก ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึทืœืฒื™ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืคื™ื˜ืืคื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืคืึทื›ื˜ 
ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืขืจ ืžืฆื‘ืช; 


ื“ืึธ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคืขืœื“ --- ืึท ืงืจืงืข ืื•ื™ืก ืคื™ืจ ืื™ื™ืœืŸ, 

ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 

ืคึผืึทืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืึทืจื™ื”, ืื•ื™ืก ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธืจืŸ. 

ื“ืึธ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื’ืจืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึธืจื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจื”ื•ื™ืœืŸ . 


ืื  ืกืžื˜ืืกืื˜ืกื™ื™ืฒืกื ืก ื™ื• ืกื˜ื•ืกืืืกืกื’ื•ื™ืก 


{ ืืจื ืข ืืžื•ืช ืงืจืงืข ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื–ืช 
ืื ื‘ ืงื ื™ืŸ ืคื•ื“ืจ ืžื™ืžื•ืช ืขื•ืœื 
ื”ืงื ื• ืžืžืขืœ ืœื™ื—ื•ื“ื” ืืจื™ื” 
ืžืžื•ื“ื™ื ื ื‘ื•ื” ื ืกืชืจ ื ืขืœื, 





ื–ืขืงืกื˜ืขืจ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ 


ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื•; ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึทื ื“ืขืจ:ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ; ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืจื™ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืจืงืขืจ ืžื™ื ืจื™ ื›ืึท. 
ืจืึทื™ึธืžืขืŸ, -- ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื• ืึทืœืก ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผืขืจื ื™ืงืก ืœืขืจืข, -- ื“ื™ืœ. 
ืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื•ืก ืฐืขืœื˜.ื ืึทื ืขื. ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืึทื’ืขืจื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืžื”. ื“ืึธืก ืฐื™ืจืงืœืขื›ืข ืคึทึผื ื™ื 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืžืึทืกืงืข. -- ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื•ื ืคึฟืึทืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ 
ืจืžื–ื“ื™ืง-ืคึผืึทืจืฉื˜ืขืœืžืขืจ ืกื˜ื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ {ืžืฆืจืฃ ืœื—ื›ืžื”" ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืฐืขืจืง, -- 
ื“ื™ ืึธืจื˜ืึธื“ืึธืงืกื™ืฉืข ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืขืจ: ืขื–ืจื™ื” ืคื™ื ื• ืื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืืœ 
ืื‘ื•ื”ื‘, -- ื“ื™ ืฉืงื™ืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื ืขืกืึทื ืก-ืฉืคึฟืจืขืžื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืžืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื™ื“ื ื˜ื•ื. -- ืžืฉื” ื•ื ึผื•ึนืชื ืึทืœื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืฃ. / 


, ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึทืจื’ืŸ ืื•ึนืŸ ืคืึทืจื”ื•ื™ืœืŸ'' ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฆืŸ 
ืคืึทืจื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืึทืจื™ื” ื“ื™ื™ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึทืก ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืขืจืขืจ ื‘ึผื–ื“ื“ื•ืจ -- ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœืžื— ื“ื™ืœ" 
ืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื•, ืžืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืจืืฉื™-ืชึผื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉ"ืจ (ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœืžื” ืจื•ืคื) 
ืžืงืึทื ื“ื™ื !. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืืœื™ื”ื• (ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืขืœ , ื‘ึผื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื“ืช'' ืึทืŸ ืื•ืจืื™ื™ื ื™ืง?), 
ืจื‘ ื”ื›ึผื•ืœ? ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื–? ืงืึทื ื“ื™ื, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืŸ ืึท ืคื™ืœื–ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื•ื ื . ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ื•ืกืฃ-ืฉืœืžื” ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืื™ื˜ืืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉ ื’ืจื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš 
ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืœืึทื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, ืื•ืŸ 
ืฆื• 12 ื™ืึธืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทื“ื•ืึท. 
ืจื™ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื ืึทื‘ึผื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ;ื ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืชืžื“ื” ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืŸ 
ื“ื•ืจืฉื˜ ื ืึธืš ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ -- ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื™ืฉ'"ืจ ืžืงืึทื ื“ื™ืฉ 
ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื• 20 ื™ืึธืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 8 ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื‘ึผืงื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืœื–ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜. ืึทืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึทืจืฆื˜, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื• ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื– 
ืึท ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืึทื˜ืขืžืึทื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืกื˜ืจืึทึธื ืึธื˜; ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืŸ ื ืึทืœื™ืœืขื•ืก?, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืงืึธื ื˜ ื“ืขื ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื ื™ื™ืขื ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื 

1 ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœืฉืœืช ื—ื™ื•ื—ืกื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื•ื ืžืฉืคื—ื— ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื• ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืฉื” ืžืขืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืืึฒืœื™ื", 29, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ึผืจื™ ืฐืขืจื ืื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื™ื•ึนืŸ, ืึทื• ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื“ื™ืœื™ 
ืžื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึฟืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขื 16ื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื™ 1591, 

2 ื•ืข ,ืžืขื™ืŸ ื’ื ื™ื', 148 ืฐืค ื“ื™ืœื˜ื™ื“ื™ื’ื• ืจืขื“ื ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื’ืึทืœื™ืœืขื•ึผืกืŸ ื”ื™ ืฐืขื ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ 
ืจื‘ึผื™ืŸ (ื’ืึทืœื™ืœื™ืื•ื ืจื‘ึผื™), 

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ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืžืข ืคื•ึผืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ืจืŸ 207 


ืคื•ื ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืงื•ืคึผืขืจื ื™ืง. ื‘ึผืขืช ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจื•ื, ืžืœืขื ื˜ 
ืขืจ ืึธืคื˜ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ืขื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืึทืจื™ื” ื“ื™-ืžืึธื“ืขื ืืŸ, ืฐื•ืขืœ- 
ื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืฐืขืœื˜ื‘ึผืึทื ืขื ืคื•ื ื ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ 
ืฐืฑืกื ื‘ึผืึทื ื™ืจื™ืงืŸ ืกื˜ื•ืจืขื ื˜ 1 ืื™ืŸ 1619 ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื• ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืื™; 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื”ืชืžื“ื” ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื 
ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคึผื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ึผืขื˜. ืึท ื–ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื˜ ืคืึทืจืžืขื ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืึทื’ื•ืช 
ื™ืคึผืจื ืกื” ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืึทื ืข ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ 8 ืกืš ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื‘ึผื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฅ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืขืจ, ืึทืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ื“ืึธืก 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืคื•ืœืข ื‘ึผื•ืš, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื“ืึทืจืฃ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืจื‘ึผืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ื™ื ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง *. ื–ื™ืฆื ื“ื™ืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื“ืึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืก ื”ื•ื™ื–, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื• ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขืš ื•ื•ืขืจืก ,,ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื™ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ'! ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืขื ืฆื™ืงืœืึธืคึผืขื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึทืจื ืขื. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืึถึธื‘ึถึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื 
:ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ื‘ึผืŸื“ื”ืจื‘ ืคืœืขื ื˜ ืึธืคึผื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคืจื™ื™ืข ื’ืขื“ืึทื - 
ืงืขืŸ ื‘ึผื ื•ื’ืข ืฆื• ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืข ืคืจืึธื’ืŸ '! ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื 
ื™ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื˜ืึธื“ืึธืงืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ืื™ืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜, ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ืฃ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ -- ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืึทื ื“ืขืจ-ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผื•ืจื˜ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1616. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ื™ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืึท ื ืข-ื•ื ื“ื™ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ื›ึผืœ ื™ืžื™ื•. ืงื•ื“ื"ื›ึผืœ? ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืžื•ืกืœืžืขื ื™ืฉืข ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจืก -- ืงืื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืึทื ื˜- 
ื ืึธืคึผืึธืœ, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœื™ื- 
ื™ื˜ืขืงืŸ +.. ืื™ืŸ ืงึนืึทื™ึดืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืงื•ื ื”-ืฉื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืŸ ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื•ื™ื‘ึผื•ื— ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืŸ 
ืžื•ืกืœืžืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืขืกืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืขืžืึทื˜ื™ืง ืืœื™-ื‘ึผืŸ-ื•ื—ืžื“ืŸ?. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื ื’ืขืฉืึทืคืŸ ืึท ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจืึทื‘ื™ืฉืข ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืข ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ื•ื™- 
:ื“ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืึทืจืฒื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืข ืงืึทืจืึทื™ึทืžืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื™ื– ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึทืœืก ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืคืจื™ื™ืขืจ ืึทืจืฑืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืข- 


1 ื–ืข ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึธืก ื”ืกื ืžื” ืฆื•ื ืืืœื™ื", 

2 ื–ืข ืคืึธืจืจืขื“ืข ืฆื• ืื ื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื”" ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืืžืœื ื—ืคื ื™ื", ืฐื™ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื•ื•ื™ื™ื•ื 
ืึธืŸ, ืึทื– ื–ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืืฑื™ืก 1090 ื‘ึผืขื ื“, 

3 ื–ืข ,ืืœื™ื", 20, 62 (ืžื™ืจ ืฆื™ืžื™ืจืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ึผืข), 

4 ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืจื™ืฐ ืฆื•ื ืงืึทืจืึทื™ึดื ื–ืจื”ื— (,ืžืœื ื—ืคื ื™ื', 18, 22) ืฐื™ื™ื–ื˜ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื• 
ืึธืŸ: ,ื—ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ึผืชื‘ื™ ื™ื“ ื”ื—ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื™ืœืš ืœืงื•ืกืžื ื“ื™ื ื ืึธื‘ ื•ืื ื‘ืœืžื•ืจื™ื", 

5 ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื. ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ=ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื—ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืŸ 
ื™ืื™ื ืฆื™ื“ืขื ื, ื–ืข ืืžืขื™ืŸ ื’ื ื™ื', 141 ,ืืœื™ื", 16, 50-442, 





208 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื  


ื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื‘ึผื ื™ืฉืข ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ. ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื‘ึผืึทืคึผืจื™ื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื—ื›ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื”, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืขืžืึทื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื™ื- 
ืงืึทื ื“ืึทืจื™ื ื™, ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืงืฉื” ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื• ืคืืจืคืืกื˜ ืึท ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœืข 
ืึทืจื‘ึผืขื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืขื›ืึทื ื™ืง, , ื ืคืœืื•ืช ื”ืฉื" . ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืง ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืึท:- 
ื˜ื™ื ืึธืคึผืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืงืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ืœื“ืขื˜ืŸ ืงืึทืจืึทื™ึดื ืžืฉื” ืžืฆื•ืจื“ื™ 5. 
ืจื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืึถื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืœืึทื ื’ ืื™ื™ื ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜; ืขืก 
ื”ืื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฆื• ืึทืœืฅ ื ื™ื™ืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ. ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึทืœืื›ืฒ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธืœ- 
ื“ืึทืฐื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืœืึทื ื’ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื•ืฑืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืข, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืึทืœืก ืคึผืจืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึทืจืฆื˜. ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ- 
ืึทืจืฆื˜ ื‘ึทึผื™ื™ื ืคื™ืจืฉื˜ ืจืึทื“ื–ื™ื•ื•ื™ืœ,. ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืกืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœืขืจ ืžืฆื‘ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื•ืžื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ื’ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืจื•ืฉื ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ืขื ืขื ืฆื™ืงืœืึธืคึผืขื“ื™ืฉ ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ืœื“ืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืก ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ ืฉืžื•ื? ืึทืฉื›ึผื ื–ื™, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึท- 
ืฉึฐืจื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜-ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืขื ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืฑืœืŸ; ,, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื“ืึธ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•. ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืคืึธืจ ืื™ืš ืืœืฅ ืึทืจื•ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขื™ืจ ื‘ืึท- 
ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืคึผืึทืฆื™ืขื ื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื ืข ืคื™ืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืจื•ืช ืฐื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฉืœืขืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืœืึทืฆืŸ. ื“ื™ ื ืึทื ืฆืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืขื ื’ 
ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืจืขื˜ืข, ืคืึธืจื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ, ืึทืœึตื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื 
ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื™ืฆื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ. ืกืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ.ืฉ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืฆื• 
ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ืข ืคืึธืœืง ืฉืจืขืงืœืขืš ืื•ืžื•ื•ื™ืกื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจ- 
ื’ืจืขื‘ึผื˜, ื˜ืึทืงืข ืžืžืฉ ื ืœื™ื™ืš ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื•ืžืข ื‘ึผื”ืžื•ืช, ืึทืŸ ืืžืชืขืจ ืขื ื”ื“ื•ืžื” 
ืœื—ืžื•ืจ" 5, | 
ื ืึธืš ืึท ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืŸ ืจื•ืฉื ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœืขืจ 
ืžืฆื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผื•ืœื™ืฉ-ืœื™ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ืึทืœืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ 
ืคืจืขืžื“ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื ื” ืื•ืžื’ืขืœื•ืžืคึผืขืจื˜, ,ื ืฉื˜ืึธืง ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ -- ืงืœืึทื ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื• --- ื‘ึผืึทื“ืขืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื•ืžื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ. ืื™ื– ืฉืจืขืงืœืขืš. ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืœืึทื ื“ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืคื•ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ึผืชื™-ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื, ืื™ื– ืึทืžื™ืœื• ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืกื˜, 
ื•ื•ืืจืขื ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื™ืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ 
ืกืœืืคึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื”, ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– 
ื’ืฉืžื™ื•ืช-ื–ืึทื›ืŸ, ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืขืœืข ืฆื•ื•ืขืงืŸ: ืคึผืจื ืกื”, ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“, ื’ืึทื•ื•ื— ืื•ึนืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข 
ื–ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ืคึผื ื™ื•ืช. ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืงืึทืจื™ืขืจืข, ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืจื‘, ื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืจืืฉ" 


1 ื–ืข ,ืžืขื™ืŸ ื’ื ื™ื", 4, 165; ,ื˜ืขื™ืŸ ื—ืชื•ื', 423 
2 ,ืžืœื ื—ืคื ื™ื", 8 
5 ืคืึธืจืจืขืœืข ืฆื• ืขื ื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื”", 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™*ื™ื“ืŸ 209 
7 ืŸึน 


ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืจืืฉ ื”ืงื”ืœ. ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฆืจืขืช ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืœืฅ ื“ื•ืจื›ื ืขืคืจืขืกืŸ: ื“ืึธืก 
ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึท ื˜ืคืœ, ื ื ืขื‘ึผืŸื–ืืš, ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืึทืœืก 
ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืคืึทืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ื™ืงืข ืฆื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืข ืชึผื‘ื™ืขื•ืช... ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืขืกื˜ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคึผื˜ืจืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ื” ืึทืจื•ืžืคึผืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ื™ ื™ืจื™ื“ื™ื !. ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื‘ึผืึทื ืจื™ืฃ, ืคืึทืจื”ืึทืกื˜ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ ื™ืขืจืขืก ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ื ืึธื˜, ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ื“ืึทืจืฃ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืงื“ื•ืง, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืœื™ืฆื”, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืขืžืึทื˜ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ืืกื˜ืจืึธื ืึธืžื™ืข, ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ื”ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืข ืึทืฐื•ื“ืื™ ื ื™ื˜. ื“ื™ ืึทืœึถืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื—ื›ืžื•ืช 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืขืก ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜, ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทื ื˜ืœืฑืคืŸ, 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ? ื–ื™ื™ ืงืึทื ืขืŸ, ื—ืœื™ืœื”, ืึทืจืึธืคึผืคื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ื ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฐืขื’ 5 

ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืข, ืฐื•ื™ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืžื–ืจื—"-ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ื’ืขืจื ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืงื˜ื ื˜ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึธืจืžื™ืงืข ืงืึท- 
ืจืึทื™ึดืžืขืŸ, ืฐื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื‘ึผื ื™ืฉืข ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื. ,,ืื™ืš ื—ืึธื‘ึผ ื“ืึธืจื˜ -- ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ืค- 
ืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื• --- ืคื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืŸ, ื‘ึผืคืจื˜ ื•ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืš ืคืœืขื’ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืข ืงืึทืจืึทื™ึธืžืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื™ ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ืขืกื˜ืข ืคืจื™ื™ื ื˜. ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืข- 
ืกื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืžื™ื˜ ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืงืฉื” 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื•ืขืจืง ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข 
ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื; ืฐืึธืจืขื ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื•ื˜ --- ื™ืขื ืข ืื™ื ื˜ืข- 
ืจืขืกื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžืคืจืฉื™ื'" 5 

,ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก. ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืœื™ื™ืš -- ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืึทืŸ ืื™ืจืึธื ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ --- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ื‘ึผืจื•ืฑื™ื˜; ื–ื™ื™ ืœืขื‘ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืš ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืจื‘ึผื ื•ืช ืึธื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื. 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœื•ืžื“ื•ืช, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ึผืงื™ืื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืฉ''ืก ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ืกืงื™ื ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืึทื›ืŸ, 


1 ืขืก ื”ืึทื ื“ืœื ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ื’ืขืฐื™ืก ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืฐืึทืžืขื ืคืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื "ืคึถื•ืขืจ ื—ืืจืฆื•ืช", 
ื“ื™ ืจืึธืœืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืฒื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื•ืขื“" ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืกืžืคืึทืจืฐืึทืœื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ืฒื“ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืงื™ื ึผื•ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืฑืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืข ืื™ื– ืฐื™ ืขืก ืฉื™ื™ื ื ื’ืขื‘ึผืœื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ื ื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืื•ืžื ืึทืงืึธื ื˜. ื“ืขื ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื“ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•, 

,ืžืขื™ืŸ ื’ื ื™ื', 3: ื›ื™ ื”ื ื” ื”ื—ืฉืš ื™ื›ืกื” ืืจืฅ ื•ื—ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื ืขืชื” ืขื ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉื ื 
ื›ื™ ืžืœื ืจื•ื—ื‘ ืืจืฆืš ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื ื”ืœื ืžืฆืขืจ ื—ื•ื ื”ืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ืขื•ืš ืจื‘ื•ื™ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื 
ื•ื›ื•ึผืœื ื›ืื—ื“ ืจื•ื“ืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื—ืžื—ื™ื” ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื ืฉืžื™ืช ืžืฉืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืžื“ื•ื—ื™ื ื’ื ื”ืžื˜ื•ืœืชื™ื . 
ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืฉื•ืงื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื“ืœืชื•ืช ื“' ืฉืขืจื™ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื”, ื”ื ื” ื›ืœ ืžื’ืžืชื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช 
ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืฉื•ืคืฉื™ื ืื• ืจืืฉื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื–ื• ืจืขื” ื—ื•ืœื” ื’ื—ืœื” ืžื›ืชื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ืงืจ ืœื–ื•ืœืœ ื•ื”ืขื™ืงืจ 
ืœื˜ืคืœ ืชื›ืœื™ืช ืคืขื•ืœืชื ื ื›ืจื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื,, ื•ืื”ืจ ืืฉืจ ื›ืœื• ื—ื–ืžื ื™ื ื”ึดื™ืงืจื™ื˜ ื‘ืžืกืขื•ืช ืœื™ืจื™ื“ื™ื 
ื•ืœืžืฉืชืื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆื” ื ื‘ืขืจื” ื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืœื ื‘ื—ื›ืžื” ื”ืฆื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื ื‘ืชื•ืจื”.,, ื‘ืื•ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื—ืžืฅ 
ืœื“' ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ื ื ื•ืจ ืฉื ื•ื ื™ื, ื˜ืจืงื“ืงื™ื ืžืœื™ืฆื™ื ื•ื”ื ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืœื . ื‘ืฉืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืœืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช 
ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื ื•ื›ื•' ื•ื›ื•" 


8 ืคึผืึธืจืจืขื“ืข ืฆื• ืื ื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื”", 
| 4) 





20 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆึดื™ื ื‘ึผืขืจื’ 


ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื ื™ืกื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ ืข ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจืŸ' 
ื‘ึผืœื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ. ืขื•ืœื-ื”ื‘ึผื. ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ื›ึผ5ืœ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื ืœื™ื™ื›ืŸ: ื™ืขื ืข ื‘ืจืขื ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง ืึทื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื•ึนืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื“ 
ื ืฉืžื” ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืฐื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืขื“ืœืขืš -- ื–ื™ื™ ืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ืึธืš, ื›ึผื™ื“ื•ืข, ืืจืึธืคึผ ืคื•ื ื 
ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’. ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืžื”, ื“ืึทืจืฃ 
ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื–ื™ื™ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืืžืช ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ื‘ืข. ืœืึธื– ืึท ื™ื™ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึทื˜ื™ืœืŸ ื”ื•ื - 
ื“ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืฐืขืœืŸ, ืึทื– ืึทืœืข ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื, 
| ืฐืึธืจืขื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื“ืืจืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืืœืข ืคื™ืœืึทื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืข ืึทืงืึทื“ืขืžื™ืขืก 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื“ื™ืึทืœืขืงื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžืขื˜ืึธื“ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึธื ื™ืง -- ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื™ื 
ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืึทืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื™ืœืคึผื•ืœ ืžื•ืŸ ืชึผืœืžื•ื“, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืชึผืขื ื•ื’ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื•ื™ 
ื—ืจื™ืคื™ืฉืข ื—ืœื•ืงื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื•ืขืœื˜ ื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืึธื˜ืขื 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืขืœื™ ื”ืคึผื™ืœืคึผื•ืœ *. ื’ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืจื•ืš-ื”ื•ื ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืœื™ืฆื™ื, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ื - 
ืฆื™ืงืข ืคึผืจืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ-ืจืขื“ื ืขืจืก; ืื™ื ื ืขืžืขืœืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฉื ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขืฆื•ื™ื ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื’ื“ื•ืช ืื•ึนืŸ ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื ืึทื ืฆืข ืคืึธืœืง ืงื•ืžื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื”ื•ื™ื– ื”ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžื•ืกืจ, ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคืจื•ื, ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ"ื’. 


ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฆื™ื˜ืื˜ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืก 
ืกื˜ื™? ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืจื˜ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืจืขืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืš 
ื“ื•ื‘ึผื ืึธื•ื•, ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจืŸ ื™ืฉ"ืจ ืžืงืึทื ื“ื™ืึท ืึทืœืก ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ,,ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืคึผืึธืจื˜ ืึทื ื˜ืงืขื’ื ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ืข ืื™ื“ืขื™ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืจืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ". ,ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœ- 
ื–ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ืขื ืฆื™ืงืœืึธืคึผืขื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ึผื™ืœื“ื•ื ื• --- ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื“ื•ื‘ึผื ืึธื•ื• -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ 
ื ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœืึธืจืข ืฐืขืœื˜-ืึธื ืฉืฑื™ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, 


* /ื’ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ืืœื ื‘ ื”ื‘ ืœื™ื”ื", ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืขืฆื‘ึผืึทืจืขืจ 
ืฐืึธืจื˜ืฉืคื™ืœ: ;ื‘ื”ื‘ืœื™ื”ื" ืงืึธืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื“ืฒืกืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื˜ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ึผืฉืขืชืช ื–ื™ ืคื™ืจืŸ 
ืคื™ืœืคึผื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฐื™ื›ึผื•ื—ื™ื, ืึธื‘ึถึผืขืจ ืืฑืš -- ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืงืฒื˜ืŸ, ืคื•ื ื˜ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉืŸ ืฐืึธืจื ืคื”ื‘ืœ", 

1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืฐืฒืœ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ืžื”' ืื™ื– ืึท ื™ืงืจื™ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ 
ื ืึทื ืฆืข ืฆื™ื˜ืึทื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืึทืœ: ืื•ื™ืคื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ื™ ืœื—ืžื ื”ื, ืฉืจืจืš ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ืื• ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืช 
ื—ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื”ืคืจื ืกื™ื ื–ื” ืžื•ื—; ื•ืืœื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื“ื ืื•ื›ืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ืขื•ื”"ื– ื•ื”ืงืจืŸ ืงื™ืžืช 
ืœื• ืœืขื•ื”"ื‘, ืžื— ืฉืื™ืŸ ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืžื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžืขื˜ ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ืžื—ืŸ ืœื’ื•ื•ืช ื•ืจื‘ ื”ื”ื™ื•ืง 
ืœื ืฉืžื•ืช ืžื”ืžืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืœื”ื™ื•ืช, ื•ืฉื•ืžืจ ื ืคืฉืื• ื™ืจื—ืง ืžืืœื• ื”ืœื’ื•ื“ื™ื, ื›ื™ ื”ื ื ื ื“ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœ 
ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื; ืฉืื ื™ื•ืœื™ื“, ืื™ืฉ ืžืื” ื™ืจืฆื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœื ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ืก, ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ืคืฅ ื“' ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช 
ื”ืคืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื”ื ืข"ื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื ื•ื“ืจื›ื™ื”ื ื›ื™ ืื ื‘ื—ืœื•ืงื™ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ืฉืขืฉื•ืขื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืคืœืคื•ืœื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžึฟืชืงืฒื™ื ืืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืœื™ื”ื ื•ื›ืŸ ืœึนื ื‘ื—ืจ ื“' ื‘ืžืœื™ืฆื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื›ื™ ืื 
ื‘ื“ืจืฉื ื™ื. ื”ืืžื•ื ื™ื โ€ ื‘ืื ื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื“' ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืžื•ืกืจ ืžืคื™ื”ื 
ื•ืœื™ืจืื” ืืช ื“' ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืฉื ื™ึนืชึฒื ื•ึผ ืฆื“ืงื™ืช ื“' ืชื”ืœืชื• ื‘ืงื”ืœ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื", . 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืกื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ "1ืŸ 21 


ืื“ืจื›ื—, ื“ืึธืก ืคื™ืœืข ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื ืึธืจ ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื•ื—; ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื›ึผ ื™ืžื™ื• ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคึผืœืึทื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ืจื”, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื™ืœืึธ- 
ื–ืึธืžื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืงื‘ึผืœื” ืื•ืŸ ืคืœืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื•ืคื ืกื•ืชืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉืจื™ื˜" 1 


ื•ื•ืขืจ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืึธื ื“ื•ืจื›ืฉืžื•ื“ื™ืจื˜ 


ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื›ืึท- 
ืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืง. ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืึทืœื™ืœืฒื™ืก ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ืคื•ืœืขืจ ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืœืึธืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื’ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงืขืจืขื ื™ืฉ ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื ืื•ื ื™ืฉืข ืึทื ื˜ื“ืขืงื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผืขืจื ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขืคึผืœืขืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ื™ึท- 
ื‘ึดึผื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืกื˜ืจืึธื ืึธืžื™ืข, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื ื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืŸ ืฐืขืœื˜-ื‘ึผืึทื ืขืž. 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืžืึธืœ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืคืึทืœืŸ ื•ื™ ื ืงืึธืจืžื ืฉื˜ื™ื‘? ื“ืึธืก ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืงื•ื ืฆื™ืงืข, 
ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืกื•ืง ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ืึทืจื˜ืึทื ื™ืฉ โ€ ืฆื•ื ืขืคืึทืกื˜ืข ื’ืขื‘ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืก 
ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ืคืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื›ืœื“ื™ืงืข ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื ืืึทื–"ื•. 
ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืžื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ื ื“ื™ืฉ-ื ืึทื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื ืึทืคืึธืœ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืึทืœึถืข ืื•ื™ืคื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืขืจื™ืคึผืึทื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ึนึผื›ึฐื“ื™ ืฉืœื•ื ืžืึทื›ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผื™ื›ึผ?-ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ืึธื˜ืขืœื™ืฉืข ืึธื ืฉื•ื™ื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืื›ึผืœืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฉื˜ื”ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ึผืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ,ืฉื2? 
ื”ืคึผื•ืข?, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืœื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืœืึธื›ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืคื™ื ืžืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืœืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ื–ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื’ืœื ืœื™ื. ืกื™ื ื“ื™ืฉ-ื ืึทื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ,,ื”ื™ืžืœ'' ืื•ึผืŸ , ืขืจื“', ื“ื™ ืกืขืœื•ืช ื•ืขื ืŸ ,ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืข" 
ืžื•ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ืŸ, ื‘ึผืขืช ื“ืขืจ , ื—ื™ืžืœ'' ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ,ืขืจื“'" ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ 
ื‘ึผื™ื™ื“ืข ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ืข ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงืข ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืขืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืข ื•ื™ื™ืžืŸ 
ืคื•ื ื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ื?. ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ืขืจ ืžืึทื˜ืขืžืึทื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืืกื˜- 
ืจืื ืึธื, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขื“ ืกืงืขืคึผื˜ื™ืฉ ืคืึทืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืžืขื˜ืืคื™ื–ื™ื™ืฉืข 
ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึทื–ืึทืคื™ืฉ-ืกืคึผืขืงื•ืœืึทื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืขืŸ: ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ 
ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขืึทืœืข ื ืื˜ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื™ื™ื–ืขืจื ืข ืจืึทื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจื™ืžืขื ื˜, ืžื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืขื“ื•ื•ื™ื–ืขื ืข ืคืึทืงื˜ืŸ. ,ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ืžืขื˜ื˜ืคื™ื–ื™ืฉืข, 
ืึทื–ืฑื™ ื’ืขืจื•ืžืคืขื ืข ื ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื—ื›ืžื•ืช (ื”ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื™ืงืจืื•ื ืืœื”ื™ื•ืช) -- ืขืจ" 
ืงืœืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืœืžื™ืจ ืžืฉื” ืžืขืฅ -- ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืœืึทื‘ึผืขืจื™ืงืข ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช. ื“ื™ ืœืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ืกืคืขืจืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื–ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธื˜ืขื ืฅ ืขืงืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืข -- ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ื– ื“ึธืึธืš ืœื ื”ื™ื” 


1 (1008 .ื”3ื‘ื•) 680608 ื”ื—ืงืก1ืกืช ื”2ื•126006 |ืŸ, 63. ืึท ืคืึทืœืฉ ื‘ึผื™ืœื“, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื™ื“ื™ืึทืžืขื˜ืจืึทืœ ืงืขื’ื ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’, โ€ ื’ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื™ืฉ"ืจ ืžืงืึทื ื“ื™ื ืฉ, ื‘ึผืขืจื ืฉืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ 
.ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช", 1928. ื‘ึผืึธืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ืข ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืขืฐืจืขื™ืกืงืึทื™ืึท ืกื˜ืึทืจื™ื ืึท", 
ืขื•ืฆ, 172--4175 


7 





212 ื“"ืจ ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื  


ื•ืœื ื ื‘ืจื, ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ืŸ-ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื‘ึผ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื’ื•ื•ืึท- 
ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฐื™ื›ึผื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืึทืจื•ื ื“ืขื ืึทืœืฅ, ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ื›ึผื•ื—ื•ืช ื’ืขืคึผื˜ืจื˜, 
ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ืคึผืขื ืขืก ืฆืขื‘ึผืจืึธื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื ื˜ ืคึผื˜ืจื’ืึธืกืŸ"1, 

ื“ื™ ืึทืœื˜ืข ืคืจืึทื’ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืฆื™ึธื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืืžื•ื ื” ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืœืฑื›ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื ื™ื™ืขื ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜: ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืš ืคืขืกื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืขืก ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆ ื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ึผืึทื–ืŸ- 
ื“ืขืจืข ืืžืชืŸ, , ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืืžื•ื ื” ืึท ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข, ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ื™ ื“ืขื ืืžืช ื•ื™ 
ืกื•ืชืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ'', ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ืŸ ?. ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื ืึทื ืฅ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื™ืงืข 
ื–ืึทืš, ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืก ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื•, ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืืžื•ื ื” ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืข ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืš 
ืึทื–ืฑ ืึธืคื˜ ?. , ืึธื˜ ื–ืขื˜ --- ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ --- ื•ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก. ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ืขื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคืขืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ 
ืœืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ,,ืกืคืขืจืŸ'' ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผืœื™ื ื“ ื’ืขื’ืœืฑื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ ืžืกืงื ืืก ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคึผื™ืฉืขืจ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื: ื’ืจืึธื“ ื“ืึธืก ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ืงืข 
ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืึธืคึผื ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื™ืขื ืข ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉืžืึทืจืง ื’ืข- 
ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึธื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ื“ืึธืก, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื™ืขื ืข ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืงื ื˜' +, 


ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื• ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืฉืึทืจืฃ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ,ื•ื™ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื“ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืžื™ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ึนื™ืฃ 
ืคืขืกื˜ืข ืจืึทื™ื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื“ืขืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืึทื ื™ืฉืข ืงืึธื ืกืขืงืฐืขื ืฆืŸ" ?. ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื- 
ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืืžืช, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืกืคืง, ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื™ืงืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืึทืจืฑืกืฐืฒื–ืŸ ืึทืœืก ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืœืฉ?. ื“ื™ ืืžื•ื ื” ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ื™ืฃ 
ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึธื–ื™ื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืœืึท- 
ื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืข ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืกืฐืฒื–ืŸ ืึทืœืก ืื•ืžื‘ึผืึทื ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคึผืึทืœืฉ. ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจ ืขืก ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืคื™ืœ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืกืคึผืขืงื•ืœืึทื˜ื™ื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ืœืคึผื•? ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™ืŸ- 
ืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืข ื”ื ื—ื•ืช, ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืจืš ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืชึผืžื™ืžื•ืช- 
ื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ืžื•ื•ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืงืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉืžื™ืขื•ืช ืื•ืŸ 

1 ,ืืœื™ื", ' 41 (ืžื™ืจ ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืœื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ึผืข ืคื•ืŸ 1629), 

2 ื’ืืœื™ื", 38; ,ืื ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืืžืชื™ืช ืœื ืชืชื ื’ื“ ืœืืžืช", ื–ืข ืืฑืš ;ื ื•ื‘ืœื•ืช 
ื”ื›ืžื”", 6, ืขื' 3'; ืขื•ืื™ืš ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ื“ืช ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืคื ื™ื” ื ื’ืจ ื”ืžื•ืกืช', 

2 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 41, 

* ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 60, 

5 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ; ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ืชื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื•ื”ืžื•ึนืคืชื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ื”ืืžื•ื ื”". 

,ืืœื ืฉื™ื•ื‘ื“ืœ ืœื• ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื—ื•ื ืงื ื™ืŸ ืืžืชื™ ืœืขื•ืœื, ื•ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื— ื•ื”ืืžื•ื ืช 
ืืคื™ืฉืจ ืฉื™ื”ื• ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™ื ื›ื•ื•ื‘ื™ื", | 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 212 


ืึทืœืขืจืœื™ื™ ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ื™? ืฆื• ืžื•ื™? ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืก'ืื™ื– ืœื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืืžืช (ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 40). ,,ืื™ืš, --- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ืจื™ื’ื• --- 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืœืขื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง ืืžืช, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืคืขืกื˜ ื’ืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืึทืœื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืคื™ืœ ืžืึธืœ ืืฑืกื’ืขืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืžื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขืš 
ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืืžืช. ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื ืข- 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขื–ืขืŸ --- ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืืฉืœื™ืกืŸ ืฆื™ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืš ืขืก ืึธื ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ, 
ืึธื“ืขืจ. ื ืึธืจ ืึธืคึผืœื™ื™ืงืขื ืขืŸ 1, | , 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึทืœื™ืœืฒืก ืชึผืœืžื™ืš ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืœืขืš ื“ืขืจ ืกืงืขืคึผื˜ื™ืฉ-ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜.. ื™ืฉ"ืจ 
ืžืงืึทื ื“ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืืงืึทื ื˜ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื›ืข ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื“ืขืขืฐื•ืขืœื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผืขืจื ื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืคึผื˜ืึธ- 
ืœืึธืžืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜-ื‘ึผืึทื ืขื ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื•ืึทืžืขื ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืจืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืขืจืฃ 
ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื‘ึผืึทืฐืขื’ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ, ืึทืจื•ื ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก ื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ืึทืœ, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง ื‘ึผืึทื“ืฒื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคึผืœืึทื ืขื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ึผืึทืฐืขื ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืจืึธื“ ืึทืจื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื–ื™ืง-ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข+ 
ื–ื•ืŸ ?. ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ื ืึธืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ; ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืึทื– 
ืงืึธืคึผืขืจื ื™ืงืก ืึทื ื˜ื“ืขืงื•ื ื’ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืกื˜ ื ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ืข ื”ืฉืขืจื”, ืฐืึธืก 
ื—ืกื“ืื™ ืงืจืฉืงืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืฉืขืชึผื• ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: ืฐื™ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœื˜-ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทืคื•ื ; 
ืื™ื– ืึท ืคึผื•ืขืœื“ื™ื•ืฆื ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึธื˜ืก ืื•ืžืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ืกืงื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื™ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืขืก ื“ืึท! 
ื‘ึผืึทื”ืฑืคึผื˜ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฉืึทืคื•ื ื’ืก-ืงืจืึทืคื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื ืจืขื ืขืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื•ืฐืขืœื˜? ืข ืกืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื›ืขืจ ืฆื• ื’ืœืฑื‘ึผืŸ, ืึทื– ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืขืงืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ื ื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืืœ ื ืึธืš ืื•ืž- 
ืฆืึธืœื™ืงืข ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื•ืขืœื˜ืŸ *. ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื• ื—ื–ืจื˜ ืึธืคื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืงืจืฉืงืฉื 
ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื™ื‘ึผื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ึผืจืืฉื™ืช, ื“"ื” ืึทื– ื“ื˜ืจ ืฉืึท- 
ืคึผื•ื ื ืก-ืึทืงื˜ ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื‘ึผื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื‘ึผืจืึธื›ืขื ืขืจ+. ,,ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ -- 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 83: ;ื•ืื ื™ ืฉืžืขืชื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืจืื™ืชื™ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืขื˜ื•ืช ืืžืชื™ื•ืช ืขืจ 
ื•ื”ืกื›ื˜ืชื™ ืฉืœื ืœืึทื›ืช ื•ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ืื ืกื” ืฉื ืกื™ืชื™ ื•ื‘ื—ื ืชื™ ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืœื 
ื‘ื—ื ืชื™ ืื™ ืœื ืงืจื” ืœื™ ืœึฐืจืื•ึนืชื•ึน ืœื ืืืžืช ื•ืœื ืื›ื—ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื•ืœื ืืขืœื” ืขืœ ืฉืคืชื™ ืฉืž", 

ืœ ื’ืืœึดื™ื , // 18-17, ืขืžืขื™ืŸ ื’ื ื™ื", 141, 148 ื"ื•, 

8 ื–ืข ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฐืขืจืง, ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื ื“, ื•' 209, 

4 ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืงืจืฉืงืฉื ื”ืฉืคึผืขืช ืืฑืฃ ื“ื™ืœื˜ื™ื“ื™ื’ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืžื•ื“ื” (ื•ืข 
ื’ื ื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื”", 106--107), 





214 ื“"ืจ ื™,. ืฆื™ื  ื‘ืข ืจื’ 


ื–ืึธืœื ื˜ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื• --- ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ืืฑืกืฉื˜ืจืึทืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ื ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜, ืื™ื–' 
ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ื™ื‘ึผื™ืง ืฐื•ื™ ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื›ื˜ ื’ื•ืคื'" 1. ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทืคืขื ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื‘ึผื™ืง ื•ื™ 
ืื™ืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืžืขืจ, ื‘ึผื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื‘ึผื™ืง ืึธืŸ ?. ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ืขืก 
ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื›ึผืœืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื›ึผื•ืคืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ,, ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ืชึผื•ืจื”'', ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ืงื ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœืข ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช, 
ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื”, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืืžื•ื ืช 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื ื™ื˜' .5โ€ 


ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึธื–ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง, ืึทื– ื’ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขื ื’ 
ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื‘ึผื•ื ื“ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ืžื“ืขื ืงื‘ึผืึทืจ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ื—ื–ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึธืคื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื•ืŸ. ,ื ื™ื ืื•ืžื•ื™ืกื˜ -- ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื“ืึธืก 
ืคึผื™ื ื˜ืขืœืข ืื’ื™ืคืŸ ืฉ' --- ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื“ืขื ืงืขืจ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื“ืึทื ?,. 
ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ (ื“ื™ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ) ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื’ืึธื˜ื”ืฒื˜ ื’ื•ืคื'" (ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืงืฆืช 
ืžื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื•ื ื”ื? ืขืฆืžื•). ืึทืจืฑืกื ืฒืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ 
ืคึผืึทื ื˜ืขื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง, ืœื™ื™ืงื ื˜ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืงืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืœืึธื›ื™ื 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœืขืงื˜ืŸ (ืฉื›ืœื™ื ื ื‘ื“ืœื™ื). ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ืขื ืŸ 8 ,,ืžืœืืš'', ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขื“ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจืขืคื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ื 
ืžืขื ืฉืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื ืขื˜- 
ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ *, ,,ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ ืฉืขื“ืœืขืš ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืœื™ื ื“ืข 
ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืงื™ื™ื˜! ---ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื•, --- ืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื•ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ืฐืึธื 
ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื–ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขืก ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ ื™ืฉื•ื™ืืœ, --- ืึทื– ื’ืึธื˜ ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืึท ืžืœืืš ืขืจ ื–ืึธ5 
ืึทืจื™ื™ื ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขึท- 
ืฉืžืึทืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ื ื ืงื™ื ื“, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืึทื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืืžืช ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืก ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื ืึทื ืฅ ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš. ืึทื“ืจื‘ึผื”, ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืขืจ- 
ื–ืขืŸ ืึท ื ื™ื™ืขื ื‘ืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึธื˜ืก ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื—ื›ืžื”, ื ื™ึดื˜ ืงื•ืงื -ืฒ 
ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ ,,ื—ื›ื ื’ืœืฑื‘ึผื˜ ื“ืึธืš, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ 
-ืžืœืืš ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืคืœืึทืžืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื ืขืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืขืจ 
ื’ืจื™ื™ืก ืืคืฉืจ ืึท ื“ืจื™ื˜? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœืฅ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ 


1 ืื ื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื”", 28, ืขื' ื': ,ืฉืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื•ืจ ื‘ืจื ื—ืขื•ืœื ืฉื”ื”ืืจื” ื•ืคืขื•ืœืชื” 
ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ื™ื•ืœื ืœืคื•ืขืœ,,, ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื ืกืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื›ืŸ ืœื ืกื“ ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื", 

2 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 106; ืื”ืืœ ื›ื•ื“ื ืœืขื•ืœื ื‘ืกื‘ื” ื•ืœื ื‘ื•ืกืŸ, ื•ืฉื‚ื”ืขื™ืœื ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืืœ 
ื‘ื•ืžืŸ ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ื”ื‘ื”", ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื ืื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืœืึทื: ืคื•ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื ื‘ืจื". 
, 292 ืขื•ื”ื›ื•ืคืจ ื‘ื—ื“ื•ืฉ ื™ืงืจื ื›ื•ืคืจ ืœื ื›ื˜ื™ ืฉืžื›ื—ื™ืฉ ื' ืžืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืจืช. 
ืืœื ื›ื›ื•ืคืจ ื‘ืื”ื“ ืžืกืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื“"ืž ืฉืชืžื ืข ืœึนื ื”ื™ืชื” ืคืœื ืฉ ืœืืœื™ืคื•", 


8 ื“ืึธ 
* 


4 ื“ืึธืจืžืŸ, 96--97, 139; ,ืžืฆืจืฃ ืœื—ื›ืžื”", 29{ ,ืืœื™ื", 49. 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉึดื™ื›ึฐื˜ึถืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื™ืจืŸ 25 


ืคึผืึทืจ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื ืึธื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš, ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ื˜ ืื™ื ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ, ืึทื– ื’ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืจื•ืšื™ื”ื•ื 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ื–ืึธืžืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึธื ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื ื“ืขืจื‘ื˜ืจืขืจ 
ืงืจืึทืคึผื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขื ืงืฒึทื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื™ื ื“, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืงืจืึทืคื˜ ื•ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ืขืก ืึทื ื ืขืจื•ืคืŸ 
, ืžืœืืš---ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืขืจ ืขืก ืึธืคึผืฐืึทืจืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืก, ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืขืก ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ 
ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ" 1, 

ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืŸ ืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื ื‘ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจ} ื“ืขื ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข 
ืžืึธืœ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœ? ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืœืึธื›ื™ื, ืื™ื– ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืœืึธื˜ ืึท ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉ-ืžืขื˜ืึทืคืึธืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง ื•ื™ ืฆื•ื ื‘ึดึผื™- 
ืฉึดืืคึผื™? ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืกื ื—ืจื™ื‘ืก ื—ื™ื™? ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื ืื›ื˜ 
ืื•ืžื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื ืคื”; ืื™ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื™ ืฆื•ื ื‘ึฟื™ืฉืžืคึผื™ืœ, ื›ื™ื™ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืฉื” ืžื™ื˜ ืžื ื•ื—ืก ื•ื™ื™ื‘ึผ, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืฐื™ ืึทืŸ ืึทื™ื™ื - 
ื‘ึผื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžื•ื•ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื“ื•ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงืจืขื ืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคืึทื ื˜ืึธื–ื™ืข. ืฐืึธืก 
ืก'ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืฆื• ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช; ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืœืึทื ื’ืข ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจืฒื‘ึผื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื“ืขืจ ืžื ืคื— ืื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื™ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœื›ืก ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืœืืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืœืึทื ื’ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขืงื˜ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืจ --- 
ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ื›ึผืœ? ื ื™ื˜ ืกื•ืžืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ,,ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื’ื•ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ืข ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืึทื ืจืึทืคืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ื ื•ื–ืžืื•ืช ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืืžืึธืœื™ืงืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ึฐืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื– ืกื•ืชืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืงื ื˜ ืึดื 
ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ" 2. 

ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžื›ืฉืคื™ื, ื›ืึทืžืขืจืงื˜ ืขืจ ืกืคื™ื˜ 
ืึท ืื™ืจืึทึธื ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ื›ืœ, ื˜ื– ืขืจ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ. ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื–ืขื˜ ืžื™ึทื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืข ืื•ื™ื ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืœืึทื ื’ืข ื•ืื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข 
ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึทึธื–ื•ื™ื ืก, 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜-ื’ื•ื˜ืข; ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืฆืจื™ื ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืฉื“ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืคื•ื ื“ื™ืงืข 
ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื ื˜ ืžืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืฆืจื™ื * 

ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท. ืคึผืึทื–ื™ื˜ื™ืฐืจืจืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืŸ ืฐืขืœื˜ื™ื‘ึผืื ืขื 
ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืชืงื•ืคื”, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืจืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืคืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืืฑื‘ึผื ืึธืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ 
ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื—ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื›ึนึผืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ ืžืœืื›ื™ ื—ื‘ึผืœื”, ืœื—ืฉื™ื, 


{ ,ื ื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื”", 96, ืขืž' ื‘', 
+ ,ืžืฆืจืฃ ืœื—ื›ืžื”", 29, ืขื' ื‘' (ืžื™ืจ ืฆื™ืฉื™ืจืŸ ืœื•ื™ื ืจืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืืฑืกื ืึทื‘ึผืข ืคื•ืŸ 1629), 
8 ;ืืœื™ื" ? 3 





216 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆ ื™ืฉืฆ ืข ืจื’ 


ื”ืฉื‘ึผืขื•ืช; ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื–? ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื•ืขื ื ืขืŸ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืข, ืฐื•ึผ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืŸ ื—ืฉื“ ืฆื•ื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฆื• ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคื•ื ืง ืคื•ื ื ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจื™ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืคืึทืจื ืขื›ื™ืฅ: 
ื“ืขื ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื˜ืึธื“ืึธืงืกื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ืึทืžื‘ึผื•ืจื’ืขืฒ 
ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ื˜ื, ืฐื•ึผ ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืจืึธืจ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืคืึธืจื’ืข- 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืึทืงื˜ ืคื•ื ื ืฉื•ืขืจืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึทืžืฃ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ 
ืค'ืื™ื– ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ,ืึทืคึผื™ืงื•ืจืก' ืื•ืŸ ,,ืžื™ืŸ'' ืื•ืจื™ืืœ 
ืึทืงืึธืกื˜ืึท. ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื• ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ, ืฐื•ื™ ืึทืจื™ื” ืžืึธื“ืขื ื, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืขืžืคืขืจ-ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื“ืขื ืžื•ื˜ ืฆื• ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืžืึทืจื˜ื™ืจืข--ื•ื•ืข; 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ึผื™ืŸ ื’ืึทืœื™ืœืขื•ึผืก ืื•ืŸ ืึทืงืึธืกื˜ืึท. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ืก ื‘ึผืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข 
ื ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืกืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื›ึผืœื•ืžืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคืจื•ืžืงื™ื™ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืžืึทืกืงืึทืจืึทื“, ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืื”ืขืœื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ, ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึถึผืขืจ ืจื™ืœืžื™- 
ื“ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ; ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ = ื‘ึผืึทืฆืึธืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ื• ื–ืึทืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืขืจื•ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทื“ืฆืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื›ื ื- 
ื“ืจืึทืžืข, ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคืข ื˜ืจืึทื’ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืžื”, ืึผืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืจืึทืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื’ืึทื‘ึผื˜ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืคึผืกื™ื›ืืœืื ื™ืฉืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ- 
ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก. 

ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื—ืœื•ืžื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉ-ื•ื•ื™ืกื - 
ืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜. , ื“ืืก ืœืขื›ึผืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืึทื–ืฑ ืงื•ืจืฅ, -- ืฉืจื™ื‘ึผื˜ 
ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื• --- ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืžื•ื˜? ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ืš ืขืคึผืขื 
ืึทืŸ ืึธื ื“ืขื ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืึท ืฉื ืขืœ ืคืึทืจ- 
ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฉืึธื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื ืขืกืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืœืš, ื•ื™ ื ืืจ 
ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผื ืกื•ื•ืขื’" ื•ื™ 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื• ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื”ืชื˜ืžื“ื” ืื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืขืจืง ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ืจืขื ืข ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜ืŸ: ืฐืขื ืŸ ื‘ืขืžื™ืข, ืžืึทื˜ืขืžืึทื˜ื™ืง, ืึทืคื˜ืจืึทื ืึธืžื™ืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืข ืคืจืึทื’ืŸ. ืขืจ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืึท ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืฐื•ืขืจืง ,,ืชึผืขืœื•ืžื•ืช 
ื—ื›ืžื”'' ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืงื‘ึผืœื”, ื”ืฉื‘ึผืขื•ืช, ื›ึผื™ืฉื•ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืœืฑื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืœืื›ื™ ื—ื‘ึผื™ื”, 
ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืึทืจื‘ึผืขื˜ (ื’ืŸ ื ืขื•?) ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜-ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืžื•ื ื” *. 
ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืคืืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขื˜ื™- 
ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก. ืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืฐื•ืขืจืง --- ื”ืึทืจืžืึทื ื™ืจื˜ ืึทื–ืฒ 
ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืข?- 
ื›ืขืจ ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ื˜. ,,ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืžื•ืจื ื ืขื”ืื˜ -- ืงืœืึทื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ืœืžื™ืจื™ื ื• ืื™ืŸ 


1 ,ืžืขื™ืŸ ื ื ื™ื", 183. 
+ ื“ืขื ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื ืฐืขืจืง ื•ืข: ืืืœื™ื', 31-220, 182 /ืžืœื 
ื—ืคื ื™ื", 25--27. 





ื“ื™ ื’ืœืฉื™ื›ื˜?2 ืคื–ืŸืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 217 


ืึท ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืชึผืœืžื™ืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืึทืฉื›ึผื ื–ื™ --- ืึทืจืฒื™ื ืœืฒื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืฉื•ื ืื™ื; ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ื’ืฐืึทืœื“ ืคืืจืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš 
ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ืฅ ืžื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืงื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืฆื• ืคืืจื‘ึผืจืขื ืขื™ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืžื™ื™ืœืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืœืึทืงืขืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคืึทืงืœืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคื•ืงืกืขื ืข 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื“ืœืขืŸ" 1. 


ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืขืจ ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ืฉืžื•ื? ืึทืฉื›ึผื ื–ื™, ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืึทื– 
ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ืกืš ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงื•ื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ ืึทืœึตื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืขื ื˜. ,ืขืก ืื™ืŸ 
ื‘ึผื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ -- ืงืœืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืฉื›ึผื ื–ื™ -- ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ืกืš 
ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืคื•ืœืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ื ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ืžื™ ื’ืขืงืึธืกื˜, ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ื™ืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ: ืขืจ ืคืœืขื ื˜ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ -- ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืขื ืขืŸ'? 2 ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื ื•ืคื ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืฆื• 
ืึทืฉื›ึผื ื–ื™ืŸ, ื‘ึผืฉืขืช ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ึผื™ื ืก ,,ื ื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื”'' ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ: 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื• ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืื™ืš ืื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ึนืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืขื ื˜ 5 


ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืขืช ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืคึผืœืฒื’ืŸ ื ืฉืœืึธืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืžื•ื™?, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืคึผืึทืกื ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืฐืขืจืง ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืึธืจืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ 
ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื›ืขืจ-ืžืึทืจืง ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคืึทืจืคืœื™ื™ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื›ึนึผืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ ืงื‘ึผืœื”-ืกืคืจื™ื˜, 
ืคื•ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืฉื‘ึผืขื•ืช; ื ื•ืžืจื™ืงื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจืคึผืœืึธืŸ- 
ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืŸ, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ื“ื™ ืžื•ื—ื•ืช, ืื™ื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคืึทืจื”ืึทืกื˜ 
ื’ื•ื˜ืขื ื‘ึผืขืจื ืก ื’ืื•ื ื™ืฉืข ื”ืžืฆืื” ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื ื“ืจื•ืง ื•ืืจ" 
ื˜ื˜ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ืกื˜ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ืคื˜ืงื˜ืึธืจ, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ืจืขื ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืจืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื•ื•ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’. ,ืึทืžืึธืœื™ืงืข ืฆื™ื™ืคืŸ -- ืกืœืึธื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื• โ€ --- ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืึทื ื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ึผื™ื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืงืึธืกื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ, ืคืœืขื ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื ื•ืฆืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืคื•ืœืข ืฐืขืจืง;. ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื–ื™ื™ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืขืœื ื™ื, ื“ื™ ื ื•ืฆืœืึทื–ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ึผื™ื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ 
ื ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืื™ื‘ื•ื“, ืื™ืฆื˜ ืึถื‘ึผืขืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืึท ืœื™ืึทื“ืข ืขื:ื”ืืจืฅ, ืึท ืœื™ืึทื“ืข 
ื ืึธืจ, ืขืจ ืฐื•ื™? ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืฐื•ื™ืกืŸ; ื ืขืžื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืจื•ืงืกืŸ ืกืคืจื™ื, ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึท ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 


1 ืึทืŸ ืึธื ืฉืคึผื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืืฑืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืฉื”, ืฐื™ ืึทื–ื•ืฑื™ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื”ึนื’ื‘ึทึผื•ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืงืžื” ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืœื™ึดืฉืชึผื™ื (ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื, 15, 4--5). 

2 ,ื ื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื”', 148; ;ื›ื™ ืžืจ ืœื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื›ืžื” ื—ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื™ืงืจื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ืจ ื•ื”ื—ืจ 
ื›ืžื” ื™ื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืจืคื. ื•ื›ืš ื“ืจื›ื• ืชืžื™ื“: ื™ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื•ื™ืงื•ืจ ื™ืงื•ืจ'. 

3 ,ืฉืื•ืชื ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉืœืงื—ืช ืžื‘ื™ืชื™ ื‘ึฐืœื™ ื™ื“ื™ืขืชื™,,, ื•ืืœืžืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืืฆืœื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืฉื›ื™ 
ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ืจืฃ ื•ืืช ื”ึธืื— ืœืคื ื™ ืžื‘ื•ืขืจืช, ื”ื™ืชื™ ืžืฉืœื™ื›ื ืืœ ื”ืืฉ ืืฉืจ ืืœ ื”ืื— ื•ืฉื•ืจืคืก". 





28 ื“"ืจ 8 ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช' ื’. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืชืข ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืœื˜ ื”ืึธื˜. 
ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื• ื‘ึผืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื˜- 
ืœืขื›ืŸ ื—ืœื™ืคืช ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ืขืจ ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื•, ื•ืืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ 108 ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ" 

ืขืจืขืจ, ื“ืขื ืงืึทืจืึทื™ึธื ื–ื“ื” ื‘ึนึผืŸ ื ื—ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ื˜ืจืืง ?. ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™-ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื•, ืฐืึธืค 
ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจืฆื• ืึทื“ืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืึท ืจื‘ึผื ื™ ื ืึธืจ ืฆื•ึน ื ืงืึทืจืึทื™ึดื, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ืŸ ื ื™ื ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืคื˜ืฉืจื˜ื˜ืขืœื˜ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜: ืึธืคืŸ 

ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ ื–ืื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืึทืจืฑืก ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืฐื•ืขึถื’ืŸ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืข ืคืจืึทื’ืŸ, ื‘ึผืคืจื˜ ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืงื‘ึผืœื” ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึท ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืึธืคึผืฉืึทืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืข- 
ืจืึทืžื•ืจ. ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืืจื™ื™ื ืคื™ืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ืคึฟืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ 
ื ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื•ืก ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึธืจื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืฆื• ,,ืžืขื™ืŸ ื’ื ื™ื'" 
(1629). ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื• ื’ื•ืคื ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ืคึผืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœื˜ื›ื˜ (ืœื•ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืงืึทืจืึทื™ึทืžื™ืฉืŸ ื—ื›ื ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื™ื˜ืฉ) 
ื, ื’ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ , ืžืœื ื—ืžื ื™ื'' (1840) ?. ืžื™ื›ืึทืขืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ื—ื•ืฉืฃ. 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืจืึทื™ึทืžืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ื’ื™ื™ื’ืขืจืŸ ืึท ื’ืขืคืขืœืฉื˜ืŸ 

ื˜ืขืงืกื˜. ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจืงืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืงืึธืœืขืงืฆื™ืข ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ื•ืž' 
9 ืึทืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืข (ื ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื 17ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื”) ืงืึธืคึผื™ืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืคึผื™ืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื˜ืจืืง ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืจื— ื‘ึผืŸ ื ืชื’ืก ื›ึผืชื‘ื™ื. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ 
ืฐืึทืจืฉืฒื ืœืขืš, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืงืึธืคึผื™ืข ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ ืคื•ื ื ืึฒืจึดื™ื ื™- 
ื ืึทืœ, ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ึผ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ืคื•ื ื ืึธืคึผืฉืจืฒื‘ึผืขืจ: , ื–ื— 
ื ื•ืกื— ื”ื›ืชื‘ ืฉืฉืœื— ื”ื—ื›ื ื”ืืœื”ื™ ื›ืžื•ื”"ืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœืžื” ืจื•ืคื ืžืงื ื“ื™ื™ื ืืก 
ื”ื—ื›ื ื›ืžื•ื”'ืจ ื–ืจื— ื”ืงืจืื™ ื‘ึผื›ืž'ืจ ื ืชืŸ". ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง ,,ื–ืจื— ื”ืงืจืื™"" 
ื‘ึผืึทืฐื™ื™ื–ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืฒื ืคึผืขืจืœืขืš, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืฉืจืฒื‘ึผืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทืจืึทื™ึดื ื ืึธืจ 
ืึท ืจื‘ื ื™. ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืึทืœื ืขืžื™ื™ื ืขื ืึทืจื™ื™ื ืคื™ืจ ืฆื•ื ื‘ึผืจื™ื• ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขื 
ืึธืคึผืฉืจืฒื‘ึผืขืจืก ืึท ื‘ึผืึทืžืขืฑืงื•ื ื’: ,ืขื“ ื”ื ื”, ื‘ึดึผื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขื“ ืฉื˜ืขืœืข ืื™ืŸ 
ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง (ื“'"ื” ืื™ืŸ , ืžืขื™ืŸ ื’ื ื™ื''). ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื™ืงืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื“ืคึผื™ืก 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜, ืฐืึธืจืฉืฒื™ื ืœืขืš ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืึทืจืคืืกืขืจ ื–ืึธื ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืึธืคืŸ ืึทืจืฑืก ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœื™ื, ืฐืึธืก 
ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฆื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ื›ืžืช ื”ืืžืช. ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ืึถื‘ึผืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 


1 ืคืึธืจืจืขืจืขื ืฆื• ืื ื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื”', ื“ืฃ 7, ืขื' ื‘ื™ 

2 ื–ืจืช ื‘ืŸ ื ืชืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1555, ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื ื™ื ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ืข ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึฟื˜ืŸ,. 
ืึท ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ,ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื', ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ึผืจื™ืฐ ืฆื•ื ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืŸ ืžื ืฉื” ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, 
ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื ื ืจืึทื“ืขืจ ื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœ-ื‘ื™ื‘ึผืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœื™ืึธืžืขืง ืคื™ืŸ ืคืึธืžึผืข", 

8 ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ืขืœื‘ึผืŸ. ื™ืึธืจ ื”ืึธืก ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืจื™ื• ืื™ื™ืš ืคึผืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื ืคื™ืจืงืึธืฐื™ืžื˜ืฉ ืื™ืšืŸ, 
ื’ืึธื–ืœืึธื•ื• (ื™ืขืฐืคึผืึทื˜ืึธืจื™ืข) ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืงืขืคึทึผืœ ืฉืื ืจืช ื”ื™ืฉืจ", 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขื”ืฆึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ืจืŸ 9 


ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ื“ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ !. ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืงืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ึถืขื ื‘ื˜* 
ื˜ืจืขืคื ื“ืŸ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืฑื™ืคึผื˜ * ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืคึผืจื˜ื™ื (ื—ื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ืคื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข 
ื›ื˜ื™ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื) ืฆื•ื ื˜ืขืงืกื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขืžื˜. 
,ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ --- ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื• --- ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ืื™ืš 8 ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜- 
ืœืขื‘ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืžื™ืš ืฆื™ื˜ ืฆื•ึน ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ืฉื™ื›ื˜ืŸ, ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ, ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืขืก ืฐืึทื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืกืข ืคื•ื ื ืคืึธืœืง; ื–ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคืงืœืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืจ 
ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช, ื”ื•ืฅ ื“ื™ ืกื™ืคืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืจื‘ึผืข ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ืžื•ืŸ 
ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผืกื•ื“, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ืกื’ื•ืœืŸ.' 
ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื ืืขื ื˜ืข ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื˜"'. | 
, ื“ื• ื‘ึผืขืžืกื˜ ื‘ึทึผื™ื™ ืžื™ืจ, --- ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, --- ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื™ืจ 

ื‘ึผืึทื”ื™ืœืคื™ืง ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืฐืขืœื˜-ื‘ึผืึทื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื ืข ืงืขื ื’ืขืจ (ืึธื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืชืœืžื•ื“). ื˜ืึธ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, 
ืื– ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคืึทืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื ืจื•ื™ืก ื‘ึผื™ื˜ื•? ืฆื• ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ-ืคืึธืจืฉืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ืงื™ืจื”; ืคึผื˜ืจื”ืึทืกื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื•ืจืฉื˜ 
ื ืึธืš ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ. ,, ืื•ืขืง, ื“ื• ื˜ืžื!"* ืฉืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื• ืื™ื. ืืž ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื‘ึผืœื™ื ื“ืข, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืึทืก ืื•ืŸ ืจืฉืขื•ืช ืคื•ืœืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื™ืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ื™ืš, ื–ืึทืž- 
ืœืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ึผ; ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื˜ืขื’ ืคืืจื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืงืฒื™ื˜ืŸ. ื“ื™ 

ื•ืึทื‘ึผืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ,,ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช'', ื“ื™ ืึทื ื“ืขื“ืข ืžื™ื˜ ,, ืงืœื™ืคึผื•ืช'', ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื“ืขื ,ืกืคืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจื”'', ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขื ,ื ื ืช ืื ื•ื–'' ืื•ืŸ , ืฉืขืจื™ ืื•ืจื”. ืฐื™ ื“ื™ 

ืึทืœื˜ืข ืฐืฒื‘ึผืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืคึผืœืึธืคึผืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืฆื ื“ื™ืง ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืœื‘ื ื”, ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ 
ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื›ึผืœืขืจืœื™ื™ ืกื•ื“ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืคืจ, ืื™ืŸ 
ื™ืขืงื‘ ืึถื‘ึดื™ื ื•ืก ื ืขืฉืคึผืจืขื ืงืกื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื˜ื™ืคืข ืขื ื™ื ื™ื. ื–ื™ื™ 
ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื ื™ื‘ึผื•ืœ-ืคึผื” ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื‘ื•ืช, ืฐื•ื™. ื“ื™ ืคึผืœื™ึดืฉืชึผื™ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคื-- 
ื ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื›ึผื™ืฉื•ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืช, ื’ืœืฑื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืžื™ืขื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืกื ื•ืœื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืึดืค- 
ืฉืคึผืจืขื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ึผืขื•ืช. ืก'ืื™ื– ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ืึท ืฉืึทื ื“ ืฆื• ื”ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื‘ึนึผืึธื‘ึทึผืข- 
ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืฐื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืœื™ืœื™ืช, ืฐื•ืขื ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืฉืžื“ืื™ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืžืึทืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืฉื“ื™ื --- ืžื—ืœืช, ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›''ื‘ึผ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื˜ืฒ- 
ืœื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜-ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทืคื•ื ื’.. ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืžืกื•ืจื”; ื™ืจื•ืฉืช 
ืึธื‘ื•ืช? ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืฐืขืจืง ? ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึถื˜ ื–ื™ 
ื’ืขืฆื ื“ื™ื ืขืจ (ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”), ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืขืจืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ 


1 ืขืจ ื”ื ื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื“ืคื•ื ื•ื›ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื”ืžื“ืคื™ื ื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ ื”ืฉืืจ ื›ึดื™ ืœึนื ืขึฒืฉืืจื•ึน ื“ื‘ืจื™ืฃ 
ืฉืœื ื”ื—ื ื™ืฃ ืœืžืชืืจื™ื,., ื‘ืฉื ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ืžืชืคืืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื›ืžืช ื—ืงื‘ืœื”.. ืืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›"ื™ ื ืžืฆื 
ื›ื›ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืชืจืื”". 

2 ืื™ื ื ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ืคืข"ื ื“ืึธืก ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื‘ึผืœืึทืก ืžื™ื ื“ื™ ืฉืœื•ืก:ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืœ 
ืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื•ืก ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• (ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคื ืจืฒื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื‘ึผืฒ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจืžืขืจ: ืขืœื ืืืจื™ืš ื‘ืขื ืฒื ื‘" 


8 ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื• ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืึธ ื‘ึผืœื™.ืกืคืง ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืช;ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื”", 





220 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ืืฆื™ืœื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช, ืžื™ื˜ ืงืœืึธืจืข ืจืึทื™ื•ืช ืคืืจ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ 
ืคึทืจื“ืก ืจืžื•ื ื™ื" 1 ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืงืกืŸ, ื“ืขื ืกืคืจ 
,ื”ื‘ึผื”ื™ืจ'' ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทืคืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืจ' ื ื—ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ึผืŸ ื”ืงื ื”, ื ืึธืจ ืขืคึผืขื ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ื- 
ืงืึทื ื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ , ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืœื”ื™ื'' ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจื“ื“ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืขืจ ืžืฉื” ื“ื™ ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืึธืจืขื ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ. 
ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื•ึนื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืœื™ืคึผืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืจืข 
ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ; ื–ื™ื™ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื”ืฉื‘ึผืขื•ืช, ืงืžื™ืขื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืœื—ืฉื™ื, 
ื–ื™ื™ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื˜ึตื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืกื’ื•ืœื•ืช ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ--- 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืœืขื ื“ืขื ื™ืฉ; ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื“ืกื˜ืข ืคืœื™ื’ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ, ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื ื™ืฉื˜ื™ืงืข, ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืข- 
ืœืขืš ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ --- ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื˜! ืœืึธื– ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืœ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ, ืœืึธื– ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื›ึผืœื•ืžืจืฉื˜ืขืจ 
ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ืžืงื™ื™ื˜.,. ืกื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข 
ื‘ึผื™ื›ืขืจ --- ืฐืึทืจืขื ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืขืคืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ึผืขืช ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ- 
ื‘ึผืจืขื ืขืŸ. ืฆื• ืงื•ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืึตืฉื ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืคื•ื ื ื—ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ื 
ืจื™ืงืึทื ืึทื˜ื™; ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื˜ื™ืคึผืฉื™ื ืื•ึนืŸ ื ืึทืจืึธื ื™ื ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ / 
ืึทื–ืฑื ืข ืกืคืจื™ื ืฐื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ,,ืจื–ื™ืืœ'', ื“ืขืจ ,,ืžื“ืจืฉ ื”ื ืขืœื", ื“ืขืจ ,ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช 
ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ'' ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ , ืชึผื™ืงื•ื ื™ ื–ื•ื”ืจ'', ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืจื•ื™ื›ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืฉืึทื“ืขืŸ ื–ื™ 
ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ืš ืคื•ื ื ืงื•ื™ืžืขืŸ. 

ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื“ื™ืคืžื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš 
ืจื™ื™ื“ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœื™ื ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืš- 
ืฆื™ื™ืœื˜. ื ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืขื“ื•ืช, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืคืœื™ื™ืกื™ืง ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื‘ืœื”- 
ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืื•ืŸ ืขื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ึทึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืืฑื˜ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื“ื™ืจ 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืคืœืขื’ ืึทืคื™ืœืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžืœืžื“ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืจืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืืจื“ืขืงืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ, ืฉืึทื ืจ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ 
ื”ืึถื‘ึฐึผืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืข ืคึผืขื•ืœื”, ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ื—ืฉืง ื“ื™ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื–ื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื“ืขืงืŸ ืื™ื ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
- ื”ืขืœืŸ ื˜ืึธื’.. ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉื ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ื™ืก 
ื–ื•ื™ ืขืก ืคึผืึทืกื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื˜ื™ืžืฉื™ื, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ ืฐื•ื™ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืคืึทืจ- 
ื˜ืจืึธื ืŸ, ื–ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืคึผืึทืœืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืขืจื ืกื˜ืข ืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืจื™ื™ืฆืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื– 
ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ื”ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื“ื˜ืจื‘ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื’ืขืจื˜ื ืขืจ. ื–ื™ื™ ืฉืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, 
ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ื’ืขื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืœื ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืข; ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืฆืคึผื” ืฆืŸ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ, ืึทื– ืฐืขืจ ืขืก ืœื™ื™ืงื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ , ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช'', ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ืงื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื“ืข ืชึผื•ืจื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืœื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืจืง ื–ื•ึนื›ืŸ 
ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืชึผื•ืจื” ื ื•ืžื ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ื™ ืžืึทื›ืŸ 


1 ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืฐืขื’ืŸ 98ืจื“ื ืจืžื•ื ื™ื" ืื™ื ื ืฐื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ื™ืœ. 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ึผืฒื™ ื™ื“ืŸ 221 


ื–ื™ืš ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ึผืŸ ,,ื–ื•ื”ืจ'', ื–ื™ื™ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืึถื‘ึถึผืขืจ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื™ 
ื“ืขืงืŸ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื•ืึทืจืคืŸ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฑื™ื’ืŸ: ื–ื™ื™ ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจืŸ, ืึทื– 
ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชื ื ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื‘ื˜ 
ื“ืขื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืืžื•ืจืื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื™ื™ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœื™ื ืื™ื– ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื• ืื•ืžืฆื•ืคืจื™ืจืŸ. , 
ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ื™ -- ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื•, --- ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึทื ืฅ ืคืึธืœืง ื™ืฉืจืืคึฟ ื‘ืœืื ื•ื˜ืขื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคืึทืœืฉืข ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ื™ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืžื™ืจืึทื–ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึทืžืœื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขืจื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืงืกืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืึทืžืึธืœ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื, ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืข ื•ื•ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ืคื•ื ื ืคืึธืœืง; ืคื™ืœืข ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึทืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื™ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื‘ึผืœื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืคืึธืœืง, ืื™ืฆื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ --- ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึธื›ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจื™ืงื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื•ืฉืœ; 
ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืื•ืžื•ื•ื™ืกื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ืคืึธืœืง, ื‘ึนึผืึท- 
ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื’ืข ืงืขืžืขืจืœืขืš, ืžื™ื˜ ื—ืฉื“ ืงื•ืงืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื“ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืจืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทืœืข ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ,,ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช'--- 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,,ืคืจืขืžื“'' ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข 
ื ืขืฆืขืœื˜ืŸ. ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ืงืข ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื, ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ืคืึธืœืง, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื•ืช 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ-ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืงืก ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื™ื–?. ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื™ื  ื–ื™ื™ 
ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ-ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืŸ! ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื•ืขืจืง ื‘ึผืึทื’ืจื™ื™ืคืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืึทืจ ืฉืึทืคืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ; ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ื‘ึผืœื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื•ื ื ื‘ื™ืืก 
ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ; ื”ื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ืึทื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื˜ -- ื•ื•ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœืฅ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทืคืŸ!" 1, 
ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื• ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึทืจืึทื™ึดื ื–ืจื— ืื•ื™ืก ื˜ืจืึธืง ืžื™ื˜ 
ืฐืึธืกืขืจืข ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืกื“ืจ ืขืจ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื ืขืžืขืŸ, ื”ืึทืœื˜ 
ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื ืฆื• ืฐืึธืจืขื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ , ืคืคืจื™ ื—ื’ืžืจื!' ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจ- 
ื ืขื ืžืขืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื™ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืœ ื’ื™ืœื˜ืŸ ืึทืœืก ืชึผื ื ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธืคืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžืคืจื ืก ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ; ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ 
ื™ , ื‘ึผืขืœื™ ื”ืžืงืจื'!, ื“"ื— ื“ื™ ืงืึทืจืึทื™ึดืžืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืขืก 53 ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ, 
ื‘ึผืคืจื ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืžืฉืœื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื–ื•ื™ 
ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื•ื™ ืžืขืจืขืฉืงื™ืก-ืคืœื™ื ืขืœืขืš 5. 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืจื” ื‘ึนึผืŸ ื ืชื ืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืขื ื’ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื•ื ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืก 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ึผืจ ื’ื•ืคื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื - 


ื™ื™ ืจืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 9 --13, 





5 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 14 ; {ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืกืคืจื™ ื”ื’ืžืจื, ืื ืœื ืœืžื™ ืฉึดื™ืจืฆึถื” ืฉื™ืงืจื ืชื ื ืืฃ 
ืืžื•ืจื, ื•ืœื”ืชืคืจื ืก ืžืžื ื” ื ื˜ื”ืจื”, ื•ื•ื— ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื—, ื•ืื•ืœื ืœื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืงืจื 
ืื™ื ื ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื, ื•ื›"ืฉ ื”ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื˜ืฉืœื™ื, ืฉื”ื ืœื”ื ื›ื›ื ืคื™ ื”ื’ืžืœื™ื", 


:3 ื“"ืจ ื™ ืฆื™ื  ื‘ืขืจื  


ื‘ึผืึทื’ื™ืจื™ืงืขืจ ืงืึทืจืึทื™ึดื ืื•ื™ืก ื˜ืจืึธืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืขื ื“ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• 
ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ึผืงืฉื”, ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืœืขืš ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ 
ื›ึผืึทืจ ืื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืคืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ: 
ื˜ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข, ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ-ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’. ืื•ื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื™ื ื’ืข- 
ื‘ึผืขื˜ืŸ ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ 70 ืคึผืึทืจืึทื“ืึธืงืกืึทืœืข ืžืึทื˜ืขืžืึทื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื•ื™ืคื’ืื‘ืŸ. -ืจื™ืœืกื™ื“ื™ื ื• 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืœืึทื ื’ ื‘ึผืขื˜ืŸ; ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืฅ 
ืžืจืึทื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ึผืขื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืกืคืข. 
ืฆื™ืขืœ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ , ืžืขื™ืŸ ื—ืชื•ื'' ืื•ื™ืคื ืขืงืœืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ 70 ืžืึทื˜ืข- 
ืžืึทื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืึทืจืึทื“ืึธืงืกืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืžืขื ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 12 
ืึทืจื‘ึผืขื˜ืŸ, ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื“ืจื™ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื›ึผืึทื”ืึทื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืืกื˜- 
ืจืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉืข ืคืจืึทื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืœื™ื™ื›ืคื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผืขืจื ื™ืงืก ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1629 ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ,, ืžืขื™ืŸ ื’ื ื™ื'' ืื™ืŸ 
ืึทืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืึทื ืื™ืŸ ืžื ืฉื” ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœืก ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจื™ื™, ืฐื•ึผ ืง'ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ 
ื™ืึถืจ ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืก ,,ืžืขื™ืŸ ื—ืชื•ื". 

ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ืข ืžืœื™ืฆื”, ื‘ึผืขืช ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ื–ืจื— ื‘ึผืŸ ื ืชืŸ: ,,ืžื™ืš ืฆื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื‘ึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืึทืš, ื•ื– ืขืก ืฐืึทื ื“ืขืจื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืขื•ืœื, ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ืขืจ ื—ืžื•ืŸ, ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืื™ืš ื–ืึถืœ ืื™ื ืงืึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื™ 
ืงืœืขืจืŸ, ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื•ืฆืœืขื›ืข ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช''. ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื ืฒ- 
ืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขื“ืึทืžืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืงืœืขืจืขืจ ืื•ึนืŸ ืึทื’ื™ื˜ืึทื˜ืึธืจ, ืขืจ. ื–ืึธืœ 
ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืจื•ื™ึธืง ื“ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขื ื—ืฉืง ืื•ื™ืคืงืœืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ื™ืžืข ืคืึธืœืงืก. 
ืฉื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืจืŸ ืึท ืงืึทืžืฃ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœื˜ืคืจืขื ืงื™ืฉืข ืึธื ืฉื•ื™ื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจื˜: 
ืžื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืจืขืึทืงืฆื™ืึธื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืขื“ืœื˜ืš. ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืขืžืคืขืจ-ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื•ื™ ืึทืจื™ื” ื“ื™-ื˜ืึธื“ืขื ื, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื• ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจืฃ 
ืฆื•ึน ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฆืข, ืคืขืกื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืœื˜ืข ื’ื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืžื•ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึธืจืึทืœื™ืฉืข ืงืจืึทืคื˜, ืึถื›ึฐืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขืกืฉื ื•ืชืจื™ืง; 
ืงืึทืžืฃ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื™ื“ืขืึทืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื ืืžืช, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ. ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืžื•ื“ื” ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืจืึทืœื™ืฉืขืฑ 
ืฉืฐืึทื›ืงืฒื˜; ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื•ืคื ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ, ืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• 
ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ืึทืœื™ืŸ -- ืึทืœืข ื’ืจืฐื™ืกืข ืžืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœึถืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืคืœืขื ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึถื ืฉื•ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ. ื‘ึผืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ !, ืื–ื ืžื•ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืขืžืคืขืจ ื•ื™ ืจื‘ึนึผื ื•ึน ืžืฉื” ื‘ึผืŸ 
ืžื™ื™ืžื•ืŸ ?. ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืึทืคึผืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื•ืจื ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืึธืคืŸ ืึทืจืฑื™ืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ 


1 ื’ื ื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื”", 34--37. 
2 ,ืžืฆืจืฃ. ืœื—ื›ืžื”", 20, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขึธืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 223 


ื“ืขื ืืžืช, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจืคึผืึทืจ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืžื–ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžืฉืœื™ื1. ืื•ื™ืš 
ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ืงืข ื“ืขื ืงืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•, ื–ืึธื ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืืžืช ื’ืŸ 
ื—ื ืคืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืœื—ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืœื•ืžืจืฉื˜, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืกื›ึผื™ื ืฆื• 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคืึทืœืฉืข ื“ืขื•ืช *. ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ, ื‘ึผืจึถืขื ื’ื˜ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ืจื™ื ื• 
ืึท ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืึทืœื˜ืข ืึทื’ื“ื”, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืึทื– ื‘ึผืขืช ืฉืื•? ื“ืขืจ ืžืœื“ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื” ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจ ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืืก ืฉืึธื˜ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืึธืคืŸ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืฉืื•ืœืŸ: , ื›ึผืขืช ืื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ื™ืฉืข- 
ื•ืขืœื˜, ืื•ื™ึผ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืงืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ื ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืืžืช ื ื™ืž ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืžื•ืจื ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื“ื• ืฐื•ืขืกื˜ ืžื™ืš ื”ืจื ืขื ืขืŸ. ืื™ืฆื˜, ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื’ืขืคื™ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืช,' ื•ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืขืจืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขื 
ืจื™ื™ื ืขื ืืžืช' ื’, 

ืึทืŸ ืึทืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜? ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืึทืคื™ืœื•: ื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ืกืึทืงืจืึทื˜, ื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžื™ื“ ืึทืคึผืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืืžืช ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ. ื“ืึธืš, ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืฉื˜ 
ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•, ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืŸ ืืžืช ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ 
ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ืกื’ื•ืœื” (ืžื•ืกืจื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ืืœื ืœืฆื ื•ืขื™ืŸ), ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ื˜ืขื ื”ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืœื–ืึธื’ืขืจ, ืึทื– ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื ื—ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื™ื‘ื” ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ื‘ึผืฆึทืฉืข- 
ืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืฉืงืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืึธืŸ ืื™ื ืงืึทืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืงื™ื•ื ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ. , ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื 59 -- ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื• 
ื“ืขื ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ --- ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• 
.ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื•ึนื™ืฃ. ืงืœืึธืจ ื“ืขื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฐืขืœื˜ื‘ึผืึทื ืขื ืคื•ื ื ืคึฟืึทืจืคืึทื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก 
ื–ื™ื ืข ืฐืขืจืง. ื ืึธืจ ืคืึทืจ ื ืึธื˜ ื˜ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึธืจื’ืขื ืข 
ื˜ื™ืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ื ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ื”ืืจืฅ" 4 

ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื•, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื“ืขื ืคื•ื˜ ืึธืคึผืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข 
ืคืจื™ื™ืข ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉืฐื™ื’ืŸ. ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืฆื˜ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืžื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ื•ื™ ืžืึธื“ืขื ื. ื™ืขื ืขืจ, ืฐื™ 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื”ืขืœื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ, ื‘ึผืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืข ื ืขืžืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืœื ื—ื™ื• ื•ืœื ื ื‘ืจืื•, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืขืจ ืคืœืขื ื˜ 
ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ึผืŸ ืขื•ืจื ืื•ืŸ ืžืฉื” ื ืจื‘ื•ื ื™ --- ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ 


1 ืื ื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื”", 111 

* ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ: ืื•ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืคื ื™ื ืœื›ื”ื ื™ ื—ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืœื˜ืขื•ืชื ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืคืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ ื•ืžื ื ื• 
ื›ื•ืจื›ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืชื—ื•ื™ื ืœืขื•ืžืชื", ' 

5 ืขืžืฆืจืฃ ืœื—ื›ืžื”", ื“ืฃ 20 ืขื' ื‘': ื"ืœ: ื›ื“ ื”ืฑื ื ื ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ื™ื ื ื‘ืขืœืžื 
ื“ืฉืงืจ. ื“ื“ืชื™ืœื ื ื˜ื™ื ืš ื“ืœืžื ืชืงืคืœื™ื ื ื™, ื‘ืจื ืื ื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืขืœืžื ื“ืงืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืชืฉืžืข ืžื™ื ื™ 
ืืœื ืžื™ืœื™ ื“ืงืฉื•ื˜", 


3 ,ืžืฆืจืฃ ืœื—ื›ืžื”", 20: ืื•ื›ืœืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื ื™ ืžื•ืกืจ ื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืœื ืชื“ืžื” ื‘ื ืคืฉืš ืœื™ืจืจ 
ื™ืœืกื•ื ื“ืขืช ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืกืคืจื™ื”ื, ื›ึดึผื™ ื”ืฉื ืœื‘ื“ื• ื™ื•ืจืข ืชืขืœื•ืžื•ืช ืœื‘', 





224 ื“"ืจ ื ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ืื•ึนื™ืฃ ืฉื˜ื•ื-ืœืฉื•ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืœื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืจืžื–ื™ื, ืึธื ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื‘ึผืข ื•ื•ืขืจ- 
ื˜ืขืจ. ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื• ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืื ื•ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืืฒื™ื’ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืคืึทืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืคืึทืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื–ืฑื ืข ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืฉืžืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืžืชืขืจ ื™ืขื–ื•ื™ึดื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช. ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืฉ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื•ืก 
ื ื•ืกื— ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,,ืืœื™ื'' ืื•ืŸ , ืžืฆืจืฃ ืœื—ื›ืžื”''. ืื™ืŸ ,,ืืœื™ื'', ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื‘ึผืึท- 
| ื”ืึทื ื“ืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืึทืกื˜ืจืึทื ืึธืžื™ืฉ-ืžืึทื˜ืขืžืึทื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจืึทื’ืŸ, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื ืื™ืš 
ืคึผืจืึธื‘ึผืœืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึทื–ืึธืคึผื™ืฉ-ื˜ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืŸ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ, ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื• 
ื“ืขื ืึธื ืฉื˜ืข? ืคื•ืŸ ,,ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืคื™ืกืœ ื›ึนึผืฉืจ', ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื 
ืฉื™ืจืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคืืจืขืจืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืงืึทืจืึทื™ึดึทืžืขืŸ ื–ืจื— ื‘ึผืŸ ื ืชืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฉื” ืžืขืฅ. 
ืขืจ ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื•, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื• ืื™ื ื’ื•ืคื; ื’ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ึนึผืขืจ ื‘ึผืฑืœื˜ ื‘ืึทื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ 4 ืึทื– ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื• ืึทืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื‘ึผืกื•ื“ ื ืกืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ื ืก ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื–ืึท ืื•ืคืŸ, ื‘ึผืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงืึทืจืึทื™ืžืขืŸ, 
ืฉืžื•ื’ืœื˜ ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื‘ึนึผืชื•ืจ ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึทื‘ืึทื ื“ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข, ืคืืจ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ืข ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืฐืขืœื˜-ืึธื ืฉืฑื•ึผื ื  ื–ืึธื ื˜ ืขืจ ื’ื™ื˜ ืืจื•ื™ืก 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื ืขื ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฆืก 
ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ื–ืจื— ื‘ึผืŸ ื ืชืŸ (,, ืืœื™ื'', 27--81), ื•ื• ืžืขืฅ ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ืึธื ืจืึทืžื™ืฉืข 
ืคึผืจื˜ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ึผื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืงืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืก ืงื•ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงืึธ- 
ืคึผืขืจื ื™ืงืก ืึทื ื˜ื“ืขืงื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื˜ืขืึธืœืึธื ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจืึธื‘- 
ืœืขืžืขืŸ. ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื” ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ-ืงื™ื ื“. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืึทืœืก ืึทืจืฆื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ื ื ืคื™ืจืฉื˜ 
ืจืึทื“ื–ื™ื•ื•ื™?ืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืื™ื›ื‘ึผืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืคึผืฑืœืŸ ื’ืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคึผื™ืจ-ื™ืึธืจื™ืง ื’ืจื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืจ ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืขืœืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื˜ ื ื‘ื™ืื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืš 
ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ. ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืก ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื•ื™ื ื’ืขืงืึทื˜ื˜ ืขื‘ืจื™, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง ื–ืึธื’ืŸ 
ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืฆื™ื˜ืึธื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ื—ืจ. ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืื•ื™ื ืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ 
ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขื ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืžืชึผื ื•ืช ื“ืขื ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืœืŸ 
ื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขืจ-ืงื™ื ื“,. ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื ื”ืขื ื˜ื™ืงืข ื—ืชื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ึผืึท- 
ืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึทืœืฒืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื•ึนืŸ ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืฒื™. 
ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’, ืึทื– ืืคืฉืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืึถื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืขืจ- 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ื—-ื—ืงื•ืจืฉ ื‘ึผืึทื ื ืขื“ื™ืงื˜ืข ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ-ืงื™ื ื“ ื–ื•ื›ื” ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ื- 
ื“ืขืกืŸ ื“ืขื ,,ืกืฅ''. ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ืจื™ื ื’, ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื 


ื’ ,ื˜ืœื ื—ืคื ื™ื", โ€ ืคืึธืจืจืขื“ืข, | ืื™ืŸ ื“ืฒื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ื–ืข 50, 89, 90, 92 ื"ืฐ. 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืžื™ืฑ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื“ืŸ 125 


ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงืŸ ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืœืข. ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื• ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• 
ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ื•ื™ ืึท ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“? ืคืฆื“ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ื ื’ืœื 
ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ,. ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื–ืึท ืื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ืื•ื˜ ื ืกืš ื’ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืชึผื ื•ืช. 
ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืื•ื™ื˜ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืœ ืึทืœืก ืึทื’ื™ื˜ืืฆื™ืฅ- 
ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธื‘ึผืขืจื’ืœืฑื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืคื•ื ื ืื•ืžื•ื•ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขืš-- 
ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืจืึธืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื‘ึผืขืœื™ื™ืฉืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืขืœื™ ื ื™ืกื™ื. ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธ 
ื˜ืจืขื˜ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจื•ืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ; ืขืจ ื ื•ืฆื˜ 
ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืก ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืจื— ื‘ึผืŸ ื ืชื ืก ื‘ึผื“ื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ืื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ- 
ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ,, ืืœื™ื!'. ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืฉื˜ืื“ืง 
,ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขืึทืจื‘ืขื˜!! ืคืืจืŸ ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ. ื–ืจื— ื‘ึผืŸ ื ืชืŸ ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ืŸ 
ื•ื™ ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื”ืึทืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื“ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ 
ืงืึธืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืžื™ืขื•ืช,. ื”ืฉื‘ึผืขื•ืช, ืœื—ืฉื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื ื™ืฉืข 
ืกื’ื•ืœื•ืช. ืึทื ื‘ ืคืจืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ืจื— ืื•ึนื™ืก ื˜ืจืืง ืึท ืฉืืœืช ื”ึผึผื, ื•ื™ ืงืืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืขืก 
ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื‘ื™ืื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธื“ืืœื™ืขืจ 
ืงืึทื ื˜? ืฆื™ ืจืขืจื˜ ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืึท ืžืœืืš ืึทื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื– ืžืขืฉื” ื›ึผื™ืฉื•ืฃ? ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื•ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ื ื’ืขืœืข ื˜ื•ื˜, ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืกื•ืคืง ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื—ื 
ืจืื™ื”: ืึธื˜ ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ. ืึท ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื, 
ืจ' ื—ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืกืื˜ืึทื ืึธื•ื•, ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืš ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขื“ื•ืช, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืึทื ื“ืขื“ืข 
ื ื“ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืจื? ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืื•ื™ื ืŸ ื“ืืก ืึทืœืฅ ืฆื•ื ืขื–ืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš- 
ืฉื™ืง ืฉึทื™ื™ืšึฐ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื 
ื‘ึผืึทืงืึธื ืขืŸ 1. ืึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทื ืข ื‘ึผืึทืงื•ืžื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื–ืจื— 
ื‘ึผืŸ ื ืชืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•, ื ืึธืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ืฉืœื™ื—, 
ื“ื•ืจืš ืžืฉื” ืžืขืฅ. ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ื–ืจื—ืŸ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžืขืฅ ื›ืžืฉื™ื— ืœืคื™ ืชื•ืžื• 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืึทื’ื‘ ืื•ืจื—ื, ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ื™ ื ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืคึผื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืข ืจึทื‘ึผื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข 
ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ึธืึดืก ื’ืจื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื’ืขืจ 
ืงื™ื ื“ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ึผื™ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืื– ื“ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื– ืœื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืœ ืžืฆื“ ื“ืขื ืงื™ื ื“ืก ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ 2 

ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื ื•ืคื ืจื•ืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื™ื” ื ื™ื˜ ืึดืคึผ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืฐืึธืจื˜; 
ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึทืš: ืขืจ ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืึถืคึผ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืกืึทื˜ืึทื ืึธืฐืขืจ 
ืจื‘ืก ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื•, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืจืึทื™ึดื˜ ื–ืจื— ืื•ื™ืก ื˜ืจืึธืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื›ึผืœื•ืžืจืฉื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืข- 
ืฉื™ืงื˜ *. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ึผื“ื™ื•ื•, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืกืึทื˜ืึทื ืึธื•ืขืจ ืจื‘ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขืžื‘ึผืขืจื , ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื”ืชืคึผืขืœื•ืช ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ืกื™ื 


1 ,ืืœื™ื", 15 
3 ื“ืึธืจืคึฟืŸ, 0 


7 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 65, 





226 ื“"ืจ ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ ืขืจื’ 


ื•ื ืคืœืื•ืช, ืฐืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืึทื“ืข ืงื™ื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืข 
ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, , ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™? ื“ืึธ--ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจื‘ ืจ' ื—ื™ื™ื--- 
ืื™ืŸ ืžืžืฉ ืึท ื˜ืจืึธืคึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ 
ืงื™ื ื“ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ!'' , ืืฉืจื™ ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืจืืชื” ื›ืœ? ืืœื”! ' -- ื’ืขื‘ึผืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœืฅ ื ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืจื‘ ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•. 

ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜, ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืึท ืฉื˜ืจืœืื˜ื˜ืŸ ืึท ืฉื•ื™ื ื“ืœืข- 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื ืึทึธืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืจื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ื ื™ืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืจื‘, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื• 
ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืฉื•ื ืคึผืจื•ืฉื™ื. ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ืึธื˜ ื“ืข- 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืจื™ื“ื•ืช-ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื•, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ ืฉื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ืฐื™ืจืงื˜ ืคื™ืœ 
ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืึทืจืคืกื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืžืคืœืขื˜. ,, ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืึธืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืœืึธื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื, ื ืึธื˜ ื–ืขื˜, ื•ื™ ื ืึทื™ื•, ื•ื™ 
ืœืฒื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื‘ึผื™ืง ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ. ืึท ืžื™ื ื“ืกื˜ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืœืขืจ, ื ืœื™ืึทื“ืข ื˜ื•ื™ื ืขื ื™ื‘ื˜ืก 
ืคื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธื–!'" ืึทื–ืฑ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื•, ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืึธื. 
ืึธืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืง ืฉื˜ื•ื, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืึถืคึผ ื“ืขื 
ื”ืชืคึผืขืœื•ืช-ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ื ื ืคืจื•ืžืขืŸ ืจื‘ ืื•ื™ืก ืกืึทื˜ืึทื ืึธื•. | 

ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื” ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืขืœืข ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืขืœื™ื ืก ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ 
ื•ื™ ืึท ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืงืขืจ ืขืคึผื™ื–ืึธื“; ืคื™ืœ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืฆื• 
ื‘ึผืึทืงืขืžืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืจืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜-ืคืขืกื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื‘ึผืขืจ- 
ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ, ื“ืขื ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ ืžืงื•ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืฉื˜ืึทืžืขืŸ, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืก 
ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืึทืœืข ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืึทื“ืึทื ืง ืื™ื ืžืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืึทืœึถืข ืžืึทื ื™ืฉืข ืกื’ื•ืœื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืœื—ืฉื™ื, 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืœื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ึผืขื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืงืžื™ืขื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœึถืข ืžื™ื ื™ ืžื—ื‘ืœื™ื 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื --- ื“ื™ ืงื‘ึผืœื” ืžืขืฉื™ื™ืช, ื“ืขื ื›ึผืœื™ื‘ึผื• ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืง --- ื“ืขื ื–ื•ื”ืจ, 
ื•ื™ ืืจื™ื” ื“ื™-ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ืœืกืžื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื™ืกืขื ืขืจ ืฉื•ื ื 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืงื‘ึผืœื”, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืื™ื™ืกืขืจ ืžืึธื“ืขื ื ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,ืืจื™ ื ื•ื”ื'' ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื‘ึผืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ , ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื–ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ?" 
ืจื™ ืงื‘ึผืœื” ืžืขืฉื™ื™ืช, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืกืงืจืขื“ื™ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ื•ื”ืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืงืึทืžืฃ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ 
ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืืฒื’ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜. 
ืืœื™ื”ื• ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื˜ ืึทื ื˜ื™-ืงืึทื‘ึผืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ,,ื‘ึผื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื“ืช', ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉ-ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืจืึทื™ื•ืช ื’ืขืงืขืกืคื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืึทื– 
ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืื™ื– ืึท ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ืฉ ืกืคืจ --- ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืึทืœืฅ ื’ืขื‘ึผืœื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ึผืชื‘-ื™ืจ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื•ืก ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืจืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืจื™ื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื˜ -- ืื™ื– ืขืจ ?ื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ืฐื•ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื. ื™ืฉ"ืจ ืžืงืึทื ื“ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืฆื•ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ื™ 


1 ื•ืข ืคืจื™ืขืจ, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ืจืŸ 21 


ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืขื ืข ืฐื•ืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ-ื–ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื‘ 
ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืกืฐืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื–ื ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ึผื™ืกืขื ืขื ืงืขื’ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื‘ืœืช 
ื•ื™ ืฉืื•? ืึทืฉื›ึผื ื–ื™, ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื“ืขื ืžื•ื˜ ืึธืคืŸ ืึทืจืฑื›- 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื— ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผืขืœ , ื‘ึผื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื“ืช''. ืขืจ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื ืึธื ืฉื˜ืขืœ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ืฉืฒื“ืขื ืขืจ ืงืขื’ื ืขืจ. ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื›ึผืœื•ืžืจืฉื˜ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื‘ึผืึทืื•ืžืจื•ื™ึดืงื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฉืขื“ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ึผื•ืš ,ืื™ืŸ 
ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ { ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ 
ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืฆื• ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืึทืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืข -ื˜ืขื ื•ืช, ื ืึธืจ, ืึทื ื‘, ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ 
ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขื ,,ื‘ึผื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื“ืช'' ื’ื•ืคื ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืื•ืœ ืืฉื›ึผื ื–ื™ืก 
ืฉืœื•ืก ื“ืฐืึธืจื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื•ืก ืงืขื’ื ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ 1 ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึทื›ื‘ึผื•ืœื˜ืกื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืก ื ื•ืกื— ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ื ืืจื˜ื™ืงืข ืคึผืึธืœืขืžื™ืฉืข ืžืื ื™ืขืจ. ื•ื™ 
ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืข ืคืึทืจืคึผืึทืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืข ,ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืฐืึทืจืฅ- 
ืžืื”ื ื™ืงืขืก'' ื•ื—ื–ื˜ื–ืกืฐืข. ื”ื•ื•ื˜ืขื˜ื–ื’ื•ืกืคื˜ืก 6ืกื—)), ืึทื–ืฑ ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
| ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื• ืึทืจืฑืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืกืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ืชึผืžืขืฐืึธื˜ืŸ ืคืจื•ืžืึทืง. ืขืจ ืขื“ 
ืงืœืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœืก ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ. ืขืจ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ืึธื ืคึผืึทืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืขืœ ,ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื“ืช'' ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืชึผืœึฐืžึดื™ืจ (ืฉืื•? 
ืึทืฉื›ึผื ื–ื™) ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืืคื™ืฉืข ืจืึทื™ื•ืช, ื ืึธืจ ืืœืก 
ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ืขืจ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ,,ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“'' ืคื•ืŸ ืงื‘ึผืœื” ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื’ืขืคืขืฃ- 
| ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ืึธืคืขื ืขื ืฉื•ื ื. ืขืจ ื—ื–ืจื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ , ืžืฆืจืฃ ืœื—ื›ืžื”'" 
ืึทืœืข ืึธื ืคึฟืึทืœืŸ, ื•ื•ืืก ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ ,,ื‘ึผื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื“ืช'' ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงื‘ึผืœื”; ืขืจ 
ื‘ึผืจืขื ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื“ืขื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืงื‘ึผืœื”-ืงืขื ื ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœืฅ ื›ืœื•ืžืจืฉืฉ 
ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ืึธืคึผืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ื•ื™ ืื•ึนืžื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข 
ืกืขื ื•ืช ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืึทื–ื•ึนื™ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืœืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ- 
ืฆื™ื™ื ื ื“ื™ืง. ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜, ื ืขืžื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจืคืึทืกืขื“ 
ืึทืจืึธืคึผ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืกืงืข ืคื•ื ื ืคึผื ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื–ืขื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžื“ืขืจ- 
ืฐืึทืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืกืงืขืคึผื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืจืึธื ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืžื™ื›ืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ 
ืœื™ืคึผืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืžืขืจ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ื—ื•ื–ืง ืคื•ื ื ื’ืึทื•ื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ, 
;ืขืก ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืึธืคื˜, -- ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื’ืขืœืืกืŸ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•, -- ืึทื– ื‘ึผื›ืจื™ 
ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืึท ืžืขืฆืขื ืึธื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึท ืฉืจืจื”, ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ืค; 
ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืžื—ื‘ึผืจื™ื ื ื•ืคืึท ื’ืœื•ื™ื! ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื™ื˜... ืึธื˜, ืœืžืฉ5, 
ืื™ืš, ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผ ืื™ืš ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœืึทื–ืึธืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ ืคืขืกื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื—ื›ืžืช 
ื”ืงื‘ึผืœื”. ื“ืึธืก ื˜ื• ืื™ืš ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคึฟืึทืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืก 
ื’ืขื‘ึผืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ืกื˜ืข ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคื™ืจืฉื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ 


1 ืคืึทืจืขืคื ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ,ืžืฆืจืฃ ืœื—ื›ืžื”" ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทื•ืขืœ ืื™ืŸ 1629. 
? ,ืžืฆืจืฃ ืœื—ื›ืžื—", 28, 





228 ืจ"ืจ ื™; ืฆื™ื ื‘ ืขืจื’ ื•ึฐ 


ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœื™ื. ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ืขื˜, 
ื˜ื• ืื™ืš ืื™ื ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘, ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืžืึธืจื’ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขื” 
ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ ื‘ึผืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื•ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืžื™ืš ื“ืึทืŸ ื‘ึผืขื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ --- ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื ืœื™ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ื•ืจื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืœืขื ื“ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ืงืขืžืคืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืŸ ื ืขื“ืึทื ืง" 1 ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš 
ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆื™ื ื™ืฉ-ื—ื•ืฆืคึผื”ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’, ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื™ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืกืงืข, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื– ื“ืขืจ ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืชืจื™ืกืขืจ ืžื™ืก" 
ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืœืึธืฆื˜ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื™ืจืึทืชื™ืฉืžื™ื" 
ืคึผื ื™ื ื•ื•ื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืžืึธืœื™ืงืข ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ื ื™ืกื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ืคืชื™ื, ืฐืึธืก. ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึทื ื’ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจ"ื™ 
ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ. ,, ืฆื™ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืžืึธืœ ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืฃ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, - ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ 
ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืžื•ืคืชื™ื?'' --- ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึทึผืขืœ ,ืžืฆืจื 
ืœื—ื›ืžื”'' *. ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืชึผื™ื›ึนึผืฃ, ื ืึทื ืฅ ืื•ืžื“ืขืจืฐืึทืจื˜, ื ื™ื™ื˜ ืคืึธึทืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข 
ื‘ึผืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’: , ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื” ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื™ื ื’ืขืœืข ืื•ื™ืก ื’ืจื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื’. ืื™ื– 
ืœื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“?, ื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื“ืืก ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ืึทื”ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ" +, ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื•ืก ืขืœื˜ืขืจืขืฃ 
ื‘ึผื“ื“ื•ืจ, ืืจื™ื” ื“ื™-ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,ืืจื™ ื ื•ื”ื'" ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ืขืœืข ืคื•ืŸ 
, ืžืฆืจืฃ ืคื—ื›ืžื—', ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืฆื• ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื•, ืึทื– 
ื™ืขื ืขืจ , ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื›ึผืœื•ืžืจืฉื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื”, 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืžืชืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ืึทื ื˜ืฉืฒื“ืขื ืขืจ ืงืขื ื ืขืจ'"+. ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑื ืข. 
ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ,,ืžืฆืจืฃ ื—ื‘ืžื”" ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืฆืึธืœ. ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื• ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ื˜, 5ืžืฉืœ, ืึทื›ึถึผืข ืจืื™ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ 'ื‘ึผืขืœ ,ื‘ึผื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื“ืช'* 
ืฉื˜ืขืคื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ; ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ , ื–ื•ื”ืจ'" ืื™ื– ื ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืจืžื•ื ื™ืฉ 
ื˜ืคืจ, ื“ื™ืคืžื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื›ึผืœื•ืžืจืฉื˜ ื“ืขื ืึธื ืฉื˜ืขืœ, ืึทื– ืื™ื ื‘ึผืึทืคึผืจื™ื“ื™ืกืŸ ื ื™ืก ื“ื™ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืจืึทื™ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืกื›ึผื™ื, ื–ื™ื™ื– ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ 


11 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 20: ืื•ื›ืžืช ื—ื‘ืจื• ืกืคืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื™ ืฐื– ื’ื•ืฉื ืœื‘ืงืฉืช ืžืœืš ืื•ึน ืฉืจ 
ื•ื ืชื‘ื• ืžื” ืฉืื™ื’ื ืžึนืืžื™ื ื™ื,., ื•ืชื ื” ืื ื›ื™ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื›ืืŸ ื’ื ื“ ื”ืคืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื•ืฆืืชื™ ืœืขื•ืจืช ื“" 
ืœื”ืœื™ืฅ ื‘ืขื“ ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื”, ื›ื™ ื›ืŸ ืฆื•ึนืชึดื™ ืžื' ื”ืืœื•ืคื™ื ืฉื•ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืฉืจ ืœื‘ื‘ื• ืคื™ื ื” 
ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื›ื•ื‘ืœื™ื, ื•ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื™ ื ืฆืžื“ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืชื•ืช ืื”ื‘ืชื• ืคื ื™ืชื™ ืžืœืžื•ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืจืฆื•ืŸ 
ืจื•ืžืžื•ืชื™; ื•ืื ืœืžื—ืœ ืจื•ื— ืื—ืจืช ืชื”ื™ื” ืืชื™ ื•ื™ืชืื• ืœื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืื” ื•ื™ื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื™ 
ืœืืžืจ ืกืœืกืœื” ื•ื”ืชืจื•ืžืžื” ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื’ื™ื“ื™ื ืชื•ืฉื™ื‘ื” -- ืื ื™ ืื—ืœืฅ ืชื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืืื–ื•ืจ. ื›ื ื‘ืจ ื—ืœืฆื™ 
ืœื”ื’ืŸ ื‘ืขื“ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื". 

2 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื“ืฃ 15, ืขื' ื‘ื™ 

8 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, : : 

4 ,ืืจื™ ื ื•ื”ื", 64, ื–ืข ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ: 50, 66-65, ื‘ืคืจื ื–ืข 41, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ 
ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ืœื˜ื™ื“ื™ื’ื•ืŸ : {ื—ืจ"ืจ ื™ืฉ'ืจ ืžื›ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืจืคื•ืื”", 


ื’ื’ืŸ 


ื–ืึธื ื. 





ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉื™ื›ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืžื•- ื‘ื™ ื™ื™ืจืŸ 229 


ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืึทืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืขืšึฐ ื’ื•ืคื ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืžื™ืฃ 
ืคืึทืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืฆื—ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ื ืข: ,,ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขืขืŸ ื‘ึผื›ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืขืœ ,, ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช 
ื”ื“ืช'' ืจืื™ื•ืช ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืื™ื– ื™ืขื“ื ืคืึทืœืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืึท ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื ึดื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ืขื"ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื™ ื“ืึธืก ืจื•ื‘ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœื™ื, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืื™ืŸ ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžืคืจืฉื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ 
ืงื‘ึผืœื” ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜... ืึทืคื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืขื’ื ืขืจ, ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื ื™ื˜, 
ืึทื– ืจ' ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื•ื—ืื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืžื•ืจื”, ืึทื– 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ, ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืžืฉื” ื“ื™-ืœื™ืื•ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึดื“ื ื’ื“ื™ืฃ 
ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื‘ืงื™ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืงื‘ึผืœื”" 1. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ? ,ื‘ึผื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืจืช" 
ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื‘ึผืึทื’ืขื ื ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืึทื’ืฅ ืึธืคื˜ ืึทื–ืฑื ืข ืžืฉื•ื ื”- โ€ 
ื“ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ืื•ืžืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื’ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืžืŸ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ. ,ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืงืข ืืžืช'', ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ , ืžื™ื™ืฅ 
ื™ื•ืฉืจ'' ื“ื™ืœืคื™ื“ื™ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื ืœื™ื™ืš ืคื™ืœืข ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฆื™ื˜ืื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ื 
ื“ืขื ื–ื•ื—ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืขืœ , ื‘ึผื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื“ืช" ื˜ืขื ื”. 
,ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ืŸ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžื™ื ื ื ืึทื•ื•ื•ืขืจ ืžื™ื ืข, ืึทื– ืื•ื™ืš 
ืื™ืŸ ืชึผืœืžื•ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึทืจื‘ึผืข ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ 
|ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืžืจื”ืกืชึผื ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ ื‘ึผืึทื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืึท ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึธืจื’ืขื ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ืŸ' 2 
ื‘ื™ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ื ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืงื‘ึผืœื”-ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืžืœื™ืฅ-ื™ื•ืฉืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืจ, ืึทื– ืคืึทืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืงื‘ึผืœื”, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืึท ืฆื™ื™ื˜- 
ืคืืจื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ึผ (ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืงื‘ึผืœื” ื”ื ืคึผืจืคึผื“ืื•ืช) ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืึธืคึผื ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ื– 
ืึทืฐื“ืื™ ื ื™ื ื›ึผื“ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืจืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื ื–, ืึทื–ืŸ ืงืžื™ืขื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ืขื•ืช 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืงืฒื™ื˜ืŸ (ื”ืœื—ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืงืžื™ืขื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื‘ืœื™ื) ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ื˜ืจื™ืงื•ืŸ, 
ื ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ืื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช -- ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ-ืฉืคึผื™? ? ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ 
ืื•ื ื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ , ืžืฆืจืฃ ืœื—ื›ืžื”', ืึทื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื›ึผืœ? ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผื“ืขื” ืฆื• ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ , ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ืงืข ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœื™ื'' (ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœื™ื ืฉื‘ึผื–ืžื ื ื•) ืื•ืŸ ื“ื“ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ืืก 
ืคืึทืจื“ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื“ืึทืจื›ึผืŸ ื“ืขื ืืžืชืŸ ืคึผืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื”, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึทื™ื™ืข 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ,,ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื“ืึทืจื‘ึผืŸ ื“ึถืขื ื˜ืขืงืกื˜, ื ืึธืจ 
ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืึทื ื˜ื˜ืœืขืงืŸ", 

ื“ืขื ,,ืžืฆืจืฃ ืœื—ื›ืžื”'' ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืžื‘ึผื•ืจื , ื™ื•ื• 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืขืœ-ื“ืจืฉืŸ, ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืขืจืง ืื™ืŸ 
ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืขืœืข ื’ืœื™ืงืฉื˜ืึทื“ื˜, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึทืฐืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืžื‘ึผื•ืจื’ ื‘ึผืฉืขืช 
ื“ืขืจ ื›ืึธืœืขืจืข, ื ืึธืจ ืคื˜ืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื•ืขืจืง ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ 

1 ,ืžืฆืจืฃ ืœื—ื›ืžื”", 22-21, 

5 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 21--28, 


4 ื“ืึธืจืกืŸ, ื“ืฃ 13, ืขื' ื 





20 | = ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ื ื•ืคื, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืžืคื˜ืขืจื“ืึทืžืขืจ ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืึทืฉื›ึผื ื–ื™ (ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื–ืขืœ 1699). 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืข ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืฆื• ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืก ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืก, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1631 ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ,ื ื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื—''. 
ืึทื“ืึทื ืง ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืึทืฉื›ึผื ื–ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืงื•ืžื˜ ืื™ืŸ , ื ื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื”'' ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื•ืก ืจืžื–ื™ื- 
ืกื˜ื™ืœ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืื™ื™ื ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื ื•ืกื—. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื•ืก ืคื™ืœืข ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื™ื ื’ืขืžื•ื ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืฉื›ึผื ื–ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืงืœื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข 
ืžืืžืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื ืึทื˜ื™ืฆืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ึผืึทื”ืึทื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคึผื™ืฉ-ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืข ืคืจืึทื ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคึผืจืึธื‘ึผืœืขืžืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขื ื’ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืขืึธืจืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื‘ึผืœื” (ืงื‘ึผืœื” 
ืขื™ื•ื ื™ืช). ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืึทืจื‘ึผืขื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื›ึดึผื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ 
ื“ื•ืจื›ืึทื ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืึธืŸ ืึท ืฉื•ื ืกื“ืจ. ื“ื™ ืึทื ื˜ืงืขื ื ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ืข ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืึธืœื ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ; ืกื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช 
ืฐืขืจื˜ ื ืขืœื•ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื“ื™ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืคื•ื ื ืืจ"ื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ื™ื; 
ื ืึธืจ ืึทื ื‘, ื˜ืึทืงืข ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคืฑื‘ึผื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข 
ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ึผื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืึทืจื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื•ื™ื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืคืึธืจื, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืžืฉื•ื ื”ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ ืื•ืžื’ืข- 
ืœื•ืžืคึผืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคืึทืจืคืจื•ืžื˜ืŸ ืคึผื ื™ื, ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื ืœืึธืฆื˜ืข 
ืื•ื™ื ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืคื™ื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ื—ืกื™ื“. ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืขืจื‘ื™ื™, ืึทื ื‘ ืื•ื“ื—ื, ื•ืขืจื™ 
ืึทื™ื™ื ื ืขืคืœืึธื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืก ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืข ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืจืึทื“ื™ืงืึทืœืข ืึธื ืฉื•ื™ื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืฐื•ืขืœื˜-ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทืคื•ื ื’, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื—ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืžืœืื›ื™ื, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื”ืฉื ื—ื” 
ืืึทื–' ื•ื•. ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืจืืฉ ืคื•ื ื ื ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื ืขื“ืจื•ืกื˜ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื•ืก ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื• 
ืฆื•ื ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ึผืขืจ, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ื ืกื ื™ื“ื ื—ื•ืจ-ืกื˜ื™ืœ, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ื™ 
ืจื•ื ื– ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ืขื ืขื ืฉื˜ืขื›ื™ืงืŸ ื ืขืœืขื›ืžืขืจ. ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื›ึผืœื•ืžืจืฉื˜ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง 
ื›ึผืจื•ื ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืชึผืœืžื™ื“, ืคืึทืจืฐืึธืก ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืขืก ืึทืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืกื›ึผืžื™ื– 
ืคืจืึทื’ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกืงื™ืฆืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื“ืจื•ืก. 
ื•ื™ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืขื˜ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืžืฉื•ื ื—-ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื- 
ื–ืึทืฆืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืกื•ืชืจ ื“ืขื ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœืฅ ื ืึธืš ืื•ื ืžืขืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื•ืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. ืื™ื, ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื•ืŸ, ืื™ื– ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ื ื‘ึผื•ืฉื” ื–ึดื™ืš ื‘ึทึผืึท- 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืคืึทืจืŸ ืคึผื•ื‘ึผืœื™ืงื•ื ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื–ืึท ืคืึทืจื–ืขืขื ื™ืฉ, ื•ืึธืก ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ 
ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ืกื˜ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืจืขื˜ืึธืจื™ืง, 

ื•ื™ ืขืก ืฉื™ื™ื ื˜, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืžืชืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ืคืจื™ืจืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืึทืจืฑืกื–ืึธื ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืจืžื–ื™ื ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืžืึทืกืงืขืก. ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ , ืžืฆืจืฃ ืœื—ื›ืžื”',, ื‘ึทึผืขืช ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ 
ืึธืŸ ื•ื™ ืึธืคื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš 
ื“ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ; ,,ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืึธื ึผืขืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื•ืขืจืง ,,ื‘ึผืฉืžืช ื‘ึผืช ืฉื™ืœืžื”'"* 
ืฐื•ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืข? ืึธืคืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื•ืึธื’ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข 
ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื•ื ื ืขืŸ'" (ื ืฉื‘ึผืขืชื™ ืฉื‘ึผืกืคืจ ื‘ึผืฉืžืช ืœื ืืฉื ืคึผื ื™ื ืœืฉื•ื ืื“ื 


ื“' ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึฒืฉื•ึนืจ ื‘ึดึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 21 


ื•ืื’ืœื” ื“ืขืชื™ ื‘ึผื›? ื“ืจื•ืฉ), ื‘ืฉืžืช ื‘ึนึผืช ืฉืœืžื”!' ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ึดึผื™ 
ืื™ื ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขื“ืก ื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ืจืึธืก 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ +. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื–. ืึถื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ; 
ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ื™ืงืข ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื‘ 
ืึทื–ืึท ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ืฐืึธืก ืฐื•ื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ,,ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ,'... ื“ื•ืจื•ืช-ืœืึทื ื’ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ืคื•ืŸ , ื‘ึผืฉืžืช ื‘ึนึผืช ืฉืœืžื”'' ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืฆืŸ 
ื”ืึทื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืชืžื“ื” ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ึดื™ ืกื ื•ืœื—, ืฐืึธืก 
ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฑืกื’ืขืœืึธืฉืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืฉื˜ ื ืึธืš ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ. ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืคื•ื ื.:18ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื” ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ-ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข- 
ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื•ืก ืขื ืฆื™ืงืœืึธืคึผืขื“ื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืขืจืง. ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื  
ืคื•ื ื ืฐื™ืกื ื‘ึผืึทื’ื ื™ืจื™ืงืŸ ืกืœืึธื ื™ืžืขืจ ืจื‘ ืจ' ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ, ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืฆื•ืคื•ื ืื•ื™ื ื ืขืกื•ื•ื™ื–ืฉ ื“ืขืจ :ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืฉืœืžื” ืžื™ื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขืŸ ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ื‘ึผื™ื›ืขืจ. ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื™ืจืึทืช ื”ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืกืœืึธื ื™ืžืขืจ ืจื‘ ื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื•- 
ื“ื™ื’ื•ื˜ ื™ืจื•ืฉื”, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึท ืก ืฐื•ืขืจืง ื’ืขื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ 
ืžื–ืœ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื™ืงืข ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื•ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ืข ืฐืขืจืง. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึธื›ืŸ ื ืฉืจื™ืคื”, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืจ' ืฉืžืฉื•ื ืก ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ืื™ื– 
ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืฆืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ืคื•ืŸ , ื‘ึผืฉืžืช 
ื‘ึนึผืช ืฉืœืžื”"":. 

ืึดื ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ื– ืฉืœืžื” ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื• ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ , ื ื•ื‘ืœื•ืช 
ื—ื›ืžื”'' ืื™ื ื ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืื ื˜ืฉื•ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืข 28 ื™ืึธืจ. ื ืึธืš ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ, ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืคื•ืœืขืจ ืงืจืึทืคื˜ --- 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึท ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืขื ืขืจ, ืึท ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ' ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื™ืชื•ืžื˜ 
ื“ื•ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื™ืงืฒื™ืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ืงืจื™ื’, โ€ ื“ื™ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืข 
ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื›ืžืขืœื ื™ืฆืงื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ ืžืจื”-ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืœืŸ 
ื‘ึผื“ื”ืฉืžืฉื•ืช ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื™ื™ื ื’ืขื”ื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ืึธืก.. 


ืึทืคื™ืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื–ื™ื“ืขื ืฅ-ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื•ืก ื’ืขื‘ึผื•ืจื˜ืกืœืื ื“ -- 
ืื™ื ื ืœืขื‘ึผื ืกืœื•ืกื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ืขื“ื™ืง, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ื‘ึผื ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคึผื˜ ืคืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืจื•ืžืึทืงืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื˜ืึธื“ืึธืงืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื”ืฉื ื—ื” ื’ื ืฅ- 
ื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ, ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืขืจ ืžืงื™ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื, 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื•ึผื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผื ืก-ืคึผืจืึธื’ืจื˜ื ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ- 


{ ,ืืœื™ื", 32-31, 

5 ื–ืข ,ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืžื•ืจื‘ึผืœืึทื˜ ื“, ืึธืจื™ืขื ื˜ืก", 8, 124, 

* ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื•ึผ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืžืึธืจื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1655 ืื™ืŸ. ืคึผึฟืจืึธื’, = ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ 148 ืื•ื™ื ืคืจืึทื ืงืคื•ืจื, ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืคืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ืฒืŸ ืžืฆื ื” ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจื‘ึผืœ, ื“, ืึธืจื™ืขื ื˜ืก", 1840, 332, 





202 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขื•ื•ื™ื–: ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืชึผื•ืจื”. ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœืŸ ืงืขื’ื ื–ืึทืฅ ืฆื• ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืœ- 
ืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื•ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ , ืงืจืข ืฉื‘ึผืœื‘', ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฆืขืฉืคึผืึธืœื˜ื ืงืฒื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืขืฐื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืกืคื™ืงื•ืช. ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืืฒื™ื ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืขืงืฉื ื•ืชื“ื™ืง ืงืึธื ืกืขืงืฐืขื ื˜. ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืž- 
ื‘ึผืจื—ืžื ื•ืชื“ื™ืง ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ื’ื•ืคื, --- ืึทื–ืฑื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ืขืœ- 
ืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืฐืขืœื˜-ื‘ึผืึทื ืขื. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ืžื”, 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืก ืคืœืขื ื˜ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืึทืจืฑืกื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืงื•ื ืกื˜-ืคื™ื™ื ืข 
ืคึผืจืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืืจื™ื” ื“ื™-ืžืึธื“ืขื ื -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจืึธืงืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืขื•ืœื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืกื˜ืŸ ืขื•ื ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืฆื• ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืชึผืคื™ืœื” 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ืžืข ืžืขืฉื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœื™ื“ืจืฉืŸ ืขื–ืจื™ื” ืคื™ื ื•, ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึท- 
ืกืขืจ ืคื•ื ื˜ ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืขืจืŸ ื“ืจื•ืฉ-ืกืคืจ , ื‘ึผื™ื ื” ืœืขืชึผื™ื" 1 ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฆืขื ื“ืคื™- 
ืงืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืึธืคึผ ืขื–ืจื™ื” ืคื™ื’ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ืŸ ืคืึธืจื’ื™ื™ืขืจ, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžื•ืก- 
ืงืึทื˜ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื’ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื“ ืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื - 
ืฆืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืึทื˜ืžืึธืกืคืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืฉื•ืช- 
ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคึผืจืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ืกืงืื˜ื•ืก ืžืฉืœื™ื ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืึทืจื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึทื˜ืึธืก, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื•ื–ื™ืง, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ืจืึทืช-ื”ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื”ืึทืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ,,ื’ืขื˜- 
ืœืขื›ืŸ ืคึผืœืึทื˜ืึธืŸ'', ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืฉ --- ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ืคื™ืœื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ึผื ืกืœื•ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืจืขื ืขืกืึทื ืก-ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ืฆื• ื’ืจืขืœืข ื–ืึทืค- 
ื˜ื™ืงืข ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืŸ, ืฆื• ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ืงื•ื ืกื˜ืคื•ืœืŸ ื–ืฉืขืกื˜. ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึดึผื™ืœืจ ื•ืขืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ื’ื•ืก ,, ื‘ึผื™ื ื” ืœืขืชึผื™ื''. ืคืึทืจ ืึทื™ื™ืš ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืึท ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ-ื“ืจืฉืŸ 
ืคื•ื ื ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉ-ืคืจืื ืฆื•ื™ื–ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื ื™ื˜: ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ื™ืจื ืฉืžื™ื, ืึท ืคืึทื ืึทื™ 
ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื•ืคืจ-ื–ืึธื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืขืจ ืžืฉื ื™ื— ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ืžืงื™ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืฐื•ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืฐ: ืขืก ื”ืึทื ื“ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ 
ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืข ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžื ื”ื ื™ื. ,,ื ืœืฑื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™, --- ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ 
, ื‘ึผื™ื ื” ืœืขืชึผื™ื'', ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ื ืœื™ืง ื‘ึนึผืึทื™ 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉืŸ. ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื”, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ 
ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ, ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืคืึทืœืฉ, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ 
ืคืึทืจืึทื ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑื™ื ืก, ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ื–ืืœ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืžื•ื“ื” ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ืœื•ื™ื˜ืขื“ 
ืืžืช. ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™. ื—ื›ืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื”, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืขืคึผื˜ ื™ื ื™ืงื” ืคื•ื ื 
ืงื•ื•ืืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ -- ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืจื•ืš-ื”ื•ื, ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื™ืคื•ื“ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืช'"' * 


1 ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ืขื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ 1647. 

3 ,ื‘ึผื™ื ื” ืœืขืชึผื™ื', 2 }ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื ืช ื‘ืฉื›ืœ ื›ืœื” ืžื•ื˜ืขืช ืื™ืŸ 
ื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืืžืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืืžืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื—, ื–ื•ืœืชื™ ื—ื›ื˜ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื” ื”ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ืžืกื ื• 
ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื•ืฉืจืฉ ื”ืืžืช" (ืžื™ืจ ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืœืฑื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ื‘ึผืœื™ื ืขืจ ืืฑืกื ืึทื‘ึผืข, 1875)*. 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 233 


ื‘ึผื ื™, ืขืกืงื• ื‘ึผืชึผื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ึผืžืฆื•ื•ืช!'' -- ืœืขืจื ื˜ ืžื•ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื ืขืžื˜ ืื™ื™ืš 
ื™ืกื™ื˜ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜-ื˜ืื˜ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ื•ืก ื“ืจืฉื•ืช. ื’ืœืฑื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืจื ื˜ ืคื™ื ื•, ืฐืึธืก. ื–ืื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ึผืึทื ืจื™ื™ืคืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. - ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœืŸ 
ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ืึทืจืฃ 
ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืงืขืจืคึผืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืฉื”. ื“ืึธืก ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
-ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ, ื“ื™ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืžื“ืจื ื” ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืจื”ื™ืš 
ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืก-ืึทืงื˜, ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” 1. ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• 
ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืงืŸ ื ื’ืขื‘ึผืขื˜: ,,ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืข! 
ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื™ื™ืš ื˜ื• ืื™ืš ื‘ึผืขื˜ืŸ: ื”ื™ื™ื‘ึผ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื ื•ื˜ 
ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื ืก-ื•ื•ืขื , ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืคืึธืจ. ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื ืข ื™ื•ื ื ืข ื™ืึธืœืŸ 
ื ืึธื ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ -- ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขื‘ึผืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงืจื™ืฆื˜ ื•ื•ื˜ื˜ 
ื–ึตื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ื‘ึผื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ:. ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ืฉืข ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื˜ื•ื˜ 
ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืจ ืžืขืฉื™ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, ื˜ื•ื˜ ืชึผืคื™ืœื— ืฆื• ื’ืึธื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ ื‘ึผื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื›ื˜, 
ืฐืึธืจืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื›ึผื•ื— ืคื•ืŸ ืชึผืคื™ืœื” ืžื™ื˜ ื›ึผื•ื•ื ื” --- ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืึท ื”ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืฆึทื• 
;ืึทืœืข ืฐื™ื™ื˜ืึธื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ึผืขืกื˜ืข ื–ืึทืœื‘ึผ ืฆื• ืึทืœืข ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืŸ ืคื•ื ื ื”ืืจืฅ" 5. 


,ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื ื•ื™ื -- ืงืœืึทื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื™ื’ื• -- ืื•ึนืŸ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขืš ื“ื™ 
ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืคื™ื™ื’ืจ; ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 9ืœืขื  
ื•ืœืงืœืก, ืœื‘ึผื•ื™ืฉืช ื•ืœึทื—ืจืคึผื”, ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืคึผืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืื•ื™ื- 
ืฐื•ึผืจืฃ; ืึธืŸ ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืคื™ื™ื ื“, ื ื™ื˜ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฅ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข 
ืฉืžืขืจืฆืŸ 1; ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœืขืŸ --- ืฐืึธืจืขื ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
-ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธืคืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืึทื– ื ืึธื˜ืก ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ืึทืœึฟ- 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ *. ืฆื™ ื–ืขืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืคึผื™ืœื• ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ืึธื˜ืก ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขืจ? ืฆื™ ืื™ื– 
ื“ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ืขืงืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ; 
ืคื™ื™ื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืœื•ืช? ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’, ืึทื– ืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขื“ ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ื ื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžืืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืึทืžื™ืœ, 
ื™ื‘ึผืœื™ื ื“ืข ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื’ืจื™ื™ืคืŸ ืฐืึธืกืขืจืข ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ- 
ืคึฟื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข ืชึผื•ืจื”'" 5 


ื“ืึธืจืกืŸ, {||, 35-534, 

ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ 4ื˜ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืฉ, 

ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, |, 175 ื"ืึท, 

ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, |, 103, 136, 

5 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 12: ,ื›ื™ ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืื™ืฉื“ ื”ืืžืชืจ ืื•ืชื ืึฒืฉื‚ืจ ื”ื ืชืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ืก 
ื ืกืฆืคื™ื ื•ืžื—ื›ื™ื ื”ื˜ืฉืคื ื”ืืœื”ื™", 


*=+ ืคืŸ 02 66 


6 ื“ืึทืจื˜ืŸ, 156, 





234 , ื“"ืจ ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


,ืฆื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืึธ -- ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืึทื˜ืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ ืื‘ึผื™ื ื” 
ืœึทืขืชึผื™ื'' -- ืึท ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ื ื—ืžื”, ืฐืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืœืข ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืฅ 
ืฆืจื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืœืฒื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืก ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื– 
ืกื•ืฃ ื›ึผืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช --- ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื˜ืจื™ื™ืข ื“ื™ื ืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืคืึธืœืง? ืžื™ืจ 
ืึธื ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืื•ืžื” ื•ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืื•ื ื–. ื”ื•ื ืึถื‘ื™ื ื•, ื—ื•ื ืžืœื›ึผื ื•, ื”ื•ื ืืœื”ื™ื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข; 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื˜ืจื™ื™ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ; ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืจื‘ึผืึทืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื•ื ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืื•ื ื– ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืŸ. ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืžืœืš ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ืึธื ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื ื“ื™ 
ืžืœื›ื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฆื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ืึท ื‘ึผื–ื“ืžืœืš, ืึทื–ืฑ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื–, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ื™ืฉืจื?: ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื™ื– 
ืึทืœืข ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ --- ืœืขืจื ื˜ ืžื™ื™ื™ 
ืชึผื•ืจื”, ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืžืงื™ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืขื‘ืึธื˜ืŸ" 21 


,ืขืกืงื• ื‘ึผืชึผื•ืจื” ื•ื‘ึผืžืฆื•ื•ืช'' -- ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคื™ื’ื•ืก ืœืขื‘ึผื ืก-ื“ืขื•ื•ื™ื–. ืคื•ืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜:ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ. ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ืฆื• ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื–ืึทื›ืŸ, ืฆื• ืคื™ืœ- 
ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื™ืงืข ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืกืงืึทืจืึทื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืึทื–ืฑ ืœื•ื™ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฐืขื ืขืฆื™ืึทื ืขืจ ืื™ื ื 17ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื” -- ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœึฐืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ 
, ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืง'' ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื ืŸ ืคื•ื ื ืคืจื•ืžืขืŸ ืขื–ืจื™ื” ืคื™ื’ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ึตื™ื™ 
ื ืขืฉืึธื˜ืŸ ืคึผืขืš ืื•ืŸ ืฉืฐื•ืขื‘ึผืœ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื“ืจืฉื•ืช. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคึผืจืขื“ื™ืกืŸ, 
ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืžืชืจืขื ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช, 
ื•ื‘ึผืฉืขืช ื“ื™ ื›ึนึผืœึนื” ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ื—ื‘ืจื˜ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœ ืึทืจืฒืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื”ื•ื™ื– 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื—ืชื ืก ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ, ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืืก ืฉื•ืจื•ืชื•ื•ื™ื™ื– 
ื ื™ื™ื ืขืจื™ืงืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื ืึทืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื ื˜ืฆื™ืงื•ื ื’ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืคืจื•ื™ืขื• 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื˜ื•ืึทืœืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ืจื•ื ื ืขืŸ ?. ,,ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืขืขื– 
ื“ืึธืก ืฆื• --- ืจื•ืคื˜ ืคื™ื ื• ืื•ื™ืก -- ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืึทื™ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื–ื ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ, ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืึทื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ". 


ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึธืœื ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืึทืœ. ื“ื™ ืึทืฒื™ื ืฐื•ึนื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ื ื 
ืฐื•ืขื ืขืฆื™ืึทื ืขืจ ื ืขื˜ืึธ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ื˜- 
ื‘ึผื™ืจื ืขืจ ื ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ืฆื•ึน ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžื-- 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืคืึทืจื‘ื™ืงืข ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืกื™ืขืก. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื ืขื–ืขื•, 
ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืก'ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืฒืœื™ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืขื›ึผื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ-ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ื“ืข- 
ืžื™ื˜ื ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ื ื ื•ื•ืขื ืขืฆื™ื˜ื ืขืจ ืจืึทื‘ึผื™ื ืื˜ ืžืึทื“ืขื ืึท ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข. ืื™ืŸ 
ื˜ืืงืข ื•ื•ืขื ืขื“ื™ืง ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื›ึผืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืœืžืกื˜ืข ื™ื“ื™ืขื” 

1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื•/, 120 (ื“ืจื•ืฉ 55), 


5 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื“ืจื•ืฉ 64, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ "ืจืŸ 235 


ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ ื’. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขื–ืจื™ื” ืคื™ื ื• ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืขืœ-ื“ืจืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ืขื“ื™ืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ื—ืฉื•ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ื ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ื– 

ื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื ืขืฆื™ืึทื ืขืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื—ื” ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ึผื•ื™ื˜ ืึท ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ื‘ึผื ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื˜ืขืื˜- 
ืจืึทืœื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื™ืข ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืื•ื™ื- 
ื ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืขื•ืœื, ,ืงื™ื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื˜'' ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืšืจ- 
/ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืคื•ืœื˜. ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืจื•ืžืขืจ ืคื™ื’ื• ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื–ื™ืš; ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื™ื™ืขื ื˜ืขืื˜ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืืžืชืŸ , ืคืจืกื•ืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ืจื”"", ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฉื•"ืช ืฆื•ื ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจ, ืฆื•ื ืฐืขืจืึธื ืขืจ ืจื‘, ืฉืžื•ืืœ 
ืึทื‘ึผื•ึนื”ื‘. ืึทื‘ึผื•ื”ื‘ 2 ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืฉืขืจ. ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ื™ 
ืกื˜ืขืจ ืึธืจื˜ืึธื“ืึธืชืกื™ืข, ืึทืŸ ืึทืกืงืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžึทืงื•ึนื‘ึผืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืก 
ืคึผื™ื™ื ื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืชึผืขื ื™ืชื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืฐื™. ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืชึผื ืจื”, ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื‘ึผื•ื”ื‘ ื–ื™- 
ืคืืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื ืื— ืฆื• ืœื•ืกื˜-ืคืึทืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ื ืก ืื•ืŸ ืคื“ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืžืชืจืขื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ืื–ืึท ื ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื“ื•- 
ืฐื™ ื™ื”ื•ืจื” ืžื™ื ืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคึผืกืงื ื˜, ืึทื– ืื•ื ืคึผื•ืจื™ื ืžืขื’ ืžืขืŸ ืžืึทื‘ืŸ ืžืึทืกืงืึท- 
ืจืื“ืŸ ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืžืงื™ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืคื•ืŸ , ืžืจื‘ึผื™ื ื‘ึผืฉืžื—ื”+',. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ- 
ืคืึทืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืคื™ื’ื•ืก ืžื™ื˜ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจืขื ื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืฉื›ืึธืง-ืคืจื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทื‘ึผื•ึนื—ื‘. ,,ืื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ืงืจืึทื ืง ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืขื ืžืช-ื ืคืฉ --- 
ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืึทื‘ึผื•ื”ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ --- ื•ื™ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืžื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื•ืกื˜, 
ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืึทืŸ (ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ึผื•ื™ื˜) ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืึทืœืขืžืข: 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืคืืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืš-ืืจืฅ... ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 

ื–ื™ื ื“, ื‘ึผื™ื– ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ึนืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืึธืœืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื”; ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืžื—ื ื” (ื“'"'ื” ืื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ) ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืชึผื™ ื˜ืจื˜ื™ืื•ืช ื•ื‘ึผืชึผื™ ืงืจืงืกืื•ืช  *โ€ ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ื 
ืžืขื ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ. ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืชื“ื™ืงืข ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืึท- 
ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฑื™ืกื ืขืœืึทืกืขื ืข ื ืึทืกืŸ"ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข, ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื‘ึผื™ื– ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ, 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืชึผื•ืจืช ืžืฉื”. ,ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ ืึทื”ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– 
ื“ืขืจืฐืึทืงืกืขื ืข --- ืงืœืึธื ื˜. ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ืกืคืึธืจื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืจื‘ -- ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืฉืขืคืขืœืขืš? ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืขื•ื ืฉ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ 


ื• , 


ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืึทื”ื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ: ื–ื™ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื ืกื™ื•! 


1 ื–ืข ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ึผืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื ื“ ืื™ืขืฐืจืขื™ืกืงืึทื™ืึท ืœืขืžืึธืคึผื™ืก', 
3 ื‘ึผื™ืฆึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจืฉื™ื ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื‘ึผื•ื”ื‘ืŸ, ื–ืข ื–ืฒืŸ ื–ื•ื ื ืคึผืึธืจืจืขื“ืข ืฆื• ืื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ". 
: ;ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช", ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื‘', ืคึทึผืจืง ื‘', ื“ืฃ 14, ืขืž' ื‘', 

4 ื“"ื– ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ืจืงืŸ. ืื‘ึผื•ื”ื‘ ืจืขื“ื ืึทืœืฅ ื‘ึผืœืฉื•ืŸ ืจื‘ึผื™ื ืคึผืฉื•ื ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, 
ืฐืฒืœ ืขืจ ื ื•ืฆื ืืฑืก ื“ืขื ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืŸ ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง. 





236 ืจ"ืจ ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจ} 


ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืงื˜ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ื”ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื™ื‘ื•ืœ-ืคื”, 
ืฐืึธื˜ ืคืืจืกืžื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื ืคืฉื•ืช'' 1 

ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื›ืึทืจืึทืกื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ืข ืฉื˜ืจืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื›ึทึผืึทืœื“ ื ืึธืš ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึธืก ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืึทืกืงืขื˜ื™ืฉ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ื•ืืจ ืึทื‘ึผื•ื”ื‘ ืึทื™ื™ื ื’ืขืœืึทื“ืŸ (ืื™ืŸ 1680) ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืจื‘ ื”ื›ึผื•ืœืœ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืจื™ืง, 
ืื•ืŸ ืขื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื– 1094, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืข 
ืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ ืึทืœืก ืคื™ืจ-ืื•ืŸ-ืึทื›ืฆื™ืงื–ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ ื–ืงืŸ. | 

ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื˜ืฅ- 
ืจืึทืจื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ืคื•ืœืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ืฆื™ื™ื˜ --- ืžืฉื” ื‘ึผืŸ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื–ื›ื•ืชื. ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธืจืขื ืขืจ 
ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ืขืจ, ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืึทื (ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธืจืŸ ื‘ึผืขืจืš 1028), ื ืึธ- 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ื™ืฅ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึธื›ึผืขืจ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื™ื˜ืืค- 
ื™ืขื ื™ืฉื˜ืข ืงื•ืจื˜ื•ืจ-ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจืก -- ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ืขื“ื™ืก, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื“ื ืึธืš, ืคื•ืŸ 1679 
ื‘ึดึผื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ (1697) -- ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื ื˜ื•ืึท, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืœืึทืจืŸ 
ืึทืœึฐืก ืจื‘. 

ืžืฉื” ื–ื›ึผื•ืชื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึธื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืืคืคื˜ืขืจื“ืืžืขื“ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ,,ืžื“ืจืฉ ืขืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื". ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื›ื•ืชื ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืึท ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ืฆื• ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืงื‘ึผืœื”, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื™ื ,,ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ื ืกืชึผืจ' *?. ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขื ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืงืขื ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ,,ื—ื›ืžื”'' ืื™ื– ื–ื›ึผื•ืชึผื ืึทืฐืขืง ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืฑื–ืŸ *. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืขื ืขืจื™ืง, ื”ืึธื‘ึผื ื“ื™ืง ื‘ึผื“ืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืขื•ืœื” ืจื’ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืจื™ืŸื“ื™ืฉืจื? +. ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืกื™ืขื” ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืจืฅื™ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื’ืึธืจ- 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืœื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข. 
ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืง ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืขื ืขื“ื™ืง ืึทืœืก ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืง ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจืžืึทืŸ?, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื›ึผื•ึนืชื 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื•ืขืจืง -- ,ื™ืกื•ื“ ืขื•ืœื', ื“ืึธืืก 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื“ืจืื˜ืึทื˜ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืœื™ื ื -ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืคื•ื ื ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืคื•ืŸ 


ืื˜ ืื™ ื ื ื ื™ื™ 


1 ืื‘ื•ื”ื‘ื ืฉื•"ืช ,ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ", ื ื•ืž' 4, 

9 ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืข ืคึทึผืจื˜ื™ื - ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ื–ื›ึผื•ืชึผืืก ืคืึทืจื”ืึทืœืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืงื‘ึผืœื” ื•ืข 
ืคื”ื•ืœืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ", 223, 

5 ,ืื’ืจื™ืช ืจืž"ื–", 35, 

4 ืื•ื•ืœืื•, โ€ ืงืฉื ื”ื’ืจื•ืœื™ื". 1 

ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื›ึผื•ืชื ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึฟืึธืจืฑืกื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืคื™ื ื•ืก ื ื‘ึผื™ื ื” ืœืขืชึผื™ื' (1647) 
ืฐืฒื ื˜ ืขืจ ืึธืŸ, ืึทืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงืฒืŸ ืฐืขื ืœื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื ืฆื—ื™ื™ ื™ืึธืจ ืคืจื™ืขืจ, ืจื™ ืขืœืขื ื™ืข, 
ืฐืื˜ ื•ื›ึฐื™ืชื ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคื™ื ื•ืก ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, ืื™ื– ืคึผืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ืคื•ื ื•ืก {ืงื•ืœ 


ื“ื™ืš ื‘, 13--16, 


ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื™ืจืŸ 271 


ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืก ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื•ื ืึธืœ ืึทื ื˜ืœืึธืคึผืขื ืข ืžืึทืจืึทื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ืฅ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทืกื˜ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื ื™ื“ืขืจืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ึผืœื™ืง. ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืึถื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ 
ืคื•ื ื 17ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื” ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ึผืœื™ืง ื“ื™ , ืขื™ืจ ื”ืžืงืœื˜'' ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผื. 
ื ื™ืฉ-ืคึผืึธืจื˜ื•ื’ืขื–ื™ืฉืข ืžืึทืจืึทื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื ืขื’ืœื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืกืจืฒืกืŸ ืคื•; 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ืขืก ืฉืึทืจืคึผืข ื ืขื’ืœ. ื“ื™ ืื ื˜ืœืืคืขื ืข ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ 
ืคื˜ืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ื ื“ืึทื ืงื‘ึผืึทืจืงืฒื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื, ื“ืึธ= 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ืœืื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื 
ืคึผื™ืจืขื ืขืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ื–ืึทืžืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืคืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ. ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืจืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ 17ื˜ืขืจ ื™"ื”, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื”ืขืœ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื’ืœืึทื ืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืžื•ื• 
ืงืึทืœื“ืขืจืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธืžึทึผืข ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื ื -- ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ,, ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืข ืชืงื•ืคื”'' ืคืืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœืขืจ ื“ืจืืžืข. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ื”ืฉืคึผืขืก 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืึทืคึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื˜ืœืึธืคึผืขื ืข ืžืึทืจืึทื ืขืŸ. ื–ื›ึผื•ืชึผืื ืขืœ- 
ื˜ืขืจืขืจ ื‘ึผืŸ-ื“ื•ืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื˜ึทื’ืึทื‘ึผื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ. ืžืึทืจืึทืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืึทื ื™ื 
ืขื ืจื™ืงืขืก ื ืึธืžืขืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทื ื˜ืœืึธืคืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืึทื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืขืคื ื˜- 
ืœืขืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืžื•ื ื”, ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืคึผืึทืกื˜ 99 
ื“ืจืึทืžืขืก, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ึผื™ื‘ืœื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขืžืขืก. ืึท ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœื™ืฉืข ื“ืจืึทืžืฒ 
ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื›ึผื•ืชึผืืก ,ื™ืกื•ื“ ืขื•ืœื'' ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืืœ-ืคื™ื ื•ืจ --- ืื‘ืจื”ื ืึถื‘ื™ื ื•, 
ืฐืึธืก ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ืžื•ื˜ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผื ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ. ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืžืืจืื ื˜ื™ 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืœืึธืคืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ืข, ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ืข- 
ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจืฑืก ืึทืœืก ื˜ื™ืžื‘ึผืึธืœ ื“ื™ ื”ืขืœื“ื™ืฉืข ืคื™ื ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืชึผืจื—ืก ื–ื•ืŸ, 
ื“ืขื ืžื•ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืงืขืžืคืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืžืงืจื™ื‘ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื 
ื’ืœืฑื‘ึผืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื˜ืจืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ. ืื•ืžื‘ึผืึทื–ื™ื’ื‘ืึทืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ, ื•ืึธืก 
ืก'ืื™ื– ืึทื™ื™ื–ื ืคืขืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืœืฑื‘ึผืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืกืคื™ืงื•ืช 
ืื•ืŸ ืกืชื™ืจื•ืช. ืขืก ื’ืขืฉืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฐื•ื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ: ื“ืขืจ ื”ืืจื˜ืึทื ื™ืฉ ื ืึทื ืฆืขืจ, 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืขืคื˜ืŸ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ, ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ืŸ ืชืจื—, ืงื•ืžื˜ ืึทืจื•ืก ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืคื•ื• โ€ 
ื‘ึผืจืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงืืœืš-ืื•ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืจื™ืจื, ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆืขืฉืคึผืึธืœื˜ืขื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืคื™ืงื•ืช-ืคื•ืœืขืจ ื—ืจืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืึธื‘ึถึผืขืจ ืื•ึนื... 

ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืข ื’ืขืฉื™ืกื˜ืงื™ื™ืก 
ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื–ืŸ"-ื‘ื•ื™. ื“ืึธืก ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืจืึทืกื˜ืข. ืคืขืจื–ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื–ืŸ ืคืœื™ืกืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื™ื ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืœืึทื˜. ื–ื›ื•ืชื ื”ืืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืฐืขืจืฐืึธื’ื™ืงืขืจ ืึทืจืึทื‘ึผื™ืฉื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื˜ืจื™ืง, ืขืจ ื‘ึผื˜ื ื•ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ- 
ืคึผืึทืจ ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขืจื ืขืจ ืกืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผืจืฑื™ื–ื ื“-ืฉื ืขืœืŸ ืคื™ืจ-ืคื•ืกื™ืกืŸ ื›ืึธืจื™ื™, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขื“ืก 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืึธื ืขื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืžื ื•ื? ืจื•ืžื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื™ื ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ืจื’ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืข- 
ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’. ืœื™ื™ืจืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ึถึผืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจืฑืกื ืขืคืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ,,ื™ืกื•ื“ ืขื•ืœื'', ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ึผืขืจืœื™ื ืขืจ , ื’ืขื”ืึธื˜ ื ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืงื ืืคึผืข ื™ืจื™ืข- 


1 ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืžื™ื ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคึฟืึธืจืจืขื“ืข ืื™ืŸ 1874, 





238 ื“"ืจ โ€ ืฆื™ื ื‘;ืจื’ 


ืื™ืŸ ืžืขื˜ืจื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื–ื‘ึผื•ื™; ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื–ื›ื•ืชืืก ืคืขืจื–ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืก 
ืึทื–ืึท ืื•ืคืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขื ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืืœึทืข 
ืคึผืขืจืกืึทื ืึทื–ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื–ื›ึผื•ืชืืŸ ืึท ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ืฆื• ืกืึธึทื ืขื˜ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ 
ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื•ืคื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš, ื•ื™ ืขืก ืฉื™ื™ื ื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืื•ืŸ 
ืฆ'"ื‘ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ 99--36 ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืขืจ ื ื’ืขืžื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื–ืขืงืก ืกืึธื ืขื˜ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืขืจ ืจื•ื•ึดืง ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื•ื™ื™ืฉืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ืกืึทื ืขื˜ ืึท ืคืจืขืžื“ืŸ 
ืžืขืจื–, ืฐื•ืึธืก ื ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืขื ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืื™ื - 
ื”ืึทืœื˜. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžืžืฉ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื‘ึผืขืจืœื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืžืขืจืงื˜, 
ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืื˜ืจืขืคื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืขืจื– ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืœืึทื ื“ื–ืฉืขื˜ ืึทื”ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื 
ืคืึทืจื–ืขืŸ ืคื•ึนืŸ ื ืื•ืžืฐื•ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงืึธืคึผื™ืกื˜, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื‘ึผืขืจืœื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขื”ืึธื˜ 
ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขื ืžืึทื ื˜ื•ืึทื ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงื“ื™ืคึผื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื›ึผื•ึนืชึผืืก ื“ืจืึทืžืข, ื•ื’ 
ื“ืขืจ ืกืึธื ืขื˜ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ืกืคื” ื•ื™ 


ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึทื ื˜ืขืก 
ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ืœืขื›ืขืจ ,, ืงืึธืžืขื“ื™ืข'', ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื›ึผื•ืชึผื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืขืžืข , ืชึผืคืชึผื” 
ืขืจื•ืš'' (ื’ืžื•ื•ื– ืช! 11201210 6/80/ืช1) 2 ื“ื™ ืื™ืžืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” 
ืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื ื ืกื•ื–ืฉืขื˜, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื›ึผื•ืชืืก 
ืคึผืึธืขืžืข. ื“ืขืจ , ืชึนึผืคืชึผื” ืขืจื•ืš'' ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ืฒื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก 188 ืคื™ื ืคืฆื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข ืกืžืจืึธืคืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืึทืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ืกื˜ืจืืคืขืก ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึธืœื ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืŸ ืคื“ืจ; 
-ื, ื‘ึผื‘, ืื. ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืกื•ืฉืขื˜ 
ืึท ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœืŸ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ. ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื ื•ืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคืึธืœืงื- 
ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ,, ื—ื™ื‘ึผื•ื˜ ื”ื—ืงื‘ืจ'', ืึทื– ืฐื™ ื ืึธืจ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืžืงื‘ึผืจ ื“ืขื ืžืช ืื•ืŸ 
ืคึผืึทืจื“ืขืงื˜ ื“ืขื ืงื‘ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืจื“, ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ึผืขื ืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš, ืขืก ื“ืขืจ- 
ื•ื•ืื›ื˜ ื‘ื™ื– ืฆื• ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืคืขืจ ืžื“ืจื ื” ื“ืึธืก ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ื–ืฒืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืžืœืืš ื“ื•ืžื— 
ืงืคืึทืคึผื˜ ืึธืŸ 'ืื™ืŸ ืงื‘ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืžืฉืคึผื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืืขืžืข ื“ืขื ื—ื™ื‘ื•ื˜ ื”ืงื‘ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, 
ื–ื•ื™ ืขืก ื“ืขืจืฐืึทื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื ื•ื™ ืขืจ ืœื™ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉืŸ ืงื‘ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื‘ึผืึทืฐืฒื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืœื™ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืžืœืืฃ 
ื“ื•ืžื” ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžืฉืจืชื™ื, ื“ื™ ืžื—ื‘ึผืœื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึดืคึผ- 
ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ื ื’ื™ื”ื ื•ื. ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืขื“ ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืจืขืง, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืคื™ืจื˜ 
ืื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืžื”ืก ืžืฉืจืชื™ื ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื—ื•ื–ืง ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทืœื˜ืŸ 
ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืกืขืจืข ืขื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื ืึธื ื’ืขื ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจ 


ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืง ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื— ืžื—ื‘ึผืœ ื‘ึผืึทืฐืฒื™ื–ื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ื™ื ืขื ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืึทืœืข 


- 1 ื–ืข ืคื™ืกื•ืจ ืขื•ืœื", |ื˜ืืื™ 
2 ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขื ืขื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ 1715, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 20 


ื–ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืžื“ื•ืจื™ ื’ื™ื—ื ื•ื ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœึทืข ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ึนื™ื ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึธื˜ืŸ, ื’ืฅ- 
ืงืึธื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจืึธืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคึผืฒื ื™ืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืกื˜ืข ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื. ืžื™ื ื˜ 
ืึท ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืจื™ื ื’ืœืขืŸ ืึทืจื•ื ื“ึถืขื ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืž?ืื›ื™ ื—ื‘ึผืœื— ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข 
ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืขืจ ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœื˜---ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื˜ื•ื ื’, ืึธื˜ ืคืึทื ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึดืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ื“ื™ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืขืจ ืขื•ื ืฉ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื–ื™ื ื“. ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ 
ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืขืžืข 1. | 


ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ,ืชึดึผืคืชึนึผื” ืขืจื•ืš!' ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ื–ื›ึผื•ืชื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื™ื- 
ืžืขืจืฉืึทืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจื–ื ืงื•ื ืกื˜. ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืœืขื ืขืจืขืจ ืงื•ื ืฆื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื™ ืžืฉ; 
ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœื—ืจื™ื–ื™ ื ื•ืฆื˜ ื–ื›ึผื•ืชึผื ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืคื•ืœื˜ืขื ื™ืงืข ื˜ืขืจื–ื ื™ื"- 
ื’ืจืึทืžืขืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื–ืŸ ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜, 
ื ืึธืจ ื™ืขื“ืขืก ืžืึธืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืฒื˜, ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื ื•ืฆื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืก ืึทืœืข ืžืขื ืœืขื›ืข ืึทืกืึธื ืึทื ืกืŸ, ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขื ืงืœืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ืžื“ืขืจ. 
ืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืœื‘ึผืŸ-ืฉืคึผื™ืœ, ืืžืช, ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ึน ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื™ืขืจื•ื•ืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœืึทื ื’ืขืŸ- 
ืขืคืขืงื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื“ื˜ ืึตื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืฐืึทื›ื˜ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ืึถืคึผ ื“ืขื ืคึผื—ืจื™ืž- 
ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืึทื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจืื“ื™ืงืข ื’ื™ื”ื ื•ื- 
ืึธืคึผื ืจื•ื ื˜ืŸ, 


ื•ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื›ึผื•ืชึผืืก ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืงื•ื ืกื˜, ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ ื ื™ื ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืชืืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืœื™ื‘ึผืข --- ืฆื• ืžื™ืคื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ 
ื™ืงื‘ึผืœื”. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืึธื ืกื•ืฃ-ื›ึผืœ-ืกื•ืฃ ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืชืืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ. ื‘ึผื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื—ืœื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืก ืฆืคืช ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ืžืฉื” ื–ื›ื•ืชืืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืœื•ืจื™ืึทื ืขืจ ืงื‘ึผืœื”, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื’ื•ืคื ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืชืคืขืœื•ืช, ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑื™ 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืคืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืœื•ืจื™ืืก ืชึผืœืžื™ื“, ื—ื™ื™ื ืฐื™ื˜ืึทืœ, ื“ื• 
ื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืกื˜ืข ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืืžืช . ื–ื›ึผื•ืชึนึผื ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ืึทืœื™ืŸ 
ืึท ืงืึทื‘ึผืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉื•ึนืœ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ืขื“ื™ืง, ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื•ื”ืจ 


1 ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ื ืฃ ื™ืึธืจ ืึธืจื•ื ื ืึธื›ืจืขื ื—ื™ ื•ื ื•ืชืืก ืคึผืึธืขืžืข ืื™ ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง 
ื™ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ืžื™ืกื’ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื—ื›ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ึผืงืจื™ื', ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืื•ืœืžื, 
ืคึฟืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื™ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืชึผืคืชึผื” ืขืจื•ืš" ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืคึผืึธืขืžืข ,ืขื“ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš", ืื™ืŸ 217 
ืคื™ื ืคืฆืึธืœื™ืงืข ืกื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ, ืฐื•ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผื•ื™ื ืœืฑื ื“ืขืจ ื•ืขืœื‘ึผืขืจ ืžืขื˜ืจื™ืง ืฐื™ ื•ื ื•ืชึผืืก ืคึผืึธืขืžืข, 
ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื ืื•ืœืžื ื“ืขื ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ืฉื›ืจ, ืฐืึธื ืขื ื‘ึผืึทืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื“ื™ืง ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืžื•ื™ื. ืื•ืœืžืืก 
,ืขื“ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš" ื”ืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขื ืขื“ื™ืง 1744 ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื›ึทื•ืชึผืืก ืืชึผืคืชื” 
ื™ืขืจื•ืš" ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ึผืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืึทืžึถืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜, 

* ื–ืข ,ืื’ืจื•ืช ืจื˜"ื•", ื“ืฃ 42, ืขืž' ื‘ึผ': ;ื›ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ื˜ืจื—ืชื™ ื‘ืžืงืจื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ 
ื–ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื. ื“ื˜ืจื—ื™ื™ ื‘ืคื‘ืจื ืขืจ ื–ื›ื™ืชื™ ืœืžื ืžืจ ื ื˜ืจื ืžื˜ื” ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื›ืžื•ื”ืจ'ืจ ืืœื—ื ืŸ ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื ื 
:ื“ื ื—ื•ืจื ื•ื™ื’ืขืชื™ ื•ืžืฆืืชื™ ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื•ื‘ื˜ืจื—ื 'ืชื™ืจื” ืจื•ื‘ ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืจ' ื—ืฒื™ื ื•ื™ืกืืœ ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ื 
ื™ื’ื•ืคื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืกื•ืœืช ื ืงื™ืช ื•ื‘ืจื” ื•ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžื™ื•ื—ืจืช ื™ืจื™ืขืชื™ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจืช". 





240 ื“'ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื’ื‘ืขืจื’ 


(,, ืžืงื“ืฉ ืื“ื ื™'') 1. ืคึผืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ืึท ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจื‘ึผื•ืš ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืคืึทืจ ืงื‘ึผืœื” (ืฉืจืฉื™ 
ื”ืฉืžื•ืช), ืคืึทืจื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืงื‘ึผืœื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช 2 ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืจื˜ 

ื ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื•"ื•ื•ืขืงืก? ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืขืŸ ืกืคื™ืจื•ื—, 
ืฆืจื•ืคื™ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจืึธื‘ึผืœืขืžืขืŸ 5. ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืื™ื - 

ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืœื™ืคืช ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืŸ ืชึผืœืžื™ื“, ื“ืขื ืžืงื•ื‘? 
ื‘ึผื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื›ึผื”ืŸ.. ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื•, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื™ื“ืขื ื™ืึธืจ.ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื›ึผื”ื ืก ื—ืชื•ื ื”, ืคื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืึทืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืœืขื‘ึผื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืงื–ืืœื˜ื™ืจื˜ืข ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขืขื’ 
ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื•ื ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื ืึทื ืฅ ื‘ึผื•ืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืจืขืœื™ื ื™ืขื–ืข ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื•ืขืจื 

ืจื•ืจื›ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื™ื™ืŸ-ืขืจืึธื˜ื™ืฉืข ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ืŸ; ื“ื™ ืขืจื“ื™ืฉืข ืชึผืึทืฐื” ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ 

ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขื“ ืžื ื•ืœื ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืขืงืกื˜ืึทื–ื™ืฉืขืจ ืชึผืคื™ืœื— ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืขืจ ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช, ื“ื™ 

ื›ื™ื‘ืข ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ ื•ืขืจื˜ ืขื ื’ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืจืึทื ื’ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทืฒ 

ืจื•ื™ืฉื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืชึผืขื ื•ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืžืึธื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืงื™ื™ื˜. , 

ื–ึฐื›ื•ืชึผื ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ื”ื™ืžื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื•ื˜ื™ื*. ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ 

ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืึทื ืฅ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง ืคึผืืขื–ื™ืข. ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืงื•ื“ื-ื›ึผืœ ื“ืขื ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœ ืžื™ื˜. 

ืฆืจื•ืคื™ ืฉืžื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื’ืžื˜ืจื™ืื•ืช. ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“' ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื‘ึผืœื” 

(ืื‘ื™'"ืข) ืื™ืŸ ื ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœืขืจ ืคึผืึถืขืžืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ืืžืขืŸ , ืืœืฃ ืึทืœึฐืคึดื™ืŸ" 5, 

ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืขืก ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื˜ืฑื™ื–ื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื™ืขื“ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ึตื™ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš 

ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึทืœืฃ. ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืึทื ื™ืฉืข ืœืึทื ืข ืคื•ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืง, ื“ืขืจ ื ืœื•ืช, 

ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืึทืœืฅ ื‘ึผื™ื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ, ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืขืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื›ึผื•ืชึผืืŸ ื“ืขืž ื“ื™ื- 

ื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืฉืœื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ , ืึทืœืฃ ืืœืคื™ืŸ'" ืฉืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืžืœืขืŸ 

ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืกื˜: ,ื•ื•ื• ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื ืข ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ --- ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืืœืฆืข 

ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜?... ื’ืึธื˜, ื“ื• ืึทืœืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ! ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื 


ืคื‘ื™ื˜ืื’ืืฉื™ื˜ื•ืกื˜ืืจืขื™ื˜ืื™ื™ื™ืจื™ืจืจ ื“ื™ืจื™ ืงื™ื™ื™ื–ืจื“ืงื™ื“ื™. 


1 ืึท ืคึผืจืึทื›ื˜ืคื•ืœืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ืชืื ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื•ื—ืจ 
ื”ืึธื ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื–ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉื™ืขื˜ื ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื 
ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืึทื“, ื™ 

| 2 ื–ื›ึผื•ึนืชึผื ื’ึดื™ื ืฆ"ื‘ ืึธื ืฐื™ื™ื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื—ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืึทืจืฑืกืฆื•ื˜ืจืฒื‘ึผืŸ ืึท ,ื“ื™ื‘ึผื•ืง". ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืคืจื•ืจ 
(,ืื’ืจื•ืช ืจืž"ื•', 2, 24, 28 
ื™ 

8 ืึท ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•.ืฐื™ืขืงืกืœ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ืฐืึธืจื ืึธ ืื™ืŸ 4780 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ,ืื ืจื•ืช ืจืž"ื•". 

4 ืึท ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืฉื” ืึธื˜ื˜ืึธืœืขื ื’ื™ ืคึผืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืึทื (41712 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื™ื”ืŸ ืงื•ืœ ื—ื“ืฉ", ืืฒื ื™ืงืข ื–ื›ึผื•ืชึผืืก ืชึผืคื™ืœื•ืช ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทืจืฒืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื—ืฐืจ ืžื ื—ื’ 
ื›ืคึผื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทื ืึธืฐืขืจืก ,ืฉืขืจื™ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ'ื™ ืึท ื”ืึทื ื˜ืฉืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื–ืึธืžืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื›ื›ึผื•ึนืชืื 
ื”ื™ื˜ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืจืึธืŸ ื’ื™ื ืฆื‘ึผื•ืจื’ื ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ.ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ (ื ื•ื' 687, 4720 


5 ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึฟืื’ืจื•ื ืช ืจืž"ื•", 


ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ . 21 


ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ืŸ, ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืขืŸ ื•ื™ ื’ืขืคึผืฒื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื›ึผื™ื– ืฆื•ื ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืžืึท- 
ื˜ืขืจื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขืฆื•ื•ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืึทืฉึธืจื•ืช ืฆื•ึน ืงื ื™ืขืŸ, ืคืึทืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืคืึทืจ 
ืึธืคึผื ืขื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ืžืข! ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืจ ื’ื™ื˜ ื”ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืึทืจืฆืจืฒื™ืกื ื“ื™ืงืข ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉืžืึทื›ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข,,. ื“ืึธืก ื‘ึผื™ื˜ืขืจืข ื’ืขื™ืึธืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ืึท ืคืื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ึผืœื™ื‘ึผืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืžื ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ืž'ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืžืึทื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขืจืฑื‘ึผื˜,.. ื ื™ื˜ืึท ืžืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื›ึผื•ึนื— ืฆื• ืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ, ื”ืึธืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœึฐืฅ 
ืฉืžืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจ...'" 

ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคึผืึทืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื™ ื ืึธืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืข; 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ึผืฉื•ืจื” ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืฉื™ื— ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ ืฆื‘ื™, ืื™ื– ื–ื›ื•ืชื 
ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ืื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื‘ึผืึทื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื—ื™ืžื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืœืฑื‘ึผื’ืขื–ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืขืจ- ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ ื‘ึผื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื›ึผื”ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืœื™ื™ืš 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฐืขื ื•ื ื’ ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื• ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืื•ืœื”... 

ืื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื‘ึผื™ืกืœืขื›ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–, ื‘ึผื”ื“ืจื’ื”, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฉืงื™ืขื” 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืึทืฉืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื ืขืกืึทื ืก-ื ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉ- 

ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ื˜ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ึผื•ืฅ. ืึทืœืฅ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึทืงืกืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฉืคึผืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืข ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืึทืจื•ื™ืคื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ 

ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืžืคึผืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื ืœื•ืช-ืคืึธืœืง: ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื›ืกื ื™ื” 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืงื‘ึผืœื” --- ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืจืงื™ืฉ-ืคึผืึทืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื™ื‘ึผื•ืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืขืจ -- ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ืจืขื ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ื•ื ื  ืคื•ืŸ ืจืึทื›ึผื™ื ื™ื–ื -- ื“ืืก ืจื™ื™ื˜ืฉ- 
ืคึผื•ื™ืœื™ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ืจื ื˜ื•ื, 

ืฐื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจืก --- ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ, 


ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขืจื™ื‘ืœืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ , ืกืคืจ ืืžื ื”" 


= 
4 
ืื™ 
ื 
4ื• 













ื ืื™ 7 ืื”ื 














ืืฉ ืื™ 6 6 6 ืจ ื ื™ื™ . - 6 ืื™ ื™ืฉื™ ื™ื™ 
ืคืื” ืคืืค ืฆืืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ ื ื 
= 2 ื™ื‘ ื ื : 2 
= ื™ื• = : ืฉื™ , 
ืฒ : 8 ื™ -. : ืื™ ื { ื | : 
ื˜ึน : 3 = 1 2 : 5ืฆ ื = ื  
20 ื”ืืจ ื‘ื™ : + ืืจื™ ื™ื™ืŸ : : 
ืื™ ื : ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ 
: . = ื™ 53 ื 3 ืื™ - ืฉ ืž 
ื—. ื”ืฒ ื = ื™ืข ืื‘ 7 
: . = 
= : ื™ื™ : =+ ืืœ 
ื . : : 
. = 1 ื™ื˜ 
ื™ ื™ . =" ื™ 






ืฆ" 


ื–ืฆ 


ื•ื• ื ื‘ืœืจืจื“ื•ืช ืจ 


ืœื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื”ึด 

ืฆึธ 

ืืœ 


4 


ื‘ึฐืึฒ 
ืฉื”ื™ื™ื 


2 


ืฉ ื‘ื” ื™ื‘ื•ืฅ 


ื 
ืืœ ื, 5 * 


10! 


ื”ืืœ ื– 2 


6 
ืฉ 


, 
4 
ืื™ 
ื™ื™ 


ืฆื™ 


ื”ืฉึดืื™ื›ึฐืŸ 
5 
ื“ืก ืœื” ืชืชื™ืž ื‘ื™ ืœื” ืชื” ืœืขื– 


ื‘ ืœืขืจืช ื‘ื™ 090 


ื– 
ืื™ 
6 


4 


6ืฉึธื™ืœ /? 
5 


: 


ื–? ื 


5 


ื‘ืฑืจ 

ืจื‘ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฃ 
ื•ึผื‘ึฐืœื™ ืกึท 

ื•ืœ 





6 
, 


ืฆ 


8 








ื’ 
{. 


, 


ืจื ืฉืื‘ื™ื• 





6 


6 


ื‘ ื™ื– 
ืช ืฉึฐื 
ื—ึต 
ืžึทืก ื”ื™ื ืกื™ื‘ 
ืกึตื™ 
ื™ื‘ืจ 






1 


1 
ืขืœ 
ื”ืฉื•ืข 


ืฆ 
6 





* 

3 
ืจื– 
ื™ื‘ 


ื–ื™ 
2 





4 
ืจ 
: 


ื 





62 


4 


ืื™ : ืฆ ื 5 ื™ 1 ื 
- : ืืื™ืŸ ื™ื™ 
: : 8 : 
: ื( ื : ื™ : ื™ ื” ืื˜ ืจ ื 
ื™ ืคื ืื” ื– : : ื ืื ื‘ืื˜ 5 : ืืœ ืืœ . 
ื - ื™ื• ืฉื˜ 7 ื˜ืื‘ืืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืจ ื ืงืœืŸ. ื : ื ืื˜ ืื” ื1 ื 1 
= ื ืื 6 ื 26 ืื‘ ืื”ื 6 ืืื˜ -ืืื” 6 ืืœ ืฉื ื˜ืื’ ื–ืฆ ืื–ื ืืื˜ืืืืืื™ ืื˜ื ื˜ื ..., ืœื˜ ื’ืื˜ ื˜ื™ืง 1 


ื•ืขืงืกื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ 


ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื˜ืึธืžืึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืœื•ื›ื” 





5 
: 3 
ื’ื™ 
= ื™ื“ 
: 6 
: ื”ืืจ 
: | 8 
= 
ื”ื 
+ 
5 

ึธ 

ืขื™ 





1 4 ;ื•ืคืขื˜ื™ืกื•ื‘ืงื˜ื•ืช (ืžื™ื‘ื›ืฆืŸ- ื–ืื™ื‘ื” 
ืืœื• ื•ืชื™ ื“ื’ * ืœืฉื‘ื—ืœืืœ ืืœื•ืจื’ 
4 ื”ืจื•ืช" 2ืฉ-ื”ื•ืชื•ื›ื– ื™ื ืฉ 4 


ื™ื™ื ื ืื˜ 
3 ืืก ื™ื• ื˜ืกืขื‘ 5ืื ืขืœ : 
. * = ืฉื ื 














ื—ื ื ืกืฉืœื ื ื‘ืŸืจื‘ื™ื ; ืœื˜ ื 
, ื”ืœื•ืข ื”ื”ืฃ ื™ืฉืœืžื”ื ื’ื™ืจื•ืœ' ื”ื’ื˜ 22 
ืชื—ืจ ืื˜ืจื”ื˜ | ืขื•ืจื ื”ื‘ืก ื”ื”ืฃ. {ืืŸ - 
ื˜ืขื” ื”ืœ = ื—ื ื’ืชืœ'ืก ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช - ื / 
-ืื”ื‘ืงืžื‘ืžืœืื’ ืชืžื•ืงื•ื™ื˜ืชืชื ื˜ื•ืืจ. ' 
2 ื”ื•ืืช * ืื™ืฉ ืขืจ ืจื’ืœื•ื›ืฉืžื•ืชื *- | 
07 ื•ื™ ืœื‘ืžื•ืจื”ืชื™ื—ืชื ืกื‘ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ื–ื™ื”ื˜ 1 
ื™ื• | | ;ืขึธืจ ื‘ื ื’ ืžืคึฟืจื“ ื”ื™ื•ื’ืฆื™ืืช ื–ืฉืฆืข"2. 
{ ืฆื•ื™ื!- ื•ืž'ืจื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื ืงื˜ื•ืช ื - 
ื•ืžื•ื’ืžื•ืš ื™ื™ ืŸ, 


ืฉื•ืื™ ืืจื™ 
6 





ื”ื• ื–ื™ื”ืขืœื˜ื•ื 
ื”ืกืคืจืจื™ื ื•ื–ืฉื™ืžืขืื• . ืžื™ื•ืกื•ื“ื™ืก., * 
ืœืืจื ื™ืคื•ื‘ื˜ื ื›ื›ื•ื•ื™ ืขื” ื•ื‘ื•ื ืžื”: ืืข . 
ืขืจื™ื•ืŸ". ื ืคื›ืช ืฆืขืงืจ. 0 
ื•ืžื–ื•ืงื™ืก ืืจื™ 


:ื 





ื™; : , ื‘ืงื•ืฉื˜ืื ึฟื™ื ื” - 
ื™ื™ '. ื“ื’ืชื•ืขืกื ืžื ื›ื‘ื• 

: ื”ืš ื–ื˜ื™ืœื˜ืŸ ืฉื•ืœืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืข ', 
/ ื™ืข ื ืชื ืฉื ืžืจืžื•ืชื• ื‘'ืžื•ื•ื‘ื™ืžื• 
- -= =ืคึทืฉืข ื“ื—ื™ื“ ื•ืฉื•ืืก ื•ืฉื ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื˜ื•ื– ;) 
== ื’ืื” ื’ืŸ ื™ื•ืœ 0 


ื™ 2 











ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขืจื™ื‘ืœืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ-ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ , ืฉื™ืจื™ื 
ื•ื–ืžื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืชืฉื‘ื—ื•ืช" 


ื–ืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ 4ื”3 


ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ 


ื“ื™ ื’ื™ื ืกื˜ื™ืงืข ืœืึทื’ืข ืคืึทืจ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื˜ืึธื˜ืึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืœื•ื›ื”.--ื™ืฆื—ืง ืฆืจืžืชื™ื 
ืื•ื™ืคืจื•ืฃ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื™ืกืฉืข ื™ื“ืŸ. -- ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœืข ืื•ื™ืคืœืขื‘ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ื ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉืŸ 
ืงื™ื‘ึผื•ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืงื™ื™. -- ื“ื™ ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืžืคื™ืฆื™ ื”ืฉื ืœื” ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒื™ืขืจ ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ืคืึทืจ 
ืึทื ืจื”ื ืื‘ึผืŸ ืขื•ืจืืก ืฉืึธืคืŸ, -- ื“ืขืจ ื•ื™ื›ึผื•ื” ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ ื‘ึผืŸ ืžืœื›ึผื™ืืœ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื›ื•ืžืžื™ื™ื ื•. -- ื›ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื• ืึทืœื ืื•ื™ืคืงืœืขืจืขืจ, -- ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœืžื•ืจืขืœืข ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข ืืฑื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืข ืงืึทืจืึทื™ึดื˜ืขืŸ. -- ื“ื™ ืงืึทืจืึทื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข 


ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ึนึผืœื‘ ืึทืคึผืขื ื“ืึธืคึผื•ืœื•ืก ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฐืขืจืง , -- ื“ื™ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืงืขื ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืงืึทืจืึทื™ึดื˜ืขืŸ; ื“ืขืจ ืื—ืจื" ืึทืœื ืงืึทืžืคืก.ืžื™ื˜ืœ, -- ืืœื™ื—ื• ืžื•ืจื—ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ื˜ืข, 
ื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื, -- ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืœื™ ืกืคืจื“. 


ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืึทืœืขื ื˜ืคื•ืœืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ,0005012082', 
ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืื•ืกืงืข, ืฐืึธืก ืจืขื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ืฐื™ื™ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืจืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฆืึธืจืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืข ืžืขืฉื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ืข, ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ืคึผืึทื˜ืึธืก ืึท ื™ื•ื‘ึผืขืœื ื“ ืœืฑื™ื‘ึผื’ืขื–ืื ื’ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืขืจ, ืžื•ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืžืึทื›ื˜ --- ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ืขืจืงื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืœื•ื›ื”, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ื’ื•ืืœื“ื™ืงืข ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ื ื•ืช ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ 
ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืข. | 

ื˜ืขืจืงื ืœืึทื ื“ ! ื“ื• ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข, ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืง-ื‘ึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื™ืžื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืึทืฉืŸ 
ื“ื™ืš ืึทืจื•ื! ื“ื• ืฉืขื ืงืกื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืง ืจืขื˜ื•ื ื’ ื•ื™ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืก 
ืฐืึทืกืขืจืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื‘ึผืื˜ืขืœ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื ืึทืงืึธืจืฉื˜ 
ื‘ึผืึทืคืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง. ื™ืขืงื‘, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืœืก ! ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื˜ืขื’, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืžืฆืจื™ื 
ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ, = ืึทื–ืฑ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฐืึทืจืฃ ืึทืœืข ื“ื™ื™ื ืข ืคื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืจื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ื˜ื™ืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ื ื ื™ื; ืฐืึธืจืขื ื“ืึธื—ื˜, ืื™ื ื ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ื ื™ื™ืขื ืœืึทื ื“, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ 
ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ึผืจื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื˜ื–ืขืœื™ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ. ืคื•; ืคืจื™ื™ื”ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืง. ื“ืึธ ืงืขื ืกื˜ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืึธืคึผืฐืึทืจืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืข ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ, ื“ื™ 
ืขืงืœื”ืืคื˜ืข ืžืึทืกืงืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื ื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืฐืึทื ื’ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ื ืœืึทื ื“ ืคื•ื ื ืคืึทื ืึทื˜ื™ืฉ-ื’ืจืฑื–ืึทืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืžื‘ืจื—ืžื ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืŸ | ืื•ืŸ 
ื ืงืžื”-ื“ื•ืจืฉื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืคืึธืœืง. ื“ืึธ ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ื• ืื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื ื™ื™ืขื ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ; ืึธืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืจื™ื™ ืฐืขืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืœืฑื‘ึผืŸ, ืฆื•ื ื’ืœืฑื‘ึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื ืข ืึธื‘ื•ืช, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจื“ ื’ืขืฆืฐื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื ืข 
ื’ื™ืคื˜ื™ืงืข ืคื™ื™ื ื“. ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืื™ื ื ืœืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื ืข ืฉื•ื ืื™ื, ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ื’ืขืฐืึทื ื“ืœื˜ 

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246 ืจ"ืจ ื™. ืฆื™ื’ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ืฐื™ ืึท ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ; ื“ืึธ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืจืขื ืฉื•ืฅ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืžืœื•ื›ื”, ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื ืึธื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคื“ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ื™ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืœื™ื™ื–ื•ื ื’"?. 

ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฆืข ืกื•ืœื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืจืฆื˜ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื–ืึทื ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ืžืคึผืขืจื™ืข ืื•ื™ืื™ 
ื’ืขื‘ึผื•ื™ื˜ ืจื™ ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื˜ืขืจืงื™ืฉืข ืžืœื•ื›ื”, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ืฒื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ, 
ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ื’ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืึทื˜ืึธืžืึทื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื™ื– ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ืงืก ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉืฐื•ืขืจื“ -- ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง ืžืกื•ื’? ืฆื• ื‘ึผืึทืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืึทื ื“. ืžื™ื˜. ื”ืึทื ื“ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจืงืฉืึทืคึผื˜ืŸ. 
ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืœืฉื˜ืึทื ื“, ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืžืขื ื™ืฉืข 
ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจ" 
ื“ืขื›ึผื˜ื™ืง, ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ืงืึทื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ. ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืกื•ืœื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐื•ื ื˜ืฉืขื ืขื ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜ ืคืึทืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืจืžืึทืœืขืจ ืฐื™ืจื˜ืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ืฐื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒื™ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืžืœื•ื›ื”, 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขืš ,, ื‘ึผืจื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื˜ื–ืขืœื™ืงื™ื™ื˜'' ืคืึทืจ 
ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืข ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉืข ื ืขื–ื ื“ื ื™ืงืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืขื™ืฉืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ. ื•ื™ ื ืึธืจ ืžื•ื›ืึทืžืขื“ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื™ื™ื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืึทื ื˜ื™ื ืึธืคึผืึธืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ืœื™ื™ืš ืžื‘ื˜ืœ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ื‘ึผืึทื ืจืขื ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืจื™ ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ. 

,ืื™ื ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื ื™ืจื•ื ื’ --- ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข- 
ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ---ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื•ื›ืืžืขื“ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืจื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืœืึทื ื“: ื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื•, ืื™ืจ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐื•ึนื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžืœื•ื›ื”... ืขืจ ืขืก ืฐื•ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื™ื™ืš --- ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื–ื™ืจืขื’ื™ืจ 
ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ื–ืึธืœ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืึถืœึฐืง ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื™ืกืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืžืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ืœืึทื ื“". 

,, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ -- ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข-ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืขืจ --- ืึท โ€ ื’ืฐืึทื›ื“ื™ืงืข ืฆืึธืœ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ืœื˜ืึทืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ 
ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืึทื ื˜ื™ื ืึธืคึผืึธืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ื›ึผืึทื–ืขืฆื˜... ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ึผื•ื™ืขืŸ ืฉื•ืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืชึผื™ื™ืžื“ื“ืฉื™ื, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ืœืขื›ืŸ ืคึผืึทืœืึทื™ืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ืจื™ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืŸ: ืื™ื™ื ืขื 
ืคืืจืŸ ืžื•ืกืœืžืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืžื•ืคื˜ื™, ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืึทื˜ืจื™ืง (ืคึผืึทื˜- 
ืจื™ืึธืจืš) ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืจื‘, ื•ืึธืจืขืก ื™ืขื“ืขืก ืคืืœืง ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฉื ื—ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืจืืฉ. ื‘ึผืจืืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื–ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ื– ื ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืจื‘ ืกืžืฉื— ืงืึทืคึผืกืึทืœึดื™ 1. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืœ ืื™ืŸ 


1 ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืžืฉื” ืงืึทืคึผืกืึทืœื™ -- ืฐืฒึทืžืขืจ, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื“ืŸ 241 


ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืœื˜ืึทื ืก ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื•ืคื˜ื™ืก ืฉื˜ื•ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ืœื˜ื˜ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื ืื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ึผ ื’ืขื”ืื˜", 


ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืึธื˜ืึธืžืึทื ื™ืฉืข ื—ื™ื™ืœื•ืช ื“ื™ 
ืฉื˜ืจืึธืฃ-ื“ื•ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜, ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื–ืขืจื ืข ื”ืึทื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ 
ื“ื•ืจื›ืฆื•ืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืžึทืฉืคึผื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ,,ืื“ื•ื",, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทื™ื™ื ื’ืขื˜ื•ื ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื“. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืš- 
ืงื™ืฉืข ืกื•ืœื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึธืฆืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ื ,,ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ'' ื›ึผื•ืจืฉ, ื“ืขื , ื ืึธื˜ืก 
ื’ืขื–ืึทืœื‘ึผื˜ืŸ',, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ ื’ืขื’ืœืฑื™ื‘ึผื˜, ืึทื– ื‘ึผืจืืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืจืงื™ืฉืข 
ืงืจื™ื’ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื–ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืœืืš ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืค ื‘ึผื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ื•ื‘ึผืขืฆืžื•ื• ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื‘ึผืœืฑื™ื–ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜, ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื ืขื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ,,ืงืฅ'' ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•- 
ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ืฐืขื  ืคืืจืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืžืฉื™ื— 1. 


ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
ื’ึดื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื ื ืึทื ืฅ ื‘ึผื•ืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ืจื™ืฃ ื•ืฐื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืจื•ืฉื, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืืฑื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืื•ืก ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืข ืึทื ื˜ืœืึธืคืขื ืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื‘ึผืจื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืงื™ื™. ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื˜, 
ืงืœืžืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ื›ึนึผื”ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฐื•ืึทื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืœืึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืœืึทื ื ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืื ื˜ื ืึธืคึผืึธืœ. ื–ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื ืชืคึผืขืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ โ€ ื“ืขื 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืกืคืง ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ: ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืงื™ื™, 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœืข ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืึทื”ื™ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืœืข ืฉื•ื•ืขืจื™ืกื™ื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื ื’ืขืคืึทืจืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ื ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขื 
ืœืึทื ื“ืกืžืึทืŸ, ื™ืฆื—ืก ืฆืจืคืชื™, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืœืึธืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ืฒื™ื˜ืฉืœืึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืึทื ื˜ื™ื ืึทืคึผืึธืœ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืึธื ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ 
ื ,ืงื•ืœ ืงื•ืจื!' ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ , ืฉืืจื™ืช ื”ืคึผืœื™ื˜ื”'" -- ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ึผืขื ืข 
ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื 
ืจื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืžืืจืง, ืžืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื ืึทืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื•ื™ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš 
ืขืก ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื˜ืึธืžืึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืœื•ื›ื”. ืฆืจืคืชึผื™, ื ื™ื™ื“ ื ืœืžืจืŸ 


+= 


ืื•ืŸ ืึท , ื‘ึผืขืœ? ืœืฉื•ืŸื™ 5, ื”ืึธื ื–ึดื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืœืึทื ื’ ื‘ึผืขื˜ืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจ- 








1 ื–ืข ืฐืขื ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืฒืœืึทื ืข, ื ื•ื! 8, 


? ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื›ื•ืžืžื™ื™ื ื•, ื‘ื™ ืฐืขืžืขืŸ ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ืฉ ืึทืกื˜ืจืึธื ืึธืžื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืึทื˜ืข. 
ืžืึทืžื™ืง, ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืืฑืฃ ืžื™ื™ืžื•ื ื™ืก ,ืžืœืช ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ", ืึทื– ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ 
ื”ืึธืก ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืกืคึผืขืฆ'ืขืœ ืœื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืงืฉื” ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืŸ ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ ืฆืจืคืชื™ ,ืขืœ 
ืฉืืœืชืš ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ื”ื ื”ืžื“ ืจ' ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™, ื›ื™ ืžืื– ืืฉืจ ื‘ืืช ืืœื™ื ื• ืžืงืฆื•ืช ื”ืืจืฅ, 
ืจืื™ื ื™ืš ื•ื”ื™ื™ืช ื—ื›ื ื‘ืชืœืžื•ื“, ื•ืงืจืืช ืขืžื ื• ื’ึดื ืžื— ืฉืงืจืืช ืžืกืคืจื™ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื”,,," 


248 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื‘ื‘ ืขืจื’ 


ืคืึทืกื˜ ืึท ืœืึทื ื’ืŸ ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื•, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืžืœื™ืฆื”ื™ืกื˜ื™ืœ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื ืฆืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืœืึทื ื“ . 


,ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืฆืจืคืชื™, ื“ืขืจื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื– ืึทื™ื™ืขืจืข ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ืขืŸ 

ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืคืฆืŸ, ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืฆืจื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ... ืื™ืš ื”ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื™ืึทืžืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ึผืจื™ื“ืขืจ... ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ื–ืึทืžืข ืื•ืžื” ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื“ืจื™ืงื ืึธืŸ 
ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ืื•ื™ืกื“ืขืจืฐื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง... ืืฑืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ึผื•ืžืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœื—ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื, ืืฑื™ืกืฐืึทืจืฆืœืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืจืึธืก 
ื ืขืจืขื›ืขื ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืžืขืงืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืึทืœืฅ ื ื™ื™ืข 
ื’ื–ื™ื“ื•ืช ื˜ืจืื›ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืก, ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื”ื•ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทื™ื™ืš ื‘ึผืจืขื’ื ืขืŸ.. 
ื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื•, ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ึผืจื™ื“ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืขืฆื”, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืึทื™ื™ืš ื ืขื‘ึผืŸ! ืื™ืš ื‘ึดึผื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืœืึทื ื“ ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืข ื•ื‘ึผื ื™ื ืชึผื•ืจื” ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜. ื‘ึผื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผื•ืจื˜ืกืœืึทื ื“ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืžื™ืš ืจืขืจ" 
ืœืึทื ื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ึถืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ึผืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืงื™ืฉืŸ ืœืึทื ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคื™ืœ ืžื™ื˜ 

ืึทืœื“ืขื ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื“ื ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืจื• ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืง, ืขืก ืงืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื™ืš 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœึฟืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•... ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐื•ึนื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืœืื ืจ, ื–ืึธืœื˜ 
ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื ืฆืขื ื˜:ื—ืœืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืกื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ื’ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื ืข- 
ื‘ึผืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื“, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืฉื•ืขืจื™- 
ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื–... ื“ืึธ, ืื™ื ื ืœืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืจืงืŸ. 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ึดื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื‘ึผืึทืงืœืึธื ืŸ: ืกื™ืจ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื™ืฆืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคืึทืจ- 
ืžื•ืขื ื ืก, ืคื™ืœ ื’ืึธืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืœื‘ึผืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื”ืขื ื˜, ืžืขืŸ ื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื’ื•ื ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ 
ื”ืึทื ื“?, ืจื™ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ื– ื‘ึผื–ื•ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคื•! 
ืื•ื ื– ืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ืจื•ื™ึทืง ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™. ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฆืฐื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืึทืœืง 
ืฉืึทื ื“ืฆื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื’ืขืœืข ื”ื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืœืึทื ื“, ืฐื•ึผ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืคืึทืจืžืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื ืงืœืœื”, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฐื•ืขืงื˜ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืงื ืื” ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื ื›ึผืœืขืจืœื™ื™ ื‘ึผื™ืœื‘ึผื•ืœื™ื, ืึทื‘ึผื™ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืœื“ ืฆื• ืจื•ื‘ึผืŸ. ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ, ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ึผืจื™ื“ืขืจ! ื’ื•ืจื˜ ืึธืŸ ืึทึตื™ื™ืขืจืข ืœืขื ื“ืŸ, 


ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื•ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื–ึผ ื ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื•ืฒื ืขืŸ ื ืข. 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ื”ื™ืœื•ืงื™ ื“ืขื•ืช, ื™ืขืœื™ื ืขืง, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืฆืจืคืชื™ืก ื‘ึนึผืจื™ื•ึผ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜. 
ืœืขื›ื˜ (ืงื•ื ืžืจืก ื ื–ืจื•ืช ืชืช'ื ื•, 24-14), ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืจื™ืฐ ืื™ื™ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ 13ืžืŸ ื™"ื” ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฒื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืฒืฆืฆื•ื’ืŸ, ื’ืจืขืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืจื™ื›ืฉื™ืง ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื™ืŸ, 
ืึทืŸ ื™ืขืœื™ื ืขืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ืžืขื•ืช ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜, ืจืขื›ื ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื•ึผ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉ-ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1454, ืžื™ืจ 
ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืจื™ืฐึผ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืคึผืึทืกื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขืกืœืขื›ืข ื™ืึธืจ ืึทืจื•ื ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื, 
ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืจืงืŸ ื”ืึธื ืŸ ืึทื™ื™ื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืึทื ื˜ื™ื ืึธืคึผืึธืœ, ื“"ื— ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ 7250 ื™ืึธืจืŸ. 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ืจืŸ 249 


ื–ืึทืžืœื˜ ืึทืฒืขืจืข ื›ึผื•ื—ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื–! ื“ืึธ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคืจื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืึทืฒืขืจืข ืฉื•ื ืื™ื, ื“ืึธ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ ืจื• ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ! | | 

ืฆืจืคืชึผื™ืก , ืงื•ืœ ืงื•ืจื'' ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ! ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืจื•ืฉื ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืข 
ื™ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืฆื•ื , ื’ืขื‘ึผืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ืŸ ืœืึทื ื“'', ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื•ืึท 
ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืคื•ื ื 18ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื—, ื“ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืข ืจืข- 
ื–ื™ื“ืขื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื ืคื™ื™ื ื“ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื–ืื ืฅ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืฐื™ ื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืžื’ื•ืœื ืค 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ืกืœืžืขื ื™ืฉ-ื˜ืขืจืงื™ืฉืŸ ื›ื˜ืึทืžื‘ื•? -- ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึท ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™- 
ืงืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐื•ึผ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœื˜ื’ืขื–ืขืกืขื ืขืจ ,, ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉืขืจ'' ืงื”ื™ืœื” 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ืœืจืขื˜ ืึท ื ื™ื™ืข ,,ืืฉื›ึผื ื–ื™ืฉืข'' ืงื”ื™ืœื”, ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืกื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ื“ื™ ื’ื™ื ืกื˜ื™ืงืข ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœ-ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ 
-ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ืคื™ืœ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ,,ืงื•ืฉื˜ื'' (ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืึทื ื˜ื™ื ืึทืคึผืึธืœ) ืื™ื– ื‘ึนึผืึทืœืš 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ื—ืฉื•ื‘ืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืข5 ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฆืขื ึฐื˜ืขืจ. ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึธืŸ, ืืžืช, ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืงื•ืจืฆืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ืื•ื™ืฃ 8 ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืงืึทื ื’, 
ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืœื™-ืชึผืงื•ืคื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืงื™ื™. ืขืก ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืึทืจื•ึนื™ืก 
ืžืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœื–ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ 
ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื ืขื“ืึทื ืง. ืžืฉื” ืงืึทืคึผื•ืขืึทื˜ื• ื”ื™ื ื™, ืึท ืคึผื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ! ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœื™ืขืจืงืœืขืจืขืจ, 
ื˜ืจืขื ืึทืจืฑืก ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ื” ื—ื•ืžืฉ ืึทืœืก ืคืจื™ื™ื“ืขื ืงืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืžื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื—ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื“ืขื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ,,ืงืจืžื•ื ื™ื, ื“ื™ 
ืึทื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ืข ืืฑื˜ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ ?. ืฆื•ืึทืžืขืŸ ืคื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ื– ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืœื–ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ึผืŸ ืืœื™ื”ื• ืฉืจื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื–ื”ื‘ ?. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงื•ื ื”"ืฉื 
- ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคึผื™ื•ื˜ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. ืึท ืกืš ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคึผื™ื•ื˜ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืึทืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžื ื—ื  ืจืžื  ื™ื *. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ึนื™ืš ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉื ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืึทืกื˜ืจืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ืึท ื”ืขื‘- 
ืจืขื™ึดืฉืข ื’ืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ืง ,, ื—ืฉืง ืฉืœืžื”", ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืึท ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืชึผื•ืจื”, ืื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ 


1 ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืงืึทืคึผื•ืฆืึทื˜ื•ืก ืคึผื™ื•ื˜ื™ื ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื. ื”ืึทื ื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ (ืžื ื”ื  
3ื)", ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืชื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื™ืคึผืžืึทืŸ:ืงื’ึธืœืขืงืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืข".ื‘ึผื‘ึผืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง, 


8 ืงืึทืคึผื•ืฆืึทื˜ื•ื ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืœืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ, ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื›ื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื™ื’ึฟื•' ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืึท ื–ืฒืขืจ. 
! ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืŸ ืคึฟืจืึทื ื˜ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ, ืฐื•ึผ ืงืึทืคึผื™ืฆืึทื˜ื•ึน ื˜ืจืขื ืึทืจืฑืก ืึทืœืก 
ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืฉืขืจ. ืจืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืžื‘"ืžืก ื—ื“ืจ (ื–ืข ื‘ึผื™ื™ืœืึทื ืข (ื ื•ื' 410 


8 ืฉืœืžื”ื ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ, ืึท ืชึผืœืžื•ึนื“ึดื™ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ื“ืจืฉืŸ, ื”ืึธื ืื•ื™ืš ืคึฟืึทืจืคึผืึทืกื˜ ืึท ืกืคึทืขืฆื™ืขืœ 
ืึทืกื˜ืจืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉ ืฐืขืจืง. 


