Obiter dicta of
Bacon" and "Shakespeare,
MIND.
MANNERS.
MORALS
By MRS. HENRY POTT
OBITER DICTA
OF
BACON AND SHAKESPEARE
ox
MANNERS, MIND, MORALS.
23
A. C OXL
OBITER DICTA
BACON AND SHAKESPEARE
ON
MANNERS, MIND, MORALS.
BY
MRS. HENRY POTT,
Author of " Promus," etc.
LONDON:
ROBERT BANKS & SON, RACQUET COURT,
FLEET STREET, E.G.
1900.
" Men's labour should be turned to the
investigation and observation of the analogies
of things as well in wholes as in parts. For
these it is that detect unity // . . and lay a
foundation for the sciences./
Novum Organum, Bk. II., xxvii.
738
O Pi
INTRODUCTION.
THE following passages from Bacon and Shakespeare
have been brought together with three objects, distinct,
but harmonious.
First, there being no concordance or harmony to the
authentic works of Bacon, we desire, by degrees, to supply
that deficiency by means of handbooks so cheap as to
be within the reach of all students, and so arranged and
subdivided that any particular subject treated of by Bacon
may be studied independently of the rest. "We would
continue these booklets in an unremitting stream, until
the much-needed, complete harmony between the works
of the philosopher and of the poet be put into the hands
of every reader in a simple and portable form.
Secondly, we desire to help the advancement of learn-
ing by sparing the pens and the valuable time of many
who now have to grope and hunt for things long ago
noted and written down. Bacon cautions men against
wasting time in Actum Agere, doing again the deed
done ; but from want of co-operation amongst workers,
his wise advice is daily neglected, and the same par-
ticulars painfully sought for by those whose minds are
fully capable of proceeding from " particulars to
generalities," and of doing work needed, and of permanent
value.
Lastly, these passages are collated in the hope that
they may aid in ending the apparently rotating and
4. INTRODUCTION.
endless band of Bacon-Shakespeare controversy. For,
although a few detached instances of similarity or coin-
cidence may be held of no value as evidence, yet an
almost innumerable multitude of small instances, accumu-
lative evidence, although of the most minute particles,
does in the end amount to proof. Proof from internal
evidence can rarely be obtained by other means than by
the heaping up of small pieces of evidence. These
presently suggest an idea or theory ; further additions
convert the theory into a doctrine supported by a strong
probability ; the probability grows into certainty, and
the mind becomes assured that such repeated similarities,
such varied points of contact, such startling coincidences
of thought and expression, cannot possibly be due to
chance, or indeed to anything less than to identity of
authorship. Was it ever known in the history of the
world that any two men conceived the same " original "
ideas, thought the same things on the same subjects (old
or new), and expressed their opinions, tastes, and anti-
pathies, their theories, doctrines, and experience in similar
language ?
And here a few words should be said upon a point
which seems to be persistently ignored uarnely, the
exceedingly low-level of knowledge in the time of Bacon.
It has been the fashion of writers and teachers to lead
their readers and pupils to regard the Elizabethan era
as a period of advanced learning, and of brilliant illumi-
nation. Good and who made it so? Francis Bacon
speaks of it as an age of ignorance, all the worse because
it thought itself wise. The fabric of learning, if it
were to be made useful to man, and truly " advanced/'
must, he said, be completely razed to the foundations, and
INTRODUCTION'. O
rebuilt. That was what lie himself proposed to attempt.
How much did he accomplish ? That is the question. la
his youth there were no dictionaries or books of
reference " collections," he calls them. There were
no elementary books of instruction in geography,
history, arithmetic, grammar. Who wrote the first
books of this kind ?
Bacon sums up the deficiencies which he found in know-
ledge ; they were at least sixty, including vocabulary,
or the actual words in which thoughts and knowledge
were to be expressed. As to poetry, the drama, the
arts in general, they are hardly to our purpose here, but
Bacon's opinion wa> that they were utterly defunct, the
Muses barren, and all knowledge hidden under the dust
of ages, or in the hands of a limited circle of pedants and
schoolmen who studied words rather than matter, and
whose knowledge had to be drawn from the fountains of
antiquity, u deep pits," whence nothing could be drawn
up excepting by such as had at their command the dead
languages in which all learning was then shrouded.
It will be a part of our future duty to show Francis
Bacon, as a young man, busy in rendering into his mother
tongue, and giving to his countrymen the wisdom of the
ancients which was to form the solid foundation for his
new Solomon's house. For the present, it is more to our
purpose to say that one " deficient," which he noted with
a view to supplying it, was the study of man, his nature,
character, and faculties. This study, whose importance
he ranks very high, is perceptibly illustrated in nearly
every portion of his writings, and the doctrines which are
there laid down are enforced in nearly every particular
by the actions, speeches, and reflections or lucubrations
INTRODUCTION.
of the characters who figure in the Shakespeare Plays.
Those who have in these later days had the privilege of
seeing Hamlet, Julius Ctesar, Macbeth, and many minor
pieces put on the stage, may be truly said to have seen
Francis Bacon's thoughts and feelings made incarnate.
From the following pages it must be seen that the
opinions expressed in the books of philosophy and
science coincidg with, even if they are not absolutely
reflected by, passages in the Plays. Such opinions are
never incompatible with each other. They are never in
opposition, unless (often in the same work) antithetical
opinions or sentiments be expressed. Sometimes a
quotation, even from the Bible itself, may be thus turned
or "made contrary," and put into the mouth of a wicked
or wrong-thinking person. This tendency to consider
both sides of every question is equally common to both
groups of works.
Presented side by side, the extracts are seen to be
views of the same subject, taken like the two pictures
in a stereoscopic slide from slightly different points of
view, or, as it vrere, seen separately by the two eyes of
the same spectator. We perceive that, in many cases,
not only the opinions or sentiments are similar, but that
even the turns of speech, the words, metaphors, &c.,
by which these opinions are expressed are singularly
alike in the prose and in the poetry. The examples here
given may not form one tithe of those collected, but it is
hoped, if these booklets find favour with the public, so to
continue and to add to their scope, as, in the end, to
furnish a perfect dictionary of Baconian ethics.
It is no easy matter to illustrate briefly, and at the
same time adequately, the ingrained similarities of
INTRODUCTION. 7
thought and feeling betrayed by a collation of the
" two authors." But it is probably not overstating the
case to say, that there is no opinion or " aphorism " in
" Shakespeare'^ but finds a parallel in Bacon, and it (
would not be difficult to fill a large volume with such
collations.
Will anyone say that these coincidences in thought
prove nothing ? that any two men might think the same
on points of morals or manners, however widely apart
their points of view might be set by education and
circumstances ? Will it be maintained that natural
quickness of observation suffices as " a key to unlock the
minds of others/' and that, to a genius like Shakespeare,
perception of character was doubtless intuitive ?
Such arguments begin by begging the whole question
as to the authorship. Baconians do not believe in
William Shaksper as " a genius/' and they know that,
both in the scientific works, and in the Plays, our author
is far from admitting that a knowledge of character is
easy or intuitive. On the contrary, the following extracts
show, that to obtain a true knowledge of character,
either in ourselves or in others, is a thing by no means
easy or intuitive, but " as full of study as a wise man's
art." Moreover, Bacon, when recommending this as a
proper study for mankind, specifies that it is a new and
unwonted study.
When Dr. Johnson penned his eulogy of the accurate
delineations of Human Nature in " Shakespeare" he was
judging the poet by the internal evidence afforded by his
works, and it can be no presumption in humbler readers
to follow his example in this respect. But since many
of the younger generation are unaware of Dr. Johnson's
8 INTRODUCTION.
reflections, it may be well to abridge a long dissertation
which occurs in his Introduction to the Plays.
" The power of Nature is only the power of using to
any certain purpose the materials which diligence pro-
cures, or opportunity supplies. . . . Mature gives no
man knowledge. Shakespeare, hotuever favoured by
Xature, could impart what he had learned. . . .
There is a vigilance 'of observation and accuracy of
distinction which books and precepts cannot confer ;
from this almost all original and native excellence
proceeds. Shakespeare must have looked on mankind
with perspicacity in the highest degree, curious and
attentive. . . . With so many difficulties to en-
counter, he has been able to obtain an exact knowledge
of many modes of life and many casts of native dis-
positions to vary them with great multiplicity, to
mark them with nice distinctions, and to show them in
full view by proper combinations. He had none to
imitate, but has himself been imitated by succeeding
writers, and it may be doubted whether, from all his
successors, more maxims of theoretical knowledge or
more rules of practical prudence can be collected than he
alone has given to his country. . . . Shakespeare,
whether Life or Nature be his subject, shows plainly
that he had seen with his own eyes ; he gives the image
which he receives, not weakened or distorted by the
intervention of any other mind, The ignorant feel his
representations to be just, the learned see they are
correct."
This passage, if applied to Bacon, is absolutely true
and satisfactory. Applied to the player, William
Shaksper, it is not only unsatisfactory, but in several
INTRODUCTION.
particulars untrue. It is unsatisfactory because it is not
harmonious or consistent, for in one place it is frankly
stated that " Nature gives no man knowledge." Whereas,
further on, we are given to understand that Shakespeare's
own powers of observation were sufficient to furnish him
with " an exact knowledge " of character in the person-
ages whom he portrays.
Further, the passage, if applied to the man Shaksper^
is untrue. He is assumed to have inaugurated the study
of Nature and Human Xature, "having none to imitate;"
whereas, we know that the study was new with Bacon,
who mentions it as a deficiency in learning, and who
gives directions as to the way in which the study should
be conducted, and the particulars to be observer 1 .
Vainly have critics and commentators endeavoured to
marry the life of Shaksper to his supposed works, by
suggesting that he may have been a school-teacher, must
have picked up his law at ordinaries or as a lawyer's
clerk, and that his knowledge of courtly life and manners
were probably learned by peeping from behind the scenes
into the throng of royal or noble personages who formed
his audience.
Is it in ways such as these that any man ever attained,
or could attain, to the highest or most profound know-
ledge in every known branch of learning or science to
the law of an Attorney-General or a Chancellor, or to a
perfect mastery of the manners, discourse, and cere-
monials on State occasions, in privy councils, meetings of
kings and ambassadors, consultations of bishops and
clergy, or of death-bed scenes of kings and nobles,
royal betrothals, and such like ? Such notions are too
puerile and absurd to be for an instant entertained by
10 INTRODUCTION.
any thoughtful mind. They would surely never have
arisen, or been tolerated by sane persons, were it not for
the singular fact, that such is the fascination exercised
by the name " Shakespeare," that even now. when truth
has come to light, there are still many people who would
prefer to cast reason to the dogs, to smother up truth,
and to defy common-sense and experience, rather than
believe that William Shaksper was, as Shakspeareans
have proved, a graceless fellow, and that the name
Shakespeare was adopted under stress of necessity, and
as a safe nom-de-plume, by the great poet-philosopher
Francis Bacon.
MANNERS, MIND, MORALS.
ADVERSITY.
" It was a high speech of Seneca, that the good things
which belong to Prosperity are to be wished, but the
good things which belong to Adversity are to be studied."
Ess. of Adversity.
" Happy is your Grace,
That can translate the stubbornness of fortune
Into so quiet and so sweet a style."
As You Like It ii. 1.
1. Lord : " A poor sequestered stag
That from the hunter's aim had taken a hurt,
Did come to languish, . . . and thus the hairy fool,
Much marked of the melancholy Jaques,
Stood on the extremest verge of the swift brook,
Augmenting it with tears."
Duke : " But what said Jaques ?
Did he not moralise this spectacle? "
1. Lord : " ! yes, into a thousand smiles . . ."
Duke : '" And did you leave him in this contemplation ? "
1. Lord : " We did, my lord, weeping, and commenting
Upon the sobbing deer."
(See the whole passage with Jaques' studies of
human nature in the experience of the deer. As You
Like It ii. 1, 2568].
12 MANNERS, 3IIND, MORALS. Adversity.
ADVERSITY Men's Almost Miraculous Endurance.
" Certainly, if miracles be the command over nature,
they appear most in adversity/' Ess. of Adversity.
"And him, wondrous lilm !
miracle of men ! him did you leave . . .
To look upon this hideous God of War
In disadvantage," &c. 2 lien. IV. ii. 3.
" Nothing almost sees miracles, but misery."
Lear ii. 2.
ADVERSITY PROSPERITY. (See Evil Good.) *
" Prosperity is the blessing of 'the Old Testament,
adversity is the blessing of the New, which carrieth the
greater benediction, and the clearer revelation of God's
favour. . . . Prosperity is not without many fears
and distastes, and adversity is not without comforts and
hopes." Ess. of Adversity.
" Let me embrace thee, sour adversity,
For wise men say it is the wisest course."
3 Hen. TV. ii. 1.
" There is some good in things evil ;
Would men observingly distil it out."
Hen. V. iv. 1.
" Adversity ! sweet milk, philosophy."
Horn. Jul. iii. 3.
" Sweet are the uses of adversity,
Which, like the toad, ugly and venomous,
Wears yet a precious jewel in its head."
As You Like It iii. ].
(Comp.: "There is a stone . . . which, worn, is thought
to be good for them that bleed at the nose, . . . quaere
if the stone taken out of the toad's head be not of the like
virtue." Nat. Hist. Cent. x. 967.)
* Advice See Counsel. AnxietySee Care.
Adversity. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 13
" Virtue is like precious odours, most fragrant when
they are incensed or crushed ; for prosperity doth best
discover vice ; but adversity doth best discover virtue."
Ess. of Adversity.
Comp. : " Though the camomile, the more it is trodden on the
faster it grows, yet youth, the more it is wasted the sooner it
wears." 1 Hen. IV. ii. 4.
"A wretched soul bruised in adversity" Com. Err. ii. 1.
Blanche: "The Lady Constance speaks not from her faith,
rom her need"
Const. : " ! if thou grant my need,
Which only lives by the death of faith,
That need must needs infer this principle
That faith should live again by death of need :
! then, tread down my need, and faith mounts up ;
Keep my need up, and faith is trodden down."
John iii. 1.
The following are examples of the many ways in which
Bacon, by antithesis, combines jest arid satire as to
produce a sense of the comic whilst uttering a truth :
" Welcome the cup of sour prosperity ! Affliction may one day
smile asrain, and, till then, sit thee down, sorrow !" Love's Labour's
Lost i. 2.
Alcib. : " I have heard in some sort of thy miseries."
Tim. : " Thou saw'st them when I had prosperity."
Alcib.: " I see them now ; then was a blessed time."
Tim. : " As thine is now, held with a brace of harlots," &c.
Tim. Ath. iv. 3.
" I am thinking what I shall say ... It must be a personating
of himself : a satire against the softness of prosperity, with a discovery
of the infinite flatteries that follow youth and opulency." Tim.
Ath. v. 1.
14 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Affectation.
AFFECTATION.
"If behaviour and outward carriage be intended
(attended to) too much, first, it may pass into affectation,*
and then (what more unseemly than to be always playing
a part?) to act a man's life. But, although it proceed not
to that extreme, yet it consumeth time, and employ eth the
mind too much. . . . Certainly the intending of the
discretion of behaviour is a great thief of meditation?' -
Advt. of Learning ii.
" Monsieur Malvolio ... is constantly but a time-pleaser ; an
affectioned ass that cons state with book, and utters it by great
swarths : the best persuaded of himself : so crammed, as he thinks,
with excellencies, that it is his ground of faith," &c. Twelfth
Night ii. 3.
"Malvolio . . . has been practising behaviour to his own shadow
this half-hour. Observe him . . . for, I know this letter will make
a contemplative idiot of him. . . . Here's an overweening rogue !
Contemplation makes a rare turkey-cock of him," &c.
(See Twelfth Sight ii. 5, which turns entirely upon
Malvolio's practising his behaviour and affected manners
to the amusement of Maria and her friends).
AGE IN JUDGMENT. (See "Youth and Age.")
" All is not in years to me ; somewhat is in houres
well spent." Promus 152.
" My last years, for so I account them, reckoning by
health, and not by age." To Sir R. Cecil.
" A man that is young in years may be old in hours, if
he have lost no time ; but that happeneth rarely. . . .
Natures that have much heat are not ripe for action till
* So in edition, 1622 ; the earlier edition has the old form
affection for affectation.
Age. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 15
they have passed the meridian of their years, . . . for
the experience of age, in all things that fall within the
compass of it, directeth them." Ess. of Youth and Age.
" Yet hath Sir Proteus, for that's his name,
Made use and fair advantage of his days ;
His years but young, but his experience old,
His head unmellowed, but his judgment ripe."
Tw) Gent. Ver. ii. 4.
" Had you been as wise as old,
Young in years, in judgment old,
Your answer had not been inscrolled."
Mer. 1>. ii. 7.
" I 'am only old in judgment and understanding'' 1 2 Hen. IV. i. 2.
"An aged interpreter, though young in days.'' Tim. Ath. v. 2.
"Thou should'st not have been old till thou had'st been wise."
Lear i. 5.
AGE Deforms and Wears Both Mind and Body.
" Old age, if it could be seen, deforms the mind more
than the body/' De Aug. vi. ; Antitheta iii. 3).
" In youth the body is erect; in old age, bent into a cur ce."
" Old age has an ill-natured envy." Hist, of Life and
Death.
" Sycorax, who with age and envy was grown into a hoop."
Temp. i. 2.
" As with age his body uglier grows,
So his mind canker*" Temp. iv. 1.
" Goodman Verges, sir, speaks a little off the matter : an old man,
sir, and his wits are not so blunt as, God help, I would desire they
were ; but, in faith, honest as the skin between his brows. . . .
A good old man, sir, he will be talking. . . . When the age is in
the wit is out." Much Ado iii. 1.
" He lasted long,
And on us both did haggish age steal on,
And wore us out of act." All's Well i. 2.
10 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Age.
AGE Gracious.
" In old men the loves are changed into the graces"
l)e Aug. vi. ; Antitheta iii.
"A father, and a gracious aged man." Lear iv. 2.
AGE Invention Dulled In.
" Old men, . -. . though less ready in invention, are
more powerful in judgment than the young. In old age
the senses are dull and impaired/' Hist, of Life and
Death.
" The sense is but a dull thing in comparison of
perception/' Nat. Hist. Cent. ix. (Pref.)
" Time hath not yet so dried this blood of mine,
Xor age so eat up my invention,
But they shall find .
Both strength of limb, and policy of mind."
Much Ado \v. 2.
" You cannot call it love, for at your age
The heyday in the blood is tame ; it's humble,
And waits upon the judgment : and what judgment
Would step from this to this ? Sense, sure you have,
Else could you not have motion : But sure that sense
Is apoplexed," &c.Ham. iii. 4.
AZge : *' Not know my voice ! 0, Time's extremity !
Hast thou {Time) so crack'd and splitted IHIJ poor tongue
In seven short years, that here my only son
Knows not my feeble key ? . . .
Yet hath my night of life some memory,
My ivasting lamps some fading glimmer left,
My dull deaf ears a little used to hear . . ."
Duke : " I see thy age and dangers make thee dote."
Com. Err. v. 1.
"The satirical slave says here, that old men have grey beards ;
that their faces are wrinkled ; their eyes purging thick amber and
plum-tree gum ; that they have a plentiful lack of wit, together
Amazons. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 17
with most weak hams ; all which, sir, though I most powerfully
and potently believe, yet I hold it not honesty to have it thus set
down," &c. Ham. ii. 2.
" This policy and reverence of age makes the world bitter to the
best of our times ; keeps our fortunes from us, till our oldness cannot
relish of them. / begin to find an idle and fond bondage in the
oppression of aged tyranny, who sways, not as it hath power, but as
it is suffered." Lear i. 2.
AMAZONS an Unnatural Government.
" Let me put a feigned case ... of a land of
Amazons, where the whole government, public and
and private, yea, the militia itself, was in the hands of
women. I demand, Is not such a preposterous govern-
ment (against the first order of nature, for women to rule
over men) in itself void, and to be suppressed ? " &c.
Of an Holy War.
" She- wolf of France, worse than wolves of France ; . . .
How ill-beseeming is it in thy sex,
To triumph like an Amazonian trull,
Upon their woes whom fortune captivates ! " &c.
See 3 Hen. VI. i. 4, 1. 110140. York contrasts the
government, which made Queen Margaret's ancestors
seem "divine," with her own, which made her "abomin-
able/' arid " opposite to every good/' In the same play,
iv. 1, Margaret is again said " to play the Amazon/'
" The gallant monarch is in arms to souse annoyance ;
And you degenerate, you ingrate revolts,
. . . blush for sharne,
For your own ladies, and pale-visag'd maids,
Like Amazons, come tripping after drums,
Their thimbles into armed gauntlets change,
Their neelds to lances, and their gentle hearts
To fierce and bloody inclination." King John v. 2.
C
18 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. AmbitlOH.
AMBITION Checked Becomes Dangerous.
"Ambition is like a choler, which, if it be stopped and
cannot have its way, becometh a dust, and thereby
malign and dangerous. So ambitious men, if they be
checked in their desires, become secretly discontent, and
look upon men and matters with an evil eye." Ess. of
Ambition.
"Ah, gracious lord, these days are dangerous ;
Virtue is choked with foul ambition . . .
And dogged York that reaches at the moon,
Whose over-weening arm I have pluck'd back,
By false accuse doth level at my life."
^ Hen. VI. iii. 1.
Compare with this passage the following entries in the
Promus :
629. " To cast beyond the moon" (quoted in Ess. of
Ceremonies, and alluded to Tit. And. iv. 3, and,
conversely, Hen. VIII. iii. 2).
1115. " The arms of kings are long" (alluded to
Rich. II. iv. 1 ; 2 Hen. VI. i. 2, 712, iv. 7. " Great
men have reaching hands ; " and of Anthony, u His reared
arm crested the world" Ant. Cl. v. 2).
AMBITION Mounts, Flies, &c. (See Humility,)
" Men suddenly flying at the greatest things of all,
skip over the middle." Advt. of Learning.
" Vaulting ambition which overleaps itself,
And falls on t'other side." Macb. i. 7.
" Let us look all around us, and observe where things
stoop, and where they mount, and not misemploy our
strength tvhere the way is impassable." Advt. of
Learning.
Ambition. :MAXXERS, IMIXD, MORALS. 19
" The eagle-winged pride
Of sky-aspiring and ambitious thoughts,
With rival-hating envy, set you on." Rich. II. i. 3.
"One step have I advanc'd thee ; if thou dost
As this instructs thee, thou shalt make thy way
To noble fortunes." Lear v. 3.
AMBITION Useful in Pulling Down.
'* There is use also of ambition in pulling down the
greatness of any subject that overtops" Ess. of
Ambition.
" Periander . . . went into his garden and topped all
the highest flowers, signifying that (to preserve tyranny)
the cutting off and keeping low of the nobility and
grandees . . . (was needful)/' Adct. of Learning ii.,
and De Aug. vi. 1 .
K. Hen. : " My lords, at once : the care you have of us,
To mow down thorns that will annoy our foot,
Is worthy praise."
<). Mar. : ". . . Take heed, my lord ; the welfare of us all
Hangs on the cutting short that fraudful man."
2 Hen. VI. Hi., and lines 3035.
" He in fury shall
Cut off the proud'st conspirator that lives."
Tit. And. iv. 4.
" Go thou, and like an executioner,
Cut o/i\\Q heads of too fast-growing sprays,
That look too lofty in our commonwealth."
Rich. II. iii. 4.
" Foemen mowed down in tops of all their pride."
3 Hen. VI. v. 7.
20 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Anger.
ANGER Appeased by Apology and Gentleness ; but Increased
by Excuses, Stubbornness, or Evasion.
"If the anger of a prince, or superior, be kindled
against you, and it be now your turn to speak, Solomon
directs (1) that an answer be made ; (2) that it be soft.
The first rule contains three precepts, viz. : 1. To
guard against a melancholy and stubborn silence, for this
either turns the fault wholly upon you, or impeaches your
superior. 2. To beware of delaying the thing, and
requiring a longer day for your defence. 3. To make a
real answer, not a mere confession or bare submission,
but a mixture of apology and excuse . . . the answer
should be mild and soft, not stiff and irritating." Advt.
of Learning (Aphorism 1).
(1) "Why, how now, dame ! whence grows this insolence? . . .
Why dost thou wrong her that did ne'er wrong thee ?
When did she cross thee with a bitter word ?
Her silence flouts me, and I'll be revenged."
Tarn. Sit. ii. 1.
" I cannot tell if to depart in silence,
Or bitterly to speak in your reproof,
Best befitteth," &c.
See Rich. III. iii. 7, 140-150.
" Come, lead me, officers, to the block of shame ;
Wrong hath but wrong, and blame the due of blame."
Rich. III. v.l.
" I am sorry that such sorrow I procure,
And so deep sticks it in my penitent heart,
That I crave death more willingly than mere}'
'Tis my deserving, and I do entreat it." M. M. v 1.
" Far more is to be said, and to be done,
Than out of anger can be uttered."
1 Hen.lV.iA.
"Teach us, sweet lady, for our rude transgression,
Some fair excuse."
Anger. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 21
" The fairest is confession.'' Love's Labour's Lost v. 2.
" Be plain, good son, and homely in thy drift ;
Riddling confession makes but riddling shrift."
Rom. Jul. ii. 2.
" Oftentimes, excusing of a fault
Doth make the fault worse by the excuse," &c.
John iv. 2.
" So, please your majesty, I would I could
Quit all offences with as clear excuse
As well as I am doubtless I can purge
Myself of many I am charged withal :
Yet such extenuation let me beg,
As, in reproof of many tales devised,
Which oft the ear of greatness needs must hear,
By smiling pick-thanks and base newsmongers,
I may, for some things true, wherein my youth
Hath faulty wander'd, and irregular,
Find pardon, on my true submission."
-1 Hen. IV. Hi. 2.
See also how Volumnia tries to persuade her son to
appease the anger of the people by answering them
"mildly" and how ill things turn out from his not
following her advice, and that of the Patricians the
very echo of that given in the "Advancement" by Francis
Bacon.
Cor. : u Why do you wish me milder? . . ."
Com.: "Arm yourself to answer mildly ; for they are prepared
With accusations, as I hear, more strong
Than are upon you yet."
Cor. : " The word is, mildly . . .
Let them accuse me by invention, I
Will answer in mine honour."
Men. : " Ay, but mildly."
Cor. : " Well mildly, le it then; mildly:' Cor. iii. 2.
Contrast the speech and conduct of Cardinal Wolsey,
22 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Anger.
when taxed by the nobles, and the " stubborn answer"
for which they threaten \\im.-Hen. VIII. iii. 2, 228
349.
ANGER A Kind of Baseness or Weakness.
" Anger is a kind of baseness, as it appears well in the
weakness of those subjects in whom it reigns : children,
women, sick folks.'' Ess. of Anger.
" Fie, fie, how wayward is this foolish love,
That like a testy babe will scratch the nurse ! "
(Two Gent. Ver.i. 2 ;
and see Rom. Jul. i. 3, 3032.)
" Women and fools, break off your conference."
(John iii. 1. See the whole of this Squabbling Scene).
" Their counsel turns to passion, which before
Would give preceptial medicine to rage/'
M.Ado.v. 1.
" The unruly waywardness that infirm and choleric years bring
with them." See Lear i. 1, 291302.
" The blood and baseness of our natures would conduct us to most
preposterous conclusions ; but we have reason to cool our raging
motions." Oth. i. 3.
ANGER Breaks Off Business.
" To contain anger from mischief, though it may take
hold of a man, there be two things whereof yon must
have especial caution. The one of extreme bitterness of
words, especially if they be aculeate and proper ; . . .
the other, that yon do not peremptorily break off in any
business in a fit of anger." Mor. Ess. Ivii.
Glos. : " My lord of Winchester, I know your mind,
'Tis not my speeches that you do mislike,
But 'tis my presence that doth trouble you.
Rancour will out. Proud prelate, in thy face
Anger. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 23
I see thy fury : if I longer stay,
We shall begin our ancient bickerings.' 1 [Exit.~\
2 Hen. VI. i. 1.
ANGER Makes the Eyes Red.
" It hath been observed that in anger the eyes wax
red ; and in blushing, not the eyes, but the ears, and the
parts behind them." Xat. Hist. ix. 872.
" 1 met Lord Bigot and Lord Salisbury,
With eyes as red as new enkindled fire.''
A'. John iv. 2.
" Henry Bolingbroke and he
Being mounted, and both roused in their seats, . . .
Their eyes of fire sparkling through sights of steel."
2 Hen. IV. iv. 1.
u Beaufort's red sparkling eyes blab his heart's malice."
2 Hen. VI. iii. 1.
" Edward and Richard . . .
With fiery eyes sparkling for very wrath,
And bloody steel grasped in their ireful hands,
Are at our backs." 3 Hen. VI. ii. v.
u My red-look'd anger." Wint. Tale ii. 2.
' His eye red, as 'twould burn Rome." Cor. v. 1.
ANGER An Edge Set Upon It by Irritating Speeches.
" Contempt is that which setteth an edge upon anger
as much, or more, than the hurt itself; and, therefore,
when men are ingenious in picking out circumstances of
contempt, they do kindle their anger much." Ess. of
Anger.
See Hamlet iii. 2, where Hamlet's ironical speeches
and contempt are intended to rouse the feelings and
anger of the King and Queen, and note the comment of
Ophelia, and Hamlet's reply :
24 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Anger.
Oph. : " You are keen, my lord ; you are keen."
Ham. : " It would cost you a groaning to take off my edge."
Again in Macbeth, where Malcolm desires to set an
edge upon the anger of Macduff, through his intense
grief, we observe that the bitterness or sharpness of
words is to perform a part in the increasing of wrath and
wish for revenge.
Mai. : " Be this the whetstone of your sword : let grief convert to
Anger ; blunt not the heart, enrage it"
Macd. : " ! I could play the woman with mine eyes,
And braggart with my tongue . . . Front to front
Within my sword's length set him : If he 'scape,
Heaven forgive him too ! "
Mai. : " This tune goes manly."
The verse from Eccl. xii. 11 (noted Promus 237, Q.V.)
probably suggested the thought of the pricking, goading,
and wounding of well-applied words ; the same line of
thought is antithetically treated in an adage from
Erasmus, 790, also in early Promus entry in Latin.
"To kill with a leaden sword." (Of a tame argument.}
" Your wit is as blunt as the fencers' foils which hit and hurt not."
M. Ado v. 2.
"Base slave, thy words are blunt, and so art thou."
2 Hen. VI. iv. 1.
Compare also :
" You leer upon me, do you ? There's an eye
Wounds like a leaden sword."
Love's Labour's Lost v. 2.
And with the object of inciting Hamlet not to anger to
disclosure of his own mind, the King urges Rosencrantz
and Guildenstern in these words :
" Good gentlemen, give him a farther edge,
And drive him on to these delights." Ham. iii. 1.
Anger. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 25
ANGER (Rash) Too Late Repented.
" To attemper and calm anger . . . there is no other
way but to meditate and ruminate well upon the effects
of anger, how it troubles man's life : and the best time
to do this is to look back upon anger when the fit is
thoroughly over. Seneca says well, ' that anger is like a
ruin, which breaks itself upon that it falls/ " Ess. of
Anger.
" Love that comes too late,
Like a remorseful pardon slowly carried,
To the great sender turns a sour offence,
Crying, That's good that\ gone : Our rash faults
Make trivial price of serious things we have,
Not knowing them until we know their grave.
Oft our displeasures, to ourselves unjust,
Destroy our friends, and after, weep their dust :
Our own love waking cries to see what's done,
While shameful hate sleeps out the afternoon."
AlV s Well v. 3.
ANGER Should Not Act Anything Irrevocable.
"In a fit of anger . . . do not act anything that is
irrevocable." Ess. of Anger.
Henry the Sixth, in spite of the entreaties of the
Queen, banishes Suffolk :
" Thou wilt but add increase unto my wrath.
Had I but said, I would have kept my word,
But when I awear, it is irrevocable"
In the sequel Suffolk is murdered, Henry's friends fall
off, and Queen Margaret exclaims, when even the King's
person is in danger from the rebellion of Jack Cade :
"Ah ! were the Duke of Suffolk now alive,
These Kentish rebels would be soon appeased."
2 Hen. VI. iii. 2, and iv. 4.
26 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Anger.
But the angry act was irrevocable, and so was the
result.
ANGER with Dignity.
" That I may neither seem arrogant nor obnoxious ;
that is, neither forget my own nor other's liberty. Men
must beware that they carry their anger rather in scorn
than with fear ; that they may be seen to be rather aboi'e
the anger than below it." Ess. of Anger.
" Do wrong to none : be able for thine enemy
Rather in power than use." All's Well i. 1.
" So, like a courtier, contempt nor bitterness
Were in his pride, or sharpness ; if they were,
His equal had awak'd them." AlTs Well i. 2.
ANGER Checked by Physical Effort.
" A man may think if he will that a man in auger is
as wise as he that hath said over the twenty-four letters."
Ess. of Anger.
U I hope this passionate humour of mine will change : it v;ax /ro/it
to hold me but while one counts twenty" Rich. III. i. 4.
u Now, my lords, my choler being over-blown,
With walking twice about the quadrangle,
I come to talk of commonwealth affairs."
2 Hen. VI. i. 3.
" Sheathe thy impatience, throw cold water on thy choler. Go
about the fields with me through Frogmore." Mer. Wir. ii. 3.
ANGER Privileged.
" To seek to extinguish anger utterly is but a bravery
of the Stoics. We have better oracles. ' Be angry, and
Antiquity. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 27
sin not: let not the sun go down upon your anger.' "*
Ess. of Anger.
Corn. : " Peace, sirrah !
You beastly knave, know you no reverence ? "
Kent. : " Yes, sir, but anger has a privilege" Lear ii. 3.
" I speak not as a dotard or a fool,
As under privilege of age." J/. Ado v. 1.
" Did be not straight,
In pious rage, the two delinquents tear ? . . .
Was that not noUy done ? Ay, and wisely too" &c.
ANTIQUITY Too Much Importance Attached to.
" (One disease of learning) is the extreme affecting of two
extremities ; the one Antiquity, the other Novelty. . . .
Surely the advice of the prophet is the true direction in
this matter, * Stand ye in the old ways, and see which is
the good way, and walk therein.' Antiquity deserveth
that reverence, that men should make a stand thereupon,
and discover what is the best way ; but when the dis-
covery is well taken, then to make progression." Advt.
of Learning i.
" Here's Nestor ;
Instructed by the antiquary times,
He must, he is, he cannot but be wise."
Tr. Or. ii. 3.
" To sing a song that old was sung,
From ashes ancient Gower is come . . .
Et bonum quo antiquius, eo melius.
If you, born in these latter times,
When wit's more ripe accept my rhymes." &c.
Per. i., Gower.
* Bacon stops short in this quotation from Ephes. iv. 26. St. Paul
continues : " Neither give place to the devil." This portion of the
text is alluded to in Oth. ii. 3 : "It hath pleased the Devil
Drunkenness to give place to the Devil Wrath."
28 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Antiquity.
" This act is as an ancient tale new-told . . .
In this the antique, and well -noted face
Of plain old form is much disfigured." John iv. 2.
" The rabble call him lord ;
And [as the world were now but to begirt]
Antiquity forgot, custom not known, . . .
They cry . . . ' Laertes shall be king."
Ham. iv. 5.
In this extract the words between brackets connect
the ideas of " Antiquity " being in fact the present times
[see the following section], and of the former, or ancient
times, " deserving reverence." See further of Novelty.
ANTIQUITY The True.
" To speak the truth, Antiquity, as we call it, is the
young state of the world ; for those times are ancient
when the world is ancient, and not those we vulgarly
account ancient by computing backwards ; so that the
present time is the real Antiquity." Advt. of Learning i.
" The present age is the true Antiquity. . . . The
world in which the ancients lived, though in respect of
us it was the elder, in respect of the world it was the
younger/' Not. Org. Ixxxiv.
" How green you are, and fresh, in this old world.'"
John iii. 4.
u A great while ago the world began."
Twelfth Xight v. 1 (Song).
u The poor world is almost six thousand years old.''''
As You Like It iv. 1.
" How goes the world ? It wears, sir, as it grows."
Tim. Ath. i. 1.
" Under an old oak, whose bows were mossed with age,
And high top bald with dry antiquity."
As You Like It iv. 3.
Aft. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 21)
" So that eternal love, in love's fresh case,
Weighs not the dust and injury of age ;
Nor gives to necessary wrinkles place,
But makes antiquity for aye his page." Sonnet cviii.
The lines seem to sum up all Bacon's views about
Antiquity. Too much importance should not be attached
to the opinions and learning of the so-called Antiquity,
when the young world was comparatively in its childhood,
and to be treated as a page, respectfully waiting upon the
present aged world, which is the true Antiquity.
ART and Nature.
" I am the rather induced to set down the history of
Arts as a species of Natural History, because it is the
fashion to talk as if Art were something different from
Nature, so that things artificial should be separated from
things natural as differing wholly in kind." Intellectual
Globe.
Sir To. : %i He plays o' the viol de gamboys, and speaks three or
four languages word for word. . . . and hath all
the good gifts of Nature."
Mar.: He hath, indeed almost natural ; for besides that he's a
fool, he's a great quarreller . . ."
Sir And. : k> . . . I would I had followed the Arts ! "
Sir To. : ' Then had'st thou an excellent head of hair ! "
Sir And. : u Why, would that have mended my hair ? "
Sir To. : - Past question ; for thou see'st it will not curl ly
nature" Twelfth Sight i. 3.
" There is an Art, which . . . shares with great creating Nature.
. . . The Art itself is Nature" &c. Winters Tale iv. 3.
This subject belongs properly to Science, in which
section it will be included and developed.
30 MANNERS, MIKD, MORALS. Authority.
ART, and Things Artificial, are Devoid of Motion.
Men ought, on the contrary, to have a settled con-
viction, that things artificial differ from things natural,
not in form or essence, but in the efficient ; that man has
no power over Nature, except that of motion, the power of
putting natural bodies together, or separating them the
rest is done by Nature working within.
" We came to see the statue of our Queen. . . . Her dead
likeness excels whatever yet the hand of man hath done. . . .
Prepare to see the life as lively mocked as ever still sleep mocked
death. . . . Chide me, dear stone, that I may say indeed thou
art Hermione, . . . but yet Hermione nothing so aged as this seems.
So much the more our carver's excellence. . . . Masterly done :
the very life seems warm upon her lip. The fixture of her eye has
motion in it, as v;e are mocked by Art. Til make the statue more
indeed, descend" &c. Winter's Tale v. 3.
ATHEISTS Hypocrites.
"The contemplative Atheist is rare, . . . yet they
seem to be more than they are, for all that impugn a
received religion or superstition are, by the adverse part,
branded with the name of Atheist ; but the great
Atheists indeed are hypocrites, which are ever handling
holy things, but without feeling ; as they needs must be
cauterized in the end." Ess. of Atheism.
AUTHORITY from Art or Books.
" For authority it is of two kinds : belief in an art and
belief in a man. For things of belief in au art, a man
may exercise them by himself; but for belief in a man,
it must be by another. Therefore, if a man believe in
astrology, and find a figure prosperous ; or believe in
natural magic, and that a ring with such a stone, or sach
a piece of living creature, carried, will do good, it may
Authority. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 31
help liis imagination. But all authority must be turned
either upon an art or upon a man ; and where authority
is from one man to another, there the second must be
ignorant, . . . and such are witches and superstitious
persons, whose beliefs, tied to their teachers, are in no
whit controlled either by reason or experience . . . (as)
boys and young people, whose spirits easiliest take
belief and imagination," &c. Nat. Hist. 947.
See of the apparitions conjured up in Macbeth's
imagination, excited by the influence and authority of
the witches. Observe that they do nothing to Macbeth^
they merely heighten his imagination upon Baconian
principles. Lady Macbeth seems fully to grasp the
subject, and uses Bacon's expression in explaining the
cause of her husband's hallucinations, fit only for old
women's tales, " authorised " by tradition.
" proper stuff !
This is the very painting of your fear :
This is the air- drawn dagger which, you said,
Led you to Duncan. ! these flaws and starts
(Impostors to true fear) would well become
A woman's story, at a winter x fire,
Authorised by her grandam" Much. iii. 4.
AUTHORITY of Books, or of the Learned, Not to be the
Sole Guide.
" It is accounted an error to commit a natural body to
empiric physicians, ... it is a like error to rely upon
advocates and lawyers, which are only men of practice.
. . . So it cannot be but matter of doubtful conse-
quence, if states be managed by empiric statesmen, not
well mingled with men grounded in learning. But . . .
the first distemper of learning (is) when men study
32 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. BashflllnCSS.
words and not matter. . . . The second which
followeth is, in nature, worse than the first, . . .for
vain matter is worse than vain words. The third vice,
or disease, of learning, . . . brancheth into two sorts :
. . . imposture and credulity. . . . This facility of
credit, or admitting things weakly authorised or
warranted, we see in ecclesiastical history, which hath
too easily received and registered reports and narrations
(of miraculous events) which, after a period of time, grew
to be esteemed as old wives' fables. . . . And as for
the overmuch credit that hath been given unto authors
in sciences, in making them dictators, that their words
should stand, and not counsels to give advice, the damage
is infinite that sciences have received thereby," &c.
Adrt. of Learning i.
" Small have continual plodders ever won,
Save base authority from other's books," &c.
(tSee Love's Labour s Lost i. 1, 55 95 ;
and Comp. with Adct. of Learning 1).
Arm. : ' . . . What great men have been in love ? "
Moth. : " Hercules, master."
Arm.: "Most sweet Hercules! More authority, dear boy, name
more.' 1 Loves Labour s Lost, i. 2.
" We may not be so credulous of cure
When our most learned doctors leave us, and
The congregated college have concluded
That labouring Art can never ransom Nature
From her unaidable estate : I say, we must not
So stain our judgment, or corrupt our hope,
To prostitute our past cure malady
To empirics, or to esteem
A senseless help, when help past sense we deem."
See AW s Well ii. 1, 104^160.
" They say miracles are past : and we have our philosophical
Bashfulness. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 33
persons, to make modern and familiar things supernatural and
causeless. . . . Why, 'tis the rarest argument of wonder that
hath shot out in our latter times. . . . To be relinquished of the
artists . . . both of Galen and Paracelsus. Of all the learned and
authentic fellows, that gave him out incurable. . . . Well, . . .
there's no fettering of authority." All's Well ii. 3, 1 14 and 236.
" Conceit, more rich in matter than in words,
Brags of his substance, not of ornament."
Rom. Jul. ii. 6.
See where Polonius asks Hamlet what he reads in his
book : he answers " Words, words, words." When
further Polonius inquires, u What is the matter " that he
reads Hamlet, replies : " Slanders/'
On the other hand, in the wandering words of poor
Ophelia, her brother perceives a meaning " Nothing less
than matter."
Again, Troilus, reading a letter from his faithless
Cressida, tears it up in digust, exclaiming :
" Words, words, mere words ; no matter from the heart ;
The effect doth operate another way." Tr. Cr. v. 3.
" When priests are more in v'ords than matter,
When brewers mar their malt with water. . . .
Then shall the realm of Albion
Come to great confusion." Lear iii. 2.
BASHFULNESS a Hindrance.
"Bashfulness is a great hindrance to a man, both of
uttering his conceit, and understanding what is pro-
pounded to him ; wherefore it is good to press himself
forwards with discretion, both in speech, and company of
a better sort." Short Notes for Civil Conversation.
"There, an't please you, a foolish mild man : an honest man, look
you, and soon dashed." Love's Labour's Lost v. 2.
" Come, you virtuous ass, you bashful fool, must you be blushing ?
D
34 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Beauty.
Wherefore blush you now ? What a maidenly man-at-arms are
you become ! " 2 Hen. IV. ii. 2.
"The bloody Parliament shall this be called,
Unless Plantagenet, Duke of York, be King ;
And bashful Henry depos'd, whose cowardice
Hath made us by-words to our enemies."
3 Hen. VI. i. 1.
BEAUTY with Grace.
" In beauty, that of favour is more than that of colour,
and that of decent and gracious motion, more than that
of favour." Ess. of Beauty.
" The heaven such grace did lend her,
That she might admired be."
Two Gent. Ver. iv. 2 (Song).
" Your wondrous rare description, noble earl,
Of beauteous Margaret, hath astonished me :
Her virtues graced with eternal gifts" &c.
1 Hen. VI. v. 5.
BEAUTY in Expression or Favour.
"That is the best part of beauty, which a picture
cannot express; no, nor the first sight of the life."
Ess. of Beauty.
" Run, run, Orlando : carve on every tree
The fair, the chaste, the unexpressive she."
As You Like It iii. 1.
" Is she kind as she is fair ?
For beauty lives with kindness ;
Love doth to her eyes repair
To help him of his blindness,
And, being helped, inhabits there."
Two Gent. Ver. iv. 2 (Song).
Beauty. .MANXERS, MIXD, MORALS. 35
BEAUTY with Goodness.
" Virtue is best in a body that is comely, though not
of delicate features ; and that hath rather dignity of
presence than beauty of aspect." Ess. of Beauty.
" The hand that hath made you fair hath made you good, the
goodness that is cheap in beauty makes beauty brief in goodness ;
but grace being the soul of your complexion, shall keep the body of
it ever fair." Measure for Measure iii. 1.
" As fair as good a kind of hand-to-hand comparison."
Cyml). i. 5, 72.
Audrey : ki Would you have me honest ? "
Touch : " No, truly, unless thou wert hard-favoured ; for honesty
coupled to beauty is to have honey a sauce to sugar."
As You Like It iii. 5.
" Your choice is not so rich in worth as beauty."
Winters Tale v. 1.
(See Rick. III. iv. 4, 204209 ; As You Like It,
iii. 5, 3743 ; Tarn. Sh. ii. 1, 190194).
BEAUTY and Fortune. (See Virtue.)
" Virtue is like a rich stone plainly set. . . .
Neither is it almost seen that very beautiful persons are
othemvise of great virtue; as if Mature were rather busy
not to err than in labour to produce excellency." Ess.
of Beauty.
" It cannot be denied but outward accidents conduce
much to fortune, favour, opportunity/' &c. Ess. of
Fortune.
Ros. : " . . . Fortune's favours are mightily misplaced : and
the bountiful blind woman doth most mistake in her
gifts to women."
CeL : " 'Tis true : for those she makes fair she scarce makes honest ;
and those that she makes honest she makes very ill-
favouredly."
36 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Beauty.
Ros. : " Nay, now tJiou goest from Fortunes office to Nature's.
Fortune reigns in gifts of the world, not in the lineaments
of Nature ." Loves Labour's Lost ii. 1, and iv. 1.
k ' I see what them wert, if Fortune thy foe were not, Nature thy
friend." Mer. Wiv. iii. 3.