4 ืฉืจ"ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืชื›ืจื ื—ืžื“', ืฉึธื• 28, ืฆื•ื ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ,ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจื’ืขืฉ ื™ื›ื˜ืข", 373, ืื™ื ื™ืงืข 
ืฉืจื’ื™ื:ื–ื”ื‘ืก ืคึผื™ื•ื˜ื™ื ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื•ื™ืš ืืฑื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜ืฉืจื™ืคึผื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ 
ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžื ื—ื’ ื›ึผืคื. ืฉืจื‘ื™ื.ื–ื”ื‘ืก ื•ื•ื™ืฆื™ืงืข ืคึผืึธืขื˜ืข, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื™ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืชืช ืคื•ื ื ืึฒืœืฃื™ื‘ึผื™ืช ืคื™ืจืŸ 
ืึท ื•ื•ื™ืฆื•ื— ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ืจ ื›ึผื”ื ื ืคืึทืจืขืคื ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ ืฆืฐืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื ื“ืจื™ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืœื™ืจืขืจ 
ืคื™ืŸ ืฉืจื‘ื™ืื™ื–ื”ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ (ืื—ื™ืืกืฃ, 1892). 





250 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ึผืขืจื’ 


ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืงืฉื” ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื—ืฉื•ื‘ืข ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ืขืคืขื 
(ืื•ืคื™ืฉื•), ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ื ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ึผืŸ ืขื–ืจืื› 
,ืคืคืจ ื”ืฉื" 1. 


ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืก ืฉืจื‘ื™ื˜ื–ื”ื‘ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึท ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื‘ึผืŸ ืขื–ื“ืืก โ€ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืื™ื– 55 ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืคืึทืœ, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืกืคืจื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
23 ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืขืจืกื˜ืข ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ 
ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืขื ื˜ืข ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืงื™ื™. ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉืจื‘ื™ื˜ื–ื”ื‘, ื ืึธืจ ืคื™ืœืข ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื ืจื•ื™ืก ื™ืจืึทืช ื”ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจื˜ ืื‘ึผืŸ ืขื–ืจืืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ืื•ืŸ ื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ 
ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืฉืจื‘ื™ื˜-ื–ื”ื‘ืก ื‘ึผืŸ-ื“ื•ืจ, ืฉื‘ึฐึผืชื™ 
ื‘ึผืŸ ืžืœื›ึผื™ืืœ ื”ื›ึผื”ืŸ. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื– ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืฐืฒื™ื’ื™ืง ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜. ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืึทืŸ ื‘ึผื–ื“ื“ื•ื•ืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื, ืึทื– ,ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืงื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืื™ื ื–ืœืขืŸ", ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ ื ื•ืคื ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื– ืื•ื™ืก ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ 
ื“ื•ืจืฉื˜ ื ืึธืš ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ. ื’ืขืฐืึทื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช 
ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ?. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืœื™ื™ืกื™ืง ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืœืึทืœื˜ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืคื™ืœืื™ 
ื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืœืึธื ื™ืง, ื ืึธืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ึผืœื™ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ึผืŸ ืขื–ืจื; ืขืจ ื ืขืคื™ื ื˜, ืึทื– ืื‘ึผืŸ ืขื•ืจื 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืœื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš , ืžืจืืฉื™ืช ื™ืžื™ ื”ื ื•ืœื”'', ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจ 
ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื•. ื‘ึนึผืŸ ืžืœื›ื™ืืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืคืืกื˜ 
ืึท ืœืึทื ื ืŸ ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื‘ึผืŸ ืขื–ืจืืก ,, ืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื'' *, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ 
ื™ืจืืช-ื”ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ ืฆื•ื ืึธื ื“ืขื ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืŸ ืคืคืจื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื 
ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธืœืขืžื™ืฉืŸ ืฐื™ื›ึผื•ื— 


1 ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื“, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืจืคึผืึทืกืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆืฒื™ืœื ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒื•ื ืึทื’ื‘ 
ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื™ืึธืจ, ืฐืขืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงืฒืŸ ืขืคืขื, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขื™ 
ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื ืฐืขืŸ ืฉืจื‘ื™ืื™ื–ื”ื‘ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื. ื“ื™-ืจื•ืกื™ ืื•ืŸ ื ืจืขืฅ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืœืฒืขื ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจืขืคื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคืขืจื–: , ืฉื ืช ื”ื--ืกืคืจ ื’ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ื•ืืœ", ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจ, 
ืึทื– ืฉืจื‘ื™ืž.ื•ื”ื‘ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงืฒืŸ ืขืคืขื ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืจ"ื, ื“"ื” ืื™ืŸ 1500. ืฉื˜ื™ื ืฉื ืฒื™ื“ืขืจ 
(;ื”ืขื‘ึนึผืจ, ื‘ื™ื‘ืœ,", ืฐื•ืฉ, 28), ื”. ื™, ื’ื•ืจืœืึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“. โ€ ื›ึทึผื”ื ื (ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืจืจืขื“ืข ืฆื• 
ืฉืจื‘ื™ืž.ื–ื”ื‘ืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ.ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’) -- ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืœืฒืขื ื˜: ื”ืืกืคื• ื’ื•ืœื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื“ืึทืžืข 1286, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื• ืึธื‘ึถึผืขืจ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืœืฉ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืฉืจื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื–ื”ื‘ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธืจืŸ ื‘ึผืขืจืš ืื™ืŸ 
0 ื•ื–ืข ืจืฐืึทื ื™ืก, ,ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื™ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืชื•ื’ืจืžื”', | 32) ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืืจื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš 1502. 52 
ืื™ืŸ ืงืœืึธืจ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจืขืคื ื“ื™ืงืข ื“ืึทื˜ืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ; ื”ืืกืคื• ื ื•ืœื™ื--ื”' ืจืœ"ื•--1476, 

2 ,ืืžืจ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืœื” ืžืืจืฅ ืชื•ื ืจืžื” ืขืœ ืืจื™ ืžื“ืจืื. 
ืœืœืงื ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืžืจื™ ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืขื™ื ืฉื‘ืœื™ ื“ืขืช ื•ืžื•ืžื”, ื•ืื ื™ืœื“ื™ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื ื™ื› ื™ืœื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื›ืžื”. 
ื”ืœื ื ืขืจื” ื‘ื™ ืืฉ ื”ืชืฉื•ืงื” ื•ืืฉื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื™ ืœืฉื•ืกื˜ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืคืœื›ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืชืืจื— ืขื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ 
ื“ืจื›ื™ื" (ืคึฟืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืึทื˜ืœื‘ึผื•ืš ,ืชืœืคื™ื•ืช', 1895, ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’ ,ืงื•ืจื ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช", 2. 

8 ืžืขืจ ื‘ืึทืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืฉื‘ึนึผืชื™ ื‘ึผืŸ ืžืœ ื™ืืœืก ืฐืขืจืง, ื–ืข ื‘ึผืฒืœืึธื’ืข ื ื•ื' 9, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื™ืจืŸ 251 


ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœืกื˜ืข ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืึทื ื˜ื™- 
ื ืึธืคึผืึธืœืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื” --- ืžื™ื˜ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื‘ึผืŸ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื›ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื•. 
| ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื›ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื• ืคืึทื ื’ื˜ ืึธืคึผื˜ ืึธืŸ ื‘ึผื–ื” ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ: ,ืืžืจ ืžืจื“ื‘ื›ื™ 
- ืงื•ืกืจื˜ื™ื ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื’ื™'' --- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืื•ื™ืก ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืึทื ื˜ื™ื ืึธืคึผืึธืœ, , ื—ื™ื•ื ื™" 
ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืึทื ื˜ื™ื ืึธืคึผืืœ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื–ื™ื“ืขื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ 
, ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืŸ'', ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื›ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ. 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืคืขืจื˜? ืคื•ื ื ืคื•ืคืฆื ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื” !, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืึธื˜ืึธืžืึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืชึผืงื•ืคื”, ื–ื™ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ึผืขืจืš ืื™ื ื ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ 1400---1482 2. ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื›ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื 
ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง ืคึผืจื˜ื™ื,. ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– (ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืึธืจืจืขื“ืข ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ,,ื™ืกื•ื“ ืžื•ืจื!'), ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื•ืคืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืจื™ืึทื ืึธืคึผืึธืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืœืขืจืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜: 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื—ื ื•ืš ืฆืึทืคึผื•ืจื˜ืึท; ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืขืกื˜ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, 
ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื›ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืึทืคึผื•ืจื˜ืึทืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœื–ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ื™ืกื - 
ืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ึผื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’, ื›ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืืฉื˜ ื’ืจื™ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื•ื™ืืŸ 
ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืขืžืึทื˜ื™ืง, ืคื™ืœืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข * ืึทืกื˜ืจืึธื ืึธืžื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ- 
ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืืคื˜ืŸ, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืงื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืœืฑื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืœืึทืœื˜ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืข, 
ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื˜ืขืึธึทืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. ื•ื™ ืคื™ืœืข 
ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจ, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื•ึนื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ,4 ืฐื™ ื’ืจืขืฅ ื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ื, 
,, ืคืึทืจืœื™ื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ึผืŸ ืขื–ืจื'", ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืคื•ื ื 12ื˜ืŸ ื™ื™"ื” ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจ ื›ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื“ืขื? ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ืก- 
ื˜ืขืจ. ื›ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ึนื™ืฃ ืคื™ืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื‘ืŸ 
ืขื–ืจืืก ื•ืขืจืง +; ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจ 


1 ืืคืจื™ื ื‘ึถึผืŸ ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒื™ื ืข ื“ืจืฉื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ 1455, ื—ื™ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืึท ื“ืขืจืฐืึทืงืกืขื’ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, 

: ื“ืึธืก ื™ืึถืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืžืžื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื˜ืฑื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื ืคืขืกื˜ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื, ื™ืขื“ื ืคืึทืœืก ืื™ืŸ ืขืจ, 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 80ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืฐืฒืœ ืื™ืŸ 1481 ื”ืึธืก ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืคึผืึทืจืขืคึผื ื˜ืœืขื›ื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,ืกืคืจ 
ื”ืžื“ื•ืช", ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1487 ืจืขื“ื ืฉืฑื™ืŸ ืฐืขื ืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืฒืŸ ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ ื›ืœื‘ ืืคึผื•ื ื“ืึธืคึผื™ืœื• (ืื™ืŸ ,ื›ืœื™ 
ืจื‘ืข ื”ืฉืขื•ืช"), ืฐื™ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืึท ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ึผืขื ืขื, 

5 ื›ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืคึผื™ื•ื˜ื™ื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ. ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคึผื™ื•ื˜ื™ื: ,ืžืžืขื•ื ื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ื•ืจื•ื–" 
ืื•ืŸ ;ืžื” ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžืš ืืœ" ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื–ืžื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืชืฉื‘ึผื—ื•ืช" (ื ื•ื' 
| 124, /202). | 
: 4 ื›ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื ืื•ืจืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ, ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœืžื” ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืคึผืึทืจื•ื›ื‘ืขืจื, 
= ืึทื– ื›ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื‘ึผืŸ ืขื–ืจืื ืึทืœืข ืฐืขืจืง: ืื—ื‘ืจ ื—ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื‘: 

ื›ืคื™ ื—ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื, ื ื ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืกืคืจื™ื•. (ืืžืœื ื—ืคื ื™ื', 12), ื›ื•ืžืžื™ื™ื ื™ 

ื’ื•ืคื ืฐืฒื–ื ืึธื‘ึถึผืขืจ ืึธืŸ, ืึทื– ืขึถืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืก ื‘ึผืœืฑื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืค ืื‘ 
ืขื•ืจืืก ืฐืขืจืง (ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืจื ื• ืงืฆืช ืกืกืคืจื™ื•), 





:2352 ื“"ืจ ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ื ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื™ืœื“, ื“ืขื ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืŸ ื ืข-ื•ื ื“ื ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืก ื˜ืึทืœืขื“ืึธ. ื•ื™ 
ื‘ึผืฉืขืชึผื• ืื‘ึผืŸ ืขื–ืจื ืึทื–ืฑ ื–ืขืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื›ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืคืงืœืขืจืขืจ, ื•ืึธืก ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ืฆืฐืขืง ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ืŸ 
ื‘ึผื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื’ืœืขืš ืคึผืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜-ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช 
ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึธื ื™ืง, ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืข, ืžืึทื˜ืขืžืึทื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื ืึทื˜ืฐืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคึฟื˜ืŸ. ,ืึธืŸ ืจื™ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช --- ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ื›ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื• ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ --- ืื™ื– ืื•ืžืžืขื ืœืขืš ื“ืขื 
ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืคื™ืœืข. ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขืš. 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ ื ื•ืคื'1. 
ื›ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืจื™ื™ื ื˜ ืึท ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืขืžืึทื˜ื™ืง ,,ืกืคืจ 
ื”ื—ืฉื‘ึผื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžื“ื•ืช'', ืึท ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืขืจืกื™ืฉืข ืึทืกื˜- 
ืจืึธื ืึธืžื™ืฉืข ืžืึทื‘ึผืขืœืŸ (ืกืคืจ ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืคึผืจืก), ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืึทืจื‘ึผืขื˜ืŸ ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืึทืกื˜ืจืึทื ืึธืžื™ืฉืข ื›ึผืœึดื™ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื *?, ืึท ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึทืกื˜ืจืึทื ืึทืžื™ืข 
,, ืกืคืจ ื”ืชึผื›ื•ื ื”' * ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื™ืžื•ื ื™ื , ืžืœืช ื”ื”ื ื™ื•'' * 
ื ืึธืจ ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืื‘ึผืŸ ืขื–ืจื ื‘ึนึผืฉืขืชึผื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึทึผื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœื–ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืคื™ืœ ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืึทืžืงืฒื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืึธื ืงืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื›ึผืœ-ืขืจ- 
ืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’, ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขื ืื™ืŸ ืื‘ึผืŸ ืขื–ื“ืืŸ , ืคึผืึทืจืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืŸ'" ื›ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืก 
ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ื•ืขืจืง ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืชึผื•ืจื” *. ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื›ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื• ืึทืžื‘ึผื•ืœื˜ืกื˜ืŸ ืึทืœืก ืคื™ืœื–ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™- 
ื“ืขื ืงืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ. ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืฆื•ื 
ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ, ืฐื•ึผ ื›ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื• ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ื ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ึนื™ื’ืŸ ืขืจ 
ื–ืึธืœ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆืึธืœ ืึทืœื˜ืข ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ื ืขื, 
ืึท ื ื™ื™ืขื ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ., 


ืจื™ืจ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื“ื™ 





1 ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ึทืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜ืฉืจื™ืคืฉืœืขื›ืŸ ืคึทื™ืจื™ืฉ ืื™ื™ืฃ ,ื™ื›ื•ื“ ืžื•ืจื": ืื•ืœื ื™ื“ืขื”ื” ืžื™' ืฉืœื 
ืœืžื“ ื—ื›ื˜ืช ื”ื ืฆืฉ ื•ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืžื•ื“ื• ืœืžื™ ืฉื™ืจืฆื” ืœื”ื ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“.,. ื•ื”ื ื” 
ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืœืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืฉืœื ื™ื•ืขื™ืœื ื”ืชืœืžื•ืจ ื•ืœื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื• ืื ืœื ื™ืœืžื“ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื›ืžื•ืช 
ืงืฆืชื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืงืฆืชื ืฉืื ื• ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ื”ื›ืžื™ื ื’ื ื›ืŸ ื›ื›ืŸ 
ื—ื ืžืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื›ืžืช ื”ื”ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืชื•ืขื™ืœื ื• ื‘ื”ื‘ื ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ืจ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœื ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืžื‘ืœืขื“ื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื•ึนืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื”ื™ืจื• ื’ื ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื–"ืœ ืขืœ ืœืžื•ื“ื”", 

3 ืขืžืืžืจ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื›ืœื™ ื”ื ื—ืฉืช, ืžืื˜ืจ ืชืงื•ืŸ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืฉืขื•ืช, ืžืืžืจ ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืฆืคื™ื—ื”"., 

3 ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ืข ืฐืขืจืง ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ 
ืคื™ืจ-ืึทืฐื™ืืฉ:ืงืึธืœืขืงืฆื™ืข ื ื•ื' 342--346, 353, 359 -361, 

1 ืคึผืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึทืจืฉืข, 0865 

5. ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฐืขืจืง ืคื™ื’ื•ืจื™ืจื ื‘ื™ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœื™ืฆึธื ืจืึทืคืŸ ืื•ื ืกืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืฒื“ืขื ืข 21 
ืžืขืŸ; ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฉืขืจื™ื‘ึผืœืึทื˜ ืคื•ื ื ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ืฆื˜ (ื–ืข 
ื‘ื™ื™ืœืึทื’ืข ื ื•ื' 10), ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืžึดื™ื˜ ืคื™ืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ื”ืึทื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื›ึผืœื™ืœ ื™ื•ืคื™", 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืžื˜ื™ื ื•ื ื‘ึผืฒื“ืข ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 
ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ึผ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ื ื ืฐืขืจืง (ืจืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื—. ื™, ื’ื•ืจืœืึทื ื“ ืคึฟืึทืจืขืคื ื, 
ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืึธื ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข ืฐืขื ืŸ ื›ื•ืžืฉืฒื ). 


ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ืจืŸ 3 


;ื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืžืคืจืฉื™ื‘ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื–. ืžื™ื˜. ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ 
ื”ืžืœื•ืช, ื’ืขืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ืงืึทืœื™ืฉืŸ 
ื‘ึผื•ื™, ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื•ื ื“ ื˜ื™ื˜ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ื“ืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜. ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื˜ื™ืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงื‘ืœื”, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ื–ื•ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืžื– ืื•ืŸ ืžืฉืœ, ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืื™ื– ืคื•ืœ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืืจื’ืขื ืข ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืœืฑื›ื˜ืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ; ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืึทืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ืŸ 
ื›ึผืคึผืฉื•ื˜ื•, ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ื–ืŸ ืงืœืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืคึผืึทืš, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ 
ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืึดื ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ืš ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ. ื“ืจืš; ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงืึทืจื’ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜, ื“ื™ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข --- ืฆืขืฉื•ื•ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ึท ืคืึทืจืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจื˜, 
ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืึธื˜ ืคื•ื ื ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื‘ึผืึท- 
ืคืจื™ื“ื™ืงืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื™ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ื˜ืฒืœืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืคื•ื ื 
ื˜ืืœ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื“ืึธืก ืึทื™ื ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืื™ืš, ืคืจื“ื›ื™ ื‘ึผืŸ 
ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื›ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืงื•ืฉื˜ื ื“ื™ื ื™, - ื‘ึผืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืชื•ืจื” 
ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืœ ืžื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ื‘ึผืึทื ืฐืฆืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ 
ืกื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื›ึผืœืœื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืงื“ื•ืง ืื• ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึธื’ื™ืง, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ- 
ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืึทืกื˜ืจืึธื ืึธืžื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืขืžืึทื˜ื™ืง, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืื™ืŸ 
ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ื‘ึผืึทืœืฑื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขืงืกื˜, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืจืŸ ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึท- 
ื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจืึธื‘ึผืœืขืžืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœืฅ ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื•ืขืจืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืŸ ืกื“ืจ ืื•ืŸ, ืฐื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ื ื™ื ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ 
ื–ื™ืšืคื•ื ื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืคึผืฉื˜. ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื“ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฉื•ื ืืฑื˜ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ, ืกื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืœืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึทื ื“ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ื“ื•ืจืš 
ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืœืึทื ื’ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงื˜ืขืจ ืžืกื•ืจื—. ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืกื•ืชืจ 
ื“ืขื ื ืœื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื”ื“ืขืช, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืฉื˜ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ ืขื 
ืคืึธื“ืขื“ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจ. ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืฒื™ ืื•ื™ืกื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœื•ื’ืข ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื‘- 
ื•ื˜ื™ืงืข ืจื™ื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืคืึธืจื’ื™ื™ืขืจ, ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœึทืข --- ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื—ื›ื ืจ' ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ึผืŸ ืขื–ืจื, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ, ืฐื•ึผ ืื•ื™ืš ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ 
ื™ึธืืš, ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ื ืขืžืจืึธืคืŸ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’.." 1 

ื›ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื• ื˜ืจืขื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขืš ืึทืจืฑืก ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืึทืœืก ื ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืขืจ 
ื˜ื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ืฆื˜ ื–ึดื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœืขืจ ืžืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ึผื“ื™ื™ื˜ืข โ€ 
ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืกืŸ, ืขืจ ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื ื‘ึผื™ื‘ืœ- 
ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืœืขื’ืึธืจื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืจืžื–ื™ื, ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ืฆืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืึทื’ืจื•ืช, ืื•ึผืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืžื™ื™ื“ื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข 


ื 


1 ื“ืขื ืฆึฐืจื™ื’ื™ื ืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื˜ืึทื˜ืข ื–ืข ื‘ึผืฒืœืึทื ืข ื ื•ืž' 10 ื', 





234 ื“"ืจ ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ืื•ืŸ ืกื•ื“ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืข. ืขืจ ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืงื•ื“ื-ื›? ื“ืขื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจ, ื“ืึธืก ืœืึทื ื™ืฉ ืงืœืึธืจืข, 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึทื ื˜ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ืึทืจืฑืก ืึทื–ืฑื ืข ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 
ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืกืชึผื™ืจื” ืžื™ื˜ ืงื‘ึผืœืช ืึธื‘ื•ืช, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืึทืจื™ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืœืข ืึทื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขื ืข 
ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืœืฑื‘ึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ,, ืึทืจืฑืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืกืคืงื•ืช ืžื›ื‘ึผื•ื— 
ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืขืžืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขื ืขืจ ืžืกื•ืจื”, ืึทื– ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื”ืคืœื’ื” ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ 
ืึทืœืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืงื•ื“ืฉ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทื’ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื”ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ 
ื ื‘ื™ืื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ื— ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ 
ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืœืื›ื™ื --- ืฐืึทืจืคื˜ ื›ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื• ืึธืคึผ ื“ืขื ืจืžื‘ึผ'"ื ืก ืžื™ื- 
ื˜ื™ืฉ-ืึธืจื˜ืึธื“ืึธืงืกื™ืฉืข ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ึผืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกืฉืœื™ืกืœืขืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื 
ืจืžื‘ึผ''ืžืก ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜. ืขืจ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืึธื " 
ืฆื•ึผื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœ ืžืฉื” ื‘ึผืŸ ื ื—ืžืŸ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืื˜ 
ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืื•ืžื•ื•ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืงืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืึธืจืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจืึธื‘ึผืœืขืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ , ื”ืžื•ืŸ'', ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืžื›'"ื ืจืขื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ื‘ึผื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืฆื•ื ,,ืžื•ืจื” 
ื ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื'" 1 ื ืึทื ืฅ ืื™ื ื ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ื ื ื‘ึผืขืœ ,,ืžื•ืจื— ื ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื'' ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื‘ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื• ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืฉืืจืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทื ืงืขืŸ ื‘ึผืœื™ื– ื“ื™ 
ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœืขืงื˜ื•ืขืœืขืจ ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึนึผืŸ 
ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจืึธื‘ึผืœืขืžืขืŸ ** . 
ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื™ืจืึทืช-ื”ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื›ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื• ืคืึทืจื”ืึทืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆื•ื ืจืžื›ึผ'"ื ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืื‘ึผืŸ ืขื–ืจื, ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืึธืš ืคืึทืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืœื™ื ื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ; ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉ 
ืคึฟืึทืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš -ืฆื• ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื‘ึผืŸ ืขื–ืจื ื–ืึธื ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืชึผื•ืจื”, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืึทืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื”ื™ื™ืกืข ืคึผืึทืœืขืžื™ืง ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื›ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื• ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ืŸ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ ื›ึนึผื”ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื›ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื• 
ืขืจืœืฑื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ืฆื•ึผื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื˜ืขื•ืชืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื‘ึผืŸ ืขื–ืจืืŸ, ื“ืขืจื–ืขื˜ 
ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื›ึนึผื”ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžื“ืขืจืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืข ื”ืขื–ื” ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืคึผื—ื™ืชืช ื”ื›ึผื‘ื™ืจ 
ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื ,ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื"", ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื˜ืจืขื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืึทืจืฑืก ืงืขื’ืŸ ื›ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ื•ื•ืขืจืง (ืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื’ื•ืช 5ืจ' ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืžืœื›ื™ืืœ) *, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื’ื™ืกื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืก. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ. ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืฆืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื, ,,ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื™ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืง ืฆื• 
ืฉืขืฆืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœื™ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจืขืจ, ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืคึผื›ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ??. 
1 ื–ืข ื‘ึผืฒืœืึทื ืข ื ื•ื' 10. , 
2 ืžืึทื ื•ืกื›ืจื™ืคึผื˜ ,ืคืœื™ืœ ื™ื•ืคื™", ื“ืฃ 1 ืขืž' ื‘': ,ื™ื“ืขื ื• ื›ื™ ื”ืชื›ืœื™ื”ืช ืืฉืจ ื‘ืขื ื•ืจื• 
ื ื‘ืจื ื”ืืจื ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืืจ ื ืฆื—ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืื‘ื“ ืฐื” ืกื ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ื— ืจืงืง ื›ืฉื™ื“ื‘ืง ื‘ื‘ื•ืจืื• . 
| ืขื“ ืฉื™ืฉืืจ ื ืฆื—ื™ ื‘ื ืฆื—ื•ืชืŸ ื•ื•ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืื›ืฉืจ ืจืง ื‘ืฉื™ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืฉื ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื ืœื•ืช", ื•ืข 
ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ื™ืœืึทื ืข ื ื•ืž' 10, ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืจืขื“ืข ืฆื•ื ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืกื•ื“ ืžื•ืจื", 
8 ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขืจืง ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ึผืœื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ึผืชื‘.ื™ืจ, ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืขืจืง ื’ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืฒื , 
ืฉื•ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ. ืื•ื ื. ืงืึทื˜ืึทืœืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ?ืงืึธืœืขืงืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื“ืขื ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง, 





ื•ื™ ื’ืืฉ'ืฉืฉื ืขื•ืŸ ืขื• /ืฉ,ื•ืึฒืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ืจืŸ 255 


ื›ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื• ืื™ื– ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ,ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ 
ื”ืฉื ื•ืช ืจื‘ึผื™ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ ื›ึนึผื”ืŸ", ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคึผืึธืœืขืžื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื›ืึท- 
ืจืืงื˜ืขืจื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ืึทืžื‘ึผื•ืœื˜ืกื˜ืŸ ื›ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืŸ ืึทืœื ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜, | 

ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื’ื˜ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ ื›ึนึผื”ื’ืก ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืคืึทืจ ื ืึทื™ึธื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ื™ืฉ. ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ- 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื ื™ื˜, ืฐื™ ืงืึธืŸ ืขืก ื’ืึธืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืžืŸ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ,ื’ืข- 
ืฉืขื ื“ืขื˜'" ืื‘ึผืŸ ืขื–ืจืืก ืึธื ื“ืขื ืง ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ึผื˜ 
ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉ ื–ื™ืš ืคึฟืึทืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื”ื ื—ื•ืช. ,,ืื™ืš -- ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ 
ื‘ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื• --- ื‘ึดึผื™ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืฆื™ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก 
ืฐื•ื™. ื’ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืง ื’ืจื•ื™ื ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ; ืฆื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืžืขื ืขืจ ืื•ืžืคืขืœื‘ืึทืจ? ืฆื™ ืงืึธืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ? ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืขืก ื“ืขืจ ื™ืจืึทืช- 
ื”ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืกืคึผืขืงื˜ ืฆื•ื ืึทื ื“ืขื ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืืฑื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจ- 
ืฆื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’, ืฐืึธืก ืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื•ื ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ืืžืชืŸ? ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื•ื•ื™ืคื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืžื•ืŸ, ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืข ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, 
ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ื“ืขืจื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฉืืจืคืข ืžื•ื—ื•ืช, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ื ืžื? ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ึผืŸ 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื ื ืคืึทืจื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™. ื ืึธืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ ื‘ึผืœื™ื ืจ ื“ืขื 
ืืฑื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืžื•ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ 
ืฆื• ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ --- ืงืึทื ืขืŸ ื–ืขืŸ ื ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืขื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืึทืจืฑื™ื ืคืจื™ื™ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธื ืฉืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ื“ืขื•ืช 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืกืงื ื•ืช. ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืขืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ืจื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฆืขืœื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืฒื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจืฆื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืขืžืคึผืงืฒื˜,, ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ; ื•ื™ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื•! ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืจื™ื‘ืœืขืŸ, 
ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ื—ืงื™ืจื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ืฉื›ืœ ื“ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืคืฉื˜ืจืฉื˜ืื ืจ" . 

ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื›ืึทืจืึทืกื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ื›ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืข ืงืึทืจืึทื•ึดืžืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ? ืึทืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืข- 
ืกืึทื ื˜ ื‘ึผืœืึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉ-ื˜ืขืจื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืงื™ื‘ึผื•ืฅ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืคื•ื ื 18ื˜ืŸ ื™ื™"ื”. ื“ื™ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ืœื™-ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืงืึทืจืึทื™ึดืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื–ืจื—-ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืขืœืคื˜ืŸ ื™"ื”. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืชึผืงื•ืคื” ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื“ืฒื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืŸ 
ืฉืึทืคืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืข ืคื™ืจืขืจืฉืืคื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืงืึทืจืื™ึดืžื™ืฉืŸ ืงื™ื‘ึผื•ืฅ 


ืฐืึทื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื–ืจื— ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื–ืื ืฅ. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืข ืงืึทืจืึทื™ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ 
ื™ืฉื™ 
{ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื™ืจืขืจื ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ืงืึทื˜ืึทืœืึธื’, โ€ 204, 


256 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ ืขืจื  


ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื ืขืœืคื˜ืŸ ื™"ื” ื ืขื ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืŸ ืฐื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” 
ื”ื“ืกื™, ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ , ืืฉื›ึผื•ืœ ื”ื›ึผื•ืคืจ'' ื ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืขื ืฆื™ืงืœืึธืคึผืขื“ื™ืข ืคึฟื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ: ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืข ื“ื™ื ื™ื, ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืข, ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœื™ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’, ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš-ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’, 
ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคึผื˜, ืฐื™ื›ึผื•ื—ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœืขืžื™ืฉืข ืึธื ืคืึทืœืŸ ืืฑื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืจื‘ึผื ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื™ื™ื“ื ื˜ื•ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืจื™ื˜ื˜ื ื˜ื•ื. ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ 13ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื” ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื™ืขื‘ึผื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึท- 
ืจื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ืงืึทืจืึทื™ึดืžื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœื™ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจืขืจ, ืึทื”ืจืŸ ื‘ึนึผืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ 
,,ื”ืžื‘ื—ืจ'' 1 ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืคื•ื ื 14ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื” ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ 
ื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืงื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืงืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืืฒื™ืจืึธืคึผืขื™ึทื˜ืข ืงืึทืจืึทื™ึดืžืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืคืึทืจืžืึทื ื˜ --- ืึทื”ืจืŸ ื‘ึผืŸ ืืœื™ื”ื•, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงื•ื ื”ื“ืฉื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,, ืขื– ื—ื™ื™ื', ืึท ื“ืขืœื™ื ื™ืขื–-ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืืคื™ืฉื˜ ืฐื•ืขืจืง, ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืžื•ึผืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืจืžื‘ึผืž''ืก ,,ืžื•ืจื” ื ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื''. ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื‘ืขืœ ,ืขืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื'' ื”ื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืข ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืฉืจืึทื™ึทืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ืฆืึทื ืฅ. ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื™ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึฟืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืŸ ืžืขืจ- 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืขื ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ, ื ื™ืฉื˜ื™ืงืข, ื˜ืึทืœืขื ื˜ืœืึธื–ืข ืงืึธืžืคึผื™ืœืึทืฆื™ืขืก, 
ืฉืฐื•ืึทื›ื™ื ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืœืึธื–ืข ืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœื™ืขืงืกืขื ืขื–ืข -- 
ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืฉืขืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืึธืก ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืข ืฉืึทืคืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืก ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืชึผืงื•ืคื”. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืจืขืžืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฐื•ืขืงื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื™ื‘ึผื•ืฅ. ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœืข ืื•ื™ืคืœืขื‘ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทื - 
ืกื˜ืึทื ื˜ื™ื ืึธืคึผืึธืœืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืึทื“ืึทื ืง ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคึผืึธื™ื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœืข ื ืข- 
ืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื•ื ื“ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืจืงื™ืฉืข ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื“ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทืจืงื˜ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ืžื™ื ืจืึทืฆื™ืข -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืงืึท- 
ืจืึทื™ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื”ืฉืคึผืขื”. ื–ื™ื™, ื“ื™ ืงืึทืจืึทื™ึทืžืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืจื™ื“ื”, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื—ืœื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทืคื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงืึทืžืฃ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืจื‘ึผื ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื ื˜ื•ื, ืึทื“ืจื‘ึผื”, ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™* . 
ืขืจืข ืึทืžืึธืœื™ืงืข ืงืขื’ื ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืข ื”ื™ืœืฃ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึทึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ืข" 
ืœืขืจื ื˜ืข ื ืขื‘ึผืขื˜ืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืขืคืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืฐืึทืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ. 


ื“ื™ ื ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืข ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ื˜ืขืจืงื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื ื˜ื•ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜. ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืš: ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขืงื˜ืข ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื™ืœื™ืง ื’ืข- 
ื›ืขืจื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทื•ืึทื™ืžื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื ื˜. ื ืึธืš ื›ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืจื‘ึผื™, ื—ื ื•ืš ืฆืึทืคึผื•ืจื˜ืึท, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืคื™ืœืข ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื˜ืจืึทื™ึทืžืขืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื›ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืข- 
ืœืขืจื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืึทืœื ืขืžื™ื™ื ืข ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ึนื™ืš ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข, ืึทืคื™ืœืŸ 

1 ื“ืขืจ ืขื”ืžื‘ื”ืจ" ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1835 ืื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื•ืœืื• ื•ื™ืขืฐืคึผืึทื˜;ืจื™ืข), 
ืึท ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ืคื•ื ื ืื—ืžื‘ื—ืจ" ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืข ื”ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื”ืึธื ื•ื™ืš 
ื ืขืคื•ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธืคึผืข":ื‘ื™ื‘ึผืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืึทื“, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื“ืŸ 251 


ืชึผืœืžื•ึนื“ ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ึผื ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื™ืœืข ืึทื ื“ืขื“ืข ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ืฐื•ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืงื˜ืคึผืกืึทืœื™, ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ืœื•ื™ , ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ ื‘ึผืŸ ืžืœื›ื™ื?, ืืœื™ื”ืŸ 
ืฉืจื‘ื™ื˜ื–ื”ื‘ ื'ื, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืจื™ื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืจืึทื™ืžื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืฒืœื™ืงื˜ ื›ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื•. ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
, ืจื‘ื ื™'' ื”ืึธื˜ 553 ื ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืจืึทื™ึดืžืขืŸ, ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึธืคึผื˜ืจื™ื ื™ืงืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื™ื ื“ืœืขื›ืข ืงืขื’ื ืขืจ, ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืึทืคื™ืฆื™ืขืœืขืจ ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ ืคื•ึนืŸ ืจื‘ึผื ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื ื˜ื•ื, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืžื™ืœืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื“ืขื ืžื•ื˜ ืึธืคืŸ ืฆื• ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข 
ืงืึทืจืึทื™ึดืžื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข ืฐื™ ืกื”? ื‘ึผืŸ ืžืฆืœื™ื— , ื‘ึผื ื™ืžืŸ ื ืึทื”ืึทืฐืขื ื“ื™, ื™ืคืช ื”ืœื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ 
ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ , ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ื–ื™ื™ืœืŸ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืžืคึผืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื—ื›ืžื”''?. ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืึท ืจื‘ ืคื•ื ื 19ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื” ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืฃ 
ืื™ื– ืกืึทืงืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื“ืขืจื•ื•ืืจื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืก 
ื™ืฉื•ืœ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฐื•ืึทืงืกืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ื“ื•ืจ ืงืึทืจืึทื™ึดืžื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึนึผืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจื™ื™ื ื ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ืคืจื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืึธื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทื™ื ื’ืขืฉืจื•ืžืคึผืขื ืขื 
ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืจืึทื™ึทืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืฒื™ืจืึธืคึผืข. ื›ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ืงืึทืจืึทื™ึทืžื™ืฉืขืจ ื›ึผืœืœ-ื˜ื•ืขืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืจืขื‘ึผื™ืฆื™, ืื™ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ ,, ืื“ืจืช ืืœื™ื”ื•'', ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ึผืึทืฉื™ืฆื™ - . 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขืคื˜ืขืจ ืงืึทืจืื™ืžื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผื•ืกืง, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืœื–ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื›ึผืœื‘ 
ืึทืคึผื•ื ื“ืึธืคึผื•ืœื•?. --- ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ืจืึธืคึผืขื™ึดืฉืขืจ ืงืึทืจืึทื™ึดื, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ื˜, 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืคืืจืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉืขืจ 
ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข. ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ืŸ ื ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ-ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜ } ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ื ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทืกื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ืคึผืึถืขืžืข ,ืื‘ื™ ื ืจ ื‘ึนึผืŸ ื ืจ", ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทืงืึทืžืขืŸ-ืกื˜ื™ืœ. ื•ื™ ืžืฉื” ื“ืจืขื™ 
ื‘ึผืฉืขืชึผื•, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืึทืคื•ื ื“ืึธืคึผื•ืคืŸ ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขื ืึทืฉื˜ ื‘ึทึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึทืฉืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืฃ 


1 ื–ืข ืืœื™ื”ื• ืžื–ืจื”ื™ืก ืฉื•"ืช, ื’ื•ืž' /5, ื“ื” 93: ืื•ื›ืŸ ืกืคืจ ืœื™ ื”' ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื›ื•ืžื˜ื™ื ื 
ื–"ืœ ืฉืจื‘ื• ื”ื–ืงืŸ ืžื”ื•ืจ"ืจ ื—ื ื•ืš ืฆืคึผื•ืจื˜ื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ืงื˜ื•ืœื ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืžื™ื•ื—ืกื™ื” ื•ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืฉ 
ื‘ึผืงึตื™ ืžืื•ื“. ื‘ึผื›ืœ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืจื‘ ืžื•ื‘ื—ืง ืœืจื‘ ื™ึดื ื•ื—ืกื™ื“, ืžื•ืคืœื’ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืžืœืžื“ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืงืจืื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืœืžื•ืจ 
ืฉื‘ืงืฉื• ืžืžื ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืชืœืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืจืฉ'ื™ ืคืฉื˜ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื•ืœื 
ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ืคืงืคื•ืง ื‘ืจื‘ืจ", | 

: ื–ืข ืžื•ืจื—ื™ืก ืฉื•"ืช, ื ื•ึนื' /5, ื“ืฃ 93 

3 ืื•ืืœื” ื”ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื™ืฉืœื ืจ' 
ืคืขืœื ื•ืชื”ื™ ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืชื ืฉืœืžื” ืžืขื ื“, ื›ื™ ืขืฉื• ื—ืกื“ ืขื ืขืžื• ื•ืชื”ืœื•ืช ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืขืจ ืœืื™ืŸ 
ื—ืงืจ ืœืฉืžื• ื•ื ื’ื“ ื–ืงื ื™ื•: ื›ื‘ื•ืจ ื—ืžืื•ืจ ืกื”ืœ ื‘ึนึผืŸ ืžืฆืœื™ื— (' ืข ื•ืคืช ื”ืœ ื "ืข ื•ื‘ื ื™ืžืŸ 
ื”ืื•ื•ื ื“ื™ ื "ืข ื•ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื‘ึผืŸ ืžืฉื” ื "ืข ื•ื‘ืŸ ื™ืคืช ื”ืœืฑ ื ' ืข ื•ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื "ืข (ืžื™ืจ ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจืŸ 
ื ืึธืš ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื™ื“ืขืจื ืงืึทืคึผืึทืœืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืฒื“ืขื ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ, 293), 

4 ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1464, ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš 1524, 

5 ื•ืข ื‘ึผืฒืœืึทื ืข ื ื•ื/ 11, 

)17( 





258 ื“"ืจ . ืฆื™ื ื‘ึผืขืจื’ 


ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืชึผืงื•ืคื”, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื™ื 
ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืกื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ืฐื™ ืึท ืคึผืึทืจืึทืคืจืึทื–ืข ืคื•ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ. ื›ืžืฉืœ: ืื™ื™ื’ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืื•ืœ, ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ,ืื‘ื™ 
ื ืจ ื‘ึผืŸ ื ืจ'', ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜, ื”ืฒื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืจืึธืคืข: 


ื™ืคื” ื ื•ืฃ ืžืฉื•ืฉ ืืจืฅ --- ื•ืงืจื™ื” ืœืžืœืš ืจื‘ 
ื•ืขื“ืŸ ืœื›ืช ืฉื‘ืข -- ื•ึนืœึนื” ืžื“ื‘ืฉ ื™ืขืจื‘ 1- 


ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืœื•ื™ืก ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ืœื™ืจ ,ื™ืคื” ื ื•ืฃ ืžืฉื•ืฉ 
ืชื‘ืœ''. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจืฒื‘ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืฉืจืขืงืœืขืš ืžื™ืื•ืกืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™: 


ืจืื• ืืฉื” ืžื›ื•ืขืจืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื” --- ื›ืžื• ืขืฉืŸ ื›ืจื•ื— ืกืขืจื” 
ื•ึนืœึถื” ืฉืขืจื•ืช ื›ืขืฅ ืคืฉืชื•ืช ืงืฆืจื™ื --- ื•ื”ื ื™ืจืžื• ืœืฉืขืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื--- 


ืื™ื– ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ื•ื•ืขื”ื˜ืœืขืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืึทืœื—ืจื™ื–ื™?, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข-ืœื™ื“, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžื™ืฉืข ื›ืึธืจื™ื™ืขืŸ: 


ืคื ื™ ื ื ืคื ื™ื ื” --- ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขื“ื™ื ื” --- ืฆื‘ื™ื” ืœื‘ื ื” ื—ื–ื™ ื ื ืœื›ืœื‘ 
ื‘ืฆืœ ืื”ื‘ืชื™ --- ื—ืกื™ ืจืขื™ืชื™ --- ืฆื‘ื™ ื—ืžื“ืชื™ ืืึทื–'ื•ื• 


ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึทื ื˜ืขืก ื‘ึผื–ื“ื“ื•ืจ, ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ืจื•ืžื™ 5. 


ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืึทืคึผื•ื ื“ืึธืคึผื•ืœื•ืก 
ืคืจื™ื“ืœืขืš ืคืึทืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ื™ , ืจืึทื‘ึผืึทื ื™ื˜ืŸ"'. ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื“ืฑืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฆืข- 
ืฉืคึผืึทืœื˜ื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ึผืจื™ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžื” 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคื™ื™ื ื“ืœืขื›ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžื—ื ื•ืช *, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืงืœืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืขืœืขื ื™ืขืก ื“ื™ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืงืึทื˜ืึทืกื˜ืจืึทืคืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ืœื™ื˜ืข (1495). 


ื“ืึธืก ืคืจื™ื“ืœืขื›ืข ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขื ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืžึดื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืจืึทื™ึดืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฆืึธืœ ืงืึทืจืึทื™ืžื™ืฉืข ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื ืขื‘ึผื™ืœื“ืขื˜ืข ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืœืขืจื ื˜ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืื•ืžืจื•ื™ึทืงื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืึธืจื˜ืึธื“ืึธืงืกื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืึทื ื˜ื™ื ืึธืคึผืึธืœ, ื“ืขืจ ืจื‘ ื”ื›ึผื•ืœ??, ื“ืขืจ ืจืืฉ ืคื•ื ื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืงื™ื‘ึผื•ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื˜ืึธืžืึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืœื•ื›ื”, ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœึฐื˜ืขืจ ืžืฉื” ืงืึทืคึผืกืึทืœ, 


1 ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื ื“ืขื ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืฐืขืจืง, ืฐืึธืก 
ื’ืขืคื™ื ื ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ-ืงืึธืœืขืงืฆื™ืข, ื ื•ื' 818, ื–ืข ื‘ึผืฒืœืึทื’ืข 
ื’ื•ืž' 11, ื' ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ 

3 ,ืชึผื—ื ึผืžื•ื ื™", ืžืึทืงืึทืžืข 6 

8 ,ืžื—ื ึผืจื•ืช", ืžืึทืงืึทืžืข 3. 

4 ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื™ืจืึทืช.ื”ืคื‘ื•ื“, ืžื™ื ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืึทืคื•ื ื“ืึธืคึผื•ืœื• 
ืคึผืึทืจื”ืึทืœื ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืจืขืœื™ื ื™ืข (ื•ืข ื‘ึผืฒืœืึทื’ืข ื ื™ื' 11, ื’), 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื ืกืข ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 250 


ื ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืขืงืฉื ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืงื ืื™'1 -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืึท ื—ื™ืœื•?ื™ื”ืฉื ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืชึผืœืžื•ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืจืึทื™ึดืžืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืœื™ื™ืงืขื ืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื ืึทื ืฅ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ืขืœื™ืคื” ?, ืžืฉื” ืงืึทื˜ืกืึทืœื™ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– 
ืึท ืื™ื“ืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืขื’ื ืขืจ, ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ืคึผื ื™ื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื‘ึผืึทืฉื™ืฆืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข ืชึผื•ืจื”; ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืงืขื’ื ืขืจ (ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ , ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ืขื™ืจ!'), ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ 
ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜, ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื•ืขืœืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืขืŸ, ื ืึธืš ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข, ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืœืžืฉืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืขืœืข ื—ืฉื‘ึผื•ื ื•ืช. ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ื ื ืจื‘ ื”ื›ื•ืœ? ืึทืจื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉืึทืจืคืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ,,ื—ืจื', ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืชึผืจื•ืขื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืคืจื•ืช 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืจืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜, ืึทื– ื•ืขืจ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึทืจืึทื™ึดืžืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืก'ืื™ื– ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื, ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžื•ื—ืจื ื•ืžื ื•ื“ื”. ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืกื˜ืจืฉืฉืขื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื—ืจื ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืจืึทื™ึธืžื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ 
ืชึผื ืš, ืžืฉื ื” ืื•ืŸ ืชึผืœืžื•ืจ, --- ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืคื™ื–ื™ืง, ืžืึทื˜ืขืžืึทื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ- 
ืฉืึทืคึผื˜ืŸ -- ืึทืœืฅ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึธื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฐื•ืขืจื˜, ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืคื”ืขืจืŸ 
ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืข ื‘ึผืึทืงืื ื˜ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึทืจืึทื™ึดืžืขืŸ ?. ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืึทื ื˜ื™ื ืึธืคึผืึธืค 
ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื ืึทื ืฆืข ืฆืึธืœ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืœืขืจืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืขืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืคืึทืจืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ืœืขื›ืŸ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ / 
ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืจืึทื™ึดืžื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜: ื“ื™ ืงืึทืจืึทื™ืžื™ืฉืข ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ :ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืงื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืจื ืกื”, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืžืฉ ืึท ืงืึทื˜ืึทืกื˜ืจืึทืคืข. ื›ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื• ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคึผืึทืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืฆื• ื›ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื ืึถืขื ื˜ืŸ 
ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“, ืืœื™ื”ื• ืžื–ืจื—ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืœื“, ื ืึธืš ืžืฉื” ืงืึทืคึผืกืึทืœื™ืก ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, ืคืึทืจ- 
ื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ื”ื›ึผื•ืœ? ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจื ืก ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉืŸ 
ืงื™ื‘ึผื•ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืงื™ื™, +, | 


1 ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจ, . ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงื•ืœื•ืŸ, ื–ืข ืื™ืŸ ืืœื™ื”ื• ืงืึทืคึผืกืึทืœื™ืก 
| ืืœื™ืงื•ืžื™ื", 6--17, 
2 ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืก ืฉื•"ืช! ื ื•ื' 7 ืื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืœืง ืขืœื™ื”ื ื—ืจื‘ ืจื‘ื™ ืžืฉื” ืงืคืฉืœื™ ืขืœ 
ื”ื™ื•ืชื ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืœึนื—ื -ืžื”ืชื•ืจื— ืฉื‘ืขืœ.ืคื” ืฉืื™ื ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื•", 
8 ืžื–ืจื—ื™ื ืฉื•"ืช, ื ื•ื" 7 ื“ืฃ 91: ,ืœื—ื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ืœืžื“ื• ืืช ื”ืงืจืื™ื ืžืฉื•ื 
ืœืžื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืœึนื ืžืงืจื ื•ืœื ืžืฉื ื”, ืœึนื ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืœื ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืœื ืื’ื“ื•ืช, ืœึนื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ 
ื”ืžืงืจื ื—ื“ื•ืจื›ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืคืฉื˜ ื•ืœื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ ื—ืžืงืจื ื—ื“ื•ืจื›ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืงื‘ืœื”, ื•ืœื ืฉื•ื ื—ื›ืžืช 
ืžื—ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื—ื‘ืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื, ืœึนื ื”ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื ื˜ื’ืข ื•ืœื ืžื” ืฉืื—ืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ืœื ืžืกืคืจ 
ื•ืœื ืชืฉื›ื•ืจืช ื•ึนืœึนื ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื•ืœื ืžื•ืกื™ืงื” ื•ืœื ืžื“ื•ืช ื•ืœื ืฉื•ื ืื—ืจ ืžืกืขื™ืคื™ ืืœื• ื”ื—ื›ืžื•ืช", 
4 ื‘ืขืจืš ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1495, 1, ืคึผืึธืจื ืขื ืคึผืจื•ื•ื ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื“ืขืจืฐืฒื–ืŸ (ืจืขืฐื™ ื“, ืขื, 
ื–ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฃ", ื‘' 78, 21), ืึทื– ืžืฉื— ืงืึทืคึผื˜ืึทืœื™ ืื™ื– ืขืจืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฉืžืึธืจื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผืขืจืš 1510} ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืจืึทื™ื•ืช 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืคืœืœ ื ึดื™ื ืื™ื’ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืง, ืึทื’ื‘, ื’ืจืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืฐืขืœืข, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืจ. 
ื’ืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ืฆื ื–ื™ืš, ืฐืขืจื˜ ืงืึทืคึผืกืึทืœื™ืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื‘ืึทื’ืœืฒื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจืžืขืจ: ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื• ืœื‘ืจื›ื”. 





200 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆ ื™ื  ื‘ืข ืจื’ 


ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ึผืŸ ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืžื–ืจื—ื™, ืžืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืจืืฉื™"ืชึผื™ื‘ื•ืช 
ืจื'"ื, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืึทื ื˜ื™ืึธืคึผืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ื ื. 
5ื˜ืŸ ื•"ื” 1.. ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ื”ื›ึผื•ืœืœ (ื—ื›ื- - 
ื‘ึผืึทืฉื™) ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื“ื—ืงื•ืช. ,, ืฆืจื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืจืŸ --- ืงืœืึธื’ื˜ 
ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืฉื•'"ืชึผ -- ื™ืึธื’ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ืข ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืขืจ. 
ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื ืกื” ืงื•ืžื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืึธืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื›ึผืงืจื™ืขืช ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ... ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืฐืึทืš ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ 
ืžื•ื– ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ื“ื™ ื ืึทื ืฆืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื’ืœื•ืกื˜: ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืชืœืžื•ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืœื™ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืขืžืึทื˜ื™ืง, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ืึทืกื˜ืจืึทื ืึธืžื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื˜ืึธื’ ืึตื™ื™ืŸ 
ื˜ืึธื  ืื•ื™ืก" 2. 


ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื–ื ื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ืขืจ ืœืึทื ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื ืึธืš 
ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืื™ื ื˜ืขื ืกื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ื ืกื˜ืข ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜ืŸ.. ืขืจ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืึท ื’ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจืฉ"ื™ 5 ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืขืจืง ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืžืึทื˜ืขืžืึทื˜ื™ืง ,ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืกืคึผืจ", 
ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื’ืขืœืฑื‘ึผื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื’ืขื ื™ื˜ืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืขืžืึทื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ื•ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ 
ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื• +, ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืจืขืงืคื•ืก ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืึทื˜ืฒืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกืขื‘ึผืึทืกื˜ื™ืึทืŸ 
ืžื•ื ืคื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื ืข ื”ืขืจื•ืช 5. 
ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ืขืจืง (ื‘ึผื™ืื•ืจื™ื) ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืขื•ื•ืงืœื™ื“ืก ื’ืขืึธืžืขื˜ืจื™ืข, 
ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผื˜ืึธืœืึธืžืฒื ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ ืึทืกื˜ืจืึทื ืึธืžื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืขืจืง (ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ 
ืขืœ ืกืคืจ ืืœืžื’ืกื˜ื™). ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉื•''ืชึผ-ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ: ,,ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืฉืืœื•ืช'"" 5 
ืื•ืŸ ,,ืžื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื'' 7. ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึท ื‘ึผืึทื“ืฒื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜, 
ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ื ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผื•ืœื˜ ืึถืคึผ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ึผื ืกืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ 5 


1 ืฉ, ืคึผ, ืจืึทื‘ื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ ืฐื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืžื•ืฆืื™ ื ื•ืœื”", 67, ืึทื– ืืœื™ื”ื• ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ืขื‘ึผืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1462, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื• ืึธื‘ึนึผืขืจ ื ื™ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง, ืื™ืŸ ืึทืึธืคื™ืฆื™ืขืœืŸ ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ ืคื•ื ื ื™ืึธืจ 
8 (ื–ืข ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืก ืฉื•"ืช, ื ื•ื? 15) ืฐืขืจื˜ ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื•ึทื™ึธืฉึดืื™ืฉื‚, ื“ืึธื ืคึฟืึทืกื˜ ืฆึธื‘ึผืขืจ 
ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืœื 56 ื™ืึธืจ, 

3 ืฉ"ื•ืช, ืกื•ืฃ ื ื•ืž' 56, 

5 ืžื–ืจื—ื™ื ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื‘ึผืึทืœื™ื‘ึผื˜, ืึทืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืคึดึผื™ืœื• ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืึท ืกืš 
ื‘ึผืขืœื ื™ื, ืฐืึธืคึผ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืฐืขืจืง ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื’ืŸ ื–ืฒื™ืขืจืข ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื, 

4 ื–ืข ,ืžืœื ื—ืคื ื™ื", 12, ื“ืขืจ ืืกืคืจ ื”ืžืกืคืจ" ืื™ื– ืคึผืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1524, - 

5 ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืฉืฐืขืจืฐืึธื’ื™ืงืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ: ,ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžืœืื›ืช ืžืกืคืจ ืืฉืจ ืžืœืงื˜ ืžืกืคืจ 
ื”ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืจื•' ืืœื™ื” ืžื–ืจื—ื™, ื—ื‘ืจ ื–"ืœ", 

6 ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ, ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืึทื ื˜ื ืึธืคึผืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ (156, 

7 ื ื™ื™ืŸ.ืื•ืŸ:ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื™ืง ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ, ืคึผืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขื ืขืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ 1647. 

8 ื–ืข, ืœืžืฉืœ, {,ืชึผื™ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืฉืืœื•ืช", ื ื•ืž' 15, 25, 27:-29, 46. 51-50, 53. /5,. 
1 66 (ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ื’ืจืœื™ื ืขืจืก ื”ื•ืกืคื” ืื™ืŸ ืขืงื•ื‘ืฅ ืขืœ ื™ื“", ื”ืฉ 68, 01, 79, 54 





ืจื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ืจืŸ 21 


ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืฐื™ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืึทื ื˜ื™ื ืึธืคึผืึธืœืขืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืฆึผืจืึทื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืจืึทื™ึทืžืขืŸ-ืคืจืื’ืข, ืื™ื– ืืœื™ื”ื• ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš 
ืฉืึทืจืฃ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื ืื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืงืขืžืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื—ืจืžื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืคืจื•ืช. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“- 
ืคื•ื ืงื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืงืจืžื•ื ื™ืฉืข ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืžื•ื ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคื™ืœ 
ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื›ึผืœ, ืึทื– ืชึผื•ืจื” ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืžืฉืคึผื™ืข ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืข ื“ืŸ ื•ืขืจ ืขืก ื“ื•ืจืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš; ืขืจ ืžืขื’ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื”, ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืคื•ึนืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืืžื•ื ื”. ื“ื™ ืงืึทืจืึทื™ึทืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื - 
ื–ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจ --- ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ --- ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก 
ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืงืขืžืคืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ึผืขืœ ืคึนึผื” ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข 
ื‘ื‘ึผื ื™ื. ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ืงืข ืงืึทืจืึทื™ึทืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผืฉืœื•ื 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ืฉืึทืคึผื˜; ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืžืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืฐื“ืื™, ืฐืึธืกืขืจืข 
ืœืžื•ื“ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ: ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืึทืœื’ืขืžืฒื™ื ืข, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืจื‘ื ื™ืฉืข. ืืœื™ื”ื• 
ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืึถื‘ึผืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืงื ืื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืจื™ 
ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช, ืฉืจืขืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืึธืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ,,ื—ืจื' ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื”ื™ืžืœืฉ-ืจืขืœื•- 
ื ื™ืขื–ืข, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ ืื•ื™ืก ืขืจื“ื™ืฉ-ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืขืœืข ื˜ืขืžื™ื. ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืžื•ื˜ ืขืก ืึธืคืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกืฆืฐืึธื’ืŸ. 

,ื“ื™ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ, --- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืืœื™ื”ื• ืžื–ืจื—ื™ -- ืฐืึธืก ืฉืจืขืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
,ื—ืจื'' ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื”ืึทืจื‘ึผืข ืฉื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืขืก ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื™ื˜ ืœืฉื 
ืฉืžื™ื, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืก ื–ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ืงืœื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืข ืคึทึผื ึดื™ื•ึนืช. ืจืืฉื™ืช -- ืื•ื™ืก ืงื ืื”; ื–ื™ 
ืคึผืึทืจื“ืจื™ืกื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืงืึทืจืึทื™ึธืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืึธืคึผ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืœืขืจืขืจ, ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ืช --- ืื•ื™ืก ืฉื ืื” ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงืึทืจืึท;ึธืžืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื™ืขื ืข ืคึผืจืึธืžืขืกื˜ื™ืจืŸ 
ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฐืึธื›ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื ืึทื˜ืกืคืึธืจื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืงื ืื™ื 
ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืืจ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื•ืช'" . : | 

ืืœื™ื”ื• ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืืฑื˜ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ ื ืขืฉื˜ื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืจืึทื™ึทืžื™ืฉืข ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืื•ืŸ 
ื—ื›ืžื” ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื. ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ 
ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑื ึผืก, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืึทืžื˜ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืงืขืจืขื ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึทื ืฆืŸ 
ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœ-ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืจืงื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืœื•ื›ื”. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธ- 
ื–ื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืกื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉ ืื™ื– --- ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ืกืคืจื“, ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœืข 
ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ึผืขื ืข ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ื•ื’ืขื–ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึท ืงืื– ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืจืงื™ืฉืข ื”ืึทืคื ืฉื˜ืขื˜. 


{ ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืก ืฉื•"ืช, ื ื•ื' 57: ,ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื•ื” ื”ื—ืจื ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ืœืฉื˜ ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืœื ื›ื•ื ืช 
ืชืงื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื,,. ื•ืœื—ื–ืง ื”ื“ืช ื•ืงื™ื•ืžื•, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื—ืจื ื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ ืฆื“ ื”ืงื ืื” ื•ืฉื ืื” ืฉื”ื™ื” 
ืœืงืฆืชื ืขืœ ื”ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืžืฆื“ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉื—ื™ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื”ืงืจืื™ื, ื•ืงืฆืชื ืขืœ ื”ืงืจืื™ื ืขืฆืžื 
ืžืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ืื” ืฉื ืคืœื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื‘ืกื‘ืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืžื”ื", | 








ืฆ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ 


ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืœื™ ืกืคืจื“ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืจืงื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจ ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ -- 
ื ื™ื™ืข ืฉืžื™ืžื•ื ื ืขืŸ, -- ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทืจืงื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืฆื• ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืกื™ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจืฒ= 
ื‘ื•ื ื’, -- ื™ืฆื—ืง ืขึทืงืจึดื™ืฉื ืื•ืŸ ืชึนึผื ืื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื. -- ื“ื™ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื ืื•ืœืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื—, -- ื“ื™ ืื™ืžื™ื’ืจืึทืฆื™ืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืจืฅื™ื™ืฉืจืืœ, -- ื“ื™ ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขืข 
ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืืฑื™ื ืืจืงืฅ:ื™ืฉืจืืœ. -- ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ืžื›ืจื˜ื ื•ืจื ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ึผืจื™ืฐ ืื™ื™ืก ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. -- ื“ื™ ืจื‘ึผื ื™ืฉืข ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’.ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืกื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื˜ืขืกื™ืึทื ื™ืฉืข ืงื‘ืœื”. -- ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ื™ืจื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ืŸ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘. -- ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืึธืจื• ืึทืœืก 
ืคื•ืกืง} ื“ืขืจ ,ื‘ึผื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ" ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš", -- ื“ื•ื“ ืจืื•ื ื’ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข 
ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช, -- ืฉืœืžื” ืžืœื›ื• ืึทืœืก ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงืฒื˜; ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืึทื”ื•. -- ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืึทืจื• ืึทืœื ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื˜ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ืคื•ื ื 
,ืžื ื™ื“ ืžื™ืฉืจื™ื". 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืœื•ืก-ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ !, ืฐืึธืกืขืจืข ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืข ืฆืจื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ 1492--98 ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ื•ื’ืึทืœ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ึผืขื ืข. ืขืก - 
ื ืขืžื˜ ืึธืŸ ืึท ืฉื•ื™ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ึผืœื•ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทืจื˜ ืžืžืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืจืขืจืŸ ื‘ึผืขืช 
ืžืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื›ืจืึธื ื™ืงืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ื ืื ื“ืขืจื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ื™ืงืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืข ืžื’ื™ืœื” ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ืึทื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืข ืžืขืฉื™ื, ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืžื”ื“ื™ืงืข ืจืฆื™ื—ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืคืึทืจืคืึธืœื’ื˜ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขื ืœืึทื ื’ืŸ ืžืึทืจื˜ื™ืจืขืจ-ืฐื•ืขื’ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืข ื ืข-ื•ื ื“ื ื™ืงืขืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื ืžืงื•ื ืžืงืœื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ืึท ืึธืคึผื“ืึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืจื•. ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืขื ื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืข-ื•ื ื“ื ื™ืงืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฐืขื’ ืื•ืž- 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืœื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉื˜ืŸ ืฆื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืึทื–ืฑื ืข ื‘ึผืจืขื’ืขืก, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื•ื™ืขืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืจืขืง, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื™ืข ืจืฆื™ื—ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื˜- 
ืคึฟืึทืจื ื™ืกื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื’ืขื‘ึผืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ืข ื‘ึผืจืขื’ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืœื™ื™ื–ื•ื ื’ 


1 ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจื˜ืข ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจืฒื‘ึผื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืึทื ึผืจื‘ึผื ืืœ ืื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ืž, ื•ืข 

ืื•ื™ืš ,ืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”" (ื ื•ืž' 50--60); ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื›ื”ื ืก ,ืขืžืง ื”ื‘ึผื›ื" (ืืฑืกื ืึทื‘ึผืข, 1852, 854--2)33 
ืืœื™ื”ื• ืงืึทืคึผื›ืึทืœื™ืก ,ืœื™ืงื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื", ื–' 66--91, 
262 





ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ึทึผื™ื™ ื™ืจืŸ 263 


ืคืึทืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืึทืคื ืฉื˜ืขื˜ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื˜ืึธืžืึทื ื™ืฉืขืš 
ืžืœื•ื›ื”. ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ืœื˜ืึทืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื™ืึทื–ืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ื‘ึผืขืช 
ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ ื“ืจืขื ืงื™ื ื™ื’ ืคืขืจื“ื™ื ืึทื ื“, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืก 
ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืข ืึทืœืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ: ,ื•ื™ 
ืงืึทื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขืก ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื™ื ื™ื’ ืคึผืขืจื“ื™ื ืึทื ื“ ืคืึทืจ ื ืงืœื•ื’ืŸ ืžื•ืฉืœ, ืื™ื --- 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑื™ ืคืึทืจืึธืจืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืœืึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืœืึทื ื“ ืจื™ื™ืš ื’ืข" 
ืžืึทื›ื˜!'" ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืจืงื™ืฉืข ืกื•ืœื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืงื•ืง 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ื™ืงืข ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ืกืžืขื ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื ืขืจืŸ 
ืื•ื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ืœืขืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืœื™ ืกืคืจื“ (ืื•ื™ืก ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืข ืคืึทืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ืขื ืข), 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ, ืงืจื™ื’ืขืจื™ืฉ-ืคึผืขืึธื“ืึทืœืขืจ ืึธึทื˜ืึธืžืึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืœื•ื›ื” ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื”ื•ื™ืš-ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ืœื“ืขื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžืขืจื™ืฉืข ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื“ 
ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื›ืข ื–ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ืจื’ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึทื ื“ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืข, 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื“? ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืจื™ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื™ื ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื™ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื‘ึผืฉื•ืช; 
ืึทื“ืึทื ืง ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื“ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ึผืœื™ืขืŸ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืœืึธื›ื•ืช. 
ืึทืคื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื˜ืึธืžืึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืœื•ื›ื”, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง ืคืึทืจื’ืจืขืกืขืจื ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืก ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืข ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ึผืขื ืข 1. ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืกืคืจื“ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื™ื˜ืข ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืงืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืจืงืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ืข ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืœืขืจื™ืข ืื•ืŸ, ืฉืึธืก-ืžืึทืฉื™ื ืขืก; 
ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืงื™ื™ ื ื™ื™ืข ืคืึทื‘ึผืจื™ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืคึผื•ืœื•ื•ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืกืŸ ื”ืึทืจืžืึทื˜ืŸ, 


ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืฉื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืคืจืจื™ื 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื‘ึผืจื™ึดื“ืขืจ --- ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืจืงื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืกืŸ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜? ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืกืขืจืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืœื˜ื™ืงื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืจืงื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ --- ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื - 
ืกื˜ืึทื ื˜ื™ื ืึธืคึผืึธืœืขืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื”. ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ื‘ึผื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’; ื“ืขื ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืงืคื˜ ื”ืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฆื•ึน ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ 
ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ืคึผืฉื˜ --- ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงืœืึธืจืŸ, ืจืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ. ืฆื• ืงื‘ึผืœื” ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑื ืข ื—ืฉื•ื‘ืข ืคืึธืจ- 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืึทื ื˜ื™ื ืึธืคึผืึธืœืขืจ ืงื—ื™ืœื”, ืฐื•ื™ ื›ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื• ืื•ืŸ ืžื–ืจื—ื™, 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึทืคึผื™ืœืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืึธืคืŸ ืึทืจืฑื™ืกื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ึผื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืจืžื–ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ 


1 ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื’ื‘, ืขื“ื•ืช ืฆืฐื™ื™ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉืžืขืœืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆืฒื™ื˜: ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืึท ืงืจื™ืกื, ื ื™ืงืึธืœืึทื•ืก ื“ืข ื ื™ืงืึธืœืึทื™ (ืฆื’/60 ื' 66 60001409:) ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจืฒื‘ึผื•ื ื  
9ืกื˜ืกื–ื˜1 6ืก 24461246400 165" ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฐืฒื™ื˜ืขืจ, ืึท ื™ื™ืจ, ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื ึผื”ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืืขืžืง. 
ื”ื‘ึผื›ื" (ื–ื™ 144). 





4 ื“"ืจ ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ึผืขืจื’ 


ืงื‘ึผืœื” ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืข ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื–ืขืฆืŸ 1. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืœ ื ืกื˜ืึทื ื˜ื™ื ืึธืคึผืึธืœ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ืึทื ื˜ืฉืฒื“ืขื ืขืจ ืงื‘ึผืœื”-ืงืขื’ื ืขืจ ื•ื™ 
ืืœื™ื”ื• ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื•ืก ืชึผืœืžื™ื“, ืฉืื•ึน? ื›ึนึผื”ืŸ ืืฉื›ึผื ื–ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืœืขืง- 
ืฆื™ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืข ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืจื™ื™ื– ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืขืจ *. ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืึทื’ื“ืขืจืข 
ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืคื•ื ื 
6ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื”, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืึทืงืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื™ื ื’ืขืฐืึทื ื“ืขืจื˜ืข 
ืกืคืจื“ื™ื, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื ื™ื™ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ืคืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืคืึธื“ืขืจื’ืจื•ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœืŸ 
ืœึถืขื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืจืงื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงื•ื“ื-ื›ึผืœ ืึธื ืฐื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืึทื ื˜ื™ื ืึธืคึผืึธืœืขืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืจืงื˜, ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ. 
ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข ืฆื• ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืฆื• ื“ ืขืขื ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜ 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคืึทืจื ืื›ืœืขืกื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ -- ืฆื• ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจืฒื‘ึผื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืข ืงืึทื˜ืึทืกื˜ืจืึทืคืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืงื™ื‘ึผื•ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืจืžื•ื’ืึทืœ, ื“ื™ ืื™ืžื”ื“ื™ืงืข 
ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ,, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ึผืขื ืข, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืฑืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืขืจืฉื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ. ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, 
ื•ื™ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื—ืจื•ื‘ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™- 
ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื•ืกืจื–ื ืคืฉ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืืžื•ื ื” --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืจืงื ื“ืขืจ ื—ืฉืง 
ื™ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืฉืจืฒื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื“ื™ ื’ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืข ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ, 
ืึทื™ื™ื ืงืจื™ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื›ึผืจื•ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื”ืขืœื“ื™ืฉืงื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคืืœืง ืื™ื– ื‘ึผื™ื™ื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื ืคื™ื•ืŸ. ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืงื™ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื‘ึผืŸ ืฐืขืจื’ืึธ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืจื™ืึทื ืึธืคึผืึธืœ, ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืจื™ืขืจื™ืงืข 
ื›ืจืึธื ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช , ืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”" *. ืึท ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
ื ืข-ื•ื ื“ื ื™ืง, ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืœื™ืงืข ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืึธืžืข ืคื™ื, ื™ืฆื—ืง ืขืงืจื™ืฉ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืืฑืžื’ืึทื‘ึผืข: ืึทืจืฑืกืจืึทืžืขืฐืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข 
ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ืžืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขืœื™ื ื ื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืฆื• ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ื ืข 
ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืึทืจื‘ึผืขื˜ืŸ, ืฐื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื•, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 
1 ื–ืข ื›ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจืžืข. ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ืžื–ืจื—ื™ื 
ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืฉื•"ืช (ื ื•ืž' 1): ืื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉึตืืœึนื ื”ื•ื–ื›ืจ ืœื ื‘ืชืœืžื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ืœื™ 
ื•ืœื ื ืชืœืžื•ืจ ื™ื“-ื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื•ืœื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื‘ื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžืคื™ื”ื ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืขืœื™ื”ื ืื ื• ืžื•ืžื›ื™ื 
ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื ื™ ื”ื“ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืื™ึนืŸ ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื— ื‘ื• ืืข"ืค ืฉื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืงื‘ืœื—ืช ื“ื‘ืจื• ื‘ื•.." 
| 9 ื–ืข ื™ืฉ"ืจ ืžืงืื ื“ื™ื, ,ืžืฆืจืฃ ืœื—ื›ืžื”": ื’ืฉืื•ืœ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ., ื™ืจืจ ืœืขื™ืจ ื”ื ื“ื•ืœื” 
ืงื•ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื ื™ึฐื”ื™ื” ืฉื ืžืœืžื“ ืœื™ืงื™ืจื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื›ืžืช ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื•ื”ื ืœื•ื” ืœื” ื•ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืฉื 
ื—ื›ืžืชื• ื ื™ื ืจ ื‘ื›ืžื” ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื ื”ื•ืช ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ื ! ื•ื”ืงืจืื™ื ืฉื”ื ื’ื ื•ื•ื™ื 
ื‘ืื•ืฆืจื•ืชื" 4: 
5 ื–ืข ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื–ื™ 20 ื"ื•. 





ืจื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ืจืŸ 205 


ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ื—ืกื“ืื™ ืื‘ึผืŸ ืฉืคึผืจื•ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื›ึผื•ื•ืจื™ืฉืŸ ืžืœืš, ื“ื™ 
ืœืขื‘ึผื ืกื‘ึผืึทืฉืจืฒื‘ึผื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืŸ ืจืืฉ-ื’ืœื•ืชื ื‘ึผื•ืกืชื ืื™, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคื•ืจื™ื 
ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืŸ ืคึผืึทืžืคืœืขื˜ ,ืืœ ืชื—ื™ ื›ืื‘ื•ืชื™ืš''. ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื•ึนืœึตื™ ืกืคืจื“, ื“ืขืจ 
ืึทืจืฆื˜ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืฉื•ืœืึทื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทื ืกื˜ืึทื ื˜ื™ื ืึทืคึผืึธืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืืจืงืข ืงื™ืจืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื, ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ื–ื›ึผื•ืชึผืืก ,ื™ื•ื—ืกื™ืŸ', ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ืฆื•ื ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ 
ืึท ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœืข ื›ืจืึธื ื™ืง, ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืึทื‘ึผื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืœืึทื˜ืฒื ื™ืฉืข 
ืงื•ื•ืขืœืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขื ืฉืจื™ืจื ื’ืื•ื ืก ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืŸ ,, ื‘ืจื™ื•ื• /, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื 
ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืงื•ื•ืขืœืข ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืื•ื ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืชืงื•ืคื” !. ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ ืกืคืจื“ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืชึผื ื›ึนึผืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ? ืื‘ึนึผืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืงืึทื ื›ื˜ืึทื ื˜ื™ื ืึธืคึผืึธืœ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ (1510) ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืŸ , ื™ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ//, ืฐืึธืก 
ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ื ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื• ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ืฉ ืกืคืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ึผืŸ ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืคึผืึทืกืขืจ. ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื”ืงื“ืžื”, 
ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื ื”ืืœื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื ื™ื™ืกื™ืง ืึธื ืฆื•ึผื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ืฐืึธืกืขืจืข ืžืึธ- 
ืกื™ื•ื•; ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืึทืฉืœื•ืก ื“ืขื , ื™ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ'' ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ: 

! ,,ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ื’ืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื ืขื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ: 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ื•ื™ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ึผืจื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื™ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื™ืคื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฆืึธืจืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืœื˜ื ื“ ืฆื• ืœืึทื ื“, ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ืฆื•ื ืื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื• 
ื’ื™ื˜ ื ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ -- ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื”ื—ื™ื”ืฉืข ืฉื ืื” ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ื–ืึทืžืข ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ืจืฆื™ื—ื”.. 
ืึท ื˜ื•ื™ื˜-ืฉืจืขืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื’ื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึทืจืฐืึธื’ืœื˜ืข ืคืึธืœืง, ืงืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ื™ืื•ืฉ 
ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจ'ืฅ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืœื˜. ืฐื•ืืจืขื ืขืก ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืง, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ 
ืึดื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืึธืœื™ืงืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืึทืกื™ืจื˜, ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืกืขืจืข ืฆืจื•ืช ืื•ืŸ 
ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ื ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื“ืึธืก ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืง ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ -- ืื™ื– ื ื’ื•ื•ืืœื“ื™- 
ืงืขืจ ืฉืึธื“ืŸ ื›ึผืคืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืžืขื’. ืฐืึธืจืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืฉืœืึธื’ืขื ืข ื’ืขืžื™ื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข 





1 ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœืึทื ื”ืึธื, ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืึท ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืฉืข ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื• 
"ื•ืกืฃ ืคืœืึทืฐื™ื•ืก ืžืงืขื’ืŸืึทืคึผื™ืึธืŸ", | 

* ื“ื•ื“ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื ืื™ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืจื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ืกืึทื‘ึผืึธืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืžืœืš ื™ืึธื”ืึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฐื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜, ืื™ื ืคึผืึทืจืคึผืฉืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1415 ืฆื•ื ืžืฑื ืคึผืึทืจ ืึท ื‘ื™ืœื‘ื•ืœ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึทื ื™ื˜ื™ืจื˜ 
ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืจืึทื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงืขืจืŸ ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืช. ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืึทื ื˜ืœืฑืคึฟืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชืคื™ืกื” ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืึทื ืžื™ื ืฆืคึผืึธืœ, โ€ ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ื”ืึธืก ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 1506 ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉืข ื’ืจืึทืžืึทืกื™ืง ,ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืœืžื•ื“ื™ื". ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื 
ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ื ื ืฐืขืจืง ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืข ืึทืจื‘ึผืขื˜ ,ืฉืงืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ" ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืึธืœื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ 
ื ื™ื ืคืึทืจืคึผืึทืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื‘ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื, ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืคึผืึทืกืขืจ (ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืึทื ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื ืฉ. ื“, ืœื•ืฆืึทืžื• (,ืื’ืจื•ืช ืฉื“'ืœ") ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ืข. 
ืกื™ืงื˜. ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืŸ.ื™ืขืงื‘), 


200 ื“"ืจ ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ึผืขืจื’ 


ืึธื‘ื•ึนืช ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขืœื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื ืขืฐืขื ื“ื˜. 
ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื•ื•ืขื’, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื’ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืฆื• 
ื’ืึธื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืžื™ื˜: 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ื™ื˜". 

ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข, ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืฆื• ื‘ึผืึทืกืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืึท- 
ืกื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื’ืึทื ื’ืขื ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ึผืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ื“ืขื , ื™ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ"" 
ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ: ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืึทืœืข ื–ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ื ื ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ 
ื“ื•ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื›ึผืœืœ? ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜, ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืง ,,ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืจื’ืึทื ื’ืขื ืขื: 
ื–ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึธื ื–ืึธื’ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช'' (ื•ืœืžื” ืฉื ืงื•ื” ื›ื™ ืžื”ืขื‘ืจ ื™ืœืงื—' 
ืจืื™ื” ืืœ ื”ืขืชื™ืจ). 

ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืกื•ืจืช ืึธื‘ื•ึนืช ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜, ื“ืขืจ' 
ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉ ืฆื• ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื’ืึทื ื’ืขื ืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื“ื™ ืคืขืกื˜ืข ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื”. 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืื•ืœื” --- ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืึทืœืฅ ื‘ึผื•ืœื˜ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื™ 
ื“ื™ ื ื•ืœื™ ืกืคืจื“, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืงืึธืจืฉื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืจืงื™ื™ ื ืึธืš 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขืš ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืฐืึธื’ืœ, 

ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ืš-ื›ึผืึทื˜ืื›ึผื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™- 
ืคึฟืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉื™ื ืขื‘ึผื™ืœื“ืขื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ืึทื‘ื•ื”ื ื‘ึนึผืŸ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื”ืœื•ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืฃ 
ื ืขื”ืขืจื™ืงืข ืึธืคึผืฉืึทืฆื•ื ื’ ืึทื“ืึทื ืง ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ึผืคื˜ืŸ ืงื‘ึผืœื”-ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ื’ืจืฉื•ื ืฉืœื•ื 1 
ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ื”ืœื•ื™, ื“ืขื ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืŸ ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ื–ื›ึผื•ืชึผืืก ืฉืฐืึธื’ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืข ื‘ึผืขืจืš ืื™ืŸ 1400; ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ืคื™ืจื˜ ืขืจ ืึท ืฐืึทื ื“ืขืจ-ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ: ืคืึทืจ-ื™ 
ื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื›ื ืœืึทื ื“, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜: 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึทื ืกื˜ืึทื ื˜ื™ื ืึธืคึผืึธืœ. ื“ื™ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขึทื›ืข ื ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืจืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉื™ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ; ืขืจ ื•ืขื˜ 
'ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืึธื˜ืึธืžืึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืœื•ื›ื” ื’ืึธื˜ืก ืฉืœื™ื—, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื‘ืขืจ,. 
ืึทื– ื˜ืขืจืงื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ืึทื™ื™ื ื ืขืžืขืŸ. ืจื•ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. 
ื•ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืึทื‘ึผืจื‘ึผื ืืœ, ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ื”ืœื•ื™ ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ืกืคืจ ื“ื ื™ืืœ, ืึทื– ืื™ื ื ื™ืึธืจ 1824, ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ ืืชื—ืœืชึผื' 
ื“ื’ืื•ืœื”, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 0 ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืžืฉื™ื— ื–ื™ืš ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืœื™ืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ * 
ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™? ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™? ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืื•ืžืขืจื˜ืข ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ, ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืขืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืš 
ื“ื•ืจ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืกื™ืจืช-ื ืคืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืึทืจืŸ 
ื“ืจื•ืฉ ,,ืžื’ืœืช ืืžืจืค?', ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืคึผืกื•ืงื™ื ืคื•ืŸ , ืฉื™ืจ". 
ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื': ,,ืžื™ ื–ืืช ืขื•ืœื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืžืชืจืคืงืช ืขืœ ื“ื•ื“ื”'"' ืื•ืŸ ,ื›ื™ ืขื–ืช 


1 ื–ืข ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืœืขื›ืข ืึทืจื‘ึผืขื˜, ,ืงืจื™ืช ืกืคืจ", ืฐ, 101--141, 269--213, ื•ื•ื˜, 149--165. 


52 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ||, 136--131 





ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜! ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื’ืฒ ื™ื“ืŸ 207 


ื›ืžื•ืช ืื”ื‘ื”". ืจื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื“ืจืฉื”, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขื”ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืคืจืึทื ืžืขื ื˜, ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืคื˜ืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืข 
ื“ืขื ืงืžืขืœืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืœื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ 
ื ื•ืœื™ ืกืคืจื“. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืœืึทืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืึทืคึผืึธื˜ืขืึธื–ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื”ืฉื ืื•ืŸ 
ืžืกื™ืจืช-ื ืคืฉ, ืึท ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืชื“ื™ืง-ืคึผืึทื˜ืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืคื™ื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ืฆื•ื ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ื– ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ื ื 
ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื. ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืกืŸ 
ืขืงืกื˜ืึทื– ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ื“ืขื ืฉืฐืึทื›ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืœืข 
ื’ืจื•ื™ื–ืึทืžืข ืขื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืœื™ื™ืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืชึผืœื™ื ื™ื ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืฆื•, 
ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ,,ืงืจื•ืฉ" ืžื™ื˜ ืžืชื™ืงื•ืช: ,ื ื™ื™ื“ ื‘ึดึผื™ืŸ ืื™ืš, ืึท ื™ื™ื“ ืขืœ ืื™ืฃ 
ื‘ึผืœื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ, ืึท ื™ื™ื“ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ึผืŸ, ื ื™ื™ื“, ืึท ื™ื™ื“ ืึท ื™ื™ืš'',,, 1, 

ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ื”ืœื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ืงืึทื ืกื˜ืึทื ื˜ื™ื ืึธืคึผืึธืœ, ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืืจืฅื“ื™ืฉืจืืœ? ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคืึทืจืงื™ื ื“ื™ืงื ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืœื“ื™ืงืข 
ื’ืื•ืœื” 5 

ืึถื ื“ื™ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืฉ-ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืจืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืชื—ืœื” 
ืคื•ื ื 16ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื” ืคืึทื•ื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืืฑื‘ึผื ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืŸ 
ืฉืึทืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืงื™ื™. ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืขืจ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืึทืคืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืึทื ื˜ื™ื ืึธืคึผืึธืœ, ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื™- 
ืขืจื“ื™ืกืŸ ื“ื•ืจ --- ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืคืึทืจื ืขืžื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืกืึทืœืึธื ื™ืงื™ ืื•ืŸ, ืงื•ื“ื-ื›ึผืœ, ื“ืึธืก 
ืœืึทื ื“ ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ื—ืœื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืื–ืŸ --- ื“ืึธืก ืœึฟืึทื ืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื‘ื•ึนืช, ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืค, ืžื™ื ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื™ืขื ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ --- ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื’ืœื™ืœ ืคืึทืจืฐืึธืจืคืขื ืขื ืฆืคืช... 


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ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ื™ืฅ"ืฆื•ื’ืŸ,, ื‘ึผืขืช ืืจื–ื“ื™ืฉืจื? ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืงืืžืฃ-ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืคืึทืจืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื’ืขืจืึทื ื’ืœ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœื˜ืŸ -- ื“ืขืฃ 
ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ืกืœืžืขื ื™ืฉืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ 
ืื™ื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื—ืจื•ื‘ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื–ื ื“ืขืจ, ื‘ึผื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ื˜ื•- 
ื“ืขืœืึท, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืค ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ื–ืขื›ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ื ื 
ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืคื˜ืŸ ื™"ื”, ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ื›ึผืœื•ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจ 
ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืขืก, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ืช ืœื—ื -- 12 ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืึตื™ื™ื ืฐื•ึนื™ื ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื™ืžื• 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื–ืจืขืืœ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืคื•ื ื 18ื˜; 
ื™"ื” ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืจืกื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ืžื™ื’ืจืึทืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฒื™ืจืึธืคึผืขื™ืฉืข 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ื˜, 153, 
2 ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ื”ืœื•ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ึผืขืจืš ืื™ืŸ 1520, 





208 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ึผืขืจื’ 


ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ืื™ืŸ 1211 ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข 300 ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื ืื•ื™ืก 
ืขื ื’ืœืึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืคืจืึทื ืงืจืฒื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื‘ื•ึนืช 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื–ืขืฆื˜. ืื™ื ื ื™ืึธืจ 0 ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึถื‘ึผืขืจ ืืจืฅื“ื™ืฉืจื? ื‘ึนึผืึทื™ 
ืคืึทืœืŸ ื ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืข ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื˜ืึธื˜ืขืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื—ืจื•ื‘ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืœืึทื ื“, 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืึทื”ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ื™ืึถืจ ืึทืจื•ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืžื‘ึผ'"ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืขืจ. ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจ- 
ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืึทืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืึท ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ, 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜. ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ, ื‘ึผืขืช ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ 
42ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื” ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืจืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉ- 
ืœึฟืึทื ื“, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืึท ืœืึธื– ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื ืึทื ืฆืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืขืก ืึทื ื˜ืœืึธืคืขื ืข 
ืืฉื›ึผื ื–ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื ืขืกืึทื ืก-ืชึผืงื•ืคื” ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœ- 
ื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืจืงื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื”ืึทื ื’ ืฆื•ื ืœืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื‘ื•ืช. ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืจืึธืžืึทื ื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ึผืขื ืงืฉืึทืคื˜ ื ืึธืš ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืจืฒื™ื›ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืข- 
ื™ึดืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืฆืึธืœ ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื•, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึท ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ื“-ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก. ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืฉ ืื™ื–, 
5ืžืฉืœ, ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื•, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1438 ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืึทืจืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ืจ' ืืœื™ื”ื• ืื•ื™ืก ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื™ 
ื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืื™ืŸ 1424, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ึนืŸ ืจืืฉื™ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. 
ืขืจ ืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื• 1 ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ืžืœืึธื›ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจื ืกื•ืช, ืžื™ื 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืคืึทืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš. ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ืœื“ืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืึทืจืฆื˜ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืึทื ืฆื•ึผื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื•ืžื’ืขื‘ึผื™ืœื“ืขื˜ ื“ื™. ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืข 
ื™ื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ: ,,ืก'ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื™ืง 
ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžืžืฉ ืื™ื™ื–ืœืขืŸ'" (ืื™ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ 
ื‘ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืจืคื•ืื” ืฉื›ืœื ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื). ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื•, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืคื•ืคืฆื™ืง ื™ืืจ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ 
ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ --- ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ืžืฉื ื”ื™ืขืจ" 
ืงืœืขืจืขืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ื™ึธืจึตื ืžื‘ึผืจื˜ื ื•ืจื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคืึทืจ- 
ืงื™ืจืฆื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ , ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืจื˜ืขื ื•ืจืึท'. ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืขืงืกืขื’ืขื–ืข ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ื™ึธืจื ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืึทืœืก ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืŸ ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืื•ื ื™ื 
ืจืฉ""ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืžื›''ื. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืืžืช ืžื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ- 
ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœืึธืจืงืฒื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืฉื˜ื•ืช. ื•ื™ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื™ื– ืึทืจืฑื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง. 


1 ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ืคึฟืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื›ืžื™ื", 1849, 61- 63, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœ 
ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื‘ึผืจื™ื•, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืจืฅื™ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื™ื– ื›ึผื“ืื™ 
ืฆืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข:ื‘ึผืึทืฉืฒื‘ึผื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ืึธื ื™ืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืคึผืึทืกืขืจ ืื•ื™ื ื“ืขื ืึธืจ 
2, ืคืื“ืขืžื ื˜ืœืขื›ึผื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืฉื‘ื—ื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื", 1185, 2615 





ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 269 


(1849), ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื‘ึผื›ืœ ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ืฉืจื?, ืžืขืŸ 
ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ื ืขื“-ื”ื™ื•ื ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืชืื•ื™ืกื ืื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ ืกื™ืจืขื ื ื•ื–ื™ื•ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืึทื˜ื™ืŸ 
(1698--1708). ื“ืขื ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืจื˜ื ื•ืจืืก ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื™ืš 
ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜. ืื™ืŸ 1486 ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืจื˜ื˜ื˜ืจื ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืจืฅื™ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ืึธื ื“ืขืจื˜ื”ืึทืœื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืึถืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืกื™ืขื” ื–ื™ื™ื ืข 
ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื’ืจื™ื›ื ืœืึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ื. ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฉืึทืจืฃ ืื•ื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื ื•ื˜ืŸ 
ื‘ึผืึทืึทื‘ึผืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื’ื™ื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื• 1 ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืข ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื›ื ืœืื ื“, ืกืžืฆืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืืจืฅ- 
ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืจืฅื“ื™ืฉืจืืœ? ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึทืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžืžืฉืœื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืขืœื˜ื’ื™ืจื™ืงืข ืกื•ืœื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ-ืžืึทืžืขืœื™ื•ืงืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ึผืจื—ืžื ื•ืชื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ 
ื“ื™. ื‘ึผืึทืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคืขื ืขืจ ื’ื–ื™ืœื” 2 ืžื—ื ื•ืช 
ืจื•ื™ื‘ึผืขืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ึผืึทืึทืžื˜ืข ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฉืขืจื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขืคืจืขืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ ืžื•ื ื 
ืœืึทื ื“, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ืึทื ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื—ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข 
ื‘ึผืึทืึทืžื˜ืข, ื“ื™ ืจืืฉื™ื ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื—, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื—ืœ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืึทืžืœืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึดืคึผ- 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืคึผืึทืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืื•ื ืจืฉืขื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช, ืึทื‘ึผื™ ื ื•ืฉื ื—ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ 
ืฉืจืจื•ืช. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืจื˜ื ื•ืจื ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื•, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืฉื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข, ืึท ืื™ืžื”ื“ื™ืง ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืง ื‘ึผื™ืœื“, ืฐื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง 
ืคืึทืจื“ืึธืจื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืจืึทืœื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืœืขื‘ื ืก- 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืึทื–ืึท 
ืจื•ื™ึธืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืึทืกืขื ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืจื˜ื ื•ืจื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืจืขื“ื˜ ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืฆืึธืจืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ื“ื™ ,, ื–ืงื ื™ื ื”ืจืฉืขื™ื,,, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ึผื™ืœื“ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื ื“ืข 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ , ืžื•ืกืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžืœืฉื™ื ื™ื!'. ื“ื™ ื ืึทื ืฆืข ืœืึทืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืŸ 
ื”ืึทื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ,,ื–ืงื ื™ื ื”ืจืฉืขื™ื'' ื ืขืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืฑื™ืคืœืฒื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ื” ื“ื™ 
ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืข -- ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืœืึทื ื“ ืึทื ื˜ืœืึธืคืขื ืข 5. ืขืก ืื™ืŸ 


1 ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ืžื‘ึผืจื˜ื ื•ืจื ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืจืง:ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื“ืจื™ ื‘ืฑื™ืฐ : ืืฒื ืขื ื–ื™ึทืŸ 
ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื™ื™ืžืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืŸ, ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ 
ื–ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืœืฑื™ื– ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ = ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืคึผืึท-ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื ืึทื“, ื ืฒื‘ึผื•ื™ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื™ืึทื”ืจื‘ึผื™ืš ืค. ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ื“. ื™ื•ื“ืขืŸ", ืฐืŸ, 195--270, ืœื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืฉืžืึทืจืง 
ืคืึทืจื’ืจืฒื–ื˜ (ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืข: ืžืฉื” ืงืึทืกื•ื˜ื• ืื™ืŸ ื–ืึทืžืœืฐืขืจืง ืื•ื–ืืช ืœื™ื”ื•ืจื”", 296--201). 

2 ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ืžื‘ึผืจื˜ื ื•ืจื ืฉืจืฒื‘ึผื ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผืจื™ืฐึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 1488: ืื”ื™ืชื” 
ืกื›ื ื— ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืœื›ืช ืฉื ื›ื™ ื”ึทืžึทืžึธืœื•ึนืงื™ ื‘ืขืช ื”ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื›ื˜ื™ื ื•ืžื›ื™ืก ื•ืฉื•ืœืœื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืืฉืจ 
ื™ืžืฆืื• ื’ื ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™, ื ื ืœื™ืฉื˜ืขืืœ", 

5 ื“ืขืจ ื ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื™ืกืฉืขืจ ืจื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื, ืจ' ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ืกืจืœื™ืŸ, ืขืจืงืœืขืจื 
ืึธืคึฟืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืืชืจื•ืžืช ื”ื“ืฉืŸ" (ื ื•ืž' 88): ืื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื‘ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืžืขืœื” ื™ืชืจื” ื™ืฉ 5 





200 ื“"ืจ = ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ื“ืขืจื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืึทืฉื›ึผื ื–ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืึทื ื˜ืœื™ืคืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืขืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื‘ึผืึทืจืึธื˜, 
,ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื–ืึท ืื•ืคืŸ --- ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ืžื‘ึผืจื˜ื ื•ืจื --- ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ 
ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืœืขื‘ึผืึทื˜ื™ื ื’ืขื‘ึผืœื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืกืš-ื”ื›ึผืœ 70. ื“ื™ ,ื–ืงื ื™ื', 
ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ -- ื“ื™ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”, ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ื ื™ื ืึธื ืฆื•ึผื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ื—ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ 
ืฉืจืจื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืึทื™ื™ื ืฆืึธืœืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืืฑื™ืกืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืฉืคึผื™ื˜ืึธืœืŸ, ื“ื™ ื›ึผืœึดื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืœืŸ, ื“ื™ ื›ึผืชืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื‘ึผืึทืคึผื•ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืกืคืจ-ืชึผื•ืจื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื“ื™ ืกืคืจ-ืชึผื•ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืคื, ืฐืึธืก ืืฑื™ืฃ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืกืš ื‘ืขืœื ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื™ืจืึธืคึผืข' 1 ;ืื™ืš ื‘ึดึผื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ --- ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ืžื‘ึผืจื˜ื ื•ืจื, --- ืึทื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืก'ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธ ื‘ึผืึทืฐืฒื™ื–ืŸ 
ืึท ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื›ึผืœืœื–ื˜ื•ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืžืขืืœื™ื. 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฆืจื—, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื’ืข ืงืึทื ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ' 
ื‘ึผื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืก-ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึท ืžืขื•ืจื‘ 
ืขื ื”ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ืช --- ืึทืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืงืึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืœื•ื™ืขืจ ื ืึธืจ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืœื˜"2. 
ื“ืขื ืขื ื™ื• ื‘ึผืจื˜ื ื•ืจื ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ 
ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ื—ื›ื ื‘ึผื”ื ื”ื ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช', ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืคืึทืจืŸ 
ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื™ืฉื•ื‘ --- ื“ืึธื ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืงืข ืขืจ ื’ื•ืคื. ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1488 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืคื™ื ืคืึทื ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืึท ื ื™ื™ืข ืชึผืงื•ืคื” ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืงื”ื™ืœื”, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืคืึทืจืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืคึผืึทืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ืฉื•ื‘. ืขืจ ืึดื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ื’ืข" 
ืžืึธืกื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืึทื ื˜ืฐืึธืจื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืจืึธืœืข ืื•ื™ืคืฆื•ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ? 
ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœึฐื˜ืขืจ ื—ืจื•ื‘ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืกื™ืงืข ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” 
ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืฆืึทืœืจืฒื™ื›ืข ืกืคืจื“ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื•ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ื‘ึผืึทื–ืขืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื“. 
ืึท ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ, ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ืขืจ ืจืขื“ื ืขืจ *, ืึทืŸ ืขื ืขืจ- 


ืœืื“ื ื”ึฒืจึธืจ ื ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืืžื ื ืฉืžืขื ื• ื›ืžื” ืคึทืขืžื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื•ื™ืชืช ื˜ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื 
ื ื–ืฉื ื™ื ืœืจืฉืขื™ื ื’ืžื•ืจื™ื, ืžื•ืกืจื™ื ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ื•ื”ื ืžื•ืจื“ื™ื ื•ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœื™ื ื”ืืฉื›ื ืฑื ืฉื”ื 
ืฉื•ืžืจื™ ืชื•ืจื”", 

1 ื™ืึทื”ืจื‘ึผื•ืš ืืึทื–"ื•, ||: 209, 213. 

9 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 3 {ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืชื™ ืื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ืืช ืื™ืฉ ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ื—ื›ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ืช. 
ื—ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื” ืฉืจ ื•ืฉื•ืคื ื ื ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื ื ืœื™ืฉืžืขืืœื™ื, ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืืฉืจ 
ื‘ืžื—ื•ื–ื•ืช ืืœื• ื—ืจืฉ ื—ืจืฉื™ื ื•ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ืขืชื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช ืขื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ื™ ื›ื•ืœื ืื ืฉื™ 
ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ื•ืœื‘ื ื›ื™ ืื ืืœ ื‘ืฆืขื" 

9 ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืจื˜ื ื•ืจื ื ื•ืคื ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผื ื–ืฒื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื•ืฉื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒื’ืข 
ืคึผืจืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืขืจ! ืื•ืื ื™ ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืœืงื”ืœ ืคื” ืคึผืขืžึทื™ื ื‘ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื›ื ืกืช 
ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื›ื™ ืจื•ื‘ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื—ืงื“ืฉ ื•ื”ื’ื ื™ ืœื”ื ื›ืฉื™ืจ ืขื’ื‘ื™ื, ื™ืคื” ืงื•ืœ ื•ืžืกื™ื‘ึฟ 
ื ื’ืŸ ื•ืžื”ืœืœื™ื ื•ื˜ืฉื ื—ื™ื ืืช ื“ืจืฉื•ืชื™", ืฐืขื ืŸ ื‘ืจื˜ื ื•ืจืืก ืคึผืจืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ื–ืข ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื— ืคื•ืŸ 
ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ื™ืึธืจ 1495 (ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืฐื•, 282 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื“ืŸ 21 


ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื›ึผืœืœ-ื˜ื•ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื‘ึผืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืœืขืจ ืฆืึทืจื˜ืขืจ 
ื ืฉืžื” -- ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืจื˜ื ื•ืจื ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ืึธื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึทืก 
ื“ืขืจ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื—ื“ื•ืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืฉืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื‘- 
ื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜. ืึทืคื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ,ื–ืงื ื™ื ื”ืจืฉืขื™ื'* ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื ื›ื ืข ื•ืฐืขืจืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืžืึธืจืึทืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืจืึทืคื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืœืš ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื•ื™ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื”, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื ื˜ืจืึทื’ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœืึทื’ืข. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ืึตืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ (ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืž- 
ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ึผืœื™ื‘ึผืŸ), ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฐืื ื“ืขืจื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืจืฅื™ื™ืฉืจืืค, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื•, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื™ืึธืจ 1490 !, ื’ื™ื˜ ืึท ืงืœืึธืจ ื‘ึตึผื™ืœืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธืœืข, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ึผืจื˜ื ื•ืจื ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ืื•ืžื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ื˜ืืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื ื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืœืึทื ื“. ,ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืžืึทืŸ, -- ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืชืคึผืขืœื•ืช ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืขืจ, --- ืืœืฅ ืคื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืงื•ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืคืขืœ, ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืงื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ. 
ืึทืคื™ืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืœ ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœืข ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืžืขืืœื™ื ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ื 
ืื™ื ืึดืคึผ ื“ืขื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืŸ ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“'' 2 ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ืฉืื•ึนื‘ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ 
ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื– 200 ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืขืก, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืœื™ ืกืคืจื“ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืš- 
;ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืึทืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืžื•ืจื ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืฆื• 
ื‘ึผืึทื–ืขืฆืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ื”ื•ึน ื•ื‘ื•ื”ื•, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืœื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ืจ 
ื‘ึผืฉืขืช ื“ืขืจ ืžืžืฉืœื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืขืœื™ื•ืงืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื ืคึผื—ืจ . ื“ื™ ืžืืกืŸ-ืื™ืžื™- 
ื ืจืึทืฆื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืจืฉื˜ ืึธื ื’ื”ื•ืฑื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื ื˜ 1817, ื ืึทื›ื“ืขื ื•ื™ ืกืขืœื™ื ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืขืœื™ื•ืงืŸ ืกื™ืจื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืึทืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืžืฉืœื” ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืžืฆืจื™ื. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ื’ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืจื•ืฉื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืงืจื™ื™ืŸืŸ,. ื–ื™ 


1 ืคึฟืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึทื”ืจื ึผื•ืš, ืฐ|, 273--284, : 
2 ื“ืึธืจืžืŸ, 282-280: ืขื”ื ื™ืฉื‚ื ื•ื”ื ืขืœื” ืžืื•ืจ ื”ื’ื•ืœื” ืื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื•ืขื™ื ืžื•ื—ืจ"ืจ 
!ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” โ€ ื™ืฆ"ื•,,, ื•ื”ืื™ืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ืจ ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ื• ื™ืฉื‚ืง ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ืœืขื“ื• ืœื ื™ืจื™ื ืื™ืฉ ืืช 
ื™ืจื• ื™ืžืงืฆื•ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ืืœื™ื• ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื“ืจื•ืฉื• ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืœื ื™ืฉื ื• ื•ื’ื ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื‘ืœ ื•ื‘ื›ืœ, 
'ื”ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื™ื’ื–ื•ืจ ืื•ืžืจ ื•ื™ืงื ืœื•, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื™ืฉืžืขืืœื™ื ืžื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื•ื™ื™ืื™ื ืžืžื ื•,, 
ื•ื”ื•ื ืขึธื ึธื• ื•ืฉืคืœ ืจื•ืช ืขื“ ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื“ืขืชื• ื ื•ืฉื” ืขื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืœ ืขืžื™ื ื™ืืฉืจื•ื”ืŸ 
ื™ืขืœื™ืจ ื™ืืžืจื•: ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ืœื•ืจ ืืฉื”", 

8 ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ืขืจ โ€ ืึทื ืึธื ื™ืžืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ืงืœืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืจื™ืฐ; 
24 ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืœื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื™ืช ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืœื™ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื ื ืจ ื”ื™ืฉื˜ืขืืœื™ื", 





217 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™'ื ื‘ืขืจื  


ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืขืจืงื™ืฉืŸ ืกื•ืœื˜ืึทืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ,,ื“ืขื ืฉืคึผื•ืึธืฆืœื™ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื›ึผื•ืจืฉ!ื™, . 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื“ืึธืก ืœืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื‘ื•ืช. ืื•ื™ืค- 
ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืข ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื ื™ื˜, 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืžืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืœื™ ืกืคืจื“ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืคื•ึนืŸ ืึทืœืข 
ื˜ืขืจืงื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจืึธืฐื•ื™ื ืฆืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืืจืฅื“ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื‘ึนึผืึท- 
ื–ืขืฆืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืงื•ืจืฆืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฆืคืช ื’ืขื‘ื™ืœืจืขื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืึธืก ืจื•ื‘ ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืจื•ื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืข ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ืึทืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืื•ืœื”. 

ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื ื˜ืฐื™ืงืœื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืึทืžื›ื•ืœื˜ืกื˜ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืคืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืคืื“ืขืจื’ืจื•ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื™ื™- 
ื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื“ืจื™ื™ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ื•ื™ ืึทืฐืฑื™ ื“ื™ 
ื ื•ื•ืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืข ืงืึทื˜ืึทืกื˜ืจืึธืคืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึธื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืข ื›ึผื•ื—ื•ืช ืคื•ื ื ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ- 
ืจื™ื™ื›ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืงื™ื‘ึผื•ืฅ -- ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืœื™ ืกืคืจื“. ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขื ืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืืคื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉืŸ, 
ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื’ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืงื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฆืจื•ืช. ืึทืœืฅ ืžืขืจ 
ื”ืึทืจืžืจื”-ืฉื—ื•ืจื”ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืึทืœืฅ ืฉืึทืจืคืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืžื—ื™ืฆื”,. ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืึถืคึผ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืฑืกืŸืฐื•ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ. ืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืžืขืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉืึทืคืŸ ื ื™ื™ืข ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœืข 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืŸ -- ืึทืœืข ื›ึผื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ื–ืึทืžืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืคื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื”ืชืžื“ื” ื“ื™ ื ืึทื ืฆืข ื ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืข ืจืขืœื™- 
ื ื™ืขื–ืข ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืึทื˜ื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื ืกื˜ืŸ ืคื“ืจ ืึทืœึทึผืข ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคืึทืจืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื. ืฆื• ื“ืขื“ ื–ืขืœื›ึผืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืจื™ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื ืขื‘ืœื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ึผืœื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืจื™ื“ื”-ืชึผืงื•ืคื” -- ื“ื™ ืžืขืกื™ืึทื ื™ืฉืข ืงื‘ึผืœื” 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜-ื ืขื“ืึทื ืง ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ , ืชึผื™ืงื•ืŸ ืขื•ืœื ื‘ึผืžืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื“ื™. -- 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืฒื™ื–ื˜ ืžื•ื– ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึทืกืงืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ืฉื•ืช, ื“ื•ืจืš ืกื™ื’ื•ืคื™ื 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืข ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช. ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืจืš ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืขืจืฉื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ืข ื ืฉืžื•ืช 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื›ึผืจืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ืกืŸ ื—ืœื•ื ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ , ื›ึผื•ืœื• ื–ื›ึผืื™"?: 
ืึทื– ืžืขืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืขื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืื•ืœื” ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืคื•ื ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืงืœื™ืคึผื”, ,ื“ืขื ื ื•ื˜ืŸ ืงืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืึธืœืขื›ืฅ'. ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื ืข ืึทืกืงืขื–ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ 
,, ืคืคืจ ื”ืคึผืœื™ืื”'' ืื•ืŸ , ื”ืงื ื”'' ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ืคื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืงืœืึทืžื™ืจื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื”ื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื‘ึผืœื” ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืžืจื”-ืฉื—ื•ืจื”ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืึทืกื™ 
ืงืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขื ื“ืขื ืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืจืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคึผืึทืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืฉืŸ 


ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ืจืŸ 273 


ื‘ึผืึธื“ืŸ, ื‘ึผื™ื– ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื’ืจืขื ืขืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑื ืข 
ืคืึธืจืžืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืขืŸ, ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืึทื ืฅ 
ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืข ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืง 


95 


ืืก ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืขืžื•ื ื ืขืŸ: ื–ืึทืžืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืึทื˜ื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ 
*ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืคื•ื ื ืจื‘ึผื ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื™ืจื ื˜ื•ื, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจืึทื ืงื”ืึทืคื˜ืข ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ืฆืŸ ืงื‘ึผืœื”- 
ืžืขืฉื™ืช -- ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ 
ืึธืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืจื™ื“ืขืจืœืขืš ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขื ื’ืขืคึผืœืึธื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืคึผื˜ ื™ื ึดื™ืงึนื” ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืงืฐื•ืึทืœ, ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืฆืคืช.. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื ืœื™ืœ-ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ึผืึทืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืขืจ ื–ืึทืžืœืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืข ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื”ืฉื‘ึผืขื•ืช ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืขืจื ืขื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ,,ืงืฅ'' ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืกื’ื•ืคื™ื 
ืื•ื™ืกืœื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ื•ืคื ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืจื‘ึผื ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื›ึผืจืืฉ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืŸ ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ึผื™ืจื‘ 1, ื ืขืคึผืจืฐื•ื˜ ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืŸ ืึท ื ื™ื™ืขื ื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึท- 
ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื’ืขื‘ึผืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ึผื˜? ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื“ืขืจ , ืกืฅ"" ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื ืึถืขื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ 
ืืจืฅื“ื™ืฉืจื? ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ , ื›ึผื•ืจืฉืก ืฉืคึผืจืึธืฆืœื™ื ื’', 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฆื™ื™ื˜ื ืก ื’ืขื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ื ื™ื™ืขื ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื --- 
,ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ึผื'ื™, ืžืฉื™ื— ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื›ึผืœ-ื–ืžืŸ ืื™ื ื ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืŸ ืœืึทื ื“ ื•ื•ืขื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ืช-ื“ื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืจืขื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
,, ืกืžื™ื›ื”'', ื“'"ื” ืกื•ืžืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืคื•ืœืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• โ€ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื ืขื‘ึผืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืงืœืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืชึผื•ืจึนืช ืžืฉื”... 5, 


1 ืฐื™ ืฐืฒื ื‘ึผื™ืจื‘ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžืฉ ืฉื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขื“ื•ืช 
ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืึทืงื˜: ื‘ืขืช ืขืจ ื”ืึธื ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ื ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืข ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืœืึทื ื ืฉ 
(1492) ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืขืฅ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืข ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืื™ื ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืงืœื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืจื‘, ื ื™ื 
ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื ืกืš.ื—ื›ึผืœ โ€ ืึทืœื ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ 18 ื™ืึธืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื, ืื‘ืจื”ื ื’ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ืึธื ืื™ื ื‘ึผืึทื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ืžื™ื ืคืึธืœื ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ึผืึทื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื˜ืขืคืขืจื–ืŸ: 
,ืึธื’ื˜ ื ื™ื: ืคืึทืจืœืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจืœืึธืฉืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื” ื‘ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขืœ ืื•ื™ื. 
ื’ืขืฉื™ื™ื ื, ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ึผื™ืจื‘ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื–ืขืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืœืึทื ื“', 

ืืœ ืชืืžืจื• ื›ึดึผื™ ืื‘ื“ื” ืื• ื ืกืชืจื” 
ื—ื›ืžืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื• ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืชื™ื ื•, 
ืื—ืจื™ ืืฉืจ ืงื ื‘ื™ืจื‘ ื•ื‘ื 
ืœื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืืจืฆื’ื™ ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืชื™ื ื•, 
(ื•ืข ,ืขื•ื˜ืจ ื”ืฉื›ื—ื”", ื“ืฃ 68, ืขืž' ื‘'), 

3 ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืกื ื—ืฑืจื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ,ืคืžื™ื›ื”"-ืื™ื ืกืฉื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจื ื™ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืฐืฒืœ ื‘ึผืจืืฉ 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ื™ืจื‘, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืžืชืงื ื ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, 
ืœืฑ ื‘ึนึผืจ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืœื“ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื‘ึผืŸ ืึท ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืกืžื™ื›ื—". 
ืžืจืึทื’ืข (1528). ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื’ื™ืงืข ื™ืึธืจ ืึธืจื•ื ืื™ื– ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ึผื™ืจื‘ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ 

)18( 





214 ื“"ืจ ', ืฆื™ื ื’ืขืจื’ 


ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑึทื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ืข ื‘ึผืœื™ื™ืชึผืงื•ืคื” ืคื•ื ื 
ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืงื™ื‘ึผื•ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืืจืฅื™ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืกืึทืœืึธื ื™ืงืข ื‘ึผืึทื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื•ืœื™ ืกืคืจื“, ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ึผืŸ ืฉืœืžื” ืื‘ึผืŸ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ --- ืึทืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ- 
ื˜ืจืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืขืžื•ื ื’: ื–ืึทืžืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ืกื˜ืข" 
ืžืึทื˜ื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืข ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช. ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื–ืึทืžืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืจืง ืึทืœืข ืึทื’ื“ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืŸ ื™ื ื”ืชึผืœืžื•ื“, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ื ื ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ 
ื‘ึผืจืขื ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœื˜ืข ืžืคืจืฉื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืขื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข 
ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื‘ึผืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ (ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืงืขืคึผืœ: ,,ืืžืจ ื”ื›ึผื•ืชื‘''), , ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœืคืก ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืคึผื•ืกืงื™ื --- ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืื™ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ื”ืงืจืžื” --- ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš. ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืึทื‘ึผืข ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื–ืึทืžืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืงืœืึธืจืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื ืึทืœืข ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื™ื. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื–ืึทืžืœืขืŸ ืึทืœืข ืึทื’ืจืชึผื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคืข ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ืชึผืœืžื•ื“'. , ืขื™ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘'" ื”ืึธื˜ ืื‘ึผืŸ 
ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึทืžืœืฐืขืจืง ืึท ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื ืขื‘ึผืŸ; ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ึผืขื ื“ ืฆื• ืคืืจืขืคื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ, ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืœืึธื ื™ืงื™ (1815) 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืึทื ื˜ื™ื ืึธืคึผืึธืœ (1820). ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ึผืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื™ืงืข ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืง? ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉืคึผืข- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืึทืœืก ืจื‘ ืึดื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืึธืคึผื ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืœ ื”ืฉืžื˜ื•ืช, ืื•ื™ืš ืคืขืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื–ื•ื›ืฆืขื˜ืœ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ึผืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืึธื›ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ; ื“ืึธืš ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ,,ืข : 
ื™ืขืงื‘'' ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืขืจืกื˜ืข ืฐื•ืขืจืง ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืึท, ื ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืข ืฆืึธืœ ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ึผืŸ 1 ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ ืึทืœืก ืื•ืžืื•ื™ืกืฉืขืคึผืœืขื›ืข ืงื•ื•ืขืœืข ืคืึทืจ ืึทืœืข ื‘ึทึผืขืœึดื™ ื“ืจืฉื ื™ื 
ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืขื“ื™ืงืขืจืก. ื‘ึผืขืช ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข ืื™ื– ืึทืจืฑืก ื“ื™ ื ื–ื™ืจื” ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืจืขืœื™ื ื™ืขื–ืข ืกืคืจื™ื, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืจืึธื“ ื“ืขื ,,ืขื™ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘'' ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืœื™ืงื˜ 
ืึทืจื•ื™ืก ื ืึทื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื ื–ื•ืจืก ืฉืึทืจืคืข ื ืขื’?ืœ; ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ , ืžืฉื ื” 


ืคึทึผืจืึถื™ืขืงื˜ ืื™ื• ื‘ึผืฉืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืžืขืจ ื‘ืึทืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ืกืžื™ื›ื”":ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื•ืข: ื’ืจืขืฅ, 
ืื”ืขื‘ึผืจ, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื•ืขืฆื•ื ื’", ื‘' ืฐื˜, ืงืึทื' ืคืŸ ืฉ, ืคึผ, ืจืึทื‘ึผื™ื ืึธืฐื™ื˜ืฉ, ืืžื•ืฆืื™ ื’ื•ืœื”", 218-- 
0, ืื”ื›ึผืจืžืœ", 1873, 486--491, 576- 580, 


1 ื“ื™ ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืืฑื™ืกื ืึทื‘ึผืข ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืฐื™ืœื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 1893,. ืฐืฒื™ืœ ื™ืœืงื‘ ืื‘ึผืŸ 
ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืึธื ืคึฟืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืขืจืง ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทื ื•ืฆืฉ ืžื™ื ืึทืœืžืข ืชึผืœืžื•ืจื™ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื ึผืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื ื–ื•ืจ, ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ,ืขื™ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘" ืขืจื˜ืขืจืฐืฒื• ืื™ื™ืคื ืขื—ื™ื˜ 2ืข* 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืขืงืกื, ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจื•ืง-ืื•ื™ืกื ืึทื‘ึผืŸ ืคื•ื ื ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ (ื•ืข ื‘ึผื ื•ืจื™ 
ื–ื–ืขืชึผื™ื", |) (1820), 97ืŸ ื’ืื ืจื™ืช /ืฉ-'ืœ", 4740 





ืจื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ืจืŸ 25 


ืฉื" ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 1 ืื•ึนืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ,ืขื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ'' ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ืง ื’ืขืฐืึทื - 
ื“ืขืจื ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืค ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืึทื“ืึทื ืงื™ 
ืื™ื ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื ืฆื• ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื‘ึผื”ืœื” ืฆื™ื™ื˜ 
ืฐื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืกื˜ื ื’ืก ื“ืขื ืึทื ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ื ื ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึธื˜ืขื ืขื ืชืœืžื•ื“. 

ื•ื™ ืฉื˜ืึทื•ืง ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ื ื”-ืฉื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ , ืขื™ืŸ 
ื™ืขืงื‘'', ื“ืึธืš ืงืึธืŸ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืœืฒื™ื›ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืคืึทืจืคืึทื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ืึทืžืœื‘ึผื•ืš, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืžืชืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื ืฆืขืจ 
ืจื‘ึผื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช. ืžื™ืจ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื‘ึผืขืœ , ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš'' ืื•ืŸ , ื‘ึผื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ'' -- ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ืืคืจื™ื 
|ืงืึทืจื•. ืึท ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธืจืขื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึทืจืŸ ืึทืœืก ืคื™ืจื™ืึธืจื™ืง ืงื™ื ืจ ืžื™ื˜- 
ื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ืžื™ื ืฆืขื ืขืจ ื˜ืฑื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืคึฟืึทืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ึผืขื ืข ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ 
ื ื™ืจื•ืฉ; ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืึธืš ืœืึทื ื’ืŸ ืฐืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื–ืขืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืงื™ื™, ื“ื™ ืฐืึธื’?-ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ืงืึทืจืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืจื ื™ืึธื•ืŸ; ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ื”ืชึผืœืžื•ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืึทืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื‘ึนึผืงื™ ืื™ืŸ ืจื‘ึผื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืฉื ืคื•ื ื 
ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ืขื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทืœืก ืจื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ืงืึธืคึผืึธืœ. ืื™ืŸ ื ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืึทืจื•ื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ 
ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืœืึทื“ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืจื™ืึทื ืึธืคึผืึธืœ, โ€ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืขืจ ืฆื• (ืื™ืŸ 1829) 
ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื–ื ื•ื•ืขืจืง , ื‘ึผื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ', ืึท ื’ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข 
ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืœื™ื ื™ืขื–ืข ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืŸ, ื’ืขื–ืึทืžืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืึธืจืจื ื˜ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืจ' ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ึผืŸ ืึถืฉืจืก ืึทืจื‘ึผืข ื˜ื•ืจื™ื''. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืึทืจื• ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืš 
ืคืึธืจืจืขื“ืข ืฆื•ื ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืื•ื™ืก ืฐืึธืกืขืจืข ืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจ- 
ืคืึทืกืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื•ืขืจืง. ,ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ --- ืงืœืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืึทืจืŸ --- 
ืคื•ึนืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื’ืœื•ืช, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขืฉืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึทื ื“ ืฆื• ืœึฟืึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืš 
ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื™ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืจื•ืช, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืคืกื ื™ื™ 
ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉ ื‘ืึทืœืฑื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื ืจื•ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืžืงื•ืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืึท ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืึทื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืกื“ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืกื˜ึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ื–ืึทืžืœืฐืขืจืง ืึทืœืข ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื ื™ื, 
ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืชึผื•ืจืช ืžืฉื” ืื•ืŸ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ึผืขืœ ืคึทึผื” ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขืจ- 


ื•ื™ -- ื™ืก 





1 ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื’ืขืฆื™ืึทื ืขืจ ืืขื™ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘"ื™ืื™ืกื’ืึธื›ืข (1556) ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืคืึธืœื ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคึผืึทืกืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืกืžืจืึธืคืŸ ; | 
ื˜ึตื™ ื ึธืชึตืŸ ืœึดืžึถืฉึถื‚ืกึถื– ื ืขืงื‘ -- ืœื ื”ึถืฉึฐื‚ื‘ึดึผื™ืช ืžึดืžึธื ื•ึผ ื ืึธืœ 
ืจ ืœื—ืจ ื‘ึธืžึถืฃ - ื•ืกืง ืฉึดืื‘ึฐืขึธื” ื‘ืœ ื™ึดึฐื ึธืึต 
ื”ึธื ึธื” ื–ึธื” ืื•ึผืจ ืžึฐืฆึถืœ ืžึธืึตืฉื -- ืžึฐืกึทืขึทื ืึทืœื•ึผืฃ ืžึทื’ืจึดื™ืึตืœ 
ืฆึดื•ึธื” ืœึธืงึฐืจื ืœื•ึน ืฉึตืื ื—ึถื“ึถืฉื -- ื›ึดื™ ืœึนื ื”ึธืฉึธื‚ื‘ ื“ึธืชื•ึผ ื™ื•ืึธืœ 
ืขืœ ื›ึตืŸ ืœื ื™ึดืกึธืจึตื ืฉึถื‚ืžึถืฃ ----ืคึธื™ืช ื™ึทืขึฒืงึนื‘ ืคื™ ืึดื ื™ึดืฉึฐืืจึธืึตืœ, 


6 
+ 


26 ื“"ืจ 'ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ึผืขืจื’ 


ืงืœืขืจื˜ ื ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืื•ื ื™ื"!. ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืŸ ืึทืฉืจื™ื 
;ืึทืจื‘ึผืข ื˜ื•ืจื™ื'' ื“ื™ื ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืงืึทืจื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืœืฑื™ื– ืึทืœื˜ ืืฑืกื’ืึทื ื’ืกื™ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืžืขืœืฆ- 
ืงืขืก?, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ื’ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจืžื˜ ื–ื™ื ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื–ื™ืงืขืจ, ืคื™ืจ-ื‘ึผืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ , ื‘ึผื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ'' ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื–ืขืœื‘ืฉื˜ืขื ืจื™ืง 
ื•ื•ืขืจืง. ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืขืจื™ ื‘ึผืงื™ืื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืงืœืึทืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืึทื˜ื™- 
- ืงืขืจ ืึทื ืึทืœื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ืงืึทืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืงื•ืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทื ื˜ื™ 
ื”ื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ื˜-ื’ืึทื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ืึท ืงืœืึธืจืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื‘ึผืœื™ืง ื•ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืื ืฆืŸ ืฉืงืœื™ ื•ื˜ื•ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื™ืขื“ืข ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจืขืคื ื“ื™ืงืข 
ืคืจืึทื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข 
ื’ืื•ื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ืกืงื™ื. ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืคื™ืœ ื ืขื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ ืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืงืึทืจื•ึน ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ, ืงืœืึธืš 
ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืึทืŸ ืขื ื“ื ื™ืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืœื•ืก ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ืคืจืึทื’ืŸ, โ€ ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึทื”ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™ ื“ืขื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืฉืจื” ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. 

ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึถื‘ึผืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื“ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืจืขืจื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืขื ืข ื ืขืžื™ื˜ืขืจ; ืงืึทืจื• - 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืึทืœืก ืงื™ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ,ืคืึทืจื™ืชื•ืžื˜ ื“ื•ืจ'', ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืฉืงื™ืขื”- 
ืชึผืงื•ืžื”, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืžื•ื˜ ืฆื•ึน ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ 
ืคืึทืจืึทื ื˜ืฐืึทืจื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืจืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขื ื“ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผื•ืกืฅ. ,, ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืžื•ื˜ -- ืคืจืขื ื˜ ื”ื›ื ืขื”ื“ื™ืง ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืึทืจื•--ืึทืจืฑืกื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ื™ืข ื˜ืขื ื•ืช 
ืื•ืŸ ืจืื™ื•ืช, ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ืึทื™ื™ื–ืขืจื ืข ืจืึทื™ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ืค'ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืขืœื™ ื”ืชึผื•ืกืคื•ืช, ื“ืขืจ ืจืžื‘ึผ''ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืจืฉื‘ึผ"ื ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ึผื ื• ื ืกื™ื? ืฐืขืจ ืงืึธ; 
ื™ืขืก ืฐืึทื ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจื™ื™ื ืžื™ืฉืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ึผืขืจื’, ืึธืคึผืฐืขื ื“ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึนึผืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืขื ื‘ึผืึทืฉืœื•ื 
ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑื ืข ืคืจืึทื ืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฆื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืœื•ืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ?"" 5 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ืคืึทืœืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™ ื“ืขื•ืช, ืึทืคึผืขืœื™ืจื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืงืึทืจื• ืฆื• ื“ื™ , ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ึผืขืจื '' (ื”ื”ืจื™ื ื”ืจืจื™ ืืœ) ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื›ื˜ 
ื›ึนืึทืจ ื‘ึผื•ืจืจื™ื ื“ืจื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืึธื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ืข ืคึผื•ืกืงื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธื›" 
ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืชึผืงื•ืคื”: ื“ืขื ืึทืœืคืก, ื“ืขื ืจืžื‘ึผ'"ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื'"ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืกืงื ื˜. 


1 ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืจืจืขื“ืข ืฆื•ื ืžื•ืจ ,ื™ื•ืจื” ื“ืขื”" (ืžื™ืจ ืฆื™ืžื™ืจืŸ ืœื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื ืขืฆื™ืึทื ืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืกื ืึทื‘ืข, 1574) : ืื•ื™ื”ื™ ื›ื™ ืืจื›ื• ืœื ื• ื”ื™ืžื™ื, ื”ื•ืจืงื ื• ืžื›ืœื™ ืืœ ื›ืœื™ ื•ื›ื’ื•ืœื” ื”ืœื›ื ื• ื•ื›ืžื” 
ืฆืจื•ืช ืฆืจื•ืจื•ืช ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ื–ื• ืœื–ื• ื‘ืื• ืขืœื™ื ื• ืขื“ ื›ื™ ื ืชืงื™ื ื ื ื• ื‘ืขื•ื ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื•ื›ื•.. ื•ืื•ืœืช ื™ื“' 
ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื” ื ื™ ืœื ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืชื™ ืชื•ืจื•ืช ืืœื ื›ืชื•ืจื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืœืกื ืช ืจื•ื‘ 
ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื” ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ื” ื•ื›ื•,ื" 

? ืขื‘ึดึผื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ", ืึทืจืฒื ืคื™ืจ ืฆื• ืžื•ืจ ืงืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื". ,ื”ื ื” ื”ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช, ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ, 
ื•ื”ืจืฉื‘ึผ"ื ื•ื”ืจ"ืŸ ; ื–"ืœ ืžืœืื™ื ืžืขื ื•ืช ื•ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื' ืžื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื•ืžื™ ื•ื–ื” ื ื™ืขืจื‘ ืœื‘ื• 
ืœื’ืฉืช ืœื—ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžืขื ื•ืช ื•ืจืื™ื•ืช ื•ืื™ื–ื”ื• ืึนืฉึถืืจ ื™ืžืœืื–ื• ืœื‘ื• ืœื”ื›ื ื™ ืจืืฉื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ืจื™ื ื”ืจืจื™ 
ืืœ ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื. ืข"5 ืกืขื ื•ืช ื•ืจืื™ื•ืช ืœืกืชื•ืจ ืžื” ืฉื‘ื™ืจื•ื• ื ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ืžื” ืฉืœื 
ืื›ืจื™ืขืจ ื”ื"ื™ 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ืจืŸ 277 


ื’ืึธืš ืจื•ื‘ ื“ืขื•ืช, ื“"ื” ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ึทึผืึทืฉืœื•ืก ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ 
ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื ืื•ื ื™ื !. ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืฆืฐืื ืฆื™ืง 
ื™ืึธืจ (1922--42) ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืึทืจื• ื’ืขืคึผื˜ื”ื˜ ืืฑืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื–ื ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ื“ื™ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ื™ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึทืจื• ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ื™-ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืื•ืŸ ืึทื’ื‘ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขื’ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึท , ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ'', ื“'"ื” ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื 
ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื’, ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืขืจ ื–ืึทืžืœืฐืขืจืง, ืฐื•ื•ึผ ืขืก ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืœืึธืจืข 
ืื™ื ืคืึทื›ืข ื–ืึทืฆืŸ, ืึธืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉืงืœื™ ื•ื˜ืจื™ื, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขื ื“ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืคืึธืจื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ื•ืฐื•ืขืจืŸ ืึทืœืข ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืŸ ืคืจืจ, ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ 
ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ , ื‘ึผื™ืช ื™ื•ืกื”'. ืึถื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืืจื•ื 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ืึทืžืœืฐืขืจืง --- ื“ืขืจ , ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ', /110611 1214 5024 +ื—ืกื˜ื’ื˜ -- 
ื’ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžื–?. ื“ืขืจ ,ื‘ึผื™ืช 
ื™ื•ืกืฃ'' ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ ืงืึธืจื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืข ืงื™ื ื“, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืชืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฅ, 
ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ,, ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš'' ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื ืขื‘ื ื–ืืš, ืฐื™ ืืฑื™ืฃ 
ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืคืงื™ื ื“. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื“ืขืจ ,, ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš'', ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ โ€ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1990---89, ื–ื•ื›ื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ึน ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทื“ืฒื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืจืึธืœืข 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืœึดื™ืช ,,ื‘ึผื™ืช 
ื™ื•ืกืฃ'', ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืขืจ ืงืึทื ืกืคึผืขืงื˜, ื“ืขืจ ,, ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš'', ืื™ื– ื ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ. ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ืจื‘ึผื ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื ื˜ื•ื, ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืึท- 
ืœืขืจ ื‘ึผืจืขื ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืึทืจื•ื ืื™ื. ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงืึธื ืฆืขื ื˜ืจื™ืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืข 
ืฉืึทืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทื“ืฒื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืจื‘ึผื ื™ืฉืข ืืฑื˜ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ- 
ื“ื™ืงืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช *. ื ืึธืš ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืงืึทืจื•ืก ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ * ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ , ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš'' ืื•ื™ื- 
ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื™ ื–ืขืงืก ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ึผืŸ. 


ืึดืก ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื—ืจื™ืฃ ืื•, ืขื•ืงืจ ื”ืจื™ื ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ 
ืึท ืคึผื•ืกืง ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืจื™ืคื™ืงืึทื˜ืึธืจ. โ€ ื“ืขื• ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืขืจ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืึทื˜ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื™ื™ื–ืขืจื ืขืจ ืกื ืจื ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ-ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืจืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจ. ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงืึทืจื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืึทืจื‘ึผืขื˜ ืึทืจื•ื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื–ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ึผื ื™ืŸ -- ื“ืขื , ื‘ึผื™ืช ื™ื•ึนืกึตืฃ', 
ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืคื™ื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืึธื ื”ืขื ื’ืข- ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืžืขืจ, ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฆืึทืจื˜ืกื˜ืข ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, 

1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ: ืฐื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ืกืžืชื™ ื‘ื“ืขืชื™ ื›ื™ ืœื”ื™ื™ืช ืฉืœื˜ื” ืขืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ื”ื™ืจืื” ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืช 
ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืฉืขืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื ื”ืจ"ื™ืฃ, ื—ืจืžื 'ื ื•ื”ืจื"ืฉ ื–'ืœ ืืžืจืชื™ ืืœ ืœื‘ื•ื™ 
ืฉื‘ืžืงื™ื ืฉืฉื ื™ื ืžื”ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืœื“ืจืขืช ืื—ืช ื ืคืกืง ื”ืœื›ื” ื›ืžื•ืชื ืื ืœื ื‘ืžืงืฆืช ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช 
ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื›ืžื™ ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ ืื• ืจื•ื‘ื ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืจืขืช ื”ื”ื•ื', 

2 ืžืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืชืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื ืฐืฒื˜ืขืจืจื™ืงืŸ ื›ึผืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืง, 


ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืึทืจื• ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1515 ืึทืœืก ื–ืคืฒืึธืจื™ืงึถืขืจ ื•ืžืŸ, 





218 ื“"ืจ โ€ ืฆื™ื’ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืœืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ -- ื“ืขื ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœ 
ืฉืœืžื” ืžืœื›ื• (ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืึธ ืคึผื™ืจืขืก). 

ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ึผ ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืึธื”ืŸ ืคื•ื ื 16ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื”, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืขืจ 
ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื•ืœื™ ืกืคืจื“ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆืึถืœ ืึท ืœืึธื– ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืจืฅื“ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืึท ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืึทืจืขืจ ืžืึทืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ื’ืขืงืœื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืืฒืจืึธืคึผืข. ื“ื•ื“ ืจืื•ื‘ื ื™ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืŸ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ; ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื™ื™ื ื’ืขื”ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื ื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืฉืŸ ืกื•ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœืขื ืขื ื“ืข. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืึทืœืก 
ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ื ืฅ, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืจื•ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃึผ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™- 
ืฉืขืจ ืžืœื•ื›ื” ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืฃ ืึทืจืึทื‘ึผื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ึผืึทืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืฉื˜ืึทืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ึผืขื ืข ืขืฉืจืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื. ื ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึธืจื’ืขื ืข ืจืขื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ึผืœื™ื‘ึผืŸ 
ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงืขืจ, ื˜ื•ื ืงื‘ึผืจื•ื™ื ืขืจ ืžืึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜. ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข-ืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฉื›ึผืœื”" 
ืชืงื•ืคื”, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผื›ืœ? ืคื™ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ืขืก, ืื™ื– ื“ื™ 
ืคึผืจืึทื ื’ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ืจืื•ื‘ื ื™ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื–ื˜ ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืคืืš ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืึธืจ: ืขืคึผืขื› 
ืึทืŸ ืึทืฐืึทื ื˜ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืœืขืจ. ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธื›ึผืขืจ ืคืึธืจ- 
ื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื–ื™ื™ ืงื•ืงืŸ -ื˜ื™ืคืขืจ; ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืžืึทืŸ ืฐื™ 
ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืจืขื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ: ื•ื•ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก --- ืืคืฉืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ื " 
ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืึทื˜ืจื™ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœืŸ ืงืขืžืคืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื’ืึทื ืฅ 
ืืฒื™ื’ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ, ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืจ ืข ืึท ? ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’, ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืคึผืœืึธืžืึทื˜ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื - 
ื˜ืขืจื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืœื›ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืฑืคึผืกื˜ืŸ, ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืื•ืœื” ืคืึทืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืข ื‘ึผืจื™ื“ืขืจ 1. ื™ืขื“ื ืคืึทืœื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืžืึทืŸ ืคืึทืจ- 
ื“ื™ื ื˜, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจึฐืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืข ืžืขืžื•ืืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ื‘ึผืฉืขืช ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ 
ืื™ืฒื™ืจืึธืคึผืข 2. 

ื’ื•ืืœื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืฉื, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ . 
ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื, ื‘ึผืขืช ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืคืขื‘ึผืจื•ืืจ 1824 ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืคืขืจื“, ืึทืจื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื ื ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ืข, ื“ื•ื“ ืจืื•ื‘ื ื™ ืึทืœื› 
ืฉืœื™ื— ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืœืš ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืคื•ืœืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืฑืคึผืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืœื›ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืข, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ื’ืขืจื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข 


1 ืกื™ืžืคึผื˜ืึธืžืึทื˜ื™ืฉ ืึดื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืžืึทืงืก ื‘ึผืจืึธื“ืก ืคึผืจืึทื›ืฉืคื•ืœืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ 
ืื“ื•ื“ ืจืื•ื‘ื ื™". 


9 ืคึทืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฒื‘ึผื•ื™ืขืจืก ,ืกื“ืจ ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื", | 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื’ื™ ื™ืจืŸ 20 


ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืึทืจืึทื‘ึผื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืึทืจืžืึทื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืก-ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืจ, ื“ืึทืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื - 
ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ืคึผื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืœืš ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ ืžืœื—ืžื— ื“ืขื ื˜ืขืจืงื™ืฉืŸ 
ืกื•ืœื˜ืึทืŸ, ืื™ื ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืฒื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื ืขืžืขืŸ ื‘ึทึผื™ื™ ืื™ื˜ ืคึผืึท- 
ืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจืฒื‘ึผืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืกืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ืฆื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคึผืึธืจื˜ื•ื’ืขื–ื™ืฉืข ืึทื ื•ืกื™ื (ืžืึทืจืึทื ืขืŸ), ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืคืึทื ืื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ 
ืงื™ื’ื™ื’ ืžืึทื ื•ืขืœืึท, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ึผืฉืขืชึผื• ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึทืœื“ ื’ืขืฉืœืขืคึผื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜- 
ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื”, --- ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ืจืื•ื‘ื ื™ ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื’ื’ืึทืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ โ€ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืคึผื•ืฆื˜ืขืจ ืฉื™ืฃ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืคืœืึทื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืึทืฆื™ืึธ- 
ื ืึทืœื“ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉืข ืคึผืึธืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ื•ื’ืขื–ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ ื™ืืึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื 
ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื™ ืึท ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื“ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืžืœื•ื›ื”. ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื™ื•ื›ืฆื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืจืึทื ื™ืฉืข ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธื ื–ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืื•ืœื”, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืœืฑื‘ึผื˜, ืืŸ , ืžืฉื™ื—ืก 
ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ'" ื”ื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืŸ. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ึทึผืึท- 
ื’ื™ื™ืคื˜ืขืจื˜ืกื˜ืŸ ืืกื“ืจื•ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขื ื˜ื•ื–ื™ืึทืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ 
ืžืึทืจืึทืŸ ื“ื™ืขื ืึธ ืคึผื™ืจืขืก. ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืึทืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื•ื ื“ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœืขืจ ืงืขืžืคืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื‘ึผืึทื ืฒืกื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’, ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทื˜ืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืึทื ื™ื˜ืึทื˜ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื‘ึผื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขืงื–ืึทืœื˜ื™ืจื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก. ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืžื“ืจื ื” 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืื™ืฉืข ื–ืขื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ... ื ืžืึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืœื–ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜. ื“ื™ืขื ื ืคืึทืจ- 
ื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืึทืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ืก-ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึทืœื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืงื™ื ื™ื’ืœืขื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ; ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื‘ึผืึทืœื™ื‘ึผื˜, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขื ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืึทืจืขืจ ื’ืึธื‘ึผ โ€ ืฆื• ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– 
ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื’ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืจื•ืฉื ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื–ืึท ืขืงื–ืึทืœื˜ื™ืจื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื•ื™ ื“ื™ืขื ืึธ, ื“ื™ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ืข ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืึทืจืŸ ืฉืœื™ื— ืื•ื™ืก ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืจื™ ื—ื•ืฉืš, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ- 
ื‘ึผืึธืจื’ืขื ืขืจ ืขืฉืจืช-ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื˜-ืžืœื•ื›ื”. ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื ืขื•ื™ื•ืŸ -- ืื˜ 
ื”ื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืข, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื—ืœื•ืžื˜; ืึดื ื’ืขืฉืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ, ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืึธืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื 
ืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ. ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืžืœื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืืœื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืข 
ื”ืขื ื˜ ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ,, ื‘ึผื‘ืจื™ืชื• ืฉ? ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืึถื‘ื™ื ื•'', ืฐืึธืจืขื ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื™ื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ึผืŸ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื˜-ืคืึทืจืœื•ืกื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขืฐืึทืจืคืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืฉืœืžื” ืžืœื›ื•, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืขื ื˜ื•ื–ื™ืืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ึผืึท- 
ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื ืขื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ืจืื•ื‘ื ื™. 


280 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืจืื•ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื•ืฑื-ื›? ื’ืขืคึผื•ืขืœื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืžืœื›ื•ืŸ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ 
ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ื•ื ืึทืœ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืขืกื˜ ืจืขื 
ื—ืฉืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึทืฐืขืง ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืงื™ื™. ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืจื™ืึท- 
ื ืึธืคึผืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžืœื›ื• ื‘ึผืึทื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืึทืจื•, ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคึผืึธืจื˜ื•ื ืึทืœ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืขืจ ืžืึทืจืึทืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜, ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืœืจ ื–ืขืŸ, 
ืึท ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜-ืึธื ืฉืฑื•ึผื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืขืœ 
, ื‘ึดึผื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ'', ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื“ืจื™ืึทื ืึธืคึผืึธืœ ืคืึธืจื˜ ืžืœื›ื• ื‘ึนึผืึทืœึถืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืึทืœืึทื ื™ืงื™ ืื•ืŸ 
ืจืึธืจื˜ ืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ื ืึทืจื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ,,ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ื ืกืชึผืจ", ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึธืจื’ืขื ืข 
ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื‘ึผืœื”, ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืึท ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืขืจ ืึทืกืงืขื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผ? ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื˜ืึทื™ื˜ืึทืฆืึทืง. ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ 
ืžืงื•ื‘? 1 ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืคืขืจืฆื™ืง ื™ืืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืึท ืงื•ืจืฆืŸ ืงืึทืกื˜ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื ื ืึธื›ื”ืขื ื’ืขืŸ, ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืชึผืขื ื•ื’ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื‘ึผืฉืขืชืŸ ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ  .2โ€ ืคืึทืจ ืžืœื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื ื˜- 
ืคึผืœืขืกื˜ ื ื™ื™ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืŸ ืขืงืกื˜ืึทืŸ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžืœื›ื• 
ื‘ึผืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืื™ืฉืข ื–ืขื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ; ืขืก ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืื™ื ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืึท ืืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืœ- 
ืฉืขืจ ืฉืœื™ื— (ืึท ,,ืžื’ื™ื“''), ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึธืจ" 
ื”ืึทื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจื“ืขืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคื™ื™ืขืจืจื™ืงืข 
ืคึผืจืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ. ืคื™ืœ ืขื ื˜ื•ื–ื™ืึทื–ื ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคืึทืจืขืจืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ 
ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคึผืจืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœืขืจ ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ,,ื”ืžืคื•ืืจ" 
(ืกืึทืœืึธื ื™ืงื™, 1929). 

ืžืœื›ื• ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงืึทืžืฃ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉ! 
ื“ืขื ืฉืจ. ืคื•ืŸ ืขืฉื• --- ืกืžืืœ, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืจืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื”, ื“ืขื ืคืึธืœืง 
ื™ืฉืจืืคึฟ *. ืฐื™ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืง ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื” -- 
ืคืึทืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืจืฒื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืฉื•ืก ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ืžื™ื ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ" 
ืคืจื™ื™ื“, , ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ---ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืžืœื›ื• ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ --- ืึทืœืข ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืจืขื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืึทืœืก ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื• 


1 ื–ืข ืืœื™ื”ื• ื“ื™.ืฐื™ื“ืึทืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืืฉื™ืช ื—ื›ืžื”', ืฉืขืจ ื”ืงืจื•ืฉื”, ืงืึทืคึผ' 1, 
ืŸ* 221 (ืžื™ืจ ืฆึดื™ื, ืœื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืฑืกื ืึทื‘ึผืข ืคื•ืŸ 1578). 1 

2 ื ืึธืš ื˜ืึทื™ื˜ืึทืฆืึทืงืก ื˜ื•ื™ื ื–ึตื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืฐืขืจืง ืคึผืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ : ืืœืฉื•ืŸ 
ื”ื–ื”ื‘" (ืฐืขื ืขืจื™ืง, 1553, ืึท ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืชึผื”ืœื™ื). ืื•ืŸ ืขึทืœื—ื ืกืชืจื™ื" (ืฐืขื ืขื“ื™ืง, 1608, 
ืึท ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื’ื™ืืœ), ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืจืึธืŸ ื ื™ื ืฆื‘ึผื•ืจื’ื โ€ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ-ืงืึธืœืขืงืฆื™ืข ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 
ื›ึทึผืชื‘:ื™ื“ (ื ื•ืž' 159 ืื•ืŸ 168) ืžืึทื™ื˜ืึทืฆืงืึทืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืฐืขืจืง; ืึท ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืชึผื™ืจื”, ืื•ืŸ 
ืืŸ ืึธืคึผื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืฉื‚ื™ / 

8 ,ื”ืžืคื•ืืจ", ื“ืฃ 19, ืขื' ื‘' (ืžื™-ื“ ืฆื™ืžื™ืจืŸ ืœื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืึทืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืึทืžืขืจ ืืฑื, 
ื’ืึธื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ 1709), 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืฉืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื“ืŸ 281 


ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืœื™ืงืŸ''. ืื•ืŸ ืžืœื›ืŸ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืึทื– ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ืงืึทืžืฃ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืœืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืฉื•. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืงืึทื˜ืึทื- 
ื˜ืจืึธืคืข, ืฐืึธืก ืจื•ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1227, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉ-ืฉืคึผืึท- 
ื ื™ืฉืข ืกืึธืœื“ืึทื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื—ื•ืฆืคึผื” ืึทืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทื˜ื™ืœื™ืฉืข 
ืงื™ืจื›ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืง ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืœื—ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธื ืึทื›ืŸ -- ื”ืึธื˜ ืžึตืœื›ื•ึน ื’ืข 
ื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืึถื ืคืึทื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื’ื•ื’ ื•ืžื’ื•ื’, ื“ื™ ืืชื—ืœืชึผื ืคื•ืŸ , ืกืฅ ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ", 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืคืึทืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืขืฉื• ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ื•ืืœ ื•ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ืขืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ืจืžื–ื™ื, ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืึธืจ, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ 
ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื™ื˜. ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืœื›ื• ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ,,ืกืฅ'', ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืึธืŸ, 
ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ 1940 ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื— ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื ื˜- 
ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ... . 

ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึทืœืึธื ื™ืงื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืœื›ื• ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืื–ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืงื‘ึผืœื”- 
ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ -- ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืคืช, ื•ื• ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคื™ื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ 
ื ืขืฉื˜ืึทืจืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžื• ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืฉื™ื™ื ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืœื›ื• 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืขืžืข , ื™ื’ืœื• ืกืชืจื™ื'' ืคึผืึทืจืคึผืึทืกื˜ ?. ื“ืขืจ ืขืงื–ืึทืœื˜ื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืึทื˜ืึธืก , ื›ื™ ื‘ื ืงืฅ ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ', ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ืฐืขื˜ ืคืึทืœืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืข ืึธื˜ืึธืžืึทื ื™ืฉืข ืžืœื•ื›ื”. ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ,,ื™ื•ื ื ืขืจ. ืฉืœืžื—' , ืื™ื– ื ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ 
,ืื•ื™ืก ืึทื“ื•ื!' ืึธื ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื‘ึฐึผืึทืคึถืขืœ , ืžื”ืจ ื”ื›ึผืจืž?" ? ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ื‘ืฉื•ืจื”, ืึทื– ืขื ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืŸ, ื“ึถืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ืžืฉืคึผื˜. - 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื ืึธืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืึทื™ื™ืœื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื–ื™ื“ืขื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ --- ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื, ื•ื•ึผ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ื 
ืฉื˜ืจืืคื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฉื•ื•ืขืจื“, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืžืฉืคึผื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึถื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ. ืžืข! 
ืžื•ื– ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืŸ ืจื•ืฉื, ืฐืึธืก ืžืึทืจื˜ื™ืŸ 
ืœื•ื˜ืขืจืก ืจืขืคืึทืจืžืึทื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ืก. 
ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ื”ืคื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืจืฅื™ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฆืขืฉื™ืงื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ 1928 ืึทืŸ ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื•, โ€ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืœื•ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคืึทืจ 
ืึท ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึธืจื’ืขื ืขื ืึทื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืžื•ื ื”, ื ืžื™ืŸ ,,ื’ืจ ืฆืจืง"", 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืจื™ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขื ืคึผืฑืคึผืกื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ 
ืงืจื™ืกื˜ื ื˜ื•ื, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืึทืœึถืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืคึฟื•ื™ื‘ืŸ '. 

ืึทื“ืึทื ืง ื“ืขื ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข-ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื›ึผื”ืŸ, ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื—ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 

ืžืœื›ื•ืก ืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืขื ืขืจ ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื•, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข 


1 ื“ืึธืจืคืŸ, ื“ืฃ 21, ืกื•ืฃ ืขืž' ื, 


}5 


ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื ื“ื•ืจืš ื“. ืงื•ื™ืคึผืžืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืจืขืฐื™ ื“, ืขืก, ื–ืฉื•ื™ืฃ", 4, 3+--125, 
8 ืžื”ืจ ื”ื›ืจืžืœ -- ืฉืœื—ืš ื”ืืœ ื™- ื”ืื™ืฉ ืžื‘ืฉืจ -- ื ืงืžื” ื‘ื’ื•ื™ื . 

ืŸ 
4 ;ืงืจื™ืช ืกืคืจ", ืฐืฅ, 161, 





289 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ ืขืจื’ 


ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืกืืœืึธื ื™ืงื™ 1.. ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื“ืขื ืงืžืึธืœ ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื˜ ืึทืžื‘ึผื•ืœื˜ืกื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืข ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืžืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืกื™ืจืช-ื ืคืฉื“ื™ืงืข ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืžืึทืœื˜ 
ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืžืจืจื’ื”. ืžื™ื˜ ืจื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืขื•ืข ืคึผืฉื˜ื•ืช ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ 
ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ื ื’ืขืคืึทืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ, ื‘ึผืขืช ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืงื™ื™ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื’ืขืงืขืจื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžืกืจืŸ, ืึทื– 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื•ื˜ื” ืฆื•ื ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขื›ืกื˜ืŸ ืคื™ื™ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื•ืฐื•ืขืœื˜ -- 
ื“ืขื ื˜ืขืจืงื™ืฉืŸ ืกื•ืœื˜ืืŸ. ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื–ืขื˜ ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื“ืึธื ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืคืึทืจ- 
ื ืึทื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜-ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ื“ื™ ื˜ืฑื–ื ื˜ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืข ืจื•ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืžืœื›ื• ื–ืขื˜ ื“ืขื ืกื™ืžื‘ึผืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืจื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงื•ื ื’. 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง. ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื™ื ื’ืขืขืคื ื˜ ,ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ" 
(ืฉืขืจื™ ื“ืžืขื”), ืขืจ ื’ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืขืฐื™ื™ื˜ืึธื’ื˜ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืคืึทืจืŸ ื‘ึผื•ืจื ืขื•ืœื. 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืขื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื™ื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืขื ืึธืจ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืฃ 
ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืึทื›ื˜ื ื“ื™ืง. ืคึผืึธืœืง, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื™ืœื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืฐื™ืกื˜ืข 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜. ืึทืœืฅ ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžื™ืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜. 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผืขื˜, ืื•ืŸ ,ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ืคืœื™ืกื ื“ื™ืงืข ืงืฐืึทืœืŸ'" (ื•ืขื™ื ื™ 
ื›ืžืขื™ืŸ ื”ืžืชื ื‘ืจ); ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืขื‘ึผืขื˜, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืจื•ืคื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ื ืฉื˜ื™ื: ,,ืคืึทืœืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืฉืขื™ืจ (ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฐืขืœื˜) ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
| ื”ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคื™ื™ื ื“, ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืจืึทืคื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ, 
ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืึทืจืขืžืขืŸ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืงื ืขื›ื˜.., ืœื™ ื ืงื ื•ืฉืœื! --- ืื™ืš ืขืœ ื ืขืžืขืŸ 
ื ืงืžื” ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฆืึธืœืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขืฆืึธืœื˜!,.'ื™" , 

ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื™ืง ื˜ืขื’ ื ืึธื›ืึทื ืึทื ื“ ืื™ื– ืžืœื›ื• ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืึทื™ื™ื ื’ืขื”ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืžืื˜ืขืก 
ื™ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืคื•ื™ืœื˜ืข ืฆืขืจื™ืกืขื ืข ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืงืึธืžืคึผืึทื ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืœื™ืงืขืก ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ึผืขื˜ืœืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ึผืจื™ืง ืคื•ื ื ื˜ื™ื™ืš ื˜ื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืึทื˜ื™ืงืึทืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืœืึทื ื’ืข 
ืคืึทืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ-ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื ืขื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜. 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืžื“ืจื ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืขืงื–ืึทืœื˜ื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืช, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื”ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืึถืŸ 
ืฆื• ื—ืœื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื ื“ื™ ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทืกืกื˜ื™ืฉ- 
ืกื˜ืข ,, ื–ืขื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ"ื™. ,,ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืคื˜ืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ื“ืขื ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืื“ืจ ืจ"ืฅ (1830) -- 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืžืœื›ื• ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ --- ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทืœื‘ึผืขืจ ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืžื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืคืึทืœืŸ 
ืึท ืฉืœืึธืฃ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืงืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืงืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ: ,,ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ื–ื•ืŸ, ืื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื“ืขืงืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืคึผืึทืกื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืคืขืœืงืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ืฐื•ื™ื ืกื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™. ืงื•ื ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 


2 ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื", 91--94, ืึทืžื›ื˜ืขืจืจืึทืžืขืจ ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ึผืข, 1733 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื“ืŸ 3 


ืžื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืจืฅื“ื™ืฉืจื? . ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ึผืขืจื’, โ€ ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื™ื•ืŸ-ื‘ึผืึทืจื’ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืฆืคืช ืื•ืŸ ื“ืžืฉืง,,. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื™ ื‘ึผืขืจื’ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืœื™ื’ื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืฆืคืช 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืžืฉืง---ื“ืขืจ ืงืœืขื ืขืจืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื ืงืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืœื™ื ื˜ ืงืขื ืŸ 
ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื -- ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜; 
,ื”ื™ื™ื‘ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทืจื’ ืœื™ื ืงืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ ืžื™ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• 
ื–ืขืกื˜?'' ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืื™ืš ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: , ืื™ืš ื–ืข ืึท ืžืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืข ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืึท ืฐืึธื’ืฉืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜'. ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืŸ: , ืขืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื™ื ืข 
ืœืขืคืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืขื’ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื™ื: ืฐืึธืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืึธืœืง, ืื•ื™ืก ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื“ื™ืš ืึทืงืึธืจืฉื˜ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜?'' ื–ืึธื’ ืื™ืš ืฆื• ืื™ื: ,,ืฐื™ ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืงื ืขื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืฆื• ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ? ืฐืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ืื™ืš? 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ืกื˜ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขื ื“ืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจืึทื ืŸ?'' ื–ืึธื ื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืึทืŸ ,ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืจื! 
ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื’ืจื™ืกื˜, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ! ืคืจืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืขืœ ื“ื™ืจ ืึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื 
ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ืึทื”ืขืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ''. ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ืคืึทืจื ื•ื™ื’ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื 
ื‘ึดึผื™ื– ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึทึธื ื˜: , ืื™ืฆื˜ ื–ืข ืื™ืš ื˜ืึทืงืข, ืึทื– ืื™ืš, ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื ืขื›ื˜, 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ื˜ื–ืขืœื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ึทึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื ื’ืŸ. ื–ืื’ ื–ืฉืข ืžื™ืจ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ืจืœ ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื”, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ืจ 
ื ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืจื™ืง?'' ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜: ,ืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืกืคืจ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืึทืœื“ืึธืก ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืก, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื–ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืึทืœืฅ ืคืึทืจ 
ืจื™ืจ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ", ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืกืคืจ ื“ืขื ื–ืงืŸ ื“ืขืจืœืึทื ื’ื˜, ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื ื ืกืคืจ ืึทืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื’ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ. ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืึทืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืงืŸ: ,ื’ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืง ื“ืขื ื™ื•ื ื’ืœื™ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ืจ, 
ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืกืคืจ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜". ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื–ืงืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืง, ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ืขื ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ", 

| ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืžืœื›ื• ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ื›ื•ืช, ืฐื™ ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื 
ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืึทืจืข 
ืคื™ื™ื’ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืขืจืœืฒ ืงืึธืœื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื”ื™ืž? ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื’ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืข 
ืคื™ื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืฆื™ื™ื›ื ืก; ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืงืŸ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขื ืกื™ืžื‘ึผืึธืœื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืฒื™ื˜ 
ืคื•ึนืŸ ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ. , ื–ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ, -- ืขืจ- 
ืงืœืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืงืŸ, --- ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคื•ื™ื’?, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ 
ืึทืŸ ืึธื ื–ืึธื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขืจื“ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ. ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจ- 
ืคืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื ื’ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืœืึทื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืฆืคื•ืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจื“ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืขื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผื•ืจื˜ืกืœืึทื ื“ (ืคึผืึธืจื˜ื•ื’ืืœ),', ,, ืขืก: 


284 ืจ"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš, ื–ืึธื ื˜ ืื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ, ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฐื•ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื ืขืฉืขืŸ, 
ื“ืึทืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืึธื , ื“ืขืจ ืืžืชืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืœืข- 
ื‘ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’, ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ื ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ...?" 

ืื•ืŸ ืžืœื›ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืึทื™ื™ื–ื ืคืขืกื˜ ื’ืขื’ืœืฑื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,,ื–ืขื•ื ื’', ืึทืŸ 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึธืจื˜ื•ื’ืขื–ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื“ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื, ื ื™ืขื˜ืึธ ื‘ึผืจืึทืกืึท, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ 
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืึท ื‘ึผื“ื™ื•ื• ืฆื•ื ืงื™ื ื™ื’ ื™ืึธื”ืึทืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ื 
ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก, ืึทื– ื’ืึธืจ ืื™ื ื ื™ื›ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ื•ื ืึทืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืข ืขืจื“ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจ- 
ื ื™ืฉ. ืขืจ ื’ื•ืคื ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื’ืฒื™ืกื˜ืขืจื˜ืข ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืœืŸ 
ืคื•ื ื ื’ืขื˜ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืึทืจืข ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืงืข ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ. ืžืขืŸ ืงืึธืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืจื•ืฉื, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงื•ืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืงื•ืจืฆืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื ืึทืจื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืžืงื•ื™ื™ื ืฆืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ , ื‘ึผืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช'', ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืงื–ืืœื˜ื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ืžืœื›ื•, ื”ืึธื˜. ืคืึธืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: ื“ืขื ืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืึธืงื˜ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืึธืจ (1880) ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืš ื˜ื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืึทืจืฑืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืจืขื’ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ- 
ื’ืึธืกืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึทืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื; ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืึทืจื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืœืึทื ื“ืจื™ืข (,ืึท ืœืึทื ื“ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฆืคื•ืŸ'') ืื•ื™ืš ืฉืžืึทืจืง ื’ืขืœื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืœื™ื™ืฆื•ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืœืš 
ื ืื›ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ื ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืข ืขืจื“ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ืกืึทื‘ึผืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ื•ื’ืึทืœ. ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืจื•ื™ื ื‘ึผืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ ,ื ืคื™ื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ-ื™ืฆื™ื™ื›ืŸ' -- 
ื“ื™ ืงืึธืžืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืœืœืฒ. ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืฑืคึผืกื˜ ืงืœืขืžืขื ืก ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื‘ึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ึผื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• 
ื•ื›ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ื ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึท ืคื™ื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื—ืกื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืึธืจืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™- 
ืžืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืึท ืฉื•ืฅ-ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ืคืึทืจ 
ื“ื™ ืฉืึทืจืคืข ื ืขื’? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ืข. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืžืœื›ื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆึดื• 
ื—ื™ืœืฃ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื’ืขืคืึทืจ, ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืขื’ื ืขืจ, 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื›ืขืจื–ืขืฆืขืจ ืื•ืš ื’ืขื ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืืจืฆื˜ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืึทื ื˜ื™ื ืึธ, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื ื’ืขืžืกืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ืงืฐื™ื–ื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขืจื™ื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืึทืœืก 
ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ืึทืคึผื™ืงื•ืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืกื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทื˜ืฑืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืืžื•ื ื”, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืกืžืš ืื™ื ืคืึทืจืžืฉืคึผื˜ ืฆื•ื ืฉื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื”ื•ื™ืคืŸ. ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืžืœื›ื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืจืึทื˜ืข-. 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื•ืคึผืกื˜ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ืฉื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื”ื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื ื˜ื•ื™ื ืคืึทืจืžืฉืคึผื˜ืข ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืขื›ืขืจ. ืื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ,, ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืขื ื˜ืŸ'' ืžืœื›ื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืึทืฆื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคึผืึทืœืึทืฆืŸ ืคื•ื ื ืฐืึทื˜ื™ืงืึทืŸ,. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืœื›ืŸ 


1 ืจ ืงืฑืคึผืžืึทืŸ ืคืœื™ื™ืกื ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธื ืึธื’ืจืึทืคึทื™ืข ืžื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืึทื ื˜ื™ื ืึธืœ (ืจืขื•ื•, ืจ, ืขื. 
ื–ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฃ, 7, 57) ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืžืึทื ืกื™ื’ืึธืก ืžืกื™ืจื” ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื•ืจื ื ืข+ 
ื”ืึทื˜ืก, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืฆื’ื™ื˜ืึทืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื•ืขื–ืขื ืขื ืžืึทืจืึทืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข 
ื“ื•ื™ื˜ื™ื˜ืข ืงื”ื™ืœื”, ื–ืข ืฆึดื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขืจืงืขื’ืŸ ื‘ื™ ืคืื’ืขืœืฉืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื’ืขืจ, ืฆื™ื, ื•., ||, 53--58, 





ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืž;ืจืึทื˜ื•ืš ื‘ื™ ื™ื“ืŸ 285 


ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท. ื™ืึธืš ืืจื•ื (1892), ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทื˜ืึทืœืขืจ ืื•ื™ื“ื™ืขื ืฅ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืงืึทืจืœ ื“ืขื ืคื™ื ืคื˜ืŸ, ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื ื™ืฉืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืจืฅ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžื™ืฉ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื”ื•ื™ืคืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืึธื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืš- 
ืขืจืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืœืฑื‘ึผืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืึทืจืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืžืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขืš ื˜ื•ื™ื ื•. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึท ืœืขื ืขื ื“ืข, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš 
ื“ืึธืก ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ื ื ืฉื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื”ื•ื™ืคืŸ; ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜, 
ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฐืึธืš ืึทืจื•ื ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ื•ื™ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืœืฉืจื™ืคื”, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื, ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืคืช, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืฐืึทืจื ืื•ื™ื” ืื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ึผืœื”. ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืึทื–ืึท 
ืจืืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ื•ื™ ื™ืกืฃ ื”ื›ึผื”ืŸ, ื‘ึผืขืช ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžืื ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ืงื“ื•ืฉ, ืื™ื– ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ: , ืึทืš, ื•ื™ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืขืก ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืืœ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฉืจื™ื•ื‘ึผืŸ, ืฆื™ ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ื– ืืžืช, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืŸ!" 5, 


ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืึทืจื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืŸ 
ื”ื“ืจืช ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ ืฆื•ื ืึธื ื“ืขื ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืขื ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“. ,, ืฉืœืžื” 
ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™',, .,, ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ึผื—ื™ืจื™'" --- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืขืœ , ื‘ึผื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืคื'' 
ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื“ืขืึทืœ, ื“ืขืจ ืกื™ืžื‘ึผืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงื™ื™ื˜. ืงืึธืจื•ืก 
ืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉ, ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ --- ื–ื™ืš ืžื•ืกืจ-ื ืคืฉ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ ืžืœื›ืŸ, ื–ื™ืš ืžืงืจื™ื‘ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ- 
ื”ื•ื™ืคืŸ ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื ืึธื˜ืก ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ *. ืžืœื›ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื, ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคึฟืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ , ื‘ึผื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ'" ืื•ืŸ , ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš!', ืึทืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ 
ืงื‘ึผืœื”, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื›ึผื™ืฉื•ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ืก-ืงืจืึทืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืชืœื—ื‘ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ 
ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑื™ ื ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืง ื’ืจื•ื™ืก, ืึทื– ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืœื˜ื‘ึผืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืคึผื•ืกืง ืื•ืŸ ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืชื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืขื•ืงืจ ื”ืจื™ื---ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืึทืจื•, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜ ื•ื™ ื“ื•ืจื‘- 
ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื’ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืœืึทื, ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ- 


1 ื‘ึทึผืขืช ืžืœื›ื• ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืžืึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืจื•ื™ืคืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืื™ื ื 
ืงื™ืกืจื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืขืจืงืœืขืจืž, ืึทื– ืืฑื‘ึผ ืขืจ ื”ืึธืึผ ื—ืจื˜ื” ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื 
ืงืึทื˜ืฑืœื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืœืฑื™ื‘ึผืŸ, ื•ื•ื›ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืคึผืจืฒืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืžืœื ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื 
ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฅ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜: ืืขื ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ึผืœื•ื– ืœืฒืจ, |ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื ื’ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ 
ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืขืจ ื’ืœืฑื‘ึผืŸ; ืื™ืฆื ืžื•ื ืžื™ื ืžื™ืจ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืฐื•ื™ืœื˜", 

2 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื“ืฃ 96: ืขื•ืžื™ ื™ืชืŸ ื•ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื—ื•ื›ื ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ื•ื‘ืชืžื™ื 
ื‘ืกืคืจ", 

* ืขืžื’ื™ืจ ืžืฉืจื™ื", ืคืจืฉืช ื•ื–ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื—, ื“ืฃ 50, ืขืž' 3'? ืื•ืื–ื›ืš ืœืืชื•ืงื“ื 
ื‘ื"ื™ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืงื“ืฉื ืฉืžื™ ื‘ืคืจื”ืกื™ื ื•ืชื™ืกื•ืง ืœืขื•ืœืชื ืœืจืขื•ื ืขืœ ืžืจื‘ื—ื™.. ืชื•ื›ื” ืœืžื“ืฉื 
ืฉืžื™ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื, ื›ืš ืฉืœ ืž ื” ื‘ื—ื™ืจื™ ื–ื›ื” ื“ืืชืงืจื™ ืž ืœื›ื• ื“ืืชืžืฉื— ืžืžืฉื— ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขื™ืœืื™ 
ื•ืกืœื™ืง ืœืจืขื•ื ืขืœ ืžื–ื‘ื—ื™" (ื–ืึธืœืงืขืฐืขืจ ืืฑืกื ืึทื‘ืข, 1773), | 





-286 | ื“"ืจ ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ ืขืจ: 


ื–ืขืŸ: ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื 6 ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืขืจ ืฉืœื™ื—, ืึดืŸ ืึธื ื–ืึธื’ืขืจ'"ื™ 
(ืžื’ื™ื“), ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื ื“ืขื ืคืึธืจื”ืึทื ื’ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื‘ึผืœืฑื–ื˜ 
ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื ื’ืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืœื™ื ื˜ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึธืจื ืŸ ืื™ื ื ืฉื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืข 
ื“ื•ืจื•ืช... 


ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขืขืŸ ืึถื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ โ€ ื ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ืข ืคึผืกื™ื›ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืข 
ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’: ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ืงืึทืจื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผื•ืกืง ืื•ืŸ ืœืžื“ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืงืึทืจื• ื“ืขืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœ, ืฉืœืžื” ืžืœื›ื•ืก ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ื—ืกื™ื“, ื‘ึผืœื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื“ืึธืš 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ? ,ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ', ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื›ึนึผืœ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืงืข 
ืคืึทืœื™ืึทื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ื ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžืคืจืฉื™ื. ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืขืจ ืฉืœื™ื—, ื“ืขืจ 
,, ืžื’ื™ื“'' ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืคืืจ ืงืึทืจื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืึทืจืงืขืจืคึผืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืžืฉื ื”. ,,ืื ื™ ื”ืžืฉื ื” ื”ืžืจื‘ึผืจืช ื‘ึผืคื™ืš'' --- ืื™ืš, ื“ื™ ืžืฉื ื”, 
ืจืขื“ ืขืก ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ!',ืื ื™, ืื ื™ ื”ืžืฉื ื”', ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ ืึธืคื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื ื™ืจ, ืื ื™ 
ื ืฉืžืชื ื“ืžืฉื ื” -- ืื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืฉื ื”, ืื ื™ ื”ืื ื”ืžื™ืกืจืช 
ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื” -- ืื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ืขืก ื“ื™ ืžืึทืžืข, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ืจืึทึธืคื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ 1. ืฉื‘ึผืช 
ืื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™, ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ืึทืžืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ืึทื›ื ื“ื™ืงืกืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ืคืœืขื ื˜ 
ื–ื™, ื“ื™ ืžืฉื ื”, ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื, ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืกื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืก-ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ, 
ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึธืจื ืขื ืข ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืข ืกื•ื“ื•ืช (ืจื–ื ื˜ืžื™ืจื™ืŸ, ืจื•ื 
ืขื™ืœืื”), ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ื ืžื•ืกืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืžืขืœืŸ ืื™ื ืึทืœืก ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ,,ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืŸ", 
.,,ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ืŸ ืฉืœืžื”'' (ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ึผื—ื™ืจื™''), ื“'"ื” ืฉืœืžื” ืžืœื›ื•. ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ 
, ื’ืขืฉืคึผืจืขื›ืŸ'' ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ,,ืžื’ื™ื“'', ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจืกืึธื ื™ืคื™ืฆื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ืžืฉื ื”, ืฐืึธืก ืคืœืขื’ื˜ 
ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืื™ืจ , ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ" (ื‘ึผื ื™ ื‘ึผื—ื™ืจื™) ื‘ึผื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ 5, 
ืคืœืขื ื˜ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืึทึธืจื• ืคืึทืจืฉืจืฒื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืืฑื™ืฃ ืึทื–ืึท ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ื ืึทื ืฅ ืื™ื™ื’ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืง ืžืขืžื•ืึทืจืŸื‘ึผื•ืš ,, ืžื’ื™ื“ ืžืฉืจื™ื". 


ื“ื™ ,, ื ืฉืžืชื ื“ืžืฉื ื”'', ืฐืึธืก ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืึทืจื•, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึท ื‘ึผื™ื™ื–ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืข. ื–ื™ ื™ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืงืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ ,, ืžืึทืžืขืก'', ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ , ืฉื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ". ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ื‘ึทึผื™ื™ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขื 
ืึท ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ืš ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ,,ืžื’ื™ื“'' ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื“ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ 
ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ืชึผืขื ื•ื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”. ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืœื•ื™ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธื›ืŸ 
ืขืกืŸ, ืฐืึธืจื ื˜ ืึธืคึผื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืฉื ื”, ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืœืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึทืจืฅ 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื“ืฃ 13, 35, 50 ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืึทื ื“ืขื™ืข ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ 

? ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ืœ ืขืžื ื™ืจ ื˜ืฉืจื™ื ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ึผืœื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ 1646 ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฐืฒืžืขืจ -- ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขื ืขืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ 1656, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข-ืฉืจืฒื‘ืขืจ ืจืึธื–ืึทื ืขืก 
ืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื“ื ื“ื™ ื™ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืชื ืจืžื" (|, 201--205) ื“ืขืจืฐื™ื™ื•ืŸ, ืึทื– ื™ื•ืกืฃ 
ืงืึธืจื• ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื›ึนื—ื‘ึผืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขื {ืžื’ื™ืจ 


ืฉืฉืจื™ื", ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืจึทืึทื™ื•ืช ื–ื™ื™ื ืขื™ ืึธื‘ึถึผืขืจ ื–ืฒื™ืขืจ ืฉืฐืึทืš ื‘ืึทื ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 287 


ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ื•ืฃ 1. ,ืื•ื™ื‘ ื“ื• ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงืกื˜, ืึทื– ื“ื•ึน ื”ืึธืกื˜ 
ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื”ื ืื” ืคื•ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึทืŸ ืขืคื ืฐืึทืจื’, ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ื• ืขืก ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืก, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืคื™ืœ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึดืคึผ ื“ืขืจ ืชึทึผืึทื•ื•ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืขืคืŸ -- ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื˜ืจืงื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื›ึผื•ื— ืคื•ืŸ ืกืžืืค, 
ืจื—ืžื ื ืœื™ืฆืœืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื”ืึทืจื‘ึผืข ื–ื™ื ื“ ืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืขื•ื ืฉ' 5 
,ืชืกื ืฃ ืขืฆืžืš ื‘ื›? ื“ืืคืฉืจ'' -- ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ืคึผื™ื™ื ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืก'ืื™ื– 
ื ืึธืจ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืจื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืฉื ื” ืื™ืจ ,, ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ" --- ืจืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ื• 
ื–ื•ื›ื” ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืขืŸ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืคึผื ื™ื ืืœ ืคึผื ื™ื; ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืคื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืžืฑื™ืœ 
ืฆื• ืžื•ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ืจ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื”'' ?,. ื™ื•ืžื 
ื•ืœื™ืœื” ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืชึผื•ืจื”, ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื•ืกืจ-ื ืคืฉ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ืชึผื•ืจื” --- ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜-ืžืึธื˜ื™ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ,, ืžื’ื™ื“ืก'' ื‘ึผืึทืœืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, 
,ื—ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš --- ืฐืึธืจื ื˜ ืงืึทืจื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืฉื ื” -- ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืคืกื™ืง ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืชึผื•ืจื”. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื• ื–ืืœืกื˜ 
ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื• ืžืึทื›ืกื˜ ื—ืจื•ื‘ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื”ืขืจืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• 
ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชึผื•ืจื” -- ืฐืึธืœืกื˜ื• ืึทืคื™ืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืจื’ืข ื ื™ื˜ 
ื™ืžืคืกื™ืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื• ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืคึผืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืชึผื•ืจึนื” -- ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ืจ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก 
ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืจื•ืคืŸ: ,,ื˜ื•ื˜ ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืฒื–ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ืขื ืงื™ื ื™ื’ืก ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืœื˜!'" ืื•ืŸ ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืึธืŸ ืฆืึธืœ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื’ืœืฒื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืฐื•ืขืœื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™: ,ืื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืึทืฐื™ืœื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืœืš 
ืžืœื›ื™ ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื! ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืชึผื ื ืื™ืŸ ืืจืฅื–ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืึธื˜ ืจืึธืก 

ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ืฉ ืžืชื™ื‘ืชื ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืืจืฅื™ื™ืฉืจืืœ. '" 1., ,, ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ --- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืึธืŸ 
ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ,, ื ืฉืžืชื ื“ืžืฉื ื”/' -- ืึทื– ื’ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื›ึผื‘ื™ื›ื•ืค 
ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืข ืฉืึทืจืŸ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื’ืจื™ืกืŸ. ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืข ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื, ื“ื™ ืชึผื ืื™ื, 
ืืžื•ืจืื™ื, ืคื‘ื•ืจืื™ื, ื’ืื•ื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืคึผื•ืกืงื™ื --- ืึทืœืข ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื™ืš 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 2, 20, 22, 23 ื"ื•, 

11 ,6 ,3 ,2 * 

5 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 3. ื–ืข ืืฑืš 16 ืื•ืŸ 24, 

4 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื“ืฃ 2, ืขื' ื‘': ื’ืฆืœื• ื”ื™ืช ื™ืจืข ื›ืžื” ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืžืชืคืกื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ืจืฃ 
ื‘ืขืช ืฉืืชื” ืžืคืกื™ืง ืžืœื”ืจื—ืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื”, ืœึนื ื”ื™ื™ืช ืžืคืกื™ืง ืืคื™ืœื• ืจื’ืข ืื—ืจืŸ ื›ื™ ื‘ืขืช 
ืฉืืชื” ื™ื•ืฆื ืœืฉื•ืง ื•ืืชื” ืžืขืจืขืจ ื‘ืžืฉื ืชื™ - ืขื•ืคืžื™ื™ื ื“ื™ืœื™ ืžื›ืจื™ื–ื™ืŸ ื•ืื•ืœื™ืŸ ืงืžืš ื™ืกื‘ืจื™ื–ื™ืŸ 
ื“ื‘ื• ื™ืงืจ ืœื“ื™ื•ืงื ื ื“ืžืœื ื! ื•ื›ืžื” ื—ื™ืœื™ืŸ ื“ืœื™ืช ืœื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื ื ื›ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื™ืชืš ืขืœื™ื”ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” 
ืขืœืžื™ืŸ ืžื–ื“ืขื•ืขื™ืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื”ื•ื ื›ืจื•ื–ื ืฉืขืœื™ืŸ ื•ืืžืจื™ืŸ: ืžืืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ืจื ื“ืžืœืš ืžืœื›ื™ 
ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ื—ืคืฅ ื‘ื™ืงืจื•? ื”ืื™ ื”ื•ื ืชื ื ืกื‘ื ื“ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืื™ ื”ื™ื ืจื™ืฉ ืžืชื™ื‘ืชื ืจืื“ืฅ 
ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื‘ืจื ืจื‘ื ื“ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ", ื–ืข ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจืžืŸ, 3, 4, 55 ื'ื™, 





203 ื“"ืจ 'ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื‘ึผืขืช ื“ื• ืคืึทืจื ืขืžืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื”. ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืฐืขืœื˜ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜, ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื ื“ื™ืง ื•ื™ ื™ืขื ืข ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ืš ื‘ึผืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ 
ืคึผื˜ืจื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื˜: ืคืึทืจืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœืฅ? ืขื ื˜ืคึฟืขืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ื™: 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœึถืข ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืืจืฅื™ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคึผื•ืกืง ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืืžืขืŸ ืงืึทืจื•, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืœืš ืžืœื›ื™ ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœ, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื’ืขืœืฑื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ" ื–ื™ 
,ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, --- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ืš, -- ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš 
ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ืจ, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ืฐื•ืขืกื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืจืึทืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึทืœืข ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื ืœื•ืช; ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืžื•ืกืจ ื ืคืฉ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,,ืกืžื™ื›ื”'' ืื™ืจ ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืœืึทื ืฅ*, ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ื• 
ื–ื•ื›ื” ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ,, ืกืžื™ื›ื”'' ื–ืึธืœ ืึธื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืื™ืŸ 
ืืจื™ื“ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืืจืฅ" *. ื“ื™ ,ื ืฉืžืชื ื“ืžืฉื ื”'' ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ื ืฆื•, ืึทื– 
ืฐื™ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื•ื›ื” ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื’ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื”ื‘ึผื•ืจึธื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืŸ ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ื‘ึผื›ืœ ืชึผืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ื“ื™ 
ืฆืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก, ืึทื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื—ื›ื ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ 
ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืคื™ื ืฃ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื™ืึธืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืŸ 
ืฆื• ืื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœึถืข ื–ื™ื™ื  ืข ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืž? 4 , ืื™ืš -- ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื“ืขืจ ,,ืžื’ื™ืจ'' ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— --- ืฐืขืœ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ืจ 
ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ึผืฉืขืชึผื, ืึทื–ืฑ 
ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ื• ืื•ื™ืš ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ 5 ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœึถืข ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืืคื™ืœ ื“ื™ ื ื‘ื•ืื” ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืฑืคื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืคืึธืœืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ --- ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืจ 
ืžื•ื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ืึธืš ืจื•ืขืŸ" (ืื ืคืกืงื” ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ -- ืžืžืš ืœื ืคืกืงื”). , ืึทืœืก 
ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืŸ ืœื•ื™ืŸ -- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ื™ ืžืฉื ื” ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืกื™ืจืช-ื ืคืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื; ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื•ื›ื” 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื”ื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ?, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™' ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ื’ืœื•ืช, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื ื ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืŸ ืœืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื‘ื•ึนืช, 
ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื•ื™ ืงืึธืจื• ื”ืึธื˜, ื ืึธืš ืฐื•ื™ื ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืจื™ืึทื ืึธืคึผืึธืœ, ื–ื™ืš 
ื‘ึผืึทืคืจืฒื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืœืžื” ืžืœื›ื•, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ืฑื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ึผืขื ืงืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืจื™ 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืคึผืจืฉื” ื•ืืชื—ื ืŸ, ื“ืฃ 45, 
2 ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ึผื™ืจื‘ (ื–ืข ืื•ื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืฒื˜ 273), ื‘ึผืขืช ืขืจ ื”ืึธื ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื ืฒืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืœื˜ืŸ 
ืกืžื™ื›ื”-ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ื˜ื•ื, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ,ืกื•ื ื™ืš" ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืึทืจื•, 


5 ื“ืึธืจื ืŸ, 31. 

4 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 13--14, 

5 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 4, 9, 13, 22 
6 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 53, 55, | 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ ื™ื“ืŸ 20 


ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ื™ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ืงื‘ึผืœื”; ื ืึธืš ืกืึทืœืึธื ื™ืงื™ ืื•ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ, ื ืึธืš ืฆืคืช. 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ื“ืขืจ ,,ืžื ื™ื“'' ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืืคืขืœื˜ ืงืึธืจื•ืŸ, โ€ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ 
ืื“ืจื™ืื ืึธืคึผืึธืœ, ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ืงื•ืจืฆืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึทืœืึธื ื™ืงื™, 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืคืช ืŸ, ,,ืื™ืš -- ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื“ื™ ืžืฉื ื” ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—--- 
ืฐืขืœ ื“ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื ื™ื ืžืงื™ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ 
ื“ื™ืจ ืฆื•ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜. ื“ื•ืจืš ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ื• ื–ื•ื›ื” ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืจืฅื™ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื“ืึธืจื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ื• ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืœืข ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ืฆืึธืœ ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ... ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ื• ื–ื•ื›ื” ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื”ื•ื™ืคืŸ ืขืœ ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื'ืค. 

ืขืก ืื™ื– ืงืœืึธื•, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ,, ืžื’ื™ืš", ื•ืืก ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ ืงืึธืจื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืก ืžืึธืœ 
ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืคืกื™ืง ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืชื•ืจื”, ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืงื‘ึผืœื—, 
ืื•ืชืขืกื•ืง ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืžืฉื ื— ื•ื‘ืงื‘ืœื”' --- ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืชึผืžื™ื“ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคึผื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืžืฉื ื” ืื•ืŸ ืงื‘ืœื”, ื—ื–ืจื ืึธืคึผื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ,ืžื ื™ืจ, '} ,ืชืงื‘ืข ืขืชื™ื 
ื ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื”' 4 -- ืึท ื›ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืงื‘ึผืœื”; ,ื•ืื–ืจื”ืจ ืœืžื’ืžืจ ืงื‘ืœื— ื•ืœื ืชืชืจืคื” ืžื™ื ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื•ื ืคื ื™ื'"' 5 .- 
ื–ื™ื™ ืคืœื™ื™ืกื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืงื‘ึผืœื” ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืœ ื˜ืึธืจื›ื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึทึผืœืึธื–ืŸ, 
ื“ืขืจืžืื ื˜ ื™ืขืจืขืก ืžืึธืœ ืจืขืจ ,,ืžื ื™ืฃ'. โ€ - | 

,ื“ื• ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ ืึทืจื™ื™ื ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื—ื›ืžืช ื—ืงื‘ืœื—--- 
ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื“ืขืจ ,,ืžื ื™ืจ!' ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—, --- ื“ื• ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ 
ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ, ื•ื—ื•ื ื™ื™ืชื™ ืœืžื™ืœืฃ ืžื™ื ืš --- ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืœืขื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืชื•ืจื” 
ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ืจ'' 0, 1 ื™ 

ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื—ื‘ื˜ื—ื— ืื™ื– ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื ื™ื˜ ืžืงื•ื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืึทืจื• ืื™ืŸ 
ื‘ึผืœื™ื™ืกืคืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืคึผื•ืกืง ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ึผื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืืฑื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ืึถื‘ึถึผืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื— ื”ืึทื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข 
ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืฆืคืช. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ, 


= ื™ื™ 


ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื“ืฃ 54, ืขืž' ื‘, 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืคืจืฉืช ื™ืงืจื, ื“ืฃ 30, ืขืž' ืื 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 22,. 53 ื"ื•ื•, ื™: 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 19, 26, 
- ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 49, 55 | 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 48, ืคืจื˜ื— ื›ึดึผื™ ื”ื‘ื•ื, ื’ืจืขืฅ ื“ืจื™ื ื’ื, ืึทื– ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ โ€ ืฐื•ืขืจื˜. ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ื ืจ' ื™ืฆื”ืง ืœื•ืจื™ื, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึถื‘ึถึผืขืจ ื ื™ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ 
ืคื™ื ื ืขืžื’ื™ื“" ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ ืคึฟืืจืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1569, ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืื™ ื“ืขืจ ืืจ"ื™ ืึธืงืึธืจืฉื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื’ืข 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืจืฅื™ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธืก ื ื•ึถืšึฐ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื ืงื•ื ื—ื™ืคืฉื ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ, ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื–ื—ืช ืื™ืŸ 
ืงืฒืŸ ืกืคืง ื ื™ื, ืึทื– ืคื—ืจ ื "ืฉ ืฉื‘ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ" ื‘ึผืึทืžืฒื˜ืŸ ืจืืฉื™ ืชึผื™ื‘ื™ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืขืคืขืก ืึท ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ, 

)19( | 


= ืคืกื 28 42 ื”ืก 


ื› 








ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ 


ืฆืคืช ืึทืœื ืงื›ืœื”ื™ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ, -- ืžืื™ืจ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื ื‘ึผืื™ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ'. -- 
ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื’ื˜.ื˜ืขื•ื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืงื‘ึผืœื”:ืกืคืจ, -- ืื‘ืŸ ื’ื‘ึผืื™ื ืคืึทืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆื•ื ืจืžื‘"ื ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืฐืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคึผื˜ืŸ, -- ื“ื•ื“ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืžืจื ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœืžื— 
ื•ืœืงืึทื‘ื™ืฅ. -- ืึทืœืงืึทื‘ึผื™ืฅ ืึทืœื ืžื™ื˜ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื”ื™ื‘ืœื™ 
ืฉืขืจ ื›ืœื—", -- ืžืฉื” ืงืึธืจื“ื•ืื™ืจืึธ ืึทืœื ื˜ืขืึธืจืขืžื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื‘ึผืœื”; ื–ืฒืŸ 99ืจื“ืก 
ืจื™ืžื•ื ื™ื", -- ืืœื™ื”ื– ื“ื™ ืฐื™ื“ืึทืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืืฉื™ืช ื—ื›ืžื—", -- ,ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื 
ืคึฟืึทืจ. ื ืึธื" ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ื— ืคื•ืŸ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”. -- ื”ืฒืœื™ืงืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื ืŸ -- ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื, 
ื“ืขืจืฐืึธื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื‘ึผืช, -- ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืœืขื‘ึผื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื•ื ื“ืขื ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืขืจืึธื˜ื™ืง. 


ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ืฆืคืช 
ืื™ื– ืคื˜ืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืžืคึผืขื ื“ื™ื•ื, ื“ื™ ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœึถืข ื“ื™ื ื™ื 
ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื–ืขืฆืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื ืกืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืŸ ืจื‘ึผื ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื™ืจื ื˜ื•ื 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช. ืื•ืŸ. ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผื™ืงืข ื’ืึทืœื™ืœื™ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื– ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืื™ืŸ ืงื‘ึผืœื”, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืจืขืกืคึผืึธื˜ื™ืฉ 
ืึทืจืฑืคื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืขืžืคึผืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืœืข ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืก- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืจืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืึถื˜ 
ื“ืึธ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึฟืึทืจืฐืึธืจืคืขื ืขื ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืขืœืข ืื™ื ื ืื™ื™ื‘ึผืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื ืœื™ืœ, ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ื- 
ื’ืขื‘ื•ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืงื•ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ, ืืฑื™ืกื˜ืขืจืœื™ืฉ-ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื‘ึผื ื™ืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“, ื“ื™ืกื”ืึทืจืžืึธื ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ ืขืงื–ืืœื˜ื™ืจ- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืึทืกืงืขื˜ื™ื–ื ืžื™ื˜ ืงืจืขื ืงืœืขืš ืฆื•ืจืจื™ื ื’ืœืขื›ืข ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืจื•ื™ืžืขืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืจื™ 
ื‘ึผืึทืฉื™ื›ึผื•ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืŸ ืื™ืš, ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธืœ- 
ืฆืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ --- ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื”ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ึผืขื•ืช, 
ืœื—ืฉื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืช, ื“ืขืจ ืึทื™ื™ื–ื ืคืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื’ืœืฑื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ื ื ืขื ื“ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ 
ืคื•ื ื ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ --- ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื˜ื•ื ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืง- 
ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจืขืจ ื˜ื•ืžืื”, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืฑื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื•ืคื˜ ืคื•ื ื ืขื–ื•ืช-ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืžืืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช,. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฅ ืฉืœืขื ื’ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ืŸ ืึทื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืŸ ืžื•ืจืื“ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจ ืึธืŸ ืืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ึผ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืึท ืกื•ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื˜ื™ืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขื ื’ืขืจ, ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืœืขืจ ืœืึทื‘ึผื™ืจื™ื ื˜ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืขืจืช ื”ืžื›ืคึผืœื”,. 
ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืฆืึทืคึผืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื˜ื™ืกื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžืื˜ืขืจื˜ ืœื™ื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ- 

2900 


ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืžื™ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 501 


ืœืขื›ืข ื ืฉืžื”, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืฑืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืข ื™ืกื•ืจื™ ื’ื™ื”ื ื•ื 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืœืฑื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทืฉื™ื›ึผื•ืจื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืœื™ืง ืคึฟื•ืŸ 
ื’ื“ืขื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื›ึผื•ื—ื•ึนืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธืง- 
ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ื™ืข, ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืข ื”ื™ื™ื›ืŸ... ื ืึธืš 
ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื•ืขืœืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ื™ื™} ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืคืช, ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึดืžึทึผ- 
ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื‘?, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขื”ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืฆืคืชืขืจ ืงืจื™ื™ื–, ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ืœื“ืขื˜ 
ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ืก-ืจื™ื ื’ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื‘ึผืœื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืชึผืงื•ืคื” ืžื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทื‘ึผืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืคืช. ืžืื™ืจ ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื—ื–ืงื? ืืคืŸ 
ื’ึดื‘ึนึผืื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผ? ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ื•ื™ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜. ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืึทื“ืึทื ืง ื“ื™ ืึธื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ื ืžื—ื‘ึผืจ ื’ื•ืคื ืฆื•ื 
ืคื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ืขืจืง, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืื ื™ืข 
ืื™ืŸ 1480, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ,,ืชึผื•ืœืขืช ื™ืขืงื‘'' (ืึท ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืชึผืคื™ืœื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื™ืึธืจ), ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• 26 ื™ืึธืจ, ื‘ึผืขืช ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืขืœืข ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืŸ 1 - ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜-- 
ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ 80ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ 3 
| ืึทืœืก ืขืœืฃื™ืึธืจื™ืง ืงื™ื ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื ื‘ึผืื™ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข 
ื’ื•ืœื™ ืกืคืจื”, ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืฐืึธื’?-ืฐืขื’, ื‘ึดึผื™ื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขื ื“ืœืขืš 
ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืจื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืจืงื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืœื•ื›ึผื—. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜-ืฐืขืจืง , ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช 
ื—ืงื•ื“ืฉ'' ?, ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืึทืจื‘ึผืขื˜ ื ื˜ื ืฆืข 8 ื™ืึธืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก 
ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ื˜ ืคื™ืœ ืžืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืึทืžืงื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื™ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ึผื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืžืฆื“ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืฐื•ืขืจืง ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื- 
ื˜ืขืžืื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืึธืจื ื‘ึผืึทื”ืึทื ื“ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐื™ื ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืคึผืจืึธื‘ึผืœืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืึทื‘ึผืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœืขืจืข; ื“ื™ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฐืขืœื˜-ืึทื ืฉื•ื•ึผื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึทื ื˜ืฐื™ืงืœื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ื‘ึผืึทืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืึธ ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืึท ื‘ึผื•ืœื 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืœืขืš ื‘ึผื™ืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืึทืœืก ื’ึฐืึฒื " 
ืฆืขืจ ื”ืึทืจืžืึธื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ึผื ื™ืŸ. 
,ื—ืœืง ื”ื™ื—ื•ื“'' --- ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜- 
ื”ื™ื™ื˜; ,,ื—ืœืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”'"' -- ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื›ึผื•ื•ื ื” ืื•ืŸ ืžืกื™ืจืช-ื ืคืฉ; 
,ื—ืœืง ื”ืชึผื›ืœื™ืช"" --- ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ื“ืขื ืชึผื›ืœื™ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืื•ืŸ 
1 ื–ืข ืฉืœื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ,ืชึผื•ืœืขืช ื™ืขืงื‘" (ืงืจืึธืงืขืจ ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ึผืข), 
2 ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ,;ื‘ื•ืจืช ื”ืงื“ืฉ'. ื’ืขืคื™ื ื ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฆื•ืฉืจื™ืžื: ืขื•ื”ื™ืช; 
ืฉืœืžืช ื—ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื™ื•ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื™, ืฉื ื™ ื™ืžื™ื ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืกื ืช ืฉื ืช ื—ืžืฉืช ืืœืคื™ื ื•ืžืืชื™ื ื•ืชืฉืขื™ื 
ื•ืื—ื“ ืœื‘ืจื™ืืช ืขื•ืœื. (ื•ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื—ืชืขืกืง ื‘ื—ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืฉืชื™ื ืฉื ื” ื•ื’ื˜ืจืชื™ื• 
ืื ื™ ื‘ึนึผืŸ ื—:ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” 
ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืืฑืกื ืึทื‘ืข ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืจืขื ืฐืขืจืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืžื—ื”ื‘ืจืก ืื™ื™ื“ืขื, ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจ 
;ืกืึทืœืงื•ืŸ,,. ืคึผืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขื’ืขื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ 1567 ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื›ืขืคืœ ืคืžืจืื•ืช ืืœื”ื™ื", 





292 | ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ืคื•ื ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ; ,ื—ืœืง ืกืชืจื™ ื”ืชึผื•ึนืจื”" --- ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืฉื” 


ืคืจืืฉื™ืช, ืžืขืฉื” ืžืจื›ึผื‘ื” ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื -- ืื˜ ื“ืึธื 


ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื‘ึผืŸ 
ื ื‘ึผืื™ืก ืื•ืžืคืึทื ื’ืจื™ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืจืง, : | 

ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื ื“ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืึทืฐื™ ืึดื ื“ื™ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืคึผืจืึธื‘ึผืœืขื (ื’ืึธื˜ืก ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜) ืื™ื– ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขื ื’ ืคืึทืจ" 
ื‘ึผื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทืจื‘ึผืขืจ ืฉืืœื”: ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึทืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืึทื‘ึผืกืึธืœื•ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื›ึผื•ึนืœื• ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืึทื ื˜ืฐื™ืงืœืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข, ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืืœ-ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืขืœืข? ื‘ื™ื™ื ืคืึทืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืกืชึผื™ืจื” ืื™ื– ืื‘ึผืŸ 
ื ื‘ึผืื™ ื–ื™ืš ืกื•ืžืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืจืึทื™ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืฉืขืชึผื• ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืจืžื‘ึผ"ื ื˜ ืจื‘ึผื™, ืขื–ืจื™ืืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ , ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืขืฉืจ ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช'', ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ 
ืื‘ืŸ ื ื‘ึผืื™ ืคืึทืจื“ื•ืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืึธืคื˜!; โ€ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืึทืจื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืจื•ื ื˜-ื˜ืขื–ื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ,, ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืขืฉืจ ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช'' ื’ืขืœืฒื™ื’ื˜ ืึทืœืก ื™ืกื•ืš ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืง ื•ื•ืขืจืง ,,ื“ืจืš ืืžื•ื ื—", ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ. ื‘ึผืึทื”ืึทื ื“ืœื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืกืคื™ืจื•ืชื™ืœืขืจืข *. | | 

,ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื˜ื”ืฒื˜ ื’ื•ืคื, --- ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื’ื‘ึผืื™, --- ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืงื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– 5523 ื”ืขื›ืขื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ- 
ื›ืขื›ืขืจ ื”ืฉื’ื”, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื˜ื™ืฒื˜ืึทื ื“ ืื™ื ืึถื ืจื•ืคืŸ 
ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืกืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ: ,,ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืฃ', , ืจื•ื ื”ืžืขืœื”''. , ื›ึผืชืจ 
ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ" --- ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ืŸ ืื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขื ืข ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืกืŸ, ื˜ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ 
ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื– ืคืึทืจื”ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ื“, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ืขืฆื, ื“ืขื 
ืžื—ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึทืš. ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืื™ื™ื ืก ืžื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ื”ืฒื™ื˜ 
ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื‘ึผื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืึทื ืจื™ื™ืคืœืขืš ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืกื™ื‘ึผื— ืจืืฉื•ื ื” 
ื’ื•ืคื 5 ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ --- ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืื‘ืŸ ื’ื‘ึผืื™ -- ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข 
ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื’ืขื–ืึธื ื˜: ืขื“ ืฉืœื ื ื‘ืจื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ึผืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื•ืฉืžื• 
ื‘ืœื‘ื“ -- ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทืคึผืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืงืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื ืึธืจ 
ื ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. ืื•ึนืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžืืฑืกื’ืขืฉืคึผื•ืึธื›ืขื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ึนืžื ึผืึทื’ืจื™ื™ื- 


1 ,ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ", ืจื” 12, ืขืž' ื‘' ื" (ืžื™ืจ ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ื ืึธืš โ€ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจืึธืงืขืจ 
ืืฑื™ืกื ืึทื‘ึผืข ืคื•ืŸ 1577). ื™ื™ 

2 ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฐืขืจืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื ื‘ืื™ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืกืคืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ ื™ื•ืกืฃ 
ื—ืœื•ื™, 

8 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 9 ;ื—ื•ื ื•ืฉืžื• ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื•ื—ื›ืฐื ื” ื‘ืฉืžื• ืจื•ื ื”ืคึฟืขืœื”,, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืงื“ืคื•ืŸ 
ื›ืงื“ืžื•ืชื•,,, ื›ึดึผื™ ื›ืชืจ,,, - ื—ื•ื ืขื ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ื›ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืื™ืŸ-ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื•ื ืขืœื•ืœ ืžืžื ื™ ื•ื”ื•ื 
ืฉืžื• ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ื‘ื“ืœ ื•ืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืžื ื•", | | 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื“ืŸ 203 


ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ึผื•ืœืœ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœืข ืฆืขืŸ ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช 1, ืฐืึธืก ื•ืขืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธืจืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืึทืคืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืึทืœื˜ (ื ืืฆืœ) ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜- 
ื”ื™ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื–ื™ื™, ื“ื™ ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืขืฆื, ื“ื™ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื• ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื’ืึธื˜ืก ืžื—ื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธื˜ืก ืžื”ื•ืช ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืฉืชึผื ื”: ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทืคื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื ื™ื™ืก -- ืขืจ ืขืžืึทื ื™ืจื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื–, ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืึทืœื˜ ืื•ืก; ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธื˜ืขื ืฆื™ืขืœืข, ืคืึทืจ- 
ื‘ึผืึธืจื’ืขื ืข ื›ึผื•ื—ื•ืช ืฐืขืจืŸ ื ืชื’ืœื” ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืึทืจืฑืก ืžื›ึผื•ื— ืืœ ื”ืคึผื•ืขืœ 2 ืื•ืŸ 
ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ื™ ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขืก ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ืก-ืจื™ื ื’, ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืžื™ื˜ืœืขืจ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ืžืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืŸ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื™ื‘ึผื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 

ืฐืขืœื˜ืึทืœ; ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขืก ื“ื™ ื›ึผืœื™ื, ื“ื•ืจืš ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืึทื ื˜ืฉื˜ืฒื˜ 8 
ืึทืœื ื’ืึธื˜ืก ืึทืฆื™ืœื” (ืืฑืกืฉื˜ืจืึทืœื•ื ื’) ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ื”ืฒื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคึผืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ื™ื‘ึผื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืž- 
ืขื ื“ืœืขืš, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืึท5ื˜ืข, ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื˜- 
. ืคึผืœืขืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืกืืงื˜, ืื•ื™ืคื ืขืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฉืžืคืข -- ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืœื™ื ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึท ืžืึทืžืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืžื™ื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข 
ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืฆื• ืฉืึทืคืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ึผืึทื ืจืขื ืขืฆื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื’ืขื ื - 
ืœืขื›ืข 4 ื–ื™ื™, ื“ื™ ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขืก ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืข ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืึธืžื”ืฒื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืœืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืฒื˜ ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขืžืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™, ื“ื™ ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช (ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ , ืžื“ื•ืช'') ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ 
ืขืก ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ืชึผืคื™ืœื•ืช ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืฉืจ 
ื•ื“ื ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืžืฉื™ื’ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ึผืœื•ื– ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืขืก ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืึทืœืข ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืึทื˜ืจื™ื‘ึผื•ื˜ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืงืจืฑื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืึธื˜ื”ืฒื˜ ?. ื“ื•ึผ 
ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืึทืœืก ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืžืข ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืกืข; --- ืึทืœึผืก ืืฑื™ืกืฉื˜ืจืึทืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 


/1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 112 ,ืฉื‚ื—ืก ืžื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื ืืฆืœื™ื ืžืื•ืจื• ื•ื”ื ื’ืงืจืื™ื ืฉืžื•", ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 16 
ืื•ืŸ 18: ื”ึฒืฉึตืื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื•ืžื™ื—ื“ ื›ืœ ื”ืืฆื™ืœื•ื”", | 

2 ื“ืึธืจึธื, 110 ื™ื™ ื”ืืœื”ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืืฆื™ืœื•ืช ืขืฉืจ ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช,,. ืืฆื™ืœื•ืช ืขืฉืจ ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช 
ืฉื‘ืืจื ื• ื”ื•ื ืขืฆื ื”ืืœื—ื•ืช", 

8 ื“ืึธืจื˜}, ืงืึธืคึผ' 18, ื“ื” 118 ,ื›ื™ ื”ื ื” ื”ืฉืก ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืขืฉื‚ืจ ืก0,.. ืฉืชื 
ืขืฉืจ ืฉืžื•ืช ืชืงืฑืฉ ื•ื”ืก ื›ืœื™ื"., | 

+ ื—ืœืง ื’/ ืงืึทืคึนึฟ' 3, ื“ืฃ 1111 ืืœื ื—ื™ื” . ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขื•ืœื ืฉื™ื‘ืจื ืื ืœื ืข" 
ืืžืฆืขื™ ื•ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื• ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ืจื™ื, ืžืฆืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื•ื—ืกืจ ื•ืžืฆืจ ื™ื—ื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื‘ืขืœ 
ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื•ืฉืœื, ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืืฆื™ืœื•ืช/ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ื— ืฉึดื™ื ื•ื›ื— ื—ืกืจ ื•ื–ื” ื”ื›ื— ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ 
ืฉึดืื™ื•ื™ื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืขืฆื ื•ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื›ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื‘ืจื ื ืคืจื“ ื›ื™ ืื ื‘ื ืืฆืœ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื•ื—ื™ื” ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื•ื™ืกื™ื“ 
ืืœ ื”ื ื‘ืจื, ื›ื™ ืžืฆื“ ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื ืืฆืœ ืžื™ื•ื—ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• 
ืžืงื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืข", 

8 ื—ืœืง ื', ืึธื ื”ืฒื‘ึผ ืงืึธื' 5, 





204 ื“"ืจ ' ืฆื™ื ื‘ึผืขืจื’ + 


ื ืึธื˜ื”ืฒื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืื™ืจ '}; ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ื ืฉืžื” 
ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืื‘ืจื™ื ืคื•ื ื ื ื•ืฃ, ืึทื–ืฑ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ 
ื ืึธื˜ื”ืฒื˜, ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœึถืข ืืฑืคืฉื˜ืจืึทืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช. ืื•ืŸ 
ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื™ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ื ืฉืžื— ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืข, ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืึทืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืจื’ืึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืฑ ืคึผืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ --- ืึทื–ืฑ ื‘ึผื™ืœื“ืŸ. 
ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื’ืึธื˜ืก ืึทื˜ืจื™ื‘ึผื•ื˜ืŸ, ืืŸ ืึดื‘ึผืกืึธืœื•ื˜ืข ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึธื˜; 
ื•ื•ืืจืขื ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœืึทืจื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ืจื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ืึธื˜ื”ืฒื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืึทื˜ืจื™ื‘ึผื•ื˜ืŸ (ืžื™ื“ื•ืช), ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื‘ืึทื ืจื™ืคืŸ. ืžื™ืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื ืจืขื ืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ื”ืฉื’ื” ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืื•ื™ืคืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ึนืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ืžืขืฉื™ื *. 
ื’ืึธื˜. ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืคืึทืจืขื ื“ืขืจืœืขืš, 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ืจืขื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืขื’ื ื–ืขืฆืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ื“ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก 
ืึทืžืึธืœ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืจื—ืžื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืžืึธืœ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจืช 
ื”ื“ื™ืŸ -- ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืึทืœืก ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื‘ึผืึทื ืจื™ืคืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืจืขื ืžื™ืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืžืฆื•ึนืžืฆืžื“ื™ืงืข ื”ืฉื’ื•ืช, ืงืึทื ืขืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ื- 
ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื ืจื™ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ืžื”ื•ืช ?. ื‘ึผืขืช ืžื™ืจ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ืฆืึธืจืŸ 
ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื’ืขื ืึธื“, ื“ืขืงืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขื›ืŸ ืžื”ื•ืช, ืžื™ืจ 
ื“ืจื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ื‘ึผืœื–ื™ื– ืื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืžื™ืจ ืคืึทืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืžื™ืจ ืฉืึทืฆืŸ ืึธืคึผ ื ืึธื˜ืก ืžืขืฉื™ื. 

ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืขืจ ื–ื•ื ืฉื˜ืจืึทืœ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจ- 
ืฉื™ื™ืจื ืกื˜ืข ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ: ืขืจ ื‘ึผืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืœื™ื™ื•ื•ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืœืขืจ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก 
ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜, ืขืจ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืš ืกืžืึธืœืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืจื˜ืขืฐืขื˜ ืฐืึทืงืก; ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืจืึทืœ,. ืึทื– ืžืขืŸ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ื ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื•ื“ืš ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื’ืขืคืึทืจื‘ึผื˜ืข ื’ืœืขื–ืขืจ, 
ืฉื™ืžืขืจื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืขืจืœืฒ ืงืึธืœื™ืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื, ืื– ื‘ึผื™ื™ 
ืึทืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ืจืขื ืข ืคึผืขื•ืœื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืœื™ืจืŸ --- ื“ืึธืš ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืง ืœื•ื™ื˜ 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื“ืฃื” 116 . ;ื•ื”ื›ืœ ืžืžืœื•ื ืืฐื“, ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื• ื‘ืœื™ ืคืจื•ื“ ื•ื‘ืœื™ ืงืฆื•ืงื™ื™ื™ 
ืฉื”ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช ืขืฉืจ ืฉื”ื ื›ึผื— ืื—ื“,. ื•ื›ื—ืŸ ื›ื— ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืืฆื™ืœืŸ ื•ืื ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืืฆืœื• ืœื 
ื ืคืจื“ื• ืื‘ืœ ื ืฉืืจื• ืืฆืœ ื”ืžืืฆื™ืœ ื•ื‘ื• ื•ืœื ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืžื ื•". 

9 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื—ืœืง ื,, ืขื ื“ืข ืคึผืจืง 11; ,ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื ื‘ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื•ื—ืจ 
ื‘ื ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ืฉืžื•ืชื™ ื™ืžืจื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืื—ื“ื•ืช, ื•ืฉื ื•ื™ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืืฉืจ ืžืฆื“ ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืื™ื ืช 
ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืขืฆืžื• ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื•ืœื ืžืฆื“ื• ื›ึผื™ ืื ื‘ื ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืžืงื‘ึผืœื™ื ื•ืžืฆื“ื". ื–ืข ืื™ืš ืงืึทืคึผ' 12, 
ื“ืฃ 25, 

8 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื“ืฃ 94: ,ืฉืžื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื ื™ืชืจื‘ื” ื•ืœื ื™ืฉืชื ื” ื‘ื”ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืืœื” 
ื”ืžื“ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื•, ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื“ืช ืจื—ืžื™ื ื•ืžื“ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืœื‘ 
ื—ืœื™ืœื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืฉืชื™ ืžื“ื•ืช ื”ืคื›ื™ื•ืช, ื›ื™ ืื™ื ื• ื›ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ื—ืจ, 
ืื ืฉื›ืœื ื• ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉื™ื’ ื–ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื•ืจื™ืŸ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื• ื›ื— ืœื—ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ืขืจ ืฉื ืื˜ืจ: ืขืชื” 


ืžื“ืช ื”ืจื—ืžื™ื ื•ืขืชื” ืžื“ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ". 





ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 205 


ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื•ืช 1 ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืคืขืจ ื–ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ,,ื—ื–''ืœืก 
ืฉืคึผืจืึธืš, ืึทื– ืคึฟืึทืจ ื‘ึผืจื™ืึทืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื’ืึธื˜ ืึทืœึตื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ื“"ื” ืึทื– ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืฃ 
; ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœืืจื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึท- 
ืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ื ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื ืื ืฆืงื™ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืคึผืึทืจืขื ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขืžืขืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ึผื—ื™ื ื” ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื’ืจืข- 
ื ืขืฆื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืคืึธืจืžืขืŸ +. 

ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ... ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท :ืฆื•ื•ืขืง ืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ึผื“ืืฉื™ืช? ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก 
ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืฆื•ื•ืขืง ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ืจื•ื ื’ -- 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ? ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ืงืงืข ืคึผืจืึทื’ืข ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจ- 
ืจืขื“ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื’ื™ื˜ ืขืจ ืึถืคึผ ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ื—ืœืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืง (ื—ืœืง 
ื”ืชึผื›ืœื™ืช). | | 
,ื“ื•ืข ื›ื™ ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ืชืฉืœื•ืžื” -- ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืื‘ึฐึผืŸ 
ื’ื‘ึผืื™ -- ื“ื™ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ึผืึทืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ืขืจืฉื˜, ืฐืขืŸ ืขืจ 
ืคืึทืจืงืขืจืคึผืขื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐื™?ื ืกืึทืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื 
ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื›ึผื•ื— ืืœ ื”ืคึผื•ืขืœ. ื“ื™ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ืจืฆื•ืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ืก 
ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ื“ื™ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ื‘ึผื—ื™ื ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื•ื ื’, ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืฉื”, ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ืงืึธื ืงืจืขื˜ื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื˜ืึทืงืข ืื™ื– ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื•ืœื 
ื”ืžืขืฉื”, ื“ื™ ืจืขืึทืœืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ืฐืึธืจืขื ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืึธืŸ, ื“ื™ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื ื- 
ืึทืงื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื›ึผืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืื ืง ืฆืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืขืจ ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช -- ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืจืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื, 
ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืึทืœืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืฉื” ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืึท ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง 
ืจื™ื ื’ืขืœืข, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ 
ืคึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ?. ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื ืžื™ื˜ืœืคื•ื ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืฉื” ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ --- ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืก ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึตืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉืคึผื™ื ืœื•ื ื’ 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 14 -19, | | 

2 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื“ืฃ 14: ,ื›ื™ ืœืคื™ ืฉืงื•ื“ื ื”ื›ืจื™ืื” ืœึนื ื”ื™ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ื• ื”ืืœื”ื•ืช 
ื›ืคื™ ื—ืœื•ืฃ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืชื™ื•, ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื ื‘ืจื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืื– ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ืคืฉื•ื 
ืžืฆื“ื• ื™ืช' ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื•ื ื‘ื”ื™ื ื” ืžื—ื•ืœืคืช ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืžืงื‘ืœ", 

4 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื“ึนืฃ ื‘' ืขืž' ื‘': ,ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื›ืฐืŸ ื›ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื 
ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืืฉืจ ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ืžื• ื›ื™ ืื ื‘ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืฉื”,,. ื•ื•ื” ืกื•ื“ 
ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื—ืžื—ืฉื ื” ืœื™ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉืช ื“ื•ืข ื›ึผื™ ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžื”ืฉื‘ื” ื•ืชืฉืœื•ืžื”,, ื•ืœื–ื” ื”ื™ื” 
ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื’ืจื•ืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื• ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ื”ืคืขื•ืœืช ื•ื—ืžืขืฉื” 
ื›ื ื’ื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžื—ืฉื›ื— ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”". ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื“ืฃ 58; ืคื”ืขื‘ื•ืจื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืงื•ื ืœื ืชืฉื•ืขืจ, ื”ืขื•ืœื 
ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื™ืœื ื”ืžืขืฉื— ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืœืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”", 





206 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื’ื‘ึผืขืจื  


ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืขืจ ,,ืžืจื›ึผื‘ื”" 1 ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืžื” ืคืึทืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ 
ืฉื˜ืจืึทืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช. ืื‘ึผืŸ ื ื‘ึผืื™ ื˜ืจืขื˜ ื“ืขื•ืคืึทืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ืึทื ื˜ืฉืฒื“ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืก 
ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืžื‘'"ื ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ื ืฉืžื” 
ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึธื ืงืขืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื› ื ื” ืฆื• ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื“ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื™ืขื ืข 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื”ื›ื ื” ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืฉืึทืจืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื‘ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืจืึธื‘ึผืœืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืข 
ืื™ื“ืขืขืŸ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืจืžื‘ึผ"ืžืก ืื•ื™ืคืคืึทืกื•ื ื’, ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื ื” ืคื•ืŸ 
ื ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื–ืขืจ ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืจืขืึทืœืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืจืกืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืจืขืžืึธืœื˜ 
ื‘ึผืึทื”ืขืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ื ืฉืžื” ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ,,ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืคึผื•ืข?"?. ื“ืขืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœ 
ืื‘ึผืŸ ื’ื‘ึผืื™ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืคืขืกื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ื ืฉืžื— ืื™ื– ืœื•ื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืžื”ื•ืช ื ืึธืš ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืึทืคื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืข ,,ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื'', ืฐืึธืจืขื ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืจื™ 
ืืฑืกืฉื˜ืจืึทืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึธื˜ืก ืœื™ื›ื˜, ืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ืฉื›ื™ื ื”. ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทื”ืขืคื˜ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืœื’ืœื™ื, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
,ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ', ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืคื ืึทื‘ึผืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืขืจ ื ืฉืžื”; ืื™ืจ 
ืจืึธืœืข, ืคืึทื•ื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื ื‘ึผืื™, ืื™ื– ื ืคื™? ื”ืขื›ืขืจืข: ืคื˜ืจืฐื™ืจืงืœืขื›ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืŸ ืขื ื“ืฆื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜: ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธึทื˜ื”ืฒื˜ ืžื™ื 
ืื™ืจ ืืฑื™ืกืคืฉื˜ืจืึทืœื•ื ื’ (ื™ื™ื—ื“ ื”ืฉื ื”ื’ื“ื•? ื‘ึผื›ื‘ื•ื“ื•) *. 

ืื•ืŸ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื’ื‘ึผืื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืจื™ื‘ื˜ื™ืง ืึธืŸ, ืึทื– ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ 
ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืžื‘ึผื•ืœื˜ืกื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืœืขืจ ืงืขื’ื ื–ืืฅ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜- 
ืคืึทื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคึผื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ื“ื ื˜ื•ื. 

ืคื™ื˜ ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืก ืฐืขืœื˜ื‘ึผืึทื ืขื ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื ืึธื˜ื”ืฒื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทื‘ึผืกืึธืœื•ืžืข, ืื•ืž" 
ื‘ึผืึทื ืจืขื ืขืฆื˜ืข ื“ืขื ืงืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ืจ-ืกื™ื‘ึผื”, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืื•ื” ื“ืขื ืกื“ืจ 
ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ืฒื˜ 3 ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืจืขื ื™ืจืก ื“ื•ืจืš 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฉืขืคืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืจืงื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฐื™ืœื ืกื™ืงืจืึทืคื˜. ื’ืึธื ืื™ื– 
ื™ืžืฉืคึผื™ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื‘ึผืœืฑื– ื“ื•ืจืš 
ื™ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ. ื ื™ ื– ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื ืงื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ื–ืฒืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื•ืช. ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜: ื“ืขืจ ืžื ื”ื™ื  ื”ืขื•ืœื; ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื’ืขื“ืื ืง, ื“ืึธืกื™ ืื™ื™ื‘ึผื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืคื•ืคื™ืงืข ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ. ื“ื™ , ืื™ื ื˜ืข- 
ืคึฟืขืงื˜ืŸ'', ื“ื™ ื“ืขื ืงืขื ืจื™ืงืข ,,ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื"", ืฐืึธืก ื‘ึผืึทืฐืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ 
ืจืึธื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžืฉื™ื’ ื“ืขื ืฆื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ึผื” ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื‘ึผื™ืงืŸ ืงืจื™ื™ื– --- ื•ื™ 
ืื•ืžืคืึทืจื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืœืขืš ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก ื’ืขืœื™ื ื’ื˜ 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 57. 
9 ื–ืข ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฐืขืจืง, ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ ื•ืขืงืก. 
8 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื“ืฃ 42, ืขืž' ื 





55 


ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื›ื•ืจ ื‘ึผื•ื™ ื™ืจืŸ 297 


ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืึธืš ืคื™ืœ ืคืึธืจืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื‘ึผืœืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืžื—ื•ืช, ืฆื• ื‘ึนืึท- 
ื”ืขืคื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ื•ืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึทื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ,ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืคึผื•ืขืœ', ืžื™ื˜; 
ื’ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืคื˜ืŸ ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืœื ืœื™ื, ื“ืขื ืฉืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขื•ื ื”ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืข: 
ืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื— ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื‘ื ื”... ื“ืขื“ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ, 
ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื‘ืŸ ื ื‘ึผืึดื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ื–ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื•ืขืœื˜, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื ืขืžื˜ ืึทืจื•ื ื“ื™ 
ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืจื’ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืฐื•ืขืœื˜; ื’ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืขื•ืœื, 
ื“ืขืจ ืืœ ืžืœื ืจื—ืžื™ื, ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืœื, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจื ืขืžื˜ ืืœืข 
ืชึผืคื™ืœื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื˜ ืฆื• ืึทืœืข ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ. ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืขื ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ-ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืžืฉื™ื’ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื”ื•ืช ืคื•ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื’ืึธื˜, ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืื•ืจืงืฐืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ. ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืชื ืœื•ืช, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืคืขื™ 
ืื™ื ื˜ื•ื™ืฆื™ืข, ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ. ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืŸ ืคึผืึทื˜ืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช, ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจื›ึผืœื™ืกืŸ. ื ื™ื˜ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืืคื™ืฉืข ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืึธืจืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืข ืกื‘ืจื•ืช 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ, ื“ืึธืก ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืฆื™? ื ืึธืจ ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช, ื“ืขืจ ื—ืฉืง 
ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืงืขืจืคึผืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื“ืขืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื“ื•ืจืš ืžืขืฉื™ื 
ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื ืขื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ. 
ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื ื›ืื™, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืฐืขื™ื˜ืคืึทื ืขื 
ื“ืขื• ืฆื“ื™ืง ืคื™ืœ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืœืื›ื™ื, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืžืœืึธื›ื™ื ืคืขืœื˜ ื“ืึธืš 
ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ืœื ืกืึทืงื˜, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืจืึทื ื’ืœ ืคืึทืจืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ. ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžื”ื•ืช, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื•; 
ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง. ื’ืึธืจ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื ื•ืจ? ืคื•ื ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ: ื“ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืžืœืขืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืึทืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื ืฉืžื” ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจ, ื“ืขื ืข"ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื ื•ืฃ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืขืงืฉื ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขืจืึทื ื’? ื’ืขืœื™ื ื ื ืขืก 
ื“ืขืจ ื ืฉืžื— ื‘ึผื™ื™ืฆื•ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืชึผืื•ื•ืช ืคื•ื ื ื’ื•ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• 
ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืข ื”ื™ื™ื›ืŸ 1. 
ืื‘ึผืŸ ื’ื‘ึผืื™ ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจืคึผืึธืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื•ื—?ืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื›ืŸ ืขื–ืจืืŸ. ืฐืึธืก 
ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ,, ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืคืึทืจืคื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื—ื›ืžืช ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช/,, ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืœื˜ ืึธืŸ 
| ืื•ื” ืกืขื“ื™ื” ื’ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ื– 
ื“ื™ ืžืœืึธื›ื™ื, ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข, ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื’ื‘ึผืื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ 
ืจืžื‘ึผ'"ื ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืžืกื›ึผื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขื”, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ 
ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทืคึฟืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืคืึทืจืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ,,ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืขืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืข', ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ ,,ืžื•ืจื— ื ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื'' ื ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ืขื 





1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืžืืžืจ {ืŸ, ืงืึทืคึผ' 1--3, 
? ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 58, 





28 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืข ืจื’ 


ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ืฒื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืžื“ืจื ื—, ืฐื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืžืœืึธื›ื™ื ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ , ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื''; ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ 
ืฐืขืœื˜ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทืคื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฆื•ื•ืขืง ื‘ึผืœื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจืœืขืš ืจืขื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืึทื ืข: ืฆื• ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ื ืฆื™ืœ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทืคืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ? ืžื•ื– ืžืขืŸ ื”ื›ื ืขื”ื“ื™ืง. ืขื ืžืคืขืจืŸ; ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ืŸื– ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื•ื™ืœืŸ, ื›ึนึผืš ื’ื–ืจ 
ื‘ึผื”ื›ืžืชื• --- ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื” ื‘ึผืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ! 1 


ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืขืœ ,ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื—ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, 
ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืงืœืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื’ืจื™ื™ืคืœืขืš, ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื 
ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืกืคืง ื ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ื ืฉืžื” ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื”ืขื›ืขืจืขืจ 
ื‘ึผื—ื™ื ื” ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื’ืœื ืœื™ื, ืื– , ืฆื“ื™ืง ื™ืกื•ื“ ืขื•ืœื' -- ื“ืขืจ ืฆื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ืข?ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื›ื ืข ืึทืœืข 
ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ 2 ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก-ื–ืฉืข ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืงืจืืคื˜? ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐืึธืก 
ืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขื ืฆื“ื™ืงืก ื ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืข ืžืึทื›ื˜? ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืชื•ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข 
ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื ื‘ึผืื™. , ื“ื™ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืืฑืกืฉื˜ืจืึทืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื—ื›ืžื”', ,ื“ื™ ืžึผื•ืจื” ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ื“ ื”ืืฆื™ืœื•ืช'', ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ- 
ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ (ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉื ื“' ืžืžืฉ); ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืงืขืจืคึผืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ืงืจืขื˜ืข ืžืขืฉื™ื ื“ืขื ื’ืขื˜" 
ืœืขื›ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืึทื“ืึทื ืง ืื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื˜ืฒืœื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืฃ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธื˜ื”ืฒื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืขืฃ 
ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืคืึทืจื ืœืฒื›ืœืขื›ืŸ ื ืœืื ืฅ ?- ,ืขื ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจ"! ื“ืึธืก 
ืื•ืžื“ืขืจืžื™ื“ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื›ื™ื, ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืฑืœื ืกืึทืงื˜. ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฉืึทืคืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื ื•ื˜ืข --- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืงืžืึธืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ื•ืจื 
ื”ืึทืจืžืึธื ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืฐืขืœื˜ืึทืœ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื“ืขื, 
ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื ื“ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฒื ื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ +* ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืึทืœืฒื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ, ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, 


1 ืขืžื•ืจื” ื ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื", ื—ืœืง ื’', ืคึผืจืง 13, 

2 ื’ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ", 67: ื ืฆื“ื™ืง ืžื•ืฉืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื‘ืจืื™ื ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืชื—ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื‘ื ื™ืขื. 
ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื ืœืจืฆื•ื ื•", . | 

2 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื“ืฃ 42, ืขืž' ื': ืคื”ืื“ื,, ืฉื™ืชืงืŸ ื”ื›ื ื•ื“ ื‘ืชื•ืจืชื• ื•ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื, 
ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ื—ื“ ื“' ื—ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ื›ื•ืจื•, ื•ื–ื” ื™ืขืœื” ื‘ื™ื“ื•,,. ื‘ืขืกืง ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืงื™ื•ื ืžืฆื•ืชื™ื” ื‘ื” ืฉืื™ 
ืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืงืŸ ื”ื›ื ื•ื“ ื•ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื‘ืฒื”ื•ื“ ื‘ื–ื•ืœืช ื–ื”",,, 


4 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ: ,ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ,,. ื”ื—ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœืง 
ื•ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืจื”.,, ืขื ื•ื“ื” ื—ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจ,,, ื›ื™ ื‘ืขืฉ"ื™ืช ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื™ืขืฉื•ื ืœืžืขืœื” 
ื•ื™ืขื•ืจืจื• ื“ื•ื ืžืชื ืœืชืงืŸ ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ,, ื›ื™ ื”ื ื”ื”ื•ื˜ ื”ื›ื—ื ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื™ื”ื. 
ืžืงื™ื™ืžื ื•ื ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“... ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืื• ื—ืœืง ืฉืœื ื›ืฐืŸ ื‘ื• ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื•ืชื™ืขืœืช 
ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—? ื”ื ืคืฉ ื•ื™ื—ื“ ื”ืฉื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื•", 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืžืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืŸ 209 


ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื ืคืืจืงืขืจืคึผืขืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ื•ื™ืœื ืก-ืึทืงื˜ -- ืื™ืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืฆื• 
ื ื’ื•ืœื (ื•ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื’ื•ืœื); ื“ื™ ืืžืชืข ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ืฐืขืจื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืฉื”, ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื” 1. ื™ืขื“ืข ื ื•ื˜ืข ื˜ืื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ืึดึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืงืœืึทื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื›ืขืจืข 
ืกืคืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืฆื•ึนื ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืŸ ืฆื™ืœ: ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื ืขื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืฆื•ื ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืคึฟืึทืจื’ืœืฒื™ื›ืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ืœืึทื ืฅ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข 
ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช, ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึทึผืขืค ,ืžืจืื•ืช ืืœื”ื™ื'', ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ืกื’ื•ืœื”, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ,,ื‘ึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืข 
ืžืึทืกืŸ'" (ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืจื‘), | 


ืื‘ึผืŸ ื’ื‘ึผืื™ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืคืืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฆื•ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ, ืึทื– 
ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ื‘ึผืฉืื•ื ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืกื›ึผื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื ื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,,ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืจื/, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื•ืขืจื˜ ื‘ึผื- 
ืฉืึทื ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืฉืืจืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ืึทืœืก ืฉื›ืจ ืคึผืึทืจ ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช 2. ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื›ืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ืฆืฆืฐืขืง, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื’ื‘ึผืื™, ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืงืจ; ืขืก ืื™ื– 
ื“ืึท ืึท ืคื™ืœ ื”ืขื›ืขืจืขืจ ืฆื™ืœ, ื“ืขืจ ,,ืชึผื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช'" --- ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืœืึทื ืฅ ืฆื• ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ 8, ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืขืจ ืฆึดื™ืคึฟ 
ื’ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื›ึผืœืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื–ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฉื›ืจ; ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฉืœื™ืกืœืขื›ืข ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข ื‘ืึทื•ื•ืขื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืงืจืืคึผื˜ ื“ืืจืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ -- ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื‘ึผืื’ืจืขื ืขืฆื˜ืข, 
ืžืกื™ืจืช-ื ืคืฉื“ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื‘ึผืข. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืžืกื™ืจืช-ื ืคืฉื“ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ืฆื• ื ืึธื˜, 
ืื™ื– ืื‘ึผืŸ ื’ื‘ึผืื™ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ, ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ, 
ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืขื ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ื ืก ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืŸ, ืฆื• ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผื‘ึผื™ืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืขืจ , ืžืจื›ึผื‘ื”'' ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ึผื˜ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืŸ ืฆื™ืค --- ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ืก 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ืคืœืขืฉืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื‘ืข ื™ืขื“ืข ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ }, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ื ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื–ืึท'ืŸ: ื•ืื”ื‘ืชึผ ืœืจืขืš ื›ึผืžื•ืš --- ื“ื™. ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื‘ึทึผื™ื™ ืื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑื™ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœึตื™ื™ืŸ 5, 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 58, 105, 106. 
5 ื“ืึธืจืกืŸ, 28, 1:6, 
8 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื—ืœืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืคึผืจืง 6--7. 


4 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 138: ,ืขื“ ื›ืืŸ ื™ื’ื™ืข ืชื›ืœื™ืช ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ืจืข ืœืจื ื”ื• ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ื”ืžืกืš ื”ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœ 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื”ื", 


* ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 139: ื•ืื‘ืœ ืฉื™ืื”ื‘ ืืช ืจืขื—ื• ื•ื™ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉื™ืื”ื‘ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืชื ืจืค 
ื•ืชืขืœื” ืžืืช ื”ืื”ื›ื” ืขื“ืฉื•ื›ื•ื•ืŸื‘ื›ืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืชื•ืขืœืช ืจืขื”ื• ื•ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ืœืจื‘", 











300 ื“"ืจ ', ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืกื™ืจืช-ื ืคืฉื“ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื‘ืข ื ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจืงืœืึทื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืข ืกืคืขืจืŸ, ,, ื“ืขืจ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชึผื—ืชื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื•ื™ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืึทืงืึธืจื“ืŸ ื’ื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืึทืจืžืึธื ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ". 
ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ืฆื• ื’ืึธื˜, ื“ืึธืก ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ึผืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึทื•ืžืึธื ื™ืข, ื“ืขืจืฐื•ืขืงื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืข ื”ื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืขืจ ืžืึธืก ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ืฆื• ืขืจื“ื™ืฉืข 
ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ื•ึนื™ื ืขืจ. ,,ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื™ื’, --- ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ,,ืžืจืื•ืช ืืœื”ื™ื,', -- 
ื•ืืก ืื™ื– ืฆื•' ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืžืœืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐื•ืขื ื“ื˜, ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืžืขืจืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืข ื”ื™ื™ื›ืŸ; ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื™ื’, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื’ืึธื˜, ื“ืขืจื–ืขื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื‘ึผืœื™ืง ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ึผืœื™ืงืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš -- ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืึทื ืฅ ื“ืึธืก ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืึทืจืข ืœื™ื›ื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึธืจื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื“ืื“ื ื˜ืึธืจ 
ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืœื™ืคึผืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ . 

ืื‘ ื ื‘ืื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜, ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขืขืŸ, ื“ืขื ืื•ื ื™ืฐื•ืขืจืกืึทืœ 
ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืฒื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธื˜ืŸ ? ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜- 
ืึทืœ; ืขืจ ืฐืึธืจื ื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™, ืึทื– ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืฆื• ื‘ึผืึทื’ืจื™ื™ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคืข ืกื•ื“ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ื“ืขืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื ื‘ืื™ ืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฉื›ืœ, ืฐืึธืจืขื 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื›? ื’ืจื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืึธืคื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืกื‘ืจื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ 
ืึธืคื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ืคืจืึทื’ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื•ื’ืข ื“ื™ ืจืขืึทืœืข ืœืขื‘ึผื ืก- 
ื“ื˜ืจืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื ืขืŸ, ืึท ืคืฉื™ื˜ื, ืึทื– ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืึธืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืขืก ื”ืึทื ื“ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื˜ืขืžื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื•ื“ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึท: 
ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื” *. ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืœื“ื™ืงืข 
ืกื‘ืจื•ืช --- ื—ื–ืจื˜ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื ื‘ึผืื™ ืžืขืจืขืจืข ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ -- ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’, ืฐืึธืก ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื– ื“ื™ ืกื•ื“ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืจ ื ืขื- 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื—ืœืง ื”ืชึผื ืœื™ืช, ืงืึธื˜' 26, 51, 

2 ืก'ืื™ื– ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื ื›ึผืื™, ื•ืฆึธื ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฑื ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ื™' 
ื”ื•ืจื” ืฉื ื’ืœ ืคึทึผื” ื›ืžืขื ืึทืฐื™ ืฐื™ื›ืกื™ืงืง ืฐื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื›ึผื›ื”ื‘. ,ื“ื™ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ึผ?ื”ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” 
ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืคึนึผื” -- ืฉื˜ืจื™ื›ื ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ -- ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืฆืฐื™ ืฆืฐื™ืœื™ื ื’ืกื™ื‘ึผืจื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืงืฆึธื ืขืŸ ื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฆืขืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื ืขืงืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆืฐืฒื™ืกืŸ"; ื“ื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ึผืคืชื‘ ื”ืึธื 
ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื•ืข"ื ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืึทืจืึทื ืง ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืฉื‘2ืœ ืคึทึผื”', (ืื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื‘ืชื‘ 
ื ื™ื“ืขืช ื•ื ื’ืœืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื™ ืื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื•ืจื”ืช ืฉื‘ืขืœ ืคื”). ืึท ื”ืฒืกืขืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœ, ืคืœืขื ื˜ ื“ืึธืš 
ืื‘ึผืŸ -ื ื‘ึผืื™ ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืึทื ืฆืข ื ืขื›ืฉ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื—ืœื›ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืกื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืžืจื (ื–ืข 
ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืชึผื•ืœืขืช ื™ืขืงื‘"ื’ ื’ื“ืœื ืคืกืง ืคื•ืžื™ ืžื’ืจืกื ื‘ืื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืœึดื™ืœึนื” ื•ืืคื™ืœืช 
ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ืจื‘ื"). | 

8 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ,, ื—ื™ืง ื—ืชื›ืœื™ืช, ืงืึท' 20; ;ืืกื™ืจ ืœื ื• ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ื‘ึฐืจึทืขืชึดื™ื ื• ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ 
ื˜ืจื‘ืจื™ ื—ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืœื”ืžืฉืš ืืชืจ ื—ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื—ืฉื›ืœื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืกืชืจื™ืช ื•ื‘ื˜ืขื˜ื™ื”", 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 201 


ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื—, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ 'ืจืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืžืกื•ืจืช ืื•ืŸ 
ืงื‘ึผืœื—, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฉื›ืœ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืื ื“ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ื™ืคืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื•ื ื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชึผื•ืจื”, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื—ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ึผืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืกื˜ 
ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ึผื ื•, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ื ืฆื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึทื ื ืขื“ืœืึทื ื ืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช 
ื“ื™ ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืขื™ ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ืจื— ืื•ืŸ ืงื‘ึผืœื”, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ืื•ื™ื. 
ื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืึทื›ืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ,ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืืžืช"ืข, - 
ื–ื™, ื“ื™ ,,ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืืžืช', ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืืžืชืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜-ื˜ื•ืจืขื ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ 
ืื•ืกื” ?,, ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืกื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื” ?. ื“ื™ ืงื‘ึผืœื”, ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ 
ืื‘ึผืŸ ื ื‘ึผืื™, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืงื•ื•ืึธ? ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืชืŸ ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื‘ื˜ืœื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืคืฉืจ ืึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืฆืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ , ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืคื™ืจืŸ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ื—ื›ืžืช ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช', ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ , ืœื™ื ื ืขืจื™ืฉืŸ'' ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ื•ืจื‘- 
| ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืชึผื•ืจืช ืžืฉื—, 

ืื‘ึผืŸ ื ื‘ึผืื™ ืื™ื– ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืคึผืึทืœืขืžื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ 
ืงืขื’ืŸ ืจืขืจ' ,,ื—ื›ืžืช ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช'" ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืึธื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจ; ื“ืึธืš ื”ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข 
ื‘ึผื™ื™ื–ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ืข ืึทื ืคึผืึทืœืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื ื™ื™ืข ื˜ืขื ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ึผื™ื™ 
ื“ื™ ืึทืจื˜ืึธื“ืึธืงืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ึผืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ 
ืงื•ื™ื ืฆื• ื‘ึผืึทืžืขืจืงืŸ, -- ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทื”ืฑื™ืก ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ืขื. ื‘ึผืขืœ , ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืงื•ืจืฉ"" 
(ืžืจืื•ืช ืืœื—ื™ื) ืฉืึทืจืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื•ืœื˜, ืื‘ึผืŸ ื’ื‘ึนึผืึทื™ ื‘ืึทืฐืฒื–ื˜, ืืžืช, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ , ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ" ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ื‘ึผืงื™ืื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืข 
ืคึผืจืึธื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฉืจื•ึนื™ืก ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืคืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื ืคึผืึทื ื˜ืขื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ, 
ื ืึธืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื˜ืจืึทื ื˜ ื“ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื ืึทื ืฅ ืฉืืจืฃ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืขืžืคืค 
ืคื•ืŸ ืขื ื’ ื‘ึผืึทื’ืจืขื ืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืฐืขืœื˜;ื‘ึผืึทื ืขื, ืขืก ืฉื˜ืจืึทืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื•ืึฒื•ื•ื—" 
ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ืกื˜ืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืึทื›ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื˜ื•? ืฆื• ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื™ืกืข- 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื“' ืึทืžื•ืช. ืขืก ืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืจื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืงื ื“ื™ืงืข ืœื•ืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืค 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขื ืขืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ืื‘ึฐืŸ ื’ื‘ึนึผืึทื™ ืคืืœื˜ ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืœืื–ืืคื™ืข ื ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ -ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืงืึธืž- 
ืžืคืขื˜ืขื ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืžืขืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืึท ื”ืขืจืฉื ื“ื™ืงืข ืจืึธืœืข ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืžื•ื ื”-ืคืจืื’ืŸ; ืขืจ ืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ,,ื—ื›ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื™ืช' ืื•ืŸ ืืฑื™ืฃ ืื . 
ื“ืขืจืข ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคึผื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื˜ื•ืœ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืขืจ ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืœืก ื ื™ืฉื˜ื™ืงืข ืฉืคึผื™ืœืขืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 

/1 ืื‘ืŸ ื’ื‘ึนึผืื™ ืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืœืฉืœืช ื”ืงื‘ึผืœื” ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื•ื ืฆืฒืกืŸ; 
ืขืจ ื ื™ื ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืคืึธืงื˜ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ ื ืกื•ืจื”ื™ืงื™ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืฒื“ื™ืฉ;ืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืง (ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื“ืฃ 08-77, 

2 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื“ืฃ 57 

5 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื“ืฃ 9, 26, 33, 111 ื'ืฐ, 





202 ืœ"ืจ ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ื ืึทื•ื”ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฉื›ืœ, ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื•ื—? ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืžื‘ึผ"ื ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข 
ืึธื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจ ! ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืฅ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืื•ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ืจืขื ืคึผืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื” ื’ืขืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื‘ึผื•ื™ืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขื ืงืœืึทื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ , ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืก 
ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคืึทืœืฉืข ืœื™ื’ื ืก'' (ืขื ื“ึนื‘ึฐืจึธื™ ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื•ื–ื™ื•ืคื™ื• ื•ื”ื‘ืœื™ื•). 
, ืžื™ื™ืžื•ื ื™ --- ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื ื‘ึผืึทื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื›ึผืขื --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืึธืคึผืฆื•ึผื•ืขื ื“ืŸ ืึทืจื™ืคื˜ื•ืก ,,ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืข ืจืึทื™ื•ืช'' 2, ืื•ืŸ 
ื˜ืึทืงืข ืื™ื˜, ื“ืขื˜ ืจืžื‘"ื, ื”ืึธื˜ื™ ืžืขืŸ ืขืก ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืฆืจืขืช 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฐืขื ื“ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืžืกื•ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ- 
ืฆื•ื’ืจืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™. ื ืึทืจื™ืฉื‚ืข ืกื‘ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืคืึทืจืฉืึทืœื˜ืขื ืขื ื’ืจื™ืš ?. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื“ืขืจ ืจืžื‘ึผ"ื ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื“ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื—ื›ืžืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคึผื™ืข (ื›ื™ ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ ื—ื›ืžืช ื—ื›ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจื?), ืื•ืš ืึทืŸ - 
ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืก ื“ืขื•ืช ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœืŸ ื”ืกื›ึผื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข 
ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืึท ืคื™ื’ืŸ --- ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืฆืึธืจืŸ ืื‘ึผืŸ 
ื’ื‘ืื™ --- ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉืข ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืข, ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคืึทืœืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื’ื ืขืจื™ืฉืข 
ื”ื›ืžื”, ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื– ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืขืžื“ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึธื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ืึทืจื™ื ื’ืึทื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธื˜ืก ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืžื—ื ื” *- ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ืกืคืึธืจื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, 
ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื ื›ึผืื™, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืฐื™ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืข, 
ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื–ื™ ื’ืจืึธื›ึผื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทืคึผื™ืงื•ื“ืกื•ืช ื“ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืžื•ื ื”, 
ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืคื™ืจื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ,,ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืืžืช'', ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื  
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื‘ึผืงื›ึผืœื— ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจื’ ืกื™ื ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขื ืคืึธืœืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื” ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื•ื›ื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 5, 


ื“ืึธืก ืืžืชืข ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ื‘ืึทืฉืึทืคื•ื ื’ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ, ืœื•ื™ื˜ 
ืื‘ึผืŸ ื’ื‘ืื™ืก ืคืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืฆื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืก ืคื™ื–ื™ืง, ื ืึธืจ 
ืื™ืŸ , ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ึผื•ืืฉื™ืช'', ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื”, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ , ืขื‘ื•ืจืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ" ืจืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื ืื” ืื•ืŸ ื›ึผืขืก ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื 


1 ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืฉืึทืจืฃ ืคืึทืœื ืึธืŸ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื ื‘ึผืื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืจืœื‘"ื’ (ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 65, 69, 400 


2 ,ืฉืžื•ืคืชื™ ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื•ืคืชื™ื• ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืขืœื™ื”ื ื•ืœื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉื'", 


3 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 57; ืขืœื—ืคื™ืœ ื•ืœื”ืจื•ืก ื—ื•ืžืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”,,. ืœืขืงื•ืจ ื•ืœืกืชื•ืจ ืฉืจืฉื™ ื”ืื˜ื•ื ื” 
ื•ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข ืžืžื•ืคืชื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืืจื•ืจ ื•ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ ื”ืกื›ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื ืฆืจืขืชื• ืืฉืจ ื ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ื•ืคืจืฉื” 
ื‘ืื•ืžืชื ื•", 

4 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 74--75:; ืขื ื›ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื•ื•ืจื” ื•ืืกื•ืจื” ืœื‘ื•ื ื‘ืงื”ืœ ื“',, ื•ื”ื—ื›ื˜ื” ื”ืžื•ื•ื™ืคืช 
ื”ื‘ื“ื•ื™ื” ื”ื•ืืช ืœึนื ื”ื•ืชืจื” ื‘ืฉื•ื ื•ืžืŸ", 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ ื™ืจืŸ 202 


ืจืžื‘''ืžืก ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื• ื‘ึผื“ืขื ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืฉืžืขื ืงืœืึทื ื’ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผื™ื‘ืœื™ืฉืข ืขืจืฆื™ื™, 
ืœื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฐืขืœื˜ื™ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทืคื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืกื - 
ืฉืึทืคื˜. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืกืคืจ (ื“'"ื” ื“ืขืจ ,,ืžื•ืจื” ื ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ') -- ื—ื–ืจื˜ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื’ื‘ึผืื™ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข 
ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ --- ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื‘ืŸ ื ื ืฃ ืคืึธืจืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ, 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืจื™ื™ื“ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืคืขืจืœืขื›ืข ื ืขืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื˜ื›ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืจื•ื™ื›ืœืขืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืื•ืžืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืข ื ืคืฉื•ืช 1 

ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืฆื• ,,ืคืจืขืžื“ืข'' ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืŸ, ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœ- 
ื˜ื•ืจืขืœืข ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืชึผื—ื•ื, ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื‘ึผื•ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ืข ื˜ืขื ื“ืขื ืฆืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืคืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึทื ืฆืŸ 
ืืฑื‘ึผื ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืชึผืงื•ืคึฟื”. ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกืฉืœื™ืกืœืขื›ืข ืื•ื™ืคืฉืขืจืงื–ืฉืžืงื™ื™ื˜, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื‘ึผืŸ ื’ื‘ึผืื™ ืฉืขื ืงื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ึผืœืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื’ื•ืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึทืŸ ืื•ื ื™ืฐืขืจืกืึทืœืŸ ืึทืœื•ืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื’ื‘ึผืื™ืก ืฐืขืœื˜-ืึธื ืฉืฑื•ื ื’ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ืกืงื™ื™ื ื“ื™ ืกืฆื•ื•ืช 
ื”ืชึผื•ืจื” ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืึถื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื™ืกื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ืข ืคืึธืœืง, ื‘ึนึผื ื™ ื‘ึผื›ื•ืจื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, 
ื’ืึธื˜ืก ,, ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืงื™ื ืจ"", ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื ืื™ื– ืึทืœืก ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืกื˜ืข ืžืชึผื ื” ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข 
ืชึผื•ืจื” ื’ืขืฉืขื ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืืฒื™ื‘ึผื™ืงืŸ ื‘ึผื•ื ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื”, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืขืจ , ืฆื“ื™ืง 
ื™ืกื•ื“ ืขื•ืœื'', ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ื”ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื™ืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ืขืœื˜ 8. 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืžืฉื ื— ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,, ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช,, ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ืฐื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึนึผืึท- 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื ื›ื ืข ืฆื•ึน ืื™ื, ื“ืขื 
ื—ืชืŸื™ืชึผื•ืจื”, ืฐืึธืก ืึธืŸ ืื™ืจ ืงืึทื ืขืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจื“ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื•ื ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ (ืืœืžืœื 
ืชื•ืจื” ืœื ื ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืืจืฅ). ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ื™ืฉืจื? ืื™ื– ืึทืจืึธืคึทึผ- 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ื”ื™ื›ืœื•ืช, ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึธืจื’ื ืกื˜ืŸ ืงื•ื•ืืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
,ืœื™ื‘ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื ื’" (ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืื”ื‘ื—) 5. ื™ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื ืœื™ื›ืŸ 
ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืฉื›ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืื•ืžื•ืช, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื‘ึผืึทืœืฑื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 1126 ืื›ื™ ืขืงื ื”ืจื‘ ืขืœื™ื ื• ื—ืคืฉื•ืžื•ืช,,, ื›ึฐื“ืจื›ื• ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื•ื ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” 
ืœื ื• ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืœืื ืŸ ื ื’ืฃ ื•ืœืฆื•ืจ ืžื›ืฉืœ", ื“ืึธืจื‘ืŸ, 2124 ืื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ 
ืœืื‘ืŸ ื ื’ืฃ ื•ืœืฆื•ืจ ืžื›ืฉืœ ื•ืžื›ืžื•ืจื•ืช ืœืฆื•ื“ื“ ื ืคืฉื•ืช" 

5 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 21, 

5 ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข, ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืึทื–ืฑื™ ืคึผืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ืข ืžื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืึทื– ื“ื™ 
ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืžืึทืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื”ืขื›ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืฒื ืขืจืŸ ืงืฐืึทืœ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ 
ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ, ื‘ึผืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื”ืจ", ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืฉื– ,ืืžื•ืจ" ืœืฒืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ; 
,ื–ื›ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื“ืงื‘"ื” ื™ื”ื™ื‘ ืœื•ืŸ ื ืฉืžืชื™ืŸ ืงื“ื™ืฉื™ืŸ ืžึนืึทืชึทืจ ืงื“ื™ืฉื™ืŸ ื•ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ืขืžื™ืŸ 
ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ืœืžืขื‘ืจ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ื•ื™.,,* ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืฉื” {ืคื ื—ืก" ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืกืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืจื ื›ืŸ; {ื ืฉืžืชื”ื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืชื’ื•ื™ืจื• ื˜ื ื• ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื ื ืงื“ื™ืฉื", 





304 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืข ืจื’ 


ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชึผื•ืจื”, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขื ืงืขืŸ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฉืœื™ืก;ืขื›ืขืจ ืžืึทื›ื˜. ื•ืขืŸ 
ื•ื™ื“ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืึทืจืึธืคึผ ืคื•ื ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฐื•ืขื’, ืคืขืœืฉืŸ ืื™ื ื ,ื‘ึผืจื™ืช ืงื•ืจืฉ', 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืงืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ื’ืข" 
ื‘ึผืึธื˜ืŸ, --- ื ืœื™ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ" 
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืงื ืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืงื ืขื›ื˜ (ื”ืจื™ ื”ื ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื“ื™ื). ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉืข ื ืฉืžื” ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช, ืื™ื– 
ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผื›ึผื•ื” ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืฆื•ืงืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ืงืฐืืœ, ื‘ึผื™ื– ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื•ืึทืฉืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ื–ื™ื ื“. ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืคืึทืจืžืฉืคึผื˜ ืฆื• ืฐืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจ" 
ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืžื’ื•ืœื’? ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืื•ื™ืš 
ืื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ึผื™ื– ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืžื“ืจื ื— ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช. ื ืึทื›ื“ืขื ืฐื™ ืขืก ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืคึผื•ืึธืฆืขืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื ื•ืœื™ื ื’ืขืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึทืœืข ื ืฉืžื•ืช --- ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืœืึทื ื’ ื“ืขืจืฐืึทืจื˜ืขืจ ื’ื•ืืœ, ืžืฉื™ื— ื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื•ืจ; ืื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืขืœืŸ ืึทืœืข 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ึผืขื ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ,ื—ื˜ื 
ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ'', ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืื“ื ื•ื—ื•ื—, ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึท ืฉืคึผื™ื™ื– ืคืึทืจ ืคื•ื™ืœืขื ื™ืฉ 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืขื --- ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึทืžืึธืœื™ืงืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืขืจ 
ืจื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืœืข ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื‘ืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืจืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืึท ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ืขื‘ึผื ื‘ึผื™ืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ,, ืžืจื›ึผื‘ื”' 1, 


ื•ื• 1 
8 


ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื‘ึผืŸ ื’ื‘ึผืื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื ื–ืื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธึผื ื’ืข- 
ื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื™ืขื ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ -- ืื™ืŸ ืฆืคืช. ื ืึธืš ืขื ืจืข 
1, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆืคืช ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ื ื™ื ืžืขืจ ื•ื™ ื“ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉืข 
ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืขืก, ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฆืคืช ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืจื™ื™ื–ืข-ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒื‘ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืคืึทืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคึผืจื˜ื™ื: ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื– ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื›ึผ5-ื˜ื•ื‘: ื‘ึผืจื•ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ึผื•ื™ืžืœ, ื›ึผืœืขืจืœื™ื™ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ืŸ --- ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœืฅ 
ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑื™ื ืข ื ื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืžืึทืกืŸ, ืึทื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืงืกืคึผืึธืจื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืžืฉืง ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืขืก ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืคืึทืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ื›ึผื—ืฆื™ ื—ื ื. ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ื ืกืš ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืคื•ื—ืจื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืกื—ื•ืจื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืžืฉืง. ื“ื™ ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ ืžืกื—ืจ, ืคืึทืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืžืœืื›ื•ืช, ื“ื™ 
ื•ืืก ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ืคืึทืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืึธื’ื™ืึทืฑื‘ึผืขื˜. ืฉื ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื•ื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืคึผืจื ืกื”; ื“ื™ ืึถื‘ึถึผืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื“ืึท ื ืฉื˜ืขืœืข ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธืคืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš ืžืœืžื“ื•ืช-- 


{ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื—ืœืง ื”ืœื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืงืึทืคึผ' 42-39. 


ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืฃ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ึทึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 205 


ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื“ืึธ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฆื™ืœ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ, ื“ืขืจึฐืคืึทืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืึทื”ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืœืื›ื” ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜, 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื—ืจื˜ื— ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ" 1, 
ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืื˜ ื“ื™ ืกืœื™ื™ื ืข ืคืึทืจืฐื•ืึธืจืคืขื ืข ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ึผืœื™ื ื’ืก-ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืจืึธื“ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ,ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืœืึธื›ื” ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜'; 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื™ื™ื ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ื‘ื™ืกื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช. ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื‘ึผืขืœึดื™ ืžืœืึธื›ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ืœืึธื– ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืคืช, 
ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืขืœื™ ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก. ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื‘ึผื—ื•ืฉ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ 
,ืกืฅ"" ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืึทื ืฅ ื ืึธืขื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ ืคืึทืจืฑื™ืกื ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข ืžืขื ืขืจ -- ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืข ื•ื•ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ,,ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืืžืช'', ื“ืึธืจื˜, 
ืื™ืŸ ืฆืคืช, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืœื•ืคื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืคื•ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœื˜ืข ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช. ื“ืืจื˜ 
ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื•ื™ื  ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœื˜ืข ืึทืกื™ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืึตืŸ ืึทืกืงืขื˜ื™ืฉ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜; ื“ืึธ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืฐื•ืขืคื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ื ื ื’ืขื˜ืœืขืกืœืกืจ' ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื•ื—ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื”ืึทืœื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื "ื’ืึทื ื’ 
ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื‘ืจ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืกื•ื“ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืข 
ื”ื™ื™ืœ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืžืึทืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืšืฃ ืคืึธืจืŸ ืฉื•ื ื. ืืฑื™ืกื‘ึผืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืืจืŸ ,ื–ื•ื”ืจ', ื“ื™ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืง, ื›ืึทืฉืึทืคืŸ. ืื•ืŸ 
ืึธื˜ -- ื ึผืึทืœื“ ืกื•ืžื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’! ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐื•ื•ื ื“ืขืจ- 
ื‘ึผืึทืจืข, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื ื‘ื™ืื•ืช ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืกื˜ืจ! ื–ื™ื™, 
ื“ื™ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ , ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ ืงื™ืฆื™ืŸ", ืฐืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฆืคืช ืคืึทืจื–ืึทืžืœื˜, 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืœืขืš ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื’ื•ืืœ,.. ืžื•ื– 
ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืฆื™ื™ื˜ื ืก ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื˜ืื’, ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืœื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืฆื• ืฐืขืจืŸ; ืžืขืŸ ืžื•ื– ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ื‘ึผืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื— ื–ื™ื™ืŸ . 
ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื•ืึทืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื’ื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืชึผืขื ื™ืชื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ื ื•ืคื™ื. ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ื”ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ ื—ื“ื•ืจ, ืฐืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื• 
ื˜ื™ืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ึนืŸ ,,ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ื ืกืชึผืจ", ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืื™ื– ืžืฉืคึผื™ืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ 
ืขื•ืœืคื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ึนื ื™ื. ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืึทืกืงืขื–ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืœื˜ื™ืงื˜ 
ืื™ื ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืจื™ื™ื–, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ึนึผืึฒึทืœื“ืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื—ืฉื•ื‘ืกื˜ืขืจ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึทืžืœืคื•ื ืงื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืึทืœืข ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜. ืึทื”ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ืขืกื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ึนืŸ ืึทื“ืจื™ืึทื’ืึธืคึผืึธืœ ืฉืœืžื” ืžืœื‘ื›ื•ืก 
ื—ืชืœื—ื‘ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืืจืขืจืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืขืจ. ืคึผื•ืกืง ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืึทืจื•, ืคืึทื ืœื™ื™ื˜ 


1 ,ืฉื‘ื”ื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉื‚ืœื™ื", ื“ืฃ 16, ืขื' ื‘', 
(20) 





206 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืกืงืขื˜ื™ืฉ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืŸ ,,ืžื’ื™ื“' ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฐืึธืจืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,, ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ", ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืคืึทืจืคื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ื ื 
,ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข'' ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืชึผืื•ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, 
ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืจื•ื ืง ืฐืึทืกืขืจ 1, 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึทืจื•ืก ืชึผืœืžื™ื“, ืžืฉื” ืืœืฉื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงื•ื’ื”-ืฉื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืชึผื•ืจื” ,,ืชึผื•ืจืช ืžืฉื”'', ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคื™ื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื“ืจืฉื•ืช 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืขื•ืœื, ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ื‘ึผืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื” ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ- 
ื’ื™ื›ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืื•ืœื”. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืคืช ืื™ื– ืื•ึนื™ืš ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืฉื™ืฉ ืจ' ื“ื•ืจ-ืื‘ื™ 
ื–ื™ืžืจื (ื“ืขืจ ืจื“ื‘'ื–), ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืขืŸ , ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช'' ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืข ,, ื”ื™ื›ืœื•ืช"? 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืŸ , ื›ืชืจ ืžืœื›ื•ืช'' ?, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ืงื•ื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืœืก ืคึผืึธืขืžืข ?. ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืคืช ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื“ืจื™ืึท- 
ื ืึธืคึผืึธืœ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื ื™ื™ืคื˜ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ึผืŸ ืžืฉื” 
ืึทืœืงืึทื‘ึผื™ืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืŸ , ืœื›ื” ื“ื•ื“ื™". 
ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง ืคึผืจื˜ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื - 
ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื ืึทื‘ึผื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜. ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ึผ ืคื•ื ื 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจืฆืขื ื˜ ืคื•ื ื 16ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื” *, ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืœืงืึทื‘ึผื™ืฅ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฉื ื—ื” ืคื•ื ื ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืŸ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืŸ ืึทืกืงืขื˜ ื™ื•ืกืฃ 
ื˜ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืฆืึทืง, ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ 
ืงื‘ืœื—. ืื™ืŸ ืึทื“ืจื™ืึทื ืึธืคึผืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืคึผืจืฒื ื“ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืึทืจื• ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ึผื™ื™ื“ืข ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืขื•ืกืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ,,ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ื ืกืชึผืจ", 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขื“ื•ืช ืึทืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ -- ืึทืœืงืึทื›ื™ืฆืขืก 
ืึท ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื›ืจื•ื– 5 ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทื˜ืขื˜ื™ืฉ-ื‘ืึท- 
ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื˜ืŸ ืกื˜ื™?, ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืึทื“ื• ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื“ืข ืฆื•ื–ื˜ืžืขืŸ 


1 ื•ืข ืงืžื’ื™ื“ ืžืฉืจื™ื', 5, 11 ื"ื”ื•, 

2 ื“ืขื ืจื“ื‘"ื–ื ืืฆืชืจ ืžืœื›ื•ืช" ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ึผืงืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ 
ืžืื•ืจ ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ" (ืฐืขื ืขื“ื™ืง, 1703), 

8 ืฐืขื ืŸ ืจื™ ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืžื™ืกืฉื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจืึธื‘ึผืœืขืžืขืŸ ืจืขื“ื ืืฑืš ืื‘ื™ื™ื–ื™ื˜ืจื 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืจืจืขื“ืข ืฆื• ื–ืฒืŸ {ืžื’ืŸ ื“ื•ื“", ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืฐืขืจื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืึท ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืœืจ ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืฐื ื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืฒื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืฉืŸ ื"ื‘ (ืึทืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืึทื, 1713). 

4 ืึทืœืงืึทื‘ื™ืฆืขืก ื’ืขื‘ึผื•ืจื˜ื˜ื™ืึธืจ ืื™ ื ึดื™ื˜ ืคืขืกื˜ื ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜, ืึทื– 
ืื™ืŸ 1529 ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึทืœืก ื—ืชืŸื™ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื•ืชึผืŸ ื‘ึผืชื•ืจ ืฉืœื—.ืžื ื•ืช ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืฐืขืจืง 
,ืžื ื•ืช ื—ืœื•ื™", ืึท ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื ืœืช ืึนืกืชึผืจ, ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคึฟืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ื ืึธืš 1592, 

5 ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืึทืžืขืจ ืืฑืกื ืึทื‘ึผืข ืคื•ืŸ ;ืฉื ื™ ืœื•ื—ื•ืช 
ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช" (ื“ืฃ (18), ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ;ื”ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื" (1731, 101) ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืืœืข 
ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ึผืŸ ืคื™ืŸ ,ืชึผื™ืงื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช , 





ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉื™ื›ืฉืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜;ืจืึทื˜ึดื™ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ โ€ ื™ื™ืจืŸ 207 


ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื•ืึทืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ, ืึทืœืงืึทื‘ึผื™ืฅ, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ื‘ื™ื” ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข. ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืŸ ืฉืœื™ื—, ื™ื•ืกืฃ 
ืงืืจื•ืก ,,ืžื’ื™ืจ', ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ึดื™ ื‘ึผืฉื•ืจื”, ืื– ื“ื™ ืฉืขื” 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืจืฅื™ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ื•ืœื ืชืคืกื™ืงื• 
ืจื’ืข ื•ืขืœื• ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื™ ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื ืฉื•ื•ืช). ืึทืœืงืึทื‘ึผื™ืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš 
ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜ ื“ืขื ,,ืžื’ื™ืจืก'' ื‘ึผืึทืคืขืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืง ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืจืฅื™ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืฃ 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆืคืช. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจื˜ืืกื˜ ื ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฆืึธืœ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ื•ื•ืขืจืง: ,ื‘ึผืจื™ืช ื”ืœื•ื™", ,ืืคึผืจื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืžื”, ,ืื•ืฆืจ ื ื—ืžืจ", ืขื‘ื•ืชื•ืฅ 
ืื”ื‘ื”", ;ืขึฒืฉึถืืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช,', , ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืช ืœื”ื›ืžืช ื”ืงื‘ึผืœื”', ,ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”'' ืื•ืŸ 
ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข 1 ื“ืึธืก ืจื•ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ึผืœื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜. ืึท ืงืœืึธืจืŸ 
ื‘ึผืึทื ืจื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ืืœืงืึทื‘ึผื™ืฆืขืก ืฐืขืœื˜ื‘ึผืึทื ืขื ื’ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1552 
ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืขืจ ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉึดืื™ืจื™ื , ืื™ืœืช ืื”ื‘ื™ื"". | 

,ื“ืขืจ ืืžืชืขืจ ื’ืึทื˜ืกืคืึธืจื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืึทืŸ, --- ืœืขืจื ื˜ ืึทืœืงืึทื‘ึผื™ืฅ, --- ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงืจื™ืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื”, 
ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื“ืขื ืžื•ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืœื™ืจืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธื˜ืขืจืข ืฆืจื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืŸ 
ืขื ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื’ืขื ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ..- ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ืจืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ืืžืช ืคืจื•ืžืขืŸ ืžืึทืŸ 1) ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืขืœื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข 
ืชึผืื•ื•ืช, 2) ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืื ืฅ ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื—ื™ืœืฃ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืคื™ืจืŸ ืื™ื ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืขืจ ืžื“ืจื ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช, ) ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™- 
ืกืขืจ ืขื ื™ื•ึน ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ, ืžืขืฉื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื“, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ -- ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ 
ืึทืœืงืึทื‘ึผื™ืฅ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ -- ื“ืืจืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื ืคืึธืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืจืื˜ 
ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืข ืžืชึผื ื”; ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ื ื• 
ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืึทืœึถืข ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืืจ -- ,ื“ืขืจ 
ืจื™ื™ื“ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜'' (ืจื•ื— ืžืžืœืœื) * = ื•ื™ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื’ื ืื™, โ€ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ 
ืืœืงืึทื‘ึผื™ืฅ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืึทื– ื‘ึผื ื•ื’ืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื- 
ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ื“ืึธืก ื‘ึผืึทื’ืจื™ื™ืคืŸ ืื™ืจ ื ื•ืฆืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึนืึท- 
ื˜ื™ื™ื˜, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืž ืข ืฉ ื” -- ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ื—, ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœื ืกืืงื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
ืคืึทืจืงืขืจืคึผืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืžืฉื•ืชื“ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ '! ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืค 


1 ื“ืขื ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืงืึทื‘ึผื™ืฆืขื ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื™ืงืข ืฐืขืจืง ื’ื™ื ืจืึธื–ืึทื ืขื ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืŸ ืื“ื‘ืจื™ 
ื™ืฉื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืชึผื•ื ืจืžื”", |, 162, 


: ;ืื™ืœืช ืื”ื‘ื™ื', ื“ืฃ /3, ืขื' ื 

8 ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืฐื™ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื’ื‘ืื™, ืึทืฐื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื ืื•ื™ืš ืึทืœืงืึทื‘ึผื™ืฅ ืฆึธืกื˜ ืึธืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘;ื˜ 
ืคื” ืื™ื– ื ื™ื ืฐืฒึทื ื™ืงืขืจ ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืฐื™ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ึนึผื›ืชื‘, ื•ืข ืืื™ืœืช ืื”ื‘ื™ื', 54: ,ืจื™ ืฉื ื™ 
ืฉื“ื™ืš ืฉื”ื ื”ื‘' ืชื•ืจื•ืช,.. ื”ื ืฉื ื™ ืขืคืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ืœื ื–ึนื– ื•ืžืžืงื•ื ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื™ืฆืื•', ื ื™ื 
ื ืึธืจ โ€ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื”, ืฐืฒื•ื ืึธืŸ ืึทืœืงืึทื‘ื™ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื˜ (ื“ืึธืจืคืŸ, 15), ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืข 
ื™ืคื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ึผืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื ืึฒืคึดื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืœื›ื™ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืชึผืœืžื•ืจ, 





2308 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื  


, ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ'' ื—ื–ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืึทืœืงืึทื‘ึผื™ืฅ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช 
ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ึผื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืืฑื™ืฃ 
ื ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื›ืจ. , ืฉื›ืจ ืžืฆื•ื— --- ืžืฆื•ื”'', ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜ืข ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื ื•ืžื. 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืœื•ื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื“ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื›ืจ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ื ืึทื - 
ื“ืขืจื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืข: ื“ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื™ื. 
ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื --- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืœื™ื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืงืฐืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ 
ื ืฉืžื”, ื‘ึผืขืช ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžืงื™ื™ื ื“ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ื—, ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœืŸ ืจื™ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ึนึผืึท- 
ืฉื™ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื ืฉืžื”, ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืขืจ ื’ืŸ-ืขื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืคึผืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื•ืช. ื˜ื•ื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืึทืŸ ืขื‘ื™ืจื”, ื“ืึทืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืคืœืขืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื—ืฉื›ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื‚ืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืžืขืฉื— 
ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ื ืฉืžื”, ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืื™ืจ ืขื•ื ืฉ, ืื™ืจืข ืื•ืžืขื ื“" 
ืœืขื‘ืข ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื 41 

ืึทืœืงืึทื‘ึผื™ืฅ ืคืึทืจื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ,ื—ื›ืžื•ืช 
ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช'', ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื•ื™ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื ื‘ึผืื™. ืขืจ ืึธื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜, ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ --- ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ --- ื–ึตื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืข ืจ ื“ ื™ื™ืฉืข ื—ื›ืžื•ืช,, 
ื–ื™ื™ ื’ื™ืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื’ืœื’?ืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืžืฉืœื” ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืึทื’ืจืข" 
ื’ืขืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืขืจื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื˜ื—; ื“ื™ ืชึผื•ืจื— ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ, ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฐืึธืจื˜ --- ืจื•ืคื˜ 
ืึทืคืงืึทื‘ื™ืฅ ืื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ---,, ืื™ื– ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ" 3, 
ื“ื™ ืชึผื•ืจื”, ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืœืขื ื“ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืึทืœ ืคื•ื ื ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื‘ื˜ -- ืฉื™ื™ื ื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึทืœืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืจืข ืฉื™ืžืขืจื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคืœื™ื ืœ ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืข ื”ื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืื™ื™ื‘ึผื™ืกืŸ ืงืฐืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืึทืœืงืึทื‘ึผื™ืฅ ืื™ื– ืงืœืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืึทืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึธืจืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ ื ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก 
ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ ื‘ืข ืฆื• ื’ืึธื˜ ?, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืคื™ืœืึทื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ืœืึทื ื™ืฉืข ืกื‘ืจื•ืช ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ 
ื“ื•ืจืš , ื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืช" *, ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื˜ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžื™ืฉืŸ ืขืงืกื˜ืึทื– ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ึผืึท- 
ื’ื™ื™ื˜ื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš ืฉื ืขืœ? ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืœื™ืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืคืึทืœืŸ ืคืึทืจ 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 140 ืื›ึดื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื— ื•ื—ืฉื›ืจ ืื™ื ื ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ื›ื™ ืื ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“,. ืžืคื ื™ 
ืฉื—ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ื™ื ืื•ืจ ื•ื—ืื•ืจ ื—ื•ื ืžืฉืื‘ ืœื ืฉืžื”, ื•ืขืœ ื–ื— ืืžื•ื• ืฉื›ืจ ืžืฆื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื”ื”. ื›ึดื™ 
ื—ื ืžืฉ ื‘ืขืฉื•ืชื” ื”ืžืฆื•ื” -- ืื”ื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ืช ื—ืœ ืขืœื™ื” ื•ื—ื•ื ื•ื—ื•ื ื’ืŸ ืขืจืŸ ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช,, ื•ื”"ื— 
ื‘ืขื‘ื™ืจื—, ื›ื™ ื”ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืขืฉื•ืชื— ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืชื—ื•ืœ ืขืœื™ื” ืžื›ืช ื”ื—ืฉืš ื•ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื ื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ืฉืœื” 
ื™ื”ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืกื•ืฃื™ 

2 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 41, 

ืก'ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขื˜ืึทื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืึทืœืงืึทื‘ึผื™ืฅ ืคืึทืจืจื•ืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื’ืฒึผ ื ื—ืกื“ืื™ ืงืจืฉืงืฉ 
(ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 36), 

4 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 655 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 209 


ืื™ื ืึทืœืข ืžื—ื™ืฆื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื”ื•ื™ืœื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฉืœื™ื™ืขืจืก; ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคึผืœื•ืฆ- 
ืงื•ื ื’ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทื ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืจื•ื—-ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืื•ืช, ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืงื•ืžื˜ ื”ืขืœื–ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงืข 
ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ื‘ึผืœืงืฑื–ื˜ ืœื™ื ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื ื“ืึธืก ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึธืจื’ืขื ืข. ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื–ืึธืœ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืžื“ืจื ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืขืงืกื˜ืึทื– ืื•ืŸ ื”ืชืคึผืฉื˜ื•ืช 
ื”ื ืฉืžื™ื•ืช, ืžื•ื– ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ึนืช, ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืข 
ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ ืึทืœืงืึทื‘ึผื™ืฅ, ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืจืขืฉื“ื™ืงืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ื•ืž?, ื‘ึผืึทื”ืขืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืจืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก 
ื ืฉืžื” ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื›ืขืจืข ื›ืžืขืจืŸ 1. 

ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืงืึทื‘ึผื™ืฆืก ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื ืึทืขื ื˜ืข ืคืจื™ื™ื ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขื“ื•ืช, 
ืึทื– ืึทืœืงืึทื‘ึผื™ืฅ ื ื•ืคื ืคืœืขื ื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึธืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืฐืขืงืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืข ืึธืคึผื’ืข- 
ื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืข ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืึทืจืฒื ืคืึทืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ , ื“ื‘ื™ืงื•ืช'' ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืขืงืกื˜ืึทื–, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึทืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืื™ืฉืข 
ื–ืขื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ. ืึทืœืงืึทื‘ึผื™ืฅ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื- 
ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆืคืช; ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื˜ืึธื’ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืžื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึทืœืข ืžื™ื˜ื ืœื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืงืจื™ื™ื–, ื–ื™ืš ืžืชื•ื•ื“ื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคืืจืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื–ื™ื ื“, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ืึธืš. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืคืœืขื’ืŸ 
ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœืข ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจ ืฉืงื™ืขืช ื”ื—ืžื” ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืœื“ ืฉืคึผืึทืฆื™ืจืŸ ืžืงื‘ึผืœ-ืคึผื ื™ื 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ , ืฉื‘ึผืช ืžืœื›ึผืชื', ื“ื™ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข , ื›ึผืœื”'' ืคื•ื ื ืคืึธืœืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืื•ืœื”, ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื— 
ื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื•ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜. ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืงื–ืืœื˜ื™ืจื˜ืขืจ 
ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืœืงืึทื‘ึผื™ืฅ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื ืึทื‘ึผื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืึทืคืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืฉืคึผืึทืฆื™ืจื ืขื ื’ ืึทื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืขืจ ;ื›ึนึผืœื”" 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ึผืœืขืš ืœื™ื“ ,ืœื›ื” ื“ื•ื“ื™'/, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืขื“-ื—ื™ื•ื ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 3ื›5 
ืชึผืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฆื•ึน ืงื‘ึผืœืช ืฉื‘ึนึผืช. ,ืœื›ื” ื“ื•ื“ื™ ืœืงืจืืช ื›ึผืœื” ืคึทึผื ื™ ืฉื‘ึผืช 
ื ืงื‘ึผืœื”!'" --- ืงื•ื, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื˜, ื“ืขืจ ื›ึผืœื” ืึทื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ, ืœืึธืžื™ืจ ื“ืขื ืฉื‘ึนึผืช 
ืžืงื‘ึผืœ ืคึผื ึดื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ -- ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืคืจืขืŸ,, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ึผืึทื ืœื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ึผืœืขื›ืŸ 
ืงืœืึทื ื’ ืึทืœืข ืคึผื˜ืจืึธืคืขืก ืคื•ื ื ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผื™ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื’ --- ื‘ึผืึทืงื•ืžื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืึท ืกื™ืž- 
ื‘ึผืึธืœึดื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ื™ื™ื˜. ื“ื™ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ื‘ึผืึทื ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื•- 
ืœืขื›ืข ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืข {ื›ึนึผืœื”" ืคืœืขื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื”ืึทืจืžืึธื ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื™ 
ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขื ื—ื•ืจื‘ึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ. ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืฉึนืื˜ึฟืึธื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขื ืงืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืฃ . 
ื”ืืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื ื•ืืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืžื•ืŸ 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•? ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื•ืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืงืœืึทื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜... 
ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžื™ืฉืขืจ ืกื˜ืจืึธืคืข ,,ืœืงืจืืช ืฉื‘ึผืช ืœื›ื• ื•ื ืœื›ื”,! --- ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืฉื‘ึผืช ืึทืœืข ืึทื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ,,ืžืงืจืฉ ืžืœืš ืขื™ืฃ 


1 ืžื™ืฉื” ืงื•ืจื“ื•ืื™ืจืึธ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืจ ื ืขืจื‘", 22-2, 





20 ื—"ืจ '; ืฆื™ื ื‘ ืขืจื’ 


ืžืœื•ื›ื”'' -- ืฆื•ื ืงื™ื ื™ื ืก ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืžื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ-ืฉื˜ืึธื˜; ,, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ! ืคืึทืจ- 
ืœืึธื– ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ึทื ืขืก ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ืข, ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืึธืžืขืจ ! 
ื ืึธื˜ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืึทืจืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ืึธื“. , ื”ืชื ืขืจื™ ืžืขืคืจ 
ืงื•ืžื™'' --- ืขืจืฐื•ืึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ึผ, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืข ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฆื™ืจ ื“ื™ืš, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง! ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืื•ึนืœื”, ื“ื™ 
ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืžื”; ื–ื™ ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืฉื™, ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึธืฆืœื™ื’ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื‘ึผื™ืช ืœื—ื! ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื™, ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื™ --- ืขืจืฐืึทืš, ืขืจืฐื•ืึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืจืขืžืœ, ื“ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืงืึทื™ืึธืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขืœืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื™ื™ื ื˜! ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื™ื•ื‘ึผืœ-ืœื™ื“ ืขืจืฉืืœืŸ --- ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื’ืœืึทื ืฅ ื‘ึผื™ืกื˜ื• ื‘ึผืึทืงืจืฑื ื˜!' ืœื›ื” ื“ื•ื“ื™ 
ืœืงืจืืช ื›ึผืœื” ืคึผื ื™ ืฉื‘ึผืช ื ืงื‘ึผืœื”!.. 1 | 

ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ , ืœื›ื” ื“ื•ื“ื™'' ? ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืœึดื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื 
ืคืึธืœืง, ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืืจื•ื-ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืคึผืœืึธื›ื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ-ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืขืจ 
ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืึทืคึผืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืจื™ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืคื•ื ื 
ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ , ื›ึนึผืชืจ ืžืœื›ื•ืช" 5, | 
| ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฉืคึผืขื”, ืฐืึธืก ืึทืœืงืึทื‘ึผื™ืฅ ื”ืึธื˜+ 
ื ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืฆืคืชืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ-ืงืจื™ื™ื–; ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื•ื ื’ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ืฒื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ ืงื‘ึผืœื”-ื˜ืขืึธืจืขื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืžืืœื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข -- ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืฉื” ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘-ืงื•ืจื“ื•ืื™ืจืึธ : 
(ืงืึธืจื“ืึธึทืฐืขืจืึธ), ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืœืงืึทื‘ึผื™ืฆืขืก ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉืฐืึทื ืขืจ โ€ - | 

ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืึทื“ื•ืก ืึท ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ 5, ืื™ื– ืžืฉื” ืงื•ืจื“ื•ืื™ืจืึธ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื‘ึทึผืงื™ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืื™ืŸ ืฆืคืช. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจ 
ื—ืฉื•ื™ื‘ืข ืจื‘ื ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ึผื™ืจื‘ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืจืื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื• ืงืจื•ื™ื ืขืŸ 


1 ืึทืœืงืึทื›ึผื™ืฆืขื ืœืฑื‘ึผื’ืขื–ืึทื ื’ ื”ืึธืก ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ื“ืฒื˜ืฉืŸ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืŸ . 
ืคื•ื ื 28ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื”, ื”ืขืจื“ืขืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื ืขื ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืขืฆื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื™ืžื˜ืฉ. ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืึทื ื. 
ืฆื™ืงื˜ ืคื™ื ื ืืœื›ื” ื“ื•ื“ื™" ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื ืข, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืึท ื˜ืขื™ืช 
ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืžืฒื ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืจืคึผืึทืžืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ืœื™ืš ืื™ื– ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืœื•, 

ืœ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขื ืืœื›ื” ื“ื•ื“ื™" ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืœืงืึทื‘ึผื™ืฅ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื›ึผืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคึผื™ื•ื˜ื™ืก, ืึท ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทืจืฒืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืคืจื“ื™ื˜ืข ืžื—ื—ืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื˜ืฒืœ ืื™ ื’ืขื™ 
ื‘ึผืœื™ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ึผืชื‘ื™ื™ื“, 

3 ื–ืข ืึทืงื‘ ื”ื™ืฉืจ", ืงืึทืค' 86. 

1 ืงื•ืจื“ื•ืื™ืจืึธ. ื”ืึธื ื—ืชื•ื ื— ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืึทืœืงืึทื‘ึผื™ืฆืขืก ืฉืฐืขืกื˜ืขืจ (ื–ืข ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืจืจืขืจืข 
ืฆื• ืงื•ืจื“ื•ืื™ืจืึธืก ,ืื•ืจ ื ืขืจื‘", 


5 ืงื•ืจื“ื•ืื™ืจืึธ. ืฉืจื™ื™ื›ึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจื“ืก ืจื™ืžื•ื ื™ื : ,ืžื•ืจื™ ื•ืจื‘ึผื™ ื”ื—ืกื™ื“ ืžืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืจื". 





ื“ื™ ื’ืœืฉื™ื›ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึธืžื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 3 


ืžื™ื˜ ,,ืกืžื™ื›ื”'!, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธืก ืžืฉื” ืงื•ืจื“ื•ืื™ืจืึธ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืœืก ืจื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื—ืจื™ืฃ 
ืึนื™ืŸ ื™ื ื”ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ ื–ื™ืš ืงื•ื ื”"ืฉื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืึทืœืก ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ืฉื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืขืึธืจืขื˜ื™- 
ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืงื‘ึผืœื—, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื‘ึผืึทืงืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืฐืึธื ืขืจ 
ืึทืœืงืึทื‘ึผื™ืฅ, ืงื•ืจื“ื•ืื™ืจืึธ ื’ื•ืคื ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืจืขื“ืข ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ , ืคึผืจื“ืก 
ืจื™ืžื•ื ื™ื'', ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืฅ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขืคึผื˜ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
,ื”ื‘ืœื™ ืขื•ืœื'!, ื ืึธืจ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืžืข ื˜ื•ื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื 
ืจื•ืคืŸ; ืฉื˜ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ: ืขืจื•ืึธืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื“ืขืžืœ! ื‘ึผืึทืคืขืคื˜ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืคืกื ื™ื™ ื’ืึธื˜ืก 
ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ืŸ ืžื–ื‘ึผื—! (ื•ืจืคึผื ืืช ืžื•ื‘ึผื— ื“' ื”ื”ืจื•ืก). ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืฆื• ื”ื™ืœืฃ ,,ื—ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœ ื”ืืœื”ื™"" ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœ ืฉึดืœืžื” ืึทืœืงืึทื‘ึผื™ืฅ ื”ืœื•ื•; 
ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืึทืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึธืจื’ืขื ืขืจ 
ื—ื›ืžื”, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ืขืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. 


ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ืงื•ืจื“ื•ืื™ืจืึธ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืžื™ื˜ื ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื—ื‘ืจืช 
ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจื’ืึทื ื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ืึทืจื•ื ืฉืœืžื” ืึทืœืงืึทื‘ึผื™ืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืœืงืึทื‘ึผื™ืฆืขื ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ ื”ืึธื ืงื•ืจื“ื•ืื™ืจืึธ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ ืชึผืงื ื•ืช ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื—ื‘ืจื” 1. ื‘ึนึผืึทืœืš ื ืึทื›ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื•ืจื“ื•ืื™ืจืึธ. ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืœ ื•ื•ืขืจืง , ืคึผืจื“ืก ืจื™ืžื•ื ื™ื'" = ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื‘ึผื›? ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 02 ืฉืขืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ื˜ 
ืงื•ืจื“ื•ืื™ืจืึธ ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืึท ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื‘ึผื™ืœืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจืช ื”ืงื‘ึผืœื” ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืค ืื™ืŸ ,, ื–ื•ื”ืจ'' ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืงื‘ืœื”- 
ืกืคืจื™ื. ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืง ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืฉืึทืฆืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ืžื•ื–. ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืฒ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืจื˜, ืžื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜. ืงื•ืจื“ื•ืื™ืจืึธ 
ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ,, ืคึผืจื“ืก ืจื™ืžื•ื ื™ื'' ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืจื’ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืื™ืจ ืื‘ึผืŸ 
ื’ื‘ึผืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขื ,ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืงื•ืจืฉ'' ืกื™ื˜ืŸ ,ืคึทึผืจื“ืก 
ืจื™ืžื•ื ื™ื", ื“ืึทืŸ ื‘ึผืœื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืกืคืง, ืึทื– ืงื•ืจื“ื•ืื™ืจืึธ. ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืึทืจืก 
ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื ื‘ืื™ืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ . ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื 
ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืฐืึธืจื˜ 3 

ื“ืขื ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืึทืœืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืคืึทืจื ืขืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจื“ืก ืจื™ืžื•ื ื™ื'' ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืจืึธ- 
ื‘ึผืœืขื, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ื‘ึผืึทื”ืึทื ื“ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืขืจื˜ืŸ ืฉืขืจ -- , ืฉืขืจ 
ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื•ื›ึผืœื™ื!', ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืžืชืŸ ืžื”ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช: ืฆื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ 


ื™ื“ื™ืœ ื“ื™ื™ ื“ื™ื™ ืจืฉื™ื™ 5555 


1 ื“ื™ ืชึผื›ื ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ึผืึทืฉื˜ืฒืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 26 ืคื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ 
ืฉืขื›ืžืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 1062090 ืžื– 510669, ||, 292--294, 


5 ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขื ืขื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ 1586, 


5 ื–ืข, ืฆื•ื ื‘ึผื™ื™ืฉืคึผื™ืœ, ื’ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ", ื—ืœืง 3 ืงืึทืคึผื™ 26, ื—ืœืง ื', ืงืึทืžึท' 
1 ืื™ืŸ ืขืคืจื“ืก ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื™ื", ืฉืขืจ 20, ืงืึทืคึทึผื™ 1, ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืฉืขืจ 4, ืงืึธืคึผ. 4 ืื•ืŸ 9, 





312 ืจ"ืจ ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ึผืขืจื’ 


ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข,. ื–ืขืœื›ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืขืงืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฆืŸ (ืขืฆืžื•ืช), ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ึตื™ื™ 
ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืืก ื›ึผืœึดื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืขืžืึทื ืึทืฆื™ืข. ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขื 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื›ึผืœืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืฑ ืขื ื’ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทืจื‘ึผืกื˜ืขืจ 
ืคืจืึทื ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืงื‘ึผืœื” ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜; ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืึทื ื˜ืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ึผืึทื’ืจืขื ืขืฆื˜ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืข ืคื•ื ื ืื•ืžืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืขืœืข 
ืคื•ื ื ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืŸ --- ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืคืึธืจืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื‘ึผืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช 
ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉืข ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœื™ื, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื ืขืึธืคึผืœืึทื˜ืึทื ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ืกื™ืงืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืคื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืึธืจืขื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ื ื˜ื•ื. ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื˜ืขืŸ ื“ื™ , ืงืจืขืคื˜ืŸ'" ืื•ืŸ ,,ืื™ื“ืขืขืŸ'/ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืึทืœืก ืื™ื ืกื˜ืจื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื›ึผืœื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทืคืŸ; ื–ื™ื™, ื“ื™ ืงืจืขืคื˜ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื“ืขืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคืืจื‘ึผื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจืŸ, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื’ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึทื ืฆืข ืคื™ืœืึทืจื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื“ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื ืžืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื”ื•ืช 
ืคื•ื ื , ืœืึธื ืึธืก'; ืฆื™ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืึทืœื ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื•ื ื’ืก- 
ืคืึธืจืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธื˜ื”ืฒื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฉืึทืคื•ื ื’ืก"ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขืก, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึทืœืก ื•ึฐืขืœื‘ึทึผื™ 
ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืขืงืคื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืงืจืึทืคื˜. ืงื•ืจื“ื•ืื™ืจืึธ ืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ื˜ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืฉืจื” 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ. ืึทืœืก ื’ืึธื˜ืก ืืฑื™ืกืฉื˜ืจืึทืœื•ื ื’ (ืขืžืึทื ืึทืฆื™ืข, 
ืึทืฆื™ืœื•ืช) ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช ื“ื™ื ืึทืžื™ืฉืข ืฉืึทืคื ื“ื™ืงืข ืงืจืขืคื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœืข ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ื”ืฒื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืึทื—ื“ื•ึนืช; ื–ื™ื™, 
ื“ื™ ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื”, ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืฐืขื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืงืจืึทืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืŸ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ, ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ,ื›ึผืœึดื™ื'', ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฆืฒื™ื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื™ืขื“ืข ืกืคื™ืจื” ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ 
ื˜ืึทืงืข ื–ื™ื™, ื“ื™ ,,ื›ืœื™ื'' ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืข ,,ืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ื'' --- ื–ื™ื™ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ืื•ื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ึผืŸ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืคืึธืจืžืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ 
ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืงืฒื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ื ืฉืžื” ืงืึธืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื– ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืข ืžืขืฉื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฐืขื ื•ื - 
ื˜ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ื•ืคืก ืื‘ืจื™ื, ืึทื–ืฑ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžื”ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืืฑืกืฉื˜ืจืึทืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึธื˜, ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืœืขื›ืข 
ืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ื, ื“ื™ ,, ื›ึผืœื™ื'', ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืคืึธืจืžืขืŸ ื•ื™ 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื“ืฃ 18, ืขืž' ื': (ืžื” ืฉืจืื•ื™ ืฉื ื“ืข ื”ื•ื: ื›ื™ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืืฆื™ืœื™ืช 
ื”ืืฆื™ืœ ื”ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ืขืฉืจ ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืžืขืฆืžื•ืชื• ืžืชื™ื”ืœื•ืช ื‘ื• ื•ื”ื•ื ื•ื”ื ื”ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ื•ืช 
ืฉืœื™ืžื”; ื•ื”ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ื ืฉืžื” ื•ืžืชืœื›ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขืฉืจ ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืงื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื 
ื›ืœื™ื", ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 2 ื’ื›ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ื ืฉืžื” ื”ืžืชืคืฉื˜ืžื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš 
ื”ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื›ืœื™ื, ื•ื”ื ื” ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื–ื” ื™ืงืจื ื”ืื™ืŸ.ืกื•ืฃ ื ืฉืžื” ืœื ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืžื” 
ืœืกืคื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืขืœื•ืœื™ื,, ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืฉืžืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื ืื”ืช ื•ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ 
ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืžืชืชื” ืจืง ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื” ื”ื ืจืื•ืช ื‘ึทืื‘ึฐืจื™ ื”ื ื•ื ื›ืŸ ื•ื›ื•' ื•ื›ื• ", 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืฉืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื“ืŸ 313 


ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ึผืœืขื ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืงื•ืจื“ื•ืื™ืจืึธ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืึดืคึผ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืึทื’ืข ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ืžื™ืจื•ืช 
ืื•ืŸ ืึทื˜ืจื™ื‘ึผื•ื˜ืŸ, ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ (ื”ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื ืจ, ื‘ึผื™ื™ืœืื ืข ื ื•ืž' 2) 
ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืœืข, ืฐื•ึผ ืงื•ืจื“ื•ืื™ืจืึธ ืคืึธืจืžื•ืœื™ืจื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืงืœืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืœืขืš 
ื“ืขื ืื™ืŸ ,,ื–ื•ื—ืจ'' ืึทืจืฑื™ืคื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ื”ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ ืขื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื“ืขืืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืึทืœืŸ, ื“"ื”, ืึทื– 
ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืก 'ืื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึท ืจืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืš -- 
ืื™ื™ื ืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืข, ืก'ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื—ื™ืœื•ืก ื ื™ื˜ืึธ. ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื ื•ื’ืข 
ืฆื•ึน ื’ืึธื˜ ื’ื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื•ืช ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื™ ื‘ึผืึทื’ืจื™ืคืŸ: ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืงืขื - 
ื“ื™ืงืขืจ, ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื“ืึทื›ื˜ืข --- ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืึทื—ื“ื•ืช. 
ื’ืึธื˜ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืงืœืฒื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ึนื ืึทื˜ืจื™ื‘ึผื•ื˜ืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ืขืŸ 
ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, ,, ื”ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื ื”ื ื”ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช" -- 
ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ื™ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžืขืฉื™ื 1. ืžืขืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื ืึธื ืื™ื– ืงืœื•ื’ -- ืขืจ ื’ื•ืคื ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš 
-ื“ืขืจ ืžืงื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื” ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื ื”, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ื ืข , ื›ึผืœื™ื'', ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
:ื“ืขืจ ืงืฐืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื’ืขืœื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœึถืข ื ืฉืžื•ืช 2, 

ืงื•ืจื“ื•ืื™ืจืึธ ืื™ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืจืืฉื“ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ื“ืึธืก ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืึทืงืข ื‘ึผืึทืžืขืฑืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืึธืคื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืคื™ืœ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืœืคื•ืก 
ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ืกืงื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืคึผื™ืœื• ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืžืชืจืขื ืืฑืฃ ื“ื™ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื, 
ืฐืึธืก ,, ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ืœืคื•ืค ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ืงื™ื™ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึทืœืฉืข ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ ?. ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ- 
-ื˜ื™ืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืงื‘ึผืœื”ึผ, ืœืขืจื ื˜ ืงื•ืจื“ื•ืื™ืจืึธ, ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ 
ืคื™ืœ ื’ืžืจื ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ, ืฐืขืจืŸ ื‘ึผืงื™ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผื•ืกืงื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืฉืึทืจืคืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื•ื— ืžื™ื› 
ืคึผื™ืœืคึผื•? 1. ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื™ืงื‘ึผืœื” ืขื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืฉื˜ืจื•ื™ื›ืœื˜ ื•ืฐืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ. 
ื”ื ืฉืžื” ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืจืึธืคึผืึธืžืึธืจืคื™ื–ืžื•ื 5. 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 112 ,ืื•ืจ ื ืขืจื‘', 234--35, 

2 ,ืคึผืจืจื ืจื™ืžื•ื ื™ื', 20: ืขื›ื™ ืื ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช ื ืงืจื ื—ื›ืžื” ืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ื ื— ืฉื”ื•ื 
ื™ื—ื›ืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ืืช, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ืขื ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื ืงืจื ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” 
ื”ื–ืืช ืืœื ืื“ืจื‘ึผื”: ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื”.,, ืื•ืจ ื”ืžืื•ืจื•ืช, ื ืฉืžื” ืœื ืฉืžื•ืช" 

5 ,ืื•ืจ ื ืขืจื™", ื“ืฃ 46 ืขื' ื': ืืฉืœื ืจืื• ืื•ืจ ื”ืคืœืคื•ืœ ืžื™ืกื™ื”ื ื•ืœื ื ื ื” 
ืื•ืจื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ื•ืงืœืงืœื• ื”ืฉื•ืจื”", : 

4 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 19--20 : ,ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื—ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื’ืœ ื‘ืคืœืคื•ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ืจื’ืœ ื•ื™ื•ื›ืœ 
ื–ืœื”ืคืฉื™ื˜ ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื ืžื”ืžืฉืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื™ื’ื™ืข ื”ื›ืฐืŸ ื›ื”ื›ืžื” ื–ื• ืฉืจื‘ืง ืขืฆืžื• ืœืžืœื ื›ืจืกื• ื‘ึผื“ื™ื ื™ 
ื’ืžื“ื ื•ืคื™' ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื›ื“ืจืš ื”ืคืฉื˜", 


" 


? ื“ืึธืจื˜, 28, 





3214 ื“"ืจ ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ ืขืจื’ 


ืงื•ืจื“ื•ืื™ืจืึธ. ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืงื‘ึผืœืช- 
ื˜ืขืึธืจืขื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฐืึทืงืกืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคึผืึทืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ึผืึธื“ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ. ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืขืจืš ืงื•ืจืฆืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ 1 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื•ืจื“ื•ืื™ืจืึธ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆืคืชืขืจ 
ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ-ืงืจื™ื™ื– ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืึทืœืฅ ืฉืฐืึทื›ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืฆื• ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืึธืจืขื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืœื™ื ื™ืขื–-ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืืคื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจืึธื‘ึผืœืขืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืฑื‘ึผื ืึธืŸ ืคืึทืจื ืขืžื˜ 
ืึทืœืฅ ืžืขืจ ื“ื™ ืงื‘ึผืœื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื•ื ื“ืขื ืข ืคืจืื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืง- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืึธืจืึทืœ, ื˜ื™ืคื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜. 
ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจื“ื•ืื™ืจืึธืก ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืชึผืœืžื™ืจ --- ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ึผืŸ ืžืฉื” ื“ื™ ืฐื™ื“ืึทืฉ, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืก. 
ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึทื ืฆืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื’ืขื’ืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืึทืœืก ,ื›ึผืœ ื‘ึผื•'" ืคื•ืŸ 
ื’ืึทื˜ืกืคืึธืจื›ื˜ื™ืงืฒื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจืš-ืืจืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ ืึทืœืก ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ืคืึธืœืงื,. 
ื˜ื™ืžืœืขื›ืขืจ ืžื•ืกืจ,ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ึผื™ื ืก ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืืฉ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืึทื‘ึผืข ืฉืึทืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืกื˜ืขืžืึทื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืึธืจื ืึท ืงืึธืžืคึผืขื ื“ื™ื•ื. 
ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืึธืจืึทืœ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ. ื™ืกื•ื“ ืคื•ื ื ,,ื–ื•ื”ืจ'' ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืกืคืจืฉ 
ืงื•ืจื“ื•ืื™ืจืึธ 2, | 

,ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื‘ึผื•ืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึทืคึดื™ืœึฐืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืžืขืงื˜: 
ืจืขื ืจื™ื— ืคื•ึนืŸ ื—ื›ืžื” -- ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืจืขื“ืข -- ื”ืึธื‘ึผ 
ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ, ืึทืš ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ึผื• ืจืืฉื™ืช ื—ื›ืžื” -- ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืคืึทืจ 
ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืขื ืึธืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ื—ื›ืžืช โ€ 
ื”ืคึผื ื™ืžื™ืช'' --- ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืž ืช ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืงื‘ึผืœื”''. , ืจืืฉื™ืช. 
ื—ื›ืžื”'' -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžืึทืงืข ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐื™ื“ืึทืฉืก ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื—ื™ื‘ึผื•ืจ, 
,ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื•ืขืจืง ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืึท ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ , ืจืืฉื™ืช ื—ื›ืžื”" -- 
ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ --- ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ , ืจืืฉื™ืช 
ื—ื›ืžื— ื™ืจืืช ื“' '". ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืึทื˜ื™ื•ื•---ื™ืจืืช ื“', ื™ืจืืช ื—ื˜ื, 
ื™ืจืืช ืฉืžื™ื---ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ื˜ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืึทืกืงืขื˜ื™ืฉ-ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืŸ ืžื•ืกืจ-. 
ืกืคืจ. ืžื™ื˜ืŸ , ืฉืขืจ ื”ื™ืจืื”'' ื”ื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื–ึดื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ึผื•ืš ?; ,, ืฉื”ื™ืจืื” ื”ื™ื 
ื”ืขื™ืงืจ'' --- ื™ืจืื” ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ. ืึทืคื™ืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื” --- ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคึผืึทืกืขืจ --- ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื™ืจืืช ื“' ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื•ืื”ื‘ืช 


1 ืงื•ืจื“ื•ืื™ืจื• ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ึผืŸ 48 ื™ืึธืจ ืึทืœื˜. ื“ืึธืš ื”ืฆึธื ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืฆื•ืœืึธื–ืŸ 
ืึท ื ืึทื ืฅ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืข ื™ืจื•ืฉื”. ืึท ื‘ึผืึทื“ืฒืกื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒื™ื ืข ืฐืขืจืง ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ 
ื’ืขื‘ึผืœื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ึผืชื‘.ื™ื“, ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ ืึท ื’ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืง ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ, 16.ื‘ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึตึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื•ื”ืจ 
ืื•ื ืžืขืจืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื•ืจ ื™ืงืจ" (ื–ืข: ,ืงื•ืจื ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช",. ื•ื•ืขื ืขืฆ. ืื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ึผืข, ื“ืฃ 6, ืขืž' ื'), 

2 ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืขืจืง ื”ืึธื ื“ื™ ืฐื™ื“ืึทืฉ ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ 18 ื˜ืขื’ ืื™ืŸ ืื“ืจ ืื™ืŸ 5, ืฆื•ืืœ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขื ืขื“ื™ืง, 1418. . 

1 8 ื“ืึธืก ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืฐืขืจ. ื‘ึผืฆึทืฉื˜ืฒืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 5 ืฉืขืจื™ื; ืฉืขืจ ื”ื™ืจืื”, ืฉืขืจ ื”ืื”ื‘ื”, ืฉืขืจ 
ื”ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืฉืขืจ ื”ืงื™ื•ืฉื”, ืฉืขืจ ื”ืขื ื•ื”, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 315 


ื•ืืช ื“' 1 ,ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ืจื ืฉืœื ื™ื‘ื•ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื ื—ื˜ื" ? -- ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืงื•ื“ืื™ื›ึผ? ืžื•ืจื ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืฆื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื“ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื—ื–ืจื˜ 
ืžืขืจืขืจื˜ ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ , ืจืืฉื™ืช ื—ื›ืžื”'; ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื’ืข" 
ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืœื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื ื ืึทื ืฆืข ื—ื™ื™ืœื•ืช 
ืžืœืื›ื™ ื—ื‘ืœื—, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืื™ื ืคืึทืจื ืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืึธืคึผืคื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ื ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ื’. 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืึทื™ื™ื ืฆื•ืฉืจืขืงืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ,, ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืขืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืžื•ืจื ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื ื“'' (ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืœื‘ ืœื™ืจืื”), ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจืฒื‘ึผื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืึทืœืข ืคึผืจื˜ื™ื ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื‘ึผื•ื˜ ื”ืงื‘ืจ 5. ื‘ึนึผื›ึนื“ึตื™ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืื•ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ืžื—, ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข 
ืžืขืฉื”: ,ืื ื™ ื”ื›ึผื•ืชื‘ -- ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืืœื•?ืœ 1870 ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื ื‘ึผืฒื™ื ืึทื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืขื 
ืึท ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืจื™ื™ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืคืจื™ืขืจ. ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ 
ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืœืฅ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ืขื ื™ื ื™ ื—ื™ื‘ึผื•ื˜ ื”ืงื‘ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขืงืœืึทื ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืกืžื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืžืขืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืจืึธืคื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื ืขื ืขื•ืœื ืคื˜ืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทื ืึทื ื’ืขื ืข ื–ื™ื ื“ ื ืกืš ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื ืขืจ, 
ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ' +. ืื•ืŸ ืขืฑืฉื˜ ื ืึธืš ื—ื™ื‘ึผื•ื˜ ื—ืงื‘ืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ , ืžืกื›ืช 
ื’ื™ื”ื ื'', ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ , ืจืืฉื™ืช ื—ื›ืžื”' ื–ืึทืžืœื˜ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืึทืœืข ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจืื“ื™ืงืข ืฉื‘ืขื” ืกืžื“ื•ืจื™ ื ื™ื”ื ื•ื, ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจืฒื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื ืึทื ืฅ ื‘ึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืœืขืš ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืขื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ 
ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ *. ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื‘ึนึผืึท- 
ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื ืก ื–ืขืŸ ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ื‘ึผืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื” ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื—ืจื˜ื” ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืคืืจ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื’ืึทื ื’ืขื ืขื 
ื—ื˜ื. ื“ื™ ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ืš 
ืžืชื•ื•ื“ื” ืคืึทืจืŸ ื ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืงื™ื‘ึผื•ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืื ืึทื ื’ืขื ืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื“, ืžืขืŸ ืžื•ื– ืื•ื™ืš 
ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืขื•ื ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื™ื ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื ื•ืฃ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืจืืฉื™ืช ื—ื›ืžื”'' ืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืคึผื™ื ืงื˜ืœืขืš, ื•ืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึทืŸ ืขื•ื ืฉ ืขืก 
ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื—ื˜ื ืื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื™ืจื” ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ. ื”ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืึท ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ ืืฉืช ืื™ืฉ, ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืขืจ ืึทืœืก ืขื•ื ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ื ื ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื•ื™ื  
ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ื ืึทืงืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื™ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื™ื™ื– ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืึท ืฉืขื—, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ" 
ื ืึธืš ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื–ื•ืžืขืจ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืึท ื ืึทื ืฆืข ืฉืขื” ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื ืึทืงืขื˜ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืžืขืฅ- 
ืจืขืฉืงืขืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื ืขืŸ; ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืœืขืจ 


ืจืืฉื™ืช ื—ื›ืžื”", ื“ืฃ 6, ืขื' 2" (ืžื™ืจ ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืœื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืืฑืกื ืึทื‘ืข), 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 24, 
ื“ืึธืจืกืŸ, 5 


ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 460, 


= ืค) 00 408 ืืฉ 


ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, /4--54, 





316 ื“"ืจ ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ืขืจื“ ืึธืŸ ืึท ืงื™ืฉืŸ. ืคืึทืจ ื ืคืึทืœืฉืขืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ึผืึท- 
ืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืžืชื•ื•ื“ื” ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืงื™ื‘ึผื•ืฅ, ืื•ืŸ. ื–ื™ืš 
ืึธืคื˜ืžืึธืœ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืฉืœืึธื’. ืžืœืงื•ืช. ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืžืกื™ืจื” (ื”ืžืœืฉื™ืŸ ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื•) ื“ืึทืจืฃ 
ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ืึถืจ ืคืึทืกื˜ืŸ ืชึผืขื ื™ืชื™ื, ื–ื™ืš ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืžืœืงื•ืช ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืš ืคื•ื ื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผืขื˜ืŸ ืžื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืœืฉื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืืึทื–"ื•ื• ืืึทื–"ื•ื• 1 
ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื˜ ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจื™ื - 
ืคืึทืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ึนึผืขึทืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื“, ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืขืจื“ื™ืฉืข ืชึผืขื ื•ื’ื™ื, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ,ื›ืฆืœ ืขื•ื‘ืจ"' -- 
ืฐื•ื™ ืึท ืฉื‚ืึธื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจื’ืฒื™ื˜. ,ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืœืึทื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉืคึผืึธื˜ืŸ ืื™ื– ืึท ื–ื™ื ื“'' (ืืกื•ืจ ืœื• ืœืื“ื ?ืžืœื ืฉื—ื•ืง ืคื™ื•). ,,ื“ื™ ืขื•ืœื-ื”ื–ื”ื“ื™ืงืข 
ืชึผืขื ื•ื ื™ื -- ืฐืึธืจื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ ,ืจืืฉื™ืช ื—ื›ืžื”'' -- ืฉื˜ืึทืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืงืœื™ืคึผื•ืช'' ?; ,,ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื• ื˜ื•ืกื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืฐื•ึนื™ืœ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืกื˜ ื ื—ืช-ืจื•ื— -- 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืŸ ืžืงื˜ืจื’"*. ,ื“ืึธืก ืœื•ื™ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืขืกืŸ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืฆื• 
ื–ื™ื ื“'' !; ,ืชึผืขื ื™ืชื™ื ืฉืฐืึทื›ืŸ ืึธืคึผ ื“ืขื ื—ื•ืžืจ, ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื”" ?1 
,, ืžืขืŸ ื“ืืจืฃ ืžื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ึผื˜ืœื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืข ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืื™ื–-- 
ืฉืชื™ืงื”. {,ืก'ืื™ื– ืึทืžืึธืœ --- ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืฐื™ื“ืึทืฉ --- ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื—ืœื•ื ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ึผื™ืŸ (ืงื•ืจื“ื•ืื™ืจืึธ) ืื™ ืฆื“ื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึทื ื’ ื’ื ืข 
ืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ึผืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆื“ื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื™ื™ื ื˜ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื–ื•ืžืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืฐื™ ืึท ื”ื‘ื“ืœื”. ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ืจื‘ึผื™ ืื™ื ื ื’ืขืคืจืขื ื˜: ืคืึทืจ ืฐืึธืกืขืจืข ืžืขืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื•ื›ื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• 
ืึทื–ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื’ืขื ืึธื“? ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืฆื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜: ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื“ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืฑืชึผ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื 
ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื'" 5. 
ืขืก ืฐืึธืœึฟื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื˜ืขื•ืช ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจ, 
ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ , ืจืืฉื™ืช ื—ื›ืžื”'' ืื™ื– ืึทื™ื™ื ื’ืขื”ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืจื”-ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– 
ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื ืŸ ืึท ื˜ืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืึธืžืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก 
ืœืขื‘ึผื ื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ --- ืึท ืงืฐืึทืœ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ. ,,ื“ืจื™ื™ ื–ืึทื›ืŸ -- ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 185--186, 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ,, 4200 


ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 281, 


= ืค 00 68 


ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 281 
5 ื“ืึธืจื˜, 7 168, 171; ืืฆืจื™ืš ืœื—ืชืขื ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ื›ื— ื”ื ืฉื˜ื” ื•ืœื—ื—ืฉื™, 
ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ"., 


6 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 102, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ ื™ืจืŸ 17}+2 


ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ , ืจืืฉื™ืช ื—ื‘ืžืช" -- ืžื•ื• ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื‘ืึทื–ื™ืฆืŸ, ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืขืจ ื–ืึธึฟ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืืžืชืขืจ ื™ืจื ืึตืœึฐื—ึดื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืœื™ื‘ึผ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื’ืื ืฆืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ: ืืžื•ื ื—, ื‘ึผื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืžื—ื”'' 1 ,ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืฉื•ืจื” ืืœื 
ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืžื—ื”'' --- ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืจื•ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ืืžืชืข 
ืคืจื™ื™ื“ 5,. ,ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื— ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐืขืงืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืขืฆื‘ื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžื•ื˜ืœืึธื–ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ืฉืžื—ื”'' . ,ื“ื™ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืกืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ" 
ื•ืฐื•ืขืจื‘ึผืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ืงืฐืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ +,. ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืข ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ื™ื“, ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืกื•ืง ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜: , ืขื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื”' ื‘ึผืฉืžื—ื”'', ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ 
,ืจืืฉื™ืช ื—ื›ืžื”'' ืคึฟืึทืจื”ืึทืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืคื™ื™ื ื˜ืฉืืคื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข- ืื•ืŸ 
ืœื•ืกื˜-ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ,,ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ", ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ื•ืจื ,,ืœื—ืคืจื™ืจ 
ื”ื ืฉืžื” ืžืฆื“ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื/' -- ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื” ืคื•ื ื ืœืขื‘ึผื ืกืงืฐืึทืœ; 
ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืชืฉื‘ึผื—ื•ืช ืฆื•ื ืึธื ื“ืขื ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื—ืกื“ื™ื -- ื–ื™ื™ ืžืขื’ 
ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธืœืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื“ื™ื™ืœืขื›ืข ื ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื ?, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœึฟ --- 
, ืฉื™ื”ื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื— ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžื• ื™ืชื‘ืจืš!' ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืขื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืึธื˜ ื™ืชื‘ืจืš!.. ื ื™ื˜ ืฐืขื ืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ื ื 
ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ื–ืึธืจื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ ,ืจืืฉื™ืช ื—ื›ืžื—',, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ, ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขืจืฐืึธื›ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฆื• ื›ึผื•ึนืœื• ืฉื‘ึผืช! ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ืœื•ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฐืขืœื˜ื‘ึผืึทื ืขื ืคื•ื ื ืฆืคืชืขืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ื™ืง --- ืื•ืžื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืจืึธืœืข ืคื•ื ื 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืกืžืึธืก, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ื ืฉืžื” ืื™ื• ื“ืึธืš 
ืึท ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืžืœืขืŸ ?, ื–ื™ ื‘ึผืœืึธื ื“ื–ืฉืขื˜ ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื“ืขืจ, 
ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืื™ืจ ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ื›ึผืกื ื”ื›ึผื‘ื•ืจ, ื“ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืœื™ื‘ื˜ 7, ื™ืขื“ืขืฃ 
ืคืืœืฉืขืจ ื˜ืจื™ื˜, ื™ืขื“ืข ื–ื™ื ื“, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื‘ึผืึทื ื™ื™ื˜, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ 
ื’ื•ืจื ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืก ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืžื—, ื ืึธืจ ืึทืœืข ืฐืขืœื˜ืŸ (ื’ื•ืจื 
ืœื• ื•ืœื ืคืฉื• ื•ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช). ื–ื™, ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื— ืคื•ื ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืœื“ืข- 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 142 

2 ื“ืึธืจืžืŸ, 121, | , 

2 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 1146 ืงืื™ืŸ ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืฉื•ืจื” ืœึนื ืžืชื•ืš ืขืฆื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœื ืžืชื•ืš ืขืฆืœื•ืช ืืœื 
ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืžื—ื”", 

4 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 284, 

5 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 7 ื•ืื‘ืœ ื“ื‘ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืชืฉื‘ึผื—ื•ืช ื•ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื—ืกื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืื™ืŸ 
ืื“ื ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืžื ืขืŸ ืžื•ืืช ืžื ื—ื’ ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืื•ืžืจื ื‘ื ืชื™ ื—ืชื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ืžืฉืชืื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืœ . 
ืฉื˜ื—ื” ื•ืœื ืจืื™ื ื• ืžื™ ืฉืžื™ื—ื”ืช ื‘ื•ืืช", 


0 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 177 ืึธื›ึดื™ ื”ืื“ื ื ืฉืžืชื• ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืืœื•ื— ืžื‘ืขืœ", 
7 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 19, 80, 





318 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ ืขืจื’ 


ื’ืขืจ ืคืึธื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื ื“ื˜ ืึทืœืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืžืึธื ื™ืฉ ื’ืึทื ืฆืงืฒื˜, 
ื‘ึผืึทื”ื•ื™ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ !. ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืฆืขืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึทื ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื ืฆื• 
ืฉืคึผื™ื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืขื ืคืึธื“ืขื. ืขื ื’ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื•ื ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื’ืึธื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™? , ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื ืฉืžื” ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืึท ื—ืœืง ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื" (ื”ื ืฉืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื 
ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื•), ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš --- ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืžื” ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืจ ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืŸ ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึทื ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ ืฉื˜ืึทืžื˜ + 


ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืกื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืฆื• ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื”, ืฆื• ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืขืœ , ืจืืฉื™ืช ื—ื›ืžื”ืก'' ืคืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื•ื ื’--- 
ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช. ื“ื™ื™ืฐื™ื“ืึทืฉ ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื ื’ืขื˜- 
ืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ืข, ืึท ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืึธืจืข ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ื ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ืœืื ืฅ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื“ืขืจ ื›ึผื•ื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื•ืžืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืคึฟืึธืœืง ื™ืฉืจื?ึฟ --- ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข. ืคืึธืœืง ื“ืขื ื’ื•ืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืŸ. ื’ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื ืึธืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง 
ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงื™ื™ื˜. ;ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ืึธื ื’ืึธื˜ ื’ืข" 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืฉืจ ื‘ืš ืืชืคืืจ! ืืชื ืžืชืงืจืฉื™ื/ 
ื‘ื™ ื•ืื ื™ ืžืชืงืจืฉ ื‘ื›ื!' ? ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข, ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ืฐืฑื™ื“ืึทืฉ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืจื•ืš-ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืฐืขืœื˜ืŸ, , ืืœื”ื™ 
ื™ืฉืจืืœ'!, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื‘ืขืจ ื ืœืึทื ืฅ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง 
ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื’ืœืึทื ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื ืจื•ื™ืกืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ 
ืคึฟืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ +. 

ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ --- ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื“ื™-ื•ื•ื™ื“ืึทืฉ -- ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืœื™ื™ืกืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื›ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขืจ ืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื– --- ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื ืข ื›ึผืœื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืจื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• 
ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขื ื’ืœืึทื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื›ื™ื ื”. ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืžืขืจืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ืคึผืึทืจืฉืฐืขื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืžื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืžื’ื ื•ืฉืžื“ื™ืงืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ืฐืึธื›ืขืจื™ืงืข.. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืกื™ืžื‘ึผืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 83; ืคื•ืื– ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืžืชืงืฉืจื™ื ื›ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ืคืฉื• ื•ืจื•ื—ื•", 
8 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 190: ืื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืงื“ืฉ ื”ืื“ื ืขืฆืžื• ืžืงืจืฉ ื ืฉืžืชื• ื•ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ 
ื™ืžืงื•ืก ืฉืžืžื ื• ื ืฉืคืขื” ื”ื ืฉืžื”". 
8 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 189. 
- 4 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ: ืคื•ื™ืงืจื ืืœื”ื™ ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ, ืคึผื™' ืฉืืœื”ื•ืชื• ืžืชื ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืืœ 
ื—"ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืœื ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืืœื”ื•ืชื• ื•ื›ื›ื•ื“ื• ืžืชื’ืœื” ืœื ื‘ืจืื™ื", 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื™ืจืŸ 309 


:ืื™ื ื ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืขืœ โ€ ืจืืฉื™ืช ื—ื›ืžื”' ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื 
:ื”ืฉื‘ึผืช, ื“ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ,,ื›ึผืœื”', ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืฆืคืชืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ ื™ืขืจืŸ 
-ืคืจื™ื™ื˜ืึธื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืึทื˜ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. ืžืงื‘ึผืœ-ืคึผื ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ. , ื“ืขืจ ืฉื‘ึผืช -- ืจื•ืžื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื™ื”ื• ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ืึทืฉ --- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืึทื‘ึผืกืึธืœื•ื˜ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงื™ื™ื˜. ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ึผืช ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืึธืจืข 
ื™ืคื™ื›ื˜, ื“ื™ ืขืžื‘ึผืœืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื”ืึทืจืžืึธื ื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจืคึผืขืจื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื“ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืชึผืคืืจืช ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ืฉื‘ึผืช ืื™ืŸ 
ืึทืœืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืŸ 1 ื“ืขืจ ืฉึนื‘ึผืช ืงื•ื“ืฉ -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืกื™ืžื‘ึผืึธืœ ืคื•ื ื 
ืจื™ื™ื ืขื ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงื˜ืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื™ืœื“. ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ; ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืŸื“ืื“ื ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืœืึทื ืฅ 
ืคื•ื ื ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฉื‘ึผืช ื–ืึธืœ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืฒื ืขืŸ ืึทืœืข ื˜ืขื’ ืคื•ื ื ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืข 
ืฐืึธื›ื ื˜ืขื’ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื ืชืขืœื” ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ื›ึผื•ึนืœื• ืฉื‘ึผืช, ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ื™ืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ืžืขื ืจืœืขื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืŸ ืฉื‘ึผืช-ื˜ืึธื’ ?. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืฐืึธื›ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคึผืจื ืกื”-ื“ืึทื’ื•ืช 
ืื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื’ืœืขื›ืข ื”ืฆื˜ืจื›ื•ืชืŸ ืคื•ื ื ืœึถืขื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืขืŸ ืคึผื˜ืจืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืฆื™ื™ื˜'', ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื“ื™-ื•ื•ื™ื“ืึทืฉ ืึท ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข, ืื™ืŸ 
-ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืข ื‘ึผืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’: ,ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื˜ 
ืขืก ืื™ื–, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ืงืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืื’ื”ื ืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคึผืจื ืกื”, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื“ื™ ืขืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ืฑืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžืคืจื ืก,,. ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข 
ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื ืคืึทืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืžืœืึธื›ื”, 
ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืฐื“ืื™ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืจื™ื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืึธื›ื ื˜ืขื’ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ 
ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช" 5 | 

ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ืื™ื– ื›ึผื“ืื™ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืข- 
ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืš ืื™ื ื , ืจืืฉื™ืช ื—ื›ืžื”''. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืขืจ- 
ื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœื™ื, 
ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทื ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ึผืึท- 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื ืึทื ืฅ ืึธืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ-ื“ืขืœื™ื ื™ืขื–ืข ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืœืขื‘ึผื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข 
ืขืจืึธื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื•ื ื’. ื“ืึธืก ื‘ึผืึทืžืขืจืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฆืคืชืขืจ ืžืงื•ืค? 
ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืขืœ , ืจืืฉื™ืช ื—ื‘ืžื”"'. ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ื’ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื—ื–ืจื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืจื ืœื™ื™ืš ืคื•ื ื ,,ืกืžืจ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื'!, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ืฆื• ื ืึธื˜ ื“ืึทืจืฃ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ืžื™ื ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผืจืขืŸ, ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืชึผืึทืฐื” ืคื•ื ื ื™ื•ื ื’ืœื™ื ื’ ืฆืŸ 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืฉืขืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื”, 191: ,ืฉืฉื‘ืช ื”ื•ึนื ืขืฆื ื”ืงื“ืฉ ื”ืžืชื’ืœื”,, ื›ึดึผื™ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช 
ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื•ื ืื•ืจ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ืื‘ื ื•ืืžื ื”ื˜ืชื ืœื” ื‘ืชืคืืจืช ื•ืžืฉื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช", 

? ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 194--195, | 

5 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 197--1198 ื•ื‘ื–ืžื ื ื• ื–ื” ืฉืช"ื— ืื™ื ื ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืžืœืื›ื” ื•ื”ื ื˜ืชืคืจื ืกื™ื 
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืฉื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจ,,, ื•ืช"ื— ื›ื•ื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžืœืื›ื” ื›ืœืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ื‘ืœื™ ืืคึฟืง ืœืงืฑืฉ 
ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื›ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื• ื‘ืฉื ืช ืื™ 





3200 | ื“"ืจ ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ืข ืจื’ 


ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืขืจ 1} ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขื ื’ืขืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืก-ืึทืงื˜ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืžืึทืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ ืึทืœืก ื”ื™ืœื™ืงืข ืžื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ืข (ื”ื—ื‘ึผื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืขื ื™ืŸ ืงืจื•ืฉ ื•ื ืงื™). ืขืจ 
ืจืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ , ืกื•ื“ ื”ื–ื™ื•ื•ื’'', ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ , ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ื–ื™ื•ื•ื’', 
ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื™ื ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืึทืœืก ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข ืชึผืคื™ืœื” ืื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื‘ึทึผ" 
ื ืขื–ืึทื ื’ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขืจ *. ื“ื™ ืชึผื•ืจื” ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืฆื›ื‘ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึทื ื˜ ืึท ืจื™ืคึผ, ืœืขื›ืฆืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฆืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ืข ืงืขืจ" 
ืคึผืขืจืก ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึทืจืžืึธื ื™ืข. ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืชึผื•ืจื”, ืึทื– 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึทืจืžืึธื ื™ืฉ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข, ื˜ืึธ ืคึผืœ- 
ื ืขืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืœืขืš ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทืคืŸ ื ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ -- ื–ื›ืจ ื•ื ืงื‘ื” ื‘ืจื ืื•ืชื -- 
ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืฆืขืฉืคึผืึธืœื˜ืขื ืข ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึทืžืึธืœื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืึทืจ" 
ืžืึธื ื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืฐืขืฑื˜ ื–ื™, ื“ื™ ื”ืึทืจืžืึทื ื™ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ,ืงื“ื•ืฉืช 
ื”ื–ื™ื•ื•ื’', ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ึผื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฆืขืฉืคึผืึธืœื˜ืขื ืข ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืฆืึทืคึผืœืขืŸ ืฆื• ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืึทืจืžืึธื ื™ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ?. ,ื‘ึผืฉืขื” ืฉืื“ื ืžืชื”ื‘ึผืจ. 
ืœึนืืฉืชื• ื‘ึผืงืจื•ืฉื— --- ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืฉืจื•ื™ื” ื‘ึผื™ื ื™ื”ื'' --- ื‘ึผืขืช ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™ ื‘ึผืึทื”ืขืคื˜ืŸ, ืจื•ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ --- ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ืกื˜ืข 
ืžื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ืข, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื“ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ-ื’ืขืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื’ื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืจืึทื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช, ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื ืขื ื˜ืขืจืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขืจ' ื•, 

, ื“ืจื™ื™ ื–ืึทื›ืŸ -- ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ,,ืจืืฉื™ืช ื—ื›ืžื”" -- ื’ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ื ืŸ 
ืึท ื‘ืึทื ืจื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืชึผืขื ื•ื’ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื–ื•ื›ื” ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜: ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืกืข ืฉื˜ืจืึทืœื ื“ื™ืงืข ื–ื•ืŸ, ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข ืชึผื•ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ- 
ื–ื™ื•ื•ื’ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื‘" ?; ,, ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืจื™ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ืงืึธืŸ 
ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคืจื•ื™'" ?; ,ืขืจ ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื ืœื•ืกื˜ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื•ื™. (ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื—ืฉืง ื‘ึผืืฉื”, ื“ืขืจ --- ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
, ืจืืฉื™ืช ื—ื›ืžื”'' -- ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืœื™ื›ืŸ ืฆื• ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸืœ (ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื—ืžื•ืจ)" , 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 8; ,ืจืื•ื™' ืฉืชื”ืœื—ื‘ ืœื‘ื ืœืื”ื‘ื” ืื•ืชื” (ื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ื”) ื›ืื”ื‘ืช ืื™ืฉ. 
ืœื—ืฉื•ืงืชื• ื•ื™ืขืฉื• ืœื” ื“ื™ืจื” ื ืื” ื‘ืœื‘ื", ื–ืข ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ 77 

3 ,ืขื ื™ืŸ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื—ื–ื™ื•ื•ื’,;, ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ืฉืื“ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื ืชืคืœืช ืฉืžื•ื ื— ืขืฉืจื”", 

8 ืฉื ืฉื ืฉื ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื ื ืฉืœื ืžื—ืกืจื•ื ื• ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืฆืœืข ืืฉืจ ืœื•ืงืช ืžื”ืื“ื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ื•ื•ื’ื•, 
ื›ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืชื• ื ื ื›ืŸ ื—ืกืจืช ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื’ื ื›ืŸ ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช,, ื”ืŸ ื ืืฆืœื•ืช ื–ื›ืจ ื•ื ืงื‘ื—., ื•ื ืžืฆื 
ืฉื‘ื–ื•ื•ื’ ื—ื ืžืฉืชืœืžื™ืŸ ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื–ื›ืจ ื•ื ืงื‘ื”,,," 

4 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 302, 

5 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 103, 

6 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 135; ,ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ืฆื•ื™ืš ืœื™ืฉื ืืฉื”", 

| 7 


ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 93, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 321 


ื“ืขืจ ,,ืจืืฉื™ืช ื—ื›ืžื”' ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ -- ืฐื™ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ 
ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ -- ื‘ึผืฆึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ึนืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ,,ื—ื›ืžื— ืคึผื ื™ืžื™ืช'' -- ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืงื‘ึผืœื”. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ , ืจืืฉื™ืช 
ื—ื›ืžื”'' ื’ืขื–ืึธืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐืขื’, ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฆื• ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ึนึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ึผืึทืœืฒื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธื›ืขื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืขื’ืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืึธืจืŸ ื’ืœืึทื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืจืขืจ ,,ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืขืจ ื›ึผืœึธื”', ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ึผืช ืžืœื›ึผืชื. ื“ื™ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืึทืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ืึทืจื‘ืึธืจื’ืขื ืข ื˜ื™ืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,,ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืืžืช'--- 
ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืึธืœื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ื’ืขื ืขืŸ; ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผืืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื“ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืึทืจืขืจ ืื•ืžื‘ึผืึทื ืจืขื ืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ืงืจืึทืคื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืฉืคึผื™ืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื—ื›ืžื”, ื“ืขืจื ืขื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ,,ืงืฅ''. ืึท ืกื•ืฃ 
ื–ืึธืœ ืขืก ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฐืึธื›ืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ืŸ- 
ื”ืฉืžืฉื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขืจืึทื ื’ืœ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ, 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืก ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืก! ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ืข ืคืึทื ื’-ื’ืข- 
ื”ืึธืคื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ืœืื ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜! ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™-ื•ื•ื™ื“ืึทืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,,ืจืืฉื™ืช 
ื—ื›ืžื”'', ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆืคืช ื”ืขืœ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทืฉืข- 
ืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ืงื‘ึผืœื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช'', ื“ืขื ,ืืจื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ', ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœื•ืจื™ื ืืฉื›ึผื ื–ื™. 


)21( 





ืคืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ 


ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœื•ืจื™ื ืึทืœื ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงืฒื˜; ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืึทืคืŸ, -- ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจ"ื™ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฆืคืช; ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืึทื ืึทื ื“ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืžื•ื™ื˜, -- ื—ื™ื™ื ืฐื™ื˜ืึทืœ. -- 
ื“ืึธืŸ.ืงื™ื›ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืกืึทื ื˜ืฉืึธ ืคึผืึทื ื˜ืฉืึธ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื‘ึผืœื”, -- ืคืฉื ื—ื™ ืฐื™ื™ 
ืžืึทืœ', -- ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืึธืจืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืจ"ื™ืก ืงื‘ึผืœื”. -- ื“ื™ ืฆืขื‘ึผืจืึธื›ืขื ืข 
;ื›ึผืœื™ื" ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ" (ืึทื ืคึผื™ืŸ), -- ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ึผืœืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืืฑืคื’ืึทื‘ึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืงื‘ึผืœื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช, -- ืžื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ืžื‘ึผืึธืœืŸ, -- ื“ืขืจ ืจื‘ึผื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ื•ื“ืึทื™ึทื•ื ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ื•ื“ืึทื™ึธื–ื, -- ื—ื™ื™ื ืฐื™ื˜ืึทืœืก ืคืึทืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืชึผืœืžื•ื“, -- 
ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœืžื™ืืœื ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืฒื, 


ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื‘ึผืœื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช, ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœื•ืจื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืจืืฉื™ ืชึผื™ื‘ื•ืช ,ืืจ""ื™'' (ืืœื”ื™ ืจื‘ึผื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง -- ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ืจ' ื™ืฆื—ืง), ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืื™ืŸ 1894 ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื—ืฉื•ื‘ืขืจ ืึทืฉื›ึผื ื–ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข 1 ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืจื™ ืึท ื™ืชื•ื ื’ืขื‘ึผืœื™ื‘ึผืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืœื•ืจื™ื ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ- 
ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืคืขื˜ืขืจ 
ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืคืจืขื ืกื™ื, ืึท ืกื•ื›ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทื™ึทืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืฆื• 18 ื™ืึธืจ ื—ืชื•ื ื” 
ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ. ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื•ื“ื™ื. ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฉื’ื—ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืŸ ืจื‘ ืจ' ื“ื•ื“ ืื‘ื™ ื–ืžืจื (ืจื“ื‘ึผ''ื–) 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืฆืœืืœ ืึทืฉื›ึผื ื–ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธืก ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืš ืืจื™ื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ึผืœื”, ื“ื™ ,,ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ื ืกืชืจ'' ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืžืฉ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื›ึผื•ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆืึทืจื˜- 
ืคื™ืœื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื—ืœื•ืžื˜ืข ื ืฉืžื” ืคื•ื ื ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ืœื•ืจื™ื: ื“ืขื ื’ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ 
ืจื•ืฉื ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฑืฑื™ืฃ ืื™ื ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืงืึธืจืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขื ืขืจ 
,ื–ื•ื”ืจ'",. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืคื™ืจืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผื ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ, ื’ืขืคึผืจืึทืฐืขื˜ 
,,ื”ืชื ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช'', -ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื–ืขืฆื˜ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ึผืจืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืœื•ืก ืื™ืŸ ื ืคึฟืึทืจ- 
ืฐืึธืจืคืขื ืขื ื’ืขืฆืขืœื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ื•ืึทื ืฆืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื™ืึธืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื”ื™ื™ื 
ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉื‘ึผืช, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืคืœืขื ื˜ ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ืจืŸ 
ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื™ืš ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืฉื•ืŸ-ืงื•ืจืฉ, 


1 ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื—ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืœื•ืจื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืืฉ:ื ื–ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืคึผืึทืจื˜ืฒื˜ืฉืŸ ืืฑื™ืš ื–ืฒื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืฒื ืึธืžืขืŸ 
;ืึทืจ"ื™?" -- ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ ืจ' ื™ืฆื—ืง. | 
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ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ื™ ื™ื™ืจืŸ 23 


ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืจืขื’ืขืก ืคื•ื ื ืกื•ื“ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืŸ ื ื™ืœื•ืก, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฉืึธื˜ื ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทืจื˜ืข ืกืคื™ื ืงื›ืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื‘ึผื™ืงืข ืคึผื™ืจืึทืžื™ื“ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื“ืขืงืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ื™ืคืข ืจืขื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ 
! ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ื“ืขื ืกื•ื“ ืคื•ื ื ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื—ืœื•ืžื˜ืข ื ืฉืžื”, 
ื‘ึผืึทืจื•ื™ืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ื•ื•ืจืก ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ึผื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ืžื‘ึผืึธืœืŸ -- ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืึทืจื•ื ื–ื™ืš ืึท ืคืึทืจื›ื™ืฉื•ืคื˜ืข ืกื•ื“ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜: ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืงืœืึทื ื’ ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ึผืึทืฐืขื’ื•ื ื’, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ืขื“ ื›ืฐืึทืœื™ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆืึทืคึผืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืœืึธื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืŸ ื’ืขืคืœื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ึผืจืขื’, ืึทืคื™ืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ืžืข 
ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทืจื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ --- ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืึทืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ 
ืึธื˜ืขื ืคื•ื ื ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ึผืœืขื›ืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ, ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืึทืœ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜ ืœืขื‘ึผืขื“ื™ืกืข ื ืฉืžื•ืช, 
ื•ืืก ืฉืžืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื ื’ืขื‘ึผืขืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ ืœืึทืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,,ื–ื™ื ื“',, ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ึผืขื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ,,ืชึผื™ืงื•ืŸ'', ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขื ื’ืŸ ื’ืขืคืขื ื’ืขื’ื™ืฉ, 
ืื•ื™ืกืœื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืŸ ื›ึผื™ืฉื•ืฃ --- ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืงื ื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ึผืขื ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงืœืึทืžืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจืžืœืึธื–ืขืจ 
ื—ื•ืžืจ !. ื‘ึผืึทืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืคึผืึทื ื’ืขื ืขื ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธืจืขืจ, ื‘ึผืึทืฐืข- 
ื’ื•ื ื’ืกืœืึธื–ืขืจ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืข, ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ 
ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืคื•ืœื˜ืขืจ ,ืึทื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ'' ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืกืงื•ืœืคึผื˜ื•ืจ, ื“ืขืจ 
ืคื™ื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืึทื˜ืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื ืขืคืึทื ืก-ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืฐืขื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข 
ืงืจืึทืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืจืึทื’ื™ืฉ-ืฆืึธืจื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ืžืคึผืขื˜ ืื™ื ื ืจื™ื–ื™ืงืŸ ืฉืึทืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืึท ืžื™ืงืขืœืึทื ื“ื–ืฉืขืœืึธ -- ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืืจื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืŸ ืขืงื˜ื˜ืึทื–, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคืœืึทืงืขืจื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืจืึธืžืึทื ื˜ื™ืฉืข ื ืฉืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืจื—ืœื•ืžื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ 
ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทืจื˜ืข ืกืคื™ื ืงืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ืงืœืึธืคึผื™ืฉืข ืคึผื™ื•ืึทืžื™ื“ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืข ืึตืœึนื 
ื‘ึผื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ืžื›ืฉืฃ, ืึทืœึฐืก ืกื™ืžื‘ึผืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื“, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืงื ืขื›ื˜ืฉืึทืคื˜ ื“ืขื ืœืขื‘ึผืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื›ืŸ -- 
ืื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืึทืœืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืžื”ื•ืช 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืจ""ื™. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื›ืฐืึทืœื™ืขืก-ื’ืขืจื•ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื™ืœื•ื ืคืึทืจื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืข ืขืคึผืึธืคึผืขืข ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ืึท ืžื•ืจืื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆืึธืœ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžืขืŸ . 
ืื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืก. ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืึทืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืจ ื“ื™ ื›ึผื™ืฉื‚ื•ืฃ- 
ื›ึผื•ื—ื•ืช ืคื•ึนืŸ ื–ื™ื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืก; ืžืขืŸ ืžื•ื– ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืฆืขืจื™ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืขืคืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ 
ื›ึผื™ืฉื•ืฃื™ืงืจื™ื™ื–, ื‘ึผืึทืคึผืจืฒื™ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืคืึทื ื’ืขื ืขื ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืขืœืข 


1 ื•ืข: ืขืชึผืขืœื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื”, 241, 44; ืืกืคืจ ื”ื ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื', 40-29 ืื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื" 
{ืืฑืกื ืึทื‘ึผืข 1731) ื“ืฃ 6, ืขื' ื': ืขื•ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื”ืœืš ื”ืจื‘ ื–"ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ืืœ ื”ืฉื“ื”, 
ื•ื™ืฉื ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืจื ื›ืœ ืขืฆื™ ื”ืฉื“ื” ืžืœืื™ื ื ืคืฉื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ื•ื›ืŸ ื—ื™ื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉืจื” ื•ื’ื 
ืข"ืค ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื• ื›ืžื” ืจื‘ื‘ื•ืช", 





4 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืข ืจื’ 


;,ืงืœื™ืคึผื•ืช'', ืฐืึธืก. ืงืœืึทืžืขืจืŸ ืื™ื ืึทืจื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’- 
ื–ืึทืžืขืจ ืคึผืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืจืขื ืŸ ืคื•ื ื ื ื™ืœื•ืก, ืขืจ ืžื•ื– ื“ืึธืก ืคืึทืจื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขื›ืŸ, ืขืจ 
ืžื•ื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืคืจืฒืขืจ... | 

ื“ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื™ืึธืจื ืœืึทื ื’ ื‘ึผื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช, ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, 
ื”ื• ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืชึผืขื ื™ืชื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ื ื•ืคื™ื -- ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆื• ืคื•ืœืขืจ , ื”ืชืคึผืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ื ืฉืžื™ื•ืช'', ืฆื• ืคื™ื‘ึผืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื”ืืœืŸ- 
ืฆื™ื ืึทืฆื™ืขื˜. ืื™ืŸ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืงืกื˜ืึทื– ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ืื™ึดื ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ 
ื–ืขื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ''; ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืื™ื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื”ื™ืžืœืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึธืคืขื ืข ืฐืึทื›ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช. ืขืก 
ืคืœืขื ื˜ ืื™ื ืึธืคื˜ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืคื“ืขืงืŸ ืคื™ืคื 
ืื™ืžื”ื“ื™ืงืข ืกื•ื“ื•ืช; ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืชึผื ื ืจ' ืฉืžืขืŸืŸ ื‘ึนึผืŸ ื™ื•ื—ืื™, ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืคื™ืจืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ืข ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ.. ืขืจ 
ืคืœืขื ื˜ ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืขื”ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœืึธืฃ ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืžื” 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืžืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืงื™ื 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืžืึธืœื™ืงืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช.. | 

ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืก ืื™ื–ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืขืจ 
ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผื•ืจื˜ืก-ื”ื™ื™ื, ืื™ื ื ืœืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื‘ื•ึนืช. ืื™ืŸ 
9 ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผื•ืจื˜ืกื™ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆืคืช, 
ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืืœื“ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึท ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ-ืงืจื™ื™ื–. 
ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคืœืขื ื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืžืฉื” ืงื•ืจื“ื•ืื™ืจื ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืงื‘ึผืœื” ืขื™ื•ื ื™ืช 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืขื ื™ื•ื•ืช ืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืขืœ ,ืคึผืจื“ืก ืจืžื•ื ื™ื'" ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ 
ื•ื™ ,,ืžื•ืจื ื• ื•ืจื‘ึผื ื•'" 1 ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ 
ื™ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืขืจ ื“ืจืš ืื™ืŸ ืงื‘ึผืœื”-ืคึผืจืึทื ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื•, ืฐืึธืก ืคื™ืœืข ืคื•ื ื ืžื™ืก- 
ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ-ืงืจื™ื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื”ื™ื™ืกืข ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืึธื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ืึทืœืก 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืจื‘ึผื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ืจื” ื“ืจืš. ื ืึทื ืฅ ืฉื ืขืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึทืงืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืืจื™''ืก 
ืึทื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจ, ืึทืœืฅ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืจื™ื™ื–, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืึทืœืจ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืฐื•ืึทืงืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื—, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ 
ื ืึทื ืฆืข ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืœื•ื˜ ื“ืขื ืกื“ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืชึผืงื ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืืจ'"ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ?. ืฉื‘ึผืช ืคืœืขื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืจ"ื™ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึทื™ื™ื ื”ื™ืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืงืข ื‘ึผื’ื“ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธืœื˜ ืกื™ืžื‘ึผืึธืœื™ื–ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคื™ืจ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืฉ. ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฐืึธืจืคืขื ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืข" 
ื˜ืขืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืœ, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืจ ืึทืœื˜ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ. ืึทืจื•ื" 


ื™ื™ 
= ื™ื˜ 


1 ื–ืข ืืขืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื", 20, (ืคื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึทืจืฉืขืฐืขืจ ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ึผืข, 1890)ื™ 


9 ,ืชึผืขืœื•ืžื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื”", ื“ืฃ 46, ืขืž' ืื™ 





ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 25 


ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื’ืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืข ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ื™ื !. ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจ"ื™ ืฐืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื’ืขื’ื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืคืช, ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืข ืœืึธื ืงืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ืช- 
ื”ืงื‘ืจื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคืข ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืฉื•ืจื” ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ื™ืงืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ. ื–ื™ื™, ื“ื™ 
ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขืฐืฐื•ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืจื‘ึผื™ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
|ืึทื ื“ืขืจืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™. ื“ืขืจ ืžืฉื™ื— ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื–ืึธื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื— ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื›- 
ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื’ื•ืืœ, ืžืฉื™ื— ื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื•ื“... ื–ื™ื™ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื‘ืจื™ื ืคื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ 
ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ?, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ืข ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืคืึทืจ- 
ื ืขืžืขืŸ, ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืจื‘ึผื™ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ืžื•ืคืช ืคื™ืจื˜ ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืฐื•ึนื™ื™ึทืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข ืงื‘ืจื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ื›ื™ื˜ืข ื˜ืขื’ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืขื•ืœื”-ืจื’ืœ ื–ื™ื™ึดืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืฃ ืžื™ืจื•ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืงื‘ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื , ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ" 
ืจ' ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ึนึผืŸ ื™ื•ื—ืื™, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึธืคึผืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฆืขืจืขืžืึธื ื™ืขืก, ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื”ืชืคึผืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ื ืฉืžื™ื•ืช: ืžืขืŸ ืคืœืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ื ื ืขืŸ ืกืžืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœืข 
ืžื–ืžื•ืจื™ื, ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ืฆื™ืงื•ื ื’ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืึถืขื ื˜ืŸ 
!,ืงืฅ''; ืึถื˜ ื‘ืืœื“. ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืจื•ื™ืžืข ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ, ื’ื™ืš ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืงื‘ึผืœ-ืคึผื ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื’ื•ืืœ,.. ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ืืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจื˜ 
ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฅ, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื“ื™ , ืœืขืฆื˜ืข!!, ื“ืขืจ , ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจ!' (ื“ืจื 
ื‘ึผืชืจืื™)... ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื˜ืึธื’ ืคืึทืจื ืึทื›ื˜ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืกืœืึธื–ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ืึทื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฐื™ืงืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืข ื’ืขืฐืึทื ื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคืขืœื“ 
ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžืงื‘ึผืœ-ืคึผื ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ , ืฉื‘ึผืช ืžืœื›ึผืชื, ื–ื™ื ื’ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืึทืœืงืึทื‘ึผื™ืฆืขืก 
;ืœื›ื” ื“ื•ื“ื™", ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจ''ื™ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขื“ื•ืช ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืก'ืื™ื– 
ื“ืึธืก ื‘ึผืขืกื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืข ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื•ืข ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื–ืžื•ืจื™ื. ,,ืื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ -- ื“ึถืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœึฐื˜ ื ืงืขื ืขื ื“ืข, -- ื‘ึผืขืช ื“ื™ ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ื™ื 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืขืจื‘ ืฉื‘ึผืช ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืจืืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ , ืœื›ื” ื“ื•ื“ื™'!, ื”ืึธื˜-ื“ืขืจ ืืจื™ 
ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ืึท ืคืจืขื’ ื ืขืžืึธืŸ: ื•ื•ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืจ, ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ืžื™ืจ. ื–ืึถืœึฐืŸ ื–ื™ืจ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš 
ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืืจื˜ ืžืงื‘ึผืœ-ืฉื‘ึผืช ื–ื™ื™ืŸ? ื“ื™ ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ื™ื |.., ืฉืึทืจ- 
ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืจื‘ึผื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืคืช ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืื™ื– ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ืžื”ืœืš ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืฉืงื™ืขืช ื”ื—ืžื”. ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึท ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื ืœื™ื™ืš ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžืจื•ืฆื” , ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื”ืึธื›ึผืŸ 
ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืขืจืกืœืขืจื˜, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ืžื•ื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืžื™ .ื–, } ื–ื™ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’. ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืจ"ื™ ืึท ืคึทึผืœ ืงืข ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 








1 ื“ื™ ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืข ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืฐืขื ืŸ ืฆืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑื™ื ืข ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ื™ื (ืขืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ), 
ื–ืข ืขืชึผืขืœื•ืžื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื”", 3, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืฆื•ื™ื™ ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืจ"ื™ื ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื“ืขืจืฆืฒื™ืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืกืคืจ 
ื”ื’ื™ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื, 22--22, | ื•' 


ืชืชึผืขืœื•ืžื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื”", 28} ,ืฉื‘ื—ื™ ืฐื™ืžืึทืœ", 24 -35, 


326 ื“"ืจ ', ืฆื™ื ื‘ ืขืจื’ 


ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ: ,, ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื–, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ื›ื™ื”! ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทืœึถืข 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืžื—ื” ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ ืึทื™ื ื’ืขืฐื™ืœื™ืงื˜ -- ื’ื ืœื™ื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื ืกื•ืฃ ืฆื•ื˜ ื ืœื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื— ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ื™ื–ืŸ''. ืื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ --- 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ืขื ืึทืจ"ื™ืก ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืขืจ ืชึผืœืžื™ื“, ื—ื™ื™ื ืฐื™ื˜ืึทืœ--- ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฆื•ื–ืึท- 
ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืจื‘ึดึผื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืงืฒืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืžืขื™ื” ื•ืื‘ื˜ืœื™ื•ืŸ. ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื– 
ื“ืขืจ ืจื‘ึผื™: ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ืข! ืฉืžืขื™ื” ื•ืื‘ื˜ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืคืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืึทื™ื™ืš 
ื‘ึผืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืžืชืคึผืœ? ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื ืžืฉื™ื— ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฉืžืึทืจื‘ึผืŸ''. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฆื• 
ืคืจืขื’ืŸ: ื•ื•ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื ื˜ืœืขืš ืžืฉื™ื— ื‘ึนึผืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ. ืื•ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื— ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื•ืกื”ืฃ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืจื‘ึผื™ ืึทืœึตื™ื™ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืขื’ ืึทืจื•ื ืื™ื– ืขืจ , ื ืกืชึผืœืง 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ" 1. 


ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœื•ืจื™ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฐืึทืจืฆืขืจ ืžื’ืคื”, ืคื™ื ืฃ ื˜ืขื’ 
ืื™ืŸ ืึธื‘ 21879, 88 ื™ืึธืจ ืึทืœื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืคื•ื ื ืจื‘ึผื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ื’ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืจื•ืฉื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจืขืจืขืจ. ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธึทืจื‘ึผืขื ืขื ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ื™ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ื ื™ื™ืขื ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœื™ืฉืŸ ื—ื ื•ืš, ืžื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ืื•ืžื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜: ,,ื•ืื™ื ื ืŸ 
ื›ื™ ืœืงื— ืื•ืชื• ืืœื”ื™ื'', ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขื ื ื™ื™ืขื ื—ื ื•ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืข- 
ื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืจื™ื™ ื™ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืค, 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžืฉื™ื— ื’ ืข ืžื•ื–ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจ ืื™ื– ืึถื‘ึผืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจืื•ื™ 
ื“ืขืจืฆื• 5 

ื“ืขืจ ืืจ"ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืข 
ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื™ ืฉื‘ึผืชื“ื™ืงืข ื–ืžื™ืจื•ืช (ืึท ื–ืžืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืกืขื•ื“ื” ื‘ึนึผืึท- 
ื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ) + ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืงืข ืชึผืคื™ืœื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื ืชืŸ ื ื˜ืข ื”ืึทื ืึธืฐืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,,ืฉืขืจื™ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ'' 5 ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืคืœืขื’ื ื“ืขืจ ืืจ'ื• 
ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผืขืœ-ืคึผื”, ืฉืคึผืืฆื™ืจื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืœืึธื ืงืขืก 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืœื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ?. ื“ืขืจ ืžืคืจืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 


1 ,ืชืขืœื•ืžื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื”", 28, /4, 

2 ื–ืข ืืฉื‘ื—ื™ ืฐื™ืžืึทืœ", 24, 35 

5 ืขืชึผืขืœื•ืžื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื”", ื“ืฃ 44, ืขืž' ื‘ื™ 

4 ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื–ืžื™ืจื•ืช : 1) ืื–ืžืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื—ื™ืŸ, 2) ืืกื“ืจ ืœืกืขื•ื“ืชื ืื•ืŸ 3) ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื™ื›ืœื 
ื“ื›ื˜ื™ืคึฟื™ืŸ -- ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืžื™ื ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืขื”ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื', (, 
8, 124:-125, 147-146. 

5 ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทื ืึธืฐืขืจื ืืฉืขืจื™ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ" ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืคึฟืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ืึทืจ"ื™ื ืึท ืงืึทื‘ึผืึทื™ 
ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืชึผืคื™ืœื” ืื•ืืชื” ื“' ืžื’ืŸ ื‘ืขื“ื™", | 

5 ,ืชืขืœื•ืžื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื”", 28: ืฉื•ืจื•ื‘ ืกื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ื’ื™ืœื” ืื•ืชื ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื 
ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื•ื ืกืคืจ". 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ึทึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 227 


ืืจ'"'ื™ืก ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืื™ืŸ ืงื‘ึผืœื” ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ึผืึทืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืกื˜ืข 
ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฐื™ื˜ืึธืœ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขื ืขืจื ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ื- 
ื’ืขื–ืืžืœื˜ 1 ืึทืœืข ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธื˜ื™ืฆืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ืขื 
ืืจ""ื™ืก ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื™ืงืข ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข 
ื ืึธื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืึท ื ืึทื ืฆืข ืฆืึธืœ ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ืคึผืจื˜ื™ื ื“ืขื ืึทืจ"ื™ืก ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืื™ืŸ ืงื‘ึผืœื”. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึถื‘ึผืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฉื•ื ืกืคืง ื ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืชึผืœืžื™ืš 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืคืจืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจืฒื™ื ื’ืขืœืฒื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™? ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ึผื™ืŸ ืคื™? ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข 
ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืข ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ. 

ื—ื™ื™ื ืฐื™ื˜ืึธืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืฑ ืขื ื’ ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ึผื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืฆื—? 
ืœื•ืจื™ืืก ืงื‘ึผืœื”, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆืคืช ืื™ืŸ 1849 ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืกื•ืคืจ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืฐื•ื™ื ื™ืฅ 
ืงืึทืœืึทื‘ึผืจื™ืข. ื’ืžืจื ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ืกืงื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืฐื™ื˜ืึทืœ ื ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื 
ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืŸ ืจื‘ ืึทืœืฉื™ืš. ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืข ื”ืœื›ื” ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืกื ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืงื™ื ืคื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœ, ืฆื• 14 ื™ืึธืจ ื‘ึผืึทืงืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฐื™ื˜ืึทืœ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผ? ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ึผืขืœื“ืฉื ืœืคึผื™ื“ื•ืช ืึทืฉื›ึผื ื–ื™, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ื‘ึนึผื—ื•ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึดืคึผ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ 
ื‘ึผืจืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,,ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ื ืกืชึผืจ'', ื—ื™ื™ื ืฐื™ื˜ืึท? ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืฆื• ืงื ืึทืคึผืข 
ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ื™ืฉืข ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืจื‘ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึดึผื›ื“ื™ ืžืคืจื ืก 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ืขืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื•ื˜ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื ืœื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœื›ืขืžื™ืข, ื”ืึธืคื ื“ื™ืง, 
ืึทื– ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืึทืžืึธืœ ืจื™ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึถื‘ึผืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืงืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึธืจื ืข- 
ื ืขืจ ,,ื—ื›ืžื”'', ืคืืจื˜ื™ืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ,,ื–ื•ื”ืจ'' ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืื™ื ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ. ื“ืขื ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ 
ืฐื•ื ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืืจืข ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช. ืื™ื™ื ืžืึธ? ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืื™ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื—ืœื•ื ืืœื™ื”ื• 
ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืึทืจื™ื™ื ื ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืžื“ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืฐื•ื•ึผ ืฐื™ื˜ืืœ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืขื ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืคืœื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืืจื•ื 


1 ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขื•ืึธื’ื˜ -- ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ืึทืœืก ืขืœื˜ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ืกื˜ืขืจ ืชึผืœืžื•ึนืš 
ื—ืึธืก ืขืจ ืขืจืง?ืืจื, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืข. 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืจ"ื™ืก ืชื•ืจื”, ืฐืฒืœ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ื•ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืšึฐ ื ื™ื˜ ืจืื•ื™ ืฆื• ื“ื™ 
ืื™ืžื”ื“ื™ืงืข ืกื•ื“ื•ื—, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผื ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืฆื™ืื™ืจื˜ืขืจ 
ืžืงื•ึผื›ึผืœ ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœืžื™ืืœ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื (ืขืชึผืขืœื•ืžื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื”", 46): ,ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืคื˜ื™ืจืช 
ื”ืืจ"ื™ ื–"ืœ ืœืงื— ื›ืžื”ืจ"ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืžื™ื“ ื›ืœ ื—ื—ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืœื ื”ื ื™ื—ืช ืฉื•ื ื“ื ืจ 
ืžื– ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ืœื ื”ื”ืฑืจ ืื•ืชื ืœึนื”ื ื‘ืื•ืžืจื• ืฉืœื ื ืชืŸ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืขื•ึนื“ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื” ื”ืื•ืจ 
ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื˜ืชืžืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ ืžืขื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื›ืžื”". ื—ื™ื™ื ืฐื™ื˜ืึทืœ ื’ื•ืคื ืฉื˜ืขืœื ืึทืจืฑื ืึทืŸ ืึฒื ื™ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื: ื‘ึนึผืึฒืฉืจ ืงืฒื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืจ"ื™ืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืืฑื™ืกืขืจ ืื™ื ื”ืึธื ื ื™ื 
ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืง ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืก ืจื‘ื™ื ืก ืžื™ืคืข ืชึผื•ืจื”, ื–ืข ืืขืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื", 8, 111 ืื•ืืœ ืชืกืชื›ืœ 
ื‘ืฉื•ื ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ื”ื ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืžื•ืจื™ ื–"ืœื” ื–ื•ืœืชื™ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื ื ื• ืœืš ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื•ื”", 





328 ื“"ืจ ' ืฆื™ื ื‘ึผืขืจื’ 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ื™ื’?. ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื ื™ืกืŸ ืึทืœืขืจืœืฒ ื–ื™ืกืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื”ืชืžื“ื” ื“ื™ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืฉื ื”. ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึทืžืข 
ืžื™ื˜ ืคื•ื ื ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ึผืจื•ืš-ื”ื•ื ื‘ึผื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ื•ื‘ึผืขืฆืžื• 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื–ืงืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื ืื™ื ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืœืขื ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื›ืกื˜ืข ื“ื™ืฐืึทื ืขืก ื“ื™ ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ืงื‘ึผืœื” ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ื ืกืชึผืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืจื•ืš-ื”ื•ืืก ืžื•ื™ืœ? ืึทืœืฒืŸ 1, ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื ื“" 
ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฐื™ื˜ืึทืœืก ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื‘ึผืึทื ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื ื“ืขื 
ืืจ'"ื™ (ืื™ืŸ 0) ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื‘ึผืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžื™ืก" 
ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึทืจื•ืžื’ืขืคืœืึธื›ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืงืจืึทื ืฅ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืึทืจืข ืœืขื’ืขื ืจืขื, 
ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืึทื’ื“ื•ืช ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืึทื– ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœื•ืจื™ื, ื‘ึผืขืช ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื ื ื‘ื™ืื™ืฉืข , ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื•ื ื’', ืื•ืŸ 
ืก'ืื™ื– ืื™ื ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืจืฅื™ื™ืฉืจืืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืึท ืชึผืœืžื™ื“-ื—ื›ื ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ 
ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืจืื•ื™ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืคื“ืขืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืื•ืŸ 
,ืื™ื ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,, ืžืžืœื ืžืงื•ืžื•"" *. ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื“ื” ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, 
ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื‘ึผืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื– ืคืึธืจื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ื‘ึผืจืขื’ ืคื•ื ื ื™ื ื›ึทึผื ืจืช. ื‘ึผื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืฉื™ืคืœ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืขืช ื–ื™ื™ 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืคื˜ ืฆื• ืึทืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืžื•ื™ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจืข ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ 
ื ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืึทืจืฑืก ืฆื•ื ื™ื ื›ึผื ืจืช, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื™ ื’ืขื ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืฐื™ื˜ืืœืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ 
ืฐื•ืึทืกืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก ืžืจื™ืžืก ืงืฐืึธืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืจื™ื”, 
ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื ืคื™ืœืข ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงื‘ึผืœื” *. 

ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืคืœืขื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ืจ? 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผื™ื™ืจืข ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ืื–ื•ืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื ืฆืขืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ืื•ื™ืก" 
ืฉืœื™ืกืœืขืš ืฐื™ื˜ืึทืœืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจ"ื™ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ื’ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขืคืึธืœื’, ื ืึธืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืฐื™ื˜ืึทืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืื•ึนื™ืš ืคื™ืœ 
ื’ื•ืจื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื•ืืก ื“ื™ , ืงื‘ึผืœึนื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช'' ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑื ืข ืื™ืžื”ืจื™ืงืข 
ืคืึทื—ื•ืฉื›ื˜ืข ืคืึธืจืžืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ืื•ืžื’ื™ื ืกื˜ื™ืงืข ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ืฐื™ืงืคื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™. ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™? ืงืจื‘ื•ืชืฉืึทืคื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืœื•ื™ื 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึผืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ 


1 ื–ืข ื’ืฉื‘ื—ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฐื™ื˜ืึทืœ", 28 (ืžื™ืจ ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืœื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืžื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืึธื‘ึผืข, 1882), 


,ืชึผืขืœื•ืžื•ืช ื—ื›ื˜ืžื”", ื’4, 45, 


45 


8 ื–ืข ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืจืขืจืข ืฆื• ,ื ื’ื™ื“ ื•ืžืฆื•ื”", 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืกืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ืจืŸ . 829 


ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธืจืึทืœื™ืฉืŸ ืžื”ื•ืช. ื“ืขืจ ืืจ'"ื™ - ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ - ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืขื•ืœื', ืึท ืคืึทืจื—ืœื•ืžื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืžืœืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืœืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื“ืขืึทืœื™ื–ื 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืฐื™ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืกืคืขืจืฐืึทื ื˜ืขืกืขืก ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืŸ ื”ืขืœื“, ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื ืขืžื™ืฉื˜. ืžื™ื˜ 
ืฉื™ื’ืขื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื”ืึทืœื•ืฆื™ื ืึทืฆื™ืขืก. ื—ื™ื™ื ืฐื™ื˜ืึทืœ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ -ืคื•ืœืขืจ ื”ื™ืคึผืš. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืŸ-ืงื™ื›ืึธื˜---ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืกืึทื ื˜ืฉืึธ ืคึผืึทื ื˜ืฉืึธ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜ ืคื•ืฑืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืง, ืึทืŸ. ืืžืชืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ึทื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืขืœื˜ื‘ึผืึทื ืขื, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืฐืฑื˜ืึธืœ ื“ืึธืš ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืึทืจืฒื ืฆื•ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ โ€ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทืกื˜ื™ืฉ-ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื™? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจื“ื™ืฉ-ื‘ืื ืืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื ืœืขืš-ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžืขืจื™ืฉืŸ. 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืึทืจืœืึทื˜ืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจื™ื’ืขืจ, ื•ื™ 
ืขืก ืžืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืงื ืื™ืฉืขืจ ืจื•ืจ ื›ึนึผื”ื ื ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื’ืข , ืžืฉื›ึผื™ืœื™ืฉืข"" 
ื‘ึผืจื™ืœืŸ 1, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึถื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ื ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืœื™ืžืžื–ืœื“ื™- 
-ืงืขืจ ื’ืœื™ืง-ื–ื•ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœื›ืขืžื™ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืืŸ ืื™ืžื”ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžืขืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืฉืขืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืจื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืจืขืงืœืึทืžืขืก. ืขืจ 
ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ึผื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื–ืŸ โ€ ื˜ืึธื’ ืึทืจืฒืŸ, ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืชืคึผืขืœื•ืช, ืึทื– 
ื“ืขืจ ืืจ"ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ืึท ืื™ืฉ ืืœื”ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื™ . 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ื ื•ืฆื ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื ื–ื™ืŸ 
ืจื‘ึผื™ื ืก ื ืจื•ื™ืกืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืจืขืงืœืึทืžื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืึทืคืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. ืขืจ. ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ื ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜,. ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘; ืžืข- 
ืจืขืจืข ืกืึธืœ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืึทื– ื“ืขื ืืจ'"ื™ืก ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, 
ื™ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ืกื˜ืŸ ืชึผืœืžื™ื“, -- ื—ื™ื™ื 
ืฐื™ื˜ืึธืœ? 2 ืขืจ ื’ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืึถื ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืจ, ื—ื™ื™ื ืฐื™ื˜ืึทืœ, ืื™ืŸ 
ืคื™ืœ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ืŸ *; ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขื“ื•ืœื“ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ 
ื‘ึดึผื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืขืจืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ึผืึทืฆื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืื ื˜ืืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœืขื ืขื ื“ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืกืคึผื•ืจื™ ื ืคืœืื•ืช 1 - 
ืขืจ ื’ื•ืคื. ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜ , ืฉื‘ื—ื™ ืฐื™ื˜ืึทืœ", ืฐื•ึผ ืขื ืื™ื– 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืึทื ื“ืขืจื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขืงื–ืืœื˜ื™ืจื˜ืŸ 
ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ืข ืจืžืื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืืจื“ื™ื ืขืจืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืœืขืจ. ืฐื™ื˜ืึทืœืก 


1 ื–ืข ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื‘ืŸ ื ื ืฃ": 

2 ,ืฉื‘ื—ื™ ืฐื™ืกืึทืœ,, 148 ืชื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื’ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืืœื ืœืœืžืจื ื™ ื‘ืœื‘ืจ", ื–ืข ืื•ื™ืš. 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 6 ื“ืึทืŸ ,ืกืคืจ ื”ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื", ืงืึทืคึผ' 22, | 

3 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 45: ;ืื™ื ืš ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ืžื” ืืชื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉ"ื™ ื›ื™ ืืชื” ืื“ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ 
ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉ"ื™ ื›ื™ ืืชื” ืื“ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืจ' ืขืงื™ื‘ื ื•ื—ื‘ื™ืจื™ื• ื•ืืฉื‚ื™ื’ ืžื” ืฉืœื ื”ืฉื™ื’ ืฉื•ื ืื“ื 
ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื” ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืจ' ื™ืฆื—ืง ืืฉื›ื ื–ื™ ืจื›ืš', 


ืคึฟืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืึทืงืข ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืฑื˜; ื–ืข, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื ื’ื™ื“ ื•ืžืฆื•ื”", 
;ืคืึธืจืจืขื“ืข, 





3:0 ื–'ืจ ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจืœื™ืฉืข ,,ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืกื˜ื‘ึผื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข!' ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืืžืช ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš. 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ืึท ื‘ึผื™ื˜ื•ืœ-ื ืขืคื™ืœ ืฐื™ื˜ืึทืœืก ื’ื•ื–ืžืื•ืช, ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ 
ื ืึธืš ื“ืจื™ื™ ื™ืึธืจ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื’ื•ืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืžืึทืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืื•ืช ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ, ืึทื– ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื™ื ื•ื•ืขืก ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธืจืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ 8 ื–ื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ื ืœื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœืขื ืขืจืขืจ ื•ื™ ืžืฉื™ื— 
ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื•ืŸ ,, ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื ื‘ึผืœื™-ืกืคืง ืงื™ื ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ!' 1. ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืฐื™ื˜ืึทืœ, ืึทื– ืึท ืืฉื”, ,,ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ"ืื™ืจ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธ? ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืœื™ื ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜'', ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื•ื™ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืงืึธืคึผ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื™ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืึทืจืŸ ื’ืœืึทื ืฅ ืึท ืคื™ื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืœ 2, 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ื ืื›ื˜-ื•ื•ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ื•ื™ ืขืจ, ืฐื™ื˜ืึทืœ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคืœื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜ืŸ 2. ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื“ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ื ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข 
ื ืฉืžื” ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืžืึทื ื˜ 4 ืคืืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜, ืึทื– ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืงืึธืŸ ืขืจ ืžื‘ื˜ืœ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจื’ืกื˜ืข ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื’ืื•ืœืช ื™ืฉืจื? ืื™ื– ืึธื ื‘ึผืึทืœืึทื ื’ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื (ื’ืื•ืœืช ื™ืฉืจื? ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื™), ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ , ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงื™ื™ื˜'' ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธืจืึท- 
ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขื ื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืก ืžืึธืœ, ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ืคื•ื - 
ื“ืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฐื™ื˜ืึทืœ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผืฆื•ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืกื˜- 
ื‘ึผื™ืึทื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ืงืขื’ื ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื™ืก" 
ืฐื•ึผืจืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืฉืขื™ื ื ืžื•ืจื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื“ืžืฉืง, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ 
ืึท ืœืขื ื’ืขืจืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง ื“ืขืจืคืืœื’ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืžื™ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื“ืจืฉื•ืช, 
ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—, ืึทื– ื–ื™ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืกื•ืฃ ืฐื•ื™ ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืกื“ื•ื 5 


ื“ืขืจ ืขืงื–ืืœื˜ื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืืจ"ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ืœืฑื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื‘ึผืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™ืžื”, 
ืึทื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื—ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ึผืขื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืงืึธืŸ ืขืจ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉืึทืคืŸ; ืึทื– ืขืก ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ืš ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ 
ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืึธืœื™ืงืข ื ืึธืจ ืึทืœื˜ืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืึทื–ืŸ 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ึผื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฆื• ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผื ื™ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืึธืคืขื ืข 
ื‘ึผื™ื›ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืงื•ืง ืงืึธืŸ ืขืจ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ,,ื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ'' ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื“ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ื ืฉืžื” ืืก ืคืึทืจื’ืึทื ื’ืขื ืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช 
ืฉื˜ืึทืžื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ,,ื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ'', ืื•ื ืžืขืจ ื“ื™ ืžื’ื•ืฉืžื“ื™ืงืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 


1 ,ืฉื ื—ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฐื™ื˜ืึทืœ', 4, 


ืค} 


ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 5, 21. 

2 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 5 

4 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 4, ืฐื™ืžืึทืœื ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืกื˜ื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฑื™ืš ืึท ื’ืขืฐื™ืกืŸ ืขืฉื ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืฉืŸ 
ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก, ืฐืฒืœ ืขื ืฐืขืจืŸ ื“ืึธืจื ืึทื ื› ืื•ืจื—ื ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืคึผื•ืžื™ื ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœืŸ ืฉืžื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ, 

5 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 16, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื“ืŸ 321 


ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธื›ืคืึธืœื ืขืจ, ื‘ึผืึทืงื•ืžื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขื ืืจ'"ื™ืก ืชึผื•ื“ื” ื’ืจืึธื‘ืข ืื•ืž- 
ื’ืขืœื•ืžืคึผืขืจื˜ืข ืคืืจืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ึผื™ืฉื•ืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ื”ืฉื‘ึผืขื•ืช ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉืคึผืจื•ื›ืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืฉื“ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื. ื“ืขื ืืจ'ื™ืก ืื™ื™ื“ืขืœืขืจ ื“ืจืึทื ื’ ื ืึธืš 
ื”ืชืคึผืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืึทืกืงืขื˜ื™ืฉ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงื˜ืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ, ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ื–ื•ื›ื— ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ืขืจ ืงืจื‘ึผืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืจืื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืกืœื™ื™ื–ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืื™ืŸ , ื–ื™ื ื“'' ืึทื™ื™ื ื ืขื˜ื•ื ืงื˜ืข ืฐืขืœื˜ -- ื“ืึธืก ืืœืฅ ื•ืขืจื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืœ 
ืžืžืฉ ื“ืขืจื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืจืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ื˜ืึทื ื™ืงืข ืงืœื™ื™ื ื™ืงื™ื™ืžืŸ. ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืฐื™ื˜ืึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ืŸ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึธืจื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื™ืžื”ื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ืึทืœืขื ื˜ืœืึธื–ื™ืงืฒื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ?ื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผื›ึนึผืชื‘ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืกื™ืคื˜ืขืžืึทื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื. ื–ื™ื™ื’ืข ื“ื™ืงืข ืฉืฐืขืจืฐืึทื ื™ืงืข 
ื‘ึผืขื ื“ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืืกืชืขืจ ืชึผื•ื”ื• ื•ื‘ื•ื”ื•, ืฐื•ึผ ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคืึทืจ- 
ืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจื˜ืŸ ืงื ื•ื™? 4 ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื–ื™ืง"ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ,,ืขืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคืึทืจืคึผืœืึทืŸ- 
ื˜ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืœืขืจ ืœืึทื‘ึผื™ืจื™ื ื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืžืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขืจืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจื˜ืข ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ; ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืึทืจืฆืข ืื™ืžื”ื“ื™ืงืข ืฉืึธื˜ื ื ืœื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืึทืœืข ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืขืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธืง-ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ 
ืึทื–ืฑ ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ื ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืชืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื™ืขืจื“ื•- 
ืงืขืจ ื‘ึผืœื™ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืึทืคื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืึทื˜ืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ืชืœื—ื‘ื•ืช... ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขืš ื”ืึธื›ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžื™ืค ืžื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจื›ืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข 
ืคื•ืคืฆื™ืง , ืฉืขืจื™ื'" ืคื•ื ื ,,ืขืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื', ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืฆื• ื‘ึผืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทืœื’ืขืžืฒื ืขื 
ื‘ึผืึทื ืจื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ --- ืคึผืœืึทื ืœืึธื–ื™ืงืฒื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืœืก 
ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื‘ึผื•ื™ื˜ืข , ื”ื™ื›ืœื•ืช'" 2, 


ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžืฉืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื˜ืึทืœืก ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืœืื–ืข 
ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœื•ืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืขืึธืจืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ึทื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผืŸ ืคื•ื ื ,,ื–ื•ื”ืจ'' ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžืคืจืฉื™ื, ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืคึผืจื˜ื™ื. ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื‘ึผืึทืžืขืจืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืœื•ืจื™ืื˜ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ ื“ืจืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื•ื ื’, ื•ื™ ืึทื–ื•ึนื™ ื“ื™ ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื‘ึผืคืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขื ืข ,,ืคึผืจืฆื•ืคื™ืŸ'"ืœ 
ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ,, ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช''. ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืึทืœื˜, ืœืขืจื ื˜ ืœื•ืจื™ื, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ,,ืื™ืŸ-ืกื•ืคืก'' ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžื™ืœื˜ ืึทืœืข ืื•ืžืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 


: ื“ืึธืก ืึธื ืขืจืงืขื ื ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื“ืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ึผืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื˜ืึทืœืก ืฐืขืจืง, 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœ ืžืื™ืจ ืคึผืึทืคึผืจื•ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ึทืŸ ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืฆื•ื ,ืขืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื", ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืžืขืจืงื˜: ื•ืœืžื“ืชื™ 
* 
ืกืคืจื™ื• ื•ืจืื™ืชื™ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืกื“ืจ ืœื ืจืืฉ ื•ืœื ืกื•ืฃ", 


8 ื“ืขืจ ืืขืฅ ื”ื™ื™ื" ืื™ื– ืึทื™ื ื’ืขืžืฒืœื ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ,ื”ื™ื›ืœื•ืช?, 





332 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืขืงืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ 1. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,,ืื™ืŸ-ืกื•ืฃ'' ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืฐื•ืขืœื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทืคืŸ, ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืขืก ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืงืึธื ืขืŸ 
ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžืขืฉื™ื (ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืฉืžื•ืชื™ื• 
ื•ื›ื ื•ื™ื™ื•), ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ --- ืฆืžืฆื ืืช ืขืฆืžื•, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ,,ืื™ืŸ-ืกื•ืฃ'' ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืข- 
ืฉืจื•ืžืคึผืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืขื ื“ืœืขืš ืœื™ื›ื˜. ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื ื ืžื™ื˜ืœ- 
!ืคื•ื ืงื˜ ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ืœื“ืขื˜ ื ื—ืœืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื—ืœืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ ื‘ืจื•ืš- 
| ื”ื•ื ,ืืฑื™ืคื ืขืฉื˜ืจืึทืœื˜, ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทืคืŸ, ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข. 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืŸ'' 2, ืึทื”ื™ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื—ืœืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจื™ื ื’ืขืคืœืึธืกืŸ โ€ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึธืจื ืคื•ืŸ 
ืึท ื“ื™ื ืขื ืงืึทื ื˜ืœ!! (ื›ืขื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ื“ืง ืื—ื“) ื“ืขื ืื™ืŸ-ืกื•ืคื ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืึทืœ; 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึธืจื ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ืœื™ื ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื 
ืœื™ื›ื˜ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื—ืœ? ืึทืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึธืจื ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ (ืขื’ื•ืœื™ื). ืฆืขืŸ 
ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื–ืึท ืื•ืคืŸ ืคื•ื ื ,, ืื™ืŸ-ืกื•ืฃ'' ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืึทืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ --- 
ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืขืŸ ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืจืึธื ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ืขื ืืจ'"ื™ ื•ื™ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ืขื 
ื‘ึผืขืœ ,,ืคืจื—ืก ืจืžื•ื ื™ื'' ื ื“ืึธืคึผืœื˜ืŸ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ; ืื™ื ืขืฐื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง ื“ืึธืก ื ืขืžืœืขื›ืข 
ืœื™ื›ื˜, ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืคื™ืจื”, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ --- ื“ื™ ,ื‘ื™" 8, 
ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื›ื˜. ืคื•ื ื ,,ืื™ืŸ-ืกื•ืฃ'' ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืง ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืึทืคึดื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื ืึทื ืฅ ื“ื™ื ืขื ,ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ'', ืึทื– ืื•ื™ืกื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืœืขื ื“ื ื“ื™ืงืข 
ืงืจืึทืคื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ , ื›ึผืœึดื™ื'' ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื“ืจื™ 
ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื“'"ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื‘ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื“ืจื™ื™ ืขื ื•ืœื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืขื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืฆื•ื ื ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืงืฐืึทืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžื—ื•ืช ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื”ืขื›ืขืจืขืจ ืžื“ืจื’ื”. 
ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ื™ ,, ื›ึผืœึดื™ื'' ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื™ืงืข ื–ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื - 
ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืคื•ื ื ื—ืœ -- ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืืฑืกื ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฉืžืคืข 
ืคื•ื ื ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜, ื–ึตื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆืขืฉืคึผืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื›ื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืขืคืœืึธืกืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื ืขืงืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ / 
,,ืฉื‘ืจื™ ื›ึผืœึดื™ื'' ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืœื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืคื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืคื•ื ื ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ (ื ื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ 
ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉื”) +. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทืคืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืึท ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข 
ืžื—ื™ืฆื”, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืœืขื ื“ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜-ืงื•ืึทืœ, 
ื‘ึดึผื›ื“ื™ ,ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืึท ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ *. ืึถื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช 


1 ืขืขืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื', 22: ;ื“ืข ื›ื™ ืžืจื ืฉื ืืฆืœื” ื”ื ืืฆืœื™ืŸ ื•ื ื‘ืจืื• ื”ื ื‘ืจืื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืจ 
ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื ืžื˜ืœื ื›ืœ ื—ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื ืคื " (ืžื™ืจ ืฆื™ืžื™ืจืŸ ืœืฑื ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืึทืจืฉืขืฐืขืจ ืืฑืกื ืึทื‘ึผืข ืคื•ืŸ 1891); 

2 ,ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื”ืœืœ ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ืืฆื™ืœ ื•ื‘ืจื ื•ื™ืฆืจ ื•ืขืฉื” ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื". 

8 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 22, 24, 25. 

4 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืฉืขืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ื›ึผืœื™ื, 79--93, 

5 ืœื›ืŸ ืขืœื” ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœืชืงืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื›ืœื• ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื•ื”,, ืืฉืจ 
ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช ื™ื—ื™ื• ื™ื™ืชืจ ืžื›ื•ืกื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื•ื ืœื”ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื•ื›ื— ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืื•ืจ", 





ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืž ืกืœืจืึธืกื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ืจืŸ 333 


ืื•ืžื’ืขื•ื•ืื ื“ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ,,ืคืจืฆื•ืคื™ืŸ'' -- ืื™ืŸ ืคึผื ื™ืžืขืจ-ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืœื˜ืŸ. ื“ื™ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืกืคื™ืจื” -- ื›ึนึผืชืจ, ืื™ื– ืคืึทื•ืฐืึทื ื“ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืจื™ื™ืงืขืคึผื™ืงืŸ 
,ืืจื™ืšืึทื ืคึผื™ืŸ'', ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืกืคื™ืจื” -- ื—ื›ื˜ื”, ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืจืงืฐืึธ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ืžืขื ืœืขื›ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ,ืึทื‘ึนึผื,. ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืข 
ืกืคึผื™ืจื” --- ื‘ึผื™ื ื”, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืคื•ื ื ืคึผืึทืกื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ื•ื™ื™ื™ื‘ึผืœืขื›ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ,,ื˜ืžื". ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื–ืขืงืก ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ,ื›ึผืœึดื™ื" 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆืขื‘ึผืจืึธื›ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉืžืึธืœืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื” -- 
ื“ืขืจ ,,ื–ืขื™ืจ ืึทื ืคึผื™ืŸ'', ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ, ื“ื™ ื’ืขื‘ึผื•ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ 
, ืคึผืจืฆื•ืคื™ืŸ'" -- ื“ืขื ,,ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ"". ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ,,ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ''. ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืกืคื™ืจื”, 
ืžืœื›ื•ืช, ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื•ื ื’-ื•ื•ื™ื™ื‘ืœืขื›ืŸ --- ื“ื™ ,, ื‘ึนึผืช" 1. 


ืื•ืŸ, ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืกื“ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ,, ืžืขืฉื— ื‘ึผืจืืฉื™ืช,' --- ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืึทืจ"ื• ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ -- ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ , ืฆืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ืขื ืข ื›ึผืœื™ื'' (ืžืื ื™ืŸ ืชึผื‘ื™ืจื™ืŸ) ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ 
ืื ื˜ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื•ึผื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืฆื•ืคื™ืŸ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื˜ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืคืืจืŸ ืงื™ื•ื 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทืจื‘ึผืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ึผืœืขื ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ืกื˜ืจื ืื—ืจื", 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืงื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื‚ืœืขื›ื˜ืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื™ืค 
ืคืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ื•ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 18ื˜ืŸ 
ื™"ื” ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื›ึนึผื”ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื›ึผืึทืฉืขืคื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืคืจืึทื ืข ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,, ืžืืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืืฆื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ืช!! 2, ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืง ืฆื•ื 
ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ืฉืขื•ืช ืฉื˜ืึทืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘, 
ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืžื•ืจื”, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ืึธืจื ืขื ืขื 
ืกื•ื“, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขื ืœืขื–ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ืžืข ืขืฆื”: ,, ืฉืชื•ืง ื•ืืœ ืชื”ืจื”ืจ, 
ื‘ืžื•ืคืœื ืžืžืš ืืœ ืชื“ืจื•ืฉ ื•ื‘ืžื›ื•ืกื” ืžืžืš ืืœ ืชื—ืงื•ืจ'', ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฉืคึผืจื•ืš, ื“ื™ ืขืงืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœืขืคื˜ืก ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทื˜ื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื–ืŸ 
ื›ึผื•ึนืœื• ื˜ื•ื‘ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื•ื•ื˜ ืคืึทืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ, ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืึธืŸ ืขืจืคืึธืœื’, ืžืฉื” 
ืงื•ืจื“ื•ืื™ืจืึธ 2 ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจ'ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืขืจืคื˜ืจ ืึธืŸ, ืื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,, ืื™ืŸ- 
ืกื•ืฃ'' ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทืคืŸ ื“ื™ ,,ืคึผืจืฆื•ืคื™ืŸ'' ืึธื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ , ื›ึผืœึดื™ื/', ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืก ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืื ื˜ ืขืง- 
ืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืœื™ื›ื˜ --- ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื›ึผื•ืœืŸ 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืฉืขืจ ื—ืคึผืจืฆื•ืคื™ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืžืงื‘ึผืœ ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืื™ืจื™ืจื” ืจืขื›ื ืื˜ ืืฑื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ 
;ืฉืขืจ ื”ื™ืฉืžื™ื" (ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืข ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’, ืงืึทืคึผ' 12) ื ื™ื ืคื™ื ืฃ, ื ืึธืจ ื–ืขืงื ืคึผืจืฆื•ืคื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื“ืขื ืœืึทื ื’ื™ืคึผื ื™ื˜ื“ื™ืงืŸ" (ืืจื™ืš ืื ืคื™ืŸ) ื’ืขืคื™ื ื ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืคื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ" (ืขืชึผื™ืงื 
ืงื“ื™ืฉื), ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ื’ื™ืกื ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืฆื•ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ,ืืจื™ืš;ืื ืคึทึผื™ื™" ืื™ืŸ -ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื” (ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 
ื•ืŸ, ืงืึทืคึผ' ืคืŸ ืฐื•ืฉ, ืงืึทืคึผื™ 8), 

: ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฐืขืจืง, ื‘ืึทื ื“ ||, 23--25, 


* ืชืคึผืจื“ื ืจื™ืžื•ื ื™ื', 162-161 (ืงืึธืจืขืฆืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื ืึทื‘ึผืข), 





1338 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ื˜ื•ื‘, ื“ืขืจ ืžืงื•ืจ ืคื•ื ื ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืŸ, ืึถื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ , ืžืื ื™ืŸ ืชึผื‘ื™ืจื™ืŸ', ื“ื™ 
ืฆืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ืขื ืข ื›ึผืœึดื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื™ืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืึธืœืขื›ืฅ (ืงืœื™ืคึผื”) ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ืขื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื˜. ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื ืึธืจ 
ื“ืึธืก ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืจ ื•ืขื•ื ืฉ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืขืงืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืจืŸ, 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื—ื™ืจื” ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืงืึธื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื ื•ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ื ื ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืŸ โ€ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื•ื™ื˜ืข ืžืขืฉื™ื ื‘ึผืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืชึผื™ืงื•ืŸ ื“ื™ , ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข ืคื•ื ืงืขืŸ'' (ื”ื ื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ืŸ 
ื”ืงืจื•ืฉื™ื), ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ,, ืงืœื™ืคึผื•ืช'' ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืœื™ื‘ึผืŸ. ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ 
ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืงืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืข ืžืขืฉื™ื ื“ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืœื™ื‘ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืขืœืข ืงืœื™ืคึผื•ืช. 

ื“ืขื ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืคืึทืจื ืขืžื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืจื™ืืก ืงื‘ึผืœื” ื“ืขืจ 
ืคึผืจืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ. ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ืึทื ืฅ 
ืื™ื™ื’ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืกื™ื›ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืขื ื’ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืึทืจื™''ืก ืœืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื ื•ืœื™ื. ืื™ืŸ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ื’ืข- 
ืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ื ืฉืžื”, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ืก-ืจื™ื ื’ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืŸ, ืืœืก ืึธืคึผื ืœืึทื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ืฃ ,,ืคึผืจืฆื™ืคื™ืŸ" 
ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ื ืฉืžื” ืื•ื™ืก ืคื™ื ืฃ ,, ืฉืจืฉื™ื'? ื ืคืฉ, ืจื•ื—, ื ืฉืžื”, 
ื—ื™ื”, ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ?. ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื‚ื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืกื˜ืขืจ ืžื“ืจื’ื”, ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆ- 
ื˜ืข -- ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืขืจ, ืึทืœืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื‘ืข ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉื˜ืึทืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฉื•ืจืฉ --- ืคื•ืŸ ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ืขืŸ. ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืื‘ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ืก ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ืึท ืงื•ื•ืืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™-ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ื ืฉืžื•ืช (,ืคื•ื ืงืขืŸ', ื ื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ืŸ, 
ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืึทืจ""ื™), ื“ื™ ืื‘ืจื™ื ืคื•ื ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืขื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืขืจ ืžื“ืจื’ื—, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ 
ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืขื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜: ืึท ื˜ื™ื™? ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ,,ืคื•ื ืงืขืŸ'" ืคื•ึนื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืขื ". 
ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžื•ื—, ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข --- ืคื•ื ื ื–ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ื’, ื“ืจื™ื˜ืข ื•ื•ื™ืจืขืจ -- ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืžืข 
ื”ืขื ื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืืึทื–'ืขืŸ 5 


1 ,ืขืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื", 10: ืื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื”ืžืืฆื™ืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ื—ื™ืจื” ื•ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ 
ื”ืื“ื, ื‘ืืฉืจ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืจืข ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืžืคึผื ื™ ืฉืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ืจืข ื‘ื ืžืžืื ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืžื•ื‘ 
ื‘ื ืžืื•ืจ ื”ื ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืื ืœื ื—ื™ื” ื›ืŸ (ืœื) ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ืื– ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื‘ืจ ื•ืขื•ื ืฉ". 

2 ,ืขืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื", | 49 51--58ืŸ {, 52; ืขืกืคืจ ื”ื ืœื ื•ืœื™ื", 14, 18 (ื‘ื™ืจ ืฆื™ืฉื™ืจืŸ 
ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฉืึธืœืงืึธืฐืขืจ ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ 1744). 

,ืกืคืจ ื”ื ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื", 3, 4, ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจ" ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืืฑืš ืึทืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉืฒื“ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ 
,ืืœื˜ืข? ืื•ืŸ ,ื ื™ื™ืข" ื ืฉืžื•ืช, ื ืฒื™ืข -- ื“ืึธืก ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ื ืฉืžื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื” ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืจืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึทื ื“ืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืžืขืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื“ื ื—ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื”ืข" 
ื›ืขืจืขืจ ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ,ืึทืœื˜ืข". ื“ื™ ืจืึธืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื•ื™ืงืข ;ื ื™ื™ืข" ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืึทืจ"ื™ื ืงื‘ึผืœื” 


ืื™ืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืงืœืึธืจ (ื•ืข ,ืกืคืจ ื”ื ืœื ื•ืœื™ื", ืงืึทืคึผ' 7). 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ ื™ื™ืฑืš 235 


ื“ืึธ ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืืจื™ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื‘ึผื•ืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜-ื’ืขื“ืื ืก 
ื–ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ,,ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ืŸ'' ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึธื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ืก ,,ื—ื˜ื,', ืฐืึธืก 
ื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื•ื™ ืึท ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืœืึทืกื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช 1 
ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ,,ื—ื˜ื'), ืฐืึธื˜ ืึดื“ึถื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืึทื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทืœืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืŸ 
ืคืึทืจื“ืึธืจื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ (ื ืคื’ืžื• ื•ื™ืจื“ื• ืœืžื˜ื”), ืขืก ื”ืึธืฆืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ื›ืžื“ืจื ื•ืช 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืข; ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื ืกื˜ืข ื ืฉืžื” ืื™ื– ืคืืจืคืœืขืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ืžื™ืฉื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ื ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืŸ, ื‘ึผืึทืฉืžื•ืฆื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืจื•ื ื’ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ,,ืงืœื™ืคึผื”!', ื•ึทื•ืึดืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืžืงื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืก ?. ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืคื•ืœืขืš ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื” -- ืึทืœืฅ ืžืขืจ ืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืจื™ ,, ืงืœื™ืคึผื”" 
ื–ื™ ืฆื• ื‘ึผืึทืฉืžื•ืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืกืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืžืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื“ ?, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื—ื™ื™ื 
ืฐื™ื˜ืึทืœ ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืจื™ ืึทืคื™ืœืŸ ื ืึทื ืฅ ืึธืคื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื—ื–ืจื˜ ื“ืขื 
ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื”ืขื›ืขืจืขืจ ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืฐื™ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืจื•ื“ืขืจ ื”ื‘ืœืก ื ืฉืžื”; ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืงื™ื ืก ื ืฉืžื” ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืขืจ ื‘ึผื—ื™ื ื”, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข 
ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื“ื™ , ืงืœื™ืคึผื•ืช'' ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื ื’ืขื’ืœื•ืกื˜ ื–ื™ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืคื™ืจืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืฒื ื›ืึทืคึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” 4 ืื•ื™ืคืกื ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฐืขื–ืขื ืข 
ื”ืึทืจืžืึธื ื™ืข, ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ,,ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชึผื™ืงื•ืŸ'', ื“ื™ ืื•ืฑื™ืกื’ืขื‘ึผืขืกืขืจื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜--- 
ื“ืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ืกื•ืฃ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืชึผื•ื”ื• 
ื•ื‘ื•ื”ื•, ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงืึทืžืฃ ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ื•ื˜ืŸ ืื•ึนืŸ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืŸ, ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ืงืœื™ืคึผื”'', ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื–ืืžืœืขืŸ ืึทืœืข ืฆืขื–ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข ืคื•ื ืงืขืŸ 
(ื”ืขืœืืช ื ื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ืŸ) ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืงื•ืจ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก 
ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึท ืกื•ืฃ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืžื™ืฉื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื‘ึผื™ื™ื“ืข ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช -- ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืก ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ื‘ึผืจืขื ื˜ื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืฆื•ื 
ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื“, ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืืœืขื›ืฅ (ืงืœื™ืคึผื”) ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ 
ืืคึผื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ื ื ืงืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืก --- ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ืืœ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืคื•ึนืŸ ื ืœื•ืช 5, 

ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ,ื”ืขืœืืช ื ื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ืŸ", ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืคื™ืจื˜ 
ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืึทืจ"ื™ืก ืฐืขืœื˜ื‘ึผืึทื ืขื ื“ื•ืจืš ,ื’7ื’ื•? ื”ื ืคืฉ!!, ื“ื•ืจืš ืคืึทื ื’ืข ืฐืึทื ื“- 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 14, 15, 

2 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืงืึทืคึผ' 1:. ื”ื ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื‘ืจื™ืืช ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ ื‘ื• ื›? ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื 
ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžื™ื‘ ื›ืœื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื• ื•ึฐืชืœึดื™ื•ืช ื‘ื• ื•ืื—ืจ ืฉื—ื˜ื ื•ืขื™ืจื‘ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืจืข ืื• ื ืชืขืจื‘ื• ืคื•ื‘ ื•ืจืข", 

5 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื•' 13 {ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ื”ื ืฉืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืงืจื•ืช ื”ืขืจืš, ื›ืš ื”ื ืžืชื›ืฐื ื™ื 
ืœื”ื—ื˜ื™ืื” ื•ืœื—ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื‘ืขืžืงื™ ื”ืงืœื™ืคื•ืช", 

* ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, |' 19, 21, 21, 27 ื"ืฐ, 

5 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืงืึทืคึผ' 2 ื"ื•, 





330 ื“"ืจ ', ืฆื™ื ื‘ ืขืจื’ 


ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ื™ืขื“ืข 
ื ืฉืžื” ืงื•ืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคื ืื‘ึผืข ืฆื•ึน ื–ืึทืžืœืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฆืขื–ื™ื™ื˜ืข ,,ืคื•ื ืงืขืŸ'' ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜', ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ื•ืžืข 
ืคื•ื ื ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื– ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜ ื‘ึผืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช, ืงืึธืŸ 
ื–ื™ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ืžืงื•ืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ; ื–ื™ ืžื•ื– ืึทืœืฅ ื•ืึทื ื“ืœืขืŸ, ืžื’ื•ืœื’ืœ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ืช, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืึทืžื™ืœื• ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืœื™ืกื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจ'"ื™ ื’ื™ื˜ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ 
ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ,,ื’ื™ืœื ื•ืœื™ื'', ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืึทื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื•ืึธ- 
ืคืขืจืข ื’ื™ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื” ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื ื“. ืคึฟืึทืจ 
ืžืคื™ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ืžืœืฉื™ื ื•ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืจื™ ื ืฉืžื” ืžื’ื•ืœื’ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืึท , ื›ึผืœื‘ ื ื•ื‘ื—", 
ืคืึทืจ ื’ืขืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ , ืืฉืช ืื™ืฉ'' -- ืื™ืŸ ื ืื™ื™ื–ืœ, ืคืึทืจ 
ืœืฉื•ืŸ-ื”ืจืข --- ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคืœื™ืคื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืจ (ื ื—? ืฉื•ืžืฃ) ืืึทื–"ื•ื• ืืึทื–"ืฐืŸ 1. 
ื“ื™ ืœืขืจืข ื•ืขื’ืŸ ,,ื’ื™ืœื’ื•ืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ,/, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืง, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจ'"ื™ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื‘ึผื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ , ืกื•ื“ ื”ืขื™ื‘ึผื•ืจ'' ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื‘ึผืึทื”ืขืคื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื ืฉืžื•ืช +. 
, ืขืก ื’ืขืฉืขื˜ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–, --- ืœืขืจื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจ"ื™ -- ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื” ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืจ ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜, ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื“, ื ืึธืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ืคึผืึทืจื–ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืขืจื“ื™ืฉ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ื ื™ื˜ ืžืงื™ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. ืžื•ื– ื“ืขืžืืœื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื” ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื”ืขืคื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื ืฉืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืœืขื‘ึผืขื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื‘ึผื ื“ื™ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืžืฆื•ื•ื—. ืขืก ืคึผืึทืกื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš, ืึทื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ 
ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืฉื•ื•ืืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœืŸ, ื‘ึผืึทื”ืขืคื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื ื—ื” ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข ื“ืขืจื’ืึทื ืฆื˜ ื“ืึทืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข. ืขืก ืฐืึทื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืึธื‘ึถึผืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื ืฉืžื•ืช, 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื ื“ืกื˜ืŸ ืคึผื ื, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื“ืขืจ- 
ืคื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช. ื–ื™ื™ ืงืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืื•ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ 
ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ึผืึทื”ื™ืœืคื™ืง ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ืงืจืึทืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืข, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืจื™ื™ื ื•ื•ืึทืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื–ื™ื ื“ 5. ื“ื™ ืคื•ืœืงื•ืžืข ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ืข ื ืฉืžื” ื˜ื•ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืคืจื•ื›ื˜ืŸ ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื ืฉืžื”, ืฐืึธืก ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืœืฃ, ื–ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืจ ,,ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ'', ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืจืขืคื˜ื™ืงืŸ 
ืคื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช. ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืจ"ื™ 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 27, 40, ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืืฑืคืคืึทืœื ื“ ืขื ืœืขืš ืฆื• ืึท ื’ืขืฐื™ึทืกืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืขืœืข ืื™ืŸ ืึทืคึผืœืžื•ื ื ,ืคึผืขื“ืึธืŸ", ืขื ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืฉืฐืขืจ ืคืขืกื˜ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืฐืึธืกืขืจืข ื”ึทื’ื™ืœื ื•ืœ 
ืžื—ื™ืœื•ืช" ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืึทืœื˜:ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืฑืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ึดึผื™ื– ืื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืžืงื‘ึผืœ 
ืงื’ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืคืชืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, | 

2 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื›ืึทืคึผ' 5, 6, /, 11 ืื•ืŸ 13, | 

8 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื–' 12: ื™ืฉ ื’ืœื ื•ืœ ืœึนื ืฆื•ืจืš ืขืฆืžื• ืืœื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ื›ืœืœ". 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 1 


ืื•ื™ืžื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,,ืžื™ืกื™ืข", ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช, โ€ 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื’ื—ื” ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืฑื™ืกื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืง. ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื’ืœื•ืช, ืœืขืจื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืจ"ื™, ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืง ื™ืฉืจื? ืื™ื– ,, ืฆืขื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฆืขืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜!' ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืึทืœืข ืคืขืœื–ืขืจ -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืงืึธึทืœืึธืกืึทืœ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืคืึทืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึทืคืจืฒื™ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœื™ื™ื–ื•ื ื’ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ื“ืึธืก 
ืคืืœืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืœื•ืช ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก 
ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ื ื‘ึผืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ,ืชึผื™ืงื•ึนืŸ" ืึทืœึถืข ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข ืคื•ื ืงืขืŸ (ื ื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ืŸ), ืื•ืŸ ืึทื“ืึทื ืง ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื›ื™ื ื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืืœืง ื™ืฉืจื?, ื‘ึผืึทืคืจืฒืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฉืึธืœืขื›ืฅ (ืงืœื™ืคื”) ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื”ืขืคื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื‘ื™ื ื” {. 

ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจ"ื™ ืื™ื– ืคืขืกื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื 
ืื•ื™ืก ืึทืžืึธืœื™ืงืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืกื ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืคืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคื™? ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ืข ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืฉื’ื—ื” ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืžืขืฉื™ื. ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืืจืืŸ 
ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื“ื•ืจืš ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข, ื‘ึผืœื•ึนื™ื– ื–ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืข 
ืกื™ืžื ื™ื, ื ืœื™ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืก ื ืฉืžื” ืื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืก ,ื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ" ืขืก ืื™ื– 
ืžื ื•ืœื’ืœ ื ืขืฐืึธื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ึผืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื“ื™ืง, ืฆื• ืฐืึธืกืขืจ ืžื“ืจื’ื— ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืฆื“ื™ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืžืฒื˜ ื•ื•ืขืžืขื ืก ื ืฉืžื—ื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืžื” ื“ืึทืจืฃ 
ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจื ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืฉื˜ืึทืค? ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช. 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸืŸ ืึทืœืข ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ื ื“ืกื˜ืŸ ืคึทึผื ื --- 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื•ื?ืœ, ืžืฉื™ื— ื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื•ืจ. ืžืขืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขืจื ืขื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื‘ึผื™ืึทืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื—, ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื ื“ื ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช. , ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืฐื•ืขืœืŸ --- ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืึทืจ"ื™ --- ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ื‘ึผืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื” ื–ื™ื™ืŸ --- ืฐืึธืœืžืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ึผื›ึผื•ื— ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืœื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ืคึผื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืžืฉื™ื— ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ"' ?. ื“ืขืจ ืืจื™ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืฆื™ื•ื’ื˜, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจ ืื™ื– -- ื“ืขืจ ืข ืฆ ื˜ ืข ืจ ื“ื•ืจ (ื“ืจื ื›ึผืชืจืื™) ; 
ืžืขืŸ ืžื•ื– ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื“ืขืจื ืขื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ,ืงืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ื ื™ื›ืขืจ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื ืขืŸ 


1 ื“ืึธืจืžืŸ, ื–' 3: ืื•ืœื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื’ืœื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืข' ืื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” 
ืขืžื”ื ืฉืื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืื™ื–ื” ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืฉื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืงืœื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืื•ืžื” ืฉื’ืœื• 
ืœืฉื˜... ื”ื ื” ื›ื— ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื” ืืฉืจ ื’ืœื” ืœืฉื ืฉื”ื•ื ืืฉ ืื•ื›ืœื” ืžื•ืฉื›ื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช 
ื•ืžืชื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ืขืžื” ื•ืžื˜ื”ืจื•ืช, | | 

2 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 3: ืขื•ืืœื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื’ืžื•ืจื”, ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ื• ื›ื— ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื 
ื‘ืœ ื”ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื”ื ืฉื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ืจื ืข ืื—ื“ ื•ืชื›ืฃ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ื ืฉื™ื”", 

8 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 3, 27, 

)2( 





338 ื“"ืจ '. ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ื ืื•ืœื”. ื“ืขืจื ืขื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื. ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ืึทืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื—, ืื•ื™ืกืœื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื ื™ื›ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ --- ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืชืฉื•ึนื‘ื”, ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ืชึผืคื™ืœื”, ืึทืกืงืขื˜ื™- 
ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืชึผืขื ื™ืชื™ื, 

ืขืก ืžื•ื– ืึธื‘ึถึผืขืจ ื“ืึธ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขื ืึทืจ"ื™ืก ืืกืงืขื–ืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืคึผืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื™ื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืึทื ื˜ืฉืฒืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ืึทื˜ืงืขื–ืข ืื™ื ื ืžื™ื˜ืœืึทืœื˜ืขืจ. ืืžืช, ื”ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจ'"ื™, ื”ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืึทืก- 
ืงืขื˜ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืึทืจืฑื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืคื•ื ืงื˜, ืึทืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืก, ื“ื™ ืงืœื™ืคื”, 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืœื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ึถืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื–ื™ื™ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ืฆื• ืึทื ื˜- 
ืงืขื’ื ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืึทืกืงืขื˜ื™ื–ื ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึดืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืขืจื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ, ืขืจ ืฐื•ื•ื™ืœ ืขืก ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืžืืœ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืจืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื›ึผื•ื—ื•ืช ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืขืก ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืคึผืจืฒื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกืœื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืคื•ึนืŸ ื–ื™ื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืก. ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœ ืึทืจ"ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ 
ืึทืจืฑืก ื“ืขื ืึทื ื˜ืงืขื’ื ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผ: ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื–ืึธื ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, 
ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืืฉ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ; ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืคืขืกื˜ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ, ืึทื– ื‘ึผืึทื ื™ื™ื˜ ืงืึธืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื‘ึผืึทืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืก ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก 
ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ, ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืจืึทืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืจืึทืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทื˜ืึธืก, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ื”ืขื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื ื•ืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืžืขืŸ ืžื•ื–, ืœืขืจื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจ'ื™, 
ื“ื•ืจืš ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื•ืŸ ืึธืกืงืขื˜ื™ืฉ ืจื™ื™ื ืขื ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ืฐื•ืขืœื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื˜ื•ื ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื“. ื“ืขืจ ,,ื—ื˜ื'! ืคื•ืŸ ืึดื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืก ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื“ื™ , ืงืœื™ืคึผื•ืช/' --- ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืฐืึธืก 
ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”, ื‘ึผื™ื™ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืžื™ื™ื ืจืœืขื›ืข 
ืงืจืขืคื˜ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืงืืžืฃ, ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืึทืจ'"ื™ืก ืึทืจืคืขื ืึธืœ.ื—ื•ืฅ ืกื™ื ื•ืคื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืชึผืขื ื™ืชื™ื ื ืึธืš ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื›ึผืœื™-ื–ื™ื™ืŸ: ื”ืฉื‘ึผืขื•ืช, 
ืžืึทื’ื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจื•ื›ืŸ, ื›ึผื™ืฉื•ืคื“ื™ืงืข ื’ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืข ื›ึผื•ื—ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื”ืืœื˜ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ , ืฉืžื•ืช'' ืื•ืŸ , ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช.., 

ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฐื™ื˜ืึทืœ ื ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจ'ื™ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜, ืึทื– 
ืึท ืชึผืคื™ืœื” ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึท ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ื›ึผื•ื•ื ื”, 
ืงืึธืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ื’ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืจื•ืฉื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข 
ืฉืคึผืจื•ื›ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืฆื˜ ืฆื•ื ืคึผืึทืกื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜, ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืขื ื“ืขืจืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ืžึฟื–ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผืฐืขื ื“ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืกื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื’ื•ืจืœ. ืžื™ื˜ 
ื”ืฉื‘ึผืขื•ืช ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืคื™ื™ื ื“ืœืขื›ืข ืงืจืขืคื˜ืŸ, ืึทืจืฑื™ืกื˜ืจืฒื‘ืŸ , ื“ื™ื‘ึผื•ืงื™ื'', 
ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื™ื– ื‘ึทึผื™ื™ื ืึทืจ"ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื ืŸ ื ื ืขืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ื™ื ื“ืœืขื›ืข 
ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืžื•ื– ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคื™ืจืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ื˜ืŸ 
ืขืงืฉื ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงืืžืฃ, ื“ื™ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืกื™ืžื‘ึผืึธืœื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ 
ื˜ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืจืึธืœืข ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ -- ืฆืฉื•ืืกืกื˜ 


ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื™ืจืŸ 339 


ืกื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ืขื ืืจื™ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฑื˜ืึทืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืึธืจ ืึท ื’ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืคึฟืŸ. ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืจืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ -- ืืœืฅ ื•ืฐืขืจื˜ ื‘ืื˜ืึทื ื›ื˜ ืึทืœื 
ืกื™ืžื‘ึผืึธืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืžื–ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ืื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ื˜ืข ืกื•ื“ื•ืช, 
ืœื•ืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื‘ึผื•ื™ื ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืื™ื™ื’ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ , ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ 
ืขืจื•ืš'', ืฐื’ ื™ืขื“ืข ืžืฆื•ื•ื” ืื•ืŸ. ืžื ื”ื’ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืฉื˜ ืึทืœื ืื•ื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืขืจ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืคื˜ืขืจื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืกื•ื“ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืข ืกื™ืžื‘ึผืึธืœืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ 
ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจื™ื˜ื•ืืœ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืœื•ืจื™ืืŸ ืžื’ื•ืœื’ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ืข, 
ื™ืขื“ืข ืžืฆื•ื•ื”, ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ, ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืฉื‘ืช 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื•ื ืจืขื ืข ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืึทืจ"ื™ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืึทืœืก ืžื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ืข, ืึทืœืก ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื˜ื”ืฒื˜; ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ึผืชื“ื™ืงืข ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช, ื•ื™ 
ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจื ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืจ"ื™ืก ื–ืžื™ืจื•ืช, ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืชื™ืงื ืงื“ื™ืฉื'' ื‘ึผื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ื•ื‘ึผืขืฆืžื• ืึทื•ื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื ื’ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืžื—ื ื•ืช 
ืžืœืึธื›ื™ื,., 

ืึถื ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืฆืคืช, ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฐื•ึผ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืึทืจื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืืคืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืงืึธืžืคึผืขื ื“ื™ื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ืจื‘ึผื ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื ื˜ื•ื ืคื˜ึทืจ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช, ื“ืขื 
,ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš'' --- ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืืจ'"ื™ืก ืึธื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืึทืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึท 


ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ , ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš''. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืขืžื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื ืข- 
ื•ื•ืืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืฆืคืชืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืึตืœืก ื“ืขืจื’ืึทื ืฆื•ื ื’ ืฆื•ืŸ ืงืึทืจื•ืก ืงืึธืžืคึผืขื - 


ื“ื™ื•ื ื“ืขืจ , ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ืฉืœ ืืจ"ื™', ืึท ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื•ืข ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช 1 ืขืก ื‘ึผืึทืžืขืจืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืžื™ืœื• ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฅ 
ื‘ึผื•ืœื˜ ืคืึทืœื ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืš: ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื˜ืœ ืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืฃ 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืชึผื•ืจื” ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื‘ื ื™ืฉืขืจ. 
ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื”ืืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืฆื•ื ื‘ึผืขืœ , ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš'', ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื 
ืึธืคึฟืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืึทืจื•ืก , ืžื ื™ื“'' ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืœืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึนึผืึท- 
ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผื˜ 2, ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืฉื˜ืึทืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืข, ืึทื– ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืึธืจื• ื–ืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘} 
ื’ืขื‘ึผืขื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืจ""ื™ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ืึทืจื™ื™ื ืคื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ึนืŸ , ืงื‘ึผืœื” 
ืžืขืฉื™ืช', ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจ""ื™ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืžืจื•ืฆื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจ ืงืึทืจื•ืก ื ืฉืžื” ืื™ื– 
ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืื•ื™ืคืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ื ืกืชึผืจ ื‘ึผืœื™ื– ื‘ื™ื• ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธืค? ืฆื• 


1 ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ:ืจืขืœื™ื ื™ืขื•ืขืจ ืงืึธืจืขืงืก ืื ื’ื™ืจ 
ื•ืžืฆื•ื”" ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึทืจืึทืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฆืžื—, ื—ืฒื™ื ืฐื™ื˜ืึทืœื ืึท ื”ืฒืกืขืจ ื—ืกื™ื“. -- ื“ืขื,ื ื’ื™ืจ 
ื•ืžืฆื•ื”", ืฐืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื ืืฑืกื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืืฑืกื ืึทื‘ืŸ, ื”ืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ืขืก ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื“ืึทื ืงืข, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืฒื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืจืขืœื™ื ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื™ื™ื’ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ืจื’ืขืจื ืคื™ืœืข ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื {ืืจ"ื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ". 

3 


ืงืกืคืจ ื’ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื", 2 ืคืžื” ืฉืืžืจ ื”ืžื’ื™ื“ ืœืžื”ืจ"ืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืึทืจื• ื–ืฆ"ืœ. ืฉืืงืจ 
ืขื ื” ืœื•", 





240 : ื“"ืจ ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ ืขืจื  


ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืจื˜ ืžืฉื” ืงื•ืจื“ื•ืื™ืจืึธ. ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืึทึธืจื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ 
ื ื™ื˜- ืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจ"ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืกื•ืฃ-ื›ืœื™ืกื•ืฃ ืžืกื‘ึผื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ- 
ืคื™ืœืŸ ืงืึทืจื•ืก ื•ื•ื•ื ื˜ืฉ. ื™ืขื“ืขืก ืžืึธืœ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ, ื•ื™ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจ"ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ื”ื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืฆื• ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคืข ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืงื‘ึผืœื”, ืคืœืขื ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืขืœ , ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ 
ืขืจื•ืš'' ื‘ึผืึทืคืึทืœืŸ ืึท ืฉืœืึธืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืจ' ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืึธืจื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜, 
ืึทื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืจืื•ื™ ืืจื™ื™ื ืฆื•ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืืžืช . 
ื‘ึผืขืช ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื™ื• ืึทืจ"ื™ ืจืขื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื™ืจืึทืช ื—ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืฉื” ืœื•ืจื“ื•ืื™ืจืึธ 
ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื™ื ,,ืžื•ืจื ื• ื•ืจื‘ึผื ื•', ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ ืฐื™ื˜ืึทืœ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืขืœ?ืœ ,ืคึทึผืจื“ืก 
ืจื™ืžื•ื ื™ื'' ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื˜ื•? ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื ืื•ื•ื”, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ึนืขืจืง ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืคืึทืจ ืึธื ืคืึทื ื’ืขืจ *, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื›ืœ? ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึนึผืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืจืžื‘'"ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื›ึผื“ืื™ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึถืœ ื–ื™ื™ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืก'ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึธืจื ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืžืชืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืงื‘ึผืœื” 5. ืžื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืจืขื“ื˜ ืฐื™ื˜ืึทืœ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืจื‘ึผื ื™ืฉืข ืื•ื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืงื‘ึผืœื” ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื ืขื ืขื‘ึผืŸ. ืžื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืจืขืกืคึผืขืงื˜ ืขืก ืจื™ื™ืจืŸ / 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ ื“ื™ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœื™ื ืื‘ึผืŸ ื ื‘ึผืื™ ืื•ึผืŸ ืžืฉื” ืงื•ืจื“ื•ืื™ืจืึธ. ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื—ื–ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืงื•ืจื“ื•ืื™ืจืึธืก ืชึผืœืžื™ืจ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื“ื™-ื•ื•ื™ื“ืึทืฉ 4 
ื ืึธืจ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืคืึทืจื”ืึทืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื—ื™ื™ื ืฐื™ื˜ืึท?, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืžื—ื™ืœื” ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืึท ืงื ืึทืคึผืขืจ ื™ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืŸ ืคื™ื™ื ื“ืœืขื›ืŸ 
ื˜ืึธืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืžืขืจืงืŸ ื‘ึผื ื•ื’ืข ืฆื•ื ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืขืจื˜ืขืฃ 
ืคื•ื ื ,,ื–ื•ื”ืจ'', ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืฉื˜ืึทืžืขืŸ ืฐืึธืจืฉืฒื ืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืึทื‘ึฟื•ืœืึทืคื™ืขืก 
ื”ืึทื ื˜ *, ื”ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืœืขืš ืื™ืŸ ืฐื™ื˜ืึทืœืก ืคืึธืจืจืขื“ืข ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
,ืขืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื''. , ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืœ, ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื‘ืึท- 
ืฉืึทืคืŸ ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืงื‘ึผืœื”'' (ืฉืœื ื ื‘ืจื ื”ืื“ื 
ืืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืœืžื•ื“ ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื”). ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืคืืจื ืœื™ื™ืš, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื™ ืงื›ึผืœื” ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื ืœื™ื›ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ,, ื”ืึทืจื™ืŸ'' ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืฉื ื” ืฆื• 
ื“ืขืจ ,,ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืžื”ื™ื“'', ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืฉื ื” ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื ืœื™ื™ืš 


1 ,ืชืขืœื•ืžื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื”', /4, 


ืก} 


ื–ืข ,ืฉื‘ื—ื™ ืฐื™ื˜ืึทืœ', 33, 

5 ,ืขืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื", 8: ืคื•ื”ื ื” ื›ืœ ืกืคืจื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืœื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ืก ืฉื”ื™ื• ืื—ืจ.ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื–"ืœ, 
ืืœ ืชืงื™ื‘ ืืœื™ื”ื, ื›ื™ ืžืŸ ื”ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื•ืื™ืœืš ื ืกืชืจื” ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื›ื˜ื” ื”ื•ืืช ืžืขื™ื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื 
ื•ืœื ื ืฉืืจ ื‘ึนื”ื ื›ึผื™ ืื ืงืฆืช ืขื ืคื™ ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฉืจืฉื™ื”ื ื•ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ื  ื—ืžืงื™ื‘ืœื™ื 
ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื–"ืœ ื“ื‘ื•ื™ื”ื ื‘ืฉื›ืœ ืื ื•ืฉื™" 

4 ื–ืข ื’ืจืืฉื™ืช ื—ื›ืžื”", 5 ืืึทื–"ืฐ, 

5 ื–ืข ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฐืขืจืง, ื‘ึผืึทื ื“ (ื•, 473 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื’ื™ ื™ื™ืจืŸ 34 


ืฆื• ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืงื‘ึผืœื” ื•ื™ ืฉืคึผืจืฒ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืึทื˜ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœืฐืึธื’ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืฅื™ืงืขืจื ืขืจ. 
ืฐื•ืขืจ ืขืก ืœืขืจื ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื‘ึผื™ื™ื ื•ืจื‘ื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืกื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืจืึทื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื•ึฐื”ื™ืชึผืจ --- ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืœืึทื ื“ื–ืฉืขื˜ ื•ื™ ื ื‘ืœื™ื - 
ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื ื ืขืžืœืขืš ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ: 
ื”ื•ืฉื™ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ึผืžื—ืฉื›ึผื™ื ื–ื” ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ ื‘ึผื‘ืœื™ -- ืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืกื•ืง: ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืขืก ื“ืขื ืชึผืœืžื•ืจ ื‘ึผื‘ืœื™, 
ื“ืขืจ ืืžืชืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืœื™ื›ื˜ืงืฐืึทืœ, ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ ืฐื™ื˜ืึทืœ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ 
ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื”, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืึทืคืœืช ืžืฆืจื™ื. ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ 
ืึทื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืจื™ื™ ื›ึผื™ืชึผื•ืช: 1) ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื•ื•ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืžื•ืŸ-ืขื, 
2) ื“ื™ ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ ืื•ืŸ 8) ื“ื™ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ื›ึดึผื™ืชึนึผื”, ื“ื™ 
ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ืงื‘ึผืœื”. ืฐื™ื˜ืึทืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื“ืขื ืžื•ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกืขืฐืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง 
(ืืžืช, ืึท ื‘ึผื™ืกืœ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื), ืึทื– ื•ื•ืขืจ ืขืก ืคืึทืจื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืงื‘ึผืœื—, ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึท -- ืขื ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื—ืžื•ืจ, | 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฐื™ื˜ืึธืœ ื‘ึผืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ื™ื™ื“ื ื˜ื•ื ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื ื“ืขื ืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืจื‘ึผื ื™ืฉืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืขืก 
ืคืึทืจื“ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืžื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืึธื ื’ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืกืขืจืข ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืข ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข: 
ื˜ืขื ื“ืขื ืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื•ื•ืคืŸ. 

ืœื•ืจื™ืืก ืงื‘ึผืœื”, โ€ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืก'ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืข ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืึทื ืึทื ื“ื™ืจื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื ืึธื›ืคืึธืœื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ื™ื (ื“ื™ , ื’ื•ืจื™ ื”ืืจ'"ื™'!, ื•ื™ ื–ืฒึท ื ื•ืคื ืคืœืขื’ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืจื•ืคืŸ) -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ ื“ืจื™ืงื ื“ื™ืง ื ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื•ืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืจืžืจื”- 
ืฉื—ื•ืจื”ื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ืคื™ืœ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ื ืคืึทืœืงืก-ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ื–ืฒืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืจืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทืกืงืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืง ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืขืจื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ, ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืขืžืง ื”ื‘ึผื›ื, ืฐื•ื•ึผ ืขืก 
ืœื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืžื—ื‘ึผืœื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืคื•ื– 
ืคื™ืจืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขืงืฉื ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื“ืขืจืžื™ื“ืœืขื›ืŸ ืงืึทืžื”. ื“ื™ ื ืึทื ืฆืข ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืคื•ืœื˜ ืžื™ื ืื™ืžื”ื“ื™ืงืข ืึทื ื“ื•ืช ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื—ื™ื‘ึผื•ื˜ ื”ืงื‘ืจ, ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžื“ื•ืจื™ ื’ื™ื”ื ื•ื, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ึผืขื•ืช, ื’ื™ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื, ื“ื™ื‘ึผื•ืงื™ื 
ืื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืœื™ ืžืฉื™ื—. ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืึทืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื’ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืข ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ- 
ืึทืคึผืึธืงืจื™ืคื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจื˜ืŸ 
, ืฉื‘ื—ื™ ืฐื™ื˜ืึธืœ!'. ืฐื™ื˜ืึทืœ ื’ื•ืคื ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืขืฉื™ 
ื ื™ืกื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ, ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื—ืœื•ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืึท ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ึผืขื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขื‘ึผืขื˜ืŸ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืึทืจืขืžืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืชืงืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื ืฉืžื”, ืฐื™ ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืฐืฒื–ืŸ ืคืึทืจ 
ืื™ื. ,,ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ -- ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืฐื™ื˜ืึทืœ -- ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืื™ืš ื•ืขื ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื•ื“ื™ืข 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื›ึผืŸ ืคื•ื™ืขืจื™ื 


342 ื“"ืจ ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ ืขืจื’ 


ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืื˜ ืึทืจืฒื™ืŸ ืึท ืงืขืœื‘ืœ ืฆื• ืฉืขื›ื˜ืŸ. ืฐื™ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืคื•ืจ ืื™ื– 
ืึทืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืงืขืœื‘ืœ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผื•ืฑื™ืขืจื™ื 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืขืœืึธืคืŸ ืฆื•ื ื‘ึผื™ืช-ืžื“ืจืฉ, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืข 
ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืืคืขื ืข ืกืคืจื™ื. ื“ืึธืก ืงืขืœื‘ึผืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 
ืคื™ื ืึธื ื’ืขึทืฉืคึผืึทืจื˜ ืึธืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื ืง, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืคืึธื“ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืคื™ืก ืึธืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ, ืฐื•ื•ึผ ื“ื™ ืกืคืจื™ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืงืึทืœื‘ึผ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ื ืœื™ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืึธืกืŸ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ. 
ืคืึทืจื’ืึทื˜ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทืœึถืข ืึทืจื•ื ื˜ื™ืฉ ื ืขื–ืขืกืŸ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื–ื™ื™ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜: 
ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ืขืก ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืœื•ื ืžืงื•ื™ื™ื''. ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืฐื™ื˜ืึทืœ, ืฐื™ ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ืžืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืงืขืœื‘ึผืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืึท , ื’ื™ืœื ื•?' ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ึผืขื ืขื, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืก ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื ืฉืžื” ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ,,ืชึผื™ืงื•ืŸ''. ื“ืึธืก ืงืขืœื‘ึผืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืึทืœืŸ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื—ืœืฃ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืจื›ื”, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืคืึทืจื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– 
ืฐื™ื˜ืึทื› ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžืงื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืœึธืฉื ืžืฆื•ื”, ื›ึผื›ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจืกื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืœื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื ืฉืžื”. ,,ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื ืึทื›ื˜ --- ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฐื™ื˜ืึทืœ -- ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื—ืœื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ึผืขื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก 
ื“ืึทื ืง ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: ื’ืขื‘ึผืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืžื” 
ื‘ึผืึทืจื•ืฑื™ืงื˜.. - 


ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืื ื“ื•ืช ืคืœืขื ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ึนื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ- 
ื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ื™?ืœ ืฆืฑ ืžื•ื™ืœ,,. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืฉ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืœืขื ืขื ื“ืขืกืจืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืขืฉืึทืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ื™ื•ื–ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืึทืจ"ื™ืก ืึธื ื”ืขื ื ืขืจ --- ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฐื™ื˜ืึทืœืก ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื—ืกื™ืจ, 
ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœืžื™ืืœ ื‘ึผืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื•ื™ืก ืžืขืจืŸ 1 ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื•, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืฐื™ื˜ืึทืœืก ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ (ืื™ืŸ 1607), ื’ื™ื˜ ืฉืœืžื” 
ืฉืœืžื™ืืœ ืึท ื ืื ืฅ ื‘ึผื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื™ืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขื‘ึผื ืก-ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ 
ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ,,ื’ื•ืจื™ ื”ืื•""ื™'' --- ืคื•ืŸ ืœื•ืจื™ืืก ื ืึธื›ืคืึธืœื’ืขืจ --- ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆืคืชืขืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื”. ,, ื‘ึผืขืช ืื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจื‘ึผืกื˜ 1609.--- ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืฉืœืžื” 
ืฉืœืžื™ื? -- ื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืคืช, ื”ืึธื‘ึฟึผ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข, 
ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข ืงื”ื™ืœื” , ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื—ื›ืžื” ืื•ืŸ ื™ืจืืช ืฉืžื™ื. ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื, ืึทืœืข ืคืจื•ืžืข ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืข ื“ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืžื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื›ืฆืŸ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช, ืื™ื™-ืื•ืŸ-ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืง 
ืงืœื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ืช-ืžื“ืจืฉ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ื‘ึผืขืจืš ืคื™ืจ ื”ื•ื - 


( ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื‘ึผืจื™ืฐ ื–ืฒื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื ืื™ืŸ ืืชึผืขืœื•ืžื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื—ื™ 
(1629), ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื“ืŸ 343 


ื“ืขืจื˜ ื™ื™ึดื ื’ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื—ื•ืจื™ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฉื ื—ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืง ืžืœืžื“ื™ื. 
ื“ื™ ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฆืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ --- ืคืึทืจ 
ืึทืœืข ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธืจื’ื˜ ืจื™ื™ื›ืข ื ื“ื‘ื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืฆืขื ืื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืึทืŸ- 
ื˜ื™ื ืึธืคึผืึธืœ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคืจื™ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื“ืึทืฐื ืขืŸ ืึทืœืข ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืฆืŸ ื›ึผื™ืชื•ืชื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฉื’ื—ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื: ื“ื™ 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ื ืžืจื, ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื“ืขื ืจืžื‘''ืžืก ,, ืžืฉื ื— ืชึผื•ืจื”'', ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืข --- 
ืคึผืจืงื™ ืึธื‘ื•ึนืช, ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื˜ืข -- ื“ืขื ,,ื–ื•ื”ืจ'' ืืื–'ื•ื•. ื—3ึผืœ?, ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ 
ืึทืฐืขืง ื ืœื™ื™ืš ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื“ืึทื•ื•ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ, ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ 
ืึท ืฉืขื”-ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชึผื•ืจื”. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืคืœืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื—ื–ืจืŸ 
ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจื™ื‘. ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืฉื‘ึนึผืช ืคืœืขื ื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืขืจืŸ ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธึทื˜ืกืคืึธืจื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืžื’ื™ื“ื™ื. ื“ืึธื ืขืจืฉื˜ืึธื’ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื“ืึทืฐื ืขืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื—ื™ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฉื•ืœืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ืžืขืŸ ืžืชืคึผืœืœ ื ื’ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืžื”ื“ื™ืงืข ืชึผืคื™ืœื” (ืชึผืคืœื— ื ื•ืจืื” 
ืขื“ ืžืื•ื“) ืคืึทืจืŸ ื ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื‘ึผื™ืช-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื–ื›ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ืช-ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ.. 
ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืชึผืคื™ืœื— ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ึผื™ื˜ืขืจืข ื–ื™ืคืฆืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืชืคื™ืœื” ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืฃ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ืžื” ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ึผืึทื•ื•ื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ื’ืึทื˜ืกืคืึธืจื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืจื‘ ื’ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ื™. ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ืขื•ืœื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžื•ืกืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ืจืึธืฃ-ืจื™ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช, ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ 
ื–ื™ืš ืคืœื™ื™ืกืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื•ืจื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืฑื’ื™ืก ืœื™ื‘ึผืฉืึทืคื˜. ื ืึธืš ืื™ื ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ 
ืึทืจืฑืฃ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ืžื” ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ืจืืฉื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื 
ื ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ึนึผืขืœึดื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”: ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืœื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืกื•ื“, ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ืจื‘ึผื™, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ื‘ึผื›ืœ ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืกื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืœื•ืžื“ื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉืœืžื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ื™, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื—ื›ืžื”, ืขื ื™ื•ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื™ืจืืช ืฉืžื™ื. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืึธืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืชืคื™ืœื— ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก 
ืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฑืขืง ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฆืขื‘ึผืจืึธื›ืŸ ื’ืขืžื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ 
ืงืฐืึทืงืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื’ื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ. ืฐืขืจ ืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ 
ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™, ื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืชืคื™ืœื”, ื“ื™ ื‘ึผื™ื˜ืขืจืข ื–ื™ืคืฆืŸ, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื™ืึทืžืขืจ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืจื™ื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืขื‘ึผืจืึธื›ืขื ืข ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืงืœืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื—ื•ืจื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผื™ืช-ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืœื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžืชื•ื•ื“ื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข 
ื–ื™ื ื“ -- ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื’ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืขืจืฉื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื” ื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื—ืจื˜ื” ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืžืขืฉื™ื, ื™ืขืจืŸ ืขืจื‘ ืจืืฉ-ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืคื™ืจื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ึดึผื™ื– 
ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื‘ึผืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื‘ ื™ื•ื-ื›ึผื™ืคึผื•ืจ: ืžืขืŸ ืฉืœื™ืกื˜ ื™ืขื“ืข ืึทืจื‘ึผืขื˜, ืžืขืŸ 
ื–ืืžืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฉื•ืค, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืžืขืŸ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืคืขื•ืจ, 
ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข ืงื‘ืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืื•ึนืŸ ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ ืขึฒืœื™ื•ึนืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืงื‘ืจื™ื ืื™ื– ืžืขืŸ ืžืชืคึผืœืœ ื‘ึดึผื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื”ืืœื‘ึผืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, 


244 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ึผืขืจื’ 


ืึทืžืึธืœ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ืŸ ืชึผืคื™ืœื•ืช, ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžื•ืกืจ" 1,. 

ืขืก ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฐืึธืจืฉืฒื ืœืขืš, ืึทืŸ ื“ืจื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ,ื’ืฐืึทืœื“ื™ืง ืื™ืžื”ื“ื™ืงืข 
ืชึผืคื™ืœื”'', ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœืžื™ืืœ ืจืขื“ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ื”ืชืคึผืขืœื•ืช, ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทื ืึธืฐืขืจืก , ืฉืขืจื™ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ" ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ืข ืงื™ื ื” ,ืขืจ ืžืชื™ ืจ'', 
ืฐืึธืก. ืžืขืŸ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื‘ึผื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ , ืฉื•ืžืจื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœ ืชึผืชึผืŸ'". ื”ืึทื ืึธืฐืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ื“ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ 
ืึธืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื“ืื–ื™ืงืข ืงื™ื ื” ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื™ืขื“ืข ืกื˜ืจืึธืคืข - 
ื”ืฒื›ึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ: ,ืขื“ ืžืชื™ ื“'', ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™: , ืืœื”ื™ื, ื‘ึนึผืื• ื’ื•ื™ื 
ื‘ึผื ื—ืœืชืš!'" ืจื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืงื™ื ื” ื’ื™ื˜ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื‘ึผื•ืœื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืžื‘ื™ื›ื”, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืก ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจื˜ืŸ 
ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื•; ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืึธ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจืขืคื ืจื™ืกืข ืงื™ื ื” ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ 
ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’: 

,ืขื“ ืžืชื™ ื“' -- ื‘ึผื™ื– ืฐืึทื ืขืŸ, ื ืึธื˜! ืขืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ 
ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ. ื˜ื•ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื˜ืขืจ ื•ืฒึทื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื“ื” ื“ืขืจืฑืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึดึผื™ืช ืชึผืคื™ืœื” 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื ืข ืคื™ื™ื ื˜ ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืขื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื•ื ื“. 
ืืœื”ื™ื! ื‘ึผืื• ื’ื•ื™ื ื‘ึผื ื—ืœืชืš --- ื’ืึธื˜ ืึทืœืขืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ! ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ 
ืึทืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜! | 

,ืขื“ ืžืชื™ ื“' --- ื‘ึผื™ื– ืฐืึทื ืขืŸ, ื’ืึธื˜, ืฐื•ืขืกื˜ื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื ืขื˜ื•ืž? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื ืข ืงืขื’ื ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื›ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจื•ื•ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื’ืœื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธื’ืœ-ืคืึธืœืง, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื“ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ืจ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ึผ ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฉืึธื›ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ. ืฐื™ ืœืึทื ื’ ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืฆืึธืจืขื ืขืŸ, ื‘ึผืขืช 
ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืœืง ื˜ื•ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ืจ ื‘ึผืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื—ื•ืจื‘ึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื–? 
ืืœื”ื™ื, ื‘ึผืื• ื’ื•ื™ื ื‘ึผื ื—ืœืชืš! | | 

;ืขื“ ืžืชื™ ื“' -- ื‘ึผื™ื– ืฐืึทื ืขืŸ, ื’ืึธื˜, ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ืฐืึทืœื ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืฃ 
ื“ื™ ื’ืขืžื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจืข ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืœืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื ืงืœ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ืŸ ืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ? ืึทืœึถืข ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืจืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ, ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืœืขื›ืฆืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืื ื’ ืคื•ึนืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื’ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื›ื˜. ืฐื™ ืœืึทื ื’ ื ืึธืš 
ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธืคึผืœื˜ืŸ ื—ื•ืจื‘ึผืŸ, ื•ื™ ืœืึทื ื’ ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœืฅ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืึทืจืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ื•ื™ ืœืึทื ื’ ืฐืขื˜ ืงืœืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืจืขืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื ืข ืฉืึธืฃ? ืืœื”ื™ื, ื‘ึผืืŸ ื ื•ื™ื ื‘ึผื ื—ืœืชืš! 

,ืขืจ ืžืชื™ ื“' --- ื•ื™ ืคึฟืึทื ื’, ื’ืึธื˜, ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฆื ื“ื™ื ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืŸ 
ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืคืจืขืกืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘, ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื–ื™ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืฆื• 
ืฉืึทื ื“? ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื ื“ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื™ื ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ืงืŸ, 


1 ,ืชึผืขืœื•ืžื•ืช ื—ื ื˜ื”", 0 





ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ึผืฒื™ ื™ื™ืจืŸ 215 


ื–ื™ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืฉืขื ื“ืŸ ืื•ึผืŸ ืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื’ื ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืœืขืคืฆืŸ ื‘ึผืืฉื™ืœื˜ืŸ. 
ื•ื™ ืœืึทื ื’ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืจืฉืขื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ึผืœืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื ืข ื˜ืจื™ื™ืข ื“ื™ื ืขืจ ื•ืขืงืŸ 
ื‘ึผื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืจื™ื™ืขืŸ? ืืœื”ื™ื ื‘ึนึผืื• ื’ื•ื™ื ื‘ึผื ื—ืœืชืš!"" 

ืื•ื™ืื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช, ื•ืึธื. 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืึทืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืจ"ื™ืก ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ ืฆืคืชืขืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœื™ื ืคืœืขื’ืŸ, ื•ื™ ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœืžื™ืืœ? ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื•, ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืขืจื‘ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ,ื‘ึผื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื‘ึผืŸ ื˜ืึธื’/, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืžืึธืœ 
,ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื˜ืึธื’''. ื ืชืŸ ื ื˜ืข ื”ืึทื ืึธืฐืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ื›ื•ืช 
ืจื™ื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ืึทืœึตื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืจ"ื™ืก 
ืึท ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ื—ืกื™ื“, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืึทื˜ืจืขืคื ื“ื™ืงืข ืชึผืคื™ืœื•ืช ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
,ืฉืขืจื™ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ'', ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืคืจื•ืžืขืŸ ืขื•ืœื, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืึทืจื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ืฆื˜ื™ืงืข ืกื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ืฆื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื– ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ืฐื™, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื“ืขืจ ,,ืจื‘ึผื•ื ื• 
ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื'' ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธื ื˜ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืคื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืคืจ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืคื•ื ื ืึถืจื•ึนืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,, ื™ื”ื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ'' ื ืึธืš ื‘ึผื“ื›ืช ื›ึนึผื”ื ื™ื. ื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืชึผืคื™ืœื•ืช, 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืึทืคืŸ, ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ,, ื’ื•ืจื™ ื”ืืจ'"ื™'' ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ 
ืึท ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ, ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึถื‘ึนึผืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข, ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฆืึธืœ ืื™ื– ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœืฒึทื ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืืก ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขื“ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืจืขืึทืœืŸ, ืžืžืฉ ืฐืึทึธื›ืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜. ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืฉ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทืงืึธืจืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืชึผืคื™ืœื•ืช. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ,ื™ื”ื™ 
ืจืฆื•ืŸ'', ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื›ึผื•ื”ื ื™ื ื“ื•ื›ืขื ืขืŸ, ืฐืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ ื ืึธื˜: 
ื’ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขื”ืขืจืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื–ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“, ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ื™ื–ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืคึผืจื ืกื” ื‘ึผืจื•ื•ื— ื•ืœื ื‘ึผืฆื™ืžืฆื•ื, ื‘ึนึผื”ึนืชึนึผืจ ื•ืœื ื‘ึผืื™ืกื•ืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื ื—ืช ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ื™ื ืžื™ื ืฆืขืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜. ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ,ืจื‘ึผื•ืŸ 
ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ื'', ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธื ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื”ื•ืฆืืช ื”ืชึผื•ืจื—, ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื‘ึผืขื˜ืŸ: ื•ื–ื›ืจื ื• 
ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืœืฉืœื•ื ืœืคึผืจื ืกื” ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื”, ื–ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืœื—ื ืคืื›ื•ืค 
ื•ื‘ึผื’ื“ ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื•ืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืื•ืจืš ื™ืžื™ื'', ืืžืช, ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืข- 
ื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ, ืึทื– ืžืขืŸ ื‘ึผืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืžืงื™ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ --- ืœื”ื’ื•ืช ื‘ึผืชื•ืจืชืš ื•ืœืงื™ื ืžืฆื•ืชื™ื” |ืฉื‘5 
ื•ื‘ื™ื ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื”ืฉื›ื™? ืขืžืงื™ ืกื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื”. 

ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืชืคึฟื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืœื™ื–ืกืคืง ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ 
ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜. ืžื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืคืึทื›ืŸ, ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืงืŸ ืกื˜ื™? ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืฉืึทืคึผืŸ ืึท ื ื™ื™ืขื ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืŸ ื–ืฉืึทื ืจ, ื“ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืขื ืข ืชึผื—ื™ื ื”-ืœื™ื˜ืข- 
ืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ,, ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื™ื’ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืžืึทื ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืœ. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืขืก ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉืข ืชึผืคื™ืœื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืคืชืขืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœื™ื ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื”ื™ื - 
ื–ื™ื›ื‘ื˜ ืึทืœืก ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืึธื ืฆืึทืœื™ืงืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ื‘ึผืขืจืฉืข ืชึผื—ื™ื ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 


246 | ื“"ืจ ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ ืขืจื’ 


ื’ืขืฉืึทืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 17ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 18ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื”. ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืฆื• ื‘ึผืึท- 
| ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื˜ ืกื˜ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืชึผืคื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื“ืึธ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื : 

) ื™ื”ื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื˜ืœืคื ื™ืš, ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื™ืœื™ืงื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ืจ, ื“' ืืœื”ื™ 
ื•ืืœื”ื™ ืื‘ึผื•ืชื™, ื“ื• ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ, ืฉืชื”ื ืฉืขื”. 
ื–ื•, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฉืขื”, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ืฉื˜ื™ื™ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื• ืžืชืคึผืœ? ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื–ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ -- ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืขืช ืจืฆื•ืŸ, ืึท ืฉืขื” 
ืคื•ืŸ ืจื—ืžื™ื, ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื•ื ื’. ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื™ืš ืจื•ืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืŸ 
ื–ืืœืกื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื™ืš ื‘ึผืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ืึตื™ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืกืŸ. ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื• ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืคืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืœืึธื›ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืขื ื™ื ื™ ื‘ึผื ื™ ืื“ื, 
ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ื”ืขืœืคืŸ, ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื˜ืŸ. ื“ื• ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ื˜ืึธืŸ 
ื ื™ื™ื ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™, ืฆื• 
ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื˜ื• ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื’ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื‘ื˜? ืึทืœืข ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจ- 
ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืขื’ื ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื™? ืึทืœืข ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื ืขืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”, 
ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืกื•ืง ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜: ื™ืชืŸ ืœืš ื›ืœื‘ื‘ืš, ื•ื›ืœ ืขืฆืชืš ื™ืžืœื. ืื•ึนืŸ ื“ื• ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ืคื™ืจืŸ 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ื‘ึผืฉืขืช ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ื‘ึผืขืช ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ- 
ื ืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ืžื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืœืขืจื ืขืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœึถืข ืžื™ื™ื ืข 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ืžื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื ืœื™ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืขื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ืฉื™ืงืŸ 
ืึท ื‘ึผืจื›ื” ื‘ึผื›ืœ ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™, ื•ืึทืœ ืชืฆืจื™ื›ื ื™ ืœื™ื“ื™ ืžืชื ืช ื‘ึนึผืฉืจ ื•ื“ื, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ 
ื ื™ื ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื’ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜. ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ืžื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืคื•ื ื ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ึผ ืคื•ื– ืึธืจืขืžืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคื•ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืžื™ืกื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ื ื“ืœื•ืช ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ืžื™ืš ื˜ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื™ื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื™ืœื™ืงื•ื ื’. ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ืžื™ืš ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืš ืึธื ืœืึธื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื•ื˜ืข ื’ืขื ืึธื“ืŸ. ื’ืขื‘ึผืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, 
ื ืึธื˜, ื”ื’ื•ืžืœ ื—ืกื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืืžืŸ ืกืœื”. 

2) ืื ื ื”ืืœ ื”ืžื›ื™ืŸ ืคืจื ืกื” ืœื›ืœ ื‘ืจื™ื” -- ืื™ืš ื‘ึผืขื˜ ื“ื™ืš ื’ืึธื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
ื˜ื•ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื–ืึธืจื’ืŸ ืคึผืจื ืกื” ืคืึทืจ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉ, ื ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืงืœื™ื™ื“ื•ื ื’ ืคึฟืืจ 
ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืงืจืขืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื–ืŸ, ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ืึธื ื–ื ืขื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืคืจื ืก 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ืš, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื–ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื›ึผืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ึผื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ 
ืคึผืจื ืกื”, ื‘ึผื ื—ืช ื•ืœื ื›ึผืฆืขืจ, ื‘ึผื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืœื ื‘ึผื‘ึผื–ื•ื™; ืคึผืจื ืกื” ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื•ืฉื” ื•ื›ืœื™ืžื”, ืคึผืจื ืกื” ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืืจืคืŸ ืึธื ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืœื™ืจื™ ืžืชึผื ืช 
ื‘ึนึผืฉืจ ื•ื“ื, ื ืึธืจ ืึทืœืฅ ื‘ึผืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜, ืคึผืจื ืกื” 
ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืš ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฆื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื”, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื ื“ื™ ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ืจื•ื ื’, ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื›ืคึผืข* 
ืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ึผื•ืฉึถืช ืคึผื ื™ื. ืœืึธื– ืื•ื ื– ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ึผืขื“ื™ืงืข 


ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ืจ ื’ื™ ื™ื“ืŸ 27 


ืฆื“ื™ืกื™ ื™ืฉืจื?, ืžื™ื˜ ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืŸ ื‘ึผื•ืฉื”. ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื—ืœืง ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื–ืึธืคึฟ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืจื›ื” ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืžื™ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’, 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคื˜ื™ืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื”ืขื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื˜ืึธืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื’ืœื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœึถืข ืžื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื, 
ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื•ื›ื— ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผื ื™ ืขืœื™ื”. ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืื•ื ื– ืžืจื—ื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืขืจืขื˜ ืžืึธืœ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืึทืจืขืžื•ื ื’, 
ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ื• ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืขืกืขืจืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืžื–ืค ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœืŸ ืงื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืึทืœึถืข ืคืึธื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ, ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื™ืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกืฆื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ ืฆื• ืœื™ื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉื•ืฅ ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืึทืœืข 
ืžื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื›ึผืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฆืจื”, 
ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื“ืจื™ืงื•ื ื’. ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ืงืข ื™ืึธืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจ, 
ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ื™ืขื“ืข ื•ืึธืš, ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ืจื’ืข. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš 
ืึทืœืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืจืึทืžืขืฐืข ืžื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืคื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื“ื“ื™ืงืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœืฃ ืžื™ืจ 
ืžื›ืœ ืฆืจื” ื•ืฆืขืจ, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืœืึทืกื˜ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืึทืกื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืฃ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ (ื‘ึผื˜ืจื“ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”). ื–ืืœืกื˜ ืžื™ืš ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืึทืœื“ืึธืก ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืก, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื•ื™ื‘ึผืขืจื™ืฉืข ื—ื™ื™ืœื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืฉืึธื“ืŸ, 
ื ืึธืจ ื‘ึผืฉืœื•ื ื‘ึผื”ืฉืงื˜ ื•ื›ื‘ื˜ื—ื—. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื•, ื‘ึผืคืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื•, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืœืžื” 
ืฉืœืžื™ืืค ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ืžืงื•ื‘ึผ? ื™ืฉื›ืจ ื‘ึผืขืจ ื‘ึผืŸ ืคืชื—ื™ื” ืื•ื™ื ืงืจืขืžื ื™ืฅ 
(ืžืขืจืŸ) 4 ื’ื™ื˜ ืขืจ ืึท ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื ืจื™ื™ื›ืข ืฉื™ืœืจืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ื•ื•ื›ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผื ืกืฐืึทื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืขืก ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื™ืœ- 
ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืืŸ ืึธืคึผืงืœืึทื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ึดืงืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื ืื™ืจืข ืžื™ืกืžื™ืฉืข 
ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ึผื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ โ€ ืึท ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื›ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจืขืคื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื•: 

, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ึดึผื™ืŸ ืึทืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 22 ื™ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืจื•ืš-ื—ื•ื ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืขืกื˜ 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ื ืฉื˜ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ืจื•ืคื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ: ื‘ึดึผื™ืŸ 
ืฐืึทื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืคื˜ื• ื“ืจื™ืžืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžืึธืจืขืžื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื•ื™ืœืงื™ื™ื˜? ืฉื˜ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ, 
ื’ื•ืจื˜ ืึธืŸ. ื“ื™ื™ื ืข ืœืขื ื“ืŸ, ืคืึธืจืฉ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธื˜ืŸ! ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืžื™ืš ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ืจืข ืฐืึธื›ืขื“ื™ืงืข ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ื ืฉืžื—, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื”ืึธืจืฆืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜, ื“ืขื 
ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืชึผืขื ื™ืชื™ื, 
ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืžื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื–ืึทืง ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืืฉ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ื‘ึผืึทื“ืขืงื˜. 


1 ื™ืฉื›ืจ ื‘ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ืื™ื ื™ืงืข ืงื‘ึผืœื”ื™ืฐืขืจืง (ื•ืข ื’ืจื•ื ื“ื™, ืชึผื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•ื™, 
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348 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ ืขืจื  


ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื”, ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืื™ืš ืคืœื™ื™ืกื™ืง ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืกืคืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื, ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื“ื™ 
ื”ืขื ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,,ืคึผืจื“ื ืจื™ืžื•ื ื™ื'/, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืœืฉืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืฉื›ืœื“ื™ืงืข. ืกื‘ืจื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืึธืจืข ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื‘ื ื˜ืข ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฉื” ืงื•ืจืจื•ืื™ืจืึธ. ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื - 
ืœืขื‘ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืึทืจื™ื™ื ืฆื•ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ ื˜ื™ืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ื ื ,ื–ื•ื”ืจ''. ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขื ื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื™ืคึผืกืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื”. ืคื™ืจ ื™ืึธืจ ื ืึธื›ืึทื ืึทื ื“, ืื•ื™ืกื’ืข- 
ื˜ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคืึทืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื” ื˜ืึธืŸ, ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืึทืœืฅ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ื“ืขื ,,ื–ื•ื”ื‘"" 
ืžื™ื˜ ืจื™ ,ืชึผืงื•ื ื™ื'', ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืชึผืคื™ืœื•ืช ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื• 
ื’ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผืขื˜ืŸ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขืจืœื™ื™ื‘ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื•ื›ื” ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืคืฆื•ื“ืขืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื•ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืชึผื•ืจื”. ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืžื” ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื’ืข- 
ื’ืœื•ืกื˜ ืืจื™ื™ื ืฆื•ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืกื•ื“ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื“ืขื ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ืึธื˜ืŸ, ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืกืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข ืžื™ืกื˜ืข- 
ืจื™ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื”ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืชึผืคื™ืœื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช, ื“ืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืžื”ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื ื•? ื”ื ืคืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื˜ื™ืคืข ืขื ื™ื ื™ื. ืืžืช, ืคื™ืœ 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขืงืœืขืจื˜ ืงื•ืจื“ื•ืื™ืจืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืžื” 
ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืจื•ื™ึทืงื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ื“ื•ึนืจืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ; ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ 
ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜: ืื™ืš ื‘ึผืœืื ื“ื–ืฉืข ื ืึธืš ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืึธื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื›ืœ,.. ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ื ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข 
ื‘ึผืฉื•ืจื” ื“ืขืจื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ: ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื‘ึผืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข 
ืœืขื‘ึผื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื—ื›ื ืขืžื ื•ืืœ 1. ,,ืคึผืœึทื— ื”ืจืžื•ืŸ'', ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืงืจืžื” 
ื’ืขืžืขืœื“ืขื˜, ืึทื– ื ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ื™ืก ื’ืขื ืึธื“ ื“ืขื ืคืืœืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืึทื™ื™ื ืฐื•ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืŸ ืœืื ื“ ื ืžืœืึธืš ืืœื”ื™ื, ื“ืขื 
ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœื•ืจื™ื ืึทืฉื›ึผื ื–ื™, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฑืกื’ืขื’ืึธืกืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ืึทื–ืฑื ืข ืกื•ื“ื•ืช, 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื˜ ืจ' ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื•ื—ืื™. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืขืจ 
ืคืืจืจืขื“ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœ ืขืžื ื•ืืœ, ืึทื– ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื– ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ึนืŸ ืืจืฅ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื“ืขื ืืจ"ื™ืก ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืกืจื•ืง, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื– ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื•ื“ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ึผื™ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ -- ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื•ื›ื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืืžืชืข ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื”, 

,;ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื -- ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืฃ 


1 ื“ืขืจ ืžืก ืงื•ื‘ึผืœ ืžื ื—ื ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึทื ื’ 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื“ืŸ 349 


ืฉืœืžื™ืืœ -- ื‘ึดึผื™ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜, 
ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื—ื›ื ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฆืึธืœื˜ ืงื•ืจื“ื•ืื™ืจืึธืก ืึทืœืžื ื” ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืข 
ื“ื•ืงืื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคืืจ, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉืจืฒื‘ึผืŸ ื ืงืึธืคึผื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืš- 
ื“ื•ืื™ืจืึธืก ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ,,ื–ื•ื”ืจ'" (ืื•ืจ ื™ืงืจ), ื ื™ื˜ ืจืขื›ืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช, 
ืฐื•ืึธืก ืก'ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืงืึธืกื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผืฉืจืฒื‘ึผืขื•ืก ืืึทื–". ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฆืคืช ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืขืจืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืึทืŸ ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขื 
ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• ืฆืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืง ื“ื•ืงืึทื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืงื˜ืจื•, ืึทืœืงืึทื‘ึผื™ืฅ ืื•ืŸ 
ืึทืœืฉื™ืš, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืคึผื•ืขืœืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœืžื ื” ื–ื™ ื–ืึถืœ ื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจืขืคื ื“ื™ืงืข 
ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ึผืขื ื™ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืžื•ื“ื”, ืึทื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืงืขื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืœื™ืขืขื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื•ืจื™ืืก ืœืขืจืข, 
ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผืกื•ื“, ืฐืึธืœึฐื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื ืืฑืฃ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง 
ืคืึทืจื”ืฑื™ืœืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผืœื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื”. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื“ืึทืŸ ื‘ึผืืฉืœืึธืกืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื‘ึผ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ื ื’ื˜, ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืข- 
ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข ืึทื›ื˜ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืข ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืื ืฅ 
ืคืึทืจืžืขื’ืŸ, ืึทืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืกืคืจื™ื; ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ื“ื•ืจืฉื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืืžืชืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ื ืึธื˜ืก ืฐืึธืจื˜. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื’ืขืฐืึทื ื“ืขืจื˜ 
, ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉืข ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืฑืœืŸ, ืจื•ืกืœืึทื ื“, ื‘ึผืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืœืื ื“, 
ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื–ืืžืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช. ื ืึธืš ืคื™ืœืข ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš 
ืžื™ืš ืกื•ืฃ-ื›ึผืœ-ืกื•ืฃ ื“ืขืจืœืึทื ื’ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืคืช ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืจื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื”ืึทืœื‘ึผ ื˜ืึธืœืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืงืขืฉืขื ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึธื ื“ืขืจื˜ื”ืึทืœื‘ึผืŸ ื ืœื™ื™ืš ื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืึท ื–ื•ื”ืจืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจ. 
ื ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื™ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื“ื—ืงื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึดื™ืŸ 
ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ืฆื• ืึทืœืข ื—ื›ืžื™ ืฆืคืช ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืงืฉื” ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืžื™ืš. ื‘ึผืึทืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืœื•ืจื™ืืก ืงื‘ึผืœื” ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ืš ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื’ืขื ื™ืกืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืกืงื™ื™ื˜; ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื‘ึผืขื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™- 
ื ื™ืงืกื˜ื ืก ืœื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื ืึทื ืฅ ืงื•ืจืฆืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ืžืขืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื•ืจื™ืืก ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ืข ืืžืชืŸ. ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœืŸ; ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข 
ืืžืชืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื“ืขืงืŸ ืคึนืึทื‚ืจ ื’ื•ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื’ืœืฑื‘ึผื˜ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื• ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ืึทืจื™ื™ื ืฆื•ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑื ืข ื˜ื™ืคืข ืกื•ื“ื•ืช, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืขืจ ืจื‘ึผื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ 
ืคืึทืจื”ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ื ื˜ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื•ื—ืื™ืก ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ" 1, 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืื™ื– ืฉืœืžื™ืืœืŸ ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ; ืืžืช, 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื ืึทื ืฅ ืึทืจื•ื ื™ื ืขืœืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ. ื ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ืŸ 
ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืกืจื•ืง, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 42, . 





2350 ื“"ืจ 'ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ืื™ืŸ ืฆืคืช. ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืœืžื™ื? ืคืึทืจ ืื™ืจ ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืข- 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ื ื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜: 
ืึท ืกืš ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ึผืขื ืขื ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ, ืฐื’ 
ืขืก ืื™ืŸื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืจ"ื™ืก ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืื™ืŸ ืงื‘ึผืœื”. ,ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ -- 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืฉืœืžื™ืืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ื™ืจื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืชืคึผืขืœื•ืช -- ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ 
ื–ืขืงื˜ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื‘ึผืœืขื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ื›ื™ื” ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืึทืจื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืœืข ืคืœื™ื™ืกื™ืง ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ึผื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ื›ึผืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื™ื•ื•ืช, ื“ืขื ื›ึผืœื™ื ื“ืŸ ื—ื›ื ืžืึทืกื•ื“. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ื ืก: ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชึผื•ืจื” ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ". 
,ื’ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ'? -- ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืฆืคืชืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ 

ืขื•ืกืง ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ืขืก, ืงืขืžืคืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,, ืกื˜ืจื ืึทื—ืจื'' ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืฉื‘ึผืขื•ืช 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื’ื™ืฉืข , ืฉืžื•ืช!'; ืžื™ื˜ ืกื™ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืชึผืขื ื™ืชื™ื ืžื›ืคึผืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื“ืขืจื ืขื ื˜ืขื”ืŸ ื“ืขื ,,ืงืฅ'', ื“ืขื ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ืึทืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื—, 
ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทืคื“ืจืฒื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืœื™ื™ื–ืขืจ... | 
| ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื•ืžื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ื™ืงืข ื•ืึทืจื˜ืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืคืขืกื˜ืข ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ื’ืข- 
ืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืจื™ ื˜ืขื’, ืขืก ื”ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ 
ื’ื•ืืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื– ืงื•ืžืขืŸ --- ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ื™ืœ- 
ื›ื™ืงืŸ ืึธืคึผืงืœืึทื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึถืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืึทืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทื ืึทื‘ึผื˜ืกื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืก ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืชืงื•ืคื” --- ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ึผืŸ ืžืฉื” ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึท (ื ืึทื“ื–ืฉืึทืจืึท). 





ืคึผื™ื ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ 


ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ึผืŸ ืžื•ืœื™ื˜ื•ื‘. -- ื“ื™ ื ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒื™ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข 
ืขืขื•ืžืจ ื”ืฉื›ึผื—ื”", -- ื’ื“ืœื™ื” ืื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืงืึทื“ืขืžื™ืข ืคืึทืจ ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข, -- 
ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื–ืึทืจืงืึธ ืื•ืŸ ืกืขื“ื™ื” ืœืึธื ื’ื”. -- ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื•ื ืงื ื™ื™ืจื ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ 
;ืื™ื•ืžื” ื›ื ื“ื’ืœื•ืช". -- ืžื ื—ื ื“ื™ ืœืึธื ื–ืึทื ื• ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืŸ ืืฉืชื™ ื™ื“ื•ืช", -- ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืžืฉื” ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึท ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,ืžื™ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ", -- ื ืึทื ืึทืจืึท ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืคืชืขืจ 
ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœื™ื, -- ื“ื™ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืฉ.ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžืึธื˜ื™ืฑืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึทืก ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’, -- ื–ื™ืŸ 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ืคืฉืืจื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ", -- ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึธืก ื ื™ืข ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืึธืจืžืขืŸ, -- 
ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึทืก ืฉื•ืœ. -- ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืชึผื™ืžืŸ,. - ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃื ืฉื‘ื™ื•ื™ ืึทืœืก 
| {ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ, 


ืื™ื ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜? ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื‘ื™ื™ ื“ื™ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื™ื ืกื˜ื™ืงืข ืกืึทืฆื™ืึทืœืข ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืกื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืึดื˜ืึธืžืึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืœื•ื›ื”, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืจืงื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ 
ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฐื•ืึทื›ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ-ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืœื™ื ื“ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ื™ ืืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืขื ืข ื˜ืจืึทื“ื™ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืœืข 
ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืึธืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื—ืงื™ืจื” ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทืœื˜ืข, ื“ื•ืจืš 
ืžืกื•ืจื” ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืขื ืข ืคืึธืจืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ืฉืฑื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื‚ืžืึทืง ืฆื• ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื™ื ืขื ืกื˜ื™ืœ. ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืึทืœืฅ 
,ืื•ื™ืคืงืœืขืจืขืจ!' ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืชึผืงื•ืคื”, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜?, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืคื™? ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฅ- 
ืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืขืžืขืก ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืคืจื“ื™ืฉืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ. 
ืืžืช, ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืงืึทืจื’ ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืฐื•ึผื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืึทืœึถืข ืฉื™ืจื™ื-ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทื’ื ืขื“ื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื ืึท ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขื›ืŸ ืคึผืึทืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืืœืึทื ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืจืขืจ 
ื‘ึผืึทื ืึทื‘ึผื˜ืกื˜ืขืจ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืจื‘ื™ื˜"ื–ื”ื‘, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ื–ื™ 
ืึท ื’ืื ืฅ ื’ืขืื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคืขืจื–ืŸ-ืžืึทื›ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื‘ืขืœ-ืžืœืื›ื™ืฉ ืงืึธืคึผื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ื™ืงืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืš โ€ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจืึทื‘ื™ืฉื™ืฉืคืื ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืชืงื•ืคื”. ื“ืึธืก ืงืึธืคึผื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืงืœืึทืกื™ืฉืข ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืžืขืจ 

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257 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ึผ ืขืจื’ 

ืคึผืืจืฉื˜ืึทืจืงื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืœ ืคื•ื ื 16ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื” ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืœืึธื– 
ื ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื˜ืึธืžืึทื ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจืึทืฐื•ื™ื ืฆืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืคืืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ึผืขื ืข ืื•ื™ื 
ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื•ื ืึทืœ, ื‘ึผืขืช ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื•ื˜ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืœื™ื ื™ืขื–ืข 
ื”ื™ืžื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืœืก ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืขืจ ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื ืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืœื•ื™, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืขืคึผื™ื’ืจืึทืžืขืŸ, ื’ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกืื˜ื™ืจื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธื›ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึทืœื—ืจื™ื–ื™ืŸ, 
ื‘ึผืื ืคืขื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึทืคื™ื•ืจืึทืŸ. ืก'ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ 
ืงืึธืคึผื™ืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจืŸ. ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืก ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืข ืคืึทืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ึผืขื ืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืข- 
ืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขืจืขืจ 
ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ื ืึธืจ ืก'ืื™ืŸ 
ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ 62012 66 8102609', ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืข" 
ืžืืœื˜ ื’ืขื’ืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืึทืœืก ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืงื•ื ืกื˜ 1, ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ื–ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ , ื’ื•ืœื™ ืกืคืจืจ'', ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ึผืŸ ืžืฉื” ื“ื™ ืึทืœื ืึทื‘ึผืึท, 
ืื™ื ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื" 
ืจื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ืกืึทื ืฆื™ื ืขืจ ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจื™ื™ 5 / 


ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืขืฆืขืจ ื•ื™ื™ื™ื 
ืึธืŸ, ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ึผ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื–ืขืฆืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ 
| ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ-ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ: ,,ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื‘ึผื•ืš ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืžืขืจ ืคืึทืจื’ืขื ื™ื’ืŸ ืฐื™ 
ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข-ื‘ึผื™ื›ืขืจ, ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ 
ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืขืŸ. ื—ื•ืฅ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื ึผืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืคื™? ื ื•ืฆืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื“ืึธืก 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื‘ึผื•ืš ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืงืœืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืึทื“ืคืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ื“, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขื ื™ื 
ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื™ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืก-ืคืจืึทื’ืŸ, ื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืœื—ืžื”-ืึทื ื ืข- 
ืœืขื ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื ืขืžืขืŸ; ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ, ื•ื™ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืคื™ืจืŸ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš 
ืฐืืกืขืจืข ืงื•ื ืฆื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืงืœื•ื’ืข ืึทื™ื™ื ืคืึทืœืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื”ืขืœืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืŸ, ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ 
ืขืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืœืข"ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ 5ืฉื•ืŸ ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜. 


1 ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืขืฆื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื›ึผืžืขื ืืฑืืฃ ืึทืœืข ืืฒ. 
ืจืึธืคึผืขื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ืŸ, ืื•ื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืฐื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื ืึธื›ืžืึทื›ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืขืจืŸ ืจืึธืžืึทืŸ. 

2 ืจืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฐืขืจืง ืื™ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื™ืงืจ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชืŸ, ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ืก'ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื‘ึผืึทื›ืึทื ื˜, ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื™ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ึผืข. ืžื™ืจ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ โ€ ื“ืขื ืคืœืŸ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉืŸ ืฉืขืจ:ื‘ึผืœืึทื˜: ,ืืžืื“ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ 
ื ืื•ืœื, ืกืคืจ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื ืคืœืื™ื ื›ืžื• ืขื ื™ื ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื•ื ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืื ืฉื™ ื”ืฉื. 
ื•ืขืกืงื™ ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืžืžืœื›ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื", 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 253 


ืฆื•ื’ืขื ื’ืœืขืš ืคืึทืจ ืึทืœืข ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ"  ,1โ€ ืึทื“ืึทื ืง ื“ืขื ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ืœื“ืขื˜ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ืžืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืึทื ืฆื™ื ืขืจ ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึท ื˜ื™ื™? ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉื”, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ึผืœื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืŸ ื‘ึนึผืึท- 
ื’ืึทื‘ึผื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืึทื ื˜ื™ื ืึธืคึผืึธืœืขืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจ- 
ืฉื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืคื•ื ื 16ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื” ืคืึทืจืžืึธื’ื˜ --- ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ึนึผืŸ ืžื–ืœื™ืฆื•ื‘ 2,. ืžื™ืฃ 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง ื‘ึผื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืฉืข ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ. ืžื™ืฃ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื–, ืึทื– ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ึผืŸ ืžื–ืœ-ื˜ื•ื‘, ืฐืึธืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื•ืœื• 
ืกืคืจื“, ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืงื•ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื–ืขืฆืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1808 ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืงืึทื ืกื˜ื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ืึธืคืึธืœ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืงื™ื™ 5, 
ืคื™ืœืข -ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืฐืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืึทื ื˜ื™ื ืึธืคึผืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ 1819 ื‘ึดื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื–ืึธืจื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขื 8 , ืฉืœื•ืก-ืฐืึธืจื˜' ืึธืจืขืจ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื—ืกื›ึผืžื•ืช, ืึทืœืฅ ื‘ึผื“ืจืš ืฉื™ืจ, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืคืืกื˜ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืจืขืœื™ื ื™ืขื–ืข. ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืกื•ืจ ื•ึฐื—ื™ืชึผืจ + ืื•ืŸ ื ืœื™ื“ืขืจื–ืฉืžืœื•ื ื’ 
,ื™ืจื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœืžื—" ?, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื—ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ 
8, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืœืžื— ื‘ึผืŸ ืžื•ืœ-ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ , ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืกืึทื ืฆื™ื ืึธ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื ื˜ ืึท ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 208 ืคื™ื•ื˜ื™ื 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ , ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื–ืžื™ืจื•ืช'' 7 ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืข ืคื™ื•ื˜ื™ื 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœืžื— ื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืœ, ื™ื”ื—ื“ื” ื—ืœื•ื™, ื‘ึผื™ื™ื“ืข ืื‘ึผืŸ ืขื–ืจืืก ืื•ืŸ ื ื—ื•ื ?, . ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืคื™ืœืข ืคึทึผืึถืขืžืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ึนืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ึผืึทืงืฉื ื˜ืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, 


1 ;ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื— ื—ืกืคืจ ื™ืžืฆื ื‘ื• ื”ื ื—ืช ื•ื•ืช ื™ืชืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืŸ 
ื ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืจืืช ื—ืงื•ืจื ื‘ื•, ื•ึนืขื•ืจ ื›ื™ ืžื•ื— ื”ืกืžืจ ื™ืฆื ืคืจื™ ื•ืชื•ืขืœืช ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืงื•ืจื ืœืžื™ 
ืฉื™ื“ื™ืงื“ืง ื•ื™ื–ื›ืš ืฉื›ื™ื• ื•ืœืžื•ืš ืžืขื ื™ื ื™ ื—ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื ื•ืžืชืŸ ื•ืขืจืžื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืชื—ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืขื ื™ื ื™ ื˜ืœื—ืžื•ืช ื•ื—ืชื—ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื—ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช. ืœื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืคื™ ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืœื—ื 
ื•ื ืจืื•ืชื™ ืžืขืœืช ื—ืกืคืจ ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื—ืชื•ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืžืชื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื™ ืœื—ืขืžึดื™ืงื• ืžืœืข"ื– ืœืœื”"ืง ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื ืงืœ 
ืœื›ืœ ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื‘ื•" (ื–ืข ,ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจื‘ึผืœืึธื˜ ื“, ืึธืจื™ืขื ืžื˜', 1850, 4823 ื• 

2 ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ.ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ืืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื•ืžื™ืจื•ืช", 1 285--287, ื’ืขืžื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืจื™ 
ืคึผื™ื•ื˜ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืึทืงื•ืึธืกื˜ื™ืš ! ืžื•ืœื™ื˜ื•ื‘, ืืคืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ 

8 ื–ืข! ืจืึธื–ืึทื ื™ืก, ืื“ื‘ืจื™ ื™ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื’ืชื•ื ืจืžื”', | 84, | 

7 ื–ืข ,ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื–ืžื™ืจื•ืช", ื’ื•ื˜' 252--233, 

5 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื’ื•ื˜' 212; | | 

6 ืขื— ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ืŸ ื ืึธืš 1532, 

7 ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืืฑืกื’ืึธื’ืข ืื™ ืึตื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื™ืงืจื™ื—ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชืŸ, ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืชื™ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื’ืœื•ื™ืŸ ืฆืฐื™ื™ ืขืงื–ืขืžืคืœืึทืจืŸ: ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื–ื™ื™, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื™ื™. 
ื˜ืขืจ (ื“ืขืคืขืงื) ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืึทื“ืขืจ ืึทื–ื™ืึทื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืžื•ื•ื™ื™, ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ืึธ ื“ืขื ืฉืขืจื™ื’ืœืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื•ืขืœื˜ืขื ืขืจ ืืฑืกื ืึธื‘ืœ, 

5 ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื•ืžื™ืจื•ืช", 4 5 ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืžื•ืŸ ืขื ืจื“ ื•ื›ืจื›ื•ื'ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–' 23 ืื™ื– ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื ื—ื•ืžื ืึท ืœื™ื“ ืžื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ืžืึทื ื’ื˜.ืกื˜ืจืึธื˜ืข: ,ื ืื•ื” ื‘ืขื•ื– ื”ืชืื–ืจื™, 
ื›ื™ ืขื•ืš ืžืขื ืชืขื•ืจื™, ืื ืžื›ืื‘ ืœื‘ ืชืฆืจื™", 


)23( 





354 ื“"ืจ ', ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื’ โ€ 


ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื–ืขื›ืฆื™ืง ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึธื ืฆื™ื’ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืŸื“ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ึนึผืŸ ืžื–ืœื™ืฉื•ื‘. 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ึนืŸ ืžื–ืคื™ื˜ื•ื‘ืก ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื ื™ืงืขืช ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™" 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜, ื•ื™ ืฆื•ื ื‘ึผื™ื™ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ื ืคึผืึธืขืžืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฉืึทืš-ืฉืคึผื™ืœ;, ืึท ืœืฑื‘ึผ" 
ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื’ ื“ืขื ื‘ืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืŸ ืกื•ืœื˜ืึทืŸ ืกื•ืœื™ื™ืžืึทืŸ * ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื™ื-ืœื™ื“, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื•ืขืจื˜ 
ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขื ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื™ื, ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื“ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึทืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืกื˜ืจืึธืคืข: ,,ื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื ืขืžื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื’, ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื 
ื•ื•ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื“ืขื ื’ืฐืึทืœืจื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขืจื•ื™ืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื›ืฐืืœื™ืขืก!" * 
ืึทืžืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืกื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ึถึผืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื’ื™ืกื 
ืื•ื™ืก ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืึทืจืฆื™ืงืŸ ื‘ึผืขื ืงืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขื 
ื—ื•ืจื‘ึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื‘ื•ึนืช. ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืฉ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืคืึธืจื ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื˜ื, ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืึทืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผื•ึนื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืกื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจืึทืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืขืคึผืึทืกื˜ ืฆื• ืึท ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืžื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื’ื•ื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืข ืคึผื™ื•ื˜ื™ื '; 
ืคื™ืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคึผื™ื•ื˜ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื ืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ึผื•ื™ื˜ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื˜- 
ืžื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืึธืจื ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืงื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืึทื‘ึผื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงื˜-ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื’ื•ืคื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึธืŸ; ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืคื™ืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’: ,ืœื ื’ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืžืขืืœื™ื'', ืึธืจืขืจ: ,ื‘ึผืฉื ื™ ื ื’ื•ืŸ 
ื™ืฉืžืขืืœื™" ' ืื•ืŸ ืขืจื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ืฐืขืจื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื“, ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ืคึฟื ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืœืึธืจื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ ืึทืœึถึผื ืžื•ื˜ื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื™ ืฆื•ื ื‘ึผื™ื™ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ื‘ื™ื™ 
ื ื•ืž' 957 ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืžืขืจืงื˜: ื›ื ื’ื•ืŸ ืขืจื‘ื™ ืงื•ืœื• ืœืงืื“ื™", 

ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืึทืงืึธืžืคึผืึทื ื™ืžืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ื ื™ื’ื•ื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžืข" 
ืœืึธื“ื™ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืืฑืกื’ืขื’ืึธืกืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœืŸ ืฐืฒื™ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜-ืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืขืจ: ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืข ื˜ื•ื™ื‘, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืก ืื™ืจ ื ืขืกื˜ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ, 
ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืฐืึธื’ืœื˜ืข ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืคืึทืจ" 
ืงืึธื–ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืžื•ื– ืฉืžืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืœื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ื–ืึทืžืข ืคื™ื™ื ื“ ื’ืขื™ืึธื’ื. 

1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ,  ,156-152โ€ ื“ื™ ืคึผืืขืžืข ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื ื‘ื™ ืจืึธื–ืึทื ื™ืก, {ืŸ, 15--16, 

2 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื ื•ื' 240, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืงืขืคึผืœ: ,ื‘ื ื’ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืžืขืืœื™ ืœืžืœืš ื™ืจื•ื ื”ื•ื“ื•", 
ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื“ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืกืกืจืึธืคึผืข: ;ืฉื“ื™ ื•ื ืขืœื ืืœ ื—ื™ ื•ืจื—ืžืŸ, ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืขื•ืœื 
ืžืœืš ืจื‘ ืฉื•ืœืกืŸ ืฉื•ืœื™ืžืŸ", 

9 ,ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ ื•ืืฉื™ืจืช - ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืจื™ื ื” ื•ืืขื™ืจื” -- ื‘ื’ืื•ืช ื™ื ื“ื ืจ ืฉื™ืจื” -- ื‘ืฉื™ื 
ื’ืœื™ื• ื•ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื•". | 

4 ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืœื™ื“ ื ื•ื' 245 ืื™ืŸื– ืึธื ื’ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ : ,ื’ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืื ื•ื ื‘ึผืฉื™ืจ" (ืคื•ื ื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ืืœื”ื•); ื‘ื™ ื“ื™ ื ื•ืž' 269 ืื•ืŸ 8 ืคื‘ึผื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ืจ ืื‘ืงืฉืš" (ื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืœืก ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ืœื™ื“). 
ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ึผืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืจื™ ื ื™ืž': 251, 255, 258, 210--215. 

5 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื ื•ื': 249-233, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ | 55 


ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคืจื™ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขืจ, ืงื•ื ืื™ืš ืึทื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืื ื’; 

ืคืืจื ืขื-ื–ืฉืข ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืชืคื™ืœื”, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืง ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™... 

ืื•ื™ืกื’ื™ืกืŸ ื˜ื• ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™,. 

ื‘ึผืึทืฐื™ืœื™ืงื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืœืก ื‘ึผืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืึทื ืง. - 

ืึทืœืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืขืจ! ื‘ึผืึทืคึผืจืฒ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืžืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, 

ื’ื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืœืฃ, ื–ืึธืœ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธื˜ ื™ืึถืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืœื™ื™ื–ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜! 

ื‘ึผืึทื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืง ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ืคืึทืจืœืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 

ื‘ึผื™ื˜ืขืจืกื˜ืข ื ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, 

ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ึผ ื“ื™ ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืงืข ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ื™ืŸ --- ืงืขืจ ืื•ึนื ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื ืขืกื˜!" ื’1 

ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื™ืœื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉืžืึทื›ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข; ืขืก ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืšืฃ 
ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ึผืฉื•ืจื”: , ืฉืœืžื• ื™ืžื™ ืื‘ืœืš -- ืจืขื™ืชื™ ื•ื™ื•ื ืชื™! ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ึตื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ, ื“ื• ื˜ื™ื™ื‘ืขืœืข, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข! ืงืขืจ ืื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคึผืึทืœืึทื™ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื™ื– ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ื• ืจื•ืขืŸ. ื’ืขื ื•ื  ืฆื• ืฐื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืจืึทื ื“ ืคึฟื•ืŸ 
ืืคึผื ืจื•ื ื˜ืŸ --- ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืงืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขืกื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ึผืึทื ืฒืขืŸ. ื“ืึทืจืคืกื˜ ืžืขืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืœืึธื ื“ื–ืฉืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ืกื˜ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ --- ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ืก ื˜ืขืžืžืคึผืœ 
ืงืขืจ ืื•ื, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข. ื”ืขืจ! ืฉื•ึนื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื›ื˜ื™ื’ืึทืœ, 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืœื™ื ื ืก-ืงืœืึทื ื’ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืœืึทื ื“ ืขืจืฉืึทืœืŸ, ื“ื• ื˜ื™ื™ื‘ึผืขืœืข, ื“ื• 
ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืข ืžื™ื™ืŸ!" 5 ื™ .; | 

,ืงืขืจ ืื•ื, ืฉื•ืœืžื™ืช -- ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ 
ืœื™ื“ --- ืงื•ื ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ืžื™ื˜ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ ืึทืจืฑืฃ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฆื™ื•ืŸ!" 5 ;ืงืขืจ ืื•ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืฆืจื•ืŸ, ื“ื• ืœื™ื‘ึผืข, ื“ื• ืฉื™ื™ื ืข, ื“ื• ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืงืข 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ"" --- ืงืœื™ื ื’ื˜ ืขื ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื•ืŸื“ืœื™ื“, ืฐื•ึผ ื™ืขื“ืข ืกื˜ืจืึธืคืข ืคึฟืึทืจ- 
ืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืŸ ืจืขืคึฟืจื™ื™ืŸ: ,, ื“ื• ืœื™ื‘ืข, ื“ื• ืฉื™ื™ื ืข, ื“ื• 
ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืงืข ืžื™ื™ืŸืŸ'" 4 ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืžื™ื ืื ื˜ืฆื™ืงื•ื ื’: ,,ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ื•ืคื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืจื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืึท ืœื™ืš ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืข 
ืœื™ืคึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ื“ื•ืคื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืจื•ื™ื–ืŸ! ืื™ืš ื”ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื: ื–ื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ 
ื™ื•ื‘ึผืœ, ื“ื• ืฆื™ื•ืŸ! ืึธื˜ ืงื•ื ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ืื ื˜ืงืขื ืŸ!" 5 

ืฉื˜ื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื™ื•ื•ืชื“ื™ืง ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ึผืŸ ืžื–ืœ-ื˜ื•ื‘ื˜ ืœื™ื“, ืื•ืŸ ืขื˜ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืึท ื’ืื ืฅ ืฉื•ื•ืื›ืŸ ืึธืคึผืงืœืึทื ื’ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ืฉื™ืงืขืจ ืจืขื–ื™" 


1 ืื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืœื™ืš ื ื•ื' 1246 ื–ืข ื‘ืฒืœืึทื ืข ื ื•ื' 12, ื•ื• ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื“ ืฐืขืจื ื’ืข. 
ื™ื’ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ื‘ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช, 

? ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื“ ื ื•ื' 247; ื–ืข ื‘ึผืฒืœืึทื ืข ื ื•ื! 12. 

5 ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ืจ ื ื•ื' 2244 ืืฉื•ืœืžื™ืช ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ื ื ืฉื•ื›ื™ ื”ืจืจื™ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืขื ืืœื™ื—ื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ื", 

4 ื ื•ื! 2236 ,ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื‘ืฆืจื•ืŸ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื” ื™ืคืชื™, ื•ืืกื™ืจ ืชืงื•ื” ืฆื‘ื™ื” ืจืขื™ืช, 

5 ื ื•ื!' 231, ื–ืข ื‘ืฒืœืึทื’ืข ื ื•ื' 12, 





256 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ืจืขื ืฅื™ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื , ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืขื ื”ืึธืจืŸ". ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืœื“, ืฐื™ 
ืžื™ืจ ื•ืขืœืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืขืŸ, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ื ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืขืจืข 
ืฉื˜ื™ืžืข ืื•ืŸ --- ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ื™ืข ืงืœืึทื ื’ืขืŸ, ื‘ึผืึทืฉื™ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืขืœืข 
ื–ืึทืคื˜ื™ืงืข ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืŸ, ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื ืขื ืึธืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืœืงื•ืžืขื ืข ืคืืจืžืขืŸ --- ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื“ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ื™ืœื›ื˜ ื‘ื› ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืึทืœ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ 
ื”ืชืคึผืขืœื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืฆื™ืงื•ื ื’ื™. 
'ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืœืขื ืขืจืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืฒื˜, ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ-ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’, โ€ ืฐืึธืก ืกืึทื ืฆื™ื ืึธ 

ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜, ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข, ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืื™ื™ื’ื ืืจื˜ื™ืงืข ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ 
, ืขื•ืžืจ ื”ืฉื›ึผื—ื”", ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืขืจ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืคืœื™ื™ืกื™ืง ื’ืขืึทืจื‘ึผืขื ืื™ื™ื ื™ืกืข 
ืคึฟืึธืจืฉื˜ืฒื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ืขืจ ืกืคืจื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข ื’ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืŸ. ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ืŸ 
ื™ืขืงื‘ ! ื’ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืคื•ื ื 16ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื” ื’ืข" 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืึทืœื˜ ืคึผืจืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึทืจืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืœืขืžืกืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœื–ืฉื™ืจ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืึถืขื–ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืงื•ื ืกื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ , ืžืฉืคื™" ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ, ืึตืœื ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจืึทื‘ึผื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ืฉืข ืžืฉืœื™ื ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืคึผืึทืจืึทืœืขืœืข ืึทืจืึทื‘ึผื™ืฉืข 
ืฉืคึผืจืึธื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกืขื ื˜ืขื ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉืขืจ ืคืขืจื–ืŸ-ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’. 
ื‘ึผื™ื™ืœื•ื™ืคื™ืง ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืคื™ืœ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขื” ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื™ื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื•ืฉืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ. ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื ืึธืš 
ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ืคืึทืจื’ืฒืขืกืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืฆืึธ? ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืก ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจื˜ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคืจืึทื ื˜ืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ. ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึธื˜ืขืจืก 
ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืึท ื ืึทื ืฆืข ืงืึธืœืขืงืฆื™ืข ืคึผืึธืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืขื (ืื™ืŸ 1608) ื–ื•ืŸ, ืึทื‘ืจื”ื. ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืึธืœืขืงืฆื™ืข (ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืขื“ืœื™ื“ืขืจ) 
ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืขื“ื•ืช, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’-ืคืืจืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ึผืขื ืขืจ ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ื ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืงืข ื’ืข" 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ึผืึทื’ืึทื‘ึผื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ. ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ืกืœืขื›ื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ื“ืึธืก. ืฐืขืจืง, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืžืึธืกื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืึท ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ , ืžืฉืœื™", 
ืžื’ื•ืœื’? ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื‘ึผืคืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ .ื˜ื™ื™ืœ, โ€ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉืขื“ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’. ื“ืึธืก ืฐื•ืขืจืง ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืขื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ , ืขื•ืžืจ 
ื”ืฉื›ึผื—ื”'', ืฐืึธืจืขื ื ืึธืจ ืึทื“ืึทื ืง ืื™ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ ื ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืฆืึธืœ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ืฐื™ ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ื–ืžื•ืจื”, 
ืžื ื—ื ืื‘ึผื• ื–ืžืจื ื'"ื 3 : | 

1 ื™ืขืงื‘ ื’ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจืขื ืึทื“ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจื™ 
ืคืึทืกื˜ ืึท ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขืš ืฐืขืจืง ,ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉื›ืœ", ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ืžืจืขื ืึทืจืฑื ืึทืœืก ืึธื ื”ืขื , 
ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืžื•ื ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ {ืžื•ืจื”" (ื•ืข ืืขื•ืžืจ ื”ืฉื›ึผื—ื”", ื“ืฃ 131, ืขื' ื), 

3 ื“ืขื ,ืขื•ืžืจ ื”ืฉื ื—ื”" ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื ื“ื™ ื’ื‘ื™ืฉื•ื ื ืึทืŸ ืื•ืจืฒ 
ืื•ืจ.ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืœ, ืžืฉื” ื’ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ืฐืึธืจื’ืข ืื™ืŸ 1748, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืืขืจืึทืžื™ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 3570 


ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืœืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ื‘ื™ืฉื•ื ืก, ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ึผืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื, ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ื•ื™ืš 
ื’ืขืฉืขืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืงื•ื ืคื˜, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืขื ื˜ื•ื–ื™ืืกื˜ื™ืฉ, ืึทื– ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ื™ 
, ื‘ึผืขืœื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจ'' ื˜ื•ื˜ ืจื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ื— ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืจืขื“ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื–ื™ื™ื’., 
ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ืขืจ ืกืคืจื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข, 
ื ื“ืœื™ื” ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ื ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืŸ ืคืขืฆืขื ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืฆื˜ ืžืฉื” ืื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื 2, 
ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื‘ึผืึทื ื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื˜ ืคืึทืจ , ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื‘ึผืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืฆื• ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืŸ ืคึฐืึทืจ ื“ื™ ,,ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจ'' 8 ืžื™ืŸ , ืงื•ื ืกื˜-ืึทืงื˜ืจืขืžื™ืข", 
ืึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ื•ื–ื™ืึทืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืขืฆืขืจ ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืงื•ื ืกื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื›ืข ื•ื™ืœืข 
ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืกืึทืœืึธื ื™ืงืข ื ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื–ืึทืžืœืคึผื•ื ืงื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื ืข- 
ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืงืจื™ื™ื– ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ. ืขืก ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืžืึธืจืงืŸ- 
ืžืขืŸ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœืข ืคืึทืจื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ืฐื•ืขื–ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคืœืขื ื˜ ืคืึธืจ- 
ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื ื™ื™ืข ืฉืึทืคื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื”ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ึผืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื—ื‘ืจื™ื. ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ื–ืึธืœ ืึทืจืฑืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืจ ืงืึธืžืคึผืขื˜ืขื ื˜ืข 
ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’. ืžืข ืคืœืขื ื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืึธืคื˜ ืึทื™ื ืึธืจื“ืขื ืขืŸ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื˜ื•ืจื ื™ืจืŸ; 
ืึทืœืก ืงืึทืžืฃึผ-ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืคืœืขื ืŸ ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขืคึผื™ื ืจืึทืžืขืŸ, ืžืึทื“ืจื™ื’ืึทืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื‘- 
ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžืขืŸ ืคืœืขื ื˜ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืžืœืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ื›ืŸ 
ื ื“ื‘ืŸ, ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื“ืขืœืŸ ืฉืขืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืกื˜, ื“ืขื ื’ืึทืกื˜ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ืœืขื›ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืœืขื‘ึผืึธืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื™ืœืข *. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ-ืงืจื™ื™ื– ื”ืึธื ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืงื•ื ื”ื“ืฉื ื’ืขื•ื•ืฉืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื–ืึทืจืงืึธ ืื•ื™ืก ืจืึธื“ืึธืก, ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ-ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ,ืœื—ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”" * ืื•ืŸ ืกืขื“ื™ื” ื‘ึนึผืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืœืึธื ื’ื•, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืึทืŸ ืขืœืขื’ื™ืข-ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ , ืฉื‘ืจื™ ืœื•ื—ื•ืช'' (ืกืึทืœืึธื ื™ืงืข, 1804) ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ 


1 ืขืขื•ืžืจ ื”ืฉื ื—ื”", 1125 ืขื ื•ื“ืข ื•ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืžื—ื›ื˜ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ. ืจืžื” ื•ื ืฉื ื‘ื”ืช ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื” 
ื™ืชืจ โ€ ืฉืื” ื•ื™ืชืจ ืขื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžึฟื™ื ื™ ื—ื›ื˜ื™ืช, ืขื“ ืฉื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ื™ื•ืจืขื™ ื“ืขืช ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ ืžืจืข, ื›ื™ 
ื‘ืขืœื™ ื–ืืช ื”ื—ื›ื˜ื” ืื™ื ื ืจื™ืงื ื™ื ืžื–ื—ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื•ืจื•ืช ื“' ืชื ื•ืกืก ื•ืชื ื•ืฆืฅ ื‘ืชื", 

5 ื›ึผืฉืขืช ื“ืขืจ ืฉืฐืึทืจืฆืขืจ ื›ื ืคื” ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกืกืึทื ื˜ื™ื ืึธืคึผืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืฉื— ื‘ึผืŸ ื ื“ืœื™ื” ืื‘ึผืŸ 
ื™ื—ื™ื ื ื™ื ื ืึธืจ ืžื ื“ื‘ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ึผืึทื“ืฒืฑื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืžืขื’ืŸ, ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืฆื• ืฉืžื™ืฆืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื ืฑื˜ื ืึทื“ืขืจืคื˜ื™ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ื ืฒืขืจื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืึทืœื ืึทืจืฆื˜ ืฉื˜ืึธืจืง ื‘ึนึผืึทื”ึดื™ืœ. 
! ืคื•ืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ,. ืึทืฒื™ื ืฉื˜ืขืœื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืจื™ื™ืžืข ื ื“ื‘ื ื™ืฉืข ื”ืึทื ื˜ ื”ืึธืก ื ืขืฉืžื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ื™ืฅ ืกืขืจืงื™ื™. ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื– ื”ืึธืก ืคึผืึทืจื‘ืจืึทื›ื ื–ืฒึทื ืข ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ื ื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืœืขืจื ืžืขืจ ืึทืจืฆื˜ ืึทืžืึทื˜ื•ืก ืœื•ื–ื™ื˜ืึทื ื•ืก, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืฆึธื˜ืก ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืึทื ืงื‘ึผืึทืจืงืฒื ื’ืขืฐื™ื“ืžืขื˜ ื“ืขื 
ื’ืึทืกื˜ืคืจืฒื ื“ืœื ื›ืŸ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ืจื™ื–ืŸื™ืฐืขืจืง 148ื–0)0ืกืก". 

8 ื–; ืคืจืžื•ืœื™, ,ื“ื ืจื™ ื—ื™ืžื™ื ืœื›ื ื™ ื™ื—ื™ื", 42-38; ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืฐืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื 
ื‘ื™ ื“ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ 33 ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื›ื›ืขืจ.ื›ืจืฒื–, 

4 ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1560, ืื•ื™ื; ื™ืฉืขืจ.ื‘ึผืœืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ! ,ืกืคืจ ืœื—ื ื™ื”ื•ืจื”, 
ื—ื›ืจื• ื”ื“ืœ ื•ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืŸ ืจ' ืึทื‘ืจื”ืก ื–ืจืงื• ื–ืœื”"ื” ื”ื•ืฉื‘ ืื™ ืจื“ื™ืฉ". ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืœื—ื 
'ื—ื•ื™ื” = ื’ื™ืขืŸ ืึทืจืฒืŸ ืึทืœืขื ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ืคืึธื ื˜ืขืก, ืขืคึผื™ื’ืจืึทืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, 





2358 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ื ืึธืš ืึท ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฆืึธืœ ืคึผืึธืขืžืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผืœื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ 1 ื‘ึผื™ื™ื“ืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื ืึทื ืฅ ื’ืขืœื•ื ื’ืขื ืข 
ืขืคึผื™ื ืจืึทืžืขืŸ. ,,ืื™ืš ื–ืข ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืึธืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขืœื˜,--- ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื–ืึทืจืงืึธ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืขืคึผื™ื ืจืึทืžืขืŸ, -- ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืงืœื•ื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจื ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืงื™ื ื™ื’ืŸ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึทืจืึธื ื™ื, ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ื– ืขืก ืชึผืžื™ื“: ืฐื™ ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ื™ื™ื’ืŸ, ืคืึทืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืึธื˜ื ืก ื“ืขื ื ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืืฑื‘ึผื ืึธ!' 2. ,ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืคื™ืจืœ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ --- ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืœืึธื ื’ื•, --- ืื•ื™ื‘ึผ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง. 
ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™?. ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ ื ืขืคื™ืœื˜., ืึธื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืฉื™ื™ื ื˜, 
ื˜ืจืขืคื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืึธืคื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื ื•ื˜ืข ื–ื™ื ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืคึผื•ืคื˜ืข ืžื•ื—ื•ืช" *. 


ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ื•ื•ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ-ืงืจื™ื™ื–, ื“ืขื ื”ืขืจืฆืึธื’ ื“ืึธืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื ืฉื™ืืก ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“, 
ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ึผืŸ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืื•ื ืงื ื™ื™ืจื. ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืจื‘ื™ื˜-ื–ื”ื‘, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื ืงื ื™ื™ืจืึธ ืคืึทืจืคืืกื˜ ืึท ืคึผืึธืขืžืข, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืคื™ืจืŸ ืึท ื•ื”ื›ึผื•ื— ื“ื™ 
ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืคื•ื ื ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉืŸ ืึทืœืฃ-ื‘ึผื™ืช. ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืฉืฐืึทื›ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธึถืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื–ื™ืŸ, ืคึผืึธืขืžืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ึนื ืงื ื™ื™ืจื ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืœืึทื ื’ืŸ ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ, ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคืึทืกื˜ ืึท ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ืฒื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฆืึธืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื’ืข- 
ืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืจื™ื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื–ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืง 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืคื•ืœืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ื ื ื ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื—ื™ื‘ึผื•ื“ืจ +. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืึทื“ืึทื ืง ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืขืจ" 
ืฆื™ื™ืœืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ื™ื™? ืื•ื ืงื ื™ื™ืจืืก , ืื™ื•ืžื” ื›ื ื“ื’ืœื•ืช'' ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขื“ื•ืช ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืึทืงื˜: ื“ืขืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื•ืฆืึทื˜ื• 
ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ , ื›ึผืคืชึผื•ืจ ื•ืคืจื—'', ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืจื™ื™ ื™ืึธืจ ืฉืคึผืข- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ,, ืื™ื•ืžื” ื›ื ื“ื’ืœื•ืช'' ?, ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืคืขืจืฆื™ืง ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช, ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก 
ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ืฉืข ืคืคืจื™ื: ื“ืขื ืชึผืœืžื•ื“, ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื, ืกืคืจ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื, ืชึผื ื ื“ื‘ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื•ืŸ 
ืขืจ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ืึทื: ืขืจ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืข 


1 ื–ืข ื ืฒื‘ื•ื™ืขืจ .205 .ื–ื˜16ืŸ 8066 046, ื ื•ืž' 1986 ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื—ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”" ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืฉื‘ืจื™ ืœื•ื—ื•ืช" ื–ืฒื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื™ืงืจ.ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื ื™ื ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืžืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืงืขื ืขืŸ. 

,ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื—ืคืฅ", 212 ืืชื‘ึผื•ื ื ื” ืชึผื ืœ ื•ึนืชึผื ื“ ืื—ื–ื”--ื‘ึผืฉืคืœ ืžืชื™ ืฉื›ืœ ืกื›ืœื™ื ื™ืžืœื•ื›ื• 

ื•ืืžืจื” ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืขืฆื™ื‘ -- ื•ื”ืŸ ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืฉืงืข ืฆืœืœื™ื ืžืœื›. 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 13 ืื—ืจื™ ืืฉืจ ื›ื ื•ืจ ืœึนื ื™ื ื’ืŸ -- ืื ืœึนื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœื•ืœ ื•ืžืœื ืจื•ื— 
ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ื ื•ืจ ื•ืื•ืžืจ -- ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืขืจื‘ื™ ืงื•ืœ ื—ืกืจื™ ืžื•ึนื—, 

4 ื“ืขืจ ืคื•'ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืขืจื™ื‘ึผืœืึทื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืื•ื ืงื ื™ื™ืจืืก ืฐืขืจืง: ืืื™ื•ืžื” ื›ื ื“ื’ืœื•ืช, ืกืค- 
ื”ื ื•ืชืŸ ืืžืจื™ ืฉืคืจ, ื—ื‘ืจื• ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ื”ื—ื›ื ื”ืฉืœื ืžื”ืจ"ืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื•ื ืงื™ื ื™ืจื”", ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคึผืึทืกืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ืึธืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉ ืฐืขืจืง ,ืกืคืจ ื”ืขื ืง", ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื™ื 'ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸืฃ 
ืคึฟืึทืจืœืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืฐืฒื™ื ืฐืขืจืง, ืฐืข:;ืŸ ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื ืื™ืŸ (ืื™ื•ื›ื” 
ื›ื ื“ื ืœื•ืช', 28: ืื›ืืฉืืจ ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืกืคืจ ื™ื—ื•ืก ื‘ื ื™ ืกืคืจื“ ื”ื ืงืจื ืืžืจืื•ืช ืืœื”ื™ื, 

5 ื–ืข ืืฑื‘ืŸ, ื•' 165 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 259 


ืฆืึธืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืคื•ื ื ืึทืงืึธืจืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขื ืขื ืื•ื ืงื ื™ื™ืจืืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื•ื˜ 
ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ืขื“ืขืก ืžืึธืœ ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื•ืขืœืข. ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ , ืื™ื•ืžื” ื›ื ื“ื’ืœื•ืช'" ืื™ืŸ. 
ืึธืคึผื ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ืงื ื™ื™ืจืืก ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉืข ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื’ืฉื™ืืก 
ืึท ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื›ึผื•ื—, ืฐืึธืก ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ (ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ื•ื ืขื–ื™ืฉ) ืžื™ื˜ 
ืึท ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ 1. 

ืื™ืŸ ื ืึทืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืกืึทืœืึธื ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ-ืงืจื™ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืื™ื™ื ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืข, ืื™ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืข ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ --- 
ืžื ื—ื ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื—ื•ื“ื” ื“ื™ ืœื•ื ื–ืฉื ื•. ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืึธืจื˜, ื ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ื™ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื•ื ื–ืึทื ื•ืก ื’ืขื‘ึผื•ืจื˜. ืžืขืŸ ืงืึทืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืžืฉืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ึผืืจืŸ ื‘ึผืขืจืš ืื™ืŸ 1850, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืขืจ ืžืขืจืงื˜ ืึธืŸ, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ื ืก ืึท ื•ื•ืขืจืก, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1872, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื’ืข ,,ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜-ื™ืึธืจืŸ" (ื ื“ืคืก 
ื‘ึผื‘ึผื—ืจื•ืชื™) 2. ื™ื•ื ื’ ืึท ื™ืชื•ื ื’ืขื‘ึผืœื™ื‘ึผืŸ, ื ืงืจื•ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื”ืึทืœื‘ึผ ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ืขืจ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืœื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื“ื—ืงื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืฆื• 
ืฉื˜ืึธื 8. ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื–ื•ื™ื ืข ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ 
ืึทืจืขืžืขืจ ืงืึทืœื™ืงืข ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐืึธืจื‘ึผืŸ ืึท ื‘ึผืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœื–ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืึท ื’ืจื™ื ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืึทื‘ึผื™ืฉ, ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื–ืึทืžืœื˜ ืึท ืงืืœืขืง- 
ืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืข ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ 4 ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฐืึทืจื‘ึผืŸ 8 ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืœืขืงืกื™ืงืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืฉืข ืึทืจื‘ึผืขื˜ืŸ , ืื•ืจ ืชึผื•ืจื—'' (ืึท ืงืจื™ื˜ื•ืฉืข ืคืึธืจืฉื•ื ื’ 
ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืกื•ืจื” ืคื•ื ื ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื”) ืื•ืŸ , ืžืขืจื™ืš'' (ืขืจืงืœืข- 
ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจืขืžื“ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืชึผืœืžื•ื“, ืžืจืจืฉ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื•ื”ืจ), ืœื•ื ื–ืึทื ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ืœืขื ื’ืขืจืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึทื ืกื˜ืื ื˜ื™- 
ื ืึทืคึผืึธืœ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง ,,ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื'' (ืึท ื“ื™- 
ื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืึธึถืขืžืข), , ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืžืงืจืฉ" -- ืึท ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจืฒื‘ึผื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืจืขืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ (ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื•ืฐื•ืขืจืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฆืึธืค ืคึผื•ืžื•ื ื™ื ืื•ึนืŸ ื›ึผืงืฉื•ืช), ืื•ืŸ , ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืชึผื•ื›ื—ืช' -- 
ื ื“ื™ื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืึถืขืžืข ืื™ืŸ 580 ืคืขืจื–ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ืคึผืึทืขืžืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื ื ืึทื ื™ืŸ 
ืงื ืึทืคึผืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜. ืœื•ื ื–ืึทื ื• ื’ื•ืคื ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜- 
ืกื•ื ืกื˜, ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื–ืŸ ,,ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ-ืฉืคึผื™ืœื™, ื•ืืก ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืื•ื™ื- 
ื ื•ืฆืŸ ืฐื•ื™ ื ืคึผืึทืกื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืงืฐืขืžืข ืคืึธืจื ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธื˜ืขืก- 


1 ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจ, ืžื™ื ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืžึดื™ืจ ื”ืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ืฆื, ืคืขืœื ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื•, 
ืงืขืจ ืฐื™ื›ึผื•ืช, ืื™ื ื”ืึธื ืฐืึทืจืฉืฒื ืœืขืš ื“ื™ ืฆืขื ื–ื•ืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื ื™ื˜ืŸ, 

? ืขืข, ืืฉืืชื™ ื™ืจื•ืช", 2. ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขืฃ ื ืึธืš 1618 (ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื 
ืขืจ ืึทืจืฑืกื ืœื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืึท ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืฐืขืจืง ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืืฉืชึผื™ ื™ื“ื•ืช"), 

8 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืขืขื ื™ ื•ืื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ื—ืกืจ ืœื”ื, ื’ื•ืœื” ื•ืกื•ืจ, ื’ืข ื•ื ื“, ื”ืฆื™ ืขื•ืจ ื•ืคืกืช ื ื›ืช 
ืจื•ื— ื ืฉื‘ึผืจ', 


4 ืืฒื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒ ื”ืึธื ืขืจ ืฉืคืขื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฆืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜, 





0 ื“"ืจ ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฆื•ื•ืขืงืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืืฑืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืฐื™ืกืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืฉืฒื“ืขื ืขืจ ืงืขื’ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ,,ื—ื›ืžืช ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช'', ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื–ื™ ืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• 
ืึทืคึผื™ืงื•ืจืกื•ืช ?. ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืืžืช ืื™ื– ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืœื•ืจื™ืืก ืงื‘ึผืœื”. ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืคื™ืœืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ืœืขื ื’ืขืจืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆืคืช, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจื™ 
ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1887 ื“ืขื ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืžื“ืจืฉ ,,ืื’ื•ืจ'' (ื–ืข ,, ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืฉืจ. ืค: ื”ืขื‘ืจ. 
ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœ,'', ืฆ, 95) ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,,ืขื•ืžืจ ืžืŸ", ืึท ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ,ืื™ื“ืจื 
ื–ื•ื˜ื""' * | 

ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงื ืึทืคึผืŸ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜, ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš 
ืœื•ื ื–ืึทื ื•ืก ื“ื™ื‘ื˜ื•ื ื ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืคืืจืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข; ืจืืฉื™ืช ื“ืขืจืคืึธืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ื ื•ืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืก 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืจืขืกืขื•ื™ืขืจ ืžืึธืก ื•ื™ ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ึผืŸ ืžื–ืœื“ื˜ื•ื‘ ื“ื™ ืžืขื˜ืฒื™ืง 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจืึทื‘ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืงื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. ืœื•ื ื–ืึทื ื• 
ื’ื ื•ืคื ืžืึธื˜ื™ืฐื•ื™ืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ,, ื“ื™ ื ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืฉืžืขืืœื™ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืึทื“ืึทื ืง ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืขืœืึทื ื›ืึธืœื™ืฉืŸ -ื˜ืึธืŸ ืึทืžื‘ึผืขืกื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืคึผืึทืกื˜ ืฆืฑ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืจื™ 
ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ, ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืขืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื”-ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืขื”-ื’ืขืคื™??"" 4. ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืžืึทืžืขื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื›ึผื“ืื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฆื•ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื ื–ืึทื ื•ืก ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ -- ื“ืขื 
ืฉืึทืจืฃ ืขืจืึธื˜ื™ืฉืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึทื ื ืฅ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืœื•ื ื–ืฉื ื•ืก 
ืฉื™ืจื™ื, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื•ื•ื’-ื‘ึผื•ื ื“ ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื›ึผื ืกืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ 
ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ืŸ *. ื“ืึธ ืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืคืชืขืจ ืžื™ืก" 
ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืœื•ื ื–ืึทื ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ืœืขื ื’ืขืจืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜. ืขืก 
ืคืขืœื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ โ€ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข -- 
ืืžืชืขืจ ืคึผืึทื˜ืึธืก, ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืึทื ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืขืงืกื˜ืื–. ื“ืึธืก ืึธื›ึผืขืจ, ืฐืึธื 
ืก'ืื™ื– ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืŸ ืœืขืงืกื™ืงืึธื ืจืึทืฃ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื ืžืขื›ืึทื ื™ืฉืข ืžืึธื–ืึทื™ึดืง 
ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืœืฒื™ื›ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื --- ื“ืึธืก 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 132: ื‘ื™ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื—ืงืจืชื™ื ื ื ืžืฆืืชื™ื -- ื™ื‘ึผืžื“ืจื ืช ืฉื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื ืขืจื™ืื™., 
ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืœื•ื—. ื”ื›ื“ืœ ืœื‘ื“ ื›ื™-- ืœืชื™ื ื•ืง ื–ื” ื•ื–ื” ืืœ ื”ื ื‘ืจื™ื., 
ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืœื›ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืฆื•ื” -- ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื• ืฉื›ืจื™ื 
ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืœ ืืœ ื•ืžื•ื‘ื™ื -- ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื• ื‘ืœื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื ื‘ืงืจื™ื, 
| 9 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 87; ืœื‘ืœ ืชื—ืžื•ื“ ื™ืคื™ ื—ื›ืžืช ื™ื•ื ื™ืชื™.. / 
ื—ื”ื›ื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื”ื ืชื” ื ื›ื•ื›ื™ื -- ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ืื•ืžืจื” ื›ื•ืคืจื™ื ื•ืžืžืจื™ื, 
8 ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื”ืึทื ื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื•ื™ืงืŸ 
ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืึทื“, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื•ื–ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื™ 
ื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉ.ืขื˜ื ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคึผื˜, | 
4 ืืฉื™ ื™ืจื•ืช", 65: ืื‘ื—ืจืชื™ ื‘ืœื—ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืžืขืืœื™ื ืœืคื™ ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ื ืœื—ืŸ ืœื‘ ื ืฉื‘ืจ 
ื•ื ื“ื›ื ื•ืืžืจืชื™ ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ื™ื‘ื ืข ืœื‘ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืจื™ืฅ ื•ืื– ืืจืฆื” ืืช ืขื ื ื™", ื–ืข ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 142 


5 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 221 25 26 29 132 ื"ืฐ. 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 2 


ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ-ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœืขื‘ึผื ืกืคืึทืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืคึฟื•ื ื–ืื ื•ืก 
ื‘ึนึผื“ื“ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืŸ : -- ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ึผืŸ ืžืฉื” ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืฉ (ื ืึทื“ื–ืฉืืจื). 

ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื“ืฒื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืœื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื ืึทื ืฅ ืงื ืึทืคึผืข ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืข ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื‘ื•ืจื˜ื™ืึธืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ืžื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜. ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืข ืขื ืฆื™ืงืœืึธืคึผืขื“ื™ืข (1ืฆ, 474) 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื ืึธืŸ, ืึทื– ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึท ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืึธืจืŸ ,ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 1860', ืžื™ืจ 
ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื“ืึทื˜ืข ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื‘ึผืœื™ื™ืกืคืง ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธืจืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ ืคืจื™ืขืจ, ,,ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ'' ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 50ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ 
ืคื•ื ื 10ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื”. ื“ืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžืฉืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ืคืึทืœื ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ืขืžื™ื: 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจืฆื˜ ืึทืžืึทื˜ื•ืก ืœื•ื–ื™ื˜ืึทื ื•ืก ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึท ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืจืขื“ืข ืฆื•ื ื–ื™ื‘ึผืขื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื ื“ , ืฆืขื ื˜ื•ืจื™ื/', ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1861, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจ"ื™, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1972, ืคืœืขื ื˜ ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื”ืชืคึผืขืœื•ืช ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ื ืื’ืึทืจืึธืก 
ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืชึผื•ืจื” ,ืœืงื— ื˜ื•ื‘', ืฐืึธืก ื ืึทื ืึทืจืึทืก 
| ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืžืฉื” ื‘ึผืŸ ืœื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜, ืื™ื– ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1871 ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื–ื•ื ืก ืึท ืฉืœื•ืกืฐื•ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทืงืจืึธืคื˜ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฆื•. ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืžืฉืง, ืฐื•ึผ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจื‘. ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื’ื•ืคื ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื‘ึผืงื™ ืื™ืŸ ืชึผืœืžื•ื“, ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ืจ 
ืคื•ื ื ื‘ึผื™ืช-ื“ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขื–ื”? ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื—ืœื™ืคืช ืžื›ืชึผื‘ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืœืข 
ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜. ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ึผืขืœ-ื“ืจืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ 
ืึท ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 40 ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืฉ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ , ืžืงื™ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ", 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืคืืกื˜ ืึทื™ ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืชึผื•ืจื” (, ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจื?') ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก 
ืื™ื•ื‘ (,, ืคึผืฆืขื™ ืื•ื”ื‘'') 3, ื ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึถื‘ึผืขืจ ืงื•ื ื”-ืฉื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืึทืœืก ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ึผืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืงื˜ื ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืœ 
ืจึผืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, | 

ื•ื™ ืฐืฒื ื™ืง ืื•ื ื– ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืก ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ, ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคืขืกื˜ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืžึผืจื˜ 
ื”ืึทืจืžืึธื ื™ืจื˜ ืึทื–ืฑื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœื•ื ื’ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืึท ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื• 
ื‘ึผื™ืช-ื“ื™ืŸ-ืžื™ื˜ื ืœื™ื“, ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึธืก ื‘ึผื–ื“ืขื™ืจ, ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื?, ืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ื•ื- 
ื˜ืขืจ (ื ื™ื˜ ืื ืจื•ืคื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ื, ืืžืช, ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ) ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืฉื ืื” ืื•ืŸ 
ื™ืคืึทืจื“ืจื•ืก. , ืžืขืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืœื™ื™ืงืขื ืขืŸ, -- ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืฐื™ื˜ืึธืœ -- ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, 


1 ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืœื•ื ื–ืึทื ื•ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืžื™ื ื ืึทื ืึทืจืึทืŸ, ื–ืข ืืฉืชื™ ื™ื“ื•ืช", 142, 

? ืื™ืŸ ืขื–ื” ืื™ื– ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ืฉืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ื’?ืฉื˜ืึธืจื’ืŸ (ืื™ืŸ 1605 ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื ืึทื ืึทืจืึท ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜), 

8 ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฐืขืจืง ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผืœื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื ื™ืก?ืจื™ืคืฉ. 





262 ื“"ืจ ื’ื™ ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜, ื–ืฒื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื’ื•ื˜ืข, ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ 
ื ื•ืคื ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื”ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืึทืคึผื™ืœื•, ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจ ืขืก ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคึผื™ื•ื˜ื™ื, ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื–ื™ื ื“, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื–ื™ื™ื ืข (ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืก) ืœื™ืคึผืŸ. 
ืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื ื™ื‘ื•?-ืคึผื”, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœึตื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืฉื™ื›ึผื•ืจ. ืื– ืžืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื (ื“ืขื ื“ื™ืฆื˜ืขืจ) ืึทืžืึธืœ ืึทื™ื™ื ื’ืขืœืึทื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ , ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื’" ืฆื•ื ื˜ื™ืฉ 
ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืจ' ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžื ื™ื“ืึทืฉ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ืฐืึธืจืฃ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื˜ืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“,. 
ื ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื”ื•ื™ืš ืงื•ืœ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ื’ืขื’ืขืกืŸ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืคื™? ื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื‘ื™ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื‘ืึทื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ"  **โ€ . 

ืืžืช, ื—ื™ื™ื ืฐื™ื˜ืึทืœ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึทื ืฅ ื‘ึผืึทื’ืœืฑื‘ึผื˜ืขืจ ืขื“ื•ืช. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜, 
ืฐื™ ืขืก ืฉื™ื™ื ื˜, ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ื—ืฉื‘ึผื•ื ื•ืช; ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขื 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ-ื ืึทืฐื•ื”, ืฐื™ื˜ืึทืœ, ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึทืŸ,. 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจ"ื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืื™ื– ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืึทื ื˜ืฆื™ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืžืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจ"ื™ 
ืคืœืขื ื˜ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจืŸ, ืึทื– ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืžืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื” ืื™ื– ืžืขืŸ. 
ืฉื˜ืืจืง ื ืชืคึผืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึทืก ืคึผื™ื•ื˜ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืก ื ืฉืžื” ืื™ืš 
ืึท , ื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ'' ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœืขื ืขืจืขืจ ื ืฉืžื”, ืฐื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœื›ืก, ื“ืขื ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ 
ืžื”ื™ืœื™ื-ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื ืึทื ืึทืจื˜ืก ืฉืฐืึทื›ืงืฒื˜ ืฆื•ื ื‘ึผื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื˜ืจืึธืคึผืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ 
ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืขื“ื•ืช ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ืขืจ-ืœื•ื–ื™ื˜ืึทื ื•ืก ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ 
, ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ืขื•ืœื" 2. ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื™ืžืข 
ืคืึทืœืงื-ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืก ืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื”ืชืคึผืขืœื•ืช ืคืึทืจ 
ื“ืขื ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ึผืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ-ื˜ืึทืœืขื ื˜, ืื™ ื“ืึธืก ืชึผืจืขื•ึนืžื• 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืก ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ื–ื™ื ื™ืง ื‘ึผื•ืžืขืœื™ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ. ,ืึทืžืึธืœ --- ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืข --- ื ืึธืš ืฉืœื•ืฉ-ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช, ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึท ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข 
ืœึผื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืžืึทืœื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืกืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืจ'"ื™, ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื• ืœื‘ืจื›ื”,. 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื•ื™ ืึทืจื•ื ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืฉ ืฉืฐืขื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ืžืœืื›ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื™ืจืึทืช ื”ื›ึผื‘ื•ึนืจ 
ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึธืก ืคึผื™ื•ื˜ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทืœึถืข ื’ืขืฉืึทืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื‘ึผืจื•ื— ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ. ืคึผืœื•ืฆ- 
ืœื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจ"ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืžืขืจืงื˜, ื•ื™ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืœืืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื ื’ืขื”ื•ืฑื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื”ืึทืกื˜ื™ืง 
ืึทื•ื•ืขืงืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœึถืข ืœืขื’ื™ืึธื ืขืŸ ืžืœืื›ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืฉืฐื•ื•ึผื ื“ืŸ 
ื ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืขืฉืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื ืึทื ืึทืจื ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืงืึทื˜ืฉืขื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืึทืจื‘ึผืœ, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื˜ื‘ึผืœืฑื™ื–ื˜ืข ืขืœื ื‘ึผื•ื™ื’ื ืก ื–ื™ืš ืึท ืฐืึธืจืฃ ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ื”ื™ื˜ืœ ืคื•ื ื ืงืึธืคึผ ืึทื”ืึธืคึผื ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืืจ'"ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึทืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• 
ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึทืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ืฐื™ื˜ืึทืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื›ึนึผื”ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืคืฑื™ืœืŸ, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ 
ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืคืงืœืขืจืŸ, ืึทื– ื ืึทื ืฆืข ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึทืจืึธืคึผื’ืขื ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ 


3 ื–ืข ืืฉื‘ื—ื™ ืฐื™ื˜ืึทืœ", 616 
2 ื–ืข ื’ืจืขืงื™ืฉืค"ืจ, ื•ื•ืฅ, 283. 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 203 


ื”ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื ื ื™ื ื•ืช, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืึถื‘ึถึผืขืจ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื 
ืื•ื™ืคืคื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš. ื•ื™ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทื“ืง 
' ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ,. ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืชืœื—ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื ื™ื“ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜, ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื’ืฒื™ืกื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืฉื™ืจื™ื 
ื•ืชืฉื‘ึผื—ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ. ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื ืึทื ืฆืข ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื ื˜ืฆื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืฆื•ื ืข- 
ื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื’ ืคื•ื ื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ" 1. 

ื•ื™ ืขืก ืฉื™ื™ื ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึทื ืึทืจืึท ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืึทืŸ ืื•ื- 
ืจื•ื™ึทืง ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืฐื•ืึทื ื“ืขืจ-ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื—ื™ื•ื ื” ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ 
ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื›ื˜-ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ืกื˜ื™ืœ?. ื–ื™ื™ื ืข 
ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜-ื•ื•ืื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื•ื™ ืขืก ืฉื™ื™ื ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจื™ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืงืจืขื - 
ืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ: ืฐื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืื™ื– ืึทื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฐื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธืจื’ืŸ, ืึท ื˜ืึธื’ ื ืึธืš 
ื ื˜ืึธื’ -- ื˜ืจื™ื ืง, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“, ื“ืขื ื˜ืจื•ื™ื‘ึผืšื–ืึทืคื˜, ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืœื•ื˜-ืจื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื˜ื• ื’ืขื ื™ืกืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืงื™ืœืŸ ืฉืึธื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืŸ-ืขื“ืŸ ืกืขื“ืขืจ" 8. 

ืื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื ืข-ื•ื ื“-ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึทื’ืึทืจื ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืกืึทืœืึทื ื™ืงืขืจ 
ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ-ืงืจื™ื™ื–, ืึธื ื˜ืฒืœ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžื•ื ื’ืข!, 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืžื™ื˜ื ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึทืคึดื™ืœื• ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืึท ืงืึธืจืขื›ืคึผืึทื ื“ืขื ืฅ 
ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืจื™ื™ืžื˜ืข ืคืขืจื–ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข 
ืœื™ืจืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืืฑืฑืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทื“ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ (ืื™ืŸ 
9) ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ , ืžื™ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจื?, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ืืก ื–ืขืงืก 
ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 4 


1 ื•ืข ืคื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื‘" , ืืฑืกื ืึทื‘ึผื˜, 1731, ื‘' |, 101{ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, |, 08 


8 ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืฐืึทื ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื ืึธืคื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ืžืขืฃ 
ืžื™ื ืคืึทืจื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,ืžื™ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ" , ื–ืข, ืฆื•ื ื‘ึผื™ืฉืคึผื™ืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืจืขื“ืข, ื•' 133; 
ืคื ืชื ื•ื ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ ืจื•ื—ื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื ื•ื“, ืฅ ืžื“ื•ื—ื™ ื•ื ืœื•ืชื™", | ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคึผืึธืจืœืขืฐื’ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืงื•ื ืกื˜, ื–ืข ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 423', 144 ื ื•, 

8 ,ืžื™ืžื™ ื™ื˜ืจืืœ,, 148: 


-: 
=ื• = 


ืื ืœื’ืš ืขืฆื‘ ื‘ื•ื ื•ืŸ ื ืจื“ื -- ื’ื ื˜ืชื›ื•ืœ ืฉืœืฉื•ื ื™ื’ื ื‘ืื‘ืžืฉ, 
ื“ื•ื“ื™, ืฉืชื” ืขืกื™ื ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืื“ื•ื ื›ื“ื -- ื”ื™ืš ื’ืŸ ืขื“ื ื™ื ืœื” ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืฉืฉืžืฉ, 

4 ื“ืขืจ ืืžื™ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ? ืื™ ืื™ืฆื ืึท ื™ืงืจ:ื”ืžืฆื•ืื•ืช, ื‘ื™ืจ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื ืขืŸ ืฐืขืจืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื 
ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืฉืขืจ;ืœืึทื˜; ืกืžื™ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื‘ึผื•ืจ ืฆื‘ื•ืจ ืžืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื—ืœืฆื•ืชืช ื•ืื ืจื•ืช โ€ ื ืžืœืฆื•ืช 
ื•ื“ื‘ืจื•ืช ื ืžืจืฆื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ืชื™ ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื—ืจืคื™ ื‘ืจืขืช ื•ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ืœื” ืžื™ื โ€ 99 ืคื ื™ 
ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช ืœืจืขื™ื ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฆื•ืช, ื•ื”ืœื‘ืฉ. ืื•ึนืชื โ€ ืžื—ื–ืฆื•ืช, /ื•ื‘ืฉื•ืœื™ 


ืžืขื™ืœื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืžืฉื‘ืฆื•ืชืŸ ื•ืงื‘ืฆืชื™ื ื›ืœื ื›ืื”ื“ ืืฉืจ ื—ื™ ืžื•ื– ื™ืžื•ื” 
ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื›ืชื™ื, ื•ืžื”ื ืขืฉื‚ื™ืชื™ ืœื™ ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื ืชืื•ืช ื”ื ืœืขื™ื ื™ื, ืžื™ ื”ืื•ืขืจ ื”ื”ืคื˜ ืœืจื•ื•ืช 


ืฆืžืื•ื ื• ื™ืœื•ืง ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื• ืืœ ื”ืžื™ื ืžื ื—ืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื™ืฉืชื” ืฉื›ืช ืจื™ืฉื• ื•ืขืคืœืจ ื•ื ื ื—ืœื” ื•-ืœ- 


' ื 
ื”ื ืขืจ ื ืขืจ ื”ื—ืคืฅ ื™ืžืœื ืืช ื™ื“ื• ืœืžืฉื•ืš ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืกื•ืคืจ ืืžืจื™ ืฉืคืจ ื•ืœืฉืœื•ืช ืžื ื•ืช ืื™ืฉ 
ืœืจืขื”ื• ื•ืขืชื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืคื” ื™ืคื” ืžื™ื ืงืจื™ื ืขืœ ื ืคืฉ ืงื™ืคื”", 





'-- 


264 ื“"ืจ ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื , ืžื™ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจื?'' ื–ืขืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืืจื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ื ืึทื ืึทืจืึท, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื•ื‘ื˜ ื ื™ื™ืข ื•ืขื ืŸ, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ื ื˜ืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœื˜ืข 
ืžื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ, ื›ึผืคืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœื—ืจื™ื–ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ืจื•ืžื™. ื•ื™ ืึทืœื—ืจื™ื–ื™ ื‘ึผืฉืขืชึผื• ืึทื–ืฑ 
ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื ืึทื ืึทืจื ืคืึธืจ โ€ ื“ืขื ื˜ืจืฑื™ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืฒื‘ึผืŸ, ื“ืขื ืื•ืžืขื˜ 
ืคืึทืจื™ืึธื’ืŸ'', ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ืขืจ ื ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืžืœื™ืฆื” ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ืกื˜ื™ืœ 1 ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ึผืขื ืข, ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืฉืข ืžืœื™ืฆื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ- 
ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืขืจ ืœืฑื‘-ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืคื•ื ื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ-ืงืจื™ื™ื•; 
ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืœื—ืžื™, ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืขืจ ืึทืœืก ื“ืขื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ืคึฟืึทืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ ืคืึทืœืŸ ื›ึผื•ืจืขื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ, ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึท, 
ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ . ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ืขื ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ื™ื ืขืจ ?} 8 ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจ. 
ืขืจืกืœืขืจื˜ ืขืจ ืึทืœืก ,ื ืขื™ื) ื–ืžื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ'', ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜, ืึทื– ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืจ ืคืึทืจืฉืขืžืขืŸ ืึทืœืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจ ?. ื–ื™ืš ื’ื•ืžื 
ื–ืฉืึทืœืขืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื, ืขืจ ืขืจืงืœืขื—ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืึทืจืŸ ,, ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ- 
ืงื™ื ื™ื’'', ืฐืึธืก ื”ื’ื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ื’ืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืคึผืึถืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื”ื™ื™ื›ืŸ, ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ +, | 

ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผ-ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืคื™ืจืึทืžื›ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื’ื ื“ึถืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื ืขืจ 
ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึท. ืฐื•ื™ ืึทืœื—ืจื™ื–ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ืจื•ืžื™, ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืึทืจื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื›ึผื™ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืงืข ืขืคึผื™ื ืจืึทืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกืึทื˜ื™ืจื™ืฉืข ืฉืึทืจืฃ ืฆื•ื ืขืฉืคึผื™ืฆื˜ืข ืคื™ื™ืœืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื‘ืข 
ืขืจ ืฉืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืขื ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ,ืืฒื ื’ืขืฉืคึผืึทืจื˜ืข ื ืึทืจืื ื™ื" 
(ืœืื•ื™ืœื™ื ืžืฉืจื™ืฉื™ื)  ,?โ€ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึทืœืขื ื˜ืœืึธื–ืข ื’ืจืึทืžืขืŸ-ืฉืžื™ื“ืขืจ ?, ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืž- 
ืคืึทืจืฉืขืžื˜ืข ืคึผืœืึทื ื™ืึทื˜ืึธืจืก 7 ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœึถืข ืžื™ื ื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืจืžืื™ื 8 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜-ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืงื•ื ืฆื™ืงืข ื˜ืขื›ื ื™ืง, ื’ืขืื™ื‘ึผื˜ืŸ ืคืขืจื–ื - 
ื’ื•ื™, ืขืก ืคืขืœื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืฐื•ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข -- ืืžืชืข ื‘ืึทื ื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื•ื ื  ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื›- 
ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืึทื˜ืึธืก, ื›ึผ?-ื–ืžืŸ ื ืึทื ืึทืจืึท ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืกืึทืœืึทื ื™ืงืขืจ , ืึทืงืึทื“ืขืžื™ืงืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืชืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื 


1 ื’ื•ืžื™ื˜ื™ ื ืืžื ื™ื ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืขืฆื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืœื”ื‘ืจื™ื— ื™ื’ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืœืžืœืื›ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ 


' : 2 
ื™ื”ื—ืœืฆื—, ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืœ ื•ืžืœื™ืฆื”", 


2 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ 140: ืœืคื ื™ื• ื™ื›ืจืขื• ืฉื“ื™ื ื•ื’ื•ื’ื ื™ื -- ื•ืœื ื™ืฉืชื—ืฐ ืื™ืฉ ืžืžืงื™ืž. 

: ื•ืืคื™ืœ ืืชืช ืชื—ื ืชื™ ืœืคื ื™ื• -- ื™ื” ื ื”ื ื™ ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ ืฉื™ืจ ื•ื ืขืžื•. 

1 ื™ื›ืœื›ืœ ืจืขื‘ื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื“ื• ืžืฉืจืชื• - ื™ืงื“ื ืืช ืคื ื™ ื ื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืœื—ื ืœ, 
8 ื“ืึธืจืŸ, 2142 ื™ื›ื‘ื“ ืžื ืชื• ืขื ืžืœื™ืฆื™ ื”ื•ืžืŸ -- ืื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืืชื ื‘ื›ืฃ ืžืื–ื ื™ื 


ื›ืœื ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ื“ืจื—ืฉืกื ื›ืžื• ืžืจ ื›ื“ืœื™-- ืืš ื—ื•ื ื›ืžื™ ืžืขื™ืŸ ื•ืžืงื•ื” ืžื™ื, 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 133. 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 154. 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 154, 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 156 


ื“ืึทืจื˜ืŸ. 


ืืž ื•ืก 650 ื‘ื™ ืžืจ 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืฉืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 265 


ื•ื•ืขื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ. ืึท ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ืขืจ ืฐืึทื ื“ืขืจ-ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ , ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืก-ืฉื™ืจื™ื'', ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ืคืœืขื ื˜ ืžื–ื›ึผื” ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจ 
ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืœื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื›ืข ืžืขืฆืขื ืึทื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ, ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื’ื•ืคื ื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก, ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืึท ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ืฆื• ืคืขืจื•ื ืžืึทื›ืขื“ื™ื™ 
(ื—ืžื”ื ื™ื ื‘ึนึผืฉึดืื™ืจ ื•ื”ืžืฆืคืฆื™ื). ืึท ื ื™ื™ืข ืชืงื•ืคื” ืื™ืŸ ื ืึทื ืึทืจืึธืก ืฉืึทืคืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึธืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืงืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฆืคืชืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ-ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ, 
ื“ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ื˜ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืœื˜ื™ืกื˜, ื“ืึธืก ืื•ืžื ืข- 
ื“ื•ืœื“ื™ืงืข ืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ,,ืกืฅ'', ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืจืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืขืกืงืกื˜ืึทื– ืื•ืŸ ื”ืชืคึผืฉื˜ื•ึนืช, 
ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื•ืช --- ื“ืึธื˜ ืืœืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื•ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืึทืจื˜ ืคื™ืœื ื“ื™ืกืข 
ื ืฉืžื—. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ- ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึถืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ-ืงื•ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœึถืข ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืึทืคึผื˜ ื“ื™ ,,ื ื•ืจื™ ื”ืืจ"ื™'', ื“ื™ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืคืช. ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึธืจื’- 
ืœืึธื–ืขืจ ื•ืึทื ื“ืขืจ-ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžื ื•ืœื ? ื’ืขืฐืึธื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึทืฆื™ืึธ- 
ื ืึทืœืข ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ืžืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืขื ืงืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฐืึธื’ืงื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืžื” 
ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืžืฉื™ื— ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืืœ. ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ื•, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื”ืขืจืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขื ื™ื•ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืŸ ืœื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ึผืŸ ืžื–ืœ-ื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขื‘ืจื•ื™ื–ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืึทืงืึธืจื“ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืจื•ื ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึทื ืืจืึธืก ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ืจืข. 
ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžืข ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืœืขื‘ึผื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืข ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืชืคื™ืœื”ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืจืึทื ื’ ืฆื•ื ืื•ืžืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ, ืฆืึทืคึผืœืจื™ืกืŸ ื‘ึผืขื ืงืขืŸ 
ื ืึธืš ื ืึธื˜ืก ื“ืขื ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื ืขืจื˜ืŸ -- ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงืœืื ื - 
ืคื•ืœืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืžืฉืง. ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืจื ื™ืฉืข 
ื”ื™ืžื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืœืขื ื™ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึทื ืึทืจืึท ื’ืขืฉืึทืคึผืŸ!. ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื˜ื™ื™? ื”ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ 
ืงืจืขื›ืฆื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขื ืข ืึทืงืึธืจื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืขื ืงืฉืึทืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื™ืื•ืฉ, ืื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืึทืœื ื“ื™ืง-ื™ื•ื›ืฆื ื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืฆื—ื•ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
ื”ืืคืขื ื•ื ื’, ื ืึธืจ ืึทืœืข ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ืœื“ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืคึผืึธืขืžืข 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืŸ ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืืœืŸ ื”ืขืœื“ --- ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืึทืœืŸ ืึทืจื•ืžื ืขืงืจื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืžืฉื™ื—, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ืฉื•ืจื”, ืื– ื‘ืื ื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข-ื‘ึผื•ื ื“ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืŸ ืื•ึผืŸ ื“ืขื ,ืคืึธืจื™ืึธื’ื˜ืŸ 
ื˜ื™ื™ื‘ืขืœืข'', ื“ืขืจ ื›ึผื ืงืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, 

ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืึทื–ืฑื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื•ื™ , ืืขื™ืจื” ืฉื—ืจ" ? ืื•ืŸ ,ืชื•ืœื” ืืจืฅ ืขืค 
ื‘ึผืœื™ืžื”'" ? = ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืึท ืฉื‘ื— ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืข ื”ื™ืžืœืขืŸ --- ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ืคืืจืขื ืจื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื—ื›ื ืขื—ื“ื™" 

1 ืึท ื’ืึทื“ืฒื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ึผืœื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคื˜, ื–ืข ื‘ึผื™ื™ืœืึทื’ืข, ื ื•ื' 10,. 

3 ,ืขื•ืœืช ืชึผืžื™ื“", ื ื•ืž' 51,' 

5 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื ื•ื' 174, 





260 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืข ืจื’ 


ืงืขืจ ืชืคื™ืœื”: ,,ืคืึทืจื–ืึทืž?ืœ, ืึท ื•!ืึธื˜, ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ืขื ืข ืจื™ื™ื ืข, ื“ืขืจื ืขื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื ื’ืื•ืœื”!"" 

ื ืึธืจ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ืข, ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื•ื™ืš 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื ืึทื ืึทืจืึทืก ืคึผืึธึถืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืึทืคืŸ. ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขืจ ืคื•ื ื 
ืงืึธืกืžืึธืก, ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืจ-ืกื™ื‘ึผื”, ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฐืขื’ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืจืึทืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืื™ืŸ-ืกื•ืคื™ืงืŸ ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกื•ื ื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ 
ืฆื•ื ื’ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื‘ื•ึนืช ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ื ืคืึธืœืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฆื• ื’ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ึผืึทืฉื™ืฆืขืจ, ื“ืขื ืืœ ืžืœื ืจื—ืžื™ื, ื“ืขื ื’ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข, ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ 
ืขืก ื‘ึผืขื˜ืŸ ืึทืœึถืข ื‘ึผืขื ืงืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ, ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืขืก ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ึผื˜ ื™ืขืจืข ืžื™ืก- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืข ื ืฉืžื” ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืŸ ืขืงืกื˜ืึทื–... ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืคึผืงื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ึผืขื ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืขืจ ื ืึธื˜-ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ืฃ: โ€ ื“ืขืจ ืืœื”ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืค, 
ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ื™ืขืงื‘, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกื™ื’ืข- 
ืœื™ื‘ื˜ืขืจ, ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืขืก ื’ืืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืึทืคึผืœื˜ ืจื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ื ืฉืžื” --- ืื˜ 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜-ืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืืก ืคึผืืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืึทืคืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ 
ืขืœืขื ื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื•ืช ื’ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก ืคืึทืจ ื’ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฆืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื” ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืขืจืฉื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ืข ืคืขืกื˜ืข ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’. 

,ืืœ ื“ืžืขืชื™ ืืœ ืชื—ืจืฉ -- ืคืึทืจื ืขื ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื™ืš ืจื•ืฃ ืฆื• ืจื™ืฃ= 
ืื•ื™ืก ื ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืขืœื ื˜, ื“ื• ื‘ืึทืฉืขืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ! ื“ื•ึน ื‘ึผื™ืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข ืฉื•ืฅ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืœืคืฃ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ ื ื•ื™ื˜' 1. ื’ื™ื” ืืœ ืžื ืŸ 
ืœื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ืชื•ื --- ื’ืึธื˜ ื“ื• ื‘ึผืึทืฉื™ืฆืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ืข -- ืจื—ื ืœื‘ ื“ืœ ืื™ืŸ 
ื‘ื• ืžืชื•ื -- ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืึธืจืขื ื“ืึธื˜ ืฆืขื‘ึผืจืึธื›ืขื ืข ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืคื•ื ื ืขืœื ื˜ืŸ ืฐืึทื ื“ืขืจืขืจ! 2 
ืงืจื ื ื, ืฆื•ืจ, ื“ืจื•ืจ ืืกื•ืจ -- ื‘ึผืึทืคืจืฒื™, ื“ื• ื‘ึผืึทืฉื™ืฆืขืจ, ื“ืขื ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืŸ 
ื’ืขืคืึทื ื’ืขื ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืžืึทื›ื˜ .. ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ! ? ืขื“ ืึถืŸ ืžืฉื ื‘ื™ 
ืขืœื™ ืชื ืืฃ' -- ื•ื™ ืœืึทื ื’, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื™ืฆืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ื• ืฆืึธืจืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืฃ? 4 
,ื™ื“ื™ืจื™, ืจื•ืขื™, ืžืงื™ืžื™'' --- ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉื™ืฆืขืจ! ื–ืึธื  ืžื™ืจ 
ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ --- ืขืœ ืžื™ ื ื˜ืฉืช ืžืขื˜ ื”ืฆืืŸ, ื ื˜ืฉืช ืžืขื˜ ื”ืฆืืŸ? ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ื™ืกืขืœืข ืฉืึธืฃ, ื“ืึธืก ื‘ึผื™ืกืขืœืข ืฉืึธืฃ?'' 5 
,ืืš, ืฐื•ื™ ืœืื ื’ ืฆื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื’ืœื•ืช! ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจ- 
ืคืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื’ืœื•ืกื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืฆื•ื ืœืขื‘ึผืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื’ืึธื˜!'' ? ,ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืขื - 
ืงืขื ื“ื™ืง ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืงืœืึทืคึผื˜ ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ -- ืขืก ื”ืึธืคื˜ 


ื™ื™ 


ืขื•ืœืช ืชืžื™ืจ', ื ื•ื' 57, 

,ืคื–ืžื•ื ื™ื", ื ื•ื' 32, 

;ืขื•ืœืช ืชึผืžื™ื“", ื ื•ื' 238, 

ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื™ื ื•ื' 6, 

,ืคึทึผื–ืžื•ื ื™ื', ื’ื•ื' 93, ,ืขื•ืœืช ืชืžื™ืจ", ื ื•ื' 146, 
;ืขื•ืœืช ืชืžื™ืจ", ื ื•ื' 125, 


ืค9)ืŸ 698 ืื•ืฉ 63 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ ื™ื™ืฑืŸ 601 


;ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ืจ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื™ืฆืขืจ!'"1 ,,ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืคื™ื™ื ื“ --- ื–ื™ื™ ืฉืคึผืึธื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ; 
ื“ื• ื”ืึธืคืกื˜ ืึทืœืฅ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคืจื™ื™ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืก-ื˜ืขื’ -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ืฐืึทืœื’ืขืจืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ึผ, ื–ื•ืžืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืฅ!'" (ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ ื™ืืžืจื• ื‘ืฉืื˜ ื ืคืฉ: ืื™ืš ืชื•ื—ื™ืœื™ ื™ืžื™ 
ื™ื—ื•ืคืฉ --- ื”ืŸ ืึตืช ื‘ื™ื•ึนืŸ ื˜ื™ื˜ ื•ืจืคืฉ), ,, ื–ืข ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืฐืึทืกืขืจืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืžื™ืจ, 
ื™ืขืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ืึทืœืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื’ืขืจื˜ื ืขืจ ืžื•ื– ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื˜ืŸ!'" ื’ 
,ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื—ืœื•ืžื˜ --- ื“ื• ื”ืึธืกื˜. ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจืข ื ืึทื›ื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ 
ื‘ึผืึทื’ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ; ืžืืš ืื™ืš ื ืึธืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฆื• --- ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืžื™ืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื•ืœื”. ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื™ื , ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’! ื–ื™ื™ ืคึผื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืœื•ื 
ืฆื• ื ื•ื˜ืŸ, ืคืึทืฑืฐืึทื’ื“ืœ ื“ืขื ื—ืœื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื•ืึธืจ ?. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœืึธืฃ ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ื™ืจ ื’ืขื—ืœื•ืžื˜, ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื•ืื›ื˜! ืฉื˜ื™ื™ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฆืึทืคึผืœ- 
ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืฉืžื” ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ืจ --- ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืœืึทื ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜! ื–ื™ื™ ืคึผื•ืชืจ ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืœื•ื! + ืืœ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ ื—ืŸ ืืฉืืœื” --- ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืึทืœึถืข ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึธืจื’ืขื ืข ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืึทืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื˜ื• ืื™ืš ืคืจืขื’ืŸ: ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ 
:ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื•ืœื”?'' ? ,ืคืึทืจื”ืฒ? ื“ื™ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฐืึธื’ืœื˜ืขืจ 
ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ึผ, ืœืึธื– ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœืŸ, ืจื•ืฃ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ึธืฉึดื‚ื™ืก ืฉืคึผืจืึธืฅ- 
ืœื™ื ื’ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื ื™ื“ืขืจืŸ ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื›ื— ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ืฉื ื“ื™- 
ืงืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืœื–ืึทื!'" ? ,ืœื™ื™ื– ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ืคื•ื ื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื ืœื•ืช, ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืง, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ'' (ืขืžื ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ืจืช ืžื›ืœ ืื•ืžื™ื™ื), 
,ื’ื™ืš ืฉื™ืง ืึท ื—ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฅ, ืฉื™ืง ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ืชืฉื‘ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ โ€ 
ืื™ื ื“ืขื ืžืœืš ื—ืžืฉื™ื— 7; ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืžื• ื•ื•ืขื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜ -- ืื•ื™ืคืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ 
ืื™ื ื ื’ืœืึทื ืฅ ืคื•ื ื ื’ื•ืืœืก ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜! 5 ื•ึฐืฉึดื‚ื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผืจืึธืฆืœื™ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ื‘ึผืขืกื˜ืข ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’, ืกื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึทื ืง ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืงื•ื ื’ 9. ื˜ื• ื–ืฉืข 
ื“ืขื ื’ืขืคืึทื ื’ืขื ืขื ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืฉื•ืจื— ืึธื ื–ืึทื ืŸ; ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื ื•ื?' (ื™ืชื‘ืฉืจ 
ืื˜ื™ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ื”, ื™ืชื‘ืฉืจ ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื’ื•ึนืืœ), | 

ื ื™ืื˜ ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึท ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืขืจืฐืืจื˜ืŸ 


ืžืฉื™ื— -- ื“ืขื ื’ื•ืืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธื ืฆืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคืึธืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืึทืœึฐืฅ / 


ืคืขืœืงืขืจ (ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื ืก ืขืžื™ื), ื“ืึธืš ื”ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ 
/ืฆืึทืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืงืžื— -- ื ืงืžื— ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืจืฉืขื•ืช, ืคึฐื˜ืจ ื“ื™ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืข 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื ื•ืž' 174, 

* ืคืขื•ืœืช ืฉื‘ืช", ื ื•ื' 9. 
5 ืขืขื•ืœืช ืชืžื™ืจ", ื ื•ืž' 188, 
4 ืื•ื™ืก ืึท ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืœื™ืจ, ื•ื•ืขืจื ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืฒืœืึทื ืข ื ื•ื 12, ื‘ึทึผ", 
* ,ืขื•ืœืช ืฉื‘ืช', ื’ื•ืž' 50, 
5 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื ื™ืž' 4, 

1 ื’ืขื•ืœืช ืชืžื™ื“", ื ื•ืื˜' 225, 

5 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื ื•ืž' 3, 

9 ืื•ื™ื ืึท ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืœื™ื“ (ื™ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ ืžืื•ื•ื™ื™, (ื—ืœื™ ืœื”ื˜ื™ ื•ืฉืงื•ื™ื™). 





= +ื =+ = 


308 ื™ื•ืจ 8 ืฆื˜ 2 ื‘ื› 2 ื•* 


ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงื•ื ื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืœืง ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื•ืžื™ืงืข 
ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจืึทื‘ึผื™ืฉืขืจ ืชึผืงื•ืคื”, ื‘ึผืขืช 
ื–ึตื™ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืงืœืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื’ื•ืจ? ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืง ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื, 
ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื“ืจื™ืงืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื ืงืžื”-ื’ืขืคื™ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ืŸ 
ืคื™ืœืข ืฆืึธืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืกื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ. ,ื•ื™ ืกื“ื•ื --- ืฉืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืฉืœืžื” ื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ึนืœ -- 
ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืœึฟืึทื ื“ ืื“ื•ื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืœืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ!'" 
(ื”ืคื•ืš ื›ืกื“ื•ื ืืจืฅ ืื“ื•ื --- ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ื—ืจื•ื ืœืจื’ืœื™ื”ื), ืœื•ื™ื ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขืœื˜" 
ื‘ืึทื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืึทื’ืืจื ืžื•ื– ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ืจืึธืคื˜. ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ, 
ืึทื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืข ืจืฉืขื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื’ืฐืึทืœื“ื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ ืคืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฉืคึผื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื— 
ืงืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืงื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืœื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ึผืึทื–ื™ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืฐืึทืจืฆืข ื–ื™ื ื“ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึทืฉืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ืŸ 
ืขื•ื ืฉ, ืื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึธื˜ื™ื• ืงื™ื ื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืืก ืœื™ืจืขืจ. ,ื ื ืืช ืจืžื™ 
ืžื”ื ื“ืจื•ืฉ!'" ! -- ืคืึธื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืึธืกืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื˜ -- ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืก 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ. ,,ืขื“ ืื ื” ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ ืขืœื™ ืจืืฉ ื™ืจื™ื 2 -- ื‘ึผื™ื– ืฐืึทื ืขืŸ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคื™ื™ื ื“ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืฐืขืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ!'* , ื”ื™ื™ื‘ึผ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื• ืงืขื’ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ึนึผืึท- 
ื“ืจื™ืงืขืจ, ื‘ึผืึทืฆืึธืœ ื–ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืคึผืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผืจืึธืš'" (ื•ื’ื ืžืฉื ื” ืฉื‘ืจื•ืŸ) * 
, ื‘ึผืึทืฐืึธืจืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜-ืฉืจืขืง, ื˜ืจื™ื ืง ื–ื™ื™ ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ื™ืคื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ึผืขื›ืขืจ!'"' 4 
,, ืฆืขืฐืึทืจืฃ ื–ื™ื™, ืฆืขืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืฐื™ ื“ืขื. ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื‘ึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืขื’ืŸ" "+ ,ืงืœื™ื™ืจ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆืึธืจืŸ, ื“ื• ื ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจื“ ืงืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฉื™ื™ื“ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง, ื‘ื™ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ื™ื ื“ ื•ื•ื–ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืขืฉืžืขื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜ ืฐืขื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืงืžื—'' ?. / ืฆืขืฉืžืขื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืงืขืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ืก ืคื™ื™ื ื“, ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืœื™ืงื˜ 
ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงื˜ื•ื ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืจื˜'?. โ€ ,ื‘ึผืึทืฆืึธืœ, ื“ื• 
ืœืขื‘ึผืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜, ื“ื™ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืžื™ืจ ืงืจื™ื’ ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ, 
ืคืึทืจืฐื•ืึทื ื“? ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืžืข ื”ื™ื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ืœืŸ" (ืฉื™ืžื ื›ืœื‘ื™ื 
ืืœืžื™ื ืืฉืจ ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื ื‘ื•ื—) 5 ,ืจื• ื’ื™ื‘ ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืคึผืง, ืฉื™ืง 
ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึทืœื‘ึผื˜ืŸ... ื ืขื ื ืงืžื— ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืคื™ื™ื ื“, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืคืึทืœืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ืŸ 

1 ,ืคื–ืžื™ื ื™ื", ื ื•ืž' 15, 

? ืืขื•ืœึนืช ืชืžื™ืจ", ื ื•ื' 142 

8 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื ื•ื' 181, 

4 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื ื•ืž' 162, 

5 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื ื•ื' 6, 

8 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื ื•ืž' 63, 

1 ,ืขื•ืœืช ืฉื‘ืช", ื ื•ืž' 40, ื’ืขื™ืœืช ื”ืžื™ื“", ื’ื•ื' 66, 


9 ,ืขื•ืœืช ืฉื‘ืช" ื ื•ืž' 2 





ืจื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 69 


ืฉื•ื•ืขืจื“ ืจื•ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื‘ึผืึทื”ืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ! 1 ื‘ึผืึทืฆืึธืœ ื“ืขื ืคื™ื™ื ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืคึผื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืื•ืžืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืข ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ --- ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืงืข ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืข.."" 2 | 
ื“ืึธ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืจืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขื ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื ืึทื ืึทืจืึธืก ืคึผืึถืจ 
ืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืึทืคืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืขืงืกื˜ืึทื– . ื•ื•ืขื™ื ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืคืœืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืœื™ื‘ึผืข-ืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ื•, ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืฆื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืคืืœืง ืฆื• ื’ืึธื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึทื™ื™ื ื’ืขื”ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืขืจืึธื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืกืขืงื˜ื•ืขืœืข 
ืคืึทืจื‘ึฟื•ื ื’. ื“ื™ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืœืขื‘ึผื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ืจืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื“ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ืขืจื“ื™ืฉืข ืชึผืื•ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข 
ื’ืœื•ืกื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ,. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ึนื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ 
ืชืงื•ืžื— ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืึธืคืŸ ืื™ื– ื ืึทื ืึทืจื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื˜ืจื™ื™ืขืจ ืชึผืœืžื™ืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจืึทื‘ื™ืฉ-ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ-ื–ืฉืžืœื•ื ื’ , ืžื™ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจื?" โ€ 
ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืคืึทื›ื˜ ืœื•ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื•ืขื ื’ืข ื›ึผืœืœึดื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืš ืึทืจืึทื‘ึผื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืขื˜ืจื™ืง, 
ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืคืึธืจืžืขืŸ ื‘ืึทื ื•ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืขืจ 
ืœื™ืจื™ืง, ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืจืขื“ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืจื™ื™ื ืคื™ืจ ืฆื•ึน , ื–ืžื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ"" 
ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ-ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืœื™ื“ (ืคึผื•ืžื•ื ื™ื, ื ื•ืž' 88) ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื›ึผืœืœื™ื 
ืคื•ืŸ ,ื™ืชื“'' ืื•ืŸ , ืชึผื ื•ืขื—!', ื‘ึผืึทืคืจื™ื™ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจืึทื‘ึผื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืขื˜ืจื™ืก, 
ื ื•ืฆื˜ ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึท = ืื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ ื ื™ื™ืข ืคืึธืจืžืขืŸ --- ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืžืขืŸ, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื•ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ึผืึทืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื›ึผื•ื—ื•ืช ืึทื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ึผืŸ ืžื–ืœ-ื˜ื•ื‘. ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืฐืึทื ื“ืขืจ-ื™ืึธืจืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืคืึธื“ืขืจ-ืึทื–ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืจืขื’ืขืก ืคื•ื ื ืžื™ื˜ืœ- 
ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืึทื’ืึทืจื ื’ืขื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ึน ื‘ึผืึทืงืขื ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื” ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึท- 
ืžืจืขืคื ื“ื™ืงืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ: ืึทืจืึทื‘ึผื™ืฉ, ื˜ืขืจืกื™ืฉ, ืฉึดืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉ, ื ื™ื™ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœ- 


1 ืืขื•ืœืช ืชึผืžื™ืจ", ื ื•ืž' 1220 ื”ื”ื—ืฉ ื ื ืœืขืžื™ ืžืจื’ืขื”,., ื•ืฉืœื— ืืช ืžืฉื™ื—ื™, ,ืœืงื—ืช 

ื ืงืžืชื™ ื—ื•ืืœ ืžืื•ื™ื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื™ื— ืœื—ืจื‘ ื•ืœืžื ื— ืืœื•ืฃ ืขื™ืจื ื•ืžื’ื“ื™ืืœ, ืžืฉื ื‘ื™ ืฉื™ืžื ื›ืขื•ืจื‘ ื•ื›ื–ื‘ื—", 
7 ื“ื™ ืฆืึธืœ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืึทื•ืขืœื›ืข. ืฆื™ื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืงืึธื ืฉ ื‘ึผืึทื“ืฒื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ืคืึทืจื™ 
ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขื ืื™ื– ืžืžืฉ ืื•ืžื˜ืึทื ืจืฒืคืœืขืš, ืฐื™ ืึทืฐื™ ืฉืื•ืœ ืฉื ื—ืก ืจืึทื›ื ืึธืฐื™ืžืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจ (,ืžื•ืฆืื™ ื’ื•ืœื”", 5, ืึทื– ,ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืฃ ืฆื• ื ืงืžืช ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืงื™ื™ื ืžืึธืœ ื ื™ื ื”ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึทื ืึทืจืึทืก ืœื™ื’ืขืคื•ืœืขืจ ื”ืึทืจืคืข", ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื ืคืึทืจ. 
ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ืข ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึธืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืคึผืขื ื•ื ื’ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืคืœืึธื›ื˜ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืึธืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื—ืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ื ืงืžืช, ื•ืข ื‘ืฒืœืึธื’ืข 13, ื’', ืก'ืื™ื• ื›ืึทืจืึทืง. 
ื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื™ืš ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืžึฐืงื•ื ึนึผืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืืฑืกื ืขืฐืึทืงืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฆืคืชืขืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœื™ื, ื—ื™ื™ื ืฐื™ื˜ืึทืœืก ืชึผืœืžื™ืจ, ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ึผื”ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจืคึผืึทืกื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, 
ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืคึผืขื ื•ื ื’ ื’ื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื ืฆืึธืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ืกืจื•ืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื”ืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ื ืงืžื—, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืกึฐื˜ื™ืฉึฐืŸ ื“ื™ืึทืœืึธื’ื™ืœื™ืจ ืคื“ื•ืจื™ ืฆึธื‘ึทื“ ืœึฐื ึธื ื•ึผ ืœืจืขื•ืช ื‘ึผื’ื ื™ื" ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืœืขื›ืขืจ ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคื ืกืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ื—ื ืงื ืืœื‘ื™ืฉ ื•ืฉืœื—ื ืช ื™ื”ึธ, ื•ืืฉืจื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ืช 
ืขื›ื•"ื ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื—, ืืฉื›ื™ืจ ื”ึฐืฆึตื™ ืžึธื“ึธื ื—ืœืœ ื•ืฉื‘ื•ึธื—, ื•ืชื—ื™ ื–ืืช ื ึธื—ืžึธืชึดื™", , 
(24) 





ื— , 
20 ื“"ืจ ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ื™ืขื ื™ืฉ. ื“ืึธืก ืจื•ื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจืึธื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ืจืขืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื‘ึผืึทื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื›ึผื™ืฉื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ-ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜. ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข 
ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ืคืœืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื—ืฉืง ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื‘ึผืข-ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืœื•ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ืฉืึทืคึผืŸ ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผ;-ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš. 
, ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ --- ืงืœืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึทื ืึทืจืึท -- ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคืจืขืžืจ- 
ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. ืึท ืกื•ืฃ ืฐืข? ืื™ืš ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ึนื™ืกืŸ ื’ืขืคึผื™ืœื“ืขืจ; 
ื‘ึผืึทื ืฒืขืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืŸ ื‘ึผื•ื ื“ ืื• ืคืึทืจื“ืจืขื ื ืขืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืœืึทืกืขื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืœื•ืกื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืชึผืึทื•ื•ื”" 1. 


ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื“ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืึธื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ 
ืึทืจื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ: ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืึทืคืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื™ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืจื™ื˜ื ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืข ืคึผื–ืžื•ื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื•ื˜ื™ื. โ€ ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืกื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื›ืข ืคืึธืจืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจืึทื‘ึผื™ืฉืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืงื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, --- ื ืึธืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื™ืขื“ืขืก ืžืึธืœ ื ืขื ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ 
ืึธื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจืขืคื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคืจืขืžื“-ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื“, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื˜ื ืื•ืŸ ืžืึธ- 
ื˜ื™ื•ื•, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ ืึทืœืก ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ. ืžื™ืจ ื‘ึผืึทื ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื’ืึทื ืฅ 
ืึธืคื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ึผืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ: ืคึผื–ืžื•ึนืŸ ื ืื” ?ื—ืŸ * ื ื™ ืืงื•ื ื™ื™ืก 
ื“ื™ื•ืื ื™ื•ืก ืชื•ืจืงื™, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคึผื–ืžื•ืŸ ื ืื” ?ื—ืŸ ื™ื ืขื™ืŸ ื›ืจื™ ืกืืœ ืขื ื™ื‘ื ืขืืจื‘ื™ 
ืืึทื–"ื•ืฐื• 5. | 

ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึถื‘ึผืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืกืคืง ื ื™ื, ืึทื– ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื™ื•ื ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืึธื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึทื’ืึทืจื ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ 
ื’ืขืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืคึผืึทืกืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื˜ืžื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืžืข- 
ืœืึธื“ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืขืžื“ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืก-ืœื™ืจื™ืง. ืฐืึธืจืขื ื“ื™ , ืฆื•ืคึผืึทื˜ื•ื ;"" 
ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ื’ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื, ื“ืขื ืจื™ื˜ื ืื•ืŸ 
ืžืขื˜ืจื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืขืจื–ื‘ึผื•ื™ --- ื–ื™ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ื˜ื™ืคืขืจ; ื–ื™ ืคื™ื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ืžื‘ืึธืœืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืข ืœื™ืจื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ื ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืึธื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื˜ืขืจืžื™ื ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข, ื–ื™ ืึธื˜ืขืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืจืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžื™- 


1 ืœึธืฉื•ืŸ ื–ึถืจ ืฉึฐื‚ื ึตืืชึดื™ -- ื•ึฐืฉึดืื™ืจึดื™ื ื‘ึนึผืชึทืœึฐืชึดึผื™ -- ื›ึฐึผื‘ึธื“ึดื™ื ื”ึถื ืึดืชึดึผื™ -- ื›ืžึทืฉึธื ืขึทืœ ื‘ึฐืชึฒืคึดื™ 
ื•ื‘ึธึผื—ึทืจึฐืชึดึผื™ ืฉึดื™ืจึธื” -- ืœึฐืžึทืจึฐื›ึธึผื” ื”ึทืžึธืฉึธื‚ืจึธื” -- ื•ึฐืฉึธืืžึทืจ ืึธืขึธื™ืจึธื” -- ื•ืึทืฃ ืึดื ื“ึทืœ ืึทืœึฐืคึดื™ 


ื‘ึฐึผืจึดื™ืช ืงื•ึผื“ึฐืฉื ืึธืงื™ื -- ื•ึผื ึนืฉึทืœึฐืชึดื™ ื—ื•ึผืงึดื™ื -- ืœึฐืฉืื•ื ื•ึนืช ื›ึธืœ ื—ื•ืฉืงื™ื -- ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื—ึธืžึตื“ื•ึผ ื™ึนืชึดื™ 


ืืฉึถืจ ื‘ึธื”ึธื ื™ึทื—ื’ื•ึน -- ื•ึฐื—ึทื™ึดื™ื ื™ึธืฉึดืื™ื ื•ึผ -- ื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ึธื ืœึนื ื™ึฐืฉึธื‚ื’ื•ึน -- ื‘ึฐึผื”ึฒื ึธื“ื•ืช ื“ื•ึนืคึธื™. 
* ืœื—ืŸ -- ืžืึธื˜ื™ืฐื•, ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ, ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืข. 


2 ืฉื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข (ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืฐืฒื ื™ืงืข) ืคึผืึทืœืŸ ื“ื™ื ื˜ ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึทืŸ ืึทืœืก ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ื ึดื™ื ืงื™ืŸ 
ืคึผืจืขืžืจืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ื™ืง, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื ืึท ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึทืฉ ืœื™ื“, ืฐื™ ืฆ"ื‘: {ืคื•ืžื•ืŸ ืœื—ืŸ ื™ื“ื™ื“ ื ืคืฉื™ ื‘ืš ื—ืฉืงื™"', 
ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืข ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื•, ื‘ึผืึทื›ืขืจ, ืฆื™ื, ืึทืจื‘ึผืขื˜, ื‘' 59, 101--105, 





ื“ึดื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ึผืฒื™ ื™ื™ืจืŸ 21 


ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื“ื ืฉืืคื˜. ืื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืœื‘ึผืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื“ื ืฉืืคื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืคืึธืจืžืขืŸ, 
ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืึทืžื‘ึผื•ืœื˜ืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื“ืจื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ-ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืข ืขืžืึธืฆื™ืขืก. ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืœืึทื ื’ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืขืœืขื ื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื–ืžื•ื ื™ื ืฆื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื‘ึทึผื™ื™ ื ืึทื ืึทืจืึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›ึผื•ื—, ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฐื™ื™ื ืขืฉืคึผืจืขืš ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
| ื˜ืจืึทื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžื ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ื˜ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ื›ึผื ื˜ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ 
ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืจื˜ืŸ, ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืึธืจืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืื™ื™ื’ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ึผืขืขืคึผืึธืคึผื™ื™ืข. ืงืœื™ื ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ืšืŸ" 
ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ื˜ืขื ืขืจ: ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืึทืจื˜ื•ื•ื™ื™ื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืง-ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืข, ื‘ึดึผื™ื– ื“ื™ 
! ื‘ึผืจืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืง-ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžื™ืฉืข,, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ืคืœืึทืงืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ื•ื 
ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธื›ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื“ื ืฉืึทืคื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืž- 
ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื ื˜ื™ืงืข ืคืœื•ื’ืœืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ืš, โ€ - 

,ื”ื ื™ื“ื” ืœื™ ืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ --- ื–ืึธื’ ืžื™ืจ, ื“ื• ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, -- 
ืงืœืึทื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ื˜ืข ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืข, --- ืคึฟืึทืจืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื“ื™, 
ืฐืึธื˜ ื’ืœื•ืกื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืึทืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ืขืœื™ืงื™ื™ื˜'' 4 
,ื•ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ื– ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžืืจืฅ!; ื•ืขืœืŸ ื“ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื‘ึผื™ืง ื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ 
ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ? ืฐื•ืขืกื˜ื• ื“ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ื‘ึผื™ืง ืคืึทืจื ืขืกืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ื‘ืขืœืข, ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืจ 
ืคืึทืจืœืฑื™ื‘ึผื˜ืข?'' ? ื’ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื“ื•, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ื“ื•ึน ืœื™ื‘ึผืขืจ, ื”ืึธืกื˜ ืžื™ืš ืคืึทืจ- 
ืœืึธื–ืŸ -- ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึธืŸ ืฉืœืึธืฃ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ. ืงืขืจ ืื•ื ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ื”ื™ืœืฃ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื™ืฆืขืจ! ื’ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืœื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืžื”!' ? ืžื•ืฑ ื ื”ื™ืจืฉ ืื™ื– 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืก-ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ืœืึธืคึฟืŸ; ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื– ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ, ืื•ึนืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจ- 
ื‘ึผืขื ืงื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืขื ื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ืŸ... ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ึผืจื™ื“ืขืจ, ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืคื™ื™ื ื“! ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืžื™ืจ, ืฐื™ ืœืึทื ื’ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืจ ืฆืึธืจืขื ืขืŸ? ืฐื™ ืœืึทื ื’ 
ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืฉืžืึทื›ื˜ืŸ, ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคืืœืง ื’ืขื˜ืจืื˜ืŸ?" 4 
, ื‘ึผื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐืึธืก ื ื™ื›ืขืจ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ื”ื•ื™ื–! ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื˜ื• ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฐื•ึนื™ื ืขืŸ, 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ืฉืขื ืงืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื’ืœื™ืงื˜ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืจ ืื™ื 
ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ!.."" 5 

3 ื’ืขื™ืœืช ืชื˜ื™ื“, ื ื•ึนื 62 

2 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื ื•ื' 49; ืœืžื” ื–ื” ื›ืื‘ื™ ื ืฆื” ื•ืžื›ืชื™ ืื ื•ืฉื” 

ืœืžื” ืืœ ื”ื•ื ื— ืœื’ืฆื— ื™ื•ื ื” ืœืš ืžืื•ืจืฉื”, 


5 ืฐืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื ื•ืž' 35, 4 ,ืคื–ืžื•ื ื™ื", ื ื•ื' 82, 

5 ืื™ื™ื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึทื ืึทืจืึธืก ื ืฆึทืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ืข ืœื™ืจืขืจ} 
ื•ื•ืืœ ืึถืœ ื›ื‘ื™ืจ -- ืœื‘ื•ืช ื“ื‘ื™ืจ -- ื•ื™ืฉื›ื•ืŸ ืขืžื™ 
5 
ืฉื ืืชืŸ ื“ื•ึนื“ึตื™ -- ืœื• ื•ื‘ืœื™ ื ึตื™ ื™ืืจื™ืš ืฉืœื•ื‘ 
ื—ื ื” ืœืŸ ืืขื™ืจ -- ืื ืื‘ื•ื ืขื™ -- ืœื ืืชืŸ ื“ืžื™ 


ืกื˜ 
ืืœ ื“ื“ ืžืขื•ื ื™ -- 'ืงืจืื ื” -- ื›ื™ ื™ืจืข ืฉืžื˜ 





279 ื“"ืจ ื™ ืฆื™ื ื‘ึผืขืจื’ 


ื“ืจื™ื ื’ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืขืจ ืึทืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืึทื ืึทืจืึธืก ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉ ืฉืึทืคืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืึทืŸ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืงืœืึธืจ, ืึทื– ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืึธื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืขืœืขืžืขื ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก 
ื’ื•ืจื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืืฆ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื’ืขืคึผืึทืกื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืฆื• 

ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื˜ืžื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืกื™ืœื™ืจื™ืง, ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืึธ ื ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜- 
ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืจืงื˜ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื–ื™ื™ืขืš ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ืงืข ืกื™ื‘ึผื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขื ื’ ืคืึทืจ- 
ื‘ึผื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืืฒื™ื’ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืฒื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึทื ืึทืจืึทืก ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜, ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึท 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืึทืจื˜.ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืงื•ื“ืื™ื›ึผืœ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ื–ื™ 
ืฉืึทืคืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืืœื™ืฉืข ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฉื™ืจื™ื. ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ, 
ื“ืขืจ ืึทืงืึธืจื“ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื–ื™ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜. ื“ื™ ืจื™ื˜ืžื™ืง ืื™ืŸ 
ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึทืก ืœื™ืจืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืžื˜ ืงื•ื“ืื™ื›ึผ? ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื ืึทื’ืึทืจื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืึทื˜ืŸ ืึตืœืก ื’ ืข ื–ืึทื ื’ ืข|; ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื’ ืข ื–ื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคึผืึทืคึผื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื‘ึผื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคืึธืจืžื˜ 
ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ืขื–ืขืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืจื™ื˜ื, ื ื™ื˜ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื›ึผืœืœื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืคืขืจื–- 
ืžืขื˜ืจื™ืง. ืขืจืฉื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ .ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื ืึทื ืึทืจืึทืŸ ืงื•ืจื-ื›ืœ ืึทืœืก ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ืึทืœืก 
ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื’-ื™ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ --- ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืง ืึธืคึผืฉืึทืฆืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืึทืจ ื’ืขืคื™ืœ ืฆื•ื 
ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืขืจื•ื‘ึผื•ื™, โ€ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืžื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจืฉืึทืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื’-ื˜ืขื›ื ื•ืง. 
ื ืึทื ืึทืจืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืงื•ื ืฆื™ืง ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื ื ืืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืจื™ื˜ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึธืœืงืก- 
ืœื™ื“, ื“ื•ื•ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจื—ื–ืจืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืกื™ืคืขืจื–, ื“ื•ืจืš ืกืคึผืข" 
ืฆื™ืขืœืข ืจื™ื˜ืžื™ืฉืข ืคื•ื™ื–ืขืก, ื”ืึทืจืžืึธื ื™ืฉืŸ ืฆื•ื ืฑื™ืคึผืคึผืึธืจืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืขื ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ 1, 
ื“ื•ืจืš ืฉื ืขืœืŸ ืจื™ื™ืžืขืŸ-ื˜ืขืžืค ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื’ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืข ืฆืึทืžืขื ืงืœืึทื ื’ืขืŸ -- ื“ืขืจ- 
ื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจ. ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืข ืขืคืขืงื˜ืŸ. 


| ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ืื•ืžืžืขื ืœืขืš ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืฆื•ื ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื‘ึผืœืขื›ืŸ 
ื—ืŸ -ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™, ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืจืขื ืงื˜ืข ื’ืขื‘ึผืขื˜ื™ืกื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ" 
ืœืึธื–ึนื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืขืจ: ื•' 
ื™ืขื•ืฃ ื—ืœื•ืžื™ --- ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ ื—ื–ื™ื•ื’ื™ 
ื‘ื ื˜ื•ืช ื–ืžืžื™ --- ืื—ืจ ืžื—ืžื“ ืขึดื™ื ื™ืŸ 
ื‘ืจื— ืžืขืžื™ --- ื•ื ื˜ืฉ ืžืขื•ื ื™ 
ืœื• ืฉืืคื” -- ื ื›ืกืคื— 
ื’ื ื›ืœืชื— ื ืคืฉื™ ืืึทื–"ื•ื• 3 


ืึธื“ืขืจ; 


1 ืฐื™ ืžืฉื” ืื‘ืŸ ืขื•ืจื ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœื—ืจื™ื™ ื‘ึนึผืฉึทืืขืชึผื, ืึทื–ืฑื™ ื‘ืึทื ื•ืฆื ื–ื™ืš ืืฑืš ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึท 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงื•ื ืฆื™ืง ืžื™ื ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœืžืŸ ืฐืึธืจื, ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉืฒื“ืขื ืขื ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืฒื˜, ืื™ื ื˜ืข, 
ืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื—ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืกืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ื•ืข 
ื‘ึผื™ื™ืœืึทื ืข ื ื•ืž' 12, ืจ 

2 ,ืขื•ืœืช ืชึผืžื™ื“", ื ื•ืž' 88, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึธื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 273 


ืฆื•ืจื™ ื ื•ืืœื™ ื™ื” ---. ืฆื•ืจื™ ื’ื•ืืœื™ ื™ื”! | 
ืžื”ืจ ื•ื”ื—ืฉ ืคื“ื•ืช -- ื™ืขืœื” ื™ืคื—ื”ืคื™ื” ืืึทื–'ื•ื• 1, 
ื•ื™ ืึท ืฆืึทืจื˜ืขืจ ืคืœื™ื™ื˜ืŸ-ื˜ืึธืŸ ืฆื™ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื’ืจืึทืฆื™ืขื–ื™ืขืœืขื’ื™ืฉืข ืกื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ: 
ื™ื” ืืœ ืžื’ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ืชื•ื -- ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ืชื•ื 
ืฉื‘ืชืš ืžื™ ื™ืžืœ? ืขื“ ืชื•ื, 
ืจื—ื ืœื ื“ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืžืชื•ื --- ื‘ื• ืžืชื•ื 
ืืœ ื‘ืš ื™ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืชื•ื 
ืจื—ื ืœื‘ ื•ื‘ื•' 2. 
ืึธื“ืขืจ; 
ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ืจื•ืขื™ ืžืงื™ืžื™ --- ืžืžืจืžืก ืื ืฉื™ ืœืฆื•ืŸ! 
ื”ื ื™ื“ื” ืœื™ ืขืชื” ืขืœ ืžื™ -- ื ื˜ืฉืช ืžืขื˜ ื”ืฆืืŸ 
ื ื˜ืฉืช ืžืขื˜ ื”ืฆืืŸ 5. 


ื“ื™ ืชืžื™ืžื•ืช-ืฆืืจื˜ืข, ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืข ื˜ืขื ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ืกืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžื™ืฉืข, ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื™ื“ื ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืœืึธื“ืขื ืข ืึทืงืึธืจื“ืŸ, ,ื™ื“ื“ ืฉื™ื ืช 
ืขื™ื ื™ -- ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœืึธืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•! --- ืจื•ืคึผื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจ- 
ืฐืึธื’ืœื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืขื ืงืขื ื“ื™ืงืข --- ืื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืจ ื•ื™ ืึท ืฉื™ื? ื’ืขืฉืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืŸ 
ื‘ึผืจื•ื™ื–ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื“ื ืฉืึทืคื˜, ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ --- ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ึผืขืจ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื.., ืึท ื–ื•ื™ื -ืงื™ื ื“ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืŸ 
ื–ืืœืกื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืึดื. ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ื™ื ืข ืคึผืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ึผืจื•ืกื˜ืŸ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืœืขื’ืŸ, 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืœื˜ --- ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ึผืขืจ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฅ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื! --- ืึท ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜, ื“ื• ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ ืžื™ืจ 
ืจื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืึธื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ ืฐืึทื›ืŸ --- 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ึผืขืจ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื! -- ืึท ื’ืขืฆืขืœื˜ ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ ืจื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื; ื‘ึผืึทื ืœื™ืงื˜ ืฐืึธืœื˜ืŸ ืžื•ืš 
ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืœื•ืกื˜ ื’ืขื ืึธืกืŸ --- ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ืจ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ึผืขืจ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฅ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื! ืึท ื’ืœืึธืง ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• --- ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจืงื•ืคืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื“ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ืคืœืึทื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืœื˜ --- ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ึผืขืจ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื! -- ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื ืขื›ื˜ ืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืคืขืœืขืจ. ืื™ืš ื˜ื• ื’?ื•ืกื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ! 


{ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื ื’ื•ืž' 12, 


5 0 : 
2 ืืคื•ืžื•ื ื™ื', ื ื•ืž' 12, ื‘ึผืึทืฐื ื“ืขืจืก ื’ืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื ืึทื ืึทืจืึทืก ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื ืคึฟืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ืข 
ืฐืขืจืง ืื™ื– ื’ืจื•ึนื™ืก ื“ื™ ืฆืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ืžื•ื ื™ื, 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ื•ืข ื‘ึผืฒืœืึทื’ืข ื ื•ืž' 13, ื”' 


03 , 


ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ื˜ื ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึธืœืงื. 


5 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื ื•ืž' 92, 





374 ื“"ืจ ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ึผืขืจื  


ื–ื™ืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงื ืขื›ื˜ืฉื˜ืคื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคืจื™ื™ื ืจ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ึผืขืจ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื" !. 

,ื™ืจืชื— ื›ืกื™ืจ ืœื‘ื™ --- ืงืœืึทื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื“ 
(ืขื•ืœืช ืชึผืžื™ื“, ื ื•ืž' 109) -- ืขืก ื‘ึผืจื•ื™ื–ื˜ ื•ื™ ืึท ืงืขืกืœ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฅ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ. ื ืึธืš ืื™ื ื‘ึผืขื ืงื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืžื” ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉืžืึทื›ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืขื ื’ืขื ื™ืฉ. ืคืึทืจืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ืžื™ืš ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ -- ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ึผืขืจ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืข, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜! ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืึทืœืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื˜ื• ืื™ืš ื‘ึผืœืึทื ื“- 
ื–ืฉืขืŸ, ืึทืœึถืข ืฐืึทื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ื˜ื• ืื™ืš ืคืจืขื ืŸ: ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“, 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœึถืข ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ? ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ื -- ืื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ืงืจืึทื ืง 
ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข, ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ื–ืึทื ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืคึผืœืึทื ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืŸ?"" = 


;ืืš, ืงื•ื ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ --- ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“, ื“ื• ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ! 
ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธื’ืœ, ื’ืขื ื•ื’! ืงืขืจ ืื•ื ืฆื•ึน ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ึผืจื•ืกื˜ืŸ, ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ึผืจื•ืกื˜ืŸ 
ืงืขืจ ืื•ื, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“, , ื• ืœื™ื‘ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืืฑื™ื’ืŸ!'" (ื“ื™ ื ื“ื•ื“ ื“ื™! ื›ื™ืŸ ืฉื“ื™ 
ืฉื•ื‘, ืฉื“ื™ ืฉื•ื‘, ื“ื•ื“ ืžื—ืžื“ ืขื™ื ื™!). 


ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,,ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืขืจ'' ื‘ึผืœึดื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื–ื™ืคืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
,ื˜ื™ื™ื‘ึผืขืœืข", ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ื˜ืข ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืึทื–ืฑื™ ืจื™ื™ืฆื ื“ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ. ,ื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ืœื™ื‘ึผืข, ืคืึทืจื’ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืขืจืŸ, ื“ื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฉื™ื™ืŸ. ืžื™ื˜. ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืŸ ื‘ึผืœึดื™ืง ื”ืึธืกื˜ื• ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ื’ืขืคืึทื ื’ืขืŸ! ื–ื™ืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืขืกื˜ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืจื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื˜ืขื! ืฉืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ืจืคึผื•ืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื ืข ืœื™ืคึผืŸ, ืœื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข. ื’ื™ืš ืงื•ื 
ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข! ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฆื• ื‘ึผืœืึทื ื“ื–ืฉืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ -- ืงืขืจ 
ืื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื -- ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืงืขืจ ืื•ื, ื“ื• ืœื™ื‘ึผืข, ื“ื• ืฉื™ื™ื ืข! ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืคืขืก ืœืึธื– ืฉืึทืœืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื“---ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ ืžืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืœื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ".. 
ื™ื•ื ืชื™, ืžื” ืœืš ื ื•ื“ื“ืช -- ืžืงืŸ ืืœ ืงืŸ ืชืจื—ืคื™! -- ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฐืึธื’ืœ, ื“ื• ื˜ื™ื™ื‘ึผืขืœืข ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื‘ึผืœืึธื ื“ื–ืฉืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืขืกื˜ ืฆื• ื ืขืกื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื“ 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืขืจ ื˜ื• ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“, ืœื™ื- 


1 ,ืขื•ืœืช ืชืžื™ื“", ื ื•ืž' /9, 

2 ืฉืืœืชื™ ื ื ืœื›ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ื ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช, 
ื”ืจืื™ืชื ื“ื•ื“ ื—ืฉืงื™ ื—ืžื“ืช ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช? 
ืืžืจื• ืœื• ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืœืช ืื”ื‘ื•ืช 
ืžืชื™ ืžื ื™ ื™ืฉืงื™ื˜ ืืฉื™ ืœื”ื‘ื•ืช. 

8 ืึธืขื•ืœึนืช ืชึผืžื™ื“", ื ื•ืž' 11, ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืึตืึธืœ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ;ืœื™ื‘ ื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืœืข", ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื ืฐืขืจืŸ ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึทืก ืฉื™ืŸ 
ื“ื•ืขื˜ืŸื™ืœื™ื“ ,ื™ืขืœื” ื™ืขืœื” ื‘ื•ืื™ ืœื’ื ื™", ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืข ืคึทึผืึธืจ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ 
ืงืขื’ื ื–ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข. 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืกืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืฉื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 275 


ื˜ื™ื™ื‘ืขืœืข ืžื™ื™ืŸ! ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจื–ืืžืœืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืืœืง ื“ืึธืก ืฆืขื–ื™ื™ื˜ืข, 
ืงื•ื ื’ื™ืš ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, ืฉื•ื•ืขืกื˜ืขืจืœ, ื›ึผืœื” ื“ื• ืžื™ื™ืŸ!" 1. 
,ื™ืžื™ ืื‘ืœืš ืฉืœืžื• --- ื“ื™ื™ื ืข ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ-ื˜ืขื’ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™, ืคืึทืจ- 
ื’ืขืกืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืฉืžืขื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื™ื ื“, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื”ื™ื™ื ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืจื˜; ืงื•ื ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ื™ืŸ! ืงื•ื ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ื™ืŸ, 
ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธื’ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืฆืขื‘ึผืจืึธื›ืŸ, ื ื™ื ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™, ืงื•ื 
ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ื™ืŸ! ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืฆืจื•ึนืŸ ื˜ื• ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ, ื“ื• ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืข ื”ืึธืคึผืขื ื•ื ื’ 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ! ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื•ึนื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื ื“ืœื™ื“ ื“ืขืจืฉืึทืœืŸ, ืงื•ื ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ื™ืŸ! ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœืŸ, ืื™ืš ืขืœ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืืœ ืฉื™ืงืŸ --- 
ื–ื™ื ื’ื™ื–ืฉืข ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ื™ื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื“ ืึทื–ืฑ ื–ื™ืก! ืงื•ื ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ื™ืŸ ืืึทื–ื™ื•ื• 2 | 
,ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืœื™ื™ื–ื•ื ื  ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืœื™ื™ื–ื•ื ื’ 
ืคืึทืจ ืื•ืžืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืง ื‘ึผืœื•ื˜. ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืฆื• ืฉืžืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื™ื™ื ื“ --- ืงื•ื ืจื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ึนื™ืก. ื˜ืจื™ื ืง ืžื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืฉืžื™ื ืึธื˜ืขื, ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืข ื“ื• ืžื™ื™ืŸ! 
ืœืึธื– ืžื™ืš ื”ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืกืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžืข, ื–ื™ื ื’ ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ื™ื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ --- ื“ื• ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ- 
ืฆื™ืงืข, ืœื™ื‘ึผืข, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉื˜ืข. ื–ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ึผ?-ืœื™ื“ --- ืื™ืš ืงื•ื ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ ืฆื• 
ื”ื™ืœื”, ื“ืขืจืœื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ืŸ ื ืœื•ืช. ื˜ืจื™ื™ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ, ืžื™ื˜ 
ืึท ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ื‘ึผืึทืฆื™ืจืŸ, ื‘ึผืึทื ืฒืขืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜ ืฐืข? ืื™ืš, ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ึผืœื™ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืกื˜ื• ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ื™ื“ื ื‘ึผื•ื™ื ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ืขื ืคืจื™ืฉืŸ ืงืฐืึธ?"" 3. 
ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืฉืข ื‘ึผื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจื’ืœืฒื™ื›ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื‘ึผืึทื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ืข- 
ืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื›ึผื™ืฉื•ืคื“ื™ืงืŸ ื—ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืขืจ +, ืึท ืคึฟืจืึธื–ืขื“ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ 
ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืฉื ื“ ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืึท ื‘ึผืึทื’ืจื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืึทืฆื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืฆืึทืจื˜ืขืฃ 
ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื, ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑื ืข ื”ืึทืจืžืึทื ื™ืฉ-ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืึทืœื™ืฉืข, ืฉืคึผื™ืœืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืงืข ืกื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ: 
ื™ืคื• ื“ื•ื“ื™ืš ื ืขื™ืžื” --- ืื™ื•ืžื” ื›ื ื“ื ืœื•ืช 
ืฉืคืชื™ืš ืฆื•ืฃ ื•ืจื™ื— --- ืืคืš ืžืจ ื•ืื”ืœื•ืช, . 
ืจื•ื ืงื•ืžืชืš ืœื‘ืจื•ืฉ ื“ืžื” -- ืฉื“ื™ืš ืœืืฉื›ืœื•ืช 
ืืœ ืžื™ ืื“ืžืš ืฆื‘ื™ืช -- ื‘ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืื™ืœื•ืช 
ื•ื™ ืึท ืคื™ื ืงืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ึผืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืขืกื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื™ืžืขืจื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึทื ืึท- 
ืจื™ืฉืข ืกื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคื™ืœืคืึทืจื‘ื™ืงืข ืงืึทืกืงืื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืข ืฆื•" 
ื–ืึทืžืขื ืงืœืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ; 
1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื ื•ื' 16 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื ื•ื' 660, 
ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ืคื•ืžื•ืŸ ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื‘ ืจื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ืฉืงื™ื ื™", 
,ืขื•ืœืช ืชึผืžื™ืจ" { ื ื•ื' 55, 94, 100, 101, 104 ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข, 
,ืขื•ืœืช ืชืžื™ืจ", ื ื•ื' 159, 


0 = ืฉืฉ 





26 ืจ"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ึผืขืจื’ 


ื™ืžื™ืžื”, ืชืžื™ืžื” ื•ื’ืขื™ืžื” --- ืขื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื•ืื™ ื ื ืขืžื™! 
ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืช ืžืœืš ืคื ื™ืžื” --- ื‘ืจื ื” ื•ืชื—ื™ื ื” ืงื•ืžื™ 
ืื—ื•ืชื™ ืจืขื™ืชื™ ืงื“ื•ืžื” --- ืื”ื‘ืชื™ืš ืงืจืืชื™ืš ืืžื™ 
ืฉื–ื•ืคื” ื”ื“ื•ืคื” ื•ืจื“ื•ืคื” ืืึทื–"ื•.. 1 


ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืš ืžื•ื– ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ืึธื ื’ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืึทื’ืึทืจื˜ืก 
ืคึผืึธืขื˜ืฉื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืืคืŸ, โ€ ื™ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืกืขืจืข ืขืจืึธื˜ื™ืฉืข ื‘ึผื™ืœื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ืคื˜ืขืจ ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืžื™ืคื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืึทื˜ืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืขื“ ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
- ืคื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ื ื ืžืฉื™ื— ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื" 
ืคื™ื™ื–ืขืจ.. ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื ื ื ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืคืชืขืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœื™ื ื˜ื•ื ื ืึทื’ืึทืจื˜ 
ื‘ึผืึทืงืœืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ืฉื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ื™ืฉืขื” ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืงืœื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืข 
ื‘ึผืึทื ืขืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืฆื• ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื•ืŸ ื—ืจื˜ื”. ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึท ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ืึท ื“ื™ื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืึธืขืžืข ,, ืžืฉื—ืงืช ืชึผื‘ืœ'' ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ื ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ื ืขื•ืœื-ื”ื–ื” 5 ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขืžืข ืื™ื– 
ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืคื™ืœ ืžืขืจ ืจืขื˜ืึธืจื™ืง ื•ื™ ืืžืช ื’ืขืคื™ืœ?; ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืชึผืงื•ืคื” ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึทื ืึทืจืึทืก โ€ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืึทืคืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืึธื˜ื™ื• 
ืึท ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืŸ ืึธืคึผืงืœืึทื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืฆืึธืœ ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืงืข ืชึผืคื™ืœื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืขืœืขื’ื™ืฉืข 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ 8 ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ืึธืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืขืœืขื ื™ืฉ ืœื™ื“ + ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืœืึทื ื›ืึธืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืึธื ืคืึทื ื’ื- 
ืกื˜ืจืึธืคืข: ;ื™ื ื•ื ื ื‘ืจ, ื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ืจ'" --- ืขืก ื“ืจืขืžืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืขืก ืฉืœืึธืคื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขืœืขื’ืขืจ. ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ ืขืจ ืจื•ื˜ --- ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– 
ืืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ื ื‘ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฉืึธื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืืก ืคืœื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ. ืคืœื•ื’ืœืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืคืึทืจ" 
ืฉื•ื•ื•ึผื ื“ืŸ". 

;ื•ื‘ื ื™ืชื™ ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื›ื–ื•ื”ื” ืžื–ื”ื™ืจื™ื!''. -- ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืกื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ื’ืข" 
ืฉืึทืคืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ-ืื•ื™ืคื’ืึทื ื’ --- ื–ืึธื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฅ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึธื˜ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื–ื ืื™ื™ื ื ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผ, 
ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ , ื–ืžื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ'' ืื•ืŸ , ืฉืืจื™ืช ื™ืฉืจื?'" 
ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ืคื•ืœืขืจ ืคืึธืจื ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืžื™ื™ืก- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจืึทื‘ึผื™ืฉ-ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืชึผืงื•ืคื” . ื“ื™ ืžื™ืงื˜ื™ืฉืข ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช, 
ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžืฉื˜ื™ืœื‘ึผืึทืจืขืจ ื—ืจืึทื ื’ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื‘ึผื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ึผืœืขื›ืŸ, ื“ื™ 


1 ,ืคึผื•ืžื•ื ื™ื", ื ื™ื' 28. 

5 ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืžื™ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ" (169--171), ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขื ื“ื ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจ: ,ืฉืžืขื• ืฉืžื•ืข ืžืœืชื™ ื•ืื—ื•ืชื™, ืงื•ืžื• ื•ื“ืžื• ืœืžื• ืขืฆืชื™, ื›ื™ ืืžืช' ื™ื—ื’ื” ื—ื›ื™ ื•ืœืฉื•ื ื™, 
ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ ื•ื‘ื—ื ื•ื ื™ ื ื ื‘ื–ืืช ืœื”ื‘ื–ื•ืช ืชื‘ืœ ื•ื”ืžื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืืฉื‚ืจ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ืชืื”ื‘ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืœืžื” ื•ืœื™ืจืื” 
ืืช ื”ืฉื ื”ื ื›ื‘ื“ ื•ื”ื ื•ืจื ืชื•ืœื”ื• ืขืœ ื‘ืœื™ ืžื”, ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžืœืฆื—ืง ื‘ื—ื™ืง ื ื›ืจื™ื” ื ืฉื™ื— ื—ื•ืžื™ื”", 

8 ื–ืข ,ืขื•ืœืช ื—ื•ืจืฉ", ื ื•ื' 24, 26, 27, 38, 40 ื"ื™ | 

4 ืžื™ืจ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืขืก ื‘ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืฒืœืึทื ืข ื ื•ื' 13 ื•ื™ 





| ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืฉืข ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ืจืŸ 17 


ื™ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžื™ืฉืข ื›ื•ื•ืืœื™ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืข ื ืขืคื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืœืขื‘ึผื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืคืึทืจื‘ึผื™ืงืข ื‘ึผื•ืœื˜ืข ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ -- ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœืฅ ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื ืึท- 
ื’ืึทืจืืก ื‘ึผืขืกื˜ืข ืฉืึทืคื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืš. ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื– ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึท ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืืœื™ื ื˜ืกื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ 
ืื™ืŸ ืžื–ืจื—, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืขืจ ื•ื™ ืจื™ 
ืคึผื™ื•ื˜ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฆื™ื•ื ืก ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืœื•ื™. ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ , ืžื ื”ื’ 
ืืฉื›ึผื ื–'' ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึทืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ื ื“ื™ืง ืึทืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขื”ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ 
ืึทืฉื›ึผื ื–ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืžืฉืง ื’ืขืœืฑื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืึทื›ืคึผืขืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืคื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจืืžืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผื–ืžื•ืŸ ,ื™ื” ืจื‘ื•ืŸ ืขืœื ื•ืขืœืžื™ื•ื? ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ืฆื• ืฉืœืฉ-ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช .ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. 