BEAUTY of Mind and Body, Grace and Health.
" The greatest ornament is the inward beauty of the
mind. . . . The gifts or excellencies of the mind are
the same as those of the body : beauty, health, strength.
Beauty of the mind is showed in graceful and acceptable
forms, and sweetness of behaviour.''' Advice to Rutland.
" Is she kind as she is fair? For leant}/ lives with kindness"
Two Gent. Ver. iv. 2 (Song).
" Thy life is dear ; for all that life can rate
Worth name of life, in thee hath estimate :
Youth, beauty, wisdom, courage, all
That happiness and prime can happy call."
AW s Well ii. 1.
" Why, have you any discretion ? Have you any eyes ? Is not
birth, beauty, good shape, discourse, manhood, learning, gentleness,
virtue, youth, liberality, the spice and salt that season a man ? "-
Tr. Ores. i. 2.
" Such as she is in beauty, virtue, birth
Is the young Dauphin, every way complete," &c.
John ii. 2.
" If the Dauphin . . . can in this book of beauty read I love.
. . . (I'll) make her rich
In titles, honours and promotions,
As she is in beauty, education, blood." John ii. 2.
" You that have so fair parts of woman on you,
Hath, too, a woman's heart, which ever yet
Affected eminence, wealth, sovereignty,
Which to say sooth are blessings . . . gifts."
Hen. VIII. ii. 3.
Behaviour. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 37
BEHAVIOUR Like a Garment.
" Behaviour is like a garment ; and it is easy to make
a comely garment for a body that is itself well-pro-
portioned ; whereas a deformed body can never be helped
by tailors art, but the counterfeit will appear'' Advice
to Rutland.
" Behaviour seemeth to me as a garment of the mind,
and to have the conditions of a garment. For it ought
to be made in fashion; it ought not to be too curious; it
ought to be shaped so as to set forth any good making
of the mind, and hide any deformity; and, above all, it
ought not to be too straight or restrained for exercise and
motion."' De Aug. viii. 1.
" Pray you, sir, who is his tailor ? ... 0, I know him well ;
there can be no kernel in this light nut ; the soul of this man is in
his clothes." All's Well ii. 5.
" Here the clothes and not the manners make the man." Comp.
Lear i. 2, 5361 ; Cynib. ii. 3, 135, &c., iv. 2, 8083.
" So when this loose behaviour I throw off.
And pay the debt I never promised,
By how much better than my word I am."
1 Hen. IV. i. 1.
(Comp. 2 Hen. IV. v. 2, 44, 45.)
" He's as disproportioned in his manners
As in his shape" Temp. v. 1.
" Hence, heap of wrath, foul, indigested lump ;
As crooked in thy manners, as thy shape ! "
2 Hen. VI. v. 2.
"Apparel vice like virtue's harbinger."
Com. Err. iii. 2.
" Poor I am, stale, a garment out of fashion ;
I must be ripped to pieces. With me
All good seeming . . . shall be thought
Put on for villainy, not born where't grows,
But worn, a bait for ladies." Cymb. iii. 4.
38 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Blame.
" Men's behaviour should be like their apparel, not too
strict or point-device, but free for exercise or motion. "-
Ess. of Ceremonies.
" Armado is a most illustrious wight,
A man of fire new words, fashion's own knight . . ."
u His humour is lofty, his discourse peremptory, his tongue filed
. . . his gait majestical, and Ins general behaviour vain, ridiculous,
and thrasonical. He is too picked, too affected, too odd, as it were,
too peregrinate. ... I abhor such insociable and point-device
companions." Lore's Labour's Lost i. 1, and v. ].
Marie : " Malvolio's coming down this walk : he has been yonder
in the sun, practising behaviour to his own shadow. Observe him
for the love of mockery . . ."
Mai. : " . . . I will wash off gross acquaintance. / will be
point-device, the very man I ... I will be strange, stout, in
yellow stockings, and cross-gartered," &c. Twelfth Night ii. 5.
"New honours come upon him,
Like our strange garments, cleave not to their mould,
But with the aid of use." Macb. i. 3.
" Well, may you see things well done there ! Adieu !
Lest cur old robes sit easier than our new."
Macb. ii. 4.
" The antique and well-noted face
Of plain old form is much disfigured
For putting on so new a fashioned robe."
John iv. 2.
BLAME.
"Epictetus used to say (1), That one of the vulgar, in
any ill that happens to him, blames others ; (2) a novice
in philosophy blames himself ; (3) and a philosopher
blames neither the one nor the other." Apophthegms,
250, 233.
1. Charles:
" Is this thy cunning, thou deceitful dame ?
Did'st thou at first, to flatter us withal,
Blame. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 39
Make us partakers of a little gain,
That now our loss might be ten times as much ?
Pacelle : " Wherefore is Charles impatient with his friend ?
At all times will you have my power alike ?
Sleeping or waking, shall I still prevail,
Or will you Name, and lay the fault on me?
Improvident soldiers ! Had your watch been good
This sadden mischief never could have fallen," &c.
1 Hen. VI. ii. 2.
See of "the abject people," "the rabble," "the
envious people," rejoicing in the penance of the
" punished duchess " of York (2 Hen. VL ii. 4). Of how
" the tag-rag people did clap and hiss Ctesar. according as
he pleased and displeased them " (Jul. Cces. i. 2). How,
when Ca3sar is murdered, the multitude, or throng of
citizens, agree that Caesar was to blame, and applauded
Brutus ; but when Anthony, feigning to blame, praises
Czesar, and " ruffles up their spirits " in his favour, the
multitude again turn, and vow vengeance on the
conspirators and murderers (Jul Cces. iii. 2 and 3). So,
too, of Coriolanus : " The fusty plebeians hate his
honours, but say, against their hearts, We thank the gods
our Rome hath such a soldier/' With the acclamations
and clamours of the host Caius Marcius Coriolanus
"wears the war's garland" (Cor. i. 9 and 10). He is
then " blamed for being proud" and those who "are
ambitious for poor knaves' caps and legs . . . the
herdsmen of the beastly plebeians " try to use this
blame as an engine to ruin Coriolanus (ii. 1). In the
end they succeed, Coriolanus ensuring his own fall by
the utter disregard or contempt for the " many-headed
multitude " (ii. 3), " the tongues of the common mouth,"
whose praise or blame he alike despises.
2. " I am myself indifferent honest ; but yet I could accuse me of
40 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Blame.
such things, that it were better my mother had not borne me. I am
very proud, revengeful, ambitious : with more offences at my beck
than I have thoughts to put them in, imagination to give them
shape, or time to act them in. What should such fellows as I do
crawling between heaven and earth ; we are arrant knaves all."
flam. iii. 1.
See forward Malcolm's more detailed description of the
vices which he conceives to be in himself (Macb. iv. 3,
45 100). Troilus also describes his truth as a vice in
him (Tr. Cr. iv. 4). The speakers, it will be observed,
are all young.
3. With regard to the opinions of philosophers, it
will be found that they all, in some wav or another,
connect the ideas of errors or faults in mankind with
Nature, or influences to which man's nature is sub-
servient.
" powerful love ! that, in some respects, makes a beast a man ;
in some other, a man a beast. ... A fault done first in the form
of a beast : Jove, a beastly fault ! and then another fault in the
semblance of a fowl : think on't, Jove; a foul fault," &c. Mcr.
Wives v. 5, 1 10.
" So oft it chances in particular men,
That for some vicious mole of nature in them,
As in their birth (wherein they are not guilty,
Since Nature cannot choose his origin} ,
. . . that these men,
Carrying the stamp of one defect,
Being Nature's livery or fortune's star . . .
Take corruption from that particular fault."
Lear : "Now all the plagues that in the pendulous air
Hang fated o'er men s faults light on thy daughters. . . .
Nothing could have subdued Nature to such lowness but
his unkind daughters. . . . Judicious punishment !
'Twas this flesh begot those pelican daughters. 17
Lear iii. 4.
Boldness. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 41
BLAMING Oneself Over-much.
" I love a confessing modesty, I hate an accusing one."
De Aug. vi. 3 (Aatitheta).
To this, James Spedding appends this foot-note :
" Amo confitentem verecundium, accusautun odi. I do
not understand this sentence. J. S." The following
passage seems to illustrate this kind of overstrained and
nngenuine self-accusation :
Mai. : " It is myself I mean ; in whom I know
All the particulars of vice so grafted,
That when they shall be opened, black Macbeth
Will seem as pure as snow ; and the poor state
Esteem him as a lamb, by being compared
With my confineless harms ... I grant him bloody,
Luxurious, avaricious, false, deceitful,
Sudden, malicious, smacking of every sin
That has a name ; but there's no bottom, none,
In my voluptuousness," &c.
See Mad. iv. 3, 45-131, and Ham.m. 1, quoted Ante.
BOLDNESS a Better Quality in a Follower than a Leader.
" Boldness is the pioneer of folly, . = . confidence is
the mistress of fools, and the sport of wise men." De
Aug. vi. 3 (Antitheta).
" Boldness is ever blind ; for it seeth not dangers and
inconveniences : therefore it is ill in counsel, good in
execution ; so that the right use of bold persons is, that
they never command in chief, but be seconds under the
directions of others ; for in counsel it is good to see
dangers, and in execution not to see them except they be
very great/' Ess. of Boldness.
(See of the counsel held by the Archbishop of York,
and other lords opposed to the king, as to their dangers
in execution of their plans. 2 Hen. IV. i. 3, 1 20).
42 MANNERS, MIND, MOKALS. Boldness.
L. Bard. : " My judgment is, we should not step too far, . . .
For in a theme so bloody-fac'd as this,
Conjecture, expectation, and surmise
Of aids uncertain, should not be admitted."
Arch. : 'Tis very true, Lord Bardolph ; for, indeed,
It was young Hotspur's case at Shrewsbury."
L. Bard. : " It was, ray lord ; who lin'd himself with hope,
Eating the air on promise * of supply, . . .
And so, with great imagination,
Proper to madmen, led his power* to death,
And winking ) leapt into destruction''
2 Hen. IV. i. 3.
" You take a precipice for no leap of danger,
And woo your own destruction." 2 Hen. VIII. v. 1.
BOLDNESS Breaks Promises.
" Boldness . . . hath done wonders in popular states ;
but with Senates and Princes less: and ever, more upon
the first entrance of persons into action than soon after,
for boldness is an ill keeper of promise" Ess. of
Boldness.
Blunt : " I come with gracious offers from the King . . ."
Hotspur : " The king is kind ; and well we know the king
Knows at what time to promise, when to pay.
My father, and my uncle, and myself
Did give him that same royalty he wears;
And when he was not six-and- twenty strong,
Sick in the world's regard, wretched, and low
A poor, unminded outlaw sneaking home
My father gave him welcome to the shore;
And when he heard him swear and vow to God,
He came but to be Duke of Lancaster . . .
My father, in kind heart and pity mov'd,
Swore him assistance, and performed it too.
Now, when the lords and barons of the realm
Perceived Northumberland did lean to him,
* Compare "Boldness is an ill keeper of promises." Ess. of Boldness.
Boldness. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 4&
The more and less came in with cap and knee . . .
. . . Proffered him their oaths : . . followed him,
Even at his heels in golden multitudes.
He presently, as greatness knows itself,
Steps me a little higher than his vow
Made to my father when his blood was poor," &c.
See 1 Hen. IV. iv. 3, 30114.
BOLDNESS, or Rash Fearlessness, Senseless.
" Boldness is dulness of the sense joined with malice of
the will"De Aug. vi. 3 (Antitheta).
Duke : " How seems he touched ? "
Prov. : " A man that apprehends death no more dreadfully, but
as a drunken sleeper: careless, reckless, and fearless of what's past,
present, and to come ; insensible of mortality, and desperately
mortal," &c. J7. M. iv. 2.
2 Murderer : " I am one, my liege,
Whom the vile blows and buffets of the world
Have so incens'd that / am reckless what I do
To spite the v:orld"
L Murderer : " And I another,
So weary with disasters, tugg'd with fortune,
That I would set my life on any chance
To mend it, or be rid on't." Mad. iii. 1.
BOLDNESS, Reckless, is Ignorance.
" Wonderful like (to the case of folly) is the case of
boldness in civil business. What first ? Boldness.
What second and third ? Boldness. And yet boldness
is a child of ignorance and baseness, far superior to other
parts (or qualities). Bat nevertheless it doth fascinate,
and bind hand and foot those that are shallow in judg-
ment or weak in courage (which are the greatest part) ;
yea, and prevaileth with wise men at weak times."
Ess. of Boldness.
44 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Calumny.
" The Greeks are strong, and skilful to their strength,
Fierce to their skill, and to their fierceness valiant . . .
But I am . . . tamer than sheep, fonder than ignorance . . .
Skilless as unpractised infancy." Tr. Cr. ii. 3.
" I would rather be a tick in a sheep, than such a piece of valiant
ignorance." Tr. Cr. in. 3.
" gull ! dolt !
.Is ignorant as dirt! Thou hast done a deed !
I care not for thy sword." Oth. v. 2.
" Ely with Richmond troubles me more near
Than Buckingham, and his rash-levied strength.
. . . this arm of mine (shall soon chastise)
The petty rebel, dull-brained Buckingham."
Rich. III. iv. 4.
" All the unsettled humours of the land,
Rash, inconsiderate, fiery voluntaries
With ladies' faces, and fierce dragons' spleens,
. . . make hazard of new fortunes here.
In brief, a braver choice of dauntless spirits . . .
Did never ... do offence and scathe in Christendom."
John ii. 1.
CALUMNY. (See Slander.)
" There is nothing so good that it may not be perverted
by reporting it ill." Promus, 1072 (Latin).
" Fashion-mongering boys that deprave and slander."
J/. Ado v. 1.
" Calumny the whitest virtue strikes." J/. J/. ii. 4.
" Virtue itself scapes not calumnious strokes." Ham. i. 3.
" Be thou chaste as ice, as pure as snow, thou shalt not escape
calumny." Ham. iii. 1.
" slanderous world," &c. See Tarn. Kh. ii. 1.
" She is slandered, she is undone. . . . Done to death by
slanderous tongues," &c. M. Ado iv. 1; rep. v. 1.; v. 3, Scroll.
Cat. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 45
CANNIBALS of Hearts.
" The parable of Pythagoras is dark but true, " Cor
ne edito "eat not the heart. Certainly, if a man would
give it a hard phrase, those 'that want friends to open
themselves unto are cannibals of their own hearts."
Ess. of Friendship.
' He that is proud eats up himself . . . whatever praises itself,,
(but in the deed) devours the deed in itself." Jr. Cr. ii. 3.
" Pride hath no other glass
To show itself but pride; for supple knees
Feed arrogance, and are the proud man's fees . . .
How one man eats into another's pride,
While pride is feasting in his wantonness ! "'
Tr. Or. iii. 3.
" These lords ... do so much admire,
That they devour their reason ." Temp. v. 1.
CARE Anxiety Caused by Affection.
" Care, one of the natural and true-bred children of
unfeigned affection." Letter to Queen Elizabeth.
' A care-crazed mother of many children." Rich. III. iii. 7.
" I express to you a mother s care" AWs Well i. 3.
" Go, Salisbury, and tell them all from me
I thank them for their tender, loving care."
2 Hen. VI. iii. 2, and II. 1, 67, 68.
CAT Who Dared Not.
" The cat would eat fish, but she will not wet her foot T
Promus, 639.
" WouhTst thou have that
Which thou esteem'st the ornament of life.
And live like a coward in thine own esteem,
Letting, / dare not wait upon / would t
Like the poor cat /' the adage." Macb. i. 7.
46 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Ceremony.
" Here's a purr of Fortune, sir, or Fortune's cat . . . that has fallen
into the unclean fish-pond of her displeasure." All's Well v. 2.
CAUSES Effects and Defects.
"Ignorance of the cause frustrates the effect . . .
even the effects discovered are due to cause . . . the
sole cause and root of every defect is this. ... As
.the present sciences are useless for the discovery of
effects, so the present system of logic is useless for the
sciences." Nov. Org. i. 3.
" Now remains
That we find out the cause of this effect,
Or, rather say, the cause of this defect,
For this effect defective comes by cause,
Thus it remains, and the remainder thus
Perpend." Ham. ii. 2.
CEREMONY.
" Not to use ceremonies at all, is to teach others not
to use them again, and so diminisheth respect to himself,
especially if they be not to be omitted to strangers and
formal natures. But the dwelling upon them, and
exalting them above the moon, is not only tedious, but
doth diminish the faith and credit of him that speaks/'
Ess. of Ceremonies and Respect.
" Use a more spacious ceremony to the noble lords ; you have
restrained yourselves within the lists of too cold an adieu. Be more
expressive to them ; for they wear themselves in the cap of the time,
there, do muster true gait, eat, speak, and move under the influence
of the most received star ; and though the devil lead the measure,
such are to be followed. After them, and take a more dilated fare-
well." All f s Well, ii. 1.
u Ceremony that to great ones 'longs." J/. J/. ii. 2.
" Ceremonies and green rushes are for strangers." -
Promus 118.
Ceremony. XAXXEBS, MIND, MORALS. 47
Where's the cook ? Is supper ready, the house trimmed, rushes
strewed, cobwebs swept, the serving-men in their new fustian, their
white stockings, and every officer his wedding garment on ? Be
the Jacks fair within, the Jills fair without, the carpets laid, and
everything in order ? All ready ? " Tarn. Sh. iv. 1.
"Suppose . . . the grass whereon thou tread'st, the presence
strewed:' Rich. II. \. 3.
" Gentlemen, you are welcome to Elsinore. Your hands. Come
then; the appurtenance of welcome ix fashion and ceremony. Let me
comply with you in this garb." Ham. ii. 2.
CEREMONY Amongst Equals.
"Amongst a man's peers, a man shall be sure of
familiarity ; and, therefore, it is good to keep a little
state. Amongst a man's inferiors, one shall be sure of
reverence ; and, therefore, it is good a little to be familiar.
He that is too much in anything, so that he giveth another
occasion of satiety, maketh himself cheap." Ess. of
Ceremony.
" Had I so lavish of my presence been,
So stale and cheap to vulgar company,
Opinion, that did help me to the crown
Had still kept loyal in possession,
And left me in reputeless banishment,
A fellow of no mark or likelihood.
But, being seldom seen, I could not stir
But, like a comet, I was wondered at. ...
Thus did I keep my person fresh and new ;
My presence, like a robe pontifical,
Seldom, but' sumptuous, showed like a feast,
And won by rareness such solemnity.
The skipping king, he ambled up and down
With shallow jesters, and rash bavin wits,
Soon kindled, and soon burned ; carded his state,
Mingled his Majesty with capering fools ;
Had his great name profaned with their scorns,
And gave his countenance against; his name
48 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Ceremony.
To laugh at gibing boys, and stand the push
Of every beardless vain comparative :
Grew a companion to the common streets ;
Enfeoffed himself to popularity ;
That, being daily swallowed by men's eyes
They surfeited with honey, and began
To loathe the taste of sweetness, whereof a little
More than a little is by much too much.
So when he had occasion to be seen,
He was but as the cucoo is in June,
Heard, not regarded," &c. 1 Hen. IV. iii. 2.
CEREMONY Not to be Desired. (See of Place.)
"The dwelling upon ceremonies, and exalting them
above the moon, is not only tedious, but dotli diminish the
faith and credit of him that speaks. . . . It is a loss
in business to be too full of respects, or two curious in
observing times and opportunities/' Ess. of Ceremony.
" Men in great place have no freedom, neither in their
persons, nor in their actions, nor in their times. . . .
Retire men cannot when they would. . . . Certainly
great persons had need to borrow other men's opinions to
think themselves happy ; for if they judge by their own
feeling they cannot find it." Ess. of Great Place.
" And what have kings that privates have not too,
Save ceremony, save general ceremony ?
And what art thou, idol ceremony ?
What Idnd of God art thou ? . . .
What is thy soul of adoration?
Art thou ought else but Place, Degree, and Form ?
. . . be sick, great greatness !
And bid thy ceremony give the cure," &c.
Hen. V.iv. 1.
" When love begins to sicken and decay,
It uses an enforced ceremony." 1 Jul. Cccs. iv. 2.
Character. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 41)
CHARACTER Judgment of.
" Canning in the humours of persons, but not in the
condition of actions." Promus 104.
" It is one thing to understand persons, and another
to understand matters ; for many are perfect in men's
humours that are not greatly capable of the real part of
business," &c. Ess. of Cunning.
"The first article of this knowledge (of the mind) is
concerned with the different characters of natures and
dispositions, . . . which are profound and radical. I
cannot but wonder that this part of knowledge should,
for the most part, be omitted. . . . This argument
touching the different characters of dispositions, is one
of those subjects in which the common discourse of men
... is wiser than books." De Aug. vii. 3.
" I know them all, though they suppose me mad,
And will o'er-reach them in their own devices."
Tit. And. v. 2.
" He is a great observer, and he looks
Quite through the heart of men." Jid. Cces. i. 2.
(See of Polonius' instructions to Reynalds concerning
the inquiries to be made as to Hamlet's habits and
character. It was to be done, as Bacon elsewhere
recommends, by self-examination and study.}
" Observe his inclination in yourself." See Ham. ii. 1.
" Noted for a merry man." Tarn. Sh. iii. 2.
' . . . I did infer your lineaments,
Being the right idea of your nature,
Both in your form and nobleness of mind . . .
Your bounty, virtue, fair humility.
Indeed, left nothing for your purpose
Untouch'd, or slightly handled in discourse."
Rich. III. iii. 3.
E
50 3IANXERS, MIND, MORALS. Character.
" All his faults observed,
Set in a note-book, learned and conned by rote."
Jul. Cccs. iv. 3.
" This fellow's wise enough to play the fool,
And to do that well, craves a kind of wit.
He must observe their mood on whom he jests,
The quality of persons, and the time . . .
. This is a practice
As full of labour as a wise man's art."
Twelfth NicjJit Hi. 1.
See the pert page, Moth's, observations upon the
manners and characteristics of a love-lorn swain (Love's
Labour's Lost iii. 1, 10 30). Cleopatra of Antony's
well-divided disposition (Ant. Cl. i. 5, 5161). Of the
King of France concerning Bertram's father (All's Well,
i. 2, 1948). Griffith and Queen Katharine (Hen. VIII.
iv. 2, 30 70). Brutns and Ctesar of Cassias (Jul. Cess.
i. 2, 181207;, &c., &c.
CHARACTER Judged by the Countenance.
'Knowledge of men may be derived, and obtained
... by their countenance. . . . With regard to the
countenance, be not influenced by the old adage : Trust
not to a man's face ; for though this may not be wrongly
said of the general outward carriage of the face and
action, yet there are some more subtle motions and
labours of the eyes, mouth, countenance, and gestures by
which (as Cicero elegantly expresses it) the mind is
unlocked, and opened." De Aug. viii. 2.
"There's no art
To find the mind's construction in the face :
He was a gentleman on whom I built
An absolute trust." Macb. i. 4.
" Methinks I see it in thy face,
What thou should'st be . .
Character. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 51
The setting of thine eye and cheek, proclaim
A matter from thee." Temp. ii. 1.
Hastings :
" His grace looks cheerfully and smooth this morning :
There's some conceit or other likes him well . . .
I think there never was a man in Christendom
Can lesser hide his love or hate than he ;
For by his face, straight shall you know his heart.
Stanley :
" What of his heart perceive you in his face
By any likelihood he showed to-day ?
Hastings :
" Marry, that with no man here he is offended :
For were he, he had shown it in his looks."
Rich. III. Hi. 4.
The sequel shows that Lord Hastings was not a good
judge of countenance, and that he trusted too much to a
man's face.
u I beseech you, sir, look in this gentleman's face . . . look upon
his honour ; 'tis for a good purpose. Doth your honour mark his
face ? . . . I beseech you mark it well. . . . Doth your
honour see any harm in his face ? . . . his face is the worst thing
about him," &c. M. J/. ii. 1.
Lear: " How now, daughter? What makes that frontlet on?
Methinks you are too much of late i' the frown.
Fool: "... Thou had'st no need the care of her frowning.
. . . I will hold my tongue : so your face bids me,
though you say nothing." Lear i. 4.
" Your face, my thane is as a book, where men
May read strange matters. To beguile the time,
Look like the time ; bear welcome in your eye,
Your hand your tongue : look like the innocent flower,
But be the serpent under it. ... Only look up clear ;
To alter favour ever is to fear." Macl>. i. 7 ;
(and see 1 Hen. VI. i, 2, 48, 62, 117 ; iii. 1, 123125).
" Gentle, my lord, sleek o'er your rugged looks;
Be bright and jovial among your guests to-night . . .
52 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Charity.
We . . . make our faces vizards to our hearts,
Disguising what they are." Macb. iii. 2.
CHARITY. (See Goodness, Kindness, Mercy, &c.)
" Charity is excellently called ' the bond of perfection/
because it comprehends and fastens all virtues together."'
Advt. of Learning VII. ii.
" Bound by my charity, and my blessed order,
I come to visit the afflicted spirits
Here in the prison . . . make me know
The nature of their crimes, that I may minister
To them accordingly.
I would do more than that, if more were needful."
M. M. ii. 3.
" How much, methinks, I could despise this man,
But that I am bound in charity against it."
Hen. VIII. iii. 2.
CHARITY No Excess In.
"In charity there is no excess, neithe^r can angel or
man come in danger by it." Ess. of Goodness.
" By aspiring to a similitude of God in goodness and,
love, neither angel nor man ever transgressed, or shall
transgress; for unto that imitation we are called, 'Love
your enemies, bless them which hate you, and pray for
them that despitefully use you and persecute you/' &c.
Advt. of Learning vii. 2 and 3. (See Mercy.)
" Charity itself fulfils the law ;
And who can sever love from charity ? "
Loves Labour's Lost iv. 3.
Glo. : " Lady, thou know'st no rules of charity
Which renders good for bad, blessings for curses."
Anne : " Villain, thou know'st no law of God nor man ;
No beast so fierce but knows some touch of pity."
Rich. III. i. 2.
Compliment. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 53
" We have done deeds of charity,
Made peace of enmity, fair love of hate,
Between these swelling, wrong-incensed peers.
A blessed labour ! (To reconcile a friendly peace)
Tis death to me to be at enmity."
Rich. III. ii. 1, and 2, 101108.
" We are born to do benefits." Tim. Ath.\. 2.
COMPASSION, or Sympathy.
" If a man be compassionate towards the afflictions of
others, it shows that his heart is like the noble tree that is
wounded itself when it gives the balm/' Essay of
Goodness.
u One whose subdued eyes,
Albeit unused to the melting mood,
Drop tears as fast as the Arabian trees
Their medicinable gum" Oth. v. 2.
" No mind that's honest
But in it shares some woe ; though the main part
Pertains to you alone.'* Macb. iv. 3.
" The direful spectacle of the wreck which touched
The very virtue of compassion in thee." Temp. i. 1.
COMPLIMENT.
" Where reputation (or honour) is not, it must be
supplied by puntos and compliments.'" Advt. of
Learning ii.
" Manhood is melted into courtesies, valour into compliment, and
men are only turned into tongue." J/. A do iv. 2.
"0! he IB the courageous captain of compliments . . . the immortal
passado ! t\\e punto reverse !" &c. See Rim. Jul. ii. 4 ; and Ant. Cl.
iv. 4, 3034.
(See the converse when a base-born man rises to
* The myrrh trees.
54 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Constancy.
honour and then discards compliments towards those who
have been his superiors.)
" A foot of honour better than I was . . .
' Good den, Sir Richard ' ' God-a-mercy, fellow ; "
And, if his name be George, I'll call him Peter,
For new-made honour doth forget men's names :
'Tis too respective, and too sociable
For your conversion." King John i. 1.
CONQUERORS of Self.
" He conquers twice, who upon victory commands
himself."
" Brave conquerors ! for so you are
'llmi /rar against your own affection^,
And the huge army of the world's desires."
Love's Labour's Lost i. 1.
" Wert thou the unicorn, pride and wrath would confound thee,
and malce thine own self the conquest of thy fary. n Tim. Ath. iv. 3.
" Thy later vows against thy first
Is in thyself rebellion to thyself ;
And better conquest never canst thou make
Than arm thy constant and thy nobler parts
Against these giddy, loose suggestions."
Tohn iii. 1.
CONSTANCY. (See Inconstancy.)
" Constancy, to remain in the same state." Promus
402.
" Kind is my love to-day, to-morrow kind,
Still constant in a wondrous excellence ;
Therefore my verse, to constancy inclined.
One thing expressing leaves out difference."
Sonnet cv.
" good old man ! now well in thee appears
The constant service of the antique world."
As You Like It ii. 3.
Constancy. MANNERS, XIXD, MORALS. 55
Jul.:'
" . . . It is the lesser blot, modesty finds,
Women to change their shapes, than men their minds."
Proteus :
" Than men their minds ! 'tis true, Heaven, were man
But constant, he were perfect ; that one error
Fills him with faults : makes him run thro' all th' sins :
Inconstancy falls off, ere it begins.
What is in Sylvia's face, but I may spy
More fresh in Julia's, with a constant eye."
Two Gent. Ver. v. 4.
" While thou livest, dear Kate, take a fellow of plain and uncoined
constancy, for he perforce must do thee right." Hen. V. v. 2.
" It is virtuous to be constant in any undertaking."
M. M. iii. 2.
CONSTANCY, For.
"Constancy is the foundation on which virtues rest."
" Wretched is the man ivho knows not what himself may
become. Even vices derive a grace from constancy/ 5
De Aug. VI. 3 (Antitheta).
" Our works . . . are indeed nought else
But the protractive trials of great Jove,
To find persistive constancy in men.
The fineness of which metal is not found
In fortune's love," &c. See Tr. Or. i. 3.
Lady Jfacb. :
" My hands are of your colour ; but I shame
To wear a heart so white. . . . Your constancy
Hath left you unattended."
Macb. : " To know my deed, 'twere best not know myself."
Mucb. ii. 1.
" Be you constant in the accusation, and my cunning shall not
shame me." J/. Ado ii. 2.
56 MANNERS, 3IIND, 3IORALS. Constancy.
CONSTANCY, Against.
*' It is fit that constancy should bear adversity well,
for it commonly brings it on."
" Constancy is like a surly porter ; it drives much
useful intelligence from the door." De Aug. VI. 3
(Antitheta).
(See how " constancy," or fixed purpose, brings on the
tragical events in Julius Ccesai\ It is to constaucy that
Brutus commends his fellow-conspirators. Portia brings
forward in proof of her fortitude or constancy, in per-
forming, as well as in keeping a secret, her constancy.
Caesar glories in his own constancy, which, indeed, proves
in the end the cause of his destruction.)
" Let our looks put on our purposes,
But bear it as our Roman actors do,
With untired spirits, and formal constancy . . ."
" I have made strong proof of my constancy,
Giving myself a voluntary wound, here, in my thigh," &c.
Jul. Cws. ii. 2.
" constancy, be strong upon my side !
Set up a huge mountain 'tween my heart and tongue !
I have a man's mind, but a woman's might."
Jul. Cccs. ii. 4.
" I could well be mov'd, if I were you :
If I could pray to move, prayers would move rne :
But I am constant as the northern star,
Of whose true-fix'd and resting quality
There is no fellow in the firmament . . .
... I was constant Cimber should be banished,
And constant do remain to keep him so."
Jul. C(KS. iii. 1.
" A sly and constant knave,
Xot to be shak'd ; the agent for his master,
And the remembrancer of her, to hold
The hand-fast to her lord." Cymb. i. 6.
Contempt. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 57
" All who resist
Are mock'd for valiant ignorance,
And parish constant fools." Cor. iv. (3.
CONTEMPT.
" Contempt is that which putteth an edge upon anger.
. . . Men must beware that they carry their anger
with scorn rather than fear, so that they may seem to be
rather above the injury than below it." Ess. of Anger.
" So, like a courtier, contempt nor bitterness
Were in his pride, or sharpness ; if they were,
His equal had awaked them." AlVs Well i. 2.
(See Anger Discourse.)
" Wrong not that wrong with a more contempt."
Com. Err. ii. 2.
" Revenge the jeering and disdain'd contempt of this proud king."
-1 Hen. IF. i. 3.
" Create her child of spleen, that it may live
And be a thwart, disnatured torment to her ! . . .
Turn all her mother's pains and benefits
To laughter and contempt, that she may feel
How sharper than a serpent's tooth it is]' &c.
Lear i. 4.
*' He mock'd us when he begged our voices . . .
He flouted us down right.
No ; 'tis his kind of speech : he did not mock us ...
He used us scornfully . . .
Did you not perceive he did solicit you in free contempt ? . . .
Almost all repent in their election. Let them go on ...
If, as his nature is, he fall in rage with their refusal, both
observe and answer the advantage of his anger. To the
capitol. Come, we'll be there before the stream of people;
and this shall seem, as partly 'tis, their own, which we have
goaded onward." Cor. ii. 3.
(See also Cor. iii. 4, how Coriolanus, by his contemptuous
speeches, continues to set an edge upon the people's
58 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Contraries.
anger. The tragedy seems throughout to be a commentary
on Bacon's text.)
CONTRARIES.
"There are armies of contraries in the world, as of Dense
and Rare, Hot and Cold, Light and Darkness, Animate
and Inanimate, and many others, which oppose, deprive,
and destroy one another in turn. To suppose that these
all emanate from one source . . . seems but a confused
speculation," &c. De Principiis Works v. 475.
" Passions ever turn to their contraries ; and, there-
fore, the most furious men after their first blaze is spent,
be commonly the most fearful." Advice to Rutland.
" I' the commonwealth I would by contraries execute all things."
Temp. ii. 1, 147164.
" Is it good to sooth him in these contraries ? "
Com. Err. iv. 4, 71).
" He will be here, and yet he is not here ;
How can these contrarieties agree ? "
1 Hen. VI. ii. 3.
" No contraries hold more antipathy
Than I, and such a knave." Lear ii. 2.
" Piety and fear,
Religion to the gods, peace, justice, truth, . . .
Instruction, manners, mysteries, and trades,
Degrees, observances, customs, and laws,
Decline to your confounding contraries,
And yet confusion live! " &c.
See Tim. Ath.iv.l, 140.
" Hot ice, and wondrous warm snow ;
How shall we find the concord of this discord ? ''
J/. N. D. v. 1.
" All things that we ordained festival,
Turn from their office to black funeral . . .
And all thinys tarn them to the contrary."
See Rom. Jul. iv. 5, 8290.
Counsellors. :*AXNERS, MIXD, MORALS. 59 1
COUNSELS Effeminate Dangerous to Princes.
" Princes (should beware) lest thinking too meanly of
their power, they submit to timorous and effeminate
counsels." The Military Statesman.
" Xone do you like, but an effeminate prince,
Whom, like a school-boy, you may over-awe."
1 Hen. VI. i. 1.
COUNSELLORS. The Dead Are the Best.
" The dead are the best counsellors." Promus (Latin)
364, and quoted in the Ess. of Counsel.
"Two may keep council when the third's away." [Kills the nurse.]
Tit. And. iv. 2.
" Is your man secret ? Did you ne'er hear say
Two may keep counsel, putting one away."
Rom. Jul. ii. 4.
Hamlet (pointing to the dead Ijody of Polonitts) :
" Indeed this counsellor
Is now most still, most silent, and most grave,
Who was in life a foolish, prating knave.''
Ham. iii. 4.
COUNSELLORS, Violent.
" The only violent counsellors are anger and fear!'
De Aug. vi. (Autitheta 44).
" . . . When his headstrong hath no curb,
When rage and hot blood are his counsellors . . .
with what wings will his affections fly," &c.
2 Hen. IV. iv. 4.
" The mind I sway by, and the heart I bear,
Shall never sag with doubt, nor shake with fear.
The devil damn thee black, thou cream-fac'd loon !
Where gott'st thou that goose look ? . . .
Go prick thy face, and over-red thy fear,
Thou lily-liver' d boy ! Those linen cheeks of thine
Are counsellors to fear?" 1 Jfacb. v. 2.
00 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Credulity.
CREDULITY Deceptive. (See Rumour)
" A credulous man is a deceiver ; as we see it in fame
and rumours, that lie that will believe rumours will as
easily augment rumours which Tacitus wisely notes in
these words: ' They invent, and at the same time believe
their inventions.' Such affinity there is between a
propensity to deceive, and a facility to deceive, and a
facility to believe/' Advt. of Learning i. 1.
" If he be credulous, and trust my tale,
I'll make him glad to seem Vincentio," &c.
Tarn. SJt. iv. 2.
" From rumour's tongues
They bring smooth-comforts false, worse than true wrongs."
'2 I fen. IV. (Induction).
u Thus may poor fools
Believe false teachers: though those that are betrayed
Do feel the treason sharply, yet the traitor
Stands in worse case of woe." Cymb. iii. 4.
(See how the aphorism that the credulous man is a
deceiver is illustrated in the character of Leontes
(Winter's Tab, i. 2, ii. 2, &c.). His jealousy is so
credulous that he deceives himself throughout, inventing
and believing his own inventions. He even defies the
opinion of the Sacred Oracle, considering it fit only for
minds weaker than his own.)
" Though I am satisfied, and need no more
Than that I know, yet shall the oracle
Give rest to the minds of others; .mch as he
Whose ignorant credulity will not come up
To the truth." Winters Tale ii. 2.
(Othello, similarly credulous, deceives himself with
regard to Desdemona, and upon his facility to believe the
lies invented by lago, the whole tragedy turns.)
Custom. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 61
CUSTOM.
"Many examples may be put of the force of custom
upon mind and body" Ess. of Custom.
" Custom makes the thing natural, as it were, to the
user. ... If custom be strong to confirm any one
virtue more than another, it is the virtue of fortitude.
Advice to Rutland.
" How use doth breed a habit in a man ! " &c.
See Two Gent. Ver. v. 4.
" Now, my co-mates and brothers in exile,
Hath not old custom made this life more sweet
Than that of painted pomp ? Are not these woods
More free from peril than the envious Court ?
Here feel we but the penalty of Adam,
The seasons' difference," &c.
As You Like It ii. 1.
" In manners and behaviour your Lordship must not
be caught with novelty . . . nor infected with custom
which makes us keep our own ill-graces and participate
of those we see every day." Advice to Rutland.
" 0, Kate ! nice customs curtsey to great kings. Dear Kate, you
and I cannot be confined within the weak list of a country's fashion.
We are the makers of manners, Kate," &c. Hen. V. v. 2.
Cham. : " Is't possible, the spells of France should juggle
Men into such strange mysteries ? "
Sands. : " New customs,
Though they be never so ridiculous,
Nay, let them be unmanly, yet are followed."
Cham. : "As far as I see, all the good our English
Have got by the late voyage is but merely
A fit or two of the face . . . their very noses . . ..
keep stale."
tiands. : " They have all new legs, and lame ones: one would take it >
That never saw 'em pace before, the spavin
And springhalt reign'd among them . . .
2 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Custom.
Their clothes are after such a pagan cut, too . . .
. . . . The new proclamation ... is for
The reformation of our travell'd gallants
That fill the court with quarrels, talk, and tailors.
.... They must either leave those remnants
Of fool and feather that they got in France,
. . . tennis and tall stockings
Short blistered breeches, and those types of travel
Or pack to their old playfellows . . . and be laughed
at," &c.Hen. VIII. i. 4.
" It is certain that either wise bearing or ignorant carriage is cauylif
-as men take diseases, one of another: therefore, let men take heed of
their company." 2 Hen. IV. v. 2. (Comp. Custom a Magistrate.}
" There is no trusting to the force of nature, nor to the
bravery of words except it be corroborate by custom."
Ess. of Custom.
Ham. : '' Hath this fellow no feeling of his business, that he
sings at grave-making ? "
Hor. : " Custom hath made it in him a property of easiness."
Ham.: u Tis e'en so; the hand of little employment hath the
daintier sense." Ham. v. 1.
" Nature her custom holds, let shame say what it will."
Ham. v. 7.
"Julio Romano, who had he himself eternity, and could put
breath into his work, would beguile Nature of her custom."
Winters Tale v. 2.
CUSTOM A Magistrate Tyrant Can Change Nature-
Makes All Easy.
" Since custom is the principal magistrate of a man's
life, let men by all means endeavour to obtain good
customs. " Ess. of Custom.
" Custom against Nature is a kind of tyranny, and is
soon and upon slight occasion overthrown." De Aug.
vi. 3 (Antitheta 10).
Death. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 63
" The tyrant custom, most grave senators,
Hath made the flinty and hard couch of war
My thrice-driven bed of down: I do agnise
A natural and prompt alacrity
I find in hardness." Oth. i. 3.
" Let me wing your heart . . .
If damned custom hath not brazed it so,
That it is proof and bulwark .against sense . . .
That monster, custom, Avho all sense doth eat
Of habit's devil, is angel yet in this,
That to the use of actions fair and good
He likewise gives a frock and livery,
That aptly is put on. Refrain to-night,
And that will give a kind of easiness
To the next abstinence: the next more easy:
For use can almost change the stamp of Nature
And master the devil, or throw him out
With wondrous potency." Ham. iii. 4.
" Thou, Nature, art my goddess; to thy law
My services are bound. Wherefore should I
Stand in the plague of custom and permit
The curiosity of nations to deprive me ? " Lear i. 2.
DEATH. Apprehension, or Fear, is Its Chief Pain or
Bitterness.
" I know many wise men fear to die ; for the change is
bitter, and flesh would refuse to prove it : besides, the
expectation bring eth terror, and that exceeds the evil.
But I do not believe that any man fears to be dead, but
only the stroke of death" Post. Ess. of Death.
" The miserable change, now at my end,
Lament nor sorrow at ... my spirit is going ;
I can no more." Ant. Ci. iv. 13.
" Dar'st thou die ?
The sense of death is most in apprehension,
And the poor beetle that we tread upon
64 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Death.
In corporal sufferance feels a pang as great
As when a giant dies." J/. J/. iii. 1.
" Come Utter conduct, come unsavoury guide," &c.
Rom. JaL v. 3 (of Death).
" His punishment was Utter death."
Rich. III. ii. 1, and iv. 4, 7.
" To be, or not to be, that is the question . . .
. . . To die, to sleep,
No more ; and, by a sleep, to say we end
The heart-ache, and the thousand natural shocks
That flesh is heir to, 'tis a consummation
Devoutly to be wish'd. To die, to sleep ;
Perchance to dream ; ay, there's the rub ;
For in that sleep of death what dreams may come,
When we have shuffled off this mortal coil,
Must give us pause ; . . .
And thus the native hue of resolution
Is sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought" &c.
Ham. iii. 1.
" The stroke of death is as a lover's pinch,
Which hurts and is desired." Ant. Cl. v. 2.
DEATH Birth. (See Stage Theatre.)
" It is as natural to die as to be born ; and to a little
infant, perhaps the one is as painful as the other." Ess.
of Death.
" I think Nature would do me wrong, if I should be so
long in dying as I was in being born/' Posthumous
Ess. of Death.
Lear : " Thou must be patient : we came crying hither ;
Thou know'st, the first time that we smell the air
We bawl, and cry. I will preach to thee : mark me."
Glos. : " Alack, alack the day !
Lear : " When we are born, we cry that we are come
To this great stage of fools." Lear v. 6.
" Well, we were born to die ! . . .
Death. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 65
Afore me ! it is so very late, that we
May call it early, by and bye."
Rom. JuL iii. 4 (See Late, Early).
DEATH Daily in Life.
" So much of our life as we have discovered is already
dead; and all those hours which we share, even from
(birth to death) are part of our dying days, whereof this
is one, and those that succeed are of the like nature, for
we die daily, and I am older since I affirmed it."
Posthumous Ess, of Death.
" The queen that bore thee
Of tener on her knees than on her feet,
Died every day she lived. . . .
. . Good men's lives
Expire before the flowers in their caps.
Dying or ere they sicken." Mad. iv. 3.
" To sue to live I find I seek to die,
And seeking death find life : let it come on."
M. M. iii. 1.
DEATH Extinguishes Envy.
"Death hath this also, that it openeth the gate to
good fame, and extinguisheth envy: 'When dead, the
same person shall be beloved/ " Ess. of Death.
" Extinctus Amabitur idem." Promus 60.
" That which we have ive prize not to the ivorth
While we enjoy it ; but being lost and lacked,
Why then we rack the value." M. Ado iv. 1.
" She whom all men praised, and whom myself,
Since I have lost, have lov'd, was in mine eye
The dust that did offend it." All's Well v. 3.
2. Mess. :
" Fulvia. thy wife, is dead . . ."
66 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Death.
Ant. :
"... There's a great spirit gone. Thus did I desire it .
What our contempts do often hurl from us
We wish it ours again. . . . She's good, being gone."
Ant. CL i. 2.
" The ebbed man, ne'er loved till ne'er worth love,
Comes dear by being lack'd." Ant. CL i. 4.
"Our course will seem too bloody. . . . Like wrath in death,
and envy afterwards" Jul. Cces. ii. 1.
" No black envy shall make my grave."
See Hen. VIII. ii. 1, 8086.
" Duncan is in his grave ;
After life's fitful fever he sleeps well :
Treason hath done his work ; nor steel, nor poison,
^falice domestic, foreign levy nothing
Can touch him farther." Macb. iii. 2.
(See also Winter s Tale v. i. and v. 3, of Leontes'
regrets for the wife of whose death he believes himself to
be the cause.)
DEATH Feared as Children Fear Darkness, &c.
" Men fear death as children fear to go in the dark,
and as that natural fear in children is increased with
tales, so is the other." Ess. of ])eath.
" The sleeping and the dead
Are but as pictures ; 'tis the eye of childhood
That fears a painted devil." Macb. ii. 2.
" Be alive again,
If trembling I inhabit thee, protest me
The baby of a girl. Hence, horrible shadow."
Macl). iii. 4.
(Of the apparition of a dead man.}
" The horrible conceit of death and night,
Together with the terror of the place,
. . . Where, as they say,
At some hours in the night spirits resort, . . .
Death. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 07
And shrieks like mandrakes torn out of the earth,
That living mortals hearing them run mad :
0, if I wake ! shall I not be distraught,
Environed with all these hideous fears" &c.
Rom. Jul. iv. 3.
(See of the horrors of death caused by tales and imagination.)
Claud. : u Death is a fearful thing."
Isa. : " And shamed life, a fearful."
Claud. : *' Ay, but to die, and go we know not where . . .
. . . the delighted spirit
To bathe in fiery floods, or to reside
In thrilling regions of thick-ribbed ice ;
To be imprisoned in the viewless winds,
And blown with restless violence roundabout
The pendant world . . . 'tis too horrible, . . .
The weariest and most loathed worldly life
... is a paradise
To what we fear in death" J/. J7. iii. 1.
(Note again how " tales " work.)