ื ืึทื ืึทืจืึท ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืึทืคืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืฉื•ืœ. ืคื™ืœืข ืคึผื™ื™ื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ- 
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืœ, ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขื˜ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืกื— 1 ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ืึทืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื—, ืืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืึทื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ืžื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ ื’ืขืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืื•ืœื”... 

ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืžืฉืง ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืืก ืžื•ื–ืข 
ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืฉืึทืจืคืŸ ืึธืคึผืงืœืึทื ื’, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืชึผื™ืžืŸ, ืื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื™ืงืŸ ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืจืึทื‘ึผื™ืฉืŸ ื”ืึทืœื‘ึผ-ืื™ื ื–?. ืึทืŸ ,,ืขื ืœื‘ื“ื“ ื™ืฉื›ึผื•ืŸ'" ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ 
:ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืฆืึธืœื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืฅ ืื™ืŸ 
ืชึผื™ืžืŸ. ื‘ึผื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ื•ื™ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืกื˜ 
ื–ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขื‘ึผื ืกืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœืŸ ืžืฆื‘ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืชึผื™ืžื ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ืขืจืฉื˜ 
ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื•ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืกึผื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืชึผื™ืžืŸ;, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืขืงื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืฆื• ื“ืขื ืชึผื™ืžื ืขืจ ื™ืฉื•ื‘; ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืื™ื™ืจื- 
ืคึผืขื™ึดืฉืข ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืงืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ื“ืขืจืฐืึทืจื‘ึผืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜ืฉืจื™ืคึผื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ- 
ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ืชึผื™ืžืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื–ืึท ืื•ืคืŸ 
ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ึผืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– 
ื‘ึผืึทื ืจื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœืŸ ืฉืึทืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืชึผื™ืžื ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ. 

ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ ืชึผื™ืžื ืขืจ ื™ื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื—ืงื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ื™ื˜, ืืฑืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช; ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 


1 ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืœื•ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืึทืคึผืขื ืข ืœื™ืจืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึทื ืึทืจืึท ื ื•ืžื 
ืึทืจืฒื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืฉืืจื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ" (ื–ืข ื‘ึผืฒื™ืœืึทื ืข, ื ื•ื' 13), ืึท ืกืš ืคึผื™ื•ืžื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึท. 
ื’ืึทืจืึทืก ื ืึธื›ืคึผืึธืœื’ืขืจ ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืขืกืคืจ ืคื•ืžื•ื ื™ื" (ืงืึทืœืงื•ื˜ืข, 
2, /ืฉื™ืจื™ ื–ืžืจื”" (ืžื•ื ื™ื, 1872 ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืœ ื™ืขืงื‘" (ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, 1885). ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆ. 
ืžืขืจ ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื ืขื“ืจื•ืงื ืคื™ืœ ืคึผื™ื•ื˜ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ืžื•ื ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ 
ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื ืžื™ื ืฆืขืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืžืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ื–ืข ื‘ึผืึทื›ืขืจ, 
ืฆื™ื, ืึทืจื‘ึผืขื˜, 60, 221--2234, 

* ื–ืข: ืืื‘ึผืŸ ืกืคื™ืจ, |, 111--148, 





378 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ ืขืจื’ 


ื ืึทื ืฆืข ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื‘ืœื”-ืกืคืจื™ื ืื•ึนืŸ -- ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ" 
ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื’, ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ืช-ืชืคื™ืœื”, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉืžื—ื”, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื‘ึผืจื™ืช ืžื™ืœื”, ื‘ึผืจ-ืžืฆื•ื•ื—, ื‘ึผืคืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ 
ืชื™ืžื ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืข ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื - 
ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืข ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืงืข ื ื™ื’ื•ื ื™ื 1. ืึทืœืก ื”ืขื›ื›ื˜ืข ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืจื‘ึผื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขื ืึธืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœืึทืกื™ืฉืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืชืงื•ืคื”. ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึถืคึผืฉืจืฒื‘ึผืŸ ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ-ื–ืึทืžืœื•;- 
ื ืขืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœืžื” ื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืœ, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืœื•ื™, ืžืฉื” ืื•ืŸ ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ึผืŸ 
ืขื•ืจื 2, ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืชึผื™ืžื ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื’ื•ืคื ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืฉืึทืคืŸ, ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืฒึทื˜ -- ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฆืฐื™ืฒื™ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ืฒ 
ืงื™ื™ื˜. ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืœื•ื™ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืชึผืงื•ืคื” (ืึทืœึฐื—ืจื™ื–ื™, ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื‘ืŸ ืฆื“ื™ืง ื"ืึท) ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืึทืžืึธืœ ืึทื™ื™ื ืคึผืœืขื›ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืึทืŸ ืึทืจืึทื‘ึผืฒื™ืฉืŸ ืคืขืจื–, ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืขืคืขืงื˜. ื‘ื™ 
ื“ื™ ืชึผื™ืžื ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืขืคึผืขืก ื’ืึธืจ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ. ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ึผ- 
ืจืขื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืจืึทื‘ึผื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืขื ื’ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื•ื•ืึทืงืกืŸ, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ืฉืึทืคืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื“ืข ืฉืคึผื•ืึทื›ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ: ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืึท- 
ื‘ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ --- ื–ื™ื™ ืฉืึทืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข 
ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืึทื‘ึผื™ืฉืข ืคืขืจื–ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ. 
ื‘ึผื™ื– ื“ืขื 17ื˜} ื™"ื” ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืชึผื™ืžื ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื ื™ื ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืช ื‘ืึทื ืึทื‘ึผื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ; ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื—ืจื–ื ื™ื, ื•ืืก 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื ืึธื›ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจืŸ. ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืžื™ื ืคื•ื ื 
ื–ื™ื‘ึผืขืฆื ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื” ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืึทืจื•ืก ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ,, ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ ืชึผื™ืžืŸ" ืึท ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ืคื•ืœืขืจ 
ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื•ืืก ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืฉื•ืœ. ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, 
ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื ืึธื›ืคืึธืœื’ืขืจ, ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืขืจ 
ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืึทื ืึทืจืึทืก ืคึผืึถืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืึทืคืŸ. ืฉืœื (ืกืืœื) ื‘ึนึผืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ 
ืืœ-ืฉื›ื™ื–ื™ ื™ืœื•ื“ ืžืฉืชื ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ. 

ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืชึผื™ืžื ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืึทื ืฅ 
ืฐืฒื™ื ื™ืง ืคึผืจื˜ื™ื. ืึทืœืก ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ึนื™ืฃ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ื’ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืจื•ืฉื, ืึทื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœืขื ืขื ื“ืขืก ื‘ึผืึทืฆื™ืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืึทืจืกื˜ืข 
ื ื™ืกื™ื ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜. ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื˜ืึธื’, ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ 
ืชึผื™ืžืŸ, ืคืœืขื ื˜ ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ืงืคื™ืฆืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืœืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืจืฅื™ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื•ืŸ 


1 ื–ืข ื, ืฆ. ืื™ื“ืขืœื•ืึธืŸ ื’ื’ืขื•ืขื ื ืข ื“ืขืจ ื™ืขืžื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืขืŸ', 1914. 
2 ื“ื™ ืชึผื™ืžื ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืขืก ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื™ื ื’ืขื™ 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ึผืŸ ืขื–ืจืื ,ื“ื™ืฐืึทืŸ", ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ', ืืฒื’ืขืจืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื ืื™ืŸ 1886, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 9ื•ื˜ 
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ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืฉื‘ึผืช ืึทืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ืžืึธึตืœ ืื™ืŸ 
-ืฆืคืช ืฆื™ ืื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ; ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื”ื‘ื“ืœื”, ืฉื‘ึผืช-ืฆื•ื ืึทื›ื˜, ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืฐื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ื“ื•ืจืš ืงืคื™ืฆืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืคึผืขืงืœืขืŸ ืงืฒื™ืŸ ืชึผื™ืžืŸ, ืึทืœึถืข ืžืœื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ืจืจื™ 
ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื ืžื•ืจื ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืžืช ืžื•ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืขืจ ืคืœืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื. ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืึทืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืึทืคื•ื ื’ืก-ืงืจืึทืคื˜. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ืฐืขืจืง, ืึทื– ื’ืึทื ืฆืฅ 
ื“ืจื™ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื™ื–ืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืงื•ื™ื ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื“ืขืจื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืึทื–ื ื ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืข 
ืžืฉื. ืื•ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ึผืœื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ-ืžื•ืคืช. ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ืจ, ื“ืขืจืฆืฒื™ืœื˜ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืกืคึผื™ืจ, ื‘ึผืจืขื ื˜ ืขื“-ื”ื™ื•ื ื ื ืจ-ืชึผืžื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืืฑืก 
ืึทืœืข ืขืงืŸ ืคื•ื ื ืœืึทื ื“ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงืจืึทื ืงืข ืžืชืคึผืœ? ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืงืจืึทื ืงืขืจ ืฐืึทืฉื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฐืึทืกืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืงื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื–ื™ืก ืงื‘ืจ --- ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืœื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื- 
ื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ-ืžื•ืคืช, ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทื’ื“ื—, ืื™ื– ื›ึผ? ื™ืžื™ื• ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื™ื’ื™ืข 
ื›ึผืคึผื™ื, ื–ื™ืš ืžืคืจื ืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื‘ืขืจื™ื™. 

ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื’ืขื ื•ื™ืข ื‘ึผื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคึผื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจื˜ื™ื ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื‘ึผืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื”ึผืœื•ื™ืŸ 
ืคื•ื ื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง. ืึทื“ืึทื ืง ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ืจ, ืึทื– ืžึดืฉืชึผื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืก 
ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืขืŸ-ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ื–ื™ --- ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผื•ืจื˜ืก-ืึธืจื˜ (ืœึถืขื‘ึผืŸ 
ื˜ืขื™ื–), ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1619 2. ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืžื™ื• 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื–ื™ืจืขื ืฅ-ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืคื•ึผืŸ ืชึผื™ืžืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืฆื ืขื” (ืื™ืŸ 
ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืฉื ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ ืื•ื–?); ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืฉื™ื™ื ื˜, ื ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืฆื™ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคึผื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื“, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืขืจ ืงืœืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ: 

ืฉืžืขืชื™ ื—ื›ืžืช ื‘ื ื™ ืื•ื–ืค 
ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ ื›ืžืŸ ื ื’ืŸืœ, 

ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธื•ื‘ืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื™ื– ื ืึธืš 1079, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืœื™ื“ืข- 
ื ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ืงืœืึธื ืœื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื’ื™ืจื•ื•ืฉ, โ€ ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืชึผื™ืžื ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื›ึผืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื™ืึธืจ, 

ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืก ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ, ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืึท ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผ?, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื–ื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื‘ึผื˜ึทืงืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ื ืกืชึผืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• /2 ื™ืึธืจ ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 
, ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื''. ื“ืขืจ ืงื‘ึผืœื”-ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ื’. ืฉืœื•ื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื‘ึผืืงืขื ื˜ 





1 ื™ืขืงึตื‘ ืกืคึผื™ืจ ื”ืึธื ืึท ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ึถึผืขืช ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ืœื, ืึทื– ื›ึดืฉืชึผื ืื™ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 
ืคื•ื ืืก ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืก ืžื•ืžืขืจ, 


2 ืกืคึดึผื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฐื™ื“ืขืจ ืึท ื˜ืขื•ืช, ื‘ึทึผืขืช ืขืจ ืฐื™ื•ื ืึธืŸ, ืึทื– ืฉื‘ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื ืื™ืŸ 
6 ื™"ื—. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคืึทืœืฉืข ื“ืึทืกืข ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉ.ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืขื ืฆึทื™. 


ืงืœืึธืคึผืœื“ื™ืข, 3 ืฐ|ืฉ, 600. 


2080 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืข ืจื‘ 


ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื˜ืขื ืขื ืกืคืจ 1, ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืฉื‘ื™ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš 
ืจืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงืขืจืข ืคื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืคืชืขืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื, 
ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืฉืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืขืจ ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื“ืขืข-ืงืจื™ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืคืชืขืจ ,ื’ื•ื“ื™ 
ื”ืืจ"ื™'', ื“ืขื ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ , ื–ืžื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ'', ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืึทื ืึทืจืึท. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื™ืฉืจื? ื ืึทื ืึทืจืึทืก ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืึทืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืชึผื™ืžื ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืขืจื•ืช 
ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ืข ื”ืึทื ื˜ืฉืจื™ืคึฟื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื™ืœื™ื“ืขืจ-ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืชึผื™ืžืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 17ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื”. ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืคื™ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžืขืจืขืจืข 
ื ืึทื ืึทืจืึธืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ,, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ-ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ื”ืจื›ึผื‘ื™-ืงืึธืœืขืงืฆื™ืข, 
ืžื™ื˜ โ€ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ืฆื˜ 4 ืื™ื– ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื‘ึผืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, 
ืฉื– ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ , ื–ืžื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ'". ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื‘ึผืึทืœื™ื‘ึผื˜, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืชึผื™ืžื ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืึทืŸ ืึท ืชึผื™ืžื ืขืจ ื“ื™ื- 
ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืึทืฑืคืึทืกื˜. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืคื™ืœืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื‘ื˜ 
ืฆื•ื ื˜ืขื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ, ืœืžืฉ?, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ,, ืฉื™ืจื™ ืชึผื™ืžืŸ" ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึทืก 
ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืจ , ื™ื“ื“ ืฉื ืช ืขื™ื ื™" *. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ืกืฉืœื™ืกืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืึทืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึทืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ-ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืจื™ื˜ื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ื‘ึนึผืึท- 
ื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืžืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืชึผื™ืžื ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ืฆื• 
ื ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื’. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึธืก 
ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžื•ื–ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืข ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึถืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืฉืึทืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืชึผื™ืžื ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืกื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ --- ื“ืขื ืžืงื•ื‘ึผ? ืฉืœื ืฉื‘ื™ื–ื™. 
ืฉื‘ื™ื–ื™ ื’ื•ืคื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืึทืจืึทื›ึผื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืึทื– 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืื™ื ื“ื™ ืžื•ื–ืข ื‘ึผืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืคืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ. ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืชึผื™ืžื ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ 
ื ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืข, ืึทื– ืฉื‘ื™ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืคืึทืจืคึผืึทืกื˜ ื ื™ื˜. ืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืฐื™ 15 ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ 4. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขืš ืึท ื’ืฐืึทืœื“ื™ืงืข ื’ื•ื–ืžื, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืกืคืง ื ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ืฉื‘ื™ื–ื™ืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ. ื•ื•. ื‘ึผืึทื›ืขืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธื ืึธื’ืจืึทืคึผื™ืข , ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉืข ืื•ื ื“ ืึทืจืึทื‘ึผื™ืฉืข ืคึผืึธืขื–ื™ืข ื“ืขืจ 
ื™ื•ื“ืขืŸ ื™ืขืžื™ื ืก'' ื ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื ืึทืคึผืข. ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืฉื‘ื™ื–ื™ืก ืคื™ืจืขืจ. 


ื˜ื™ื ื•ื™ 


1 ืืงืจื™ืช ืกืคืจ", ืฉ, 266--212, 


)= 


ื–ืข ื‘ึผืฒื™ืœืึทื’ืข, ื ื•ื' 14, 

8 ื–ืข, ื“, ื™ืขืœื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคื”ืฉืœื—", ืฐ, 1159 ื™, ืกืคึผื™ืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื ืึทืคึผื™ืœื• ืึทื– ื“ืึธื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข 
ืœื™ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื‘ื™ื•ื™ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ (ืื‘ึผืŸ ืกืคื™ืจ, {, 6111 

4 ื–ืข ืื™ืจืขืœื–ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช", | 31 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื“ืŸ : 281 


ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง, ืื™ื– ื–ื™ืš ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ 
ืžืฉืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ืคืึธืœื ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคืึทืงื˜: ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืฑื™ื‘ึผื ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ืœื™ืจืขืจ- 
ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืจื›ึผื‘ืฒืจืงืึทึธืœืขืงืฆื™ืข ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ 17 ืฉื‘ื™ื–ื™ืก 
ืœื™ืจืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื›ืขืจืก ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ, ื•ื™ ืึทืœืข ืื ื“ืข- 
ืจืข ืชึผื™ืžื ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืฉื‘ื™ื–ื™ ื ืขืฉืจื™ืคืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืึทื“ืึทื’ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืฆืฐืฒื™ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ื™ืงืข, ืฐื•ึผ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืฉืข ืคืขืจื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืจืึทื‘ื™ืฉืข 1, | | 
ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ื–ื™ืก ืœื™ืจืขืจ --- , ืžื›ึผืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื", 
ืขืจ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืœื•ื™ื‘-ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืฉื‚ืจืจื•ืช, ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ืกื•ืœืžืขื ื™ืฉืข, 
ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“; ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื“ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื“ื™ ื ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืžื•ืกืœืžืขื ื™ืฉืข ืงืจื™ื’ืกืžืขื ืขืจ  ,2โ€ ืื•ื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื ืึทื ืฆืข* ืฆืึธืœ ื•ื™ื›ึผื•ื—ื™ื" 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ, ืขืก ืคื™ืจืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื™ื ืฐื™ื›ึผื•ื—ื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืคืœื•ื™1ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืžืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข- 
ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื ื™ื ื‘ืึทืฐืฒื™ื‘ึผื˜ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื“ืึธืก ืงืึทืฐืขื™ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืงืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ื˜ืึทื‘ืึทืง ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื›ืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœืขืจ ืชื™ืžื ืขืจ ืคืœืื ืฆื•ื ื’ ืงืืช -- ื•ื•ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ 
ืื™ื– ื‘ึผื™ืœื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืœืขื›ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ืคึผืฉืจื” ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืกืงื ื˜, 
ืึทื– ื‘ึผื™ืœื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืœืข ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฐืฒื™ื ืฉื˜ืึธืง, ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื’ื ืืจื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ื–ื™ืก ืžื•ื–ืข, ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงื•ื ื”"ืฉื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก ืชึผื™ืžืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข 
ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืฉื™ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืข, ื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœืข / ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคื™ืจืขืจ. 
ื•ื•. ื‘ึผืึทื›ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืึทื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ื–ื™ืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืŸ: 1) ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช, 
2) ืชึผื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืชืฉื‘ึผื—ื•ืช ืฆื•ื ื—ืงื‘ึผ"ื”, 8) ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ืกื™ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, 4) ื—ืชื•ื ื”- 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, โ€ 8) ืจืขืœื™ื ื™ืขื–ืข ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, 6) ืœื™ื‘ึผืขื™ืœื™ืจืขืจ, โ€ 7) ื“ื™ื“ืึทืกื˜ื™ืฉืข / 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืืึทื–''ืฐื•, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึถื‘ึผืขืจ ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ืžื—ื™ืฆื” 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืขืจ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื“ื™ 
ืื™ื™ื ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ื–ื™ืŸ ืึทืœืก ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื™ื ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืื•ื- 
ืžืขื ืœืขืš ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื—ื™ืจ ืคื•ื ื ืงื™ื‘ึผื•ึนืฅ, ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื›ึผื ื˜ืช 
ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื“ืึธืก ื ืึทืฆื™ืึทื ืึทืœืข ืคื•ื ื ืจืขืœื™ื ื™ืขื–ื™ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ, ื“ื™ ืืœืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจื™ื’ืจื•ืคืŸ 
ืคืึทืจืฒื™ื ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“"ื ืขื“ืื ืง, ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ื“ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ --- ื“ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืขื ืงืขืŸ ื ืืšืฃ 
ืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืจืึทืžืึทื ื˜ื™ืฉืข ื”ืึธืคึผืขื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืื•ืœื—. ืขืก ืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึท 
ื‘ึผืœื™ื™ืกืคืง ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืข ื—ืฉืคึผืขื” ืคืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืขืœ , ื–ืžื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจื?!'; ื ืึธืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึฟ 
ืฉื‘ื™ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 8ืŸ ืืžืชืขืจ โ€ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื– ืื™ืŸ 


1 ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึทื›ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื ื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืจืฒื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ื’ืึทืฉื˜ืฒื ืืฑื 55 ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข, 
5 ืึทืจืึทื‘ึผื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ. 52 ืฆืฐืฒืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, | 

2 ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจืึธื’ึดื™ืฉึถืขืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืึทื‘ึผื™ืฉืข ื“ื™ื›ืžืขืจ ืื™ืช 
ืฉื‘ื™ื–ื™ืŸ, ื–ืข ื’ืึทื›ืขืจืก ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจื˜ืข ืึทืจื‘ึผืขื, 447 | 

5 ืจืึธืจืžืŸ, 82--33, 





2082 ื“"ืจ ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ ืขืจื’ 


ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืึทืคืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืœืก ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึธืก ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืชืœืžื™ื“, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ 
ื ืึธืš ืื•ืŸ ื—ื–ืจื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขื“ ื™ืขื ืขืžืก ,ื ื•ืกื—'' ืื•ืŸ ,, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ'', ื ืึธืจ ืึทืœืก ื‘ึนึผืึทื“ 
ื’ืื‘ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืฉืžืขืœืฆืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืฃ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ื™ื™ืข ืคืึธืจืžืขืŸ, ืึทืจืฑืคืœืฒื ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืข, ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืฆื˜ืข 
ืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืขืžืคึผืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื‘ึผืึทืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ 
ืฆืึทืค? ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื ืฉืžื”. ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธ ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” --- ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืชึผื™ืžื ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืงื™ื‘ึผื•ืฅ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ืŸ ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผื ืกื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืฉืึทืคืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ืจื™ื˜ื, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื’ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื ื•ืกื—, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืขื“-ื”ื™ื•ื ืึทื–ื•ึนื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง.., 
ื“ืขืจ ื›ืืจืืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ื–ื™ืก ืคึผืึธึถืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืึทืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ-ืกื™ืžื‘ึผืึธืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ. ืžืขืŸ ืงืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื™ื ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื ื’ืึทื ึทื™ 
ืงื ืึทืคึผืข ืฆืึธืœ ืœื™ืจื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืจืขืึทืœื™ืงืึทื ืงืจืขื˜ืŸ, ืฉืึทืจืฃ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื’ืจืขื’ืขืฆื˜ืŸ 
ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜, ืฐื™ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ,,ื ืคืฉ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืื™ืš ืœืกื•ื“ ืืœ ืชืฆืคื ื™" 
ืื•ึนืŸ , ื‘ึผื™ืขืœืช ื—ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืชื™ ื“ื‘ื•ืงื”''. ืื™ื ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ! ืžื•ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืžื” ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื“ืจืึทื ื’ ืฆื• ื’ืึธื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ* ื’ื™ืกื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืชื•ืจื—, ืื•ึนืŸ ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜, ืึทื– ื–ื™ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ื ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืจื™ 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืœื™ื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืœื•ืช (ื•ืฉื›ื—ืชื™ ื‘ื’ืœื•ืชื™ ืžืฆื•ืงื”). ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื™ืžื ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ืจืขื“ื˜ ืึธื‘ึถึผืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืœืขื‘ึผื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ืึธืคึผื ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ื ื ื›ึผืœืœ, ืคื•ื ื ืงื™ื‘ึผื•ืฅ. ืึธื˜ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืคึผืึทื˜ืึธืก 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ: , ืื—ื‘ืช ืฆื•ืจ ืงื•ื ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืœื‘ื™ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื• ืฉื—ืจื™ ื•ื’ื ืขืจื‘ื™!'' *--ืคืขืกื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคึผืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื˜ื• ืื™ืš ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ื˜ื›ื˜, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืฅ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ื•ื ื’ ืืึทื–ื•ื•. ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืœื™ืจื™ืฉืŸ ื”ืฉืชึผืคึผื›ื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืฆื•ื ืงื™ื‘ึผื•ืฅ, ืฆื•ื 
,ืขื ืงื•ื“ืฉ',, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ (ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื• ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืžื—ืชื›ื), ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ืืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ึผืฉื•ืจื”, ื•ืืก ื•ื•ืขืื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ื‘ื™ื ืื•ื™ืก ืชืฉื‘ื™. ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ืจื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื“ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืžืึธืœ ืžื ื•ืœื ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื’ืข- 
ื–ืขืœืฉืึทื˜ื˜-ืœื™ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืคืœืขื’ื˜, ื•ื™ ืขืก ืฉื™ื™ื ื˜, ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉืžื—ื•ืช 
ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ืฉ. ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื ืึท ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผื™ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื’ ื“ืขื ืœืขื‘ึผืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืึธื˜, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืœืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืึทืคืŸ; ื“ื™ ืฉืœื•ืก-ืกื˜ืจืึทืคืŸ ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืคืึทืจ- 
ืฐืึทื ื“ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื’ืขื‘ึผืขื˜, ื’ืึธื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ื”ืขืœืคืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,,ืคืึทืจืฐืึธื’ืœื˜ืขืจ 


1 ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืฑื‘ึผื ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ;ื•ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ 
ื”ืจื›ึผื‘ื™. -ืงืึธืœืขืงืฆื™ืข, 

2 ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“, ื™ืขืœื™ืŸ, ืื”ืฉืœื—, |, 155,. 

8 ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืฆื™ืžื™ืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึทื ืกืฉืจื™ืคึผื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ-ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’, 





ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ ื™1) 88 


ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ'', ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืœื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ,,ืœื™ื™ื‘ึผื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืึทื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข 
ื˜ื™ืจืŸ" (ื•ื”ื—ื™ืฉื” ืœื‘ืช ื’ืœื™ื ื“ืจื•ืฉื”, ืคื“ื” ืœื™ืฉื” ื ื“ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืชึผื—ื™ื) 1. ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื ืข ื—ื–ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ืœื™ืจ ,ืืจืฅ ื•ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื—ื™ืœื 
ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื'' ?. ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทื›ื˜ืคื•ืœืข ืกื˜ื•ืึธืคืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจืŸ ื•ื™ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืงืึธืกืžืึธืก, ืึทืœืข ืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœ-ืฉืึทืจืŸ ืžื™ืขืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ 
ื’ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืึทืœืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ื™ื•ื‘ึผืขืœื ื“ื™ืงืข 
ืงืฑื‘ึผ-ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืขื”ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผืขื˜-ืึทืงืึธืจื“; , ืฆื•ื“ื™ื– 
ืคื“ื” ืขื ืงื“ืฉืš ื”ื ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืžื‘ืฉืจ ืœื™ ื‘ื—ืŸ ื™ืฉืžื™ืขื•!'' -- ืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก, 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขืจ, ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืขืจืฐื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืคืึธืœืก, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืึทื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธื ืค; 
ืœืึธื– ื”ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื‘ืข ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื ืคื•ื ื ื’ื•ืืœ! ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ื˜ื™ืฉ ืœื™ืจ ,ืื“ื•ืŸ 
ื”ื›ืœ ืžื—ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื ืฉืžื”'' 2 ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื’ืึธื˜ ื’ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื’ืขื ืึธื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืกืคื™ืจื”, ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื” ,ื‘ึนึผืช ื ื“ื™ื‘ื”,, ืฐืึธืก 
ืจืขื ื™ื•'ื˜ ืึทื“ืึทื ืง ื“ืขื ื’ืœืึทื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื—ืกื“ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืึทืœืข ืฐืขืœื˜ืŸ; 
ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื“ ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคื•ื- 
ืกื˜ืจืึธืคืข: , ืฉื™ืง ืื•ื ื–, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“, ื“ื™ ื–ืึทืœื‘ึผื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืœืขื“, ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, ืกื™ื™ ืžืขื ืขืจ, ืกื™ื™ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ!' (ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื ืฉืžื—ื” ื ื‘ืจ ื•ืขืœืžื”). 

ื•ื™ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึทืŸ, ืึทื–ืฑ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื–ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš ื ืื ืฅ ืึธืคื˜ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืฉืข ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžื™ืฉืข ืึทืงืึธืจื“ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื ืงืžื”-ื’ืขืคื™ืœ. ืฉื‘ื™ื–ื™ ื’ื•ืคื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ื“ืขื ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ 
ืชึผื™ื˜ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืจืขื–ื™ื“ืขื ืฅ-ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืฆื ืขื” (ืื•ื–ืœ), ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœืขื ื™ืข ,, ืื–ื™ืœ ื“ืžืขื•ืชื™'; ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืงืœืึทื ื˜ ืขืจ ืจื™ 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืœื™ื™ืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ ,,ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ืžื•ื?- 
ืžืขื ืขืจ'' (ื‘ึผื ื™ ืงื“ืจ ื•ืคืจื). ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื“ ,,ืื ื ื ืขืœื• ื“ืœืชื™ ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื 
ื“ืœืชื™ ืžืจื•ื ืœื ื ื ืขืœื•//, ืงืœืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ: 

ื›ื™ ืกื‘ื‘ื• ืขืœื™ ื›ืœื‘ื™ื -- ืžื›ืœ ืขื‘ืจื™ื ื ืงื”ืœื•, 
ืคึทึผืจื ื•ืืจื™ื” ืขื ื–ืื‘ื™ื -- ืœื‘ื™ ื•ื ื˜ืฉื™ ื”ื‘ื—ืœื•! 4 

ืคืึทืจืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ -- ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื–ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื - 
ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื“ -- ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึธื’ืค; ืฆืขื–ื™ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคืึธืœืง, ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ื˜ื• ืื™ืš ื–ื•ื›ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ --- ืคืึทืจืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ืื™ืš, 
ืคึฟืึทืจืึธืจืขืžื˜, ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืคื•ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืจืขืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ื™ื‘ึผ!''?. ืื•ืŸ 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 223, 
* ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 269, 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ,, 232,, ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜. ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ื“ืขืœื–ืึธืŸ, ืฆื™ื, ืึทืจื‘ึผ, 29, 
ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ื“ืขืœื–ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื˜, ืึทืจื‘ึผ., 53, 

5 ืื ืขืœืžืชื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืจื•ืจ, ื›ืœ ืงื”ืœ ืขืžื™ ืžืฐืจื”, ืื”ืฉืงื” ืจืขื™ื ื•ืจื•ื“ ื•ืื  ืžืกื›ืŸ 
ื•ืฉื•ืจื”, ื‘ื™ืขืชื ื™ ื™ื•ื ืฉื“ื•ืจ", 


1 ื ืก- 42 





234 ื“"ืจ ', ืฆื™ื ื‘ึผืขืจื ื’ 


ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื ื”ืฉ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื ืขื‘ึผืขื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืึธื˜: , ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจื™ื, ืงื‘ืฆื” 
ื›? ื”ืคึผื–ื•ืจื™ื, ื•ื–ื›ืจื” ื—ืกื“ ื ืขื•ืจื™ื, ื ืขืœื” ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ืืฉืžืขื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื ืื•ืจื•!'* 
ืงืขืจ ืื•ื, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜, ื“ืขื ืจืขืฉื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง, ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’, 
ื›ึผืึทืจื˜ื™ืœื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื ื™ื™ื“ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคื™ื™ื ื“, ื’ื™ืก ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืจื™ 
ืจืฉื‚ืขื™ื, ืฆืขื‘ึผืจืขืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธืจืขื, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ 
ืจืฉืขื•ืช ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ; ื“ืขื ืึธืจืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืŸ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื“ืจื™ืงืŸ; 
ืคืึทืจืฆื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืจ ืึทืœึถืข ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื–ื™ื ื“!' !. ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืฉ ืคืึทืจ ืฉื‘ื™ื–ื™ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืึทืœืึธืจื™ื˜ ืฐื™ืฉื˜ ืึถืคึผ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืข- 
ื ืขืฆืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื›ึผื ืกืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื“ืขืจ ืชื•ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื 
-ืžื•ื–ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื™ืจ ,,ืžืขืœื•ืช ื’ืœื’ืœ ื•ื—ืฉืžืœ'' 4 ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืž?-ืกืคืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืขื‘ืขื˜: , ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ื™ืŸ (ืจืขื™ื”) ืื•ื ืžื™ื™ื ืขื˜- 
ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ: ,,ืฐื•ื™ ืœืึทื ื’ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ื’ืœื•ืช ืฉืžืึทื›ื˜ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื™ื ื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ืš 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขื“ืจื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ืึท ื’ืขืคืึทื ื’ืขื ืขืจ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš, ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื“ื™ื ืขืจ, ื–ื™ืคืฆืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ึผื ื™ ืงื“ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืš ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ืืกืŸ?'' ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืกื˜ืจืึทืคืข 
ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ,,ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ื™ืŸ'": ,,ืงื•ื, ื™ื“ื™ื“, ื•ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืžื™! ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื --- ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคืจื™ื™ื ืจ, --- ืฉื˜ืึทืžื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขื–ืขื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื ืœื™ืง, ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืœืง ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื ืจื•ื™ืก ื’ืขื ืึธืจ ืฉืขื ืงืขืŸ!' (ื•ื™ื’ืž? ืจื•ื‘ ื—ืกืจื•ื• ืœื”ืžื•ื ื™). ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ 
ืกื˜ืจืืคืข ืจืขื“ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ึผื ืกืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ: ,ื›ื™ ื‘ึผื—ืฉืง ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ื•ื™ื•ึผื ื•ืœื™ืœื” 
ืื–ื›ืจื”ื• --- ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึทื›ื˜ ื˜ื• ืื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ, ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื’ื ืึธื“ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืจืึธืžืขืŸ; ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขืจ ืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื™ื 
ืจื•ืคึผืŸ! ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืกื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืจืขื“ื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื’ื•ืคืืŸ ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื ืฉืžื” ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื’ืขื ืึธื“ ื‘ึผืขื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆ- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืคื˜ืจืึธืคืข ื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ,,ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ื™ืŸ'', ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ืกื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ืŸ ื”ืขืœืจ (ืžืฉื™ื—); ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืกื™ื˜ืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉ:; 
,ื™ื ืขื” ืฆื•ืจื™ ื•ื™ืืžืจ: ื‘ื ื™ืœื•ื“ ื“ื•ื“ ืื“ื•ื ื™! ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจ, ื“ื•ื“ืก 
ืฉืคึผืจืึธืฆืœื™ื ื’!'" 

ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืขื ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’-ืกื˜ืจืึทืคืข (ื ืฉืžืขื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื ืื•ื ื™, ื”ื•ึนื 
ื™ืœื•ื“ ื“ื•ื“ ืื“ื•ื ื™, ืืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื™ืขืœื™ื ื™) ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืฆืฐื™ื™ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ื™ืงืข 
ืœื™ื“ ,, ืื™ื”ื• ืืœื—ืฆืŸ ืืœืžืกื” ืืกื') โ€ ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืฉื˜ืึธืœื™ืฅ; , ืœื™ ื’ื‘ืจืช ื—ืŸ, ืชื™ืžืŸ ืชืขืจื•ืš ืฉืœื—ืŸ ื•ื›ื•ืก, ืืฉืžืขื” ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ, 


ื”ื™ื 25? ื—ื™ ืชืขืžื•ืก ืฉื™ืคื ื” ื“ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืืจืžื•ืŸ'', ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ,,ื ื‘ืจืช ื”ึผืŸ?, 


1 ,ืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืืœื”ื™, ืขืœ ืฉืืจื™ืช ืขืžืš ื•ืชืŸ ืœื” ืื—ืจื™ืช, ืชืฉืžื™ื“' ืœืื•ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื•ืชื›ืจื™ืชื™., 
ื”ืฉืงืฃ ื‘ื•ืขื ืขืœ ืจืฉืขื™ื, ืฉื‘ืจ ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ืคื•ืฉืขื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื ืœื‘ื ื™ืš ืžืจื™ืขื™ื, ืขื ื™ ื•ืื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื, 
ื ืชื‘ื” ืขื•ื ื•ืชื ื‘ืกืคืจ", 

* ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’, 170, 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืœื˜ื›ืขืจ ืœื™ื“ืขืจื™ื–ืึทื˜ืœื•ื ื’, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ืจืŸ 05 


ืฐืึธืก ืคึฟืึธื–ื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืจืŸ ,,ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืคื–ืžื•ืŸ'', ืคืœืขื›ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื•ืึทืžืขืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืก ืึทืœืข ื“ืจื™ื™ ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืข: ื“ื™ ืžื•ื–ืข, ื“ื™ ื›ึผื ืกืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืชึผื•ึนืจื”. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื—ื–ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืึทื ื’ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืœื™ืจ , ืฉื™ืฉื™ 
ื’ื‘ืจืช''1, ื“ื™ , ื”ืึทืจื™ืŸ"' ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืึทื›ื˜ (ืฉื—ืจื™ 
ื•ืขืจื‘ื™), ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื˜ื•ื ืขืจ ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืขื ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขืจ; ื–ื™ 
ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ึผืขื“ื™ืงืข. ื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืœืขืคืฆืŸ, ื–ื™ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืขืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื ืฉืžื” ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื™ืึธื’ืŸ ืื•ึนืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืึทืœึถืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืข 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื’ืŸ (ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืื™ืจื” ืžื”ืœื›ื™ ื ืชื™ื‘ื™). ,,ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜, ื‘ึผืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื˜ื• ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืขืงืŸ, ื‘ึผืขืช ืื™ืš ื˜ื• ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืึทืคืŸ; ื–ืขื˜ื™ืง 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ืฉ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืœื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธืจื˜ืŸ; ื‘ึผืึทื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืง, ื“ื• ืฉื™ื™ืŸ-ืื•ื™ื ื™ืงืข 
(ื™ืคืช ืขื™ืŸ), ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืขื ืึธื“ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข ื“ืขื ืึธืจืขืžืขื– ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฐืึธื’ืœื˜ืŸ; ื–ืึธืœ ืฐืึธืก 
ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืฅ ื”ื ืื•ืœื”, ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ึผืฉื•ืจื”: 
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืžืฉื™ื— ืคื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื”ื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื’ืœืฒื˜! ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืฃ ื“ืขืจืฉืึทืœืŸ: ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื™ื•ื‘ืœ-ื’ืขื–ืื ื’ืŸ'?. | 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืงืŸ ืœื™ื“ ,,ืื ื™ ื”ืจืœ'"? ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืก ,,ื”ืึทืจื™ืŸ" - 
ื”ื“ืกื”; ื–ื™ ืฉืฐืขื‘ึผื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ื›ึผืฉืขืช ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืึทืคืŸ (ื‘ืกื•ื“ ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ื“ืกื”, ื”ืžื›ืกื” ืขืœื™ ืจืืฉื™ ื‘ืฉืขืช ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™), 
,ื—ื“ืกื”ืก ืœื™ื‘ึผืข -- ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ --- ืื™ื– ืคืขืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ 
ื ืขื‘ึผื•ื ื“ืŸ ื‘ึผืขืช ืื™ืš ืฐืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ื”ื™ืœื›ื™ืงืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜.. ื˜ืขื  
ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื›ื˜ ื˜ื• ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ื’ืขืคืึทื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ื˜ืขื ืขืจ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธื ? ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ืื™ืš 
ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ึผืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื’" 5 ืื™ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ื™ืคื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืก ื”ืึทืจื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืข ,ืื™ื•ืžื”'' ืื•ืŸ , ืื™ื•ืžืชื™'' (ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ึผืขื ืข). ,,ืื™ื•ืžืชื™ ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืื”ื‘ืชื™, ืœืฉื™ืจ ืฉื™ืจ ืœื ื•ืจื ืืœ ืชื”ืœื•ืช" + -- 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจื”ืฑื™ื‘ึผืขื ืข ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืขืงืŸ, ื–ื™ ืคึผืึธื“ืขืจื ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืึท ืคื•ื™ื‘- 
ื•ืขื–ืึทื ื’ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืืœืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื“ ,,ืื™ื•ืžื” ื‘ื”ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฃ'' 5 


{ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 
2 ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ื“ืขืœื–ืึธืŸ, ืฆื™ื, ืฐ, 40 
8 ืื”ื ืช ื”ื“ืกื” ืขืœ ืœื‘ื‘ื™ ื ืงืฉืจื” 
| = ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ื•ืœื” ืคืขืžื™ ืฆื•ืœืœื™ื,. 
ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ื•ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืช ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื–ื›ืจื— 
ืœื‘ื™ ื•ืจืขื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ื—ืฉืง ื ื‘ื”ืœื™ื, 
ื‘ื ืขื™ื ื–ืžื™ืจื•ืช ืžื ื“ื•ื“ ืืชืขื•ืจืจื” 
ื•ืื ื™ โ€ ื•ืจืขื™ืชื™ ื‘ืจื™ื ื” ืฆื•ื”ืœื™ื,,, 
4 ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜ืฉื•ื™ืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ.ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’, 
* ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 
ื•25} 





236 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ ืขืจื’ 


ืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ , ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ึผืขื ืข'' ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ,,ื”ืจ ื”ืžื•ืจ'' ืฆื• 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืึท ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผ-ืœื™ื“ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื ื ืœื™ื“ ,ืจื™ื— ื”ืจื“ืก" 1, ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื–ืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื›ื˜; ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฆืฐื™ื™ื˜ ืœื™ืจ, 
,,ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืช ื’ืœื™ื''2, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืก ,ื”ืึทืจื™ืŸ'' -- ื‘ึนึผืช ื’ืœื™ื; 
ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืก ืžื•ื–ืข -- ื“ื™ ื›ึผื ืกืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื‘, 
ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกื™ืžื ืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื›ื™ื ื”, ื˜ื•ื˜ ืคืœืึทื˜ืขืจืŸ, ืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก 
ืื™ืจืข ืคืœื™ื’ืœ ืื™ึดื‘ึผืขืจ , ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืจืœื•ืช'' (ืขืœื™ ื”ื’ื•ืจืœื•ืช) ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื‘ึผืขื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื’ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืึทืœืžืขื‘ื˜ื™ืงืŸ,,,. 8 

ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ ืึทืœืก ืกื™ืžื ืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื–ื™ืŸ ืกืคืขืฆื™ืขืœ 
ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืœื™ืจ ,,ื™ื•ื ื” ืœืจื•ื“ื” ืื™ืฉ ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืชืื‘ื”,//, ืฐื• ื’ืึธื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื˜ ื•ื™ ืึท ืคืึทืจืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื—ืชืจ-ื›ึผืœื”-ืคึผืึธืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข 
ืฆืขืŸ ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ึผืœื” ื‘ึผืึทืฉืฒื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฆื™ืจืŸ +. 

, ืžื™ ื ืฉืงื ื™?!' ื•ื•ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื ืขืงื•ืฉื˜ --- ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึถืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืฉื‘ื™ื–ื™ืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. ,, ืžื™ ื ืฉืงื ื™ ืžื ืฉื™ืงื•ืช ืื”ื‘ื—-- 
ื•ื•ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืงื•ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืœื™ื‘ึผืข-ืงื•ืฉ?' 5. ื“ืึธืก ืจืขื“ื˜ ืขืก ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื‘- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืžื”, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ึผืขื ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื›ืฆื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืžืœืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื 
ืœื™ื‘ึผืข-ืงื•ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื—ืœื•ื ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ. , ืžื™ ื ืฉืงื ื™ ื•ืื ื™ ื’ื•ืœื” ื•ืกืจ'' --- 
ื•ื•ืขืจ ื”ืึธืก ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืงื•ืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ึดึผื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฐืึธื’ืœื˜, ืคืึทืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ; ,, ืื™ืŸ ืชึผื™ืžืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืœืึทื ื“ ื˜ื• ืื™ืš ื‘ึผืจื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืึธื’ืŸ---ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืคืึทื ื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึถืŸ ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืœื™ืฃ. 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืก ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ึน ื“ืขืจ ืชื™ืžื ืขืจ ื›ึผื ืกืช 
ื™ืฉืจื?; ื–ื™ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื”ืึธืคืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืœืึธื–ืŸ, ืงื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื , ื•ื•ืขืŸ ,ื™ืฆื™ืฅ ืžืฉื™ื—ื ื• ื›ืฆื™ืฅ ืคื•ืจื—'; ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื‘- 
ื˜ืขืจ, ืึทื– , ืืขืœื” ืœื”ืจ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื•ืฉื™ืจ ืคื•ืฆื— ื•ืืฉืžืขื” ืžืคื™ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ืžืืžืจ: ื™ื™ื ื•ืŸ 
ื•ืืœื™ื”ื• ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืœื—!" ,,ืžื™ ื ืฉืงื ื™ ื•ืื ื™ ื ื’ืขืœืชื™/, ื“ืึธืก ื‘ึผืึทืงืœืึธื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ 
ื“ื™ ื›ึผื ืคืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืชึผื™ืžืŸ -- ืฐืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืงื•ืฉื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื‘ึดึผื™ืŸ ืื•ืž- 
ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืฆื™ืง; ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฆืขืœื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื“ืจ ื˜ื• ืื™ืš ืฉืžืึทื›ื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ืชึผื™ืžืŸ 
ื‘ึดึผื™ืŸ ืื™ืš, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื ืฉืžื” ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืึทืฐืขืงื’ืขืคึผืœืฑื’ืŸ --- ืฆื•ึน ืืจืฅ ื”ืฆื‘ื™ 
ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ ื•ื™ ืึท ืื™ื ื“ื™ืŸ ื’ืœื•ืกื˜ืŸ! , ืžื™ ื ืฉืงื ื™ ื•ืื ื™ ื ืขืœืžืชื™?'". --- ื•ื•ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜. ืžื™ืš 


ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 

3 ืื™ื“ืขืœื•ืึธืŸ, ืฆื™ื, ืึทืจื‘ึผ., 42 ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœื•ืกื™ืกื˜ืจืึธืคึผืข ื”ืึทืœื ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ 
ื ื™ื™ืžื™ืง ืึธื ืฆื•ึผืฐืฒื–ืŸ: {ื–ื” ืฉื™ืจ ื™ ืœื•ื“ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœืื™ืฉ ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื“, ืคื™ ื ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ ื–ื” ื•ื™ื“ื™ 
ื›ืชื‘ื”, ื›ื™ ืขื ื™ื“ื™ื“ ื ืคืฉื™ ื“ืขืชื™ ืจื—ื‘ื”". 

ืคึฟ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’, 


= ืคืฃ 8ืก 





ืจื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืกื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ืจืŸ 287 


ื’ืขืงื•ืฉื˜, ืื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืคึฟืึทืจื ืึธืจื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื”ื•ื™ืœืŸ!; ื“ืึธืก ื—ืœื•ืžื˜ ืขืก ื“ื™ 
ื›ึผื ืกืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืึทื– ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึทืœืึทืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข, ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืข ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ืกืŸ ื—ืœื•ื, ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื ื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทืœืก ืงื•ืฉื™ื’ืขืฉืึทื ืง ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืจ 
ืึทื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ 1, ื•ื™ ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึท ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืฉื‘ื™ื–ื™ ื ืกืš ื“ื™ืึทืœืึธื’ืŸ-ืœื™ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ ื›ึผื ืกืช ื™ืฉืจื? ื’ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืœืžื™ืช-ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš 
ืื™ืจ ื‘ืจืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืŸ. ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื‘ึผืขื“ืœื™ื“; , ืงื•ืœ ื“ื•ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืคืง'', ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืข ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜; 

ืงื•ืœ ื“ื•ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืคืง -- ืืคืชื—ื” ืœื™ื“ื™ื“ื™, 

ืืขื ื” ืžืจื—ื•ืง -- ืื•ืžืจื” ืืœ ื“ื•ืจื™; 

ืื ืชื”ื ืžืฉืชื•ืงืง -- ืชื™ื ืงื” ืžืฉืจื™ 

ืžื“ื‘ืฉ ื”ืžืชื•ืง --- ืžืฆืจื™ ื’ืœืขื“ื™. 


ื“ึถืขืจ ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ื˜ืขืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ : 
ื”ื—ื™ืฉื” ืจืขื™ืชื™ --- ืึตึทืช ื ืขื™ืžื” ืชืžื”! 


ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืš ืžื•ื ื‘ืœืชื™ --- ืึทืช ื›ื’ืœื’? ื—ืžื—, 
ืชืœื›ื™ ื ื ืืชื™ --- ืืœ ื—ื“ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ืืžื. 


ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืข ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืœืžื™ืช: ,ืœืฃ 

ื ืจื•ื” ื“ื•ื“ื™!"" 2 | 
ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ื”ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื“ื™ืึทืœืึธื’ืŸ-ืœื™ื‘ึผืข-ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฉื‘ื™ื–ื™ืก ื—ืชื•ื ื—-ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจืขืจืข ืžืึธืœ ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืคืืจ ืึท ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืขืœื™ ืงื‘ึผืœื” ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ 
ืคืึทืจืงืขืจ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื™ื‘ึผ; ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื—ืชื•ื ื”-ืฆืขืจืขืžืึธื ื™ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื—ืชืŸ-ื›ึผืœื”-ืคึผืึธืจ, ื–ืขืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขื ืกื™ืžื‘ึผืึธืœ ืคื•ื ื ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืŸ ื‘ึผื•ื ื“ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืึธื˜ื”ืฒื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื›ื™ื ื”, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืงื‘ึผ"ื” ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื›ึผื ืกืช ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ; 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื—ืชื•ื ื—-ืžื•ื–ื™ืง ื”ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ืคืจ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื™ื—, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ึผืฉื•ืจื” ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืื•ืœื”. ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืึทืœึถืข ืฉื‘ื™ื–ื™ืก ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื“ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ, ื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœ-ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืฉืŸ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืฆื•- 
ื˜ื™ืจื˜ืข ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ-ืœื™ืจื™ืฉืข ืœื™ืš ;ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ื“ืกื”'' ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื ื—ืชื•ื ื”-ืœื™ื“, ื•ื™ 

ืขืก ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขื“ื•ืช ื“ื™ ืกื˜ืจืึธืคืข : 

ื‘ึผื™ื ื•, ืขื“ืช ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ื‘ืฉื™ืจื” ื—ื‘ืจื— 
ื—ืชืŸ ื•ื›ืœื” ื‘ึผื—ึฐืคื” ื ื›ืœืœื™ื,' 


1 ืึดื—ึทืง ืคื  ื—ื ึถืจึถืช ืกื’ื ื•ืœื” ื‘ื—ืœื•ื 
ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื™ืจื™ ื›ืžื• ื—ื•ืชืžืช,. 
7 22 ืื‘ึผืŸ ืกืคื™ืจ, |, 83ืŸ ,ืจืฉื•ืžื•ืช', | 20, 





388 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื–ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืชื•ื ื”"ืœื™ืจ: ,ืชืŸ 
ืืฉื™ืฉื” ืœื™, ื™ื“ื™ืจื™, ื’ื ืชื ื” ื”ื›ื•ืก ืœื™ื“ื™"" ---ื’ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืขื›ืขืจ, ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“, 
ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืขื›ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื‘ึผ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜!'" 1 ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ืœื™ื™ืš ื˜ื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ; ,, ืืฉืืœื” ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉืคืจื”, ื™ื’ึนืืœึธื” ืขืžื• ืžื”ืจื”... ื™ืืกื•ืฃ 
ืืช 2 ื ื“ื•ื“ื™!'' ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ื—ืชื•ื ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ: ,,ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ ืขื ื–ืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ื˜ื• ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžืคืึทืจื ืœื™ื™ื›ืœืขื›ืข ืœื™ื‘ึผืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ"" (ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื ืฉืžื—ื” -- ืื‘ืœ ืื–ื›ืจื” --- ืื”ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืืฉืจ ื ื‘ื—ืจื”). 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ื—ืชื•ื ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืจื–ืึทืžืœื˜ืŸ ืขื•ืœื ืขืจ 
ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืžื—ื” ืื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ (ืขื ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ืืฉืžื— ื‘ื”ื“ืจืชื›ื, 
ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื• ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉืžื—ืชื›ื). ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื“ ,,ืืงื•ื” ื—ืคื“ ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื'' 5 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึท ื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœ-ืจืขืœื™ื ื™ืขื– ืœื™ื“, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื’ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืฉื™ืงืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ื™ืงืข ื”ื™ืœืคืฃ ื“ืขื ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธื’ืœ, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืงื•ืœ ืฉื•ืคืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ืคืืจื–ืึทืžืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืขื–ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขืฉืคึผืจืฒื™ื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš 
ืฆื•ื ื‘ึผืึทืจื’ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ +; ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืฉืœื•ืก-ืกื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจ, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ื—ืชื•ื ื”-ืœื™ื“: 


ืชืขื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจื™ ืœื‘ื™ ืฉืฉื•ื ื™ื 
ื•ืฉืžื—ื™ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืจื•ื“ื™ื, 
ืื– ืชืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืœื•ืช ื•ื—ืชื ื™ื 
ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ืฉื ืช ื•ืจื“ื™ื, 


ื“ืึธืก ื—ืชื•ื ื”-ืœื™ื“ ,,ืื”ืœืœ ื‘ืฉื™ื—" ื‘ึผืึทื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ โ€ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผื•ื ื“ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืงื‘''ื” ืื•ืŸ ื›ึผื ืกืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ;,ื–ื™ื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื™ื’, ื‘ึนึผืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ! ืขืก ื”ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืขืจื’ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข- 
ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื‘ืฉืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื ื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ึผืฉื•ืจื”. ืฐืึธืจืขื ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื ื˜: , ืื™ืš ืงืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืฉืคึผืฑื–ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืข? ืื™ืš ื“ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื“ืง ืื•ืŸ ืžืฉืคึผื˜, ืžื™ื˜ ื—ืกื“ ืื•ืŸ ืจื—ืžื™ื' *. ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ื™ืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื—ืชืฑื›ึผืœื” ืื™ื– ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืขื ื’ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืฉื•ืจื”, 
ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื‘ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืชึผืฉืื ื™: 


* 


1 ื”ืึทื ื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’, 170 

2 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 214, 

8 ,ืฉืœื— ื™ืฉืขืš ืœืขื ืงื•ืจืฉ ื ื“ื•ื“ื™ื, ืœื”ืจ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืชืฉื™ื‘ื ื™ ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืฉื•ืคืจ 
ืชืงื‘ืฅ ื”ืคื–ื•ืจื™ื", 

4 ,ื•ืžืจื™ ืœืžืœืš ื ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ,., ื”ื ื” ื™ืฉืขืš ื›ื,,, ืžื” ื ืืฐ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืจื™ื ืจื’ืœื™ ืžื‘ืฉืจ, 
ืžืฉืžื™ืข ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื ื™ื—ื•ืžื™ื ืœืืžืจ : ื›ื” ืืžืจ ื“': ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืจื—ืžื™ื... ื•ืืจืฉืชื™ืš ืœื™ 
ื‘ืฆื“ืง ื•ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ื‘ื—ืกื“ ื•ื‘ืจื—ืžื™ื". | 





ื“ื™ ื’ืœืฉื™ื›ื ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ึดึผื™ึผ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 


ืžืฉื•ืฉ ื—ืชืŸ ืขืœื” ืขืœื™ ืœื‘ื™, 
ืœื›ืœื” ืงื•ื ื‘ืฉืจื”, ืชืฉื‘ื™! 1 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืงืกืคื˜ืึทื–, ืžื™ื˜ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืชื™ืž; 


ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืฉื™ืจ ืžื›ื ืฃ ืืจืฅ, 
ืงื•ืœ ืื•ืžืจ: ืžืœืš ื™ืœื•ืจ ืคืจืฅ! * - 
ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึทืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื– ืฆื•ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืชึผื™ืžืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืจื™ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ึผืฉื•ืจื”: 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืœืึทื ื’ ื’ืขืฐืึทืจื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืก- 
ื’ืขื’ืึทืจื˜ืขืจ! ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ื“ื™ืึทืกืคึผืึธืจืึท ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื”ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฆืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืจื•ืฃ: ืื™ืš, ืื™ืขืจ ืžืฉื™ื—, ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ ืฆื‘ื™!., 


{ ื ืจืฉื•ืžึธื•ืช", | 52, 
* ืคื•ืŸ ืขืง ืœืึทื ื“ ื”ืึธื›ึผ ืื™ืš ืึท ืœื™ืจ ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ืŸ . 
ืขื ื–ืึธื’ืฉ ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื•ืจื”: ื“ืขืจ ืžืœืš ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ! 








ื–ืขืงืกื˜ืขื• ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ 


ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคึผืึธืœื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืจื™ืึทื ืขืจ ืงื‘ึผืœื”, -- ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉื™ืคึผืึธืจื˜ื™ 
ื’ืขื–ื™ืฉืข ืžืึทืจืึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื“ืขืจืœืึทื ื“, -- ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ืึทื˜ืกื˜ืขื•ื“ืึทื. -- ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืคึผืขื ืกื• ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืืืกื™ืจื™ ื”ืชืงื•ื”", -- ื™ืฆื—ืง 
ืื‘ึผื•ื”ื‘ ืคื•ื ืกื™ืงื•, -- ื“ื™ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืฉืข ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืจืึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, -- 
ืžื ืฉื” ื‘ึนึผืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืฃ ื‘ึดึผื™ืึทืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,ืžืงื•ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ 
ืื•ืŸ ,ื ืฉืžืช ื—ื™ื™ื"; ื–ืฒึทืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฆืฒื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืจื™ืึทื ืขืจ ืงื‘ึผืœื”, -- ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ื“ื™ื™ 
ืื™ืจ'ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,ืฉืขืจ ื”ืฉืžื™ื".--ื“ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ืขืฉืึทืคึผื˜ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืŸ ,ืื“ื 
ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ" ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขื•ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. -- ื‘ึผืจื•ืš ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึธื–ืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ืคืึทืจื™ 
ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื™ื“ื ื˜ื•ื, 


ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœื•ืจื™ืืก ืงื‘ืœื”, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืจืขื ืขืก 
ืคื•ื ื ืกื•ื“ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืŸ ื ื™ืœื•ืก, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ื™ืœืŸ ืคืึทืจืฐืึธืจืคืขื ืขื 
ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืขืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ืึธืคึผื ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ื™ืงืข ื ืฆื—ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ึผื›ืœ 
ืชืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื“ื™ ,, ื’ื•ืจื™ ื”ืืจ""ื™'' ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืข ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืจื‘ึผื™ื ืก ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืชึผื•ืจื— ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืึทืœืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ. ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ- 
ืฐืึธืจื‘ึผืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกืข ืื ื”ืขื ื ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข, ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ 
ืื™ืจ ืžืžืฉืœื” ืื™ื›ึผืขืจ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ืกื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืงื™ื‘ึผื•ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืข 
ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš.ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืœึฐื“ ื“ืขืจืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื™ื™ืขื 
ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ืœื“ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืจืขื ืขืก ืคื•ื ื ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ 
ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืกื˜ืึทื ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื ื™ื“ืขืจืœืึทื ื“, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืคื•ื ื 
6ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื” ืื™ื– ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ (,ืขื™ืจ ื”ืžืงืœื˜' ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ 
ืžืึทืจืึทื ืขืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืืฑื™ืกื‘ึผืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉ- 
ืคึผืึธืจื˜ื•ื’ืขื–ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ืข ืกืคื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืžื—ื‘ึผืœึดื™ื. ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขื ืึถื‘ึนึผืขืจ ืฐื™ 
ื“ืขืจ ืงื ืื™ ืงืึทืจืึทืคืึท. ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึผื•ื™ืคึผืกื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืœ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืึทื ืงืึธื ืึท ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืคืœืึทืงืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื”ื•ื™ืคืŸ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืžื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืงืจื‘ึผื ื•ืช --- ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคืึทืจ 
ื“ื™ ืžืึทืจืึทื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืคืžื•ื˜ืขืจืœืขืš ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื™ืงืข ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ื‘ึทึผืึทืœึนื“ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื, ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืฐืึทืจืฆืข ืงืึทื˜ื™ืœื™ืฉืข ืจืขืึทืงืฆื™ืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืคืœื™ื ืœืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜, ื”ืึธื‘ึนึผืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืจืึทื ืขืŸ 
ืึท ื ื™ื™ืขื , ืขื™ืจ ืžืงืœื˜' ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธื•ื•ื™ื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 

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. ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 91 


ื ืจื•ื™ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืคื™ืœื™ืค ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื“ืขืจืœืึทื ื“, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึทืŸ 
ืขืงืฉื ื•ืชื“ื™ืกืŸ ื”ืขืœื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืงืึทืžืฃ ืื™ืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืฐืึธืจื‘ึผืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืœืš 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืข ืคืขืกื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคืืจ ืคืจื™ื™ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืœืขืจืึทื ืฅ. ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ 
6ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื” ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื˜ืœืึทืคืขื ืข ืžืึทืจืึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ืœื“ืขื˜ ืื™ื ื ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื”ืึธืœืึทื ื“, ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืึทื, ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืงืึธืœืึธื ื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืœื“, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื™ืึธืจืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ื ื 17ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื”, ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขืฐืึทืงืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจ 
ื‘ึผืœื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขื•ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื”. ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื ื™ื™ืข ืชึผื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ื“ื™ ืึธื ื’ืฅ- 
ืœืึธืคืขื ืข, ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ื•ื’ืึทืœ ืึทื ื˜ืฐื•ื ืขื ืข ืžืึทืจืึทื ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืžืกื—ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื•ืกื˜ืจื™ืข ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึทื–ืฑื™ ืฉื ืขืœ 
ืื•ื™ืคื ืขื‘ืœื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื“ืขืจืœืึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืงืœืฒึทื ืข ืึธืจืขืžืข ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืฆื• ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขืจืฉื ื“ื™ืงืข ืจืึธืœืข ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜-ืžืึทืจืง. ื ื™ื˜ 
ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืขืœืข ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืžืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ืึทื ืกื™ืขืœืข ืคึผืขื™ึดืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืžืึทืจืึทื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœืข ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช. ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืฐืึทื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ืคึผื™ืจืขื ืขื™ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ืึทืœื‘ึผืื™ื ื–ืœ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื‘ืื•- 
ืงื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืขื™ึดืงืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื ืขืžืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคื™ืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืขื ื˜ืข ืงืจืขืคื˜ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื, ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ, ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืึทื“ืึทื ืง ืจื™ื™ื›ืข ืžืข- 
ืฆืขื ืึทื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืึทืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืึทืžืขืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื— ื‘ึผืึทืœืจ ืึทื™ื ื’ืขืึธืจื“ื ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ ืึทืจื’ืึทื  
ื–ื™ืจื˜ืข ืœืขืจื ืึทื ืฉื˜ืึทืœื˜ืŸ, ืจื™ื™ื›ืข ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืงืŸ, ืคึผืจืึทื›ื˜ืคื•ืœืข ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื’ื™ื›ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ: ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืขืจ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ 
ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžืขืจื‘ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื™ืจืึธื˜ืข. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ, ื‘ึทึผื™ื™ื 
ื‘ึผืึทื”ืึทื ื“ืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฉื” ื–ื›ึผื•ึนืชื, ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืฐื•ื™ 
ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืจืึทื ืขืŸ, ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืึทื ืงื‘ึผืึทืจืงืฒื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืึทื›ื˜- 
ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื‘ึผื•ืจื˜-ืœืึทื ื“, ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ื–ืึทืžืข ืื•ืžื‘ึผืจื—ืžื ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ื™ืคืžื•ื˜ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืœืึทื ืฅ-ืชึผืงื•ืคึฟื”. 
ื’ืจืึธื“ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ืฑื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,,ื’ืึธืœื“ืขื ืขืจ ื™ืึธืจื—ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜' ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉ-ื ืึทืฆื™ืึทึธื ืึทืœืขืจ. ื“ืจืึทืžืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑื™ ืคึผืจืึทื›ื˜ืคื•? ืื•ื™ืคื ืข- 
ื‘ึผืœื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืึทืจืข ืฉื˜ืจืืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื’ืื•ื ื™ื: ืœืึธืคึผืขื“ื“ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขื ืึท ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทืœื“ืขืจืึธืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืงืœืึทื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคื•- 
ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืึทืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืจืึทื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืจืึทื˜ืขืฐืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืš 
ืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ืขืก ื‘ึผืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืข ื ืขื’? ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืจืขืคึผื•ื‘ึผืœื™ืง, ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื˜ืœืึธืคืขื ืข ืžืึทืจืื ืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืื ืฆืข 
ืฆืึธืœ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ืกืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ืจื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืขื ืงืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืคืžื•ื˜ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ึผื•ืจื˜-ื”ื™ื™ื; ืคึฟื•ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขื ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉืข ืงืœืึทืกื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืึทื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืจ- 


292 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ ืขืจื’ 


ื˜ื•ื’ืึทืœ ืึทื ื˜ืœืึธืคืขื ืข ื”ืขืจืึธื™ึดืฉืข ืคึผืึธืขืžืขืŸ, ื“ืจืืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื’ืขื“ื™ืขืก. ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืึทื ื˜ืึธื ื™ืึท ืขื ืจื™ืงืขืฅ ื ืึธืžืขืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืคืืกื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืง ื“ืจืึทืžืขืก, 
ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื‘ึผื•ืœึฐื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืŸื“ื“ื•ืจ ืงืึทืœื“ืขืจืึธืŸ. 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืึธืžืขืฆื˜ ื“ืจืึทืžืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœื™ืฉืข, ืื•ื™ืš ืึท , ืคึผื•ืจื™ื- 
| ืงืึทืžืขื“ื™ืข!! ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 0660294ื–ืกื•ื ืฆึธึผ ื—ื’ื—ื–ื’ 6 801054} 0124ืก". 


ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื•ื’ืขื–ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืืจืึทืŸ ืจืขื•ืืœ ื™ืฉื•ืจืŸ (ืคึผื•ื™ืœืึธ 
ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ื ื) ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืคืึธืกื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึทืจืึทื˜ืึธืจื™ืข , ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผืขืจื’', ื•ื•ืขืœื›ื‘ืข ืžืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืึท ืคื™ื™ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื• 1024 ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืž- 
ืกื˜ืขืจื“ืึทืžืขืจ ืฉื•? , ื‘ึผื™ื•ืช ื™ืขืงื‘" 1, 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื˜ืจืึทืจื™ืฉืข ืžืึทืจืึทื ืขืŸ-ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืคืœืึทื ืฆืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื“ื™ 
ืจื™ื™ืคืกื˜ืข ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉืึทืคืŸ -- ื“ื™ ื“ืจืึทืžืข. ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ืŸ --- ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ืžืฉื” ื–ื›ึผื•ืชึผืืก ,,ื™ืกื•ื“ ืขื•ืœื'', ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ, ื ืึธืจ ื–ื›ื•ืชึผืืก ื“ื•ืึทืžืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ึผืœื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื›ึผืชื‘-ื™ื“, ืื•ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืขืจืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. 
ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืžื–ืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื•ืฉ ื“ืจืึทื˜ืึทื˜ื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ืฐืึธืก 
ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ื–ื›ึผื•ืชืืก ืึท ื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขืจ ื‘ึผื–-ื“ื•ืจ, ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืคึผืขื ืกื•?. ืึทืœืก ืฆืขื - 
ื™ืึธืจื™ืง ืงื™ื ื“ ืื™ื– ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืคึผืขื ืกืึธ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทืจืึทื ืขืŸ 
ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข ืื™ืŸ 1000 ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืžืคื˜ืขืจื“ืึทื, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืฆื•ื™ื ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ืก- 
ื˜ืฉืจื”ืึทืคื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื‘ื ืงืœืึทืกื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื•? ,,ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ ืชึผื•ืจื”'', ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฉื ื—ื” 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืึทื‘ึผื•ื”ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฉื” ื“ื™ืึทื’ื•ืœื™ืึทืจ. ืึทืœืก 17-ื™ืืจื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืœื™ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืคึผืขื ืกื• ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™-ืึทืงื˜ื™ืงืข ืึทืœืขื’ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ื“ืจืึทืžืข ,ืืกื™ืจื™ ื”ืชึผืงื•ื”', 
ื•ืืก ืื™ื– ืึทืจืฑืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง ืื™ืŸ 1078. ืึทื–ืึท ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืข ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’--- 
ืึท ื“ืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœ-ื™ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืึทื‘ื˜ 
ืึท ื’ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืจื•ืฉื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืข ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืึทื, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ืื•ื ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืง ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืชืคึผืขืœื•ืช ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื ืจืขื 
ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉืข, ืœืึทื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉืข ืคืขืจืŸืŸ. 

ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคึผืึทื ืขื’ื™ืจื™ืงืขืจ ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื•ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฅ; 


{, ืขื ื–ืฒึทื ืขืŸ ืึทืคึผื™ืœื• ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื—ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื›ื˜ ืึธื’ื˜ืฒืœื ืขืžืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืึธืจืึทืฉืึธืจื™ืข, ื–ืข ืงื™ื–ืขืจืœื™ื ื’, ื“ื™ ืกืคืจืจื™ื, 20 (ืžื™ืจ ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืœืฑื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื . 
ืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’); ื–ืข ืื•ื™ืš, ื“"ืจ ื™. ืฉืคึผืขืจ, ืื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ื• ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืขืึทื˜ืขืจ, 
ืงื•ื ืกื", |, 24.. 

2 ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฒื™ืจื™ืฉ:ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืžื™ืœื™ืขืŸ:ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืœืึท=ืฐืœื’ืึท,. ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื“ื™ ืœืึท-ืฐืขื ืึธืก ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉืข ืฐืขืจืง, ื–ืข ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืงืฒื–ืขืจืœื™ื ื’, ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจื˜ืข 
ืฐืขืจืง, 81--82, | 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ืจืŸ ื‘ึธื›ื‘ึฟ 


,, ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฅ ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงืึทื˜ื•ืจื ืขืŸ ืึทืจืฑื™ืก ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ึผื™ 
ืจืขื™ืฉืข ืžื•ื–ืข' ื’1. | | 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ืคึผืขื ืกื•ืก ื•ืขืจืง ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืึทืœืขื’ืึธื– 
ืจื™ืฉืข ื“ืจืึทืžืข. ื“ื™ ืฆืขื ื˜ืจืึทืœืข ืคื™ื ื•ืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ,,ืžืœืš'' -- ื“ืขืจ ืึทื‘ึผืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก ืคื™ืจืŸ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื“ืขืจ ื™ืฆืจ-ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื™ืฆืจื™ื”ืจืข. ื“ืขืจ 
,ืฉื›ืœ'', ื“ื™ , ื”ืฉื’ื—ื”'', ื“ืขืจ ,ืืžืช'' ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืขืจ ืฉืœื™ื”, ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืœืืš --- ืคืœื™ื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื–ืึธืœ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืฉืจ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื“ื™ื ืขืจ --- ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืข ืชึทึผืึทื•ื•ืช, ื‘ึผืจืืฉ ืกืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื™ืฆืจ- 
ื”ืจืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึทืกืขื ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™, ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ 
ืคืึทืจืคื™ืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืคืึทื ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืขืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื“. ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืžืฃ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฉืœื•ื—ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจื ื™ืฉ, ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื™ื ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ ,,ื‘ึผื™ื™ื–ืข ื’ื™ื™ืก- 
ื˜ืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืขืจืคืึธืœื  ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื“ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืคื•ื ื 
ืฉื›ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืžืช -- ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ืฒื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ,ืึทืงืฆื™ืข'' ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
?ื“ืจืึทืžืข ,ืืกื™ืจื™ ื”ืชึผืงื•ื”'". | 
ืึทืœืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื 17-ื™ืืจื™ืงืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ืœื™ื ื’, ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ,,ืืกื™ืจื™ ื”ืชึผืงื•ื–'" 
ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžืฆื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ืคืจื•ื›ื˜; ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจึถื ืื™ื– ืขืจื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ืฆื• ื ืึทื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ึผื- 
ื”ืึธืœืคืŸ. ื“ืึธืš ืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ืื™ื– ื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื ืึทื‘ึผื•ื ื’, 
ืื•ื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืœื™ื ื ืก-ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึธื ื–ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืึทื ืึทื‘ึผื˜ืŸ 
ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืคึผืขื ืกื• ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื™ื - 
ื ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืคืืจืœืึธื–ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื• ืื™ื– ืึธืŸ ืึท ื”ืžืฉืš ื’ืขื‘ึผืœื™ื‘ึผืŸ, 
- = ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื˜ืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืง ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ืŸ 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผ-ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืฉืข ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืข ื“ืจืึทืžืข. 
ื“ืึธืก ืจื•ื‘ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจืขื™ืฉ. ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืกืข 
ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืฉืœืžื— ื“ื™ ืขืœืฐืขืจืึธ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืงื•ื ื”ื™ืฉื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ,, ืฉืจืฉืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช''; ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ื˜ 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืคึผืืขื˜ื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜. ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืคึผืขื ืกื•ืก ืจื‘ึผื™, ื™ืฆื—ืง ืึทื‘ึผื•ื”ื‘ ื“ื™ ืคืึธื ืกืขึฒืงื•, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš 
ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืชืคืขืœื•ืช ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืœืขืจืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืœื™ื’ื’-ื“ืจืึทืžืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื“ื™ื ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ืึทื‘ึผื•ื”ื‘ืก ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืจื™ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืจืืžืื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ืŸ 
ืื•ื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืœืขื‘ึผื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืึทืœื ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ ? ืื™ืŸ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ืื ื˜- 


1{ ืกืชื–ื˜ื•006ืก 1054 006014'ื–ื ืŸ 0141 1160126 0060ืฐ184 
.167 2240 461:0606 1:61101 6ื˜ืื•ืžื•ื•ืฅ 
ืžื™ืจ ืฆื™ืžื™ืจืŸ ืœื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ึผืข ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืขื ืกื•ื ื“ืจืึทืžืœ,. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฐืฒื™ืกืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ึผืข ืคืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ืœืฑื‘ึผ:ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, 


2 ื™ืฆึทื—ืง ืึทื‘ึผื•ื”ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1605 ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธืก ืงืึทืกื˜ืจื•ื“ืขืจืึท, 





204 ื“"ืจ 'ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ืœืึธืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ื•ื ืึทืœ ืื•ื™ืก ืžื•ืจื ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืึทืจืึทื ืขืŸืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข. ื ืึธืš ืœืึทื ื’ืŸ 
ื ืข-ื•ื ื“ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืฐืึธื’ืœื˜ืข ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืœืึทื’ื’ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืžืกื˜ืขืจ- 
ื“ืึทื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ึผืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืขืจืฆื™ื•ื ื’ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ืฉื ื—ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ,ื—ื›ื'' ื™ืฆื—ืง ืขื•ื–ื™ืืœ. ื™ืฆื—ืง ืึทื‘ึผื•ื”ึนื‘ึฐ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ื™ื–ืŸ 
ืึทื–ื•ื™ื ืข ื’ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ืข ืคืขืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืึทื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืฆื• 21 ื™ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขืงืจื•ื™ื ื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ื˜ื•? ,,ื—ื›ื'; ืื•ื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืจืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืฉืžื˜ ืึทืœืก ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ืกื˜ืข ืจืขื“ื ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ 1642 ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึทื‘ึผื•ื”ื‘ืŸ ืึทื™ื™ื ื’ืขืœืึทื“ืŸ ืึทืœืก 
ืจื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒึทืขืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื“ืึทื–ื™ืœื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืคึผืขืจื ืึทืžื‘ึผื•ืงืึธ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžืžืฉืœื” ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืœืึทื ื“. ืึทื‘ึผื•ื”ื‘ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคืึธืจืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืจืึทื–ื™ืœื™ืข ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“, โ€ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืŸ 
ื ืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืฉื” ื“ื™ ืึทื’ื•ืœื™ืึธืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ื“ื™ 
ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ืขื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืžื–ืœ, ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฑืกื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึธื‘ 
ืึท ืงืจื™ื  ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธืœืึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ื•ื ืืœ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืึทืจืฑืคืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ 
ืื™ืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ึผืจืึทื–ื™ืœื™ืข. ื“ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืžื™ื ืคึผืึธืจื˜ื• 
ื ืึทืœืก ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืจืึทื–ื™ืœื™ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจื˜ื•ื’ืขื–ื™ืฉืข ืงืึทืœืึทื ื™ืข. ืจื• 
ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืึทืŸ ื ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืึทื ื“, ืื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืึทื‘ึผื•ื”ื‘ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืึทื“ 
ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื™ืงืข ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื‘ึผืขื ืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื’ืขืœืึทื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืืฒื™ืจืึธืคึผืข, 

ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื˜ืจืื’ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืœืขื‘ึผื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืฉืึทืจืคืŸ ืึธืคึผืงืœืึทื ื’ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื‘ึผื•ื”ื‘ืก ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ,,ื–ื›ืจ 
ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืœื ืคืœืื•ืช ืืœ ื•ืจื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ" 1. ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธื˜ืกืคืึธืจื›ื˜ื™ืงืข 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจืฒื‘ึผื˜ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื‘ึผื•ึนื”ื‘ ื“ืขื ืฉืจืขืง, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื’ื—ื•ื™ื–ืึทืžืขืจ ืฉื•ื ื 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืขืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืคึผืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ื‘ึผืฉืขืช ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜-ื‘ึผืึทืœืึท- 
ื’ืขืจื•ื ื’; ืขืจ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืชึผืคื™ืœื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ. ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ื‘ึผืขืช ืฆืจื” 
ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื”. ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื”ืชืคึผืขืœื•ืช ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืึทื‘ึผื•ึนื”ื‘ ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื ืจื•ื™ื ื’ืขื ืึธื“, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ 
ืฉื™ืคืŸ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ื ื ืฉื•ื ื ื’ืขืจืึทื˜ืขืฐืขื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืคื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืึทื‘ึผื•ื”ื‘ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืฉืขืชึผื• 
ืคืืจื˜ืคืืกื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืขื“ื•ืช, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืจื‘ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ. ืขืก ืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืจื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืขืจ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืคึผืึท- 
ื˜ืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื˜ื™ืฃ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผื™ืงืขืจ ื ืฉืžื”, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ึผื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืข ื”ื™ื™ื›ืŸ. 


1 ื“ื™ ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ึผืœื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื›ึผืชื‘-ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒืขืจืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื ื”ืึธื 
ื–ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืž, ืงื™ื™ื–ืขืจืœื™ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ,ื”ึทื ืจืŸ", ืฐ, 174-155,. ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืจื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ 
ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืฆึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืจืึทื–ื™ืœื•ืข ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ื•ื’ืขื–ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื ืื•ื™ืš 
ืึทื‘ึผื•ื”ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืจื•ืขื“ืข ืฆ' ืฉืขืจ ื”ืฉืžื™ื", 





ื“ื™ ื’ื ืฉื™ื›ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื™ืžืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื“ืŸ 095: 


ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ืจื•ืคื˜, ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ; 
,,ืึทืš, ื ื™ื‘ึผ ืžื™ืจ, ื“ื• ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ืึธื“ืœืขืจ-ืคืœื™ื’ืœ, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ื™ 
ืฐืึธืœืงื ืก ืฉืžื™ื™ื’ืŸ; ื”ื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืžืœืขืŸ ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš ืคืœื™ืขืŸ, ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืขืจืŸ ื•ื™ ืžืœืื›ื™ื-ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื•ื ืคึผืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ืขื 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ: ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื“' ืฆื‘ืื•ืช!" 1 

ืึทื‘ึผื•ื”ื‘ืก ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืฒื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคึผื™ื•ื˜ื™ื. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜, ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™- 
ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืึทืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืึตื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ ืึทืŸ ืืฒื’ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืง 
ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืขื ื’ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื ืขืคืœืื›ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึถื ืฉื•ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื˜ืขื ื“ืขื ืฆืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืœื•ืจื™ืึทื ืขืจ ืงื‘ืœื— ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืึธื ื”ืขื ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ื˜ืขืึธืจืขื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™-ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื ื•ื ื’.. 

ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ื ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืงื•ืœ- 
ื˜ื•ืจืขืœืŸ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื—ื™ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืึทื ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ืฃ 
ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฐืึทืงืกืŸ. ื“ื™ ืึทื˜ืžืึธืงืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืœืขืจืึทื ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืœื™ื ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ื”ื™ื™ื˜, 
ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจ ืกื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืงื•ืœืžื•ืจืขืœืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœึฐื˜ -- 
ื“ึฐืึธืก ืึทืœืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืขื ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืกื˜ืขืจ- 
ื“ืึทื ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืขื™ึดืฉืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ืคึผื“ื•ื ื  ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜. ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ืงื•ื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ืข ืึทื ื˜ืจื•ื ืขื ืข ืžืึทืจืึทื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฐื•ืึทืงืกืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื“ืึทื ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืื˜ื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื™ืจืš, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธื, 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขื’ืจื™ื‘ึผืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืืžื•ื ื”, 
ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืงื™ื ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ืื•ื™ืคื ืขืฆื•ื™ื ืŸ -- ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ึตื™ื™ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืงื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ-ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืคื“ื™ื“ื™ืกืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขื ืขืจ ืžืกื•ืจื”. ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื ื“ืขื ืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื›ึผืŸ ืขืก ื ื•ืจื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืืžืขืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขืก 
ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฐื•ืึทืงืกืŸ ืึทื–ืฑื ืข ืกืงืขืคึผื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืจืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื•ื™ ืื•ืจื™ืืœ ืึทืงืึธืกื˜ืึท 
ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืคืจื™ื™ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืงืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืข, 
ื•ื™ ื‘ึผืจื•ืš ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึธื–ืข. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื˜ืขื ื“ืขื ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฆื•- 
ื–ืึทืžืขื ืฉื˜ืฑืก ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข, ืึทื ื˜ืงืขื ื ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืžืึทื ืขืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืขื ืข ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœืขืจ ืกืชึผื™ืจื”. ื“ื™ ืงืึทื˜ื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืข ืืžื•ื ื”, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืžืึทืจืึทื ืขืŸ 
ื”ืึทื‘ึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืฐืึธืคืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืจื•ื™ืคื’ืขืœืฒื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืขืžืคึผืœ. 
ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืึธื ื ืขืฉื˜ืขืงื ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคืึทื ืึทื˜ื™ื–ื ืื•ืŸ ืงื ืึธื™ึดืฉืขืจ ืคื™ื™ื ื“ื–ืขืœื™- 
ืงื™ื™ื. ื“ืขืจ ืืžื•ื ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืึธื‘ื•ึนืช, ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืค 
ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื ืขื ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื›ึผืจืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช 
ืคื•ื– ืืžืชืข ื’ืจื™ื. ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื™ื•ื•ืขืจืกืึทืœืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ื’ืึทืคืจื™ื™ืขื - 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 65--66, 


ื”ื™ ืฉื™ 





/306 ื“"ืจ ื ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ืจื™ืงืขืจ ืจืึธืœืข ืคื•ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื ื˜ื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืึทื™ืฅืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืขืงืกื˜ืึทื–. ื“ื™ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื“ืขืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืคืึทืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ื™ืœื›ื™ืงืŸ ืึธืคึผืงืœืึทื ื’. ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžื˜ืจืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ืžื ืขืงื•- 
ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื”ื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ืข ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ 
ืคืœืขื ื˜ ืึท ืœื™ื“? ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ; ,, ืฆื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ืืœ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ? ื ื™ื™ืŸ -- 
ื“ ืข ืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ืืœ! ื“ืขืจ ื ื•ืืœ ืฐื•ืขืฉื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ!''1, ื“ื™ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืฉืข 
ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจ ืึทืคึผืึธืกื˜ืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ื— ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืจืึทืŸ ืฉืœืžื” 
ืžืœื›ื• -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืกืžื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื›ึผื™ืฉื•ืฃ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืฆื™ืกื•ื ื’ ื“ื™ 
ืจืึธื–ื™ืกืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธืงืึธืจืฉื˜ ืึทื ื˜ืœืึธืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ืขืก 
ืฉืึทืจืคืข ื ืขื ?ืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ื•ืคื ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืข ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ึผืœื•ื˜ ื‘ึผื˜ืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืฉืึทืคื˜ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ื“ื ื˜ื•ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืžื™ืกื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ,ืื•ื™ืกื“ืขืจืฐื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ืŸ'' ืคืึธืœืก, ืคื™ืœื–ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข, 
ื–ื•ืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืข, ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืื•ื™ืš ืคื™ืœืื–ืืคื™ืฉืข ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืจืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ 
ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืึธืคื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื‘ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื“ืขืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื™ื ืจืŸ 
ื’ืœืฑื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ื ื ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืึธืจืŸ, ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื ืึทื˜ื™ืจืœืขื›ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื›ึผืœืขืจืœื™ื™ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจื’ืœืฑื‘ึผื™ืฉืข 
ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืก, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจื˜ื•ื ืงืœืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืกืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ื ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ืžื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื›ึผืœืœื“ื˜ื•ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ืื˜, ื™ืฆื—ืง ืึทื‘ึผื•ื”ื‘ืก ืึท ื™ื•ื ื ื˜-ื—ื‘ืจ, ืžื ืฉื” ื‘ึนึผืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ 

ืึทืœืก ืงื™ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืžืึทืจืึทื ืขืŸ-ืคืืžื™ืœื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1009 ืึทื ื˜ื˜ืœืึธืคืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ืกืึทื‘ึผืึธืŸ, ืื™ื– ืžื ืฉื” ื‘ึนึผืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืขืจื—ื™ื™ื˜ ? ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืึทื, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืึทื‘ึผื•ื”ื‘ ื“ื™ ืคืึธ:;- 
ืกืขืงืึธ ืขืจืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฉื’ื—ื” ืคื•ื ื ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืขื™ืืœ. 
ื ืขื‘ึผืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื™ื™ื›ืข ื›ึผืฉืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ 
ืงื•ื ื”-ืฉื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœื–ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’,. ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึทืฉ ืื™ื– ืขืจ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืงื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœืึทื˜ืฒืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ ื’ืขืงืขื ื˜ ืคื™ืœืข ืืฒืจืึธืคึผืขื™ึดืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทื›ืŸ. 
ืึทืœืก ืจืขื“ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืขืจืคืึธืœื’ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืคืึทืจื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ื’ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืจืขื“ื ืขืจ, ืฐื™ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจ 
ื™ืฆื—ืง ืึทื‘ึผื•ื”ื‘ 5 ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืจื•ื™ืก ื‘ึผืงื™ืื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื™- 
ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขืš-ื˜ืขืึธืœืึทึธื ื™ืฉืข ืฉืฑื™ืคื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ 
ืžื ืฉื” ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฐื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจ-ื‘ึผืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ .ื–000600800" 
{ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœื•ื-ืžืึทื›ืขืจ), ืฐื•ื•ึผ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจื– ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืฑืกืฉืขืคึผื ื“ื™ืง ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ 


1 ื–ืข ืงื™ื–ืขืจืœื™ื ื’, ืฆื™ื˜. ืฐ., 24, 

? ืžื ืฉื” ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ื• ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1604 ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืœืึท-ืจืึธืฉืขืœ, 

9 ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืคึผืจืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ืึธื ื™ืึท ืฐื™ืืฒืจืึท ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืคืึธืœื ื , 
ื“ื™ืงืข ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ ื˜ืึทืœืขื ื˜ืคื•ืœืข ืจืขื“ื ืขืจ: ;ืžื ืฉืช ื–ืึธื’ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ 
ื–ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื›ึผื•ื”ื‘ื’ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื™ื™ 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ึผืฒ ื™ื“ืŸ 201 


ืึทืœึถืข ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผืœื™ืง ืกื•ืชืจ 
ืื™ื™ื ืข ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืขืจ, ืžื ืฉื” ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืชื—ืœื” 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ึนึผืึทืœื“ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืึทื˜ืฒืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื ืœื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืขืจ ื ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื‘ึผืจืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ื‘ึผืŸื“ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ื’ืขืงื•- 
ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื•ื“ืคืืจื‘ึผื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ืกื˜ืข ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ึถืขื ืขืจ 
ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื™ ื“ื™ืึธื ื™ืกื™ื•ืก ืคืึธืกื™ื•ืก (ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืึทื˜ืฒืŸ ืžื ืฉื”ืก 
, ืงืึธื ืฆื™ืœื™ืึทื“ืึธืจ''), ื”ื•ื’ืึธ ื’ืจืึธืฆื™ื•ืก, ืึทื ื ืึท ืžืึทืจื™ื ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืจืžืึทื™ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข 
ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข, ืฐื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืฆืขื ืึทื˜ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืขืจื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืŸ, 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืœื›ึผื” ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื,. ืžื ืฉื”ืก ืื•ื™ืกืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืึทืจื™- 
ื˜ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ื ืขื”ืืœืคืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจืœื™ืฉืขืจ ื—ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืขืจ" 
ื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื“ืœืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ืข ื‘ึนึผืึท- 
ื’ืึทื‘ึผื•ื ื’ ืึทืœืก ืจืขื“ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืกืžื™ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคึผื˜ืกืžืึทืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื ืึทื ืฅ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืข 
ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ึผืึทืฆื™ึดื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืคื™ืœ ื”ืึธืœืขื ื“ื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขืึธืœืึทื ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ืขืžืืœื˜ ื“ืขืจื ืขื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก ,ืืคึผืึทืงืึทืœื™ืคึผืกื™ืฉืข'! ื™ืืจ 1000, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ืขืจืžื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืžื”ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆืึธืœ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื“ืจื™ื™ ื–ืขืกืกืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•- 
ืžืขื ืขืจ ืกื™ืžื‘ึผืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื— ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ 1. ืคึถึผืขืกื˜ ื’ืขื’ืœืฐื‘ึผื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืกื˜- 
ืœืขื›ืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ื™ืืจ 1666 ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืึธื ื–ืึธื’ ืคื•ื ื ,,ืกืฅ". ื‘ึผืึทืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ ื–ื‘ื•ืœ, ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืŸ, ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืฃ 
ื“ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื ื•ื  ื•ืžื ื•ื  ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ ื“ื™ื™ ื ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืก ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื’ืœืึทื ืฅ ื“ื™ , ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืข ืžืœื•ื‘ื”'",..+ 

ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืžื™ื›ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืฉืข ื“ืขืจืฐื•ืืจื˜ื•ื ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื ืข" 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื”ืฉืคึผืขื— ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื ืฉื” ื›ึผืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœืก ืฐืขืœื˜ื‘ึผืึทื ืขื. ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ื ืฉืžื” ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ืขื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืข ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ึผืจื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืœืขื ื“ืขื“. ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ื•ื ืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืงืึธึทืœืึธื ื™ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ 
ื ืขืคึผืœืึทืงืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื”ื•ื™ืคื ืก, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืžื”ื“ื™ืงืข ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืขืกื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืืœืง 12 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื™ืง-ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ ืงืจื™ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืื™ืžื”ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื—ื•ึนืจื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉืŸ ืงื™ื‘ึผื•ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืœืึทื ื“, ืื•ืŸ ื›ืžืขืœื ื™ืฆืงื™ืก ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ื—ื™ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ 


2 ื–ืข ,ื“ื™ ื–ืขื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืฒืœื™ืงืŸ ื™ืฆึธื”ืึทื ื•ื', ืงืึทืคึผ' 13, ืŸ. 

1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืงืึทืคึทึผื™ 20. 

2 ืึธื ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืžืึทืจืžื™ืจืขืจ ืฉืขื ืงื ืžื ืฉึถื” ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ืคืžืงื•ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ" 
(861ื–15 06 2:0618004) ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฉื™ื™ื ืข, ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืงื™ืจื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ึผืœืขื˜ืขืจ, 





398 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ ืขืจื’ 


ื‘ึผืœื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื‘ึผืœื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืงืจืึทื™ื ืข. ืื™ืŸ 
ืžื ืฉื” ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ืฉืจืขืงืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ,,ื—ื‘ืœื™ ืžืฉื™ื—''; 
ื“ื™ ืื™ืžื”ื“ื™ืงืข ื—ืฉื›ื•ืช ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื’ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ึผืจืขืŸ ื ืขืžื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื‘ึผืœื” ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืึท ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืฐืขืจืง 06 854218, 
*/200610204992/ื 1,, ืฐื• ืขืจ ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœืข 
ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืจ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืื•ื™ืคืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ,ืงืฅ'', ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื ื–ื™ืš ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืจืขืจ 
ื‘ึผื™ื˜ืขืจืขืจ ื’ืœื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื ืื•ืœื”. ืฉื˜ื™ืฆื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ื: ื•ืืกืฃ ื ื“ื—ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื ืคืฆื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžืืจื›ืข 
ื‘ึผื ืคื•ืช ื”ืืจืฅ --- ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื–ืึทืžืœืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืขื ืข ืคื•ื ื ืคืึธืœืง 
ื™ืฉืจื? ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืขื–ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืขืงืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ืฐื•ืขืœื˜ -- 
ืื™ืŸ ืžื ืฉื” ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื”ื“ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ืขืžืึทื™ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœื™ื™ื–ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืœื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืงืงืขืจืŸ ืื™ื ื ืœืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื‘ื•ึนืช, 
ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืขืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืขืงืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก 
ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืœืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขื ืข ืขืฉืจืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ืึท ืžืึทืจืึทืŸ, ืึท ื“ื™ื™ื–ื ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜, ืึทื– ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืขืจื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืจื“ืขืœื™ืขืจื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื - 
ื“ื™ืึทื ืขืจ ืจืขืฉื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืœืขื ืข ืขืฉืจืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทืก- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื ืฉื” ื‘ึนึผืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœืŸ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ื’ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ 
ืจื•ืฉื, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ (ืื™ืŸ 0) ืึท ื•ื•ืขืจืง .151861 66 04ื—50618ื˜" 
(ืชึผืงื•ืช ื™ืฉืจื?), ืฐื•ื•ึผ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืจื™ึธื•ืžืฃ, ื•ื™ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžืงื•ื™ื™ื 
ื’ืขืฐื•ืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื‘ื™ืื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื, ืึทื– ืื•ืžืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืœื™ืงื‘ึผืึทืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ึผืœื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ืคึฟืึถืœืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ื ื ื’ืœื•ืช; ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ื•- 
ืงืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ืึทืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื—. ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื’ืœืึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืึท ื’ืื ืฅ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฆืึธืœ ืึธืคึผื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ื•ื•ื• ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ืคืจืึทื’ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื ืฉื”ืก 
ื•ื•ืขืจืง. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื ืฉื” ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื " 
ืฆื™ืงืข ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื–ื™ื™ื ืก , ื ืฉืžืช ื—ื™ื™ื'' (ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1082); ืื•ืŸ 
ื˜ืึทืงืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื. ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืฐื•ืขืจืง ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืžื‘ึผื•ืœื˜ืกื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื•ื™ืงืข 
ืื™ื™ื’ื ืืจื˜ื™ืงืข ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื‘ึผืฉืœื•ื ืฆื•ืึท- 
ืžืขื ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืคื™ืœื–ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืขื ืฆื™ืงืœืึธืคึผืขื“ื™ืฉ ืฐื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ื ื ืึทื™ื•ื•ืข ืึธื ืฉื•ื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจื’ืคืฑื™ื‘ึผืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืœื•ืก-ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืขืจืง ื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื›ื‘ึผืงืฉื” ืฆื•ื ืœืขื–ืขืจ, ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืึทื ื‘ึนืึท- 
ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืฉืขื ืงืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืคื•ืœืกื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื˜ืจื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืจื™ื™ืจ. 

ืื™ืš --- ืื™ื– ืžื ืฉื” ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ --- ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฆื• 


1 ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื•ื™ืงืข ืึธืคึผื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฆื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืจ /ื›ื‘ืจืึทื ื“ืืก ืึธืคึผืึธืจืคืฃ 





5 4 


ื“ื™" ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื™ืจืŸ 209 


ื“ืขืจืฐืขืจื‘ึผืŸ ืฐืึธืก ืžืขื“ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื–ืึทืžืœื˜ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืคืŸ ืกื›ื•ื ืกืคืจื™ื, 
ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึทื›ื˜. ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก: ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืœืฅ 
ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื’ืขืคืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคืŸ, ืฐืึธื˜ ืคืึธื“ืขืจืŸ, ืืŸ ืืœืฅ ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืข ืจืึทื™ื•ืช ื‘ึผืึทื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ :. ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืึถื‘ึผืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืคื™ืœ ืžืึธืœ ืข-- 
ืงืœืขืจื˜; ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืจ' ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื•ื—ืื™, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืฐืขืœ ืื™ืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ืจ, ืœื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืœืขื–ืขืจ, ื˜ื• ืื™ืš ืจืึทื˜ืŸ; 
ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ืจ' ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื•ื—ืื™, ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ืžืฉื ื”, ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื˜ืฒื˜, 
ืฐืึธืจืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื  
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืžืœืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื“ืขืจืฐืึธืจื‘ึผืขื ืขื ืคื™ื ื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืœื•ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ื ื ืคืืœืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ 2, 

,3 ืžืข ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื ื™ื˜',, ื”ืึทืงื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฆื•ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ 
ืžื ืฉื” ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืฉื‚ืจื?; ืฐืึธืจืขื ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื•ึนืŸ ื ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜, ืึทื– ืขืจืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™- 
ื“ืจื™ื™ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ึผื™ืฉืจื?, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืžื ืฉื” ื‘ึผืŸ 
ื™ืฉืจืืœืก ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ืื•ื™ืกื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืจื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขืจ ืคื•ื ื 
,ื–ื•ื”ืจ''. ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื™ื– --- ื“ืขืจ ืืจ""ื™ ื”ืงืจื•ืฉ, ื“ืขืจ , ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื‘ืขืš"" 
2 ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœื•ืจื™ื. ,,ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœื™ื --- 

ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื˜ื ืฉื” ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ --- ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฐืึธืจื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึนึผืŸ 
ืึทืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึธืจื’ืขื ืข ืกื•ื“ื•ืช; ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื“ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜, 
ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื” ืคื•ื ื ืึทืจ"ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ื‘ืขืจื’' 2 ,ื ืข- 
ื‘ึผืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื“ื•ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ื›ื™ื” ืื™ื ืฆื• ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš!''+ -- ืจื•ืคื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื”ืชืคึผืขืœื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ 
ื“ืขื ืœืขื–ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืึทืœึตืข ื ื™ืกื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืจ"ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
,ืฉื ื—ื™ ื”ืืจ"''ื™ื™ื™, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืืžืช ?. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ืจื•ืฉ 
ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืžื ืฉื” ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,,ื ืฉืžืช ื—ื™ื™ื'' ืื–ื•ื™ ืึธืคึผื˜ ื“ืขื 
,ื’ื“ื•ืœืช ื”ืืจ"ื™"? ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ,, ืฉื‘ื— ื™ืงืจ'' 5. ื“ืขืจ ,ื ืฉืžืช ื—ื™ื™ื'' ืื™ื– ื“ืขืš- 
ืคึฟืึทืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ืข ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืจืึธ- 
ืคึผืขื™ึดืฉ ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ืœื“ืขื˜ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ึผืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ึผืึทื–ื™ืฆืฉ ืขื ืฆื™ืงืœืึธืคึผืขื“ื™ืฉ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจื˜, 
ื‘ึผืขืช ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื”ืึทื ื“ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืจืึทื’ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจืช ื”ื ืคืฉ, ืคื™ืœืข ื“ืขื ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 


ืคืฉึฐืืœื ื™ื ืขืžื• ืœืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืื˜ื•ืคืช ืœืžื•", 
,ื ืฉืžืช ื—ื™ื™ื", 106 (ืžื™ืจ ืฆื™ืฉื™ืจืŸ ืœื•ื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืœืฒืคึผืฆื™ื ืขืจ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ึผืข, 1862), 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 230 ืื•ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืืจ"ื™ ื ื‘ืจื” ื›ืžืขื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืจื™ื ื—ื ื‘ื•ื—ื™ื", 
ื“ืึธืจืžืŸ,, 66, 

5 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 106: ืื•ืื ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื–ืง ืื ื™ ื™ืชืจ ื‘ืืžื•ื ืชื™ ื•ืฉื›ืœ ื˜ืžื” ืฉืจื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ืชืืจื™ 
ื’ืฉื‘ื— ื™ื™ืงืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœืชื• ื—ื•ื ืืžืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ื‘", 

5 ,ื ืฉื˜ืช ื—ื™ื™ื", /5, 65, 102--104 ื"ืฐ, 


)= = 05 18 





400 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ ืขืจื’ 


ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืึท ืกืš ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคืŸ, ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืข, ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ- 
ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืœืข ื‘ืึทื“ืขืฉื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืกืงืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืึทื ื˜ืค 
ืคื•ืŸ ืœื•ืจื™ืืก ืงื‘ึผืœื”, ื“ื™ ืื™ืžื”ื“ื™ืงืข ืžืจื”-ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจื’ืœื™ื‘ึผืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืžื—ืจ ืคื•ื ื ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ,, ืกืคืจ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื'', ืฐืึธืก ืฐื•ืขืจื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืึธืคึผื˜ ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจื˜ โ€ ืื™ืŸ 
,ื ืฉืžืช ื—ื™ื™ื!'. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ ,ื ืฉืžืช ื—ื™ื™ื'' ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืึทืœืก ,,ืคืขืกื˜ืŸ ืืžืช" 
(ืืžืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ื‘), ืึทื– ืฐื™ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ื˜, ื‘ึผืึทืคืึทืœืŸ ืื™ื ื ืœื™ื™ืš 
ื ืึทื ืฆืข ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื™ ื—ื‘ึผืœื” ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ืึทื”ืึธืœืคืขื ืขื 
ื ื•ึนืฃ 1 ,ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืœืื›ื™ ื—ื‘ึผืœื” -- ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืžื ืฉื” ื‘ึนึผืŸ ื™ืฉืจื? --- ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื ืขืคืขืจืœืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ืคืึทืจืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขืก ื’ื•ืจื ืึทืœืข ืงืจืขื ืง ืื•ืŸ 
ืึธื ืฉื™ืงืขื ื™ืฉืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืงื˜ื•ื™ืจื™ื ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขืก ื ืึทื™ื•ื•, ืื– ื“ืึธืก ืงื•ืžื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืคืืจืงื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึท ืฆื•ื -ืœื•ืคื˜ ?. ื“ืขืจ ,ื ืฉืžืช ื—ื™ื™ื' ื‘ึผืึทืฉื•ื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืคืคื™ืจืœืขืš ืึทืœืข ื’ืึทื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื“ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜-ื’ื•ื˜ืข (ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 
1); ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ, ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืžืขืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืกื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ 
ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืคืœื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื™ื’?ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ืขืŸ (ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 81), ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ืึธืงืืจืฉื˜ ื’ืขื‘ึผื•ื™ืจืขื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืื•ืช (ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 18). 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื›ึผืœืขืจืœื™ื™ ื”ืฉื‘ึผืขื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืจื•ื›ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืžื”ื“ื™ืงืข ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืึท ื ืึทื ืฆืข ืฆืึธืœ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื›ึผื™ืฉื•ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉืคึผืจืข- 
ื›ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผื™ืฆืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžื›ืฉืคื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžื›ืฉืคื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคืึทืจ ืงืขืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ืคึผืขืจื ืึธื˜ืขืจืก. ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
,ื’ื™ืœื ื•ืœื™ื'' ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืžืคึผื™ืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืึธืก ื‘ึผืœื•ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, 
ืฉืจืขืง-ื‘ึผื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืกืคืง ื ื™ื˜, -- ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ , ื ืฉืžืช 
ื—ื™ื™ื'' -- ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืžืชื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื‘ืจื™ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืจื™ื›ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ืืœื–ืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ ืข ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ึผืขื“ื™ืงืข 4 
ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืฉื‘ึผืขื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ,, ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช'' ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืฐืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ึผืขื ืข, 
ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืžื’ืœื” ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื• ืคืึทืจื”ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ึผืขื“ื™ืงืข }; 
ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš ื›ึผื™ืฉื•ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื‘ึผืขื•ืช, ืžื™ื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ืžืื” ืื•ืŸ 
ืคื™ื˜ื•ื ืึทื—ืจื ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื‘ืข 5 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืกื˜ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขืš, ืื– ื“ื™ ืœืขืจืข ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื ื•ืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 58' 

2 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 7 ืคื•ื ืืฉืจ ืชึผืฉื‚ืืœ ืœืจื•ืคื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืคื•ืขืœืช ืืœื• ื”ื ื–ื™ืงื™ืŸ, ื™ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื 
ื”ืจื•ื—, ื•ืืคืช ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ืื ืœ ื ื›ื ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืžื” ื ื ื, ืฉื”ืจื•ื— ื”ืจืข ื•ื”ืฉื“ ื”ื•ื ื’ืจืžื ื‘ื ื™ืงื™ืŸ 
ื•ืœื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ื™ืจื™ื™ ื”ืžื ืฉื‘ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื•ืฉื‘". 

5 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 50. 

4 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืงืึทืคึผ' 1 ืื•ืŸ 28. 

5 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 89; ืขื ื ืœืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืžืื” ื™ืฉ ื›ื— ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืคืœืื™ื ืœืžืขืœื” 
ืžืŸ ื”ืกื‘ืข", 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ึผืฒื™ ื™ืจืŸ 01 


,, ืกื•ืจ 


ื”ืขื™ื‘ึผื•ืจ'', ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ,, ื“ื™ื‘ึผื•ืงื™ื'' ืคืึทืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ึผื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ 1 ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ืžื ืฉื” ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฐืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื–ื 
ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ื—ืกื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืจ"ื™ืก ืชึผื•ืจื”, ื™ื™ 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืกื˜ืข ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื™ื– ืื˜ ืฐืึธืก: ืžื ืฉื” ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืคึฟ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื—ื–ืจื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืก ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœื™ื, 
ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ื ืจืขืกื˜ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืคืืจืจื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื , ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจ"" 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืจืื™ื•ืช ืคื•ื ื ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจื™ืžืขื ื˜. ืขืจ ืคึผืจื•ืฐื•ื˜, 
ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ ,ืขืœ ืคึผื™ ื”ืฉื›? ื•ื”ืกื‘ึผืจื”'" ื“ื™ ืขืงืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฅ ืคื•ึนืŸ 
ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืฉื“ื™ื ?. ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ืคึฟืึธืจ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ืงืœ ืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจ:- 
ืžื ืฉื” ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืžืขืจืงื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื—ื™ืœื•ืง 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืฉืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจื’ืœื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจ, ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ- 
ืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจื™ืžืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœืขื ืขื ื“ืขื ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึนึผืื‘ึผืข- 
ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช. ืขืจ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ื˜, ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, ืึท ื”ืขื›ืคื˜ ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžืขืฉื” ืื•ื™ืก 
ื“ืขื ,, ืฉื‘ื—ื™ ืฐื™ื˜ืึทืœ!, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื ืคืจื•ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ื , ื“ื™ื‘ึผื•ืง'', ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑื™ ื“ืขืจ ,, ื“ื™ื‘ึผื•ืง'ื™, 
ืฐืึธืก ืฐื•ื™? ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™, ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืœ ื“ื™ 
ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืง ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ,,ื–ืข, ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทืŸ- 
ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืœืขื–ืขืจ --- ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžื ืฉื” ื‘ึนึผืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ --- ื•ื™ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ื™ 
ื“ื™ื‘ึผื•ืงื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ื’ื•ืคื ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืขื“ื•ืช, ืึทื– ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืžืขืฉื™ื ื ืขืฉืขืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœืฅ ื ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื”ืกื›ึผื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกื‘ืจื”'' 2 ,ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืขื™ื›ืข 
ืžืขืฉื™ื, ืึทืœืข ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื›ืœ 
ื”ื™ืฉืจ ืื™ื– ื–ืฒึทื™ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘'', ื—ื–ืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืื™ื ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ 4. ืื•ึนื™ืคืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ,ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจื™ืžืขื ื˜'. ืื•ืŸ ืœืึทื ื™ืฉืข 
ืกื‘ืจื•ืช ืคื•ื ื ,,ืฉื›? ื”ื™ืฉืจ"? ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืฉืจื?ืœ ื•ื™ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ื‘ื- 
ืงืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืขืจ ื–ืึทืš, ืึทื– ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื˜ืจืืŸ ืื–ื•ื™ื ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื“ืืก ืฐืึทืกืขืจ ืคืœื™ืกื˜ ื˜ื™ืฃ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืš 5 | 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืคืขืจื˜ืข ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’, ืงืึทืคึผ' 23-6, 

2 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื“ืจื™ื˜ืข ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’, ืงืึทืคึผ' 13: ,ืžื“ืจืš ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื•ื”ืกื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจื” ืžืจืืช 
ืึทืžึดื™ืชืช ื—ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,,, ื•ื ืงื•ื˜ ืžืขืชื” ืฉื›ืคื™ ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืื” ื•ื“ืขืช ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื ืืžืŸ 
ื”ื›ืžื™ ื”ืงื›ืœื—ื” ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื’ื•ืจ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ื‘ืจืื™ื ื”ืืœื• 

2 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 104: ,ืจืื” ื ื ืงื•ืจื ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ, ืื™ืš ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื ื”ื’ื™ื“ื• ืืžืชืช 
ื”ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื•, ื•ืื™ืš ืžืกื›ื™ื ื”ื›ืœ ืขื ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจ ื•ื”ืกื‘ืจื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”', 

4 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 103 

? ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 2106 ;ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืื•ืชื ื›ืžื• ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืื” ืื ืฉื™ื 
ืขืจื•ืื•ื. ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืžื™ื ืึฒืฉืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืืจืฅ ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ื›ืžื” ืืžื•ืช", 

)261 | 





402 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ึผืขืจื’ 


ืึทืœืก ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ืึธื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืจ' ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื•ื—ืื™ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืืจ'ื™, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ ,ื ืฉืžืช ื—ื™ื™ื'' ืคืขืกื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืขื 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ื ืฉืžื” ืขืงืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืึท ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ (ื”ื ืคืฉ 
ื”ื™ื ืจื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืžืชื—ืœืช ื‘ืจื™ืืชื” ื•ืขืฆื ืจื•ื—ื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•); ืขืจ ืฐืฒื•ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ืึธืคื˜ ืึธืŸ, ืึทื– ืื•ื™ืš ืึทืคึผืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขื ืœืขื›ืข ื’ืขืจืึทื ืงืขืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืžื ืฉื” ื‘ึนึผืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš 
ืึท ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื“ื•ืข, ืึทื– ืึทืคึผืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ืืก ืชืœืžื™ื“ 1 ืขืก ื“ืึทืจืฃ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืขื ืงืขืจ ืคึผื™ื˜ืึทื ืึธืจื•ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจืฑื™ืก- 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื’ื•ืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืจ' ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืŸ 
ื™ื•ื—ืื™ ืื•ืŸ ื”' ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœื•ืจื™ื: ,ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜, ืขืจืงืœืขืจ 
ืžื ืฉื” ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืจื™ื›ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืขื ืงืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ 
ื”ื ื‘ื™ืืก ืชืœืžื™ื“, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืคึผื™ืœ! ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืžื’ื™ื™ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื‘ึผืึทื”ืขืคื˜ ืฆื• ืึทื‘ื•ื”ื ืึถื‘ื™ื ื•ืก ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ'' 2 ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžื ืฉื” ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš 
ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืกืคืง, ืึทื– ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืจืึทืžืึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ืื™ื ื“ื™ืข ืฉืžืึทืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ืื‘ืจื”ื ืึถื‘ื™ื ื•ึผ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื‘ึผืจืึทืžืึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจื’ืจื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ืžื ื™ื 8 

ืžื ืฉื” ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื’ืขืจืขื ืงื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื ืื•ื ื™ื ืœื™ื™ืงื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ, ืžื ืฉื” ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, 
ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืคืึทืจ ,,ืืžืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ื‘'!, ืคืึทืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ื™ื–ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ , ืžืฉื ื” ืชึผื•ืจื”'', ืจื‘ึผื ื• ืžืฉื” ื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ื™ืžื•ืŸ,. ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื™ืœ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืœืฑื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื“ื™ื, ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื’ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”. ื“ืึธืก ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ, 
ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื“ืฑืขืจืŸ ืžื ืฉื” ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ 
ื›ึผื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ืœืึทื ื“ื–ืฉืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืœืฉืข ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืœืฑื‘ึผื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื’ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืกื•ืœืึทื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ ,,ื ืฉืžืช ื—ื™ื™ื'' ืฐืึธืจื ื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ 
ื“ืขื ืœืขื–ืขืจ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืคืึทืจืคื™ืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ื• ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ืฐืึธืจืขื ,, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืจื™ื™ื“ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืœืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœืขืจืข ืื™ื– 
ืฉืงืจ'' (ืืฉืจ ืคื™ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื•ื ื•ื™ืžื™ื ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืงืจ); ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ืžืขืจ ืœืขื–ืขืจ 
ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ื ืึธื˜ืกืคืึธืจื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื—ื›ืžื™ื, ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืข ืคึผืึทืกื˜ื•ื›ืขืจ, 
ื•ืืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ 4 

ื“ืขืจ , ื ืฉืžืช ื—ื™ื™ื'', ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ. 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 22, 105, 

2 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 105, 106, 

5 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 5 ื”ืœื ืชืจืื” ืฉื”ืื‘ืจื”ื˜ื ื™ื ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื•ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื 
ื ื ื™ ืื ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื•", 

4 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ,, 72--106, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืฉื”ื™ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื“ืŸ 1203 


ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ืึทืžื‘ึผืขืกื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื–ื•ืขืœื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืžื˜ื˜ืขืจื“ืึทืžืขืจ ืกืคืจื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื—ื™ืœื”. ื“ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง 
ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืขืจืงืœืขืจืœืขืš, ืฐืึธืก ืžื ืฉื” ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœืก ืžื™ื˜ื‘ึผื™ืจื’ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท 
ืื•ืžื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจืขืจ ื—ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื‘ืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™-ื‘ืื•ื•ืขื ื•ื ื’. 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืจื™ื™ ื™ืืจ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื˜ ื•ื™ ืžื ืฉื” ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืฉื•ืืœืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ, 
ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืึทื ืึทืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื–, 
ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืขื ื’ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื ืฉื” ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœืก 
ื—ื‘ืจ, ื™ืฆื—ืง ืึทื‘ึผื•ื”ื‘, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึธื ืฉื•ื™ื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืจืืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™-ื‘ืึทื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’. ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข 
ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืื™ื– ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื™ืจื™ืจื—ืก,,, ืฉืขืจ ื”ืฉืžื™ื˜'' 0061 00114), 

ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืจืึทืŸ ืึทื‘ืจื”ื (ืืœืึทื ื–ืึธ) ืื™ืจื™ืจื” ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื ื ืึทื ืฅ 
ื—ืฉื•ื‘ืŸ ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉืŸ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ืœืขื›ืŸ ื”ื•ึนืฃ. ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’, ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืžื™ื˜ืขืœืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื™ืจื™ืจื” ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืข, ืกื•ืžื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืื ืื•ืŸ 
ื‘ึผืึทืงืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื ื’ืœืฑื™ื‘ึผืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืœื–ื™ื™- 
ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’, ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื ื˜ื™ื” ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื ืขืึธืคึผืœืึท- 
ื˜ืึธื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœืขืจืข. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ึผืขืช ืื™ืจื™ืจื” ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืงืขื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ื ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ืขืึทืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื 
ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืคืึทืจืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืคืคืึทืœื ื“ื™ืงืข ืงืจื•ื‘ื”ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืึดื - 
ืฉื•ื™ื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉืข ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื’ืจื•ื ื“-ืื™ื“ืขืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื ืขืึธืคึผืœืึทื˜ืึธื ื™ืงืขืจ. ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืฐืขืœื˜ื‘ึผืึทื ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืฉืึทืคื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืœื—ืช ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืึทืจื™- 
ื–ืึทื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืจ"ื™ืก ืชื•ืจื”, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืกืจื•ืง, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข 
ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืึทื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจื™ืจื”ืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื‘ืขืจ- 
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ึผื ืกื˜ืŸ ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืขืจืขืจ. ื ืึทื›ื“ืขื ืฐื•ื™ ืกืจื•ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืึทืจืฒื ื ืข- 
ืคื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืœื•ืจื™ืืก ืงื‘ึผืœื”, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืจื™ืจื” ื‘ึผืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืกืคึผืข- 
ืฆื™ืขืœ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉ ื‘ึผืึทืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ื ื ื ืขืึธืคึผืœืึทื˜ืึทื ื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆืคืชืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ 1. ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืจื™ืจื” ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ึนื™ืฃ 
ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ื‘ึผืึทื”ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืคืืจืคืืกื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉ (/6061 00018) ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื˜ (1659) ื’ืขื‘ึผืขื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืŸ 
ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืึทืฆื•ื—ื‘, ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืขืก ืื™ื‘ืขืจื–ืขืฆืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ 
ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืขืก ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ. ืึทื‘ึผื•ื”ื‘. ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืึท ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ 
ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืขืจ ืงืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื‘ึผืœื”-ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ืคืŸ 
ื‘ึผืขืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ืื”. ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ื˜ืขืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉ-ืคื™ืœืึทื–ืึท- 


ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืœืงื™ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ื”ืืžืช ื”ืžืงื•ื‘/ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื›ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืขื ืžืืžืจื™ ืืฉืœื˜ื™ืŸ 
ื–ื”ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื• ื‘ืžื” ืฉื™ืืžืช ื”ืืžืช ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช", 





404 ื“"ืจ ', ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ืคื™ืฉืข ื‘ืึทื’ืจื™ืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฆืฒื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจื™ืจื”ืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง 
ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฆืึธืœ, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืงืœืึธืš 
ืื•ืŸ. ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืœืขืš. ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 1088 ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขื ืขืจ , ืฉืขืจ ื”ืฉืžื™ื'' ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืžืึธืœ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ึผืึทืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืœื•ืจื™ืืก ืงื‘ึผืœื” 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื›ืึทืึธื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืœืึธื–ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ื˜ืึธ? ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžืงื•ืจื‘ื™ื, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืœืึธืจืขืจ ืคืึธืจื ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉ ื’ืขืฉื•ืœื˜ืŸ 
ืกื™ืกื˜ืขืžืึทื˜ื™ืงืขืจ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื•ืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ 
ืœื‘ื•ืฉ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืจื™ืจื” ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืœื•ืจื™ืืก ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ 
ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืจืึธืœืข ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืจื™ืจื”ืก ื’ืขื ื™ื˜ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืขืึธืคึผืœืึทื˜ืึธื ื™- 
ืฉืขืจ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืข, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืงื™ืื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขืš ื˜ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื–, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื‘ึผืึทืžืขืจืงื‘ึผืึทืจ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ , ืฉืขืจ ื”ืฉืžื™ื'' ื’ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื ื“" 
ืื™ื“ืขืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืจื™ืืก ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื --- ื“ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข , ืืฆื™ืœื•ืช'' (ืขืžืึทื ืึทืฆื™ืขืก) 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื˜ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื•ื ื  ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ,, ืคึผืจืฆื•ืคื™ืŸ''. ืงื•ื ืฆื™ืง ืื™ื– ืื™ืจื™ืจื” ืžืกื‘ึผื™ืจ ื“ืขื 
ืœืขื–ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืคึผืจืึธื‘ึผืœืขื ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžื™ื“ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ืžื•ื•ึนืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืึท ื ืข- 
ื’ืึทื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืžืขืŸ ืžื•ื– ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืงื•ืง ืคึผืึท- 
ืจืึทื“ืึธืงืกืึทืœืข ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช, ื‘ึผืขืช ืžืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ื”ืฉ ื“ื™ ืคืจืึทื’ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื”ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ,, ืกื™ื‘ึผื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”'? ืึทืŸ 8 ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, ืึธืŸ ืึท ื’ืจืขื ืขืฅ, ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืึทืจื ืขื --- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืึถื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ึผ ืื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืงืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืึทืœืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึทืœึฐืฅ -- ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ, ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ 
ืื™ืจ; ืึธืŸ ื‘ึผื™ืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืœื˜ --- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืจืงืฐื•ืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื’ืข" 
ืฉื˜ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช; ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืกื˜ืฒื™ืœื‘ืึทืจ --- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืžืงื•ืš 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืื•ืžืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืฒื™ื“ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืข ืคืึธืจืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื ืขืŸืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืึทืœืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ื‘ึผืึทื ืจื™ืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื—ืกื“ ืื•ืŸ ืจื—ืžื™ื, ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืฉืจ --- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืžืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืขืจ ืกื™ืžื‘ึผืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜, 
ื ืขื ืึธื“ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ 1. 

ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื›ืข ืคื™ืœืึทืจื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ืจื™ืจื” ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ 
ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ ื™ืจืข ืงื˜ ืขืจ ืคึผื•ืขืœื™ื™ื•ืฆื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื™ื‘ึผื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”; ื“ื™ 
, ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ึผืจืืฉื™ืช'' ืื™ื– ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืื™ืŸ-ืกื•ืคืก ืื™ื™ื - 
ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืึทืฆื™ืœื” (ืืฑืกืฉื˜ืจืึทืœื•ื ื’), ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœื™ื ืจื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ,,,ื›ึนึผืชืจ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ'', ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืึทืจ"ื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึธืœื’ื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ ื“ืขื 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื–ืขืงืกื˜ืขืจ ืžืืžืจ, ืงืึทืคึผ' 6: ;ื‘ืœืชื™ ื‘ืขืœ ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื•ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื›ืœ,,. ื”ืžืชื ืฉื 
ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœ ื ื›ืœ, ื•ื—ื•ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•ืชื•, ื•ืžืžืฆื™ื ื”ื›ืœ ืžืžื ื™ ืœืฐืœืชื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืื•ืžื— 
ืžื›ืœื, ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืœื ื•ื‘ึผื›ืœื, ืื”ื“ ื•ื›ืœ, ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆื•ืจื™ื™ ื•ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช. ื”ื•ืฅ ืžื›ื•ื™ื 
ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื›ืœื.,, ื‘ืœื™ ื—ืกื“ ื™ืคืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืกื“ื™ื, ื‘ืœื™ ืจื—ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืœื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื—ื•ื ื•ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง, 
ื‘ึทึผึดึผื™ ืชืคึทืืจืช ืชืคืืจืชื•, ื‘ืœื™ ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื•ื›ื•' ื•ื›ื•'.." 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 205 


ืคื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืœ, ื“ืขื ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืจ' ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื•ื—ืื™, ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทืฆื™ืœื” ,ืืจื 
ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ'', ื“ื™ ืื•ืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ื ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ 1, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ,ืฉื›ืœ 
ื”ื ืขืœื'!, ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึธืจื’ืขื ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง 2. ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืขืจ" 
ืฉื˜ืข ืื•ื• ืคืืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ืกื˜ืข ื ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืขืžืึทื ืึทืฆื™ืข ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ึผื” ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื•ื•ื™ื™- 
ื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืกื™ื‘ึผื•ืช, ื“ื™ ืฉืึทืคื ื“ื™ืงืข ืงืจืึทืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืฉื” ื‘ึผืจืืฉื™ืช, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ (ื›ืœืœื• ืฉ? ื“ื‘ืจ: ื”ืขืœ? ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉืœื ืžื”ืขื™ืœื” ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ 
ืขืœื•ืœ ืžื–ื•ืœืชื”, ืคื‘ื” ื›ืœ ื”ืกื‘ื•ืช ื•ืขื™ืœืช ื›ืœ? ื”ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืืฉืจ ื‘ื›ื—ื” ื•ืกื’ื•ืœืชื” 
ื”ื™ื ืกื‘ืช ื”ืกื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืืžื ื ืœื 2ื›? ื”ืกื‘ื•ืช ื›ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ). ื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ืŸ-ืกื•ื˜ ?, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ-ืกื•ืฃ ื’ื•ืคื 
ืื™ื– ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ึนืŸ ืึทืœืข ื ืขืžืขืŸ 4 

ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจื™ืจื”ืก ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืคึผืจืขื˜ืึทืฆื™ืข ืคืึทืจื ืขืžื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ,, ืกื™ื‘ึผื” 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืกื™ื‘ึผื•ืช'' --- ื“ืขืจ ,,ืื“ื ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ'', ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ืจื™ืืก ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื 
ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ืขืจืŸ ืึธืจื˜, ืฐื•ื™ ืคื•ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื˜ืึทืœืก ืžื™ื˜ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ , ืฉืขืจ ื”ืฉืžื™ื'" 
ืจืขื“ื˜ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคื™ื ืฃ ,,ืคึผืจืฆื•ืคื™ืŸ'', ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื’ืขืฉืึทืคืŸ 
ื ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื ืึธืš , ืฉื‘ื™ืจืช ื”ื›ึผืœื™ื' 5, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื–ืขืงืก ?; ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืจื™ื™ืงืขืคึผื™ืงืขืจ ,,ืืจื™ืš ืื ืคึผื™ืŸ'' ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ,ืคึผืจืฆื•ืคื™ืŸ, 
ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ,,ืขืชึผื™ืงื ืงื“ื™ืฉื,,, ื“ืขืจ ,,ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ืกืขืจ ืึทืœึฐื˜ืขืจ" --- ื“ืขืจ ,ืคึผืจืฆื•ืฃ" 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืืฆื™ืœื” -- ื“ืขื ืื“ื ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ. ืืžืช, ืื™ืจื™ื“ื” 
ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ , ืคึผืจืฆื•ืคื™ืŸ'" ื’ื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ 1, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
,,ืืจื™ืš ืื ืคึผื™ืŸ'' ืื™ื– ืื•ืžื˜ืฒืœื‘ึผืึทืจ ืคื•ื ื ืขืชึผื™ืงื ืงื“ื™ืฉื, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืœื‘ื•ื™ืฉ 5. 

ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืฉืœื™ืกืœืขื›ืขืจ ืจืึธืœืข ืคื•ื ื ,ืื“ื ืงืจืžื•ืŸ", ืฐืึธืค 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉืึทืจืฃ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืึทื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ,, ืฉืขืจ ื”ืฉืžื™ื', ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึนืึทื™ 


1 ืึธื›ึดื™ ืžื”ืกื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื•ื ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืœึนื ื ืืฆืœ ื›ึดึผื™ ืขื ืขืœื•ืœ ืื—ื“ ืœื‘ื“ื• 
ืืฉืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื”"ืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœื•ืจื™ื ืข"ื” ื”ื—ื•ืœืฃ ืื—ืจื™ ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืฆื™ื ื ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ืจืฉื‘"ื™ ื‘ืคื™ืจ' 
ื”ื•ื•ื”ืจ ืงืจืื• ื‘ื™ืฉื ืื“ื ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืงื•ื›ืœื™ื ืืฉืจ ืงื“ืžื•ื—ื• -- ื›ึนึผืชืจ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ", 

2 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, |' 91: ,ื—ื•ื ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื ืขืœื ื•ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืืœื”ื™ืช"ืŸ ื•ืข ืื•ื™ืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 
1 211 ,ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉืœื ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืขืœื•ืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืึนื“ึถื ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ, ืฉื›ืœ ืขืœื™ืŸ", 

8 ื’ืื“ื ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸื™ื™, ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื”ืื™ืŸ.ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ", 

4 ื—ื›ื™ ืจื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ืื™ื™ืกื™ืฃ ื‘"ื” ืื™ื’ื• ื”ืฉื ืขืฆืžื• ืืžื ื ื ื‘ื“ืœ ื•ืžื—ืขืœื” 
ืขืœื™ื•", 

5 ื–ืข ืคืจื™ืขืจ, ื•'433, 

6 ,ื”ืžืชื—ืœืง ืœืฉืฉื” ืคืจืฆื•ืคื™ื,,, ืืฉืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื—ื•ื ืขืชื™ืงื. ืงื“ื™ืฉื ื•ื ืงืจื ืื•ืจื, 
ื”ืคืจืฆื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืืจื™ืš ืื ืคื™ืŸ", 

? ,ื ืฆืžื™ื™ืจ ืคืจืฆื•ืฃ ืืจื™ืš ืื ืคื™ืŸ ืžืชื•ืงืŸ ื•ื ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ืžืชืงืœื ื›ืคืจืฆื•ืฃ ืขืชื™ืงื ืงื“ื™ืฉื. 
ื–ืฉื ืื—ื“ ืœื”ื ื•ื”ืžื” ืœืื—ื“ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื", 

8 ืื•ืืจื™ืš ืื ืคื™ืŸ. ืืฉืจ ื ื›ืœืœ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืขืชื™ืงื ืงืจื™ืฉื". ื–ืข ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขื ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ืงืึท. 
ืคึผื™ืฉืœ ืื™ืŸ 4ืฉืขืจ ื”ืฉืžื™ื", 





406 ื“"ืจ ', ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื’ืœื™ื™ืš, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืจื™ืจื— ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื 
,ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ"" ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจืจื™ืฉืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืกืขืจืคึผืขืจืœืขื›ืขื“ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ืึทืœืข ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข 
ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืขื ื“ืฆื™? ืื•ึนืŸ ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ, ืึทื–ืฑ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ (ื”ืื“ื ื”ืืœื”ื™) ื”ืขื‘ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœืงื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข 
ืึทืฆื™ืœื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืข ืงืจืขืคื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืงื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ืคืึทื ื’. ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืจื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœื•ืก-ืจื™ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื“ืฆื™? ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื’ืขืฉืึทื˜ืขื ืข 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืขืจ --- ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธื ืคืึทื ื’. ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ืึทืžืœืคึผื•ื ืงื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื ืขืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœึถืขื ื“ื™ ืฆืขื–ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืคื•ื ืงืขืŸ, 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืขืจ --- ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ืจืึทืœื˜; ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืœืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื˜ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื›ืŸ 
ืฆื•ึผ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืจืงืฐืืœ, ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืขืจ --- ื“ืขืจ ืงืฐืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ึผื˜ืฉื™ื™ื  
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ืึทืœืฅ,.. ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืึทืœืฅ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืกื™ื›ื— - 
ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืจืึทืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื™ื‘ึผื— 
ืจืืฉื•ื ื” --- ืคึฟืึทืจืฒื ื™ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืžื˜ ืึทืจื•ื ืึทืœืข ืžื“ืจื ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืชื™ื– 
ื“ื™ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืกื˜ืข... ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืจื•-ืึธืจื˜ ืคืืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื›ื™ื ื”, 
ื“ืึธืก ื ืขืฆืขืœื˜ ืคืึทืจ , ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืงื“ื™ืฉื', ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืžืคึผืœ 
ืคื•ื ื ืื™ืŸ-ืกื•ืฃ 1, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจืคึผืขืจื˜ืขืจ 
ืกื™ืžื‘ึผืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืฆืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ , ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืงื“ื™ืฉื!. -- 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืฉื™ื—, ื“ืขืจ ื ื•ืืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืกืœื™ื™ื–ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ,,ืงืœื™ืคึผื•ืช'' ืึทืœืข ื ื•ื˜ืข ื–ื•ื™ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืึทืœืข ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข ืคื•ื ืงืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื , ืขืžืง ื”ื‘ึผื›ื'', ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืึธืžืขืจ ืื•ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื ื“, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื—ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืข 
ื”ื™ื™ื›ืŸ, ืฆื•ื ืงื•ื•ืืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜... 

ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืœึฐื“ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื•ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืึทื‘ึผื•ื”ื‘ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
, ืฉืขืจ ื”ืฉืžื™ื-ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’, ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ึผืฉื•ืจื”, 
ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืœืึทื ื’ ื’ืขืฐื•ืืจื˜ืขืจ ืžืฉื™ื—. ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ, ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืกื™ื ื™ื’ืœืขื›ืข ื˜ืจื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ื ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืขืงืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜:; ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธ; ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ ืื•ึผืŸ ืžืฉืคึผื˜ืŸ., 

,ืื™ืš, ืื™ืขืจ ืžืฉื™ื—, ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ ืฆื‘ื•!" 

ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืš ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืžืึธืœ ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื’ืจืึธื“ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜, 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืฒื™ืจืึธืคึผืขื™ึทืฉืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ื”ื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืึท ื ื™ื™ืข ืขืจืข, ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืฒ ืฉืึธื˜ื ืก ืคื•ื ื ืžื™ื˜ืœืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืึธืŸ ืคืืจืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืŸ --- ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืื™ื’ 
ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืึธ ืึทืœืฅ ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืจื”-ืฉื—ื•ืจื”ื“ื™ืงืขืจ. ื‘ึผื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืคื•ืœื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ 


1 ื“ืึธืจืžืŸ, ื–ืขืงืกืžื˜ืขืจ ืžืืžืจ, ืงืึทืคึผ' 4 





ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉื™ื ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึธืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 407 


ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฐืึธื’ืœื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืžื” ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืื•ืœื”: ืึธื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ื‘ึผืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื— ื‘ึนึผืŸ ื“ื•ื“, ืื•ื™ื- 
ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืžื–ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ืขื ืข, ื•ื™ ื ืฉืึธื˜ืŸ ืฐืขืœืŸ ื‘ึผืืœืš 
ืคืึทืจืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืจื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื ืึธื“ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื˜ื–ืขืœื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืกื ื™ื™ 
ื˜ืึธืŸ ืคืœื™ืกืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขื ืื”ื™ืกื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง,, 

ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื•ืœื” ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ; ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืคื•ืœื˜ 
ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื™ืŸ... -ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 17ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื”, 
ื’ืจืึธื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ืžื ืฉื” ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืฉืจื? 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจื™ืจื—, ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืฐืึทืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืขื ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขื‘ึผื•ืึธื›ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืึธืŸ ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื—ื™ืœื•ืช โ€ ืฆ ื ืฉื˜ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืืจื•ื•ื™ืกื˜, 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืืฐืึทื ืกืฆืขื ืข ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืึทืจืŸ ื—ืžื•ืœื™/ ืกืื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ึผืึทื - 
ื“ืขืก, ืื•ืŸ ืืฑื™ืคื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืกื ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืฉืจืขืœืœืขื›ืข ืžืขืฉื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืงืจื™ื™ืฆืฆื•ื’ืŸื™ืชึผืงื•ืคื” ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ึผื—ืœื—-ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ , ืฉืฐืึทืจืฆืขืจ ืžื’ืคื”", 
ื‘ึผืขืจืš ืึท ืคืขืจื˜ืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืึธืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 'ืื•ืžื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืŸ ื™ืึทืจืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืง (1648--1688). ื“ืึธืก ืคืึทืจื™ืื•ืฉื˜ืข ืžืคืึธืœืง 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ-ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง: ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ื›ึผื•ึนื—ื•ึนืช! ืขืคึผืขืก ืžื•ื– ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ืกื•ืฃ ืฆื• 
ื“ื™ ืื•ืžื‘ึผืึทืฉืจืฒื‘ึผืœืขื›ืข ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ! ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื‘ืึทืœื“ื™- 
ืงืขืจ ื ืื•ืœื”, ื’ืขืฐืึทืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“, ืžื™ื˜ ืจื•ื’ื– ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืจืืžืคื”ืืคื˜ืŸ 
ื’ืœืฑื™ื‘ึผืŸ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืžืขื™ึธืง ืึทืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื™ื™ื˜ืึทื ื˜ืข, ืคืึทืจืฐืึธื’ืœื˜ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ื ืฉืžื”... 

ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืึทืžืขื ื˜ ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจืขื ืข 
ืคื•ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืกื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืึทื ื˜ื™- 
ืคึผืึธื“ืŸ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืขืงืกื˜ืจืขืžืข ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื“ื™ืึทืžืขื˜ืจืึทืœ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ืจืขื ืข 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืœื˜ื‘ึผืึทื ืขืžืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ืขืงืฉื ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ 
ืœืึทื ื’ืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื’ืขืงืขืžืคื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื›ื•ืจื”, ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ืึทืจืฑืคึผืœืฒื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืžืคึผ? ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ. ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ --- ืึท ื’ืฐืึธืœ- 
ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืจื™ื– ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง, ื‘ึผืฒ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืจืึธืก ืคืึธืจืฉืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืฆื™ืœ, ื“ืึธืก ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื’ืœื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ 
ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ; ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ --- ืึท ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทืกื˜ืฒืฉืขืจ ื‘ึผืข? ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช, ืืŸ ืขืงื–ืึทืœื˜ื™ืš- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฅ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืจืขืึทืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืž- 
ืจืขืึทืœืŸ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื•ืึธืจ... ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™: ื‘ึผืจื•ืš ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึธื–ืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ ืฆื‘ื™.., | 

ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืฉื˜ ื ืึธืš ื•ื™ืกืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื›ืึทืจืึทืกื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืกืคืจื“ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืœืึทื ืฅื“ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืœื™-ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจืึทื‘ึผื™ืฉืขืจ ืชืงื•ืคื”, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืึทื ืฆืŸ 


4098 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืœืึธืฉืŸ ื ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผืขืช ื“ื™ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ืึธืจืึธืงืคื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืจืขืžื•ื ื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืคืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืคืึธื“ืขืจ- 
: ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืึทืงืข ื‘ึผืึทืžืขืจืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื ื™ื™ืขื ื™ืฉื•ื‘, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœืŸ ื”ืึธืœืึทื ื“, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื˜ืœืึธืคืขื ืข ืžืึท- 
ืจืึทื ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืคืจืฒื™ื˜ ืคื•ื ื ื‘ึผืœื™ื™ื™ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื™ื”ืื˜ื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื™ืจืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื™ื”ื ื•ื-ืฉืจืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ืฆื™ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื“ืข 
ืชืœื™ื ื™ื. ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืึธื˜ืขื, ื‘ึผืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ 
ืคืจื™ื™ ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทืจืึธืคึผืฐืึทืจืคืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆืฐืึทื ื’-ื™ืึธืš, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืื™ื ืงืฐื•ื™ื–ื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืจืฑืคื ืขืœืฒื’ื˜. ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึท- 
ื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืคื ืขืจืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ืงืŸ, 
ื›ืืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ-ืฉืฐืึทื›ืŸ ืคึผืจื™ื™ื“ืขื ืงืขืจ - ืจืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืจื™ื? ืึทืงืึธืกื˜ืึท 1 
ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืื ื“ื™ืขื–ืข, ืจื•ื™ืงื™ื ืขืœืึทืกืขื ืข ืคื™ื ื•ืจ ืคื•ื ื ื ืื•ื ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืขืจ 
ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึธื–ืข, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืก ืจื™ื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืจืข" 
ื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืžืกื•ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ืืฑื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜ืŸ. 


ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ื™ืง ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืงืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ื“ื ื˜ื•ื ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืงื˜ื’ืจ. ืžืขืŸ ืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื•ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืš 
ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื™ื‘ึผื•ืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื™ืจื™ื“ื”-ืชึผืงื•ืคื” 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืฆื• ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœืขืจ ืžื“ืจื ื”, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ืž- 
ืฉื‚ื˜ืึทื ื“ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื“ืขืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืื•ื ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืงืข 
ืืคืฉืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ื‘ึผื ื•ื ืข ืฆื•ื ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉ-ืคึผื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื ื˜ื•ื, ืžืขืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืึธื ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื”, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึธื–ืข ื’ื•ืคื ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฐื•ืึทืงืกืŸ. 
ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขื ืฆื™ืงืœืึธ- 
ืคึผืขื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืฐื™ืกืŸ; ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ื™ื- 
ืžืขืจืงื–ืึทื ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืจืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ึผื–ื“ื“ื•ืจ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทื ื˜ืฉืฒื“ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื˜. 
ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื ืฉื™ืคึผืึธื“, ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื‘ึผืจื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ึผืœ-ื ืขืฉืจื™ื™, ืžื™ื˜ ื˜ืึทื ืฅ. ืื•ืŸ 
ื ืขื–ืึทื ื’ ื‘ึผืึทื’ืจื™ืกื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืข ื›ึผืฉื•ืจื”, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ื•ืืœ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืึถืŸ. 
ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ, ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช, ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืจืงื˜ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืึธื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ืžืžืขื ืœืขืš ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึธื–ืขืก ืื™ื“ืขืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ืฉืฑื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืึท ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ืึธืคึผืงืœืึทื ื’ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. ืงื•ืจื"ื›ึผืœ 
ืžื•ื– ื ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึทื ืข: ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึธื–ืขืก ื˜ื™ืคืข 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืžืึธื ื™ืฉ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืœืขืจืข ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ-ืœื™ื™ื“ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ, 


1 ืžืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืฐืขื ืŸ ืึทืงืึธืกื˜ืึท, ื–ืข ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ึถืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ:ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืขื ืฆื™. 
ืงืœืึธืคึผืขื“ื™ืข, ื‘' | (1908), ' 





ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 09 


ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคืึธืœืง? ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืœื•ื™ื“ืŸ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ 
ืฉื˜ื™ืœืŸ? ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืœืŸ? ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืคืจืึทื’ืข ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ื•ื  ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึธื–ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจ- 
ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจ --- ื“ืขื ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉืŸ ืคืืœืง 
ืžืขืŸ ืžื•ื– ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ืงื•ื“ื-ื›ึผ? ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜, ืึทื– ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึธื–ืข ืื™ื– 
ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืข ื“ืขื ืงืขืจ, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ึผืึทื ืจื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื‘ืœ-ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง. ืึทืคื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข 
ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืจืึทืฆื™ืึทื ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ืŸ, ืžื™ื™ืžื•ื ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืœื‘'ื’, ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืื™ื– ื ื ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื”ืชื ืœื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื‘ึผื™ืงืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืฒื˜; 
ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึธื–ืข ืึถื‘ึผืขืจ ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ืึทืจืึธืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื” ื“ืขื ืžืึทื ื˜ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงื™ื™ื˜, 
ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ ืึทืœืก ืคึผืจืึธืจื•ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืฒื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ืง ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื™ื˜ 1,. ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึธื–ืข 
ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ื’ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื™ื™ืŸ-ื•ื•ื™ื™ืคื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืง, ืขืก ืœืžื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืš ื”ืขืจืŸ ืคึผืึธืœืขืžื™ืฉืข ื˜ืขื ืขืจ, โ€ ื“ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืก ื•ื•ืขื -ืคื™ืจืข- ืื™ืŸ 
ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ --- ืœืขืจื ื˜ ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึธื–ืข ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ , ืขื˜ื™ืง" * -- 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš. ืฆื• ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื ืขืžืก 
ืฉื‚ื ืื”, ื›ึผืขืก, ืคืืจืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’. ืืื–"ื•ื• -- ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื‘ืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืœืžื•ื˜'. ,ืขืจ 
ืขืก ืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผืฆืึธืœืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื‘ืึทืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื ืื”.-- ื“ืขืจ. ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืžืฉ ืฆื•. ื‘ึผืึทื“ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ'', ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืึธืจื˜ ื–ืึธื ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึธื–ืข: , ,ื“ืขืจ 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืŸ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ? ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืœืขืจ ื ืฉืžื” ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืื”, ืงื•ืžื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื›ึผืขืก, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึทื•ื•ื” 
ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื”ืึทืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ืฆื• ืงื™ื™ื ืขื ื ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืื›ื˜ื•ื ื’'?} 
- ืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึธื–ืข ื’ื•ืคื, ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืึทืจ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืœืขืจ, 
ืงืจื™ืฉื˜ืึธืœื™ืจืฒื™ื ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื˜ื™ื” ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืœืขืš ืื•ื™ืกื ืข- 
ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืขื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ืึทืคืขืงื˜ืŸ -- ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš 
ื ื•ื”ื’ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื•ื™ ืขืก ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคืคื™ืจืŸ, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, 8 ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, 
,, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืก ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืึทื ื“'. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืžื•ื—ืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื—ื™ืœื” ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ืึธืก ืฆื• ืื™ื; ืขืจ 
ื’ื•ืคื ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจื ืขืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื›ึผืœืœ, ืึทื– , ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืžื•ื˜. 


1 ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ;ื˜ืขืึธืœืึธื ื™ืฉ.ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืึธืคึผื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’", 

2 ,ืขื˜ื™ืง", ืคืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ืœ, ืœืขืจื–ืึทืฅ 46, ืžื™ืจ ืฆื™ืžื™ืจื• ืœื•ื˜ ืืฑืขืจื‘ึผืึทื›ืก ื“ื™ื™ืกืฉืข ืื™= 
ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’, 1871 

8 , ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืžืึทืจืงืŸ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ -- ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึธื–ืข (ืกืขืžื™ืง", ืฐ|, ืœืขืจื–ืึทืฅ 59) -- 
ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒ ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ืžืขื ืกืฉื ืก ืฉืžืจืขื‘ึผืŸ ืฆื• ืจืขื ื•ืœื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืžืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืื’ืจืœื’ืŸ ืื™ืกื™ 
ืฉืœื™ืกืœืขืš ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธืžืŸ ืคื•ื ื ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ื“", 

4 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ, ืึธื ืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ ืฆื•ื ืœืขืจื•ืึทืฅ, 13 





410 ื“"ืจ ื™,. ืฆื™ื ื‘ ืขืจื’ 


ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉื ืื” ืื•ืŸ ื›ึผืขืก, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜ ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ื ืขืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืก ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืข ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืœ? 
ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืจื™ ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืžืคื˜ืขืจื“ืึทืžืขืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ 
,,ื—ืจื'' ืึทืจืฒื ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜. ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ ืึทืคึดื™ืœื• ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื”ื™ืก- 
ื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื ื˜ื•ื, ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืงืึธืกื˜ืขืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึธื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืฉ ื•ื™ ,, ื“ื™ ืคืืจื™ืกื™ื™ืขืจ'' (ืคึผืจื•ืฉื™ื), ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื˜ื•ืœ 
ืจืขื“ื˜ ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึธื–ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,,ืึทืชึผื”-ื‘ึผื—ืจืชึผื ื•ื“ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜'' ืคื•ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืง, ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ึดื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ึฐืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ, ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ื™ 
ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ !, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผืึธืกื˜ืึธืœืŸ ืคื•ื ื ืงืจื™ืกื˜ื - 
ื˜ื•ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืคื™ืœ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ?. ืืžืช, ื“ื• 
ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ึผืœืฑื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืง, ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื, ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ ืฉืคึผื™= 
ื ืึธื–ืฅ, ืื™ื– ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ื ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื›ืขืจืฆื•ื ืขืžืขืŸ; ืฐืึธืจืขื ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื” --- ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืขื ืœืขื›ืŸ, ืžืื˜ืขืจื™ืขืœืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืกืข 
ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื’ืขืคึผืึทืกื˜ ืฆื•ื ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคึผืึทืœืขืกื˜ื™ื˜ืข,. ืื™ืฆื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื™ืง. ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืชึผื•ืจื” ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึธื–ืขืก ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื•ื ื’ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื•ื™ ื“ื™' 
ื ืขื–ืขืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืง: ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืืžืช ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื•ืฆืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข 
ืฆื™ืœ ืคื•ื ื ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ, ื“ื™ ืืžืชืข ืžืึธืจืึทืœ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืื™ื ื ื’ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ?, ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึธื–ืข ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ื ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืค ืขืจ ืงืขืžืคื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ,,ืึทืชึผื”ื™ื‘ื—ืจืชึผื ื™ื–ื'' ืื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜' 
ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉืข ืคืืœืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ืคึฟืึทืจ" 
ื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึทืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ 
ื›ึผื•ื•ื ื”: ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™? ื“ ืขืจ ื  ื™ื“ืข ืจื™ืงืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืง, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืข ืคื™ืจืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ื, ื“ืขื ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืขืจ, ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื˜ืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ื•ื™ืคืŸ. ืขืฃ 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืจืึทื’ืข: ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ึผื—, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืืœืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ 
ืึธืคึผื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื”, ื‘ึผืขืช ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฆื™ืœ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ืžืึธืœืง ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื“ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ? ืคืึทืจืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืคืืœืง ื™ืฉืจื? 
ึทื–ื•ื™ ืึธืคึผื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื™ืึธื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื“ ืื™ืš 
ืกื•ืฃ-ื›ึผืœ-ืกื•ืฃ ื—ืจื•ื‘ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ? ? ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ื’ื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึธื–ืข ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจืœื™ืฉืŸ ืขื ื˜" . 


1 ืžื˜ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉ-ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืึธืคึผื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’, 188, 
? ื“ืึธืจืžืŸ, 203--204, ื™ 
2 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ,, 198--202, 
4 ื“ืึธืจืžืŸ, ืงืึทืคึผื™ 17, 


ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 11 


ืคืขืจ: ื ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื”ืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ืฆืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืึธืœืง ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื›ึผื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื™ื 
ื’ืขื ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืŸ, ื•ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฆื™? ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึถืœึถืง ืฆื• 
ื“ืขืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืขืก ืื•ืžืฆื•ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ. ,,ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืจ -- ื–ืึทื ื˜ 
ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึทื–ืข --- ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืจืึทื’ืข, ืึทืœืฅ ืžืขืจ ื‘ึนึผืึท- 
ืคึผืขืกื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง, ืึทื– ื’ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ 953 
ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธืจื’ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ืจ (ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืžื”) ื’ืœื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืงื™ื™ื˜, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ 
ื ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื‘ึผื˜ ื–ื™ ืฆื• ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ืจืข ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืข ืžื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืฉืขืชึผื• ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืžืึทืฆื™ื˜ื•ืก 1 ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืžืžืฉ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ื ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฆืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก, ืึทื– 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืžื–ื›ึผื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑื ืข ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืžื•ื’? ืฆืŸ 
ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึธืœืง, ื ืึธืจ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึทืœืก ืฉื˜ืจืึธืฃ ืื•ืŸ ื ืงืžื” ืคืึทืจ 
ืฉืœืขื›ื‘ื˜ืข ืžืขืฉื™ื 2, 


ืคื™ืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึทื–ืข-ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ 
ื”ืฉืคึผืขื”, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืงื‘ึผืœื” ื”ืึธื˜ืก ื ืขื”ืื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึธื–ืขืก ืคื™ืœืึทื–ืึธืกื™ืฉ 
ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ,. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื•ื™ืงืข ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืึทืฐื“ืื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืœื™ื™ืงืขื ืขืŸ, ื“ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ ื ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื™ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื˜. ืกื•ื“ื-ื›ึผ? ื“ืืจืฃ ืžืขึทืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื‘ึผืœื” ืคื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืžืขื˜ืึทืคื™ื–ื™ืฉ-ืกืคึผืขืงื•ืœืึทืžื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึธื–ืขืก ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื. ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืงื‘ืœื—, 
ืึทื–ืฑ ืœืขืจื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึธื–ืข, ืึทื– ื’ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืึทื‘ึผืกืึธืœื•ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข ืื•ืจ-ืกื•ืฃ- 
ืกื˜ืึทื ืฅ, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ืขืก ืฉื˜ืึทืžื˜ ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ืึทื ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืงืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืจื˜, 
ื™ืขื“ืขืก ืื™ื ื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ื•ืขืœืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืงืจืขืžืขืก ื–ื™ื™ืŸ. , ืึทืœืฅ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื–, ืื™ื– ื ืึธื˜, ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ ืงืึธืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ืขืงืกื™ืกื˜ื™ืจืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึทืคื™ืœื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื“ืึทื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ'" 4, 
ืื™ืŸ ืงืขื’ื ื–ืึทืฅ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขืจืขืจ ื“ืขืงืึทืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœืŸ ื—ืกื›ึผื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื , ื–ื•ื”ืจ" 
ืคื™ืจื˜ ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึธื–ืข ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืกื˜ืŸ ืžืึธื ื™ื–ื. ื“ื™ ืžืึท- 
ื˜ืขืจื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืœืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืกื•ื‘- 
ืกื˜ืึทื ืฆืŸ, ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžื”ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจื™ื™ื ื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืœื•ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื˜ื”ืฒื˜; ื“ื™ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืข (,, ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืคืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื '') ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืžื˜ 
(ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง') ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึธื–ืขืก ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื•ืžืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืข 
ืึทื˜ืจื™ื‘ึผื•ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื™ื‘ึผื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื—. ื“ื™ ืืฑื™ืกืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื–, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึธื–ืขื 
ืฉื™ื˜ื”, ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจืคึผืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง, ืฐืึธืก ืžืขืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ื ื–ืขืŸ ื‘ึผื—ื•ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ 


1 ืึท ืจื•ื™ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ, ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืฒื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื™ื™ื ื“ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฆื•ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, 
2 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 3844, 


5 ืฆื•ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื”ืœึธื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื™ื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ 17ืžืŸ ื™"ื” 
(1699) ื™ืึธื”ืึทืŸ ื’ืขืึธืจื’ ืฐืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ, 


,ื˜ืžื™ืง",, ืขืจืฉืžืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ, ืœืขืจื•ืึทืฅ ืคึฟืŸ, 





1412 ืœ"ืจ '. ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’. 


ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึธืจื’ืขื ืข, ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขื‘ึผืึทืจืข ืืฑืกืฉืคึผืจืฒื˜ื•ื ื’; ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ืจืข 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธื˜ื”ื™ื™ื˜. 

ืึทื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืžื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ,,ื–ื•ื”ืจ'' ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื ื“-ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง, ืึทื– ื’ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– 
ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืืœืฅ, ืึทื– 6556 060 ืžื– ื’/ื—ื•ื–ืก (ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธื˜), ืฆืขื ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึธื–ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจืขืคื˜ 
ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืคื•ืœืกื˜ืŸ ืงืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ,,ื–ื•ื”ืจ'' --- ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขืจืข ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืขื˜ื™ืง, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื ื“-ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืจื•ืงื ื‘ึผื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ื•ื”ืจืก ื•ื•ืขืœื˜- 
ื‘ึผืึทื ืขื, ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ืฒื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื•ึถื•ืขืœื˜ ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ืžืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืขื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืฐื™ืงืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืขื ื“ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ 
ืฉืคื™ืœื˜ ื ื’ื•ืืœื˜ื™ืง ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืจืึธืœืข ืจื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื‘- 
ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจืึธื“ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึธื–ืขืก ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืจืึธืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ- 
ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ื ื•ืœ. ืžื™ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช ืึทื ื˜ืฐื™ืงืœื˜ ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึธื–ืข 
ื“ืขื ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื ืื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืงืกืข ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ื– ืึท ืคื•ืขืœ-ื™ื•ืฆื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื™ื™ื–ืขืจื ืขืจ ื ื•ื™ื˜ื•ื•ืขื ื“ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜; ื™ืขืจืขืก 
ืื™ื– ืึท ืจื™ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ึผื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ืขืœ-ื™ื•ืฆืืก 1 
ื’ื•ื˜ืก ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืก, ื“ืึธืก ืคื•ืœืงื•ืžืข ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืœืงื•ืžืข, ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืก- 
ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ --- ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ื‘ึผืึทื’ืจื™ืคืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืžืฆื“ ื“ืขื ืึธื‘ึผื™ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ 
ืฐืขืœื˜ื‘ืึทื ืขื ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื–ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืื™ื™ื’ื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืขืจืŸ ื“ืึธืš 
ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื–ืื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืคื --- ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื ืก-ืึทืฒื™ื ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ 
ื“ืขื ืงืึทืจื˜ *. ื“ืึธืก ืึธื‘ึผื™ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืขื - 
ื“ื™ืงืŸ, ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืžืขืกื™ืงืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขื ื”ืึทื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš; ื’ื•ื˜, ืฉื™ื™ืŸ 
ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื” --- ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืœืฑื™ื– ืกื•ื‘ึผื™ืขืงื˜ื™ื–ื•ืข ื‘ึผืึทื ืจื™ืคืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“- 
ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึตืœืก ื”ืขืก- 
ื›ืขืš, ืจืึธืก ื ื•ืฆืœืขื›ืข --- ืฉืขื“ืœืขืš, ื“ืึธืก ื ื•ื˜ืข -- ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ ืืึทื–"ื•ื•. ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืึทืœึถืข ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉืึทืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื - 
ืงืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟื™ืœื ื“ื™ืงืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึธื–ืขืก ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“- 
ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืึท ืคื•ื‘ึผื™ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืขืจื›ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜, ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื‘ึผื™ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื™ืŸ, 
ืึทื‘ึผืกืึธืœื•ื˜ืŸ, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ืง ื‘ื ื•ื ืข ืฆื• ื›ืึธืจืึทืœ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ืžืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืžืึธืจืึทืœื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืขืจ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืฐื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขื ืื•ืžืžืึธืจืึทืœื™ืฉืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทื‘ึผื™ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“" 
ืคื•ื ืงื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื“ืข ื‘ึผืึทื ืœื™ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ื•ื™ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขื ื”ืื ื’ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืคืึธื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืกืงื ื•ืช. ื‘ึผื™ื™ื“ืข ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืคืืจื‘ึผื™ื ื“ื˜ ืึทืœืข 


1 ,ืขื˜ื™ืง", {, ืœืขืจื•ืึทืฅ 29, 
2 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, {, ื‘ื™ื™ืœืื ืข ืฆื•ื ืœืขืจื•ืึทืฅ 36, :' 39-532 





ืจื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทื˜ืฐืฑ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื“ืŸ 413 


ืคืึธืจืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื‘ึผื™ืงืŸ ื™ืกื•ืš 1, ืึถื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืœื ืขืžืฒื ืขื 
ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ึผืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืคืึธืจืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืืฒื™ื‘ื™ืงืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ --- ืคืึทืกื˜ 
ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึทื–ืข ืึทื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขืจืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืึธืจืึทืœ, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื› ?ื“ ื™ืง ืข ืจ ืžืึธืจืึทืœ, 
ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ืœืขืจื ื˜ ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึธื–ืข; ืึทื– , ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืื™ื–, ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ- 
ืฉืžืึทื ื“, ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืžืึธื“ื•ืก (ืึทืจื˜) ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ''?. ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ, 
ื—ื–ื•ื˜ ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึธื–ืข ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ, ืึทืœืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืœืก ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืงืข, ื ืึธืจ ืึทืœืก 
ื ื•ื™ื˜ื•ื•ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื ื•ื™ื˜ืฐื•ืขื ื“ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœึถืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ --- 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื ื•ื™ื˜ื•ื•ืขื ื“ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ืื™ื™ื‘ึผื™ืงืขืจ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื ื•ืคื. ื“ืึธ ื‘ืึทืจื™ืจืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื“ืขื ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ื•ื”ืจืก ืฐืขืœื˜ืึทื ืขื ืงื•ืžื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœืขืจ ืกืชึผื™ืจื” ืž"ื˜ ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึธื–ืขืก ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืขืจ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื. ื“ืขืจ ื•ื–ื•ื”ืจ 
ืœืขืจื ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ึผื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื˜ื”ืฒื˜ืŸ, ื ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื‘ ืข ืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืžื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคืจื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฉืึทืคืŸ, ืฉืคึฟื™ื ืึธื–ืข ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ, 
ืฉื˜ื™ืฆื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงืจืฉืงืฉืŸ ?, ื’ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื ืขืจ ,,ืคืจื™ื™ื”ื™ื™ื˜'' ื ื’ืึทื ืฅ 
ืื™ื™ื’ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ. ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึธื–ืข ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืกืงื ื, ืึทืŸ ,ื ืึธื˜ 
ื”ืึทื ื“ืœื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ืฐืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขื 
ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื ื™"ื˜ ื’ืขืฆื•ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ' 4. ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื™ืœ , ืืœืฅ ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ืŸ -- ืื™ื– ื’ืึธื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ ืงืึธืŸ ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ"', ืื™ื– ืึทืœึฐืฅ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ื ื•ื™ืžื•ื•ืขื ื“ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ; ื ื™ื ื ืึธืจ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก 
ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื–ืึท ืื•ืŸ ืื–ืึท 
ืื•ืคืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืฆื•ืคืข ืœื™ืง ืก ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืึทื ืขืŸ *. ,, ื”ื›ืœ ืฆืคื•ื™'.... 
ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืœืึทื ื™ืฉ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืึทื– , ื“ืขืจ (ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ) ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ 
ื›ึผืึทืฆืฒื™ื›ื ื˜ ืึทืœืก ืคืจื™ื™ืข ืื•ืจื–ืึทืš, ื ืึธืจ ืึทืœืก ื ื•ื™ื˜ื•ื•ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ, 
ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึธื–ืข, ,,ื“ืจื™ื ื’ื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ื ืก, ืึทื– ื ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ื 
ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ'' 6. ืฐืึธืจืขื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืŸ ืคืึธืœื’ื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืžื™ื˜ ื ื•ื™ื˜ื•ื•ืขื ื“ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ืžื—ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืงืึทืœื˜ื‘ึผืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืข ืคืึธืจืฉืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื 
ืึทืœื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืขื ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขื ื”ืึทื ื’ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ืึทืœืข ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ -- ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื–, ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึธื–ืขืก ืœืขืจืข, ื“ื™ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืžื“ืจื ื”, ื“ืขืจ ืืžืชืขืจ ืžื”ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžืึธืจืึทืœ. ืคืืจื ื™ื ืคื˜ื™ืง ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ, ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืคืึธืจืฉืŸ -- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ 
ืคึผื•ืขืœ-ื™ื•ืฆื, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึธืœื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืืžืชืขืจ, ื”ืึทืจืžืึธื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื ื•ื™ื˜ื•ืขื ื“ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ 


1 ื–ืข ื™ืึธืจืœ, ,ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ื“ืขืจ ืขืžื™ืง", ื‘' | 250:-251 (ืžื™ืจ ืฆื™ืžื™ื“ืŸ ืœื•ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืจื•ืกื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’), | 
2 ื’ืขื˜ื™ืง", }, ื‘ึผืึทืฐืฒื– ืฆื•ื ืœืขืจื•ืึทืฅ, 32, 
ื–ืข ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฐืขืจืง, ื‘ึผืึทื ื“ || ื–! 265 ื"ื•, 
ืคืขื˜ื™ืง', }, ืœืขืจื–ืึทืฅ 17, 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื‘ึผืึทืฐืฒื– ืฆื•ื ืœืขืจื•ืึทืฅ 9, 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืœืขืจื•ืึทืฅ 32, 


8ืก โ€ =4=2 6ืฉื 50 





1214 : ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืžื”ื•ืช, ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœืขืง- 
ื˜ื•ืขืœืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉืŸ, ื“ืขื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื ืจื™ื™ืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืจื™ื ื’ืœื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืึธืจื•ื --- 
ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข ื’ืœื™ืง, ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข ืคืจื™ื™ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ,, ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืคืขื‘ึผืŸ, ืœืขืจื ื˜ ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึธื–ืข, ืื™ื– ื ื•ืฆืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ืฆื• ืคึผืึทืจืคื•ืœืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื•ื™ 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืก'ืื™ื– ื ืึธืจ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ื“ืขื ืฉื›ืœ, ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื”, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ึนึผืึท- 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ื’ืœื™ืง ืึธื“ืขืจ ื ืœื™ืงื–ืขืœื™ืงื™ื™ื˜' !. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืœืึทืกืŸ 
ืจื•ื™ืงืŸ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืจืฉืŸ ื–ืขื˜ ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึธื–ืข, ื•ื™ ืžื™ื™ืžื•ึนื ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืœื‘ึผ"ื’ 
ื‘ึผืฉืขืชึผื, ื“ืขื ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืŸ ืฆื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ื‘ึผืœื™ื•ื ื’-ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก 
ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืข ืงืจืขืคื˜ืŸ, 

ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึธื–ืขืก ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทื’ืจื™ืคืŸ. ืคื•ืŸ. ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืก ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื˜ืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื‘ึผื˜ืึธืœื•ื˜ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืึท ืจืขืœืึทืฒื™ืฐื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทื˜ืฒื˜, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ; 
ืขืจ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืึธื ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจ, ืึทื– ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื›ึผืœ? ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืžื™ื ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข 
ื‘ึผืึทื’ืจื™ืคืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืœ- 
ืฉืึท ืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ึผืึทืฆื™ื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ. ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืŸื“ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืก ื–ืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึทื–ืข 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืขืจ ื ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ืŸ ,ื“ืขื ืงืึทืžืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืงืขื’ืŸ 
ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ"', ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืฐื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืก ื•ื•ื™ืœ? ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืœ? ื ื™ื˜ ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื™ 
ืจื™ื™ืŸื“ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ื ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืขื ืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง 
ืื•ื™ืคืžืขืจืงื–ืึทืžืงืฒื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธืœืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ื ื ืงืึธืœืขืงื˜ื™ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ึผื•ืฅ. 
ืฐื™ ื“ืขืจ ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ึผืฉืขืชึผื•, ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึธื–ืข ืึทืจื•ืฑืกื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืžื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ึผืขื ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ื ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื™ื• ืึทืœืก 
ืึทื‘ึผืกื˜ืจืึทืงื˜ืŸ , ืžืึธืจื•ืก!' ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ื”ื™ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืœืก ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคึผืจืึธื“ื•ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืกืึธืฆื™ืึทืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœืŸ ืงื™ื‘ึผื•ืฅ. ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื–ืขื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขื 
ืžื”ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืขื˜ื™ืง, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ื’ืœื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœืขืงื˜ื•ืขืœืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ. ,,ื“ืึธืก ื”ืขื›ืคื˜ืข ื’ืœื™ืง(ื”ื—ื–ื˜ืžืกื˜ ืžื–ื˜ืžื–ื•ื–ื˜ืค)' ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื ืฉืžื”, ืœืขืจื ื˜ ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึธื–ืข, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื ืึธื˜ื™ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ืขื ื™ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘- 
ืกื˜ืข ืื•ืŸ ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืข ืžื™ื“ื” ืื™ื– --- ื ืึธื˜ ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ' 2. ,ื‘ื™ ืื™ื, ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ื’ืึทื ืฅ 
ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื˜ื™ืง-ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ื™ืึธื“ืœ, ื˜ืจืขื˜ ื ืึทื ืฅ ื‘ึผื•ืœื˜ ืึทืจื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ื ืข" 
ื“ืึทื ืง, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืืžืช ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงืึธืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืคืึทืจื”ื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคื™ืฉืŸ 
ืชึผื•ืš, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึดืคึผ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืคื™ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื•ื‘ึผื™ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช 
ืคื•ื ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ื ื”ืึทืจืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ืฉืึทืžื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืžื™ื˜- 
ืœืขืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื ื•ื ืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกื‘ืจื”". ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ 
ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ืึทื– ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึธื–ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜, ืฐื•ื™ ืžื™ื™ืžื•ื ื™ ื‘ึผืฉืขืชื•, 


1 ื“ืึธืจืคืŸ, ืคืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคื™ื™ืœ, ืคืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื™ื• ืฆื•ื ืœืขืจื•ืึทืฅ 73, 
3 ื“ืึธืจืžืŸ, ืคืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ืœ, ืœืขืจื•ืึทืฅ 28. 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืกื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 45 


ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ึถืขื ืจื™ื™ื ืขื ื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืกื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืคื ืึทื‘ึผืข ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืจืึทืœ 
ืื•ืŸ ืขื˜ื™ืง --- ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืึธื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืื•ื™ืคื’ืึทื‘ืข 
ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ืกื’ื•ืœื” 

ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืงืœืึธืจ, ืึทื– ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึธื–ืขืก ืœืขืจืข ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคืจืขืžื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคื™ื™ื ื“ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื˜ืจืึทื“ื™ืฆื™ืึธื ืขืœืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืฐืขืœื˜ื‘ืึทื ืขื ืฐื•ื™ ื‘ึผืฉืขืชื” ืžื™ื™ืžื•ื ื™ืก 
ืœืขืจืข. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ,,ืžื•ืจื” ื ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื', ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืึทืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ืœืึทื ืฅื™ืชึผืงื•ืคื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจืึทื‘ึผื™ืฉ-ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ึนึผืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืึท ืฉืืจืกืŸ 
ืึธืคึผืงืœืึทื ื’ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ึผืœืขืžืขืŸ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ื ืื•ืžื’ืขื“ื•ืœืจ ื ืข- 
ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืึท ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื ืขื ืฅ, ื“ื™ ืœืขืจืข ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืึทืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืึทืžืขืจ ื“ืขื ืงืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผืงืœืึทื ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืงื™ื‘ึผื•ืฅ ืคื•ื ื 17ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื”, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื‘ึผื™ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ื—ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึท- 
ืคืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืคื™ืงื•ืช, ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืจืขื›ื˜ ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืฅ ืœื›ื” ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื“ื™ ืืจื˜ืึท- 
ื“ืึธืงืกื™ืฉืข ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืžืคื˜ืขืจื“ืึทืžืขืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื— ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึนึผืŸ 
ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืคื•} ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื— ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืื•ื ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ, ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ืขื - 
ืงืขืจ, ื•ื•ื™ื™?ืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื’ืขืคืึทืจ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืืฆื™ื- 
ื ืึทืœืขืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉื”, ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ึผ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทืงืึธืจืฉื˜ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืคื™ืœ 
ืฆืจื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืจืŸ.., 

ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื” ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืฑืกืขื ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืงืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืึทืŸ 
ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ, ืคืืจื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื“ืขืขืŸ-ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื’ืข- 
ืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืจื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืคืจืขืžื“ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคึฟืึทืจ- 
ืœืึทื ื’ืขืŸ. ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื ืฉืžื” ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐื•ึผื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืคืข- 
ื ื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืœื™ื™ื“ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ึผืจื™ื“ืขืจ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ืงืœืึธืจืŸ, ืงืึทื˜ืขื ; 
ืจื™ืฉืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืจื“ื™ื ืึทืœืขืจ ืคืจืึทื ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื™ื™ื˜ืึธื’ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฐืึธื ืœื˜ ืคืืœืง -- ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืืœืง 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื™ื ื“ืŸ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ืข, 

ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ื’ืขื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ,.. 





| ื–ื™ื‘ึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ 


-ืฉื‚ื‘ืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™ ืึทืœื ืคึผืขืจื•ืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื, -- ืึทื‘ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ื™ื ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื–ืขื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ. -- 

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืคืจื™ืžื• ืื•ืŸ ื ืชืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื ื‘ื™ื". -- ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื ื•ืชื™ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื, -- 

ืžืฉื™ื— ืžืœืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”. -- ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื™ืก ื›ืจื•ื™ื. -- ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืžื ืขืŸ ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ 

ืฆื‘ื™, -- ื“ืขืจ ;ืžืึทืกืŸ.ืคึผืกื™ื›ืึธื–", -- ื“ื™ ื ืฒืข ืกื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื, -- ื“ืขืจ ,ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื" 
/ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืฒื˜ 


ืฉื‘ึผืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™, ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื 
ื ืขื•ืฐื•ื•ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื™ืฆื•ืช ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืืœืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึทืง?ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื ืึธืจืžืึทืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื ืึธืจืžืึทืœืŸ --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืฆึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืึทืœืข ืขืงืŸ ืคื•ื ื ื’ืœื•ืช, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขื›ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืคื•ืœื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืื•ืœื” ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•" 
ืžืขืŸ. ืืคื™ืœ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื˜ืฉืฒื™ื“ืขื ืข ืงืขื’ื ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื‘ึผืชืฒื™ืฆื‘-ื‘ึผืึทืฐืขื’ื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื‘ึนึผืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืžื•ื“ื” ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืžืึทืŸ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืคึผืขืก ื ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืข ืฆื•ืฆื™ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืงืจืึทืคื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืžืžืฉ ืคึฟืึทืจ- 
ื›ึผื™ืฉื•ืคืŸ ืึทืœืข, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืจื•ื ื’ 1 ืขืคึผืขืก ืคืœืขื ื˜ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืงื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืฉ-ืงืœืึทื ื’- 
ื•ื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืžืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื—ืœื•ืžื˜ืข, ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืคื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืœืึทืงืขืจื ื“ื™ืงืข 
ืื•ื™ื ืŸ... - | 

ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืคืึทืจื˜ืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืึทืจ"ื™ืก ืงื‘ึผืœึธื”; ืžื™ื˜ ืกื™ื ื•ืคื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืชึผืขื ื™ืชื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืคึผืฒื ื™ืงื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืœื™ื™ื‘ 2, ื›ึผื›ื“ื™ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื“ืจื ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืชืคึผืฉื˜ื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉืžื™ื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฐืขืœื˜ืŸ. ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื ืขืจ 
ืžืงื•ื‘? ืื•ื™ืก ืกืžื™ืจื ืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืึทืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ึผืจื—ืžื ื•ืชื“ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงืึทืžืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคื™ื˜ืจื โ€ ืึทื—ืจื, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื ืื™ื– ื—ืœ ื“ืขืจ ื—ื•ื‘ ืฆื• ื‘ึผืึทืคึผืจืฒืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข 


1 ื–ืข, ืฆื•ื ื‘ึผื™ื™ืฉืคึผื™ืœ, ื“ื™ ื ื‘ื™ืช ืขื“ื•ืช ืคื•ื• ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ืึท ื‘ึนึผืŸ.ื“ื•ืจ, ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ 


ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื‘ืฆื ?ืชึผื•ืจืช ื”ืงื ืื•ืช", 3 (1870. 
2 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 3 ืขืœื ื™ืื•ืžืŸ ื›ึดื™ ื™ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ืกื™ื’ื•ืคื™ื ืฉื—ืกื’ื™ืฃ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื 


ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื” ืชื•ืืจ ืคื ื™ื• ื›ืคื ื™ ืžืœืืš ืืœืงื™ื ืžืžืฉ, ืœึนื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื• ื›ึผื™ ืงืจืŸ 


ืื ืจ ืคื ื™ื•"ื™ 
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ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื“ืŸ 47 


ื ื™ืฆื•ืฆื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืœื™ืคึทึผื”. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืจืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ. ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ื•ืึธื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืžืฉ 
ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืงืึธื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืฉืข ื”ืึธืคึผืขื ื•ื ื’ืขึทืŸ; ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื˜ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื›ืึทืคึผื˜ืŸ 
ืึธื˜ืขื ื’ืขืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ,,ืงืฅ', ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื’ื•ืืœ -- ื“ืขื ืกื™ืžื‘ืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื’ืœืื ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ --- ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ืกื•ืฃ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ึนืขึธืจ ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจืขืจ 
ืžืžืฉืœื” ืคื•ืŸ ืกืžื?,. ืึทืจื•ื ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืงืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื’ื•ื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืืก 
ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืชื“ื™ืง-ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึทืจื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ื•ืขืœืŸ ืžืงื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื‘ื™ืื™ืฉืข ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืŸ 
ื–ื•ื”ืจ, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ืึทืจ ื”ื–ืืช (16048) ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืื•ืœื” *, ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ืคึผืึธื˜ืขืจ, ืึทืŸ ืึทื’ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื˜ื“ืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขื ื’ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืคื™ืจืžืข 2 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืึทื– ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืงืจื™ืกื˜- 
ืœืขื›ืข ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ื– ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ืืœ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ; 
ืฐืึธืจืขื ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื™" ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื ื‘ึผืืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืŸ ,, ืคึผืกื•ืง/' -- ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ื™ื™ืœืงืŸ ื™ืึธื”ืึทื ืก , ื–ืขื•ื ื’'' (ืงืึทืคึผ' 13, ื’ืŸ) -- ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืคึฟืึทืจ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ื ื ื™ืึธืจ 1666 ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื ื•ืจ? ืคื•ื ื ืคืืœืง ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ: ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึทืœืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื ืฉื•ื™ืก 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืงื™ืจืš, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืฉื™ื— ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืกื ื™ื™ 
ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืžืœื•ื›ื”, 

ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื™ืึธืจ 1648, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืขืจ 
ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื‘ื™ืื•ืช ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื˜.. ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ื™ ืœืึทื ื’ ื“ืขืจืฐืึทืจื˜ืข ื ืื•ืœื” 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื™ืึธืจ ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜, ื ืฒืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืื™ืžื”ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ, ืึท ื ื™ื™ 
ื‘ึผืœืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืขืง, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ึผืึทื ื“ืึทืŸ ื‘ืžืขืœื ื™ืฆืงื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืงืึธื–ืึทืงืŸืฉืฐืขืจื“ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืงืจื™ืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ึนืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื™ืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื ื•ื™ื˜. ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ื“ืฆื‘ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ืงืึทื˜ืึทืกื˜ืจืึธืคืข, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ื“ืขื ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืงื™ื‘ึผื•ืฅ, ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึธื ื–ืึธื’, 
ืึทื– ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ,,ื—ื‘ืœื™ ืžืฉื™ื—'; ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™. ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืื•ืœื”, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื‘ึนึผืึทืœืจ ื ืชื’ืœื” ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืคืึทืจ 


|ื’ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื”ึดืฉืคึทึผืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึทืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืืฑืฃ ื“ื™ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืฉืข ื”ืึธืคืข. 
ื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืฐืึทืจื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ-ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขื“ื•ืช ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืขืจ ืึธื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™ื™ื‘ึผืึทืฐืขื ื•ื ื’, ืจืคืืœ ืกื•ืคื™ื ื•, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืจื™ืฐ ืฆื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืึทืฉืคึผื•ืจืžืึทืฉ: ืื•ืื•ืœื™ 

ืฉื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ื“ืœื” ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ ื›ืžื•ื”"ืจ ืจ' ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื“ื™ ื ื: ื’ืจื” ื‘ืžื™ืžื™ ื™ื ืฆื•ืฃ ืœื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ 
ืงื”ืœืชื™ื ื• ืงื•ืœ ืงื•ืจื ื ืื•ืœืชื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉืขืžื“ื” ืœืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืฉื ืฆื•ื” ื“' ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืฃ 
ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื‘ืฉืจ ื›ื™ ื—ื–ืง ื ื•ืืœื' (ืคืฆื™ืฅ ื ื•ื‘ืœ', 1808, 38). 
2 ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจืขืคื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ืขืœืข ืื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื—ืจ (} ื“ืฃ 0139 ืื“ื‘ืืœืฃ ืฉืชื™ืชืื™ ืœื•ืžืŸ ืืจื‘ึผืข 
ืžืื•ืช ื•ืชืžื ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื• ืงื™ืžื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื“ืฒืจื™ ืขืคืจื™ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ื•ืžื”ื•ืŸ, ื•ื”ืฒื™ื ื• ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืœ 
ื—ื–ืึธืช ืชืฉื•ื ื• ืื™ืฉ ืœืื—ื•ื•ืชื•", | 
ืžืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™.ืฆื‘ื™ื ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ, ื–ืข: 8ืกื˜ื•ื˜ืŸ 66 .6 .ื˜ืกื, 200--212, 58. 
11) 





118 ื“"ืจ ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ึผืขืจื’ 


ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ืึทืจื•ืžื’ืขืจื™ื ื’ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืขื ื’ืŸ ืงืจื™ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ึผื•ืชื“ื™ืงืข 
ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืขืจืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผื™ืกืœืขื›ื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™- 
ืฆื‘ื™ืก ื ืฉืžื” ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื˜ื™ืกื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืคื™ืจืขืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง: ืืคืฉืจ ืื™ื– ืขืจ 
ื’ื•ืคื, ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ ื‘ึผืŸ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืฆื‘ื™, ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทื ื’ื™ื“ืขืจืฐืึทืจ- 
ื˜ืขืจ ื ื•ืืœ,,. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื™ื›ึผื•ืจื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืกื•ื“ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžืงื•ืจื‘ื™ื 
ืื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืข ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื ื˜ืฆื™ืงื•ื ื’ื’ ืื™ื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืจืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง, ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืึทืœืข ืกืคื™ืงื•ืช... ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ!. 
ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืกื• ื—"ื›ึผืœ-ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืœืึทื ื’ 
ื’ืขืฐืึทืจื˜! ืื•ื™ืกืœื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึทืจืฐืึธื’ืœื˜ืข ืคืึธืœืง ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ. ืฆืขืจ, 
ืขืก ืฆื•ืจื™ืงื‘ืจืขื ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื ืœึฟืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื‘ื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื ืื™ื ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขื ืงืขืŸ 
ืคืืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืœ ื’ืœื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึทื›ื˜... 

ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืึธืœ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทืจื•ึนื™ืฉื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ึผืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ- 
ืœื™ื‘ึผืข !. --- ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืขืจืฐื™ื™ืœื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื•ื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ 
ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืชื–ื™ื•ื•ื’, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ึผืœื” ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฉืขืจื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข ืชึผื•ืจื”, ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจ- 
ืงืขืจื˜ืขืจื˜ืข ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”... ืื™ืŸ 1627 ืงื•ืžื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืื˜ ื ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื”ื™ื™ืกืข 
ื—ืกื™ืจื™ื ืื•ื™ืก ืกืžื™ืจื ืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืึทืœืึทื ื™ืงืข, ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื—ืชื•ื ื”" 
ืกืขื•ื“ื”, ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื—ื•ืคึผื”, ื”ืึทืœื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ืึทืจื•ืžื’ืขืึธืจืขืžื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ืึท ืกืคืจ ืชึผื•ืจื”. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืกื™ืžื‘ึผืึธืœ, ืึท ืจืžื–, ืึทื–. ืžืฉื™ื— 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื•ื ื“ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืขืจ ื›ึนึผืœึนื” -- ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื™ 
ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื”. ืื™ืจ, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืขืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืขืจ ื›ึผืœื”, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืขืจ ื›ึผืึทืฉืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ 
ืฉื‘ืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื‘ืข-ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ื‘ึผืจืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืกืŸ ืคึผืึทื˜ืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ , ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื!': ,,ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ื‘ึผืึทืจื’ ื”ืึธื‘ึผ 
ืื™ืš ืžื™ืš ืึทืจืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื˜ืึธืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื›ึนึผืช- 
ืžืœื ื” ืžืขืœื™ืกืขืœื“ืึท, ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืึธืงืึธืจืฉื˜ ืคื•ื ื ืคืจื™ืฉืŸ ืฐืึทืกืขืจ ืึทืจืฑืก; ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข 
ื ืื›ื˜-ืฉืฐืึทืจืฆืข ืฆืขืคึผ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื˜ืจืึธืคึผื ืก ื˜ืจื™ืคืŸ,. ืฐื™ ื ืฉืึทืจืฃ ื’ืขืฉืœื™ืคืขื ืข 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจื“ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื’ืขื–ื™ื‘ื˜ ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื™ื•ืข ื‘ึผื”ืขืžืขืŸ -- ื•ื™ ื’ืขื”ืึทืจื˜ืขืฐืขื˜ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืึธืœ, ืื™ืจืข ืœื™ืคึผืŸ --- ืฐื™ ืงืจืขืœืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืœืš ืื™ื– ืื™ืจ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจ ... 

ืขืก ื ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื˜ืขืžืข ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื˜ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ืฒื“ืฆื‘ื™-ื‘ึผืึทืฐืขื’ื•ื ื’; ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืืฑื™ืคื ืึทื‘ึผืข ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื‘ึผืึทืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืื˜ื•ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื‘ึผืึทื•ืขื ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจื•ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืข" 


1 ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ื”ืึธื ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 18;ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทื›ื. 
ืฉื™ื™ื ืขืจ -ืžืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืจืฒื›ืŸ ืกื•ื—ืจ ืื•ื™ื ืกืžื™ืจื ืข, ืฉื‘ึนึผืชื™ ื”ืึธื ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ 
ื‘ึผืึทื”ืขืคื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื•ื™, ืื™ืจืข ืขืœืžืขืจืŸ ื•ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื ืขืคืึธื“ืขืจื, ืขืจ ื•ืึธืœ ืื™ืจ 
ื’ืขื›ืŸ ื ื, ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื ืฆืฐื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ 
. ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืข ืคืจื•ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ ื’ืขืžื•ื•ื˜ ื’ืกืŸ ืืฑื™ื ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืŸ ื˜ืขื (ื•ืข ืคืชึผื•ืจืช ื”ืงื ืื•ื”", 33. 





ืจื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื“ืŸ 219 


ืฉืึทืคืŸ, ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฉืคึผืจืึธืฆื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืขืจืฉื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ื™ื–ืŸ. ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื, ื•ื™ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืึทื ื˜ื™ื ืึธ- 
ืคึผืึธืœ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื ืฆื•ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืขืจืขืจ ืžื’ื™ื“ ืึทื‘ืจื”ื 
ื”ื™ื›ื™ื ื™. ืขืก ืื™ื–ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื™ ื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืึธืคึผืฉืึทืฆื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ 
ื‘ึผืœื™ื™ืกืคืง ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ืคื•ืœืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืขืก ืคืขืœื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื’ืข- 
ื”ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืืœ, ื™ืขื“ื ืคืึทืœื˜ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืขืจ ืฆื• ื’ืœื™ื‘ืŸ, ืึทืŸ ื™ื›ื™ื ื™ 
ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืœืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจื™ื’ืขืจ, 
ื•ื™ ืขืก ืžืึธืœื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืค ,ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืชึผื•ืขื™ื,// ื“ื•ื“ ื›ึผื”ื ื. ืขืก ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืš ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื“ืข, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฉื›ึผืœื”-ืชืงื•ืคื” 
ื”ืื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ-ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข ืคืึทืจื‘ึผ -- ืฉืฐืึทืจ- 
ืฆืข ืกืึทื–ืฉืข. ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืžื•ื– ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืื ื•ืฆืŸ . 
ืžื™ื ื“ื™ ืึตื•ื‘ึผืขื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืคืœื™ื™ืกื™ืงืŸ, ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืŸ 
ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ, | : 

ืืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ืขืจ ืกื˜ื™ืœื™ืกื˜ 1 ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ืคื•ืœืขืจ ืคึผืจืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ 
ื™ื›ื™ื ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื‘ึผืึทืคึผืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’, ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืคืœืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืงืœื•ื’ ื•ื™ ืฉืœืžื” 
ื”ืžืœืš, ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ,,ื—ื›ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื™'" ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ืึท ืžื™ื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื—ืกื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจื™ืืก ืงื‘ึผืœื—. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื”ืึทืœื•ืฆื™ื ืึทืฆื™ืขืก, ืคึฟืœืขื ื˜ ืึธืคื˜ ื–ืขืŸ ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทืกื˜ื™ืฉ-ื ื‘ื™ืื™ืฉืข ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขื™ 
ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืคืึทืจืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืฉืŸ ืึทืคึผืึธืงืึทืœื™ืคึผื˜ื™ืก-ืกื˜ื™ืœ. 
ืžื™ืจ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืขืฆื•ื ื’ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžื™ื˜- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืข ,, ื–ืขื•ื ื ืขืŸ'': | 


4 

ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ื”ืชึผื™"ื’ (1682) ืื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืื™ืš ืึท ื—ืœื•ื ื ืขื–ืขืŸ: 

ื ื ืฐืึทืœื“ื™ืง ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืงืขืžืœ ื™ืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืึทื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคืืจ ืื™ื 
ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืจืขืง. ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืึทืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื—ืจืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืขืกื˜ ืคืึทืจืจื™ื’ืœื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืžื™ืจ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจ. ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึถื‘ึนึผืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื ืกืขืžืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืฉื ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ, 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืื™ืš ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืึทื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื—ื“ืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืึท ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืœืขื ืŸ ื ืžืึทื ื˜? ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื•ื™ ืึท ื›ืฐืึทืœื™ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื˜ืจืขืคึผ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื™ื. ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื—ื“ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืคื™ืจื˜ 
ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื—ื“ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื ืงืขืžืก 


96 = 


ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืึทื ื˜ืงืขื ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื ืžื™ื™ื“? ืคื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ืกื™ื™ื˜, 


1 ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื•ื™ื›ื ื”ื™ื›ื™ื ื™ืก ื”ื•ืจ ืžืœื›ื•ืช" (1655), 
ืฐืึธืก ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืฒื ืืฑืก 150 ืคึผืจืงื™ื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื™ืœื™ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืœ, ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื™ื›ื™ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืฐืขืจืง 
ื–ืขืŸ ,ืจืขืฐื™ ื“ืขื• ืขืžื•ื•ืจ ื™ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฃ", 58 273- 283, 





120 ื“ื™ืจ ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื–ื˜ ืื•ึผืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืฉื˜. ืจื™. ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ืกื˜ืขืจืœื™ืฉืข ืฉื™ื™ื - 
ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ึฐึผืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ึผืึทืฉืฐืขืจืŸ, ืื™ืš. ื–ืืœ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ; ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื–ื™. 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก, ืึทื– ืื™ืš ืขืœ ื“ืึธืš ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ึผืช-ืžืœื›ึผื”, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™? ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืœื‘ื ื” ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืึทื“ืขืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
.ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื‘ื ื” ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืึทืจืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืฒื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื™ื ื™ื˜ืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ. ื•ื ืฉื ืขืชื™ ืœื” -- ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืื™ืš ื“ืขื ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื™ื“ืœ 
ื ืขืฉืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื– ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื–ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ; -ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืžื™ื ืื™ืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก 
ื™ืžื™ื˜ืœื™ื™ื“ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื›ึผืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืชื•ืœื—, ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื™ื™ื ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืœื‘ื ื” ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆืขืกื™ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื›ึผืœืช 
ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืึทืœื˜ ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื–ื•ืŸ. ืคืึทืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืคึผื—ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืขืง 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฐืึทื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืึท ื—ืœื•ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ. 
ื•ื™ ืฐื•ื•ื ื“ืขืจื‘ืืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœึตืฅ ืฆื•ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื—, 
ืึทื– ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื˜ืจื™ื™, ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืฐืึธืจื˜, ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ.. 


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ืขื•ื“ ืจืื™ืชื™ ื‘ึผื—ืœื•ืžื™ -- ื ืึธืš ืึท ืฆืฐื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื—ืœื•ื ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 

ื–ืขืœื‘ืŸ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื—ืฉื•ื•ืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ: ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื—ื“ืจ, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืš ืœื™ื’, ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืึทืจื™ื™ืŸ ืึท ื–ืงืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืขืœืขืจ ืฐื•ึผืงืก ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืžื”ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื–ืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื–ืงืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืขื ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• 
ืžื™ืจ, ืื•ึผืŸ ืžื™ืš. ื‘ึผืึทืคืึทืœื˜ ืึท ื˜ื•ื™ื˜-ืฉืจืขืง, ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื–ืข, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• 
ืžื™ืจ, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ -- 
ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™?ืœ ืขืจ ืžื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืžืฉืคึผื˜ ืคื™ืจืŸ, ื‘ึดึผื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืงื ื™ ื’ืข* 
ืคืึทืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื™ืจืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ืึทืœืฒืŸ 
ื–ืึธืœ ืžื™ืš ื“ืึธ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืžืฉืคึผื˜ืŸ. ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื ื™ื“ืขืจื’ืขื–ืขืฆื ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืš 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜. ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืื™ืš ืฆื• ืื™ื ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: ืึทื“ื•ื ื™! 
ื–ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธืจ, ืึทื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ ืฐื•ื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืžื™ืš 
ืืฑื˜ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”, ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ ืจืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื”; ืืคืฉืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผ 
ืื™ืš ืคืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ --- ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ื•ื™ ืึท ื‘ึนึผืฉืืจ ื•ื“ื, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื™ืฆืจ-ื”ืจืข ืื™ื– ืฆื™ื™ื˜ื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ื ื•ื‘ืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ืจืื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื–ืงืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื’ืขื‘ึผืขื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื: ื—ื˜ืืชื™, ืขื•ื™ืชื™, ืคึผืฉืขืชึผื™! ืื™ืฃ 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืžื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื ืžืชื•ื•ื“ื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืึทื ื’ืก-ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ื•ื‘ึผืœืข"ื–). ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืื™ืš ืื™ื ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื’ืข- 
ืคืจืขื’ื˜: ืžื™ ืื“ื•ื ื™ --- ื•ื•ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ืกื˜ื•, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจ! ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜: 
ืื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืฉื ื”, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ; ืื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืชึผื•ืจื”, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืœื™ื‘ ื’ืขืงืจืึธื’ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืš ืคืขืกื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ึผื•ื ื“ืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ 
ื’ืขื”ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ. ืจื™ื™ื“ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืจื™ื™ื“''. ืื™ืš ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืื•ื™ื ื’ืจื•ื™ื 


ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืคื•ืจ ืคืฒ "ื“ืŸ 421 


ืคึผื—ื“ ืื•ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืึทืœืฅ ื–ื™ืš ืžืชื•ื•ื“ื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ื‘ึผื™ื– ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’... ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื–ืงืŸ 
ืคืึทืจืฐืึทื ื“ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืจืึทื›ื˜-ืฉืฒื™ื ืขืจ ื‘ึผืชื•ืœื”, ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืื™ืš ื–ื™ ืึทืจื•ืžื’ืข- 
ื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื–ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ืจืืจื™ืงืขืจ ื–ืกืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ 
ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึทืœืฅ ื’ืขื”ืืœื–ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืฉื˜, ื’ืขื”ืืœื•ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืงื•ืฉื,.. ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืฉืจืขืง, ืžื™ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทืจืฆื˜ืข ื”ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื‘ ืื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื ืข- 
ืฐืึทื›ื˜, ืึท ืงืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื™ื– ืžื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืคืึทืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื‘ึผื™ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜, 
ื‘ึผืขืช ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืžื™ืš ืื™ื ื ื—ืœื•ื ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜. ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื’ืจื™ื™ืคื˜, 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืึทืจืข ื–ืขื•ึผื ื’ ืงืึธืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืฒื˜ืŸ. ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ื™ืชื‘ึผืจืš ื‘ึนืึท- 
ืฐื™ืœื™ืงืŸ, ืึทื– ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืœ | ื–ืืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืชื•ืจื” ืœืฉืžื”, ืืžืŸ. 

ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ. ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื‘ึผืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™ื 
ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื‘ึผื ืกื˜ืข ืึธื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืึท ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข 
ืจืึธืœืข ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืžืก ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผื ืกืฐืขื’?. ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื™ื›ื™ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื•ืœ- 
ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืขื ื ืขืจ. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™-ื‘ึผืึทื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึท- 
ืกืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ื’ืขืคืขืœืฉื˜ืŸ ,ื›ึนึผืชื‘', ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืฑ ืขื ื’ ืคืึทืจึฐื‘ึผื•ึนื ื“ืŸ 
| ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ืึทืจืฑืกื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืึทืœืก ืžืฉื™ื— ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืืœ. ืึท ืงื•ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืกื•ืคืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืึธืคึผืฉืจืฒื‘ึผืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœื˜ืข ื›ึผืชื‘-ื™ื“ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ื›ื™ื ื™ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜, ืื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืŸ 
ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจืžืขื ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ืึทืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ืฉืŸ ื›ึผืชื‘-ื™ื“; ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืึทืจืžืขื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜: 

,ื•ืื ื™ ืึทื‘ืจื”ื, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš ืึทื‘ืจึนื”ื, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืึธื•ื˜ 
ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืคืขืจืฆื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึดื™ืŸ ื ืจื•ื™ืก ืฆืขืจ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžืื›ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืชึผื ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ื”ื•ื™ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฆืจื™ื. ืื™ืš 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืึทืœึฐืฅ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜: ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ืกื•ืฃ? ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ื ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื”ืขืจืŸ: ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื™ืืจ ื”'ืฉืค"ื• (1886) 
ื•ืขื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ืึท ื–ื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธืจืŸ ื•ืขืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื 
ื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™. ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ืขื ื™ืง ื“ืขื ืชึผื ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•?, ืฐื•ืขื˜ 
ื‘ึผื™ื™ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืŸ ืงืœืึทืคึผืขืจ-ืฉืœืึทื ื’, ื“ืขื ื ืจื™ืžื™ืงืŸ ืคึผื™ืคึผืขืจื ืึทื˜ืขืจ, 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืก ื“ืขืจ ืืžืชืขืจ ืžืฉื™ื—; ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืขืจ 
ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืœื—ืžื”, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทืŸ ืื™ื™ื–ืœ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ึถืขื ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืŸ 5 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื’ืขืฐืขืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœึถืข ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืฅ ืื™ื -- 

1 (ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 283--284, 

2 ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึทึผืจื ื™ื›ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ึผืจื™ืฐ ืฆื• ื ืชืŸ ื”ืขื•ืชื™ ืฉื•ืŸ 
ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ืฐื™ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื•ืกืœืžืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืœืฑื‘ึผืŸ ื•ืคึฟืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื ืื™ืŸ 
ื˜ื•ื˜{ .64 .64 260.6, |ืฉ ืื, 209 -219). 


8 ;ืขื“ ืฉื™ืขืœื” ื—ืžื•ืจ ื›ืกื•ืœื" -- ืึท ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ.ืกื™ืžื‘ืึธืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขืจื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืฒืฑื“ืขื ืขื ืื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืฉื˜, 





2 ื“ื™ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื’ืขืจื’ 


ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ืืœ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ?, ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืœื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืฉื˜ื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃื” ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ื™ื™ื ืข ืคื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจ ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ืฐืขื ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืฐืึธืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื–ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉื•ื•ืืš ืื•ืŸ ืึธืจืขื, 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืžื™ืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ, ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ. ืฉืฐื•ืึทืจืฆืึทืคึผ? ืคื•ื ื ืื•ื™ื ., 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ืฉื˜ื•ืœ.. ื™ื™ 

ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืœืข, ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทื˜ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื ,, ืžืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืฉืคึผืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ึผืึธืจื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืฉืคึผืึทืŸ'' (ื•ื”ื ื” ืื™ืฉ 
ืึทืžื—ื” ืขืœ ืึทืžื” ื•ื–ืงื ื• ืึทืžื”), ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืงืึทืจืœื™ืง 
ืื™ื– ื ื”ืึทืžืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืึท ื ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืง ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืจื’ ืึทื™ื™ื ื‘ึผืจืขื›ืŸ. 
ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข , ื–ืขื•ึผื ื’'' ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื ื‘ื™ืื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ: 
,ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืึทืจื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืจืขืง- 
ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ (ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืจืœื™ืง), ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ืžื™ืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: ื–ื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื™ื ืขืจ! ื•ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืจืึทืคื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืš ื˜ื• ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ืจ ืึทื–ืฑื ืข ืกื•ื“ื•ืช 
ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื”ื•ื™ืœืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืžืœืื›ื™ ื”ืฉืจืช. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื• 
ืคืึทืจืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื–ืขื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ ื–ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขืจื“ืขื ืขื ื˜ืึธืคึผ, ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ 
ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขื”ื™ื˜ ื ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืึทื ื’ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™- 
ืกืขืจ ืžืึทืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธื’ ื“ื™ืจ ืึธืŸ, ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืคื™ืœ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ืขืŸ ื›ึผื›ื“ื™ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ- 
ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืžื•ื ืช ืฉืžื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื‘ื™ืื•ืช ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ื‘ื™ื ื—ื‘ืงื•ืง: 
ื•ืึธื“ื™ืง ื›ึธึผืืžื•ื ืชื• ื ึธึผื—ื™ื” (ืจืืฉื™ ืชึผื™ื‘ื•ืช: ืฆื‘ื™) โ€ ืฐืึธืจืขื ืœืึทื ื’ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืฐืขื˜ 
ื™ืฉืจื? ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืืœืฉืข ื ืขืฒืขืจ (ื™ืขื‘ื“ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืœื ืืœื”ื™ ืืžืช), ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ืฆื•ื ืืžืชืŸ ื’ืœืฑื‘ึผืŸ (ื™ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืขื˜ืจื” ืœื™ื•ืฉื ื”). ื“ื™ 
ื‘ึผื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื• ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ, ืคื™ืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืึทืจืฑื™ืก ืงืขื ืŸ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื—ืจื•ืคื™ื 
ื•ื’ื“ื•ืคื™ื, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ืึทืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ,ืขืจื‘ ืจื‘'', ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืœืขืกื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผื™ืฅ ืคื•ื ื ื“ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ 
ืคืืจืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ , ืจืืฉื™ื ื•ื—ื›ืžื™ ื“ืจื''. ืขืจ ื•ืขื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืžื•ืจื" 
ื“ื™ืงืข ืฐื•ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื•ืกืจื™ื ืคืฉ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืงืจื•ืฉืช ื”ืฉื" 1. 

ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ , ื›ึทึผืชื‘'" ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื™, ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื ืึท ื’ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืจื•ืฉื. ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืกืคื™ืงื•ืช ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืฆื•ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ --- ื™ืึธ, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืืžืชืขืจ ืžืฉื™ื—, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืกื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™?ื˜ืขืจ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื ืึธื˜! ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึนึผื‘ 
ืชึผืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืึธื ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ึผืฉื•ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืขืงืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื™ื˜. 

ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืจืึทืœืข--ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื™ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื‘ึผืฉื•ืจื” ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ 
ืึทืœืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึดื ื ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ืกื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื™ืก ืฆื•ื™ื™ 
ืžืงื•ืจื‘ื™ื: ื“ืขืจ ,,ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืึทืจ ืคื•ื ื ืžืœืš ื”ืžืฉื™ื—' ื™ื—ื•ื“ื” ืฉืžื•ืืœ 


1 ื–ืข: ,ืื‘ืŸ ื—ืชื•ืขื™ื", 62-61; ,ืขื ื™ื ื™ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ ืฆื‘ื™", 1912, 99, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ืฒื™ ื™ืจืŸ 486 


ืคืจื™ืžื• ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืฉื™ื—ืก ,ื ื‘ื™ื", ื“ืขืจ ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืง-ื™ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ ื ืชืŸ ื‘ึผื ื™ืžื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืก ืขื–ื” (ื”ืขื–ืชื™). ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืกื˜ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ื–ืฒื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืชืŸ 
ื”ืขื–ืชื™ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืึธืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ื, ืึทืœืก ืฉืœื™ื— ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื‘ืฉืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืฉื™ื—, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึทื ืฆืขืจ 
ืคึผืจืึทื›ื˜. ืขืจ ืฆืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉืข ืงื—ื™ืœื•ืช ื›ึทึผืจื•ื–ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช, ื’ืข- 
ืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึทื˜ืขื˜ื™ืฉ-ื“ืขืจื”ืฑื‘ึผืขื ืขื ื ื•ืกื— ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœื™ืฉืข ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื. 
,ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืึทืœืข ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ื‘ึผืจื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ืช ื™ืขืงื‘! --- ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื›ึผืจื•ื–ื™ื, --- ื ืึธื›ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื™ืœื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง, ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืขืจืœื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื™ืฆืขืจ, ืฉื‘ึผืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ 
ืงื™ื ื™ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื‘ึผืึทืคืขืœ ื’ืขื–ืึทืœื‘ึผื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ื‘ื™ื ื ืชืŸ ื”ืขื–ืชื™, 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืคืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ื ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ 
ื˜ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื”; ืงืขืจื ืึดืคึผ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ืข ื•ืขื’ืŸ, 
ื–ืึทืžืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ, ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผื•ืงืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืึทื™ื™ืข ืžืœืš'ื™, ' 
ืึดื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืชืŸ ื”ืขื–ืชื™ ืฆืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืคืึธืœื ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื•. 
,ื‘ึผืจื™ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ืข, ื‘ึผื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ! ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืžืฉื™ื— 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืกืžื™ืจื ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืฉื‘ืชื™- 
ืฆื‘ื™. ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื™ืš; ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืึทืจืึธืคึผื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืกื™ื ื™ื’ืก-ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืœืš ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ื–ื™ ืึทืจื•ืคื–ืขืฆืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืงืึธืคึผ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืœืš ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ื ื“ื™ื ืขืŸ ื•ื™ ืึตืŸ ืขื‘ื“ ื›ึผื ืขื ื™ -- ืฐืึธืจืขื 
ืื™ื ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื™ืš. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืžืฉื™ื— ืคืึทืจืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจื? ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืข- 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืฆื™ ืขืจ ืœืขื‘ึผื˜, ืฆื™ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืžืฉื™ื— ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืึทืฐืขืง ืฆึดื• 
ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืกืžื‘ึผื˜ื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ื• ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ึนึผื ื•ึนืก ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืจื‘ืงื”, 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืžืฉื™ื— ื•ื•ืขืืก ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคืืจ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ื™ื‘ึผ. ืื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื– ืจื‘ื ื• ืฐืึทืจื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ึผื™ืึทืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื—, ืื•ึนืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืฉื™ื— ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ึผื ื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืฉืจืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื, ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืึทืจื™ื‘ึผืขืจื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ 
ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ื™ืš ืกืžื‘ึผื˜ื™ื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื›ึผื™ื“ื•ืข ื ืึธืš ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืŸ ืึดื“ึถื ื ื™ื˜ 
ื‘ึผืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืฉืœื•ื. ืฐืึธืจืขื ืึทืœืข ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืึธืš ื•ื•ืืจืคื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืกื™ื™ืš ืžื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ืžืคึผืขื˜ ื’ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขื ืฉื‘ึผืชื“ื™ืกืŸ 
ื˜ืึธื’ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืขืจ ืจื•ืขืŸ. ืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ื˜ ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืžืขืฆืขืจ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ื™ืš ืฉื‘ึผืช, ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื™ ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืขืฉืจืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื, ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื ืคึผืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ืคืึทืจืฉืฐืขื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉื‘ึผืช-ืจื• ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื”, ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืžืฉื™ื— ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ื™ืš 
ืจืึทืจืคืŸ ืึทืจื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื• ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืฉืจืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื, ืฐืขื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืš ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืจื•ื™ึธืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ืึทืจืคืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื– ืึทืœืข ืฐืขืœืŸ 
ืึทืจื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืฉืœื•ื... ืจืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืž? ืึทืจืึธืคึผืœืึธื•ืŸ ืึท ืœื™ื™ื‘, 


424 | ื“ื™ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ืฐืึธืก ืื•ื™ืก ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืคื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจื™ืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœื ืฆื•ื™ื ืฐืขื˜ ืฉื˜ืขืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ. ื’ืขืฆื™ื ืึท ื–ื™ื‘ึผื ืงืขืคึผื™ืงืข ืฉืœืึทื ื’. ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื™ื‘ึผ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืก ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ 
ืžืฉื™ื— ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ึผื ื• ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. 
ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื•ื•ืขื  ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทื ื˜ืงืขื’ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ื•ื’ ื•ืžื’ื•ื’ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ืฆืึธืœ ื›ึผื—ื•ึผ? ื”ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ 
ืžืฉื™ื—. ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืžืฉื™ื—, ืฉื‘ึผืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™, ืฐืขื˜ ืงืขืžืคืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ื•ืข"ื“ 
ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืฉืคึผื™ื–, ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืึธื˜ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขื 
ืจืฉืข ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืœืขื‘ึผืขื“ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ 
ืฉืžืขื˜ืขืจืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืžืฉื™ื— ืฐืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ึผื ื• ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื“ืขื 
ืคืึธืœืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืฐืขื˜ ื ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืžืœืขืŸ ืึทืจืึธืคึผืœืึธื–ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื‘ึผื™ืช ื”ืžืงืจืฉ, ื’ืขื‘ึผื•ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขืœืŸ 
ื‘ึผืึทืœืฒื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืžืฉื™ื— ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ 
ืงืจื‘ึผื ื•ืช ืฆื• ื’ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืชึผื—ื™ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืงื˜... 
ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ --- ื˜ืึธืจ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœืฅ ื“ืึทืจืฃ 
ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื™ื™ื ื’ืขื”ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ื“. ืึถื‘ึผืขืจ ืึทืœืข ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœืฅ ื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข 
ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ, ืฐื™ ื ืึธืจ ื ืึธื˜ ืฐืขื˜ ืื•ืžืงืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ึผืขื ืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ. ืื™ืš ืžืขืœื“ 
ืึทื™ื™ืš ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื, ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ื–ื•ื›ื” 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ. ืึทื–ืฑ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื ืชืŸ ื‘ึผื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืึทืฉื‘ึผื ื–ื™""1. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื ืชืŸ ื”ืขื–ืชื™, ื“ืขื ืžืฉื™ื—ืก ื ื‘ื™ื, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืคื•ื ืึทื ื“ืขืจื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื›ึผืจื•ื–ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ืคืึทืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ืช 
ื˜ืึธืŸ ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืจืื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื‘ึผื™ืึทืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื— --- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ , ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ืกืขืงืจืขื˜ืึทืจ" 
ืฉืžื•ื? ืคืจื™ืžื•, ืฆืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืคื™ื™ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ื‘ึผืึทืคืขืœืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฆืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉืจื™ืคื˜: ,, ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืฉื™, ืžืฉื™ื— ืืœื”ื™ ื™ืขืงึถื‘, ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ ืฆื‘ื•'". 
ื™ ;ืื™ืš, ืื™ืขืจ ืžืฉื™ื—, ืฉื‘ึผืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™!" -- ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืคื™ื™ืขืจืœืขืš- 
ื ืฆื—ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืจื•ืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขื˜ืจืึธื ืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืึทืœืข ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืื•ืŸ 
ืงื™ื‘ึผื•ืฆื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืึทืœ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืึท ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืข, ืžืžืฉ ื‘ึนึผืึทื™ 
ืฉื™ื›ึผื•ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ื™ื•ื‘ึผืœ-ืคืจื™ื™ื“. ืึท ื ืขืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืคืขืจ ื˜ืจืึทื’ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืงืŸ ื•ื™ 
ื“ืขืจืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืจ ืขืก ื›ื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืึทืคื™ืœื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื•ืงืขื ืข, ืจื™ื™ืŸ-ืคึผืจืึทื˜ืึธืงืึธื™ 
ืœื™ืฉืข ืžื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืคื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืฐืขืจื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืึถื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
, ืžืึทืกืŸืคึผืกื™ื‘ืึธื–'', ืฐื™ ืขื ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคึผืกื™ื›ืึธืœืึธื ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืจืฉืขืจ ืจื™ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžื™ืฉืข ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืฉืข ื‘ึผืึทืฐืขื ื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก 
ืกืžื™ืจื ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจืฑืคื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ! ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืึทืš ื’ืข" 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ืœืึทื ื’ ื’ืขืฐืึทืจื˜ืขืจ ื’ืื˜ืก ืฉึฐืœึดื™ื—.. ื’ืื˜ ื”ืื˜ ื“ืึธืš 
ื“ืขืจื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื‘ึผืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง, ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืื•ืžืคืึทืจื’ืœืฒื›ืœืขื›ืข ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ 


ืคื ืจ ื“ื™ื™ 


1 ื ืชืŸ ื‘ึผื ื™ืžื™ื ืก ืคึผืึธื˜ืขืจ, ื—ื™ื™ื ืืœื™ืฉืข, ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืฉื˜ืึทืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ ืึทืฉื›ึผื ื•ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ืจืŸ! 





ืจื™ ื’ืœืฉื™ื›ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื“ืŸ 458 


ืื•ืŸ ืฆืจื•ืช ืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื™ืฆืฉ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืคืจื™ื™ื“.. ืื•ืŸ 
ืึท ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžื™ืฉืข ื™ื•ื‘ึผืœ-ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืคื™ืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืœ ื’ืขืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ื˜ืข ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ. ื™ืึธ, 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืงืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท , ืžืึทืกืŸืฑืคึผืกื™ื›ืึธื–'', ื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืŸ-ืขืคึผื™ื“ืขืžื™ืข; ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืงืจืึทืคื˜ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ ื“ืขื™ 
ื‘ึผืจืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืง-ื“ื•ืจืฉื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ื ื™ืจ ืฆื•ื ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืข- 
ืฆืึทื ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื™ื™ื˜ืึธื ื˜ืขืจ ืคืืœืงืกื™ื ืฉืžื”, ื“ื™ 
ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืกื˜ืข ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื˜ื™ืงืข ืงืึทื˜ืึทืกื˜ืจืึธืคึผืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืœืขืฉืŸ ืื™ื ื ืคืืœืง ื“ืขื ื’ืœื•ืฑื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืกืขืจืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื›ืžื™ืงืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ื“ื•ืจืš 
ืึท ื ืก, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื—ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ืžื“ื™ืงืข ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืจืขื˜ื•ื ื’ ื“ืขืจ 
ืื•ืžื’ืœื™ืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื•ืžื”, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืคึผืจืฒืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื“ืจื™ืงืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืคึฟืึธืœืง, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืงืฉื ื•ืชื“ื™ืง ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืงืœืึทืžืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืœึถืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืงืจืขืคื˜} 
ืึธืŸ ื“ืขื ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึทืจื˜. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ. ืขืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืขืกื˜ ื’ืขื’ืœืฑื™ื‘ึผื˜, ืึทื– ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ืฉืœื™ื— ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืฐืขื˜ ื“ืขื 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื•ืžืขื˜ ืคืึทืจืฐืึทื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ื“, ืงืœืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ --- ืื™ืŸ 
ื™ื•ื›ืฆื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ึนึผืœ. ืขืจ ืžื•ื– ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืฉื™ื— ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ืืœ -- ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืื™ื– 
ื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ!.. ,,ืื™ืš, ืื™ืขืจ ืžืฉื™ื—, ืฉื‘ืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™! .., 


ืึท ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืŸ-ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจื•ืžื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื ืึทื ืฆืข ืคืึธืœืง, ื“ืขื ื’ื˜ื ืฆืŸ 
ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืงื™ื‘ึผื•ืฅ, ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื‘ึผื™ื– ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ืŸ ืฐืึทืกืขืจื˜ืจืขื ืขืจ ืคื™ื– 
ื“ื™ ื ื“ื•ืœื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืกื˜ืข ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœืขื ืกื˜ืข ืคืึทืจืฐืึธืจืคืขื ืข 
ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ืข ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืขืœืขืš ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขืจืŸ, ื‘ึผื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจ 
ืกืคืจื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืึทื, ืคื•ืŸ ืกืžื™ืจื ืข ื‘ึผื™ื– ื”ืึทืžื‘ึผื•ืจื’ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธืŸ- 
ื“ืึธืŸ, ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืึทืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืงืฐืึทืจื˜ืึทืœืŸ ืจืขื“ืœืขื›ื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ื’ืขื˜ืึทื ืฆื˜ 
ืื•ึนืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื ืœื™ื™ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืง ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ื™ ื ืึทืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืœืŸ. 
ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืึทื, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืจื˜ื•ื’ืขื–ื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึธื ื˜ื™ื™? ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืŸ ื™ื•ื‘ึผืœ"ืžืึทื ืฅ ืึทืจื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ืžื” ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผ? ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืึทื‘ึผื•ื”ื‘, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจื ืก ืื•ืŸ ,ื’ืจืึทื ื“'' ืื‘ืจื”ื 
ืคืขืจื™ื™ืจืึธ, ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื™ืœืึธืœืึธื’. ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึธื–ืขืก ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธ- 
ืคื™ืข ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืžื•ืกืคื™ื” !, ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื‘ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืœื›ื” 
ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืึทื ืึท, ื‘ึผืขื ื“ื™ื˜ืึธ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืกื˜ืจืึท (ื‘ึผืจื•ืš ื ืึทื›ืžื™ืึธืก), ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืจืึทื˜- 
ื’ืขื‘ึผืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืงืœืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’"ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจ ืฉืจืจื” 
ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ื˜ืขื’ื™ื™ืจืข ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข. ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืžื‘ึผื•ืจื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืงื”ื™ืœื” 


1 ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืฆืึธืœ ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฐืขืจืง, ื‘ึผืึทื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืคึทึผื. 
ืคึผื•ืœืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื–ืฒื™ืŸ ืœืขืงืกื™ืึธื’ืจืึทื™ืฉ ืฐืขืจืง ืื•ื›ืจ ืจื‘'", ืฐืึธืืก ื'ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืจืขืจืข ืžืึธืœ ืื™. 
ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, 





26 ื“"ืจ ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ึผืขืจื’ 


ืคืึทืจื–ืึทืžืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœ, ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจื•ื•ืกึฐื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืคืจ-ืชึผื•ืจื•ืช ืคื•ื ื ืึถืจื•ืŸ 
ืงื•ื“ืฉ, ืึท ืงืึทืคึผืขืœืข ื›ึผืœื™ื™ื–ืžืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืข ื™ื•ื‘ึผืœ:ื ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื˜ืึทื ืฆื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืจื‘ ืึทืœึตื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืฉื’ื™ื— ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ 
ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื ืฅ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืื ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืจื™ื›ื ืœืึทื ื“ ืคืœืขื ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืฐืึทืจืคืŸ ื’ื•ืจ?, ื•ื•ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืจื’ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ื›ื™ื” ืฆื• ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืฒื™ืœื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ืฉ- 
ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืจืึทืœื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ, ืึทื–ืฑ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืึทืžืขืจ ืฉื•ืœ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื’ื•ืจืœ, ืขืจ ืขืก ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืฒืœื™ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื ืฅ ืืจื•ื ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ึผื™ืžื”. ื“ื™ ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ืื™ื– ืึถื‘ึผืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก, ืึทื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื•ืงื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืช 
ื“ืขื ืจื‘ ื“ืขื ืžืฉื’ื™ื—, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืกื“ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื ืฅ ื‘ึนึผืึทืœื“ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืข-ื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืŸ ืื™ืžืคึผืขื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื ื’ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงืึทืจืึทื”ืึธื“. ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืœื™ืึทืจืขื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคึผื™ืœื“ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ืจืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืฉื•ืจื”, ืึทื– ืžืฉื™ื—, ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ื•ืืœ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื•ื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื ืขื›ื˜ 1. | 

ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืื•ืœ ื”ืžืœื›ืก ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช 
ื‘ึผืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ ,,ื—ื‘ืœ ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื/' --- ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืžืขื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆ- 
ืœื•ื ื’ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ,ื ืึธื˜ืก ื ื™ื™ืกื˜'' ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ,ื ื‘ื™ืื•ืช. 
ื–ื™ื™ ืคืœืขื ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขืงืกื˜ืึทื– ืื ื™ื“ืขืจืคืึทืœืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“, ืึท ืงืจืึทืžืฃ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจื•ืž- 
ื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืœืึธืฆื˜ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืก- 
,, ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ืžืฉื™ื— ืืœืงื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ!' 2. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืึทื ื˜ืึธืคึผืึธืœืขืฃ 
ืฉืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคึผืกื•ืงื™ื, ืฐื•ืึธืก ืึทืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืื™ื™ึดืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืฒื˜;: 
ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ,ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื'' ืื•ืŸ ,, ื ื‘ื™ืื•ืช'' ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืคื™ื ืฃ ื”ื•ื - 
ื“ืขืจื˜, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื™ื™ื–ื’ืจื•ื™ืขืจ ืจื‘ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื—ืกื™ื“. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืœืฅ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜; 
ื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืข ืื•ื™ื ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ืฉืœื™ื—; ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ื ื ื’ื•ืืœ, ื”ืึธืก / 
ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ืขืฉื™ื™ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื•ืึท / 
ื‘ึผืœืขื ื“ื ื“ื™ืง ืœื™ื›ื˜, ืึทื– ืขืจ, ืžืจืจื›ื™, ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืจ ื ืกื ื™ ื ื”ื•ืจ ื’ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ึผืŸ. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื‘ึผืืžืขืจืงื˜, ื•ื™ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขื , ืจืืฉื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื™ื—'' ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื™ืžืขืจื™ืจื˜: 
ืึท ืงื™ื ื™ื ืœืขื›ืข ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึธืœืข ืคื™ื™ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคึผืœืึทืงืขืจื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื”ื™ืžืœืขืŸ. ื“ื˜ืจ ื–ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืฉืจืขืง ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื“ืขืจื’ืขืคืึทืœืŸ, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืฃ: 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืคื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื ืืก ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืŸ 
ืขืงืกื˜ืึทื–; ,,ืขืจ, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื”ืึทืจ! ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืื™ื!"" 

ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึทื ืฅ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื•ืข- 





1 ื–ืข: ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืึทืฉืคึผื•ืจื˜ืึทืฉ, ,ืฆื™ืฆืช ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืฆื‘ื™", 10, 
2 ื–ืข: ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 12; ืขืชื•ืจืช ื”ืงื ืื•ืช", 5 ืืขื ื™ื ื™ ืฉึนื‘ึนึผืชึดื™ ืฆื‘ื™", 50-49, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก 
ืฐืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ,ื ื‘ื™ืื™ืฉืข" ืจืฒื“, 


ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื:;ืจืึทืžื™ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 228 


ืจื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคืืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ื‘ึผื›ึฐื“ื™ ื–ื•ื›ื” 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืฉื™ื— 1. ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึธื–ืขืก ื™ื•ื ื ื˜-ื—ื‘ืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืจืืฉ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืžืฒ 
ืกื˜ืึทืจื“ืขืžืขืจ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื™ืฆื—ืง ื ื”ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืคืขืจื™ื™ืจืึธ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ 
ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื”ื•ื™ื–ื’ืขื–ื™ื ื˜ ืงึตื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืงื™ื™ ืžืงื‘ึผืœ-ืคึผื ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™, 
ื‘ึผื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืžื•ืกืคื™ื” ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื—ืฉื•ื‘ืข ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืึทืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืึทืžืขืจ ืงื—ื™ืœื” ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื ื‘ึผืึทื’ืจื™ืกื•ื ื’-ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื• ื™ื“ืขื ,,ืžืœืš 
ืžืœื›ื™ื!' ื“ืขื ,, ืžืฉื™ื— ืืœื”ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘',, ,,ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืœื™ื™ื–ืขืจ'', ื“ืขื 
, ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืชึผืคืืจืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ' ืฉื‘ืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™. ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื™ื ืฆืœื˜ืข ืžืœื™ืฆื•ืช ืื•ืŸ 
ืึธืจื™ืขื ื˜ืืœื™ืฉืข ืคืึทืจื’ืœื™ื™ื›ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืจื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืึทืžืขืจ ืคึผืจื ืกื™ื ืื•ื™ืก 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื˜ืขื ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืึทื ื˜ืฆื™ืงื•ื ื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืขื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื‘ื™ื™ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ,, ื”ืึทืจ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื ื™ื’'' ืขึถืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ,,ื ื™ื˜ ืึถืคึผืฐืขื ื“ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ื ืข- 
ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืœืขืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ืืŸ: ืฆื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš 
ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื•ืŸ ,,ืคืึทืœืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคื™ืก,, ืึธื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ึนืŸ , ืงื‘ึผื•ืฅ ื ืœื™ื•ืช''. ,ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื– ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื‘ึผืขื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ืจ, ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื”ืึทืจ --- ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืึทืžืขืจ ืคึผืจื ืกื™ื ืื™ืŸ 
ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื• --- ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืึทืœึถืข ื“ื™ื™ื ืข ืงื ืขื›ื˜, ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืก ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืข 
ืคืึทืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ึผืขื ืข, ืฐืึธืก ืฐื•ึนื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื“ืึธ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืฆื•ื–ื˜ืžืขืŸ. ืึทืœืข ืฆื•ื–ื˜ืžืขืŸ 
ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืงื ื™ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผื•ืงืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ืœืขื›ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืœ, ื’ืขืœืฑื‘ึผื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ืข- 
ืึทื›ืคึผืขืจื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ืœืขื›ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ื‘ึผื™ืง!" 2, | 

ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฉื•ืจื•ืช, ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ืึท ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืึทื ืจื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื˜ ืžื‘ึผื•? ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื• ืื•ืŸ ื›ืจื•ื–ื™ื ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืžืžืฉ ืคืึทืจืคืœื™ื™ืฆื˜. ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื ืึทืก ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขื ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืŸ ื™ืึถืจ 1066, 
ืžื™ื ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื™ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื–ืขืงืกืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืกื™ืžื‘ืึธ- 
ืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืฉืคึผื•ืึทืš ืคืึธืจืฑื™ืกื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืคึผืึธืงืึทืœื™ืคึผื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ,,ื”ืชื ืœื•ืช ืคื•ื ื 
ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืŸ ื™ืึธื”ืึทืŸ'', ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ื˜. ืึทืœืข 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืคึผืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฐืึทืจื˜ื•ื ื’. ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืœืฅ ื’ืขืฐื•ืืจื˜ 
ื•ื™ื” ื ื™ื™ืข ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช, ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ ื’ืขืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืคืขืœ ื–ื™ืš 
ืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐื•ืขื , ืžืงื‘ึผืœ-ืคึผื ื™ื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื•ืืœ ื•ืžืฉื™ื—. ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ 
ื‘ึผืึทื•ื•ืึธืจืคึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื• ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืฒื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืึทื ื˜ื™ื ื- 
ืคึผืึถืœ, ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืกืžื™ืจื ืข. ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ืฐืขื ืขืฆื™ืึทื ืขืจ 


1 ื•ืข ืขืžืขืฉื” ื˜ื•ื ื™ื—", ืžืืžืจ ืฉึตืŸ, ืงืึทืคึผื™ 3: ืื•ืงืฆืช ื—ื›ืžื™ ื•ืฒึทืฉื™ืจื™ ืืฉื›ื ื– ื•ืคื•ืœื ื™ื 
ื•ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื ืขื–ื‘ื• ืืช ืืจืฆื ื•ืืช ืžื•ืœื“ืชื ื•ึฐื”ืœื›ื• ื“ืจืš ืจื‘ ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื‘ืกื›ื ื•ืช ื•ืฆืจื•ืช 
ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื ืกืขื• ืœืืจืฅ ื”ื•ืืช ื”ื™ื ืืจืฅ ืชื•ื ืจืžื ืœืจืื•ืช ืคึทึผื ื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื•ืœืขืœื•ืช ืขืžื• ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื", 

2 ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ืคึฟืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืืฆื™ืฆืช ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืฆื‘ื™", 56--57, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ,ืขื ื™ื ื™ 
ืฉื ึผืชื™ ืฆื‘ื™", 112-112, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืืฑืš ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืึท ืฆืฐืฒื˜ืขืจ ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทืžืกื˜ืขืจืฉ 
ื“ืึทืžืขืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืฆื• ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื™, 





428 : ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ึผืขืจื’ 


ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืึทื ื˜ื™ื ืึธืคึผืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึถื ืคืจ8ื’ืข, ืฆื™ 
ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืงืข ืืžืช, ืึทื– ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืฐืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืื•ืœื”. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื• 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐื•ืขื ืขืฆื™ืึทื ืขืจ ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ืคื˜ืึทื ื˜ื™ื ืึธืคึฟืึธืœ ืึทืจื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™ืก ื”ื™ื™ืกืข ืึถื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขื ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื 
ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ื”ื™ื›ื™ื ื™. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืึทืœืขื’ืึธืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืึธืจื: ,,ืื™ืจ ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื•ื ื’ืŸ ืฆื™ื’ืขืœืข, ืฐืึธืก ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื‘ึผื›ืž'"ืจ ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื™ื™ื ื’ืข- 
ืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืึทื ื˜ื™ื ืึธืคึผืึธืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืึท ื—ืœื•ืงื™ ื“ืขื•ืช, 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืžื™ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืงื— ืื™ื– ืึท ืžืงื— ื˜ืขื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขืœื˜. ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื—ื•ืงืจ ื•ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืงื ื™ื”, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืขืกื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ื™ 
ืคื—ื•ืจื” ืื™ื– ืคึผืจื™ืžืึธ-ื“ื™ืคึผืจื™ืžืึธ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ื’ื‘ึผืึทืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืจ ืก'ืื™ื– ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืขื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืขืชื™ื“ ืคึฟื™ืžึผืŸ ืืช ื”ืจื™ืŸ. ื’ืขื ื™ื˜ืข 
ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžืฉืขืจ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืฉืื•ืžืชึผืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ 
ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืจื™ื•ื•ื—, ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืฆื•ึผืฐื•ืึทืจื˜ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื™ืจื™ื“, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื™'"ื” ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ ืึทืจื•ื', 

ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ึผื“ื™ื•ื• ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืฆื• ื”ืึทื ื˜; ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืึธืคึผืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืŸ, ื’ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ืื™ื ืคืึทืจืŸ ืขื•ืœื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ึผืชื™ื™ื˜ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจืฉื™ื™ืจืขื ืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜. ืึทืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ ื’ืขืฐื•ืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ,,ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื™ืจื™ื“'", ืึทืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืข ืฉื™ืœ- 
ื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฐืึทืจื˜ื•ื ื’-ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ึผืึทืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื—ื™ื ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžืกื˜ืข ืžืขืžื•ืึทืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื“ืช ื ืœื™ืงืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืืžืขืœืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ื™ืขื ืขืจ 
ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืžื›ึผื•ืจื’: ,,ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ื™ื“ืขื ืง ืืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ื•ืื– ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ื•ื ื ื™ ืื•ื ' ืึทืœื˜ื™ ื’ื™ืฉืขื”ื™ืŸ ืื™ื–ื˜ ื“ืื– ื ื™ื ืฆื• ืขืจืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืฐื™ ืขืฉ ื™ื“ื•ืขื” 
ื–ื˜ื˜ื•ืจืกื ืื™ื–ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ื’ืื ืฆื™ืŸ ืขื•ืœื... ื“ื™ ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ื•ืื– ื’ื™ื•ื•ืขื–ื™ืŸ ืื™ื–ื˜ 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืืŸ ื›ึผืชื‘ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ื™ืงืจืึธื’ื™ืŸ ื“ืื– ืื™ื–ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ึผื™ืฉืจืฒื‘ึผืŸ, ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ 
ื›ึผืชื‘ื™ื ืจื™ื ืงื•ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื‘ึผื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืคืจื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ึผื™ืงื•ืžืŸ, ื–ื•ื ื–ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืืœื™ 
ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื‘ึผื™ืช ื”ื›ึผื ืกืช ื’ื ื’ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ' ืœืฉื ื’ื™ืœื™ื™ืื™ื˜; ื–ืขื ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืฉื™ 
ื™ื•ื ื’ ืื•ื ' ืืœื˜ ืืš ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื‘ึผื™ืช ื”ื‘ึผื ืกืช ื’ื ื’ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ' ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื•ื”ื˜ื™ื’ื™ื–ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ื™ 
ื ื™ื–ืขืœื™ืŸ ื”ืื‘ึผื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืœื™ ืžืืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื‘ึผืขืฉื˜ื™ ืงืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืจ ืืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ืืŸ ืื•ื ' 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื“ืจื™ืจ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื™ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืจืื˜ื™ืŸ (ื‘ึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ) ื–ื™ื™ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื ื“ ืื•ื 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ื™ื‘ึผื•ื ื“ื™ืŸ, ื“ืื– ืื™ึทื–ื˜ ืฉื‘ึผืชืื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืจื™ื™ื (ืœื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื™ืข) ื’ื™ื•ืขื–ื™ืŸ, 
ืืœื–ื• ื–ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืืœื™ ื›ึผืชื•ืคื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื—ื•ืœื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื‘ึผ"ื” (ื‘ึผื™ืช ื”ื›ึผื ืกืช) ื’ื ื’ื™ืŸ 





ืคื™ื˜ื™ื–ื™ืจืจืคืจื™ืจ ื™ืœ ื“ื™ื™ืขืœื™-ื™ื™ืจื™ื™ื™ 


1 ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืฆื™ืฆืช ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืฆื‘ื™", 1868 42 ืคืขื ื™ื ื™ ืฉื‘ึผืชึดื™ ืฆื‘ื™", 52-751, 


8 


ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึธื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 420 


ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืžื—ื” ื›ืฉืžื—ื•ืช ื‘ึผื™ืช ืฉืื™ื‘ื” ื“ื™ื ื›ึนึผืชื‘ื™ื ื ื™ืœื™ื™ืื™ื˜. ื˜ื™ื™ืœื™ืฉ ื”ืื‘ื™ืŸ 
ื ืขื‘ึผื™ืš ืืœ ื“ืื– ืื™ืจื™ื’" ืคืืจ ืงืืคื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ื™ื– ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ืฃ, ืื•ื ' ืืœื™ืฉ ื’ื™ื”ื•ื™ืคื˜ 
(ื ืขื”ืึธืžื˜) ื“ืึทื– ื–ื™ื ืืœื™ ื™ื•ื ื–ื•ืœื™ืŸ ืขืจืœื™ื–ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจื“ื™ืŸ. โ€ ื—ืžื™ ืข"ื” ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• 
ื”ืืžื™ืœ ื’ื™ื•ื•ืื•ื ื˜ ืืœื–ื• ื”ืื˜. ืขืจ ืžืฉื ืขื•ืงืจ ื“ื™ืจื— ื’ื™ื•ื•ืขื–ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ! ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ึนื™ืฃ 
ืื•ื ' ื”ื•ื™ื– ื•ื›ืœื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืœืื” ื›ืœ? ื˜ื•ึนื‘ -- ืึทืœึดื™ืฉื ืฉื˜ื™ื”ืŸ ืœืื–ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ' ืื™ื–ื˜ 
ืœืง''ืง ื—ื™ืœื“ืกื•ื ื’ื™ืฆืื ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืื•ื ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ' ื”ืื˜ ืื•ื ืฉ ืœื›ืืŸ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’ ื‘' 
ื’ืจื•ืฉื™ ืคืขืกื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึตืœึดื™ืจ ื”ื ื˜ ืœื™ื™ื ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ืง (ืฆื™ื™ื’) ื ืฉื™ืงื˜ ืื•ื ! ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืื™ื–ื˜ 
ื’ื™ื•ื•ืขื–ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœื™ืจ ื”ื ื˜ ืขืกื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื’ืฐืŸ ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื–ื™ืŸ, ื“ืขืจ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ืื•ื ' ื–ื•ื ืฉื˜ื™ืŸ 
ืึทื ื“ืจื™ ื ื’ืจืืžืคื™ืœืฉืคื™ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ื•ืขื˜ืฉื™ืง ืฉื ื™ืฅ, ืืœื™ืฉ ื•ื•ื ื•ื•ืืฉ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืืจื™ืŸ * 
ืงืึธืŸ, ื“ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ื˜ื™ ืžืืŸ ืข"ื” ื”ืื˜ ื’ื™ื“ืื›ื˜ ืžืืŸ ืฐืขืจื˜ ื›ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžื‘ึผื•ืจื’ 
ืœืืจืฅ ื”ืงื“ึธื•ืฉื” ืคืืจื™ืŸ. ื“ื™ื–ื™ ืคืขืกื™ืจ ื–ืขื ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืœื™ืฉ ื' ืฉื ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื™ 
ื ื™ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ื™ืŸ, ืขื ื˜ืœื™ืš (ืขื ื“ืœืขืš) ื”ืื‘ึดื™ืŸ ื–ื™ ืžื•ืจืื” ื’ื™ื”ืื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ ื•ืฉืืจื™ 
ื–ืึทื›ื™ืŸ ืฐื•ืขืจื™ืŸ ืžื›ื•ืœื” ื’ึดื™ืŸ, ื”ืื‘ึผื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืื•ื ืฉ ื’ื™ืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื•ืœื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื ืคืขืกื™ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืžืึทื›ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ' ื•ื•ืืฉ ืขืกื™ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ื™ื– ืื–ื˜ ื”ืจื•ื™ื– ื ืขืžื™ืŸ, ื“ืืฉ ื“ืืฉ ืœืฒื™ื ื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืฆื™ื™ืก 
ื ื™ื˜ ืžื›ื•ืœื— ื•ื•ืขืจื˜. ืืœื– ืขืฉ ื•ื•ืื•ืœ ื’' ืฉื ื™ื ื’ื™ืฉื˜ืื ื“ื™ืŸ ืื•ื ' ืืœื™ืฉ ื’ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื˜ 
ื–ื•ืœื˜ื™ ืขืฉ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ื ื™ืจ ืจื™ื™ื– ื‘ึผืจื•ื™ื›ืŸ ืื‘ื™ืจ ื“ืขื ื”ื™ื›ืฉื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืขืฉ ื ืืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ื ื™ืคืืœื™ื™ืŸ"" 41 

ืžืจืช ื’ืœื™ืง? ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜, ืึทื– ,,ื™ื•ื ื’ื™ ืื•ื ! ืึทืœื˜ื™" ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ 
ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื” ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ; ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ , ื ื‘ื™ื'" 
ื ืชืŸ ื”ืขื–ืชื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืฆื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื•ืŸ ืชึผืขื ื™ืชื™ื, ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืžืงืจื‘ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
,ืกืฅ'', ืื•ืŸ ื ืืš ื“ื™ ,,ื—ื‘ืœื™ ืžืฉื™ื—'' ื–ืึธืœ ืฐืึธืก ื ื™ื›ืขืจ ืกื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืกืขืจ 
ื ื•ืืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ,,ื ื‘ื™ืืก'' ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึนึผืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืกื˜ืŸ ืึดืžึผ- 
ืงืœืึทื ื’ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืคืึธืœืง, ื™ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœื˜ ื”ืึธื›ึผืŸ ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ื‘ึผืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืคืึทืกื˜ ืึทืœืข ืžืึธื ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธื ืขืจืฉื˜ืึธื’ ืžื™ื˜ ืงื•ืจืฆืข ื”ืคืกืงื•ืช, ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืขืจ-ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืื˜ืฉืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื™, ื’ืขื‘ืึธื“ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืœืึธื ืงืขืก, 
ื’ืขืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉื˜ืขื›ื™ืงืข ื“ืขืจื ืขืจ , 

ื“ื™ ื ืขืจื•ื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ื˜, ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืกื™ื›ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืึธืจืŸ; ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉืŸ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืกื˜ืขืจ ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ืึทืœึถืข ืกื™ื ื•ืคื™ื ืื•ึผืŸ 
ืชึผืขื ื™ืชื™ื, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ , ื’ืขืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื˜ืข'' ื‘ึผืขืœื™ื–ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช 


* ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืึทืœื™ืข ืฐืขืจืŸ, ' 

1 ืืžื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืจืช ื’ืœื™ืงืœ ื”ืืžื™ืœ", 80--82, 

5 ื–ืข: ,ืฆื™ืฆืช ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืฆื‘ื™', 2{ ืคืชื•ืจืช ื”ืงื ืื•ืช,, 6} ืื•ื‘ึดื™ืŸ ื›ืš ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ื• ื˜ืจื‘ื™ื 
ื ืชืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœืžื” ื•ืชืคืœื” ื•ืชื—ื ื”, ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืชืฉื•ื ื” ืžืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืกื™ื’ื•ืคื™ืŸ ื•ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช 
ื•ื”ืคื˜ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœื, ื•ืžื‘ื™ืœื” ื‘ืžื™ื ืงืจื™ื ื–ืžืŸ ื—ืงื•ืจ ื•ืกื™ื ื•ืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืคื”ืช 
ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืœื ื”ืฉื›ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ื• ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื•ื ื—ื‘ืœื™ ืžืฉื™ื—", 





40 ื“"ืจ ื™. ืฆื™ื  ื‘ืข ืจื’ 


ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื›ึผืขืจื ืขื ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœืึทืกืขื ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืืจืึธื”ืึธื“ืฑื˜ืขื ืฅื™ 
ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื ื™ื˜-ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื’ืจืขื ืขืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช. 

ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื  ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืึธื ื’ืข" 
ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื˜ืึทืงืข ืฉื‘ึผืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™ ื’ื•ืคื ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžืงื•ืจื‘ื™ื. ื“ื™ ,,ืžืฉื™ื—ืก-ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ" 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ึผืึทืคืจืฒื™ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืื•ื™ืกื ืขืžืึทื˜ืขืจื˜ืข ืคืืœืง ืคืฑืŸ ืฉื•ืขืจืŸ ืžืฆืฐื•ืช-ืึธืš; ืึทืจืึธืคึผื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข 
ืกื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจืืก, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื• 
ืึทืจื•ืžื ืขืจื™ื ื ืœื˜ ื“ืขื ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื˜. ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืึธืคื™ืœื• ื‘ึผืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืžื‘ื˜? ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ื‘ึผืฒ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขื ืข 
ืชึผืขื ื™ืชื™ื. ืื™ื ื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ,,ื‘ึนึผื ื• ื™ื—ื™ื“ื• ื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ึผื›ื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื“' ืืœื—ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ -- 
ืฉื›ืชื™ื“ืฆื‘ื™. ืžืฉื™ื” ืืœื”ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื•ื ื•ืืœ ืขืกื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ", ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ , ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜- 
ืงืขืงืจืขื˜ืึธืจ'' ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืคืจื™ืžื• ืคื•ื ืึทื ื“ืขืจื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• ืึทืœืข ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ื™ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข 
ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืคืึทืœื ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื›ืจื•ืŸ: ,ืœื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœื•ื! ืื™ืš ื‘ึดึผื™ืŸ ืึตื™ื™ืš ืืœืข 
ืžื•ื“ื™ืข, ืึทื– ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐืฒ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื•ื›ื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื˜ืึธื’, ืื•ืŸ 
ื”ืขืจืŸ ื ืึธื˜ืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื˜ืจื™ื™ืข ืงื ืขื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื -- ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืื™ืขืจ 
ืงืœืึธื’ ืคืึทืจืฐืึทื ื“ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ืŸ-ื˜ืึทื ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืกื˜ืŸ -- 
ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื ืฉืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืฉืžื—ื—. ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ (ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ึผื˜ื‘ืช) ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ 
ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื™ื™ืš ืึท ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื‘? ืื•ึนืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื“, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืึทื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ื•ืืœ ืœืขื‘ึผื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืึทื™ื™ืขืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื™ืฆืขืจ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ!'' ืึทืคึดื™ืœื• ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื ืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœืŸ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืจื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื, ืชึผืฉืขื” ื‘ึนึผืึธื‘, ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืฉื‘ึผืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™ ื‘ืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืฆื•! ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ืฆืึธื  ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคืึทืจื’ืขื ื™ื ืŸ, ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ,ืžืœืš ื”ืžืฉื™ื—" 
ืคืึทืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืžืขืœ; ,, ืื™ื“, ืื™ืขืจ ืžืœืš, ื‘ึดึผื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื–ืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื™ื™ืš, ืึทื– ื“ืขื 
ื ื™ื™ื ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ืŸ ืื‘ ื”ื‘ึผื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืฉืœื•ื ื–ืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ื– 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืคืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ื“; ืื™ืจ ื–ืืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ื’ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืกืขื•ืจืช 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืจื™ ื‘ึผืขืกื˜ืข ืžืื›ืœื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื™ื ืกื˜ืข ื’ืขื˜ืจืึทื ืงืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืœ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืœื•ื™ 
ืžื™ื ืึทืฆื™ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื ืกืš ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื’ื•ื ื™ื (ื‘ึผื ื™ื’ื•ื ื™ื ืจื‘ึผื™ื ื•ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืจื‘ึผื™ื), 
ืฐืึธืจืขื ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื‘ึผื•ืจื˜ืก-ื˜ืึธื’ ืคื•ื• ืฉื‘ึผืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™, ืื™ืขืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’, ื•ืืก 
ื’ืขืฐืขืœื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืึทืœืข ืžืœื›ื™ ืืจืฅ". 

ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืคืขืœ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืกืจืจ 
ื”ืชึผืคื™ืœื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื ื™ื™ืขื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘; ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื” 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ึผืึทื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ื™ืง} 
ื ื•ืกื—: ,ื•ืชืชืŸ ืœื ื• ื“' ืืœืงื™ื ื• ื‘ืื—ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœืฉืžื—ื” ื—ื ื™ื ื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœืฉืฉื•} 
ืืช ื™ื•ื ื—ื’ ื”ื ื—ืžื•ืช ื”ื–ื” ื ืกืŸ ืœื™ื“ืช ืžืœื›ื ื• ืžืฉื™ื—ื ื• ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ืขื‘ื“ืš ื•ื‘ื ืš 
ื‘ื›ื•ืจืš ื‘ืื”ื‘ื” ืžืงืจื ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื–ื›ืจ ืงื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื". ืื•ึนืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ,,ื“ืขืงืจืขื˜'' ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™-ื“ืฆื‘ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื—ืชืžืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ื™ื˜ืœ; 


ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืกืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ ืฒืจืŸ 21 


-,ื ืื•ื ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืฉื™ ื ื•ืจื ืœืžืœื›ื™ ืืจืฅ ื”ื ื‘ืจ ื—ื•ืงื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ืชื”ืœื” ืžืฉื™ื— 
ืืœืงื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืืจื™ื ื“ื‘ื™ ืขื™ืœืื™ ื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื ื“ื‘ื™ ืขื™ืœืื™ ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฆื‘ื™" 1, 

ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืึทืคืขืœ ืžืงื™ื™ื ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืกื“ืจ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืึทื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœืŸ ,,ืžื™ ืฉื‘ึผืจืš' ืคืึทืจ 
ื“ืขื ,,ืžืœืš ื”ืžืœื›ื™ื'' ืฉื‘ืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™, ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ ืฉื›ึผืจืš ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืŸ ื ื•ืกื—: ,ื”ื ืฐื•ืŸ ืชืฉื•ืขืช ืœืžืœื›ื™ื ื•ืžืžืฉืœื” 
ืœื ืกื™ื›ื™ื --- ื•ื•ืขืจ ืขืก ืงื•ืžื˜ ืฆื•ื”ื™ืœืฃ ื“ืจื™ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื’ื™ื˜ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื“ื™ 
ืคื™ืจืฉื˜ืŸ... ื—ื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืš ื•ื™ืฉืžื•ืš ื•ื™ื ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ื•ื™ืจื•ืžื ื•ื™ื ืฉื ืœืžืขืœื” ืœืžืขืœื— 
ืœืื“ื•ื ื ื• ืžืœื›ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืฆื“ื™ืง ื•ื ื•ืฉืข ื”ื•ื ืกื•ืœื˜ืืŸ ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ืžืฉื™ื— 
ืืœืงื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ืชื ืฉื ืžืœื›ื•ืชื•. ื–ืึธืœ ื ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขื ืงืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœืึทื ืฅ, ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืึทืœืข ืื•ืžื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ" 
ื˜ืขื ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืคืขืœ, ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ื™ื‘ึผื™ืง ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืœื•ื›ื” ืื•ืžื“ืขืจืฉื™ื˜ืขืจื˜... ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข 
ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข 
ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ื” ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผื ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ... ื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืืžืŸ" 2, 
ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืึทืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื–ืžื•ื ื™ื ืื•ึนืŸ ืฉื™ืจื™ 
ืชึผื”ืœื” 5ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื“ืขื ,,ืžืœืš ื”ืžืฉื™ื—', ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื•ื•ื™ื–ึนืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ืกืžื™ืจื ืข. 
ืžื™ืจ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืึทืœืก ืื™ืœื•ืกื˜ืจืึทืฆื™ืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. ืื™ื™ื ืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžืึทืจืคืืกื˜ ืึทื‘ืจื—ื ื—ื™ื›ื™ื ื™ ืื•ึนืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข --- ื“ืขืจ ,ื ื‘ื™ื!' ื ืชืŸ ื”ืขื–ืชื™; 


. 

ืืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืื–ืžืจื” ืœืืœ ื ืขืจืฅ ื‘ื ื‘ื•ืจื” --- ื˜ื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืœืฑื‘ืŸ 

ื“ืขื ื’ืึธื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืง ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืฒื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคื™ืจื›ื˜ืขืจืœืขื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืœืก ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื™ื™ื ื˜; ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืขืกื˜ืข 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืจื•ื™ื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืฉืžื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืึท ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืœื˜ ื’ืขืฉืึทืคืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ 
ื’ืขื–ืึทืœื‘ึผื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืžืœื•ื›ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื ืœืื ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜. ื’ืขืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“. ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื•ื™ 
ืึท ื”ื™ืจืฉ 2 ื“ื™ ืชึผื•ืจื” ืฆื• ื‘ึผืึทืฉื™ื™ื ืขืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื•ื ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืืจืขืจ ื—ื›ืžื— ื˜ื•ืฒ 
ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืœืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆืึธืจืŸ; ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ -- ืคืึธืจืŸ ืืžืช ื“ืขืจ 
ืคืขืกื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฉื™ืฆืขืจ. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืึทืฉื™ื™ื ื˜ ืกื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืคื•ึนืŸ ืžืœื›ื•ืช, ื“ืขืจ 
ืœื™ื‘ึผืœื™ื ื’ ืื™ื–ืŸ ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช. ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื˜ 


1 ื–ืข: ืืฆื™ืฆืช ื ื•ึนื‘ืœ ืฆื‘ื™", /58-5ืŸ ืืขื ื™ื ื™ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ ืฆื‘ื™", /5--59, 

2 ืืฆื™ืฆืช ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืฆื‘ื™', ื“ืฃ 5, ืขื! ื‘'ืŸ ื‘ืึทืฐื ื“ืขืจื ืึฒืขื ื™ื ึดื™ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ ืฆื‘ื™', 56, 
114-3, ื™ืฑึผ ืขืก ืฐืขืจืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืืฒื ื™ืงืข ื ื•ืกื—ืื•ืชืช ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธืฑืงืŸ ืžื™ ืฉื‘ืจืš,. ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื™ ื’ืขืงืจื•ื™ื ื ืžื™ื ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ื™ื˜ : ,ืื“ื•ื ื ื• ื”ืžืœืš ื•ื‘ 
ืฉื’ืชื™ ืฆื‘ื™, ืžืฉื™ื— ื“', ืžืฉื™ื— ื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื•ื“, ื˜ืฉื™ื— ืกืœืš ืงืฒื, ืžืฉื™ื” ื”ื’ื•ืืœ, ืžืฉื™ืช ื—ืžื™ืฉ';, 
ืžืฉื™ื— ืฆื“ืงื ื•, ืžืฉื™ื— ืืœื—ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘", 

2 ืึท ืจืžื– ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืฆื‘ื™ 





132 ื“"ืจ ื ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ืึทืœืข ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื”ึผ, ืื•ื™ืคื ื•ื™ืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผื™ืช ื”ื‘ึผื—ื™ืจื”. ืžื™ื 
ื ืึธื˜ืก ืึธื˜ืขื ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฉืฒื™ื ื˜, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืกื˜ื•ื ืฉื˜ืึทืžื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื ืฉืžื”. ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืฆืฐืึทื›ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืขืจ ืคืขืกื˜ ื’ืขื‘ึผื•ื ื“ืŸ. ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื›ึผืœื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื‘ื™ ื‘ึผืึธืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข 
ืžืึทื›ื˜ --- ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคึผืœืฒื™ืฆืขืก. ืฆื‘ื™ ื˜ื•ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื™ืขืŸ! ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื™ื™ื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืžืœืš, ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื™ื™ื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืœืš ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื™ืึธื ื˜ืŸ ืฉืขืคืขืœืข! 1 


1 * : 

ื•ื™ ืคื™ืจื›ื˜ืขืจืœืขืš, ื•ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ึผื ื“ื™ืง ื‘ึผื™ืกื˜ื• ืฆื‘ื™ืก ืœื™ื›ื˜! 
ื›ึผื”ื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื˜ื•ื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืฒื™ื ืขืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืึทื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืขืจ" 
ืฐืึทืจื˜ืข ื’ืขืฉืึทื ืง. ืžื™ ื›ึผืžื•ืš -- ืฐืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ืจ, ื“ื•ึน ืœื™ื›ื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆืŸ, ื“ื• ื’ืจื•ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืงื™ื ื™ื’ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ ืฆื‘ื™! 

ื’ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื• ืื™ืš ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืจื“ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขื ื”ื™ืจืฉ (ืฆื‘ื™). ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžื™ืจ ืฉืขื ืงืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืงืจืึทืคื˜ -- 
ื‘ึผืึทื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืชึผืคื™ืœื•ืช. ื—ื™ ืขื•ืœืžื™ื --- ื“ื• ืื™ื™ื‘ึผื™ืงืขืจ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืึทืœืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืŸ! ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื— --- ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืข! ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื™ื’, ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืœื™ืŸ --- ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ ืฆื‘ื™! 

ืื™ื‘ืขืจืคื•ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคื•ื™ื™ืจ! ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืขื ืกื˜ืข 
ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ -- ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜: ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™?ื˜ ืื™ืš ื–ืึธืœ ืึท ืœืฑื‘ึผ-ื’ืขื–ืึทื ื’ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื—ื™ ืขื•ืœืžื™ื -- 
ื“ื• ืื™ื™ื‘ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืึทืœืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืŸ! ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื— --- ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืข! 
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื™ื’, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฅ --- ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ ืฆื‘ื™! 

ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืฅ ืžื™ืš ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ, ืžื™ื™ื ืข 
ืคื™ื™ื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื“ืจื™ืงืขืจ --- ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืคื™ืก ื’ืขืฐืึทืจืคืŸ. ืื™ืš ื˜ื• ื ืึทืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™" 
ื ืขืŸ... ื—ื™ ืขื•ืœืžื™ื! ื“ื• ืื™ื™ื‘ึผื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืึทืœืข ืฐืขืœื˜ืŸ! --- ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื— -- 
ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืข! ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื™ื’, ืžื™ืŸ ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ, ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฅ -- ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ ืฆื‘ื™: * 

ืคื™ืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืœื•ื‘ึผืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืกืคึผืข" 
ืฆื™ืขืœืข ื ื™ื’ื•ื ื™ื, ืฐื•ื™, ืฆื•ื ื‘ึผื™ื™ืฉืคึผื™ืœ, ืฉืœืžื” ื“ื™ ืื•ืœื™ืฐืขืจืึธืก , ืคึผื™ื•ื˜ ืœืžื•ืฆืื™ 
ืฉื‘ืช'"' ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื ืคึผืึทื ื’ืกื™ืกื˜ืจืึธืคืข : 

ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ื --- ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ื 
ืืœื™ ื™ื” 5ื ื• ื™ื‘ื™ื --- ืขื ืžืœืš ื”ืžืฉื™ื— โ€ 
ืขื ืžืœืš ื”ืžืฉื™ื— -- 
ืžืœืขื ื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผืคื™ืœื” ,ืื’ื™ืœ ื•ืืฉืžื— ื‘ึผืœื‘ื‘ื™'' +. 





{ ื–ืข 5ืก/6ื˜ืŸ 44 .8 ืกืขื˜ืกื˜, 58, 289--6290 
2 ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ {ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืขื™ื", 72, ื•ืข ื‘ึผืฒืœืึทื’ืข ื ื•ืืž' 14. 
8 ื–ืข: ,ืขื ื™ื ื™ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ ืฆื‘ื™", 115 


ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 423 


ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ื‘ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื™ื ื•ืŸ 

ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืื™ื™ื ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืจื™ื˜ื, ืฐื•ื™ ืฆื•ึนื ื‘ึผื™ื™ืฉืคึผื™ืœ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผื–ืžื•ืŸ; 
ื™ืฆื ื—ื•ื˜ืจ ืžื ื–ืข ื™ืฉื™ --- ืฉื‘ึผืชึดื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ื“ืจื™ ื“ืจื™ ืฉื™ืจ, 
ืชื ื” ืชื ื” ืœืืœื™ ืืœื™ --- ื“ืจื™ ื“ืจื™ ืฉื™ืจ. ืชื ื” ืชื ื” ืืึทื–''ืฐ 1 

ื’ืขืฉืึทืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ ืฆื‘ื™ืก ืžืงื•ืจื‘ื™ื. 
ืึทืคื™ืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืคื•ื ื ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ืŸ ืคืืœืง ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ 
ื‘ึผืึทื ืฒื™ืกื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืื•ื™ื˜ื˜ืจืขื˜- ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืฉื™ื—ืช ืื•ื™ืก ืกืžื™ืจื ืข, 
ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ื ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืขืžืขื 5 

ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ึนึผืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืึทืœืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ื’ื ื˜ โ€ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืึทืจื‘ึผืขื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื: ืึท ืกืš ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืคื™ืœ ื ื™ื™ืข. ื“ื™ ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื˜- 
ืกื˜ืขืจื“ืึทื ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธื ืกื˜ืึทื ื˜ื™ื ืึธืคึผืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึถืจ 1666 ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ 
ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึทื›ื˜, ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืžึดื–ื›ึผื” ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขื•ืœื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืืœืข ื ื™ื™ืข 
ืกื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ,, ืชึผื™ืงื•ื ื™ื'' 4 ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื‘ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื›ืึท- 
ืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื“ืึทื˜ืข: , ืฉื ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื›ื—ื•ื ื” ื•ืžืœื›ื•ืช. ื“ืึธืก 
ื™ืึธืจ 1000 ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ,, ืึทืคึผืึธืงืึทืœื™ืคึผืกื™ืฉืข! ื™ืึธืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื‘ืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคืŸ ืคึฐืึทื•ืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœืก ืžืฉื™ื— ืื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื? ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜. 
ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฉืขืจ-ื‘ึผืœืึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืกื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื ,,ืขืžื“ืช ืฆื‘ื™' (ืฆื•- 
ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ,ื ื‘ื™ื'' ื ืชืŸ ื”ืขื–ืชื™) ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ืฉื‘ืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื ืข- 
ืžืึธืœื˜ ืขืœ ื›ึผืกื ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื”, ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืคื™ืจ ืžืœืึธื›ื™ื ื“ื™ ืงื™ื ื™ื - 
ืœืขื›ืข ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืฉืจื™ืคื˜ , ืขื˜ื•ืช ืฆื‘ื™,, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืจื•ืชื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™ืก ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื ื–ื™ื™ ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ -- ื“ื™ 
ืขืžื‘ึผืœืขืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”. 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ื•ืจื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืฉื˜ื•ืจ ืคืึทืจื ืขืžื˜ ืึท ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืŸ 
ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื™ื™ื‘ึผืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ,,ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื'' -- ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื–ืึทืžืœืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžื•ืกืจ, ืชึผืคื™ืœื•ืช, ืžื ื—ื ื™ื, ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืคืึทืจ ืฉื‘ึผืช, ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื•ืŸ / 
ื ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื™ืึธืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ, ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืฐืขืจืก -= - 

ืึท ืงืึธืžืคึผืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขื›ืขืจ 000 ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ 

ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1751 (ืื™ืŸ ืกืžื™ืจื ืข). ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ; ื“ืขืจ 
ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ึผืขืจ, ื™ืขืงื‘ ืึทืœื ืึทื–ื™, ื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืขื ื›ึผืชื‘-ื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 


1 ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื’ื™ื“ืขืžืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ,ืžืึธื ืึทืžืฉืจื™ืคื˜, 1868, 118, 
2 ืึทื–ืฑื ืข ืคึผืึธืขืžืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคึฟืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉ.ื“ื™ื™ืืฉ, ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ ื”ืึธืก ื ื™ื ืœืึทื ื’ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื ื“"ืจ ืฐื™ื™ื ืจื™ื™ืš (ื–ืข ื–ืฒื ืข ;ื‘ึผื™ืœื“ืขืจื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึท. 
ื˜ื•ืจ.ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข", 219--253), ืžืขืจ ื‘ึทึผืึทืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 6ื˜ืŸ ื’ืึทื ื“ ืคื•ึนืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืฐืขืจืง, 
8 ื“ื•ืจ ื›ื”ื ื ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืขื™ื" (ืŸ! 89) ืึท ื ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืจืฒืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื•ื™ืงืข ืคืชึผื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื', ืฐืึธืก ื–ืฒื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1666, 
(28) 





44 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืœื™ืœ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืขืจ 
ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืึทื›ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ืึธืจ ืึทืจื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืขืจ 
ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื‘ึผืขืจ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™ืงืข ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ึผืขื ื“ ,,ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื ; 
ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ --- ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžื ื”ื ื™ ืฉื‘ึผืช, ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ -- ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ื—ื ื•ื›ึผื”, 
ืคึผื•ืจื™ื, ื—ืžืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ื‘ึผืฉื‘ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืจืืฉ ื—ื•ืจืฉ, 

ื“ืขืจ ,,ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื'' ืื™ื– ื‘ึผืฉืขืชึผื• ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืขืจ, ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืื™ื ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืกืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื“ืจื•ืกื˜ (ื ื™ื ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื’ืขืขื - 
ื“ืขืจื˜ืŸ ืกื“ืจ); ืคื™ืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ืข ืชึผืคื™ืœื•ืช ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืจื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืกื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื; ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ืข ืงืขื’ื ืขืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื ืžื™ื ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื”ืคืงื™ืจื•ืช, ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืžื—ืจื™ื ื’ืข" 
ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึธื˜ืŸ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืฆื• ื ืขืžืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืคืŸ ื ื—ืฉื“ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ,,ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื' ืื™ื–ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื ืื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ 
ืขืžื“ืŸ (ื™ืขื‘"ืฅ), ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืงืขืžืคืขืจ ืงืขื ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฉื‘ืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจืงืœืขื”ื˜ 1, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืื™ื– ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ 
, ืœืขืกื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ'" ืื•ืŸ ืึทื– ืขืก ื•ื•ื™ืžืœื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ,ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”'' ืคื•ืŸ 
ืฉื‘ึผืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™ืก ืคืืจืฉืึทืœื˜ืขื ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื ื“ืข. ื™ืขื‘ืฅ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื™ืฉื˜ืขืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืฐื•ืขืจืง ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ืฐื™ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™ืก ื ื‘ื™ื ื ืชืŸ ื”ืขื–ืชื™. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ืจืึทื™ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื‘ืฆืŸ ืึธืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื– ื“ื•ื“ ื›ึผื”ื ื? ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทืŸ 
ื ืชืŸ ื”ืขื–ืชื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžึทื—ื‘ึผืจ ืคื•ืŸ ,,ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื'', ืคึผืึทืจื“ื™ื ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ-ืื™ื™ื " 
ืฆื™ืงืข ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขืจื ืกื˜ ืจืขื›ืขื ืขืŸ: ืื™ืŸ ,,ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื'' ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืึธืคึผื ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืจืึธื ืŸ ื ืชืŸ ื”ืขื–ืชื™ืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ 
ืึทืจืึทืžื™ืฉ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืขื ืข ืคึผื™ื•ื˜ื™ื ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื ืขืคืœืึธื›ึผื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืงืจืึธืกื˜ื™ืš-ืคืึธืจื 
ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื ืชืŸ ื‘ึผืŸ ืืœื™ืฉืข 5. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ื“ืจื™ื™ ืคืึทืœืŸ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืึธื‘ึนึผืขืจ ื’ืข" 


1 ื™ืขื‘ืฅ, ,ืžื’ื“ืœ ืขื•ื•", ื—ืœืง ื‘', ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืžืขืฉื”", 116 ืื™ื›ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื›ืช 
ื—ืืจื•ืจื” ื”ืฆื•ื“ื“ืช ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื ืงื™ื™ื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆื‘"ื™ ืžื•ื“ื— ืคึฟื’ืจ ืžื•ื‘ืก,. ืืฉืจ ื›ืฉืฃ ื”ืกื™ืช ื•ื”ื“ื™ื” 
ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืคืจื•ืง ืžืขืœ ืฆื•ืืจื ืขื•ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืฆื•ืช.. ื•ื”ื ื™ื— ืื—ืจื™ื• ืงืœืœื” ืฉื•ืจืฉ ืคื•ืจื” 
ืจืืฉ ืฆืจืขืช ืคื•ืจื—ืช., ื™ืกื“ื• ืœื• ืชืคืœื•ืช ื•ึฐืชึนื”ื ึธื•ืช ื•ื—ื“ื• ืืœื™ื• ื›ืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ืขืชื” 
ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ืจืื™ืชื™ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื—ื‘ืจื• ืœื• ืกืคืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืฉืžื• ื ืงืจื ืคื—ืžื“ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื' ืžืœื ืชื•ืขื‘ื•ืช 
ื•ื ืืฆื•ืช ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื• ืฆืœื ื”ื˜ืžื ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœ ืงื•ืจืฉ ื•ื”ืœื‘ื™ืฉื• ื”ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ื•ืฉืžื•ืช ื—ืงื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื”ืชื•ืขื‘ 
ื”ืœื•ื” ืฉื ืจืฉืขื™ื ื™ืจืงื‘, ืื• ืœื ื• ืžื” ืขืœืชื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ืฉื ืขืœ ืœื‘ ืœืขืงื•ืจ 
ืขื‘ื•ืจื— ื–ืจื” ื–ื• ืœืฉืจืฉ ืื—ืจื™ื”, ื”ืฉ"ื™ ื™ืงื ื ืœืฉืžื• ื•ื™ื—ืžื•ืœ ืขืœ ืขืžื• ื”ื”ื•ืœืš ื‘ืชื•ืžื• ื•ื™ืฉึทื‚ืจืฉื 
ื”ื—ืžืื™ื ื—ืืœื” ื˜ืืจืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื ืกืœื” ื•ืืช ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ืžืื” ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ', 

2 (ืื‘ึผืŸ ื”ืชึผื™ืขื™ื˜", 149--152, 

8 ื–ืข ,ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื", | 29, 64, 275 ืื™ืŸ ืฆืฐืฒ ืคึผืึทืœืŸ ืœืฒืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืึทืงืจืึธืก. 
ืžื™ืš: ,ืื ื™ ื‘ึผื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื ืชืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืืœื™ืฉืข ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืง", ืื™ื ื ื“ื•ื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื™ืจ -- ืงืื ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื ืชืŸ 
ื‘ื’ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืืœื™ืฉืข ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื•ืง". 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื• ืœื™ื˜ืขื“ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ืจืŸ 45 


ื“ืขื“ื ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืจืคืึทื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคึผื™ื•ื˜ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื–ืึธืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ื’ืขื’ืจื•ื™ืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืฉื‘ื— ,ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืขืจ'' (ื•ืื—ืจ 
ืงื“ื•ืฉ). ืฆื™ ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืึถื‘ึผืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืจื•ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื“ืจื™ื™ ืคึผื™ื•ื˜ื™ื 1 
ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื ื‘ื™ื 
ืื•ื™ืก ืขื–ื”? ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืŸ , ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื" ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืš ืื™ืš 
ื‘ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ื“ืขื ืึทืจ"ื™ืก ื“ืจื™ื™ ื–ืžื™ืจื•ืช (ืจืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 1ื–, 08---19, 124---128, 
106--/14) ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคึผื™ื•ื˜ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ื‘? ืžื ื—ื ืœื•ื ื–ืึทื ื• 
(ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 1, 228; 11, 88--86). , ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืึธื‘ึผื™ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืขืจ 
ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ ื’ืขื ื•ื™ืขืจ ืฆื• ื‘ึผืึทืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธ- 
ื–ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ื‘ึผืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฐื•ืขืจืง, ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืš, ืึทื– ื ื™ื˜ ื ืชืŸ 
ื”ืขื•ืชื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ึผืจ ืคื•ื ื ืกืคืจ. ื“ื•ื“ ื›ึผื”ื ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, 
ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ,,ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื'' ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืึถืจ 1070, ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ 
ื™ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื“ืจืš-ืึทื ื‘ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜, ืึทื– ืก'ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื—ื•ืจื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผื™ืช- 
ื”ืžืงืจื“ืฉ 1008 ื™ืึธืจ (ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื–' 9: ,ื•ื—ืœื•ืœ ื“' ื”ื’ื“ื•? ื”ืžื—ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื–ื” 
ืืœืฃ ื•ืชืจ'"ื‘ ืฉื ื”''). ื’ืจืึธื“ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ (ืื™ืŸ 1010) ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื ืชืŸ ื”ืขื–ืชื™, ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืžื—ืจื™ื ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืขืจ 
ืงืœืขืจื˜ ืžืืจ ืึท ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ืžื˜ื™ืช ื•ืžื“ื™ื—, --- ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื™ืึธื’ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ 
ืฆื• ืฉื˜ืึธื ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืขืจื ืขืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจื• ื’ืขืžื™ื ืขืŸ ?. ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ- 
ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ, . ืึทื– ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืข ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ืื•ืžืฉื˜ืื ื“ืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขืจ ื ืข- 
ื•ื ื“ื ื™ืง ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ืจื• ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืึธื ืฆื•ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ื’ื•ืึทืงื˜ื™ืง ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืฐืขืจืกึฟ, 
ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืจื˜: ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื”ืื ื“ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฐืขื’ืŸ 
ืึท ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืŸ ื“ื™ืŸ, ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ืคืจ- ืื•ืŸ ืขื˜ื™ืง ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ, ืคืฉืจืจื•ืกื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ื ืึทื ืฅ ืึธืคื˜, ืฐื•ื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืืฑื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื˜, ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ึผื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ืจื•ืคื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ ืื™ื ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ 
ืึทืœืก ืจื‘ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืื•ึนืŸ ืจืืฉ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”: ื•ื‘ึผื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉื™ ืฉ? ืžื•ืจื™ ื–"ืœ +, 


1 ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ึดื™ืšึฐ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžื ื”ื’ ื›ืืคื”, 

* ื•ืข ื”ืฆื™ืฆืช ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืฆื‘ื™', 44, 50, 92, 

5 ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒืขืจืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืจื˜ืึธืจืึธืงืกื™ืฉืข ืงืจื™ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื“ืข, 
ื›ืืฉื™ืจื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึทื’ืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื—ื‘ึผืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื—ืžืจืช ื™ืžื™ื". ืื™ืŸ 1896 ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ืงื•ื‘ึผืœ ืž, ืž. ื”ืฒืœืคึผืขืจืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ,ื‘ื•ื“ ื—ื›ืžื™ื", ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•' ื“ืขืจืฐืฒื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ื ื™ื ื ืชืŸ ื”ืขื•ืชื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคึผืึทืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื—ืžืจืช ื™ืฉื™ื', ืžื™ื ื“ื™ 
ืื•ื™ืกืคื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ,ื‘ื•ื“ ื—ื›ื˜ื™ื" ืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ืจื™ืง ืึทื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื ืจ ืคื•ึนืŸ ืคื“ืจืš ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื". 
ืงืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒื™ ืื™ื– ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืž, ืœื•ืจื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืŸ ืขืžืœื—ืžืช ื™ืขื‘ืฅ' (ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืืฑืกื ืึทื‘ึผืข 
4, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืืข -- 1924), ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœื ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคึผืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืคึฟื•ื ืงื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืขืžืจื™ืŸ, ื“ื™ 
ื“ืึธื•ื™ืงืข ืึทืจื‘ึผืขืกืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืœื™ื™ืจืขืจ ื ื™ื ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฐืฒืกืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ ื‘ึผืœืฑืŸ ืืฑืก 
ืืงืจื™ืช ืกืคืจ", 1924, 18-17, 

,ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื", |, 12, 





6 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ื•ืžื•ืจื™ ื–"ืœ ืฉื ื” ืœื™ 1 ื•ื—ื›ื™ ื ื—ื•ื’ ืžื•ืจื™ ื–"ืœ ื•ืงื”ืœ ืขื“ืชื• 4, ื•ื‘ึผื‘ื™ืช ืžื“ืจืฉื• 
ืฉืœ ืžื•ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื–"ืœ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืงื•ืจื™ืŸ ?, ื•ืžื•ืจื™ 'ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื ื•ื”ื’!, ืืึทื–"ื•ื•. ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ (ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 101), ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ ืฉืœืžื” ืึทืœืงืึทื‘ึผื™ืฆืขื 
, ื›ึผืชื‘'' ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจืฒื™ื‘ึผื•ื ื’, ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืขืจ ,,ืžื’ื™ื“'' ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืึทืจื• ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช-ื ืึทื›ื˜ -- ื›ึผืึทืžืขืจืงื˜ ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ,,ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื', ืึทื– ืื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจืฒื‘ึผื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ,,ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื›ึผืชื‘ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ึผื™ืŸ ื–"?'' (ื“ืึธืจื˜!. 1, 101: ,ื•ื‘ึผื ื’ื–ื™ ื›ึผืชื‘ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ ื–"ืœ 
ืžืฆืืชื™ ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื•ื›ื• '') *. ื ืชืŸ ื”ืขื–ืชื™ืก ืจื‘ึผื™ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื—ื ื™ื–, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ืกื˜ืข ืงืขื’ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืจ 
ืฉื‘ึผืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™-ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’. ืขืจ ื’ื•ืคื ื”ืึธื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืžื—ืจื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื‘ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื™. 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขื ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขื, ื ืชืŸ ื”ืขื–ืชื™, ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคึฟืึทืจ 
ืึทืจืฑืก ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืึทืจืคืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืกื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขื 
ืจื‘ื™ืŸ 4. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืงืœืึธืจ, ืึทื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืชืŸ ื”ืขื–ืชื™ ืฐืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคึฟืึทืจืคืึทื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ,,ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื', ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื“ืŸ 
ืฉืจื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื–ืขื ืขื ืจื‘ึผื™ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ 
ืึท ืงืึทืžืฃ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื—ื’ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ 1670 
(ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,,ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื'' ืื™ื– ืคึฟืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ) ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜ (ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1674), ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ ,,ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื' ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืจื‘ึผื™ืŸ ื•ื™ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื ืœึฟืึทื ื’ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ึผืขื ืขื. ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ืžื•ื– ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ 1670 ืื™ื– ื ืชืŸ ื”ืขื–ืชื™ ื‘ึผืกืš-ื”ื›ึผืœ ืึทืœื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 26 ื™ืึถืจ, 
ื•ื•ืขืจ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ึนึผืขืจ ื ืขืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื“ืขื ,,ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื', ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš. ืžื™ื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืกื— ืื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืœ -- ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืกืคืง ื ื™ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ- 
ืคืึทื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืฐื•ืขืจืง ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืขืงื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื™ืœ 
ื’ืขืฐื•ืึทื ื“ืขืจื˜ 7- ืื•ึนืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ื™ืก ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื™ืœืข ื‘ึนึผืึท- 
ืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžืฉืขืจ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ ,,ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื'' ืื™ื– 


ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 74, 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 105, 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 191, 
| ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 201, ื–ืข ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, |, 15, 17, 19, 21 ืืึทื–"ื•, 

5 ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื’ึฟืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ (ืงืึทืคึผ' 3) ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ืึทืœืงืึทื‘ึผื™ืฆืขื ื›ึผืชื‘ ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจืขึธืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฑืกื ืึทื‘ึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ,ืฉื ื™ ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ึผืจื™ืช"/ 
(ืึทืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืึทืžืขืจ ืื•ืฑื™ืกื ืึทื‘ืข, 180). ื“ืึธื ืขืจืœืฑื™ื‘ึผื ืืคืฉืจ ืึทืจืฑืกื•ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืขืจื”, ืึทื– ื“ืขื 
ื‘ึผืขืœ ืื—ืžื“ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ืžืก" ืจื‘ื™ ืื™ื– ื ืขืฐืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ ื”ืฉืœ"ื” ื™ืฉืขื™ื—ื• ื”ื•ืจืฐื™ืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืกื•ึผืฃ 
ื™ืžื™ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืึธื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆืคืช ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ึผืŸ ืึทืจื•ึนื 1620, 

6 ื–ืข ื”ื›ื•ื‘ืฅ ืขืœ ื™ืจ", 1885, 126, 

7 ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ืึทืฐื›ื˜, ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ืขืจ ืกืึทืœืึธื ื™ืงืข, ืึทื ืคื™ื•ื›ื™ื, 
ืฆึทืจื•ืกืึธ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืจืฉืฒื“ืขื ืข ,ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืขื˜" (ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื–ื™ ื‘ืขืจื™ ืืฉื›ื )), 


=* ืคืŸ 90 66 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ ื™ื“ืŸ 41 


ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทื ื’ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืขืœื™ื“ืจืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื—ื™ืœื”, 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš: , ื•ืื ื™ ื ื”ื’ืชื™ ื‘ืกื”? ืขื“ืชื™... ื•ืคืขืžื™ื 
ืจื‘ื•ืช ืงืจื™ืชื™ ืื ื™ ื‘ืงื”? ืขื“ืชื™,.. ืงื•ื“ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™' ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช 
(ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 00); ื•ื›ืฉื“ืจืฉืชื™ ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืชืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื›ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื”ืœ ืขืจืชื™' 1 
ืืžืช, ืžืขืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ื–ืึธื˜ืŸ: ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื™ ืืŸ ืึธื ืฉื˜ืขืœ? ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืœืขืจ 
ืึท ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืคื™ืงืึทื˜ืึธืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืฐื•ื™ืœ ืื•ื ื– ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืœืขื ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื ืŸ. ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืœืฅ ืœืึธื–ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืคื™ืฆื™ืจืŸ; ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜ืŸ ืฐื•ึผื”ื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืœืขืจ 
ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืึทืจื™ื™ื ืฆื•ื“ืจื™ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืคื™ืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขื–ืขืขื ืกื˜ืข ืื ื˜ื™ืกืึทื‘ืึท- 
ื˜ื™ืึทื ืขืจ, ืฐื™, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืึทืฉืคึผื•ืจื˜ืึทืฉ, ื™ืขืงื‘ ืขืžื“ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข, ืคืึทืจ- 
ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืŸ ื“ืึธืš, ืึทื– ื“ืขื ืฉื‘ืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™ืก ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ื ื‘ื™ื ืื•ื™ื ืขื–ื” ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžืžืฉ 
ืึทืŸ ืืฑืกื•ื•ึผืจืฃ; ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืจืขืฅ ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื˜ ื ืชืŸ ื”ืขื–ืชื™ ืึทืœืก ืึท ื ื™ืฉ- 
ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืึทื ืฅ ืงื ืึทืคึผืข ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ื“ืขืจืฆื• ื ืึธืš ืึท ื›ึผื‘ื“"ืคึผื” ืื•ึนืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ืขืจืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ 
ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืงื•ื™ื ืคืึทืจื“ืขืงืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืœื™ื ืงืข ืคึผืฉืŸ, โ€ ืฐืึธืจืขื ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ื™ืœ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืจ, 
ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ ื’ืจืขืฅ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขื‘ืœืึธื–ืขื ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืข 
ืคึผื•ืกื˜ืข ืžืœื™ืฆื•ืช ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื“ืขืงืŸ ื“ื™ ืืจืขืžืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ื ื 
ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ?. ื“ื•ื“ ื›ึผื”ื ื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืชืŸ ื”ืขื–ืชื™ ื“ืขื ื ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ืจืขื‘- 
ื˜ื™ืกืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื“ืขื ืื•ืžืคืึทืจืฉืขืžื˜ืŸ ืœื™ื’ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืœืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืžืžืฉ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื“ื•ืจ ื›ึผื”ื ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ 
ืึทื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ึผืจ ืคื•ืŸ ,,ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื'' ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืขืจ ื•ื™ ื ืึธืš 
ื ืชืŸ ื”ืขื–ืชื™. ืก'ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ,,ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื'" 
ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขื“ื•ืช, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืืžืชืขืจ ื‘ึผืงื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืฃ. 
ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืจื‘ึผื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ?. ื•ืขืจ ืขืก ื‘ึผืึทืงืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืืžืชืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืŸ 
ื˜ืึทืœืขื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืึทื˜ืึธืก ืคื•ืŸ 8 ื‘ึผืึทื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื˜ืŸ ืคึผืจืข- 
ื“ื™ืงืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคึผืŸ ื ืขืคื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’-ืžืึธืจืึทืœื™ืฉืขืจ ืคืึทืจืึทื ื˜ืฐืึทืจื˜ืœืขื›ืงืฒื˜, 
ืžื™ืจ ืคืึทืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื˜ืึทืงืข ืžื”ืื™ ื˜ืขืžื. ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ,,ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื", 


2 
ื™ืฉื™ 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 98 ื–ืข ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 13: ืื•ืื ื™ ื“ืจืฉืชื™ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืคื™ ืืžืœื ืชื•ื›ื—ื•ืช"ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 142: ืื•ื›ืŸ ื ื”ื’ืชื™ ืืช ืงื”ืœ ืขื“ืชื™"ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ,. 1128 ืื•ืื ื›ื™ ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉืžืชื™ ืคื ื™ 
ื›ื—ืœืžื™ืฉ ืœื ื’ื“ื ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืคื™ ืืฉืจ ื—ื ื ื™ ืืœื”ื™ื ื‘"ื” ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ืœืงื—ืœ ืขื“ืช'ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 196; = ื”ืชืจืชื™ ืœืื™ืฉ ืื—ื“'ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 266: ืื•ืื ื™ ืชืงื ืชื™ ืกื“ืจ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืœื–' ื™ืžื™ 
ื”ื—ื’ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, |, ื—ื•ื›ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื ื”ื’ื™ ืžื™ื“ื™ ืฉื ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื• ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื”ืœ ืขื“ืชื™"ืŸ ื“ืึธืจืคืŸ, 
41 ืขื•ืคื™ ืืžืœื ืชื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืงื”ืœ ืขื“ืชื™' . ื–ืข ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืจืžืŸ, |, 52, 128 |ืŸ, 68, 7/, 93, 100, 

2 ื’ืจืขืฅ.ืฉืค"ืจ, ื‘' ื–ื•ื˜, ื•' 239 

8 ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ ืคื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื" ืฆื™ืคื™ืจื ืึธืคึทึผื ืจ' ื”ืื™ ื ืื•ืŸ, ื“ืขื ืจืžื‘"ื, ืจ' ืžืจืจื›ื™, 

ื“ืขื ืจื"ืฉ, ื“ืขื ืจ"ืŸ, ื“ืขื ื‘ืขืœ ืื”ืขื™ืžื•ืจ", ื“ืขื ืืืจื‘ึผืข ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื" ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข, 





118 ืจ"ืจ ื ืฆื™ื ื‘7ืจื’ 


ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืก'ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ืกื˜ืขืจ ืžื•ืคืจ-ืกืคืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืึทืคืŸ ื ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืš 
ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ืขืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืขืจืขืจ 
,ืจืืฉื™ืช ื—ื›ืžื”'' ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื ึดื™ื˜ ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืŸ.. | 

ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ ,,ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื' ืื™ื– ืึท ื”ืชืœื”ื›ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ืึท ื—ื™ื™" 
ืกืขืจ ืึธื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืจ"ื™ืก ืงื‘ืœื”. ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจ'"ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื™ื --- ื“ืึธืก 
ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืึทืจืข ืœื™ื›ื˜ (ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืคืœื) !, ื“ืขืจ ,, ืžื•ึนืจื ื• ื•ืจื‘ึผื ื•, ืžื•ืจื ื• ื”ืงื“ื•ื™ืฉ"*, 
ื“ืขืจ , ื”ืืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจื“'' (ืึทื“ื•ื ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ) 2, ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ืกื˜ืคื•ืœืขืจ ื™ื•ืจืฉ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืจ' ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื•ื—ืื™ 2 ืึท ืกืš ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืื™ื ื ,,ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื'' ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืื™ื‘ืขืจืคื•ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ , ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช'', ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื™ืœื“-ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื•ืžืคืืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืข ื”ืฉื‘ึผืขื•ืช. ื“ืึธืก ืคืึทืจื“ืจื™ืกืœืขื›ืข ื ืขืคื™ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข 
ืžื™ื˜ , ืฉืžื•ืช'' ื ืขืฉืคึผื™ื ืขืฐืขื˜ืข ืชึผืคื™ืœื•ืช ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืขืกืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื ืึธืš ืคึฟืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทืจื–ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื™ืฆื” ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข 
ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืงืข ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช, ื–ื•ื™, ืœืžืฉืœ: ,ื™ื”ื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืžืœืคื ื™ืš'' (ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 05), , ืจื‘ึผืฉ''ืข 
ืžืœื ืžืฉืืœื•ืชื™ื ื•'' (ื“ืืจื˜ืŸ, 06), ,,ืจื‘ึผื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื‘ึผืขืœ ื”ืจื—ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืกืœื™ื—ื•ืช"" 
(199) ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ืžืข ื’ืึธื˜ืกืคืึทืจื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืžืขื ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืชึผืคื™ืœื•ืช ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉืฒื“ืขื ืข 
ืกื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืžืึทืง ื•ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื›ึผื—ื ื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืขื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึท ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉื... 

ืืก ื˜ืจื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ,ืืจ"ื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ'" ืคึผืจื™ื™ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ ,, ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื' ืึท ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ืึทืกืงืขื˜ื™ืฉ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ. ืขืจ ืึธื ืขืจืงืขื ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– 
ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ --- ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื˜ืึธืŸ *; ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข 
ื–ืึธืจื’ ืื™ื– ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื™ ,, ื‘ึผืช-ืžืœืš'', ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืข ื ืฉืžื” ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื ืขืคืึทื ื ืขืŸ 
ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ื•ื•ืขืœืฃ --- ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืชึทึผืื•ื•ืช ?. ืขืจ ืจื•ืคื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก 
ืคึผืึทื˜ืึธืก ืฆื• ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืชึผืขื ื™ืชื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ื’ื•ืคื™ื; ืขืจ ื–ืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืกื˜ืŸ . 
ื•ื•ืขื’, ืฐืึธืก ืคื™ืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื’ืื•ืœื” ?. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ 
ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขื ืขื ืกืคืจ ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ืึทื ืฅ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื”ืขืจืŸ ืกืึธืฆื™ืึทืœืข 
ื˜ืขื ืขืจ. ืคื•ื ื ื”ืขืึทืœืŸ ืขืจื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืึทืžืขื ื˜ืคื•ืœืขืจ ืคึผืจืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ 


? ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 57, 103, 

2 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 142, 252 

8 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 221, 

4 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 284, 

5 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 225: ;ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื›ื™ื ื” ืฉื•ืจื” ืœึนื ืžื”ื™ืš ืขืฆื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœื ืžืชื•ืš ืขืฆืœื•ืช ื•ืœื 
ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื—ื•ืง ื•ืงืœื•ืช ืจืืฉ ื•ืœื ืžืชื•ืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ืืœื ื˜ืชื•ืš ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžื—ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆื•ื”', 

6 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 4 /ื ืžืคืฉ ื”ืขืœื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืขื’ื•ืžื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื ืช ืžืœืš ืฉื‘ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ื–ืื‘ื™ื"ื™ 


{ ืื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื", 2 11-10; ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 280, |, 17--18. 
ืฐ (/ 





ืจื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ึผืฒื™ ื™ื“ืŸ 49 


ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื›ื™ื— ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื˜ ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ื“ืขื ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืชื“ื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืึธืคื˜ ืจื• 
ืชืงื™ืคื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื›ืข ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคืฉืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชื•ืจื” 
ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ืค ื–ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื‘ึผ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืจืŸ ืคื•ื ื ืคืืœืง ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื ืงื™ืŸ ืึธื ื˜ื™ื™?ืœ ืื™ืŸ ,ืฆืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ''. ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ืจืึธืฃ-ืจื™ื™ื“ 
ื’ื™ืกื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจืจื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืจ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื‘ึผืœืขื ืจื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืœื•ืกืกื•ืก, ืฆื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื›ืกื˜ืข ืกืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืขืก ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืŸ ืึธืจืขืžืึทืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืกื™ืจ, ืคืึทืจื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ืŸ 
ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืก , ื•ื™ ืึท ืฉื•ืจ ืžื•ืขื“ ื‘ึผื™ืžื™ ื ื™ืกืŸ'; ืึทืจืขืžืข ื‘ึผื ึดื™ ืชึผื•ืจึนื” ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืึทืœืŸ, 
ืึธื‘ึนึผืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื›ึผืœืขืจืœืฒื™ ืคืึทืงื•ืกื ื™ืงืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืงื•ื ืฆื ืžืึทื›ืขืจืก, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ืค 
ืฉืคึผืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ืฆื ื•ืช --- ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ืฒึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื ื“ื‘ื ื™ื. ,,ืฐื™ ืงืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขืก ื“ืขืš- 
ืœืึธื–ืŸ, --- ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ, -- ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื—ื , ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื“, ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื™ื™ืš ืึธืจืขืžืขืœื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืœื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ื™ื˜? ืฐื™ ืงืึทื ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืขืก ืฐืึทื’ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืจื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื›ืŸ 
ืงื•? ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกืจืจื ืื›ื˜: ,ื‘ืœ ื“ื›ืคื™ืŸ ื™ื™ืชื™ ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื•ื›ื• /, ื‘ึผืขืช ืื™ืจ ืžืึทืจ-- 
ืžืึทื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืจืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืึธืจืขืžืขืœืฒื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ื™ ื’ืึธืกืŸ ื‘ืœืึธืŸ- 
ืจื–ืฉืขืŸ+'' 1. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ืึทื ื‘ ืึท ืžืขืฉื”, ,,ืฐื•ืึธืก 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืึทืกื™ืจื˜ ืึทืžืึธืœื™ืงืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื'!, ืฐื™ ืžืขืŸ -ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขื 
ืึท ,ืื™ืฉ ื—ืกื™ื“ ื•ื—ื›ื ืฆื ื•ืข!!, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื“ื—ืงื•ืช, ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ 
ืึธืŸ ืชึผืžื™ื›ื” ืคึฟืึทืจ ืคึผืกื—. ื”ืึธื ืขืจ ื ืขื‘ึผืขืš ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื”ืืจืฅ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ 
ืื•ืŸ ืชึผืคื™ืœื” ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื’ืึธื˜. ,ื•ืชืขืค ืฉื•ืขืชื• ืืœ ืืœื—ื™ื/' --- ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืฉื ื™ืชื‘ึผืจืš, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื, ื›ึผื‘ื™ื›ื•?, ืฉืžืึทืจืง 
ืคืึทืจื“ืจืึธืกืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ืจืึธืค} ื“ื™ ื ืื ืฆืข ืฉื˜ืื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ืึท ื’ืขืžื™ื™ื ืขื ืžืึทืŸ, ืึทืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื—ืกื™ื“, ืคืึทืจ ื”ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืจื—ื; ื ืึธืจ ืึทื“ืึทื ืง ืืœื™ื”ื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืชืคึผืœ? ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืืจ ื’ืึธื˜, ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึธื˜ืก ืฉื˜ืจืึธืฃ ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 5, 

ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผื›ืœืฃ ืึตืŸ ืึทืจื’ืึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ื ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืค ืคื•ื ื 
;;ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื"', ืึทืœืก ื’ืขื ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ-ื“ืจืฉืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืคึผื•ืฆื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฅ 
ืึธืคื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžื•ืกืจ-ืจื™ื™ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ืจืขื ืข ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืขืก; ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ 
ืคืžืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืงื•ื ืฆื™ืก, ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืฆื•ื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ืžืœืขื›ืŸ ืจื™ื˜ื 
ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืฉ ืคืึธืœืงืกื˜ื™ืžืœืขื›ืŸ ื ื•ืกื—. ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืึทืช ืžืฆืจื™ื *, ื“ื™ ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื• *, 
ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื” ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื–ืงื ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืึท ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ืžื˜ืŸ ืจื‘ ืื™ืŸ 

1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 

7 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 11, 

: ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ ืฐืขื ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ืฉืœ ืคึทึผืกื—, 

+ ื“ืึธืจืžืŸ, 619 





240 ื“"ืจ โ€ ืฆื™ื ื’ ืขืจื  


ืกื•ื›ึผื” 1 ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื” ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืœืš?,. ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืฉื” ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช (ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื–ื–ื–, 78--82) ืื•ืŸ ืืกืชึผืจ (ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 98, 112--118) ืื•ืŸ 
ืคื™ืœืข ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข. โ€ / ื™ื™ - 


ื ื™ื˜ ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ ืฐื™ ื“ื™ ืœืขื’ืขื ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขืึทืœืข 
ื‘ึผื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ-ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคืœืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืึธืฃ- ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ืกืจ-ืจื™ื™ื“ ืคื•ื ื ื‘ึผืขืœ ,,ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื". ื‘ึผืขืช ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ 
ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืึธืŸ, ืฐื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ื™ืš ื ื•ื”ื’ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ืช ื—ื›ึผื ืกืช ืฉื‘ึผืช 
ืื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื-ื›ึผื™ืคึผื•ืจ, ื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ , ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื'' ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืึทื˜ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ืฉื˜ืจืึธืฃ-ืจื™ื™ื“ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืืฑื“ื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืขื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ึผื•ืœื˜ืข 
ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืŸ, ืฐื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ืขืจ ืขื•ืœื ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฆื™ ืฉื‘ึผืช ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืœ, 
ืฉื™ืจื˜ ืฉืžื•ืขืกืŸ ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ืคึผืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืง, ื”ืขืจื˜ ืคึผืึธื˜ืฉื˜ืŸ, ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืงื˜ ืœืฉื•ืŸ-ื”ืจืข, 
ืžืขืŸ ืจืขื“ื˜ ืึดืคึผ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืจื˜. ,ื•ื™ื™ ืฆื• ื“ื™ 
ืื•ื™ืขืœืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืขืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก, ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืื–ื™ื’ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืขืขืŸ ื“ืึธืค!" --- ืจื•ืคื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืึทื˜ืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ืžืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ 5. ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืขื˜ื ืึธ- 
ื’ืจืึทืคื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืจื™ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ ,ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื'? 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืกืงืึทืจืึทื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืข ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผื•ืจื™ื- ืื•ืŸ 
ื—ื ื•ื›ึผื”"ื˜ืขื’ 4, - 


ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืึท ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืขืจ ืžื•ื›ื™ื” ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื–ืข ืฉื˜ืจืึธืฃึผ-ืจืฒื“ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ ,,ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื'', ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ืœื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืขืจ ื—ื‘ืจ. 
ื“ืขืจ ืœืขื–ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื™ื: ,,ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืจื•ื“ืขืจ'', ,,ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืก ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืขืจ ื‘ึผืจื•- 
ื“ืขืจ''; ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื™ื“ื™ื˜ืึธืจื™ื•ื: , ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ืข', ,,ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืข, ื’ืึธืœื™ 

1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 8; ืคืื’ื™ื“ ืœืš ืžืขืฉื” ืจื‘ ืืฉืจ ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืžืคื™ ื–ืงื ื™ื, ืžืขืฉื” ืฉื”ื™ื” 
ื ืจื‘ ืžื•ืคืœื ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื–ืœื•ืžื“ ื‘ืกื•ื›ืชื• ื•ึผืชืœืžึดื™ื“ื• ืขืžื•", 


2 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืฐ, 6 ื•ึทื•ืื“ื•ึนื ึตื™ ืื‘ื™ ื•ืžื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ: ืžืขืฉื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกืคืจื“ื™ 
ื‘ืื™ืฉ ืื—ื“ ื•ืฉืžื• |' ืืคืจื™ื, ื•ื™ืขืจ ื”ืืœ ืืช ืจื•ื—ื• ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืžืœืš ื•ืœื’ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื™ื 
ื•ื ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืœืš ื•ื›ื•' ื•ื›ื• ", 


ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจืขืคื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฉืžืขืœืข ื‘ึผืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช, ื–ืข ื‘ึผืฒืœืึทื’ืข ื ื•ืž' 15 . 


4 ,ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื", || 119, 2 ืชื›ื™ ื ืฉืžืข ืงื•ืœ ืฆื•ื—ื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช 
ื™ืชื”ื•ืœืœื• ื•ืชื‘ืงืข ื”ืืจืฅ ืœืงื•ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืœื™ืขืชื, ื•ื™ืฉื ื• ืืช ื˜ืขืžื ื•ืžืจืื™ื”ื ืœืชืช ืขืœ 
ืคื ื™ื”ื ืžืกื•ื” ืขื“ ื›ื™ ื ื—ื”ืคืš ืœืื™ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืžื›ื™ืจ ื›ื™ ืœื›ื•ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœื™ืคื•ืชืช ืฉืžืœื•ืช 
ื”ื™ื• ืœื ืฉื™ื, ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื’ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœื™ ืืฉื”, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื™ืชื ื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื”ื ื›ืกื•ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื 
ืขื“ ืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ืจื•ืื™ื”ื ืœึนื ื™ื›ื™ืจื•ื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ื•ืœื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื• ืžึดื™ ื•ืžื™ ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืขื“ืจื™ื ืขื“ืจื™ื ืคืขื 
ื‘ืจื—ื•ืฅ ืคืขื ื‘ืจื—ื•ื›ื•ืช ืืฆืœ ื›ืœ ืคื™ื ื” ื™ืึฒืจื•ื‘ื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื™ื•ื—ื• ืžืงื•ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ื–ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืื™ื–ื” ืžืงื•ื 
ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืกื™ื›ื ื•ื™ืœื›ื• ืœื”ื ื‘ืชื•ืคื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื—ื•ืœื•ืช ืžืคื—ื–ื™ื ื•ืžื›ืจื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื•ื•ืŸ ื•ืืฉื” ื›ืœื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ื” 
ืขืœื™ื” ื•ื—ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืขืœื• ื‘ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืœื˜ื™ ื”ื’ื ื‘ื•ืจื™ื, ื•ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ืžื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ ื—ืจื ื• 
ืขืœ ื™ืจื™ื›ื• ื•ื—ื™ืฆื™ื• ืฉื ื•ื ื•ืช", ื–ืข ืื•ึผื™ืš ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 06-15, 





ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ืจืŸ 441 


ื“ืขื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ''!, ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืฉื˜ื•ืช ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืจื™ื™ื“ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืึท ืจื™ื™ืŸ-ืžืึธืจืึทืœื™ืฉ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ, ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคืจื•ืžืขืจ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช, ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื‘ื" 
| ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ื ืึธื˜ืก ื”ื•ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฆืขื‘ึผืจืึธื›ืŸ ื ืขืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื”ืึทืจืฅ ืคื•? ืžื™ืื˜ 
ื”ื›ื ืขื” ืื•ืŸ ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื”; ื•ื™ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืฑืึธืจื ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืงื•ื“ืื™ื›? ื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ืฉืœื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืึทื—ื“ื•ืช. ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืค ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืกืคืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื’ืจืึธื“ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ. ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉืœื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืึทื—ื“ื•ืช, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืื•ึนืŸ ืฉื ืื”. ืฉื‘ึผืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžืงื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึทืงืึธืจืฉื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึทื›ืžืขื“ืึทื ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ , ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ื™ืงืขืก'' ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคืึทืจ , ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ"", 
ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ืึธืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืฉื™ื— ืื•ื™ืก 
ืกืžื™ืจื ืข, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ื” ื“ืขื ืกืžืš ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืืฑืกื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึธื›ืŸ 
ืฉืึทืจืคืข ืกื™ื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขืจื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื’ืื ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื™- 
ื˜ืขื•ื˜ืŸ ืงืึทืžืฃ. ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืคึผืึทืจ ืจืขื“ื˜ ืขืก ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ืคึผืึทื˜ืึธืก 
ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ืื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืฐืึธืจื ื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืื•ืŸ ืงืจื™ื ืขืจื™ื™, 


,ืื•ื™ ื ื ืœื ื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืžืขื ืœื•ืชื™ื ื•!'' -- ืงืœืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ 
,ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื'' --- ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืื•ื ื–, ืฐืึธืก ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึทึผื™ื™ ืื•ื ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื 
ื’ื™ื˜ืึธ! ื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื–, ืฐืึธืก ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื–ื™ื ื“ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืžื™ื˜ . 
ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ื”ืขื ื˜ ื ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคื™ืœ ืื•ืžื ืœื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืจื•ืช ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข 
ืงืขืคึผ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืฉืžืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื ืœื•ืช,.. ื”ืขืจื˜ืจื–ืฉืข ืžื™ืš ืื•ื™ืก, ื‘ืจื™- 
ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ืข, ืื™ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข ืฉืคึผืจืึธืฆืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ึผืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ืข ืึธื‘ื•ึนืช: ืื™ืš 
ื•ื•ื™ืœ ืื™ื™ืš ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืืžืชืข ื™ืจืึทืช ืฉืžื™ื, ืื™ืš ื•ื•ื™? ืื™ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ ืฐื™ ื’ืึธื˜ืก 
ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื•ื•ืขื›ื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืคึผืจืขืคึผืœืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงื˜ื•ื, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื˜ื™ืฉ,. ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื™ืกื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ืข ืคืืœืง ืื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืจืขืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ื ื•ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ื™ืข ืฆืจื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืœืึธื ืŸ. ืฆื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ืจ, ืคืึทืจืฐืึธืก ื ืึธื˜ืก ืžืฉืคึผื˜ 
ืื™ื– ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’, ืคืึทืจืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืžื“ื—ื™ ืืœ ื“ื—ื™ --- ืคืึทืœืŸ ืึทืœึฐืฅ ื ื™ื“ืข- 
ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ, ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขืจื˜ืจื•ื ืงืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืขืœื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื ื•ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื™ืข 
ืคึผื•ืจืขื ื™ื•ืช, ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ. ื˜ืึธื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐื•ึผืกื˜? ืขืก ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ 
ืกืคืง ื ื™ื˜, ืึทื– -- ืฆื“ื™ืง ื•ื ื“' ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืจืฉืขื ื• --- ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงืข, 
ื•ืžื™ื“ื ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื•ื™ื™? ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื•ื ื– ื’ืขืฐืขืœื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ืจื•ื“ 
ื”ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช. 


1 ,ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื", 4, /1237,, 173, 204, 205 ืืึทื•"ืฐ: ,ืื—ื™ ืืชื” ื•ืชื ืื•ื ืš, ื”ื ื” 
ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ ืืฉืจ ืื”ื‘ืช ืขื•ืœื ืื”ื‘ืชื™ืš; ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ืื—ื™ ืืชื”ืŸ ื•ืืชื ื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืžืขื• ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ ื—ืžื“ 
ืื—ื•ื‘ื™ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ", 





1412 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ึผืขืจื’ 


, ืคืึทืจืฐืึธืก --- ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ --- ืื™ื– ื‘ึทึผื™ื™ ืึทื™ื™ืš, ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข 
ื™ืขืงื‘ืก ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ื•ืช ื ื™ื˜ืึธ? ืฆื™ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื“ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ. ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืžืึธืœืง, ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ? ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื– ื“ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ืคืŸ? ื•ืžื“ื•ืข 
ืœื ื ื”ื™ื” ืœืื—ื“ื™ื ื‘ึผืืจืฅ --- ืคืึทืจืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผืฉืœื•ื ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš, ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคืืœืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ? ื•ื™ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืขืก ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ื ืข- 
ืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ื ืœึฟืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืคื™ื™ื ืจ, ืžืžืฉ ืฐื™ ืึท ืฉืขืคืขืœืข ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ 
ืžื™ืœื™ืึธื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœืฃ (ื›ื›ื‘ืฉื” ืื—ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืึถืœืค ืืœืคื™ ืจื‘ื‘ื•ืช ื–ืื‘ื™ื ืžืžืฉ)? ืื•ื ื– 
ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง, ืฐืึธืก ืึทืœืข ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืคื™ื™ื ื˜, ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืึธืš 
ื“ื™ ืฉื ืื” ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืš, ืคืึทืจื’ืจืขืกืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื“ืึธืก ืคื™ื™ืขืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื•ื ื– ืึธืŸ ืจื—ืžื ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธื’ ืคืึทืจืฆืขืจืŸ" 1, 

,ืžื•ื›ืจื— ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ื‘ึผื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืื—ื“ื•ืช" --- ืžืขืŸ ืžื•ื– ืฉืึทืคืŸ 
ืึทื—ื“ื•ืช ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ --- ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื›ึผืœืœ ื—ื–ืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ืžืขืจืขืจืข 
ืžืึธืœ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืฉืขื ืงื˜ ืขืจ ืึท ืฉืคึผืึธืจืขืฐื“ื™ืงืข ืฆืึธืœ ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืงืข ื‘ึผืœืขื˜ืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืกืคืจ, , ืžื—ื™ืœึนื” -- ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ ,,ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื'' ืื•ื - 
ื˜ืขืจ --- ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื‘ึผืขื˜ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ื“ื•ืงื ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ 
ืฉื•ื ืื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื’ื•ืคื ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ืึท ืชึผืคื™ืœื” ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžืชืคึผืœืœ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ 
, ืคึผื•ืฉืขื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ'', ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ื™ืขื ืข ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ื‘ึผืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื” ื–ื™ื™ืŸ . 

ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืึทื ื‘ ืคืึทืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืจื˜. ื•ื™ ืึทืœืข ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืžื™ืกื˜ื™- 
ืงืขืจ, ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ ,,ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื'' ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื›ึผื•ื—, 
ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผืคื™ืœื”. ื›ึผื›ื“ื™ ืึถื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ื™ ืชึผืคื™ืœื” ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื›ึผื•ื•ื ื”, ืžื•ื– ื–ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืฉื›ึผืจืึทืš. , ื“ืขืจ" 
ืคืึทืจ --- ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ --- ืขื“ ืขืก ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืขื‘ื™ 
ืจืขื™ืฉ, ื–ืึธืœ ืขืจ ืžืชืคึผืœ? ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืชึผืคื™ืœื” ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ" ?. , ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš -- ืื™ื– ื“ืขื” 
ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ, --- ืึทื– ืชึผืฉืขื”-ื‘ืื‘ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื ื”, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืคืึธืจื’ืข- 
ืœื™ื™ืขื ื˜ ื‘ึผืœืข"ื– (ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื ืึทื ื’ืค-ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš), ืึท ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืขืจืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืง ืืคื™ืœื• ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืฒืขืŸ ื™ืึธ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉ, ืฐื™ ืฆืขืŸ ืกื™ื ื•ืช 
ืื•ื™ืฃ 5ืฉื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจืฉ", , ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืึท ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ึผืŸ-ืึธื“ื ืคื•ื ื ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืคึผืจืึธืกื˜ืŸ ืขื•ึนืœื, 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ, ืงืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืชึผืคื™ืœื” ืึถื ืžืึทื›ืŸ 
ืึท ื’ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืจื•ืฉื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื•ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื. ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข 
ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ืึท ืžืขืฉื” ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ , ืฉื˜ื•ืžืข ื ืฉืžื•ืช'', ืฐืึธืก ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฐื•ื ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื™. 5, ืคึผืจืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ,,ืคืึธืœืงืกื˜ื™ืž" 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 178, ื–ืข ืืฑื“ ื“ืืจืžื• ื“ืขื ืฉืขืจ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ ืฆืฐืฒ, 

2 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 123--134, 

8 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 105 : ,ื›ื™ ืืฃ ืฉื™ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ื ื•ืกื—ื– ืฉื™ื—ื• ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืœืขื•, ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืœื‘ื›ื•ืช ื”ื•ื 
ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืžืคื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื“'', 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 443 


ืœืขื›ืข ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืขืก''. ืขืจื’ืขืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ื™, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ึผืึทืžืขืจืงื˜ 
ื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึธืจืขืžืขืจ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื•ื™ื ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ืคืึทืจื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ 
ืึท ืคึผืจืฉื” ื—ื•ืžืฉ. ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื‘ึผืฉื™ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึนึผืึทืœื“ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ 
ืคึผื˜ื™ืจื” ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื—ืœื•ื ืฆื• ืึท ื‘ึผื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื—ืกื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, 
ืึธื ื’ืขื˜ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืชึผื›ืจื™ื›ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืกืคืจืœ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜. ืคืจืขื ื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจ 
ื—ืกื™ืจ: ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธืœื˜ืกื˜ื• ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืกืคืจ ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜? ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ืื™ื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจ" 
ืžื™ื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืขืจ ืึท ืชึผื”ื™ืœื™ืžืœ, ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฆื• ืื™ื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ 
ื–ืขืŸ ืฐืึธืจืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืฉื™ื™ื ืฐื•ึนื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜, ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ 
ืื ื˜ืœื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืจืึทื˜ืขืฐืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื ืคืฉื•ืช, ืฐืึธืจืขื ื›ึผืœ-ื–ืžืŸ 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึธืš ื’ืขืœืขื‘ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ ืžื’ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜, ื•ืึธืก ืขืจ 
ืคืœืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ื™ืขื“ืข ื•ืึธืš ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื ืึทื ืฅ ืชึผื”ื™ืœึดื™ื. ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ื›ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืชึผื”ื™ืœื™ื ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืงื”ื™ืœื— ื’ืขืœืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื, 
ืื™ืฆื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืฐื•ืขืจ ืก'ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื™ืฆืŸ, ื“ืึทืจืคืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ ืฐืึธืก ื’ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜. ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืคืจื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื—ืกื™ืš 
ืืฑื™ืคื ืขื›ืึธืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืจื•ื™ืก ืฉืจืขืง ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืœื™ื™ืš ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื”ื™ืœื—. 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืขืจ ื›ื›ึผื ื”. ืึท ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืžืงื™ื™ื ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ 
ึผืจ"ืžื™ื ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืคื•ื™ืœืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ื ื™ืฆื•? ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืœื˜ ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืŸ ืฆื•ื ื—ืกื™ื“ืก ื—ืœื•ื, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื˜ืึทืงืข 
ืจื—ืžื ื ืœื™ืฆืœืŸ ืึทืœึถืข ืื•ืžื ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ 1, 

ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืคืึทืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ึผืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืึตืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ , ื“ืขื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืžื“ื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื•ื™ืœืงืขื ืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืงืข!/, ืฐืึธืก ืคึผื˜ืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืืฑืฃ 
ืคึผื™ืœืคึผื•ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผื™ืฆื™ืงืข ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ึนืŸ ืคึผืฉื˜ืœืขืš2. ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื™ืก ื›ึผืขืก 
ืจืขื“ื˜ ืขืจ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืขืœื™ื™ื“ืจืฉื ืก, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื‘ึผืื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก 
ื‘ึผืงื™ืื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื—ืจื™ืคื•ืช; ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื‘ืœื‘ึผืœ? ื“ืขื ืขื•ืœื ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื™ืœื“ืข ืงืœืึธืฅ- 
ืงืฉื™ื•ืช, ืคื™ืจืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืฃ 8 ืฐืึทื’ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฐืึทื ื˜, ื‘ึผืึทืฐื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื›ึผ? ื—ืžื™ื ื™ ืงื•ื ืฅ-ืฉื˜ื™ืง, 
ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืืžืชืข ืงื•ื ืฆื ืžืึทื›ืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธืงื•ืกื ื™ืงืขืก. ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ึผืจ 
ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ, ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจืš ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ืœืคึผื•? ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ. ื“ื™ 
ืึทืฉื›ึผื ื–ื™ืฉืข ืงื™ื‘ึผื•ืฆื™ื 5, ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืข ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืชื•ืจื” 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงืจื•ืžืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื“ืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• 
ืฉืงืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืœืขื ื“ื•ื ื’ -- ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืงืข ืฉื˜ืึทืง-ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ึดื™ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฐืขื ื“ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธื˜ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืึธื ื’ืขื™ืึธื’ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ 


2 'ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 209 ืื•ื”ืžื›ืฉืœื” ื”ื–ืืช ืชื—ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืจื‘ืช ื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ ื“ืขืช ื•ืคื‘ื™ื ื™ 
ื‘ื™ื“ืข ืืฉืจ ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ื–ืžื ื ืื—ืจ ื—ืจื™ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืคืœืคื•ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจื ืœื 
ื™ื“ืขื•', 


8 ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคึผืึทืกืขืจ ืžื™ื™ื ื ื“ืึธ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื™ืžืฉ-ืคึผืฑื™ืœื™ืฉืข ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช, 





444 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ึผืขืจื’ 


ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืžื ืœื™ืง ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ืึท ื‘ึผืจืึธืš ื ืึธืš ืึท ื‘ึผืจืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ; 
ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ืขืจ ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืžื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ. ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืึทืœืข ื’ืึทืกืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฐืึทืœื’ืขืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจ ืขืก ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ ืžืงื‘ึผืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื™ 
| ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœ? ืจื•ืคื˜ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื•ื ืงืœืึทืกื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืจ" 
ืงืฐื•ืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืฉื˜ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืงืœืึธืจืงืฒื™ื˜ --- ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึดึผื™ื‘ึนึผืœ. ืขืจ ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ 
ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืข ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจื•ืคื™ืึทื˜ ื“ื•ืจืึทืŸ 2, ืฐื•ึผ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ื 
ื”ืชืคึผืขืœื•ืช ืžืคืœื™ื ื“ื™ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจื‘ึผืึทืจืข ืฉื™ื™ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ึผืชื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ืจืฉ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ ,,ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื'' ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื“ื™ ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื 
ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื‘ึผืงื™ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ื”ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืš ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ 
ืชึผื•ืจื” ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืกื˜ื ื ืื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึธืœ 
ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืชึผื '"ืš 8. | : 

ืฆื™ ืื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขืš ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ึผืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ื - 
ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืŸ ืžื•ืกืจ-ืกืคืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ 4, ื“"ื” ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ืฐื•ื™ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืื™ื˜ืœืึทื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,,ืžืฉื™ื— ืืœื”ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘'' ืื™ื– ืžื’ื•ืœื’? ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืžืึทื›ืžืขืจ ืขืคืขื ื“ื™? ืคื™ืœืข ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึทืจ ืึท ื‘ึผื“ื•ืง ื•ืžื ื•ืกื”, ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืกื•ืคึผืง. ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืคื™ืœืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืงืœืึธืจืข ืื•ื™ืกื”ืจื™ืงืŸ ืงืึทื ืขืŸ 
ื“ืขืจื•ื•ืขืงืŸ ื“ืขื ื—ืฉื“, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ื•ื˜ื” ืฆื• ื“ื™ , ืฉื‘ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ื™- 
ืงืขืก'', ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขืจืง ืื™ื– 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืง ื“ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื’ืขืœื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ื™ืœื ื•? ืžื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืš ืคื•ืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ื”ืขื ื˜; ืงืึธืŸ 
ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื•ื™ื‘ึผ ืึท ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ื”ืึทื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืขืจื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื– 
ืื•ื™ืก ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืก'ืื™ื– ื˜ืขืžื™ื ื’ืขืขื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ื˜ืขืงืกื˜. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื™ืขืจื ืคืึทืœืก 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจ ืฆื• ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ, ืึทื– ื , ืฉื‘ึผืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™ื ื™ืง?, ื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืœืฑื™ื‘ึผื˜, ืึทืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจ ืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ืืœ, ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืœึฟืึทื ื’ ื“ืขืจืฐืึทืจื˜ืขืจ ืžืฉื™ื—, ื–ืึธืœ 
ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืงืœืึธื’ืŸ, ,ืึทื– ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจ ืื™ื– ืึท ืคืึทืจื™ืชื•ืžื˜ ื“ื•ืจ, ืžื™ืจ ืึทืœืข ื˜ืึทืคึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 70; ืคืฉืžื™ื•ื ื‘ื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืžื›ื•ืœื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื” ื‘ืืฉื›ื ื• ื‘ื ืขืจื‘ื•ื‘ึฟื™ื ื•ื—ืฉื™ื ื” 
ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืœืขื•ืœื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืฆืจื•ืจื•ืช, ื”ื•ื” ืขืœ ื”ื•ื”, ืฉื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื ืจ ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ื™ื“ื•ื‘ืงื• ื•ื ืฉืคืš ื“ืžื™ื 
ื›ืžื™ื ื•ืื™ึดืŸ , ืงื•ื‘ืจ ื•ื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ ืืœืคื™ื ื ืคืฉื•ืช ืฉื ื”ืจื ื• ืขื“ ื”ืฉืืจื ืžืขื˜ ืžื”ืจื‘ื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ื•ื” 
ื›ื™ ืื ืฉืข"ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื•ื” ื•ื›ื•' ื•ื›ื• ". 

9 ื–ืข ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข, ื‘' || ื•' 249 

8 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 2 ืื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืฉื ื” ื•ื‘ื’ืžืจื 
ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืขืกืงืŸ ื‘ืชื ืš ื•ืœื—ื›ื•ืจ ื•ืœืขืฒืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืœืคื—ื•ึผืช ืคืขื ื' ื‘ืฉื ื” ื•ืจืื•ื™ ืœืงื•ื‘ืขื• 
ื—ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื•ื™ื•ื ืœื”ืช ื—ืœืง ืœื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื•ื™ื•ื ืžืขื ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืžืขื˜ ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื•ืžืขื˜ ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื". 

4 ื“ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืึธืคื˜ ื ืึธืš ืฆืฐืฒ ื–ืฒื ืข ืฐืขืจืง, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื ืง 
ืึธื‘ึถึผืขืจ ื ื™ื ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื—ื™ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ: {ื—ืžื“ื” ื ื ื•ื–ื”" ืื•ืŸ ,ืžื—ืžืจ ืขื™" 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื“ืŸ 245 


ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ื˜ื˜ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืก'ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืžื ื”ื™ื’, ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื™ืฆืขืจ'. (ืื™ืŸ 
ืืชื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืขื“ ืžื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžื ื”ืœ ื•ืœื ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ึดึผื™ื“ื™ื ื•ื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื ืคืฉ) 1 
ืฐื™ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืกืงื•ื‘?, ื‘ึผืคืจื˜ ื ืึธืš ืึทื–ืฑื ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืฑืคื ืขืฐืึทืงืกืŸ 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืคืชืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืจ 
,,ื—ืžืจืช ื™ืžื™ื'' ืžื™ื˜ ืื•ืžื’ืขื“ื•ืœื“ ื’ืขืฐืึทืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ึผื™ืึทืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื—, ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืงืข ืชึผืคื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื’ืึธื˜, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ืขืจื ืขื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ,,ืกืฅ'', ,ื•ื–ื›ื ื• 
ืœืจืื•ืช ืคื ื™ ืžืฉื™ื—ืš ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ, ืžืœืš ื‘ื™ืคื™ื• ืชื—ื–ื™ื ื” ืขื™ื ื™ื ื•".. 2 ืขืจ ืฐืึทืจื˜ 
ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ. ืึทืœืฅ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืžืฉื™ื”, ืฐืึธืก ื“ ืึท ืจื” ืขืจืฉื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืšืฃ 
ื ืึธืš ืึทืœืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ; ื“ืึธืก ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืขืŸ... 


1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 154, 
3 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 65, 224, 275 ืืึทื•"ื—. 





ืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ 


ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืึทื ื˜ื˜ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื’. -- ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืึธืกืึธืกื™ืฉืข ืื™ืจืขืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึทื‘ึผืึทื˜ื™ืึทื ืขืจ 
ืงืจื™ื™ื•ืŸ, -- ื ื—ืžื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื™ืŸ, -- ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืงืึธืจื“ื•ื–ื• ืึทืœืก ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ. ื–ื™ืŸ 
,ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ืกื•ืจ ื”ืืœื”ื•ืช . -- ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ึผืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธื ืคื•ืŸ 
ื™ืฉืจืืœ -- ื“ื™ ืงืขืžืคืขืจ- ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื™.ื‘ึผืึทืฐืขื’ื•ื ื’, -- ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืจื™ืจืขืจ 
ืคืจืึทื ืกื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉ ืฉืึทืคึผืŸ, -- ื–ืฒืขืจ ื ืฆื‘ื™ ืžื•ืจื—", -- ื™ืขืงื‘ 
ืฉืึทืฉืคึผื•ืจื˜ืึทืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืืฆื™ืฆืช ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืฆื‘ื™". -- ื“ื™ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืคื•ื ื ืกืคืจื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืงื™ื‘ึผื•ืฅ, 


ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืฆืึธืœ ืœืฑื‘ึผืœื™ื“ืขืจ, 
ืคึผื™ื•ื˜ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ืžื•ื ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืชึผื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืชืฉื‘ึผื—ื•ืช ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืงื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ื ื , ืžืฉื™ื— ืืœืงื™ ื™ืขืงื‘'', ืคื•ื ื ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื’ื•ืืœ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื™, 
/ื“ืึธืก ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืึธืกึฟ ื“ืขืจื ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข ืžื“ืจื ื”; ืึธืคึผื ืขืฐื™ืฉื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึทืœึถืข ื’ืจืขื ืขืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึธืจืžืึทืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืŸ. ืึทืœืฅ ืคืึทืจืฉืœืขื ื’?- 
ื˜ืขืจ, ืคืึทืจืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืคึผืœื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืึทื‘ึผื™ืจื™ื ื˜, ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืงืจืึทืžืคึผื”ืึทืคื˜ ื ืขืฆืึทืคึผืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืงืจืขื ืงืœืขืš ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ื˜ืข 
ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทื–ื™ืข, ื“ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐืฒื˜ืึธื’ื˜ืข, ื“ื•ืจืš ืื•ืžื–ื™ืกื˜ืข ื”ืึธึทืคืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžืึท- 
ื˜ืขืจื˜ืข ื ืฉืžื”... | | 

ื“ืขืจ ืงืจืขื ืกืœืขืš-ืงืจืึทืžืคึฟื”ืึทืคื˜ืขืจ ื ืขืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก 
ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืจืงื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื, ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืคื™ืœื˜. ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื’ื™ืืœ, ื“ืขื ,, ืžืฉื™ื— 
ืืœื”ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘'' -- ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืื™ื˜ืœืื ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ. | 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื™ืก ืึธื ื”ืขื ื ืขืจ + ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืึทืคืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจ 
ืึท ืื™ื’ื ืืจื˜ื™ืงืข ืึทืคึผืึธืงืจื™ืคื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, โ€ ื ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืžืขื ื’ืข ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข 
ืื’ื“ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืฉื™-ื ืคืœืื•ืช, ืฐื•ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืืœืข ื“ื•ึนืจื›ื ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืขืจ ื˜ืขื ื“ืขื ืฅ: ืึทืจืฑืกืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธืคึผื˜ืจื™ื ื™ืงืŸ ืžืฉื™ื—, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžืึทื›ืžืขื“ืก ืืžื•ื ื” ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ--ืึทืœืก ื“ืขื ืœื™ื™ื“ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžืฉื™ื”, ืžืฉื™ื— ื“ืขืจ 
,, ืงื“ื•ืฉ'', ืฐืึธืก ื ืขืžื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื›ึผืื”ื‘ื” ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืื•ึนืŸ ื‘ึผื–ื™ื•ื ื•ืช, 
ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืžื›ืคึผืจ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจ ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื ื“ ืคื•ื ื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืคืึธืœืง,.. 1. 


1 ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืžื•ืึทืจืŸ ,ื•ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ?" ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืกืึทื›ึผืึธื˜ื™ืึทื ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ืš ื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ ืžืืจื™ืฆื• (ืคืขื ื™ื ื™ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ ืฆื›ื™", 41--69) ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึนืึทื™ 
ืงืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ,ืžืื•ืจืขื•ืช ืฆื‘ื™". 

246 





ืจื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทื˜ื™ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื“ืŸ 4247 


,ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืื™ืจ ืึทืœืข, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ืืžืช ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•?ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืจื—ืžื™ื 
ืฆื•ื ืคืึธืœืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ --- ืจื•ืคื˜ ืคึผืึทื˜ืขื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึท- 
ืกืขื“ ืคื•ื ื ืคืœื•ื ื™ื‘ืœืื˜ 3,ืกืคื”ื“ื•ืชื ื“ืžื”ื™ืžื ื•ืชื' --- ื–ื™ื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทื– 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื›ึฐื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ืฉื‚ืœ ืคึผืกื— ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผื—ื•ืš'ื—ื•ื ืึตื™ื ื’ืขืœืื“ืŸ 
ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืŸ ืžืฉื™ื— ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื ืœืฒืฒื˜ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 12 ื˜ื•ื™ื ื ื˜ 
ืžืœืึธื›ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืงืึธืคึผ ืึท ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ ืึทืจื•ื™ืคื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜. ื ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืจื•ืš-ื—ื•ื 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืึทื™ื™ื ื’ืขืœืึทื“ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืกืขื•ื“ื” ื“ื™ ืึธื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื --- ื“ื™ ืึธื‘ื•ึนืช, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜. ื‘ึผืฉืขืช ื“ืขืจ ืกืขื•ื“ื” ื”ืึธื˜ ื”ืงื‘'ื” ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืคืจืึทื’ืข: ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขื“ืขืจื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื’ืข- 
ืฐื•ืึธืจืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืก ื‘ึผืจื™ืงืขื•ื•ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื•ื™ืš--- 
ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ืงื™ื ื“? ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื‘ื•ึนืช ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜: ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“ ืคืึทืจืงืœืขื ืขืจืŸ, ืึธืคึผืฉืฐืึทื›ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืงืจืขืคื˜ืŸ, ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื‘ึผื›ื•ื— ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก ืžืขืจ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืคืŸ, ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžืฆื•ืคืจื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจื‘ื™ื™ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื”ืึทืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืžืฉื™ื—: ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื’ืœื™ื™ืš 
ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ, ืึทื–, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืึธื ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืขื ื™ืฉ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื™ื, ื“ืขื ืžืฉื™ื—, ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืฑื™ืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ ืคึผืึทืจืฉื•ื•ืขื›ืŸ. ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ 
ื”ืึทืจ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜: ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืคืจืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงื™ื ื“, ืืคืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ ืžืจื•ืฆื” ืฆื• ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืคื•ื ื ืกื™ื ืจืก ืฉืœืึธื ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทื‘ึผื™ ื“ืึธืก ืงื™ื ื“ ื–ืึธืœ 
ืึทืจื•ื™ืกืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง? ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื“ื™ ืึธื‘ื•ึนืช ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึท- 
ื’ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืจืขื“ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืคืืœืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขื‘ึผืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ 
ื”ืึทืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ืฑ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜: ื’ืขื‘ึผืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ ื–ืึธืœื›ื˜ื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ื• ืคืึทืœืงืก-ืคืึทืจื–ืึธืจื’ืขืจ, 
ื’ืขื‘ึผืขื ื˜ืฉื˜ ื–ืึธืœืกื˜ื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ื“ื• ื•ื•ืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื• ื˜ืจื™ื™ืขืจ!...'' 1, 

ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื“ืขืจ ืึทืœื˜ืขืจ ืžื“ืจืฉ ,,ื–ืจื•ื‘ึผื‘ืœ" ? ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื™ืฉืข 
ืคืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืจืฒื™ื›ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื™ื™ืข ืฐืึทืจื™ืึทื ื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขื–ืึธืœื˜ 
ืขื“ื•ืช-ื–ืึธื’ืŸ, ืึทื– ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื™ ืื™ื– ื˜ืึทืงืข ื“ืขืจ ืืžืชืขืจ ืžืฉื™ื—. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืึทืคืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืืŸ ืึทื ื“ื”, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ืึตืŸ ืึทืœืžืŸ ืคึผืึทืจืžืขื˜ืขื ืขื ,, ื–ืจื•ื‘ึผื‘?'-ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ 
ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข ,,ื ื‘ื•ืืช ื–ืจื•ื‘ึผื‘ืœ?: ื–ืจื•ื‘ึผื‘? ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคืืกื˜ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข 
ืคืขืจืฆื™ืง ื˜ืขื’. ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืœืืš ืžื˜ื˜ืจื•ืŸ, ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• 
ืื™ื. ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืฐื™ื–ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜: ื‘ึผืŸ-ืึธื“ื, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืœืึทื ื’? ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื–ืจื•ื‘ึผื‘ืœ ื’ืขืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜: , ืžืชื™ ืงืฅ ื”ืคึผืœืื•ืช --- ื•ื•ืขืŸ 
ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืคืข ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืขืจ?'' ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืžื˜ื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื’ืขืขื ื˜- 
ืคืขืจื˜: , ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึธืจื’ืŸ ืžื•ื– ื‘ึผืœื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ื“, ื“ื• ื˜ืึธืจืกื˜ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ!'' ื”ืึธื˜ 


1 ,ืขื ื™ื ื™ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ ืฆื‘ื™", 85 -86, 
3 ื•ืข, ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข, ื‘ึผืึทื ื“ ืฐ, ื•' 208:-211, 





448 ื“"ืจ 6 ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื  


ื–ื“ื•ื‘ึผื‘ืœ ื’ืขืคืึทืกื˜ ื ืึธืš ืคืขืจืฆื™ืง ื˜ืขื’, ื ืึธืจ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืœืฅ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ 
ื’ืขืงืจืึธื’ืŸ, ืขืจืฉื˜ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ืžืึธืœ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื˜ื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื ืžื’ืœื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, 
ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ื ืคื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ื ื ื–ืขืงืกื˜ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆืฐืึทื - 
ืฆื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ ื™ืึธืจ --- ื™ืชื’ืœื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื—, ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืžืฉื™ื— ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืฐืฒื–ืŸ, 
ื“ืึธืก ืคืึธืœืง ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฐืขื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื˜ืึธืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืฐืขื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึดืคึผ" 
ื•ื•ืขื ื“ืŸ ืคื•ื ื ืžืฉื™ื—, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืขืก ืฐืขื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื ืงืœืึทื ื’, ืึทื– ืขืจ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉืžืจื˜. ื“ืึธืš ืื™ื– ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืืžืชืขืจ ืžืฉื™ื— ืึทืคึผื™ืœื• ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜. 
ื–ื™ืš ืฉืžื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ืŸ (ื›ื™ ื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ) 1, 

ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™ื™ึดืฉืข ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ โ€ ืื•ื™ืš ืึทื–ืฑื ืข, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื™ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืžืฉื™ื— ื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื•ื“, ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ 4, ื•ื™ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื™ืก ื”ืฑืคึผื˜-ื˜ืขืงืจืขื˜ืึทืจ ืฉืžื•ื? ืคึผืจื™ืžื• ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืคื•ื ืึทื ื“ืขืจื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื ื›ืจื•ื– ืฆื• ืึทืœึถืข ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืข ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืื™ื ื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 
ืคื•ืŸ , ืžืฉื™ื— ืืœื”ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื’ื•ืืœ ืขืžื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ'' ืฉื‘ึผืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื—ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื™ื , ื‘ึผื ื• ื™ื—ื™ื“ืŸ ื•ื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผื›ื•ืจื• ืฉ? ื“' ืืœื”ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ'', ืฉื‘ึผืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™ ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืึธืจ --- ื—ื•ื˜ืจ ืžื ื–ืข ื™ืฉื™, ืžืฉื™ื— ื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ืขื• ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš --- ื“ื™ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข 
ืึทืฆื™ืœื•ืช, ื“ื™ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธืžื ืฉื›ื™ื ื”.. ื™ื™ 

ืขืก ืคืขืœืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ืงื•ื•ืขืœืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืงืึธื ืขืŸ 
ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืึถื‘ึผื™ึนืขืงืฉื™ื•ื• ื‘ึผื™ืœื“ ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฒื’ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืข ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–- 
ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืึถื ืฉื•ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื ื˜ืฐื™ืกืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทื‘ึผืึทื˜ื™ืึทื ืขืจ 
ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืฉื‘ืชื™ื“ืฆื‘ื™ืก ืฉืžืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื•ืคืขื ืข ื‘ึผืึทืฐืขื’ื•ื ื’ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืจ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึทืฆื™ืึทื ืึทืœ-ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืคึฟืึธืœื™ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ, 
ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฉืจื•ืžืคึผืขื ืข ืขื ื’ื™ืกืขืกื˜ืึทื ื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืจืžืขืŸ. ื“ื™ ืกืขืง- 
ื˜ืึทื ื˜ืŸ, ื“ื™ ,,ืฉื‘ึผืชืฒืฆื‘ื™ื ื™ืงืขืก',, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฐื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืžื™ื˜ืŸ 
ืขืžื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืึทืจืฑื™ืกื˜ืจืขื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืึธื ืฉื•ืฑื™ื•ึผื ื ืขืŸ ืคืœืขื’ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืจืฑืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ 
ืคืืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืขืจื”ื™ื™ื˜, ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ืจืžื–ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ืฆื•ื”ืขืจืขื ื™ืฉืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ, 
| ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืจืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ , ืฉื‘ึผืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™ื ื™ืกืขืก, 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืฉืžืฉื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื”ืชืžื“ื” ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ- 
ื˜ื™ืœื™ืงื˜ ืึทืœืข ื“ื™ ืกืคืจื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื›ึผืชื‘-ื™ื“ืŸ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคืึทืœืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื—ืฉื“, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื ื’ืขืฉืžืขืงื˜ ืžื™ืข ืฉื‘ึผืชืฒืฆื‘ื™ื™ึทืฉืขืจ ืึทืคึผื™ืงื•ืจืกื•ืช. ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ-ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉ ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ืึทืžื˜ ื‘ืœื™ื™ืกืคืง ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ืฆื‘ื™ืก 
ืžืงื•ืจื‘ื™ื, ,,ืจื–ื ื“ืžื—ื™ืžื ื•ืชื'', ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ืœืึธื–ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืคึผืจืขื˜ืึทืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืืจื“ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืึทืฐืึทื ื˜ื•ืจื™ืกื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืœืขืจ ื ื—ืžื™ื— ื—ื™ื™ื•ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืคึผืจืขื˜ืึทืฆื™ืข, ,,ืขื•ื– 


1 ืืขื ื™ื ื™ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ ืฆื‘ื™", 98 
2 ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ' 430, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื“ืŸ 240 


ืœืืœื—ื™ื"', ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืขื’ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™-ื‘ึผืฉื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืึทื–ืฑ ืคืœื™ื™ืกื™ืง 
ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืจืึทืžื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื™ืงืจื™ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชืŸ, 
ืื•ืŸ โ€ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืขื’ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ืฆืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืžื™ื˜ ื—ื™ื™ื•ื ืก 
,ืจื–ื ื“ื™ื—ื•ื“ื'', ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื–ืŸ ืึท ื’ืขืงื™ืจืฆื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื  ืคื•ืŸ ,,ืขื•ื– ืœืืœื”ื™ื'' 1 
ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ-ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜, ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื™ื™- 
ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขืœืคื˜ ืคื•ื ื ืคืึธืจื™ืงืŸ ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜, ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ื˜ ืึทืจื™ื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ึผื™ืก? ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื˜ื•ื ืงืขืœืŸ, ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื ืึธืš ืฐื™ื™ื ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜, ืึทืจื•ื 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื ืึธืš ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ืคืึทืจื’ืจืขืกืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ื ืขืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจ ืึทื–ื•ื™ื ืข 
ืงื ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืคืึธื‘ึผืึทื˜ื™ืึทื ืขืจ-ืคืจืขืกืขืจ, ื•ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืขืžื“ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื™ื™ื ื–ื™ื™* 
ื˜ื™ืงืข ืึธื ืคึฟืึทืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ื’ืจืขืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, 
ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืขื ื’ ืคืืจื‘ึผื•ื ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืื™ื˜ื˜ืขืจืข- 
ืกืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜, ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืžื™ื›ื? (ืžื™ื ื•ืืœ) ืงืึธืจื“ื•ื–ื•. 

ืึทื–ืฑื ืข ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื™ืกืขื ืข ืึทื ื˜ืฒืกืึทื‘ึผืึทื˜ื™ืึทื ืขืจ ืฐื•ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืึทืฉืคึผื•ืจื˜ืึทืฉ ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ + ืคื•ื ื ืคึผืึทืžืคืœืขื˜ ,, ืžืจื™ื‘ืช ืงื•ื“ืฉ' ? ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจืŸ ืงืึธืจื“ื•ื–ื•ืŸ 
ืฐื™ ืึท , ื ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ื“ืขื›ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ืœืขืจ'' (ืื™ืฉ ืจืข ื˜ื•ื? ืฉืงืจ) 4 ืื•ืŸ ,ื’ืข- 
ืคึผืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ืžืกื™ืช ื•ืžื“ื™ื—'' ?5. ืขืก ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื•ืš 
ื›ึทึผื”ื ื ื”ืึธื ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืคึผืกืงื ื˜, ืึทื– ืงืึธืจื“ื•ื–ื• ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืจืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ื ,,ื ื•ื‘ืœ"", 
ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง, ืฆื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืคึฟืึทืจื“ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ 
ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืŸ ืคึผืกืง-ื“ื™ืŸ ืึทื–ืึท ืื™ื™ื’ื ืืจื˜ื™ืง-ืื•ืžืจื•ื™ึดืงืข, ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ื•ื›ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ 
ืคืึธืจืฉื ื“ื™ืงืข ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื–ื•ื™ ืงืึธืจื“ื•ื–ื•, โ€ ื ืงื™ื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืึธืจื˜ื•ื ืขื–ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืึทื™ 
ืจืึทื ืขืŸ-ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื’ื•ืข? ืงืึธืจื“ื•ืฉื• ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืข, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื™ืจื˜ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืŸ. ืึท ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืขืจ, ืœืขื‘ึผื ืกืœื•ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, 
ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผืจื•ื“ืœื“ื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืฅ, ืคื™ืจื˜ ืงืืจื“ื•ื–ื• ืึท ื–ืึธืจื’ืœืึธื– ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ื–ื™ื ื™ืง ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ 
ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืžื™ื ืึท ืงืืžืคึผืึทื ื™ืข ื ืึธืš ืึทื–ื•ืฑื™ื ืข ืœืขื‘-ื™ื•ื ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคืขื - 


1 ื—ื™ื™ื•ื ื ื”ืฑืคึผื˜ืฐืขืจืง ืขื“ื‘ืจื™ ื ื—ืžื™ื” , ืึท ื–ืึทื˜ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื, ื”ืึธื˜ ืงื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื 
ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืŸ ืฐืขืจื ื ื™ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ึผืขื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ืฐืฒืœื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืœืฑื“ืขืจืฒ ืื™ื– ืื•ืžืžืขื’ืœื™ืš 
ืึทืจืฑืกื‘ึผืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืึท ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืึทืจื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœืŸ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง, 

2 ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ -- ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืคึผืึทืกืขืจืก, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื“ืขืจ ืžื”ื‘ึผืจ, ืืœื™ื”ื™ ื›ึผื”ืŸ, ืฐื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืึทืœืฒืŸ ืึธืŸ, 
ืึทื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื ืขื ื•ืฆื ืึท ืคึผืึธืœืขืžื™ืฉ ืฐืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืจื•ืžืืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ืจืฉ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืžืžืจื™ื ืช ืงื“ืฉ" ื™ื•ื.ื˜ื•ื‘ ืจื•ืžืืŸ, 

5 ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ื™ื ื™ ืฉื‘ึทึผืชึดื™ ืฆื‘ื™", 1--40. 

4 ,ืฆื™ืฆืช ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืฆื‘ื™", 494 

5 ืžืฉื” ื—ื ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืขืกืคืจ ืืœื” ื”ืžืฆื•ืช': ืื—ื›ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื•ื‘ืฉื ืžืกื™ืช ืœืคื™ ืžื•ืžืื• 
ื™ืชื›ื ื” ืื‘ืจื”ื ืžื™ื›ืœ ืงื•ืจืจื•ื–ื•", 

6 ืืื‘ืŸ ื”ืชึผื•ืขื™ื", 112, 

)291 





150 ืจ"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ึผืขืจื’ 


ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ -ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ื™ื•ื ื’ืข ื“ืึทืžืขืŸ 1. ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ ืงื•ืžื˜ ืคืึธืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืจื“ื•ื–ื•ืก 
ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืื•ืžื“ืขืจืฐืึทืจื˜ืขืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ึนื™, ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™! ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ื›ื‘ึผืจื•ืจืขืจ 
ืคืขืจื ืึทื ื“ื• * ืื™ื–ืŸ ืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ืœืึธืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข, ืฐื•ึผ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื“ืข ื‘ึผืจื™ื™ 
ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื“ื ื˜ื•ื, ืžื™ื ื•ืขืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ 
ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืžื™ื›ืืœ, ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืึท ื‘ึผืขืœ-ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื”, ืขืจ ื–ื™ืฆื˜ ,ื‘ึผืื”ืœื” ืฉืœ ืชึผื•ืจื”'' ืื•ืŸ 
ืœืขืจื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืืš ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื–ืึท ื”ืชืžื“ื”, ืึทื– 
ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืจืขืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืึทืžืœื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ื™ืขืจืข 
ื‘ึผื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืฉืข ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืงืึธืจื“ื•ื–ื•, ืžื•ื– ืžื•ื–ื™ื” ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜- 
ื–ื™ื ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ืขื ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ืคืœืขื ื˜ ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ืกืขืจืขื ืึทื“ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคืขื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืžืึทื“ืจื™ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึทืฉืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืœ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื™ืœ ืžืขืจ ื‘ึนึผืึท- 
ื”ืึทืฐื•ื ื˜, ืฐื™ ื ืกืš ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜. ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ืฐืึธืจื ืึธ ื‘ึผืึทืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื™ืก ืžืงื•ืจื‘ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ 
ื“ื™ ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ,,ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ื ืกืžืจ". ื“ื™ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืงื‘ึผืœื”ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ืงืึธืจื“ื•ื–ื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืจื•ืฉื. ื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื 
, ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ื–ืขืขื ื™ืฉืŸ', ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ื ื‘ื™ืื•ืช, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ , ืงืฅ" ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ 
ื ืึธืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืœืจ ืฐืขื˜ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžืฉื™ื— ื“ืขืจ ื’ื•ืืœ?. ืงืึธืจื“ื•ื–ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข" 
ืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ืคึผืึธืœื™, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืึทืœืก ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ื”ื•ึนื™ืฃ 
ืคื•ื ื ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืึทืฉื, ื‘ึผืขืช ืฉื‘ึผืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ื•ืฐื•ืขืœื˜ 
ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜, ืึทื– ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,,ืžืฉื™ื— ืืœื”ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘'. ืงืึธืจื“ื•ื–ื• ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืฉื›ื˜ืข ืึทื ื™ื˜ืึทื˜ืึธืจืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™-ื‘ึผืึทืฐืขื’ื•ื ื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืฉื‘ืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืคืึทืจ ืžืฉื™ื— ื‘ึนึผืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื•ืคื ืคืึทืจ 
ืžืฉื™ื— ื‘ึผืŸ ืืคืจื™ื +. ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื ืขื‘ืœื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™ืก ื˜ืจื™ื™ืขืจ ื—ืกื™ื“ ืื•ื™ืš 
ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื•ื™ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื ืื™ืกืœืื ืื™ื‘ืขืจื ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ; ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืš 
ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืจื•ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ: ,ืื  ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื•ื 
ืคืงืคื•ืง ื•ืกืคืง ื›ื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื”ืืžึฟื™ืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ื™ืจ"ื”'. ืขืจ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ืจืื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืขื™ื” ื”ื ื‘ื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืš ื ื‘ื™ืื•ืช ื’ืขื•ืึธื ื˜ 5, 
ืึทื– ืžืฉื™ื—, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืœืื›ื™ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืชื—ืœื” 


{ ืืฆื™ืฆืช ื’ื•ื‘ืœ ืฆื‘ื™", 45;: ,ื‘ืกืคืจื“ ืฉื”ื™ืช.. ืžืฉื•ืœื— ืœืจืกืŸ ื”ืชืื•ื— ื•ื‘ื›ื ื•ืจ ื•ื ื‘ืœ 
ื‘ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช ืขื™ืจ ืžืึทื“ืจื™ื“ ื‘ืœื™ืœื•ืช ืขื ืžืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื”ื•". 

2 ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืง, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืก ื“ืขื ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืึธืจ 
ื–ื™ืš ืงื•ื ื”ื™ืฉื ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืžื™ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืฐืขืจืง 11064 8ื•ื”ืงืกืคืกื•ืžืช (ืฐืขื ืขื“ื™ืง, 1672) ืื•ื• 145, 
116016257 1245 646 0345ื•1ื˜/08 93ื˜ (ืึทืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืึทื, 1679). 

9 ื–ืข ืงืึธืจื“ื•ื–ื•ืก ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืจื•ืจืขืจ (,ืขื ื™ื ื™ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ ืฆื‘ื™", 87--92), 

4 ื ืึทืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืข ื“ืขื ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืึทืžืคึผืœืขื ,ืžืจื™ื‘ืช ืงื“ืฉ" ืื•ืŸ 
ืžืฉื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ืก ,ืกืคืจ ืืœื” ื—ืžืฆื•ืช" (ื•ืฉืึธืœืงื™ืขื•, 1785), 


ื™ื™ื– 
ื˜ ื™ืฉืขื™ื”, ื "ื , 43 





ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ึดึผื™ื• ื™ื™ืจืŸ 451 


ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,ื ื‘ื–ื” ื•ื—ื“ืœ ืืฉื™ื, ืื™ืฉ ืžื›ืื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื™ื“ื•ืข ื—ื•ืœื™ ื•ืื ื—ื ื• -- ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ืงื•ืจืฆื–ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ืงืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื—ืฉื‘ื ื•ื—ื• ื ื’ื•ืข ืžื•ื›ื” ืืœื”ื™ื, ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜, 
ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื•ื•ื•ึผืจืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืึท ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืึธืคื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื’ืจื™ื™ืคืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืขืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื–ื™ื ืจ, ื“ืึธืก 
ื ืขืžื˜ ืขืจ ืขืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื–ืขืจืข ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ึผื ื“ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืึธืคื˜ 
ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื– ืึทืœืข, ืคืึทืจ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื ื™ืฉื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ื˜". ! 

ื˜ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื™ืœื–ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ืœื“ื•ื ื’, ืึท ื˜ืึทืœืขื ื˜ืคื•ืœืขืจ ืจืขืจื ืขืจ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธืจื“ื•ื–ื• ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืข ืึทื’ื™ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื›ืจื–ื™ื 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืืคืจื™ืงืข; ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืก'ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืข- 
ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™ื ืื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืึท- 
ื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื’ืขื“ื•ืจืคื˜ ื“ืขื ืื•ืžื“ืขืจืžื™ืจืœืขื›ืŸ ืงืึธืจื“ื•, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข 
ื›ึผืชื‘ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื›ืจื•ื–ื™ื ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขืš ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืขื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืกืžื™ืจื ืข ?. ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื›ืึท- 
ืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื”ืืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™'ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื›ึผืชื‘ื™ื ืงืึธืŸ ืื•ื ื– ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื‘ืึทื ื“ื™ืฃ 
ืื™ื™ื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ืื™ื– ืฆื•ืคืขืœื™ืง.ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ; ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ืœืึทืŸ- 
ื’ืขืจ ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื• ,,ื‘ึผืขื ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื“ ื”ืืœื”ื•ืช", ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืจื“ื•ื–ื• ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ื“ืขื 
ืกืึทื‘ึผืึทื˜ื™ืึทื ืขืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื“ื™ ืคืึธื’ืขืก 2 ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืึทืจื‘ึผืขื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ืื•ื ื– 
ื ื™ื ื ืึธืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืึธืจื“ื•ื–ื•ืก ืฐืขืœื˜ื‘ึผืึทื ืขื ืึทืœื™ืŸ, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ื’ึดื™ื ืื•ื ื– ืื•ื™ืš 
ื ื‘ึผืึทื’ืจื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ืข ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ-ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืžื™ืฉืข ืฉืžืจืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืœื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™ื™ืฉืข ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ. 

ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ +, ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ืขืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœ ืื™ืจื™ืจื”, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขืš-ื˜ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืขืฉื˜ืจืึธื›ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ , ืžืขืฉื— ื‘ึผืจืืฉื™ืช'', ื“ืึธืก ื‘ึผืึท- 
ืฉืึทืคืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืงืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฆืŸ, ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื 
,ืื™ืŸ-ื“ืกื•ืคื˜!' ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืึทืฆื™ืœื” (ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืจืืœื•ื ื’), ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื˜ืจืึธื ื˜ 
ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ,,ืื“ื ืงืจืžื•ืŸ', ืึธื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ,, ืฉื‘ืœ ื”ื ืขืœื!' -- ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ 
ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง *. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ืขืœืข / 
ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื™ืจื™ืจื”ืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื / 
ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ (ื”ืื“ื ื”ืืœื”ื™) ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. ื‘ึผืขืช ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื˜ืขืžืคึผ5 ืคื•ื ื ,,ืื™ืŸ-ืกื•ืฃ!,, ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ --- ื“ืขืจ 
ืจืจืึธืจื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื›ื™ื ื”, ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืฆืขืœื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ,,ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืงื“ื™ืฉื!, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื“ืขืจ ,,ื–ืขื™ืจ ืึทื ืคึผื™ืŸ"" -- ื“ื™ ื’ืขื‘ึผื•ืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฆื•ื™ื™ 


1 ื•ืข ื“ืขื ืืฑื‘ึผืŸ ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื• (ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 88--89), 

2 ื–ืข. ืขืชึผื•ึนืจึนืช ื”ืงื ืื•ืช", 68 (ืืฑืกื ืึทื‘ึผืข, 1870), 

8 ืคึผืึทืจืขืคื ืฉืœืขื›ื ื“ื•ืจืš ื’, ื‘ึผืจื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ,ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ", ื•ื•ื™ืŸ, 1865, 63--71, 100--103, 
3 ื•ืข ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ื–' 401, ' 

5 ื•ืข ืืจื‘ ื•' โ€ 405, 





152 ื“"ืจ ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ึผืขืจื’ 


, ืคืจืฆื•ืคื™ืŸ'": ื“ืขื ,ืึทื‘ึผื'"' -- ื“ืขื ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืจืงืฐื•ืึธืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืง- 
ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืขื ืœืขื›ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืจ ,,ืืžื" --- ื“ืขืจ ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืคื•ื ื ืคึผืึทืกื™ื•ื•ืŸ 
ืฐื™ื™ื‘ึผืœืขื›ืŸ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื˜ืจืขื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจืคึผืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืกื™ืžื‘ึผืึธืœ 
- ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื“ืขื ื’ืขืฆืขืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ , ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืงื“ื™ืฉื'" --- ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ 
ืœื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืฉื™ื”ื—... ืขืก ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ื•ื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ืึทื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื”ืึธืค- 
ื˜ืขืจ ืžืฉื™ื— ืื™ื– ื ืชื ืœื— ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ื“ื™ืึทืกืคึผืึทืจืึท ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืฆืขื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืฆื—ื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืจื•ืฃ: ,,ืื™ืš, ืึทืฒืขืจ ืžืฉื™ื—, ืฉื‘ึผืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™!'--- 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืึธื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืึทื–ืฑื ืข, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืฉื™ื— ืื•ื™ืก ืกืžื™ืจื ืข ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ,ื“ืขื ืฉืคึผืจืึธืฆ- 
ืœื™ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื•ื“ืก ื”ื•ื™ื–", ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขื ืงืขื•ืคึผืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ,, ืœื‘ื•ืฉ'' ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืŸ ,,ื–ืขื™ืจ ืื ืคึผื™ืŸ'" ืื•ืŸ , ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืงื“ื™ืฉื" . 
ืงืึธืจื“ื•ื–ื• ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื˜ืฉืฒื“ืขื’ืขืจ ืงืขื’ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข 
ืึธื ืฉื•ื™ื•ึผื ื’ืขืŸ; ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืžื•ื“ื”, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืกืข ืื ื”ืขื ื ืขืจ 
ื ืจืึธื“ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืึทืžื ืึธืขื ื˜ืกื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื™. ืึดื 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืžืงื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืฉื™ื— ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจืคึผืขืจื˜ืข ื–ืขืงื˜ืงืึทื ื˜ื™ืงืข 
ืกืคื™ืจื” ,,ืชืคืืจืช", ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ืคืึธืจื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ืื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืฉื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืฉ (ึธ ื“ื”ึทื•ื™ื”,?*. ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืึทื–ืฑื ืข, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืขืจืงืœืขื”ื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื”ืงื‘ึผ'"ื”, ื›ึผื‘ึดื™ื›ื•ึนืœ,. ื ืขืžื˜ ืึดืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข 
ืคืึธืจืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืœืกืชึผืจ ืคึผื ื™ื ืื™ื– ืขื ืœืขืš ืฆื• ืžืฉื™ื— ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื™ *. , ื“ืึธืก 
ืฐื•ื™ืœ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืฒื™ื˜ืŸ, --- ืจื•ืคื˜ ืงืึธืจื“ื•ืฉื• ืื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื›ึผืขืก, -- ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข 
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืคึฟืึธืจืŸ'" (ื•ื ืฉืืจื• ื‘ึผืœื™ ืืœื•ื”). ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึทืคึผื™ืœื• ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ืงืึธืจื“ื•ื–ื•. ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื™ื ,ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฉืึทืœื˜ืขื ืขืจ 
ื™ืขืงื‘ ื™ืฉืจื? ื“ื•ื›ืืŸ", ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ: ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจ" 
| ื–ื™ื‘ืขืจื˜, ืึทื– ื”ืงื‘ึผ"ื” ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื’ืขื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื”ื™ื™ื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื˜ 
ืžืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืœื˜; ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืืจื˜ ืคืึทืจื ืขืžื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™. ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื›ืึทื ืก 
ื“ืขื”, ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜. ืงืึธืจืจื•ื–ื•, ื”ืึธืก ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ืึธื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจ + 


1 ืื™ืจื™ืจื”ื ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืง ,ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืงื“ื™ืฉื" ืื™ื– ื‘ื™ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืกืึทื‘ึผืึทื˜ื™ืึทื ื™ืฉืข ืงืจื™ื•ืŸ 
ืžื’ื•ืœื’ืœ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ,ืžืœ ืค ื ืงื“ื™ืฉื", 

2 ืœื•ื™ื ื“ืขื ืึทืจ"ื™ืก ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกื™ืกื˜ืขื, ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื“ืจื™ื˜ืข ืื•ืช ืคื•ื ื ืฉื ื”ืžืคื•ืจืฉ 
ื“ืขืจ ืกื™ืžืฆืึธืœ ืคื•ื ื ืื–ืขื™ืจ ืื ืคึผื™ืŸ" (ื–ืข: ืจื•ื ื“ื™ื—ื•ื“ื", 14, 19, 23). 

8 ื–ืข ื›ึดึผื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ", 1865, 65; ืคื•ื”ืฉืืจ ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขื ืืžื™ืจื” * 
ื•ื”ื˜ืœืš ืชื•ื ืจ ืฉื•ืžืข ื•ืœื›ืกื•ืฃ ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ืฉื”ืงื‘"ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ึผื—ื•ืจ ืื”ื“ ืžืคื•ืืจ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื•". 

4 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ: ืื•ืขื•ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืžื ื” ืฉื ืชืคืฉื˜ื” ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืงื "ื” ื ืกืชืœืง ืœืขื™ืœ ื•ืฉ"ืฅ 
ืขืœื” ื‘ืžืงื™ืžื•". ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจื ืคื™ืœืข ืึธื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจ ื”ืึธื ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื“ืขื” ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคืงื•ื‘ืœื™ื -ืื™ืŸ ืกืึทืœืึธื ื™ืงืข. 

* ืืžื™ืจ"ื” -- ืจืืฉื™ ืชึผื™ื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืื“ื•ื ื ื• ืžืœื›ื ื• ื™ืจื•ื ื”ื•ืจื•ื™ 








ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ืฒืจืŸ 153 


ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืึธืจื“ื•ื–ื•ืŸ ืืฑื™ืคื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื–ืขืœื›ืข ื ืึธื˜- 
'ืœืขืกื˜ืขืจืœืขื›ืข ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ (,,ื—ื–ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื', ืฐื™ ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื™ื) ื•ื•ืขืจ 
ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืฒื ืื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื™ืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืœืขืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜, 
ืึทื– ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ืึทืœืฅ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืžื•ื™ืœ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ, ืคืึทืจ- 
ื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ ืงืึธืจื“ื•ื–ื•, ืฉืงืจ ื•ื›ึผื–ื‘, ืฐืึธืจืขื , ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืึทืŸ ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืกื™ื ื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ื– 
ืึธืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืฆื“ื™ืง ื•ื—ืกื™ื“ ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื–ืึธื’ืŸ ืขื“ื•ืช, ืึทื– ืขืจ (ืฉื‘ึผืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™) 
ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคืึทืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืŸ ืจืขืกืคึผืขืงื˜ ืฆื•ื ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืื•ืŸ 
ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืชึผื ืื™ื ื•ืืžื•ืจืื™ื ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืืžืชืข 5ืข- 
ืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืกื•ืจ"", 


ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื•ื™ ืงืึธืจื“ื•ื–ื• ืฐืึทืจืคื˜ ืึถึดืคึผ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข , ืคืึทืœืฉืข ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื’ื ืข- 
ืจื™ืฉืข ื“ืขื•ืช'" !, - ืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื•ื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืงืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื• ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคืึธื’ืขืกืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขื ืจืขืœื™ื ื™ืขื–ื“ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืŸ ืฐืขืœื˜ื‘ึผืึทื ืขื. ืกึฐืึธืจึฐื“ื•ื–ื• ืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืงื•ื“ื"-ื›ืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงื•ืจื•ื“ื•ืื™ืจืึธืก ื’ืจื•ื ื“-ืคึผืจื™ื ืฆื™ืคึผ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธืคึผืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืžื”ื•ืช 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช, ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืกืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ? ื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ ,ืคึผืจื“ืก ืจื™ืžื•ื ื™ื" 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืึทืจื‘ึผืข ืฉืึทืœื— ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืžืชืŸ ืžื”ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช; 
ืฆื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข, ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืขืงืกื™ืกื˜ืขื ืฆืŸ (ืขืฆืžื•ืช), * ืึธื“ืขืจ 
ืžืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืึทืœืก ื›ึผืœื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืขืžืึทื ืืฆื™ืข, 
ืงื•ืจื“ื•ืื™ืจืึธ ืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ื ืžืึทื›ืŸ ืึท ืคึผืฉืจื” ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ: ืืœ5ืก 
ื ืึธื˜ืก ืืฑื™ืกืฉื˜ืจืึทืœื•ื ื’ (ืขืžืึทื ืึทืฆื™ืข, ืึทืฆื™ืœื•ืช) ื–ื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืคื™ืจื•ืช ื“ื™ื ืึทืžื™ืฉืข, 
ืฉืึทืคื ื“ื™ืงืข ืงืจืขืคื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจืฒื™ื ื™ืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืœืข ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธึทื˜ื”ืฒื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืึทื—ื“ื•ืช; ื–ื™ื™, ื“ื™ ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื—, 
ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืฐืขื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืงืจืึทืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืœืขื›ืŸ ืœื‘ื•ืฉ, ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ , ื›ึผืœึดื™ื', 
| ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืขื’ืขืจืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืžื™ืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ืขืŸ ื™ืขื“ืข 
ืกืคื™ืจื” ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ. ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžืึทืงืข ื–ื™ื™, ื“ื™ , ื›ึผืœื™ื'' ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกืขืจืœืขื›ืข 
, ืœื‘ื•ืฉื™ื', ืฐืึธืก ืึธื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก ืื•ื™ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืงืขืจืคึผืขืจืœืขื›ืข ืคืึธืจืžืขืŸ. ืื˜ ื“ืขื ืงื•ืจื“ื•ืื™ืจืึธืก ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ื“ืึธืคึผืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื›ืึทืจืึทืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืฆื˜ ืงืึธืจื“ื•ื–ื• ืื•ื™ืก ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ึผื ื•ื’ืข 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ,,ืกื™ื‘ึผื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”'', ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื˜ื”ืฒื˜ ื ื•ืคื. ืื•ื™ืš ื–ื™, ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ึผื” 
ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ึผื—ื™ื ื•ืช. ืื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื—ื™ื ื” --- ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ,, ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืฉืืœ 
ืื•ืจ'' ื•ื™ ืขืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืึทืจ"'ื™, ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืฐืขื ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืงืจืึทืžื˜, ื“ื™ื™ ื ืฉืžื— ืคื•ืŸ 
ืึทืœืข ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืึทื—ื“ื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื•ืจืš 
ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืึทืœืฅ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื“ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ ืข ืจ 


1 ืงืึธืจื“ื•ื–ื• ืคืึทืจื–ื™ื›ืขืจื˜ ืึทืคื™ืœื•, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคึผืึธืœืขืžื™ื–ื™ืจื ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื“ืขื•ืช 
ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืึทืจื‘ึผืขืžืŸ, 


3 ื–ืข ืืฑื‘ืŸ, ื–' 311/-6312 





154 ื“"ืจ 'ื™, ืฆื™ื ื’ ืขืจื’ 


ื‘ึผื—ื™ื ื” ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ึผื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ึผืึทืงืœืฒื™ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ื“ื•ืช, 
ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืฆื• ืื™ืจ ืงืึธืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื ืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื›ึผืงืฉื•ืช 1. 
ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ ืข ืจ ื‘ึผื—ื™ื ื” ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข; ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืจืขืจ 
, ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ'', ื“ื™ ืœื™ื›ื˜-ืื•ื™ืกืฉื˜ืจืึทืœื•ื ื’, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื’ืจืขื ืขืฆื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืึทืฒื ื ืขืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ , ื›ึผืœึทื™ื'', ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื›ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื ืขืžื˜ ืึทืœืฅ 
ืึทืจื•ื, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจืขื ืขืฅ ืื•ืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืจืขื’; ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ,, ืกื™ื‘ึผื” 
ืจืืฉื•ื ื”'' ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืืžืชืŸ ืžื”ื•ืช, ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ืจืงืœืขื›ืขืจ ,,ืื™ืŸ-ืกื•ืฃ'', ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื 
- ืื™ื– ืื•ืžืžืขื ืœืขืš ืžืฉื™ื  ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืงืึธืŸ ืื™ื ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
| ืงึตื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืขื•ืœื” ?. ืื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื‘ึผื—ื™ื ื”, ื“ืขืจ , ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืฉืœ 
ืื•ืจ'' -- ื“ืึธืก ืึนื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืืœื”ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื“ืขืจ , ืื ื ืงื“ื™ืฉื' ?, ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึนึผืึท- 
ืฉืขืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜, ื“ืขืจ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ,,ืกื™ื‘ึผื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”'" 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืื•ืžื‘ึผืึทื ืจื™ื™ืคืœืขื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ-ืกื•ืคื™ืฉืŸ ืžื”ื•ืช. ื‘ึผืขืช ืžื™ืจ ื–ืึธื ืŸ: , ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ 
ื‘ึผืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื'' --- ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ื ื•ื ืข ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืขื ืืœื”ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืกื™ื‘ึผื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื‘ึผืึทื’ืจื™ืคืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืื™ื ืงืึธืŸ ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขื ื“ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื›ึผืจื›ื•ืช ื•ืชืฉื‘ึผื—ื•ืช * ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื“ืขื 
ืฉื ื”ื—ืžืคื•ืจืฉ, ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ื ื˜ืจืึธื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืกื™ื‘ึผื— ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ื ืึธืจ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคืึธืœืง. ื™ืฉืจืืœ?, ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื”ืงึผื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ึผืจื•ืš-ื”ื•ื, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืงืฐืึทืœ, ื“ืขืจ ืžื”ื•ืช 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื ื”ื•ื™ื”; ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื ืฉืžื”, ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืฐืขื ื - 
ื“ื™ืงืข ืงืจืึทืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืืœืข ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ,,ืคึผืจืฆื•ืคื™ืŸ'" * 

ืึทื“ืึทื ืง ืงืึธืจื“ื•ื–ื•ืก , ื›ืชื‘'' ื‘ึผืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืžืขืจ-ืฐื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื ืจื™ืฃ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ื“ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ื“ืขื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึท- 


1 ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžื“ืจืฉ", /6--68; ืื•ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœืกื‘ื— ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘" ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืœื‘ืฉ 
ื‘ึนืชึธื•ืš ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืชื ื•ืœื”ื ื—ื™ื’ื ื•ืœื‘ืจื•ื ื•ืœืงื™ื™ื ื›ึนืœ ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื ืืฆืœื™ื ื•ื ื‘ืจืื™ื, ื•ื•ื” 
ื ืงืจื ืฉืžื” ื•ื ื ื”ื™"ืก ื‘ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื•ื›ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื•ื” ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืœืขื ื•ื“ ืืœ ื”ืก"ืจ ื•ืœืงืจืืชื• ื‘ืฉืžื•ืช 
ื™ื‘ื›ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ืœืชืช ืœื• ืชืืจื™ื ื•ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™. ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช", 

2 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ ,ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื” ืฉื”ืก"ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื” ื•ืื™ื ื” ืžืœื•ื‘ืฉืช 
ื•ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ืฉื™ื’ ื‘ื” ื•ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื•ืœืงืจื•ืชื” ื‘ืฉื". 

8 ืึธืื ึนึผื ืงื“ื™ืฉื" ืื™ื• ืคึผืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืขืจ ื‘ืึทื ืจื™ืฃ ืฐืึธืก ืืึธื“ึถื ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ", ื‘ืฒืจ2 
ืฉืžืขืœืฆืŸ ื–ื™ ืฆืฐืึทืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจืข ,ืจืืฉื™ ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืช' (ื"ืง). | 

4 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 0 -ื›ื ื•ื™ ื”ืงื‘"ื”.. ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื”ื–ื” ืจื•ืžื• ืืœ ื”ืก"ืจ ื›ึผื™ ืื ืœืืœื—ื™ 
ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ ืžื›ื—ื•, ืฉื ื›ื ื•ื™ ื”ืงื‘"ื” ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืื•ื™ ืœืชืช ืืœ ื”ืก"ืจ, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืึตื™ื ึธื• ื‘ืจื•ืšื™ื™ 
ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ืืžืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืฉื•ื ื›ื ื•ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื•ืจื‘ื™ื, ื—ื›ื ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืฉ, 
ืื•ืจ ื•ื—ืฉืš, ืงื“ื•ื™ืฉ ื•ื˜ื”ื•ืจ,.. ื•ื›ื ื’ืจ ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื™ืฉ ืงืœื™ืคืจ ื•ื›ื ื’ื“ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืจื•ืจ, ื•ื›ื ื’ื“ ืื—ืจ- ืื”ืจ". 

5 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 0 ื”ืงื‘"ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื—ืฉื ื•ืื™ื ื• ื”ืก"ืจ, ื•ื”ืฉื ื”ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืžื ื• ื”ื•ื 
ื”ื ืฉืžื” ืฉื›ืœื™ืช ื•ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืœ ื”ืืฆื™ืœื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœืฉื ื”ื ื›ื‘ื“ ื•ื”ื ื•ืจื ื”ื•ื” ื ืฉืžืช ื”ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช 
ื ื’ืœื” ื•ื ืกืชืจ, ื•ื”ื ืกืชืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื"ื (ื‘ืืจื•ืš ืื ืžื™ืŸ) ื•ื ืื•ื"ื™ (ื•ื‘ืื›ื ื•ืืžื) ืจืžื™ื– ื‘ืื•ืชื™ื•ืจ 
ื™"ื”, ื•ื”ื ื ืœื” ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืฉืžื” ื‘ื–"ื (ื–ืขื™ืจ ืื ืคื™ืŸ) ืจืžื•ื• ื‘ืื•ืช 8'", 





ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื“ืŸ 233 


ื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ึผืช-ืฆื‘ื™ื™ืฉืข ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทืจืกื˜ ื ืึธืš 
ืฉื‘ึผืชืฒื™ืฆื‘ื™ืก ืฉืžื“ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืคืจื˜ ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึทื ืฆืข ืคืึทื‘ึผืื˜ื™ืึทื ื™ืฉืข 
ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ืขื ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืขื ื’ื™ืกืขืงื˜ืึทื ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืœืขืจืข 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ. , ื“ื•-ืคึผืจืฆื•ืคื™ืŸ'" --- ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธืคึผืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึธื˜- 
ื”ื™ื™ื˜, ื“ืึธืก ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืขืฉืžืจื˜ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื— ืคืึทืจ ืึท ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืงืข-- 
ืคึผืขืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ,,ืžืœื›ึผื ืงืจื™ืฉื'" -- ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื‘ึผืึทืื•ื˜- 
ืจื•ื™ึธืงืŸ. ื“ื™ ื ืึธื˜ืกืคืึธืจื›ื˜ื™ืงืข ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ืึธื“ืึธืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืคื•ื ื ืคึผืึธืœืง, 
ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื“ืขื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ืฉืžืขืกืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื“ืึธื’ืžืขืŸ, 
ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืขืคืขืจืœืขื›ืข ,,ืžื™ื ื•ืช", ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืจ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืึท ืคืึทืจื‘'- 
ื˜ืขืจื˜ืŸ ืงืึทืžืฃ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜, ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื–ืขืŸ, ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ 
ืึธืคึผืงืœืึทื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ, ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ืคืจื™ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื‘ืชื™ 
ืฆื‘ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืงืึธืจืฉื˜ ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขืš ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืึทืœืก ืžืฉื™ื— ืื•ืŸ ื ื•ืืœ, ื“ื™ 
ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืฉืขืจ, ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ืข 
ืžื“ืจื’ื” ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื™ื‘ึผื•ืฅ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื™ื•ื‘ึผ? ืื•ืŸ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ืึธื ืขืจ- 
ืงืขื ื˜ ืื™ื ื, ืžืฉื™ื— ืื•ื™ืก ืกืžื™ืจื ืข ื“ืขื ,, ืžืœืš ื™ืฉืจื?,' --- ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืš 
ื™ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืืžืช, ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ืฆืœื ืข, ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ- 
ื–ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื’ืข- 
ืคืึทืจ, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืงืึธืŸ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืึท ื ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืฉืึธื“ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืง, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึท- 
ื–ื™ืงืข ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขื”ืึธื˜ ืžื•ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกืฆื•ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืึธื, ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ - 
ืฐืึธืจืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืกืข ืฉื˜ื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืจื™ ืคืจื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืข ื™ื•ื‘ึผืœ-ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืข- 
ืฐื•ึผืกื˜, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ ืึท ืงื•ืœ ืงื•ืจื ื‘ึผืžื“ื‘ึผืจ. ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืŸ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ ื‘ึผืึท- 
ื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืคึผืึธื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื ืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืงืข 
ื˜ืจืึทื’ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืึทื ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฐืึธืจืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜-ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผื™ืงืข: 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข ื ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืกื™ื›ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืึทืกืŸ-ืฉื™ื›ึผืจื•ืช, ื–ื™ืฆืŸ 
ื•ื™ , ืื‘ืœื™ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื—ืชื ื™ื'', ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืข ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืžืจื”- 
ืฉื—ื•ืจื”ื˜ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ืœืจืŸ ืงืึทืจืึทื”ืึธื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทื ืฆื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื™ื•ื‘ึผืœ-ืคืจื™ื™ืจ; ืคืึทืจ- 
ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื’ืจื™ื™ืคืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืžืึทื›ื˜ืœืึธื–ื™ืงืฒื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื‘ึผืœื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืขืจื•ืช, ืžื•ื˜ื™ืง ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืกื˜ื™ืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขืคืึทืจ ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ื–ื™ื™ืŸ, ืึทื– --- 
ื“ืึธืก ืฉืžืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืกื™ืจืช-ื ืคืฉ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืขืงื–ืืœื˜ื™ืจื˜ืข ืžืึทืกืข ืงืึธืŸ ืืฑื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ 
ืื•ื™ืกื’ื™ืกืŸ ืื™ืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืืฑืคื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืฆืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ ืคึผืฉื•ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื 
ืฆืขื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ. ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืฐืึทืกืกืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื ื™ืฉืข 
ื”ืขืœื“ื™ืฉืข ืคื™ื’ื•ืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึธืžืขืกื˜ื™ืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืก ืคืึทืจื“ื™ื ื˜ 
ื–ื™ ื–ืึธืœ ืคืึทืจืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ-ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืง. 

ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืื ื˜ืกื˜ืข ืคื™ื’ื•ืจืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืขื- 
ืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ึผืจื™ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทื ื˜ื™ืก 


148 ืจื™ืจ ื™. ืฆื™ื’ื’ .ืจื’ - 


ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืืฉืคึผื•ืจื˜ืึทืฉ,. ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื•ืŸ ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ืคืจืึทื ืกื™ืก ืฉื˜ืึทืžืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืก ืžืึทื ื˜ื•ืึท = ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜, ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ื’ืขืฉืคึผื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื ืขืกืึทื ืกื™ืชึผืงื•ืคื” ื“ื™ ืจืึธืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื‘ึผืึทื“ืฒื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืจ ื™ื™ืจื™" 
ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื ืึทื‘ึผื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื‘ึผืจื™ืจืขืจ, 
ื™ืขืงื‘, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1619 ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืื›ื˜ ืจื•ื‘ ื™ืžื™ื• ืื™ืŸ ืคืœืึธืจืขื ืฅ. 
ืึท ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื ื’ืขืจ ืจืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜, ื”ืึธื›ึผืŸ ืื™ื ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกื™ืจื˜ ืจื™ื™ืŸ" 
ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืข ืคึผืจืึธื‘ึผืœืขืžืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื˜ื•? ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึทืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืฆื• 
ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืžืขืงื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ,,ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ืคืชึผืจ". ,ื“ื™ 
ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœื™ื ืคืืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื ืืจื™ืฉืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ'', ืคืœืขื’ื˜ ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื–ืึธื’ืŸ *. 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขืš ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืคืขืœืฉื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ืชึผื ืื™ ืจ' ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ึนึผืŸ ื™ื•ื—ืื™ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ. ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืจืื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืึธืžืขื ื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื™ืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงื‘ึผืœื”ืฉืข ืกืคืจื™ื, ืื™ื– 
ืื™ื, ื“ืขื ื ื™ื‘ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืจืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜, ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ. ,, ื–ืึธืœืŸ--- 
ืขืจืงืคืขืจื˜ ืคืจืึทื ืกื™ืก --- ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื“ื™, ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ืขืก ืขืงืœื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืคึผื”'' (ื™ืงืจื ื”ื–ื”ืจ ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื ื–ื”ืจ ืžื ื‘ืœื•ืช ืคึผื”) ?. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ 
ืคึฟืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ื ื‘ึผื™ื™ืกื ื“ื™ืงืข ืกืึทื˜ื™ื“ืข ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืจื–ืŸ, ,, ืึทืฉืจื™ ื—ื’ื•ื™'', ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื ื™ืกื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืก ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืฉืคึผืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืึธืจืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื”. 
,ืื™ืš ืงืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ืŸ, --- ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื•ืขื“ืข + -- 
ืฐื•ื™ื™ืœ ื‘ึผื™ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžื™ื™ื ืข ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ; ืึถื‘ึผืขืจ ืื•ื™ืš ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืฉืจื™ื™. 
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืœื™ื ื“ืขืจื˜. ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื–ืข ืงืึธืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืื™ืจืข ืœืขืคืฆืŸ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคืึทืจืฉืœื™ืกืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื“ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืŸ ืžื•ื– ื–ื™ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื 
ื“ืขืจื”ื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ืก ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืœืขืจื ืขืŸ!'' +,ื”ืงื‘ึผืœื” ืชืชืŸ ืงื•ืœื” -- 


1 ื•ืข ืžืงื•ืœ ืขื•ื ื‘", 8/, | 

2 ื–ืข ืืืžื•ื ืช ื—ื›ื˜ื™ื" (ื™ืึธื”ืึทื ื™ืกื‘ึผื•ืจื’ืขืจ ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ึผืข, ื“ืฃ 35): ;ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ 
ื—ืœืš ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ื‘ืœ", 

ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื“ืฃ 35 

4 ื“ื™ ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืกืึทื˜ื™ืจืข ืื™ื– ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื ืขื“ืจื•ืงื ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืจืคื•ืจื’ื•ืก ืฐืขืจืง ืืขืฅ 
ื”ื“ืขืช" (ืึท ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ;ื›ึผื—ื™ื ืช ืขื•ืœื"). ืื•ืŸ ืฐืฒืœ ื“ืึธืก ืฐืขืจืง ืื™ื– ืึท ื™ืงืจ ื”ืคืฆื™ืื•ืช, 
ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธ ื“ื™ ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง: ืžืœื™ ืื ืชืฉื›ื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืคืชื™ื ืœืขืคืจ ืžื•ึนืช 
ืชืฉืคืชื ื™ ื“ืื’ืชื™, ืื ืื“ื‘ืจื” ืœื ื™ื—ืฉืš ื›ืื‘ื™, ืคืŸ ื™ื—ืกืจื ื™ ืฉื•ืžืข ื•ื™ื—ืฉืจื ื™ ื›ื™ ืงื ืื” ื–ื•ืœืช 
ืงื ืืช ื“' ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืชืขืฉื” ื–ืืช; ืืžื ื ืžื” ืืขืฉื” ืื ืžืœื™ืฆืชื™ ืœึนื ื ืฉืืช ืžืขื•ืœื ืขืœ ืฉื›ืžื” 
ืžืฉื ื“ื•ืžื” ื•ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืœืฉื•ื ื™ ืœื”ื ื™ืจ ืœืืจื˜ ืžื” ืฉื™ื—ื• ื ื’ื“ ื“' ื•ื ื ื“ ืžืฉื™ื—ื• ืืจืื” ืœืฉื•ื ื•ืช 
ื—ืจื•ืฆื•ืช, ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ ื ืืฆื•ืช, ื•ืœืงืœืœ ืฉื™ืจ ื–ื” ืงืœืœื•ืช ื ืžืจืฆื•ืช ื‘ืจืืฉ ื›ืœ ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช, ื™ื•ึนื ื•ืœื™ืœื” 
ืขื“ ื—ืฆื™ืช, ื•ืœื ืฉื›ื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื–ืขื ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืžืฑื– ื•ืžื–ื” ื”ื ื›ื“ื•ื ื™ื, ืื ืชื‘ืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™, ืกื™ 
ืืœื” ืขืœื™ ื™ื”ืžื™ื• ื•ืžื” ื˜ื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื” ืืฉืจ ื™ืจื™ืข ืืฃ ื™ืฆืจื™ื—, ื•ื‘ืœืคื™ ืžืขืœืช ื˜ืœื™ืฆืชื™ 
ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืžื™ื—, ืœืžื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžื™ ืฉื™ื—, ืœืžืื—ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืŸ ื’ืื•ื ื, ื•ื‘ืœื›ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื”ื• ื›ื ืฉืจ ื•ื‘'ืŸ 
ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื™ืฉื™ืžื• ืงื ื, ื”ืžืžื—ื™ืงื™ื ื›ื•ื“ื” ื–ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื” ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืขืœ ืžื” ืื“ื ื™ื” ื”ืžื‘ืข, 
ื•ืœืžื” ื•ื” ื”ื‘ืœ ื™ื™ื’ืขืŸ, ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืœืขื•", 





"= 


ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ืจืŸ 257 


ื“ื•ืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืึดื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืกืึทื˜ื™ืจืข, --- ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืึทืœืข ื’ืึธืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืจืก 
ื˜ื•ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืงื‘ึผืœื”ืก ืฉื˜ื™ื ืœืึธื–ืŸ ื”ืขืจืŸ. ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืึธืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื–ืขืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ ื•ื™ ืฆื“ืงื™ื”ื• ื‘ึผื‘ึผื™ืช ื”ืคึผืงื™ื“ื•ืช *, ื—ืงื™ืจื”ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทืฆื™ืœื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืชึผื•ืจื”. ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ึผื™ืช ืจื‘ึผืŸ, 
ืคึผืึทืจืฉืฑื™ื ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืึทืคึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืœื•ื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ 
ื—ื›ืžื”, ื‘ึผื•ืจื™ื ืจืงื™ื ื•ื–ื“ื™ื --- ืึทืœืข ืคึผืœืึทืคึผืœืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช ืื•ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืขืฉื” ืžืจื›ึผื‘ื”", 

ื™ืขืงื‘ ืคืจืึทื ืกื™ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื–ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืžืขืŸ ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืฉื™ืจ ืฉื™ืœื˜ืŸ , ืงืœืœื•ืช ื ืžืจืฆื•ืช ื‘ึผืจืืฉ ื›ึผ? ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช'', ื•ื™ ื ืึธืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืกืึทื˜ื™ืจืข ืื™ื– 
ืึธืคึผื ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื ื˜ื•ื, ื—ื˜ื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืข ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื ื ืœื™ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืคืฑืœืŸ 
ืžืขืŸ ื–ืึธืœ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืืฑืคืœืึทื’ืข ืคืืจื‘ึผืจืขื ืขืŸ 4 ืื•ืŸ ื•ืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ (ืื™ืŸ 1704) ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ืžื•ืจืคื•ื“ื ื” ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ- 
ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืคืจืึทื ืกื™ืกืขืก ืกืึทื˜ื™ืจืข ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ , ืขืฅ-ื”ื“ืขืช,/, ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 


ื™ ืื™ื ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ืึธื ื’ืขืคืึทืœืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœ? ืึทื‘ื™ืขื“ ืฉืจ ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ึผืึทื–ื™ืœื”, ืคืึทืจืฐืึธืก 


ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ , ืฉืžื•ืฆื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืึทืžืคืœืขื˜!' (ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื”ื•ื 
ื”ืžื–ื•ื”ื) 2. 

ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื‘ึผืึทื ืจื™ื™ืคืœืขืš, ืึทื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืก'ืื™ื– ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข ื“ื™ 
ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืจืึทืฉื ื“ื™ืกืข ื‘ึผืฉื•ืจื” ื“ืขืจื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทื ื’ ื’ืขื”ืึธืคึผื˜ืขืจ ืžืฉื™ื— ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืขื ื“ืœืขืš ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึทื ื˜ืคึผืœืขืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ 
ืคึผืจืึทื›ื˜ --- ืื™ื– ืคืจืึทื ืกื™ืก ื’ืขื‘ึผืœื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืกืขืจ ,,ื ื™ื™ื–ืึธื’ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืงืฉื ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืข ื ื™ื˜ื ืœืฑื™ื‘ึผื™ืงืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื–. ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื‘ึผืจืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทื˜:- 
ืœื•ืกื˜ื™ืง; ื˜ืขืžืคึผืขืจืึทืžืขื ื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื˜ื•ื™ืืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ืกืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ึผื˜ึทื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื’. ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืžื•ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืž- 
ืคืœืขื˜ ื ืึธื›ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ,,ืฆื‘ื™ ืžื•ื“ื—/' --- ื“ืขื ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืขื ืขื. ื”ื™ืจืฉ 
(ืฉื‘ึผืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™). , ืžืขืŸ ื˜ืึธืจ ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ืŸ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืคืึธืœืง ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื˜ ืึถืŸ 
ื–ื™ื ื“ื™ืกืŸ!'' (ืœื ืขืช ื“ืžื™ ืคืŸ ืขื ื“' ื™ื—ื˜ื). ,ืึทืš, ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึทืจืคื˜ ืื™ืจ ืึทืœืข!--- 
ืจื•ืคื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืฉื˜ืจืึธืฃ-ืœื™ื“ืขืจ --- ืžื™ื ืืฉ 
ื‘ึผืึทื“ืขืงื˜ ืื™ืขืจ ืงืึธืคึผ, ื–ืขืง ื’ื•ืจื˜ ืึถืŸ ืึทืจื•ื ืึทื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคืขื ื“ืŸ! ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ืึทืคืข 
ืงืจื™ืขื”, ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทื™ืขืจืข ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ, ื ืึธืจ ืึทืฒืขืจืข ื”ืขืจืฆืขืจ ื˜ื•ื˜ ืจื™ื™ืกืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ 
ื’ืึธื˜ืก ืขื“ื” ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืœืึธื’ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ืจืึธืคื˜! ื˜ื™ื” ื“ื™ ืงืขื ื’ืข- 
ื‘ึผื•ึนื™ื ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืข ืžืœืื›ื™ื, ืขืก ื™ื•ื‘ึผืœื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืœื™ืœื™ืช 


* ื“ืขื ืžืœืš ืฆื“ืงื™ื—ื• ื”ืึธื ืžืขื– ื‘ึผื™ื™ื“ืข ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืืฑืกื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืื™ืŸ ืชึผืคื™ืžื— 
ืึทื™ื™ื ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜,- | 


1 ื•ืข, ,ืžืชืง ืฉืžืชื™ื", 14, 
2 ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,ืืžื•ื’ืช ื—ื›ืžื™ื", ืงืึทืคึผ' 22, 





158 ื“"ืจ ', ืฆึดื™ื ื‘ึผืขืจื’ 


ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจืข ืœืขื ื™ืึทื ืขืŸ --- ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื ืึธื˜ืก ืคืึธืœืง ืื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื‘ึผื™ื– ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืจืึธืคึผ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื ืขืŸ, ื ืขืฉื˜ืจืึธืคื˜ ืื™ื– ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžื‘ึผื” ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื’ืขื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ืื’ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื ืจืขื ืขืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืจืขื " 1, 

ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืฆื• ืงืขืžืคืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ !ืžื›ึผืชื™ 
ื”ืฉื˜ื•ืช'', ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทืจื•ืžื’ืขื›ืึทืคึผื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืคืึธืœืง, ืงืขืžืคืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืข- 
ื•ื•ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืึธืจืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืกื˜. ,,ืื™ื– ืื™ื ื ื’ื™ื”ื ื•ื 
ื“ืึธืก ืคื™ื™ืขืจ ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขืœืึธืฉืŸ, ืฐื•ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืขืก ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคึผืœืึธื ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืึธืจืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆืชื ืคืœืึทืงืขืจ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ', ืจื•ืคื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฅ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ 5 ,ืื™ืš 
ืฐืขืœ ืฆื ื˜ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื•ื™ืกืขื ืขื ื”ื™ืจืฉ (ืฉื ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื™), 
ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืฐืึธืœืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืืจ ืึท ืœืขืžืขืœืข! ืื•ื™ืคื“ืขืงืŸ ืขืœ 
ืื™ืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืฐืขืœืŸ ื“ืึทืŸ ื–ืขืŸ -- ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืื•ืœื” 
ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืจืฉ, ื ืึธืจ ืคืึทืจืงื ืขื›ื˜ื•ื ื’; ืก'ืึท ื”ื™ืจืฉ ืึท ืคืœื™ื’ ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื™ื‘'" 
(ืฆื‘ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ ื•ืœื ืคืจื“ื•ืช --- ืฆื‘ื™ ื–ื‘ื•ื‘ ื•ืœื ืึทืจื™)ืค. 