DEATH not to be Feared, but to be Prepared for.
" I have often thought upon death, and I find it the
least of evils," Post. Ess. of Death.
Hots. : " Doomsday is near ; die all, die merrily."
Doug. : kk Talk not of dying ; Lam out of fear
Of death or dying," &c. 1 Hen. IV. iv. 1.
" Therefore should every soldier in the wars do, as every sick man
in his bed, wash every mote out of his conscience ; and dying so,
death is to him advantage. . . . Every man that dies ill, the ill
is upon his own head." Hen. V. iv. 1.
"Ah, what a sign it is of evil life, where death's approach is seen
so terrible ! ... So bad a death argues a monstrous life."
2 Hen. VI. iii. 3.
'' I defy all counsel, all redress
But that which ends all counsel, true redress,
Death death ! amiable, lovely death ! . . .
Misery's love, come to me ! " John iii. 4.
08 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Death.
" I will be
A bridegroom in my death, and run into 't
As to a lover's bed." Ant. 67. iv. 12.
" A man that apprehends death no more dreadfully, but as of a
drunken sleep : careless, reckless, and fearless of what's past,
present, or to come insensible of mortality, and desperately mortal."
M. M. iv. 2.
" Sirrah, thou art said to have a stubborn soul,
Than apprehends no further than this world."
J/. M. v. 1.
" Tis a vile thing to die, my gracious lord,
When men are unprepared, and look not for 't."
Rich. III. iii. 4.
DEATH Once.
" Men have their time, and die many times in desire
of some things which they take principally to heart."
Ess. of Friendship.
l( If wishes might find place, I would die together, and
not my mind often and my body once. I consent with
Cfesar that the suddenest passage is the easiest."-
Post. Ess. of Death.
" I care not: a man can die but once." 2 Hen. IV. iii. 2.
" Shame, and eternal shame, nothing but shame !
Let us die instant ! Once more back again . . .
Let life be short, else shame will be too long."
Hen. V. iv. 5.
" I, to do you rest, a thousand deaths would die . . ."
Twelfth Xight v. 1.
" It dies, as if it had a thousand lives." I H(n. VI. v. 4.
" Cowards die many times before their deaths ;
The valiant never taste of death but once. Jul. Ccesar ii. 2.
" our lives' sweetness !
That we the pain of death would hourly die,
Rather than die at once." Lear v. 3.
II - <u
Death. .MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 69
' What's yet in this
That bears the name of life ? Yet in this life
Lie hid more thousand deaths, yet death we fear
That makes these odds all even." J/. J/. iii. 1.
DEATH A Painless.
*' The death that is most without pain hath been noted
to be upon the taking of the potion of Hemlock ... the
poison of the asp that Cleopatra used hath some affinity
with it," &c.Nat. Hist. 643.
" Hast thou the pretty worm of Nilus there,
That kills and pains not ? " &c. Ant. Cl. v. 2.
(Note of the poisonous Hemlock that it is one of the
ingredients in the hell-broth of the witches. It is
" digged in the dark " in order to increase its potency,
and is thrown into the cauldron (it is the only herb]
together with
" Fillet of a fenny snake . . .
Adder's fork and blind-worms' sting." J/acZ>. iv. 1.
DEATH is a Release from Fetters of Mind or Body.
" Why should a man be in love with his fetters, though
of gold ? Art thou drowned iu security ? Then, I say,
thou art perfectly dead."
'There is a devilish mercy in the judge,
If you'll implore it, that \\i\\free your life
And. fetter you till death.".!/. J/. iii. 1.
Post. : " My conscience, thou art fettered
More than my shanks and wrists : you good gods, give me
The penitent instrument to pick that bolt ;
Then, free for ever ! . . ."
Gaoler : " . . . 0, the charity of a penny cord ! it sums up
thousands in a trice. You have no truer debitor and creditor but it:
of what's past, and is to come, the discharge ..."
70 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Death.
Mess. : " Knock off his manacles ; bring your prisoner to the
king."
Post. : " Thou bringst good news. I am called to be made free."
Gaoler : " I'll be hanged then ! "
Post. : " Thou shalt then be freer than a gaoler no bolts for the
dead." Cyrnl. v. 5.
Cleopatra (meditating self-destruction) :
" My desolation does begin to make
A better life. . . . It is great
To do that thing that ends all other deeds,
Which shackles accidents <ni<l holts up change."
Ant. Cl. v. 1.
DEATH Seizes Men by the Heels.
" This ruler of monuments leads men, for the most
part, out of this world with their heels forward, in token
that he is contrary to life, which, being obtained, sends
men headlong into this tvretched theatre, where being
arrived their first language is that of mourning." Post.
Ess. of Death (see Ante-Birth).
" So wish I, I might thrust thy soul to hell,
Ilence will I drag thee headlong by the heels
Unto a dunghill which shall be thy grave."
2 Hen. VI. iv. 10.
" I'll pull her out of Acheron by the heels."
Tit. And. iv.'3.
"Now might I do it, pat, when he is praying;
Arid how I'll do it: and so he goes to heaven !
And so am I revenged . . .
To take him in the purging of his soul
When he is fit and season'd for his passage ?
No ... when he's about some act
That hath no relish of salvation in it;
Then trip him that his heels may Icicle at heaven,
And that his soul may be as damned and black
As hell whereto it goes." Ham. iii. 3.
> S"
MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 71
^ H- '/'
p\
5
o
J Terrors Increased by Preparations for Burial.
agg
of the philosophers . . . increase the fear of
<DM offering to cure it. ... They must needs
lat it is a terrible enemy against whom there is
>f preparing." Remains, p. 7.
. slainly the stoics bestowed too much cost upon
death, and by their great preparations made it more
fearful. And by Seneca it was well said : ' The array of
the deathbed has more terrors than death itself.' Groans,
and convulsions, and a discoloured face, and friends
weeping, and blacks, and obsequies, and the like, show
death terrible.'" 1 Ess. of Death.
" We mourn in black, 1 ' &c. 1 Hen. VI. i. 1.
[Draw near.~\
" To shed obsequious tears upon this trunk . . .
These sorrowful drops upon a blood-stained face,
The last true duties of thy noble son; . . .
As for that heinous tiger, Tamora,
Xo funeral rits, nor man in mournful weeds,
No mournful bell shall ring her burial."
Tit. And. v. 3.
" 'Tis not alone my inky cloak, good mother,
Nor customary suits of solemn black,
Nor windy inspiration of forced breath,
No, nor the fruitful river in the eye,
Nor the dejected 'haviour of the visage,
Together with all forms, modes, shows of grief,
That can denote me truly . . .
These (are) the trappings and the suits of woe.
'Tis sweet and commendable ... to give these mourning
duties . . .
For some term to do obsequious sorrow" &c.
Ham. i. 2.
72 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Deformity.
DEFORMITY of Body and Mind.
"Deformed persons are generally even with Nature;
for as Nature hath done ill by them, so do they by
Nature, being for the most part (as the Scripture saith)
void of natural affection, and so they have their revenge
of Nature." Ess. of Deformity.
" Deformed persons and eunuchs, old men and
bastards, are envious; for he that cannot possibly mend
his own case, will do what he can to impair another's :
except these defects light upon a very brave and
heroical nature, which thinketh to make his natural
wants part of his honour; in that it should be said,
' That a eunuch, or a lame man, did such great matters/
affecting the nature of a miracle, as it was in Narses the
eunuch, and Agesilaus and Tamerlane, that were lame
men." Ess. of Entj.
" But I, that am not shaped for sportive tricks,
Nor made to court an amorous looking-glass ;
I, that am rudely stamp'd, and want love's majesty
To strut before a wanton ambling nymph ;
I, that am curtail'd of this fair proportion,
Cheated of feature by dissembling nature,
Deform'd, unfinish'd, sent before my time
Into this breathing world, scarce half made up,
And that so lamely and unfashionable
That dogs bark at me as I halt by them;
Why, I, in this weak piping time of peace,
Have no delight to pass away the time,
Unless to spy my shadow in the sun
And descant on mine own deformity;
And therefore, since I cannot prove a lover,
To entertain these fair well-spoken days,
I am determined to prove a villain
And hate the idle pleasures of these days.
Plots have I laid, inductions dangerous,
Deformity. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 73
By drunken prophecies, libels and dreams,
To set my brother Clarence and the king
In deadly hate the one against the other:
And if King Edward be as true and just
As I am subtle, false, and treacherous,
This day should Clarence closely be mew'd up."
Rick. III. i. I.
DEFORMITY Freed from Scorn.
"Jf deformed persons ... be of spirit (they will)
seek to free themselves from scorn, which must be either
by virtue or malice. Whosoever hath anything fixed in
his person that doth induce contempt, hath also a
perpetual spur in himself to rescue and deliver himself
from scorn. Therefore, all deformed persons be extreme
bold." Ess. of Deformity.
" So do I wish the crown, being so far off;
And so I chide the means that keeps me from it;
And so I say, Til cut the causes off. . . .
(Love) did corrupt frail nature with some bribe,
To shrink mine arm up like a wither'd shrub;
Where sits deformity to mock my body;
To shape my legs of an unequal size;
To disproportion me in every part,
Like to a chaos, or an unlick'd bear-whelp
That carries no impression like the dam. . . .
Then, since this earth affords no joy to me,
But to command, to check, to o'erbear such
As are of better person than myself,
I'll make my heaven to dream upon the crown,
And, whiles I live, to account this world but hell,
Until my mis-shaped trunk that bears this head
Be round impaled with a glorious crown.
And yet I know not how to get the crown,
For many lives stand between me and home;
And I, like one lost in a thorny wood,
Torment myself to catch the English crown:
74 MAXXERS, MIXD, MORALS. Deformity.
And from that torment I will free myself,
Or how my way out with a bloody axe. . . .
I'll drown more sailors than the mermaid shall ;
I'll slay more gazers than the basilisk;
I'll play the orator as well as Nestor,
Deceive more slily than Ulysses could,
And, like a Sinon, take another Troy.
I can add colours to the chameleon,
Change shapes with Proteus for advantages,
And set the murd'rous Michiavel to school.
Can I do this, and cannot get a crown ?
Tut, were it farther off, I'll pluck it down." \_Exit.~\
See Hen. VI. iii. 2, 14011)5.
DEFORMITY of Mind Caused by Deformity of Body.
" It is good to consider of deformity, not as a sign,
which is more deceivable, but as a cause, which seldom
faileth of the effect." Ess. of Deformity.
" Sycorax, who, with age and envy, was grown into a hoop."
Temp. i. 2.
" A devil, a born devil, on whose nature
Nurture can never stick; . . .
And as with age his body uglier grows,
So his mind cankers." Temp. iv. 1.
" Dark-working sorcerers that change the mind,
Soul-killing witches that deform the body."
Com. Err. i. 2; Two Gent. Ver. ii. 1, 62.
Bora. : " Seest thou not what a deformed thief that fashion," &c.
[rep.-]
Watch. : " I know that deformed ... a' goes up and down like a
gentleman." 31. Ado iii. 3.
" See thyself, devil !
Proper deformity seems not in the fiend
So horrid as in a woman; . . .
Thou chang'd and self-cover'd thing, for shame,
Bemonster not thy feature," &c. Lear iv. 2.
Despair. MANNERS, MIXD, MORALS. 75
DELAY in Giving Access.
" The vices of authority are four : Delays, Corruption,
&c. For delays, give easy access ; keep times appointed;
go through with that which is in hand, and interlace not
business but of necessity." Ess. of Delays.
" (We) have the summary of all our griefs,
When time shall serve, to shew in articles,
"Which, long ere this, we offered to the king,
And might by no suit gain our audience.
When we were wronged, and would unfold our griefs,
We are denied access unto his person,
Even by those men that have done us most wrong."
2 Hen. IV. iv. 1.
" I have not stopp'd mine ears to their demands,
Xor posted off their suits with slow delays."
3 Hen. VI. iv. 8.
(See Despatch.)
DESPAIR and Discontent.
" Here must I distinguish between discontentment and
despair : for it is sufficient to weaken the discontented,
but there is no way but to kill the desperate; which
. . . were as hard and difficult as impious and ungodly.
And, therefore, though they may be discontented, I
would not have them desperate: for among many
desperate men, it is like someone will bring forth a
desperate attempt." Letters of Achice to the Queen.
" Rash-embraced despair." Mer. Ven. iii. 2.
" Teach thou this sorrow how to make me die ;
And let belief and life encounter so
As doth the fury of two desperate men,
Which in the very meeting fall and die."
John iii. 1.
70 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Despatch.
DESPATCH.
u On the other side, despatch is a rich thing ; for time
is the measure of business, as money is of wares; and
business is bought at a dear hand where there is no
despatch." Ess. of Despatch.
" Full of wise care is this your counsel, madam
Take all the sv;ift advantage of the hours . . .
Be not ta 'en tardy by unwise delay" &c.
Rich. III. iv. 2.
" Defer no time ; delays have dangerous ends.
Enter, and cry, 'The Dauphin ! ' presently."
1 Hen. VI. iii. 2.
" In delay there is no plenty "Twelfth Night ii. 3 (Song).
" Our hands are full of business, let's away ;
A duantage feeds him fat, while men deJa//."
1 Hen. IV. iii. 2.
DESPATCH. (See Haste.)
"Affected despatch is one of the most dangerous
things to business that can be: it is like that which the
physicians call predigestion, or hasty digestion, which is
sure to fill the body full of crudities, and secret seeds of
diseases: therefore, measure not despatch by the times of
sitting, but by the advance of business." Ess. of
Despatch.
"Come, let us sup betimes, that afterwards
We may digest our complots in some form."
Rich. 7/7. iii. 2.
" Deliver Helen, and all damage else
As . . . loss of time . . . and what else dear that is consumed
In hot digestion of this cormorant war,
Shall be struck off." Troll. Cress, ii. 2.
Ber.: " I have despatched sixteen businesses, a month's length
apiece, by an abstract of success. I have conge-ed with the Duke,
done my adieu with his nearest, buried a wife, mourned for her,
Despatch. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 77
writ to my lady mother I am returning, entertained my convoy ;
and between these main parcels of despatch effected many nicer
needs : the last was the greatest, but that I have not ended yet."
2 Lord : " If the business be of any difficulty, and this morning
your departure hence, it requires haste of your lordship."
Ber. : " I mean, the business is not ended, as fearing to hear of it
hereafter." A IV s Well iv. 3.
DESPATCH Requires Brevity.
" Long and curious speeches are as fit for dispatch as
a robe or mantle with a long train is for a race." Ess.
of Despatch.
" Come, I have learn'd that fearful commenting
Is leaden servitor to dull delay ;
Delay leads impotent and snail-pac'd beggary.
Then fiery expedition be my wing ;
. . . My counsel is my shield.
We must be brief when traitors brave the field."
Rich. III. iv. 3.
' // / talk to him, with his innocent prate
He will awake my mercy, which lies dead :
Therefore, I will be sudden and despatch."
John iv. 1.
kt Follow me with speed ; I'll to the King.
A thousand businesses are brief in hand."
John iv. 3, and 6, 17, 18.
DESPATCH Order Assists.
" Above all things, order and distribution and singling
out of parts is the life of despatch; so as the distribution
be not too subtle/' Ess. of Despatch.
Xnr. : " All was royal :
To the disposing of it nought rebelled ;
Order gave each thing view, the office did
Distinctly his full function ."
78 -MANNERS, 3iiND, MORALS. Disappointment.
Buck. : " Who did guide,
I mean who set the body and the limbs
Of this great sport together . . . Who, my lord ?
Xor. : " All this was ordered by the good discretion
Of the right reverend Cardinal of York."
Hen. VIII. i. 1.
DETRACTION, or Slander.
" Detractor portat Diabolum in lingua (The slanderer
carries the devil in his tongue).'" Promus 164.
"That which is uttered in the name of praise (or
adulation) is good. That which is said as detraction is
bad." From the Latin Promus, 1248.
"As slanderous as Satan." Her. Wives v. 5.
" Devil Envy say Amen." Tr. Cr. ii. 3.
" That monster envy, oft the wreck of earned praise."
Per. iv. 3.
" She's dead, slandered to death by villains,
That dare as well answer a man, indeed,
As I dare take a serpent by the tongue."
J/. Ado v. 1.
" Tis slander,
Whose edge is sharper than the sword, whose tongue
Outvencms all the worms of Xile, whose breast . . .
Doth belie all corners of the world . . . the secrets of the grave
This venomous slander enters."
Cymb. iii. 4, and see Cymb. i. 7, 142 148.
" Will not honour live with the living ? No. Why ? Detraction
will not suffer it." 1 Hen. IV. v. 2 ; AW* Well i. 1,40 ; Cymb. i. 1 ;
Temp. ii. 2, 9095.
DISAPPOINTMENT.
" (I am), as I told you, like a child following a bird ;
which, when he is nearest flieth away, and lighteth a
little before, and then the child after it again, and so in
infinitum I am weary of it." Letter to Greville.
Discourse. MAXNERS, MIND, MORALS. 79
" They follow him . . . with no less confidence
Than boys pursuing summer butterfles.'' Cor. iv. 7.
u What potions have I drank of Siren tears
Distilled from limbecks foul as hell between,
Applying fears to hopes, and hopes to fears,
Still losing ivhen I thought myself to win ? "
Sonnet cxix.
DISCONTENT in the State. It's Causes.
" For roughness, it is a needless cause of discontent.
Severity breedeth fear, but roughness hate." Ess. of
Delays.
"The causes and motive of sedition are . . . taxes,
alteration of laws, general oppression, &c." Ess. of
Sedition.
' My pity hath been balm to heal their wounds.
My mildness hath allayed their swelling griefs,
My mercy dried their water-flowing tears :
I have not been desirous of their wealth.
Nor much oppress'd them with great subsidies,
Nor forward of revenge though they much erred."
2 Hen. VI. iii. 4, 8.
DISCOURSE Affected.
" Conversation as it ought not to be over-affected,
much less should it be slighted. ... On the other
side, a devotion to urbanity and external elegance
terminates in an awkward and disagreeable affectation."
T)e Aug. viii. 1.
" Taffeta phrases, silken terms precise,
Three-piled hyperboles, spruce affectation
Figures pedantical : these summer flies
Have blown me full of maggot ostentation."
Love's Labour's Lost v. ii.
" Antic, lisping, affecting fantasticoes."
Rom. Jid. ii. 4.
80 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. DisCOUfSe,
" Witty without affection (affectation)'' 1
Love's Labour's Lost v. 1.
DISCOURSE, or with "Circumstance," and Tedious Blunt.
" To use too many circumstances ere one come to the
matter is wearisome, to use none at all is blunt." Ess.
of Discourse.
" So, by your circumstance, you call me a fool.
So, by your circumstance, I fear you'll prove."
Two Gent. Ver. i. 1.
" You know me well, and herein spend but time
To wind about my love with circumstances," &c.
Her. Ven. i. 1.
u The interruption of their churlish drums
Cuts off more circumstance." John ii. 1.
" What means this peroration with such circumstance ? "
2 Hen. VI. i. 1 (and see Ham. i. 5, 126128 ; Oth. i. 1, 1114.)
" As in a theatre, the eyes of men,
After a well-graced actor leaves the stage,
Are idly bent on him that enters next,
Thinking his prattle to be tedious,
Even so," &c.
Rich. ii. v. 1, and Rom. Jul v. 3, 230.
" If you require a little space for prayer,
I grant it. Pray, but be not tedious,
For the gods are quick of ear."
Per. iv. 1, and v. 1, 28.
See the conversation of Polonius who, although he
consents that " brevity is the soul of wit, and tediousness
the limbs of outward flourishes," still continues to prose
on in spite of the Queen's remonstrances. See also
Hamlet's comment on the same " These tedious old
fools " (Ham. ii. 2, 85220).
Pet. : " And you, good sir ! Pray,' have you not a daughter,
Called Katherina, fair and virtuous ? "
Discourse. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 81
Bap. : " I have a daughter, sir, called Katheriria."
Gre. : " You are too blunt. Go to it orderly" Tarn. Sh. ii. 1.
" First let my words stab him as he hath me.
Base slave, thy irordx are blunt, and so art thou."
2 Hen. VI. iv. 1.
" I can mar a curious tale in telling it,
And deliver a plain message bluntly" Lear i. 4.
(And see of Casca Jul. Cces. i. 2, 290302).
DISCOURSE Questioning.
" He that questioneth much shall learn much and
content much . . . but let his questions not be trouble-
some, for that is fit for a poser." Ess. of Discourse.
" With many holy day and lady terms
He questioned me ... he made me mad
To see him shine so brisk and smell so sweet,
And talk so like a waiting woman," &c.
1 Hen. IV. i. 3.
(See 1 Hen. IV. ii. 3, 8588, 1024, and ib. of
FalstafF of "a question not to be asked," or "to be
asked : " the whole scene is one of questioning, beginning
with the questioning of Francis).
" Inquire me first what Danskers are in Paris ?
And how ? and who ? what means ? and where they keep ?
What company ? at what expense ? And finding,
By this encompassment and drift of question,
That they do know my son, come you more nearer
Than your particular demands will touch it." Ham. ii. 1.
u Let rne question more in particular," &c. Ham. ii. 2.
DISCOURSE of Reason.
" God hath done great things . . . past discourse of
reason!'' Squire's Conspiracy (rep.).
" True fortitude must grow out of discourse of reason."
Letter to Rutland and Advt. I. of Luther.
G
82 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. DiSCOUFSC.
" God ! a beast that wants discourse of reason
Would have mourned longer." Ham. i. 2.
" Should not our father
Bear the great sway of his affairs with reasons,
Because your speech hath none that tell him so ?
. . . . Is your blood
So madly hot, that no discourse of reason . . .
Can qualify the same ? "TV. Cr. ii. 2.
DISCOURSING Wits Affected.
"There remain certain discoursing wits . . . which
4 affect ' (to think belief a bondage)." Ess. of Truth.
" I never heard such a drawling, affecting rogue."
Her. Wio. ii. 1.
" Of government the properties to unfold,
Would seem in me to affect speech and discourse.""
M. J/. i. 1.
" Such antic, lisping, affecting, fantasticoes, these new tuners of
accents," &c. Rom. Jul. ii. 4.
DISCOURSE Salt, Bitter.
*' Men ought to find the difference between saltness
and bitterness. Certainly, he that hath a satirical vein,
as he maketh others afraid of his wit, so he had need to
be afraid of other s memory." Ess. of Discourse.
"" It much repairs me
To talk of your good father. In his youth
He had the wit, which I can well observe
To-day in our young lords; but they may jest
Till their own scorn return to them unnoted,
Ere they can hide their levity in honour . . .
Contempt nor bitterness were in his pride, or sharpness."
All's Well i. 2.
" Though we are justices, and doctors, and churchmen, Master
Page, we have some salt of our youth in us." 3er. Wiv. ii. 3.
" Do you know what a man is ? Is not . . . discourse, . . .
Dissimulation. AIAXXERS, :MIXD, MORALS. 83
learning, gentleness, . . . and so forth, the spice and salt that season
a man ? " Tr. Cr. i. 2.
Who doth not remember how (Elizabeth) did revenge
the rigour and rudeness of her jailor by a word that was
not bitter, but salt ?
In praise of the Queen, Bacon repeatedly makes the
same contrast between bitterness and wit or irony*
" Bitter, searching termsr" Tit. And. ii. 3 ; 2 Hen. VI. iii. 2.
" Bitter taunts; bitter words." 3 Hen. VI. iii. 6 ; Tain. Sh. ii. 1,
iii. 2 ; Rich. II. ii. 1.
" Bitter scoff . .- . bitter names . . . bitter words." Rich. III.
i. 3, iv. 4 ; 2 Hen. IV. ii. 4, &c.
DISSIMULATION, a Faint Kind of Wisdom.
"Dissimulation is but a faint kind of policy or wisdom ;
for it? asketh a strong wit, and a strong heart to know
when to tell truth, and to do it. Therefore, it is the
weaker sort of politics that are the great dissemblers."
Ess. of Simulation, &c.
" Policy and stratagem must do
That you affect : and so must you solve
That what you cannot, as you would achieve
You must, perforce, accomplish as you may."
Tit. And. ii. 1.
" He nor sees nor hears us what we say.
0, would he did ! and so perhaps lie doth :
'Tits but his policy to counterfeit"
3 Hen. VI. ii. 6.
Glo. : " But 'twas thy beauty that provoked me ...
But 'twas thy heavenly face that set me on.
[Anne lets fall the sword."]
Take up the sword again, or take up me."
Anne: "Arise, dissembler ... I would I knew thy heart."
Glo. : " 'Tis figured in my tongue.''
84 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Dissimulation.
Anne : " I fear me both are false.''
Glo. : " Then never man was true."
Was ever woman in this humour woo'd V
Was ever woman in this humour won ? . . .
And I no friends to back my cause withal
But the plain devil, and dissembling looks" &c.
See Rich. III. i. 3 ; ii. 2, 132.
" Dissembling courtesy ! How fine this tyrant
Can tickle where she wounds ! " Cyml. i. 2.
(See how Falstaff, when attacked by Douglas, " falls
down as if he were dead, his weak courage and
" policy " making him truly u a great dissembler")
"'Sblood! it was time to counterfeit. . . . Counterfeit? I
lie. I am no counterfeit; for he is but the counterfeit of a man,
who hath not the life of a man; but to counterfeit dying when a man
thereby liveth is to be no counterfeit, but the true and perfect image
of life indeed," &c. See 1 Hen. IV. v. 4.
DISSIMULATION of Knowledge in Order to Arrive at Truth.
" If you dissemble, sometimes your knowledge of that
you are thought to know, you shall be thought, another
time, to know that you know not." Of Discourse.
" Your bait of falsehood takes this carp of truth
And thus do we with windlasses and with essays of bias,
By indirections find directions out." Ham. ii. 1.
" The better act of purposes mistook,
Is to mistake again; though indirect,
Yet indirection thereby grows direct,
And falsehood, falsehood cures." Jo/^ T iii. 4.
DISSIMULATION of Necessity Follows on Secrecy.
" Dissimulation followeth many times upon secrecy by
a necessity; so that he that will be secret, must be a
dissembler in some degree. ... No man can be
Bashfulness. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 85
secret except he give himself a little scope of dissimula-
tion, which is, as it were, but the skirts or train of
secrecy." Ess. of Dissimulation.
(This doctrine is repeatedly illustrated in the plays.
See of the dissimulation of Proteus in the Two Gent. Ver.,
especially iii. 1, iv. 2. Of Romeo and Juliet, their secrecy
and her dissimulation (Rom. Jul. ii. Ji), and of the Nurse
(Bom. Jill. ii. 4, 51, and of the Friar, their confederate
(Rom. Jul. ii. 6; iii. 3). " Good Romeo, hide thyself"
of Juliet and her mother and father (Rom. Jul. iii. 5).
The Nurse and Count Paris, Ib. , &c., until the last scene,
wherein the Friar describes the whole plot, and the
" means devised " for carrying it out. The dissimulations
of Jessica, Nerissa, and the much-admired Portia, play a
conspicuous play in the Merchant of Venice. So of
Celia and Rosalind in As You Like It; of the Duke in
Measure for Measure ; of Polixenes and his son, Florisel,
and of Perdita and Paulina in the Winter's Tale, &c.
Such dissimulation is almost always " by a necessity,"
and usually illustrated in women's character.)
DISSIMULATION, a Vice.
" The third degree, which is simulation and false pro-
fession, is more culpable, and less politic, except it be in
great and rare matters. A general custom of simulation
is a vice, rising either of a natural falseness or of a mind
that hath some main faults, which, because a man must
disguise, it maketh him practise simulation in other
things, lest his hand should be out of ure." Ess. of
Dissimulation.
" Rivers and Hastings take each other's hand;
Dissemble not your hatred, swear your love; . . .
86 3IANXERS, MIKD, MORALS. Dissimulation.
Take heed you dally not before your king,
Lest he that is the supreme King of kings
Confound your hidden falsehood, and award
Either of you to be the other's end. . . .
What you do, do it unfeignedly." Mich. III. ii. i.
" Hollow hearts I fear ye ... woe upon you.
And all nuch false professors." Hen. VIII. iii. 1.
DISSIMULATION, in Order to Thwart Others.
" If a man would cross a business that he doubts some
other would handsomely and effectually move, let him
pretend to wish it well, and move it himself, in such a
way as may foil it." Ess. of- Dissimulation.
Prince Hal : '' I know you all, and will awhile uphold
The unyoked humour of your idleness.
So, when this loose behaviour I throw off.
By so much shall I falsify men's hopes.
I'll so offend to make offence a skill;
Redeeming time when men least think I will.' 1
See 1 Hen. IV. i. 2, 219-241.
See also the whole course of lake's dissimulation in
order to carry out his own ends (0th. ii. 1; iii. 3, &c.).
DISSIMULATION for Discovery of Truth.
" The advantages of simulation and dissimulation.
. . . The third is to discover the mind of another and
turn this freedom of speech to freedom of thought; and
therefore it is a gocd shrewd proverb of the Spaniard,
* To tell a lie and find a truth.' " *-^-Of Simulation and
Dissimulation,
* Note that this proverb is twice entered in the Promits (Nos. 267
and 610). It appears in the early and in the late Plays.
Dissimulation. BANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 87
" The better act of purposes mistook
Is to mistake again; though indirect,
Yet indirection thereby grows direct,
And falsehood, falsehood cures." John iii. 1.
" To find out right with wrong, it may not be."
Rich. II. ii. 3.
" I think 't no sin
To cozen him that would unjustly win."
All'* Well iv. 2.
" So disguise shall by the disguised
Pay with falsehood false exacting." J/. M. iii. 2.
' Whilst others fish for craft with great opinion,
I, with great truth, catch mere simplicity." Tr. Cr. iv. 4.
"See you now
Your bait of falsehood takes a carp of truth,
And thus do we of falsehood and of reach,
With windlasses and with essays of bias,
With indirections find directions out." Ham. ii. 1.
" 'tis most sweet
When in one line two crafts directly meet." Ham. iii. 4.
" There's warrant in that theft
Which steals itself when there's no mercy left."
Macb. ii. 3.
" It is a falsehood that she is in,
Which is with falsehood to be combated."
Two Noble Kinsmen iv. 3.
DISSIMULATION in Face.
u There be three degrees of this hiding and veiling of
a man's self; . . . simulation in the affirmative is when
a man industriously and expressly feigns and pretends to
be that he is not." Ess. of Dissimulation.
" It is a point of cunning to wait upon him with whom
you speak with your eye. . . . You may lay a bait
for a question hy showing another visage and countenance
than you are wont/' Ess. oj Cunning.
88 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Dissimulation.
Lady Macb. : " Come on, my gentle lord,
Sleek o'er your rugged looks; be bright and jovial
'Mong your guests to-night."
Macb. : " So shall I, love :
And so I pray be you; let your remembrance
Apply to Banquo; present him eminence
Both with eye and tongue: unsafe the while
That we must lave our honours in the flatt'ring
streams,
And make our faces vizards to our hearts,
Disguising what they are." Macb. iii. 2.
" Taking no notice that she is so nigh,
For all askance he holds her in his eye."
Yen. Adonis.
" Some that smile have in their hearts
Millions of mischiefs." Jul. CCKS. iv. 1.
" (I am) vanquished by the fair grace and speech,
Of the poor suppliant; . . . here business looks in her
With an importing visage" All's Well v. 1.
" Why, I can smile, and murder whiles I smile,
And cry content to that which grieves my heart,
And wet my cheeks with artificial tears,
And frame my face to all occasions." 3 Hen. VI. iii. 2. ,
DISSIMULATION a Consequence of Secrecy.
" Dissimulation followeth many times upon secrecy by
a necessity; so that he that will be secret must be a dis-
sembler in some degree ; for men are too cunning to
suffer a man to keep an indifferent carriage between both,
and to be secret without swaying the balance on either
side. They will so beset a man with questions, and draw
him on, and pick it out of him, that, without an absurd
silence, he must show an inclination one way; or, if he
do not, they will gather as much from his silence as by
his speech." Ess. of Dissimulation.
See how excellently these observations are illustrated
Distinction. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 89
in the instructions given by Polonius to Reynaldo as
" the encompassment and drift of question " by means of
which information is to be gained about the private
affairs of Laertes (Ham. ii. I). Again, in the King's
somewhat similar instructions to Rosencrantz and
Guildenstern, that by their companies they shall "draw
on" Hamlet to pleasures, and so "gather and glean"
from him the secret of his strange behaviour (Ham. ii. 2).
Hamlet, however, is as well versed as they in the arts of
secrecy and dissimulation. When Polonius attempts, by
questioning, to discover the method of his madness,
Hamlet classes him with " those tedious fools" such as
in the Essay are described as u talkers and futile persons,
vain and credulous withal," " the blab or babbler " to
whom " the secret man " will assuredly not open
himself.
See also Ham. iii. 1, 114; iii. 2, 298385. Note
that Hamlet, when " beset " by Rosencrantz to give him
" a wholesome answer/' appealing to his former love for
him, Hamlet replies, swearing "by these pickers and
stealers." He knows well that his friends are sent to
"pick" and " gather " hints of his secrets: " Why do
you go about to recover the wind of me, as if you would
drive me into a toil ? "
DISTINCTION and Difference.
" He who makes not distinction in small things, makes
error in great things." Promus 186.
" Strange is it that
Our bloods of colour, weight, and heat, poured all together
Would quite confound distinction, yet stand off
In differences so mighty." All's Well ii. 3.
90 MANNERS, MIXD, MORALS. Divinity.
" Barbarism . . .
Should a like language use to all degrees,
And mannerly distinguishment leave out
Betwixt prince and beggar."
Winters Tale ii. 1.
" Hath Nature given them eyes . . . which can distinguish 'twixt
The fiery orbs above and the twinned stones
Upon the numbered beach, and can we not
Partition make with spectacles so precious
'Twixt foul and fair ? " &c.Cymb. i. 7, 3144.
u This fierce distinction hath in it circumstantial branches which
distinction should be rich in." Cymb. v. 5 (see Macb. iii. 1, 91
100 ; Lear iii. 6, 6170 ; Cor. iii. 1, 322).
DIVINITY Shapes our Lives The Hand of God.
" Divinity says : 4 Seek ye the kingdom of heaven, and
all these things shall be added unto you,' for although
this foundation laid by human hands is sometimes placed
upon the sand . . . yet the same foundation is ever by
the divine hand fixed upon a rock." Advt. viii. 2.
"' There's a divinity that shapes our end*,
Rough-hew them how we will." Ham. v. 2.
Pros. : " a cherubim thou wast
That did preserve me. Thou didst smile,
Infused with a fortitude from Heaven . . ."
Mira. : " How came we ashore ? "
Pros. : " By Providence divine." Temp. i. 2.
" Why, this is ... a showing of a heavenly effect in an earthly
actor . . . the very hand of Heaven, in a most weak and debile
minister." See All's Well, ii. 3, 141.
" This was a venture, sir, that Jacob serv'd for ;
A thing not in his power to bring to pass,
But swayed, and fashioned by the hand of Heaven."
Mer. Yen. i. 3.
" Shows us the hand of God,
Which hath dismissed us from our stewardship ;
Division. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 91
For well we know, no hand of blood and bone,
Can gripe the sacred handle of our sceptre," &c.
Rich. II. iii. 2, 78-90.
Glo. : " I hope they will not come upon us, now."
K. lien. : " We are in God's hands, brother, not in theirs."
Hen. V. iii. 6.
" The quality and hair of our attempt brooks no division."
1 Hen. IV. iv. 1.
" The tongues of mocking wenches are as keen
As is the razor's edge invisible,
Catting a smaller hair than may be seen ;
Above the sense of sense, so sensible
Seemeth their conference."
Love's Labours Lost v. 2.
(Jomp. " Cumini Sector (a hair - splitter . Lit. a
cumini splitter i.e., a skinflint, or niggard)." Promus
891, Q.V.
u The school-men . . . are Cymini Sectores." Ess.
of Study ; Advt. of Learning i., &c.
DIVISION of Labour Control, &c.
u Order and distribution, and singling out of parts, is
the life of dispatch ; so as the distribution be not too subtle :
for he that doth not divide will never enter well into
business; and he that divideth too much will never come
out of it clearly/' Ess. of Dispatch.
" Come, here's the map. Shall we divide our right
According to our three-fold order ta'en . . .
I'll cavil to the ninth part of a hair."
1 Hen. IV. iii. 1.
" Piece out our imperfections with your thoughts ;
Into a thousand parts divide one man,
And make imaginary puissance."
Hen. V. i. \Chorus.'}
" Therefore did heaven divide
The state of man in divers functions,
92 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Duty.
Setting endeavour in continual motion :
To which is fixed, as an aim or butt,
Obedience : For so work the honey bees ;
Creatures, that by a rule in Nature, teach
The act of order," &c.Hen. V. i. 2.
DOUBTS Certainties.
"That use of wit and knowledge is to be allowed,
which laboureth to make doubtful things certain, and
not those which labour to make certain things doubtful."
Advt. of Learning ii. ; Sped. iii. 364.
" My power, alas ! I doubt,
Our doubts are traitors,
And make us lose the good we oft might win,
By fearing to attempt." J/. J/. i. 5.
" Let your reason serve
To make the truth appear, where it seems hid,
And hide the false seems true." .17. ^F. v. 1.
DUTY.
"The good of communion, which respects and beholds
society, we may term Duty, because the term duty is
proper to a mind well framed and disposed towards
others, as the term of Virtue is applied to a mind well
formed and composed in itself." De Aug. vii. 2.
" My duty will I boast of, nothing else ;
And duty 'never yet did want his meed."
Two Gent. Ver. ii. 4.
" When I call to mind your gracious favours
Done to me, undeserving as I am,
My duty pricks me on to utter that
Which else no worldly good should draw from me ...
. . . She is peevish, sullen, forward,
Proud, disobedient, stubborn, lacking duty ;
Neither regarding that she is my child,
Nor fearing me as if I were her father . . .
Education. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 93
. . . I thought the remnant of mine age
Should have been cherished by her child-like duty."
Two Gent. Ver. iii. 2.
" Never anything can come amiss,
When simpleness and duty tender it ...
And what poor duty cannot do,
Noble respect takes it in might, not merit."
M. N. D. v. 1.
" Let your highness
Command upon me, to the which my duties
Are indissoluably knit." J fad. iii. 1.
(There are in " Shakespeare " upwards of 150 passages
on the duties of subordinates to their superiors, and on
the virtue of a dutiful disposition).
EDUCATION.
" Custom is most perfect when it is begun in young
years : this we call education, which is, in fact, but an
early custom. So we see in languages the tongue is
more pliant to all expressions and sounds, the joints are
more supple to all parts of activity and motions in youth,
than afterwards; for it is true that late learners cannot
so well take the ply, except it be in some minds that
have not suffered themselves to fix, but have kept
themselves open, and prepared to receive continual
amendment; which is exceeding rare." Ess. of Custom
find Education.
" My brother Jaques he keeps at school, and report speaks
goldenly of his profit : for my part, he keeps me rustically at home,
or to speak more proper!}*, stays me here at home unkempt ; for call
you that keeping for a gentleman that differs not from the stalling
of an ox ? . . . As much as in him lies, he mines my gentility
with my education." As You Like It i. 1.
Laf. : " Was this gentlewoman the daughter of Gerard de
Narbonne."
1)4 MANNERS, 3IIND, MORALS. End.
Count. : " His sole child, my lord : and bequeathed to my over-
looking. I have those hopes of her good that her education
promises. . . . She derives her honesty, and achieves her good-
ness." AW a Well i. 1.
See of Proteus (Two Gent. Ver. ii. 4, 0070). Of the
Kings of Sicily and Bohemia, "trained together from
their childhood (Winter's Tale i. 1). Of Paris " Nobly
trained, stuffed with honourable parts" (Rom. Jul. iii. 5_).
Of Lepidus who, later in life, has to be "taught and
trained and bid go forth," just as a horse is managed
(Jul. Gees. iv. 1). Northumberland condemned to
banishment, in Rich. II. i. 3, is an example of a
neglected education, and of the difficulty in latter life of
a man learning a new language."
Nor. : " A heavy sentence, my most gracious Lord . . .
The language I have learned these forty years,
My native English, now I must forego ;
And now my tongue's use is to me no more
Than an unstringed viol, or a harp, &c.
Within my mouth you have engaoled my tongue,
Double portcullised with my teeth and lips ;
And dull, unfeeling, barren ignorance
Is made my gaoler to attend on me.
I am too old to fawn upon a nurse,
Top far in years to be a pupil now ;
What is thy sentence, then, but speechless death? " &c.
Rich. II. i. 3.
END Consider The.
" Of two means, that is the better which is nearer the
encL"Promus, 1266 (Latin).
"That is the question,
Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer . . .
Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,
And by opposing end them? " Ham. iii. 2.
End. MANNERS, MIND, 3IORALS. 95
" Come, we've no friend but resolution and the briefest end."
Ant. CL iv. 13.
" It is great
To do that thing that ends all other deeds,
Which shackles accidents and bolts up chance.''
Ant. Cl. v. 2.
" I do fear thy nature :
It is too full o' the milk o' human kindness
To catch the nearest way" Macb. i. 5.
END. (See Beginning.)
"I address one general admonition to all; that they
consider what are the true ends of knowledge." Gt.
Installation Pref.
" fit is unwise) to begin a work without foresight
what would be the end/' Proceedings ii. 185.
" Leaving it to God to make a good ending of a hard
beginning." To the Queen, Jul. 20, 1594.
" What is the end of study '? Let me know.
Why, that to know which else we should not know," &c.
Love's Labours Lost i. 1.
" The latter end of his commonwealth forgets the beginning."
Temp. ii. 1.
u Most poor matters point to most rich ends." Temp. iii. 1.
" You have said, sir. Aye, and done, too. . . . You always
end ere you begin." Two Gent. Ver. ii. 4.
" I will tell you the beginning ; and . . . you may see the end,
for the best is yet to do." As You Like It i. 2.
" Well, Heaven has an end in all." Hen. VIII. ii. 1.
" There is a divinity that shapes our ends." Ham. v. 2.
" Where I did begin, there shall I end." Jul. Cces. v. 3.
" It was my negligence, not weighing well the end," &c.
See Winters Tale i. 2.
9(> MANNERS, MIND, MORALS.
" that a man might know
The end of this day's business ere it come !
But it sufficeth that the day will end,
And then the end is known." Jul. Cccs. v. 1.
The END Rules the Event, &c.
" The end rules the method." (See Bacon's instructions
for gathering together a store of small particulars and
axioms). Parasceve II.
" Thou thinks me as far in the devil's book, as thou and Falstaff,
for obduracy, and persistency : let the end try the man." 2 lien. IV .
ii. 2.
"Time revives us :
All's well that cnih well, and still the fine's the crown,
Whate'er the course, the end is the renown."
AW* Well, iv. 4.
'" Most poor matters point to most rich ends."
Temp. iii. 1.
tk Find some occasion to anger Cassio; . . . tainting his discipline,
or what other course you please. ... So shall you have a
shorter journey to your desires." Oth. ii. 3.
ENDURANCE. (See Suffering-Well.)
ENJOYMENT. (See Happiness Mirth.)
ENVY the Attribute of the Devil.
"Envy is the vilest affection, and the most depraved;
for which cause it is the proper attribute of the devil,
who is called 'The envious man, that soweth tares
amongst the wheat by night;' as it always cometh to
pass that envy worketh subtilely, and in the dark, and to
the prejudice of good things, such as is the wheat/ 3
Ess. of Ency.
"That same knave hath the finest mad devil of jealousy in him."
Mer. Wives v. 1. See Tr. Cr. v. 1, 2731. Patrodus.
(To be continued.)
Envy. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 97
ENVY in Equals.
" Men of noble birth are noted to be envious towards
new men when they rise; for the distance is altered; ana
it is like a deceit of the eye, that when others come on,
they think themselves go back." Ess. of Envy (and see ot
" Deformed Persons ").
(See Jul. Cces. i. 2, ii. 1, &c., where it is made plain
that envy at the relative changes of position between
Cresar and his former friends, Brntus and Cassins, was
the true cause of their enmity. The illusion to the
" deceit of the eye " is not omitted in this description),
" The eye see* not itself
Bat ly reflection. . . .
Set honour in one eye and death in the other,
And I will look on both indifferently. . . .
I was born as free as Caesar, so were you ;
. This man
Is now become a god .- and Cassius is
A wretched creature, and must bend his body
If Ctesar carelessly do not on him," &c.
Jul. Cces. i. 2.
ENVY Preys Upon Mind and Body.
" Envy is the worst passion, and preys upon the spirits
which again prey upon the body." Hist, of Life and
Death.
' Would curses kill, as doth the mandrake's groan,
I would invent ... as many signs of deadly hate
As lean-facd envy in her loathsome cave," &c.
2 Hen. VI. iii. 2.
(Comp. " Pale Envy" Tit. And. ii. 1, 4.)
" Men that make
Envy and crooked malice nourishment
Bite the best." Hen. VIII. v. 2.
PART IV. H
98 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Envy.
ENVY Public.
" Public envy is an ostracism that eclipseth men when
they grow too great, and therefore it is a bridle to great
ones to keep them in bounds." Ess. of Envy.
Wol. : " Who can be angry now ? What envy reach you ? . . .
Cam. : " Believe me, there's an ill opinion spread even of yourself
. . . they will not stick to say you envied him, and
fearing he would rise, . . . kept him a foreign man
still." Of the exile and death of Dr. Pace, Hen. VIII.
ii. 2.
" My lords, I care not ... if my actions
Were tried by every tongue, every eye saw them,
Envy and base opinion set against them . . .
Ye tell me what you wish for both, my ruin."
Hen. VIII. iii. 1, 30-36, 98.
" I have touch'd the highest point of all my greatness ;
And from that full meridian of my glory
I haste now to my setting : I shall fall
Like a bright exhalation in the evening,
And no man see me more . . .
. . . Now I feel
Of what coarse metal ye are moulded, Envy.
How eagerly ye follow my disgraces . . .
Ye appear in everything may bring my ruin."
Hen. VIII. iii. 2.
" All the conspirators save (Brutus) did that they did in envy of
Great Caesar." Jul. Cces. v. 5.
(Note that the fall of public men is in every case
attributed in the Plays to Envy, their "wreck," "rock,"
or " ruin " the poison which envenomed them, the
t% sharp edge" or "point" which cut off, or destroyed
them).
Equality. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 99
ENVY. What Qualities Excite Envy.
" They that desire to excel in too many matters, out of
levity and vain-glory, are ever envious ... it being
impossible but many, in some one of these things, should
surpass them; . . . Adrian, the Emperor, mortally
envied poets and painters, and artificers in works
wherein he had a vein to excel." Ess. of Envy.
(See how Armado is baffled by Moth's power of
repartee and of using long words. Armado desires to
excel in everything to excel Cupid in love, Sampson in
strength with the rapier, and a French courtier in
courtesy).
Arm. : ". . . Thou art quick in answers. Thou heatest my
Uood. . . . I love not to be crossed. ... I would take
desire prisoner and ransom him to any French courtier for a new-
devised courtesy. ... I should out-swear Cupid. ...
well-knit Sampson ! strong-jointed Sampson ! I do excel thee in my
rapier as much as thou did'st me in carrying gates." Loves Labours
Lost i. 2.
EQUALITY in Men.
" By the law of Nature, all men in the world are
naturalised one towards another; they were all made of
one lump of earth, of one breath of God, they all had the
same common parents." Case of Post nati.
" Strange it is that our bloods
Of colour, weight, and heat, pour'd all together,
Would confound distinction, yet stand off
In differences so mighty." A Ws Well ii. 3.
EQUALITY in Measure.
" What tell you me of equal measure, when to the
wise man all things are equal ? "
100 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Evil.
" The very mercy of the law cries out
Most audible, even from his proper tongue,
' An Angelo for Claudio, death for death ! '
Haste still pays haste, and leisure answers leisure,
Like doth quit like, and measure still for measure."
M. V. v. 1.
EVIL a Foil to Good.
" We see in needle-works and embroideries, it is more
pleasing to have a lively work upon a sad and solemn
ground, than to have a dark and melancholy work on a
lightsome ground: judge, therefore, of the pleasure of the
heart by the pleasure of the eye." Ess. of Adversity.
" Like bright metal on a sullen ground,
My reformation glittering o'er my fault,
Shall show more goodly, and attract more eyes
Than that n-Jnt-h Inith no foil to set it off"
1 Hen. IV. i. 2.
EVIL in Contact with Good.
" Evil approacheth to good sometimes for concealment,
sometimes for protection, and good to evil for conversion
and reformation. So hypocrisy draweth near to religion
for covert, and, hiding itself, vice lurks in the neighbour-
hood of virtue." Colours of Good and Evil vii.
Cant. :
" Never came reformation in a flood,
. . . and scouring faults, as in this King . . .
It is a wonder how his Grace should glean such (learning)
Since his addiction was to courses vain :
His companies unlettered, rude, and shallow ;
His hours filled up with riots, banquets, sports, . . .'
Ely:
" The strawberry grows underneath the nettle,
And wholesome berries thrive and ripen lest
Neighboured by fruit of baser quality ;
Example. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 101
And so the prince obscured his contemplation
Under the veil of wildness : which no doubt
Grew, like the summer grass, fastest by night,
Unseen, yet crescive in his faculty." Hen. V.'\. 1.
" So may the outward shows be least themselves
The world is still deceived with ornament.
In law, what plea so tainted or corrupt
But, jbeing seasoned with a gracious voice
Obscures the show of evil ? In religion,
What damned error, but some sober brow
Will bless it, and approve it with a text,
Hiding the grossness with fair ornament ?
There is no vice so simple, but assumes
Some mark of virtue on his outward parts," &c.
Mer. Ven. iii. 2.
EXAMPLE for Imitation.
" In the discharge of thy place (or office) set before
thee the best examples, for imitation is a globe of pre-
cepts; and after a time set before thee thine own example ;
and examine thyself strictly whether thou didst best at
first. Neglect not also the examples of those that have
carried themselves ill ... to direct thyself what to
avoid." Ess. of Great Place.
" Be stirring as the time ; be fire with fire ;
Threaten the threatener, and outface the brow
Of bragging honour ; so shall inferior eyes.
That borrow their behaviours from the great,
Grow great by your example, and put on
The dauntless spirit of resolution."
King John v. i.
" Things done well
And with a care, exempt themselves from fear ;
Things done without example, in their issue
Are to be feared. Have you a precedent f
Had our General
Been what he knew himself, it had gone well.
102 MANNEKS, MIND, MORALS. ExCCSS.
he has given example for our flight
Most grossly, by his own." Ant. CL iii. 8.
" Some turned coward but by example."
Cyml. v. iii.
" Give me to know
How this foul rout began, who set it on ? . . .
. . . Cassio, I love thee,
But never more be officer of mine . . .
I'll make thee an example." Oth. ii. 3.
" The wars must make examples out of their best."
Oth. iii. 3.
" Of this commission ? I believe not any."
Hen. VIII. i. 2.
" No doubt he's noble. ... In him
Sparing would show a worse sin than ill-doctrine :
Men of his way should be most liberal,
They are set here for examples." Hen. VIII. i. 3.
" Tell me how he died,
If well, he stepped before me, happily,
For my example . . .
Of his own body he was ill, and gave
The clergy ill example." Hen. VIII. iv. 2.
" I cannot speak him home : he stopp'd the fliers,
And by his rare example made the coward
Turn terror into sport." Cor. ii. 2.
EXCESS. (See Extremes.)
" Too much, too little is an evil." Promus 1279a
(Latin).
" Too much of one thing is good for nothing."
Promus 487.
" So good that he is good for nothing." Promus 1147
(Italian).
" They are as sick that surfeit with too much, as they that starve
with nothing" Mer. Ven. i. 2.
MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 103
" love ! be moderate ; allay thy ecstacy ;
In measure rain thy joy ; scant this excess,
I feel too much thy blessing : make it less,
For fear I surfeit ! " Mer. Yen. iii. 2.
4< Whence comes this restraint ?
From too much liberty, my Lucio, liberty :
As surfeit is the father of much fast,
So every scope of the immoderate use,
Turns to restraint,'' &c. M. M. i. 3.
" More than a little is by much too much."
1 Hen. IV. iii. 2.
" Can we desire too much of a good thing ? " &c.
As You Like It iv. 1.
" Romeo shall thank thee, daughter, for us both
As much to him else in his thanks too much."
Rom. Jul. ii. 6.
" God hath lent us but this only child ;
And now I see this one is one too much."
Rom. Jul. iii. 5.
" The favours which, all too much, I have bestowed upon thee . . .
I have fed upon this woe already ; and now excess of it will
make me surfeit." Two Gent. Ver. iii. 2.
" The blood of youth burns not with such excess
As gravity's revolt to wantonness."
L. L. L. v. 2, 73.
" I neither lend nor borrow, by giving nor by taking of excess."
Mer. Yen. i. 3.
" To seek the beauteous eye of heaven to garnish
Is wasteful and ridiculous excess."
See John iv. 2, 916.
" If music is the soul of love, play on ;
Give me excess of it, that surfeiting
The appetite may sicken, and so die."
Twelfth Night i. 1.
" It was excess of wine that set him on."
Hen. V. ii. 2, 42.
104 MANNERS, 3IIND, MORALS.
" Moderate lamentation is the right of the dead ; excessive grief,
the enemy of the living.
If the living be enemy to the grief, the excess makes it soon
mortal." A Ws Well i. 1.
"He ... cannot refrain from the excess of laughter."
Oth. iv. 1 ;
(and see Rom. JuL ii. 6, 915, 33 ; Lear iv. 1, 70 ; Tim. Ath. v. 5,
28, 29.)
(En the Preface of the "Great Instauration" [Spedding,
Works TV., pp. 20, 21] Bacon gives an admonition to all
those who read his book. It is, that they study the true
ends of knowledge and do not go into extremes of zeal
for learning at all costs, striving to be wise above
measure, but that they should cultivate truth in charity,
as well as for the benefit and use of life. From over
desire, or "lust of power, the angels fell; from lust of
knowledge, man fell; but of charity there can be no
excess, neither did angel or man come in danger by it."
This aversion from " Excess " is perceptible throughout
Bacon's writings, and it is at the bottom of much that he
says about " Contraries " and "Extremes." ^.v.).
EXPENSE.
" Riches are for spending, and spending for honour
and good actions ; therefore extraordinary expense must
be limited by the worth of the occasion, for ordinary
undoing may be as well for a man's country as for tlu>
kingdom of heaven ; but ordinary expense ought to be
limited by a man's estate, and governed with such
regard as it be within his compass." Ess. of Expense.
" What piles of wealth hath he accumulated
To his own portion ! And what expense by the hour
Seems to flow from him ! How i' the name of thrift
Extremes. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 105
Does he rake this together ? . . .
The several parcels of his plate, his treasure,
Rich stuffs, and ornaments of household, which
I find at such proud rate, that it outspeaks
Possession of a subject. ... I am afraid
His thinkings are not worth his serious considering."
Hen. VIII. iii. 2.
" Come, shall we in
And taste Lord Timon's bounty ? He outgoes
The very heart of kindness.
He pours it out: Plutus, the god of gold,
Is but his steward; no meed, but he repays
Seven-fold above itself: no gift to him,
But breeds the giver a return exceeding
All use of quittance. The noblest mind he carries,
That ever governed man. Long may he live in fortunes."
Tim. Ath. i. 1.
"No care, no stop ! so senseless of expense
That he will neither know how to maintain it,
Xor cease his flow of riot : takes no account
How things go from him, nor resumes no care
Of what is to continue.'' Tim. Ath. ii. 2.
(Note that in all cases in the Plays where extravagant
expenditure, or the amassing of wealth, is alluded to, the
" worthiness of the occasion" is allowed as an excuse,
while unworthy objects of lavish expense, or use of
money for merely selfish purposes, is always con-
demned.)
EXTREMES. (See The Mean.)
"That thing of which the contrary is bad, is good;
that of which the contrary is good, is bad. This does not
hold of those things whose excellence or force consists in
degree and measure (e.g., the contrary of rashness is
cowardice a bad thing; yet cowardice is not good)."
Promus 1441, 1442.
106 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Extremes.
" For nought so vile that on earth doth live,
But to the earth some special good doth give;
Nor aught so good but strain'd from that fair use,
Revolts from true birth, stumbling on abuse:
Virtue itself turns vice by being misapplied,
And vice sometimes by action dignified."
Rom. Jul. ii. 3.
"Always resolute in most extremes." 1 Hen. VI. iii. 4.
" Those that are in extremity of either (laughing or melancholy)
are abominable fellows." As You Like It iv. 1.
" For women's fear and love hold quantity
In neither aught, or in extremity."
Ham. iii. 2.
" The wisest beholder, that knew no more than seeing could not
say if the importance were joy or sorrow ; but in the extremity of
the one it must needs be." Winter's Tale v. 2.
" To chide at your extremes it not becomes me,
pardon that I name them."
Winters Taleiv. 3.
" 'Twixt two extremes of passion, joy and grief
Burst smilingly." Lear v. 3.
" There is no middle way between these extremes."
Ant. Cl. iii. 4; and Tim. Ath, iv. 3, 300-345.
EXTREMES, or Extremities try a Man's Nature.
" The ill that a man brings on himself by his own
fault is greater; that which is brought on him from
without is less. The reason is because the sting and
remorse of the mind accusing itself, doubletk all adver-
sity : contrariwise, the considering and recording in-
wardly that a man is clear and free from fault and just
imputation doth attemper outward calamities. . . .
So the poets in tragedies do make the most passionate
lamentations, and those that forerun final despair, to be
accusing, questioning, and torturing of a man's self, . . ..
Fame. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 107
and consequently the extremities of worthy persons have
been annihilated in the consideration of their own good
deservings. . . . But where the evil is derived from a
man's own fault, there all strikes deadly inwards, and
suifocateth." Colours of Good and Evil viii.
" Where is your ancient courage ? You were used to say
Extremity is the trier of the spirits,
That common chances common men could bear," &c.
Cor. iv. 1.
Bru. : " Cassius ! I am sick of many griefs."
Cass. : " Of your philosophy you make no use
If you give way to accidental evils."
Bru.: " No man bears sorrow better: Portia is dead."
Jul. Gees. iv. 3.
" Taint not thy mind, nor let thy soul contrive
Against thy mother aught: leave her to Heaven,
And to those thorns that in her bosom lodge,
To prick and sting her." Ham. i. 5.
(See of remorse, Rich. III. i. 4, 100130, and
Rich. III. ill. 7, 210. Also of the mind tortured by self-
accusation, Rich. III. v. 3, 180205; Ham. iii. 3, 36
72; Cymb. v. 5, 140150, &c., and Cymb. v. 5, 210
228; Winter's Tale v. 1, 119.)
FAME (Good) A Dead Man's Only Possession. (See
Reputation.)
" In that style or form of words which is well appro-
priated to the dead ('of happy memory,' ' of pious
memory '), we seem to acknowledge that which Cicero
says (having borrowed it from Demosthenes), that ' good
fame is the only possession a dead man has.' I cannot
but note that, in our times, it lies in most part waste and
neglected." De Aug. ii. 7.
108 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Fame.
" Your grandfather of famous memory . . . and your great-uncle
Edward, the Black Prince of Wales, fought a most brave battle
here." Hen. V. iv. 7.
" "Pis Joan, not we, by whom the day is won . . .
(All) in procession sing her endless praise,
A statelier Pyramis to her I'll raise
Than Rhodope's or Memphis' ever was:
In memory of her, when she is dead," &c.
1 Hen. VI. i. 6.
" That ever-living man of memory, Henry the Fifth ! . . .
His fame lives in the world, his shame in you."
1 Hen. VI. iv. 4.
'* peers of England ! shameful is this league,
Fatal this marriage, cancelling your fame,
Blotting your name from books of memory
Razing the characters of your renown."
2 Hen. VI. i. 1.
" He lives in fame, that dies in virtue's cause."
Tit. And. i. 2 (rep.).
" I say, without characters, fame lives long.
That Julius Caesar was a famous man . . .
Death makes no conquest of this conqueror,
For now he lives in fame, though not in life."
Rich. III. iii. 1.
" Fame in time to come, canonise us." Tr. Cr. ii. 2.
" Death in guerdon of her wrongs
Gives her fame which never dies.
So the life which lived with shame,
Lives in death with glorious fame."
M. Ado v. 3.
" This lord of weak remembrance, this,
Who shall be of as little memory when
He's earthed . . . professes to persuade."
Temp. ii. 1.
FAME Would Rise from the Ground to the Clouds.
" Fame goeth upon the ground, yet hideth her head in
the clouds." Ess. of Fame.
Fame. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 109
" That gallant spirit hath aspired the clouds
Which too untimely here did scorn the earth."
Rom. Jul. iii. 1.
" My lord, 'tis but a base, ignoble mind
That mounts no higher than a bird could soar "
" I thought as much: he'd be above the clouds."
2 Hen. VI. ii. 1.
FAME and Fortune, Muffled or Blind.
" Fame muffles her head." Interpretation of Nature,
" Fortune is painted blind, with a muffler before her eyes."
Hen. V. iii. 6.
" I pray you, lead me to the caskets,
To try my fortune . . .
If Hercules and Lichas play at dice,
Which is the better man, the greater throw
May turn by fortune from the weaker hand : . . .
And so may I, Mind fortune leading me,
Miss that which one unworthier may attain."
Mer. Ver. ii. 1 .
Cel. : " Let us sit and mock the good housewife, Fortune, from
her wheel, that her gifts may henceforth be bestowed equally."
Ros. : " I would we could do so: for . . . the bountiful blind
woman doth most misplace her gifts to women," &c. As You Like
It i. 2.
FAME, or Rumour.
" The poets make Fame a monster. They describe her
in part finely and elegantly, and in part gravely and
sententiously; they say, Look how many feathers she
hath; so many eyes she hath underneath; so many
tongues ; so many voices ; she pricks up so many ears"---
Ess. of Fame.
[Enter Rumour, painted full of tongues. ,]
Rumour: " Open your ears for which of you will stop
The vent of hearing, when loud Rumour speaks ?
110 MANNEKS, MIND, MORALS. Fame.
I from the Orient to the drooping West
Making the wind my post-horse, still unfold
The acts begun upon this ball of earth.*
Upon my tongues continual slanders ride,
Stuffing the ears of men with false reports.
" . . . . Rumour is a pipe
Blown by surmises, jealousies, conjectures,
And of so easy and so plain a stop
That the blunt monster with uncounted head
The still discordant wavering multitude
Can play upon it. But what need I thus
My well-known body to anatomise
Among my household. 2 Hen. IV. (Induction).
" We will speak now in a sad and serious manner:
there is not in all the politics a place less handled f and
more worthy to be handled than this of Fame. We will
therefore speak of these points: What are false fames ?
and what are true fames ? and how they may be best
discerned; how fames may be sown and raised; how
they may be spread and multiplied; and how they may
be checked and laid dead, and other things concerning
the nature of Fame.'*
" The Emperor's Court is like the House of Fame,
The palace, full of tongues of eyes, of ears."
Tit. And. ii. 1.
"Kings have to deal with their neighbours, their
wives, their children, their prelates or clergy, their
nobles, their gentlemen, their merchants, their commons
and their men of war; and from all these arise dangers,
if care and circumspection be .not used/' Ess. of
Empire.
* Compare: " Fame goeth upon the ground" (Ess. of Fame).
t This observation effectually disposes (in this case at least) of the common-
place remark that "of course everyone knew of such things as these."
Figures. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Ill
FAMILIARITY Good only in Moderation. (See Ceremony.)
" It is good a little to be familiar. But he that is too
much in anything, so that he giveth another occasion of
satiety, maketh himself cheap." Ess. of Ceremonies.
" Be thou familiar, but by no means vulgar."
Ham. i. 3.
" Be not too familiar with Poins, for he misuses thy favours so
much, that he swears thou art to marry his sister Nell. . . .
Thine as thou usest him, Jack Falstaff with my familiars, John with
my brothers." 2 Hen. IV. ii. 2.
FIGURES in All Things.
"In the first ages . . . all things abounded with
J'ables, parables, similes, comparisons, and allusions."
Wisdom of the Ancients (Pref.).
" For there's figures in all things"
Hen. V. iv. 7.
" I speak but in the figures and comparisons."
Hen. V. iv. 7.
:< I never may believe
These antique fables, nor these fairy toys.
Lovers and madmen have such seething brains,
Such shaping fantasies, ' ? &c. J/. N. D. v. 1.
Dull : " What was a month old at Cain's birth which is not five
weeks old as yet ? . . ."
Hoi. : " The moon was a month old when Adam was no more:
And wrought not to five weeks when he came to five-
score.
The allusion holds in the exchange."
Dull: "'Tis true, indeed: the collusion holds in the exchange."
Hoi. : " God comfort thy capacity ! I say, the allusion holds in
the exchange."
Dull : " And I say, the pollusion holds in the exchange."
L. L. L. iv. 2.
112 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Flattery.
(It is evident from the confusion made by Dull over
the word "allusion" that this word was new and
unfamiliar, for Dull is not stupid. It is he who asks
the riddle, and he presently makes a pun at the expense
of the " book-man : "
" If a talent be a claw, look how he claws him with a talent."
The word " parable " is only once used in the Shake-
speare Plays. It is in Two Gent. Ver. ii. 5, the scene
wherein there is an allusion to the story of a malefactor,
who, being brought before Sir Nicholas Bacon, desired
mercy on the plea that his name being Hog, he must be
of near kindred to Bacon. "Ay," replied the Judge,
" but Hog is not Bacon until it be well hanged " (see
ii. 5, 1. 2, 3). In this short scene the words Will Shake,
spear (lance or staff) are also found in combination with
a xecret, and the one and only mention of a parable:
" Thou shalt never ^et such a secret from me but by a
parable'' Cryptographers have little doubt that this
scene affords a practical illustration of the use of parable
and allusion in the conveyance of secret and traditional
information.)
FLATTERY.
44 Some praises proceed merely of flattery; and if he
be an ordinary flatterer, he will certainly have common
attributes, which may serve every man. If he be a
cunning flatterer, he will follow the arch-flatterer, which
is a man's self, and wherein a man thinketh best of him-
self, therein the flatterer will uphold him most. But if
he be an impudent flatterer, look wherein a man is con-
scious to himself that he is most defective, and is most
out of countenance in himself, that will the flatterer
Flattery. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 113
entitle him to, perforce disregarding his own conscience."
Ess. of Praise.
" There is flattery in friendship." Hen. V. iii. 7.
" 'Tis holy sport to be a little vain
When the sweet breath of flattery conquers strife."
Com. Err. iii. 1.
" flattering glass ! like to my followers in prosperity
Thou dost beguile me" Rich. II. iv. 1.
"It was young Hotspur's case at Shrewsbury,
. . . Who lined himself with hope,
Eating the air on promise of supply,
Flattering himself \vit\i project of a power
Much smaller than the smallest of his thoughts."
2 Hen. IV. 1, 3.
" Give me thy knife ; I will insult on him ;
Flattering myself aa if it were the Moor."
Tit. And. iii. 2.
" A thousand flatterers sit within thy crown,
Whose compass is no bigger than thy head."
Rich. II. ii. 1.
" No thought is contented. . . . Thoughts tending to content
flatter themselves." Rich. II. v. 5.
" I dare not swear that thou lovest me ; yet my blood begins to
flatter me that thou dost." Hen. V. 5, 2.
" Alack, / love myself. Wherefore ? for any good
That I myself have done unto myself ? . . .
I am a villain. Yet I lie ; I am not.
Fool, of thyself speak well : fool, do not flatter.
My conscience hath a thousand several tongues," &c.
See Rich. III. v. 3, 180202.
" Lay not that flattering unction to your soul,
That not your trespass, but my madness speaks."
Ham. iii. 4.
" I am bid forth to supper. . . . Wherefore shall I go ?
I am not bid for love ; they flatter me :
But yet I'll go in hate, and feed upon
The prodigal Christian." Mer. Ven. ii. 5.
I
114 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Fool-
FOOL, More, than Wise in Man.
" There is in human nature generally more of the fool
than cf the wise ; and, therefore, those faculties by which
the foolish part of men's minds is taken are most
potent/' Ess. of Boldness.
Mar. : " . . . That may you be bold to say in your foolery."
do. : " God give them wisdom that have it : and those that are
fools, let them use their talents. . . . Wit, an 't be thy will,
put me into good fooling ! Those wits that think they have thee,
do very oft prove fools ; and I, that am sure 1 lack thee, may pass
for a wise man : for what says Quinapalus ? Better a witty fool
than a foolish wit." Twelfth Night i. 5.
Clo. : "Foolery, sir, does walk about the orb, like the sun, it
shines everywhere. I should be sorry, sir, but the fool should be as
oft with your master, as with my mistress. I think I saw your
wisdom there."
Vio.: "This fellow's wise enough to play the fool,
And to do that well craves a kind of wit.
. . . This is a practice
As full of labour as a wise man's art ;
For folly that he wisely shows is fit,
But wise men folly-fallen, taint their wit."
Twelfth Night iii. 1.
" ' Vent my folly ! ' he has heard that word of some great man,
and now applies it to a fool," &c. Twelfth Night iv. 1.
" These wise men that give fools money."
Twelfth Night iv. 1.
Mai. : " I am as much in my wits, fool, as thou art."
Clo.: "But as well? Then you are mad indeed, if you be no
better in your wits than a fool." Twelfth Night iv. 2.
" Lord ! what fools these mortals be."
M. N. D. iii. 2 (Puck).
" One of the philosophers was asked, What a wise
man differed from a fool? He answered: Send them
FOOI. 3IAXNERS, MIND, MORALS. 115
both naked to those that know them not, and you shall
perceive." Apophthegms 255, 189.
FOOL, Wise.
" Cato Major would say, that wise men learn more by
fools, than fools by wise men." Apophthegms 167, 226.
" J do much wonder, that one man, seeing how much another man
is a fool when he dedicates his behaviours to love, will, after he has
laughed at such shallow follies in others, become the argument of
his own scorn by falling in love. . . . He shall never make me
such a fool! " 31. Ado ii. '6.
" I have deceived your very eyes. What your learned wisdoms
could not discover, these shallow fools have brought to light."-
H. Ado v. i.
" Nature . . . perceiving our natural wits too dull to reason, hath
sent this natural for our whetstone : for always, the dulness of the
fool is the ivhetstone of the wits." As You Like It i. 1. (See further
of Touchstone and also of Jacques, As You Like It vi. 7, 1060).
Fool : "Dost thou know the difference, my boy, between a
sweet fool and a bitter one ? "
Lear: "No, lad, teach me."
Fool : " That lord, that counsell'd thee
To give away thy land ;
Come, place him here by me,
Do thou for him stand :
The sweet and bitter fool
Will presently appear,
The one in motley here,
The other found out there."
Lear : " Dost thou call me fool, boy ? "
Fool : " All thy other titles thou hast given away, that thou wast
born with."
Kent : " This is not altogether fool, my lord," &c.
See Lear i. v. 96203.
116 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Friend.
FREEDOM of Thought.
" Thought is free."Promus 653.
" Certainly there be that delight in giddiness, and
count it a bondage to fix a belief ; affecting free-will in
thinking as well as in acting." Ess. of Truth.
" Thought is free" Twelfth Night i. 3, 69 ;
and Temp. iii. 2 (Song).
" Then, York, unloose thy long imprisoned thoughts,
And let thy tongue be equal with thy heart."
2 Hen. VI. v. 1.
" Thoughts are no subjects. Intents but merely thoughts."
M. J/.v. 1.
" 'Tis well for thee . . . thy freer thoughts may not fly forth of
Egypt." Ant. Cl. i. 5.
" Make not your thoughts your prisons."
Ant. Cl. v. 2.
" Thought is bounty's foe ;
Being free itself, it thinks all others so."
Tim. Ath. ii. 2.
" Our thoughts are ours, our ends none of our own." Ham. iii. 2.
(See II. ii. 2, 239-255).
" I am not bound in that all slaves are free to utter my thoughts."
Oth. iii. 2 ; and Rich. II. iv. 1,2-4.
FRIEND, Another Self.
" It was a sparing speech of the ancients to say, that
'a friend is another himself;' for that a friend is far
more than himself." Ess. of Friendship.
" Renowned Titus more than half my soul.""
Tit. And. i. 2
" I have made her half myself '." M. Ado ii. 3.
1 Lord: " Might we but have that happiness my lord, that you
Friend. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 117
would once use our hearts, whereby we might express some part of
our zeals, we should think ourselves for ever perfect.' '
Tim. : " ! no doubt my good friends, but the gods themselves
have provided that I shall have much help from you : how had you
been my friends else? Why have you that charitable title from
thousands, did you not chiefly belong to my heart ? / have told
more of you to myself than you can in modesty speak in your own
behalf; and thus far I confirm you. you gods ! think I, what
need we have any friends if we should ne'er have need of them ?
They were the most needless creatures living should we ne'er have
use for them ; and would most resemble sweet instruments hung up
in cases, that keep their sounds to themselves. Why, I have often
wished myself poorer that I might come nearer to you. We are born
to do benefits ; and what better or properer can we call our own,
than the riches of our friends ? 0, what a precious comfort 'tis, to
have so many, like brothers, commanding one another's fortunes ! "
Tim. Ath.\. 2.
" How comes it then thou art estranged from thyself?
Thyself I call it, being strange to me.
That undividable, incorporate,
Am better than thy dear self's better part.
Ah, do not tear thyself away from me."
Com. Err. ii. 2.
" I charge you . . .
By all your vows of love, and that great vow,
Which did incorporate and make us one,
That you unfold to me, your self, your half" &c.
Jul. Cces. ii. 1.
u Good, my lord, what is your cause of distemper ? You do freely
bar the door of your own liberty, if you deny your griefs to your
friend." Ham. iii. 2.
" Good Proteus, go with me to my chamber,
In these affairs to aid me with thy counsel."
Two Gent. Ver. ii. 4.
"Counsel, Lucetta; gentle girl, assist me;
And e'en in kind love I do conjure thee,
Who are the table wherein all my thoughts
118 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Friend.
Are visibly charactered and engraved,
To lesson me, and tell me some good mean," &c.
Two Gent. Ver. ii. 7.
" Thou disease of a friend, and not himself'' 1
Tim. Ath.u.l.
And compare Sonnets :
' Make thyself another self, for love of me.'-
Sonnet x.
" that you were yourself ! But, love, you are
Xo longer yours," &c. Sonnet xiii.
" And therefore, love, be of thyself so wary
As I, not for myself, but for thee will."
Sonnet xxii.
" But here's the joy my friend and I are one."
Sonnet xlii.
" Self, so self-loving were iniquity,
'Tis thee (myself) that for myself I praise."
Sonnet Ixii.
" As easy might I from myself depart,
As from my soul which in thy breast doth lie."
Sonnet cix.
" Incapable of more, replete with you,
My most true mind thus maketh mine untrue."
Sonnet cxiii.
" Me from myself thy cruel eye hath taken,
And my next self thou harder hast engrossed," &c.
Sonnet cxxxiii.
" A man hath a body, and that body is confined to a
place; but where friendship is, all offices of life are, as
it were, granted to him and his deputy, for he can exer-
cise them by his friend." Ess. of Friendship.
" Friends should associate friends in grief."
Tit. And. v. 3.
" Rosalind lacks then the love
Which teacheth thee that thou and I are one . . .
Friendship. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 119
Do not seels to take your charge upon you,
To bear your griefs yourself, leaving me out."
As You Like It i. 3.
" If she be a traitor,
Why so am I; we have slept together,
Rose at an instant, learned, played, eat together,
And wheresoe'er we went, like Juno'ri swans,
Still we went coupled and inseparable."
As You Like It i. 3.
FRIENDSHIP Clears and Unburdens the Mind.
" Friendship . . . maketh daylight in the understand-
ing out of darkness, and confusion of thoughts. . . .
"Whosoever hath his mind fraught with many thoughts,
his wits and understanding do clarify and break up in
the communicating and discoursing with another; he
tosseth his thoughts more easily; he marshalleth them
more orderly ; he seeth how they look when they are turned
into words', finally, he waxeth wiser than himself; and
that more by an hour's discourse than by a day's medita-
tion." Ess. of -Friendship.
" For speculation turns not to itself
Till it hath travelled, and is married there,
Where it can see itself. . . .
... No man is the lord of anything
Till he communicate his parts to others,
Nor doth he of himself know them for aught,
Till he behold them formed in the applause
Where they are extended"
See Tr. Or. iii. 3, 95123.
Norfolk : " Not a man in England
Can advise me like you: be to yourself
As you would to your friend . . . Be advised" &c.
Buck.: "Sir,
I am thankful to you, and I'll go along
By your prescription." Hen. VIII. i. 1.
120 3IAFNERS, 3iiND, MORALS. Friendship.
FRIENDSHIP Continues a Man's Work.
" Men have their time, and die many times in desire of
some things which they principally take to heart, the
bestowing of a child, the finishing of a work, or the like.
If a man have a true friend, he may rest almost secure
that the care of those things will continue after him; so
that a man has, as it were, two lives to his desires."
Ess, of Friendship.
" I have done my work ill, friends : make an end
Of what I have begun. . . . Time is at his period. . . .
Let him that loves me strike me dead," &c.
Ant. Cl. iv. 12; and see iv. 13 (Cleopatra's
resolve to carry out Antony's wishes).
Ham. : " Horatio, I am dead ;
Thou liv'st: report me and my cause aright
1o the unsatisfied . . .
good Horatio, what a wounded name,
Things standing thus unknown, shall live behind me !
If thou did'st ever hold me in thy heart,
Absent thee from felicity awhile,
And in this harsh world draw thy breath in pain
To tell my story . , ."
Hor. : " . . . All this can I
Truly deliver."
For. : " Let us haste to hear it,
And call the noblest to the audience."
Hor.: "... I shall have also cause to speak,
And from his mouth ichose voice will draw on more."
Ham. v. 5.
FRIENDSHIP, Human and Divine.
" It had been hard, for him that spake it, to have put
more truth and untruth together in a few words than in
that speech, " Whosoever delighteth in solitude, is either
a wild beast or a god" for it is most true that a natural
Friendship. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 121
and secret hatred and aversion to society in any man
hath somewhat of the savage beast; but it is most untrue
that it should have any character at all of the divine
nature," &c. (see Solitude). Ess of Friendship*
" As for that heinous tiger Tamora . . .
Her life was beast-like and devoid of pity," &c.
Tit. And. v. 3.
Alcib. : " What art thou there ? Speak ! "
Tim. : " A beast, as thou art. The canker gnaw thy heart
For showing me again the eyes of man."
Alcib.: "What is thy name? Is man so hateful to thee
That thyself art a man ? "
Tim. : " I am Misanthropes, and hate mankind;
For thy part, I do wish thou wert a dog,
That I might Jove thee something."
Tim. Ath. iv. 2 (see Misanthrope).
FRIENDSHIP, Incapable of.
"Whoever in the frame of his nature is unfit for
friendship, he taketh it of the beast, and not from
humanity/' Ess. of Friendship.
Tim. : " Good morrow to thee, gentle Apemantus ! "
Apem. : " Till I be gentle stay thou for thy good morrow :
When thou art Timon's dog, and these knaves
honest . . .
Paint.: " You are a dog. ... So, so ; there !
Aches contract and starve your subtle joints !
That there should be small love 'mongst these sweet
knaves,
And all this courtesy ! The strain of man's bred out
Into baboon and monkey ! . . . "
2 Lord: "Away, unpeaceable dog ! or I'll spurn thee hence."
Apem. : " I will fly like a dog, the heels of the ass."
1 Lord: " He's opposite to humanity" Tim. Ath. i. 1.
122 MANSERS, MIND, MORALS. Friendship.
FRIENDSHIP Knit, Grappled, Tried, or Approved.
"The apprehension of this threatened judgment of
God . . . knitteth every man's heart to his true and
approved friend, which is the cause why now I write to
you." Letter to Mr. Michael Hicks.
" My heart unto yours is knit." M. N. D. ii. 3.
" The friends thou hast, and their adoption tried,
Grapple them to thy heart with hooks of steel."
Ham. i. 3.
" What do you mean, my lord ?
Not to knit myself to an approved wanton ? "
M.Adoiv. 1.
" I swear to thee ... by that which knitted souls and prospers
loves." M. N. D.'i.l.
"The amity that wisdom knits not,
Folly \vill easily untie." Tr. Cr. ii. 3.
" To hold you in perpetual amity,
To make you brothers, and to knit your hearts," &c.
Ant. Cl. ii. 2.
"This knot of amity."! Hen. VI. i. 1.
FRIENDSHIP'S Praise, and Support.
" How many things are there which a man cannot,
with any face or comeliness, say or do himself ? A man
scarce allege his own merits with modesty, much less
extol them. A man cannot sometimes brook to supplicate
or beg, and a number of the like : but all these things
are graceful in a friend's mouth which are blushing in a
man's own." Ess. of Friendship.
"How if it be false, sir?
If it le ne'er so false, a tme gentleman
May swear it in behalf of his friend" &c.
Winter's Tale, v. 3, uttered by the Clown.
Goodness. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS.
(Compare Prince Henry's falsehood in protecting Falstaff.
1 Hen. IV. ii. 4, 510-533).
Pardon me, Cams Cassius,
" The enemies of Csesar shall say this,
Then, in a friend it is cold modesty"
JuL Cces. iii. 1.
"Spake you of Cfesar ? How ! the non-pareil !
Antony ! thou Arabian bird ! . . .
Indeed he plied them both with excellent praises,
But he loves Caesar best : yet he loves Antony."
Ant. Cl. iii. 2.
" Albeit I neither lend nor borrow,
By taking, nor by giving of excess,
Yet to supply the ripe wants of my friend,
I'll break a custom." Mer. Ven. i. 3.
GIVING Requires Discrimination and Tact.
" Giving is a matter requiring cleverness, skill, or
discrimination, res est ingeniosa dare." Promus 373
(Latin) ; Ovid. Am. i. 8, 62.
" Never anything can come amiss
When simpleness and duty tender it."
M. N. D. v. L
" Rich gifts wax poor, when givers grow unkind."
Ham. iii. 1.
" Her pretty action did outsell her gift."
Cymb. ii. 4.
" I have brought him a present.
. . . Give him a present ! Give him a halter."
Mer. Ven. ii. 3 ;
(and see Two Gent. Ver. iv. 4, 175180 ; AlV* Well, ii. 1, 4 ;
Tarn. Sh. ii. 175 and 99102.)
GOD'S Goodness to All.
" The example of God teacheth the lesson truly : ' He
sendeth His rain, and maketh His sun to shine upon the
just and the unjust." Ess. of Goodness.
124 MANNERS, 3IIND, MORALS. God's Men.
" I was about to speak and tell him plainly,
The self-same sun that shines upon his Court
Hides not his visage from our cottage, but
Looks on all alike." Winters Tale iv. 1.
" The quality of mercy is not strained,
It droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven
Upon the place beneath." Mer. Ven. iv. 1.
(Compare this with Bacon's beautiful paraphrase, or
" translation " of Psalm civ., from which it appears that
the word, for the sake of the metre, printed in the Play
" strained/' should be read as " 'strained " for restrained).
" Lord, Thy providence sufficeth all ;
Thy goodness, not restrained, but general
Over Thy creatures : the whole world doth flow
With Thy great largeness poured out here below . . .
The glorious Majesty of God above
Shall ever reign in mercy and in love," &c.
Translation of Certain Psalms.
GOD'S Men.
" Man is a god to man." Nov. Org. i. 129.
" It is not ill said of Plato that he is a god to men, who
knows well how to define and divide." Nov. Org.ii. 26.
"It is owing to justice that man is a god to man, and
not a wolf." De Aug. VI. hi. (Antitheta).
" All kings though they be gods on earth, are gods
of earth ; frail as other men." Of King's Messages,
1610; and see Ess. of a King.
" Kings are stiled gods upon earth, not absolute, but
Dixi duestis." To Buckingham, 1616.
" A god on earth thou art." Rich. II. ii. 3.
God's Secrets. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 125
" This man is now become a god. . . . 'Tis true this god did
shake." Jul. Cces. i. 1.
" He is a god and knows what is most right."
Ant. Cl.ill 11.
" We scarce are men, and you are gods."
Cymb. v. 2.
"Things are earth's God's." Per. i. 1.
" Immortality attends (virtue and skill)
Making a man a god." Per. iii. 2.
" What a piece of work is man ! how noble in reason ! how
infinite in faculty ! ... in action, how like an angel ! in appre-
hension, how like a god ! " Ham. ii. 2.
GOD'S Secrets.
" Secrett de dieux. Secrets de dienx." Promus 1512.
" The glory of God is to conceal a thing, and the glory
of a man is to find out a thing." Promus 234.
Quoted in Advt. L. ii. 1, and Nov. Aug. i. 1.
" the depth of the wisdom and knowledge of God 1
How incomprehensible are his judgments, and His
ways past finding out ! . . . the inditer of the Holy
Scriptures did know four things which no man attains to
know; which are the Mysteries of the Kingdom of
Glory ; the Perfection of the Laws of Nature ; the
Secrets of the Hearts of Men ; and the future successes
of all ages. . . . From the beginning are known
unto the Lord, the works of the Lord." See Advt. L. iu
Sped. iii. 485.
" In Nature's infinite Book of Secresy, a little I have read."
Ant. Cl. i. 2.
" God's secret judgment." 2 Hen. VI. iii. 2.
" The secrets of the grave."
Cymb. ii. 2.
126 MANNERS, .MIND, MORALS. God's Work.
" What is the end of study, let me know ?
Why, that to know which else we should not know
Things hid and barr'd you mean, from common sense ?
Ay, that is study's God-lilee recompense.''
L. L. L. i. 1.
"I'll find out where Truth is hid, though it were hid indeed within
the centre." Ham. ii. 2.
GOD'S Work in His Creatures. (See Nature.)
" Woorke as God woorkes." Promus 534, i.e., work
quietly, persistently, wisely, as in the works of Nature.
" There is no enmity between God and His works. . .
Faith containeth the doctrine of the nature of God, and
of the attributes of God, and of the works of God. . . .
The works of God, summary, are two that of the
Creation and that of the Redemption . . . the work of
the Creation (refers), in the mass of the matter, to the
Father." Advt. L. ii.; see u Spedding Works iii. 486-7),
" The sun works by gentle action through long spaces
of time, whereas the works of fire, urged on by the
impatience of man, are made to finish their work in
shorter periods," &c,
(See Novum Org* ii. 35, where Bacon seems to be
pointing a moral as to the folly of impatience, but
examples drawn from the working of natural forces:
"the works of the sun/' "the heat of fire," the hatching
of eggs, the motion and rest of natural bodies, and the
rotation of the heavenly bodies.)
" This our life, exempt from public haunt,
Finds tongues in trees, books in the running brooks,
Sermons in stones, and good in everything."
As You Like It ii. 1.
" Frank nature, rather curious than in haste,
Hath well composed thee." All's Well i. 2.
Goodness. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 127
" Heaven shall work in me for thine avail . . .
. . . I'll stay at home
Ami pray God's blessing into thine attempt."
All's- Well i. 3.
" This goodly frame, the earth . . . this most excellent canopy,
the air, look you, this brave o'erhanging firmament, this majestical
roof, fretted with golden fire. . . . What a piece of work is man ! "
&c. Ham. ii. 2.
GOLD.
" Chilon would say that gold is tried with the touch-
stone, and men with gold." Apophthegms.
" The fifth (knight has for his device) a hand environed with
clouds,
Holding out gold that's with the touchstone tried ;
. The motto thus, Sic spectanda fides" Pericles ii. 2.
" Ah ! Buckingham, now do I play the touch,
To try if thou be current gold indeed"
Rich. III. iv. 2.
" thou touch of hearts ! " Tim. Ath. iv. 3, 389.
(Timon here inverts the figure, making gold itself the
touchstone which tries men's hearts.)
GOODNESS, and Goodness of Nature. (See Malignity.)
" I take goodness in this sense the affecting the weal
of men, which is what the Grecians call " philanthropic^"
and the word "humanity" (as it is used) is a little
too light to express it." Ess. of Goodness.
" My vows and prayers yet are the king's. . . . May he
live . . .
Ever beloved, and loving may his rule be.
And when old time shall lead him to his end,
Goodness and he fill up one monument."
Hen. VIII. ii. 1.
128 MANNERS, MIND, MOEALS.
" Sir, I praise the Lord for you, and so may my parishioners; for
their sons are well tutored by you, and their daughters profit very
greatly under you: you are a good member of the Commonwealth."
L. L. L. iv. 2.
" There is so great a fever on goodness that . . . there is scarce
truth enough to make societies secure, but security enough to make
fellowships accursed," &c. See of the Duke iu Measure for Measure
(iii. 2).
" That I should murder her ... I, her . . .
If it be so to do good service. . . . How look I,
That I should seern to lack humanity
So much as this act comes to ? "
Cymb. iii. 2. (See Humanity.)
" We have made inquiry of you; and we hear
Such goodness of your justice, that our soul
Cannot but yield you forth the public thanks," &c.
M. M. v. 1.
(Here the supposed goodness in Lord Angelo is
fictitious, yet it is goodness believed to involve justice
and the public weal.)
GOODNESS-Charity, Mercy. (Q.V.)
" Goodness ... of all virtues and dignities of the
niind is the greatest, being the character of the Deity ;
and without it, man is a busy, mischievous, wretched
thing, no better than a kind of vermin. Goodness answers
to the theological virtue of charity, and admits no excess
but error, . . . neither can angel or man come in danger
by it," Ess. of Goodness,
11 Lord, Thy providence sufficeth all ;
Thy goodness, not restrained, but general
Over Thy creatures: the whole earth doth flow
With Thy great largeness pour'd forth here below.' 1 ' 1
Translation of Psalm civ.
Goodness. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 121)
" The quality of mercy is not 'strained,
It droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven
Upon the place beneath . . .
It is an attribute of God Himself,
And earthly power doth then show likest Gods
When mercy seasons justice." Mer. Ven. iv. 4.
" I pray you, think you question with the Jew . . .
You may as well use question with the wolf.
Not on thy sole, but on thy soul, harsh Jew,
Thou rnak'st thy knife keen. . . . Can no prayers pierce
thee? . . .
be thou damned, inexorable dog,
And for thy life let justice be accused.
. . . . Thy currish spirit
Govern'd a wolf . . . for thy desires
Are wolfish, bloody, starved, and ravenous." Ib.
(In Tit. Andronicus, Marcus compares Aaron the
" execrable wretch " and merciless murderer to a black
ill-favoured buzzing fly* Merciless and heartless persons
are elsewhere compared to adders, serpents, snakes, rats,
wasps, and other " vermin." These will be included in
the Handbooks of Natural History.)
GOODNESS as well as Evil inherent in Man.
" The inclination to goodness is imprinted deeply in
the nature of man; insomuch that if it issue not towards
men, it will take unto other living creatures ; as is seen
in the Turks, a cruel people, who nevertheless are kind
to beasts, and give alms to dogs and birds ; insomuch as
Busbechius reporteth, a Christian boy was like to have
.been stoned, for gagging in waggishness, a long-billed
bird." Ess. of Goodness.
K
130 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. GoodneS S
"I will not do 't,
Lest I surcease to honour mine own truth,
And by my tody's action teach my mind
Inherent baseness." Cor. iii. 2. (This is the only use of
the word inherent in Shakesjieare.)
" Youth, thou bearest thy father's face . . .
Thy father's moral parts may'st thou inherit too ! "
All's Well i. 2.
GOODNESS a Habit.
Count : " Virtues in her are better for their simpleness; she derives
her honesty, and achieves her goodness. . . .
Be thou blest, Bertram ! and succeed thy father
In manners as in shape ! thy blood, and virtue
Contend for empire in thee; and thy goodness
Shares with thy birthright "All's Well i. 1.
" Treason is not inherited,
Or, if we did derive it from our friends, what's that to me ? "
As You Like It i. 3.
" I was born to speak all mirth."
3f. Ado ii. 1.
" I was not born a yielder."
1 Hen. IV. v. 3.
" We are born to do benefits."
Tim. Ath. i. 2
" All good seeming . . . not born where 't grows
But worn a bait for ladies."
Cy)itb. iii. 4.
41 How hard it is to hide the sparks of nature !
These boys know little they are sons to the king . . .
They think they're mine: and though train'd up thus meanly
I' the care wherein they bow, their thoughts do hit.
The roofs of palaces," &c. See Cymb. iii. 3, 27 44, 7998.
" A devil, a born devil, on whose nature
Nurture can never stick; on whom my pains
Humanely taken, all, all lost, quite lost."
Temp. iv. 1.
Grace. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 131
GRACE in Actions and Motion.
" In beauty, that of favour is more than that of colour;
and that of decent and gracious motion more than that of
favour. . . . If it be true that the principal part of
beauty is in decent motion, certainly it is no marvel
though persons in years seem many times more amiable;
Pulchrorum autumnus pulcher, for no youth can be
comely but by pardon (or by making allowance^), and
considering the youth as to make up the comeliness."-
Ess. of Beauty.
" In old men the Loves are turned into the Graces."
De Aug. vi. 3 (Antitheta).