ื™ืขืงื‘ ืคืจืึทื ืกื™ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืื˜ ืคื™? ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ื™ืงืŸ 
ืงืึทืžืฃ; ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืจืขื ื˜ืข ืžืึทืคืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆืขืจืึทื‘ึผื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื•ึนื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื 
ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฐืึธืจืคืŸ +. ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืข- 
ืฉืจืึธืงืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืขืช ืฉื‘ึผืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™ืก ืึธื ื”ืขื ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื—ื ื•ืช ,ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื', ืฐืึธืก. 
ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืชืฉื‘ึผื—ื•ืช ืคืึทืจืŸ , ืžืœืš 
ื”ืžืฉื™ื—'', ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืจืึทื ืกื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคึผืึทืžืคืœืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืคึผื™ื ืจืึทืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ 
ืฆื• ืฉืคึผืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืžืฉื™ื— ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื. ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ื•ื™ ืึท ืฉื˜ืขื›ื™ืงืขืจ ื“ืึธืจืŸ, ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื•ืืœ ืคื•ื ื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื“ื•ืจ? ืึธื˜. 
ื“ืึธืก ื ื™ืฉื˜ื™ืงืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืขืœืข, ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคึผื™ื ืžืฒ -- ืื™ื– ื’ืึธื˜ืก ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจืขืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทื ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ืงื™ื ื™ื’ืœืขื›ืŸ ืžืึทื ื˜ืœ?' 5 


ืื™ืŸ ืคืงื ืฅ ืขืœ ื™ื“", 1885, .ืฆื‘ื™ ื›ื•ืจื”', 116 
ื”ื•ื™ ืงื•ืจืื™ ื–ืืช, ืžื”ืจื• ื•ืจื˜ืขื• -- ืืคืจ ื•ืฉืง ืœืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื™ึดืฆืขืŸ 
ืงืจืขื• ืœื‘ื‘ื›ื ืขืœ ืงื”ืœ:ืืœ ื ื’ืขื• -- ืึทืœ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื›ื ืืš ืœื‘ื›ื ืชืงืจืขื•! 
ืžืœื›ื™ ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื ื“ื“ื• ืจืืฉ ืžื›ืื‘ -- ืœื™ืœื™ืช ื•ืœื’ื™ื•ื ื” ืœื‘ื“ ื™ื•ืจื’ืขื• 
ืขืœ ืขื ื“' ื›ื™ ื‘ืžื›ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื•ืช -- ื”ื›ื• ื•ื ืฉื ื• ืฉืœืฉื• ืจื•ื‘ืขื”,, 
3 ,ืื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืืฉ ื ืขื“ืจื” ืฉื—ืช, ื™ืงื•ื“ -- ืชื™ืคืช ื‘ืจืฉืคื™ ื–ืขืžื™ ื“ืœืงื•", 
82 ื“ืึธืจืž;, 101, 
4 ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ืฐืขื ืŸ ื“ืขื ืืฒื ื™ืงืข ืžืึธืœ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ื–ืข ื“ืึธืจืคึฟืŸ, 
1 114; ,ืืฉื—ืง ืœืงื•ืจื•ืชื™ื• ื‘ืฆื“ืงื™ ืื—ื•ื™ืง, ืขืœ ื–ืืช ืื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ึผื—ืจื™ ื ืกืกื•"ืŸ 1 2116 ืืจื‘ืช 
ืฆืจืจื•ื ื™ ื‘ืขืช ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจื”, ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืื•ืชื™ ื—ื™ ืื–ื™ ื‘ืœืขื•". 
5 ื“ืึธืจืžืŸ, 104 : 
ื”ื–ื” ื™ืจืคื ื—ืœื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื”ื ื• -- ืœืฉื‚ื›ึผื›ื™ื ืœื• ื•ืœืฆื ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ื•? 
ื”ื•ื” ื–ื›ื” ืœืฉื ื•ืžืขื™ืœ ืžืœื•ื›ื”? -- ืงืœืœื” ืื•ื”ื• ื™ืœื‘ืฉ ื›ืžืจื™. 
ื•ืื™ืš ื™ื›ืฉืจ ืœืฉืจ ืืœ ืขื ื“' -- ืคืงื•ื“ ืขื•ืŸ ืœืง ืฉื‘ื ืคืงื™ื“ื•? 
ื•ืžื ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ื™ื™ื - ื‘ื—ื™ืจ ืืœ ืื™ืš ื™ืงื•ืจื ื’ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ื™ 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ื• ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 450 


ืžื™ื˜ ื ืืœื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืจืขื“ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื•ื•ืข ; ื“ื™ ื ื™ืกื™ื ื•ื ืคืœืื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก 
ื“ื™ ืขืงื–ืึทืœื˜ื™ืจื˜ืข ืžืึทืกืข ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผื˜, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืฉื™ื— ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื™ื•ืŸ; ืžื™ื˜ 
ืฉืคึผืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืืฑื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ืข ืœืขื’ืขื ืจืข, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืฉื™ื— โ€ ื˜ื•ื˜ 
ืจื™ื™ืžืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ืœื™ื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ึผื ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื–ื™ื‘ึผื“ืงืขืคึผื™ืงืขืจ ืฉืœืึทื ื’. ,, ืื™ืš 
ื•ื•ื™ื™ืก ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืงืœืึธืจ ืคื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ -- ื“ืขื ืฆื‘ื™ืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืึทื ื• 
ืื™ื– ืื•ืžืคืืจืžื™ื™ื“ืœืขืš, ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืฉืžื“ืึทื™ืก ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืขืจ ืงืจื‘ึผืŸ'; ื’ืขืœืึทื‘ื˜ 
ืฐืึธืœื˜ ืื™ืš ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืคึผืœื—, ืžื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืื•ืžืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขืจ 
ื’ื•ืจืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง, ืื™ืš ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ืžื•ืจื, ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืคึผืœืึธื ื™ืงืขืจ ื”ื™ืจืฉ ื•ื•ืขื˜ 
ื‘ึผืจืขื ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืœืง ื ื‘ึผืจืึธืš ื ืึธืš ื ื‘ึผืจืึธืš ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื ืœื•ืช ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท ื’ืœื•ืช. 
ืึท ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ื ื•ืช, ื ื˜ื™ื™ืค ืื•ื™ืš ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืขืจ ืคืืจืคื™ืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ืฉืžื“. ืื™ืš ืงืœืึธื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึธืœืง: ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืืœืฉืขืจ ืžืฉื™ื— ืฐืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคืึทืจ ืื™ื ืึทืŸ ืื‘ืŸ ื ื ืฃ; ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืึทืคืจื™ื™ื•ื ื  ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ื ืึธืš 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืงื™ื™ื˜ืŸ. 1, ,ืื™ืš ื–ืข -- ื–ืึธื ื˜ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ --- ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืœื™ ืžืฉื™ื— ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืึธ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื ืื•ืœื— ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ืึท ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’'' (ื—ื‘ืœื™ ืžืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื™ืฉ, ื ืื•ืœื” ื ืขื“ืจื”). ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื- 
ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ืžืึทืกืข ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฅ; ืื™ืจ ืึทืœืข, ืฐืึธืก ื“ื•ืจืฉื˜ 
ื ืึธืš ื ืกืžื—, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ืฉืคึผืึธื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฆืึธืจืขื ืขืŸ --- ืžื™ืš ืฐืขื˜ ืื™ืจ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ! ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื˜ --- ืื™ืš ืขืœ ืึทืฒืขืจืข 
ืฉืขื ื“ืœืขื›ืข ืžืขืฉื™ื ืคืืจืŸ ืคืึธืœืง ืื•ื™ืคื“ืขืงืŸ, ืื™ืš ืฐืขืœ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืืฑืฃ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฐืึทืš ืื•ืŸ ืฐื•ืขืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ื–ืึธืœ ืึทื ื˜ืฉืœืึธืคืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ" 5, 

ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืืจืงื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืœื“ื™ืฉ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ. , ืื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืขืจ, --- ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, --- ืึทื– ืžื™ื™ืŸ 
ืœื™ื“ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืขืกืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืฉื˜ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืžืขืŸ ืงืœืฑื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ืฅ 
ืคืขืจื–ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก ื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ" 3 

ืื™ืŸ ื ืึทื ืฅ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข ื”ืึธื ื™ืขืงื‘ ืคึฟืจืึทื ืกื™ืก ื’ืขื”ืึทื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ-ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืŸ ืžื™ื˜- 
ื”ืขืœืคืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืงืฉื ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืŸ ืงืึทืžืฃ; ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ 
ืขืžื ื•ืืœ. ืขืžื ื•ื? ืคืจืึทื ืกื™ืก ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืžืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืกื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ 





1 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 105, 
* ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ืคึฟื•ืŸ: 
ืขื•ื“ ืขื•ื“ ืœื™ืžื™ ืฉื˜ื ื” ื•ืขืฉืง ืฆืžืื• -- ืขื•ืจ ื™ืœืขื’ื• ืขืœื™ ื•ื”ืชืงืœืก,, 
ืืขืจ ืœืขื™ืŸ ืขืžื ืžื‘ื•ืฉื™ ืคืขืœื -- ื’ื ื›ื• ืขื“ืŸ ื‘ืžืขื™ืœ ื“ืžื™ ื™ืชื›ืกื•ื•ื . 
ืœื ืืชื ื” ืฉื™ื ื” ืœืขื™ืŸ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ -- ืžืชื ื™ ืกืขื™ืคื™ ื™ื•ื ื•ืœื™ืœ ืฉื ืกื” 
3 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ : ืฉื™ืจื™ ืจืื•ื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืง ืขืœ ื™ื”ืœื•ื -- ืืฃ ื›ื™ ืœื•ื›ืจ ืขืœ ื ื™ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืคืกื• 
ืขื•ื“ ื™ืฆึตืื• ืœืœืงื•ื ืื‘ืœ ืœึนื ื™ืžืฆืื• -- ืžืœื™ ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ืกื™ื˜ ืจืžืกื•. 
ื–ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธืคึผืขื ื•ื ื’, ืึทืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจืขืคึผื ื˜ืœืขื›ื ืฐืขืจืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืจ ืžืฒืœืฐืฒื™ื– ืžืงื™ื™ื 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ-ื–ืึทื›ืœื•ื ื’ (ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื™ืœ ื ืึธืš ื’ื™ื– ืื™ืฆื ื ื™ื ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื) ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืึธืงืกืคืึธืจืจืขืจ ื‘ื™ื‘ึผืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง (ื•ืข {ืกืขืจืึทืคึผื•ื', 1840, /2), 


3 


400 ื—"ืจ ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ ืขืจื  


ืขืคึผื™ื’ืจืึทืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืžืคืœืขื˜ืŸ1. ื ืึทื›ื“ืขื ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืจื•ื“ืขืจื ืคึผืึธืขืžืข ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืคืข? ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทื ื˜ื•ืึทื ืขืจ ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืขื ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืฐืึธืจืŸ, ืื™ื–ืŸ ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ืึทืจืฑืกื ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืฆืึธืจื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืึทืžืคืœืขื˜ 3 ื•ื›ื•ึนืช 
ืœื‘ื ื™ ืฉืžืขื™"', ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื•ืœื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื, ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืขืจื’ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจื— ื•ืขื“ืชื•, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื–ื™ื™ ,, ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืก ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธืœืฅ ืคื•ื ื ืคืึธืœืง ืื•ืŸ 
ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืืžืชืŸ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ" : 


ืžื” ืืขืจื™ืš ืืœื” ืœืกืขื™ืช ืงืจื—? 
ื” ืžื” ื‘ื ื™ ืขืžืจื ืœื‘ื“ ืžืืกื•. 
ื•ืœืฉืจืชืš ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืจื•ืฆื•ืŸ ืื•ืจื—; 
ื ืœื” ื‘ึผืขื–ื•ืช ืขืžืš ืจืžืกื• 

ื›? ืขื•ื‘ื“ืš ืœื”ื ื™ื”ื™ ืœื˜ื•ืจื— 
ืขื“ ื”ื™ืคื•ื“ ื‘ื” ื“ืชืš ืจืžืกื•, 


ื ืœื™ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืจื•ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ื ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืคึผืึทืžืคืœืขื˜ืŸ 
ืงืขื’ืŸ ืฉื‘ึผืชืฒ-ืฆื‘ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžืงื•ืจื‘ื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ืึท ืงื•ืจืฆืข ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจืฒื‘ึผื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™-ื‘ึผืึทื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ,,ืกืคื•ืจ 
ืžืขืฉื” ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ ืฆื‘ื™ ื•ื ืชืŸ ื”ืขื–ืชื™ ื‘ึผืงื™ืฆื•ืจ'' ?. ื ืึธื›ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืจื•ื“ืขืจ * 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขื–ืึทืžืœื˜ ืึทืœืข ืคึผืึทืžืคืœืขื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืคึผื™ื’ืจืึทืžืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื™ืขืงื‘ 
ืคืจืึทื ืกื™ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื™, ืฆื•ื ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข 
ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ,, ืฆื‘ื™ ืžื•ืจื—'. 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ *. 


1 ืึทืœื ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืคึผื™ื ื“ืึทืืก ืงืขื’ืŸ ืึท ืงืžืฆืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื™ 
ืžืขื’ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ : 
ื ื‘ืœ ืฉื ืืœ ื–ื”ื‘ ื›ืกืœื• -- ื›ื™ืก ื–ื”ื‘ ืขืฉื” ืคืกืœื•, 
ืื‘ื“ ื”ื›ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื›ืกืœื• -- ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื›ื™ื˜ืœื• ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืก ืœื• (ืคืžืชืง ืฉืคืชื™ื", /), 
2 ืคึผืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื‘ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ,ืงื ืฅ ืขืœ ื™ื“", 1885. 
8 ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ืคึผืจืึทื ืกื™ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืงืขืจ ื™ืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืžืึธืจื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ืคืึทื ื’ ืคื•ื ื 8'ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื”. 
| 4 ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื‘ืฅ ืขืœ ื™ืจ", 1885, 128-97. ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืคืจืึทื ื™ 
ืžื™ื ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืงืœื™ื™ื ืข ืคึผื™ืขืกืข, ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ืคึผืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืึทืœื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคึผื˜ ืคืึทื ืขืœืึทื ื˜ื™", ืื™ืŸ ืคืœืึธืจืขื ืฅ. ืึตืœื ืคึผืขืจืกืึธื ืึทื–ืฉืŸ ื˜ืจืขื˜ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื ืึทืจืฑืก: ืึท ืงึนืึทื™ 
ืคึผืขืœืข ื–ื™ื ื’ืขืจ, ืึท ืงื™ื’ืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื™ืฆืจื™ื”ืจืข ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื™ืฆืจ:ื˜ื•ื‘, ืึท ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืฐืึธืก ืฉืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ื™ื”ื ื•ื 
ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข, ืฐืึธืก ืจื•ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืŸ-ืขื“ืŸ, ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ืคึผืจืึทื ืกื™ืก ื”ืึธื ืืฑืš ืคืึทืจืคึผืึทืกื˜ ืึท ืฐืขืจืง 
ืฐื•ืขื’ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืขื˜ืจื™ืง ;ืžืชืง ืฉืคืชื™ื' (ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื ื“ื•ืจืš ื”, ื‘ึผืจืึธื“ื™ ืื™ืŸ 1892 
| ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ื˜ื™ ืขืžื ื•ืืœื ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ). ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืœื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ึผืจื™ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทื ืกื™ืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื‘ื™ื”ื ืคึผื™ืคืขืจื ื• {ืคึผื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ.ื–ืึทื˜ืœื•ื ื’ ื”ืงื•ืœ 
ืขื•ื ื‘" (1846). 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืืขืจืึธืžื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 41 


ื ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืฉื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ืงืขื’ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื‘ึผืชืฒืฆื‘ื™-ื‘ืึทื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ --- ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ึผืŸ ืึทื”ืจืŸ ืฉืึทืฉืคึผื•ืจ- 
ื˜ืึทืฉ. ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืจืึทื ืึท (ื‘ึผืขืจืš 1610), ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืึท ืฐืึทื ื“ืข-- 
ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ; ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืคืขืฅ, ืกืึทืœื™ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืœืขืžืกืขืŸ; ืื™ืŸ 1646 ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืžืขืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขืคืึทื ื’ืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื‘ึนึผืึทืœึฐื“ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืœื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ 1081 ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืกื˜ืขืจืจืึทื. ืื™ืŸ 1050 ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื ืœื™ืฒื™ื˜ 
ืžื ืฉื” ื‘ึนึผืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื™ื–ืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจ ื™ืึธืจ ืึฒื“ึธื•ื ืฉื™ืกื˜ 
ืื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ืœื˜ืึทืŸ ืื•ื™ื˜ ืžืึทืจืึธืงืึธ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื“ื™ืคึผืœืึธืžืึทื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืืฑืคื˜ืจืึธื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขื 
ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉืŸ ื”ื•ื™ื”, ืื™ืŸ 1064 ืคืึทืจื ืขืžื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึธืกื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื—ื›ื ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ 
ืคึผืึธืจื˜ื•ื’ืขื–ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ืœืึธื ื“ืึธืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ืึถืจ ืึทืจื•ื, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ึผืชืจ- 
ืฆื‘ื™-ื‘ึผืึทื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืคื•ืœืŸ ื‘ึผืจืขืŸ, ืื™ื– ืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ ืื™ืŸ 
ื”ืึทืžื‘ึผื•ืจื’, ื‘ึผืœืฑื™ื– ืจื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข 0 ื™ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื’ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ!: ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืจื•ื™ืก 
ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžื˜ื˜ืขืจื“ืึทื, 

ืฉืึทืฉืคึผื•ืจื˜ืึทืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ึผืขืŸ ืึท ื”ื™ื™ืกืขืจ ืึธื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื•ืจื™ืขืก ืงื‘ึผืœื”, 
ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื‘ึผืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœื™ืžื” ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื ื™ืกื™ื ื•ื ืคืœืื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื•ืขืจืŸ 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ,, ืฉื‘ื—ื™ ื”ืืจ""ื™'', ืึทืœืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธืจืขืงื˜ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื ืฉื” ื›ึผืŸ 
ื™ืฉืจืืœืก ,,ื ืฉืžืช ื—ื™ื™ื" ื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœืŸ ืฉืœื•ืกืฐืึธืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื”ืชืคึผืขืœื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ืกืคืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑ ืงื•ื ืฆื™ืง ืื•ื™ื- 
ื’ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ื“ื™ ,, ืชืขืœื•ืžื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื” ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื ืคืฉื•ืช", 


ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš, ืื™ืŸ 1066, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืกื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืึธื˜ ืžืขืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืื ืฆื˜, 
ื’ืขื™ื•ื‘ึผืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ื˜. ืคืจื™ื™ื“ ื‘ึผืึทื ืจื™ืกื˜ ื“ืขื ,,ืžืœืš ื”ืžืฉื™ื—,/, ืื™ื–ืŸ ืฉืึทืฉืคึผื•ืจ- 
ื˜ืึทืฉ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ ืจื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืข, ืฐื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืงืึธืคึผ ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคืึทืจืœืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ื˜ื™ืง ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื˜ืจืึธื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึธืจืขื ืขื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื. ,,ื•ืื ื™ 
ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ ืจืื” ืจืื™ืชื™ ื›ื™ ืžืืฉืจื™ ื”ืขื ืžืชืขื™ื!! --- ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืš, ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืžื ืœื™ืง- 
ืœืขื›ืขืจ, ื”ืึธื‘ึผ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ืคืึธืœืง ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืœืึทื ื“ื–ืฉืขืŸ, ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ 
ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ื™ื˜ืขืจื˜ ืฉืึทืฉืคึผื•ืจื˜ืึทืฉ 5, ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืึท ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ 
ื“ืึธืš ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจื™ืงืข ืคึผืึทืงื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ื•ื™ ืึทืฐื•ื™ ,,ืคื™ืœืข, 
ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืคืืจ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ืคืึทืจืฐืึทื ื“ืคื˜ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื—ื™ื". ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉื‘ึผืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™ ื ืขื–ืขืŸ , ื“ืขื 
ืื‘ืŸ-ื ื ืฃ ืคืืจืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืคืึธืœืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ", ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืึทื’ืข ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืึธืš 
ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืขืจ ื•ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืจื™ื“ืขืจ ืคึฟืจืึทื ืกื™ืก. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึธื ื˜, ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™, ืขื ื˜- 
ืคืขืจืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืฉืคึผืึธื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ึนื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ื ื™ืกื™ื ื•ื ืคืœืื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืึธืก 


1 ืฉืึทืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜ืึทืฉ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคืŸ ืขืœืžืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 1698 (ื–ืข ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืจืจืขื“ 
ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉืžืขืจ ืืฑืกื’ืึทื‘ึผืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืŸ ;ืื•ื”ืœ ื™ืขืงื‘"), 


? ,ืฆื™ืฆืช ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืฆื‘ื™", ื“ืฃ 4, ืขืž' ื‘ึผ' (ืืฑื˜ื ืึทื‘ึผืข 1867. 





1202 ื“"ืจ 25 ืฆื™ื  ื‘ืขืจ ื’ 


ืคืึธืœืง ืคืœืขื ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืฉื™ื— ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื. ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ื™ ื ื™ื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืœืฒื™ื™ืงื ื˜, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื’ืขืคืœื™ื™ืคื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ืžืขืฉื” ื›ึผื™ืฉื•ึนืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืฉืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ืœืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื™ื˜ืจื ืึทื—ืจื 6 
ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื ืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืžื™ื˜ื”ืขืœืคืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื ืขืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืงื‘ืœื” ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื–ื•ื”ืจ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืึทืฉืคึผื•ืจื˜ืึทืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืฉืขืจ 
ื‘ึผืึทื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ื“ืขืจื–ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื’ืขืคืึทืจ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ืึทื–ืฑ ื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืขืจ ,,ื—ื›ื›ืžืช 
ื”ื ืกืชึผื“''. ,,ื“ื™ ืจื™ื™ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ื•ื”ืจ --- ืงืœืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืึทืฉืคึผื•ืจื˜ืึทืฉ -- ื˜ื•ืขืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืจืฉืขื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืœื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืžื•ืฆืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ืคึผืจืขืคึผืœืขืจื™ืฉืข ืžืขืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืฆื™ื˜ืึทื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืœื™ืงืข ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ึผืึทืฆื™ืจืŸ" ?. ืื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื˜ืจืขื ืึทืจืฑื™ืก 
ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืึทืœืข; ืึทืœึตื™ื™ืŸ ืึท ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ --- ืงืขืžืคื˜ ืขืจ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื™ื›ึผืจื•ืช 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืฉืข ืื™ืœื•ื–ื™ืขืก, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื˜ื•ื˜ ืื™ื ืจื•ื“ืคืŸ. ืžืขืŸ ืฉืคึผืึธื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืœืŸ, ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืื™ื ืขืจ ื–ืึธืœ ืื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืฉืขืช ืžืขืŸ 
ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึท ,,ืžื™ ืฉื‘ึผืจืš'' ื“ืขื ,,ืžืœืš ื”ืžืฉื™ื—', ืžืขืŸ ืคืึธื“ืขืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื, ืขืจ 
ื–ืึธืœ ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขืš ืึธื ืขืจืงืขื ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืฉื‘ึผืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืืžืชืขืจ ื’ื•ืืœ ืื•ืŸ ืžืฉื™ื—. 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื ืขืจ ื“ืขื ืžื•ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืึธืจืŸ. ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืขื ืขืจื’ื™ืข ืฆืขืฉื™ืงื˜ 
ืขืจ ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื• -ืื•ืŸ ื›ืจื•ื–ื™ื ืฆื• ืึทืœืข ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืจืืฉื™ ืงื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ 
ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ?!; ืขืจ ืฐืึธืจื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื™ื–ื ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื’ืขืคืึทืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืฉื˜ืขืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื‘ึผืชืฒืฆื‘ื™ื™ึทืฉืขืจ"ื‘ึผืึทืฐืขื’ื•ื ื’ 
ืคืึทืจืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืงื™ื‘ึผื•ืฅ. ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื, ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืข" 
ื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคื™ืœ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื™ืก ื”ื™ื™ืกืข ืึถื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจ, 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉืึทืฉืคึผื•ืจื˜ืึทืฉ ื‘ึผืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื–ืข ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจืŸ: ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืข" 
ื–ื™ื“ืœื˜, ื’ืขืœืึทื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ื˜ืขืจืขืก, ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ื ื’ืขืกื˜ืจืึทืฉืขื˜ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืจืึธืฃ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง ื”ื“ืจ 

ื”ื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื‘ื™ื ื ืชืŸ ื”ืขื–ืชื™ +. ;ืื™ืš ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ืฐื™ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ 
ืคืึทืจืœืึธืจืŸ ืงืขืจื ื“ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืœืึทื ื“'" 5 ืงืœืึธื’ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฉืึทืฉืคึผื•ืจื˜ืึทืฉ. ืขืจ 
ื–ืฆืžืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืคืœื™ื™ืก ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืงื•ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืึทืœืข ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึทืœืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืงืข ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ึผื ื•ื ืข ื“ืขื ,ืขืคึผื™ืจืขืžื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื™ื’ืขื•ืŸ'" ืคื•ืŸ ,3" ื‘ึผื™ืช 


1 ื–ืข ,ืฆื™ืฆืช ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืฆื‘ื™" ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืจืขืจืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืึทื– ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ื ื™ืกื™ื ื•ืฒื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืข" 
ื™ืฉืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžืขืฉื” ื›ึผื™ืฉื•ืฃ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืœืขื ื“ืขื ื™ืฉ,, ืคึผืึทืจื–ื™ื’ืขืจื ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืžืขืžื•ืึทืจืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื™ืขืงื‘ ืขืžื“ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืชึผื•ืจืช ื”ืงื ืื•ืช" (ื•ืข ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 
5 4 9, 10 ื"ื•)). 

2 ืืฆื™ืฆืช ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืฆื‘ื™ , 94, 

3 ืฉืึทืฉืคื•ืจื˜ืึทืฉ ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื ืึทืœืฒื•; ;ื”ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืœืืฉื›ื ื– ื•ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ, ืื™ืžืืœื™ื, 
ื˜ื•ืจืงื™ื, ืžืฆืจื™ื, ืกื•ืจื™ื", 

4 ื•ืข, ,ืฆื™ืฆืช ื ื•ื‘ืœ ืฆื‘ื™" : ืื•ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืขืฆืžื” ื“ื ื•ื ื™ ืœืขื•ื‘ืจ ื•ืžื‘ื•ืช ื“ื‘ื”ื™ 
ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื ืชืŸ", 


5 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 30: ืขื ื ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื’ืจื’ื™ืจ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ?ื™ 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืคืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ืจืŸ 402 


ื™ืฉืจื?'' (ื“ืขืจ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ืขื ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื˜). ืื•ืŸ ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ื›ืขืจ 
ืžืึทื˜ืขืจื™ืึธืœ?, ืฐืึธืก ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืึทืฉืคึผื•ืจื˜ืฉ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึทืžืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ (ืึทืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืึทื, 1737), ื“ื™ื ื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื– ื”ื™ื™ื ื˜ื™ืกืŸ ื˜ืึธื’ ืึทืœืก ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข ืžืงื•ืจื™ื ื‘ึผื ื•ื’ืข ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื‘ึผืช-ืฆื‘ื•- 
ื‘ึผืึทื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’, 

ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืชื“ื™ืงืŸ ืื™ืžืคึผืขื˜ ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ื™ ,,ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื—//, ื”ื•ื™ื‘ึผื˜ 
ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืขืจืงื™ืฉ-ืคึผืึทืœืขืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืฉืŸ ืงื™ื‘ึผื•ืฅ,. ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืจ ื”ืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฆื• ืฉืคึผื™ืœืŸ ืึท ื—ืฉื•ื‘ืข ืจืึธืœืข. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ-ื ืข- 
ืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคืึธืœืง. ,ืื—ืจื™ ืจืขืฉ ืงื•ืœ ื“ืžืžื” ื“ืงื”,' -- ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื 
ืจืขืฉื“ื™ืงืŸ ื’ืขืคึผื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืจืžื™ืฉืŸ ืขืงืกื˜ืึทื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ,ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื—'' ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ 
ื‘ึผื™ืช-ืขื•ืœืžื“ื™ืง ืฉื˜ื™ืœ? ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืงื™ื‘ึผื•ืฅ ืคื•ื ื ื ืืขื ื˜ืŸ ืžื–ืจื—. ืขืก ืคื™ืœื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ืงื ื“ื™ืงืข ืึทื˜ืžืึธืกืคืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ื•ื•ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืึทื ืขื ืงืฒื. ืขืก 
ืคืขืœื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืœืขื’ืขื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืึธื˜ืขื; ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื“ืขืขืŸ-ืงืึทืžืฃ; 
ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืขืจ ืึทืœื˜ืคืจืขื ืงื™ืฉืขืจ, 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึธื‘ื•ึนืช ืึฒื‘ื•ึนืชึดื™ื ื• ื’ืขื™ืจืฉื ื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืึธื–ืข. ืึทืžื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืงืจืึทื ืงื”ืึทืคื˜ืข 
ื ืึทื›ืฐืฒืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืฉ-ืฉื‘ึผืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืึทื•ื•ืขื’ื•ื ื’ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทืžืขืจืง- 
ื‘ึผืึทืจ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื•ืกืœืžืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ืžื–ืจื—, ื ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื’ืขื‘ึผื•ืจื˜ืกืœืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืจื™ืึทื ืขืจ ืงื‘ืœื—, ื ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ ืื™ื ื ืึทื ื“ืขืจืŸ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืค- 
ืกื•ืจ -- ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉ-ืคึผื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืŸ ืงื™ื‘ึผื•ืฅ. ื“ืึธืก ืกืคืจื“ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ืจื ื˜ื•ื, ื ืึธื›ื“ืขื 
ื•ื™ ืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื‘ึผืึธืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืึทื ื˜ื™ืคึผืึธื“ืŸ: ืื™ืŸ ืžื–ืจื—-ืœืึทื ืš ื“ืขื ืฉื‘ึผืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™, 
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ืงืขืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ืืฒื™ืจืึธืคึผืข --- ื“ืขื ื’ืื•ื ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื™ื™ืขื ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืฉืŸ ืฐืขืœื˜ื‘ึผืึทื ืขื, ื‘ึผืจื•ืš ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึธื–ืขืŸ, --- ื˜ืจืขื˜ ืึดื 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขืจื’ืจื•ื ื“. ื“ืจื™ ื”ืขื ืขืžืึธื ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืขื ื“ื ื™ืค- 
ืกื™ืง ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืึทืฉื›ึผื ื–ื™ื -- ืฆื•ื ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืฉ-ืคึผื•ื™ืœื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื™ืจื ื˜ื•ื. ืฐืขื ืŸ ื“ืขื 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ึผืขื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ื ืขืฉื™ื‘ื˜ืข. 


0 2/ื ืœ 542 ืฉื ืฉืขืง 22 +/ื”21. ืขืขื™ื•ื™ืขืœ ื”ื– ื™ื™ 


*/2:ื”-2:0 /2ืช2 ื“ืœื™ ืื™ ;/ื™ืŸ; ื’ืข ื™ื–ืขืŸ 22/02, 2:48 22ื˜ 
*ื™ื˜ ({ื•ื™ืก 2, { ืขืข ืœืง 20 ืื˜ื .ื˜ื™ :, ื›;ื–} / 
4 ืชืงืขืขื’?. /2ื‘!) 5 /2 1 27 ืขืœ +ื™;72/) 22( , 2 ืงืœ7/,, | 
*ืฉืขื˜ืœืฃ ืคืืง ืขื™ืœ ืงื ื™ืœ ืจืขื’ื™ื˜ //2ื , 6 .8105 ืชืŸื‘ึฟื’.. 
5: 7 9 {2ืฆื ,ืก 4::6 13 44 ื’ื™ ืฉืœื™) ืงืงื  ืงืข 2 /6/ 
| ื™ืข ืึธื™ ืง?. 1445 /ืขืฉืขืจ ืฉืขืง ื /+) ืขืข/ื˜ 
- 777 7222 //4:2/ ืงื•ืขืกืŸ 1421 /2/ืขืงืš /2ื ืข ื˜ืฉึตื ื™ืœ 
2007 +///: 326'/ 41 ืขืœ 822 1422 2246212, ืขืขื ื - - 
{ 5657 ื”ืง ืœ, ื™ืขืงืŸ, ื”ื•ืง ืืง /; 2 ืขื“ืขื™ ืื™ | 2 
4 ื ื”ื™ืฉ?/42 ื™ื™ /2:/, 9 (ื’ืขืขื’.-ืžืœื•ื™ = 
: ' /54 ื™ืขืจ (6ื’ /ืขื™ืœืœืŸ 52 /24::ืจ /; ื™ืข ื™ 


2 ืขืœ '/, 222 /8;;;ื™ืŸ. ืจืขืœ - //2 ืคืŸ,, 2 ืจ 


0 22 





,5 2 
: 






-: :7 ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื™ื ื ืœืŸ ื›ื '/ ื›ื–ืขื ืขืฅ /2/123. 4 ืž, 
04 ืฉืš ืขื• 7" ืข ืงืจื• /ื™ 2 17 ืœื›ื” 220 ืฆื‘ืœื™ืช , | 6 
2 3ื‘, ื“ืืœื–/ื™ืข= ืื™ , 2 ืœ. ื™ื™ 2 6412 2 2 
2/2 *ื›ื ืœ/ 2022 24;= ื”ื™ 4ื™4//.1 ื™ืข/ื™, /ืžื”ืŸ 4ืฉ, ืขื™ | 


ืฉื ื™ื 4 


2 ื™ 
: 


ื™- ื™ื™ืจ ื ืืข ื™ื™ ื™ื 


ื™ื™ ื 


ืึทืŸ ืืฒื’ื ื”ืขื ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ืฑื™ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืึทืฉืคึผื•ื™ืกืึทืฉ 


ื ึธื–ื™ื™ื˜ 402 


ื‘ึผ ื™ื™ืœืึทื’ | 


ื‘ึผื™ื™ืœืึทื ืข ื ื•ืž 1 


(ื–ืข ื–' 56 ื'ื•) 


ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ืจื” ืžื™ืกืจ ืœื™ืื•ื ื ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉื”, 


ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžื™ืกืจ ืœื™ืื•ื ืก ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜- 
ืœืขื›ื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื”ืึธื ื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึท ืœืขื ื’ืขืจืข ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืึธืงืขืจ ืงืึท- 
ืจืึทื™ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜. ืฐืึธืจืฉื™ื™ื ืœืขืš ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืขืจ ื ืขืœืขืจื - 
ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื™ืฉ"ืจ ืžืงืึทื ื“ื™ืฉ ื’ืขื‘ึผืจืึทื›ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ื ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืข, ื•ื• 
ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ืขื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื™ื›ื ื‘ึผืึทื’ื™ืจื™ืงืข ืงืึทืจืึทื™ึทืžืขืŸ. ืื•ื™ืก 
ื˜ืจืืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื‘ึผืึทืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคื™ืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ; ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืฉ. ื™. ืคื™ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ืคื™ื ืก ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื›ึผืชื‘-ื™ืจ 
ืึธืคึผื ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืคืจื™ื“ืœืึทื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ืขืจ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืึทื–ื™ืึทื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ 
ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืึธื“; ื“ืขืจ - ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื•ืคืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ื ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืš+ 
ืคื™ืจืงืึทืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ-ืงืึธืœืขืงืฆื™ืข (ื ื•ืž' 442) ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืึทื“ืขืจ ืžืœื•ื›ื”-ื‘ื™ื‘ึผืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง, 

ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ืฒื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก 154 ื‘ึผืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ '4, 
ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 86 ื‘ึผืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื ืขืžื˜ ืœื™ืื•ื ื ื’ืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ืง ,ืœื‘ื ืช ื”ืกืคึผื™ืจ', 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืขืจ ืคืืจืคืืกืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,,ื ื•ืคืช ืฆื•ืคื™ื'. ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขื™ืง 
ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึทื™ื™ื ื’ืขื˜ืฒืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืขืจื™ื, ืคึผืจืงื™ื 
ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ืžื ื™ื (3' ื—ืœืงื™ื, ื™"ื ืฉืขืจื™ื, ืงื›''ื‘ ืคึผืจืงื™ื, ืงืœ''ื• ืกื™ืžื ื™ื). ืคื™ืœืข 
ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจืึทื–ืข ,,ืืžืจ ื”ื—ื›ื ืœื™ืื•ืŸ"; 
ืฐื™ ืขืก ืฉื™ื™ื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืกืจ, ืœื™ืื•ื ืก 
ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ื™ื, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื™ื ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš. ืื•ื™ืฃ. 
ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ื‘ึผืœืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ , ืœื‘ื ืช ื”ืกืคึผื™ืจ'' ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฆื•ื™ื™ 
ืฆื•ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืŸ 1: | 

ื) ื•ื ืฉืœื ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื‘ืœื ื• ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืกืคืจ ืžื–ืืช ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ื‘ื™"ื— ื‘ืืœื•ืœ 
ืจื™"ื“ (1484) ื™ืช' ื•ื™ืฉืช' ืฉื ื”ื? ืœืขื“ ื•ืœื ืฆื— ื ืฆื—ื™ื ืืžืŸ. 


1 ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื’ืขื”ืขืจื ื“ืขื ืคึฟืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืฆืฐื™ืฒื™ื˜ืกืข ื“ืขื ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ ื“ืขื ืึธืคึผืฉืจืฒื‘ึผืขืจ6 
461 





1408 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


3ึผ) ื•ืชื›ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืžืœืื›ืช ืœื‘ื ืช ื”ืกืคื™ืจ ืฉื—ื‘ืจื• ื”ื—ื›ื ื”ื›ื•ืœ5 
ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืืœื”ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื•ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืกืžืกื™' ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ื™''ืฅ 
ื‘ื›ื”'"ืจ ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ื”ืจื•ืคื ื™ืฉืจ'ื•, ื•ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ื• ืื ื™ ื“ื ื™ื? ื™ืฉืจ"ื• ื‘ื›"ืจ ืžืฉืช 
ื–ืœื”''ื› ืžืคื™ืจ (ืคื™ืจืืจื?) ืœื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ ืž''ื› ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ื›"ืจ ื™ื•ืื‘ ืคื ืฆื™ ื™ืฉืจ"ืŸ 
ืžืจื™ืงื ื˜ื™, ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื”' ื’' ื‘ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืช ื•ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื“' ืขืœื™ืš ื–ืจื— (1488), ื•' 
ื™ื–ื›ื—ื• ืœื—ื’ื•ืช ื‘ื• ื•ื‘ืฉืืจ ืคืคืจื™ ื—ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื•ื ื•ื–ืจืขื• ื•ื–ืจืข ื–ืจืขื• ื•ื™ืชืงื™ื ื‘ืŸ 
ืžืงืจ' ื“ื›ืชื™' ืœื ื™ืžื•ืฉ ืกืคืจ ื•ื›ื•' ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื›ืœ? ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืืžืŸ ื›ื™"ืจ, 


ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข 6 ื‘ึผืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ืคืึทืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ืœื™ืื•ื ืก 
ืคึผื™ื•ื˜ื™ื. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื (ืคืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ), ืฐืึธืก ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืึทื ืงืึทื ืข ื‘ึผืฉืขืช ื“ืขื ืฆื•ืึทืžืขื ืคืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช. 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขื“ื•ืช ืคืึทืœื ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฆื•ืฉืจื™ืคื˜: ,ืืœื• ื—ืกืจืžื•ื ื™ ืฉื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ื›ื 
ื—ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ ื”ืืœื”ื™ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื•ืจื ื• ื”ืจื‘ ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืžืกื™' ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ื™''ืฅ 
ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืงื•ื ืงืœื•ืกื™ืื•ื ื™ ืคื” ื‘ืื ืงื•ื ื", 
- ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืœืขื˜ืขืจ 100--104 ืคืึทืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื”, ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ืกืจ ืœื™ืื•ืŸ: , ืืœื• ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ื—ื‘ืจื ื”ื—ื›ื ื”ื›ื•5ืค 
ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืืœื”ื™ ื™ืจื ื“' ื•ืกืจ ืžืจืข ื›ื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ืจื ื• ื”ืจื‘ ืจ' ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” 
ืžืกื™ืจ ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืž"ืจ ื™ื—ื™ื? ื”ืจื•ืคื". 
ื•ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื™ืง ื‘ึผืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ (108--154) ืคืึทืจ- 
ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืžื™ืกืจ ืœื™ืื•ื ืก ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืฆื•ื ืจืžื‘ึผ'ื ืก ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืชื•ืจื”. ื“ื™ ื”ืขื“ื•ืช 
ื‘ึผืึทื ืœื™ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืœื ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’: /,ื–ื” ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืฉื—ื‘ืจ ื›"ืจ ื”ืจื‘ ืจ' 
ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืžืกื™ืจ ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ื™ืฆ"ื• ืขืœ ืคื™ื•ื•ืฉ ืจืžื‘"ืŸ ื•ืžืชื—ื™? ืžื•ืืœืช 
ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื"". 
ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ- 
ืงืืœืขืงืฆื™ืข, ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก 190 ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 4. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืืŸ ืึธืคึผืฉืจื™ืคื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ื›ืจ ืœื™ืื•ื ืก 8 ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ,, ืžื›ืœ? ื™ื•ืคื™'! --- 
ืึทืŸ ืึทืจื™ื™ื ืคื™ืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืึธื ื™ืง. ืกื™ืจ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ 
ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืจืขื“ืข, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื–ื™ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืคืึทืจืŸ ืคืึทืจ- 
ืคืึทืกืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืขืœื˜ื‘ึผืึทื ืขื : 
| ื—ื•ืชื ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืžื›ืœ? ื™ื•ึนืคื™ -- ืงืจืืชื™ ืฉืžืš ืขื“ ืขื•ืœื 
ืžืฆืจืฃ ื›ืกืฃ ืžืื–ื ื™ ืฆื“ืง -- ืœื‘ื•ื ืืœ ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื›ืœ ื ืขืœื 
ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืขื ืขึนืฉืื•ึน ื—ื™ืœ -- ืืชื” ืขืœื™ืช ืขืœ ื›ืœื, 
ืืžืจ ื”ืขื‘ื“ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ืื•ื”ื‘ ื”ื ืืžืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืžื™ืกืจ ืœื™ืื•ืŸ: ืื ื›ื™ 
ืืช ืœื‘ื‘ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืชื”ืœื” ื•ื”ืฉื’ืช ื”ืืžืชื™ื•ืช ืœืฉืžื• ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ืื ื™ืกื›ื™ื 
ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื™ืงืจื™ื ื•ื ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื—ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ื“ืœืชื•ืช ื”ืืžื•ื ืช 
ื•ืœื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืคึฟื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื” ืขืœ ืขืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืกืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืชื•ื“ื™ื™ื˜ ื•ื—ืฆื‘ืชื ื‘ื”ืจืจื™ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื. 


ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 400 


ืื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื•ืขืฉื• ืœื™ ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ื“ืงื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉื’ื” ื™ืžื ื• 
ืืœื™ื”ื ื›? ืžื—ืงืจื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ ื•ื? ื™ืฉืขื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืฉืงืจ ื•ืžืชืจื™ ืฉื›ืœื™ ืื›ื•ื ืŸ ืขืœ 
ืคื ื™ื”ื ื ืฉื›ื ืชื™ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื, : 

ืœืžื” ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ืงืฆืช ื”ื ืื—ื–ื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื•ื“ืช ื”ืื‘ื“ื•ืŸ ืžืื ืฉื™ ืชื•ืจืชื ืŸ 
ื”ืกืชืคืœืกืคื™ื ื›ื•ื ื ื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื ืžืฉื—ื™ืช ืœื”ื›ื—ื™ื“ ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืžื”ืจื• ื—ื•ืžืชื 
ื‘ืฉืงืจ ื•ื‘ื›ื–ื‘ ื‘ื—ื–ืงืชื ื•ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื‘ึนึผื ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ื•ืœื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืœืชืช 
ืžื•ืคืชื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืืจืฅ ื•ื‘ื—ืฉื›ื” ื™ืชื”ืœื›ื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืžื•ืคืชื™ื ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื• 
ื•ื ืกืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื— ื”ืงื“ืฉ ื‘ื—ืจื• ืืจื—ื•ืช ืขืงืœืงืœื•ืช, ื•ืœืžื” ืฉืฉืžืขื” 
ืื–ื’ื™ ื '"ื› ืœื ื‘ื™ืื™ ืžืœื‘ื ื•ื—ืžื˜ื”ืจื™ื ื”ืžืชืงื“ืฉื™ื ืœืคื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื ื•ืื‘ื™ื˜ื” 
ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ื”ื ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื” ื˜ืžืื™ื ืœื ืคืฉ ืื“ื ื•ื‘ื”ืฉืขื ื ืขืœ ืงืฆืช ืคืฉื˜ื™ 
ื”ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืชืขื™ื‘ื• ืขืœื™ืœื” ืœืœื›ืช ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ื‘ืœ ื•ื‘ืฉืงืจ ื ืกืชืจื•. ื•ืืžืจื• ืžืฆืื ื• 
ื—ื›ืžื” ื ืคืœืื” ืจืžื•ื–ื” ืœื ืชืกื•ืœื” ื‘ื›ืชื ืื•ืคื™ืจ ื•ืืฉืจื™ ื”ืžื—ื›ื” ื›ึดื™ ื™ืžืฉืš 
ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืกืกื•ืช (4) ื‘ื—ื‘ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื™ื—ืคืื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ืœื ื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื 
ื™ืชื‘' ื•ื™ืชื‘' ื›ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืกื›ืœื™ื ืขืœื•ื™ (?) ืจื‘, ื•ื›? ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ืช 
ื”ื—ืžื ืข ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืขืจื‘ ืœื”ื ืœืกื›ืœื•ืชื ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ื”ื ื” ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืžื” ื ืขื™ื, 
ื—ืžืช ืชื ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื ื•ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื™ืงืจืื• ืœื ืžื•ืœื™ ืžื—ืœื‘ ืืฉืจ ื˜ื— ืžืจืื•ืช 
ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื; ืœื›ื• ืฉื‘ืจื• ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ืžืœื ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ืขืจื›ื ื• ื–ื”ื‘ ื•ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช. ื•ื–ืืช ื”ืจืฉืขื” 
ื”ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื›ืชื‘ื•ื” ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื ื›ืขื˜ ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื•ื‘ืฆืคื•ืจืŸ ืฉืžื™ืจ, ื™ืžืœืื• ืคื ื™ื”ื ืงืœื•ืŸ 
ืžื”ื–ื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ืง ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื•ื‘ืจืฉืช ื–ื• ื˜ืžื ื• ื ืœื›ื“ื” ืจื’? ื”ืคืชืื™ื ื™ื‘ืงืฉื• 
ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืื•ืชื•ืช ื•ื ืคืœืื•ืช, ืžืขืฉื™ื ืืฉืจ ืœื ื™ืขืฉื• ื•ืžื™ 
ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื—ืจืฉ ื™ื—ืจื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืฐึนืชื”ื™ ืœื”ื ืœื—ื›ืžื”.. 

ื“ืึธืก ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ, ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื™ื ืฃ ืฉืขืจื™ื, ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืจื™ื™. 

ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ืคึฟืึธืœื ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื“ืจื™ื™ ืฆื•ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืŸ; 

ื) ื“ืขื ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจืก ืฆื•ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ : 

ืฐืขื“ ื›ื” ืขื–ืจื ื™ ื“' ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ื–ื” ื”ื—ื‘ื•ืจ ื ืคืœื ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ื•ื”ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื›ื•55 
ื‘' ื—ืœืงื™ื, ื—' ืฉืขืจื™ื, ืฆึด"ื ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื•ืค'ื’ ืคึทึผืจืงื™ื... ื•ื”ืชื—ืœืช ื—ื‘ื•ืจ 
ื”ืžื—ื‘ึผืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ื’' ืฉืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืช ืจื˜'ื• ืœืค"ืง ื•ื”ืฉืœืžืชื™ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”' 
ื™"ื— ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ ืจื˜'ื• (1499), ื™ืฉืชื‘ื— ื•ื™ืชืจื•ืžื ืฉื ื”ื? ืœืขื“ ื•ืœื ืฆื— ื ืฆื—ื™ื 
ืืžืŸ ื›ื‘ื•ืจืš ืจ' ... | 

3) ืฆื•ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ืคื•ื ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผื™ืกื˜, ื“ืขื ืื•ื‘ึผื ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ืŸ 

ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืฉื˜ืขืœืขืจ ืึทื‘ื•ื”ื ืคืึทืจื™ืฆื•ึนืœ: 

;ื•ืื ื™ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ืžืขื™ืจ ืžืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ื›'"ืจ ืคืจื“ื›ื™ 
ืคืจื™ืฆื•ืœ ืคืจืื•ื•ื™ื ืฆืืœื™ ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ื–ื” ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื ื›ื‘ื“ืจ ืืฉืจ ื—ื‘ืจื• ื”ื ื“ื•? ืกื•ื  
ื”ืฉื•ึนื ื™ื ืคืืจ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ื ื™ืคื” ืืฃ ื ืขื™ื ื”'"ืช ืžื™ืกื•ืจ ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ื•ืขืฉื™ืชื™ื• ืœืื—ื™ื 
ื”ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื ื–ืจืข ื‘ืจื•ื›ื™ ื“' ืขื ื”ืœื•ื•ืช ืฆืืฆืื™ื”ื,,. ื”ืœื ื”ื ืจ' ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ื•ืจ' ื™ืขืงื‘ 


20 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ืžื ื•ืจืฆื™ ื™ืฆ''ื•. ื•ื”ืฉืœืžืชื™ื• ืžื•ืฆื ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืจืœ"ื (14/1) ื”ืฉื ื‘ืจื—ืžื™ื• ื™ื—ื•ื ื 
ื•ื™ื–ื›ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืŸ ื”ื›ื— ืืœ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ ื•ื™ืœืžื“ื ?ืงื— ื•ื‘ื™ื ื” 
ื•ื›ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื™ื ื™ืงื™ื 7ื• ืฆื ื” ื•ื™ืฉืžืจื”ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืคื ื”. ืชื ื•ื ืฉืœื ืชื—ืœื” ืœืืœ ืขื•ืœื". 
ื ) ืฆื•ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ืคื•ื ื ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืกืŸ ืงืึธืคึผื™ืกื˜: 

;ื•ืื ื™ ื–ืขื™ืจ ื“ืžืŸ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื, ืžื“ืจืš ืœื›ืคื•ืช ืจื ืœื™ ื—ื›ื™ืžื™ื, ืจื•ืขื” ืจื•ื— 
ืฉื•ืืฃ ื•ืฉื•ืื‘, ื•ื›ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ื•ืกืฃ ื•ืชืื‘, ื‘ืจืื•ืชื™ ืคื ืช ื™ืงืจืช ื”ืกืคืจ 
ื”ื–ืช ื›ื•ืœ? ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื›ืœืœื™ ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ื”ืืจื•ื›ื”, ื”ื ื•ืชื ืช ื‘ื™ื 
ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืจืš ืคืœื•ืœื” ื•ื“ืจื•ื›ื” ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆืขื” ื•ื”ื ื—ื” ืืœ ื”ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื™ื 
ื”ืžืฉื™ื ื™ื ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืื—ืจื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ื›ื”, ืืžืจืชื™ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื•ื ืื’ื™ืœื” ื•ืืฉืžื—ื” 
ื‘ื—ืกื“ื•, ื›ื™ ื”ืคึผื™ืง ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื“ื•, ื‘ื›ื—ืฉืง ืจื‘ ืืœ ื”ื“ืจ ืชื•ืจืชื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืื•ืชื™ื• 
ื•ื‘ืชืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื”ืขืชืงืชื™ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื‘ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชื™ื‘ืช ืกืคืจื™ ื›ื™ ื™ืžืฆื ืœืขืช ืžืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ื 
ื™ืฉืœื ื ื“ืจื™ ืœื ื™ื—ืกืจ ื›ืœ ื‘ื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื” ืžืฆื ื”ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืœื ื™ื•ื›ื—ืฉ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช 
ื”ืกื‘ื”. ื•ืชื”ื™ ื”ืฉืœืžืช ืžืœืื›ืชื™ ืคื” ื‘ืง"ืง ื“ื˜ืจื•ืงื™ ื™ื•ื ื' ื™"ื  ืœืืœ ืฉื ืช 
ืฉืฆ"ื‘ ื•ื—ืกื™ืžืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืื›ืœืช ืขื ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื ืคืฉืš ืฉื‘ืขืš ?ืค"ืง, ื ืื ื™ืืฉื™ื”ื• ื‘ืŸ 
ืœื'ื ืžื•ื”ืจ"ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขื–ืจื™ ื–ืฆื•''ืง". 

ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ืฆื•ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืขื“ื•ืช, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื›ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืึธืง ืื™ืŸ 16282, 


ื‘ึผื™ื™ืœืึทื ืข ื ื•ื' 2 


(ื–ืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ 78) 


ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืึธืœืขืžื™ืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ,,ื”ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื”ืฉื ื™ื" 
(1015/018110 11696018 06), 


ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข, ื“ื•ืจืš ืคืขื‘ึผืึทืกื˜ื™ืึทืŸ ืžื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืฐืขืจืง 
ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื•ืžื‘ึผืึทื”ืึธืœืคืขื ืขื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ืงืึทืœ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง 
ืคืึทืจื ืจื™ื™ื–ื˜ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึทืฉ. ื“ืขื ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืกื˜ื™ืœ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืขืจ ื”,ื•ื™ื›ึผื•ื—/', ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ื™ื’ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืึธื 
ืคืึทืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืึทืจื™ื™ื ืคื™ืจ: . | : 

, ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ืขื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืฆืฃ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื’ื 
ืขืœ ืืžื•ื ืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื˜ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื”ื, ืžืื—ืจ ืืœื”ื™ื ื’ืจืฉ 
ืื•ืชื ืžืœืคื ื™ื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื˜ืื•ืชื™ื”ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื›ื™ ืžืึทื ื• ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื™ื— ืืฉืจ ื‘ื 
ืืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื•ื™ื ืื•? ืืช ื›? ืื“ื ืžื—ื˜ืืชื• ืืฉืจ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื•ื•ืœืชื• ืื™ืŸ 
ืชืฉื•ืขื— ื•ืžื—ืกื” ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืืจืฅ, ืื‘ืœ ืฉืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื• ื”ื ืขื ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืœืจ' 
ืืœื”ื™ื• ืืฉืจ ื‘ื—ืจ ื”ืฉื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื• ืœืขื ืกื ื•ืœื”. ื•ื”ื ื” ืžืื—ืจ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ืจืŸ 421 


ืจืฆื•ึน ืœืงื‘ืœ ื•ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื™ื—ื ื• ื‘ืื• ื‘ื’ืœื•ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื•ื™ืคืœื• ื‘ื—ืฉืš ื”ืœื‘ื‘ 
ื›ื™ื•ื  ื”ื–ื”, ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ื“ื™ืข ื–ืืช ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ืื™"ื”. ื ื›ืชื‘ ืคื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื–ืœ ื‘ืฉื ื” 
ืžื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืค"ืง ืจ"ืฆ ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืชืฉืจื™" (1899). 

ื“ืึธืก ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืื™ื– ื ืขื“ืจื•ืกื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช,. 


ื‘ึผื™ื™ืœืึทื’ืข ื ื•ืž' 3 
(ื–ืข ื–ื™ื™ื 18) 
ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžื™ืกื™ืึธื ืขืจื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ึผื•ืš ,ืกืคืจ ืืžื ื”", 

ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ,,ืกืคืจ ืืžื ื”"' ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœื™ืึธื ืจืึทืคื™ืฉืข 
ื™ืกืจ-ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจ 
ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืฃ ืฉ. ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืื“ืขืจ ืื–ื™ืื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ื™. 
ืžื™ืจ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ื‘ึผืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ื“ื™ ืคืึธืจืจืขื“ืข ืคื•ื ื ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืกื˜ 
ืคืึทื ื™ื•ืก, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืคืึธืจืจืขื“ืข ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ื”ืึทืจื‘ึผืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ึผืึทื”ืึธืœื˜ืข- 
ื ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืึทืžื‘ึผืขืกื˜ืŸ ืขื“ื•ืช, ืฐื•ื™ ืึทื–ืฑ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืกื˜ืŸ 
ืคื•ื ื ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืคืœื™ื™ืก ืื•ึนืŸ ื ื•ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืœืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืื–ื™ืฃ ืึทื–ืฑ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืึทืจื™ื™ื ืฆื•ื“ืจื™ื ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืื™ื™ื’ื ืืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื›ึผืœ-ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš, ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืžืฉื˜ืึทื ื“ ืคืจื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ืฉ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ื™ืกืฆื•ื“ืจื™ืงืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจืข ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืงืขืŸ : 

,ืคืคืจ ืืžื ื”, ื™ืงืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื ืขื™ื ืืฉืจ ื—ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืื™ืฉ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ ื—ื›ื 
ื•ื ื‘ื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ื‘ื• ื‘ืจืื™ื•ืช ื’ืžื•ืจื•ืช 
ืฉืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื‘ื”ืงื‘"ื— ื‘ืื‘ ื•ื‘ืŸ ื•ืจื•ื— ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื 
ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ืžื— ื•ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื•ื‘ืœื™ ืกืคืง ื—ื™ื ืžื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื 
ื•ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื. ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืงืจื ืฉืžื• ืกืคืจ ืืžื ื” ืœื”ืื™ืจ ื‘ื• ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœื”ื•ืœื™ืš 
ื‘ื“ืจืš ื™ืฉืจื” ื”ืชื•ืขื™ื. ื ืขืชืง ืžืœืฉื•ืŸ ืขื‘ืจื™ ืืœ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืจื•ืžื™ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคืื•ืœื•ืฉ 
ื‘ืึทื ื™ืฉ ื•ื ื“ืคืก ื‘ืื™ื–ื ื ื”ื‘ื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉื ืช ืฉ"ื‘ึผ 5ืค"ืง ืžื‘ืจื™ืืช ืขื•ืœื ืชื”"ื” 
ื•ืฉื‘ื— ื•ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืฉื ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉืžื™ ืžืจื•ื". 

ื“ืึธืก ื ืึทื ืฆืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ืคืึทืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฆืขืŸ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ : 

ืคึผืจืง ืจืืฉื•ืŸ: ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉืžื•ืช ืื‘ ื•ื‘ืŸ ื•ืจื•ื— ืงื•ื“ืฉ. 

ืคึผืจืง ืฉื ื™: ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื“ืชื• ื•ื‘ืจื™ืชื•. | 

ืคึผืจืง ืฉืœื™ืฉื™: ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช (ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœืข ืคึผืึธืœืขืžื™ืง ืงืขื’ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืขืœ ,,ื”ื ืฆื—ื•ืŸ''), 

ืคึผืจืง ืจื‘ื™ืขื™: ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืงืฅ ื‘ื™ืืช ืžืฉื™ื—. 

ืคึผืจืง ื—ืžื™ืฉื™: ื“ื™ืŸ ืขื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื• ื•ืžื™ืชืชื• ื•ืขืœื™ื™ืชื• ืœืฉืžื™ื, 





412 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื  


ืคึผืจืง ืฉื™ืฉื‚ื™: ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืคืชื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื. ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜? ื”ืฒื™ื‘ึผื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš. ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขื ื“ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ,,ืฒื™ื“ืŸ-ื ืึทืจืึธื ื™ื'" : 

,ื•ืขืชื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืกื›ืช ื•ืฉืžืข ื•ื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ื• ืœืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ; ืค?ืžื” ืืชื 
ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืจืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืืœ ื ืคืฉื•ืชื™ื›ื ืœื”ื›ืจื™ืช ืœื›ื ืื™ืฉ ื•ืืฉื” ืขื•ืœืœ ื•ื•ื ืก 
ืžืชื•ืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืฉืื™ืจื™ืช ืœื”ื›ืขื™ืก ืืช ื”ืฉื ื‘ืžืขืฉื” ื™ื“ื™ื›ื 
ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื•ืืชื ื ืชืงื™ื™ืžื• ื‘ึผื•ื” ื”ื ืฉืœื”ืช ืœื›ื 
ื‘ึผืฉืžื• ืœื”ื•ืฉื™ืข ืืชื›ื ื•ืžืื ืชื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื‘ื ืคืœืื•ืชื™ื• ืืฉืจ 
ืขืฉื” ืžืขืฉื™ื ื ืคืœืื™ื ื•ื ื•ืจืื™ื ืืฉืจ ืœื ืขืฉื” ืฉื•ื ื ื‘ื™ื ืื• ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื›ืžื•ื”ื•, 

ืคึผืจืง ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™: ืจื™ืŸ ื˜"ื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืคึผืึทืœืขืžื™ื–ื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ืฐืึธื˜ 
ื’ืœืฑื™ื‘ึผืŸ, ืึทื– ืžืฉื™ื— ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ). 

ืคึผืจืง ืฉืžื™ื ื™: ื“ื™ืŸ ืชื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืชื™ื.. 

ืคึผืจืง ืชืฉื™ืขื™: ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื ืข ื”ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ืืžื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืฉื™ื— ื”ื ืฉืœ"ื— 


ื‘ึผื™ื™ืœืึทื ืข ื ื•ืž' 4 
(ื•ืข ื–ื˜ 96) 
ื“ื™ ืžืขืฉื” ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืขืจืŸ ืคึผืขืจืœ, 

ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœื™ืึธื ืจืึทืฃ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื™ืจืขืจ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื ื˜ (,ื”ืขื‘ึผืจ. ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœ.', ืขืŸ, 
1-8) ืื•ื™ืก ืึทื‘ื•ื”ื ืึทื‘ึผื•ืœืคื™ื”ืก ื”ืึทื ื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ,,ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉื›ืœ'' ืคืึธืœื ื - 
ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืžืฉืœ, ืฐืึธืก ืงืึธืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ืึทืœืก ืžืงื•ืจ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ 
ืึทื–ืฑ ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืขืจ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืขื ืขืจ ืžืขืฉื” ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื™ ืจื™ื ื ืขืŸ: 

,ื•ืื ื™ืืžืจ ืื•ืžืจ; ืืžืช ื”ื™ื” ืื‘ืœ ืจืื” ื”ืื•ืžื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœืื•ืชื” 
ืžืขืœื” ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื” ื‘ืื•ืžื” ืื—ืจืช ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื—ืงื™ื” ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื” ื•ื‘ื ื•ืžืขื˜ื ื•ื”ืžื™ืจ 
ืžื›ืชื‘ื—. ื”ื ื” ื”ืื•ืžืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืžืขืœืชื” ื•ืขืœ ืžืขืœืช ืœืฉื•ื ื” 
ื•ืขืœ ืžืขืœืช ืžื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ืข'ื›.. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ื ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืืžืช ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืœืฉืช 
ื—ื”ืžืขืœื•ืช ื—ืคืจื•ืช ืžืžื ื• ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ืžื”ืŸ ื‘ืื—ืจืช ืจ? ื”ื“ื‘ืจ 
ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืืฆืœื• ืžืจื’ืœื™ืช ื ื”ืžื“ืช ื•ื‘ืงืฉ ืœื”ื ื—ื™ืœื” ืœื‘ื ื•, ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš 
ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื” ืœื‘ื ื• ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื›ื™ืจ ืžืขืœืช ื”ืžืจื ืœื™ืช ื•ืชื”ื™ืช 
ื ื—ืžื“ืช ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื›ืžื• ืฉื—ื™ื ื—ืžื•ื“ื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืื‘ื™ื•, ื‘ื ื”ื‘ืŸ ื•ื”ื›ืขื™ืก ืืช ืื‘ื™ื•. 
ืžื” ืขืฉื” ื”ืื‘? ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœืชืช ื”ืžื•ื ืœื™ืช ื‘ื™ื“ ืื“ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืคืกื™ืจ ื‘ื ืŸ 
ื™ืจื•ืฉืชื• ืื ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื™ืจืฆื” ืืช ืื‘ื™ื•, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ื›ื” ื‘ื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ืืžืจ: ืื ืœื 
ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ืื™ื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื™ืจืฉื ื” ื•ืื ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื™ืคืกื™ื“ื ื” ื•ื›ืœ ืขื•ืš 
ืฉืœื ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืชื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื•ื›ืฉื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื™ื“ ืืขืœื ื” ืœื•. ื•ื›ืœ ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื ืฉื‘ 
ื‘ืื™ื ืขื›ื“ื™ ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ื”ื™ื• ืžื›ืขื™ืกื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื•ื™ื•ื ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื”ืช 
ืžืชืคืืจ ืฉืื“ื•ื ื• ื ืชืŸ ืœื• ื”ืžืจื’ืœื™ืช, ื•ื”ื‘ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืฉืฉ, ื›ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทื˜ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื“ืŸ 473 


ื“ืขืช. ืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื›? ื›ืš ื”ื›ืขื™ืกื•ื”ื• ืขื“ ืฉืฉื ื•ืžื—? ืœื• ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ื”ืขืœื” ื”ืžืจื ืœื™ืช 
ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื ืชื ื— ืœื‘ื ื•. ื›ืฉืจืื• ืขื‘ื“ื™ ืื‘ื™ื• --- ืžื™ื“ ื ืคืœื• ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื”ื ื•ึฐื‘ื•ืฉืŸ 
ืžืฉืงืจื™ื”ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขืžื• ืขื“ ืฉื™ืžื—ื•ืœ. ื›ืŸ ืงืจื” 
ืœึตื ื• ืขื ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืฉื”ืฉื ื™ืชื‘' ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื ื• ื‘ื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืคื” 
?ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื›ืœ? ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื˜ืื ื• ืœื•, ื•ืื•ืœื 
ื‘ืฉื•ื‘ื ื• ื•ื‘ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืืช ืฉื‘ื•ืชื ื• ื™ื‘ื•ืฉื• ืžื‘ื™ืฉื ื• ืžืคื ื™ื ื• ื•ื›ื•'. ื•ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ 
ืื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืคื“ืจื ื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืฆืžื™ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ืืœื™ื” ื‘ื›? ื™ื, 
ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื” ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœืžื™ ื”ื—ืžื“ื” ื•ื”ืืžืช: ื”ืœื ื• ืื ืœืฆืจื™ื ื•) ืขึถืจ 
ื‘ื•ื ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ื•ื™ื“ืœื” ื”ืžืจื ืœื™ืช ืžื”ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื ื” ืœื‘ื ื• ื•ืื– ื™ืชื‘ืจืจ ื”ืืžืช 
ื•ืชืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื—ืžื“ื” ืœื‘ืขืœื” ื”ืจืื•ื™ื ืœื” ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ืขื ื“' ื•ืชืกื•ืจ ื”ืงื ืื” 
ื•ื”ืงื˜ื˜ื” ื•ื›ื•'. ื•ื™ืจืื” ื›? ืื™ืฉ ืžืื™ืฉื™ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ื›ืืœื• ื”ื•ื ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื•ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ื›ืืœื• 
ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื• ื•ื›ื• ''. | 


ื‘ึผื™ื™ืœืึทื ืข ื ื•ืž' 5 
(ื•ืข ื–ื™ื™ื 119) 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืฐืึทืจื™ืึทื ื˜ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™-ืจื•ืกื™ื ,,ืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื", 

ืฆื•ื ืฅ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืจื‘ึผืขื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื‘ึผืขืœ , ืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื'' (, ื›ืจื 
ื—ืžื“", ืกืฉ) ืื™ืŸ ืฉ. ื™. ืจืึทืคึผืึธืคึผืึธืจื˜ืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก- 
ื’ืึทื‘ึผืข โ€ ืคื•ืŸ ,, ืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื?. ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขืœืข ืึธืคึผื ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข 
ืฐื•ืึทืจื™ืึทื ื˜ืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื ืื‘ื›ืข ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืจืึทืคึผืึทืคึผืึธืจื˜ ื ื•ืคื ื’ืขื•ืขืŸ ื ืคืื ืฆืŸ ืึถื‘ึผื•ืืฅ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืขืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข 
ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ. ื ืึธืจ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึฟืึทืฐื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ืขืœืข ืึดืžืฆื•- 
ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื›ึผืฉืขืช ืึท ืฉืจื™ืคื” ื‘ึผื™ื™ื“ืข ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจืขืคื ื“ื™ืงืข ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจืŸ ืคืึทืจ- 
ื‘ึผืจืขื ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ืฆื•ื ืฅ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืึธืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื’ื•ืคื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ 
ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืืฑื™ืงื ืึทื‘ึผืข , ืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื'', ืฐื•ึผ ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ื‘ึผืจ 
ืคืึทืจืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ื ื 20ื˜ืŸ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜?, ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืขืจืœื•ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืึธื ืฆื•ึผื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืžืฉืœื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืžืจืืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื—ื ืžื™ 
ื”ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืžืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ื–ื™ืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื–ื™ื™ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ 
ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื‘ึผื•ืœื˜ ืึท ื’ื•ื–ืžืื“ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื”ืชื ืฆืœื•ืช ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ, 
ื•ื™ ืขืก ืฉื™ื™ื ื˜, ื•ืฐื•ื™ื™ื ื™ืง ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขื”ืึธืœืคืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื›ึผืœืœ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืคืจื™ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’- 
ืึธืจื˜ืึทื“ืึธืงืกื™ืฉืข ืกืคืขืจืŸ. ื“ื™ื™ืจื•ืกื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืึทื ืฒืก ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื“ืจื•ืงืŸ 
ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจืขืคื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ึผื•ึนื™ื ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกืฐืึทืจืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืฉื˜ืขืœืข, ื•ื‘ ืขืจ 
ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงื™ืจื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืžืืžืจื™ ื—ื–""?, ืื™ืŸ 20 ื™ืึธืจ ืึทืจื•ึนื ื ืืš ืฆื•ื ืฆืก ืžื™ื˜- 
ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’, ื”ืึธื˜ ืฆื™ื™ื“ื ืขืจ ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ืœืึทื ื“ืึทื ืขืจ ืžื•ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ 


ื™ื™ 





174 ื“"ืจ ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ึผืขืจื’ 


ื–ื™ืš ืึทืŸ ืขืงื–ืขืžืคึผืœืึทืจ , ืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื'', ืฐื•ื•ึผ ื“ืขืจ 20-ืกื˜ืขืจ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜? ืื™ื– ืึธืคึผื’ืข- 
ื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ื‘ึผืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข. ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืขืงื–ืขืž- 
ืคึผืœืึทืจ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ืฆื™ืงืขืจ; ื ืึธืš ืึทื–ืขืœื›ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ืฑื™ืš 
ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื ื™ื ื’ืจืึทื“ืขืจ ืึทื–ื™ืึทื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ื™ (ืงืึธืœืขืงืฆื™ืข ื›ืฐืึธืœืกืึธืŸ), ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ 
ื“ืจื•ืกืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืขืœืข, ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™-ืจื•ืกื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืึทืจื•ื™ืก- 
ืฐืึทืจืคืŸ ื›ึผื›ื“ื™ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื™ืœืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆืึธืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืึธืจื˜ืึธื“ืึธืงืกื™ืฉืข ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ึผืœืึธื˜ 81, ืขืž' ื', ืฉื•ืจื” 8 ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื˜ืŸ, ื ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจ- 
ื˜ืขืจ , ื›ืคื™ ืžื” ืฉื ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ื–ื” ื—ืคืจืง', ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืฉื•ืจื•ืช : 

,ื•ื›ืŸ ืืžืจื ืค' ื›? ื›ืชื‘ื™: ืœื ื—ืจื‘ื” ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืืœื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ืชื” 
ืœื”ื ื‘ื›ืฉืช ืคื ื™ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื”. ืจ' ื—ื“ืงื ืื•ืžืจ: ื‘ืฉื‘ื™? ืฉื”ืฉื•ื• ืงื˜ืŸ ืœื ื“ื•5, 
ื•ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืืฉืจ ืืžื ื ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื ืœื‘ื“ื ืœื ื™ืกืคื™ืงื• ืืฆืœ? ืจื‘ 
ื”ื—ืกื“ ืืœืงื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื—ืจื‘ื” ื›ืžื•ื”ื•, ื•ื›ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ืค' ื”ื—ืœื™ืค 
ืฉื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืชืจ ื—ืจื‘ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ื” ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื•ื›ืŸ 
ื›ืžื” ืขื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจ ื”ืžืฉืชื” ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืื™ื›ื” ื™ืขื™ื‘, ื•ืค"ื’ ื“ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื ื™ 
ื—ื‘ืจื• ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ืืข'ืค ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื•ื›ื•' ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉื™ืฆื•ืจืฃ ืœืืœื” ืืžืจื ื‘ื–ื•ื”ืจ 
ื•ื™ืฉื‘ ืคืกื•ืง ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืขืจ ื•ืคืจืฉืช ืืžื•ืจ ืคืกื•ืง ื•ืœื ื™ื—ืœ? ื–ืจืขื•, ื”ืื™ ืžืืŸ ื“ืืฉื™ื“,.. 
ื•ื ื–ื”ืจ ื•ื™ื—ื™ ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื•ื‘ื ื“ื” ืค' ื›? ื”ื™ื“ ืืžืจื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžื™ืชื” 
ื ืฉื•ืคืš ื“ืžื™ื ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืืœื™ืœื™ื, ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื” ืฉื”ืคืœื™ื ื• ืค' ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืจื›ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื‘ึผืขืœ 
ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื“ื•ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืœืฉ ื”ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช... ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืคืจื™ื–ื• ื '"ื› ืขืœ 
ื”ืžื“ื” ืœื–ืจื– ืขืœ ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”... ื•ืค' ื›ืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืžืขื ื’ ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ืช (ื—ื™ื ื•' 
ื›ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจืžื‘"ื ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืชื™ื• ืค"? ืฉืžืชืงืŸ ืชื‘ืฉื™ืœ ืฉืžืŸ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”) ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื ื—ืœื”. 
ื‘ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื .., 


ื‘ึผื™ื™ืœืึทื’ืข ื ื•ืžื™ 6 
(ื–ืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ 158) 

ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืฑืคึผืกื˜ ืคึผืฑืœื•ืก ื“ืขื ืคืขืจื˜ืŸ, 

ื“ืขื ืคึผื•ืคึผืกื˜ ืคึผื•ืฑื™ืœื•ืก ืฉื•ื•ืขืจืข ื ื–ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืึธื‘ึฐึผืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึธืคึผืงืœืึทื ื’ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ึดืฉืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜. ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืข- 
ืกืึทื ื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจื˜ ืึท ืœืึทื ื’ืขืจ ืฉื™ืจ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืึธืจื ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทืง- 
ืจืึธืคื˜ื™ืš. ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืฉื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืงื•ืชื™ืืœ 
ืื•ื™ืก ื‘ึผืขื ื•ื•ืขื ืขื˜ืึธ, ืึท ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื‘ึผื•ืŸ 
ื ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทื“ืฒื˜ื ื“ื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืงืŸ ื“ืขื˜ , ื–ื•ื”="" 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ,ืชึผืงื™ื ื™ ื–ื•ื”ืจ'' ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื—ื™ื•ื˜ืก ,, ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืœื—ื•ืช' 1. ืขืจ ื ื•ืžื 


1 ื–ืข ืงื•ื ืคื•ืจื˜ื™, ืืงื•ืจื ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช", ื“ืฃ 20, ืขืž' ื' (ืžื™ืจ ืฆื™ืžื™ืจืŸ ืœืฑื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื™ 
ื ืขืฆื™ืึทื ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืกื ืึทื‘ึผืข, 1745), | 








ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 475 


ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื ื•ื•ืขืจืง ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืฉืข ื’ืจืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืง , ืœื•ื™ืช 
ื—ืŸ'' (ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1897). ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืงืจืžื” ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืงืœืึธื ื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื ื–ืจ ืฆื• ืคืืจื‘ืจืขื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืชืœืžื•ื“, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืกืคึผืข- 
ืฆื™ืขืœืŸ ืฉื™ืจ ! ืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ื’ื–ื™ืจื•ืช, ืฐืึธืก ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 
ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ , ื‘ึผื•ืœืข'' ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืฑืคึผืกื˜ ื“ืขืจ , ื˜ืขืึธื˜ื™ื ึถืขืจ'', ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ื“ืืก 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜ ืึท ื™ืงืจ-ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื“ืึธ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืข 
ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ; | - 
.-ื ึผืœึดื™ ืกืคืง ืœื ื ืฉืจืฃ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืืœื ื‘ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืžืœืขื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืจื‘ื™ื 
ืžืขืžื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ืžืชื™ื”ื“ื™ื ื›ืกื• ืคื ื™ื”ื ื—ืจืœื™ื ื‘ื“ืขื•ืช ื›ื•ื–ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื›ื•ื ื•ืช 
ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ื• ืคื” ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื”ืืจื™ื›ื• ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื 
ื”ืฆื•ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืฆื“ืง ื•ืžืฉืคึผื˜ ื•ืžื™ืฉืจื™ื ื•ืœื ื ื ื–ืจื• ืขืœื™ื ื• ื ื–ืจื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ืืœื 
ื‘ืขื•ืŸ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื•ื‘ึผืขืœื™ ื›ื™ืกื™ื ืฉืจืคื• ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ืžืจืคื ืืช ืžื–ื‘ื— ื“' ื”ื”ืจื•ืก 
ื•ืœื ื™ืขืžื“ื• ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืฅ ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื‘ื“ืง ื‘ื™ืช ืืœื”ื™ื. ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื›ื™ ื‘ืืชื™ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื 
ื‘ึผืึทื ืงื•ื ื” ืืœ ืžืœื•ื ื™ ืื ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ืจืื— ืขื ื™ ืฉืจืคืช ืชืœืžื•ื“ื™ ืงืจืขืชื™ ืืช ืžืขื™ืœื™ 
ื•ืื‘ื›ื” ื‘ืžืจ ื ืคืฉื™ ืขื•ื“ ืืคืคื• ืขืœื™ื ื” ืจืขื•ืช ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืจืื•ืช, ื›ืœื™ ื’ื•ืœื” 
ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืœื™, ื•ืืฉ ืžืฉืœื™ ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ืงื™ื ื” ืžื‘ืขื™ ืคื™ : 

{ ืจืžืช ื›ืœ ืชืœืื•ืชื™ --- ื™ื’ื•ื ื•ืชื™ ื•ืื ื—ื•ืชื™ 

; ื›ืจื•ื ื™, ื”ืžืžื•ื ื™ --- ื•ื ื ืจืงื‘ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•ืชื™ 

ืžืฉื•ืฉ ืœื‘ื™ ื•ืฉืžื—ืชื™ --- ืžืฆื•ื“ืชื™ ืกื ื•ืœืชื™ 

ืžืฆืื•ื”ื• ืฉืจืคื•ื”ื• --- ืจืคื•ืื” ืื™ืŸ ืœืžื›ืชื™ 

ื ึธืžืœื” ืึธื ืจื” ื›ื•ืจืช --- ื•ืคื•ืจืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื›ืžืจืช 

ื’ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื“ื’ื ื™ื” --- ืœืžื—ื™ืชื” ืœืžืฉืžืจืช 

|ืžื—ืžื“ื™ ืžื‘ื•ืขืจื™ื --- ื•ื‘ืื™ื™ื ืžืคื•ื–ืจื™ื 

ื•ื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขืžื™ --- ืžื‘ื•ืงืขื™ื ืžืฆื•ืจืจึดื™ื 

ืึฒืžืช ืืจืฆื— ื•ืชืคืืจืช --- ื•ืื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืžืืฉืจืช 

ืื—ื— ืœืงื•ืœ ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ืฆืืช --- ื•ืžื›ืจื–ืช ื•ืื•ืžืจืช 

ืœื™ืกืจ ื”ืžืขื ื’ื™ื -- ื•ืžืœืขื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื”ื ื™ื 

ืงืจื•ืขื” ื ืžืฉืš ืื‘ื™ืจ --- ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืžืกื™ืจ- ื•ื”ืกื™ื’ื™ื˜ 

ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืžื• ื•ืืจืฆื•ืชื™ื• --- ื‘ื ืก ื•ืงืฆืฃ ื›ืจื–ื•ืชื™ืŸ 2 

ื‘ื—ื™? ืงืจืื• ืžืœืื• --- ืขืฉื• ื—ืงื™ื• ื•ืžืฆื•ืชื™ื• 

ื›ึธึผืžื• ืขื•ืคื•ืช ืžืฆื™ื ื•ืช -- ื™ืจืงืจืงื•ืช ืฉืืช ื‘ื ื•ืช 

ื›ื ืฃ ื‘ื ื“ ื›ืžื• ื–ืจืช --- ื•ืื™ืฉ ื›ื‘ืขื• ื‘ื›? ืคื ื•ืช 


1 ื“ืขืจ ืึทืงื•ืึธืกื˜ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ: . ืขืžื ื•ืืœ 
ื‘ื›"ื ืžืจ ื™ืงื•ืชื™ืืœ ื "ืข 
* ื“ืขื ืคื•ื™ืคึผืกื˜ืก ืขื“ื™ืงื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืคืขืœืŸ, 
ื“ื™ ื’ื–ื™ืจื”, ืึทื– ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืฒืจ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืึท ืก29ืฆื™ืขืœ ื”ื™ืžืœ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืงืึธื˜, 





26 


ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ึผืขืจื’ 


ืึทืžื•ื ื•ืช ืขื›ื‘ื• ืœื”ื -- ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืชื ื•ื‘ืชื™ื”ื 

ืืฉืจ ื‘ื ื• ื›ืžื• ืจืžื™ื --- ื‘ื™ื“ ื–ืจื™ื ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ื 1 
ืžืคืกื’ื•ืจื•ืชืืค ื‘ืืฉืคืชื•ืช -- ื•ื‘ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื‘ืชื•ืช / 
ืžืื•ืกื™ื ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืœื”ื -- ื›ืžื™ ืžืจื” ืื–ื™ ืœืฉืชื•ืช 8 
ื“ืฉื•ืช ืชืจื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืขืฉืจ+ -- ืกื—ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ืจ ื—ืกืš 5 
ืจืื™ื•ืชื -- ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืœืขื– ? -- ื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืฉืจ ื•ื˜ืคืกืจ ืคืจ 7 
ื™ื ื™ืงืชื ื•ืฉืจื•ืชื™ื”ื -- ืฆื—ื•ืง ืžืฉืชื” -- ืืกื•ืจื™ื ื”ื 8 
ื™ื›ื•ืื• ื›ืฆืจ ื ื”ืจ -- ืœืœื ื™ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื—ื’ื™ื”ื 9 

ื›ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื ืขืฉื• ื ื›ืจื™ื --- ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืœื›ื• ื’ืจื™ื 110 
ืงืฆืชื ืขื‘ืจื• ื™ืžื™ื -- ื•ื›ืฆื‘ืื™ื ืขืœื™ ื”ืจื™ื 

ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื --- ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ ืขื ื•ื ื—ืžื“ื™ื 

ื•ืขื ื•ื™ื ื”ืœื ื ื•ื“ืข -- ืฉืจืžื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื 11 
ืชืค? ื‘ืื ื‘ืชืคืืจืชื -- ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ืขืฉืจื ื‘ืžืฉืžืจืชื 
ืชืœืึธื•ื ืฉื ื•ื ืฉืจืคื• --- ื•ืœื ื ื•ื“ืข ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ืชื 
ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื˜ืฃ ื•ื ืฉื™ื -- ื ื˜ื•ืฉื™ื ื—ืœื“ื• ื—ื•ืฉื™ื 

ื™ื‘ื•ืจืš ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื”ืฆื™ืœื -- ื‘ืœื™ ืกื•ืกื™ื ื•ืคืจืฉื™ื 

ืืคืคื•ื ื™ ื™ืžื™ ืฆืจื•ืช -- ื•ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื’ืจื•ืช 

ืื–ื™ ืฉื‘ืช ืžืฉื•ืฉ ืชืคื™ื -- ื•ืžื˜ืคื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืจื•ืช 
ื›ืœืจื•ื—ืช ืื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ื˜ ืœื• -- ื›ื ืฉืจ ืชืฉ ื‘ืชืจืžื™ืœื• 
ื’ืขื™ืจ ืžืงืœื˜ ื•ื”ืœืš ืื˜ -- ืœื‘ืœ ื™ืจืื” ื‘ืงืœืงื•ืœืŸ 

ื ึธืคื•ื ืชึดื™ ื•ื ื“ื›ื™ืชื™ --- ื•ื‘ื›ื™ืชื™ ื‘ื ืœื•ืชื™ 

ื ืขืจื™ ืคื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืชื™ --- ื‘ืคื™ ืกืจื• ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืชื™ 

(ื–ื•ื ื•ืชื™ ืœื›ื“ื•ื ื™ --- ื•ืฆืจ ืžืฆื•ืง ืžืฆืื•ื ื•- 

ืขืฉื•ืช ืœืžื•ื“ ื›ืจื•ื ื–ืœื•ืช --- ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฆึฐืื•ึนื ื™. 


1 ื“ื™ ื ื–ื™ืจื” ืฆื• ืคึผืึทืจืžืื›ืŸ ืฉื•ืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืชึผื™:ืžื“ืจืฉื™ื, 

2 ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืึทืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ึผืึทืคืขืœืงืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœืข ื’ืขืžืึธืก, 

3 ื“ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ึผืึธื˜ ืฒื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื“ืึธืงื˜ืฑืจื™ื ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ, 

4 ืœื•ื™ื ื“ืขื ืคึผืฒืคึผืกื˜ืก ื‘ึผื•ืœืข ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื™ื“ืŸ ื’ืขืฐืขืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึธืกืŸ ืฆื• ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคืึทืจ 


ื”ืœื•ืื•ืช ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 12 ืคึผืจืึธืฆืขื’ื˜, 


5 ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึธื ื™ื™ืจืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืึธืจืŸ ื”ืึทื ื“ืœืขืŸ ืžื™ื ืขืกื ืฐืึทืจื’, 
6 ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืคืขืœ, ืึทืŸ ืึทืœืข ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืึทืงื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืงื•ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ 


ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉ. 


ื”ื™ื™ื–ืขืจ 


7? ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึธื ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืึธืจืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจื ืขืžืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื’ื™ืจื•ื ื’ื=ืฉื˜ืขืœืข, 

8 ื“ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ึผืึธื ืฆื• ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ืึทื“ื™ื ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ึน ืคืึทืจื‘ืจืขื ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื™ื™ืŸ. 
ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืŸ, - | 

9 ื“ืขืจ ืฉืžืจืขื ื ืขืจ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืึธื ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืคื™ืจืŸ ื’ืขืฉืขืคื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื—:ืื•ืช, 
0 ื“ื™ ืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืงืขื’ืŸ ืžืึทืจืึทื ืขืŸ, ืคื™ืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืขืจืคึผืึทืจ ื’ืขืžื•ื–ื˜ ืคืึทืจืœืึธื–ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืึทื ื“, 
1 ื“ื™ ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื ืงืึธื ืึท. 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืกืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 477 


ื‘ึผื™ื™ืœืึทื ืข ื ื•ืž' 7 
(ื–ืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ 169) 
ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ื™ื’ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ , ื’ื™ื ื—ื–ื™ื•ืŸ",. 

ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ื™ื’ืœ, ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืŸื“ื•ืจ: ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžื•ืกืงืึทื˜ื• ืื•ืŸ ืขื–ืจื™ื” ืกืŸ 
ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื, ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืžืึทืกื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ , ื’ื™ื ื—ื–ื™ื•ืŸ" ื–ื™ืฆื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืขื ื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืื™ืŸ 
8, ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื˜ืขืœืข ืœื•ืฆื™ืจืึธ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืžืึทื ื˜ื•ืึท ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ืึท ื ืขืฉืขืคื˜ ื‘ึผืฉื•ืชึผืคื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืึธื ื˜ื™ื™ืœื ืขืžืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก ื ืข- 
ืฉืขืคื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืึทื ื ืขืŸ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜, ืก'ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื’ืขื”ืฑื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืžื—ืœื•ืงืชืŸ ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืฉื•ืชึผืคื™ื, ื™ื’ืœืก ืงืขื’ื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ื ื’ืขืžืกืจื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ืฃ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ, ืึทื– ืžืขืŸ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื™ื’ืœืŸ ืึทื™ื™ื ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืชึผืคื™ืกื”. ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ 
ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื‘ึผ-ืคืึทื ื˜ืึทืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ,,ื—ื–ื™ื•ืŸ''. ื™ื’ืœ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจืฒื‘ึผื˜, ืฐื•ื™ ืก'ืื™ื– 
ืฆื• ืื™ื ื‘ึผืฒื™ื ืื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื—ืœื•ื ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคืขื ื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึธืจื›ึผืข- 
ื ืขืจ ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึทื™ื™ื ื’ืขื”ื™ืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทื ื˜?, ื‘ึผื™ื™ื“ืข ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื•ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜ืŸ, 
ืึทืจื•ื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื•ืจืžืข ืื•ึนืŸ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื ืึทื›ื˜. ื‘ึผืขืช ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜-ื“ื™ื™ื–ืข, ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื–ื•ืŸ ืึทืœืฅ, ืฐืึธืก 
ืก'ื”ืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ืคึผืึทืกื™ืจื˜. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืœืขื‘ึผื ืก-ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืฐืขืจื˜ ืึธื‘ึนึผืขืจ 
ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืึธืคึผื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึทืœืขืจืœืฒ ืื•ืžื“ืขืจืฐืึทืจื˜ืข ื‘ึผืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ. ื›ึผืขืช 
ื–ื™ื™ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืคื˜ืŸ, ื‘ึผืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ึผืขื ืข, 
ืฐืึธืก ื‘ึผืœืึธื ื“ื–ืฉืขืŸ ืึทืจื•ื ืื•ื™ืคืŸ , ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชึผื•ื”ื•''; ื™ืขื“ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืœืึธื ื“ื–ืฉืขื ื“ื™ืงืข 
ื ืฉืžื•ืช ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจื’ืึทื ื’ืข! ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจ ืฐื•ืึธืกืขืจืข ื–ื™ื ื“ ื–ื™ ืคื•ื– 
ืขืก ืึทืจื•ืžื’ืฒืŸ ืื™ืŸ , ืขื•ืœื ื”ืชึผื•ื”ื•'' ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืงืึธื ืขืŸ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืื™ืจ 
ืžื ื•ื—ื”. ืึธื˜ ืึทื–ืฑื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื“ืขื ืคึฟืึทืจืคืึทืคืขืจืก ืจืขืึทืœึถืข ืœืขื‘ึผื ืกื‘ึผืึทืฉืจืฒื‘ึผื•ื ื’ 
ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื’ืขืคืœืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืœืขื‘ึผื ืก-ืฉื™ืœื“ืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื˜ืึธืจื‘ึผืขื ืข ื ืคืฉื•ืช ืื•ืŸ 
ื˜ื™ื˜ ืึท ืกืš ืžื•ืคืจ-ืจื™ื™ื™ื“, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ืขื ืคืืจืคืืกืขืจืก ืคืึธื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืึธืจื ื™ื˜ 
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืงืžืฆืŸ. ืคื™ืœืข ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืึทืกื™ืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึตื™ื™ื ื ืขืคืœืึธื›ื˜ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื™ื ืœืก ,,ื ื™ื ื—ื–ื™ื•ืŸ'', ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขื˜ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื™ 
ื˜ื™ืงืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผื ืกืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืŸ ืฐืขืจื˜: ืขืก 
ืฉืคึผื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื ืึธื•ื•ืขืœืข ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื 
6ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื”, ื™ื’ืœืก ืฐื•ืขืจืง ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืœืึทื ื’ ื’ืขืฐืึทืœื’ืขืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜, ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1880 ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ,ื ื™ื ื—ื–ื™ื•ืŸ'. ืฆื•ื 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืขืงืกืึทื ื“ืจื™ืข (ื ื ืืžื•ืŸ). 


48 ื“ื™ืจ ื™, ืฆึดื™'ื ื’ ืขืจื™ 


ื‘ึผื™ื™ืœืึทื’ืข ื ื•ืžื™ 8 


(ื–ืข ื–ื•ื™ื˜ 24) 


ื“ืขืจ ืžื ืš ืชึผื•ื’ืจืžื”ื™' ืคื•ืŸ ื›ึผื•ืจืฉืก ืžืฉืคึผื—ื”, 


ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืคืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ-ืงืึธืœืขืงืฆื™ืข ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ื•ื' 826 ืึท ื‘ึผื™ื ื˜ืœ ืœื•ื™ื–ืข ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ, ืžื™ื™ืกื˜ื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ-ืงื‘ึผืœื™ืฉืŸ 
ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜. ืื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืœืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืœืขืงืฆื™ืข, ืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืก 
ื’ืขืฉืขืจื™ืงื˜, ืื™ื– ืึท ืคืจืึทื’ืžืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืขืจ ืึธืคึผื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ื ืฆื—ื•ื ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื˜ืึธืžืึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืœื•ื›ื” ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ื™ ืื™ื™ืจืึธืคึผืขื™ืฉืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ. 
ืžื™ืจ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ื“ืขื ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ืขืคืขืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผืœืึทื˜ : 

ื•ืžื™ืจ ื”ื ื” ืจ' ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืง ื™ื‘ื•ื, ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ื ื” ื”ื ื, ื•ืœืคื™ ืฉื—ื ืขืจื” 
ื•ื—ืชื•ืš ื”ืจื ? ื”ื•ื ื‘ืฉื ืช ืชื ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉื ืช ื”ืขื˜ืจื”. ื•ืข? ื™ื“ื™ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื?ืœ ืืžืšืจ 
ื‘ืžืืžืจ ื”ื ื›ื‘ื“ ื“ื”ื•ื™ ื‘ื”ื”ื™ื ืฉืขืชื ืืชืขืจื•ืชื ื“ืจืžืฉื™ื”ืช ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื 
ืคื–ืจืข ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ืฉ? ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ, ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื™ื’ืขืจ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื? ื‘ื—ื™ื” ื”ื ื–ื›ืจืช 
ื›ื™ ื™ืงื™ื™ื ืžืืžืจ ื”ืืœ ื™ืชืข,ื” ืืœื™ื• ื’ืขืจ ื—ื™ื™ืช ืงื ื” (?). ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื–ื” ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืขืœ 
ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืœืš ืฉืžืœืš ืฉื ืช ื’ืขืจ (1813) ื‘ืจื•ืžื™ ื–ืขื™ืจืชื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื’ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ืžื™ ืจื‘ืชื. 
ื‘ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉืžืขืŸ ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืฉื” ื™ื—ื™ืœื•... ื›ืžืืžืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื›ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉืžืข 
ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื™ื—ื™ืœื• ื›ืฉืžืข ืฆื•ืจ, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ: ืฉื™ืฉืžืขื• ืื ืฉื™ ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืจื•ืžื™ 
ืฉื ื›ื‘ืฉื” ืžืฆืจื™ื --- ื™ื—ื™ืœื•. ื•ื›ืŸ ืืžืจื• ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื–"'? ืฉืฆื•ืจ ื”ื™ื ืจื•ืžื™, 
ื‘ื™ืœืžื“ื ื• ืคืจืฉืช ื•ืืจื ืืžืจ ืจ' ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืคื“ืช ื›ืฉืžืข ืฆื•ืจ --- ื–ื” ืจื•ืžื™, ื›ืœ 
ืฆื•ืจ ื—ืคืจ ื‘ืžืงืจื ื‘ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืจืฉืขื” ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื“ื‘ืจ.. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื›ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ 
ืฉืžืขื• ื‘ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉื ื›ื‘ืฉื” ืžืฆืจื™ื ืจืขื“ื” ืื—ื–ืชื ืฉื ื—ื™? ื›ื™ื•ืœื“ื”, ื•ืขืฉื• ืื‘ืœ 
ื ื“ื•? ื•ืฆืขืงื” ื ื“ื•ืœื” ?ื ืžืื”ื‘ื• ืžืฆืจื™ื ืจืง ืžืคื—ื“ ืจื•ืžื™, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ 
ืฉื”ื ืขืจื” ืฉ? ืจื•ืžื™ ืชื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื–ื” ื”ืžืœืš ืื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื• ื”ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื›ื ื• 
ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืžื•ื”ื• ืขืฆืžื•, ืื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื– ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ืฉ? ื ื‘ืจื™ืืœ. ื•ื”ืฉื 
ื™ืชืขืœื” ืœื‘ื“ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื“ืข ื”ืืžืช,. ื•ืืžื ื ืืžื•ืชื™ ื›ื”, ื™ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ื›ืคื™ 
ื”ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื›ืœ ืืœื” ื”ืžืœืืš ื”ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืคื ื™ ืžืœื›ื™ ืชื•ึนื’ืจื˜ื” 
?ื”?ื—ื ืžืœื”ืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ืฉืžื›ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžืืžืจ 
ืงื•ื ื• ื•ืœืฉื‘ืจ ืจื’ืœ ื”ืงื•... ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”ืฉืฉื™ื... ื•ืœื ืชืชืžื” ืžื–ื”, ื›ื™ ืืคื™ืœืŸ ืœืคื ื™ 
ืืœื›ืคื ื“ืจื•ืก ืžืงื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืœืš ื”ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืœืืš ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื•ืชื™ื• 
ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื• ื—ื–"? ืฉื›ืฉื™ืฆื ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืœืงืจืืชื• ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ื›ื”ืŸ ื ื“ื•ืœ 
ื•ื—ืœืง ืœื• ืืœื›ืคื ื“ืจื•ืก ื”ืžืœืš ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื’ื“ื•? ื•ืชืžื”ื• ืขื‘ื“ื™ื•, ืืžืจ: ื“ืžื•ืช ื“ื™ื•ืงื ื• 
ืฉืœ ื–ื” ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื•ืชื™ ื•ื ื•ืฆื—. ื•ื›? ืฉื›ืŸ ืฉืžืœืš ืœืคื ื™ ืžืœืš 
ืชื•ื’ืจืžื” ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ื›ืจืฉ ืžืฉื™ื— ื”ืฉื ื•ื ื’ื ื™ื“ืŸ 
ื•ื”ื•ืœืš ?ืขืฉื•ืช ื—ืจื•ืŸ ืืคื• ื‘ืื“ื•ื ื’ื ื›ื™ ืžืœืš ืชื•ื ืจืžื” 
ื™ืจื•ื ื”ื•ื“ื•ื•ืชื ืฉื ืžืœืคื›ื•ืชื•ื ืงืจื ื›ืจืฉืœืžื™ ื“ืขืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืชื• 


ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ืจืŸ - 479 


ืื”ื•ื‘ ืœืฉื ื™ืชืขืœื” ื›ื›ื•ืจืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉืคึผื—ืชื• 
ื•ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื•. ื•ืžืฆืืชื™ ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืืžืจื• ืขืœ ืฉืžืœืš ืคืจืก 
ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ืœื—ื ื‘ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืœืจื•ืžื™ ื’' ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจ ืฉื ื” ืขืจ ืฉืคืฉื˜ 
ื‘ื” ื™"ื‘ ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื ื•' ื’ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจืืชื• ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื ื•ื ืžืคืจื” ื‘ื™ื“ื• 
ืข"ื›. ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžื•ืจื” ื›ื™ ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื ืœื—ืžื™ื ืขื ืฉื•ื ืื™ ืชื•ื ืจื”ืžื” 
ื•ืžืœืืš ื”ืฉื ืจื•ื“ืคื. ื’ื ื™ืฉ ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื’ื‘ืจื™ื? ื”ื•ึนื ื”ื”ื•ื™ืš 
ืœืคื ื™ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉืืžืจ: ื•ื‘ืขืช ืงืฅ ื™ืชื ื’ื— ืขืžื• ืžืœืš ื”ื ื’ื‘ ืจ"ืœ ืฉืจื™ ืžืœืš 
ืžืฆืจื™ื ืฉืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืคื™ืช ืœืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, 


ื‘ึผื™ื™ืœืึทื’ืข ื ื•ืžื™ 9 
(ื–ืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ 250), 
ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ ื›ึผื”ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื, 
ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ-ืงืึธืœืขืงืฆื™ืข ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ื•ืž' 992 ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื‘ึผืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ ื‘ึผืŸ ืžืœื‘ื™ืืœืก. ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ 
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืื‘ึผืŸ ืขื–ืจืืก ,, ืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื". ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืฆื•ื ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืœึฐื ืŸ- 
ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืึทืงืจืึธืกื˜ื™ืš ; 
ืืœื”ื™ื ื—ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ื ืฉื’ื‘ ื•ื ืคืœื 
- ื•ึฐื”ื•ึนื“ื• ืจื ื•ืœื• ื ืื•ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”. 
ืฉื ื‘ื—ื™ื• ืžื™ ืืฉืจ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืœืœ --- ืžืจื•ืžื ืขืœ ื‘ืจื›ื” ื•ืชื”ืœื”. 
ื‘ืœื‘ ื›ืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืื•ืจ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• --- ืœืื•ืจ ื™ืงืจ ื‘ึทึผืœึดื™ ืื•ืžืจ ื•ืžืœื” 
ืจ ื”ืœืชื• ื‘ืคื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื -- ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื ืขืœื— ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื•ึฐืกืœื” 
ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืกื“ื• ืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื• --- ื•ืœื”ื ืกื•ืจ ืฉืžื• ื‘ืืจ ื•ื ืœื” 
ื›ืžื• ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื ื™ื›ื•ื ื” -- ืืฉืจ ืขืœื” ืขืœื™ ื–ืืช ื”ืžืกืœื” โ€ 


ื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื™ื“ ื‘ืกื•ื“ ื”ืฉื ืืžืจื™ื --- ื™ืงืจื™ื ืžืคื ื™ื ื™ื ื ื ืกื’ื•ืœื” 
ื‘ื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื‘ ืขืœื™ ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ื•ึนืจื•ึน -- ื›ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ ื”ื›? ืชื—ืœื”, 


ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ืงื•ืžื ื“ื™ ื”ืงื“ืžื”: ,ืจืื” ืจืื™ืชื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื—ื›ื |' ืขื–ื“ื 
ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ืฉื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ื™ื“ ื•ืฉื ื”ืขืฆื ื‘ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืฉืœืฉื•, ืชื•ืจื” ืฆื•ื” ืœื ื• ืžื•ืจืฉื” 
ื•ื‘ืžื•ืจืฉื™ ืœื‘ื‘ื• ืžืžื™ื• ื”ื•ื›ื— ืžืœื™ื ื‘ืžืขืœืช ื”ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื ืขืœื” ื”ื™ื (ื”ืžื”?) 
ืœืžืขืœื” ืขื•ืคึดึฟื™ื, ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืงืฆืจื™ื ื•ืžื—ื›ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ืœื™ื ื•ื›ืœ ืืžืจื•ืชื™ื• ืืžืจื•ื™ืŸ 
ื˜ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืกืœื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืื–ื ื™ ื”ืฉื›ืœ ืฉืขื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืจืงืข ื”ืฉืขืจ ื‘ืฉื›ืœื• ื•ืžื™ ื™ืขืžื•ื“ 
ืขืœ ื ื‘ื™ืœืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ื“ื•ึนืจื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื ืจ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ 
ื‘ื”ืœืŸ ื ืจื• ื ืฉืžืชื• ื ืจ ืืœื”ื™ื ื ื‘ื•ื” ืžืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ึนื” ืฉื•ึนืžืจ ื•ื’ื›ื•ึนื”ื™ื (?) ืื•ืจ 
ื–ืงืจื•ืช ืจืืชื” ืขื™ื ื•, ื‘ืœ ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ื™ืจืขื ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื ืื•ื ื• ื›ื™ ืงื•ืœ ืฉืื•ื ื• ืกื™ืืŸ 





480 ื“"ืจ ', ืฆื™ื 23ืขืจื  


ื’ืจืขืฉ ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื• ื›? ื”ืชื ืขืฉ, ื”ื›ืŸ ืœื• ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืื™ืจ ื ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืงื•ืžื• ืœื”ื•ืจื™ืข 
ื“ืจื›ื™ื• ืœื™ืจืื™ ื“' ื•ืœื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืฉืžื•, ืœืคื ื™ื• ืžื™ื•ื ื’ืœื•ืชื™ื ื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื›ื ื”ืจื‘ื” 
ื›ืžื•ื—ื• ื›ื™ ืจื•ื ื ืฉื ื™ื“ื™ื”ื• ื•ืื—ืจื™ื• ืขืจ ื™ื•ึนื ื’ืื•ืœืชื™ื ื• ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืŸ ืœื ืื•ืžืจ 
ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ืชื›ืŸ, ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื“' ื•ืืœื™ื• ืงื•ืจื ื”ื’ืœื’? ื‘ืื–ื ื• ื›ื™ ื™ืฆื ื—ื•ื˜ืจ (?) 
ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื, ืืฉืจ ืฉืžื• ื›ืฉืžื™ ื›ื™ ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื”-ืฉื™ื—ืฆื‘. 
ืžืžื ื• ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื›ืฉ? ืœืžื• !. ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืจืื™ืชื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื–ื” ื”ืื“ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™'. 
ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžื—ืฉื ื•ืชื™ ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืชื ืคืชื•ืžื™ื ื•ื—ืชื•ืžื™ื ื•ืžืžืจื‘ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ ื–ืžื ื ื• 
ื ืขืœืžื™ื, ื”ื ื™ืขื ื™ ืฉืืชื•ึนืฃ ื”ืฉื›? ื•ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ?ืคืจืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื•ืฉื›ืœ ื—ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ, ื›ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช 
ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื–ื” ื”ืฉืœื ื›ื ื• ื‘ืื• ื‘ื”ืขืœื ื‘ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ื‘ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื•ื‘ื“ืขืช ื›ืžืฉืคื˜ ื›? ืขืจื•ื. 
ืขืฉื” ื‘ื“ืขืช ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืกื‘ื” ืœื”ืขืœื ืžืจื‘ื™ื ื›ื•ื ืชื• ื›ื™ ืžื™ ื™ื‘ื•ื ืขื“ ืชื›ื•ื ืชื•, 
ื•ื‘ื–ื” ืืจื™ื ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ืžื“ืจืš ืื•ืžืชื™ ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืžื–ื›ืจืช ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืชื™ื™, 
ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื ืจืื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื‘ืฉืืจ ื—ื‘ื•ืจื™ื• ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืืžื™ืจื™ ืืžืจื™ื• ื ื‘ื™ืื 
ื‘ืžืืžืจื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืื™ื” ืขืœ ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉื ื•. ื•ืžื”ืขื•ื–ืจ ื”ืืžืชื™ ืืฉืœ ื”ืขื–ืจ ืœื‘ื•ึนื 
ืืœ ื›ื•ื ืชื™ื™ื›ื™ ื–ืืช ืžื ื•ื—ืชื™". 


ื‘ึผื™ื™ืœืึทื ืข ื ื•ืžื™ 10 


(ื–ืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ื 252) 
ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื›ื•ืžื˜ื™ื ื•ื ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉื”, 


ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืŸ ื›ื•ืžื˜ื™ื ื•ืก ืคื™ืœืฆืึทืœื™ืงืข ืฐื•ืขืจืง ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก 
ืื•ื™ืš ืขืจืฉื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื™ืขืจืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืžื™ืžื•ื ื™ืก ,, ืžืœืช 
ื”ื—ื’ื™ื•ืŸ''. ืื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธืœืขืงืฆื™ืข ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžืึท- 
ื ื•ื˜ืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ืึทื›ื˜ ื›ื•ืžื˜ื™ื ื•ืก ื•ื•ืขืจืก. ืžื™ืจ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืคืจืื’ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆึทื•ื•ื™ื™ 
ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืคืึทืจ ื›ื•ืžื˜ื™ื ื•ืก ื•ื•ืขืœื˜- 
ื‘ึผืึทื ืขื, 

ื 
ื›ื•ืžื˜ื™ื ื•ืก ืคึผื™ืจื•ึนืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืชึผื•ึผืจื”. 

ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ื•ืž' 21, ืื™ืŸ 
ืึท ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื ื“ ืื™ืŸ ?4 ืคื•ืŸ 194 ื‘ึผืœึถืขื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืคึดึผื™ืจ ื’ืขืžื™ืฉื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืคึผืึทืจืžืขื˜. 
ื“ื™ ื“ืึทื˜ืข, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜, ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ืžืึท- 
ื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜: ,,ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ืžื• ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื•ื ืฉืœืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ืœื™ืจื” ืื‘ ืฉึนื ืช ื—ืžืฉืช 
ืืœืคื™ื ื•ืžืืชื™ื ื•ืขืฉืจื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” (1400) ื•ืฉื˜ ืกื™ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืจ ื ื ืœืžื™ ื”ื—ื•ืชืžืช'', 
ื“ืขื ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ื ื•ืคื ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทื ืฆืŸ ื™ืึธืจ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ (1418), 


1 ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ื–ืึทืฅ ืื™ื– ื‘ืœื™ื™ืกืกืง ืคืึทืจื’ืจืฒื–ื˜, 








ืจื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ /48 


ื ืึธืš ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ืคืึทื•ืคืึทืกืขืจืก ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ 1, ื“ืขืจ ืกื•ืคืจ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™ ื‘ึผืŸ ืžืฉื” ืคื•ื ื ืื™ื ื–? 
ืงืจื™ื˜, ืคืึธืจืŸ ืงืึทืจืึทื™ืžื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืŸ ืžืฉื” ืžืฆื•ืจื“ื™, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื–ึถืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืฉืจื™ืคื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืœืขืฆื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผืœืึธื˜ ืคื•ื ื ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜; 
. ,,ื•ื™ืชื ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื‘ื›"ืจ ืžืฉื” ื–"? ืžืื™ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืืจื‘ืขื” 
ืขืฉืจ ืœื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืฉื ืช ื—ืžืฉืช ืืœืคื™ื ื•ืžืืชื™ื ื•ืฉืžื ื” ื•ืฉืœืฉื™ื 
ื•ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ื• ืคื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืงื•ืกื˜ื ื“ื™ื ื 7ื›"ืจ ืž' ืžืฉื” ืžืฆื•ืจื“ื™ ื•ืงื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืŸ 
ืžืฉืœื", : | 
ื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืžื˜ื™ื ื•ืก ืคืึธืจื“ืขื“ืข ืฆื•ื ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืึธื˜ ื—"ื™ ื’ื•ืจ" 
ืœืึทื ื“ ืฆื•ืจื™ืก ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ื™ืึธืจ 00 ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืึทื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ:ื“ื™ืกืขืจ- 
ื˜ืึทืฆื™ืข 2, ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืžื”ื“ื™ืงืข ื’ืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ,. ืื™ื ื“ืขืจืžื™ื˜ ืœืึธื–ื˜ ื•ื•ืจืœืึทื ืš 
ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ื’ืึทืฅ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ืึธืคึผื–ืึทืฅ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืžืขืจืกื•ื ื’: , ื ืžื—ืง ืžืื•ื“'' (ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง 
ืึธืคึผื ืขืžืขืกื˜). ื“ืขื ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™?. ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข , ืฉื˜ืืจืง ืึธืคึผื ืขืžืขืงื˜ืขืฅ" 
ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืš ื ืึธืš ืžืขื ืœืขืš ืฆื•ึน ืœื™ื™ืขื ืขืŸ: {ื•ื”ื™ื• ืžืฑื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืคื™ ื—ื›ืžืชื 
ื•ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ื›ืคื™ ื”ืฉื’ืชื ื•ืืœื• ื™ืžืฆื ืื“ื ื—ื›ื ื›ืžื•ื”ื, ื‘ืœื™ ืกืคืง ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช 
ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆื•ืจืš ืืœ ืคื™ืฑื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื›ืื•ืจื™ ืžืืžืจื™ื ื—ืงืฉื™ื, ืื›ืŸ ืคืžื ื™ 
ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืžื–ืขืจ ื›ืœื• ืžืื“ืจืช ืฉืขืจ ื›..ืื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืžื”ื ื•ื ืฉืืŸ 
ืืœื™ื”ื ืงืฆื”.,. ืจื™ื”ื ืœื”ืชืงื•ื˜ื˜ ื•ืœืœื—ื•ื ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืœืืžืจ ื–ื” ื‘ื›ื— ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื›ื” 
ื•ื”ื ื” ืžืขื•ืฃ ืฆื•ืงื” ื•ืคืขื ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืืžืช ืขื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ื•ืคืขื ืชืขื“ืจ ืžื”ื 
ื™ืฉืืจื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื™ืงื™ื, ื•ืคืขื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื—ื“ ื™ื•ึนืชืจ ืงืจื‘ ืืœ ื”ืืžืช ืžื—ื ืจื• 
ื•ืช...ืชื” ืžืืจืฅ ื•ืคืขื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืจื•ื‘.... ื›ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ื•ื—ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ืชื›ืŸ 
ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืœืงืฆืชื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื•ืœืงืฆืชื ืœื ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื™ืœื•ื—ื• 
ืœื—ื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื•ื™ืกืคืจื”ื• ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื•ื™ืงื‘ืœื•ื”ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ื ืฉืืจื™ื 
ื‘ื”ื ื™ืžืงื• ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื™ืจื™ืงื•?. | | 

ืžื™ืจ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ืขื ืึทืจื™ื ื™ื ืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื˜ืขืœืข, ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ 
ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืงื˜ืก: | 

,ื•ืจื‘ื• ืขืœื™ื” (ืขืœ ื—ืชื•ืจื”) ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื, ืžื”ื ืžื ืืจื™ ื”ืชื™ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื 
ื”ืงืฉื™ื ื›ืคื™ ื“ืจืš ื”ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ืžื‘ืœืชื™ ื“ืจืš ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ื”ื ื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ืžื”ื ืžื‘ืืจื™ื 
ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื ื›ืคื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืœ ื‘ื—ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ, ืžื”ื ืคืจื• ืืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ื“ืจืฉ ื›ื™ ื”ืคืฉื˜ ืžื”ื 
ืฉืจืฉ, ื•ืžื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ืกืชืจื™ื ื•ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื›ืœื™ ื ืกืชืจ 
ื‘ื—ื“ืจื™ื, ื•ืžื”ื ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื• ืžืืœื— ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื, ื•ืžื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื”ื•ึนื 
ื›ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•. ื‘ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื, 55 ืืœื” ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขื ื™ื ื™ื โ€ ื”ืืœื” ื•ื”ื 


1 ื—ื™ื™ ื ื•ืจืœืึทื ืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ื˜ืขื•ืช ื ืขื”ืึทื˜, ื‘ึผืขืช ืขืจ ืฐื™ื•ื ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึทื˜ืข ื’152, ื–ืข 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืงืฆืข2ืžืกืฆืข .682 ืขื—ืืžืกื–ืกืข ืฆื”ื” ืฆื•ื”ื”ืขืžืก81ื 1108006, 
2 ื–ืข: ื”ืขื‘ืจ, ื‘ึผืฒืœืึทื ืข, ื–' 5--8, ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 4141 0ืก8ื–ื 86, ' 69 





482 ื“"ืจ ; ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ / 


ืื ืฉืงืฆืจื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื•ืœื ื™ืฆืืŸ ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืชื ื›ื›? ืืฉืจ ืžืœืœืŸ 
ื•ืื ืฉื”ืืจื™ื›ื• ื•ื™ืฆืื• ืžืžื ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืชื ื›ืจื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืงื•ื‘ืฅ ื’ืจื•ืœ 
ื•ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืจืขื”ื• ื™ื”ืชืœื•, ื•ื›ืจืื•ืชื™ ืื ื™ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื‘ืŸ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื›ื•ืžื˜ื™ื ื• ื”ืงื•ืฉื˜ื ืจื™ื ื™ 
ืืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื ืืฉืจ ื‘ื ืื ืฉื™ ื—ืกื“ ื ืืกืคื™ื, ื•ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื 
ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืืกืคืกื•ืฃ ื•ื™ืžืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืขืจืชื ื™ ืจื•ื—ื™ ืœื‘ืืจ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื“ืจืš 
ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืืžืชื™ืช ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื ืฉื•ืฉ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ื•ืžื›ื•ืŸ 
ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžืœืื›ืช ื”ื—ื’ื™ื•ืŸ, ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืกืชืจ ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืืฉืจ ืœื• ืกื•ื“ ืžื”ื—ื›ืžื” 
ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืืจืžื™ื–ื ื•, ื•ื›ื™ ืืจื’ื™ืขื” ืืจื™ืฆื ื•, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื™ื—ื™ื”ืช ืืœื™ืŸ 
ืฆืจืš ืžื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื–ืœื•ืช ืื‘ืืจื ื•, ื•ื‘ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื ื• ื•ื—ื›ืžืช ื”ืžืจื•ืช 
ืœื ืชืกื•ืจ ืžืžื ื•, ื•ื‘ื—ื›ืžืช ืืœื”ื•ืช ืื™ึทืกื“ ืกื•ื“ื•ืชื™ื•, ืžืžื ื™ ืชื—ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืจื ื•ืชื™ื•, 
ื–ื›? ืื—ื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืื•ื™ ืœื• ื™ื–ึนื›ืจ, ื‘ื”ืœื• ื ืจื• ืขืœ ืจืืฉ ื—ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื• 
ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื, ื•ืžื“ื•ืš ื”ืคืฉื˜ ืœื ืื–ื™ื– ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื—ื–ืง ื ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืขื–ื•ื–, ื•ืœื ืืกื™ืจ ืคืขื 
ืœืžื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื”, ื›ื™ ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ื—ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ื›ื™ ืžื”ืฉื˜ ื 
ื™ืจื, ืžืœื ื“ ืื ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืืฉืจ ื™ืจืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื–ื•ืœืช ื”ืคืฉื˜ ื‘ื ื‘ืงื‘ึผืœื” ืื– 
ื™ื”ื™ื” ืคื• ืคึผื ืœื”, ื•ื’ื ื‘ื–ื” ืื–ื›ื™ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ืคืฉื˜ ืชื—ืœื” ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืžืขืœื”, 
ื•ื›ืŸ ืื ื”ื™ื ื”ืคืš ืฉืงื•ืœ ื”ื“ืขืช ืื– ื™ื“ืœ? ื›ื—ื• ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืžื ืจืขืช, ื•ื ื‘ืืจื”ื• ื‘ืื•ืจ 
ืืฉืจ ื™ืงื‘ืœื”ื• ื”ืฉื›? ื•ื”ื“ืขื” ื•ื‘ื• ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืขื”, ื•ืืฉื™ื ื ื›ื— ืขื™ื ื™ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ 
ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ ื•ืคืจืฉื• ื ื ื”ื ื•ืืงืจื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื•ืžื›ืœื ืœื ืื‘ื™ื˜ 
ื™ื•ืชื• ืจืง ื‘ืžืืžืจื™ ื”ื—ื›ื ืจ' ืื‘ืจื”ื ืขื–ืจื ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืคื•ืชืจ ื•ืจืืฉ ืœืžืคืจืฉื™ื 
ืืฉืจ ื”ืœื›ื• ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ืคืฉื˜, ื•ืฆืฃ ืข? ืจืืฉื ื•ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ืฉื˜, ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืกื›ื™ืžื• 
ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืขื ื”ืืžืช ื•ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ื ืกืžืชื™ืง ืกื•ืจ ื›ื™ืจื— ื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืืฉืจ ื™ืจืื” ืœื ื• 
ืฉืชืคืฉ ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช, ื ืคื ื” ืขืœ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืื• ืขืœ ืฉืžืืœ ื‘ืจื•ื— ืขื•ื‘ืจืช,, ื™ื™ 

ื‘ึผื›ื“ื™ ืฆื• ื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื‘ึผืึทื ืจื™ืฃ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืืจ ืึท ืจืึทืฆื™ืึธื ืึทืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ 
ื›ื•ืžืฉื™ื ื• ืคืœื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœื™ืฉืŸ ื˜ืขืงืกื˜, ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืคึผืกื•ืงื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืฉื” ,ื•ื™ืจื", ืฐื•ึผ ืขืก ืฐืขืจื˜ 
ื“ืขืจืฆื™ื™ืœื˜ ื•ื™ ืฆื• ืึทื‘ืจื—ื ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื ืืกื˜ ื“ืจื™ื™ ืื•ืžื‘ึผืึทื™ 
ืงืึทื ื˜ืข: ืคืจืฉืช ื•ื™ืจื ืืœื™ื•. ื‘ื™ 

ื”ืืœ ื—ื”ื•ื— --- ื›ื™ ืœื• ื ืื•ื” --- ืขืช ืืชื—ื™ืœ --- ื•ื™ืจื ืืœื™ืŸ 

| ืœื›ืŸ ืื•ื” --- ืชื•ืจื” ืฆื•ื” -- ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื•ื— --- ืชื—ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื•. 

ืืžืจ ื”ื—ื›ื ืจ' ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ึผืŸ ืขื–ืจื ื–"'ืœ; ืชื•ืขื™ ืจื•ื— ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ืฉื ืฉืœืฉื” 
ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉืœืฉื” ื•ืœื ื™ืชืคืจื“ื•, ื•ื”ื ื” ืฉื›ื—ื•: ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืื•ึผ ืฉื ื™ 
ื”ืžืœืื›ื™ื ืคื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ืขืจื‘. ื•ืจ' ืžืฉื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ " ืชืคืฉ ืขืœื™ื• ื•ืืžืจ: ื™ืžื—? ืคื•ึผ 
ืื‘ืŸ ืขื•ืจื ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื“ืขืช ืชื•ืขื™ ืจื•ื— ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื”ืคืจื“ ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื• ืžืื•ืžื” ื›ื™ ืื 
ื”ื™ื• ืืœื• ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื‘ืกื“ื•ื ื”ืฉืœืฉื” ื”ื ืจืื™ื ืœืื‘ืจื”ื ื•ื ืจืื• ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ 


* ืžืฉื” ืงืึทืคึผื•ึนืฆืึทืกื•, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ึดึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 483 


ื”ืžื•ื“ 2ืœ, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืช ื—ืชื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืžืœืช ื”ื—ืคึฟืจื“ื•ืช ื”ืคืจืฃ ืžืœื” ืื• ื”ืคื™ืš 
ืžืงื•ื ืจืง ืฉืฉืœืฉืชื ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ื•ืืข"ื ืฉื™ืคืจืจื• ื‘ืžืœื•ืช ืื• ืฉื™ืžืฆื ื”ืื—ืฃ 
ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ืื• ื”ืคืš ื–ื” ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืืœื• ื”ืฉืœืฉื” ื•ืื ื ืคืจื“ื• 
ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ื”ื ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ืชืคืจื“ื• ื‘ืžืœื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžืฆื“ ื—ืœื•ืฃื” ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ื’ื ื•ืช 
ื›ืฉื ืฆื˜ืจืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืฉื” ืœืžื˜ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ, ืจืง ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื“ื‘ืจ ืื”ื“ ื”ืืŸ; 
ื•ื”ื ื” ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื ืœื ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืžืื•ืžื”, ืืžื ื ื™ื“ืข ื›? ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื‘ืืจ 
ื‘ืžื•ืคืช ืฉื”ืฉื ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื•ื”ื•ื. ื”ื“ืขื” ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื•ืฉืœืฉืชื˜ ื“ื‘ืจ 
ืื—ื“ ื•ื™ืชื—ืœืคื• ืืœื• ื”ืฉืœืฉื” ื‘ืžืœื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ื—ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื•ืื™ื ื ื‘ืžื• 
ื”ืœื•ื‘ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืœื ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืชืœื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื”, ืจืง ืฉืœืฉืชื ื“ื‘ืจ ืื”ืจ 
ื•ื ื ื™ืคืจื“ื• ื›ื™ ืื ื‘ ืž ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ื“ ืœื ื‘ ืข ืฆ ืž'ื, ื•ื•ื— ืืžืช ืื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ืฉืื•ื 
ืกืคืง ืœื ื™ื›ื—ื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื• ื•ืื ื™ื›ื—ื™ืฉื•ื”ื•' ื”ื•ื ืืžืช ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ื 
ื™ื›ื—ื™ืฉื•ื”ื• ื•ื›? ืฉื ืŸ ืื ื™ื•ื“ื•ื”ื•; ืืžื ื ื”ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžืฆื“ ืฉื˜ื•ืชื ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืชื‘ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ืชื• ื›ืคื™ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื‘ืŸ, ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื— ื”ื—ืžื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื•ืžืคื ื™ ื–ื— ื ื›ืฉืœ 
ื‘ื”; ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืื™ืจืข ืœื”ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ื›ืš ืืœื ื‘ื›? ืื•ืžื— ื•ืื•ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ื›ื–ื” ืœื—ื›ืžื™ื 
ืขื˜ ื”ื—ืžื•ืŸ ื•ืžืคื ื™ ื–ื” ืจืื•ื• ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืœื”ืขืœื™ื ื”ืืžืช ื‘ืงืฆืช ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืœื™ื 
ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืฉืชื•ืง ื‘ืงืฆืชื ื›ืžื• ืฉื•ืื™ืช ืžืชื—ืœืช ื‘ื•ืืฉื™ืช ื•ื‘ืขืฅ 
ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ึนื‘ืขืฅ ื”ื“ืขืช ื•ืกื•ื“ ื ื–-ืขื”ืŸ ื•ืคื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื” ื•ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืกืชืจื™ ืชื•ืจื”, 
ื•ืืœ ืชื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื˜ื•ื“ื•ืช ืกืชืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ื”ื ื•ืœืชื™ ืืœื• ื”ืกื‘ื•ืช 
ืื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืกื‘ื” ืื—ืจืช ืœืขืœื™ืžื ื—ืœื™ืœืช ื•ื—ืก. ืขื“ ื›ืืŸ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืจ' ืžืฉื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื™, 

ื•ื–ื” ื”ื—ื›ื ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ึผื•ื ืช ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื ื•ื’ื ืœื ื“ืขืช ืชื•ืขื™ ืจื•ื—, ื•ื˜ืขื” 
ืฉืชื™ ื˜ืขื™ื•ืช, ื›ื™ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื™ืคืจืฉื• ื–ืืช ื”ืžืจืื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉ, ื›ื™ ืจืื” ืื‘ืจื”ื 
ื”ืืœื”ื•ืช ืขืœ ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืฉื”, ื•ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื‘ืžืฆืื: ืืœ ื ื ืชืขืžื•ืจ ืžืขืค 
ืขื‘ื“ืš, ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“; ื•ื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืจืื‘"ืข ื–''ืœ ืœื‘ืืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื–ืืช ื”ืžืจืื— โ€ 
ื›ืœืœ ื›ื™ ืœื ืชื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื–ื” ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ, ื›ื™ ?ืคื™ ืืžื•ื ืชื ืœื ื™ืชืคืจื“ื• 2ืœ, ื•ื—ื›ืชื•ื‘ 
ืื•ืžืจ: ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืœืื›ื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืคืคื•ืจ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื”, ื•ืืฃ ืื ื ืจืฆื” ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช 
ืœืจ' ืžืฉื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ืจืื• ื›ื›ื” ืœื ื™ืชื›ืŸ, ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ืจืื™ืช ืขื™ืŸ ืืš ื”ืฉื ืช 
ืขื™ืŸ ื•ืืฉืจ ื™ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืœืคื™ ื“ืขืชื ื™ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืฉืœืฉืชื ืžืœื‘ื“ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ 
ื”ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืžื”ืฉืืจ ื›ื™ ืžื” ืฉื™ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืข? ื”ืื‘ ื™ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ื‘ืŸ ื•ื‘ืจื•ื” ืคืœื‘ืšืจ 
ื”ื”ื•ืœื“ื” ื•ื”ื”ืคื—ื” ื•ืžื” ืฉื™ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืข? ื”ื‘ืŸ ื™ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืื‘ ื•ื‘ืจื•ื” ืžืœื‘ืจ 
ื”ื—ืชื™ืœื“ื•ืช, ื•ืžื” ืฉื™ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืจื•ื” ื™ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ 59 ื”ืื‘ ื•ื”ื‘ืŸ ืžืœื‘ืš 
ื”ื”ืชื ืคื—ื•ืช ื•ึนืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืืชื ืกื“ื•ืžื” ืžื”ืื•ืคื ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื“ื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื” 
ืจืื•ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ืชืคืจื“ื•; ื•ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžื” ืฉื”ืชื ืฆืœ? ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื ืžืขื ื™ืŸ ืืžื•ื ืชื ืฉื”ื™ื 
ืืžื•ื ืช ื”ื“ืขืช ื•ื”ื™ื•ื“ืข ื•ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืžืœื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื—ืคื•ืŸ ื ื›ืฉืœื• ื‘ื” ืœืคื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื“ืขื•ื” 
ื›ืจืื•ื™ --- ื–ื” ื”ื—ื›ื ื ื‘ืฉืœ ืขืžื”ื ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืืžื•ื ืชื ื–ืืช ืื—ืจ ืฉืžื™ ืฉื™ืืžื™ืŸ 
ื‘ื–ืืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื—ื“ ื’ืžื•ืจ ื•ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ?ื ื ืืžื™ืŸ ื™ื™ื—ื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื ืชื™ื”ืš 
ื•ื ื ืœื ืจื‘ื•ื™ ืฉืœื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืžื”ืืœื™ื ืฉ  ,)4114066?2(โ€ ืืš ื ืืžื™ืŸ ืืœื•ื” ืื—ืจ 


1484 ื“"ืจ ื™. ืฆื™ื  ื‘ ืขืจื’ 


ื‘ืขืœ ืฉืœืฉื” ืคื ื™ื ื•ื”ืคื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืœืขื•ืœื ื•ืื™ืŸ ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืจืข 
ื•ื—ื“ืขืช ื•ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื™ ืื™ื ื ืฉืœืฉื” ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื‘ืคื•ืข? ืื‘? ื”ื ื›ื›ื” 
ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื‘ื›ื— ื•ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ื ืื ืึนื—ื“ ืื• ืฉืœืฉื” ื•ืืžื•ื ืช ื”ืชื•ืขื™ื ื”ื™ื ืื—ืจ 
ื•ืฉืœืฉื”, ื•ื”ืืจื›ืชื™ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื‘ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื›ื•ื–ื‘ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืœื‘? ื™ื›ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• 
ื•ื™ื—ื”ืฉื‘ ืฉืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ื•ื”ืจื‘ ืืžืจ ื‘ืžื•ืจื” ื”ื ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ืฉึฐื‚ื•ึทื™ื•ึนื ื”ื•ื ื‘95 
ื”ืžืจืื” ืื—ืจ ื›ืŸ ืคืจืฉ ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื•ืืžืจ ื‘ืฉื ืฉื ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื•ืจืื” ืฉืœืฉื” 
ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื›ึผืŸ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืื‘ืง ืื™ืฉ ืขืžื•. ื•ืจ' ืžืฉื” ื‘ืŸ ื ื—ืžืŸ ืชืžืฉื• ื•ืืžืจ ืฉืื 
ื ืจืื– ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืžืจืื” ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืื ื›ืŸ ืœื ื ืจืื” ืืœื™ื• ื”ืฉื 
ืœื ื‘ืžืจืื” ื•ืœื ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื•ื›ื›ื” ืœื ืชืžืฆื ื‘ื›? ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืช ื•ืœืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืื 
ื›ืŸ ืœื ืœืฉื” ืฉืจื” ืขื•ื’ื•ืช ื•ืœื ืขืฉื” ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืงืจ ื•ื’ื ืœื ืฆื—ืงื” ืฉืจื” ืจืง 
ื”ื›? ืžืจืื” ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื” ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฆื•ืœืข ืขืœ ื™ืจื›ื• ื‘ื”ืงื™ืฅ ื•ื”ืืจื™ืš ื‘ื–ื” ืขื“ ืฉืืžืจ 
ื›ื™ ืืœื” ื—ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืคื•ืจ ืœืฉืžืขื ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ ืœื”ืืžื™ื ื. ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชืจืขื ืžื“ื‘ื™ื™ื• 
ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื“ื•ืข ื™ื“ืข ืฉื™ืืžืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืืœื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื ืขืœื ืžืžื ื• ืืขืค"ื 
ื”ืฉืชื“ืœ? ืœื”ื•ืขื™? ืื—ื“ ืžืืœืฃ ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื ืฆ? ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื” ื‘ืคืจืงื™ื ื ืคืจื“ื™ื 
ืžืกืคืจื• ื”ื ื›ื‘ื“, ื•ื”ืžืฉื™ื‘ ืคืจืงื™ื• ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื— ื™ืžืฆื ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉ ื›ื™ ืœื ืื•ื‘ืœ ืœืžืจืฉ. 
ืขื•ื“ ื›ืชื‘ ืจ' ืžืฉื” ื‘ืŸ ื ื—ืžืŸ: ื•ื‘ืืžืช ื›ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืจืื™ื™ืช 
ืžืœืืš ืื• ื“ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืœืืš ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืจืื” ืื• ื‘ื—ืœื•ื ื›ื™ ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ื ืœื ื™ืฉื™ื’ื• 
ื”ืžืœืื›ื™ื ืื‘ืœ ื ืžืจืื•ืช ื ื‘ื•ืื” ื›ื™ ื—ืžืฉื™ื’ ืœืจืื™ื™ืช. ืกืœืืš ืื™ื ื ื• ื ื‘ื™ื 
ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืจื‘ ื ื•ื–ืจ ื›ื™ ื›? ื ื‘ื™ื ื–ื•ืœืชื™ ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื ื• ื ื‘ื™ืืชื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ 
ืžืœืืš ื•ื ื‘ืจ ืืžืจื• ื‘ื“ื ื™ื? ืื™ื ื”ื• ืขื“ื™ืคื™ ืžื™ื ื™ื” ื“ืื™ื ื•ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ืื™ ื•ึฐืื™ื”ื•ึน ืœื 
ื ื‘ื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืขื ื™ื ื• ืขื ื ื‘ืจื™ืืœื•ื ื™, ื•ื›ืŸ ืžืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื” ื’ื‘ื™ืื”. 
ื•ื”ื ื” ืื™ืŸ ืจืื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืฆื•ื“ืงื•ืช ืขืœ ืชืคื™ืฉืชื• ื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืขื“ืจ ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ึนืชื• ื‘ื—ื›ืžืช 
ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื ื›ื™ ื”ืžื—ื™ื™ื›ืช ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืœื ืชืฉืืจ ืฆื•ื“ืงืช ื‘ื”ืคื™ื›ื” ื•ืืขืค"ื› ื”ื™ื” 
ืจืื•ื™ 5ื• ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• ืœืžื“ื ื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ื ืจ ื ื‘ื™ืื” ื•ื ื 
ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื“ื ื™ื? ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื•ืœืฉื˜ื•ื˜ ืฉืœื ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืœื•ืžืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืกื•ืชืจื• 
ื•ืžื–ื•ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืœื™ื ื”ื”ืขื“ืจ ื•ืžืคืจื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ืฉื ื ืจืื” ืืœื™ืŸ. 
ื‘ืžืจืื•ืช ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื” ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื ืฉื ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื•ื™ืจื ืฉืœืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ืงืฉ ืจืฉื•ืช 
ืžื”ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื›ื™ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ืืžืจ ื•ืื—ืจ ืจืฅ ืœืงืจืืชื ื•ื—ืกืจ ืžืœืช ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืงื•ื“ื 
ื™ืงื— ื ื, ื•ืœื ื‘ืื• ืœืื‘ืจื”ื ื›ื™ ืื ืœืฉืจื”, ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ื‘ื•ื ื ื‘ื™ื โ€ ืืœ ื ื‘ื™ื 
ื•ื“ื›ืจื™ื”ื ื™ืชืคืฉืจื• ืขื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—, ื•ืœืžื™ ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ ืืžืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ื‘ 
ืืžื ื ื”ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ืžืื•ื“, ื•ืื ื™ ืื ืœื” ืœืš ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืจืžื–: ืื ืชื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืฆื‘ื™ื 
ืขืœื™ื• ืขื. ื•ื™ืจืฅ ืœืงืจืืชื ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืžื• ืœืคื ื™ื• ื•ื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ ืžืจื—ื•ืง ื•ืื ื ื 
ืžืฆืืชื™ ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ืš, ืืœ ื ื ืชืขื‘ืจ ืžืขืœ ืขื‘ื“ืš ืขื ืื—ืจ ืชืขื‘ืจื• ื’ื ื•ืืžืจืฃ 
ืืœื™ื• ืขื ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืฉื•ื‘ ืืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ื•ืœืš ืขืžื ืœืฉืœื—ื ืขื ื•ืื‘ืจื”ื ืขื•ื“ื ื• ื™ 
ืขื•ืžื“ ืคืคื ื™ ื“' ื•ื”ืฉืงืคืช ื”ื›ืœ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืกื“ื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ืืช ื”ืฉื‚ื ื™ื ืฉื ืœื‘ื“'-- 
ืชื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ื–ืืช ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื ืคืจื˜ ื•ื™ืจื ืืœื™ื• ื›ื™ ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื•ื‘; ื•ืžื‘ืฉืจื™ 


ื“ื™ ื’ืœืฉื™ื›ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ืจืŸ 45 


ืื—ื–ื” ืืœื•ื”. ื•ื™ืจึฐื ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื‘ืžืจืื” ืืœื™ืŸ ืืชื•ืจืข ื•ื”ืžืœื” ืžื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื ืคืข? ื‘ืืœื ื™ 
ืžืžืจื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืข? ื‘ืจื™ืชื• ื•ื˜ืขืžื• ื›ื˜ืขื ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ืœื”, ื”ืื”? ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื™ 
ื›ืŸ ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื•ื™ืื”? ืื‘ืจื”ื ื•ื™ื‘ื•ึนื ื•ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืืœื ื™ ืžืžืจื, ื›ื—ื•ื.. ื•ื”ื•ื ืงื•ื“ื 
ื—ืฆื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ึผืงืจื•ื‘ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืคืชื— ื”ืื”? ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื•ื™ืจ ื•ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ึนื 
ื›ื ื ื“ ืœืขืช ืžื ื—ืช ืขืจื‘ ื•ืื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื•ืื“ื ื™ ื–ืงืŸ ื›ื™ ืงืข"ื” ืžืช ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื•ื™ืจื ื•ื™ืจืฅ 
ืœืงืจืืชื ื•ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืœ ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ. 

ื›ื•ืžื˜ื™ื ื•ืก ืคึผื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืฃ ,ื™ืกื•ื“ ืžื•ืจื'' ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ 
ืคื™ืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ-ืงืึธืœืขืงืฆื™ืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ื•ืž' 852, ืขืก ืคืขืœื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขืจ-ื‘ืœืึทื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื‘ึผืœืึธื˜ ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืคื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืขืคึผืขืก 
ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจืง. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืคื™ืœืข ืึทืกื˜ืจืึทื ืึธืžื™ืฉืข 
ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื˜ืขืžืึทื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ. ืคืึทืจ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืจืขื“ืข ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืืŸ ืึทืง- 
ืจืึธืกื˜ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืจืคืืงืขืจืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื“ืข ื‘ึผืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช * 


ืึธื ื—ื–ืงื” ืžื ื™ ื—ื›ืžืช ื‘ื ื• ืขื–ืจื -- ืื ืื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืœืืœ ืืžืฆื ื‘ืคื™ ืขื•ืจื” 
ื ื•ืชืŸ ื•ืœื ื™ืขืฆื•ืจ ื”ื”ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื”ื“ืจื” -- ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื—ืคื“ื• ื”ื•ื ืœื™ ื•ืœื ืื™ืจื 
ื“ืขืŸ ืืฉืจ ืืœื™ื• ืืฆืขืง ื›ืžื‘ื›ื™ืจื” --- ืื•ืžืจ ืคืชื— ืืœื™ ืืช ืฉืขืจื™ ืื•ืจื” 
ื‘ื–ืžืืกืจ ืงืฉื” ืชืขื–ื•ืจ ื•ืึทืชึผื™ืจื” --- ื“ืขื•ืช ืืกื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื• ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื•ืืขื™ืจื” 
ืจื‘ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืงืจืื• ืคืคืจ ื™ืกื•ืš ืžื•ืจื --- ื›ื™ ืœื ื ืชื ื•ื”ื• ื›ื—ืฅ ืœืžื˜ืจื” 
ื“ื™ืขืช ืื ื•ืฉ-ื™ืชื‘ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื•ื ื‘ืžืกืชื•ืจื” -- ื›ื™ ืชืฉ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื ื” ื•ืกื•ื—ืจื” 
ื›ึธืœ? ื•ื›ืœ ืžื›ืœ ื—ื›ืžื” ืžืคื•ืืจื” -- ื’ื ืงืฆืจื” ื™ื“ื• ื—ื˜ื” ื•ืฉื ืฉื•ืจื” 

ื™ืกื“ ื™ืกื•ื“ื• ืขืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื•ืจื” --- ื•ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ ืชืœืžื•ืจ ื“ืขืชื• ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื‘ืจื” 
95ืœืก ื‘ืขืžืงื” ื›ื™ ื‘ืคืชื ื•ื‘ืงืฆืจื” --- ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืœื ื”ืืจื™ืš ื‘ืื•ืจ ื•ืœื ืืžืจื”, 
ื ึธืื ื™ ืืคื™ืจ ืชืงื•ื” ื‘ื ืชื™ ื•ืื—ื‘ื™ืจื” --- ืžืœื™ื ื•ืืกื‘ื” ื“ืœืช ืขืœื™ ืฆื™ืจื” 

ืžื›? ื˜ืขืžื™ื” ืืฉื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ืจืขื‘ ื’ื ืื ื•ืฉ ืจื’ืœื™ ืืฉื"ืขืœื™ ื’ื‘ืจื” (?) 
ืžื•ื‘ื” ืื ื™ ืืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืืฉืจ ื™ืงืจื -- ื™ื“ืข ืœื›ืœ ืชื™ื‘ื” ืกื•ื“ื” ื›ืžื• ื‘ืจื” 
ื•ืžืฆื ื›ืžื˜ื•ืžื ื™ื ืกืคืง ืืฉืจ ื–ื•ืจื” -- ื™ืงื‘ื•ืฅ ื•ื™ืงื™ืฅ ืืช ืงื•ืฉื™ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืกืจื” 
ื ึธืขืœึดื™ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื›ื™ ืœืึทืœื”ื™ื˜ ืืฉืจ ื‘ืจื -- ืืจืฅ ื•ืฉืžื™ื ื”ื”ื•ืš ื•ื”ืžืฉืจื” / 
ื•ื™ืขืœื” ืขืœ ืœื‘ ืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืžื•ืกืจื” --- ืœืคืจื•ืฉ ื•ืœืืžืจ ื‘ื” ื—ื›ืžื” ืžื“ื‘ืจื”. 


ืืžืจ ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื‘"ืจ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ /''ืœ; ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ื” ื‘ืืจืฅ ื ื›ืจื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ 
ืื“ืจื™ืื ื•ืคึผื•ืœื™, ืืฉืจ ื ื˜ื™ืชื™ ืฉื ืื”ืœื™ ืจืื™ืชื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ึนื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื, ืื‘ื•ืช โ€ 
ืขืœ? ื‘ื ื™ื ืจื•ื“ืคื™ ืฆื“ืง ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ืžืฉื™ื‘ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื” ืฉืขืจื”, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื 
ื•ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื”ืจืื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืฉืืœื” ื›ืขื ื™ืŸ, ื•ื›ืชืฉื•ื‘ื— ื›ื”ืœื›ื”, ืžืขืจื›ื” 
ืœืงืจืืช ืžืขืจื›ื” ื•ื’ื ืขื ื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื ืชื ื• ืœื”ื ืœืžื ื•ืช, ื–ื” ื™ืืžืจ 
ืœื“' ืื ื™ ื•ื–ื” ื™ืงืจื ื”ื ื’ื™, ื”ื ื ื™ ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ 7ื›? ืฉื•ื? ืืฉืจ ืœื ื™ื“ืจื•ืš 
ืงืฉืชื• ื•ืฉืจื™ื•ื ื• ื™ืชืขืœ ื‘ืืœ, ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื›ื™ ืืจื›ื• ืœื™ ืฉื ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื™ืงืจืืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ 


40 ืจ"ืจ ื™. ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื  


ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ื™ืฉืื• ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ื•ื™ืจืื• ื•ื”ื ื”. ืœืคื ื™ื”ื ืกืคืจ ืึนื—ืจ ืžืฆืืŸ ืžื—ื‘ื•ืจืจ 
ื”ื—ื›ื ืจ' ืื‘ืจื—ื ื ืŸ ืขื–ืจื, ื•ืฉืžื• ,ื™ืกื•ื“ ืžื•ื•ื'' ื•ื›ืจืื•ืชื ืื•ืชื• ืžื“ื‘ืจ 
ื‘ืจืžื–ื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื•ื’ื ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื ื•ืฉื ืืœื•ืžื•ืช 
ื•ืงืฉืจ ืœืฉื•ื ื• ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื’ืœื•ื™ ืžืฆืคื•ื ื™ื• ืขืžื•ืง ืœืขื ื™ื ื•. ื‘ืงืฉื• ืžืžื ื™ -ืœื‘ืืจ 
ื–ื” ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืจ' ื™ื•ืกืฃ * ื”ื ื•ืชืŸ ืืžืจื™ ืฉืคืจ ื”ืคืฆื™ืจื ื™ 
ืžืื•ื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื”, ื•ืœืจื•ื‘ ืื”ื‘ืชื• ื ื“ืจืฉื ื• ื•ืœื‘ืงืฉืชื• ื ื—ื–ื”, ื•ึนืื ื”ื‘ื ืชื• 
ืขืžื•ืงื” ืžืฉืื•ืœ? ื•ืื™ืš ื ืฉืื‘ ื•ื ื–ื”, ื›ืจืชื ื• ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขื ืžื•ืช ื•ืืช ืฉืื•ืœ ืขืฉื™ื ื•ึผ 
ื—ื•ื–ื”, ?ืฉืื•ื‘ ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืœื ื™ืงืจื ื™ ืืกื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืžื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ืืฉืจ ื›ื•ื ืชื• 
ื™ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืกื•ื“ ืืกืชื™ืจื ื•, ื•ืืกื‘ื‘ึฟ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืคืชื— ื”ืฉืขืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื‘ื ื ื• 
ื”ืจืื•ื™ 5ื• ื•ื™ื“ืขื ื•, ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืื—ืจ ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ื ื™ ื•ืกื‘ืจื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืœื”ื™ ืื‘ื™ ื‘ืขื–ืจื™ 
ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขื ืคื™ ื•ื™ื•ืจื ื™ โ€ ืืช ืืฉืจ ืืขืฉื” ื›ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื’? ืืœ ื“' ื“ืจื›ืš ื•ื‘ื˜ืช 
ืขืœื™ื• ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืขืฉื”. ื•ืžื”ื ื” ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื ื”ื’ ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ืžืคืจืฉื™ื 
ื›ืฉื™ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืคืจืฉ ืกืคืจ ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืชื—ืœื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืžืœื” (4) ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื–ื›ื™ืจ 
ื–ื” ื”ื—ื›ื ื‘ืŸ ืจืฉืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืื•ืจื• ืœืกืคื• ืฉืžืข ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœืืจืกื˜ื• ื•ืื ืขืœื™ ื‘ืŸ ืขื‘ื 
ืงืจื ืื•ืชื ืจืืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื—ืœื•ืช' ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ืฉืœื ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ื•ื ืชืŸ ื”ืกื‘ืช 
?ืคื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœืงื•ืจื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื‘ืกืคืจ ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืงื ื™ืŸ, ืื‘? ืื™ื ื ืจ 
ืฆื•ื“ืง ื›ื™ ืœื ืชืงืจื ื”ืชื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื›? ื“ื‘ืจ ืขื•ื–ืจ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ืขืชื” ื•ื”ื ื›ื•ื ืช 
ื”ืกืคืจ ืžื“ืจื’ืชื• ืชื•ืขืœืชื• ื•ื—ืœืงื™ื• ื•ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื•ึน ื•ื™ื—ืกื• ื•ึนืžื” ืฉืžื•ึผ 
ื•ืžื™ ื”ืžื ื™ื— ืื•ืชื• ืจืื•ื™ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื ื’ื ื›ืŸ, ื•ืื ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื 
ืžืชื•ืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื” ืื ื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืžืžืืžืจ ื”ื—ื›ื ื‘ืืžืจืŸ 
ื›ื™ ืœื™ืกื•ื“ ืžื•ืจื ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš, ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื›? ื“ื‘ืจ ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืชื”ื™ื™ื ื— ื™ื•ืชืฃ 
ืžืื—ืช ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืขืฉื” ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื“ ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื•ืื™ื ื ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื•ืื™ื ื™ 
ืจื•ืฆื” ืขืชื” ื‘ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื›ื™ ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช 27 ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจืง 
ื‘ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืงืจื•ื ื” ื—ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื•ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื›ื•ืจื— ื”ืฉื ื™ืช ื•ืื ืืชื 
ืฉืชื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืชื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืื‘ืœ ื–ืืช ืชื—ืช ื–ืืช ื•ื”ื' ืžื•ืื—ืจืช ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ืžืŸ 
ื”ืื—ืจืช ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื™ืจืื” ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืชื›ืœื™ืชื• ื”ื›ื•ื ื— ื”ื' ื•ื›ื•ื ืชื• ื”ื™ืชื” 
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ื™ืข ื”ืื—ืจืช ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืืคืฉืจ ื’ื ื”ืคืš ื–ื” ื•ื ืฉืืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ื™ืŸ. ื•ื™ืฉื 
ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืจื•ื“ืฃ ื‘ืขืฆื ืขืค ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื—ื–ื›ืจื ื• ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื•ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื ื” ืื—ืจืช 
ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื›ืืœื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืงืจื— ื•ืžื ื™ืข ื ื ืžื–ื” ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืื—ืจืช ื•ื›ืืœืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ืืช ื›ื•ื ื” 552 ืœื”ื™ื•ืชื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืงืจื” ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ื ื— 
ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ื›ื–ื” ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื ืชืคื•ื—ื™ ื–ื”ื‘ ื‘ืžืฉื›ื™ื•ืช ื›ืกืฃ 
ื•ืื ืžื“ืจื ืชื• ื”ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืชืขืกืค ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืชืชืจืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืงื•ื“ื ืฉื™ื’ื™ืขื•ื”ื• 
ื”ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืื– ืจืื•ื™ ืœืงืจื ื–ื” ื”ืกืคืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืชื›ืŸ 
ืฉื™ืฉืœื ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื”ืชืขืกืงื• ื‘ืžืฆื•ืช ื•ืื ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืขืจื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื‘ื›? 


* ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ืงืึทืจืึทื™ึทืžื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืจื‘ื™ืฆื™. 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึธืžื•ืจ ื‘ึทึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ืจืŸ 487 


ืžื”ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ึฟื™ ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื˜ ื”ืžืชืขืกืง ื‘ื• 
ืžื‘ืœืชื™ ืฉืงื“ืžื” ืœื• ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื‘ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœื ื‘ืžื™ืŸ ืžื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื•ืช 
ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื•ืช. ื•ืื ืชื•ืขืœืชื• ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื’ื™ืข โ€ ืืœ 
ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ื”ืืžืชื™ืช ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ, ื•ื–ื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื ื™ื•ึนืจืข 
ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›? ื”ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื”ื ื”ื ื—ืœืงื™ ื”ื ืžืฆืื•ืช 
ื•ืื™ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืขืจ ื•ืื™ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืจื•ื–ื“ื•ืจ ื•ืื™ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื˜ืจืงืœื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืงื•ื“ 
ื•ื”ืžืชืื—ืจ ื‘ื”ืฉื’ืชื•, ืื– ืœื ื™ื”ืจืก ื? ื“' ืœืจืื•ืช ืื‘ืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื”ื ื’ืฉื™ื 
ืืœ ื“' ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื ื™ืข ืืœ ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื”ืืžืชื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื”ืฉื™ื ื• ื–ื” ื”ืื™ืคืŸ 
ื’"ื› ื‘ื›? ื—ืœืง ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื—ืœืงื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉื™ื’ื”ื• ื‘ื—ื›ืžื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœื ื›ื™ ืืŸ 
ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืกื“ืจ ื™ืฉืจ ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ื ื›ื•ื—ื” ื•ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ืžื ืขืช. ื•ืื ืชืืžืจ: ืžื” ืชื•ืขืœืช 
ื‘ื”ื ืขืช ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื”? ื ืืžืจ ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื›ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืงืฉ ื? ื–ืืช 
ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช ื•ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื” ื™ืฉืืจ ื”ืื“ื ื ืฆืชื™ 
ื•ื›ื” ื™ื—ื™ื” ืœืขื•ืœื. ืื•ืœื ื—ืœืงื™ื• ื”ื ื— ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื—ืœืง ื”ืกืžืจ ื”ื–ื” ืœื™ื™'"ื‘ ืฉืขืจื™ื ื•ื›ืœ 
ืฉืขืจ ื•ืฉืขืจ ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืœืง ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืืคืฉืจ ืฉึดื™ื›ื ึนืกื•ึผ ืชื—ืช ืกื•ื’ ืืฉืจ 
ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื”ื•ื ืชื—ืช ืคื•ื  ื”ืฉืขืจ ืื• ืฉื™ื›ื ืกื• ืชื—ืช ืกื•ื  ื”ืฉืขืจ ืขืฆืžื•. ืื•ืœื 
ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื• ื”ื ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื–ื” ืžื•ืคืชื™ ืœื ื ื•ื›ืค 
ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืื•ืžืจ ืื ื”ื•ื ืžื”ืžืื—ืจื™ื ืืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืื•ื• ื‘ื”ืคืš ืื‘? ืื™ 
ืืคืฉืจ ืžื‘ืœืชื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœ ื•ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ืžื‘ื•ืืจื™ื 
ื‘ืžื•ืคืช ืืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ืืžืจื™ื ื‘ืจืžื™ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื™ืข ืžื•ื‘ืŸ 
ืžืืžืจ ื ื‘ื™ื ืื• ืžืืžืจ ื—ื›ื. ื•ืืžืจื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืœืžื•ื“ ื”ื–ื” ืžื•ืคืชื™ ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• 
ืžื‘ืืจ ื‘ืžื•ืคืช ืžื” ืฉืžื‘ืืจ ื‘ื• ืื•ืœื ืจื•ึนื‘ ืžืืžืจื™ื• ื”ื ืžื•ืคืชื™ื™ื ื ืชื‘ืืจื• 
ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื•ืื•ืœื ื™ื—ืกื• ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ืก ื”ืžืงื™ืฃ ืืœ ื”ืžื•ืงืคื™ื ื‘ื• ื•ื™ื—ืก 
ื”ืกืœื ืืœ ื”ืžืขืœื•ืช, ื•ืื•ืœื ืžื” ืฉืžื• ื”ื ื” ื”ื•ื ืงืจืื• ื™ืกื•ื“ ืžื•ืจื ื›ื™ ื‘ื• 
ื™ื‘ืืจ ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืื•ืคืŸ ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ืจืื” ืžื”ืื“ื ืืœ ื‘ื•ืจืื• ื•ืžื” ืžื‘ืงืฉ ื”ื‘ื•ืจื 
ืžื”ืื“ื ื•ืื™ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช, ื•ืื•ืœื ืžื™ ื”ืžื ื™ื— ืื•ืชื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื›ื 
ืจ' ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื ื–"'? ืืฉืจ ื—ื‘ืจ ื—ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื ื•ืจืื™ื ื•ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืืจ ืคื™' 
ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืงืจื ื•ืกืคืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ ื”ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ื•ืกืคืจื™ ื”ื—ื›ืžื•ืช 
ื•ื”ืœืžื•ื“ื™ื•ืช. ื•ืžื”ื ื” ืืชื—ื™? ืœืคืจืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืกืคืจ, 


ืจืืจืขื˜ ืจ ืืข / 


1288 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ึผืขืจื’ 


ื‘ึผื™ื™ืœืึทื ืข ื ื•ืž' ื•ื• 


ื™ (ื–ืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ /25) 
ื›ึธึผืœื‘ึฐ ืืคื•ื ื“ื•ืคึผื•ืœื•ืก ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืข ื™ืจื•ืฉื”, 


ื 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืขืžืข ,ืื‘ื™ ื ืจ ื‘ึนึผืŸ ื ืจ'' ื”ืึธื˜ ื›ึผืœื‘ ืึทืคื•ื ื“ื•ืคึผื•ืœื• ืคืึทืจืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• 
ืคื™ืš ืื•ืŸ ืฆืฐืึทื ืฆื™ืง ื™ืึธืจ 1 ื•ื™ ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœื•ืค-ืคื˜ืจืึทืคืข: 
ืกืคืจ ืื‘ื™ื ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื ืจ ื ืฉืœื -- ื‘ืฉื ืช ื”ืจืž"ื˜ ื ื•ืฆืจ ืขื•ืœื 
ื™ื•ื ื™"ื“ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ืจื— ื›ืกืœื™ืŸ -- ื‘ืฉื ืช ื›"ื“ ืžื™ืœื™ืจืช ื›ืœื‘. 


ืฐื•ื™ ืขืก ืฉื™ื™ื ื˜, ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกืขืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืกื ื™ื™ 
ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขืึทืจื‘ึผืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื’ื ื˜-ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ื•ื™ "ืก ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ 
ืคื•ื ื ืึธืคึผืฉืจืฒื‘ึผืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ื ื ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ : ืจ ื™ื™ 

,ื—ื‘ืจื• ื›ืœื‘ ืืคื•ื ื“ื•ืคื•ืœื• ื‘ืŸ ืืœื™ื”ื• ? ื”ื–ืงืŸ ื”ืื“ืจื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื™ืขืž"ืฉ 
(ื™ืฉื›ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ืžืฉื›ื‘ื• ืฉืœื•ื). ื ืฉืœื ื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื—ื‘ืจื• ื›ืœื‘ ืื‘"ื ื›ื™"ื” 
ื™ืขืž"ืฉ ื ื›ืช ื–ื™"ื ื™ื•ื ืฉืฉื™ ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื•ืขืฉืจื™ื ื™ื•ื ืœื—ื•ืจืฉ ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืช 
ื—ืžืฉืช ืืœืคื™ื ื•ืžืืชื™ื ื•ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ึผืข ืฉื ื™ื ืœื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื ืฉื ืช 
ืฉืฉื™ื ืœืœื™ื“ืช ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื•ื›ืชื‘ื• ืœืขืฆืžื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื• ืœื–ื›ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ืฆ'"ื– ืื—ืจื™ 
ืžื•ืชื• ืฉื‘ื— ืœื• ื™ืช' ืื ''ืก". 


ื‘ึผ | 

ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืคื•ื ื“ื•ืคึผื•ืœื•ืก ืคึผืึถืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืึทืŸ ืึท ื—ืœื•ืงื™ 
ื“ืขื•ืช. ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืื™ื™ื‘ึผืขืจื‘ืœืึธื˜ ืคื•ื ื ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ 
ื ื•ื' 828 ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคื™ืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ-ืงืึธืœืขืงืฆื™ืข, ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื‘ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืคื™ืจืงืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ื”ืึทื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื˜?: ,, ืžื•ืจ ืขื•ื‘ืจ''. ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
ืึทื ื˜ื”ืึทืœื˜ 246 ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื“ืขื ืึทื™ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืŸ ื ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื–ืขืœื‘- 
ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื•ื•ืขืจืง, ื“ืึธืš ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ืึทื– ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒ- 
ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื’ืจืขืกืขืจืขืจ ืึทืจื‘ึผืขื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื˜ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ. ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ,ื’ืŸ 
ื”ืžืœืš" 8, : - 
ืึทืคื•ื ื“ื•ืคึผื•ืœื•ืก ืึทื ื˜ืึธืœืึธื ื™ืข ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœืŸ 
ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก, ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื–ื™ ืฉืคึผื™ื’ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึดืคึผ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืจืึทื™ึทืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื–ื™ื“ืขื ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื•ื ื’ืขืจ ืึธื˜ืึธืžืึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืœื•ื›ื”. ืึนื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืจืึทื™ืžื™- 
ื™ืฉืขืจ ื’ืขื–ืขืœืฉืึทืคึผื˜ืœืขื›ืงืฒื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืชึผืงื•ืคื” ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ 


ื™ื™ = 


1 ื ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ืคื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื™ืง, ืฐื™ ืขื ืื™ื– ืึธื ื’ืขืฐื™ื–ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื’ื•ืจืœืึทื ื“ืŸ 
2 ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื“ืชืžืขื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืคึผื•ื ื“ื•ืคึผื•ืœื• ืึธืคื˜ ืžื™ื ื“ื™ ืจืืฉื™ื™ืชึผื™ื‘ื•ืช: ืื‘"ื, 
5 ื–ืข ื—"ื™ ื’ื•ืจืœืึทื ื“, ืฆื™ื, ืฐ,, 474 ืื“ื•ื“ ืžืจืจื›ื™", ืงืึทืคึผ 8, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ืจืŸ 189 


ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ืขืจ ืึทืกืงืขื˜ื™ืง --- ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื™ื•ืŸ ืžืขืจ 
ืœืขื‘ึผื ืกืœื•ืกื˜ื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื ืขืŸ. ืึทืคื•ื ื“ื•ืคึผื•ืœืŸ ื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืจ ืœื•ืกื˜ื™ืงืข ื•ื™ื™ืŸ- 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืขื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืคืจื™ื™ื ื“ ื–ื™ , ื–ืึธืœืŸ ืื™ื ื“ืขื ืฉื•ื™ืžืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื‘ึผืขื›ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืจืœืึทื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ืึธืœ ืื™ื ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ื‘ืึทืจื•ื™ืฉืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื 
ืคืึทืจื˜ืจื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ" 1} ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืคืจื™ื™ืœืขื›ืข ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ื™ืฉื™ืงืข ื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ- 
ื˜ื™ืฉืŸ, ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืฒืœื™ืงื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื ื’ืฐืึธืจื’, ื ืึธืจ 
ืื•ื™ืš ื–ืงื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืึทื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš 
ืึท ืกืš ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืขืœืคึผื™ื™ื“ื•ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืขื˜ืคืึธื•ืจื. ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืึท5ืก 
ืื™ืœื•ืกื˜ืจืึทืฆื™ืข ืคืึธืœื ื ื“ื™ืง ืœื™ืš: 


ืื™ื•ืžืชื™, ื‘ืขืช ืคืชื— ืกืžืจื“ืจ -- ื—ื‘ืฆืœืช ื•ืฉื•ืฉืŸ ื”ืขืžืงื™ื 

ืื– ืขืชืš * ืžืื•ื“ ื ื—ืžื“ ื•ื ืขื™ื -- ื™ืคืช ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืคืชื™ืš ืžืชื•ืงื™ื 
ื‘ืขืช ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ ื™ืคืคื™ืš ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื” -- ืžืื•ื“ ืœื‘ื™ ื•ืžืขื™ ื”ื ื ืžืงื™ื 

ื•ืžื™ ื™ืชืŸ ื•ืืฉื•ืงืš ื‘ืœื—ื™ื™ืš -- ืื—ื‘ืงืš ื‘ืชื•ืš ื“ืจื›ื™ ืฉื•ืงื™ื 

ื•ืคื™ ืืฉื™ื ื‘ืจืงืชืš ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” -- ื›ืฉื“ื™ืš ืื ื™ ืื ื•ืก ื•ืืงื™ื 
ืืฆื™ืœื•ืชื™ืš ื•ืฉื ืื™ืฉืŸ ื•ืื™ืงืฅ -- ื‘ืฉืžื—ืช ืœื‘ ื•ื™ื ื•ึนื—ื• ืขืฉื•ืงื™ื 
ื•ื“ื•ื“ื™ืš ื•ืจื™ื—ื™ืš ื ืขื™ืžื•ืช -- ื—ืฉื›ืชื™ ืื– ืชืžื•ืจ ืชื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืงื™ื 
ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ื™ืชื™ (4) ืžืฉื›ืชื™ืš --- ื•ื–ื•ืœืชืš ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ื›ืฉื™ื›ื™ื, 
ืชืฉื•ืงืชื™! ืœืฉื™ืจื™ ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื‘ืš -- ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื’ืœื” ื•ื ืกืชืจ ื‘ืฉื—ืกื™ื 
ืฉืžื™ ื›ืœื‘ ื™ื“ื™ื“ืš ืฉืจ ืœืš ืฉื™ืจ --- ืฆื‘ื™ื™ืช ื—ืŸ ื•ืื™ืœืช ืขืžืงื™ื. 


ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืข ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจื˜ (ืชืฉื•ื‘ืช ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ืœืื”ื•ื‘ื”): 


ื‘ึผืขืช ืืงืจื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ืš ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ --- ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืชื”ืœื” ื›? ืชื”ืœื” 
ืืžืจืš ืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ื ืžืœืฅ ืœื—ื›ื™ -- ื•ืฉื™ืจืš ืฉื™ืจ ื›ืชืจืฉื™ืฉ ืžืžื•ืœื 
ืžืขื•ืœืคื™ื ื‘ื—ืžื“ืช ื”ืฉื›ื™ื•ืช -- ื•ื‘ื—ื ืœื ื–ื”ื‘ ืื•ืคื™ืจ ื™ืกื•ืœื 
ื”ื›ื™ ืงืจื ืœืš ื”ืืœ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ --- ืฉืžืš ื›ืœื‘ ืื‘ื™ ืฉื™ืจื™ ืกื ื•ืœื” 
ื™ื“ื™ื“ ื ืคืฉื™ ืกื ื™ืœืชื™ ื”ืกื’ื™ืœื” -- ื™ืฉื™ืžืš ืืœ ืชื”ืœื” ืœืชื”ืœื”. 


ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืข ืชึผืคื™ืœื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ื•ื˜ื™ื ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ืงื•ื ื“ื™ื™ืกื™ืฉืข ื•ื•ืฑื™ื›ึผื•ื—ื™ื-ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทืงืึทืžืขืŸ, 
ื–ื•ื•ึผ ืขืก ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื’ืขืคื™ืจื˜ ื’ืึทื ืฅ ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ื–ื™ื’ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก. ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืชื“ื™ืงืข 
ืฐื™ื›ึผื•ื—ื™ื: ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืคืจื•ื™, ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืœื™ื‘ึผื˜ืขืจ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ืŸ. ืึท ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื- 
ื˜ืขืจืก ืฆื•ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืขืœืขื ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืงืœืึทื ื˜ 


1 ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™! ืชืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื -- ืืฉืจ ื™ื ื™ื ื™ื’ื•ื ื•ืช 
ื•ึฐืืฉึฐืชึผื”ื• ืขื“ื™ ืืฉื›ืจ -- ื•ืืกื™ืจ ืืช ืขืฆื‘ื•ืช, 
* ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื ื ื™ื ื“ื™ื™ื˜ืœืขืš. 





400 ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื, ืฐืึธืก ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืงื™ื‘ึผื•ืฆื™ื ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขืœืขื‘ึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืกื•ื” ืคื•ื ื 18ื˜ืŸ ื™"ื” : 

ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื‘ึผืฉืื ืช ืืœืฃ ื•ืืจื‘ึผืข ืžืื•ืช ื•ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช. 
ืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉื ืช ื”ืจื "ื” ืœื‘ืจื™ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืชืžื•ื– ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ 
ื—ื‘ืจ ื›ืœื‘ ืื‘"ื ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ืงืŸ ื™ืขืกืž"ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ืืœื• ื”ืงื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืืฉืจ ื’ื•ืจืฉื• 
ื ืชื’ืจืฉื• ืขื ื“' ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืœื•ืขื–ื™ื ื•ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ืจื•ืกืกื™ื” ื•ืœื™ื˜ื•ื•ื ืฉื ื•ืจืฉืฃ 
ื‘ืฉื ืช ืืชื "ื” ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื ื™. 


ื’ 
ืึทืคึผื•ื ื“ื•ืคึผื•ืœื• ื•ื•ืขื ืŸ ืงืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืกืŸ 


ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ืคืึธืจืจืขื“ืข ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐื•ืขืจืง , ืขืฉืจื” ืžืืžืจื•ืช'' ื’ื™ื˜ 
ื˜ืคื•ื ื“ื•ืคึผื•ืœื• ืึท ืงื•ืจืฆืŸ ื ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื‘ืœื™ืง ื•ืฐื•ืขื’ืŸ ืกืขืงื˜ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืจืขืœื™- 
ื’ื™ืขื–ืข ืฉืคึผืึทืœื˜ื•ื ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื‘ึผืœื™ืง ืื™ืŸ 
ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ,ื“ื•ื“ ืžืจืจื›ื™'' (ืงืึทืคึผ' 8),. ืื•ื™ืก ืžื ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฆืขื ื–ื•ืจ ืคืขืœื˜ ืึธื‘ึนึผืขืจ ื“ืึธืจื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืึถืคึผื–ืืฅ, ืฐื• ืขืก ื”ืึทื ื“ืœื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทื ืจื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ืงืจื™ืกื˜ื ื˜ื•ื ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืึทืคึผืึธืกื˜ืึธืœืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจืขืคื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคืจืึทื’ืžืขื ื˜ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืฒื™ืœืึทื ืขืก ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทื˜ืึทืœืึธื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ื“ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืŸ8ึฟ.ืง2), 
ืžื™ืจ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ื“ืขื ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ืŸ ืคืจืึทื ืžืขื ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ื”ืึทื ื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜- 
ืคืขื›ืŸ , ืขืฉืจืช ืžืืžืจื•ืช'', ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคื™ืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ- 
ืงืึทืœืขืงืฆื™ืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ื•ืž' 143 : 

,ื•ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจื? ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉื• ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ื‘ืŸ ืžืจื™ื ื”ื™ื” 
ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ืฉ? ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ืคืจื—ื™ื” ื•ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื™ื ืื™ ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืืฉืจ ื ื–ื›ื™ืจ, 
ืืข'"ืค ืฉื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉื• ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ื ื•ืœืจ ื‘ื™ืžื™ 
ื”ื•ืจื“ื•ืก ื•ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืืจืงื™ืœื•ืก ื‘ื ื• ื ืชืœื” ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ืฉ 1 ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ืฉื”ื”ืคืจืฉ 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืง'ื™ ืฉื ื” ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื›ื™ ื‘ืฉื™"ื‘ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืžื ื™ืŸ 
ื”ืฉื˜ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืœื“ ื•ืœืื—ืจ ?"ื’ื  ืฉื ื™ื ื ืชืœื” ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ืฉื ืช ื'? โ€ ืคืื’ื ื•ืกื˜ 
ืžืœืš ืจื•ืžื™ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื•ืจื“ื•ืก ื•ื ืชืœื” ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื ื• ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉืงืจ ื›ื™ ื˜ืขื ืชื ื–ื• ื”ื™ื 
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืžืจ ืฉืœื ืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจื? ืื—ืจ ืฉืชืœื•ื”ื• ืืœื ืžืขื˜, 
ื•ื”ืืžืช ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื›ื™ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ืคืจื—ื™ื” ื‘ืจื— ืœืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ 
ื™ื ืื™ ื”ืžืœื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ืืœื›ืคื ื“ืจื•ืก ื•ืขืžื™ ื‘ืจื— ื’ื * ื™ืฉื•ึน ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ 
ืชืœืžื™ื“ื• ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช ื“' ืœื™ื ืื™ ื”ืžืœืจ ื ื•ืœื“, ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื ืช ืจืก'ื’ ืœื‘ื™ืช 


1 ื‘ื™ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืฒื™ื“ืขืจืŸ ืคืขืœื ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜, 

2 ื‘ึทึผื™ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืฒื™ื“ืขืจืŸ: ืœ"ื— ืœืžืœื›ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื™ืจืข ื“ืึทืžืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง, ืขืก 
ื“ืึทืจืฃ ืฉื˜ืฒืŸ: ืœ"ื, 

8 ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืคึผืขืœื ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื™ืจืขืจืŸ, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ึผืฒ ื™ื™ืจืŸ | 401 


ืฉื ื™ ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉื ืช ื "ื ืœืžืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื—ืฉืžืžื•ื ืื™ ืืฉืืจ ื ื–ื›ื™ืจ. ื•ื‘ืฉื ืช 
ืจืฆ"ื˜ ืœื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื ืชืคืฉ ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ ืœ"ื’ 1 ืฉื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช ื’' ืœืžืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ืŸ ื™ื ืื™ 
ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื•ื ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ื‘ืœื•ืก ื”ื›ื”ืŸ. ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ ื”ืืžืช ื™ืฉืื• ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ื›ื 
ื ื“ื•? ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืฉ ืฆื“ื™ืง ืชืžื™ื ? ื•ื—ืกื™ื“ ื™ืจื ืืœื”ื™ื ื•ืกืจ ืžืจืข 5 ื•ืœื ื—ื•ืจื” 
ืฉื•ื ื—ื•ืง ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ ื–ื•ืœืช ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืืœื”ื™ื ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื” ื›'"ืฉ ืฉื™ื ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืคืš ืžืืกืžืจ 4 
ืžืžื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ืžืฉื” ืข'"ื”. ืืžื ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืžืช ื‘ืชืœื” ืœึนืžื• ื”ื‘ืจื™ื• 
ื•ืชืœ?ืžื™ื“ื™ื• ื•ื”ื™ื• ืžืชืงื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื ืขื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžื—ื›ืžืชื• ื•ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ 
ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืžืข ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื›ื™ ืื ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื›ืชื•ืจืช ืžืฉื” ืขื“ ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื• 
ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื”ื ื•ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ื ืฉืœื•ื—ื™ื ืžื™ืฉื• ื•ืงื‘ืขื• ืœื”ื ื—ืงื™ื ื•ึฐื”ื•ึนืจื• ืคื”ื 
ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืœื ืฉืžื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœื‘ื• ื•ืœื ืขืœื• ืขืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื• ื•ื”ืจืกื• ืคื ื•ึนืช ื”ืชื™ืจื” 
ื•ื ื˜ื• ืื—ืจื™ื”ื ืขื ืจื‘ ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื” ืจื•ืื” ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ื‘ื–ื” ื ื”ื™ืชื” 5 ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื ื“' ื•ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื™ืฉื•, ื›ื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื• ืžืขื ื“' ืืžืจื• ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ 
ื™ืฉื‚ื•ึน ื•ืœื›?ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืขืžื”ื ืฉื™ืจื—ืงื• ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืจื™ื—ื•ืง ืจื‘ ื•ืฉืœื 
ื™ืชื—ื‘ืจื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ื•ืืกืจื• ืœื”ืื˜ ืžืื›ืœื ื•ืžืฉืงื™ื”ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื™ 
ื™ืฉ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™, ื•ืœื ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื• ื‘ืกืคื•ืจ ื–ื” ื”ืžืขื˜ ืœื”ืืจื™ืš? ืืœื ืœื ื•? ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข 
ืฉื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืœืžืืžื™ื ื™ ื™ืฉื• ืœื ื ืชื ื” ื”ื•ื ื•ืœื ืกืžืกืจ ืœื”ื ื“ื‘ืจ 
ื”ืคื›ื™ ืื• ? ืกื•ืชืจ ืœืชื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื›ืชื‘, ืืœื ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืขืฉื• ืื•ืชื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืงื‘ืขืŸ 
ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื”ื ืฉื—ื”ื™ื• ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ื”ื•ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ื ืฉืงื‘ืขื• ื”ื“' ื’ืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช: 
ื”ื' ืžื”ื 9 ื”ื•ื ืื‘ื ืฉืื•ืœ ื”ื ืงืจื ืคื•ืœื•ืฉ, ื•ึนื”ื‘' ืจ' ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื ืงืจื 10 
ืคื™ื˜ืจื•, ื•ืจ' ืžืชืชื™ื”ื• ื—ื•ื ื”ื ื•ื“ืข ืžืชื™ืื•ืฉ ื•ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื”ื ืงืจื ื•ึนืึทื ื•ึนืฉ, 
ื–ื–ื•ืœืช ืืœื• ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื ื ืงืจืื™ื ื™'"ื‘ ืืคื•ืฉื˜ื•ืœื•ืจื•ื ืจ"? ืฉืœื•ื—ื™ื 
ืžื™ืฉื•. ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืขืœ. ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ืžืฉื” ื•ื ืจืขื• ืžืžื ื” ืืžืจื• 
ืขืœื™ื”ื ืฉื”ื ื™ืฆืืŸ ืžื›ืœ? ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื›"ืฉ ืฉื”ืคื›ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื”, 
ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื ืงืจืื• ืฉื”ื ื—ื“ืฉื• ื“ืช ื”ืคืš ื“ืช ืžืฉื” ื•ืืข"ืค ืฉื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื ืžื”ื ื™ืฆืืŸ 
ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœ? ื”ื ื” ื”ื ืืœื” ื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืขื™ื ื›ื™ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ึน ื ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื•ืืžืจืŸ 


ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืืœื•ื” ื•ืืœื—ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ื• ื›ื”ื›ื ืกื• ื‘ื‘ื˜ืŸ ืžืจื™ื ืืžื• ืฉื–ื” ื›ืœื• ืฉืงืฃ 
ื•ื›ื–ื‘'". | 


ื™ื™ 





ื‘ึผื™ื™ โ€ ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื™ื“ืขืจืŸ: ืœ' ื•ืฉื ื”, - 

ืคืขืœืžื‘ื™ื™ โ€ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื™ื“ืขืจืŸ, 

ืคืขืœื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื™ื“ืขืจืŸ, 

ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื™ื“ืขืจืŸ: ื”ืคืš ืื™ ืกื•ืชืจ, 

ื‘ึผื™ื™ โ€ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื™ื“ืขืจืŸ ืคึผืึทืจื ืจืฒื•ื, ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ืฉืžืึธื˜ ื ื”ื™ืชื”, 
ืคืขืœื ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืฉืฉื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื™ื“ืขืจืŸ, 

ืคืขืœื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืฉื ื™ื™ื“ืขืจืŸ, 

ื‘ึผื™ื™ โ€ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื™ื“ืขืจืŸ : ื•ืœื 

ืคืขืœื˜ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื™ื“ืขืจืŸ, 

0 ื‘ึตึผื™ื™ โ€ ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืฉื’ื™ื™ื“ืขืจืŸ : ื”ื ื•ื“ืข, 


ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื : ื‘ื˜ืจื•ื 


+=ื– ืค ื˜ืž 8 ื•ืฉืข 0ืก ื‘ื™ 69 40 


202 ื“"ืจ 'ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ ืขืจื’ 


ื‘ึผื™ื™ืœืึทื ืข ื ื•ืž' 12 


(ื–ืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ 355) ื™ 


ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ึผืŸ ืžื–ืœ-ื˜ื•ื‘ืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, 
ื ื•ืž!' 246 
ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื‘ื ื ื•ืŸ ื™ืงืจื‘ ื‘ืžืฉืง? ื•ื–ื” ืœื—ื’ ื”ืกื›ื•ืช. 
ืฉืฉ ื—ืจ ืœืคื ื™ืš ืืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื‚ื™ืจืชื™, ืฆื•ืจื™ 
ื•ื—ืงืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉื•ืขื™ ื•ืจื™ื ืชื™. 
ืคึดึผืคื ื™ ื”ื“ืจ ื”ื•ื“ืš ื™ื” ืืฉืคื›ื” ืฉื™ื—ื™ 
ืงื‘? ืคืจื™ ื ื™ื‘ื™ ื—ืœืฃ ืชืฉื•ืจืชื™. 
ื‘ื– ืจื•ื ื•ืงื“ื•ืฉ! ืœืืกื™ืจื™ื ืคืงื— ืงื•ื—. 
ื•ืฉื ืช ื“ืจื•ืจ ืชืงืจื ื”ื—ืฉ ื’ืื•ืœืชื™ 
ื”ืคืง ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืขืžืš ืžืชื—ื ื ื™ื ื ื’ื“ืš 
ื•ืคื ื” ืขืจืขืจ, ืงื‘ืœ ืชืคืœืชื™. 
ื“ื–ื•ืฉื” ืฆึดืžื— ืฆืžื— ืขืœ ื”ืจืจื™ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ 
ื”ื—ื–ืง ืœืš ืžื ืŸ ืงื•ืžื” ืœืขื–ืจืชื™ 
ื–ึฐื›ื•ืจ ืืกื™ืจ ืชืงื•ื” ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœื‘ืฆืจื•ืŸ 
ืžื—ื ื•ื™ ืกืœืข ืจืขื™ื” ื•ื™ื•ื ืชื™. 
ืคื•ืžื™ ื•ื’ื ืื•ืจื™ ื”ืชืœื‘ืฉื™ ืขื–ืš 
ื”ืชื—ื ื ื™ ืืžืจื™: ื”ืงื ืœืกื›ืชื•. 
ืชื›ื•ืŸ ืชืคืœืชื™ ื‘ืžืขื•ืŸ ืงืจื•ืฉืชืš 
ื‘ื™ื ื” ื”ื ื™ื ื™ ื™ื” ื”ืื–ืŸ ืœืืžืจืชื™. 
ืื›ื•ืฃ ื›ืžื• ืื ืžื•ืŸ ืจืืฉื™ ื•ืขืฆืžื•ืชื™ื• ืœืฉื™ืจ 
ื•ืชืขื ื ื” ืจื•ึนื—ื™ ื•ื ืฉืžืชื™, 


ื ื•ืžื™ 247 
ื‘ึผื ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ,ืฉื—ืจ ืื‘ืงืฉืš" 


ืฉึธืืœึฐืžื•ึผ ื™ืžื™ ืื‘ืœืš -- ืจืขื™ื” ื•ื™ื•ื ืชื™ 
ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ืœื”ื™ื›ืœืš ืชื”ื ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื‘ื™ืชื™ 

ืœืžื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ ืคื™ ืคื—ืช ืชืงื ื ื™ 
ืฆึดื™ื•ืŸ ืขืœื™ ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืงื ืš ืื™ื•ืžืชื™. 

ื™ื” ืœืš ืืœื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ื™ื•ื ื”, ื•ื‘ื™ืฉื™ืžื•ืŸ -- 
ื”ืกืชื•ืคืคื™ ืืจืžื•ืŸ ืžืœื›ืš, ื™ื—ื™ื“ืชื™ 

ื“ืŸ ืขืช ื–ึฐืžึดื™ืจ ื–ึฐืžึดื™ืจ ืงืจื‘ ื•ื”ื’ื™ืข, ืจืขื™ื”, 
ื•ืงื•? ื”ืชื•ืจ ื ืฉืžืข ื‘ืื“ืžืชื™. 


ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ืจืŸ 403 


ื ื•ืž' 237 
ื‘ืฉื ื•ื™ ื ื’ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืžืขืืœื™:; 
ืฉื™ืจื” ืืฉื™ืจ ืขืœ ืฉื•ืฉื ื™ื -- ืขืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืคืชื•ืชื™ื• 
ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืฉื ื™ื, ืงื•? ื“ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื ืื—ืจ ื ื•ื’ื ื™ื, 
ืจื ื™ ืฉืžื—ื™, ืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ื›ื™ ื”ื ื ื™ ื‘ื, 
ืœื™ื™! ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื“ื™ ื™ืคืชื™ -- ื™ื•ื ืช ืืœื ืฆื™ึนืŸ ืึทืช ืจืขื™ืชื™, 
ื‘ื•ืื™ ื ื ื•ืฆืื™ ืœืงืจืืชื™ | 
ืจื ื™ ืฉืžื—ื™, ืฆื™ื•ืŸ, ื›ื™ ื”ื ื ื™ ื‘ื, 
ื•ืจ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื ื•ื˜ืคื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ืš, ื™ืขืœื”, | 
ืžื” ื™ืคื• ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ื™ืš --- ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ืฉื•ื‘ื™ ืืœ ืขืจื™ืš 
ืจื ื™ ืฉืžื—ื™ ืฆึดื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื ื ื™ ื‘ื 
ื”ืžื• ืžืขื™ ืขืœ ืชื•ืจื™ืš --- ืื™ืš ื™ื”ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ 
ืขืœ ื”ืจื™ืš ืฉืจื™ื ื•ืžืœื›ื™ื ืื•ืžื ื™ืš 
ืจื ื™ ืฉืžื—ื™ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื ื ื™ ื‘ื, 
ืžื–ื ืื™ื•ืช ืงื•ืžื™ ื™ื•ื ื” -- ืขื“ ืึธืŸ ืชืœื›ื™, ืฆื™ื•ืŸ, 
ื‘ื‘ื ื•ืช ื™ืขื ื” -- ืžื” ืœืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื•ืฉื ื”. 
ืจื ื™ ืฉืžื—ื™ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื ื ื™ ื‘ื, 
ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ืœืš ื—ืกื“ ืื”ื‘ื” -- ืœื›ืชืš ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ 
ื•ืขืจื‘ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื‘ืืœืคื™ื ื•ืจื‘ื‘ื”. 
ืจื ื™ ืฉืžื—ื™ ืฆื™ื•ึนืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื ื ื™ ื‘ื. 
ืœืงืจืื™ืชื™ ืชืฆืื™ ื‘ืžื—ื•ืœื” --- ืžื” ื™ืคึผื•ึน ื“ื•ื“ื™ืš 
. ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืœื” ื‘ื ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืึถื”ื‘ ืกืœื”, 
ื™ืจื ื™ ืฉืžื—ื™ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื ื ื™ ื‘ึนื. 
ืžื•ื•ืจ ืื•ืจื ืคื˜ื“ื” ืื—ืœืžื” ื™ืื™ืจื• ืฆื™ื•ืŸ 
ืขืœ ื‘ื’ื“ื™ ืจืงืžื”, ืืžืจื™ ื ื ืœื™ ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืงื•ืžื”! 
ืจื ื™ ืฉืžื—ื™ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื ื ื™ ื‘ื, 
ืš{ื‘ื›ืŸ ื‘ื•ืื™ ืืœ ื”ืžืœืš, ื”ืจื™ืžื™ ื‘ื›ื— 
| ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœืš --- ื™ื•ื ืชื™, ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™. ื˜ึถืœึนืš, 
ืจื ื™ ืฉืžื—ื™ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื ื ื™ ื‘ื. 
3ื—ืกืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืš ืื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ืš ืฆื™ื•ืŸ 
ืืจืฅ ืฆื‘ื™ ืœืžืงื•ื ืื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ื™ 
ืจื ื™ ืฉืžื—ื™ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ื ื ื™ ื‘ื, 





194 ื”"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื˜ ืขืจื‘ 


ื‘ึผื™ื™ืœืึทื ืข ื ื•ืžื™ 3 


(ืžืฐืข ื–ื™ื™ื˜ 2365) 


ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึทืก ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉื”, 


ืื™ืŸ 1887 ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึท ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืฆืคืช ืึท ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 
8 ื—ื™ืžื ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืขืœืขื’ื™ืขืก , ื–ืžื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ'',-ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ื™ืึธืจ ืึทืจื•ื ื”ืึธื˜ 
ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืึทืจืฑื™ืกื ืขืœืึธื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืฆืฒื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืกืึทืœืึธื ื™ืงืข ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฐืขื ืขืจื™ืง 
ื ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ืคืึทืจื’ืจืขืกืขืจื˜ืข ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ 
ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื˜ืฒืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื: 1) ,,ืขื•ืœืช ืชึผืžื™ื“'' -- 225 ืคึผื™ื•ื˜ื™ื, 
2) , ืขื•ืœืช ืฉื‘ืช'' -- 84 ืฉื‘ึผืชื“ื™ืงืข ื–ืžื™ืจื•ืช ืื•ืŸ 3) ,ืขื•ืœืช ื—ื•ืจืฉ' -- 
7 ื™ื•ื-ื˜ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. ืึทืœืก ื”ื•ืกืคื” ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขื ืขืฆื™ืึทื ืขืจ ืืฑืกื ืึทื‘ึผืข 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื ืึทื ืืจืึท ืื™ืŸ 1608 ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื ื˜ืขืงืกื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ืžืข 
ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ,,ืžื™ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจื?''. ืึท ื ื™ื™ืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืึทื‘ึผืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึทื ืึท- 
ืจืึธืก ,, ื–ืžื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉื“ื?'' ืื™ื– ืขืจืฉื˜ ืขืจืฉื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ 1887 ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืขืœื’ืจืึทื“, ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’ 
, ืขื•ืœืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉ'' ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทืจืฑืกื’ืขืœืึธื–ืŸ 17 ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื’ืจื•ื™ืคืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ:. ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ 
, ืงื•ื“ื ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช'', ืฐืึธื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขื–ื” ื–ื™ืš ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขืš ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื ืึท- 
ื’ืึทืจืึธืก ื–ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื”, ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, ืึทื– ืคื•ื ื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื–ืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผืœื™ื‘ึผืŸ 
ืึท ื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ,ืฉืืจื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ". 
ื ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ื”ืึทื ื˜ืฉืจื™ืžื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืงืึธืคึผื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ 
ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืŸ ืฉืœืžื— ื“ื•ื‘ึผื ืึธ, ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื’ืึทื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึดึผื™ื‘ึนึผ" 
ืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง, ืฐืึธืก -ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ืชื™ื—ืžื“ืจืฉ ,ืขืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื" ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ืขืจ 
ืึทืฉื›ื ื–ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืื™ืŸ ืึทืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืึทื. ?. ื“ื•ืงืขืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ 
ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ 2 ืจืึธืก ืœื™ืจ ,ื™ืœืื” ื ืฉื•ื", ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื‘ึผื•ื™ื˜ 
ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ืงืœืึทื ื -ืคืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ , ืขื›ืึธื“ืœื™ื“ืขืจ''. ืžื™ื 15 ื™ืึธืจ ืฉืคึผืข" 
ื˜ืขืจ (ืื™ืŸ 1888) ื”ืึธื˜ ืž., ื . ืคืจื™ื“ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ,,ืคึผื–ืžื•ื ื™ื'' 120 ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึธืก ,, ืฉืืจื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ืœื•ื™ื˜ 
ืึท ื“ืขืคืขืงื˜ืŸ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ 
ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ืคื•ื ื ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืฆื•ืื ืฆื™ืงืกื˜ืŸ ืคึผื–ืžื•ืŸ, ืื•ึนื™ืฃ 
ืึท ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ื™ืง ื‘ืขืคืขืจืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึท ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื ืึทื ืึทืจืื˜ ืึถืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื. ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ 
ืžืึทื ื•ื˜ืงืจื™ืคึผื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 200 ื–ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ืึธืคึผื’ืขืงื•ื™ืคื˜ ืื™ืŸ 1859 


1 ืืงื•ืจื ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช", /23, 49. 
3 ,ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจื‘ึผืœืึทื˜ ื“, ืึธืจื™ืขื ื˜ื", 1843, 526, 





ื™ ืคื™ืœ ืื•ื™ื™ื—ืช, * 


ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ ืจืึทืžื™ืจ ื‘ึนึผื™ื™ ื™ืจืŸ 25 


:ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฐื•ึผืกื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืงื•ื™ืคืžืึทืŸ 1 ื ื‘ืึทืงืึทื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืŸ 
ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื“ืขื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ืขืจืŸ ืœืขื–ืขืจ-ืงืจื™ื™ื– ื”ืึธื˜ ืฐื•. ื‘ึผืึทื›ืขืจ 2 ืคื•ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื›ืขืจืก 
ืžื™ื˜ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ืึท ื ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืข ืึดืžึผ- 
ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึทืก , ืฉืืจื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ', ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืžื—ื‘ึผืจืก 
ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 468 ืœื™ื“ืขืจ 2, ืื•ืŸ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– 80, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ื™ื ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉืŸ ืึทืจื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื“ืœืขื ื“ืขืจืก ,, ืคึผื•ืžื•ื ื™ื'', ,,ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขืขืŸ ืึทืœื•ืึธ, ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ื‘ึผืึทื›ืขืจ ืžื•ืกื™ืฃ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ 
ื’ืจืขืกืขืจ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ืจ ืคืึทืจื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื“ืข ื ืึทื ืืจืึธืก ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ืข 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ-ื–ืฉืžืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ, ื˜ื™ื˜ ื ืขืžืขื ื“ื™ืง ืึทืคื™ืœื• ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืื˜ืจืึทื›ื˜, ืึทืŸ 
ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžืขื ืœืขืš ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืึทื ื˜ื“ืขืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืฆืึถืœ ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึธืก ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ื ืึธืš 
ื ึผืึทืจื™ื™ื˜ื ื“ ืคืึทืจื’ืจืขืกืขืจืŸ"" +. | 

ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื”ืฉืขืจื”, 8ื– ื ืึทื ืึทืจืืก ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืข ื™ืจื•ืฉื” ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ื ื’ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื“ืขืงื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ, ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืœืขื ืฆื ื“ืกื˜ืŸ ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ึนืึท- 
ืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงื˜,. ืืฑื™ืกืคืึทืจืฉื ื“ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึธืจืŸ 1921--1922 ื“ื™ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ- 
ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืคื™ืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, ืื™ื– ื“ืขื ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ .ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื ืข- 
ืงื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ื‘ึผืึทืงืขื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ืขืงืก ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืืก ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ 
ืคึผืึถืขืžืขืก. ืงื•ื“ื:ื›ึผืœ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜, ืฐืึธืก 
ืื™ื– ืคืึทืจืฆืฒื™ื›ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคื™ืจืงืึทืฐื•ื™ื˜ืฉ-ืงืึธืœืขืงืฆื™ืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ื•ืž' 
107-1. ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ืื™ื–ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ื 998 
ื‘ึผืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ '8, ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื“ืขืคืขืงื˜, ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืจื™ืกืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ื‘ึผื•ื™ื ื ื˜; ืขืจื˜ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทืžึฟื™ืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืคืึทืจ- 
ืคื•ืœื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืœืขื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ ื›ื•ืŸ ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึธืก 
, ืฉืืจื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืง'', ื“ืึธืš ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ืฒื™ื˜ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทื˜ืจืขืคื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืžืึทื ื•ืก. 
ืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ื ืกืš-ื”ื›ึผืœ ืื•ื™ืก 187 ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืื™ื–ืŸ ืฆื•ื ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ื ื 
ืžืึทื ืฑืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื™ื ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืึท ื–ื•ื›ืฆืขื˜ืœ ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืงืŸ 
ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ื‘ึผืขืช 
| ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื ืึธืš ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืฉืœื™ืžื•ึนืช. ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืคืžืื ืก ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜, ืึทื–ืฑ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ 18 ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, 


1 ื ืึธืš ืงื•ื™ืคึผืžืึทื ืก ื˜ืฑื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคืฉ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขืจ 
ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœื™ืึธื˜ืขืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื ื ืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื•ื™ืกื , ืึทืงืึทื“ืขืžื™ืข, 

2 ืื™ืŸ ,ืจืขืฐื™ ื“, ืขืฉื™ื•ื“ ื–ืฉืฐื•ื™ืฃ', ื‘' 58 ืื•ืŸ 59. 

5 ืึทื›ืขืจ ืฐื™ื™ื•ื ืึธืŸ ืขืœื™ืคึผื™ ืžืขื•ืช 469. ืคื•ืŸ ืฐืึทื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื›ืขืจื ืฉืขื•ืช ื ืขืžื ื–ื™ืš, 
ืฐื•ืขื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขื—ื™ื•ืŸ ืฐืขืจืŸ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, | | ื• 

4 ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, ื‘ึผ' 59, ื•' 97. 





100 ื“ื™ืจ ', ืฆื™ื’ื’ ืขืจื’ 


ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื“ืข ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืข ืžื•ื–ื™ืงืึทืœื™ืฉืข 
ื ืขืžืขืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืกื“ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผื˜ื™ื™ 
ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืึท ื‘ึผื™ืก? ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืขืจ, ืฐื™ ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืคืžืึทื ืก. ืืžืช, ื‘ึผืึทื›ืขืจ ืจืขื“ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืจื™ื›ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ืึท ืค ืข ืจ ืฆ ื  ื˜ ืข ืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒื™ืœื•ื ื’ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 
ืคื™ื ื’ื™ืงื” (ืคืขื ื“ื–ื™ืงื), ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ืคื™ืจ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืŸ 
ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืึท ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ื‘ึผืึทื›ืขืจืŸ. ื‘ึผืึทื›ืขืจ ื’ื•ืคื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื˜ ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ 
ืคึผืœืึทื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทื’ื™ื ืึทืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืคืžืึทื ืก ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜; ืคื™ืœืข ื‘ึผืœืขื˜ืขืจ 
ื ืขืžื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื™ืงืŸ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืžืขืจืงื˜, ืึทื– 
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืœืึธื˜ 21 ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืคึผืึทืกื’ื“ื™ืกืŸ ืึธืจื˜; ืžื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื”ื•ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื˜ืข ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’ ,,ืื™ื‘ึผื’ื™'" (ืื™ื™ื‘ื“ื–ื™), ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ 
ื“ื™ืจืขืงื˜ ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืœืขื˜ืขืจ 186---161, ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืึธื ื˜ืขืจ ื ืขืžื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจืคื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก 
ื‘ึผืึทื›ึถืขืจืŸ, ื•ื™ ืขืจ ื’ื•ืคื ืื™ื– ื–ื™ืš ืžื•ื“ื” 1,, ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืงืœืึธืจ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืฒื˜ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื™ืขื“ืข ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’ ื˜ืจืึธื ื˜; ืืฑื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึนึผืึทื™ 
ืžืขืจืงื˜, ืึทื– ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืึท ื“ืึธืคึผืœื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ. ื“ืขืจ ,ื–ื•ื›" 
ืฆืขื˜?'' ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืฐืขืจื˜ืขืจ: , ื•ืืœืช 
ืคืชื•ื—ื™ ื—ื•ืชื ื”ืžืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื–ืžื•ื ื™ื'. ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธื˜ื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ 5 
ืœื•ื™ื˜ ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืŸ ืคื“ืจ : 

- 1) ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’ , ืจืึทืฉื˜" ืึทื ื˜ื”ืึทืœื˜ 89 ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ 
,ืจืึทืฉื˜'' ื‘ึผืึทื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขืจืกื™ืฉ -- ืึท ื’ืœื™ื™ื›ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžืข, 

2) ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’ , ืžืื”ืจ'' (ืžืึทื”ืื•ืจ) --- 28 ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. ื“ืึธื 
ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขืจืกื™ืฉ --- ื‘ึผืึทืฉืœืฒื ื™ืงืŸ, ืฉื ืขืœืขืจ ืžืึทื›ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืขืžืคึผ. 

3) ื“ืจื™ื˜ืข ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’ ,, ื—ื•ืกื™ื™ื ื™'" -- 110 ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. ื”ื•ืกื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืข- 
ื”ื™ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืขื ื›ืึทืœื™ืฃ ืึทืœื™ืก ื–ื•ืŸ, 

4) ืคืขืจื˜ืข ืืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’ ,ื‘ึผื•ืกึธืœื™ืง'' -- 84 ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื ืขืžื˜ 
ื–ื™ืš ืคื•ื ื ืคึผืขืจืกื™ืฉืŸ ืฐืึธืจื˜ ,ื‘ึผื•ืก' --- 8 ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืงื•ืฉ, ื“"ื” ืึท ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, 
ืฆื˜ืจื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ, 

8) ืคื™ื ืคื˜ืข ืืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’ ,ืขืึทื’ืึธืก--ื ื™ื‘ื•ืจืฅ?" -- 08 ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฐืึธืจื˜ ืื™ื– ืึทืŸ ืึทืจืึทื‘ึผื™ืฉ, ื“ืึธืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข -- ืึท ืคึผืขืจืกื™ืฉ. ื‘ื™ื™ื“ืข 
ื‘ึผืึทืžืฒื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ ื‘ึผื•ื›ืฉื˜ืขื‘ึผืœืขืš: ืึท ื ื™ื™ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื , ืึธื“ืขืจ-ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ืื™ืŸ 
ื™ืึธืจ, ื“ืึธ ื“ืึทืจื ืขืก ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืฒื˜ืŸ: ืขืคึผืขืก ื ื™ื™ืก, ืคืจืขืžื“ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืก. 

6) ื–ืขืงืกื˜ืข ืืคึผื˜ืฒื™ืœืชื ื’ ,ืกืึทื‘ึผื”' -- 94 ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ 
ื‘ึผืึทื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืจืึทื‘ึผื™ืฉ --- ืึท ื‘ึผืชื•ืœื”, 

7) ื–ื™ื‘ึผืขื˜ืข ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒื™ืœื ื’ ,,ื–ื•ื ื‘ื•ืœื™'' -- 28 ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. 