" Go you to Bartholomew, my page; see him dressed in all suits
like a lady . . . tell him from me. as he will win my love, Tie bear
himself with honourable action, such as Tie hath observed in noble
ladies. ... I know the boy will well usurp the grace, voice,
gait, and action of a gentlewoman." Tarn. Sh. (Induct, i.).
" She stripped (the jewel) from her arm,
I see her yet; . . .
Her pretty action did outsell her gift,
And yet enrich'd it too."
Cymb. ii. 4.
" Look with what courteous action
It waves you to a more removed ground."
Ham. i. 4.
" With ridiculous and awkward action,
Which slanderer he imitation calls,
He pageants us."
Tr. Cr. i. 3; and see L.L.L. v. 2, 300310.
" Bear your body more seeming, Andrey."
As You Like It v. 4.
GRACE in Speech.
" To reduce wild people to civility . . . and obedience
makes weakness turn to Christianity and conditions to
132 MANNERS, MIND, MOEALS. Grace.
graces, and so hath a fineness in turning utility upon
point of honour." Of Service in Ireland.
" He that hath so singular a gift in lying of the
present time, and times past, had nevertheless an extra-
ordinary grace in telling truth of the time to .come."
Observations on a Libel.
"She having the truth of honour in her, hath made him the
gracious denial which he is most glad to receive." M. J/. iii. 1.
" Those gracious words revive my drooping thoughts,
And give my tongue-tied sorrows leave to speak."
3 Hen. VI. iii. 3.
" I did take my leave of him, but had
Most pretty things to say: ere I could tell him
How I would think of him ... or ere I could
Give him that parting kiss which I had set
Betwixt two charming words." Cymb. i. 4.
" His honour,
Clock to itself, knew the true minute, when
Exception bid him speak, and at this time
His tongue obeyed his hand ... his plausive words
He scattered not in ears, but grafted them
To grow there, and to bear." All's Well i. 3.
Sttf. : " Farewell, sweet madam ! But hark you, Margaret:
No princely commendations to my king ? "
Mar. : " Such commendations as become a maid,
A virgin, and his servant, say to him."
Suf. : " Words sweetly placed, and modestly directed."
-1 Hen. VI. v. 3.
(See the gracious words of Percy to Bolingbroke
(Rich. II. ii. 3, 4050), of Warwick (3 Hen. VI. iii. 3,
199), of the effects of Isabella's graceful and modest
appeal to Angelo (M. M. ii. 2).
Greatness. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 138
GRAVITY a Pretext for Dullness.
" When we find any defect in ourselves, we endeavour
to borrow the figure and pretext of the neighbouring
virtue for a shelter ; thus, the pretext of dulness is
gravity" De Aug. viii. 2.
" There are a sort of men whose visages
Do cream and mantle, like a standing pond.
And do a wilful stillness entertain,
With purpose to be dress'd in an opinion
Of wisdom, gravity, profound conceit . . .
. . . I do know of these
That therefore only are reputed wise
For saying nothing* &c. Mer. Ven. i. 1.
GREATNESS Its Servitude. (See Ceremony.)
" Men in great place are thrice servants: servants of
the Sovereign or State, servants of fame, and servants of
business; so as they have no freedom, neither in their
persons, nor in their actions, nor in their times."
Ess. of Great Place.
Bates : " We know enough if we know we are the king's subjects:
if his cause be wrong, our obedience to the king wipes the crime of
it out of us."
Will. : " But if the cause be not good, the king himself hath a
heavy reckoning to make; ... if these (soldiers) do not die well
it will be a black matter for the king that led them to it. . . ."
K. Hen. : " . . . So if a servant, under his master's com-
mand, transporting a sum of money, be assailed by robbers, and die
in many irreconciled iniquities, you may call the business of the
master the author of the servant's damnation, but this is not so,"&c.
Will. : " 'Tis certain . . . the king is not to answer for it . . ."
K. Hen. : " Upon the king ! Let our lives, our souls, our debts,
our careful wives, our children, lay on the king ! We must bear all.
hard condition, twin-born with greatness, subject to the breath of
134 MANNEKS, MIND, MORALS. Greatness.
every fool. . . . What infinite heart's ease must kings neglect,
that private men enjoy ! And what have kings that privates have
not, too ? be sick, great greatness . . . not all these (cere-
monies) laid in bed majestical can sleep so soundly as the wretched
slave . . . the slave a member of the country's peace enjoys it;
but . . . little wots what watch the king keeps to maintain the
peace," &c. See Hen. V. iv. 1, 122283.
GREATNESS Its Dangers and Discomforts.
"Retire men cannot when they would, neither will
they when it were reason ; but are impatient of private-
ness, even in age and sickness, which require the
shadow." Ess. of Great Place.
Cft. : " What mean you, Caesar, think you to walk forth ?
You shall not stir out of your house to-day."
O*. : " Csesar shall forth ....
Caesar shall go forth, for these predictions
Are to the world in general as to Czesar."
CaL : " When beggars die there are no comets seen:
The heavens themselves do blaze forth the death of
princes . . ."
Ores. : " The gods do this in shame of cowardice;
Ceesar would be a beast without a heart
If he should stay at home to-day for fear.
No, Cassar shall not; danger knows too well
That Ca?sar is more dangerous than he," &c.
Jul. Cces. ii. 2.
Messenger : " These letters come from your father."
Hotspur : " Letters from him I Why comes he not himself ? "
Messenger : " He cannot come, my lord; he's grievous sick .. . ."
Hotspur: "Zounds! how has he leisure to be sick
In such ajustling time ? Who leads his power ?
Under whose government come they along ? . . ."
Worcester : "I would the state of time had first been whole
Ere he by sickness had been visited . . .
Your father's sickness is a maim to us . . ."
Haste. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 135
Douglas: " A comfort of retirement lives in this (hope)."
See 1 Hen. IV. iv. 1.
P. Hen. : " I beseech your majesty, make up,
Lest your retirement amaze your friends"
See 1 Hen. IV. v. 4.
" What infinite heart's ease must kings neglect that private men
enjoy!" &c.Hen. V. iv. 1. And see 2 Hen. IV. iii. 1, 431,
104108.
GREATNESS, or High Place, is Dangerous.
" The rising unto place is laborious, and by pains men
come to greater pains . . . the standing is slippery,
and the regress is either a downfall or at least an eclipse/'
Ess. of Great Place.
" The rising to honours is laborious, the standing
slippery, the descent headlong." De Aug. vi. 3 (Anti-
theta, 7).
" The art o' the Court,
As hard to leave as keep : whose top to climb
Is certain falling, or, so slippery, that
The fear's as bad as falling."
Cymb. iii. 3; and comp. 2 Hen. VI. ii. 1, 5 15.
" Northumberland, thou ladder, wherewithal
The mounting Bolingbroke ascends my throne . . .
Wilt pluck him headlong from the usurped throne."
See the whole passage Rich. II. v. 1, 55 68, and
b. i. 1, 205216, and Hen. VIII. 110115.
HASTE Speed. (See Despatch.)
" I knew a wise man that had it for a bye-word, when
he saw men hasten to a conclusion, ' Stay a little, that
we make an end the sooner.' " Ess. of Despatch.
" His tongue all-impatient to speak and r.ot to see
Did stumble with haste in his eyesight to be."
L. L. L. ii. 1.
130 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Health.
Rom. : " let us hence; I stand on sudden haste."
Fri. : " Wisely and slot':: they stumble that run fast"
Rom. Jul. ii 3.
" Therefore love moderately: long love doth so;
Too swift arrives as tardy as too slow."
Rout. Jul. ii. 0.
HEALTH of Mind as well as Body. (See Mind Diseased.)
"(It was) an abuse of philosophy which grew general
in the time of Epictetus, in converting it to an occupation
or profession . . . introducing such an health of mind as
was that health of body of which Aristotle speaks of
Herodicns, who did nothing all his life long but intend
his health: whereas if men refer themselves to duties of
society, as that body is best which is ablest to endure all
alterations and extremities, so li/tewise that health of mind
is most proper which can go through the greatest tempta-
tions and perturbations." Advt. L. ii. 1.
" (We) wear our health but sickly in his life
That, in his death, were perfect."
Macb. iii. 1.
P. Hen. : " My heart bleeds inwardly that my father is so
sick. . . ."
Poins. : " And how dost . . . your master ? "
Bard. : " In bodily health, sir."
Poins. : " Marry, the immortal part needs a physician, but that
moves not him; though that be sick, it dies not."
P. Hen. : " I do allow this wen to be as familiar with me as my
dog." 2 Hen. IV. ii. 2.
Lew. : " There's nothing in this world can make me joy . . .
And bitter shame hath spoilt the sweet world's taste,
That it yields nought but shame and bitterness."
Pand. : " Before the curing of a strong disease,
Even in the instant of repair and health,
Health. MANXERS, MIND, MORALS. 137
The fit is strongest: evils that take leave
On their departure most of all show evil."
John iii. 4.
" Thy death-bed is no lesser than thy land,
Wherein thou ly'st, in reputation sick:
And thou, too-careless patient as thou art,
Committ'st thy 'nointed body to the cure
Of those piiysicians that first wounded thee."
Rich. II. ii. 1.
" Can'st thou not minister a mind diseased ? " &c.
Macb. v. H.
Cam. : " Prosperity's the very bond of love
Whose fresh complexion and whose heart together
Affliction alters."
Per. : " One of these is true :
I think affliction may subdue the cheek.
But not take in the mind."
Winter's Tale iv. 3.
" Men's natures wrangle with inferior things,
Though great ones are their object. 'Tis even so;
For let our finger ache, and it indues
Our other healthful members even to that sense
Of pain." Oth. iii. 4.
(Compare with this the Promus Note 496: " When the
liead akes, all the body is the woorse.")
" The labour we delight in physics pain."
Mad. ii. 3.
" Thou hast made . . . wit with musing weak,
Heart sick with thought."
Two. Gent. Ver. i. 1.
King : " And wherefore should these good news make me
sick? . . .
And now my sight fails, and my mind is giddy.
me ! come near me, I am much ill . . ."
Clar. : " The incessant care and labour of his mind
Hath wrought the mure which should confine it in,
138 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Heart.
So thin that life looks through, and will break out . . .
His eye is hollow, and he changes much . . ."
P. Hen. : " Heard he the good news yet ? "
P. Hum. : " He altered much upon the hearing it."
P. Hen. : " If he be sick with joy, he will recover without physic . . .
polished perturbation I golden care !
That keep'st the ports of slumber open wide
To many a watchful night ! . . . Majesty ! " &c.
2 Hen. IV. iv. 4.
(The effect of the working of the mind upon the
general health of the body will be illustrated at some
length in a future part on Bacon's Doctrine of the Union
of Mind and Body. Also see forward (Medicine to the)
" Mind.")
HEART of a Man a Continent. (See Microcosm World.)
" The heart of man is a continent of that concave and
capacity, wherein the contents of the world (that is, all
forms of creatures, and whatsoever is not God) may be
placed and received." Filum Labyrintki*
" An absolute gentleman, full of most excellent differences . . .
you shall see in him the continent of what part a gentleman would
see." Ham. v. 2.
Ros. : " Shall I teach you to know ? "
Boyet : " Aye, my continent of beauty"
L. L. L. iv. 2.
Bass.: " Here is the continent and summary of my fortune . . .""
For. ".... Though for myself alone
I would not (wish myself better); yet for you
I would be trebled twenty times myself,
A thousand times more fair, ten thousand times more
rich ;
That, only to stand high in your account,
I might in virtues, beauties, livings, friends,
Heroes. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS.
Exceed account; but the full sum of me
Is sum of nothing." Mer. Ven. iii. 2.
HEARTS or Spirits of Men Differ as do Metals. (See Soul.)
" I do not like the confused and promiscuous manner
in which philosophers have handled the functions of the
soul; as if the human soul differed from the spirit of
brutes, in degree only, rather than in kind, as the sun
differs from the stars, or gold from metals." De Aug.
iv. 3.
" Gallants, boys, lads, hearts of gold."
I Hen. IV. ii. 4.
"The king's . . . a heart of gold."
Hen. V. iv. 1.
" A golden mind stoops not to shows of dross."
Mer. Ven. ii. 7.
(See throughout this scene and ii. 9, iii. 2, how the
metals gold, silver, and lead are introduced to show
the different dispositions of Portia's suitors. For com-
parison between the spirit of man and that of the brutes,
see "Beast-Man;" but this subject will be treated at
length in the section on Natural History, where it will
be seen that Bacon studies the lower creatures chiefly
with a view to their affinities with man.)
HEROES are Born in Happy Times.
" Great-hearted heroes, born in happier years. 1 '
Promus, 649; from ^En. vi. 649.
Gassius : " This is my birthday, as this very day was Cassiu&
born." Jul. Cas. v. 1.
Cleopatra : " It is my birthday;
I had thought to have held it poor: but since my lord
Is Antony again, I will be Cleopatra."
Ant. CL iii. 11.
140 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. HerOCS' SOHS.
K. Hen. : " Is the queen delivered ?
Say, ay, and of a boy."
Old L, : " Ay, ay, my liege,
And of a lovely boy: the God of heaven
But now and ever bless her ! 'tis a girl,
Promises boys hereafter ..."
Cran. : " This royal infant . . . now promises
Upon this land a thousand thousand blessings.
Which time shall bring to ripeness. She shall be ...
A pattern to all princes living with her . . .
. Never before
This happy child did I get anything," &c.
See lien. VIII. v. 1, 163169; v. 4, 1 G8.
HEROES' Sons are Banes.
" Heroes' sons are banes or plagues, being- usually
degenerate." Promus, 518. Latin from Erasmus'
Adagia, 204.
" King Harry ... is bred of that bloody strain,
That haunted us in our familiar paths :
Witness our two much memorable shame,
When Cressy battle fatally was struck,
And all our princes captiv'd by the hand
Of that black name, Edward, Black Prince of Wales :
Whiles that his mountain sire on mountain standing
Saw his heroical seed, and smiled to see him
Mangle the work of nature," &c. Hen. V. ii. 4.
(This is the converse to the text; the closer application
is to be seen in the behaviour of Prince Hal before his
father's wise admonitions, and his own good sense in
accepting them, had made him also a worthy and heroic-
king. See 2 Hen. IV. iv. 4, 5480).
" See, sons, what things you are !
How quickly nature falls into revolt," &c.
2 Hen. IV. iv. 4, 195-210, 223268.
Honour. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 141
HONOUR and Reputation.
" The winning of honour is but the revealing of a
man's virtue and worth without disadvantage ; for some
in their actions do woo and affect honour and reputation,
which sort of men are commonly much talked oj\ and
little admired; and some contrariwise darken their virtue
in the show of it, so as they be undervalued in opinion. ""
Ess. of Honour.
" Farewell, young lords, . . . see that you come
Not to woo honour, but to wed it : When
The bravest questant shrinks, find what you seek,
That fame may cry you loud." All's Well ii. 1.
" Had I so lavish of my presence been,
So common hackneyed in the eyes of men,
So stale and cheap to vulgar company,
Opinion-that did help me to the crown
Had still kept loyal to possession," &c.
See 1 Hen. IV. iii. 2, 2991.
Cces. : " A man, who is the abstract of all faults
That all men follow."
Lep. : " 1 must not think there are
Evils enow to darken all his goodness," &c.
See Ant. Cl, i. 5, 133.
HONOUR The Highest Degrees of
" The true marshalling of the degrees of sovereign
honour are these : (1) Founders of States, or perpetual
Rulers *. . . (2) Legislators, or Law-givers, which
govern by their ordinances after they are gone. . . .
c Here Bacon gives as examples Romulus and Cjesar, names
which we find occultly applied to himself. There seems in this
Essay to be a hint of the Secret Society which he founded, and
whose borders and provinces were to be enlarged, on his own
principles or method, after his death.
142 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. HoDOUF.
(3) Liberators, or Saviours, such as compound the
miseries of civil wars, or deliver their countries from
servitude of strangers or tyrants. ... (4) Propo-
gators, such as in honourable war enlarge their territories.
. . . Lastly (5) Fathers of the country, which reign
justly, and make the times good wherein they live."-
Ess. of Honour.
" King did I call thee ? No, thou art not king ;
Not fit to govern, and rule multitudes. . . .
That head of thine doth not become a crown ;
Thy hand is made to grasp a palmer's staff,
And not to grace an awful princely sceptre. . . .
Here is a hand to hold a sceptre up,
And with the same to act controlling laws.
Give place : by Heaven thou shalt rule no more
O'er him whom Heaven created for thy ruler."
2 Hen. VI. v. 1.
Cces. :
". . . These couchings, and these lowly courtesies . . .
Might turn pre-ordinance and first decree
Into the law of children," &c. Jul. Cces. iii. 1.
[Ceesar is murdered. The Senators and people retire in confusion.]
Cinna : " Liberty ! Freedom ! Tyranny is dead !
Run hence, proclaim and cry it about the streets . . .
Liberty, freedom, and enfranchisement ! "
Brutus: "Hear me for my cause, . . . believe me for my
honour, and have respect to mine honour," &c.
All: " Live, Brutus ! live! live! . . . Let him be Csesar," &c.
Jul. Cces. iii. 2.
Grif.: " This Cardinal,
Though from a humble stock, undoubtedly
Was fashioned to much honour from his cradle.
. . . . In bestowing, madam,
He was most princely. Ever witness for him
Those twins of learning that he raised in you,
flOpe, MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 143
Ipswich and Oxford ! one of which fell with him . . .
The other, though unfinished, yet so famous,
So excellent in art, and still so rising,
That Christendom shall ever speak his virtue . . .
And to add greater honours to his age
Than man could give him, he died fearing God."
Hen. VIII. iv. 2.
HONOURS are truly Given, not by Man, but by God.
" Honours are the suffrages not of tyrants . . . but of
divine providence."- De Aug. vi. 3 (Antitheta).
Henry the Seventh . . . restor'd me to mine honours, now his son,
Henry the Eighth, life, honour, name, and all
That made me happy, at one stroke has taken . . .
Heaven has an end in all." Hen. VIII. ii. 1.
Nor. : " This is the Cardinal's doing, the King-Cardinal,
That blind priest, the eldest son of fortune,
Turns what he list. The king will know him some day."
Suf. : " Pray God he do. . . . Heaven will one day open
The king's eyes, that have long slept upon
This bold bad man."
Nor. : " And free us from his slavery.
We had need pray, and heartily, for our deliverance," &c.
Hen. VIII. ii. 2.
HOPE Our Happiness Rests in
" As Aristotle says, 4 That young men may be happy,
but only by hope,' so we, instructed by the Christian
faith, must . . . content ourselves with that felicity
which rests in hope/' De Aug. vii. 1.
'' Their travel is sweeten'd with the hope to have
The present benefit which I possess ;
And hope to joy, is little less in joy than hope enjoyed."
Rich. II. ii. 3.
144 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Hope.
"But shall I live in hope ?
All men, I hope, live so."
Rich. HI. i. 2.
" I shall do well ;
The people love me, and the sea is mine ;
My powers are crescent, and my auguring hope,
Says it will come to the full." Ant. CL ii. 1.
" But, by your leave, it never yet did hurt
To lay down likelihoods and forms of hope," &c.
See 2 Hen. IV. i. 3.
" God shall be my hope,
My stay and guide, and lantern to my feet."
2 Hen. VI. ii. 2.
" God, our hope, will succour us."
2 Hen. VI. iv. 4.
" The miserable have no other medicine
But only hope." M. M. iii. 1.
HOPE, like Sleepy Drinks, which bring Dreams.
" The effect of hope on the mind of man is very like
the working of some soporific drugs, which not only
induce sleep, but fill it with joyous and pleasing dreams."
" Was the hope drunk
Wherein you dressed yourself ? hath it slept since,
And wakes it now, to look so green and pale
At what it did so freely ? "Macb. i. 7.
fj.Knth.: ". . . They ^ro/m'sed me eternal happiness t . .
(ir>f. : " I am most joyful, madam, such good dreams
Possess your fancy." Hen. VIII. iv. 2.
" momentary grace of mortal men !
Which we more hunt for than the grace of God,
Who builds his hope in air of your good looks
Lives like a drunken sailor on a mast,
Ready with every nod to tumble down."
Rich. III. iii. 4.
Humanity. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 145
" Why then I do but dream on sovereignty,
Like one that stands upon a promontory,
And spies a far-off shore where he would tread,
Wishing his foot were equal with his eye . . .
So I do wish the crown.
Flattering me with impossibilities.
3 Hen. VI. iii. 3.
Mai. : " 'Tis but fortune ; all is fortune. . . . What should I
think on't. . . . M, 0, A, I, doth sway my life . . ."
Fab. : " What a dish of poison has she dressed him ! . . ."
Mai. : " . . . I do not now fool myself, to let imagination jade
me, for every reason excites to this . . ."
*SYr To. : "' Why thou hast put him in such a dream, that when the
image of it leaves him, he must run mad."
Mar. : " Xay, but say true ; does it work upon him ? "
Sir To. : u Like aqua-rite* with a midwife."
Twelfth Night ii. 5.
HUMANITY Excellencies, or Tops of
" (The excellencies of man) seem to me to deserve a
place amongst the desiderata. Pindar, in praising Hiero,
says . . . that he culled the tops of all virtues; and 1
think it would contribute much to magnanimity and the
honour of humanity if a collection were made of ...
the tops or summits of human nature, especially from true
history, showing what is the ultimate and highest point
which nature has of itself attained, in the several gifts of
body and mind." T)Q Aug. iv. 1.
" How would you be
If He,, which is the top of judgment, should
But judge you as you are ? " M. J/. ii. 2.
" You would sound me from my lowest note to the top of my
compass,
. . . They fool me to the top of my bent ! " Ham. iii. 2.
L
146 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Humanity.
" 'Twere a concealment
Worse than theft, no less than a traducement
To hide your doings : and to silence that
Which, to the spire and top of praises vouched,
Would seem but modest." Cor. i. 9.
" Admired Miranda !
Indeed the top of admiration : worth
What's dearest to the world. . . . You, you !
So perfect and so peerless are created
Of every creature's best." Temp. iii. 1.
(Compare Macb. iv. 1, 89 ; 2 Hen. VI. i. 2, 4349 :
Ant. Cl. v. i. 43).
HUMANITY Miseries of
"For the Miseries of Humanity the lamentation of
them has been copiously set forth by many . . . it is an
argument at once sweet and wholesome." De Aug. iv. 1 .
" Alas, poor York ! but that I hate thee deadly
/ would lament thy miserable state"
3 Hen. VI. i. 4.
Duke S. : " What said Jacques ?
Did he not moralise this spectacle ?
1 Lord : " yes, into a thousand similes.
First, for his weeping into the needless stream.
' Poor deer,' quoth he, ' thou mak'st a testament
As worldlings do, giving thy sum of more
To that which hath too much.' Then, being there
alone,
Left and abandoned of his velvet friends ;
' 'Tis right,' quoth he ; ' thus misery doth part
The flux of company,' " &c.
" See As You Like It ii. 1, 160.
Serv. : " I pray, sir, can you read ? "
Rom. : "Ay, mine own fortune in my misery."
Serv. : " Perhaps you have learned it without book."
Rom. Jul. i. 2.
Humanity. MANNERS, MIXD, MORALS. Ii7
" the fierce wretchedness that glory brings us ! ...
Since riches point to misery and contempt . . .
Rich only to be wretched, thy great fortunes
Are made thy chief afflictions." Tim. Ath. iv. 1.
Apem. : " Willing misery
Outlives uncertain pomp, is crown'd before ;
The one is rilling still, never complete ;
The other, at high wish : best state contentless,
Hath a distracted and most wretched being
Worse than the worst, content.
Thou should'st desire to die, being miserable/'
Tim. : " Not by his breath there is more miserable," &c. II.
"The middle of humanity thou never knewest. . . . When
thou wast in thy guilt and thy perfume they mocked thee ... in
thy rags . . . thou art despised." Tim. Ath. iv. 3.
HUMANITY Philosophy of
" The doctrine concerning the Philosophy of Humanity
consists of knowledges which respect the body, and ot
knowledges which respect the mind!' Adct. Learning
iv. 1.
Cor. : " How like you this shepherd's life, Master Touchstone ?
Touch. : " Truly, shepherd, in respect of itself, it is a good life, but
in respect that it is a shepherd's life, it is naught. In respzct that it
is solitary, I like it very well, but in respect that it is private, it is a
very vile life (&c.). Hast any philosophy ui thee, shepherd ? "
Cor. : " No more, but that I know, the more one sickens, the worse
at ease he is ; and that he that wants money, means, and content, is
without three good friends ; that the property of rain is to wet, and
fire to burn ; that good pasture makes fat sheep, and that a great
cause of the night is lack of the sun ; that he that hath learned no
wit by Nature nor Art may complain of good breeding, or comes of
a very dull kindred."
Touch. : " Such a one is a natural philosopher.' 1 ''
As You Like It iii. 1.
148 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. HumOUf.
HUMOUR, or Moisture.
" The idols imposed upon the understanding by words
are of two kinds. They are either the names of things
which have no existence, ... or which are created by
vicious and unskilful abstractions, intricate and deeply-
rooted. Take some word for instance, as moist, and let
us examine how far the different significations of this
word are consistent. It will be found that the word
moist is nothing but a confused sign of different actions,
admitted of no settled uniformity. For it means that
which easily diffuses itself over another body ; that
which is indeterminable, and cannot be brought to a
consistency ; that which yields easily in every direction ;
that which is easily divided and dispersed ; that which
is easily collected and united ; that which easily flows,
and is put in motion ; that which easily adheres to, and
wets another body ; that which is easily reduced to a
liquid state, though previously solid. When, therefore,
you come to predicate or impose this name, in one sense
flame is moist ; in another, air is not moist ; in another,
fine powder is moist : in another, glass is moist ; so that
it is quite clear that this notion is hastily abstracted from
water only, and common ordinary liquors, without any
due signification of it/' Nov. Org. (Aphorism), Ix.
(In Nare's " Glossary " Jonson's comments on the
word humour are quoted, and shown to be originally
deduced from- the sense of moisture. The use, or rather
the abuse, of this word in the time of Shakespeare aad
Jonson was excessive. What are properly called the
habtis or manners in real and fictitious characters, being
then denominated the humours.)
Xym. : " And this is true : I like not the humour of lying : He
Humour. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 149
hath wronged me in some humours. I should have borne the
humoured letter to her, but I have a sword. . . . Adieu. I
love not the humour of bread and cheese ; and there's the humour
of it. Adieu."
Page : " The humour of it, quoth 'a ! Here's a fellow frights
humour out of his wits." Mer. Wives ii. 1, and II. i. 1.
"The unsettled humours of the land."
K. John ii. 1 (of discontented men).
" The inundation of distempered humour
Rests by you only to be qualified."
Hen. V. i. (Here " humour " is
an inundation of water).
" . . . Through all thy veins shall run
A cold and drowsy humour."
Rom. Jul. iv. 2. (Here " humour" is
used for liquid moisture).
" I know you all, and will awhile uphold
The unyok'd humour of your idleness.
Yet herein will I imitate the sun,
Who doth permit the base contagious clouds
To smother up his beauty from the world."
1 Hen. IV. i. 2. (Here " humour" is vapour).
" Is it physical
To walk unbraced, and suck up the humours
Of the dank mornings. . . .
To dark the vile contagion of the night."
Jul. Cces. ii. 1. (Here they are infectious
or pestilent humours).
" I am in a holiday humour." As You Like It, iv. 1.
(Here "humour"' is disposition).
" Is he not jealous ?
Who ? he ? I think the sun, where he was born,
Drew all such humours from him."
(Here we see that the double-meaning of moisture,
and of disposition, is expressed. Elsewhere Bacon makes
the word "Humour" to stand for Fancy, Fashion,
Inclination, Taste, Temper, Compare "Moist.")
150 XAXXERS, MIXD, MORALS. Hypocrites.
HYPOCRITES in the Church.
" Hypocrites and Impostors, in the Church and towards
the people, set themselves on fire, and are carried as it
were, out of themselves, and becoming as men inspired
with holy furies, they set Heaven and Earth together.
Bat if a man should look into their times of solitude,
and separate meditations, and conversations with God,
he would find them not only cold, and without life, but
full of malice and leaven ; sober towards God ; beside
themselves to the people." Sacred Meditations.
(See the struggle between the Cardinal Bishop of
Winchester and Humphrey, Duke of Gloster, the Pro-
tector ; these two representing Church and State, or
"Heaven and Earth set together/')
Glo. : " Peel'd priest, dost thou command me to be shut out ?
Win. : ' I do; thou most usurping proditor,
And not protector of the king and realm.
Glo. : " Stand back, thou manifest conspirator, . . .
I'll canvass thee in thy broad cardinal's hat . . .
Thy scarlet robes as a child's bearing cloth
I'll use, to carry thee out of this place . . ."
Win. : u Gloster, thou'll answer this before the Pope."
Glo. : " Winchester goose ! I cry a rope ! a rope ! . . .
Thee I'll beat hence, thou wolf in sheep's array.
Out ! tawny coats ! Out, scarlet hypocrite" &c.
1 Hen. VI. i. 3.
" The devil can cite Scripture for his purposes ;
An evil soul, producing holy witness,
Is like a villain with a smiling cheek,
A goodly apple rotten at the heart ;
Oh what a goodly outside falsehood hath ! "
Her. Yen. i. 3.
Hypocrites. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 151
HYPOCRITES in External Devotion.
"The ostentation of hypocrites is ever confined to the
first table of the Law, which prescribes our duty to God,
. . . because works of this class have a greater pomp of
sanctity, and because they interfere less with their
desires. The way to convict a hypocrite, therefore, is to
send him from the works of sacrifice to the works of
Mercy." Sacred Meditations.
Buck.: " Ah, ha ! my lord, this Prince is not an Edward,
He is not lolling on a lewd day-bed,
But on his knees at meditation ;
Not dallying with a brace of courtesans,
But meditating with two deep divines ;
Not sleeping to engross his idle body,
But praying to enrich his watchful soul . . .
When holy and devout religious men
Are at their beads, 'tis much to draw them thence ;
So sweet is zealous contemplation."
May. : " See where his grace stands 'tween two clergymen ! "
Bud:. : " Two props of virtue for a Christian prince,
To stay him from the fall of vanity
And see a book of prayer in his hand,
True ornament to know a holy man. '
Rid). III. iii. 7, 58245.
(Compare with this ostentation of piety, and the
"pomp of sanctity" as regards the first Table of the
Law, with Bichard's cruelty immediately afterwards,
and his mother's description of his character from boy-
hood upwards, Rich. III. iv. 4, 160 196, showing his
neglect of the Second Table, ""Works of Mercy," and
duty to his neighbour.)
HYPOCRITES Lose the Sense of Feeling.
" The great atheists are indeed hypocrites, which are
ever handling holy things, but without feeling ; so as
152
MANNERS, MIND, 3IORALS.
Hypocrites.
they must needs be cauterized in the end/' Ess. of
Atheism.
(See the different degrees of callousness or feeling
"cauterized" in the speech and behaviour of the two
murderers of the Duke of Clarence. Both of them, it
must be observed, have some knowledge of holy things,
and a fear of judgment to come; but the 1st murderer
is utterly " without feeling ; " the 2nd murderer repent**
and rejects the fee. There is hope for him.)
2 Murd. " What, shall we stab him as he sleeps ?"
1 Murd. " Xo, he'll say 'twas done cowardly when he wakes."
2 Murd. " Why, he'll never wake till the great judgment day."
1 M^urd. " Why, then he'll say we stabbed him sleeping."
2 Murd. " The urging of that word, judgment, hath bred a kind
of remorse in me."
1 Murd. " What, art thou afraid ? "
2 Murd. " Not to kill him, having a warrant ; . . . but to be
damned for killing him, from which no warrant
can defend me. . . . Some certain dregs of
conscience are within me."
1 Murd. : " Remember our reward, when the deed's done."
2 Murd. : " Zounds ! he dies : I had forgot the reward."
1 Murd. : " Where's thy conscience now ? . . . [He murders
Clarence], How now! What mean'st thou that
thou helpest me not ? "
2 Murd.: " Take thou the fee. . . . For I repent me that the
Duke is slain."
1 Murd. : " So do not I. Go, coward as thou art."
Rich. III. i. 4.
Duke : " Hath he borne himself patiently in prison ? How seems
he touched ? "
Prov, : " A man that apprehends death no more carefully but as a
drunken sleep ; careless, reckless, and fearless of what is past,
present, or to come : insensible of mortality and desperately mortal."
See M. M. iv. 2 and 3 1. 4068.
Hypocrite. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 153
(Note the curse of Timon, when, apostrophising the
Sun, emblem of God, he exclaims :
" Thou Sun that comfort'st burn ! [To the Senators.'] Speak,
and be hanged :
For every true word, a blister ; and each false
Be as a cauterising to the root o' the tongue,
Consuming it with speaking." Tim. Ath. v. 2.)
HYPOCRITES Neglect their Duty to Man.
"There are some of a deeper and more inflated
Hypocrisy who, deceiving themselves, and fancying
themselves worthy of a closer conversation with God,
neglect the duties of charity towards their neighbour as
inferior matters. By which error the life monastic, was
not indeed originated (for the beginning was good) but
carried to excess." Sacred Meditations.
Duck. : " king ! believe not this hard-hearted man :
Love, loving not itself, none other can . . .
Pleads he in earnest ? Look upon his face ;
His eyes do drop no tears, his prayers are in jest.
His words come his mouth, ours from our breast :
He prays but faintly, and would be denied ;
We pray with heart and soul, and all beside . . .
His prayers are full of false hypocrisy,
Ours of true zeal, and deep integrity," &c.
See Rich. II. v. 3, 88110.
HYPOCRITE. Seeming a SaintBeing a Sinner Devil.
" Grant though a Sinner that a Saint I seem."
Promus 452 (Latin from Hor. 1 ; Ep. xvi. 61).
" Apparel vice, like virtue's harbinger,
Bear a fair presence though your heart be tainted,
Teach sin the carriage of an holy saint."
Com. Err. iii. 2.
154 MANNERS, MIND, MOEALS.
" And thus I clothe my naked villainy, . . .
And seem a saint when most I play the devil."
Rich. III. i. 3.
"Ah ! that deceit should steal such gentle shape !
And, with a virtuous visor hide deep vice !
Rich. III. ii. 2.
" So smooth he daub'd his vice with show of virtue,
That his apparent, open guilt omitted . . .
He lived from all attainder of suspect."
Rich. III. iii. 5.
Isab. : " This outward-sainted deputy
Whose settled visage and deliberate word
Xips youth i' the head, ... is yet a devil ;
His filth within him cast, he would appear
A pond as deep as hell."
Claud. : " The princely Angelo ?
Isab. : " 'tis the cunning livery of hell,
The damned'st body to invest and cover
In princely guards." J/. .)/. iii. 1.
" Villain, villain ! smiling damned villain . . .
One may smile, and smile, and be a villain."
Hcun. i. 5.
" 'Tis too much proved, that with devotion's visage
And pious action, we sugar o'er
The devil himself." Ham. iii. 1.
(See Lucrece 1. 85 ; Macb. i. 7, 81, 82 ; iv. 3, 2123 ;
Oth. ii. 3, 348. See also "Impostors.")
IGNORANCE Makes Men Mutinous, Rebellious.
"For the allegation that learning would undermine
the reverence due to laics and government, it is a mere
calumny, without shadow of truth. . . . Learning
makes the mind pliable to government, whereas ignor-
ance renders it churlish and mutinous, and it is always
found that the most barbarous, rude, and ignorant times
Ignorance. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 155
have been most tumultuous, changeable, and seditious."
Advt. L.LI.
" You beastly knave, have you no reverence ? . That such
a slave as this should wear a sword ! who wears no honesty. Such
smiling rogues as these . . . bring oil to fire . . . renege, affirm, with
every gale and vary of their masters, knowing nought, like dogs, but
following." Lear ii. 2.
Suffolk : " Great men oft die by vile Bezonians,
A Roman sworder, and banditto slave.
Murdered sweet Tully: Brutus' bastard hand
Stabb'd Julius Caesar; savage islanders,
Pompey the Great, and Suffolk dies by pirates."
-2 Hen. VLiv.l.
Stafford : " Will you credit this base drudge's words,
That speaks, he knows not what ? "
All : "All marry will we; therefore get ye gone . . .
He can speak French, and therefore he is a traitor."
Staf. : " gross and miserable ignorance ! "
(2 Hen. VI. iv. 2; see Hen. VI. iv. 7,
1110, and Cor. v. 2, 3150.
See the earlier scene (ii. 3, 103118, 250 262, where
the citizens having elected Coriolanus, at the suggestion
or mere guidance of the Tribunes, revoke their own
decision. See also Jul. Cces. iii. 2, where the wavering
multitude equally " renege and affirm " according to the
humour of him who addresses them.
(Compare also Bacon's many similitudes of Light and
Sight to Knowledge, and of Blindness and Darkness to
Ignorance.)
IGNORANCE Tricks to Make It Seem Judgment.
" Certainly there are, in point of wisdom and suffi-
ciency that do nothing, or little very solemnly: magno
conatu nugas. It is a ridiculous thing, and fit for a
156 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Imitation.
satire to persons of judgment, to see what shifts these
formalists have, and what prospectives (or magnifying
glasses) to make superficies to seem body that hath
depth and bnlk." Ess. of Seeming Wise.
i ' There is no decaying Marchant, or inward beggar,
hath so many tricks to uphold the credit of their wealth,
as these emptie persons have to maintaine the credit of
their sufficiency." lb., Early Edition.
" There are a kind of men, whose visages
Do cream and mantle like a standing pond,
And do a wilful stillness entertain,
With purpose to be dressed in an opinion
Of wisdom, gravity, profound conceit;
As who would say, ' I am Sir Oracle,
And when I ope my lips, let no dog bark.'
! my Antonio, I do know of these,
That therefore only are reputed wise
For saying nothing: when, I am very sure,
If they could speak, would almost damn those ears,
Which, hearing them, would call their brothers fools.''
Mer. Yen. i. 1.
IMITATION.
" As for imitation, it is certain that there is in men
and other creatures a predisposition to imitate. We see
how ready apes and monkeys are to imitate all motions
of man: and in the catching of dotrells, we see Jwio the
foolish bird play eth the ape in gestures, and no man in
effect doth accompany others, but he learneth, ere he is
aware, some gesture, or coice, or fashion of the other." -
Sat. Hist. 3^7.
" Report of fashions in proud Italy,
Whose manners still our tardy apish nation
Limps after in base imitation."
Rich. II. ii. 1.
Imagination. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 157
" I cannot . . . duck with French nods and apish courtesy.''
Rich. III. i. 3.
k ' When the blast of war blows in our ears,
Then imitate the action of the tiger;
Stiffen the sinews, summon up the blood;
Disguise fair nature with hard-favour' d rage:
Then lend the eye a terrible aspect . . .
Now set the teeth, and stretch the nostril wide;
Hold hard the breath, and bend up every spirit
To his full height. . . .
Be copy now to men of grosser blood," &c.
Hen. V. iii. 2; iii. 7, 4043.
" Imitari is nothing; so doth the hound his master, the ape his
keeper, the tired horse his rider." L. L. L. iv. 2.
u Fools had ne'er less grace in a year
For wise men are grown foppish,
And know not how their wits to wear
Their manners are so apish. 1 '
Lear i. 4.
" With ridiculous and awkward action
Which (slanderer) he imitation calls,
He pageants us. . . .
And in the imitation of these twain
. . . Many are grown infect," &c.
Tr. Cr. i. 3.
" Thou hast affected the fine strains of honour
To imitate the graces of the gods."
Cor. v. 3; see also 2 Hen. IV. ii. 3, 1932;
Twelfth Night iii. 4, 390392.
IMAGINATION is as an Agent or a Messenger to the
Senses.
"Imagination is an agent or nuncius in both provinces
(of Mind or Reason, and of Will or Affection). For
Senses sendeth over to Imagination before Reason have
judged; and Reason sendeth over to Imagination before
158 MANNERS, MIND, MOKALs. Imagination.
the decree can be acted. For Imagination ever pre-
cedeth Voluntary Motion." Advt. L. ii. 1.
" Sweet love ! sweet lines ! sweet life !
Here is her hand, the agent of her heart"
Tiro Gent. Vet: i. 3.
" I am settled, and bend up
Each corporal agent to this terrible feat."
Mad), i. 7.
"The sense of death is most in apprehension."
M. M. iii. 1.
" Let rich music's tongue unfold the imagined happiness," &c.
Rom. Jul. ii. <>.
" Is this a dagger that I see before me,
The handle toward my hand ? Come, let me clutch thee.
I have thee not, and yet I see thee still.
Art thou not, fatal vision, sensible
To feeling as to sight ? or art thou but
A dagger of the mind, a false creation,
Proceeding from the heat-oppressed brain ?
I see thee yet in form as palpable
As this which now I draw.
Thou marshal? st me the way that I was going]
And such an instrument I was to use.
Mine eyes are made the fools o' the other senses.
Or else worth all the rest; I see thee still !
And on thy blade a dudgeon gouts of blood,
Which was not so before. There's no such thing.
It is the bloody business which informs
Thus to my eyes." Much. ii. 1 ; and see Mad. v. 1 in
the next section.
IMAGINATION Deludes.
" Men are to be admonished that they do not too
easily give credit to the . . . force of imagination . . .
for there is no doubt that imagination and vehement
affection work greatly upon the body of the imaginant
Imagination. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 15 ( J
. . . men are not to mistake fact and effect.'" Nat. Hist.
9013.
" Such tricks hath strong imagination,
That if it would but apprehend some joy,
It comprehends some bringer of that joy;
Or in the night imagining some fear,
How easy is a bush supposed a bear I "
M. N. D.v.l.
IMAGINATION Imitates the Senses. (1) Hearing, (2)
Sight, (3) Smell, (4) Touch, (5j Taste.
"Those effects which are wrought by percussion of
the sense y and by things in fact, are produced likewise,
in some degree, by the imagination," Nat. Hist. 795.
" Am I a lord ? And have I such a lady . . .
I do not sleep ; / see, I hear, I speak ;
I smell sweet savours, and I feel soft things
Upon my life, / am a lord indezd"
See of the Tinker in Tarn. Sh. (Induction 2).
1. HEARING.
Macb. :
" I have done the deed. Didst thou not hear a noise ? "
Lady J/. :
" I heard the owl scream and the crickets cry . . ."
See Macb. ii. 2; ii. 1, 5663.
Macb.:
" / heard a voice cry, ' Sleep no more !
Macbeth does murder sleep . . .'
How is 't with me when every noise appals me ?
What hands are there ? Ha ! they pluclt out mine eyes.
Will all great Neptune's ocean wash this blood
Clean from my hand? No, this my hand will rather
The multitudinous seas incarnardine,
Making the green one red." Ib. ii. 2.
(See how this same delusion presently preys upon the
imagination of Lady Macbeth v. 1.)
160 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Imagination.
Mud. : " What is that noise ? "
8ey. : " It is the cry of women, my good lord."
Macb. : " The time has been, my senses would have cool'd
To hear a night-shriek; and my fell of hair
Would at a dismal treatise rouse and stir,
As life were in 't." II. v. 5.
2. SIGHT.
" Therefore, if a man see another eat sour or acid
things which set the teeth on edge, this object tainteth
the imagination, so that he that seeth the thing done
hath his own teeth set on edge." Nat. Hist. 795.
" There may be in the cup
A spider steep'd, and one may drink, depart,
And yet partake no venom, for his knowledge
Is not infected : but if one present
The abhorred ingredient to his eye, make known
How he hath drunk, he cracks his gorge, his sides,
With violent hefts/' Winter's Tale ii. 1.
(This passage may be compared with the Promus Note
( .7n, " That the eye seeth not, the heart rueth not," and
with Macb. iii. 2, 45, Oth. iii. 3, 337340, 344 348, and
other places to the same effect.)
The setting on edge of the teeth, by the sight of some-
thing sour, seems to be alluded to in the unfavourable
description of Marcius : -
" The tartness of his face sours ripe grapes."
Cor. v. 4.
And similarly in the sparring between Petruchio and
Kate the shrew :
Pet. : " Nay, come, Kate, come; you must not look so sour."
Kuth. : " It is my fashion when I see a crab (apple)."
Pet. : " Why, here's no crab, and therefore look not sour."
Tarn. Sh. ii. 1.
Imagination. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 161
Hotspur declares that the hearing of "mincing
poetry " set his teeth on edge (1 Hen. IV. I iii. 1,
127133.)
" J/y strong imagination sees a crown
Dropping upon my head."
Temp. ii. 1.
" So if a man see another turn swiftly and long, or if
he look upon wheels that turn, himself waxeth turn-sick.
So if a man be upon an high place without rails or good
hold, except he be used to it, he is ready to fall ; for,
imagining a fall, it putteth his spirits into the very action
of a fall." Nat. Hist. 795.
" For his dreams, I wonder he's so simple
To trust the mockery of unquiet slumbers . . .
It is a reeling world indeed, my lord," &c.
Rich. III. iii. 3.
" And wherefore should these good news make me sick ?
. . . My sight fails, and my mind is giddy.
If he be sick with joy, he will recover without physic."
2 Hen. IV. iv. 4.
" How fearful
And dizzy 'tis to cast one's eyes so low ! . . .
. . . I'll look no more,
Lest my brain turn, and the deficient light
Topple down headlong" &c.
Lear iv. 6.
Note (1. 1 80) how Edgar manages to work upon
Lear's imagination, making him believe that he has been
precipitated down a cliff.
" As full of peril and adventurous spirit
As to o'erwalk a current, roaring loud,
On the unsteadfast footing of a spear."
1 Hen. IV. i. 3.
" I am giddy, expectation whirls me round."
Tr. Cr. iii. 2.
M
162 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Imagination.
" There may be in a cup
A spider steeped, and one may drink, depart.
And yet partake no venom, for his knowledge
Is not infected, : but if one present
The abhorred ingredient to his eye make known
How he hath drunk, he cracks his gorge, his sides,
With violent hefts." Winter's Tale ii. 1.
3. SMELL.
Pistol, wishing to express his dislike and loathing to
the Welsh Fluellen, says that the mere smell of the leek
makes him ill (through his imagination).
" Hence, I am qualmish at the smell of leek."
Hen. V.i.l.
Banquo, endorsing Duncan's opinion that the air at
Macbeth's castle, " recommends itself unto our gentle
senses," adds that
" The heaven's breath smells wooingly here."
J/ac&. i. 6.
He imagines " the temple-haunting martlet," or " wooing
his mate to his loved mansionry,"
Angelo threatens Isabel that, should she venture to
accuse him to the world, his unsoiled name and position
will overweigh her statements, and
" You will stifle in your own report, and smell of calumny"
M. M. ii. 4.
Anthony, when Julius CaBsar is murdered, imagines
the havoc which will ensue, and
" That this foul deed shall smell above the earth
With carrion men groaning for burial."
Jul. Cces. iii. 1.
Similarly the wicked king, beginning to realise his
own villainy and danger, exclaims:
Imagination. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 163
' ! my oft'ence is rank, it smells to Heaven."
Ham. iii. 3.
Hainlet, taking the skull of Yorick in his hands, recalls
all that he had been in former days:
" A fellow of infinite jest, of most excellent fancy: he hath borne
me on his back a thousand times: and now, how abhorred my imagi-
nation is ! my gorge rises at it. . . . Dost thou think Alexander
look'd o' this fashion i' the earth ? . . . And smelt so ? pah !
[Puts down the skull.'] . . , Why may not imagination trace
the noble dust of Alexander, till he find it stopping a bung-hole ? "
Ham. v. 1.
And see how the diseased imagination of poor Lear
makes him think of bad smells which do not exist.
" Beneath is all the fiends : there's hell, there's darkness, there's
the sulphurous pit burning, scalding, stench and consumption : Jie,
Jie, fie / pah, pah / Give me an ounce of civet, good apothecary, to
sweeten my imagination . . . that hand ! . . . Let me wipe it
first, it smells of mortality. 1 '' Lear iv. 6.
And Lady Macbeth, walking and talking in troubled
sleep, again imagining a loathsome smell as typical of
her great crime :
" Here's the smell of the blood still : all the perfumes of Arabia
will not sweeten this little hand." Macb. v. 1.
4. TASTE.
" ! who can . . . cloy the edge of appetite
By bare imagination of a feast ?
Or wallow naked in December snow
By thinking on fantastic Summer's heat ? "
Rich. II. i. 3.
" You are sick of self-love, Malvolio, and taste with a distempered
appetite." Twelfth Night i. 5.
Troilus : " . . . The imaginary relish is so sweet
That it enchants my sense." Tr. Cr. iii. 2.
164 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Imagination.
5. TOUCH.
" Meeting two such wealsmen as you are (I cannot call you
Lycurguses), if the drink you give me touch my palate adversely, I
make a crooked face at it. I can't say your worships have delivered
the matter well," &c. Cor. ii. 1.
" Caesar, thy thoughts touch their effects in this.''
Ant. Cl. v. 2.
" I am senseless of your wrath : a touch more rare
Subdues all pangs, all fears." Cyinb. i. 2.
" Doubting things go ill often hurts more (in imagination)
Than to be sure they do"Cymb. i. 7.
" This tempest will not give me leave to ponder
On things would (in imagination) hurt me more."
Lear Hi. 4,
(Figures of minds wounded, hurt, struck and variously
injured, or soothed through the touch, are so numerous,
that it is not worth while inserting more instances in
this place. They will recur amongst the Metaphors.)
IMAGINATION Produces Eloquence, Rhetoric.
"In all persuasions that are wrought by eloquence,
and other impressions of like nature, which do paint and
disguise the true appearance of things, the chief recom-
mendation unto Reason is from the Imagination" Advt.
Learning ii.
" You would have thought the very windows spake,
. . . that all the walls
With painted imagery had said at once,
Jesu preserve thee ! Welcome, Bolingbroke."
Rich. II. v. 2.
" My beauty . . . needs not the painted flourish of your praise.
Beauty is bought by judgment of the eye."
L. L. L. ii. 1.
Imagination. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 165
" Minding true things by what their mockeries be."
Hen. V. iii. 7.
" "Fie painted rhetoric ! " L. L. L. iv. 3.
IMAGINATION (in Affection and Envy) Infects.
" When an envious or amorous aspect doth infect the
spirits of another, there is joined both affection and
imagination." Nat. Hist. x. 909.
" Take thou some new infection to thine eye,
And the rank poison of the old will die . . .
At this same ancient feast of Capulet's
Sups the fair Rosaline, whom thou so lov'st . . .
Go thither, and with unattainted eye,
Compare her face with some that I shall show," &c.
Rom. Jul. i. 2.
(See to be " infected with delights." K. John iv. 3.)
" The will dotes, that is inclinable
To what infectiously itself affects
Without some image of the affected merit."
Tr. Cr. ii. 2 ; Temp. iii. 1, 31, 32, &c.
In the following, Affection, mingled with suspicion
and jealousy, infect the brains of Leontes, the ear of
Posthumous :
" Affection ! thy intention stabs the centre ;
Thou dost make possible things not so held.
Communicat'st with dreams ; how can this be ?
I find it
To the infection of my brains,
And hardening of my brows."
Wint. Tale i. 2 ; and M. Ado ii. 3, 109122.
" master ! What a strange infection
Is fallen into thine ear ! What false Italian
(As poisonous-tongued as handed) hath prevailed
On thy too ready hearing."
Cymb. iii. 2 ; and see Tr. Cr. 3, 146190.
166 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Imitation.
IMAGINATION Poetry.
"Poesy is a part of learning in measure of words, for
the most part restrained, but in all other points extremely
licensed, and doth truly refer to the Imagination, which,
not being tied to the laws of matter, may at pleasure join
that which Nature hath severed, and sever that which
Nature hath joined, and so make unlawful matches and
divorces of things. Poets and Painters have always been
allowed to take what liberties they would." Advt.
Learning ii.
" The poet' a eye in a fine frenzy rolling
Doth glance from heaven to earth, from earth to heaven ;
And as imagination bodies forth
The forms of things unknown, the poet's pen
Turns them to shapes, and gives to airy nothing
A local habitation and a name." J/. N. D v. 1.
IMITATION. Example. (Q.V.)
" In the discharge of thy place, set before thee the
best examples ; for imitation is a globe of precepts."
Ess. of Great Place.
" Herein will I imitate the sun," &c.
See 1 Hen. IV. \. 2, 199221.
" I will imitate the honourable Romans in brevity."
2 Hen. IV. ii. 2 (let.).
" When the blast of -war blows in our ears,
Then imitate the action of the tiger ;
Stiffen the sinews, summon-up the blood,
Disguise fair Nature with hard favoured rage ;
Then lend the eye a terrible aspect," &c.
See Hen. V.'m.l.
" (Patroclus), with ridiculous and slanderous action.
Which, slanderer, he imitation calls,
He pageants us. Sometime great Agamemnon."
Imposture.. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 167
IMPOSTURE in Pedantry.
" Avoid profane novelties of terms, and oppositions of
science falsely so-called. Avoid fond and idle fables.
Let no man deceive you with high speech. There are
three kinds of speech, and, as it were, styles of
imposture : (1) The first kind is of those who, as soon
as they get any subject matter, straightway make an
art of it, fit it with technical terms, reduce all into
distinctions, thence produce positions and assertions, and
frame oppositions hy questions and answers. Hence the
rubbish and pother of the schoolmen. (2) The second
kind is of those who through vanity of wit, imagine and
invent all variety of stories for the moulding of men's
minds : whence the lives of the Fathers, and innumerable
figments of the ancient heretics. (3) The third kind is
of those who fill everything with mysteries, and high-
sounding phrases, allegories, and allusions. , . . Of
these kinds, the first catches and entangles man's sense
and understanding, the second allures, the third
astonishes : all seduce it." Sacred Meditations.
Loves Labour s Lost seems to be contrived with a
special view to showing-up and ridiculing " the novelties
of terms," which Bacon elsewhere condemns as diseases
of learning.
King : " Our Court, you know, is haunted
With a refined traveller of Spain ;
A man in all the world's new fashion planted,
That hath a mint of phrases in his brain ;
One whom the music of his own vain tongue
Doth ravish like enchanting harmony ;
A man of complements, whom right and wrong
Have choose as umpire of their mutiny . . .
Armado is a most illustrious wight,
168 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Imposture.
A man of fire-new words, fashion's own knight."
L. L. L. i. 1, 160177 ; Costard i. 197210.
Armado's Letter i. 216 271 ; iii. 1 ; iv. 1, Letter ; and v. 1, and
passim.
The "high speech," which imposes upon men's
credulity by the use of Latin and technical terms, is
illustrated in the utterances of Holofernes, Sir Nathaniel,
and Dull. The reader should carefully consider L. L. L.
iv. 2, v. 1 (the passages are too many and too long for
insertion). It will be seen that Holofernes, whilst
censuring the discourse of Armado as "too picked, too
spruce, too affected, too odd, too peregrinate/' repeats
and exaggerates his defects, introducing superfluous
words in Latin, French, and Italian, and some of the
high-sounding phrases and allusions which are intended
to astonish and seduce man's understanding.
Biron, who seems to confess that his own style is full
of the " vanity of wit " which Bacon condemns, declares
at last :
Biron : " ! never will I trust to speeches penn'd,
Nor to the motion of a school boy's tongue . . .
Taffeta phrases, silken words precise,
Three-piled hyperboles, spruce affectation,
Figures pedantical," &c.
See L. L. L. v. 2, 400-418.
In the words, " Bear with me, I am sick" we are
again reminded of Bacon's saying that these affectations
in speech and writing are diseases of learning. Bacon's
injunction to avoid profane novelties of terms seems to
be alluded to in Biron's comments upon Longaville, and
Dumaine's extravagant praises of their ladies :
Bir. : " This is the liver vein which makes flesh a deity ;
A green goose, a goddess : pure, pure idolatry.
Industry. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 169
God amend us ! God amend ! We are much out
of the way."
Dum. : " most divine Kate ! "
Bir. : " most profane coxcomb / " &c. L. L. L. iv. 3.
INCONSTANCY. (See Constancy).
" If inconstancy of mind be added to the inconstancy
of fortune, in what darkness do we live ? " De Aug. vi.
3 (Antitheta).
" A soldier firm and sound of heart . . .
By cruel fate, and Fortune's furious wheel (is in danger),
She is turning, inconstant, and mutability," &c.
Hen. V. iii. 6.
" One foot in sea, and one on shore,
To one thing constant never."
M. Ado ii. 3.
" It is the lesser blot . . . women to change, than men their
minds.
Than men their minds / 'tis true. Heaven ! were man
But constant, he were perfect . . .
Inconstancy falls off ere it begins." Two Gent. Ver. v. 4.
INDUSTRY Achieves.
" The things obtained by your own industry are
generally achieved by labour and exertion." De Aug. vi.
" Experience is by industry achieved,
And perfected by the swift course of time."
Two Gent. Ver. i. 3.
INDUSTRY Fruits Purchased by
"The purchases of our own industry are commonly
joined with labour and strife, which gives an edge and
appetite, and makes the fruition of our desire more
pleasant. Meat taken in hunting is sweet" Colours of
170 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Ingratitude.
Good and Evil ix. See Advt. Learning ii.; Sped.,
iii. 435.
" The purchase made, the fruits are to ensue."
Oth. ii. 3.
" Why all delights are vain : but that most vain,
Which, with pain purchased, doth inherit pain," &c.
See L. L. L. i. 1.
INGRATITUDE.
"The crime of Ingratitude is not restrained by
punishments, but given over to the Furies.
" The bonds of benefits are stricter than the bonds of
duties ; wherefore he that is ungrateful is unjust, and
every way bad.
" This is the condition of humanity : no man is born
in so public a fortune but he must obey the private
calls both of gratitude and revenge." De Aug. vi. 3
(Antitheta).
" Ingratitude, thou marble-hearted fiend,
More hideous, when thou show'st thee in a child,
Than the sea monster. . . Detested kite ! " &c.
See Lear i.-5, 263293.
In this passage it will be seen that Lear appeals, not
to the Furies, but to Nature, to punish the crime of
Ingratitude in his cruel daughter. There seems, how-
ever, to be a mental glance at the Furies and their
agents in the wish expressed that Goneril may be made
to feel " How sharper than a serpent's tooth it is, to have
a thankless child ! " The same thought seems to under-
lie the superficial meaning of the words in the well-
known song in As You Like It. In each verse we find
ingratitude compared to the tooth or the sting of a
serpent. Note Bacon's familiar word benefit.
Innocence. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 171
" Blow, blow, thou winter wind,
Thou art not so unkind
As man's ingratitude,
'ihy tooth is not so keen,
Because thou art not seen,
Although thy breath be rude . . .
Freeze, freeze, thou bitter sky,
Thou dost not lite so nigh
As benefits forgot
Thou, thou the waters warp,
Thy sting is not so sharp
As friend remembered not."
As You Like It ii. 7.
(Compare Ant. Cl. ii. 6, and Tim. Ath. v. 1 6271.)
INNOCENCE is Bold and Cheerful.
"The being conscious that a man is clear, and free
from fault, affords great consolation in calamity. . . .
The calamities of worthy persons are lightened and
tempered by the consciousness of innocence and merit."
De Aug. vi. 2 (Sophisms).
" Innocence parle avecjoie sa defence." Promus 1562.
" The trust I have is in mine innocence,
And therefore am I bold and resolute."
2 Hen. VI. iv. 4.
" Virtue is bold, and goodness never fearful."
M. M. iii. 1.
" Innocence shall make false accusation blush."
Winters Tale iii. 1.
See Oth. iii. 3, 39 41, and many other places, where
guilt is shown by reluctance of the guilty person to
speak or to be observed.
172 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. JestS.
INNOVATION Compared to Birth.
" As the births of all living creatures at first are ill-
shapen, so are all Innovations, which are the births of
time." Ess. of Innovation.
In Love's Labour's Lost, broad hints are given of the
New Philosophy, the Revival of Learning, the " New
Birth of Time " which it was Bacon's aim to accomplish.
The great Innovations on the old systems of instruction
are aided, and abetted by the king, and partly in jest
derided and discouraged by Biron. It is beyond the
scope of this little book to point out the many allusioc s
to the point; for the most part, they will be inserted in
future parts on Similes and Metaphors. But we see
that the Innovations are compared by both the king and
Biron to births, or new-born children.
King : " Biron is like an envious sneaping frost
That bites the first-born infants of the spring."
Biron : " Well, say I am, why should proud summer boast
Before the birds have any cause to sing ?
Why should I joy in an abortive birth ? " &c.
L. L. L. i. 1.
JESTS Commended.
" A jest is the orator's altar.* He that throws into
everything a dash of modest pleasantry keeps his mind
the more at liberty." De Aug. vi. (Antitheta, 35).
" Let me play the fool:
With mirth and laughter let old wrinkles come . . .
Why should a man whose blood is warm within
Sit like his grandsire cut in alabaster," &c.
Mer. Ven. i. 1.
* Compare Twelfth Night v. 1, 110-115 of altars on which speeches were faith-
fully offered.
JeStS, MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 173
D. Pedro : " In faith, lady, you have a merry heart."
Beat. : " Yea, my lord; I thank it, poor fool, it keeps on the windy
side of care . . . pardon me; I was born to speak all mirth, and no
matter."
D. Pedro : " Your silence most offends me, and to be merry best
becomes you. ... By my troth, a pleasant spirit lady."
M. Ado ii. 1.
" A merrier man
Within the limit of becoming mirth,
I never spent an hour's talk withal.
His eye begets occasion for his wit;
For every object that the one doth catch
The other turns to a mirth-moving jest.
Which his fair tongue conceit's expositor
Delivers in such apt and gracious words,
That aged ears play truant at his tales
And younger hearings are quite ravished,
So sweet and voluble is his discourse."
L. L.L. ii. 1.
JESTS Considered.
" Consider jests when the laugh is over." De Aug. vi.
(Antitheta, 35).
" Heaven give you many, many merry days.
Good husband, let us every one go home,
And laugh this sport o'er by a country fire" &c.
Her. Wives v. 5.
lago : " He when he hears of her cannot refrain
From the excess of laughter . . .
She gives out that you will marry her:
Do you intend it ? "
Cas. : " Ha, ha, ha ! ... I marry her ... ha, ha, ha ! . . ."
Oth. : " So, so, so, they laugh that win" Oth. iv. 1.
"Follow me this jest now till thou hast worn out thy pump; that
when the single sole of it is worn, the jest may remain." Rom. Jul.
ii. 4, and ii. 2, 1.
" Laughest thou, wretch ? Thy mirth shall turn to moan."
1 Hen. VI. i. 3; see Tit. And. v. 2, 175; Ant. Cl. iii. 11, 178184.
174 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. JeStS.
JEST in Earnest.
" What prevents me from speaking truth with a laugh-
ing face ? " Promus (Latin, Hor. Sat. i. 24).
"It is good to mingle jest with earnest." Ess. of
Discourse.
" Humour in conversation preserves freedom. . . .
It is highly politic to pass smoothly from jest to earnest
and vice versa" Advt. Learning (Anthitheta).
" A jest is many times the vehicle of a truth which
could not otherwise have been brought in." De Aug. vi.
" 0, it is much that a lie with a slight oath, and a jest with a sad
brow, will do with a fellow." 2 Hen. IV. ii. 2, and 1 Hen. IV. i. 2,
162 (Poins).
" His words . . . do no more adhere together than the Hundredth
Psalm and the tune of ' Green Sleeves.'" Merry Wives ii. 1.
" They do but jest, poison in jest."
Ham. iii. 2.
"Jesters do often prove prophets."
Lear v. 3.
" That high All-seer that I dallied with
Hath turn'd my feigned prayer on my head,
And given in earnest what 1 asked in jest."
Rich. III. v. 1.
Ant. S. : " Yea, dost thou jeer, and flout me in the teeth ?
Think'st thou I jest ? Take that, and that, and that."
[Beating him.]
Dro. S.: " Hold, sir, for God's sake ! Now your jest is earnest."
Com. Err. ii. 2, 7.
JESTS are not to be Mere Mockery.
" Who does not despise these hunters after deformi-
ties? . . . It is a dishonest trick to wash away with a
JeStS. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 175
jest the real importance of things." De Aug. vi. (Anti-
theta, 35).
" What curious eye doth note deformities ? "
Rom. Jul. i. 4.
" You must not think to fob off our disgraces with a tale."
Cor. i. 1.
" We are descried, . . . Let us confess, and turn it to a jest."
L. L. L. v. 2; see M. Ado iii. 1, 49- 80.
And the comment upon Beatrice and her perpetual
mocking jests :
" Sure, sure, such carping is not commendable."
JESTS in Serious Matters should have no Weight.
" Where a jest has any weight in serious matters, it is
a childish levity" De Aug. vi. (Antitheta, 35).
" It much repairs me
To talk of your good father. In his youth
He had the wit, which I can well observe
To-day in our young lords; but they may jest
Till their own scorn return to them unnoted,
Ere they can hide their levity in honour," &c.
AWs Well i. 2.
All solemn things
Should answer solemn accidents ? The matter ?
Triumphs for nothing, and lamenting toys
Is jollity for apes, and grief for boys."
Cymb. iv. 2.
" How ill white hairs become a fool and a jester / . . . Reply
not to me with a fool-born jest." 2 Hen. IV. v. 5; John iv. 3, 51
55; and see L. L. L. v. 2, 830861.
JESTS should be in Moderation, and not on Serious Subjects.
k 'It is good ... to have a moderation in all our
speeches, especially in jesting, of religion, state, great
176 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Joy.
persons, weighty and important business, poverty, or
anything deserving pity." Notes of Civil Conversation.
" (I) almost broke my heart with extreme laughter,
I pryed me through the crevice of a wall,
When for his hand he had his two sons' heads,
Beheld his tears, and laughed so heartily
That both mine eyes were rainy like to his," &c.
Tit. And. v. 1.
Biron : "To hear or forbear laughing ? "
Long: "To hear meekly, sir, and to laugh moderately, or to
forbear both.
Biron: " Well, sir, be it as the style shall give us cause to climb
in the merriness." L. L. L. i. 1.
" His jest shall savour but of shallow wit
When thousands weep, more than did laugh at it."
Hen. V. i. 2.
" The man doth fear God, howsoever it seems not in him by some
large jests he will make." M. Ado ii. 3.
JESTS on the Surface.
" These wits hardly penetrate below the surface where
jests ever lie." De Aug. vi. (Antitheta, 35).
" His jest will savour but of shallow wit,
When thousands weep more than did laugh at it."
Hen. V. i. 2.
" A gibing spirit
Whose influence is begot of that loose grace
Which shallow, laughing hearers give to fools.
A jest's prosperity lies in the ear
Of him that hears it, never in the tongue
Of him that makes it." i. L. L. v. 2.
JOY too Great.
" Great joys attenuate and diffuse the spirits, and
shorten life. . . . Joy suppressed and sparingly
Joy. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 177
communicated comforts the spirits more than joy
indulged and published." Hist. Life and Death i.
8082.
King :
" And wherefore should these good news make me sick ? . . .
I should rejoice now at this happy news;
And now my sight fails, and my brain is giddy,
me ! come near me, now I am much ill . . ."
P. Humph. :
li This apoplexy sure will be his end."
See 2 Hen. IV. iv. 4, 94146.
JOY Sorrow.
"Sensual impressions of joys are bad; ruminations of
joys in the memory, or apprehensions of them in hope or
imagination, are good.'"' Hist. Life and Death i. 81.
" Hope to joy is little less in joy than hope enjoyed."
Rich. II. ii. 3.
Queen : " What sport shall we devise ... to drive away the
heavy thought of care ? . . ."
1 Lady : " Madam, well tell tales."
Queen: u Of sorrow, or of joy ? ... Of neither, girl ;
For if of joy, being altogether wanting,
It doth remember me the more of sorrow;
Or if of grief, being altogether had,
It adds more sorrow to my want of joy;
For what I want I need not to repeat."
Rich. II. iii. 4.
Lv. 1,4050, 86, and Oth. i. o,203 210.
Compare these with Promus Note 967, " Make not two
sorrows of one " and the following:
" Do not receive affliction at repetition, I beseech you."
Winter's Tale iii. 2.
178 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. JllStiCC,
JUDGMENT Acts in the Same Way as the Senses.
" In all inductions, whether in good or vicious, the same
action of the mind which inventeth, judgeth; all one as in
the sense; but . . the invention of means is one thing,
and the judgment of the consequence is another: the one
exciting only, the other examining/' Advt. L. ii. 1 and
De Aug. v. 4.
" Things base and vile, holding no quantity,
Love can transpose to form and dignity,
Love looks not with the eyes, but with the mind,
And therefore is winged Cupid painted blind.
Nor hath Love's mind of and judgment taste,
Wings and no eyes, figure unheedy haste."
M. N. D. i. 1.
" Beauty is bought by judgment of the eye."
L.L.L.ii.l.
11 Had your bodies
No heart among you ? Or had you tongues
To cry out against the rectorship of judgment"
Cor. ii. 3.
JUSTICE Makes Man a God, not a Beast of Prey.
" It is owing to Justice that man is a god to man. and
not a wolf." De Aug. vi.
" Wilt thou draw near the nature of the gods?
Draw near them, then, in being merciful."
Tit. And. i. 2.
" be thou damn'd, inexorable dog,
And for thy life let Justice be accus'd.
. . . . Thy currish S2)irit
Governed a wolf . . . and in thy unhallow'd dam,
Infused itself in thee ; for thy desires
Are wolfish, bloody, starved, and ravenous"
Mer. Yen. iv. 1; iii. 3, 420. See 1 Hen. VI. i.
3, 55, 56; 3 Hen. VI. v. 4, 76-82.
Justice. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 179
JUSTICE cannot Extirpate Vice.
" Justice, though it cannot extirpate vices, yet prevents
them from doing hurt."- De Aug. vi. (Antitheta, 22).
Lucio : " Lord Angelo dukes it well in his absence; he puts trans-
gression to 't . . ."
Duke : " It is too general a vice, and severity must cure it."
Lucio: "Yes, in sooth, the vice is of great kindred; it is well
allied; but it is impossible to extirp it quite. M. M. iii. 2.
"All must be even in our government.
You thus employed I will go root away
The noisome weeds that without profit suck
The soil's fertility from wholesome flowers."
Rich. II. iii. 3.
JUSTICE-Mercy. (See Mercy.)
" If to be just be not to do that to another which you
would have another do to you, then is mercy justice/'
De Aug. vi. (Antitheta, 20).
" Justice but murders, pardoning those that kill."
Rom. Jul. iii. 1.
Angelo : " Answer to this,
I, now the voice of the recorded law
Pronounce a sentence on your brother's life:
Might there not be a charity in sin
To save this brother's life ? "
Isabel : " Please you to do 't,
I'll lake it as a peril to my soul :
It is no sin at all, but charity," &c.
See M. M. ii. 4, 60110.
" I must be cruel, only to be kind."
Ham. iii. 4.
(See Jul. CCBS. iii. 1, 101105, 165172, and see
Brutus's speech, Jul. Cces. ii. 12 41.)
180 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Knowledge.
KNOWLEDGE.
" The knowledge of man is as the waters, some
descending from above, and some springing from
beneath; the one informed by the light of nature, the
other inspired by Divine revelation. The light of nature
consisteth in the notions of the rnind and the reports of
the senses for as for knowledge which man receiveth by
teaching, it is cumulative, and not original ; as in a water
which, besides his own spring-head, is fed with other
springs and streams. So then, according to these two
differing illuminations, or originals, knowledge is first of
all divided into Divinity and Philosophy." Advancement
of Learning ii.
" Light seeking light, doth light of light beguile,
So, ere you find where light in darkness lies,
Your light grows dark by losing of your eyes . . .
Study is like the heaven's glorious sun,
That will not be deep-search'd with saucy looks,
Small have continual plodders ever won,
Save base authority from others' books,
These earthly godfathers of heavenly light,
And give a name to every fixed star,
Have no more profit of their shining nights
Than those that walk, and wot not what they are.
Too much to know is to know nought but fame,
And every godfather can give a name."
L. L. L. i. 1.
" Nature cannot choose his origin"
Ham. i. 4.
"Enkindle all the sparks of nature."
Lear iii. 7.
" In Nature's infinite book of secrecy
A little I have read." Ant. Cl. i. 2.
" Better, surely it is better, that we should know all
that we need to /^0z#, and think our knowledge imperfect,
Knowledge. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 181
than that we should think our knowledge perfect, and
yet not knowing everything that we need to know."
Nov. Org. i. 126.
" What is the end of study ? Let me know.
Why, that to know which else we should not Jcnoiv.
Things hid and barr'd, you mean, from common sense . . .
If study's gain be thus, and this be so,
Study knows that, which yet it doth not know."
See L. L. L. i. 1.
KNOWLEDGE of Causes. (See Causes.)
" It is a correct position that True Knowledge is
Knowledge by Causes." Nov. Org. ii. 2.
" All Knowledge doth much depend upon the Know-
ledge of Causes." Advice to Rutland (Let. and Life
Sped. ii. 14).
Pol. :"...! have found
The very cause of Hamlet's lunacy . . .
I will be brief. Your noble son is mad . . .
Mad let us grant him then ; and now remains
That wefind out the cause of this effect,
Or rather say, the cause of this defect,
For this effect defective comes by cause."
Ham. ii. 2.
(The latter words are almost repeated in Bohn's trans-
lation of the Second Book of the Nov. Org., but in
Spedding's Edition of the "Works the conjunction and
repetition of the words cause, effect, and defect is
avoided, and the resemblance obscured by the use of
more high-sounding words efficient, material, discovery,
operation, &c.)
Lear : " First let me talk with this philosopher.
What is the cause of thunder ? "
Lear iii. 4.
182 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Knowledge.
Oth. : u It is the cause, it is the cause, my soul;
Let me not name it to you, you chaste stars,
It is the cause ! "Oth. v. 2.
(There are in Shakespeare nearly 350 references to
causes, and of the knowledge of causes.)
" Miracles are ceased,
Therefore we must needs admit the means
How things are perfected." Hen. F. i. 1.
KNOWLEDGE, Contemplative, for and against it.
" How good a thing to have the motion of the mind
concentric with the universe ! Contemplation is a
specious idleness. What prospect so sweet as to look
down upon the errors of other men?" De Aug. vi. 3
(Antitheta).
" Navarre shall be the wonder of the world:
Our court shall be a little academe,
Still and contemplative in living art."
-L. L. L. i. 1.
Jaq. : " It is a melancholy of my own, compounded of many
simples, extracted from many objects, and indeed the sundry
contemplation of my travels: which by often rumination wraps me
in a most humorous sadness."
Ros. : "A traveller! . . . You have great reason to be sad; I
fear you have sold your own lands to see other men's . . ."
Jaq. : "Yes, I have gained my experience."
As You Like It iv. 1.
" So sweet is zealous contemplation.''
Rich. III. iii. 7.
KNOWLEDGE of Man's Nature and Character.
" Let the first precept, on which the knowledge of
others turns, be set down as this: that we ol>tain, as far
Knowledge. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 183
as we can, that window which Momus required;* who,
seeing in the frame of man's heart such angles and
recesses, found fault that there was not a window to look
into its mysterious and tortuous windings. This window
we shall obtain by carefully procuring good information
of the particular persons with whom we have to deal."
De Aug. viii. 59.
"I did think thee ... to be a pretty wise fellow; thou didst
make tolerable vent of thy travel; it might pass. . . . I have
now found thee: when I lose thee again I care not; yet art thou
good for nothing but taking up, and that thou'rt scarce worth . . .
So, my good window of lattice, fare thee well; thy casement I need
not open, for Hook through thee." All's Well ii. 3.
Compare:
" Behold the window of my heart ! "
/,. L. L. v. 2.
" For a just knowledge of ourselves and others, we
should carefully procure . . . good information of all the
particular persons with whom we have to deal; their
natures, their desires and ends, their customs and
fashions, their helps and advantages, with their prin-
cipal means of support and influence ; so again their
weakness and disadvantages; where they lie most open
and obnoxious ; their friends, factions, patrons, and
clients; their enemies, enviers, and competitors; their
moods and times/' Virq. ^En. iv. 423.
7
" His times of access you alone can find,
And know the soft approaches to his mind."
De Aug. viii. 2.
(Bacon has, in a previous page, declared this study of
mankind a new one and unwonted?)
* Lxician, in Hermotim 20.
184 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Knowledge
" This fellow's wise enough to play the fool,
And to do that well, craves a kind of wit,
He must observe their mood on whom he jests,
The quality of persons and the times . . .
. . . This is a practice
As full of labour as a wise man's art."
Twelfth Night \\\ A.
"He reads much;
He is a great observer, and he looks
Quite through the deeds of men."
Jiil. Cats. i. 3.
" I have observed thee always for a towardly prompt spirit give
thee thy due and one that knows well what belongs to reason; and
canst use the time well, if the time use thee well: good parts in thee."
Tim. Ath. iii. 2.
" Blunt not his love,
Nor lose the good advantage of his grace . . .
For he is gracious, if he he observed;
He hath a tear for pity, and a hand
Open as day for melting charity;
Yet notwithstanding, being incensed, he's flint,
As humorous as winter, and as sudden
As flaws congealed in the spring of day.
His temper, therefore, must he observed . . .
When you perceive his mind inclined to mirth,
. . . Give him line and scope.''
2 Hen. IV. iv. 4; see Ham. ii. 1
(especially 170).
KNOWLEDGE Remembrance.
" Plato had an imagination that all knowledge was but
remembrance." Ess. of Vicissitude.
"A document in madness, thoughts and remembrance fitted."
Ham. iv. 5.
Pro. : " Can'st thou remember
A time before we came unto this cell ?
I do not think thou can'st, for then thou wast not
Out three years old."
Knowledge. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 185
Mini. : " Certainly, sir, I can."
Pro. : " By what f By any other house or person ?
Of anything the image tell me, that
Hath kept with thy remembrance."
J//'ra. : " 'Tis far oe,
And rather like a dream than an assurance
That my remembrance warrants. Had I not
Four or five women once that tended me ? "
Temp. i. 2.
Miranda can remember nothing more, therefore she
knows nothing, and her father informs of her past his-
tory, "which is from her remembrance." Careful readers
will not fail to observe how, in the Plays, positive know-
ledge is repeatedly coupled with the thought or remem-
brance of some person or circumstance. " Knows he not
thy voice ? " " You know his temper." " I know what
'tis to love."
North. :
" Have you forgot the Duke of Hereford, boy ? "
Percy:
" No, my good lord, for that is not forgot
Which ne'er I did remember : to my knowledge
I never on my life did look on him."
North. :
" Then learn to know him noiv. This is the Duke."
Rich. II. 3.
KNOWLEDGE of Self.
" Next to the knowledge of others comes the know-
ledge of self . . . since the oracle, Know thyself, is not
only a rule of universal wisdom, but has a special place
in politics. . . . Men ought to take an accurate and
impartial survey of their own abilities. . . . First,
to consider how their natural and moral constitution
186 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Late.
sorts with the general constitution of the times."
De Aug. viii.
Anosce teipsum Promus Note 1412.
" Such a want-wit nature makes of me,
That I have much ado to know myself"
Mer. Ven. i. 1.
" He knows nothing who knows not himself"
All's Well ii. 4.
"Mistress, know yourself." As You Like It Hi. 5.
" The wise man knows himself to be a fool."
Air s Well v. 1.
Lear : " Who is it that can tell me who I am ? "
Clown : " Lear's shadow."
Lear : " I would learn that." Lear i. 5.
" Cruel are the times when we are traitors,
And do not know ourselves"
Macl). iv. 2.
LATE Early.
" Good day to me, and good morrow to you," Promus
1195.
" Diluculo surgere saluberrimum est. " Promus
1198.
"The night is even now, but that name is lost; it is
not now late, but early." Post. Ess. of Death.
" Supper is done, and we shall come too late,
I fear, too early." Rom. Jul. i. 4; iii. 4,34, 35; v.3,208.
" Good-night, my lord.
I think it is good-morrow, is it not ?
Indeed, my lord, I think it be two o'clock."
1 Hen. IV. ii. 4; iii. 1.
" Good-day, good-day, aye, and good next day too."
TV. Cr. iii. 3.
Law. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 187
" One that converses more with the buttock of the night, than
with the forehead of the morning." Cor: ii. 1.
" I am glad I was up so late, for that is the reason I was up so
early." Cynib. ii. 3.
" The night is at odds with morning."
Macb. iii. 4.
LAW to Small and Great Unequal.
" One was wont to say that laws were like cobwebs,
where the small flies were caught, and the great break
through." Apophthegms, and see the same De Aug.
viii. 2.
" The meaner sort think that laws are but cobwebs."
Of a Digest of Laws (see " Laws Snares ").
I sab. :
"..'.. I would to Heaven I had your potency,
And you were Isabel ! Should it then be thus ?
No; I would tell what "'twere to be a judge,
And what a prisoner . . . bethink you
Who is it that hath died for this offence ?
There's many have committed it ... ! it is excellent
To have a giant's strength, but it is tyrannous
To use it as a giant . . . could great men thunder
As Jove himself does, Jove would ne'er be quiet . . .
That in the captain's but a choleric ibord,
Which in the soldier is fiat blasphemy."
M. M. ii. 2.
" How now, Thersites ? What ! lost in the labyrinth of thy
fury ? . . . (their} less-than-little wit will not in circumvention
deliver a fly from a spider, without drawing the massy irons and
cutting the web"Tr. Or. ii. 3.
" The eagle suffers little birds to sing,
And is not careful what is meant thereby,
Knowing that ... he can stint their melody."
Tit And. iv. 4.
2 Fish. : " . . . Here's a fish hangs in the net, like a poor man's
188 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Life.
right i' the la\v; 'twill hardly come out." Per. ii. 1 ; compare
" Laws Snares," and Hen. V. ii. 2, 4056.
LETTERS of Recommendation and Intelligence.
" Let the traveller, upon his removes from one place
to another, procure recommendations to some person of
quality residing in the place whither he removeth."
Ess. of Travel.
Serr. : " His lordship will, next morning, for France. The
Duke hath offered him letters of commendation to the King!' All's
Well iv. 3; see Mer. Yen. iii. 2, 225-231, and iv. 1, 143-170.
" There's no remedy, 'tis the curse of service,
Preferment goes by letter and affection,
Not by the old gradation, where each second
Stood heir unto the first."
Oth. i. 1; i. 3, 4047. See Lear ii. 4, 2737.
LIFE Brief and Soon Spent or Extinguished.
" One God Thou wert, and art, and still shalt be;
The line of Time, it doth not measure Thee.
Both death and life obey Thy holy lore,
And visit in their turns as they are sent;
A thousand years, with Thee they are no more
Than yesterday, which, ere it is, is spent:*
Or as a watch by night, that course doth keep,
And goes, and comes, unawares, to them that sleep."
Psa. xc. (Translation of Certain Psalms).
" To-morrow, and 1 3-morrow, and to-morrow.
Creeps in this petty pace from day to day,
To the last syllable of recorded time;
And all our yesterdays have lighted fools
The way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle ! "
Macb. v. 5.
*The -word spent in close contiguity to the figure of a passing -watchman
seems to show that the word alludes to a lamp or candle spent.
Life. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 189
LIFE Desired for Other's Sake.
" The like (friendship) was between iSeptirnius Severas,
and Plautiauus, who did also urite in a letter to the
Senate, by these words : i I love the man so well, as I
wish he may overlive me.' " Ess. of Friendship.
Cam.: "It is a gallant child . . . they that went on crutches
ere he was born, desire yet their life, to see him a ma/i."
Arch. : " Would they else be content to die ? "
Cam. : " Yes, if there were no other excuse why they should
desire to live." Winter's Tale i. 1.
"I think it not meet, Jfark Antony, beloved of Ccesar,
Should outlive Ccesar. . . .
If he love Ccesar, all that he can do
Is to himself, take thought, and die for Caesar"
Jul. Cces. ii. 1.
LIFE A Dream.
*' All that is past is as a dream ; and he that hopes,
or depends upon time coming, dreams waking" Post.
Ess. of Death.
" Hope is but the dream of a waking man." De Aug.
viii. 2.
" Learn, good soul,
To think our former state a happy dream :
From which awaked, the truth of what we are
Shows us but this." Rich. II. v. 1.
K. Rich. : " But shall we wear these glories for a day ?
Or shall they last, and we rejoice in them ? "
Buck. : " Still live they, and for ever let them last ! "
King : " Look how thou dream st! ... it stands me much upon
To stop all hopes whose growth may damage me."
Rich. III. iv. 2.
" I called thee then vain flourish of my fortune ;
I called thee then,/>oor shadow, painted queen ;
190 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Life.
The presentation of but what I was,
A dream of what them wast." Ib. 4.
(Compare : " This unfortunate Prince . . . was at
last distressed by them to shadow their rebellion, and to
be the titular, and painted head of those arms." Hist,
of Hen. VII.)
" Life's but a walking shadow," &c. Macb. v. 7.
LIFE A Journey.
"Though the world be but as a wilderness to a
Christian travelling through it to the Promised Land,
yet it would be an instance of the divine favour, that our
clothing that is, our bodies should be a little worn
whilst we sojourn here." Advt. of Learning iv. 2.
" In that sleep of death what dreams may come
When we have shuffled off this mortal coil.
Death,
The undiscovered country from whose bourne
No traveller returns." Ham. iii. 1.
" Reason thus with life
If I do lose thee. I do lose a thing
That none but fools would keep : a breath thou art,
Servile to all the skyey influences
That dost this habitation where thou keep'st
Hourly afflict . . .
Thou bear'st thy heavy riches but a journey."
M. M. iii. 1.
Bar. : " I will not consent to die this day, that's certain."
Duke : " sir, you must, and therefore, I beseech you,
Look forward on the journey you must go."
M. M. iv. 3.
" Tell them that to ease them of their griefs,
Their fears of hostile strokes, their aches, losses,
Their pangs of love, with other incident throes
Life. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 191
That natures fragile vessel doth sustain
In life's uncertain voyage, I will some kindness do them."
Tim. Ath. v. 2.
". . . Ihe voyage of their life
Is bound in shallows, and in miseries."
Jid. Cas. iv. 3.
LIFE, or the World, a Stage, or a Play, Theatre.
"I hold myself to that which I called the stage or
theatre (of justice in the world), whereunto it may fitly
be compared : for that things were first contained within
the invisible judgments of God, as within a curtain, and
after came forth, and were acted most worthily by the
King and . . . his Ministers. . . . They were grown
to such inwardness as they made a play of all the world
besides themselves." Charge against the Countess of
Somerset.
" God hath of late erected, as it were, a stage or
theatre, to show and act in it the King's virtue and
justice/' Charge against Wentworth.
" The King is very sorry . . . that this country should
be the stage where a base and contemptible counterfeit
should play the part of a King of England." Hist, of
Hen. VII.
"Augustus Caesar, when he died, desired his friends to
give him a plaudite ; as if he were conscient to himself
that he had played his part well upon the stage (of
life)." Advt. of Learning. (And the same figure with
regard to Machiavelli.)
"Where a man cannot fitly play his part (in life) he
may quit the stage." Ess of Friendship.
Such figures are frequent with Bacon.
192 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Life.
" I hold the world but as the world, Gratiano,
A stage, where every man must play a part,
And mine a sad one." 3.1 er. Ven. i. 2.
"All the world's a stage,
And all the men and women merely players.
They have their exits and their entrances ;
And one man, in his time, plays many parts," &c.
As You Like It ii. 7.
" Life's but a walking shadow ; a poor player,
That struts and frets his hour upon the stage,
And then is heard no more." Macb. v. 7.
" When we are born, we cry that we are come
To this great stage of fools." Lear iv. 6.
"I consider . . . that this huge stage presenteth nought but
shows." Sonnet 15.
LIFE A Theatre for God and the Angels.
" Men must know that in this Theatre of men's life it
is reserved only for God and Angels to be lookers on!'
Advt. of Learning ii. 1,
" Merciful Heaven ! . . Man, proud man,
Drest in a little brief authority,
Most ignorant of what he's most assur'd,
. . . Like an angry ape,
Plays such fantastic tricks before High Heaven,
As make the Angels weep ; who, with our spleens,
Would laugh themselves all mortal."
J/. J/. ii. 2.
" you powers
That give Heaven countless eyes to view men's acts ! "
Per. i. 1, 72 ; and see ii. 4, 15.
See also the suggestion that the gods in Heaven, to
whom Lavinia appeals, " delight in tragedies." Tit.
And. iv. 1, 39 41, 61, 62. There are also frequent
allusions to God seeing, bearing witness, &c.
(To be continued).
Love. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 193
LOOKERS-ON See Most, Especially from High Ground.
" Finding that it is many times seen that a man that
standeth off, and somewhat removed from a plot of
ground, doth better survey and discover it than those
that are upon it, I thought it not impossible that I, as a
looker-on, might cast mine eyes upon some things which
the actors themselves . . . did not, or would not, see."
Of the Pacification of the Church.
" Sometimes a looker-on may see more than a
gamester." Advt. of Learning ii. 1 ; and in Letter to
the King, 1617.
" Betts; lookers-on; judgment/' Promus 1180 (Q.V.);
and Ham. v. 2, 159180, 260288.
" (Queen Hecuba, and Helen go) . . . Up to the Eastern tower,
Whose height commands, as subject, all the vale,
To see the battle." TV. Or. i. 2.
" Where yond pine doth stand,
I shall discover all : I'll bring thee word
Straight, how 'tis like to go."
Ant. CL iv. 10.
(See Macb. v. 5, 30-36.)
" Up to yon hill :
Your legs are young : I'll tread these flats. Consider,
When you above perceive me like a crow,
That it is place that lessens and sets off :
And you may then revolve what tales I told you
Of courts, of princes, of the tricks in war," &c.
Cyinb. iii. 3.
" The English . . . in yonder tower . . . overpeer the city,
And thence discover how, with most advantage,
They may vex us with shot, or with assault."
1 Hen. VI. i. 6.
194 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. LOVC.
LOVE Aspiring.
" Lovers are charged to aspire too high. It is as the
poor dove, which, when her eyes are sealed, still mounteth
up into the air. They are charged with descending too
low; it is as the poor mole, which, seeing not the
clearness of the air, diveth into the darkness of the
earth." Masque 1594.
" cross ! too high to be enthralled too low !
spite ! too old to be engaged to young !
Hell ! to choose love by another's eyes !
The jaws of darkness do devour it up."
M.N.D. i. 1.
LOVE and Contempt.
" Neither doth this weakness (of folly in love) appear
to others only, and not to the party loved, but to the
loved most of all, except the love be reciprocal, for it is a
true rule, that love is ever rewarded, either with the
reciprocal, or with an inward and secret contempt ; by
how much the more men ought to beware of this passion
which loseth not only other things, but itself." Ess. of
Love.
Dem<: " I love thee not, therefore pursue me Dot. . . .
Do I entice you ? Do I speak you fair ?
Or rather, do I not in plainest truth
Tell you I do not, nor I cannot love you ? "
Hel. : " Even for that do I love you the more.
I am your spaniel ; and Demetrius,
The more you beat me, I will fawn on you :
Use me but as your spaniel, spurn me, strike me,
Neglect me, lose me ; only give me leave,
Unworthy as I am, to follow you . . ."
Love. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 195
Dem. : " Tempt not too much the temper of my spirit,
For I am sick when I do look at you."
M. N. D. ii. 2.
LOVE Creeps in Service, &c.
" This History being but a leaf or two, I pray your
pardon if I send it for your recreation, considering that
Love must creep where it cannot go" Letter to the King;
also an entry in the Promus.
" Love will creep in service where it cannot go."
Two Gent. Ver. iv. 2.
" How creeps acquaintance ? " Cymb. i. 5.
" Since I am crept in favour with myself,
I will maintain it." Rich. III. i. 2.
LOVE and Folly.
"... There never was proud man thought so
absurdly well of himself as the lover doth of the person
loved; and therefore it is well said that it is impossible
to love and be wise." Ess. oj Love.
" I do much wonder, that one man seeing how much another man
is a fool when he dedicates his behaviours to love, will, after he has
laughed at such shaUow follies in others, become the object of his
own scorn by falling in love. . . . She is exceeding wise . . .
in everything except in loving Benedict." M. Ado ii. 3.
" My love to love is love, but to disgrace . . .
His love is wise in folly, foolish witty"
Yen. Adonis, 1. 69 and 1. 138; and see Two Gent.
Ver. II. i. 1 88; Tr. Or. iii. 2, 120150;
As You Like It ii. 4, 20 39.
" You are wise,
Or else you love not; for to be wise and love
Exceeds man's might. Tr. Cr. iii. 2.
Sil. : " If thy love were ever like to mine,
(As sure I think did never man love so),
196 MANNERS, MIND, MOBALS. LOVC.
HOIK many actions most ridiculous
Hast them been drawn-to by thy fantasy ?
Cor. : " Into a thousand that I have forgotten."
Sil. : " 0, thou did'st then ne'er love so heartily
If thou remember'st not the slightest folly ,
That e'er love did make thee nm into,
Thou hast not loved.
Or, if thou hast not sat as I do now,
Wearying thy hearer with thy mistress" 1 praise,
Thou hast not loved," &c., &c.
As You Like It ii. 4.
LOVE'S Folly, or Madness Illustrated with regard to
Helena.