1 ืฆึดื™ื˜, ืึทืจื‘ึผ, 58, 246, 

2 ื, ืฆ. ืื™ื“ืขืœืกืึธืŸ ืฐืฒื–ื ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ืึธืคึผื”ืึทื ื“ืœื•ื ื’ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื ืืจื” ื•ืฉื™ืจื—ื•" 
(ื”ืฉื™ื•ื—", 7, |-ืŸ), ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœื ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึทืŸ ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื•ื ื“ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื˜ืจื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื“ื• 401 


8) ืึทื›ื˜ืข ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒื™ืœื•ื ื’ ;ืื™ืš?" --- 58 ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื™ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืึทืจืึทื‘ึผื™ืฉ ื“ื™ ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืข, ืฐืึธืก ื”ื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ ,8" 

) ื ื™ื™ื ื˜ืข ืึถืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’ , ืฉื™ื’ื™ื™ื”'' --- 98 ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืฒื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขืจืคื™ืฉ ื“ืขื ื“ืจื™ื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืงื˜ืึทืฐืข (48--51). 

00 ืฆืขื ื˜ืข ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’ ,ืื™ื‘ื’ื™ (ืขื•ื•ื“ื–ื™)''--- 28 ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. / ืจืึธืก 
ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืฒื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขืจื˜ื™ืฉ ืึท ื”ื•ื™ื›ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžืข. ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’ ื˜ืจืึธื ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืฐื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ (ืฆ"ื‘ ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืค- 
ืžืึทื ื) * ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืงืขืคึผืœ ,,ืคึผื™ื ื’ื™ืื”'' ืึธื“ืขืจ ,,ืคึผื™ื ื’ื™ื ื”'', ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข 
ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืฒื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขืจืกื™ืฉ ื“ืขื ืคื™ื ืคื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืงื˜ืึทืฐืข (4501 . 

1) ืขืœืคื˜ืข ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’ , ื ืื‘ื”'' --- 78 ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื‘ืึทื˜ืฒื™ื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขืจืกื™ืฉ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื’ืขื ืขืžืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžืข. 

2) ืฆืฐืขืœืคื˜ืข ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒื™ืœื•ื ื’ ,, ื ื™ืจื™ื™ื?' ((ื“ื–ืฉื™ืจื™ื™ื) -- 16 ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, 
ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืฒื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืขืจืกื™ืฉ---ื“ืขื ืคืขืจื˜ืŸ ื˜ืึธืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืงื˜ืึทืฐืข (18). 

84 ื“ืจื™ื™ืฆื ื˜ืข ืึธืคึผื˜ืฉืฒืœื•ื ื’ ,ืื•ื–ืึทืœ" -- 28 ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. ื“ืึธืก ืฐืึธืจื˜ 
ื‘ึผืึทื˜ื™ืฒื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืจืึทื‘ื™ืฉ ืึท ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืข ืฉื˜ื™ื 1 

| ืฆื•ื–ืืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ 160 ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฆืฐื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ 
ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– 90, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืคืจื™ื“ืœืขื ื“ืขื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจื™ 
, ืคึผื–ืžื•ื ื™ื'', ืื•ืŸ 190, ื•ืืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื’ื™ื˜ ื‘ึทึผื™ื™ ืคืจื™ื“ืœืขื ื“ืขืจืŸ, ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืงื•ื™ืคืžืึทื ืก ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคื˜. ืขืก ืžื•ื– ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขืจื‘ึผื™ื™ ืึธื ื’ืขืžืขืจืงื˜ ื•ืฐืขืจืŸ, ืื– 
ื”ืขื›ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื™ืกื™ืง ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ, 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึทื ืึทืจืึทืŸ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜. ื‘ึผืึทื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืฉืขืชึผื• ืึธื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ, 
ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืคึผืžืึทื ืก ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื›ืขืจืก ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื’ื’ ืึทืŸ 
ืืฒื™ื’ื ื”ืึทื ื˜ื™ืงืข. ืึธืคึผืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึทื ืึทืจืึทืŸ ื’ื•ืคื, ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืฆืึธืœ 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ (41), ืฐืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึทื ืึทืจื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืึทืจืคืึทืกื˜, ื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ืคืึธืจื ื™ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืงืจืึธืกื˜ื™ืš ืึทื™ื™ื ื’ืขืคืœืึธื›ื˜ืŸ ืคืจืขืžืจืข ื ืขืžืขืŸ (ืžืฉื”, ืคื•, 
ืฉืœืžื”, ืžืจื“ื›ื™, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื›ึผื“ื•ืžื”). ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข 41 ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืข" . 
ืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 28 ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜, ื ืึธืจ ื—ื•ืฅ ื–ื™ื™ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข, 
ืฐืึธืก: ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ืึธ ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืคืžืฉื ืก ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’. ื‘ึผืึทื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืงืึทื ื˜ ื’ืข- 
ืคื™ื ืขืŸ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทืกื™ืงืข ืขืจืกืœืขืจื•ื ื ื’, ืฐื™ ืขืก ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึธืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ-ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’. ืึทืŸ ืึธื ืฐื•ื™ื™ื–ื•ื ื’ ื“ืขืจื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึทืŸ ื’ื•ืคื ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ 
ืžื™ืจ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜, ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืคื™ืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธืœืขืงืฆื™ืข ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขื ื ื•ื' 186. ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ืื™ื– ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ 
ื“ืขืคืขืงื˜, ืขืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ื“ืจื™ื™ ืคืจืึทื ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ, 


* ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ืืฒืŸ ืœื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’ 
,ื™ื—ืœื•ืฃ ืขืœื™ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™" ื“ืึธืก ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืงืขืคึผืœ: ,ืคื•ืžื•ืŸ ื ืื” ืฉื ื“ื™ ื ืชื ืœื™ ื˜ื•ืจืงื™. ืคื™ื ื ื™ืื”, 
1 ื“ื™ ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ึฐึผืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื™ื“ืขืœืกืึธื ืขืŸ 
(32) 





108 ื“"ืจ โ€ ืฆื™ื ื‘ื’ืขื™ื  


| ื•ืืก ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืจืขืคืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ 18 ื‘ึผืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ '8, ืืฑืฃ ืึท ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืœืื˜ 
ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข ื ืึธื˜ื™ืฅ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผื™ืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืŸ: , ืœืจ' ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ึผืŸ ืžืฉื”, ืื™ื ื ื• 
ื ื’ืืจื™, ื›ืชื‘ ื™ื“ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ'. ืคื™ืจืงืื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ืึธื ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื•ื ื’, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ 
ื™ืฉืจื? ื‘ึผืŸ ืžืฉื” ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึท -- ืื™ื– ืื•ืžื‘ึผืึทื“ื™ื ื’ื˜ ืคืึท ืœืฉ. ืึทืœืข 
ื“ืจื™ื™ ืคึฟืจืึทื’ืžืขื ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึธืก ืœื™ืจืขืจื™ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ , ืฉืืจื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ'". 
ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืื’ืžืขื ื˜ ืึทื ื˜ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื“ืขื ืึทืจื™ื™ื ืคื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื“ืจื™ื™ 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’ ,,ื–ื ื‘ื•ืœื™'', ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืึทื’ืžืขื ื˜ -- ื“ืขื 
ืึทืจื™ื™ื ืคื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ 98 ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’ , ืื™ืจืง"; ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 21 ืœื•- 
ื“ืขืจ ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืŸ ืกื“ืจ ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืคืžืึทื ืก ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜, ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื™ืงืข ื’ืขืคื™ื ื ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื“.,,ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ื ื ื” ื ืฉื ื‘ 
ืฉืžื•!!, ืฐืึธืก ืคืขืœื˜ ืื™ ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืคืžืึทื ืก ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ืื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืจื™ืขืจ 
ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืขื ืขื ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคืจืึทื ืžืขื ื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 19 ื ืึท- 
ื ืึทืจืึทืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’ ,,ืื•ื–ืึทืœ", ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืฆื•ื•ืขืœืฃ ืื™ื– ืึทื™ื - 
ื’ืขืคืœืึธื›ื˜ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ,ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึทืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื˜ืจืึธื ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืืœืข 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ืคืจืึทื ืžืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ 88 ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ื ื ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ. ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื™- 
ืงืข ื–ืขืงืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒื™ืœื•ื ื’ ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืคืจืขืžืจืข ื ืขืžืขืŸ. 
ื ื•ืž' 33 ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื“ืขื ืึทืงืจืึธืกื˜ื™ืš --- ื™ืฆื—ืง ื—ื–ืก, ื ื•ืž' 84 ืื•ืŸ 568 -- ื“ืขื 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืžืฉื”, ื ื•ืž' 89 -- ื“ืขืก ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ืžืจื“ื›ื™, ื ื•ืž' 288 ืื•ืŸ 89 -- ื“ืขื 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ ื–ืจื—ื™ื”. ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขื ืœื™ื“ ,,ืžื™ ื›ื“' ืืœื—ื™ื ื•'' (ื ื•ืž' 84) ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืคืฉืจื™ืคื˜: ื•ื–ื” ืœื”ื—ื›ื ืžื”"ืจ ืžืฉื” ืขื‘ืืก ื "ื™',, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ืš 
,ื–ื›ืื™ ื”ืฉื‘ ืœื‘ืฆืจื•ืŸ ื•ื—ื‘ืฆืœืช ื”ืฉืจื•ืŸ' (ื ื•ื' 38) ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืคืฉืจื™ืคื˜: 
,, ืœื”ื—ื›ื ื”ืฉืœื ืžื•ืจื™ ื›ืžื”'"ืจ ื–ืจื—ื™ื” ืžืœื™ืจื™ืืก ื–ืœ"ื”'. ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ืค- 
ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื‘ึผืœื™ื™ืกืคืง ื’ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึท ื’ื•ืคื. ืคื™ืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ื”ืฉืขืจื”, 
ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ืื™ื– ,,ื›ึผืชื‘ื™ื™ื“ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ'', ื“"ื”, ืึทื– ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื ืŸ ืคืึทืจ 
ื–ื™ืš ืืŸ ืื•ื™ื˜ืึธื ืจืึท ืคื™ืฉืข ืึธืคึผืฉืฒื™ืคื˜ -- ืื™ื– ื ืื ืฅ ื‘ืึทืจืขื›ื˜ื™ืงื˜. ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ืคืฉืจื™ืคื˜ืŸ ื’ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ื ื– ืฆื• -ืฐื•ื™ืกืŸ, ืึทื– ื“ื™ ืึทืœืข ืคืจืขืžื“ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, 
ืฐืึธืก ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ-ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’, ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืคืืจืคืืกื˜ ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึธืก 
ืžืงื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืขื ื˜ืข ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืข, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื ื•ืคื ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืคืึทืจ 
ื–ื™ืš ืึธืคึผื ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืœืึธื–ื˜ ืœื–ื›ึผืจื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ, ืฐื•ึผ ืขืจ ืคืœืขื’ื˜ 
ืคืึทืจืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืื™ื™ื’ืขื ืข ืจื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, 

ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืžืื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืขืจ ืงืึธืœืขืง- 
ืฆื™ืข (ื ื•ืž' 187 ืื•ึนืŸ 198) ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ ืึท ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึทืก ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ 
ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉื”. ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื•ื˜ืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ื ื•ืž' 1857 ืื™ืŸ 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืก 190 ื‘ึผืœืึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ '8. ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 120 
ื‘ึผืœืขื˜ืขืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ืคืืจื ื•ืžืขืŸ 128 ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ื›ึผืžืขื˜ ืึทืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึทื ืึทืจื˜ืŸ; ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ 
ื‘ึผื™ืขื˜ืขืจ 121--122 ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืืจืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ 4 ืœื™ื“ืขื“, ืฐืึธืค ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืืœืข ื“ืขื 


ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ืจืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื™ื™ ื™ื™ืจืŸ 49 


ื ืึธืžืขืŸ; ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืืคืฉืจ ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึธืก ื–ื•ืŸ?), ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข 7 ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ ืึท ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื”ืึทื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ืืฑื™ืฃ ื–ื™ื™ 
ืคืึทืจืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืงื‘ืœื™ืฉืข ื”ืฉื‘ึผืขื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ืงืžื™ืขื•ืช. ื“ืขืจ ืžืึท- 
ื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืœืขื›ื˜ ืื•ื™ืคื ืขื”ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ. ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข 58 
ื‘ึผืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืคืขืœืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืœื™ื“, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– 
ืคืึทืจืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ื ื•ืž' 80, ื“ืึทืŸ ืคืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืœืขื˜ืขืจ 88--40 ืื•ืŸ 9)--- 
81. ื‘ึผืกืš-ื”ื›ึผืœ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ 70 ืœื™ืจืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืืก 
ื ืึธืžืขืŸ (ืึทืงืจืึธืกื˜ื™ืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจื? ื‘ึผืŸ ืžืฉื—), ืื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื“ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ืึธืžืขืŸ 
ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืจ ืคื•ึนืŸ ื“ืขื ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ื˜ืŸ ืœื•ื™ ื‘ึนึผืจ ื™ืฉืจื?,. ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืฃ โ€ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื ืึทื™ื ื’ืขื˜ืฒืœื˜ ื•ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ -ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ". 
ื“ืขืจืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืขืก, ื ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืœื™ื“ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื- 
ืกืขืจ ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืข ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ื“ ื“ืึทืจืฃ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ. ื˜ืึทืจ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื“ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘- 
ืคืขืจื–: ,, ืœืžื” ื“ื•ื“ ืœื ืฆื— ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉื›ื—ื ื™" ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืคืฉืจื™ืคื˜: 
;ืคึผื•ืžื•ืŸ ื ืื” ืจื•ืžื ืกื•'', ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืขืจ ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ื ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ 
ื“ื™ื“ืึทืงื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ,. ืื™ื™ื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ (ื ื•ื' 184) ื˜ืจืฒื’ื˜ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืคืฉืจื™ืคื˜ 
,ืคึผื•ืžื•ืŸ ื ืื” ืžืฉื•ื‘ื— ื•ืžื™ื•ืกื“ ืขืœ ืฉื™ืชื ืกื“ืจื™ ืžืฉื ื”'' ืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืกื˜ืจืึธืคืข ; | 
ืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ืช ืืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ืš 
ื•ื‘ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ื”ื ื™ื•ื ืš 
ื•ืฉื ื ืชื ืœื‘ื ื™ืš, 
ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืกืึทื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื“ืึธืก ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื“ื™ื“ืืงื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึฟื™ืš 
(ื ื•ืž' 112) ,ืคึผื•ืžื•ืŸ ื ืื” ืžื™ื•ืกื“ ืข? ื”ืฉื™ื ื”', ืฐืึธืก ื˜ืจืึธื’ื˜ ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึธืก 
ืึทืงืจืึธืกื˜ื™ืš -- ืึท ืžื•ืกืจ-ืœื™ื“ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฉืœืึธืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจืขืจ 
ืคื•ื ื˜ ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืจ 
ื‘ืจืขื ื ืขืŸ ืขืก ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ; 
ืื™ืฉ ืœื™ืœ ื—ื•ืจืฃ -- ืชื™ืฉืŸ ืขืœ ืขื•ืจืฃ 
ื•ืœื ืชืงื•ื ืืœ ืžืฉื ืชืš 
ืื™ืฉ ื•ื›ืŸ' 
ื™ืžื™ื ืžืชื ื•ืžื” ื ืขื•ืจื™ื 
ื”ื ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื 
ืงื•ื ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ื•ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื 
ืืš ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ื ื— ืชื•ืš ื—ื“ืจื™ื 
ืขืœ ืžื˜ืชืš ื‘ืžื™ืชืชืš 
ืื™ืฉ ื•ื›ื•' โ€ 
ืฉื™ ื ื ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ื•ืคืงื— ืขื™ื ื™ื 
: ืฉื™ื ื” --- ืžื™ืชื— ื•ืชืขื•ืจื” ื—ื™ื™ื 


50 ื“"ืจ ื™; ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ืงื•ื˜ ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ื•ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื 
ืœืžืขืŸ ืชื—ื™ื” ืืชื” ื•ื‘ื™ืชื™ืš 
ืื™ืฉ. ื•ื›ื•" 
ืจืื” ื”ื‘ื˜: ืžืœืื›ื™ ืจื•ืžื” 
ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืฉื™ื ื” ื•ืœื ืชื ื•ืžื” 
ืžื”ื ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื•ืžื”ืจื” ืงื•ืžื” 
ื ื”ื ืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืจืชืš 
ืื™ืฉ ื•ื›ื•" 
ืื˜ ื ืฉืžืชืš ื”ื™ื ื ืงืจืืช ื—ื™ื” 
ื•ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ืœืชื— ืžืชื›ืœื ื—ื™ื” 
ื ื•ืฃ ื›ื ืฉืžื” ืขืฉื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ื” 
ืœืžื” ืชืžื•ืช ื‘ืœื ืขืชืš 
ืื™ืฉ ื•ื›ื•' 
ืœึตื™ืœื” ืœื™ื•ื ืชืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื’ื™ืขื” 
ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืœืš ืฆื™ื“ื” ืœืฉื‘ืขื” 
ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ื ื ืกื™ืขื” 
ื•ืžืื•ื“ ืจื—ืงื• ื”ืœื™ื›ื•ืชื™ืš 
ืื™ืฉ ื•ื›ืŸ'" 
ืœืš ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืขื™ืŸ ืœื ืจืืชื” 
ืื ืฉื™ื ื” ืžืขื™ื ื™ืš ื ื“ื“ืชื” 
ื ื ืึตืœ ื™ื ื™ื“ ืžืขื™ื ื™ืš ืžื•ืชื” 
ื•ืžื•ื“ ืžื“ื” ื›ืžื“ืชื™ืš 
ืื™ืฉ ื•ื›ื•" 

ื™ ื—ื–ืง ืขื•ืจื” ืื™ืฉ ืžืชื ื•ืžื•ืช 
ื•ื™ืขื•ืจืจืš ืืœ ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืช 
ืชืžืฆื ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื™"ืฉ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช 

ื™ื”ื™ ื—ืœืงืš ื•ื ื—ืœืชืฃ:. 
ืื™ืฉ ื•ื›ื•" 


ื—ื•ืฅ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืœื™ื“ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข 
ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฐืึธืก ืคืขืœืŸ ื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ื™ืคืžืึทื ืก ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ื”ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 
ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ืข ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ 1: ื ื•ืž' 69 ;ื™ื“ื™ื“ ื—ืžื“ืชื™, ื—ื•ืฉื” 
ื›ึฟืขื–ืจืชื™, ืงื•ืžื”'', ื ื•ืž' 86 ,ื™ื•ื? ืืœ ื›ื‘ื™ืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื“ื‘ื™ืจ", ื ื•ื' 129 ,,ืฆื•ืจื™ 


1 ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ึถึผืขืจ ื“ื™ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ, ืžื™ื ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืขื ื”ืึธื ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ืฆื˜ ื™, ื“ืึท? 
ื™ื™ื“ื–ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ื•ื”ืคื™ื•ื" (ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, |, 219, 328, 360), 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ืจืŸ 51 


ื ื•ืืœื™ ื™ื”, ืฆื•ืจื™ ื ื•ืืœื™ ื™ื”, ืžื”ื™ืจ ื•ื”ื—ื™ืฉ ืคืจื•ืช ื™ืขืœื” ื™ืคื™ืคื™ื”, ื ื•ืž' 152 
,ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™, ืื–ื ื›ื ื”ื˜ื• ื•ืœื›ื• ืืœื™, ื”ื•ืจ ืืœ ืืขื ื”". ื”ื™ 

ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก 90 ื‘ึผืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 8; 
ื“ืขืจ ืฉืขืจ" ื‘ืœืึทื˜ ืคืขืœื˜, ืื•ึนื™ืฃ ื ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืœืื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ืคื™ืจ- 
ืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉืขืก ืื•ื™ืคืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’: ,,ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ื–ืžื™ืจื•ืช ?ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ืกืคืจื“ื™ื'', ืื•ื™ืคืŸ 
ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื‘ึผืœืึทื˜ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื•ืคึผื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคึผื™ื•ื˜ื™ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ืฉืœ ืคึผืกื— 
ืคื•ืŸ ืื•ืžื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืœืึทื˜ ืื™ื– ื ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš 
ื’ื™ื™ืขืŸ ื’ืึทื ืฆืข ืคื™ืจ ืึถืคึผื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึทื ืึทืจืึทืก ืคึผื–ืžื•ื ื™ื (ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื•ืืจืคึฟืŸ 
ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ), ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒื™- 
ืœื•ื’ื’ (ืจืึทืฉื˜) ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืื•ื™ืก 79 ืœื™ื“ืขืจ; ื“ืจื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ , ื–ืžื™ืจื•ึนืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ' (}, ื ื•ื' 0 10 ืื•ืŸ 26) ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขืงืก, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืงืฑืคึผืžืึทื ืก ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึท- 
ืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืขื ืข ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ; 1) ืฉืžืข ืœืงื•ืœ ืื ืงืช ืืกื™ืจ ืฆื•ืจ, ืฆื•ืขืง ืœืš ืคืŸ 
ื”ืžืฆื•ื™ื; 2) ืœืš ืืงืจื ื™ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื—ืชื™ื” ืืœ ื ืื–ืจ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืจื”; 8) ื™ื•ื“ืš 
ืฉืคืจื™ืจื™ ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื ื•ืคื™ ืฆื“ืงืชืš ื™ื‘ื™ืข; 4) ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื“ื•ื ื™ ืกื›ื•ืชื ื• ื•ืงื‘ืœ ืืช 55 
ืงื”ืœืชื™ื ื•; 0) ืืœ ืขืžื™ ื‘ื•ื ื ื ืืกื•ืจื” ืืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืืžื™ืŸ 6) ืฉื‘ืข ื‘ื™ื•ื 
ื”ืœืœืชื™ืš ื›ื™ ืืชื” ื—ื™ ืฆื•ืจ ืขื•ึนืœืžื™ื; ื ืึธืš ื“ืจื™ื™ ืœื™ื™ืจื™ืงืข ื‘ึผืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืคืึธืœื ื˜ ื“ื™ 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒื™ืœื•ื ื’ (ืžืื”ืจ), ืฐืึธืก ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ืื•ื™ืก 81 ืœื™ื“ืขืจ; ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืข- 
ืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 8 ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’, ืื™ื™ื ืก ืื™ื– ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืจืจื•ืงื˜ 
ืื™ืŸ ,,ื–ืžื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ'' (}, ื ื•ืž' 2) ืื•ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™, ื•ึนืึธืก ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ื™ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ืข ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ !: 1) ื™ื” ืืœ ื ื•ืฉื ื—ื•ืŸ 
ืœื™ื•ื ื” ื•ืจืื” ื›ื™ ืฆืจ ืขืœื™ื” ืงื, 2) ืื ื™ ืœืืœ ืงื™ื ืืงืจื ื•ืจ' ื™ื•ืฉื™ืขื ื™. ื“ื™ 
ื“ืจื™ื˜ืข ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’ (ื”ื•ืกื™ื™ื ื™) ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ืื•ื™ืก 123 ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ 18, 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืฑื‘ึผื ื“ืขืจืžืึธื˜ืข ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ? ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืœืข 
ืฉื˜ืึทืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึทื ื˜ืจืึทืŸ: 1) ื–ื”ื›ื™ ืจืขื™ ื—ืžื•ืœื™ ืขึนืœึดื™ ืœื‘ื‘ื™ ื”ื›ืื•ื‘, 
2) ื™ื“ืจ ื ื ืืœ ืงืจื‘ื ื• ื›ื™ ืกื‘ื‘ื•ื ื• ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ื• ื”ืœืžื•ื ื• ื”ืžืžื•ื ื•, 4) ืฉื‘ืช ื•ืžื™ืœื” 
ืฉื ื“ืจ ืžืขื•ื ื” ื—ืœืง ืœืฉื‘ืขื” ื•ื’ื ืœืฉืžื•ื ื”, 4) ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ืจืขื™ ืฉืืœื• ืึธืŸ ืคื ื” 
ื“ื•ืฃ; 9) ื™ืฉืงื ื™ ืขืกื™ืก ืจืžื•ื ื™ ืขื™ืœื, 6) ื™ื•ื“ืš ืจืขื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืกื”? ืืžื•ื ื™ ืคื‘ื™, 
ื•ืขื™ื ื™ 7/) ืืœื™ ืžืชื™ ืขื“ืจื™ ืชืงืจื ืฉื•ื‘ ื—ื•ื ืŸ ืขื ื‘ื—ืจืช, 8) ื™ืฉืžื— ืœื‘ื ื• 
ื‘ืžืฉื™ื— ืฆืฑืงื ื•, 9) ืขื–ืจื™ ื‘ืฉื ืืœ ืฉื“ื™, 10) ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืชื”ืœื•ืช ืžืœื›ื ื• ืžื” 
ืื“ื™ืจ ืฉืžืš ื‘ืืจืฅ, 11) ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืชื”ืœื•ืช ืฆื•ืจ ื ื•ืจื ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ืžืข ืชืคืœื•ืช, 
2) ื™ื“ื•ืจ ื ื“ื“ ืžืžืฉื›ื ื™ ืืงืจื ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืœื ืขื ื ื™, 13) ืžืœืš ืจื ื‘ืฉืžื™ 
ืฉืžื™ื, 14) ืžื” ืœืš ื™ื•ื ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืขื•ืŸ ืชื ื™ื ื”ืกื™ืจื™ ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื™'ืžื•ืจืš, 18) ื™ื“ื™ืจื™ 





ื™ื™ื“ ื™ื˜ 


1 ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื“ืึทืฐื™ืจื–ืึธืŸ ื”ืฆึธื ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึทึผืึทื ื•ืฆืฉ. 
5 ื›ึฐึผืœื•ื™ื– ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคืกืŸ, ืžื™ื ืฐืขืœื›ืข ื“ืึธ. 
ืฐืฑื™ื“ื–ืึธืŸ ื”ื™ึดื ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ืฆื, 


502 ื“"ืจ . ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ึฟ 


ืžื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ ื ื ื‘ื™ื ืš ื ื˜ืฉืช ืืช ื ื•ื‘ ืžืขื•ื ื™ืš ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™, 16) ืžื•ืœ ืืœ ื ืื“ืจ ื“ืจ 
ืžืขืœื” ืืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื–ืžืจื”, /1) ืืชื” ืืœื™ ืžื ืŸ ื‘ืขื“ื™ ืžืฉืขืŸ ืžื‘ื˜ื—ื™ ื•ืžืขื•ื•, 
8) ืืชืžื ื•ืืฃ ืชืžื”ื™ื, 
ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื˜ืข ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒื™ืœื•ื ื’ (ื ื™ื‘ื•ืจืฅ) ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก 75 ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื–ืขืงืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืก ื“ืขื ืขืจืฉื˜ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืค 
,ื–ืžื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจื?'" ืื•ืŸ 9 ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ืึธืš ืื•ืžื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืข: 1) ื™ืืกื•ึนืฃ ืœืขื 
ื’ื—ืœืชื•, ื”ืžื” ื ื—ืœืช ืขืžื™ ืฆืืŸ ืžืจืขื™ืชื•, 2) ื™ื” ืฉืœื— ืจื–ื•ืŸ ืœืฆืจ ืžืชื ื‘ืจ, 5) ื™ื•ืฉื‘ 
ืฉื—ืง ื—ื•ื ื ื™ ืžื—ืจ ื—ื•ื ื ื™ 4 4) ืื•ืจื— ื—ื™ื™ื ืชื•ื“ื™ืขื ื™ ืื•ืจ ืื•ืจ ืืœื”ื™ื ืœืžืจื ื™, 
ืก) ื–ืžื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืชื”ืœื•ืช ื ื”ืœืœ ื‘ืคื™ื ื• ืœืžืœืš ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื›ืœ, 6) ื™ืชืจื•ืžื ืžื›? ื‘? ื”ื›ืœ 
ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื ื™ืžื•ืฉ, 7) ืืœ ื ื’ืœืช ื‘ืกื ื”, ื—ืœืฅ ืขืžืš ืžื™ื“ ืฉื•ึนื ึตื, 8) ื™ื—ื™ืฉ ืืœื™ 
ื™ื•ื ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื™, 9) ืืฉื•ืจืจ ื‘ื ื•ืขื ืฉื™ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, 
| = ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืขืจ ืคึผื™ืจืงืึธืฐื•ื™ื˜ืžืฉ-ืงืึธืœืขืงืฆื™ืข ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจืŸ ื ื•ืž" 
82 ืึท ื›ึผืชื‘ื“ื™ื“ ืื•ื™ืก 110 ื‘ึผืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ '8, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืึท ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ 581 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื– ืึท ืคึผืึถืจ ืฆืขื ื“ืœื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืื™ื‘ืข- 
ืจื™ืงืข ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทืœึถืข ืคื•ืŸ ื ืึทื ืึทืจืึธืก , ืฉืืจื™ืช ื™ืฉืจื?'', ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทืฒื - 
ื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืจื•ื›ึผืขืก. ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’ (ืื™ืจืง) ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก 
6 ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืคื™ื ืฃ, ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข 
ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ 2: 1) ืืœื™ืš ืืงืจื ืžืจื•ื, ื”ืฆื™ืœื ื™ ืžื›? ืฆืจื” ืžืจื•ื, 2) ืžื•ื–ืžื•ืจ 
ืฉื™ืจ ื•ื”ื•ื“ื™ื” ืืฉื™ืจ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืืœ ื›ื™ ื ืื” ื’ืื”, 3) ืื ื ืืœ ื ื•ืืœื™ ืžื ืช ื—ื‘ืœื™, 
4 ื—ืžื“ืช ืœื‘ื‘ื™, ืจืคื” ื›ืื‘ื™, 8) ื™ืคื” ืชืฉืžื— ืขืกืžื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”. ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข 
ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’ (ืื‘ื ื™) ืึทื ื˜ื”ืึทืœื˜ 80 ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ื‘ึผื™ื™ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื‘ึฟืึท- 
ืžืขื•ืงื•ื ื’;: 5ื—ืŸ ืคื™ื ื’ื™ื ืื” (ืžืขืœืึธืจื™ ืคืขื ื“ื–ืฉื™ืงืึธ) *. ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื ืขืŸ 2 ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ;: 4) ื™ื” ื ืขืœื” ืžืžืจื—ืง ื—ื™ืฉ 
ืคื“ื ื™, 2) ื™ืงื•ื ื ื ืžืœื›ื™ ื™ืคื“ื ื™. โ€ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’ (ืกืื‘ึผื”) 
ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš 89 ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ 11, ืฐืึธืก ืคืขืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื˜ืึท- 
ื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ: 1) ื™ื ื™ืœ ื™ื“ื•ืฅ ืœื‘ื‘ ืขื•ืœื -- ืจื‘ ื•ื™ื‘ื™ ืืœ, 2) ื™ื”, ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ื ื” 
ืœื™ื•ื ื” ื™ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืžืขื•ื ื”, 3) ืื‘ ืืชื” ืœืื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ื -- ืœืขื ืฉื•ืžืจ ืืžื•ื ื™ื, 
4) ื™ืœื‘ืฉ ื ืงื ืขืœ ืฆืจ, 8) ืืœ ืฉืฉื•ื ื™ ื•ืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™, 6) ื™ืžื™ ื•ืฉื ื™ ืืขืžื•ื“ 
ืขืœ ืขืžืจื™, /) ื™ืฉืœื— ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ืืœ, 8) ืืœื”ื™ ืคื™ ื™ืกืคืจ ืฆื“ืงืชืš, 9) ื‘ื•ื ื™ื‘ื•ื 
ื›ื™ ื™ื‘ื•ื ืฉื ื ื•ืจื, 10) ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ืงื•ืžื™ ื•ื ืืžื™ ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ืžื–ืžื•ืจ, 11) ื ื•ื” ืจื 
ืฉืžืš ืกื›ื” ืขืœื™ื”. ื“ื™ ืคืขืจื˜ืข ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœื ื’ (ื ืื•ื”) ืึทื ื˜ื”ืึทืœื˜ 108 ืœื™ื“ืขืจ. 
ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืข ืœื™- 


1 ื“ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจืคึผืึทืกืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ื™ื™ืจ ืื™ื– ืืคืฉืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื’ืึทื ื™ืฉืื•, ื–ืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืจืขื 
ื™, ื“ืึทืฐื™ื“ื–ืึธืŸ, ืฆื™ื˜. ืฐ. |, /36, 
3 ืื•ื™ืš ื ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืขืก ื”ืึธื ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ืฆื˜ ื™, ื“ืึทื—ื™ื“ื–ืึธืŸ. 


* ื–ืข ืคืจื™ืขืจ ื–' 496, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืคึฟืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื™ืจืŸ ' 503 


ื“ืขืจ: 1) ืืœื™ ืจื ืžืชื ืฉื ืื™ื”ื“ืจ ืืช ืฉืžืš, 2) ื™ื” ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ืฉื—ืก ื”ื™, 
2) ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ ืชืื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ ื•ืขื™ื ื™ ืœืš ืืฉื™ืจ ืžื–ืžื•ืจ, 4) ื™ืจืขื“ ืœื‘ื™ ืขืช ืฉื™ืจ ื™ื”ื ื”, 
ืก) ื™ื”ืžื” ืœื‘ื™ ืœืš ื“ื•ืจื™, 6) ื™ื” ืžื™ ื—ื˜ืืช ืขืœื™ ื”ื–ื” 1, 7) ื™ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืจื•ืš 
ื“ื•ืคืง ื™ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืžื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉืŸ, 8) ื™ื” ื—ื•ื ื“ืœ ื™ืจื ื•ื ืืฉื ื“ื•ืžื !, 9) ื™ืขืจื‘ 
ืœืš ื ื™ื‘ ืฉื™ื—ื™ ื—ื™, 10) ื™ื”ืžื• ืžืขื™ ืœืš ื’ื•ืืœื™, 11) ื™ื•ืฆื™ื ืืคื™ืจื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืช 
ืืกื•ืจื™ื, 12) ื™ืฉืžื—ื• ื‘ืืœ ื–ืจืข ื™ืฉืจืืœ, 18) ื™ื” ืฉืขื” ืงื•ึนืœื™ ื•ื ืื•ืžื™, 14) ืืœ 
ืฉืœื— ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ืืคืจืชื™, 19) ื™ื•ื ืชื™ ืงื•ืžืชืš ืชืžืจ, 16) ื™ื” ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉืžื™ ืขืœื™ื”. 
ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ืคื˜ืข ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’ (ื‘ึผื•ืกืœื™ืง) ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ืื•ื™ืก 29 ืคื™ื“ืขืจ; ืื•ืžื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ 
ืื•ื™ื ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ: 1) ืื–ืžืจ ืœืฉืžืš ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ, 2) ื™ืจืชื— 
ืœื‘ื™ ืืฉ ื‘ื—ืงื•, 5) ืืชื” ืžืื•ืจ ื–ื”ืจื™, 4) ืฉื™ื ืœื™ ืจืืฉ ืคึผื ื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืขื“ื™ื ื” 
ืฉื ืืฉื™ืจ ืจื ื”. ื“ื™ ื–ืขืงืกื˜ืข ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’ (ื–ื ื‘ื•ืœื™) ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืื•ื™ืก 20 ืœื™ืจืข-, 
ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื‘ึผืขื˜ืข (ื’ื™ืจื ื) ืื•ื™ืก 17 ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื™ื ืก (ื™ื” ืคื ื™ืš, ื™ื” ืคื ื™ืš), 
ืฐืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ 
ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืงื•ื ื’ (ืื•ื–ืืœ) ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืคืึทืจืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ 29 ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ืžื‘ึผื- 
ืงืึทื ื˜ืข: 1) ืืœ ื‘ืก ืžืชื ืฉื, 2) ื™ืจืฆื ื™ ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื•ื›ืŸ. ื“ื™ ื ื™ื™ื ื˜ืข ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒื™ืœื ื’ 
(ืฉื™ื’ื™ื™ื) ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ืฒื˜ ืื•ื™ืก 29 ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, | 

ืื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ืฃ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืคื™ืจืงืึธื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ-ืงืึธ- 
ืœืขืงืฆื™ืข, ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคื™ืจืงืึทืฐื™ื˜ืฉ-ืงืึทืœืขืงืฆื™ืข 
ืึท ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ (ื ื•ืž' 2), ื•ืึธืก ื”ืึธื˜ ืึท ื’ืึทื ืฅ ื ืึธึถืขื ื˜ืข ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ืฆื• ื ืึท- 
ื’ืึทืจืืก ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ืจื•ืฉื”, ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ืื™ื– ืึธืŸ ื ืฉืขืจ-ื‘ึผืœืึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืกืš ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ื–ืŸ. ืื™ืฆื˜ ื”ืึทืœื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ื‘ึผืกืš-ื—ื›ืœ 90 ื‘ึผืœืขื˜ืขืจ 
ืึดื™ืŸ '4, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื™ืขื“ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืคื™ื ืฃ ื‘ึผืœืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืืฑื™ื‘ึผืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜: 
ืฉืืจื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื–ืžื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ", ื“ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืขื ืข 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืึทืœึถืข ื ื•ืžืขืจื™ืจื˜. ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ื•ืž' 
8, ื ืึธืš ื“ืขื ื ื•ืž' 41 ืคืขืœืŸ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ึผืœืขื˜ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข ื‘ึผืœืข- 
ื˜ืขืจ ื”ื™ื™ื‘ึผืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ื•ืž' 89 ืื•ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื ื•ืž' 96 ืจื™ื™ืกื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื ื•ืžืข- 
ืจืึทืฆื™ืข ืื™ื ื ืึทื ืฆืŸ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื ื•ืžืขืจื™ืจื˜ืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืจื™ื™, 
ืฐืึธืก ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึฐืจื™ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืขื ืข ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ : 
1) ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืขื“ ืืœ ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ ืœื ื“ืคืŸ ื—ื™ ื•ืงื™ื™ื, 2) ื™ื“ื•ื“ื•ืŸ ื™ื“ื•ื“ื•ืŸ ื™ื“ื•ื“ื•ืŸ 
ืฉื ืช ืžืขื™ื ื™ ืœื‘ื™ ื™ืงื•ืฅ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืœื™ืœืŸ, 9) ืกื•ื›ืช ืฉืœื•ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืจืฉ ืขืœ ืขื ืคื“ื™ื•ื 
ืžืžืš ื“ื•ืจืฉ. ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืคื™ื ืฃ ื‘ึผืœืขื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ื ืคึผืึทื’ื™ื ื™ืจื˜, ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš 
ื”ื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทื’ื™ื ืึทืฆื™ืข ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ืคื•ืŸ ื ื•ืž' 19 ื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ื‘ึผืœืึทื˜ ืื™ืŸ 
ื‘ึผืึทืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ื•ืž' 164 ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ื‘ึผืœืึธื˜ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ื ื•ืž' 194. ืขื ืื™ืŸ 
ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ืงืœืึธืจ, ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืฆื˜ืขืจ ื‘ึผืœืึธื˜ ืฉื˜ืึทืžื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜, 


1 ืคืึทืจืฆืฒื›ื ื ื‘ื™ ื“ืึทืฐื™ื“ื–ืึธื ืขืŸ, 





584 ืœ"ืจ '. ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ื“ืขืจ ื’ืึทื ืฆืขืจ ืžืึทื’ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜. ืื™ืŸ ื ื ืขืžื™ืฉ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ืจืขื ื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ืคื˜. 
ื“ืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ |ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ื”ืขื ื’ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึธืŸ ืึท ืฉื•ื ืกื—ืจ ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึธืก 
ืคึผื–ืžื•ื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ืคึผืึทืกื™ืจื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื–ืขืœื˜ืŸ, ืึทื– ืื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื›ืข 
ืœื™ื“ ื—ื–ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธืœ. ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื ืื™ื™ืŸ 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืขืจ ื”ืึทื ื˜ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ื ืขืžืึทื›ื˜ ื’ืขืฐืึธืจืŸ ืคึผืจื•ึผืฐื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืฉืจื™ื™ื›ืŸ 
ื’ืึทื’ืึทืจืืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืึทื™ื™ื ื’ืขื˜ืฒืœื˜ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืจื™ื˜ื ืื•ืŸ ืžืขืœืึธื“ื™ืข; ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข 
ืคึผืจื•ึผื•ื•ืŸ ืจื™ื™ืกืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืœื“ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ, ื“ืจื™ ืฉื™ื™ื ืข ื”ืึทื ื˜ืฉืจื™ืคึผื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื˜, 
ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื ืึทื›ืœืขืกื™ืงืข ื”ืึทื ื˜ ืคืึทืจืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืึธืŸ ืึท ืฉื•ื 
ืžื“ืจ. ืื•ึนื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืœืึทื˜ ื ื•ืž' 20 ืื™ื– ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืึท ื“ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื ืื’ืืจืึธืก ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ืข ืคึผื–ืžื•ื ื™ื, ืึทื™ื™ื ื’ืขื˜ืฒื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ 11 ื’ืจื•ืคึผืขื. 
ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืึธื˜ ื ื•ืž' 24 ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืžื™ื˜ ืฐืขืœื›ืข ืขื 
ื”ื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ื ื•ืž' {--107 ื“ื™ ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’ , ืื‘ื’ื™'? 
(ืื™ื‘ืึทื“ื–ืฉื™) ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื›ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืขึทืœ-ืคึทึผื™ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืืฑื™ืกื’ืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื‘ึนึผืึท- 
ื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืข ืึธืคึผื˜ืฒืœื•ื ื’ , ืคื™ื ื’ื™ืงื”'". ืืฑืฃ ื™ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื“ืจื™ื™ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ 
ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืึทืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ื˜ื™ื ื˜ ืึธื ื’ืขืฆื™ื™ื›ื ื˜: ืคื™ื ื ื™ืงื” 
ืžืฆืืง. | 
ื‘ึทึผ 
: (ื•ืข ื–ื™ื˜ 367). 
ื™ื”, ืืช ืคื ื™ืš ืื‘ืงืฉ --- ืฆื•ืจื™, ื•ื•ืื” ื›ึตืœ ื ืกืชืจ. 
ืจืื” ืœื‘ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื•ืงืฉ --- ืžืจื•ื‘ ืชืฉื•ืงืชืš ื™ืชืจ, 
ื™ืฉื ืชื™ ื•ื‘ืš ื—ืœืžืชื™ --- ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ืชื™ ื•ื ืคืขืžืชื™ 
ืขื“ ื›ื™ ืœืฉื—ืจืš ื‘ืืชื™ --- ื”ื•ื“ืš ื—ืœื•ืžื™ ืคืชืจ. 
ืฉืžืš ืื•ื“ืš ืœื‘ืงืจื™ื --- ืžืขืžื™ื“ ืฆืคื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื™ื 
ืจืื” ืฆื‘ ื‘ืชืจ ื›ืคื™ืจื™ื --- ื•ืืช ื”ืฆืคื•ืจ ืœื ื‘ืชืจ 
ืจืฆื” ื›ืฃ ืฉืืจ ืคืœื™ื˜ื” -- ืืœ ืขื ื“ืœ ื™ื“ื• ืžื˜ื” 
ื ืคืฉื• ื›ืฆืคื•ืจ ื ืžืœื˜ื” -- ื‘ืงื™ืจ ื—ืฉื•ืš ืื•ืจ ืชืชืจ. 
ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืจืš ืื•ืชื• ืืจื” -- ื ื“ื—ื™ ืœืขื™ืจืš ืืจื” 
ื”ื›ืจืช ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืขืจื” -- ื—ื™ืฉ ื‘ื ื” ืืฉืจ ืชืชืจ 
| ืœืขืžืš ื‘ืฉื›ื˜ืš ืจืื” (ืจืขื”?). ื•ื—ืœืฆื ืžืืคืขื” 
ื•ืืช ืชืคืœืชื• ืฉืขื” -- ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ืœืš ื™ืขืชืจ 4 
ื’ 


ื”ื™ (ื–ืข ื–ื™ื™ื 369) 
ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ื ื•ืž' 156 ื”ื™ื™ื‘ึผื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึธืŸ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืจ. ืžื™ื˜ ืคืึธืœื ื - 


ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆืึธืจื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืกื˜ืจืึธืคืข : 
ื™ื“ืš ื‘ืขื•ืจืฃ ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ืš - --- ืฉื•ื ืฆื•ืจื™ ืœื”ืฆืžื™ืชื 


1 ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ื ื•ื˜' 701, 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ึทึผื™ื™ ื™ื“ืŸ 505 


ื•ืจืฆื” ื–ืจืข ืื”ื•ื‘ืš -- ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื™ืฉ ืชื, 
ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฉื’ื‘ื™, ืืœ ืœื‘ืš -- ื ื ืฉื™ืžื ื™ ื›ื—ื•ืชื 
ืืจื“ื•ืฃ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื•ืืฉื™ื ื, ืœื ืืฉื•ื‘ ืขื“ ื›ืœื•ืชื. 
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืŸ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ื’ืขืคื™ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ืš ื ืึธืš ืคื™ืœืข ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ 
ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืข ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืฆื•ื ื•ื™ืคื ืขืคืœืึทื›ื˜ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ 
ืฆืึธืจื ื“ื™ืงืข ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขืฉืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ื ืงืžื”. ืžื™ืจ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ืึธ ื‘ึผืœื™ื™ื– 
ืื™ื™ื ื™ืงืข ืคื•ึผืŸ ื–ื™ื™: 


ืŸ 

ื™ ืกื“ืช ืขื•ื– ืขืœ ืœืฉื•ื ื™ -- ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื—ืชื™ 
ืฉืขื” ืžื ื—ืช ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ --- ื•ืงื— ืืฉื›ืจ ืžืœืชื™ 
ืจื•ืŸ ืคืœื˜ ืชืกื•ื‘ื‘ื ื™ -- ืชื—ื•ืฉ ืœืขื–ืจืชื™ / 

ืืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืืžื™ ืชื‘ื™ืื ื™ -- ื•ืืœ ื—ื“ื“ ื—ื•ืจืชื™ 
ื‘ึทึผื•ึฐื ืจื ื™ ื•ื’ื ืžื“ื•ืฉืชื™ --- ืฉื™ืจ ื—ื“ืฉืชื™ ืืจื ืŸ - ,. 
ืจื•ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉืžืข ืืžืจืชื™ -- ืืœ ืขื ื•ื™ื ืžื”ื•ื ืŸ 
ืฉึธืื•ืจ ืžืœืชื™ ื•ืื—ื•ืชื™ --- ืงื•ื ื›ื’ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืชืจื•ื ืŸ 

ื“ืš ืขื ืงื•ืกื ื’ื ืžืขื•ื ืŸ -- ืืœ ืกืœืขื™ ื•ืžืฆื•ืจืชื™ 1. - 


41 

ื™ืฉืขืš ืœื‘ื‘ื™ ื“ื•ืจืฉ --- ืืœ ืจื•ืื” ืืฉืจ 5ื‘ ื—ื•ืจืฉ, 

ืœื‘ื ืš ืชืืžืจ: ืขืœื” ืจืฉ -- ื•ืืช ื‘ืŸ ืึถืžื” ืชื’ืจืฉ 
ืฉืคื•ืš ืฆื•ืจื™ ื—ืžืชื™ืš --- ืขืœ ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื—ืจืกื• ื‘ื™ืชื™ืš 

ืื›ืœื• ื›ืœ ืฆืืŸ ืขื“ืชื™ืš -- ืœื ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ื‘ื“ ื•ืฉื•ืจืฉ 
ืจืื” ื‘ื ื™ืš ื–ืจื•ื™ึดื -- ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงืฆื•ื™ ื™ื ื•ืื™ื™ื 

ืœื ืชืฉื›ื— ืฆืขืงืช ืขื ื™ื™ื -- ืฉื›ื—ื•,ืขื•ืฉืจ ื•ืฉื‘ืขื• ืจืฉ 
ืืžื•ืจ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื ืืฆื™ --- ืกืคื• ืชืžื• ื™ืžื™ ืงื™ืฆื™ 

ื™ื“ืขื• ืขืชืจืช ื‘ืช ืคื•ืฆื™ -- ื›ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื•ืจืฉื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืจืฉ 
ื›ืžืขืŸ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืœื ืื—ืฉื” -- ืขื“ ื›? ืขื“ืชืš ื‘ื” ืชืจืฉืช 
ื•ื”ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื—ืกื“ ื›ืกื -- ื•ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื” ื ืื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ โ€ 
ื—ื–ืง ื—ื–ืง ื‘ืจื™ื—ื™ื” --- ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืœื ื“ื•ืจ ืคืจืฆื•ืชื™ืช 


| |, 
ื™ื” ื–ืจื•ืขื™ ืืžืฆื ื• -- ื•ื–ื“ืข ืจืžื” ืฉื‘ื•ืจ 
ื•ืœื“ืœ ื—ืœืฉ ื”ืœืฆื ื• -- ืฆืžืชื• ื—ื™ื™ื• ื‘ื‘ื•ืจ 
ื™ื“ืขื• ื ื•ื™ื ื›ื™ ืฆื•ืจื ื• --- ืกื™ื’ืจ ืฆืจื™ื ื• ื‘ื‘ื•ืจ 
ืžื™ื“ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื–ืืช ืœื ื• -- ืืœ ื™ืชื”ืœ? ื”ื ื‘ื•ืจ 


1 ื“ืึธืก ืจืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื“ ื ืขืคื™ื ื ื–ื™ืš ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืฉ ื ื™ื' 107, 





506 ื“"ืจ ', ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื  
ืฉึธืืžื•ึน ื›ื–ื‘ ืืช ืžื—ืกื™ื”ื --- ื•ื‘ืฉืงืจ ื ืกืชืจื• 
ื‘ืจืื•ืช ื ืžืกืจื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื”ื --- ืขื“ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ื ื• ืขืจื• 
ื™ื•ื“ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ืืช ืื•ื ื™ื”ื --- ื–ื ื‘ื™ืจืชื ื™ืคื˜ื™ืจื• 
ื‘ืฉืคื”, ืœื‘ืœื™ ื™ื›ื™ืจื• ื›ื™ ืึทืช ืฉึถืืช ืขื–ืจ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืจ. 
ืจื“ื” ื™ื“ื™ื ื• ืœื™ ื™ืืžืจื• -- ื•ืœื ืืœ ืคืข? ื›ืœ ื–ืืช 
ื‘ืจืื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืชื™ ืื—ืจื• --- ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ืœื™ ืœื”ื‘ื–ื•ืช 
ืขืœื™ ื‘ืคื™ื”ื ืคืขืจื• -- ื›ื™ ืขืฉื™ืจ ื™ืขื ื” ืขื–ื•ืช 
ื™ื“ื• ื‘ื™ ื–ื™ืงื•ืช ื ืœืขื–ื•ืช -- ื›ื—ืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ ื’ื‘ื•ืจ 
ืืœ ื’ื•ื™ื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื•ืš --- ืฉืคื•ืš ืขืœื™ื”ื ื—ืžืชืš 
ื•ืขืœ ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช ื•ื™ืžืจื•ืš --- ืฆื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ืื™ืžืชืš 
ื›ืœ ืžืœื›ื™ ืืจืฅ ื™ื•ื“ื•ืš --- ื›ื™ ืฉืžืขื• ืืžืจืชืš 
ื™ืืžืจื• ื›ื™ ืืชื” ืœื‘ื“ืš -- ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืขื–ื•ื– ื•ื’ื‘ื•ืจ, 


ืฐื™ ืขืก ืฉื™ื™ื ื˜ ื”ืึธื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจื ืขื˜ืจื‘ืขื˜ ืจืึธืก 
ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืœื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืจืขื“ืึทืงืฆื™ืข, ืฐืึธืจืขื ืื™! ื“ืขื ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜. 
ื ื•ืž' {--107 ื’ืขืคื•ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืึธืก ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืข ืœื™ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื ื ืฉื ืฅ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืขืจ, ืžืขืจ 
ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงืขืจืขืจ ืฉืœื•ืก-ืกื˜ืจืึธืคืข : 


ืืœื™! ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ื›ืคืขืœื -- ืืฉืจ ืคืขืœื• ืขืžื ื• 
ื”ืฉื‘ ืœื”ื ืืช ื ืžื•ืœื -- ื‘ืจืืฉื˜ ื•ื ืงื•ื ื“ืžื™ื ื• 
ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ ืžืขืœืœื -- ื›ื™ ื—ืจื‘ื• ื™ืกื•ื“ ืขื™ืจื ื• 
ื—ืจืคื” ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืฉื›ื ื™ื ื• --- ื”ืœืš ืขืฉื™ืจ ื•ื ื‘ื•ืจ. 


ืฑ 


(ื–ืข ื–ื™ื™ืื˜ 372) 


ื™ื•ื ื” ืชื›ืกื•ืฃ ืืœ ืฆื™ืจื” --- ืฉืœื— ืžืจืคื ื? ืฆื™ืจื” 
ื”ืกื‘ ื“ืœืชื” ืืœ ืฆื™ืจื” -- ื•ื ื‘ื›ื™ืชืš ืชืฉื™ืจ ืฉื™ืจืช 
/ืœื— ืขืœื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืจ --- ืชืขื•ืฃ ื›ืฆืคื•ืจ ื“ืจื•ืจ 
ืชืงื˜ื™ืจ ืœืš ื›ืื– ืžืจ ื“ืจื•ืจ --- ืœื— ืคื ื™ื” ื”ืื™ืจื” 
ืจืขื™ื” ื›ื—ืžื” ื‘ืจื” -- ืจืืฉ ืžืคืขืœื•ืช ืืœ ื‘ืจื 
ืื•ืชื” ืžื›ืœ ื‘ืช ื‘ืจื” --- ืขืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื“ื™ืจื” 
ืืœ ืคื ื” ื“ื™ื” ืจื™ื‘ื” --- ื•ืืช ื™ืจื™ื‘ื” ืจื™ื‘ื” 
ืœืš ื ื™ืœืชื” ืจื™ื‘ื” --- ืœื” ืคื ื™ื” ื”ืื™ืจื” 1, 


1 ื’ืขืคื™ื’ื ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื ื ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผืก ื ื•ื' {--407 





ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 1 


ื” 


(ื–ืข ื–ื™ื™ื 3/73) 


1 
ืœื‘ื™ ืœืืฉื™ื --- ื›ืœื™ืœ? ืขื“ ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฃ 
ืฉื•ื‘ ืœึดื™ ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื™ ื“ื•ืจ 
ื™ืืžืจื• ืœื™ ืื™ืฉื™ื'--- ื›ื™ ืงืฅ ืชื ื•ืกืฃ 
ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื™ ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื™ ื“ื•ืฃ . 
ืฉืจื™ื ื•ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื -- ื”ืฉืงื ืจืขืœ ื•ืกืฃ 
ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื™ ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื™ ื“ื•ื“ 
ืจื ืื–ื ืš ืฉื™ื --- ืืœ ื“ื•ืคืง ืขืœ ืกืฃ 
ื“ื•ื“ ื“ื•ืจ ืฆื•ืจ ืกืžื”ืœืœื™, ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื•ื‘ ื“ื•ื“ ื? ื”ื™ื‘ืœื™, 
ื‘ึทึผืŸ ื™ืฉื™ ื—ื•ืฉ ื›ื™ --- ืœื• ืื ื™ ื ื›ืกืฃ 
ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื™ ืฉื•ื‘ ืœึดื™ ื“ื•ื“ 
ืื™ืจ ืืช ื—ืฉื›ื™ --- ื‘ื–ืจื•ืข ื ื—ืฉืฃ 
ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื™ ืฉื•ื‘ ืœึดื™ ื“ื•ื“ 
ืฉืฉ ื™- ื™ื”ื ื” ื—ื›ื™ --- ืžื–ืžื•ืจ ืœืืกืฃ 
ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื™ ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื™ ื“ื•ื“ 
ื”ื•ื“ ืœืืœ ื ืขืœื -- ื›ื™ ื ื“ื—ื™ ืืกืฃ 
ื“ื•ืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืฆื•ืจ ืžื”ืœืœื™ 
ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื™ ืฉื•ื‘ ืœึดื™ ื“ื•ื“ . 


41 
ืืคืชื—ื” ืคื™ ื•ืื’ื™ื“ื” -- ืชื”ืœืช ืฉื ืืœ ืจื‘ ื ื“ืœืŸ 
ืืœ ืจื‘ ื ื“ืœื•, ืืœ ืจื‘ ื ื“ืœืŸ 
ืืงื“ื ืคื ื™ื• ื‘ืชื•ื“ื” --.ื•ื‘ื–ืžื™ืจื•ืช ื ืจื™ืข ืคืŸ 
ื ื“ื™ืข ืœื• ื ื“ื™ืข ืคืŸ 
ืืฉืงื•ื“ ื™ืืงื•ื“ ืžื•ืœ ื”ื™ื›ืœื• ืžื•ืœ ื”ื™ื›ืœื• 
ื›ื“ืœ ืืœ ื“ืœ --- ื™ื—ื ืŸ ืงื•ืœื•, ื™ื—ื ืŸ ืงื•ืœืŸ 
ื›ื“ืœ ืืœ ื“ืœ, | 
ื™ื•ื“ื• ืฉืคืชื™ ืชื”ืœื” --- ืœื‘ื•ืจื ื‘ื ื ื™ื‘ ื•ืžืœื” 
ื ื™ื‘ ื•ืžืœื”, ื ื™ื‘ ื•ืžืœืช * 


1 ื ืขืคื™ื ื ื–ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ ื ื•ื' 6 ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื ื•ื' { -107, 
* ื‘ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืกืžืจืึธืคืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœื™ืจ ื’ืขื“ืจื•ืงื ืื™ืŸ ืคืจื™ื“ืœืขื ื“ืขืจื ืืคื•ืžื•ื ื™ื". ื“ืึธ / 


ืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜, ืžื™ื ืฐืขืœื›ืŸ ืคืจื™ื“ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธืก ื–ื™ืš ื‘ึผืึทื ื•ืฆื˜, ื“ื™ ืฐื™ื™ืžืขืจ. 6 
ื“ื™ืงืข ืกื˜ืจืึธืคืŸ ืคืขืœืŸ, 





ื“"ืจ ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ื•ืขื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ืช ืื”ืœืœื” ืขืœ ื—ืกื“ื™ื• ืœืื™ืŸ ืชื›ืœื” 
ืงืื™ืŸ ืชื›ืœื” ืœืื™ืŸ ืชื›ืœื” 
ืื•ืžืจ ื›ืžืจ ืžืžืฆื•ืœื” ืžืžืฆื•ืœื— ืžืžืฆื•ืœื” 
ืฉืžืฅ ืจืžื– ืžืžื”ืœืœื• ืžืžื—ืœืœื• ืžืžื”ืœืœ. 
ื–ืฉึธืื ื‘ืคื™ ืฉื™ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืœื–ืžืจ ืขืœ ื’ืื•ืช ืขืฉื” 
ื’ืื•ืช ืขืฉื”, ื ืื•ืช ืขืฉื” | 
ื•ื ืชืŸ ืœื™ ื“ืช ืžื•ืจืฉื”, ื›ืžื• ืืฉื” ืžืื•ืจืฉื” 
ืžืื•ืจืฉื” ืžืื•ืจืฉื”. 
ื“ื•ืขื™ ื™ืฉืขื™ --- ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ื™ืฉื” 
ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ื™ืฉื” ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ื™ืฉื” 
ืขื•ืฉื™ ื™ืฉื™ ื™ืจื™ื ื“ื’ืœื• 
ื™ืจื•ื ื“ื’ืœื• ื™ืจื•ื ื“ื ืœื• 
ืืฉืงื•ื“ ืืงื•ื“ ื›ื“? ืืœ ืจืœ, 
ื“ื ื™ ืคืœื˜ ืื– ืืจื ืŸ, ื•ืืช ื—ืžื“ืช ื“ืช ืืฉื ืŸ 
ื“ืช ืืฉื ืŸ, ื“ืช ืืฉื ืŸ 
ืขืช ืขืคืจ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื—ื•ื ืŸ, ื•ืžืงื“ืฉื• ื—ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ื ืŸ. 
ืžืงืจืฉื• ื™ื‘ื•ื ืŸ ืžืงื“ืฉื• ื™ื›ื•ื ืŸ, โ€ 
ืœืฆืžื™ื“ ืœืฉืžื™ื“ ืขื ืžืชืœื•ื ืŸ 
ืขื ืžืชืœื•ื ืŸ ืขืก ืžืชืœื•ื ืŸ 
ืจืžืก ื—ืžืก ืืช ืขื ื—ื‘ืœื• 
ืืช ืขื ื—ื‘ืœื• ืืช ืขื ื—ื‘ืœื• 
ืืฉืงื•ื“ ืืงื•ืจ ื›ื“? ืึนืœ ื“ืœ., 
ืืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ื• ืขืžื™ ื™ื ื”ืจื• --- ื™ืชืจื•ืขืขื• ืืฃ ื™ืฉื™ืจื• 
ืืฃ ื™ืฉื™ืจื• ืืฃ ื™ืฉื™ืจื• | 
ื•ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื ื™ื–ื”ื™ืจื•, ื•ื‘ื’ื•ื™ื ืื– ื™ืืžืจืŸ 
ืื– ื™ืืžืจื• ืื– ื™ืืžืจื• + 
ืืฉืจื™ ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ืขื“ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจื• ืขื“ื•ืช 
ื™ืฉืจื• ืขืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจื• ืขืจื•ืช | 
ื ื•ืขื ืœืขื ืฉื›ื›ื— 5ื• / 
| ืฉื›ื›ื” ืœื• ืฉื›ื›ื” ืœื• 
ืืฉืงื•ื“ ืืงื•ื“ ื›ื“ืœ ืืœ ื“ืœ. 


ื•ื™ 
ื“ื” ื ื•ืืœ ืืชื” ืœื™ -- ื—ื•ืŸ ื“ืœ ืฉื‘ื™ื• ืžื™ื• ื™ืกืœืฃ 
ื—ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืจื“, ื—ื•ืŸ ื ื•ื“ื“, ื—ื•ืŸ ื ื•ืจื“, ื”ื™ 
ืฉึธืืขื” ืฉื™ืจ ืžื”ืœืœื™ -- ื ื•ืฆืจ ื—ืกื“ ืœื“ื•ืจ ืืœืฃ 
ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื•ื“ื“, ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื•ื“ื“, ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื•ื“ื“, 


ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ืžืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ "ืจ} 


ืจืขื™ื” ืฆืจ ื’ื•ืขืœื™ --- ืชืžื™ื“ ื ื’ื“ื™ ื—ืจื‘ ืฉื•ืœืฃ 
ื›ื™ ืฆื•ื“ื“, ืœื™ ืฆื•ื“ื“, ืœื™ ืฆื•ืจืจ. - 

ืืžืฅ ืฆื•ื“ื™ ื—ืฉืœื™ --- ืฉื•ืจ ื“ืžืขื™ ื˜ื•ืจื“ ื“ืœืฃ 
ืžืฉื•ื“ื“, ืžืฉื•ืจื“, ืžืฉื•ื“ื“. , 

ื›ื“ื‘ื™ืจื™ ื•ื”ื™ื›ืœื™ --- ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืืœื™ ื‘ื™ื ื” ืืœืฃ 
ืžืขื•ื“ื“, ืžืขื•ื“ื“, ืžืขื•ื“ื“. | 

ืœืขื ื•ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื” ืคื™ --- ื”ื˜ ืฉืœื•ื ื›ื ื”ืจ ื—ื•ืœืฃ 
ืžืชื ื•ื“ื“ ืžืชื ื•ื“ื“ ืžืชื ื•ื“ืฃ,.. / 


| ืฉื™ 

ื™ื”ื ื” ืœืš ื—ื›ื™ --- ืฉื™ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ื›ื™ --- ืœืš ื™ืืชืช. 
ืื•ืจ ืคื™ืœื™, ืขื•ื– ื—ื™ื™ 

ืฉึดืื™ืจ ืžื—ืœืœื™ -- ืœืš, ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ -- ื’ื™ืœ ืืœื ืืชื” 
ืื•ืจ ืœื™ืœื™, ืขื•ื– ื—ื™ื™. 

ืจืฆื— ืžืขื ื™ -- ืื ื™ ืขื ื™ -- ื‘ื™ ื›ื—ื™ ื—ืชื” 
ืื•ืจ ืœื™ืœื™, ืขื•ึผื– ื—ื™ื™ 

ืืœ ื—ื™, ื™ื“ืขืชื™ -- ืชื’ืขืœ ืื•ืชื™ --- ืืš ื™ื”ื™ ืืชื” 
ืื•ืจ ืœื™ืœื™, ืขื•ื– ื—ื™ื™ 

ื‘ืจ ืื ื™ ืขืžืš --- ื•ืžืื•ื“'ื ืกืžืš --- ื‘ืืžื•ื ืชื™ 
ืื•ืจ ืœื™ืœื™, ืขื•ื– ื—ื™ื™ 

ืžื” ืืขื ื” ืฆื‘ืื•ืช --- ื ื•ื™ื ื‘ืจืื•ืช --- ืื•ืจืš ื’ืœื•ืชื™ 
ืื•ืจ ืœื™ืœื™, ืขื•ื– ื—ื™ื™ 

ืฉื•ื‘ ื›ื™ ืจืคื ื—ื™? -- ื•ืœื ืชื•ื—ื™ืœ. -- ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฆื“ืงืชื™ 
ืื•ึนืจ ืœื™ืœื™, ืขื•ื– ื—ื™ื™ 

ื”ื‘ ืœื™ ื ืจื›ื” -- ืœืžืขื ืš -- ืขื•ื– ื‘ืฆื•ืชื™ 
'ืื•ืจ ืœื™ืœื™, ืขื•ื– ื—ื™ื™. 


ืฉื™ 
ื•ื™ื“ื•ื“ื•ืŸ ื™ื“ื•ื“ื•ืŸ ื™ื“ื•ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉื ืช ืžืขื™ื ื™ 
ืœื‘ื™ ื™ืงืฅ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืคื™ืœื• - 
ื‘ืจืื•ืช ืขื•ื– ื‘ืจืื•ืช ืขื•ื– ื‘ืจืื•ืช ืขื•ื– ืžืื•ืจ ืื™ืฉื•ื ื™ 
ื™ื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ื ืžื–ื”ื™ืจ ื”ืœืŸ' 
ืขื“ ืงืžืชื™ ืขื“ ืงืžืชื™ ืขืจ ืกืžืชื™ --- ืžืžืœื•ื ื™ 
ืœื”ืกืชื•ืคืฃ ื‘ืื”ืœื• 
ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืขื ืืœ 
ื•ื›ื‘ืงืจ ื‘ื”ื™ื›ืœืŸ 
ืฉืžืขื” ืฉืžืขื” ืฉืžืขื” ืื–ื ื™ ื•ืชื‘ืŸ ืœื” 


510 ื“"ืจ ' ืฆื™ื ื’ืขืจื’ 


ืงื•ืœ ืขื•ืฃ ื›ื ืฃ ืœืžื™ื ื™ื”ื 
ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืึถืœ ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืืœ ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืืœ ืฉื ืึตืœ 
ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื‘ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืคื™ื”ื' 
ื ื ืื ื™ ื’ื ืื ื™ ื ื ืื ื™ ืืขื™ืจ ืชืคืœื— 
ื›ื™ ืœื ื ื•ืค? ืื ื™ ืžื”ื 
ืฉืขื” ืงื•ืœ ืฉืขื” ืงื•ืœ ืฉืขื” ืงื•ืœ ื“ืœ ืœื‘ื• ื ื•ื”ื 
ื•ื™ืขืจื‘ ืœืš ืžื”ืœืœื• 
ืจื ื ื” ืจื ื ื” ืจื ื ื” ืืคืฆื— ืžืชื•ืš ืžืฆื•ืฃ 
ืœื‘ื™ ื™ืฉืžื— ื•ื™ืจื•ืŸ 
ื‘ืจืื•ืช ื›ืœ, ื‘ืจืื•ืช ื›ืœ, ื‘ืจืื•ืช ื›? ื ื‘ืจื ื‘ื• ืฆืžืฆื•ืฃ 
ืื™ืฉ ืืœ ืงื•ื ื• ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืŸ 
ื•ื‘ืื”ื‘ืช ื•ื‘ืื”ื‘ืช ื•ื‘ืื”ื‘ืช ืืœ ืœื‘ื ืจืฆื•ืฃ 
ื™ืฉืื• ืขื™ื ื ืœื• ื™ืฉื•ืจื•ืŸ 
ื›ื•ืœื ืืœ, ื›ื•ืœื ืืœ, ื›ื•ืœื ืืœื™ื• ื™ืฉื‘ืจื•ืŸ 
ื›ืฉื›ื™ืจ ื™ืงื• ืคืขืœื• 
ืืœ ื—ื™ ื–ืŸ, ืืœ ื—ื™ ื–ืŸ, ืืœ ื—ื™ ื–ืŸ ืœื›ืœ ื•ืžืคืจื ืก 
ืชืŸ ืœืขืžืš ืคืจื ืกื” 
ื•ืžื”ืจ ื•ืžื—ืจ ื•ืžื—ืจ ื ื“ืจื• ืชื ื ืก 
ืœื ื‘ื—ืคื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื ื•ืกื” 
ืจืง ืœืขื™ืŸ, ืจืง ืœืขื™ืŸ, ืจืง ืœืขื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืขื ืชืฉื ื ืก 
ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื•ื›ืŸ ืขื“ ืจื ื•ื ื™ืฉื 
ื•ื ื—ื—ื• ื•ื ื—ื”ื• ื•ื ื—ื”ื• ืืœ ืขื™ืจ ืงื“ื•ืฉื” 
ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืื•ื” ืœื›ื˜ื•ืฉื‘ ืœื•, 


ืขืก ืื™ื– ืœื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืžืขื ืœืขืš, ืึทื– ืึธื˜ ื“ืึธืก ื ืจืึทืฆื™ืขื–ืข ืœื™ื“ ืžื™ื˜ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืŸ 
ื“ื™ื˜ื ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืก ื’ืขื“ื™ื ื˜ ืึทืœืก ืžื•ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืึธื˜ื™ืคึผ ืคืึทืจ ื ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ื™ืžื˜ืขืจ 
ืงืึทืœืขืงืฆื™ืข ืคึฟืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืœื•ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืกืคืจื“ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ, ื ืึธืจ ืื™ืฃ 
ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืึทืฉื›ึผื ื–ื™ืฉืข. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื›ึผื“ืื™ ืึธื ืฆื•ึผื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืฐื•ืึทืจื™ืึทื ื˜ืŸ 
ืžื•ื ื ืœื™ืจ , ืื ื™ ื‘ึผื™ืขืจ ื”ืœื›ืชื™'', ืฐืึธืก ื ื— ืคึผืจื™ืœื•ืฆืงื™ ื”ืึธื˜ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื› 
ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข , ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืคืึธืœืงืกืœื™ื“ืขืจ'' (ื‘ึผืึทื ื“ 1, ื ื•ืž' 4---). 


ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ืข ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึทืก ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš 
ืื™ื™ื ืก, ืฐืึธืก ื“ืขืจืžืึทื ื˜ ืœื•ื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืจื›ื™ื˜ืขืงื˜ืึธื’ื™ืง ื“ื™ ืคึผืึธืคึผื•ืœืขืจืข ืกื™ื ื“ืขืจ- 
ืœื™ื“ืขืจ, ืฐื•ึผ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคืึธืœื’ื ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืกื˜ืจืึธืคืข ื—ื–ืจื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื - 
ื”ืึทืœื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ืขืจื“ื™ืงืข, ืฐื™ ืึท ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื”-ืœื™ืจืขืจ ,ืื—ืจ ืžื™ 
ื™ื•ื“ืข'' ืื•ืŸ ,,ื—ื“ ื’ื“ื™ื'', ื•ื•ื™ื™? ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ืœื™ืš ื”ืึธื˜ 8 ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช 
ืฆื• ืื•ื ื–ืขืจ ืคืึธืœืงืœืึธืจ, ื‘ืจืขื ื’ืขืŸ ืžื™ืจ ืขืก ื“ืึธ ื‘ึผืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช } / 


ื“ื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืžื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื™ ื™ืจืŸ 511 


ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื‘ื™ื ื• ืœืงื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื” --- ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• ืœืงื ื•ืช ื—ื›ืžืช 
ืชื—ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœื”, 
ื‘ื‘ืœ ืงื ื™ื™ื ื›ื ื‘ื™ื ื” ืชืงื ื• -- ืœื ืชืงื ื• ื™ื•ืคื™ ื–ื™ื• ื–ื”ื‘ 
ื›ื™ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื™ืœื”ื‘ 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ื›ื•' 
ื‘ื›ืœ ืงื ื™ื ื›ื ื‘ื™ื ื” ืชืงื ื• --- ืœื ืชืงื ื• ืฉืคืจื™ืจื•ืช ื›ืกืฃ 
ื›ื™ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื›ึธึผืกึตืฃ ื•ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื™ืœื”ื‘ 
ื•' ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ื›ื•' 
ื‘ื›ืœ ืงื ื™ื ื›ื ื‘ื™ื ื” ืชืงื ื• --- ?ื ืชืงื ื• ืจื‘ ื”ื•ืจ ื ื—ื•ืฉืช 
ื‘ื™ ื”ื ื—ืฉื•ืช --- ืœื‘ื•ืฉืช, ื•ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื™ื•ืคื™ืฃ ื›ื˜ืฃ 
ื•ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื™ืœื”ื‘ 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ื›ื•' 
ื‘ื›ืœ ืงื ื™ื ื›ื ื‘ื™ื ื” ืชืงื ื• -- ืœื ืชืงื ื• ืื–ื•ืจ ืชื›ืœืช 
ื›ื™ ืคื•ืฃ ืชื›ืœืช ืœืชื›ืœืช, ื•ื—ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉืช ืœื‘ื•ืฉืช 
ื•ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื™ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื™ืœื”ื‘ 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ื›ื•' 
ื‘ื›ืœ? ืงื ื™ื ื›ื ื‘ื™ื ื” ืชืงื ื• --- ืœื ืชืงื ื• ืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืืจื’ืžืŸ 
ื›ื™ ืืจื ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ืคื— ื ื˜ืžืŸ ื•ืกื•ืฃ ืชื›ืœืช ืœืชื›ืœืช 
ื•ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉืช ืœื‘ื•ืฉืช ื•ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื™ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื›ืกืฃ 
ื•ื—ื–ื”ื‘ ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื™ืœื”ื‘ 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ื›ื•' 
ื›ื›ืœ ืงื ื™ื ื›ื ื‘ื™ื ื” ืชืงื ื•, ืœื ืชืงื ื• ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืชื•ืœืขืช 
ื›ื™ ืกื•ืฃ ืชื•ืœืขืช ืชื•ืœืขืช ื•ืืจื’ืกืŸ ื”ื•ื ืคื— ื ื˜ืžืŸ 
ื•ืกื•ืฃ ืชื›ืœืช ืœืชื›ืœืช ื•ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉืช ืœื‘ื•ืฉืช 
ื•ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื™ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื™ืœื”ื‘ 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ื›ื•' 
ื‘ื›ืœ ืงื ื™ื ื›ื ื‘ื™ื ื” ืชืงื ื• ืœื ืชืงื ื• ืจืคื™ืจืช ืฉื ื™ 
ื›ื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืขืฉื™ืจ ื™ืขื ื™ ื•ืกื•ืฃ ืชื•ืœืขืช ืชื•ืœืขืช 
ื•ืืจื’ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ืคื— ื ื˜ืžืŸ ื•ืกื•ืฃ ืชื›ืœืช ืœืชื›ืœืช 
ื•ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉืช ืœื‘ื•ืฉืช ื•ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื™ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื›ืกืฃ 
ื•ื”ื•ึนื”ื‘ ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื™ืœื”ื‘ 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ื›ื•" 
ื‘ื‘ืœ ืงื ื™ื ื›ื˜ ื‘ื™ื ื” ืชืงื ื•, ืœึนื ืชืงื ื• ืฉืžืœื•ืช ืขื•ื™ื 
ื›ื™ ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืขื–ื™ื ื ื‘ื–ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ืขืฉื™ืจ ื™ืขื ื™ 
ื–ืกื•ืฃ ืชื•ืœืขืช ืชื•ืœืขืช ื•ืืจื’ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ืคื— ื ื˜ืžืŸ 
ื–ืกื•ืฃ ืชื›ืœืช ืœืชื›ืœืช ื•ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉืช ืœื‘ื•ืฉืช 


1 


ื”"ืจ , ืฆ'ื ื‘ืขืจื’ 


ื•ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื™ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื™ืœื”ื‘ 

ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ื›ื•" 
ื‘ื›ืœ ืคื ื™ื ื›ื ื‘ื™ื ื” ืชืงื ื•, ืœื ืชืงื ื• ืžืขื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืฉ 
ื›ื™ ืืœื”ื™ื›ื ืฉื•ื ื ืฉืฉ ื•ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืขื–ื™ื ื ื‘ื•ึนื™ื - 
ื•ื”ึนืฉึธื‚ื ื™ ืขืฉื™ืจ ื™ืขื ื™ ื•ืกื•ืฃ ืชื•ืœืขืช ืชื•ืœืขืช 
ื•ืืจื’ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ืคื— ื ื˜ืžืŸ ื•ืกื•ืฃ ืชื›ืœืช ืœืชื›ืœืช 
ื•ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉืช ืœื‘ื•ืฉืช ื•ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื›ืกืฃ 

ื•ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื™ืœื”ื‘ 

ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ืชื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ื›ื•' 
ื ื›ืœ ืงื ื™ื ื›ื˜ ื‘ื™ื ื” ืชืงื ื•, ืœื ืชืงื ื• ื—ื“ืจืช ืžึดืฉื‘ึธื ื•ืช 
ื›ื™ ืžืฉื›ื ื•ืช ืžืžืกื›ื ื•ืช ื•ืืœื—ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื ืฉืฉ ื•ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ื ื“ื™ ืขื–ื™ื ื ื‘ื–ื™ื 
ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ืขืฉื™ืจ ื™ืขื ื™ ื•ืกื•ืฃ ืชื•ืœืขืช ืชื•ืœืขืช 
ื•ืืจื’ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ืคื— ื ื˜ืžืŸ ื•ืกื•ืฃ ืชื›ืœืช ืœืชื›ืœืช 
ื•ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉืช ืœื‘ื•ืฉืช ื•ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื™ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื›ืกืฃ 

ื•ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ื ืคืฉื•ืช ื™ืœื”ื‘ 
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชื‘ื™ื ื• ื•ื›ื•' 
ืŸ 
| (ื–ืข ื–ืฒื™ื˜ 376) 

"ื™ื ื•ื ื ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉืŸ ื ื‘ืจ -- ืขืœ ืžื˜ืชื• ื•ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื‘ืจ 
ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื ื—, ื•ื”ื•ื ืฆ? ืขื•ื‘ืจ --- ื•ื‘ืœึดื™ ื›ื ืฃ ื—ื™ืฉ ื™ืื›ืจ 
ื™ื“ืžื” ืื™ืฉ ื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื ื•ื— --- ื›ื“ืจ ืชื•ืš ืื•ื ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื— 
ื•ื™ื“ื ืขืœ ื›ื ืคื™ ื“ื•ื— -- ืขืœ ืืฉืจ ืคืชืข ื™ืฉื‘ืจ. 
ื•ืจ ืื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ืืชื” ื‘ืกืคื™ื ื” --- ืื™ืŸ ืœืช ืžื ื•ื—ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื” 
ืขืœ ืžื™ื ืขื–ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื ื” --- ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ 
ืจืื” ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ื™ื ื–ื•ืขืฃ -- ื•ืืชื” ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ื™ืขืฃ 
ืžืฉื•ื˜ื˜ ื‘ื• ืกืจ ื•ื–ืขืฃ --- ืจืื” ืคืŸ ื™ืงืจืš ืฉื‘ืจ 
ืึดื™ืš ืชืชืืคืจ ื‘ื™ื“ ื’ืฉื --- ื‘ืจืื•ืช ืชื—ื•ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ ื’ืฉื 
ื”ื ื™ืžื—ื• ื›ืœ ื ื•ืฃ ื•ื ืฉื --- ืขื“ ืœื›ืœื” ื•ืื™ืŸ ืงื•ื‘ืจ 
ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชืš ืขืœ ืืจืฆืš --- ื”ื›ืŸ ืฆื™ื“ื” ืžืœื ืงื•ืžืฆืจ : 
ืขื“ ืชื ื™ืข ืœืžื—ื•ื– ื—ืคืฆืš -- ื•ื—ืงืš ืžื™ืื” ืฉื‘ืจ. 


ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืขืจ ื˜ืขืžืข ื ืขืคื™ื ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื ืึทื ืึทืจืึทืก ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื 


ืคืึทืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื˜ื˜ืข ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืื•ื™ืš ืึท ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ ืœื™ื“ ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ื•ื• 
ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืœื™ื“ ืื™ื– ืึทืคื™ืœื• ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื’ืจื•ื™ืก, ืขืก ืื™ื– ืึถื‘ึผืขืจ ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืฉ 
ืคืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ื”ืึธื‘ึผ! ื’ืขืฐื•ืขืœื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืคืชืขืจ 
ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ืžื™ืจ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื ืขืŸ ืขืก ื“ืึธ ื“ืขืจืคืึทืจ ื‘ึผืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ; 


ื“ื™ ื ืขืฉื™ื›ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ ื™ื“ืŸ 513 


ื•ื”ื ื” ืœื‘ื‘ื™ ื”ื ื•ืช ืชื‘ื•ื ื•ืช -- ื•ืœืฉื•ื ื™ ื•ืคื™ ื™ืจื‘ืจื™ ื—ื›ืžื•ืช 

ืขืœ ืจื•ื“ืคื™ ืชื‘? ื‘ืจื‘ ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื•ืช -- ื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ืœ ื™ืœื™ืŸ ื ืžืฉ? ื›ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช 

ื™ืžื• ืœื‘ื‘ื›ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืื•ืฆืจื™ื -- ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืœืจืื•ืช 

ื›ื™ ื›? ืขืžืœื›ื ื”ื•ื ืœืื—ืจื™ื --- ืื•ึน ืœื‘ืŸ ืื• ืœื‘ืช ืื• ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืื•ืช 

ื‘ื ื• ื ื ืœื›ื ืœืฉื‘ืช ืขืจื™ื -- ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืงื™ื™ื ืœืžื•ืคืช ื•ืœืื•ืช 

ืžื” ืœื›ื ื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืจืื•ืช -- ืœื ืชืชืขื ื ื’ื• ื‘ื ืื—ืจื™ ืžื•ืช 

ืจืขื™ื•ื ืš ืœื™ ืชืŸ ื‘ึฟื ื™ ื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ื” -- ื•ืขืฉื” ื›ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ื–ื” 

ื“ื™ืจืชืš ืงื‘ืข ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื -- ื•ื“ื™ืจืช ืขืจืื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” 

ื›ื™ ืฉืžื” ืชื ื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื‘ื•ืช -- ื•ืคื” ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื’ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืชื—ื–ื” 
ื”ืงื™ืฆื” ืขื•ืจื” ืžื” ืœืš ื”ื—ื–ื” -- ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืœ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืขื•ื– ื•ืชืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช 

ืืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื–ื— ื‘ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ืชื‘ื•ื ื•ืช -- ืขื•ืœื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื” ื•ื›? ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ืŸ 

ืžืฉื›ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืื ื ื•ืช -- ืฉืฉ ืžื? ื›ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ื• 

ื•ืจืื” ืžื” ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ืขื ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช -- ืื ืœื ื™ื‘ื ื” ืืœ ืฉื•ื ืขืžืœื• ื‘ื•ื ื™ื• 
ื™ืžืฆื ืื™ืฉ ื—ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ืื“ื•ื ื™ื• --- ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื‘ื ื” ืœื• ืฉื ื™"ืฉ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช. 


ืงืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ื™ืง ื–ื™ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจืก ืื•ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืจื™ื™ืจืŸ ืคึฟื•ืŸ 
,ืขื•ืœื ื—ื–ื”'', ื“ืขืจืคืืจ ืึธื‘ึผืขืจ, ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืจื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœืŸ ื”ืกื›ึผื 
ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืคืช, ื–ื™ื ื ื˜ ืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทื ื™ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื˜ืข ื”ื™ืžื ืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืžืขื ื˜ืฉื ืก 
ื ืฉืžื” ืื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืจ ืื•ื ื™ืฐืขืจืกืืœืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึธืกืžื™ืฉืŸ ื›ืึท- 
ืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ. ื‘ึผืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจืก ื›ืึทืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ื™ื ื–ื™ื›ื˜ ืื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื“, 
ืฐืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื”ืึธื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ื‘ืŸ-ื‘ืืฉืจื™ื‘ึผืขื ืข ืžืึทื ื•ื- 
ืคึผืจึดื™ืคึผื˜ืŸ (ื ื•ื' 196 ืื•ืŸ --107), ืื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืœื›ืŸ ืขืก ืงืœื™ื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ึผืข ืžืึธ- 
ื˜ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ืฐืึธืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืึทืงืึทื ื˜ืŸ ืฉื™ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ,ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ึผืœื”"" 
ืื™ืŸ ืืฒื™ืจืึธืคึผืข -- ืžืฉื” ื‘ึนึผืŸ ื ื—ืžืŸ 1. ืžื™ืจ ื‘ึผืจืขื ื ืขืŸ ื“ืึธืก ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืข ื‘ึผื™ืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ 
ื ืึธืš ื ื™ื˜ ืคืืจืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ื˜ ืœื™ื“ ; 


ื”, ืืจืื” ืื•ืจ ืฆื— ื›ื™ ื™ื”? --- ื•ื™ืจื— ื™ืงืจ ื”ื•ืœืš 
/ืฉืžื™ืš ืืจืื” ื•ืืชื‘ื”ืœ -- ื‘ืขืจื›ื ืžื” ืื ื•ืฉ ื”ื•ืœืš 
ืจืงืขืช ืื•ืชื ื›ืื•ื”ืœ --- ืขืœ ื›? ืžื—ื•ื– ื•ืคืœืš 

ืืœ ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื ืžื ื”?ืœ --, ืžื™ ืœื ื™ื™ืœืืš ืžืœืš 

ื‘ึทึผืŸ ืื™ืฉ, ื™ืงืจืชืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” -- ืžื›ืœ ืืœื” ืขืฉืชื” ื™ื“ื• 
ืžืฆื“ ื ืฉืžืชืš ื—ืฆื•ื‘ื” -- ืžืชื—ืช ื›ืกื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• 
ืฉืฉืื ืื ื™ื ืชื—ืชื™ืš ื‘ืžืกื‘ื” --- ืืฃ ื›ื™ ืฉื—ืง ืขื ื’ื“ื•ื“ื• 
ื“ืŸ ืฉืžืจ * ืžืœื” ืขืฆื•ื‘ื— -- ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืช ืžืœืš, 


1 ื–ืข ื‘ึผืึทื ื“ ื“ืจื™ื™, ื–' 635 
* ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืŸ. ืžืึทื ื•ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜: ื”ืฉื‚ืžื”, ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึทืœื‘-ืคืขืจื– ืื™ืŸ ืฐื™ ืขืก ืฉื™ื™ื ื˜ ืคืึทืจื’ืจืฒื•ื˜. 
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514 


ืจ"ืจ 'ื™, ืฆื™ื ื‘ืขืจื ึฟ 


ื‘ึผื™ื™ืœืึทื ืข ื ื•ืž' 14 
(ื•ืข ื–ื™ื™ื 380) 
ืฉื‘ึผ ืช ื™. ืฆ ื‘ื™ื™ื™ืฉืฅ ืคื•ืžื•ื ื™ื. 
4 . | 
ืืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืื–ืžืจื” -- ืœืืœ ื ืขืจืฅ ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” 
ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืขืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื• ื ื•ืจื -- ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืื•ึนืจื” 
ื‘ื•ืฉื ืจืืฉ ืžืจ ื“ืจื•ืจ ืืจื” --- ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ ืฆืจ ืฆื•ืจื” 
ื›ืขื ื‘ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืคื•ืจื” --- ื”ืžืœื™ืš ืžืœืš ื‘ืชืคืืจื” 
ืจื– ื›ืฆื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื™? ืชื•ืจื” -- ื”ืคืœื™ื ืขืฆื” ืžืคืจ ืขื‘ืจื” 
ื™ืจื•ื ื•ื ืฉื ื‘ื˜ื”ืจื” -- ืืžืชื• ืฆื ื” ืกื—ืจื” 
ื”ื•ืœื ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื•ืขื˜ืจื” -- ื’ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืขืฉืจื” 
ื ืคืœื ืจื ื ืกืชืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” -- ื™ืฉื›ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” 
ืžื ืฉืžืช ืืœ ืžื”ื•ืจืจื” -- ืจืืฉื™ืช ืงื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื ื’ื–ื•ืจื” 
ื™ืจืฉ ืื•ืจื• ืžื? ื ื•ืจื -- ื ืคืฉื• ื‘ื ืคืฉื• ืงืฉื•ืจื” 
ืฆืžื— ื“' ืœืฆื‘ื™ --- ื”ื™ืชื” ืขืœ ืฉื›ืžื• ื”ืžืฉืจื” 
ืฆืžื— ืฆื‘ื™ 
ื–ืจื— ืžืœืš 
ื–ืจื— ืžืœืš ืฉื” ืคื–ื•ืจื”. 


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ืืชื” ื ื•ืจื ืืชื” ืžื‘ื™ื -- ืœืžืขืœื” ืื•ืจ ืžืฆื‘ื™ 
ื”ืื™ืจ ื–ืจื— ื›ื”ืŸ ื ื‘ื™ื -- ื•ืขืช ืชืฉื•ืจื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื 
ืžื™ ื›ืžื™ืš ืื•ืจ ืœื‘ื‘ื™ -- ืžืœืš ืจื‘ ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฆื‘ื™ 
ืื–ืžืจ ืœืืœื”ื™ ืื‘ื™ --- ื‘ืืจืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืฆื‘ื™ 
ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืชืช ื›ื—ื™ ื›ืœื‘ื™ื. ืœืขืจื•ืš ืชื”ืœื•ืช ื ื™ื‘ื™ 
ื—ื™ ืขื•ืœืžื™ื! ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ --- ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื ื‘ื™ 

ืžืœืš ืจื‘ ื›ืชืจื™ --- ื ื–ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฆื‘ื™. 
ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื’ื™ืœื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ ----ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืขื‘ืจ ื›ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ 
ื›ื™ ืฉืช ืœื™ ืืœื”ื™ื --- ืฉื”" ื‘ื™ ืœืขืจื•ืš ืชื”ืœื•ืช ื ื™ื‘ื™ 
ื—ื™ ืขื•ืœืžื™ื! ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ -- ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื ื‘ึผื™ 
ืžืœืš ืจื‘ ื›ืชืจื™ --- ื’ื–ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฆื‘ื™. 
ืจืื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™, ืจื‘ ืจื™ื‘ื™ --- ื•ื™ื›ื ืข ืœื‘ ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ 
ืฆืจ ื•ืื•ื™ื‘ ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ืขืงื‘ื™ --- ืœื ื ืฉืืจ ื ืฉืžื” ื‘ื™ 
ื—ื™ ืขื•ืœืžื™ื! ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ --- ื”ื•ึนื ืžืฉื ื‘ื™ 
ืžืœืš ืจื‘ ื›ืชืจื™ -- ื ื–ืจื™ ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฆื‘ื™. 





ืจื™ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ืžืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื• ื‘ึผื™ื™ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ 55 


ื‘ึผื™ื™ืœืึทื ืข ื ื•ื 15 
(ื•ืข ื–ื™ื™ื 440) 

ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ ,,ื”ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื'' ืึทืœืก ืžื•ื›ื™ื— : 

ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืจื‘ืช ืžื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื ื• ื‘ืœื™ืœ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืื™ื ืœื‘ื”"2 ื•ื ืฉืืจื™ื 
ืฉืžื” ืœื—ืœืœ ืงืจื•ืฉืช ื‘ื™ืช ืืœื”ื™ื ื• ื•ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื—ื”ื˜ืืช ื•ืคืฉืข ื•ื”ืžื” ื˜ืจื 
ื™ืฉื›ื‘ื• ื ื•ืขื“ื• ื™ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ื›ื‘ื“ื—ื•ื›ื•ืช ืงืจื™ื” ืื™ืฉ ืœื ื ืขืจืจ ืืฉืจ ืœื ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื”ืช 
ืฉื‘ื˜ ืœืฉื•ื ื. ื•ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื—ืœื• ื‘ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืžืœื›ื™ื ื•ืžืœื—ืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื ื•ืืœ 
ื•ื–ื” ืงื ื•ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืขื 9ืคื’ื ื”ื ื•ืค? ืฉื“ื•ื“ ื•ืœืฉื‘ืช ื”ืงื ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืจืชืŸ, 
ื•ืื™ืฉ ืขืฆืชื• ื™ื•ื“ื™ืข ืœืขื•ืกื“ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื• ื•ืืฉืจ ืืชื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ ื”ืกืœื—ืžื•ืช ื•ื“ื‘ืจื• 
ื—ื™ืžื™ื ื™ืฉืžื™ืข ืœืžื• ื•ื‘ืฉืžื—ื”ืช ื”ืื™ืฉ ื›ืกืขื ื” ืžื™ืจ ื™ื‘ืจื” ืžืœื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืฆืื•ื” 
ื›ื•ื–ื‘ื•ืช. ื•ื‘ื›ืœื•ืชื ืœืจื›ืจ ืขืœ ืฉืจื™ ืขื ื•ืขื, ื™ื“ื‘ืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืืฑืฅ ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ื•ืŸ, ืขืœ 
ื”ืžื—ื™ื— ื•ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืื ืžืขื ื•ืื ื”ืจื›ื” ื™ืื›? 2? ืื™ืฉ ืœืคื™ ืื›ืœื• ื•ื™ืกืคืจืŸ 
ื‘ืจืข ืขื•ืฉืง, ื–ื” ื™ืืžืจ ืžืœื ื™ ื”ืฑืข ืœื™ ื•ืงืคื— ืคืจื ืคืชื™ ื•ื–ื” ื•ืื›ืจ- ื ื’ื ืื‘ 
ื›ืžื•ึนืš ืขืฉื•ืง ื•ื ื–ื•ืœ ืžืคืœื•ื ื™ ืืœืžื•ื ื™, ื•ื™ื•ืฆื™ืื• ื“ื‘ื” ื–ื” /? ื–ื”. ืื• ืœืื–ื ื™ื 
ืฉื›ืš ืฉื•ืžืขื•ืช, ืื•ึนื™ ืœืขื™ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืš ืจื•ืื•ืช... ื”ืžืขื˜ ืžื›ื ืืฉืจ ื”ื›ืขืกืชื ืื•ืชื• 
ื–ื”ื•ื ืขืชื ื“' ื‘ื“ื‘ืจืฑื™ื›ื˜ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืืœ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉืคืช ื—ืœืงื•ืช ื•ื’ื ื‘ื—ืจืฃ ืื™ืฉ ืืช 
ืขืžื™ืชื• ื•ื›? ืจืข ื•ื›ืœ ืจื›ื™ืœ ื™ื—ืœื•ืš ื•ืื™ืฉ ืœื ื ืขื“ืจ ืืฉืจ ืœื ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื—ืช ืฉื‘ื˜ 
ืœืฉื•ื ื›ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื›ื ื‘ืžื•ืฉื‘ ื—ืงืจื ื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืคืชื— ืฉืขืจื™ ื”ื—ืฆืจื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื•ืกืคืชื 
ืคืฉืข ืขืœ ื—ื˜ืืชื›ื ื•ืชืžื‘ื•ืื• ื•ืชื˜ืžืื• ืืœ ืžืงื“ืฉื™ ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืชื•ืœื™ื 
ื•ืฉื—ื•ืง ื•ืงืœื•ืช ืจืืฉ... ืื ื” ื ื•ืœื™ืš ืืช ื—ืจืคืชื ื• ืืฉืจึผ ื”ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืœื™ 
ืฉื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืชืคืœืชื ื‘ืื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ืจืื” ื‘ื—ืจื“ื”, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื‘ื“ื™ ืฐ' ืืœ 
ื’ื“ื•? ื•ื ื•ืจื ืžืจื•ืžื ืขืœ 2 ื‘ืจื›ื— ื•ืชื—ืœื” ืœื ื“ื™ื™ื ื•' ืืช ืืฉืจ ื—ืœืœื ื• ื›ื‘ื•ืจื• 
ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืœืœื ื• ืืช ืฉืžื• ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื ืืฉืจ ืœื ื™ืขืฉื• ื•ืœื ื™ืื•ึนืชื• 505 
ืขื“ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืœื ื ื ื›ืชื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื›ืœื• ืฉืœ ืžืœืš ื ื”ื ื•' ืงืœื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ื•ื›ื‘ึฟื•ื“ 
ืฉื›ื™ื ื—...'" (,,ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื'', 192--193). ,ื•ื—ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื ืขืชื” ืขื ื”ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ 
ื—ื™ืœืœื• ืชืงืฃ ื—ื™ืกื ื ืฉืœ ืฉื›ืช ื›ืกืขื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื—ื™ื ืืœื™ ื’ื™ืœ ื™ืฉื™ืฉื• ื›ื™ ื™ืžืฆืื• 
ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื—ืชื”ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื•ึน ื”ืœื ื•ืืžืจื• ืฉืงื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื™ื•ื ืคืืœื”ื™ื ื• ื ืงื—ื” ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื ืกื‘ืื” 
ืฉื›ืจ ื•ื—ื™ื• ื›ื‘ืœืข ืืช ื—ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืชื™ื”ื ื•ืืช ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื™ืฉืจื? ื ืืฆื• ื›ืขืกื•ื”ื• 
ื‘ื”ื‘ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืœื ืฉืชื• ื? ืœื ื‘ื ืœืืžืจ ื”ื™ืฉ ื“' ื‘ืงืจื‘ื ื• ืื ืื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืžื™ืจื• ืืช 
ื›ึผื•ื“ื... ื‘ืฉื™ืจื™ ืขื’ื‘ื™ื ื›ืชื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืช ื•ื—ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืช ืœืฆื™ื, ื›ืช 
ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ื ื‘ืœื” ื•ืื–ื ื™ ื›ืœื ืืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืขื•ื ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื™ืจื‘ืจื• ืขืœ 58 ื›ื•ืก ื•ื›ื•ืก ื•ืข 
ื›ืœ ืงื•ืฅ ื•ืงื•ืฅ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจืขืชื ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœื•ืชื ื™ืคืœื ืฉื—ื•ืง ืคื™ื”ื... ื•ื™ื•ืจืชืจ ืžื”ืžื— ื™ืฉ ื‘ื ื™ 
ืืจื ืคืžืชืงื›ืฆื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืชื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื ืชื—ืช 2ืœ ืขึถืฅ ืจืขื ืŸ ืกื•ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืฆืœื• ื‘ึผืื•ืช 
ื ืคืฉื ืฉืืคื• ืจื•ื— ื›ืชื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืช ื•ื—ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืช ืœืฆื™ื ื›ืช ืกืžืกืคืจื™ ืœื”" -" 
ื›ืช ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ ื ื‘ืœื” ื•ืื–ื ื™ ื›ื•ืœื ืืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืขื•ื ื•ืช ืืฉึถืจ ื™ื“ื‘ืจื” ื•ืขืœ 2 ืงื•ืฅ 
ื•ืงื•ืฅ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจืขืชื ื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืชื ื™ืžืœื ืฉื—ื•ืง ืคื™ื—ื ืงื•ึนืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืœื ื™ืกื”'' (ื“ืึธืจื˜ืŸ, 
1, 128, 181). 





ื•ื•ืšืฆ ืข ื˜ืœ 


ืจืฉื™ืกืžื” ืคื•ืŸ ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึทื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทื ื“ ื–ื•ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ืฉ. 


ืื‘ื ืกืืจื™ ื‘ึถึผืŸ ื™ืจื—ื™ (ื“ืึธืŸ ืึทืกื˜ืจื•ืง ื“ืข 
ืœื•ื ืขืœ), {ืŸ, 96-87, 102, 111, 1117, 
3, 156, 197. 

ืึทื‘ึผื• ื‘ึผื™ื›ึนึผืจ ืื‘ึผืŸ ืžื•ืคื™ืœ, |ืŸ, 10, 

ืึทื‘ึผื•ื”ื’ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื“ื™ ืคืึธื ืกืขืงื•, ืขืŸ, 292, 394-- 
53, 4403 

ืึทื‘ึผื•ื”ื‘ึผ ืฉืžื•ืืœ, ืขืŸ, 235--226, 

ืึทื‘ึผื•ืœืคื™ื” ืึทื‘ืจื”ื, |ืŸ, 27--48, 50--54, 14, 
1 154, 212, 351, 380ืŸ ืฆืŸ, 49, 
2++-43. 

ืึทื‘ึผื•ืœืคื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืจื•ื, {ืŸ 85, 4410 

ืึทื‘ึฟึผื•ื ืฆืจ, ืฐ, 692 

ืึทื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ืจ ืื•ื™ืก ืคึผืึทื ื•, ืขึทืŸ, 120 

ืื‘ึผืŸ.ืกื™ื ื”, {ืŸ, 120, 132, 167, 

ืื‘ืŸ.ืจืฉื“, |ืŸ, 120, 1230, 132, 150, 162, 
71, 114, 1, 232, 324, 334, 355, 412; 
ืฉื•, 40, 43, 51, 56, 

ืื‘ื ืจ (ืึทืœืคื•ื ื–ื• ืืฑื ื‘ึผื™ืจื’ืึธืก), {ืŸ, 144-- 
6 66, 36; ืฉืŸ 182-181; 

ืึทื‘ึผืจื‘ึผื ืืœ, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ึนึผืŸ ื™ืฆื”ืง (1160160 0ืก.ืŸ, 
0 ืž1600), ื–ื•ืŸ, 416 ืฉื•, 1, 24-- 
6, /3, 39, 45, 

ืึทื’ึผืจื’ื ืืœ ื™ืฆื—?, ืฐืŸ, /12, 
8 ืฉืŸ, 23, 26, 44, 

ืึทื‘ึผืจื‘ึผื ืืœ ืฉืžื™ืืœ, || 254, 

ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ืŸ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื”ืœื•ื™, ืฉืŸ, 266--261, 

ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ื™ื’ืœ, ืฉืŸ 169, 111, 4477 


--313 ,110 5 
4121 ,2 


ืึทื‘ื•ื”ื ืื‘ึฐึผืŸ ื˜ื™ื’ื•ืฉ, ืฉึตืŸ, 16, 
ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืื•ื™ืก ืกืึทืจื˜ืขืึทื , ืฉื•, 120, 
ืึทื‘ื•ื”ื ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืจ (ืจืื‘"ื“ ืชืฉื ื™), {ืŸ, 18, 155, 


ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื, ||, 413 





517 


ืึทื ืจื”ื ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืฆื”ืง ืื•ื™ื ื’ืจืขื ืึทื“ืึธ, {ื•ืŸ, 252, 253 

ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื•ึนืจ, || 253 

ืึทื’ืจื”ื ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ืœื•ื™ ืื•ื™ื ื’ืขืจืึธื ืึท, ื•ืŸ, 232, 

ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ึผืŸ ืฉืœืžื” ืื•ื™ื ืฉื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ืืœ, /, 
0 711. 

ืึทื‘ืจื—ื ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืœื˜ืขืก, ืฉึถืŸ, /2, 52, 61-60 

ืึทื”ืจืŸ ื‘ึผืŸ ืืœื™ื”ื•, ืฉึถืŸ, 256, 

ืึทื—ืจืŸ ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ (ื“ืขืจ ื‘ึผืขืœ ืขื”ืžื‘ื”ืจ"), ื˜ึถืŸ, 256, 

ืึธื•ื•ื™ืจื™, ืฉึทืŸ, 1235, 

ืื•ืœืžืึท, ื™ืขืงื‘ ื“ื ื™ืืœ, ืฉึถืŸ, 239 

ืื•ื ืงื ื™ื™ืจืึท, ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ึผืŸ ืฉืžื•ืืœ, ืขืŸ 358 -359, 

ืื•ืจ ืขืžื™ื, ื–ืข ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ืกืคื•ืจื ื•, 

ืื™ืกืขืจืœื™ืŸ, ื™ืฉื‚ืจืืœ ื‘ึนึผืŸ ืคืชื—ื™ื”, ื•ื•ืŸ, 191, 193, 

ืื™ืกืขืจืœื™ื, ืžืฉื” (ื“ืขืจ ืจืž"ื), |ืŸ 4316 
ืฆื” 201 

ืื™ืคึผืึธืงืจืึทื, ืฉึถืŸ, 6120 

ืื™ืจื™ืจื” ืึทื‘ืจื”ื, ืฉืŸ, 406-4023, 451, 

ืื™ืฉื”ึผื•ืจื™ ื‘ึผืŸ ืžืฉื‚ื” ื”ืคึทึผืจื—ื™, ื•ื•ืŸ, 198--199, 

ืึทืœื‘ึผืึธ, ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ืฐื•ืŸ, 314-2206, 335, 

ืึทืœื‘ึผืึทืœืึทื’, ื™ืฆื”?, {ืŸ, 130--143, 155, 204, 
8, 259, 401--410, 

ืึทืœื‘ึผืขืจื˜ื•ืก ืžืึทื’ื ื•ื, |}, 206, 

ืึทืœื’ืึทื•ืึทืœื™, {, 130, 132, 161, 270, 200, 

ืึทืœื’ืึทื–ื™, ื™ืขืงื‘, ืฉึถืŸ, 433, ) 

ืึทืœื ื•ืึทืจืขื–, ืžืื™ืจ, || 226, 244, 222, 419, 


ืึทืœื“ืึทื›ื™, ื˜ืื™ืจ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฆื”ืง, |ื” 212-206, 
9, 415, ืฒ 
ืึทืœื•ืจืงื™, ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข, (6/ 5200 06 ืกืžื•0ืกื–6) 

4240 
ืึทืœื•ืจืงื™, ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื‘ึผืŸ ืฐื™ืฐืึทื, |1, 
86--240, 


515 


ืืœื™ ื‘ึผืŸ ืจื—ืžื“ืŸ, ืฉืŸ, 207 

ืืœื™ื”ืชื• ืื™ืฉ ื™ืขื ืฆืึทื ื•, ืฉึถืŸ, 120, 131, 

ืืœื™ื”ื• ื“ื™ ืฐื™ื“ืึทืฉ, ืฉึตืŸ, 311--321., 

ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ึนึผืจ ืืฉืจ ื”ืœื•ื™ ืึทืฉืคึผื ื–ื™} ื–ืข ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ึผื—ื•ืจ, 

ืืœื™ื”ื• ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื•, ืฉึตืŸ, 37, 39:-44, /16, 
6--227, 

ืึทืœื—ืจื™ื–ื™, |||, 266, 426. 

ืืœื™ืฉืข ื ืึทืœื™ืงืข, ืฉึตืŸ, 151 

ืึทืœื›ึผืกื ื“ืจ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืงืกื˜ืขืจ, ืฉึถืŸ, 14, 

ืึทืœืคืกื ื“ืจ ื”ืคึผืจื“ืกื™, ||ืŸ, 178, 324, 

ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ืื•ื™ืกื ืฉื™ื’ื•ืŸ, /ื•, 199, 

ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ื›ื—, ืฐ, 22, 32, 34, 
5 259; ืฉึตืŸ, 64 

ืืœืขืžื™ ืฉืœืžื”, {{ึทืŸ, 217--221, 219, 235. 

ืึทืœืคืึธื ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืคืžืขืจ, ืฉึตื” 9 

ืึทืœืคืึทืจืึธื‘ึผื™, ื–ึทื•ืŸ, 13, 120. 

ืึทืœืงืึทื‘ึผื™ืฉ, ืฉืœืžื”, ืฉืŸ, 3.5 210 

ืึทืœืงื™ื ื“ื™, ื–ึทื–, 17. 

ืึทืœืฉื›ึผืจ, ืžืฉื”, ื–ึทื•ืŸ, 121, 

ืจ' ืืžื ื•ืŸ, ืฉ}, 114. 

ืึทื ืึทื˜ืึธืœื™, ื™ืขืงื‘, ||ืŸ, 79, 80, 81, 96, 156, 
6 ืฉึถืŸ, 8. 

ืึทื ื ื ืžืืจื™ื ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืจืžืื™, ืขืŸ, 397, 

ืึทืคื•ื ื“ื•ืคึผื•ืœื•, ื›ึผืœื‘, ืฉึตืŸ, 257- 258, 488 -491, 

ืึทืฆื™ืœื•ืช, {, 21--425 

ืึทืงืึธืกื˜ืึท, ืื•ืจื™ืืœ, ืฉืŸ, 180--181, 408 

ืึทืจืึทื‘ึผื•ืขื’ืึท, ืŸ, 227, 

ืืจื“ื•ืžื™ืœ, ืฉืžื™ืžื•ื‘ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืง, |ืŸ, 4200 

ืืจื•ื‘ึผืฉ, ืžืฉื”, {|, 4415 

ืึทืจื™ืึธืกื˜ืึธ, ืขื” 128, 


ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ื• (ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ืึธื˜ืขืœ), ||, 42, 44, 15, / 


2 164, 165, 1714, 115, 2017, 232, 
38, 260, 268, 269, 292, 322, 323, 324, 
6, 330, 346, 411, 417; ืฉื• 20, 40, 
31 120, 1235, 146, 296, 

ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ืึธื˜ืขืœื™ื–ื, {|ืŸ, 17, 18. 

ืึทืจืžืขื ื”ืึทื“ ื‘ึผืœืข:; || 199 

ืึทืจืงืขืฐืึธืœื˜ื™, ืฉืžื•ืืœ, ืฉึถืŸ, 173-2172, 

ืึทืฉื˜ืจื•ืง ืจื™ื™ืžื•ืš, ||ืŸ, 232, 235 

ืืฉืจ ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื—ื™ืืœ (ืจื"ืฉ, ืืฉึธื‚ืจึตื™), ืฐื•, 102, 
9, 130, 197, 199, 200, 4201 276, 
1, 333, /35, ' 

ื‘ึผืึทืžืึทืจื’ืœ, ืกืžืฉื”, 0 4256 





ื–ื•ืŸืš - ืฆ ืข ืžืœ, 


ื‘ึผืึทื ืขื ื“ื™ ืœืึทื˜ืขืืก (ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ึผืŸ ืขืžื ื•ืืœ), ืฉื•, 
7, 19, 117 

ื‘ึผืึธื ืคืขื“, ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ึผืŸ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฐื•ืŸ, 232--236, 426, 

2014 66 ืกื ื–ื•ืคื’ืชืกื, {ืŸ, 28 (ื•ืข ืžืฉื” 
ื‘ึผืŸ ื ื—ืžืŸ), 

ื‘ึผืึทืกื•ืœืึท, ืžืฉื”, ืฉึตืŸ, 162 

ื‘ึผืึทืง, ืฉ,, {ืŸ, 207. 

ื‘ึผืึทืฑื˜ืึธืœืึธื˜ืฉื™, ื˜ึถืŸ, 153. 

ื‘ึผืึทืฉื™ืฆื™, ืืœื™ื”ื•, ืฉึถืŸ, 257, 

ื‘ึผื“ืจืฉื™, ืึทื‘ืจื”ื, ืฐืŸ, 119. 

ื’ื”ื™ืจ", || 18:-19, 27, 40, 

ื‘ึผื•ื ื”ืึทืจืจื, ืฉึตืŸ, 123, 39, 53, 115, 152., 

ื‘ึผื•ื ืคืึธืก, ืขืืŸ - ืฉืืžืคื™ืืœ (ืฉืืœืชึผื™ืืœ), ื—ืœ 
2, 


- ึผื•ืงืคื˜ืึธืจืฃ, ืฉึตืŸ, 153. 


ื‘ึผื—ื•ืจ ืืœื™ื”ื• (ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ึผืจ' ืืฉืจ ื”ืœื•ื™ ืึทืฉ:ื ืฑ, 
ืืœื™ื”ื• ืœืขืฐื™ื˜ืึท), ืฉึถืŸ, /3, 69-62, 13,. 
16-85, 78, 4170 

ื‘ึผื—ื™ื™ ืื‘ึผืŸ ืคึผืงื•ืจื”, {ึท, 617 

ื‘ึผื—ื™ื™ ื‘ึผืŸ ืืฉืจ, ืฐืŸ, 202--204, 

ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืึทื ื™, ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ึผืŸ ืฉ-ื™ื˜ื•ื‘, ืฐืŸ 334, 335, 
6, 2337, 412, 416. 

ื’ึผืœืึธืš, ืค,, {ืŸ, 265 

ื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผืœื™ืžื”, |ืฐืŸ 32, 

ื’ื ื›ื ืฉืช ืื‘ึผืŸ ืœื‘ื™ื, || 419, 125, 

ื‘ึผื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืขืœืึธ, ืฉึตืŸ, /26, 

ื‘ึผืขื ื“ื™ืžืึธ ื“ื™ ืงืึทืกื˜ืจืึธ, ืข, 425, 

ื‘ึผืขืงืึธืŸ ืจืึธืจื–ืฉืขืจ, ||ืŸ, 4412 

ื‘ึผืจืึทื’ืึทื“ื™ื’ื™, ืฉืŸ, 156, 

ื‘ึผืจื•ืš ืื•ื™ื ื‘ืขื ืขืฐืขื ื˜ืึธ, ืฉึถืŸ, 37, 451 

ื‘ึผืจืคืช, ื–ืจื”, ืฉึตืŸ, 16 

ื‘ึผืจืึธื“ื™, {ืŸ, 125, 4426 

ื ืึทืœื™ืžืึทืคึผืึท, ื—ื™ื™ื, |ื•, 255, 

ื’ืึทืœืขืึธื˜ืึธ, ืžืึทืจื™ืฆื™ื•ืก, ืขืŸ, 13. 

ื’ืึทืœืขืŸ, ืขืŸ, 120, 

ื ืึธืžืขืฅ, ืึทื ื˜ืึธื ื™ืึท ืขื ืจื™ืงืขื, ืฉืŸ, 237, 4392 

ื’ืึธื ื–ืึทื’ืึธ, ืฉืŸ, 28 129 

ื’ืึธื ื–ืึธืœืึธ, ืžืึทืจื˜ื™ื ืขืฅ, ืฐืŸ 214 

ื’ื‘ึผืื™, ืžืื™ืจ ืื‘ึผืŸ, {{, 420 ืขืŸ . 290--304+ 

ื’ื‘ื™ืจื•ืœ, โ€ ืฉืœืžื— ืื‘ืŸ, |ื•ืŸ, 9, 16, 17, 19, 
7 40, 58, 71, 233, 291} ืฉืŸ, 27, 114, 

ื ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืŸ, ืึทื‘ืจื”ืก, {|, 267; ืฉึด, 6356 

ื’ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืŸ, ื™ืขืงื‘, ืฉื” 257 


ื•ื•ืš = ืฆ ืข ืกืœ 


ื’ื“ืœื™ื” ืื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื, 111, 416} 
116-12, 117, 132. 

ื’ื“ืœื™ื” ื‘ึผืŸ ืžืฉื” ืื‘ึฟืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื, ืฉึตืŸ, /35, 

ื ื™ืฉืžืึทืŸ, ื™,, ืฐึทืŸ, 207, 308, 

ื’ืฒื’ืขืจ, ืึทื‘ืจื”ื, ||ืŸ, 24} ืฉึถ 29, 

ื’ื™ืงืึทื˜ื™ืœืึท (ื“ื–ืฉื™ืงืึทืžื™ืœืึท), ื™ื•ืกืค ื‘ึผืŸ ืึทื‘ืจืชืก, 

ื•ึน, 49-48; ืข, 9, 

ื’ืœื™ืงืœ ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืžืœ, ืฉืŸ, 428--429, 

ื’ืขืžื™ืกื˜ ืคึผืœืขื˜ืืŸ, ืฉื•, 22, 

ื’ืจืขืฅ, |, 56, 30, 141, 145, 236, 243, 
0, 344, /31, 319, 354} ืฉึตืŸ, 26, 44, 
1, (8, 

ื“ืึธืŸ ืฆึทืกื˜ืจื•ืง ืจืข ืœื•ื ืขืœ, ||ืŸ, 88, 

ื“ืึทื ืึธืŸ, ืกืขื“ื™ื— ื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ื™ืžื•ืŸ ืื‘ืŸ, || 365--368. 

ื“ืึทื ื˜ืข, ืขืŸ, 11, 12, 15, 54, 143. 

ื“ืึทืคึผื™ืขืจืึธ, ืžืฉื•ืœื, |}, 20, 126-424, 

ื“ืึทืคื™ืขืจืึธ, ืฉืœื›ื”, || 153, 261, 424, 


ืฉึตืŸ, 36, 84, 


ื“ื•ื“ ืื ื™ ื–ื™ืžืจื (ืจื“ื‘"ื•), ืขึถืŸ 205, 

ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ึผืŸ ืึทื‘ืจื”ื, {{, 79, 

ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ึผื•ึนื ื™ื ื‘ึผื•ื ื’ื•ืจืŸ, ื–ึทื•ืŸ, 242, 

ื“ื•ื“ ื’ืŸ ื“ื ื™ืื™, ||, 18, 

ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื•ืื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื‘ืŸ ื‘ึผื™ืœืึธ, {ืŸ, 205--206, 
ื“ื•ื“ ื’ืึทื ื–, ืฉื” 423 

ื“ื•ื“ ื“'ืึทืกืงืืœื™, ืฉึตึถืŸ, 159, 

ื“ื•ื“, ื“ืขื ื‘ึผืขืœ ืคื”ืฉื’ื•ืช" ืคึฟืึธื˜ืขืจ, ||, 18 
ื“ื•ึนื“ ื›ื”ืŸ, ืฉืŸ, 247 

ื“ื•ื“ ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ืžื™ื. ืฉืŸ, 159, 

ื“ื•ื“ ืงื›ื—ื™, ืฉึตืŸ, 03, 

ื“ื•ื“ ืจืื•ื‘ื ื™, ืฉืŸ, 278, 219 


ื“ื•ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ืŸ ื™ืขื™ืฉ, ืฉึถืŸ, 79, 

ื“ื•ืจืึทืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืคึฟื™ืึทื (ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ึผืŸ ืžืฉื— ื”ืœื•ื™ ืื‘ื™ื“ื™ื•, 
ื•ื• 241--230, 261, 302, 412, 415, 421, 
424 ืฆืŸ 11, 441 

ื“ื–ืฉืึธืจ ื“ืึทื ืึธ ื‘ืจื•ื ืึธ, ืฉืŸ, 135, 

ื“ื–ืฉื™ืึธืฐืึทืŸ ืžืึทืจื™ื, ืฉึถืŸ, 16. 

ื“ื–ืฉืึธืฐืึทืŸ-ืคึผืึทืึธืœืึท, ืฉืŸ, 16, 

ื“ื™ืึธื’ื™ืกื™ื•ื ืคึผืึธืกื™ื•ืก, ืฉึถืŸ, 397, 

ื“ื™ื•.ืคึผืึทืจืง, ืฉึถืŸ 36. 

ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื•, ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœืžื” ื•ื™ืฉื‚ืจ ืžืงืึทื ื“ื™ื), 
1170 ืฉึถืŸ, 26, 112, 206--231. 


ื–ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื‘ึผืึธืžื‘ึผืขืจื’, ืฉืŸ, 25 
ื“ื’ื™ืืœ ื‘ึผืŸ ืคึผืจื—ื™ื” ื”ื ึผื”ืŸ, ืขืŸ 89, 
ื“ืข:ื•ื•ื™ืœืืžืึทืŸ, ืฉึถืŸ, 120, 








519 


ื“ืขื ื™ืก ืกื™ืœืฐืขืกื‘ื™, ืฉึตืŸ, 26, 

ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจื™ื™ืขืŸ ืคึทืึทืจ ื™ืจื™ืฉืข ื‘ึผื™ื›ืขืจ, ืฉึถืŸ, 69--15 
ื”ืขึธื‘ึนึผื, ืฉืŸ 414. 

ื”ืึธืžืขืจ, ืฉึตืŸ, 143, 


ื”ืึทื ืึธื•ืขืจ,, ื ืชืฑื™ื ื˜;2, ืฉึถ}, 344, 
ื”ืึธืจืึธื“ืขืฆืงื™, || 354, 


ื”ืึธืจืึทืฆื™ื•ืก, ืฉ, 1.3, 

ื”ื“ืกื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ืขึตืŸ, 256 

ื”ื•ื’ืึธ ื ืจืึทืฆื™ื•ื, ืฉึตืŸ, /39., 

ื™ืฉืืขื™ื” (ื“ืขืจ ืฉืœ"ื”), ืฉื•, 4436 

ื”ืœืœ ืืฑื ืฐืขืจืึธื ืึท, || 29, /31, 28 19ืŸ 
ืฉืŸ, 8, 43, 124. 

ื”ืขืจืึธื“ืึธื, ืฉึถืŸ, 143, 

ื”ืขืจืึทืงืœื™ื˜, ืฉึตื‚ืŸ. 135, 

ื”ืขืจืฆืึธื’ ืึทืœืฐืึทืจืขืก, ืฉืŸ, 80 


ื”ื•ืจื•ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ, 


ืฐืึทื–ืึทืจื™ ื“ื–ืฉืึธืจื“ื•ื˜ื™ืึท, ืฉืŸ, 15, 
ืฐืึทืกืงืึท:ื“ืฒื’ืึทืžืึท, ืฉืŸ, 89, | 
ืฐื™ื“ืžืึทื ืฉื˜ืึทื, ื™ืึทืŸ ืึทืœื‘ึผืจืขื›ื˜, ืฉึตึถืŸ, /2, 51, 


ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืืœ, ื—ื™ื™ื, ืฉืŸ, 227--221, 329, 342, 261, 
ืฐื™ืฉืึธืจื™ืึท. ืขืœื™ืึธื ื•, ืง'ืŸ, 162, 

ืฐื™ืคืขืจื‘ึผืึธ, ืฉึตืŸ, 64, 

ืฐืฒืœ, ื™ืขืงื‘, {ืŸ, 191 

ืฐื™ืงืœืฆืฃ, || 194, 


ื™ื™ืขืจื’ืึธ, ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื‘ึผืŸ, ืฆืŸ, 90, 99, 

ืฐืขืจื ืึธ, ืฉืœืžื” ืื‘ึผืŸ, ืฉึถื” 99-90, 117 

ื–ืึทืงื•ืคื™, ืึทื‘ืจื”ืก ื‘ึผืŸ ืฉืžื•ืืœ, ืฉึตืŸ, 84, 88- 
9, 117, 


ื–ืึธืจืึธืึทืกื˜ืขืจ, {{ืŸ, 4:3, 
ืื™ 
: 


ื–ืึทืจืงืึธ, ื™ื”ื•ืจื”, ืฉ, /35, 

ื•ื•ื”ืจ, {{}, /3, 41, 54, 12-6556, 18-513, 
5, 7, 389, /397, 399 ืฉึถืŸ, 115, 
7, 8, 139, 161, 162, 164, 302. 

ื–ื™ืกืงื™ื ื“ ืฐื™ืžืคึผืคืขืŸ, {{ืŸ, 106, 

ื–ื›ึผื•ืชื, ื˜ืฉื‚ื”, ืฉึถ, 236 -241, 392, 

ื–ืกื•ืจื” ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืฉืŸ, 356, 

ื–ืจื•ื‘ึผื ืœ (ืžื“ืจืฉ), ืขืŸ, 447, 

ื–ืจื— ื‘ึผืŸ ื ืชืŸ, ืฉึถืŸ, 28, 221, 224, 


ื–ืจื—ื™ื” ื”ืŸ, {ืŸ 29, 41ืŸ ืฉืŸ 8 
ื–ืฉืึทืงืึธื ืึท. ืกืึทื ืกืขืงืึธื ื“ืึท, ืฆื•, 
ื–ืฉืึธืจื•ืฉ ื“ื™ ืกืขืœืึท, ืฉึถืŸ, 65, 
ื—ื ื™ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘, ืฉึตืŸ, 426. 
ื—ื™ื•ืŸ ืึทื‘ืจื”ื, {ืŸ, 310. 
ื—ื™ื•ืŸ ื ื—ืžื™ื”, ืฉึถืŸ, /44--448, 


5200 


ื—ื™ื™ื ืื‘ึผืŸ ืžื•ืกืึท, {ื•ืŸ, 315. 

ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ึผื”ืŸ, ืฉึตืŸ, 360 

ื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื, ืฉึตืŸ, 445-4232, 515, 

ื”ื ื ืืœ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืœื™ื ื™ื, ืฉึตืŸ, 156. 

ื—ืžื“ืื™ ืื‘ึผืŸ ืฉืคึผืจื•ื, || 215. 

ื—ืกื“ืื™ ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, {ืŸ, 260, 

ื—ืจื™ื–ื™ ื–ืข ืืœื—ืจื™ื•ื™. 

ื˜ืืœืืžืขื“ืึท ืงืœื•ื“ื™ืึท, ืขืŸ, 26 

ื˜ืึธืžืึทืก ืึทืงืฐื™ื ืึธ, {ืŸ, 237 

ืžืึธืžืึทืก ื”ื™ื™ื“, ืขึตืŸ, 86, 

ื˜ืึธืจืงืฐืึทื˜ืึธ ืžืึทืกืึธ, ืขึทืŸ, 128. 

ื˜ืึธืจืงืฐืึธืžืึทืจืึธ ืคืึธืžืึทืกืึธ, (ื•ืŸ, 269, 

ื˜ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืฆืึทืง ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉืŸ, 205, 

ืžื™ืžืึธืกื˜ืขื•ื, {ืŸ, 162. 

ื˜ืขืึธืคึผืจืึทืกื˜ื•ื, |{ืŸ, 411 

ื˜ืขืจืฉื•ืœื™ืึทืŸ, ืฐืŸ, 412, 

ื™ืึทืŸ ื‘ึผืขื, ืฉึดืŸ, 86. 

*ืึทืŸ ืจืขืžื•ืก, ||ืŸ, 172, 

ื™ืึทืŸ ื”ื•ืก, ||, 194. 

ื™ื“ืขื™ื” ืคึผื ื™ื ื™, |ืŸ, 120-7119, 121--122, 125, 
0, 426; ืฉืŸ, 121, 122, 130 

ื™ืึทืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ืฉ 89 

ื™ื”ื•ืจื” ืื‘ืŸ ื–ื›ืจื”, {ืŸ, 117.. 

ื™ื”ื•ืจื” ืืจื™ื” ,(ืœืขืึธืŸ) ื“ื™ ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท, ืฉึตืŸ, 26, 
9, 224, 

ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ึนึผืŸ ืืฉืจ, {ืŸ, 221. 

ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื—ื™ืืœ (ืžื™ื›ืจ ืœื™ืื•ืŸ), ืฉืŸ, /31, 
61-5, 84, 133, 140, 467--470, 

ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื›ึผืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื—ื™ื•ื, ืขืŸ, ื’2, 

ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืึทืฉืคื›ึผื ืฑ, |ืฅ, 44 

ื™ื”ื•ืจื” ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืงืจ, ืฐ4, 32 

ื™ื—ื•ื“ื” ื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™, ืฐืŸ 119, 

ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื“ื™ืœืžื™ืจื™ื’ื•, ืฉึตืŸ, 108, 

ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ืœื•ื™, {{ืŸ, 23, 40, 138, 247, 301, 
2 285, 413; ืฉึตืŸ, 82-81, 114, 124, 
1 142, 

ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื—ืกื™ืจ, {ืŸ}, 22, 241, 35, 155, 259, 

ื™ื”ื•ืœื•ืก, ื”,, {ืŸ, 301, 

ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื ' ืฉื•ืขื™ื‘, ืฐึทืŸ ื’32, 

ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืึทืœืขืžืึทื ื•, {|ืŸ, 155, 1156 
4--50, 51, 

ื™ื•ื-ืžื•ื‘ ื”ืขืœืขืจ, {ืŸ, 125. 

ื™ื•ื.ืžื•ื‘ ืœื™ืคึผืžืึทืŸ-ื˜ื™ืœื”ื•ื™ื•ืŸ, ื•ื• 292 196, 262, 


ื˜ื•, 31, 





ื•ื•ืš. ืฆ ืข ืžืœ 


ื™ื•ื ื” ื’ื™ืจื•ื ื“ื™, {ืŸ, 89 

ื™ื•ืกืฉื™ื ื™ืืŸ (ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจ), ืฉึถืŸ, 156, 

ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื‘ึผืŸ ืขืงื ื™ืŸ, ื” 212 

ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื•ืจ ื™ื—ื™ื, ืขืŸ, 19--81, 112, 4124 

ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื’ึผืŸ ืจื•ืจ, ืึตืŸ, 80 

ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื”ื ื”ืŸ, ืฉืŸ, 844, 
2--108, 157, 281. 

ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ึผืŸ ืžืฉื”, , 193 

ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ึผืŸ ืžืฉื•ืœื, 356 -2364, 

ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื™ืึทืจืึธ, ืขืŸ, 156, 

ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ึผืŸ ืฉืœืžื” ืื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื, {ื•ืŸ, 1223 ืฉืŸ, 
7, 24 

ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ึผืจื•ืš ืžื•"ื ืื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื”, ืฉึถืŸ, 26. 

ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ึดึผืŸ ืฉืื™ื˜ื•ื‘, |ืŸ, 216, 241, 244, 245, 
2, 334-2319, 336, 337, 416; ืขืŸ, 42 

ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœืžื” ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื•, ื–ืข ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื• ื™ื—ื™ืืœ 
ืื•ื™ื ืคึผืึทืจื™, {ืŸ, 1225 ืฉึตืŸ, 114. 

ื™ื–ื™ืืœ ืื•ื™ื ืคึผื™ื•ื, || 1416 ืฉื” 44, 120, 
1--125, 128, 

ื™ื›ื™ื ื™ ืึทื‘ืจื”ื, ืฉึถืŸ, 421-419, 428, 431, 

ื™ืขื‘ืฅ ื™ื•ืกืฃ, {{ืŸ, 131, 155, 260, 370--312, 

ื™ืขื•ื•ืกืขื•ื•ื™ื•ืก, 1 411, 

ื™ืขืœื™ื ืขืง, |ื•, 344 

ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘, |, 125, 307; ืฉึตืŸ, 195, 
4, 

ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ึผืŸ ืืฉืจ, |ืŸ, 221; ืฉึตืŸ, 69 

ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื”ื•ืจื”, ื–ึทื•ืŸ, 102, 

ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ึผืŸ ืžื›ื™ืจ, || 95-594, 199. 

ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ึผืŸ ืžืฉืช ื“ื™ ืึทืœื’ืึทื‘ึผืึท, ืฉึถืŸ, 352, 

ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ึผืŸ ืžืฉื” ืžื•ืœื™ืŸ (ื“ืขืจ ืžื”ืจื™"ืœ), {ืŸ, 
1, 193, 

ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ึผื™ืจื‘, ืฉึถืŸ, 213 

ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ึนึผืจ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื“ื•ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืœื™ื ืขืœ, ืฉื™ 2, 

ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ึนึผืจ ืฉืฉืช, {|, 21-25, 

ื™ืขืงื‘ ื—ืœื•ื™, ืฉืŸ, 171 

ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™, |ืŸ, 197, 198, 

ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ึผืŸ ืžืฉืช ื™ืก ื•ื™ืŸ, |ืŸ, 108. 

ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ึผืŸ ืงืœื•ื ื™ืžื•ื, ืฐืŸ, 318. 

ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ึผืจ ืฉืฉืช (ื“ืขืจ ืจื™ื›ื‘"ืฉ), ||ืŸ, 188, 
5, 217, 218, 220, 230, 236 255, 
6, 259 . 260, - 299, | 

ื™ืฆื—ืง ื“ื™ ืœืึทืคืขื, ืฉืŸ, 163. 


,88- 86 


ื•ื™ืฆื—ืง ื“ืœืžืึทืฉ, {|, (9, 


ื•ื•ืš * ืฆ ืข ื ืœ 


ื™ืฆื—ืง ื›ึผื”ืŸ, 
ืขื• 3233, 

ื™ืฆื—ืง ื“ืขืจ ืกื’ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืจ, ||, 18, 32, 

ื™ืฆื—ืง ืžื˜ื™ื ืžื™ืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ืŸ, 125. 

ื™ืฆื—ืง ื ื”ืจ, ืฉึถืŸ, 427, 

ื™ืฆื—ืง ื ืชืŸ, {ืŸ, 318, 

ื™ืฆื—ืง ืขื•ื•ื™ืืœ, ืฉึตืŸ, 291, 296, 

ื™ืฆื—ืŸ ืฆืจืคืชื™, ืขืŸ, 241--249. 

ื™ืฉื›ืจ ื’ืขืจ ื‘ึผืŸ ืคืชื—ื™ื”, ืฉืŸ, /34, 

ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื‘ึผืจื•ื ื, ืฐืŸ, 192, 

ื›ึผื”ื ึนื ื“ื•ื“, ืขึทืŸ, 433, /43, 449, 

ื›ืฐืึธืœืกืึธืŸ, ืจื ื™ืืœ, ืฉืŸ, 12, 13, 14 

ื›ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื•, ืกืžืจืจื›ื™, ืฉึทืŸ, 241, 251-5:251, 
0--487, 

ื›ึผื•ื ึนืช, ืึทื‘ืจื”ื; ืฉึถืŸ, 59, 70, 133, 

ื›ึผืกืคึผื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื‘ึผืŸ, 165-2151, 414 

ื›ืจื™ืกืžื™ืึทืŸ ื‘ืึทื™ืขืจ, ืขึถืŸ, 66, 

ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืึทื ืึท, ื“ื™ ืงื™ื’ื™ื’ื™ืŸ 
7, 425, 

ืœืึธื™ืึธืœืึท, ืฉึน, 155, 

ืœืึทืกื™ืฃ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ึผืŸ ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ึผืŸ, || 14--15, 
1 14, 85, 

ืœืึทื˜ืขืก, ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืขืงื , {ืŸ, 117, 

ืœืึทื ื’ื•, ืกืขื“ื™ื”, ืฉึถืŸ /35, 

ืœืึทื ื“ืฑ, ื™ืขืงื‘, ืขึถืŸ, 167- 4168 

ืœืึทื ื“ืฑืขืจ, || 03 

ืœืึทืกื˜, ื™ืฆื—ืง, ื–ึทื•ึทืŸ, 153, 

ืœืึธืจืขื ืฆืึธ ืฐืึทืœืœืึท, ึถืŸ, 55. | 

ืœืึทืจืงื™ ื™ืขืจืึธื ื™ืžืึท, {ืŸ, 2:6, 318 

ื™ืœื•ื–ื™ืžืึทื ื•ืก ืึทืžืึทื˜ื•ืก, ืฉึถ, 156, /35, 

ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืŸ ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ึผืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื, || ื’8--86, 92, 
8--421, 414. 

ืœืฑ ื‘ึผืŸ ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ (ืจืœื‘"ื’), {ืŸ, 155, 170--189, 
4 2156, 258, 211, 212, 214, 215, 
6 2822, 283, 286, /28, 292, 2923, 
71, ืฉื•ึน, 25 31. 

ื™ืœื•ืฆืึทื˜ื•, ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืง, ืฉึตืŸ, 165, 

ืœื•ืฆืึท, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื“ื•ืจ, ืฐืŸ, 424ืŸ ืฉืŸ, 04 

ืœื•ืจื™ื ื™ืฆื—ืง (ื“ืขืจ ืืจ"), ืฉึถืŸ, 2326-222 
8 -329, 332ืŸ 340-23239, 362, (30, 
9, 435, 

ืœื•ืจื™ื, ืฉืœืžื” (ื“ืขืจ ืจืฉ"ืœ), ืžื•, 417 

ื™ืœืขืึธืŸ ื‘ึผืจื™ืขืœื™, ืฉึตืŸ, 152, 


ื•ื• ืค1, 25-23, 259, 4410 


ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืฐืขืจืŸ, ืขึตืŸ, 








21 


ืœืขืึธ ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ืฆื ื˜ืขืจ, ืฉืŸ, 14, 

ืœืขืึธืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื•ื™ื ืงืึทืจืึทืกืงื™ืŸ, ืฐื™, 197, 418 

ืœืขื• ื“ืขืจ ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ, ืขืŸ, 16, 79 

ืœืขืžืขืœืขืŸ, ืืฉืจ, ืฉึถืŸ, 23 

ืžืื™ืจ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื ื‘ึผืื™, |ื• 120 ืฉื” 

ืžืื™ืจ ื‘ึนึผืŸ ื‘ึผืจื•ืš (ืžื”ืจ' 
107-71, 4109 

ื›ืื™ืจ ื‘ึผืŸ ื‘ึผืจื•ืš ื”ืœืฑ, ืฐืŸ 190--191, 

ืžืื™ืจ ื‘ึนึผืŸ ืฒืกืฃ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื, ืฉึถืŸ, 141, 

ื˜ืื™ืจ ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืงืึทืฆืขื ืขืœืขื ื‘ึผืึธื’ืขืŸ (ืžื”ืจ"ื 
ืžืคึผืึทื“ื•ืึท), ืขึตืŸ, 108, 150, 162, 168, 

ื›ืึทื™ืขืกื˜ืจื• ื™ืึธื”ืึทืŸ, {|ืŸ, 252, 

ืžืึทื ื˜ื™ื ืึธ, ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ึผืŸ ืฉืžืขืŸืŸ, ืฉึตืŸ, 31, 51ึฟ-- 
2, 2844. 

ืžืึทืกื™ื•ืก ืึทื ื“ืจืฒ, ืฉ , 156--57'. 

ืžืึทืจื˜ื™ื ืขืฅ ืคืขืจื ืึทื ืจ, ||, 226, /22, 

ืžืึทืจื˜ืฉื™ืœื™ืึท ืคึผื™ื˜ืฉื™ื ืึท, |ืฐื•, 422; ืขื” 22 

ืžืึทืจืงืึธ ืึทื ื˜ืึธื ื™ืึท. ื“ื•ืฉื•ืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืึทื ื™, ืฉืŸ, 24 

ื›ื•ื ืง, ืฉืœืžื”, |ืŸ, 120, 306, 

ืžื•ืกืคื™ื— ื‘ึผื ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ืฉืŸ, 425, 421 

ืžื™ืกืงืึทื˜ื•, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืจื™ื” ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ, (ืŸ, 416} 
ืขืฆ, 120, 134 143, 144, 152, 154. 

ืžื•ืจืึทื˜ืึธ, ืžื•, ืฉึต}, 169--1749, 

ืžื•ืจื˜ืึทืจื•, ืฐื•, 210, 

ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื•, /ืŸ, 259--261, 

ืžื˜ืงื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืื‘ืŸ, |, 40, 

ืžื™ื™ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ืŸ, |} /, 8, 121 

ืžื™ื›ืืœ ื‘ึผืŸ ืฉื ึผืชื™, ืฉืŸ 07 

ืžื™ื ื•ืฆื™ื•ืก ืคืขืœื™ืงืก, |, 412 

ืžื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืกืขื‘ึผืึทืกื˜ื™ืึทืŸ, , 3 63, 00, 18, 
9 106, 161, 470 

ืžื™ื ืฅ, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ืฉึตืŸ, 166, 

ื˜ื™ื ืฅ, ืžืฉื”, |ืŸ, 191 

ืžื™ืกืจ ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื–ืข ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื—ื™ืืœ. 

ืžื™ืกืจ ืœื™ืื•ืŸ ืจื•ึนืจ, ||, 1416 ืฉื•, 125, 121-- 
2,, 

ืžื ื—ื ื‘ึผืŸ ื–ืจื”, ||, 2:2, 254, 


1 --204, 
ืžืจื•ืกื ื‘ึผื•ืจื’), , 


02 


ืžื ื—ื ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื“ื™ ืœืึธื ื–ืึทื ื•, ืฉืŸ, 359--360. 
ืžื ื—ื ื ึผืŸ ืฉืœืžื” ืžืื™ืจื™, || 116--117, 118, 
23, 


ืžื ื—ืช- ืงื ืื•ืช, ื•ืข ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ืื•ื™ืก ืกื 
ืžื ืฉื” ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืฉืŸ. 402-396. 
ืžืกื›ืช ืืฆื™ืœื•ืช, ||, /2. 


521 


ืžืขืœื™ืข ื•ืฉืึทืŸ, ืฆ, 183-182 
ืžืขื ื“ืขืœืกืึธืŸ, || 127 

ื ื™ืขืฅ ืžืฉื—, ืฉึถืŸ, 224 
ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื‘ึผืŸ ื—ืœืœ, || 104 
ืžืฉืช ืื ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื, ืฉึตืŸ, 4357 
ืžืฉื” ืึทืœืึทืฉืงืึทืจ, ืฐ|, 258, 


ืžืขื” ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื’ืจื‘ึผื•ื ื™, |||, 19, 166-- 
0 6204 
ืžืฉื” ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืžื•ืŸ (ืจืžื‘'ื), 0 2 8; 9, 


2, 18 30, /6, 17, 80, 81, 99, 100, 
4, 120, 121, 122, 135, 139, 152, 
2, 169, 174, 134, 187, 197, 200, 
1 204, 2017, 212, /24, 248, 251, 
3, 266--268, (21, 211, 282, 289, 
0, 292, 301, 302, 303, 305, 322, 
9, 335, 35, /25, 363, 315, 86, 
3 ืขื” 0, 51 73 81, 114, /12, 
8, +254, 402, 415 

ืžืฉื” ื‘ึผืŸ ื ื—ืžืŸ (ืจืžื‘"ืŸ), | 28-/3, 55, 
7, 89, 201, 203, 204, 237, 225, 302, 
9 ืฉื•, 221 

ืžืฉื” ื‘ึผืŸ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ, |ืŸ, 410 

ืžืขื” ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘, ืฉึถืŸ, 59, 

ืžื™ื” ื“ื‘ึธืœืงื™ื™ืจื™, || 156, 

ื›ืฉื” ื“ื™ ืึทื ื•ืœื™ืืจ, ืฉึถืŸ, 392 

ืžืฉื” ื“ื™ ืœื™ืื™ืŸ, || /2, 56-55, /5, 5 

ื˜ืžืฉื” ื”ื ื•ืœื” ืื•ื™ื ืงื™ื›ื•, {ื•ืŸ, 244, 

ืžืฉื” ื›ึผื”ืŸ ืืก ืžืึธืจื“ืขืกื™ืœืึท, ||, 223-- 
4, 2258, 

ืžืฉื” ืžื‘ึผื•ืจื’ื•ืก, {ืŸ, 259, 

ืžืฉื— ืžืงื•ืฆื™, || 200, 

ืžืฉื” ื›ืึทืคึผื•ืฆืึทื˜ื• ื”ื™ื•ื ื™, ืฉืŸ, 211, 249 

ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึท, ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ึผืŸ ืžืฉื”, ืฉึถืŸ, 361:-311, 
7, 494--513, 

ื ื™ืงืึธืœืึทื™ ืื•ื™ืก ืงืฐืึทื ืึธ, ืฉื” 22 

ื ืกื™ื ื‘ึผืŸ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸ (ื“ืขืจ ืจ'ืŸ), 218, 

ื ื™ื‘ึผื•ื ื™ ืžืฉื”, ื•ืข ื˜ืฉื” ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข+ | 

ื ืชืŸ ื”ืขื•ืชื™, ืฉึถืŸ, 423 1.1, 421, 4323, 424, 
6, /437, 

ื˜ื•ืงืจืึทื˜ืขืก, ||, 43, 416, 

ืกึผื•ืžื• ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœืขืึธื ืก, ืฉึตืŸ, 120, 130, 132, 

ืกื™ืงืกื ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจื˜ืขืจ, ืฉึตืŸ, 5. 

ืกืขื“ื™ื” ื‘ึผืŸ ืžื™ื™ืžื•ืŸ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื“ืึทื ืึธืŸ, || 365--308, 





ื•ื•ืš = ืฆ ืœืข ืก ืœ 


ืกืขืจืฐืึทื ื˜ืขืก, ืฉึตืŸ, 26, 

ืกืคื™ืจ ื™ืขืงื‘, ืฉื•, 307, 

ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช, || 23-221, 29-38, 58 -63ืŸ ืฉื•. 
2, 23232--2334, 405--406, 451--454, 

ืกืคืจ ืื›ื ื”, /ืŸ}, 8 2-411 1. 

ืกืคืจ ื”ืคืœื™ืื”, || 243, /24, 

ืกืคืจ ื”ืงื ื”, |, 2--255, 

ืกืฉืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ||, /2. 

ืกืจื•ืง, ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืขืŸ, ื’16, 201, ื’0. 

ืขืจื•ืฉื™ื“ื™ืึธ (ืงืึทืจื“ื™ื ืึทืœ), ืฉื•, 51, 63--65, 17, 

ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ืช ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืกืคื•ืจื ื•, ืขืŸ, 53, 126--128. 

ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื— ืžื‘ึผืจื˜ื ื•ืจื, ืฉึตืŸ, 268--211, | 

ืขื•ืจื, ื“ืขืจ ืžืงื•ื ึผืœ, || 20, 

ืขื•ืจื ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ืŸ, {|, 13, 40, 120, 182, 
6 ืฅืŸ, 15, 114, 250, 2*4, 

ืขื•ืจื”, ืžืฉื” ืื ึผืŸ, || 19, 366, 

ืขื–ืจื™ืืœ, ื“ืขืจ ื›ืงื•ื‘ึผืœ, ืฐืŸ 23-20. 

ืขื–ืจื™ื” ื›ึผืŸ ืžืฉื” ืžืŸ ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื (ื“ื™ ืจืึธืกื™),. 
ืฆืขืŸ, 120, 1133:-134, 142, 143--153, 161, 
4, 413- 414, 

ืขื–ืจื™ื” ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ื“ื™ ืคืึทื ื•, ืฉึถืŸ, 163, 201, 

ืขืžื“ื™ืŸ, ื™ืขืงื‘, ืฉ|, 153, 434 

ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืึธื ืคึทื™ืก ืื•ื™ืืก ืžืึทืจืึทื˜- 
ืงืึธืŸ, ืฐื•, 198, 

ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืงื•ืชื™ืืœ, ื•ื•ื• 474--6477 

ืขืžื ื•ืืœ ืจื•ืžื™, || 40, 366ืŸ ืฉืŸ, 9, 411 
35, 114 

ืขืงื ื™ืŸ, ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื‘ึผืŸ, || 13. 

ื˜ืงืจื™ืฉ, ื™ืฆื—ืง, |{ืŸ, 1244 ืฉืŸ, 2605-5264, 

ืขืจืึธืžื” ื™ืฆื—ืง, {ืŸืŸ, 26, 110, 342-337,. 
3, 355, 

ืคึผืึฒื‘ืœื• ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืึทื ื™, {|{ืŸ, 36 

ืคืึธื ืขืœืฉื˜ืฒืŸ ืื•ื ื“ ืจื™ื ืœืจ, ืฉืŸ, 14, 20, 401 

ืคึผืื™ืœ ื‘ืึธื ืคื•ืึท, ืฉืŸ, 78, 

ืคึผืึทื•ืœื•ืฉ ื‘ืึทื ื™ื•ืฉ (ืคึฟืึทื ื™ื•ืก), ืฉึถืŸ, 16 18 479 

ืคึผืื˜ืื™, ื™ื•ืกืฃ, || 233 

ืคึผืึธื˜ืขื‘ึผื ื™ืึท, {ืŸ, 42--43, 

ืคึฟืึทื ื•, ื™ืขืงื‘, ืฉืŸ, 132, 

ืคึผืึธืจื˜ืœืขืึธื ืข, ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื•ืจ, ,ืฉึตืŸ, 117, 119--ื™ 
60 

ืคึผืฑืœื•ืก ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจืžืขืจ, ึธืฉืฅ, /15:--159, 4163 
4 

ืคึผื•ืœื’ืึทืจ, ื™ืฆื—ืง ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ, || 144--151. 


ื–ื•ืš - ืฆ ืข ืžืœ 


ืคึฟื•ืจืฉื•, ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืžื ื—ื ื›ึนึผื”ืŸ, ืฉืŸ 116, 150, 163, 

ืคึผื˜ื™ ืฉืœืžื”, |||, 9, 11, 19, 99, 114 

ืžื™ื’ื• ืขื–ืจื™ื”, ืขื• 232 -236, 

ืคึผื™ื‘ืึทื™ืฆึธืจื•ึนื, || 41, 402, 411, 413 

ืžื™ื›ืึธืŸ, ื™ื•ืกืฃ, |ืŸ, 219, 

ืคื™ืœื• ืื•ื™ืก ืึทืœื›ึผืกื ื“ืจื™ื”, ื•ื• 27 14, 411 

ืคื™ืœื™ืฃ ื“ืข ืฐื™ื˜ืจื™, |ืŸ, 172 

ืคึผื™ืœื™ืคึผืึธืฐืžืงื™, ืขืŸ, 90, 

ืคึผื™ืงืึธ ื›ื™ืจืึทื ื“ืึธืœืึท, || 172ืŸ ืฉื– /2, 38-- 
0 43 50, 52, 135, 6,143 

ืคึผืœืึทืฐื™ื•ืก, ื™ื•ืกืฃ, {ืŸืŸ, 411 

ืคึผืœืึทื˜ืึธืŸ, || 41, 43, 4/, 411, 412, 412, 
7 ืฉื’ื” 2, 5, 33, 126, 0143 

ืคึผืœืึธืžื™ืŸ, ืฐ, 7 

ืคึผืœื•ื˜ืึทืจืš, ืฉืŸ, 113, 

ืคึผืœืžื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืŸ ืคึผืœืช, ื–ืข ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ึผืŸ ืžืฉื•ืœื, 

ืคึผืœืขื ืกื‘ึผืขืจื’, ื”ื™, |ืŸ, 265, 

ืขืžืจืึทืจืงื, ื–ึทืŸ, 12. 

ืคึผืขื ืกื•, ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ืฉึถืŸ, 292--292, 

ืคืขืจื™ื™ืจืึท, ืึทื‘ืจื”ืก, ืฉึตื–, 421, 

ืคึผืขืจืœืขืก, ืฉึตืŸ, 10, 44, 61, 67. 


ืคึผืจืึธืฐื™ื ืฆืึทืœื™, ืึทื‘ืจื”ื, ืขืŸ, 123, 121, 
ืคึผืจืึธืฐื™ื ืฆืึทืœื™, ื“ื•ื“, ืขืŸ, 132, 


ืคึผืจืึธืฐื™ื ืฆืึทืœื™, ื™ืขืงื‘, ืฉืŸ, 56, 166 
ืคึผืจืึธืฐื™ื ืฆืึทืœื™, ืžืฉื”, ืฉึตืŸ, 124, 149, 152, 162, 
ืคึผืจืึทื ื˜ืฉืขืกืงืึท ืžืึทืจื™ืขืžืึทื™ืฆืึท, ืฉึถืŸ 52, 
ืคึผืจืึทื ืกื™ืก, ื™ื•ืกืฃ, {ืŸ, 125, 

ืคืจืึทื ืกื™ืก, ื™ืขืงื‘, ืฉืŸ, 456--439. 

ืคืจืึทื ืกื™ื, ืขืžื ื•ืืœ, ืฉึถืŸ, (480-45. 

ืคึผืจืึทื ืง, ืึทื“ืึธืœืฃ, |ื•, 386, 
ืคืจืึทื ืงื™ืงืึทืžืขื’ืขืฆืงื™, '. ื“,, ื–ึทื•ืŸ, 125, 
ืคึผืจื™ืžื•, โ€ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”ื™ืฉืžื•ืืœ, ืฉ} 422, 424, 
ืคืจืฅ, ืžืจืขืฐืึท, |{ืŸ, 3/8, 

ืคึผืจืง ืจ' ื™ืฉืžืขืืœ, || 40 

ืฆื™ืฆืขืจืึธ, 0 56, /5, 58, 135 
ืฆืึทืคึผื•ืจื˜ืึท, ื”ื’ื•ืš, ืฉืŸ, 251, 

ืงืึธืœื•ืžื‘ึผื•ื, ืฉึตืŸ, 85, 89, 

ืงืึทืกื˜ื™ืœื™ืึธื ืข, ื–ึดื™ืŸ, 156, 

ืงืึทืกื˜ืขืœืึทืฆืึท,. ืฉืŸ, 16, 

ืงืึทืคึผื˜ืึทืœื™, ืืœื™ื”ื• ื‘ึผืŸ ืืœืงื ื”, ืขืŸ, 81, 108--111. 
ืงืึทืคึผืกืึทืœื™, ืžืฉื”, ืฉึตืŸ, 246, 258, 
ืงืึธืคึผืขืจื’ื™ืง, {{ืŸ, 296 

ื‘ืึทืจืึธ, ืึทื‘ื™ื ื“ื•ืจ ื‘ึผืŸ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื™ืฆื—ืง, {ืŸ, 195, 





523 


ืงืึทืจืึทืคึฟืึท, ืขึทืŸ, 155, ื–ืข ืคึทึผื•ืœื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจืžืขืจ, 

ืงืึทืจื•, ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ึผืŸ ืืคืจื™ื, ืึทืŸ, 1235, 151, 
5--211, 295-- 289, 205--306,, 239--340, 

ืงืึทืจืœ ื‘ึผืึธืฐื™ืœื•ืก, ืฉึตืŸ, 419 

ืงืฐื•ื™ื ืฉื™ืœื™ืึทืŸ, ื˜ืŸ, 56, /5, 58, 1235, 144, 

ืงื•ืœื•ืŸ, ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ืฉื‚ืœืžื”, {|ืŸ, 193, ืฉึถ, /2, 
8 4167 

ืงื•ืจื“ื•ืื™ืจืึธ, ืžืฉื”, ืฉืŸ, 
4, 340, 

ืงืึธืจื“ื•ื–ื•, ืึทื‘ืฑื”ื ืžื™ื›ืœ, ืฉ, 454-449, 

ืงืึทืจืœ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืคืžืขืจ, ืฉึตืŸ, 153, 

ืงืœื•ื ื™ืžื•ื ื‘ึผืŸ ืงืœื•ื ื™ืžื•ืก, ืฐืŸ, 156, 412} ืฉืŸ, 9, 

ืงืœื•ื ื™ืžื•ื ื‘ึนึผืจ ืžื™ื“ืจื•ืก, || 102, 

ืงืœื™ืจ, ืืœืขื–ืจ, {ืŸ, 252, 

ืงืœืžืŸ ื›ึผื”ืŸ, ืขืŸ /24, 

ืงืœืขืึทืจืš, ืฐ, 411, 413, 

ืงืœืขืžืขื ืก ื“ืขืจ ื–ื™ื‘ึผืขืžืขืจ, ืฉืŸ, 4284 

ืงืกืขื ืึทืคึฟืึธื ื˜, ืฉึดืŸ, 143, 

ืงืขืคึผืœืขืจ, |), 112, 198, 296, 

ืงืจืฉืงืฉ ื—ืกืจืื™, {|, 218, /22, 245, 215, 
0, 297--298,, 202 303, 6 3, 
7, 310, 320, 221, 322, 330, 358, 
1 ืขื” 42, 140 

ืงืฉืœืจื™, ืžืฉื”, ืฐื•, /16, 

ืงืฉืœืจื™, ืึทื‘ืจื”ืก, |ืŸ, 187, 


=-2310 ,164 3 


| ืจืึทืคืึทืขืœ, ืฉึถ}, 16, 


ืจืึทืฆื™ืึธื’ืึทืœื™ืกืžืŸ, |||, 26 15, 282 

ืจื‘ึผื’ื• ื ืกื™ื (ืจ"ืŸ), {ืŸ, 260, 

ืจึนื‘ึผื ื• ืชึผื, {}}, .99ืŸ ืฉึธืŸ, 4,114 

ืจื•ืžืึทื ื•, ืฉืœืžื”, ืฉึตืŸ, 156, 

ืจื™ื™ื›ืœื™ืŸ, {ึธืŸ, 412; ืฉืŸ. 20, (5, 53, 09 

ืจื™ื ื“ืคืœื™ื™ืฉ, ืฐ;, 6101 

ืจื™ืขืกื™, ืžืฉื”, {|, 131, 55{ืŸ ืฉืŸ, , 16--420 

ืจืขืึทืœื™ืกืกืŸ, |}, 44, 

ืจืขื•ืืœ ื™ืฉื•ืจื•ืŸ, ืงื™ืŸ, 292, 

ืจื™ืงืึทื ืึทื˜ึฟื™, ื ึธ, 16 ืฉื /, 11-9, 4121 

ืฉืื•ืœ ื›ึนึผื”ืŸ ืึทืฉ ื’ืฑ, ืฉืŸ, 40, 62, 264. / 

ืฉืึทืฉืคึผื•ืจื˜ืึทืฉ, ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืŸ ืึทื—ืจืŸ, ืขื• 461--463, 

ืฉื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, ื ืข ืฐืขืจื’ืึธืก 

ืฉื‘ึผืชึดื™ ื’ึผืŸ ืžืœื›ื™ืืœ, ืฉึถืŸ 250--251, 251, 255, 
4809 

ืฉื‘ืชึดื™ ืฆื‘ื™, ืฉึถืŸ, 407, 416--419, 421--422, 
5, 4443, 480/, 483, 514. 


524 


ื‘ึทึผืชื™ ืฆื‘ื™,.| ืฉึตืŸ, /40, 419-416, 421-- 
2, 433-425, 444, 446, 402, 514, 
ืฉื•ื ืฆื™ื ืึธ, ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจ-ืคืึทื˜ื™ืœื™ืข, ืขืŸ, 65, 10--11, 
ืฉื•ื ืฆื™ื ืึธ, ื ืจืฉื•ืŸ (ื“ื•ืฉืขืจืึธื ื™ืžืึธ), ืขืŸ 4, 

ืฉื•ืจ, ื™. ื”,, {ืŸ, 131 

ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื ืฒื™ื“ืขืจ, ืžืฉื”, {ื•, 141, 354ืŸ ืขืŸ, 
9, 40, 44, 51, 56, 18, 

ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืืœ.ืฉื‘ื™ื•ื™, ืฉึตืŸ, 378--389. 

ืฉืœื•ื ื ืจืฉื•ืŸ, ื•, 32, 156 ื˜ 266, 

ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ึผืŸ ืึทื‘ื•ื”ื ืžื”ื”ืจ, ืฐืŸ, 82, 115, 424, 

ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ึผืŸ ืื“ืจืช (ืจืฉื‘"ื), {ืŸ, 52, 19, 81, 
2 86, 89, 90, 91, 95, 90, 498 92,/ 


,118 ,115 ,114 ,112-111 ,10:2 0 

1 23, 120, 197, 201, 202, 333ืŸ 
ืฉืŸ, 91 

ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ึนึผืŸ ืืœื™ื”ื• ืฉืจื‘ื™ื˜.ื–ื”ื‘, /ึถืฃ 2:9-- 


0, /35, 
ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืง 
ืฉึถืŸ 15, 111, 
ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืง, 
ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ืฆื—ืง 

6, 98 
ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ึผืŸ ืžื–ืœ.ืกื•ื‘, ืขึถืŸ, 1523--355, 492--492, 
ืฉืœืžื” ื”ืœื•ื™ ืื•ื™ื ื‘ึผื•ืจื ืึธืก (ืคึผื•ืœื•ืก ืจืขื™ืกืึทื . 
ื˜ืึธ-ื˜ืึทืจื™ืึท), |ืŸ 236, 240, 241, 243, 316, 

ืฉืœืžื” ืžื•ืœื›ื•, ืฉืŸ, 51, 218--285, 
ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ึผืŸ ื ืชืŸ ืื•ืจื ื™ื™ืจื™, ืขืŸ, 45 
ืฉืœืžื” ื“ื™ ืขืœืฐืขืจืึท, ืฉึตืŸ, 294 

ืฉืœืžื” ืกื•ืœืžื™, {ืŸ, 92, 92, 

ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœืžื™ืืœ ื‘ึผืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื, ืขืŸ, 343-(35 
ื™ืฉืœืขื ืขืœ ืคืจื™ืจืจื™ืš, ืขืŸ, 30, 


(ืจืฉ"ื™), ื , 99, 101, 1108 


ื•ื•ื•, 2 6 
ืื•ื™ื ืœื•ื ืขืœ, ื•ื•ืŸ, 19 95, 








ื•ื•ื™ืš. ืฆ ืข ืกืœ 


5, 4222 
ืฉื˜ื•ืืœ ืื•ืกืงืข, ืขืŸ, 84, 101, 105, 106, 
246-35, 
ืฉื˜ื•ืืœ ืึทืฉ:ื ืฑ, ืฉืŸ, 217, 2230. 


ืฉืžื•ืืœ 
ืฉืžื•ืืœ 


ื‘ึผืŸ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ื›ึผื”ืŸ, |ืŸ, 8 

ื‘ึนึผืŸ ืงืœื•ื ื™ืžื•ืก, |ืŸ, 34, 

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ึผืŸ ืจืื•ึนื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืก ื‘ืขื–ื™ืข, || 95, 

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ืจ ื‘ึผื ื‘ื ืฉืชึผื™, {ื•ืŸ, 101-100, 

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ื ื’ื™ื“, {ืŸ, 215, 

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืฉื•ืœืื, ืขืŸ, 90, 4265 

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื—ืกื™ื“, ืขืŸ, 114, 

ืฉื ืžื•ื‘ ื›ึผืŸ ื™ื•ึนืกืฃ, ืฐืŸ, 355--356, 

ืฉืื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ึนึผืจ ืฉืื™ื˜ื•ื‘, ||, 19, 121, 256-- 
9, 410; ืฉืŸ, 141, 161, 

ืฉืžื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ึผืŸ ืฉืคึผืจื•ื˜, || 224 

ืฉืก-ืžื•ื‘ ืคืึทืœืงื™ืจื”, {|, 123-9, 414; ืขืŸ, 450 

ืฉื.ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ึนึผืŸ ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ื”ืœื•ื™, |, 212, 

ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ื“ื•ืจืึทืŸ, ื•ื• 81, 82, 114, 
3 

ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื•ื—ืื™,. || 55, 251, 252, 338, 
7 ืฉึตืŸ, 93, 136, 

ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ึนึผืจ ืฆืžื— ื“ื•ืจืึทืŸ (ืจืฉื ึผ"ืฅ), |ืฐ, 1155 
8--206, 2308, 235, 1415 ืฉึดึตืŸ, 85, 

ืฉื˜ืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืŸ ืฆื“ื•ืง, {ืŸ, 108. 

ืฉื ื™ืื•ืจ ืึทื‘ืจื”ื, {ืŸ, 370, 

ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึธื–ืข, ื‘ึผืจื•ืš, |||, 205, 269; ืฉ 407-- 
5, 468, 

ืชึผื™ื‘ึผื•ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ืจื” ื‘ึผืŸ 
42 

ืชึผื™ื‘ึผื•ืŸ ื˜ืฉื” ืื‘ึผืŸ, {, 82, 


,5 


ืžืฉื”, !ืŸ, 94, 188, ืฉืŸ, 





ืื™ื ื”ืึทืœื˜! 


ืคื™ื ืคึผื˜ืขื“ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ 
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ืžืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ืฒืจื ื˜ื•ื ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื ืขืกืึทื ื˜:ืชืงื•ืคืช, 


ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜? ื–ื™ื™ื: 

ื“ื™ ืจืขื ืขืกืึทื ืก.ืชืงื•ืคื” ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื™ื‘ึผื•ืฅ,--ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ื“ื ื˜ื™ื 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืืฒื™ื’ื ืึทืจื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื’ืขืจ, -- ื“ื™ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฉื˜ื•ืขืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ; ืžื ื—ื ืจื™ืงืึทื ืึทืžื™ 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืขืœื˜ื™ื‘ึผืึทื ืขื, -- ื“ื™ ื—ืฉืคึผืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืžืึทื ื™ื•ื ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืงื™ื‘ึผื•ืฅ 
ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข,. ืžืฉื” ื™ืจื™ืขืฉื™ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืขืžืข ,ืžืงื“ืฉ ืžืขื", ื–ืฒืŸ ื ื˜ื™ื” ืฆื• ืงื‘ึผืœื” -- 
ื“ื™ ืคึผื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื ืขืกืึทื ื˜:ืชืงื•ืžื” ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื”ึนืฉืืคึทึผืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืคึผืœื˜ื•ื ืก 
ืฐืขืœื˜.ืึธื ืฉืฑื•ื ื’, -- ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืึทื‘ึผืจื‘ึผื ืืœ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืจืึทื’ื™ืฉ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ -- ืึทื‘ึผืจื‘ึผื ืืœืก ื˜ึผืึธืขืžืข 
4000164 41 !ืžืงืก1ื’ื•ื". -- ื“ื™ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข ืึทืœืก ื™ืกื•ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื”ืึทืจืžืึธื ื™ืข 
ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืกืคืขืจืŸ", -- ืฆืฐื™ื™ ืึทืจืกืŸ ืœื™ื‘ึผืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉื˜ืคืขืจ ืื•. ื“ื™ 
ืฉืœื™ืžื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืึทืคื•ื ื’, ื“ืขืจ ,ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข", +- ืฉืฒื ืงื™ื™ื ืึทืœืก ืžื•ื˜ืขืจ 
ืคื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ึผืข: -- ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืœืขื›ืข ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงืฒื™ื˜ ืึทืœื ืคืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื ื“ื•ื ื’ืกื™ืจื™ื ื’ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ืฐื•ืขืœื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืขืคืขืจ , : 9 ื˜ 3 3 9 3 6 9 + 6  +โ€ 6 7 


ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืงืึท ืคึผื™ื˜ืœ 

ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื™ืžืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ื”ื•ืžืึทื ื™ืกืฉืŸ,--ืคึผื™ืงื• ืžื™ืจืึทื ื“ื•ืœืึท; ืืœื™ื—ื• 
ืจืขืœืžืขื“ื™ื ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ , ื‘ึผื—ื™ื ืช ื—ื“ืช", -- ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืึทืœืขืžืึธื ื• ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขืจืข ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื 
,ื’ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื’ืขื•ืŸ", -- ืจื™ื™ื›ืœื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฐื™ื“ืžืึทื ืฉื˜ืึทื“ื, ื‘ึผืจื•ืš ืื•ื™ื ื‘ึผืขื ืฐืขื ื˜ืึธ ืื•ืŸ 
ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืึทื ื˜ื™ื ืึธ, -- ื“ื™ ื”ืขื‘ึผืจืขื™ืฉืข ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื ืกื•ืงืข ืฐืขืœื, -- ืžืฉื” ืื‘ึผืŸ 
ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,ื“ืจืฆื™ ื ื•ืขื", -- ืžื™ืกืจ ืœืขืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื ื•ืคืช ืฆื•ืคื™ื"; ื“ื™ ืœืึท. 
ืžื™ื™ื ื™ืฉืข ืงืœืึทืกื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึผืœื™ืขืจืงืœืขืจื•ื ื’, -- ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืœืžืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืŸ 
ืžืงื ื” ืื‘ืจื”ื", -- ืืœื™ื”ื• ืœืขืฐื™ื˜ืึท. ืึทืœืก ืฉืคึผืจืึทืš-ืคึผืึธืจืฉืขืจ; ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ืงืจื™ืกืกืœืขื›ืข 
ืคืจื™ื™ื ื ืื•ืŸ ืชึผืœืžื™ื“ื™ื. -- ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ืฒื“ื™ืฉืข ื“ืจื•ืงืขืจื™ื™ืขืŸ, -- ืœืขืฐื™ืžืึท ืึทืœืก ืงืึธ. 
ืจืขืงืžืึธืจ. -- ืžื™ืกื™ืึธื ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืคืขื ื“ืขื ืฆืŸ; ืกืขื‘ึผืึทืกื˜ื™ืึทืŸ ืžื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผื•ืœื•ืก ืคืึทื ื™ื•ืก 
ืึทืœื˜ ืึทืจืฑืกื ืขื‘ึผืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžื™ืกื™ืึธื ืขืจื™ืฉืข ืฐืขืจืง, -- ื‘ึผืึธื ืขื˜ ื“ื™ ืœืึทืžืขืกืŸ -- ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื‘ืŸ 
ื™ื—ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒื™ืŸ ืืชึผื•ืจื” ืื•ืจ" โ€ + 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 8 27 

525 


ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทืจืงื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขื ืฆื• ืงืฆึธืกื˜ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจืฒ ื›ึผื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ 
ื’ื™ื™ื™ืึทื ื˜ืจืขืงื˜ืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ, -- ืึทื‘ื“ื”ื ืคืึทืจื™ืฆื•ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ,ืื’ืจืช ืืจื—ื•ืช ืขื•ืœื", -- 
ื™ื•ืกื” ื—ืžื“ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจืฒื‘ึผื•ื ื’ ืคึผื“ืึธืก ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื ื“ื™ืข", -- ื“ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคืคืœื™ ืคื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข:ื‘ึผืึทืฉืจืฒื‘ึผื•ื ื’ ืึทืœืก ืคึผื•ืขืœ.ื•ืฆื ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืŸ ื’ื™ืจื•ืฉ ืื•ื™ืก ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืข. -- 
ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ื–ื›ึผื•ึนืชึผื ืึฒืœืกื ืึทืกื˜ืจืึธื ืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข.ืฉืจืฒื‘ึผืขืจ, -- ื“ื™ ืคืึทืžื™ืœื™ืข ืื‘ึผืŸ 
ืฐืขืจื ืึธ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจ ืืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”", - ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืื•ืกืงืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืึธืขืžืข, -- ื™ืกืฃ 
ื”ื›ึผื”ืŸ ืึทืœื ื›ึผืœืœ.ื˜ื•ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื ืขืฉื™ื›ืžืข-ืฉืจืฒื‘ึผืขืจืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ,ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื" ืื•ืŸ {ืขืžืง 
ื”ื‘ึผื›ื", -- ืืœื™ื”ื• ืงืึทืคึผืกืึทืœื™ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,ื“ื‘ื™ ืืœื™ื”ื•'ืŸ ืงืึทืคึผืกืึทืœื™ ืึถืœื ืกืžื™ืœื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ 
ื’ืขืœืขืจื’ื˜ืขืจ, -- ื’ื“ืœื™ื” ืื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,ืฉืœืฉืœืช ื”ืงื ืœื”'--ืื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื—ื™ืื˜ ืฐืขืจืง 
ืึทืœืก ืฐื™ื›ื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ื›ืงื•ืจ ืคึผืึทืจืŸ ืฒื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืคึผืึธืœ, ืœืึธืจ.--ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขื ืฆื• ืึทืจื›ืขืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข,-- 
ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืžืฉืขืจ.ืืจื™ื” ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืืฉืœืžื™ ื”ื ื‘ึผื•ืจื™ื"  + +  +โ€ + .ื + 6 ) 
ืคืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ 
ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืึทืจืฉืคึผืขื˜ื™ื›ืžืขืจ ืงืึทืžืฃ ืงืขื’ืŸ ืึทืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืก ืคื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคึฟื™ืข,--ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ืื•ื™ื ืกึผื™ื–ืึท ืื•ืŸ 
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืžื ื—ื•ืช ืงื ืื•ืช", -- ื“ื•ื“ ืžื™ืกืจ ืœืขืึธื ื ืคืชึผื”ืœื” ืœื“ื•ืฃ", -- ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ืกืคื•ืจื ื• 
ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,ืื•ื• ืขืžื™ื"ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ึผื™ื‘ึนึผืœ ืึทืœืก ื–ื™ื›ืขืจืกื˜ืขืจ ืงืฐืึทืœ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืฐื™ืกื’ืฉืึทืคึผื˜ืŸ, -- ื“ื™ 
ื™ืจื™ืจื” ืคื•ื ื ืคึผื™ืœืึธื–ืึธืคึผื™ืฉืŸ ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง, -- ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืึธื˜ ืžืึทื ื˜ื•ืึท ืึทืœืก ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ:ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ,-- 
ื™ื™ืจื™ืฉืข ืงื™ื ืกื˜ืœืขืจ ื‘ึผื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืึธื ื–ืึทื’ืึธื’ -- {ืคึผืจื•ืขืŸื™ืคึผืจืฒื ื“" ืื•ืŸ ,ืคืจื•ื™ืขืŸ+ืงืขื’ื ืขืจ",-- 
ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืกื•ืžื• ืื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ืžื™ืกืจ ืœืขืึธืŸ, -- ื“ื™ ื˜ืฉืคึผื—ื” ืคึผืจืึธืฐืึทื ืกืึทืœ (ืคึผืจืึธืฐื™ื ืฆื™ืึทืœื™) 
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคึฟืึธืจืฉืœืึธื  ืฐืขื’ืŸ ืึท ืฒืจื™ืฉืŸ ืื•ื ื™ืฐืขืจืกื™ื˜ืขื. - ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžื•ืกืงืึทื˜ื• ืึทืœืก 
ื”ื•ืžืึทื ื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืจืขื“ื ืขืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”" ืื•ืŸ ืขืงื•ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”', -- ืขื•ืจื™ื” ืžืŸ 
ื”ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ืึทืœื ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื›ืจื™ื˜ื™ืฉ.ื”ื™ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ืฉืขืจ ืฐื™ืกื ืฉืึทืคื˜. -- ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืžื 
ืงืขื’ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ,ืžืื•ืจ ืขื™ื ื™ื?  +  )  + +/ +  +  +โ€ ื ื 2 2 6 6 ) 
ืคื™ื ืกื˜ืขืจ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ 
ื“ื™ ืฉืงื™ืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื ืขืกืึทื ืก:ืชึผืงื•ืคื”,--ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉืข ืžืึทื›ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ ืงืึทื˜ืฑืœื™ืฉืข 
ืจืขืึทืงืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื˜ืึทืœื™ืข, -- ืœืึธื™ืึธืœืึธ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทืจืึทืคึผืึท, ื“ื™ ื™ืขืฐื™ึทืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ื™ื ืขืจ.-- 
ื“ื™ ืื™ื ืงืฐื™ื–ื™ืฉืึธืจื™ืฉืข ืฆืขื ื–ืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืืฑืฃ ื“ืขื "ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ึผื•ืš, -- ื“ืขืจ 
ืชึผืœืžื•ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทืจืึทื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ืฉื™ื˜ืœืจื”ื•ื™ืคืŸ, - ื“ื™ ื’ื–ื™ืจื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืคึผืฑืคืกื˜ 
ืคึผืฑืœื•ื ื“ืขื ืคืขืจืžืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืึธืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื“ืึธืงื˜ืฑืจื™ื. -- ื“ื™ ืฆืขื ื–ื•ืจ 
ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื‘ึผื™ื›ืขืจ, -- ื“ื™ ืจืขืึทืงืฆื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”, -- ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจ. 
ืฉื˜ืึทืจืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืกื˜ืกื™ืฉืข ืฉืžืจืขืžื•ื ื ืขืŸ,. - ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื“ืจื•ืง=ืื•ื™ืกื ืึทื‘ึผืข ืคื•ื ื 
ืขื–ื•ื”ืจ" ืื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืงื‘ึผืœื”:ืกืคืจื™ื. -- ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืกืจื•ืง ืื•ืŸ ืžื ื—ื ื“ื™ื™ืคืึทื ื•. -- 
ื“ื™ ืจืึธืœืข ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื™ืžืฉืข ืจื‘ึผื ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืžืึทืœื™ืข. -- ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžื™ื ืฅ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงื•ืœื•ืŸ,-- 
ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœืึทื ื“ืฑ ืื•ืŸ ืžืื™ืจ ืงืึทืฆืขื ืขืœืขื ื‘ึผืฑื’ืŸ, -- ื“ืฒื™ืกืฉื™ืจื‘ึผื ื™ืฉืข ื™ืจืืช:ืฉืžื™ื ืื•ืŸ ืจื˜, 
ื ืขืกืึทื ืก.ื™ืจ:ืฉื”. -- ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ื™ื’ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ืื ื™ื ื—ื•ื™ื•ืŸ". -- ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืคื•ื ื ืฐืข. 
ื’ืขืฆื™ืึทื ืขืจ ื ืขืžืึธ. ืื•ืŸ ืึทืจื™ื” ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึทืก ื‘ึผืจื™ื— ืื•ืŸ ืืฑื˜ืึธื‘ื™ืึธื’ืจืึทืคื™ืข. -- ืฉืžื•ืืœ 
ืึทืจืงืขืฐืึธืœื˜ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืจื•ื’ืช ื”ื ึผื•ืฉื', -- ืืจื™ื” ื“ื™ื™ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึทืก ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจืฒืึธืจืŸ, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 
ื›ืึธืจืึทืงื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ืžึผืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืข ื’ืึทื ืึทื‘ึผื•ื ื’ืŸ ืžืึธืจืขื ืึท ืึตืœื ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื’ืœืขื›ืงืฒื. -- ื“ืขืจ 
ืืฉื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจ" ืึทืœืก ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืืฑืžืึธืจื™ื˜ืขื. -- ืžืึธื“ืขื’ืึทืก ืงื•ืง ืืฑืฃ ื“ืขื ืขื ื“ืฆื™ืœ 
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฐืขืœื, -- ืึท ืจื‘ ืึทืœืก ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ึผื™ื˜ืขืจืžืขืจ ืงืขื’ื’ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืจื‘ึผื ื•ืช -- ืืจื™ื” 
ืžืึธื“ืขื ืึท ืื•ืŸ ื•ืฉืึทืŸ ื˜ืขืกืœื™ืข, -- ื“ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืžืฒื ืคื•ื ื ืคึผืึทืžืคืœืขื˜ ืงื•ืœ ืกื›ืœ", -- ื“ืขืจ 
{ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืจืขืจ" ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ื‘ื•ื ื”". -- ื“ืขืจ ืงืึทืžืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธืจืขื’ืึท ืงืขื’ืŸ ืงื‘ืœื”, -- 
ื–ื™ืŸ ืื›ึผืš ื“ื•ืจ" ืื•ึนืŸ ืงืืจื™ ื ื•ื”ืก"   +โ€ + 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 
526 


ื–ื™ื™ืก 


84 


10 


151 


ื•ื™ื™0, 
1ืขืขืกื˜ืขืจ ืงืืคื™ื˜ืœ 
ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฐืึทื ื“ืขืจ.ืœืขื’ืŸ; ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืจื™ื•ื•ืœืขื›ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืงืขืจ ืžื™ื ื“ื™ 
ืงืึทืจืึทื™ึธืžืขืŸ. -- ื“ื™ืœืžื™ื“ื™ื’ื• ืึทืœึนื ืคึฟืึทืจืฉืคึผืจืฒืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืคึผืขืจื ื™ื›ืก ืœืขืจืข, -- ื“ื™ืœื˜', 
ื™ื“ื™ื’ื•ื ืฐืขืœื˜.ื‘ึผืึทื ืขื, ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืึทื’ืขื“ื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ื ืฉืžื”, -- ืจืึธืก ืฐื™ืจืงืœืขื›ืข ืคึผื ื™ื ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ืคืจื˜ืžื“ืข ืžืึทื˜ืงืข, -- ื“ื™ืœืžื™ืจื™ื ื•ื ืคึฟืึทืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื• ืžื™ื˜ื˜ื™ืง; ื–ืฒื™ึทืŸ ืจืžื•ืจื™ืง" 


ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืกืžื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ {ื˜ืฆืจืฃ ืœื—ื›ืžื”" ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื ื“ืขืจืข ืฐืขืจืง, -- ื“ื™ ืึธืจื˜ืึธื™ 


ืกื™ืฉืข ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืข ืคืึทืจื˜ื“ืขื˜ืขืจ : ืขื•ืจื™ื” ืคื™ื ื• ืื•ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืื‘ึผื•ื”ื‘, 


ื“ืึธืง 
ื“ื™ ืฉืงื™ืขื” ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืจืขื ืขืกืึทื ืก:ืฉื˜ืจืขืžื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืฉืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืŸ ื™ื“ื ื˜ื•ื. -- ืžืฉื” 
ื–ื›ึผื•ืชึผื ืึทืœื ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ืฉืฉ .ื .6 2 20 8 2 200 


| ื–ืขืงืกื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ 
ื“ืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื˜ืึธืžืึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืœื•ื›ื•, 


ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ 
ื“ื™ ื’ื™ื ืกื˜ื™ืงืข ืœืึทื’ืข ืคืืจ ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืึธื˜ืึธื˜ืึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืžืœื•ื›ื”, -- ื™ืฆื–ืง 
ืฆืจืคืชึดื™ื ืื•ื™ืคืจื•ืฃ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื“ืฒื˜ืฉืข ื™ื“ืŸ, -= ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœืข ืื™ืคืœืขื‘ื•ื ื’ ืคื•ื ื 
ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืงื™ื‘ึผื•ืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืจืงืฒ. --- ื“ื™ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืข ืžืคื™ืฆื™ ื”ืฉื›ืœื”ืช ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจ ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช 
ืคืึทืจ ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืื‘ึผืŸ ืขื•ืจืืก ืฉืึทืคึฟืŸ, -- ื“ืขืจ ืฐื™ื›ึผื•ื— ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ืฉื›ึนึผืชื™ ื‘ึผืŸ ืžืœื›ื™ืืœ ืื•ืŸ 
ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ื›ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื•, --- ื›ื•ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื• ืึทืœื ืื•ื™ืคืงืœืขืจืขืจ, -- ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจืขืœืข ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ื˜ื•ืŸ 
ื“ื™ ื™ื™ื“ื™ืฉืข ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืช ืื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืึธืจื˜ื™ืงืข ืงืึทืจืึทื™ึดืžืขืŸ, -- ื“ื™ ื’ืึทืจืึทื™ื˜ื™ืฉืข 0" 
ืœืขืจื ื˜ืขืŸ ื›ึผืœื‘ ืึทืคึผื•ื ื“ื•ืคึผื•ืœื•ื ืคึผืฆึถืขืฉื™ืฉืข ืฐืขืจืงื’ -- ื“ื™ ื‘ื”ืœื•ืงืช ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทื™ 
ืจืึทื™ืžืขืŸ; ื“ืขืจ ืžื—ืจื" ืึทืœื ืงืึทืžืคื™ืžื™ื˜ืœ. --- ืืœื™ื”ื• ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒึทืŸ ืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื, -- 
ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืœื™ ืกืคืจ,. โ€ + 4 4 4 ื ื’ืฆ ื 6 6 2 ื 6 808 60 6 248 
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืขืฑ ืงืึทืคึฟื™ื˜ืœ 
ื“ื™ ื’ื•ืœื™ ืกืคืจื“ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืฑืงืฒื™ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจ ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืืฑืฃ ื“ื™ ืึดืจื˜ื™ืงืข ื™ื“ืŸ -- 
ื ื™ื™ืข ืฉื˜ื™ืžื•ื ื’ืขืŸ, -- ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืจืฉื˜ืึทืจืงื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืฆื• ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข,ื‘ืึทืฉืจืฒื‘ึผื•ื ื’, -- 
ื™ืฆื—ืฅ ืขืงืจื™ืฉ ืื•ึนืŸ ืชึผื ืื’ืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื, -- ื“ื™ ืžื™ืžื˜ื™ืฉืข ืฐืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืฐืขื’ืŸ ื’ืื•ืœืช 
ื”ืžืฉื™ื—, -- ื“ื™ ืื™ืžื™ื ืจืึทืฆื™ืข ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืืจืฅ.ื™ืฉืจืืœ. -- ื“ื™ ืขืคื ื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื‘ึนึผืจื™ืช ืคื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ 


ื˜ืึทืœื™ืขื ื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ื“ืŸ ืื•ื™ื ืืฑืฅ.ื™ื™ืฉืจืืœ, -- ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื” ืžืฆืจื˜ื ื•ืจื ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขื˜ื™ืึทื ื™ืฉืข 
ืงื‘ึผืœื”, -- ื™ืขืงื‘ ื™ืจื‘ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื—ื‘ื™ื‘. -- ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืึทื• ืึทืœืก ืคึผื•ืกืงืŸ ื“ืขืจ 


ื’ึตื™ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ" ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืฃ", -- ื“ื•ื“ ืจืื•ื‘ื’ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒื ืข ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช, -- 
ืฉืœืžื” ืžืœื ื• ืึทืœืก ืคึผืขืจื•ืขื ืœืขื›ืงืฒื˜; ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ื”ืฉืคึผืขื” ืืฑืฃ ื™ืกืฃ 
ืงืึทืจื•, -- ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืงืึธืจื• ืึทืœืก ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจื˜ืึทืกืขืจ ืคื•ื ื {ืžื’ื™ืจ ืžื™ืฉืจื™ื". . 262 
ื“ืจืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ืงืืคึผื™ื˜ืœ 
ืฆืคืช ืึทืœืก ื›ื‘ึผืœืช-ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ, -- ืžืื™ืจ ืื‘ึผืŸ ื’ื‘ึผืื™ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,ืขื‘ื•ืจืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ".-- 


ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื ื˜:ื˜ืขื•ื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ืึธื–ื™ืงืŸ ืงื‘ึผืœื”ื™ืกืคืจ, -- ืื‘ึผืŸ ื ื‘ึผืื™ืก ืคืึทืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš 
ืฆื•ื ืจืžื‘ึผ"ื ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืฐืขืœืžืœืขื›ืข ืฐื™ื˜ื ืฉืึทืคื˜ืŸ, -- ื“ื•ื“ ืื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืžืจื ืื•ึผืŸ ืฉืœืžื” 


ืึทืœืงืึทื‘ึผื™ืฅ, -- ืึทืœืงืึทื‘ึผื™ืฅ ืึทืœึนื ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ื”ื™ืžืœืฉืขืจ 
ื›ึผืœื”", -- ืžืฉื” ืงืึธืจื“ื•ืื™ืจืึธ ืึทืœื ื˜ืขืึธืจืขืฉื™ืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื’ืœื”ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,ืคืจื“ื ืจื™ืžื•ื ื™ื',-- 
ืืœื™ื”ื• ื“ื™ ืฐื™ื“ืึทืฉ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ึทืŸ ,ืจืืฉื™ืช ื—ื›ืžื”". -- ,ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื ืคึผืึทืจ ื’ืึธืก" ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ 
ื›ึผื•ื— ืคื•ืŸ ืชึผืฉื•ื‘ื”, -- ื”ื™ืœื™ืงืŸ ื“ืึธืก ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ, -- ื“ืขืจ ืื•ืฉื“ืขืจืฐืึธื›ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื‘ึผืช,-- 
-ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืื™ื‘ึผืขืจืœืขื‘ื™ื’ื ืขืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจื‘ึผื•ื ืจืขื ืข ืžื™ื ืขืจืึธื˜ื™ืง. โ€ . + . + 4 2 . 290 


52 


ื•ื™ื™ื. 
ืคืขื•ื˜ืขืจ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ 
ื™ืฆื—ืง ืœื•ืจื™ื ืึทืœืก ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงืฒื˜; ื–ืฒืŸ ืœืขื‘ึผืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืฉืึทืคืŸ, - ื“ืขืจ ืึทืจ"ื™ 
ืื™ืŸ ืฆืคืช; ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธืคึผืึทื’ืึทื ื“ืข ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืœื•ืฆืœื•ื ื’ื“ื™ืงืขืจ ืฉื•ื™ื˜, -- ื—ื™ื™ื ืฐื™ื˜ืึธืœ. -- ื“ืึธืŸืฃ 


ืงื™ื›ืึธืก ืื•ืŸ ืกืึทื ื˜ืฉืึธ ืคึผืึทื ื˜ืฉืึธ ืื•ื™ืคืŸ ื’ืขื‘ึผื™ื˜ ืคื™ืŸ ืงื‘ึผืœื”, -- ,ืฉื ื—ื™ ืฐื™ื˜ืึทืœ'. -- 
ื“ื™ ืžืขืึธืจืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืึทืจ"ื™ืก ืงื‘ึผืœื”, -- ื“ื™ ืฆืขื‘ึผืจืึธื›ืขื ืข ,ื›ึผืœึดื™ื' ืื•ืŸ 


ื“ื™ ,ื’ืขื–ื™ื›ืกืขืจ" (ืึทื ืคึผื™ืŸ), -- ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ึผืœืขืžืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืคื ืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืงื‘ึผืœื” ืžืขืฉื™ืช. - 
ืžื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ืขื ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ืžื‘ึผืึธืœืŸ, -- ื“ืขืจ ืจื‘ึผื ื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ื•ื“ืึทื™ึดื–ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืขืจ ื™ื•ื“ืึทื™ึธื•ื,-- 
ื”ื™ื™ื ืฐื™ื˜ืึทืœืก ืคืึทืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ืชึผืœืžื•ื“, -- ืฉืœืžื” ืฉืœืžื™ืืœื ื‘ึผืจื™ืฐ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจ 


ื‘ึผืึทื˜ืฒื. --- ืึท ,ื’ืขืฐืึทืœื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืžื”ื“ื™ืงืข ืชึผืคื™ืœื”".   .โ€ . .6 6 9 6 , 322 


ืคื™ื ืคื˜ืขืจ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜? 

'ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ึผืŸ ืžื•ืœื™ืžื•ื‘, -- ื“ื™ ื’ื‘ื™ืฉื•ื ืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจ ืึทื ื˜ืึธืœืึธื’ื™ืข 
,ืขื•ืžืจ ื”ืฉื›ึผื—ื–ื”". -- ื’ื“ืœื™ื” ืื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ืึทืงืึทื“ื˜ืžื™ืข ืคืึทืจ ืคึผืึธืขืฑื™ืข. -- ื“ื™ 
ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื™ื—ื•ื“ื” ื–ืึทืจืงืึธ ืื•ืŸ ืกืขื“ื™ื” ืœืึธื ื’ื•, --- ื™ืฆื—ืง ืื•ื ืงื ื™ื™ืจื ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ,ืื™ื•ืžื” 
ื›ึผื ื“ื’ืœื•ืช", --- ืžื ื—ื ื“ื™ ืœืึธื ืึทื ื• ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ ืืฉืชึผื™ ื™ื“ื•ืช". --- ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืžืฉื” . 
ื ืึทื ืึทืจืึท ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,ืžื™ืžื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ", -- ื ืึทื ืึทืจืึท ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืคืชืขืจ ืžืงื•ื‘ึผืœื™ื, -- ื“ื™ 
ื˜ืฉื™ื”ื™ืฉ.ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืฉืข ืžืึธื˜ื™ืฐืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ืึทื ืึทืจืึทืก ื“ื™ื›ื˜ื•ื ื’ -- ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื“ืขืจ.ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื’ื’ ืืฉึธืืจื™ืช 
ื™ืฉืจืืœ", = ื ืึทื ืึทืจืึทืก ื ืฒืข ืคึผืึธืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืคึผืึธืจืžืขืŸ. --- ื ืึทื’ืึทืจืึทืก ืฉื•ืœ. -- ื“ื™ ื“ื™ื›, 
ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ึผืŸ ืชึผื™ืžืŸ, --- ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ึผืŸ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื‘ื™ื–ื™ ืึทืœืก ื“ื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ึผืœ. โ€ ,  .โ€ , 351 


ื–ืขืงืกื˜ืขืจ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜? 

ื“ืขืจ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืขืจ ื“ืขืจืคึผืึธืœื  ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืจื™ืึทื ืขืจ ื›ื‘ึผืœื”. -- ื“ื™ ืฉืคึผืึทื ื™ืฉ,ืคึผืึธืจ. 
ืžื•ื’ืขื–ื™ืฉืข ืžืึทืจืึทื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื“ืขืจืœืึทื ื“, --- ื“ืขืจ ื ืฒืขืจ ืฒื“ื™ืฉืขืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืจ+ืฆืขื ื˜ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ 
ืึทืžืกื˜ืขืจื“ืึทืก, --- ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืคึผืขื ืกื• ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืŸ ,ืืกื™ืจื™ ื”ืชึผืงื•ื”', -- ื™ืฆื—ืง ืึทื‘ึนึผื•ื”ื‘ึผ ืคื•ื ื™ 
ืกื™ืงื•, -- ื“ื™ ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ืฉืข ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืง ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืึทืจืึทื ื™ืฉืขืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”. -- ื˜ื ืฉื” ื‘ืŸ 
ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึธืคึผืขื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื‘ึผื™ืึทืช ื”ืžืฉื™ื—; ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,ืžืงื•ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ" ืื•ืŸ ืื ืฉืžืช 
ื—ื™ื™ื"; ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ึผืึทืฆื•ื•ื ื’ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืœื•ืจื™ืึทื ืขืจ ืงื‘ึผืœื”. -- ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ื“ื™ื™ืื™ืจื™ืจื” ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืŸ 
,ืฉืขืจ ื”ืฉืžื™ื", -- ื“ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ื”ืฉืึทืคึผื˜ ืฆืฐื™ืฉืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ื™ืคืœืฉืŸ ืืื“ื ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ" ืื•ืŸ 
ื“ืขื ืขืจื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ. -- ื‘ึผืจื•ืš ืฉืคึผื™ื ืึธื–ืข ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืึทืจื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืฆื•ื ื™ื“ื ืžื™ื. โ€ , 3490 


ื–ื™ื‘ึผืขื˜ืขืจ ืงืึทืคื™ื˜ืœ 
ืฉื›ึผืชื™-ืฆื‘ื™ ืึทืœืก ืคึผืขืจื–ืขื ืœืขื›ืงืฒื. -- ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ื™ื›ื™ื ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ื ืข ื–ืขื•ึผื ื ืข, -- 
ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืคึผืจื™ืžื• ืื•ืŸ ื ืชืŸ ื“ืขืจ ,ื ื‘ื™ื".--ื‘ึผื ื™-ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื‘ึผื ื•ืช:ื ื ื™ืื™ื---ืžืฉื™ื— ืžืœืš 
ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”,---ืฉื‘ืชื™.ืฆื‘ื™ืก ื›ืจื•ื–ื™ื,---ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืžื ืขืŸ ืœื›ึผื‘ื•ื“ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™.ืฆื‘ื™,---ื“ืขืจ ,ืžืึทืกืŸ-ืคึผื˜ื™ื›ืึธื•",-- 
ื“ื™ ื’ืฒืข ืกื™ื“ื•ืจื™ื. --- ื“ืขืจ ืื—ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื' ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทืจื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ึผืึทืžื™ื™ื . . 4160 


ืึทื›ื˜ืขืจ ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ 
ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข ืึทื ื˜ื˜ืฑื™ืฉื•ื ื’, --- ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืึธืกืึธืคึผื™ืฉืข ืื™ื“ืขืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึทื ืึทื˜ื™ืึทื ืขืจ 
ืงืจื™ื™ื–ืŸ, --- ื ื”ืžื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื•ืŸ, --- ืึทื‘ืจื”ื ืžื™ื›ืืœ ืงืึธืจื“ื•ื–ื• ืึทืœืก ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงืขืจ, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,ื›ืชื‘ 
ื‘ึผืขื ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื“ ื”ืืœื”ื•ืช", --- ื“ื™ ืกึดื™ื‘ึผื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื ืึธื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. --- ื“ื™ 
ืงืขืžืคืขืจ ืงืขื ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืฉื‘ึผืชื™,ืฆื‘ื™ื™ื‘ืึทืฐืขื’ื™ื ื’, --- ื“ื™ ื‘ึผืจื™ื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจืึทื ืกื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื–ืฒืขืจ ื“ื™ื›, 
ื˜ืขืจื™ืฉ ืฉืึทืคืŸ, --- ื–ืฒืขืจ ,ืฆื‘ื™ ืžื•ื“ื”", -- ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืึทืฉืคึผื•ืจื˜ืึทืฉ ืื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ,ืฆื™ืฆืช 
ื’ื•ึผื‘ืœ ืฆื‘ื™", --- ื“ื™ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืคื•ื ื ืกืคืจื“ื™ืฉืŸ ืงื™ื‘ึผื•ืฅ . + + ื .6 .2 446 


ื’ึผื™ื™ืœืึทื’ืŸ + 4 .- + + ); 4 + 6 2 68 4 4 4 2 4600 


ื–ื™ืš . ืฆ ืข ืก ืœ . : 5 ื™ 9 ื˜ ืกึผ 6 ึฟ 4 4 8 6 9