" As for the other losses (through extreme love), the
poet's relation doth well-figure them: * That he that
preferred Helena, quitted the gifts of Juno and Pallas ; '
for whosoever esteemeth too much of amorous affection,
quitteth both riches and wisdom. . . . Great pros-
perity and great adversity kindle love and make it more
fervent, and therefore show it to be the child of Folly."
Ess. of Love.
" Lovers and madmen have such seething brains,
Such shaping fantasies, that apprehend
More than cool reason ever comprehends.
The lunatic, the lover, and the poet
Are of imagination all compact:
One sees more devils than vast hell can hold.
That is the madman. The lover, all as frantic ,
Sees Helen's beauty in a brow of Egypt."
M. N. D. v. 1.
LOVE and Hyperbole.
" It is a strange thing to note the excess of this
passion, and how it braves the nature of things by this,
Love. BANNERS, MIND, 3IORA.LS. 197
that the speaking a perpetual hyperbole is comely in
nothing but in love." Ess. of Love.
u Feather of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, sick health,
Still-waking sleep that is not what it is ! ...
Love is a smoke raised with the fume of sighs,
Being purg'd, a fire sparkling in lover's eyes,
Being vex'd, a sea nourish'd with lover's tears.
What is it else ? A madness most discreet,
A choking gall, and a preserving sweet," &c.
Rom. Jul. i. 2.
(See M. N. D. iii. 2, 226228).
LOVE -Sympathy.
' The more close sympathy proceeds from Cupid . . .
(affection) depends upon a near approximation of causes,
but (Love) upon deeper, more necessitating and uncon-
trollable principles, as if they proceeded from the ancient
Cupid, on whom all exquisite sympathies depend." Ess.
of Cupid.
K. Ren. : "... Lord that lends me life,
Lend me a heart replete with thankfulness,
For Thou hast given me in this beauteous face
A world of earthly blessings to my soul,
If sympathy of love unite our thoughts."
3 Hen. VI. i. 1.
" (In love and marriage) there should be ... sympathy in years,
manners, and beauties, all which the Moor is defective in. Now, for
want of these required conveniences, her delicate tenderness will
find itself abused, begin to heave the gorge, disrelish and abhor the
Moor." Oth. ii. 1.
LOVE a Teacher or Tutor.
" It was elegantly said by Menander of sensual love,
which is a bad imitation of the divine, that it was a,
better tutor for human life than a left-handed sophist,
intimating that the grace of carriage is better formed by
198 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. LOVC.
love than by an awkward preceptor, as he cannot, by all
his operose rules and precepts, form a man so dexterously
and expeditiously, to value himself so justly, and behave
so gracefully, as love can do ? " Advt. L. vii. 3.
" Have at you, then, Affection's men at arms ? . . .
. . . Would you, my lord, or you, or you,
Have found the ground of study's excellence,
Without the beauty of a woman's face ?
From women's eyes this doctrine I derive ;
They are the ground, the books, the academes
From whence doth spring the true Promethean fire * . . .
For where is any author in the world
Teaches such beauty as a woman's eye ? . . .
For when, my liege, would you
In leaden contemplation have found out
Such fiery numbers, as the prompting eyes
Of beauteous tutors have enriched you with ? . . .
For Love first learned in a lady's eyes, . . .
Courses as swift as thought in every power:
And gives to every power a double power
Above their function and their offices ."
See L. L. L. iv. 3.
(Note in the above the repeated allusions to the Promus
Note: "The eye is the gate of affections," &c. ; also the
reflections of observations about Prometheus fire in
" fiery numbers?' and in the last two lines which may
well be compared with these words from the Essay:
"Prometheus hastened to the invention of fire which
. . . if the soul may be called the form of forms, if the
hand may be called the instrument of instruments, fire
may as properly be called the assistant of assistants, or
the helper of helps; for hence proceed numberless opera-
* See the Ess. of Prometheus, with explanation of the Promethean fire or
torch as symbolic of " contest, emulation, and laudable endeavours" encourage
men "to rouse themselves" and to use their abilities and capacities.
Malignity. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 199
tions, hence all the mechanic arts, and hence infinite
assistances are afforded" &c.)
MALIGNITY Inborn.
" There is in some men, even in nature, a disposition
towards goodness; as, on the other side, there is a
natural malignity; for there be that in their nature do not
affect the good of others." Ess. of Goodness.
" Not friended to his wish to your high person
His wiH is most malignant, and it stretches beyond you
To your friends," &c.Hen. VIII. i. 3.
" A 'malignant and a turbanned Turk."
Oth. v. 2.
(Prospero Temp. i. 2, 257 impatiently calls Ariel
14 malignant thing; " but the ideal of innate malignancy
is to be seen in Caliban. Ib. 322375, Q.V.)
MALIGNITY (See Misanthrope) Crossness.
" The lighter sort of malignity turneth but to a cross-
ness, or frowardness, or aptness to oppose, or difficile-
ness, or the like ; but the deeper sort to envy and mere
mischief/' Ess. of Goodness.
Glendower : "Cousin, of many men
I would not bear these crossings," &c.
Hotspur : " I think there is no man speaks better Welsh . . ."
Mart. : " Peace, cousin Percy ! you will make him mad ! . . .
Fie, cousin Percy ! how you cross my father ! " &c.
See 1 Hen. IV. iii. 1.
" She will die rather than she will bate one breath of her accus-
tomed crossness. M. Ado ii. 3; see of Beatrice -passion.
(For the lighter sort of malignity displayed in " an
aptness to oppose," see Twelfth Night ii. 5, Letter, and
iii. 4; 3 Hen. VL i. 4, 130136; John v 2, 124; Tim.
Atk. LI, 260 273, &c.)
200 MANNERS, HIND, MORALS. Man.
MAN the Centre of the World.
" Man seems to be the thing in which the whole world
centres with respect to final causes; so that if he were
away, all other things would stray and fluctuate, without
end or intention, or become perfectJy disjointed and out
of frame, * for all things are subservient to man, and he
receives benefit and use from them all." Ess. of
Prometheus.
" Can I go forward when my heart is here ?
Turn bade, dull earth, and find thy centre out.""
Rom. JuL ii. 1.
" As true as steel, as plautage to the moon . . .
As iron to adamant, as earth to the centre.""
Tr. Cr. iii. 2.
" The strong base and building of my love
Is as the very centre of the earth,
Drawing all things to it."
Tr. Cr. iv. 2.
MAN Compounded.
In the fable of Prometheus it is not without reason
added that the mass of matter whereof man was formed
should be mixed up with particles taken from different
animals, and wrought in with the clay, because it is
certain that, of all things in the universe, man is the most
compounded and re-compounded body." Ess. of Prome-
theus.
" The brain of this foolish-compounded clay, man," &c.
2 Hen. IV. i. 2.
"... She hath all courtly parts more exquisite
Than lady, ladies, woman ; from every one
The best she hath : and she, of all compounded,
Out-sells them all." Cynib. iii. 5.
* Compare : ''The frame of things disjoint." Macb. iii. 2.
' The State disjoint and out of frame "Ham. \. 1.
Man. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 201
" His life was gentle, and the elements
So mixed in him, that Nature might stand up,
And say to all the world, This was a man"
JuL Cces. v. 5.
MAN the Image of God Defaced.
" Saith God : ' Let us make man in our own image,
and let him have dominion.' . . . Deface the image,
and yon divest the right. But what is this image, and
how is it defaced ? . ., . Sound interpreters expound
this image of God of Natural Reason, which, if it be
totally or mostly defaced, the right of government doth
cease." Touching an Holy War.
" Man the image of his Maker."
Hen. VIII. iii. 2, 442.
" Their saucy sweetness that do coin Heaven s image
In stamps that are forbid."
M. M. ii. 4.
" Your waiting vassals
Have done a drunken slaughter, and defaced
The Image of our dear Redeemer"
Rich. III. ii. 1.
MAN a Microcosm An Abstract and Model of the World.
" The ancients, not improperly, styled man a micro-
cosm, or little world within himself ; for although the
chemists have absurdly, and too literally perverted the
elegance of the term microcosm ... in man, yet it
remains firm that the human body is of all substances
most mixed and organical; whence it has surprising
powers and faculties; * for ... excellence and quantity
of energy reside in mixture and composition." Ess. of
Prometheus. And see the preceding entry.
* For the faculties of man, see
202 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Man.
" The spirit of man whom certain philosophers call the
microcosm/ 7 Sylva Sylvanum, or Nat. Hist. 900.
" The ancient opinion that man was a microcosmus, an
abstract or model f of the world hath been fantastically
strained by ... the alchemists. But ... of all sab-
stances which nature hath produced, man's body is the
most extremely compounded." Advt. of L. ii,
" I can't eay your worships have delivered the matter well, when
I find the ass in compound with the major part of your syllables ;
though I must be content to bear with those that say you are
reverend, grave men, yet they lie deadly that tell you have grave
faces. If you see this in the map of my microcosm, follows it that I
am known well enough, too ? Cor. ii. 1.
" (The kingj strives in his little world of man to out-scorn
The to and fro conflicting wind and rain."
Lear iii. 1.
" If Heaven would make me such another world
Of one entire and perfect chrysolite."
Oth. v. 2.
" These eyes, these brows were moulded out of his !
This little abstract doth contain that large
Which died in Geffrey." -#. John ii. 1.
" A man that is the abstract of all faults that all men follow."
Ant. Cl. i. 4.
MAN Compared to a Tree.
" Man, having derived his being from the earth, first
lives the life of a tree, drawing his nourishment as a
plant, and made ripe for death, he tends downwards and
is sowed again in his mother, the earth, where he
perisheth not, but expects a quickening." 2nd Ess. of
Death.
t At the end of this section, see a few references to man as an abstract
or model.
Memory. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 203
" Then was I as a tree,
Whose bows did bend with fruit : but in one night
A storm, a robbery, call it what you will,
Shook down my mellow hangings, nay, my leaves,
And left me bare to weather."
Cy-nib. iii. 3, v. 4, 140145, v. 5, 263.
" We are but shrubs, no cedars we."
Tit. And. iv. 3.
" This day I'll wear aloft my burgonet,
As on a mountain-top the cedar shows,
That keeps his leaves, in spite of any storm."
2 Hen. VI. v. 2, &c., &c.
MEMORY of the Just and of the Wicked.
" 'The memory of the just is blessed, but the name of
the wicked shall rot.' . . . When the envy which
carped at the reputation of the good in their lifetime is
quenched, their name forthwith shoots up and flourishes,
and their praises daily increase ; but for the wicked,
their reputation soon turns to contempt and their fleeting
glory changes into infamy, and, as it were, a foul and
noxious odour. De Aug. viii. 1.
" you memory of old Sir Rowland," &c.
See As You Like It ii. 3.
" Their memory shall be as a pattern," &c.
See 2 Hen. IV. iv. 4.
"That ever-living man of memory," &c.
See 2 Hen. VI. i. 1.
" They ripe and ripe, and then they rot and rot," &c.
See As You Like It ii. 7.
There are at least fifty illustrations of the text easily
to be found in the Plays. One is remarkable for
including the poet's own figure of the shooting up and
flourishing of a man's good name or remembrnce, as a
tree shoots up from its cut-off trunk. Lady Percy
204 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Method.
describes to Lady Northumberland the death of her
noble husband :
" So came I a widow,
And never shall have length of life enough
To rain upon remembrance with mine eyes.
That it may grow and sprout as high as heaven,
For recordation to my noble husband.' 1 ''
2 Hen. IV. ii. 3.
See again how the poetic figure is derived, as it ever is
with our poet from direct study of nature.
" Stumps of trees lying out of the ground will put
forth sprouts for a time." Nat. Hist. Wks. ii. 250.
With regard to the " foul and noxious odour " of
infamy, all readers will remember the exclamation of the
King in Hamlet (iii. 4): " ! my offence is rank, it smells
to heaven; " and Antony's declaration that
" This foul deed shall smell above the earth
With carrion men groaning for burial."
Jul. C(BS. iii. 1.
METHOD is a Part of Judgment or Reasoning.
" This part of knowledge, of method, seemeth to me
so weakly inquired as / shall report it deficient. Method
is to be placed in logic as a part of judgment; . . . for
judgment precede th delivery, as it followeth invention
. . . Knowledge that is delivered as a thread to be
spun on ought to be delivered and intimated, if it were
possible in the same method in which it was invented,"
&c. Advt. L. ii. 1; and see vi. 2.
" Think not ... I am not able
Verbatim to rehearse the method of my pen?
1 Hen. VI. iii. 1.
Mind. MA.NNEKS, MIND, MORALS. 205
" If you will jest with me, know my aspect,
And fashion your demeanour to my looks,
Or I will beat this method from your sconce."
Com. Err. ii. 2.
" Leave this keen encounter of your wits,
And fall into a slower method."
-Rich. III. i. 2.
" Where lies your text ? ... In what chapter of your bosom ?
To answer l>y the method, in the first of his heart "
Twelfth Night i. 5.
" What sayest thou to this tune, matter and method? " &c.
M. M. iii. 2.
"An honest method as wholesome as sweet."
Ham. ii. 1.
METHOD in Madness.
" Let us suppose that some vast obelisk were ... to
be removed from its place, and that men should set to
work upon it with their naked hands, would not any
sober spectator think them mad ? And if they were to
send for more people, thinking that in that way they
could manage it, would he not think them madder, &c.
. . . If, lastly, they . . . required their men to come
with hands, arms, and sinews well anointed . . . would
he not cry out that they were only taking pains to show
a kind of method and discretion in their madness ? Yet
just so it is that men proceed in matters intellectual."
Nov. Org. Preface.
" If this be madness, yet there's method in it."
Ham. ii. 2.
MIND of Man Compared to a Glass.
" The mind of a wise man is compared to water, or
a glass which represents the forms and images of things.
. . . In a glass he can see his own image, together
206 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Mind.
with the images of others, which the eye itself, without
a glass, cannot do." De Aug. viii. 2.
" The eye sees not itself
But by reflection, by some other things . . .
And it is very much lamented, Brutus,
That you have no such mirrors as will turn
Your hidden worthiness into your eye,
That you might see your shadow ; . . .
And since you cannot see yourself
So well as by reflection, I, your glass,
Will modestly discover to yourself
That of yourself which you yet know not of."
Jul. Cces. i. 2.
" flattering glass, like to my followers."
Rich. II. iv. 1.
" Pride is his own glass.
2V. Cr. ii. 3, and iii. 3.
(Very frequent figure)."
MIND of Man Susceptible of Improvement, Alteration,
Change.
"Of all living and breathing substances, the perfectest
man is the most susceptible of help, improvement,
impression, and alteration; and not only in his body, but
in his mind and spirit. And there again, not only in his
appetite and affection, but in his power of wit and reason."
Of the Intellectual Powers.
" He's full of alteration and self -reproving."
Lear v. 1.
(See of Aufidius and Coriolanus Cor. iv. 5 " Here's a strange
alteration ! ")
" Is it possible that so short a time can alter the condition of a
man" &c.Cor. v. 4, 913.
"These Moors are changeable in their wills."
Oth. i. 3.
Mind. . MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 207
"Mend nature chamje it rather."
Winter's Tale iv. 3.
"The mutable, rank many."
Cor. iii. 1.
" . . . Mutability, all faults that may be named are hers.
. . . They are not constant, but are changing still one vice but
of a minute old for one not half so old as that." Cymb. ii. 5.
" For boy, hosvever we do praise ourselves,
Our fancies are more giddy and unfirm,
More longing, wavering, sooner lost and worn
Than women's are." Twelfth Night ii. 4.
MIND of Man Trained as in Horsemanship.
" Certainly the ablest men were like horses well
managed, for they could tell passing well when to stop or
turn." Ess. of Simulation; and see of Diogenes,
Advt. L. ii. 1.
"Young men . . . will not acknowledge or retract
(errors); like an unready horse, that will neither stop
nor turn." Of Youth and Age.
"Down, down I come; like glistering Phaeton,
Wanting the manage of unruly jades."
Rich. II. iii. 3.
" The estate is green, and yet ungovern'd
Where every horse bears his commanding reign,*
And may direct his course as please himself."
Rich. III. ii. 2.
" Those that tame wild horses
Pace them not in their hands to make them gentle,
But stop their mouths with stubborn bits, and spur them
Till they obey the manage."
Hen. VIII. v. 2. Of " New Opinions,
divers and dangerous."
* Quibble for rein.
208 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Money.
MISANTHROPE.
"Snch men in other men's calamities are ... like
Jiies that are still buzzing upon anything that is raw:
Misanthropi^ that make it their practice to bring men to
the bough, and yet never had a tree for the purpose in
their gardens as Timon /tad. 9 ' Ess. of Goodness.
" I am Misanthropes, and hate mankind. . . .
/ have a tree which groivs here in this close
That mine own use invites me to cut down,
And shortly must I fell it ; tell my friends,
Tell Athens in the sequence of degree,
From high to low throughout, that whoso please
Come hither, ere my tree hath felt the axe,
And hang himself." Tim. Ath. v. 2.
"Plague him with flies: though that his joy be joy,
Yet throw some chances of vexation ont"
See Oth. i 1, 6874.
MONEY is like Muck, Dirt.
" Money is like muck* not good except it be spread."
Ess. of Seditions.
" That mass of wealth that was in the owner little
better than a stack or heap of muck may be spread over
your Majesty's kingdom to useful purposes." Button's
Estate, 1611.
" Our spoils be kicked at,
And looked upon things precious as they were,
The common muck 0' the world."
Cor. ii. 2.
" Money, youth ?
All gold and silver rather turned to dirt!
As 'tis no better reckoned, but of those
Who worship dirty gods."
Cyml). iii. 6.
* Manure, dirt.
Multitude. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 209
"'Tis a chough, but, as I say, spacious in the possession of.. dirt."
Ham. v. 2. (Compare Orlando's first speech of the animals on
his brother's dunghills As You Like It i. 1.)
MULTITUDE Applause of the. (See People.)
" The saying of Phocion (is true) that if the multitude
assent and applaud, men ought immediately to examine
themselves as to what blunder or fault they may have
committed." Nov. Org. i. 77.
" I love the people,
But do not like to stage me to their eyes.
Though it do well, I do not relish well
Their loud applause, and Aves vehement,
Nor do I think the man of safe discretion
That does affect it." M. M. i. 1.
MULTITUDE Many-handed, Many-headed.
" The poets feign that the rest of the gods would have
bound Jupiter: which he hearing of, sent for Briar eus
with his hundred hands to come to his aid an emblem,
no doubt, to show how safe it is for monarchs to make
sure of the goodwill of the common people/' Ess. Sedi^
tion.
" See what 'monstrous opinions these are, and how these beasts,
the beast with seven heads, and the beast with many heads, are at
once let in." Charge against Talbot.
" Ingratitude is monstrous : and for the multitude to be ingrateful,
were to make a monster of the multitude^ of which we, being mem-
bers, should bring ourselves to be monstrous members. . . . Once
we stood up about the corn, he himself stuck not to call us the many-
headed multitude" Cor. ii. 3.
" Come, leave your tears : a brief farewell !
The beast with many heads butts me away."
Cor. iv. 1.
P
210 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Nature*
NATURE and Art Shape Rude Materials.
" When a carver makes an image he shapes only that
part whereupon he worketh; as, if he be upon the face,
that part which shall be the body is but a rude stone
still, till such times as he comes to it ; but contrariwise,
when Nature makes a flower or a living creature, she
formeth rudiments to all the parts at one time. So in ob-
taining virtue by habits ... or (by application) to good
ends." Advt. L. ii. 1.
" There is a divinity that shapes our ends,
Rough-hew them as we will"
Ham. v. 2.
NATURE is a Book of God.
" For, saith our Saviour, you do err, not knowing the
Scriptures nor the power of God, laying before us two
books or volumes to study: . . . first the Scriptures
revealing the will of God, and then the creatures expres-
sing His power." Interpretation of Nature, and rep.
Advt. L. i.
" This primary history is the book of God's works, and
a kind of second Scripture." Parasceve ix.
" He makes the Heaven his book,
His wisdom earthly things."
Verses by Mr. F. Bacon.
" Thy creatures have been my books, but Thy Scrip-
tures much more. I have sought Thee in the courts,
fields, and gardens, but I have found Thee in Thy
temples ." A Prayer by Lord St. Alban, April, 1621.
" Are not these woods
More free from peril than the envious courts ? . . .
Nature. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 211
And this our life exempt from public haunt,
Finds tongues in trees, books in the running brooks,
Sermons in stones, and Good (or God) in everything.''
As You Like Itii. 1.
" In Nature's infinite Book of secresy
A little I have read."
Ant. Cl. i. 2.
NATURES Contrary or Opposed Remain Apart.
" Things of a contrary nature are placed apart, for
everything delights . , . to repel that which is dis-
agreeable." De Aug. vi. 3 (Soph.).
" No contraries hold more antipathy
Than I and such a knave."
Lear ii. 2.
Apem. : " I will do nothing at thy bidding. Make thy requests to
thy friends . . ."
1st Lord : " Away, unpeaceable dog ! or I'll spurn thee hence."
Apem. : " I'll fly, like a dog, the heels of the ass."
1st Lord : " He's opposite to humanity."
See Tim. Ath. i. 2.
NATURE Custom. (See Use.)
" As to the body of man, we find many and strange
experiences how nature is overwrought by custom, even in
actions that seem of most difficulty, and least possible."
Discourse Touching Helps for the Intellectual Powers.
" I forbid my tears : but yet
It is our trick : nature her custom holds,
Let shame say what it will."
Ham. iv. 7.
"Julio Romano, who had he himself eternity, and could put
breath into his work, would beguile nature of her custom." 11 Winter s
Tale v. 2.
212 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS.
NECESSITY Strengthens the Mind.
" Evils . . . inform or shape the mind or correct
passion by the application of necessity, or by causing a
man to come to himself." See Promus 1449.
" Construe the times to your necessity . . .
It is the time . . . that doth you injuries."
2 Hen. IV. iv. 1.
" It seems to me most strange that men should fear,
Seeing that death, a necessary end,
Will come when it will come."
JuL Gees. ii. 2.
NECESSITY Drives.
" Necessite fait trotter la vielle " (Necessity makes the
old woman trot). Promus 1595.
" It must be as it may : though patience be a tired mare, yet she
will plod.' 1 Hen. V. ii. 1.
" His legs are legs for necessity."
Tr. Cr. ii. 3.
" Nature must obey necessity."
JuL Cces. iv. 3.
"We are villains by necessity."
Lear i. 2.
NECESSITY, when well Done, becomes a Virtue.
" Necessity, and the casting of the die (by forming a
resolution) is a spur to the courage : as one says, l Being
a match for them in the rest, your necessity makes you
superior.' " De Aug. vi. 3 (Soph.).
" Indeed, because you are a banished man,
Therefore above the rest, we parley to you,
Are you content to be our general,
To make a virtue of necessity ? "
Two Gent, Ver. iv. 1.
Nobility, BANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 213
" Are these things then necessities ?
Then let us meet them as necessities;
And that same word even now cries out on us."
2 Hen. IV. iii. 1.
" Teach thy necessity to reason thus:
There is no virtue like necessity . . .
Woe doth the heavier sit,
Where it perceives it is but faintly borne.
Go say I sent thee forth to purchase honour,
And not the king exil'd thee."
Rich. II. i. 3; comp. Rich. II. v. 1, 20 34.
" The strong necessity of time commands
Our services."
Ant. Cl. i. 3 and 2 Hen. IV. iv. 1, 103106;
[Cor. iv. 5, 5696, &c.
" What need we any spur but our own cause
To prick us to redress ? "
Jul. Cces. ii. 1.
NEW Old. (See Antiquity Novelty).
u Things old to ns were new to men of old." Promts
1268.
" The happy newness that attends old right."
John v. 4.
" All with one consent praise new-born gauds,
Though they are made and moulded of things past,
And gives to dust that is a little gilt
More laud than gilt o'er-dusted.
The present eye praises the present object."
Tr. Cr. iii. 2 and comp. Sonnet 108.
NOBILITY Virtuous, if of Good Stock.
" They whose virtue is in the stock cannot be bad even
if they would." De Aug. vi. 3 (Antitheta).
" If you regard not nobility or birth, where will be the
difference between the offspring of men and brutes ? "
Jb.
214 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Novelty.
"Henry doth claim the crown from John of Gaunt,
The fourth son ; York claims it from the third.
Till Lionel's issue fails, his shall not reign;
It fails not yet, but flourishes in thee,
And in thy sons, fair slips of such a stock"
2 Hen. VI. ii. 2 and 1 Hen. VI. ii. 5, 41.
" Blunt-witted lord, ignoble in demeanour,
If ever lady wronged her lord so much,
Thy mother took into her blameful bed
Some stern, untutored churl; and noble stock
Was graft with crab-tree slip, whose fruit tJiou art,
And never of the NemTs noble race."
2 Hen. VI. in. 2; Hen. V. i. 2, 69, 70.
" It is your fault that you resign . . .
Your state of fortune, and your due of birth,
To the corruption of a blemished stock . . .
This noble isle . . . defaced with infamy,
Her royal stock (is) graft with ignoble plants."
Rich. III. iii. 7; Hen. V. ii. 4, 6163;
[Hen. V. iii. 5, 59.
NOVELTY.
" Things novel are better than things customary/'
Promus 1269, Latin, and see of "Custom."
" There is scarcely any one but takes more delight in
what he hopes for than in what he has. Novelty is very
pleasing to a man and is easily sought after.''' De Aug.
viii. 1.
Escal. : " What news abroad i' the world ? "
Duke : " None but that there is so great a fever on goodness, that
the dissolution of it must cure it. Novelty only is in request, and it
is as dangerous to be aged in any kind of course, as it is virtuous to
be constant in any undertaking." M. M. iii. 2, and see Tr. Or. iv.
5, 7590.
" New customs,
Though they be never so ridiculous
Nay, let them be unmanly, yet are followed."
Hen. VIII. i. 3.
Obedience. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 215
OATHS Deceive.
" Men are deceived with oaths, as boys with dice."
Promus 528 (Latin), from Erasmus' Adagia 699.
" Children are deceived with comfits, men with oaths."
- De Augmentis viii. 2.
" Such an act ... makes marriage vows
As false as dicer's oaths; such a deed
As from the body of contraction plucks
The very soul." Ham. iii. 4; As You Like It Hi. 4, 20
[40; All's Well iv. 2, 1340, 6973.
" Grant I may never prove so fond
To trust a man on his oath or bond."
Tim. Ath. i. 2 (Grace) .
OBEDIENCE of the Affections to Duty and Reason.
" Merit is worthier than fame ; and looking back
hither, would remember this text, that obedience is better
than sacrifice. 1 ' Advice to Essex.
" The end of morality is to procure the affections to
obey Reason" Advt. L. ii. 1.
" To speak truth of CsBsar,
I have not known when his affections swayed
More than his reason."
Jul. Cces. ii. 1.
" If your mind dislike anything, obey it (your mind or reason).
Ham. v. 2.
" Those he commands move only in commands, nothing in love."
Mad. v. 2. (See Hen. VIII. i. 2; iii. 1, 120; ii. 3; ii. 4, 35, 36, 136
139; iii. 1, 6367. Cyml. ii. 3, 113, 114. Lear \. 1, 99101).
OBEDIENCE, Blind, Desired by Kings.
" In the kingdom of the assassins now destroyed . . .
the custom was that upon the commandment of their
king, and a blind obedience to be given thereto, any of
216 MANNERS, 3iiND, MORALS. Observation.
them was to undertake . . . the murder of any person
upon whom the commandment went. This custom, with-
out all question, made their whole government void, as an
engine built against human Society, worthy by all men to
be fired and pulled down." Touching an Holy War.
See how when King John calls upon Hubert to execute
(blindly, without knowing what it was) his command to
murder Prince Arthur, Hubert answers :
" What you bid me undertake,
Though that my death were adjunct to my act,
By Heaven I would do it."
Although he quickly repents his rash promise, and is
finally dissuaded by Arthur's entreaties, still he goes to
the prison with the full intention of obeying the king's
orders. When the people rise up in indignation at the
supposed foul murder, the king turns round and reproaches
his too faithful servant with being, through his too
prompt action, the cause of the crime." See John iii. 3?
2958, iv. 2, 202248; Hen. VIII. iii. 1, 120, 121, 162,
163, &c.; Ant. CL v. 2, 2232; Rich. III. iv. 2,
6781).
OBSERVATION a Means of Knowledge and Experience.
" Wise men use studies, for they teach not their own
use; but that is a wisdom without* them, and above
them, won by observation" Ess. of Studies.
" For knowledge (of men's dispositions) . . . both
history, poesy, and daily experience are as goodly fields
where these observations grow." Advt. L. ii.
Arm. : " How hast thou purchased this experience? "
* External to them.
Occasion. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 217
Moth.: "By my penny of observation.'
L. L. L. iii. 1.
Jaq. : " The sundry contemplation of my travels, by other rumi-
nation, wraps me in a most humorous sadness "
Ros. : "... I fear you have sold your own lands to see
other men's; then to have seen much and to have nothing is to have
rich eyes and poor hands."
Jaq. : " Yes, / have gained my experience"
Ros. : " And your experience makes you sad."
As You Like It iv. 1.
OCCASION or Opportunity Calls upon Us, and must be
Obeyed.
" Nunc ipsa vocat res (occasion calls out).'' Virg. SEn.
ix. 320. Quoted Promus 166.
" I take it your own business calls on you,
And you embrace the good occasion to depart."
Her. Yen. i. 1 ; Rom. Jul. ii. 4,
[161, iii. 1,4247.
" Get on your night-grown, lest occasion call us,
And show us watchers."
Macl). ii. 2.
"Our time does call upon us"
Macl). iii. 1, 37
" My master calls me, I must not say no.
The weight of this sad time we must obey. 1 '
Lear v. 3.
" The best persuasions to the contrary
Fail not to use,
And with what vehemency
The occasion shall instruct you."
Ben. VIII. v. 2. (See Ham. iv. 4,
[32; Temp. ii. 1, 207.)
218 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. One's Own.
OCCASION to be Seized. (See Opportunity.)
" Occasion turneth a bald noddle, after she hath pre-
sented her locks in front, and no hold taken." Ess. of
Delays ; rep. in Letters to Essex, March, 1599.
" Opportunity offers the handle of the bottle first, and
afterwards the belly." De Aug. vi. (Antitheta 41).
" He needs no other suitor to his likings
To take the scifst occasion by the front."
Oth. iii. 1 .
" If you omit the offer of this time I cannot promise,
But you shall sustain more new disgraces . . .
I am joyful
To meet the least occasion."
Hen. VIII. iii. 2 and Rich. III. ii. 3, 147.
OLD Age Unkind, Covetous. (See Age Crooked, &c.)
" We see that Plautns makes it a wonder to see an old
man beneficent: 'His beneficence is that of a young
man."' De Aug. vii. 3.
" Join with the present sickness that I have,
And thy unkindness be like crooked age . . .
Let them die that age and sullens have."
Rich. II. ii. 1.
" Thy prime of manhood daring, venturous,
Thy age confirmed . . . and bloody . . . kind in hatred."
Rich. III. iv. 4.
" Do you set down your name in the scroll of youth that are
written down old with all the characters of age ? . . . A man
can no more separate age and covetousness than he can part young
limbs and lechery." 2 Hen. IV. i. 2.
ONE'S Own is Beautiful.
" Suum cuique pulchrum " (one's own is beautiful).
Promus 981, from Erasmus 9 Adagia.
Opinions. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 219
" An ill-favoured thing, sir, but mine own!" 1
As You Like It v. 4.
" I'll go along, no such sight to be shown,
But to rejoice in splendour of mine own"
Rom. Jul. i. 2.
ONE'S Own Right Humanity.
" If every one has a right to his own, surely humanity
has a right to pardon." De Aug. vi. and Promus 71.
"Nature craves
All dues be rendered to their owners: Now
What nearer debt in all humanity
Than wife is to the husband ? "
Tr. Cr. ii. 3.
" Suum cuique is our Roman justice;
This prince in justice seizeth but his own."
Tit. And. i. 2.
(Comp. Promus 981, quoted ante).
OPINIONS the Lightest, not the Truest are most Popular.
" When men enter first into search and inquiry, . . .
they light upon different conceits, and so all opinions and
doubts are beaten over, and then men reject the worst
and hold themselves to the best (some being carried on),
the rest extinct. But truth is contrary. . . . Time
is like a river that carrieth down things that are light and
blown up, and sinketh and drowneth that which is sad
and weighty." Interpretation of Nature.
" Opinion's but a fool, that makes us scan
The outward habit by the inward man."
Per. ii. 2.
" Thus has he and many more . . . the drossy age dotes on only
got the tune of the time, a Jcind of yesty collection, which carries them,
through and through the most fond and winnowed opinions, and do but
blow them to their trial : the bubbles are out" Ham. v. 2.
220 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Opportunity.
OPINIONS.
" To those that seek truth and not magistrality, it
cannot but seem a matter of great profit to see before
them the several opinions touching the foundations of
nature, &c. It is good to see the several glosses and
opinions whereof it may be everyone in some one point
hath seen clearer than his fellows''' Advt. L. ii. 865.
"And my most noble friends, I pray you all
Speak plainly your opinions of our hopes," &c.
2 Hen. IV. 1, 3.
(See how each expresses a different opinion, but each
knowing more than his fellows on some one point. The
same is in 1 Hen. VI. i. 4, 6369.)
" Opinion, a sovereign mistress of effects, throws a more safer voice
on you. You must therefore be content to slubber the gloss of your
new fortunes," &c.0th. i. 3. (See Twelfth Night iv. 3, 5062.)
" This progress of science is apt to be overwhelmed by
the gales of popular opinion." Nov. Org. i. 90 and
rep. 91.
" Such smiling rogues as these
Henege, affirm, and turn their halcyon beaks
With every gale and vary of their masters"
Lear ii. 2.
" In this, the antique and well-noted face
Of plain old form is much disfigured ;
And, like a shifted tchid unto a sail,
It makes the course of thoughts to fetch about,
Startles and frights consideration,
Makes sound opinion sick and truth suspected."
John iv. 2.
OPPORTUNITY a Thief. (See Occasion.)
" Opportunity makes a thief" Advice to Essex.
" Set them down for sluttish spoils of opportunity "
Tr. Cr. iv. 5.
Ostentation. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 221
" A very little thief. of occasion will rob you of a great deal of
patience." Cor. ii. 1.
OPPORTUNITY, Occasion.
" It is a loss to business to be too fall of respects, or to
be curious in observing times and opportunities.
A wise man will make more opportunities than he finds,"
Ess. Ceremonies.
" I have . . . followed her with a doting observance, engrossed
opportunities to meet her, feed every slight occasion that could but
niggardly give me a sight of her," &c.Mer. Wiv. ii. 2 and vii. 1,
22, 23.
" The double-gilt of this opportunity you let time wash off" &c.
Twelfth Night iii. 2.
" This happy night the Frenchmen are secure . . .
Embrace we then this opportunity as fitting best."
1 Hen. VI. ii. 1.
" If once it be neglected, ten to one
We shall not find like opportunity."
1 Hen. VI. v. 4.
(And see Rom. Jul. iii. 5, 4850; Oth. ii. 1, 235283; Jul. C<es.
iv. 3, 212224.)
OSTENTATION Sometimes Needful.
" To the well-understanding and discerning of a man's
self, there followeth the well-opening and revealing a
man's self, wherein we see nothing more usual than for
the more able man to make the less show. . . .
Ostentation (though it be the first degree of vanity)
seemeth to me rather a vice in manners than in policy."
See the whole passage: Advt. L. ii. 1; Sped. Wks. iii.
462463; and De Aug. viii. 2., Ib. v. 66, 67; and com-
pare with the Promus entry 1308, " Quod per ostenta-
tionem fertwr bonum."
222 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Ostentation,
" Why have they dared to march . . .
(With) ostentation of despised arms ? " &c.
Rich. IL ii. 3.
" Let every soldier hew him down a bough,
And bear't before him: thereby shall we shadow
The numbers of our host, and make discovery
Err in report of us."
Macb. v. 4.
Cor. : " me alone ! Make you a sword of me ?
If these shows be not outward, which of you
But is four Voices . . ."
Com. : " March on, my fellows :
Make good this ostentation, and you shall
Divide in all with us."
Cor. i. 6.
(See how Cleopatra and Antony are " i' the market-place in chairs
of gold publicly enthroned , . . in the public eye, i' the common
show-place," Cleopatra in the robes of the goddess Isis, and how
" the people know it," and receive his accusations against Csesar.
Meanwhile, Octavia comes with her train, but quietly. Caasar
reproaches her for her want of ostentation on an important
occasion.)
Cces. : " Why have you stolen upon us thus ? You come not
Like Cassar's sister: the wife of Antony
Should have an army for her usher; . . . but you come
A market-maid to Rome, and have prevented
The ostentation of our love, which, left unshown,
Is often left unloved," &c.
See Ant. Cl. iii. 6, 120, 4058;
[also Mer. Yen. ii. 8, 43, 44.
" With hostile forces he'll o'erspread the land,
And, with the ostent of war, will look so huge
Amazement shall drive courage from the State."
Per. i. 2 and Oth. iii. 3, 348358.
OSTENTATION Impresses the Ignorant.
"Tacitus says of Mucianus . . . 'That he had a
certain art of setting forth to advantage everything he
Outward. DINNERS, ^IIND, MORALS. 223
said or did. * It is true that ... it may be said of
ostentation (except it be in a ridiculous degree of de-
formity), * boldly sound your own praises, and some of
them will stick.' It will stick with the more ignorant,
and with the populace, though men of wisdom may
smile at it," &c. See De Aug. viii. 2,
"Hoi.: " Most barbarous intimation ! yet a kind of insinuation,
as it were, in vice, in way of explication : facere, as it were, replica-
tion or rather ostentare, to show, as it were, his inclination," &c.
L. L. L. iv. 2.
" Spruce affectation,
Figures pedantical : these summer flies
Have blown me full of maggot ostentation :
I do foreswear them."
L. L. L. v. 2.
(Holofernes is, throughout the Play of Love's Labour's
Lost, an illustration of the ostentation of learning " in a
ridiculous degree of deformity." Dull is an example of
the effect of this show of learning on the ignorant mind
of the populace, and Biron, who at first shared this
" vice of manners," ends by learning wisdom, and fore-
swearing the " old rage " for display of his own wit and
cleverness. Many passages on boasting, bragging,
vanity, and the like will be found to illustrate Bacon's
observations on vain or foolish ostentation.)
OUTWARD Appearances not Trustworthy, but Useful.
" He that is only real, had need have exceeding great
parts of virtue; as the stone had need to be rich that is
set without foil. ... It doth add much to a man's
reputation to have good forms." Ess. of Ceremonies and
Respects.
* Tac. Hist. ii. 80.
224 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Painting.
" So may the outward shows be least themselves.
The world is still deceived with ornament.
In law, what plea so tainted and corrupt,
But, being seasoned by a gracious voice,
Obscures the show of evil ? In religion
What damned error, but some sober brow
Will bless it, and approve it with a text
Hiding the grossness with fair ornament.
There is no vice so simple, but assumes
Some mark of virtue on his outward parts."
Mer. Ven. iii. 2.
PAINTING the Face, and the iManners.
" But false decorations, fucusses, and pigments deserve
the imperfections that constantly attend them, being
neither exquisite enough to deceive, nor commodious to
apply, nor wholesome to use; and it is much that this
depraved custom of painting the face should so long
escape the penal laws both of Church and (State, which
have been severe against luxury in apparel, and effemi-
nate trimming of the hair. We read of Jezebel that she
painted her face, but not so of Esther and Judith."
De Aug. iv. 3, and see Advt. L. ii. I.
Ham. : " I have heard of your paintings, too, well enough. God
hath given you one face, and you make yourselves another."
Ham. iii. 1.
Vol. : l< Her beauty is exquisite, but her favour is infinite."
Speed. : " That's because the one is painted, and the other out of
all count."
Vol. : " How painted ? and how out of all count ? "
Speed. : " Marry, sir, so painted, to make her fair, that no man
accounts of her beauty"
Tc:o Gent. Ver. ii. 1.
" He rubs himself with civet; can you smell him out by that?
And when was he known to wash his face ? Yea, or to paint himself,
for the which I hear what they say of him." Much Ado iii. 2.
Parents. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 225
u Better a painted face than a curled and painted
behaviour." De Aug. (Antitheta Work iv. 394).
" The harlot's cheek, beautified with plastering art,
Is not more ugly to the thing that helps it
Than is my deed to rny most painted word."
Ham. iii. 1.
" Fie, painted Rhetoric !" L. L. L. iv. 3. (And see L. L. L. ii.
i, is, 14.;
PARABLES, for Secrecy. (See Poetry.)
"Poesy parabolical . . . tendeth to illustrate that
which is taught or delivered, and to retire and obscure it,
when the secrets and mysteries of religion, policy, or
philosophy, are involved in fables or parables." See
Advt. L. ii. 1, and Preface to the Wisdom of the
Ancients, where the subject is treated at length.
" Thou shalt never get such a secret from me but by a parable."
Two Gent. Ver. ii. 5.
" I never could believe these antique fables nor these airy
toys . . .
But all their minds transfigur'd so together
More witnesseth than fancy's images,
And grows to something of great constancy,
But, howsoever, strange and admirable."
M. N. D. v. 1.
PARENTS Their Authority.
" Let parents choose betimes the vocations and courses
that they mean their children to take, for they are most
flexible, and let them not too much apply themselves to
the disposition of their children, as thinking they may
take best to that which they have most mind to."
Mor. Ess. Parents and Children.
Q
226 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Parents.
The. : "... Be advised, fair maid;
To you, your father should be as a god:
One that composed your beauties; yea, and one
By him imprinted, and within his power
To leave the figure, or disfigure it.
Demetrius is a worthy gentleman."
Her. : "So is Lysander."
The. : " In himself he is :
But in this kind, wanting your father's voice,
The other must be held the worthier."
Her. : " I would my father look'd but with mine eyes ! "
The. : " Rather your eyes must with his judgment look," &c.
M. N. D. i. 1.
Ant. : " Well, niece, I trust you will be ruled by your father."
Bea. : " Yes, faith; it is my cousin's duty to courtesy and say,
Father, as it please you."
M. Ado ii. 1.
PARENTS and Children.
" The difference in affection of parents towards their
several children is many times unequal and unworthy.
. , . A man should see where there is a house full
of children, one or two of the eldest respected, and the
youngest made wantons ; * but, in the midst, some that
are, as it were, forgotten, who many times prove the
best. The illiberality of parents in allowance towards
their children is a harmful error, makes them base,
acquaints them with shifts, makes them sort with mean
company" Ess. of Parents and Children.
Orlando : " As I remember, Adam, it was upon this manner
bequeathed me. By will, but a poor thousand crowns : and as thou
say'st, charged my brother on his blessing to breed me well; and
there begins my sadness. My brother Jaques he keeps at school,
and report speaks golclenly of his profit. For my part, he keeps me
rustically at home, or, to speak more properly, stays me here at
home, unkept. For, call you that keeping a gentleman of my birth,
* Spoiled, petted.
Parents. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 227
that differs not from the stalling of an ox ? His horses are bred
better; ... he lets me feed with his hinds, and as much as in him
lies : mines my gentility with my education" As You Like It i. 1.
PARENTS Their Minds Inherited by Works or Children.
fc< A man may see the noblest works and foundations
have proceeded from childless men, which have sought
to express the energies of their minds where those of
their bodies have failed." Ess. Parents and Children.
" What, my sweet master ! you memory
Of old Sir Rowland . . .
If that you were the good Sir Rowland's son . . .
And as mine eye his effigies witness,
Most truly limned, and living in your face," &c.
As You Like It ii, 3, 7.
" Be thou blest, Bertram, and succeed thy father
In manners as in shape; thy blood and virtue
Contend for empire in thee, and thy goodness
Share with thy birthright."
All's Well i. 1.
" Youth, thou bear'st thy father's face;
. . . Thy father's moral parts
May'st thou inherit, too."
As You Like It i. 2.
" ! 'tis a parlous boy ;
Bold, quick, ingenious, forward, capable,
He's all the mother's from the top to toe."
Rich. III. iii. 1.
(Compare "this first heir of my invention," "children of the
brain," " child of fancy," "a young conception in my brain," "the
sonne of somewhat " and other such metaphorical expressions in the
two groups of works.)
PARENTS and Children.
" The joys of parents are secret, and so are their griefs ,
and fears; they cannot utter the one, nor will they utter
the other.
228 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. PaSSiOflS.
" Children sweeten labours, but they make misfortunes
more bitter; they increase the cares of life/' J^ss. of
Parents and Children.
Macd. : " And all my children ? "
Rosse : " Your castle is surprised : Your wife and babes
Savagely slaughtered . . . ."
Mai. : " Merciful Heaven !
What man ! ne'er pull your hat upon your brows;
Give sorrow words ! the grief that does not speak
Whispers the o'erfraught heart, and lids it break."
Macd. : " My children, too ? ... my wife killed, too ? . . ."
Mai. : "Be comforted . . ."
Macd. : " He has no children. All my pretty ones?
Did you say all f hell kite ? All ?
Where all my pretty chickens and their dam
At one fell swoop ? "
See Mad. iv. 3. See John iii. 4, 17106.
PASSIONS Dull or Sensitive.
" I like not these negative virtues, for they show inno-
cence, not merit, I like those virtues which induce
excellence of action, not dullness of passion. Exquisite
and restless senses need narcotics, so do passions. "-
De Aug. vi. 3 (Antitheta).
" We backward pull our own designs when we ourselves are dull"
&c. See AlV s Well \. 1, 220230.
" This noble passion, child of integrity," &c.
Much. iv. 3.
lago having goaded Othello into a fury of jealous
passion, gloats on the success of his own villany, and
professes to wish to apply " narcotics " to the passion
with which he says Othello is " eaten up," but he knows
that
" Not poppy, nor mandragora,
Nor all the drowsy syrups of the world,
Past Things. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 229
Shall ever medicine him to that sweet sleep
That he own'd yesterday"
See Oth. iii. 320330, 389392,
[and ii. 3, 199205.
(Also Hen. V. iii. 2, 2227; 2 Hen. VI. v. 3, 15; Ham. iii. 4;
Cor. v. 3, 8185; Lear iv. 2, 1720; Ant. Cl. i. 5, 46; Winters
Tale i. 1, 1318; Oymb. v. 5, 79; Temp. iv. 1, 139145.)
(Such instances are sufficient to show that the Poet
prefers the hot-tempered and high-spirited, even the rash,
impetuous and violent tempered, to the cold, calculating,
and dispassionate, even though these be the wiser and
more judicious but negative characters. We have but to
compare the pictures given of Romeo, Hotspur, Claudio,
Antony (in Julius Ccesar), Othello, Cassio, Coriolanus,
even Timon, with Mortimer, Cassius, Brutus, lago,
Angelo, to assure ourselves on which side the Poet's
sympathies, and our own, are enlisted.)
PAST Things not to be too much Regretted.
4 * That which is past is gone, and irrevocable, and wise
men have enough to do with things present and to come ;
therefore they do but trifle with themselves that labour
in past matters." Ess. of Revenge.
" When remedies are past, the griefs are ended,
By seeing the worst which late on hopes depended.
To mourn a mischief that is past and gone
Is the next way to draw new mischief on ...
He robs himself that spends a bootless grief."
Oth. i. 3.
" Things past redress are now with me past care."
Rich. II. ii. 3, 170.
" Things that are past are done with me."
Ant. CL i. 2.
" What's past help should be past grief."
Winter's 2 ale iii. 2.
230 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS.
" Past cure is still past care . . ."
L. L. L. v. 2.
PATIENCE Impatience.
" The Scripture exhorts us to possess our souls in
patience. Whoever is out of patience, is out of posses-
sion of his own soul." Ess. of Anger.
" Thy greatest help is quiet, gentle Nell.
I pray thee, sort thy heart to patience," &c.
2 Hen. VI. ii. 4.
" (You) since his coming have done enough
To put him quite beside his patience."
1 Hen. IV. iii. 1.
(Note how nearly the Poet says, " To put him quite
beside himself" out of possession of his own soul. See
Cymb.ii. 4, 148153.)
" What cannot be preserved when Fortune takes,
Patience her injury a mockery makes."
Oth. i. 3.
PATIENCE hath Two Parts.
" Patience hath two parts, hardness against tvants and
extremities and endurance of pain or torment." Advt. L,
ii. 1.
" Patience with wilful choler meeting . . .
Passion lends them power, Time means . . .
Tempering extremities with extremes."
Rom. Jul. i. 5 and Hen. VIII.
[ii. 1. 3136.
" Hector, whose patience is, as a virtue fixed."
Tr. Or. i. 2.
(And see of Tr. Or. v. 2, 29, 38, 4850, 5564, 80).
" There is no philosopher could endure the toothache patiently."
M. Ado v. 1.
Peace, MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 231
" I will be the pattern of all patience."
See Lear iii. 2 and Tr. Cr.
[v, 2, 28-65.
" Why have I the patience to endure all this ? ''
Tit. And. ii. 3.
" With meditating that she must die once."
1 Hen. IV. i. 3, 232242.
"I have the patience to endure it now."
Ham. i. 2.
" Even so great men great losses should endure."
Jul. Gees. iv. 3.
" Impatience does become a dog that's mad."
Ant. Cl. iv. 13, Lear
[ii. 4, 231, &c.
There are in Shakespeare upwards of 250 references to
the virtue and need for patience, and many to the dis-
advantages of impatience. Patience is a virtue of which
Francis Bacon must have stood hourly in need of, and
he drilled himself to it, as we see by his Promus Notes
1247 : " Haste, impatience, inactions, as in ways the
nearest the foulest : impatience my stay " (or hindrance) ;
yet he even judged himself severely. His patience must
have been inexhaustible, though greatly tried.
PEACE Slothful, Effeminate. (See War.)
" In a slothful peace both courage will effeminate and
manners corrupt."- De Aug. viii. 3.
" Is all our travail turned to this effect ? . . .
Shall we again conclude effeminate peace ? "
1 Hen. VI. v. 4.
" Why I, in this weak piping time of peace,
Have no delight to pass away the time . . .
And hate the idle pleasures of these days."
Rich. III. i. 1.
232 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. People.
" Enrich the time to come with smooth- faced peace ."
Rich. III. v. 4.
2 Serv. : " This peace is nothing but to rust iron, increase tailors,
and breed ballad-makers."
1 Serv. : " Let me have war, I say; it exceeds peace as far as day
does night: it's spritely, waking, audible, and full of vent. Peace
is a very apoplexy, lethargy mulled, deaf, sleepy, insensible a
getter of more bastard children than war's a destroyer of men," &c.
Cor. iv. 5, 219240.
PEOPLE The Commonalty, Rabble, Courted and Won.
" To court the people is to be courted by the people.
" Men that are themselves great, find no single person
to respect, but only the people.
u He that pleases the rabble is apt to raise the rabble.
" Nothing that is moderate is liked by the common
people/' De Aug. vi. 3 (Antitheta).
" Look to it, lords : let not his smoothing words
Bewitch your hearts. Be wise and circumspect.
What though the common people favour him,
Calling him ' Humphrey, the good Duke of Gloucester,'
Clapping their hands and crying out with loud voice,
' Jesu, maintain your royal excellence ! '
With ' God, preserve the good Duke Humphrey.'
I fear me, lords, for all this flattering gloss,
He will be found a dangerous protector."
See 2 Hen. VI. i. 1, 155163.
" I love the people,
But do not like to stage me to their eyes.
Though it do well, I do not relish well
Their loud applause, and Aves vehement,
Nor do I think the man of safe discretion
That does affect it."
M. M. i. 1.
" Ourself and Bushy, Bagot here, and Green
Observed his courtship to the common people,
People. MANSERS, MIND, MORALS. 233
How he did seem to dive into their hearts
With humble and familiar courtesy.
What reverence he did throw away on slaves,
Wooing poor craftsmen with the craft of smiles," &c.
See of Hereford, Rich. II. i. 4.
PEOPLE Their Voice.
"The voice of the people has something divine; else,
how could so many agree in one thing ? " De Aug. vi.
" People of Home, and noble tribunes here,
I ask your voices and your suffrages . . .
With voices and applause of every sort . . .
(Crown Saturnine) and say, Long live our Emperor Satur-
nine." 17*. And. i. 2.
But in Act v. Saturnine is murdered by the people, and
they hail Lucius as Emperor.
" The common voice do cry, It shall be so :
Lucius all hail ! Rome's royal Emperor ! "
Tit. And. v. 3.
(See also in Julius Caesar how the rabble first " make
holiday to see Ceesar and rejoice in his triumph." Marul-
lus taunts them with having done the same for " Great
Pompey."
'And do you now strew flowers in his way,
That comes in triumph over Pompey's blood ? "
Jul. Cces. i. 1.
Act i. 2 has a graphic picture of the " rabblement,"
shouting and cheering Cresar, hooting when he pre-
tended to refuse the crown, and " clapping their chopped
hands."
" If the rag-tag people did not clap him and kiss him
according as he pleased and displeased them, as they use
the players on the stage, I am no true man."
234 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Perfection.
Ca3sar is murdered, and Brutus " appeases the multi-
tude beside themselves with fear/' appealing to them to
say whether in slaving Cresar he had not acted rightly.
All exclaim :
" Live, Brutus ! live ! live ! Bring him in trumph
unto his house. Give him a statue with his ancestors.
Let him be Cresar. Cesar's better parts shall be crowned
in Brutus," and so forth.
Then comes the body of Caasar, mourned by Mark
Antony, quite quietly and sorrowfully he gives his own
view of the subject, with every word stirring the feelings
of the wavering multitude. They quickly turn completely
round.
" We'll mutiny: we'll burn the house of Brutus. . . . Come
away ! away we'll burn his body in the holy place, and with the
brands fire the traitor's houses. . . . Go, fetch fire; pluck down
benches; pluck down forms, windows, anything ! " JuL Cces. iii. 3.
Well may Bacon say that it is safe for monarch to
make sure of the goodwill of the common people. (See
Multitude.)
PERFECTION in Particulars and in Generals.
" That which is better in perfection is better altogether'"
&c. De Aug. vi. 3 (Soph.).
" Yourself held precious in the world's esteem,
To parley with the sole inheritor
Of all imperfections that a man may own . . .
Be now as prodigal of all dear grace,
As Nature was in making graces dear.
When she did starve the general world beside,
And prodigally gave them all to you."
L.L. L.ii. I.
" Full many a lady
I have eyed with best regard; and many a time
Perfidy, MANNERS, MIND, MORALS.
The harmony of their tongues hath into bondage
Brought my too diligent ear: for seveial virtues
Have I lik'd several women: never any
With so full a soul, but some defect in her
Did quarrel with the noblest grace she owned
And put it to the foil: but you, you !
So perfect and so fearless are created
Of every creature's best."
Temp. \\i. 1.
(See As You Like It iii. 2, 137152; Com. Err. ii. 2, 121125;
John ii. 2, 124141; Winter's Tale v. 1, 1316: Ham. iv. 7 T 71
75, &c.
PERFIDY.
" There is no vice that doth so cover a man with shame
as to be found false and perfidious." Ess. of Truth.
" Cosmus, Duke of Florence, had a desperate saying
against perfidious or neglecting friends, as if those
wrongs were unpardonable. ' You shall read/ saith he,
* that we are commanded to forgive our friends.' But
yet the spirit of Job was in a better tune : 4 Shall we,'
saith he, ; take good at God's hands, and not be content
to take evil also ? ' And so of friends in proportion ? "
Ess. of Revenge.
(It will be perceived by the following passages that
Francis Bacon's spirit was tuned to the perfection of
Job's; and indeed it is noted by his biographers, those
at least who knew and loved him best, that he wiped his
tables clean from remembrance of injuries " for malice
he neither bred nor fed.")
" My brother ... I pray thee, mark me, that a brother should
Be so perfidious ! he, whom next thyself
Of all the world I lov'd, and to him put
The manage of my State. . . . Thy false uncle
. . . Now he was the ivy suck'd all my verdure out . . .
236 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Persuasion.
I thus neglecting worldly ends ... in my false brother,
Awaked an evil nature; and my trust
Like a good parent, did beget in him
A falsehood in its contrary as great
As my trust was," &c.
Temp. i. 2.
(See, Further, Prospero's forgiveness " of the rankest
fault " of his perfidious brother, and also of his treacher-
ous companions and supposed friends, Sebastian and
Antonio. Temp. v. 1.)
PERSUASION Reason.
" If the affections themselves were brought to order,
and pliant and obedient to reason, there would be no
great use of persuasions and insinuations, but naked and
simple propositions would be enough. But the ajfections
do raise such mutinies * and seditions that reason would
become captive f ... if eloquence of persuasions did
win the imagination from the affections' part." De Aug.
vi. 3.
1 Sen. :
" Did you by indirect arid forced courses
Subdue and poison this young maid's affections,
Or came it by request, and such fair question
As soul to soul affordeth ? "
Oth. :
" It was my hint to speak . . . this to hear
Would Desdemona seriously incline . . . which I observing
Took once a pliant hour, and found good means
To draw from her a prayer of earnest heart," &c.
Oth. i. 2.
(See L. L. L. iv. 3 verses; Com. Err. iii. 2, 115; 1 Hen. VI. iii.
3, 1720; Hen. VIII. v. 1, 146153; Cymb. i. 5, 115118.)
* Compare, " There is enough to stir a mutiny in the mildest thoughts" (Tit.
And. iv. 1, 85-88).
t " Whose words took all ears captive" (Airs Well i. 3, 17 and Rich. III. iv. 1,
28, 29.)
Philosophy. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 237
PERSUASION by Colours, or Sophistry.
" (Persuasions may be) by colours or popular glosses,
and circumstances of such force as to sway an ordinary
judgment; or even a wise man that does not fully and
considerately attend to the subject." Advt. L. vi. 3.
Sir Nath. :
"... As a certain father saith."
Holof. :
"... Sir, tell me not of the father; I do fear colour-
able colours." L. L. L. iv. 2.
" Of no right, nor colour like to right,
He doth fill fields with harness in the realm."
1 Hen. IV. iii. 2.
Fed. : " Sir, I'll be as good as my word : this that you heard was
but a colour.
Shal. : " A colour, I fear, that you will die * in Sir John."
Fal. : " Fear no colours. Come with me to dinner."
2 Hen. IV. v. 5.
" There is a kind of confession in your looks which your modesties
have not craft enough to colour" Ham. ii. 2.
PHILOSOPHY Divine.
" Divine philosophy is a science . . . derivable from
God by the light of Nature and the contemplation of His
creatures; so that, with regard to its object, it is truly
Divine, but, with regard to its acquirement, natural.
. . . God never wrought a miracle to convert an
atheist, because the light of Nature is sufficient to demon-
strate a Deity. . . . The distemper (of being all
philosophy to be derived from the Holy Scriptures)
principally reigned in the school of Paracelsus"
Advt. L. i.
La Feu : " They say, miracles are past, and we have our philo-
* Note quibble, "a colour that you will due in."
238 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Philosophy.
sophical persons to make modern and familiar things supernatural
and causeless. Hence it is that we make trifles of terrors, esconscing
ourselves into seeming knowledge, when we should submit ourselves
to an unknown fear."
Par. : " Why, 'tis the rarest wonder that hath shot out of our
later times ... to be relinquished of the artists . . . both of Galen
and Paracelsus . . ."
La Feu : " A showing of a heavenly effect in an earthly
actor . . ."
Par. : " That's it, and he is of a most facinorous spirit that will
not acknowledge it to be the very hand of Heaven."
All's Well ii. 3.
" To see how God in all His creatures works."
2 Hen. VI. ii. 1.
" By the help of these (with Him above to ratify the work) we
may again . . . sleep." Macb. iv. 6.
" Of your philosophy you make no use
If you give way to accidental evils."
Jul. Cces. iv. 3.
" Even by the rule of that philosophy
By which I did blame Cato for the death
Which he did give himself. I know not how,
But I do think it cowardly and vile,
For fear of what might fall, so to prevent
The time of life: arming myself with patience
To stay the providence of some high powers
That govern us below."
Jul. Cats, v, 1.
PHILOSOPHY and the Toothache.
" It is more than a philosopher can morally digest.
. . . I esteem it* like the pulling out of an aching
tooth, which, I remember, when I was a child and had
little philosophy, I was glad when it was done." To
Essex, October, 1595.
" There never was yet philosopher
That could endure the toothache patiently,
Place. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 239
However they have writ the style of the gods,
And made a push at chance and sufferance."
M. Ado v. 1.
PLACE Shows the Character of Man.
" It is most true which was anciently spoken : ' A place
showeth the man, and it showeth some to the better and
some to the worse.' . . . It is an assured sign of a
worthy and generous spirit, whom honour amends, for
honour is, or should be, the place of virtue; and virtue
... in authority is settled and calm/' Ess. of Great
Place.
K. Hen. :
" God pardon thee ! Yet, let me wonder, Harry,
At thy affections which do hold wing
Quite from the flight of .all thy ancestors.
Thy place in council thou hast rudely lost,
Which by thy younger brother is supplied," &c.
1 Hen. IV. iii. 2.
(See the whole scene and the King's arguments with
Prince Harry, who is a good illustration of " a generous
spirit whom honour amends/')
King.: " How might a prince of my great hopes forget
So great indignities you laid upon me . . ."
Ch. Justice :
" I then did use the person of your father . . .
As you are a king, speak in your state,
What I have done that misbecame my place,
My person, or my liege's sovereignty," &c.
2 Hen. IV. v. 2, 42145; and
[note the same as abovp.
PLACE Rising to as by Stairs or Ladder.
"All rising to great place is by a winding stair; and
if there be factions, it is good to side a man's self whilst
240 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS.
he is in the rising, and to balance himself when he is
placed." Ess. of Great Place.
"Northumberland, thou ladder, by the which
My cousin Bolingbroke ascends my throne."
2 Hen. IV. in. 1.
" Tis a common proof
That lowliness is young ambition's ladder
Whereto the climber upward turns his face;
But when he once attains the upmost round
He then upon the ladder turns his back,
Looks in the clouds, scorning the base degrees
By which he did ascend."
JuL Cces. ii. 1.
" Let me . . . speak a sentence
Which as a grise or step may help these lovers
Into your favour."
Oth. i. 3.
PLACE (Great) The Rising Difficult and Dangerous.
" The rising unto place is laborious, and by pains men
come to greater pains; and it is sometimes base; and by
indignities men come to dignities. The standing is
slippery, and the regress is either a downfall or at least
an eclipse, which is a melancholy thing." Ess. of Great
Place.
" 'Tis certain, greatness once fallen out with fortune,
Must fall out with men, too : what the declin'd is
He shall as soon read in the eyes of others
As feel in his own fall . . .
And not a man, for being simply man,
Hath any honour : but honour for those honours
That are without him, as place, riches, and favour,
Prizes of accident as oft as merit :
Which, when they fall, as being slippery standers,
The love that lean'd on them as slippery, too,
Pleasure. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 241
Doth one pluck down another, and together
Die in the fall."
Tr. 6V. iii. 3.
" A sceptre matched with an unruly hand
Must be as boisterously maintained as gained;
And he that stands upon a slippery place
Makes nice of no vile hold to stay him up.
John iii. 3.
" world, thy slippery turns ! . . ."
Cor. iv. 4.
" Did you know . . . the art o' the Court
As hard to leave as keep, whose top to climb
Is certain falling, or so slippery, that
The fear's as bad as falling," &c.
Cymb. iii. 3.
(Compare with the fall of a Chancellor, Hen. VIII. iii. 2. 330372.)
" When Fortune, in her shift and change of mood,
Spurns down her late belov'd, all his dependants
Which labour'd after him to the mountain's top,
Even on their knees and hands, let him slip down,
Not one accompanying his declining foot."
Tim. Ath. i. 1.
PLEASURE-Fruition.
" The good of fruition, or, as it is more commonly
termed, pleasure, is placed either in the sincerity or in
the vigour of it." De Aug. vii. 2.
" There is a difference between fruition and acquisi-
tion" Promus 1,327 (Latin).
" The purchase made, the fruits are to ensue."
Oth. ii. 3.
" The fruition of her love."
1 Hen. VI. v. 5.
" Majesty and pomp, the which
To leave a thousandfold more bitter than
'Tis sweet at first to acquire."
Hen. VIII. ii. 3.
R
242 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Poetry.
** Better to leave undone, than by our deed
Acquire too high a fame. . . . The soldier's virtue
Rather makes choice of loss than gain which darkens him."
Ant. Cl. iii. 1.
POETRY a Shadow, a Dream.
" Poesy . . . filleth the imagination, and yet it is but
with the shadow of a lie? Ess. of Truth.
"This is the silliest stuff that e'er I heard.
The best in this kind are but shadows"
.. N. D.v.2- and see J/. .V. D.
[v. 1, 1227.
" If we shadows have offended,
Think but this, and all is mended.
That you have but slumbered here,
While these visions did appear"
.!/. N. D. (Epilogue).
"Poesy is a dream of learning, a thing sweet and varied,
and that would be thought to have in it something
divine, a character which dreams also affect." Advt. L.
iii. 1.
" Contemplation is a dream, love is a trance."
Device of Philantia.
" God forbid that we should give out a dream of our
own imagination .for a pattern of the world." Great
Instauration Place) .
" Lovers and madmen have such seething brains,
Such shaping fantasies that apprehend
More than cool reason ever comprehends.
The lunatic, the lover, and the poet,
Are of imagination all compact . . .
The poet's eye in a fine frenzy rolling
Doth glance from heaven to earth, from earth to heaven,
And as imagination bodies forth
The forms of things unknown, the poet's pen
Poesy. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 243
Turns them to shapes, and gives to airy nothing
A local habitation and a name."
M. N. D. v. 1.
" We are such stuff as dreams are made of," &c. Temp. iv. 1.
(Sec upwards of 105 passages on Dreams and Dreamers.)
POESY is Feigned History Its Use.
" In respect of matter . . . poesy is nothing else but
feigned history, which may be styled as well in prose as
in verse. The use of this feigned history hath been to
give some show of satisfaction to the mind of man in
those points wherein the nature of things doth deny it ;
the world being in proportion inferior to the soul, by
reason whereof there is agreeable to the spirit of man a
more ample greatness, a more exact goodness, and a more
absolute variety than can be found in the nature of things.
Therefore, because the acts or events of true history have
not that magnitude which satisfieth the mind of man,
poesy feigneth acts and events greater, and more
heroical"
Touch. : " Truly I would the gods had made thee poetical."
And. : " I do not know what poetical is."
Touch. : " No, truly, for the truest poetry is the most feigning :
and lovers are given to poetry, and what they say in poetry may be
said (as lovers) they do feign."
And. : "Do you wish, then, that the gods had made me
poetical ? "
Touch.: "I do truly; f or thou swear'st to me thou art honest :
now, if! thou wert a poet, I might have some hope thou didst feign."
As You Like It iii. 3.
" Because true history propoundeth the successes and
issues of actions not so agreeable to the merits of virtue
and vice, therefore poesy feigns them more just in retri-
bution, and more according to revealed Providence"
Advt. L. ii. 1,
244 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Popularity.
(See, in illustration, the deaths of nearly all noble
persons in the Tragedies.)
Hamlet : "01 die, Horatio . . .
But I do prophesy the election lights
On Fortinbras : he has my dying voice;
So tell him, with the occurrents, more or less
Which have solicited the rest is silence." [Dies.']
Hor. :
" Now cracks a noble heart Good-night, sweet prince :
And flights of angels sing thee to thy rest."
Ham. v. 2.
See of the death of Brutus, noble and unselfish Jul. Cces. v. 5
[6877.
Hotspur and P. Henry's words 1 Hen. IV.
[v. 5, 81-101.
Henry IV. 2 Hen. IV. iv. 4, 309-370.
Cardinal Wolsey Hen. VIII. iv. 2, 180.
Queen Katherine, her vision and death
[Ib. 81173.
POPULARITY Not for the Wise.
" Wise men are commonly pleased with the same
things ; but to meet the various inclinations of fools is the
part of wisdom/' De Aug. vi. 3 (Antitheta).
" To court the people is to be courted by the people."
De Aug. vi. 3 (Antitheta).
The collective manner in which wise men are often
spoken of in the Plays seems to reflect the thought in the
first of these sentences :
" Two of them have the very bent of honour, and if their icisdoms
have not been misled," &c. M. Ado iv. 1.
" What your ivisdoms could not discover, these shallow fools have
brought to light." M. Ado v. 1.
" Augment or alter as your wisdoms best shall see advantageable,"
&c. Hen. V. v. 2.
Poverty. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 245
" Fair pranks which wise ones do."
Oth. ii. 1.
" Wise men are grown foppish."
Lear i. 4 (Song).
" I love the people, to stage me to their eyes;
Though it do well, I do not relish well
Their loud applause, and Aves vehement,
Nor do I think the man of safe discretion
That does affect it," &c. M. M. i. 1.
POSSIBILITIES Impossibilities.
" Great abilities would be more common (but for)
men's diffidence in prejudging them as impossibilities;
for it holdeth in these things, which the Poet saith,
Possunt quid posse videntur, for no man shall know how
much may be done: except he believe much may be
done." Discourse of the Intellectual Powers and Promus
1234, 1235.
" I will strive with the impossibilities,
Yea, and get the better of them."
Jul. Cces. ii. 1.
" Make not impossible
That which seems unlike. Tis not impossible
M. M. v. 1.
" Nothing is impossible." Two Gent. Ver. iii. 2.
" Dexterity so obeying appetite,
That what he will, he does and does so much
That proof is called impossibility.*'
Tr. Cr. v. 5 and Cor. v. 3, 6063.
POVERTY of Learned Men, and Their Seclusion.
" The derogations which grow to learning from the
fortune or condition of learned men are either in respect
of scarcity of means, or in respect of privateriess of life,
and meanness of employments. . . . Learned men
grow not rich," &c. Advt. LA. 1.
246 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Poverty.
" I do remember an apothecary . . .
In tattered weed, with overwhelming brows
Culling of simples; meagre were his looks,
Sharp misery had worn him to the bones . . .
Come hither, man, I see that thou art poor . . .
The world is not thy friend nor the world's law,
The world affords no law to make thee rich," &c.
Rom. Jul. v. 1 .
" The thrice-three Muses mourning for the death of Learning, late
deceased in beggary. That is some satire keen, and critical. "-
M.N.D.v. 1.
" The learned pate ducks to the golden fool."
Tim. Ath. iv. 3.
POVERTY Travelling- Want Armed.
" Poverty comes as one that travelleth, and want as
an armed man." . . . For debt and diminution of
capital come on at first step by step, like a traveller,
. . . but, soon afterwards, want rushes in like an armed
man, so strong and powerful as no longer to be resisted;
for it was rightly said of the ancients that ' Necessity is
of all things the strongest.' " De Aug. viii. 1 (from Prov.
vii. 11).
\_A table set out. Enter Duke, Lords and Jaques. To them rushes
in Orlando, with Jiis sword drawn.']
Orl. : " Forbear, and eat no more."
Jaq. : " Why, I have eat none yet."
Orl. : " Nor shall not till Necessity be served. . . . Forbear,
I say;
He dies that touches any of this fruit
Till I and my affair are answered. . . . There is a
poor old man
Who after me hath many a weary step
Limpd in pure love : till he be first suffic'd . . .
I will not touch a bit."
See As You Like It ii. 7, 89133.
Praise. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 247
PRAISE by Enemies.
" What is praised, even by enemies, is a great good.
This sophism deceives by reason of the cunning ... of
enemies. For enemies sometimes bestow praise, not
against their will, nor as being compelled thereto by the
force of truth, but choosing such points of truth as may
breed envy and danger to the subject of it. And hence
there was a prevailing superstition among the Greeks
that, with a malicious purpose to injure him, a pimple
would grow upon his nose." De Aug. vi. 3 (Soph.), and
see Promus 1329.
" And what the repining enemy commends,
That breath fame blows; that praise, sole pure, transcends."
Tr. Cr. \. 3.
(And see Ant. Cl. v. 1, v. 2, 333336; and JuL Gas. iii. 1,
212222.)
" For that I have not wash'd
My nose that bled . . . you shout me forth
In acclamations hyperbolical ;
As if I lov'd my little should be dieted
In praises sauced with lies," &c .
Cor. i. 9.
" Sir,
I never lov'd you much : but I have prais'd you
When you have well deserv'd ten times as much
As I have said you did."
Ant. Cl. ii. 6.
PRAISE from the People.
" If praise be from the common people, it is commonly
false, and nought, and rather followeth vain persons than
virtuous : for the common people understand not many
excellent virtues : the lowest virtues draw praise from
them, the middle virtues work in them astonishment and
248 MANNERS, 3IIND, MORALS. Praise.
admiration; but of the highest virtues they have no sense
or perceiving at all, but shows, and species virtutibus
similes (appearances like virtues) serve best with them."
Ess. of Praise; see also De Aug. vi. 3 (Sophism).
" You shout me forth
In acclamations hyperbolical
As if I loved my little should be dieted
In praises sauced with lies."
Cor. i. 9.
" The commonwealth is sick of their own choice
Their over-greedy love hath surfeited.
An habitation giddy and unsure
Hath he that buildeth on the vulgar heart" &c.
See 2 Hen. IV. i. 3, 87108.
PRAISE is Reflection, as in a Glass.
* 4 Praise is the reflection of virtue, but it is glass or
body which giveth the reflection." Ess, of Praise.
" flattering glass, like to my followers."
liich. II. iv. 1.
" Let Cicero be read in his oration pro Marcello, which
is nothing but an excellent table of Cesar's virtue, made
to his face. Advt. L. ii. 1.
"I do protest I never loved myself
Till now infixed I beheld myself
Drawn in the flattering table of her eye."
John ii. 2.
" But more in Troilus thousand-fold I see,
Than in the glass of Pandars praise may be."
Tr. Cr. i. 2.
PRAISE of Self.
"' To praise a man's self cannot be decent, except it be
in rare cases." Ess. of Praise.
Preparation. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 249
" The worthiness of praise disdains his worth,
If that the praised himself bring the praised forth."
Tr. Cr. i. 3.
" Whatsoever praises itself but in the deed, devours the deed in
the praise." Tr. Or. ii. 3.
" This comes too near the praising of myself."
3Ier. Yen. iii. 4.
" It is most expedient for the wise ... to be the trumpet of his
own virtues, as I am to myself. So much for praising myself, who,
myself will bear witness, is praiseworthy." J/. Ado v. 2.
PREPARATION with Care.
" Diligence and careful preparation remove obstacles
against which the foot would otherwise stumble, and
smooth the path before it is entered, . . . This may
be noted in the management of a family; wherein, if care
and forethought be used, everything goes smoothly, with-
out noise or discord; but if they be wanting, on any
important emergency, everything has to be done at once,
the servants are in confusion, and the house is in an
uproar." De Aug. viii. 1.
"Things done well, and with a care, exempt themselves from
fear," &c.Hen. VIII. i. 2.
" Readiness is all." Ham. y. 2.
"We have not made good preparation. 'Tis vile, unless it be
quaintly ordered, and better, to my mind, not undertook." Mer.
Ven. ii. 2.
" The care you have of us,
To mow down thorns that would annoy our foot."
Is worthy praise."
2 Hen. F/.iii. 1.
" I would remove these tedious stumbling-blocks,
And smooth my way," &c.
2 Hen. VI. i. 2.
250 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Pride.
" There are in the Plays 150 passages illustrating the
necessity for ' careful preparation ' and readiness. Many
of these concern preparation for death, contemplated in
the second or posthumous Essay of Death, e.g. :
" I would prepare for the messengers of death, sick-
ness, and affliction, and not wait long; . . . there is
nothing more awakens our readiness to die than the
quieted conscience strengthened with opinion that we
shall be well spoken of upon earth by those that are just,
and of the family of virtue/' &c.
" Therefore should every soldier in the wars do as every sick man on
his bed, wash every mote out of his conscience: and dying so, death
is to him an advantage: or not dying, the time was blessedly lost
wherein such preparation was gained: and in him that escapes, it
were not a sin to think, that making God so free an offer, He let
him outlive that day to see His greatness and to teach others how
tlii'ii should prepare" Hen. V. iv. 1.
" Domestic preparations, exempting from anxiety and fuss are
illustrated in 'lam. Sh. iv. 1, 2060, 1 Hen. IV. ii. 1, 130, Her.
Yen. ii. 5, Bassanio 163 -167, Twelfth Night iv. 3, 1620.
PRIDE Compared to Ivy.
" Pride is the ivy that winds about all virtues and all
good things. Other vices do but thwart virtues; only
pride infects them.'''
" Wrong not that wrong with more contempt . . .
If ought possess thee from me it is dross,
Usurping ivy, brier, or idle moss,
Who, all for want of pruning, with intrusion
Infect thy sap, and live on thy confusion."
Com. Err. ii. 2.
"My brother . . . (having usurped or encroached upon
power lent him} was
The ivy which had hid my princely trunk
And suck'd my verdure out."
Temp. i. 2.
Pride. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 251
PRIDE Expels Some Vices.
" Pride is unsociable to vices among other things; and
as poison by poison, so not a few vices are expelled by
pride." De Aug. vi. (Antitheta).
K. Hen. :
"My blood hath been too cold and temperate,
Unapt to stir at these indignities ... be sure
I will from henceforth rather be myself
Mighty, and to be feared, than my condition,
Which hath been smooth as oil, soft as young down,
And therefore lost that title of respect
Which the proud soul neer pays but to the proud" &c.
1 Hen. IV. i. 3.
" With a proud, majestical, high scorn,
He answer'd thus 'Young Talbot was not born
To be the pillage of a giglot wench.'
So rushing in the bowels of the French,
He left me proudly, as unworthy fight."
1 Hen. VI. iv. 7.
PRIDE Falls.
" Pride will have a fall." Promus 952.
" Icarus, . . . with a juvenile confidence, soared aloft
and fell headlong." Ess. of Icarus.
" Pride will have a fall."
Rich. II. v. 5.
" My pride fell with my fortune."
As You Like ft i. 2.
" He falls in height of all his pride."
Rich. III. v. 2.
" By that sin fell the angels."
Hen. VIII. i. 2, iii. 2.
(And of Icarus' fall see 1 Hen. VI. iv. 6, 5458, iv. 7, 12141
3 Hen. VI. v. 6, 2125.)
252 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Pride.
PRIDE is Ostentatious.
" Pride lacks the best condition of vice concealment."
De Aug. vi. 3 (Antitheta).
"His heart . . . proud with his form, in his eye pride expr&ted"
L. L. L. ii. 1.
PRIDE is Selfish Contemptuous till it Despises Itself.
" The good-natured man is subject to other men's vices
as well as his own: the proud man to his own only.
" The proud man, while he despises others, neglects
himself.
" Let pride go a step higher, and from contempt of
others rise to contempt of self, and it becomes philo-
sophy." De Aug. vi. 3 (Antitheta).
" Fly, pride, says the peacock."
Com. Err. iv. 3.
"Proud of employment, willingly I go:
All pride is willing pride, and yours is so."
L. L. L. ii. 1.
PRIDE Subjects a Man to His Own Vices.
" The good-natured man is subject to other men's vices
as well as his own; the proud man to his own only."-
De Aug. v\.
Ajax. : " Why should a man be proud ? How doth pride grow ?
I know not what pride is."
Again.: " Your mind is the clearer, Ajax, and your virtues the
fairer. He that is proud eats up himself : pride is his glass, his own
trumpet, his own chronicle; and whatever praises itself but in the
deed, devours the deed in the praise."
Ajax : " I do hate a proud man, as I hate the engendering of
toads."
Nestor [aside] : " Yet he loves himself; is't not strange ?"
See Tr. Cr. ii. 3, 149221.
Prince. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 253
PRIDE is Unsociable Antipathetic to Itself.
" Pride is unsociable to vices, among other things; and
as poison by poison, so not a few vices are expelled by
pride." De Aug. vi. 3 (Antitheta).
" Two curs shall tame each other : pride alone
Must tarre the mastiffs on, as 'twere their bone."
Tr. Cr. i. 3.
" Our virtues would be proud if our vices whipped them not."
All's Welliv.3.
" That title of respect
Which the proud soul ne'er pays but to the proud."
1 Hen. IV. i. 3.
" Achilles . . . will rely on none,
But carries on the stream of his dispose
Without observance or respect of any . . .
And speaks not to himself but with a pride
That quarrels at self-breath," &c.
See Tr. Cr. ii. 3, 8495 and 140190.
(Achilles and Ajax faithfully represent the various phases of pride
spoken of in these extracts.
PRINCE (A) Should not be Easy and Credulous.
" A Prince who readily hearkens to lies has all his
servants wicked " (Prov. xxix. 12). When the Prince
is one who lends an easy and credulous ear without
discernment, to whisperers and informers, there breathes
as it were from the King himself a pestilent air, which
corrupts and infects all his servants." De Aug. viii. I.
"He wants not buzzers to infest his ear without pestilent speeches
of his father's death." Ham. iv. 5.
" My mind (mislgave me
In seeking tales and informations
Against this man whose the devil
And his disciples only envy at."
Hen. VIII. v. 2.
254 MANNERS, 3IIND, MORALS. Providence,
" Heaven forbid
That kings should let their ears hear their faults hid !
Fit counsellor and servant for a prince ! "
See Per. i. 2, 33123, and 2 Hen. IV.
[v. 3, 60122.
PRINCE His Jealousy and Envy Increased by False Tales.
u Some (bad servants or informers) probe the fears of
the Prince, and increase them with false tales; others
excite in him passions of envy, especially against the
most virtuous objects." I)e Aug. viii. 1.
This is precisely the case with lago exciting Othello
against Desdernona and Cassio (see Oth. i. 3, 390 404,
ii. 3, 216244, iii. 3, 91480, c.).
" master ! what a strange infection
Is fallen into thy ear ! What false Italian
(As poisonous-tongued as handed) hath prevail'd
On thy too ready hearing ? " &c.
Cynib. iii. 2.
(See of lachimo and Cymbeline).
PROVIDENCE and Care over the World and Country.
44 Providence takes care of the world; do thou take
care of thy country." De Aug. vi. 3 (Antitheta).
" There is a special providence in the fall of a sparrow."
Ham. v. 2; As You Like It ii. 3, 4345.
[See Hen. V. ii. 2, 150159.
" How came we ashore ? By Providence divine."
Temp. i. 2.
" The care I had, and have of subjects' good,
On thee I lay, whose wisdom's strength can bear it," &c.
Per. i. 3 118123 and 2 Hen. IV.
[iv. 4, 152168.
" And more than carefully it thus concerns
To answer royally in our defences . . .
Quarrels. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 255
It fits us then to be as provident
As fear may teach us out of late example."
Hen. VI. 11. 4.
" My brother was too careless of his charge,
But let us hence my sovereign to provide
A salve for any sore that may betide."
3 Hen. VI. iv. 6.
QUARRELS.
ie For quarrels, they are with care and discretion to be
avoided; they are commonly for (1) mistresses, (2)
healths, (3) place, and (4) words; (5) let a man beware
how he keepeth company with choleric and quarrelsome
persons, for they will engage him in their quarrels."
Ess. of Travel
" Beware
Of entrance to a quarrel ; but, being in
Bear't that the opposer may beware of thee."
Ham. \. 3.
"These quarrels must be quietly debated."
Tit. And. v. 3.
" In the managing of quarrels you may say he is wise ; for either
Tie avoids them with great discretion, or undertakes them with a
most Christian-like fear. ... A man ought to enter into a
quarrel with fear and trembling," M. A do ii. 3.
" In a false quarrel there is no true valour."
M. Ado v. 1.
(1) French. : " 'Twas a contention in public. ... It was
much like an argument that fell out last night, where each of us fell
in praise of our country mistress ; this gentleman at that time
vouching (and upon warrant of bloody affirmation) his to be more
fair, virtuous, wise, chaste, constant, qualified, and less attemptable
than any the rarest of our ladies in France."
lack. : " That lady is not now living ; or this gentleman's opinion,
by this worn out," &c. Cymb. i. 5.
"You, Mistress, all this coil is long of you." [Hernia to Helena.]
See M. N. D. iii. 2, 122343.
256 MANNER?, MIND, MORALS. Quarrels.
(2) " If I can but fasten one cup upon him
With that which he hath drunk already
He'll be as full of quarrel and offence
As my young mistress' dog. Now, my sick fool Roderigo,
Whom love has turn'd almost the wrong side out,
To Desdemona hath to-night caroused
Potations pottle-deep," &c. Oth. ii. 3.
(See the result, and poor Cassio's lamentation.)
"I will rather sue to be despised, than to deceive so good a
commander with so slight, so drunken, and so indiscreet an officer.
Drunk and speak parrot? and squabble f ... I remember . . .
a quarrel, but nothing wherefore. ... It hath pleased the devil
drunkenness to give way to the devil wrath." Ib.
See also of quarrelling when drinking. Rom. Jul. iii. 1 40.
(3) "A dog of that house shall not move me to stand. / will
take the wall of any man or maid of Montagues," &c. [The quarrel
begins.] Rom. Jul. i. 1, 926.
York : " Give place : by Heaven thou shalt rule no more," &c.
Som. : " monstrous traitor ! [A war of words follows.]
2 Hen. VI. v. 1.
(4) " Oh, sir, we quarrel in print. . . . Faith we met, and
found the quarrel upon the seventh cause. . . . Upon a lie
seven times removed. ... As thus, sir, I did dislike the cut of
a certain courtier's beard : he sent me word, if his beard was not cut
well, he was in the mind it was," &c. See As You Like It v. 4,
38110; Rom. Jul. i. 1 ; iii. 1, 5990; Cor. iii. 1, 74111, and
iii. 3, 24-30 ; Jul. Cces. iv. 3, 2857, 107122.
(5) " To the choleric fisting of every rogue thy ear is liable."
Pericles v. 6.
" Besides that he is a fool he is a great quarreller," &c.
Twelfth Night i. 3.
" Greatly to find quarrel in a straw when honour is at stake."
Ham. iv. 4.
" Ready in gibes. . . . Quarrelous as the weasel."
Cymb. iii. 4 ! arid comp. Rom. Jul. iii. 1, 1838,
[and Hen. VIII. i. 3, 19, 20.
Quiet. 3IAXXEES, MIND, MORALS. 257
QUESTION. Knowledge Required in Order to Ask a Wise
One.
"As it asks some knowledge to ask a question not
impertinent, so it asketh some sense to make a wish not
absurd." Inter. Nat.
"Do you question me as an honest man should do for my simple
judgment ?" JIT. Ado i. 1.
" With many holiday and lady terms he questioned me," &c. See
1 Hen. IV. i. 3, 46-66 ; ii. 4 ; Ham. ii. 115, 60 65 ; ii. 2, 192,
&c. ; iii. 2, 204, 205, 378, &c.
QUIET in Conscience and in the Grave.
" I would (out of a care to do the best business well)
ever keep a guard and stand upon keeping faith and a
good conscience. . . , There is nothing that more
awakens our readiness to die, than the quieted conscience,"
&c.Post. Ess. of Death (Q.V.).
" Longa quiescendi tempora fata dabant. Death will
give a long time for resting/' Promus 1205.
" I may now in a manner sing Nunc dimittis. . . .
I may not forget also to thank your Majesty for granting
ine my Quietus Est." Memorial to the King.
" King Louis the Tenth,
Who was sole heir to the usurper Capet,
Could not keep quiet in his conscience."
Hen. V. i. 2.
" I know myself now, and I feel within me
A peace above all earthly dignities,
A still and quiet conscience," &c.
See Hen. VIII. iii. 2.
" He will make his grave a bed . . .
Quiet consummation have ;
And renowned be thy grave ! "
See Cymb. iv. 2, 215, and Song Ant.CL
[iv. 13, 60 78.
S
258 MANNERS, MIND, MOBALS. ReaSOD.
" A man of fourscore-three,
That thought to nil his grave in quiet" &c.
Whiter s Tale iv. 3. See Ham. iii. 1, 60 80,
[and v. 1,306/307.
" . . . Peaceful night,
The tomb where grief should sleep, can breed me quiet.''
Pericles \. 3.
(Bacon's posthumous Essay of Death may be compared
almost line by line, with lines in the Plays. See Ante
o
REASON, and the Affections.
" The affections themselves ever carry an appetite to
apparent good, and have this in common with reason ;
but affection beholds principally the present good ;
reason looks beyond, and beholds likewise the future and
sum of all. . . . After the eloquence and persuasion
have made things future and remote appear as present,
then upon the revolt of imagination to reason, reason
prevails/' De Aug. vi. 3.
" To speak the truth of Csesar
I have not known when his affections swayed
More than his reason." Jul Goes. ii. 1.
" Let your reason with your choler question," &c.
Hen. VIII. i. 1, 130148.
" A beast that wants discourse of reason
Would have mourned longer/'
Ham. i. 4 ; Tr. Cr. ii. 2, 3365.
" If the balance of our lives had not one scale of reason to poise
another of sensuality, the blood and baseness of our natures would
conduct us to most preposterous conclusions. But we have reason
te cool our raging motions'' &c. Oth. i. 3. See also Two Gent. Ver.
i. 2, 1526 ; ii. 4, 201212 ; Twelfth Night iv. 3, 915, &c.
Reformation. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 259
RECREATION.
" As for games of recreation, I hold them to belong to
civil life and recreation." Adxt. L. ii. 1.
" But is there no quick recreation ? Ay, that there is."
L. L. L. i. 1.
"Away! the gentles are at their game, , and we will to our
recreation." L. L. L. iv. 3.
" Sweet recreation barr'd, What doth ensue
But moody and dull melancholy." Com. Err. v. 1.
(See M. N. D.v\. 3243 ; Rich. III. iii. 6367 ; Ant. Cl. i. 1,
4546 ; ii. 3, 25-40 ; ii. 5, 118, &c.)
(Nearly every game, sport, or exercise introduced by
the poet has been found noted by the philospher, who
usually explains the use of these various forms of
" recreation " of mind and body.)
REFORMATION of the Affections. Faults Sometimes
Feigned.
" The labour (of the will) is to reform the affections,
restraining them if they be too violent, and raising them
if they be too soft and weak ; or else it is to cover them ;
or, if occasion be, to pretend and represent them. . . .
Examples are plentiful in the Courts of princes, and in
all politic traffic.' 5 Discourse of the Intel. Powers.
" So when this loose behaviour I throw off . . .
My reformation, glittering o'er my fault,
Shall show more goodly. . . .
I'll so offend to make offence a skill." 1 Hen. IV. i. 2.
(See 2 Hen. IV.\. 5, 4770 ; Hen. V. i. 1, 2569 ; Hen. VIII.
v. 2, 4258.)
260 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Reproof.
REMEMBRANCE is Applied Knowledge (Q.V.).
" The invention of speech is ... no other but the
knowledge whereof our mind is already possessed, to call
before us that which may be pertinent to the purpose
which we take into our consideration. So as, to speak
truly, it is ... but a remembrance or suggestion with
an application. . . . All knowledge is but memory
or remembrance." Advt. L, ii. 1.
Oph.: "There's rosemary, that's for remembrance. Pray you
love, remember. And there's pansies, that's for thoughts."
Lear : " A document in madness ! Thoughts and remembrance
fitted." Ham. iv. 6. See Ham. i. 2, 17.
" He hath an abstract for the remembrance of such places ; and
goes to them by his note." Mer. Wiv. iv. 2.
" I do not know
One of my sex ; no woman's face remember"
Temp. iii. 2.
REPROOF, or Dispraise by Friends.
" What is reproved even by friends, is a great evil.
. . . This sophism deceives by the cunning of friends.
For they are wont sometimes to acknowledge and
proclaim the faults of their friends, not because truth
compels them, but choosing such faults as may do them
the least injury ; as if in other respects they were
excellent men. . . . Friends also use reprehensions,
by way of prefaces, whereby they may presently be the
more large in commendation." De Aug. vi. 3 (Soph.).
(See Polonius's instructions to Reynaldo) :
" . . . Put on him
What forgeries you please ; and marry, none so rank
As may dishonour him : take heed of that :
But, sir, such wanton, wild, and usual slips
As are companions noted, and most known
Reputation. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 261
To youth and liberty. . . .
You must not put another scandal on him. . . .
That's not my meaning ; but breathe his faults so quaintly
That they may seem the taints of liberty,
The flash and outbreak of a fiery mind," &c.
See Ham. ii. 1 ; iii. 4, 921, 30, &c. ;
[Oth. v. 2, 130230.
" Posthumous . . . not dispraising whom he praised . . .
began," &c. See Cymb. v. 5, 171185 : also Two Gent. Ver. iii. 2,
30-55 ; L. L. L. iv. 3, 260-263 ; 2 Hen. IV. (P. Hal and Falstaff)
ii. 4, 302330 ; Tr. Or. iv. 1, 7578 ; Tim. Ath. i. 1. 167175.
REPUTATION Despised as Breath, by Scornful Counsellors.
" As for reputation, with a view to which the councils
of princes ought to be specially framed, they (scornful
councillors) despise it as a breath of the people, that
will quickly be blown away." De Aug. viii. 1.
" The rabble . . . clapped their chopped hands and uttered such a
deal of stinking breath . . . that it almost choked Caesar." See
Jtil. Cces. i. 2.
" I heard him swear
Were he to stand for Consul, never would he
. , . beg (the people's) stinking breaths," &c.
Cor. ii. 1, and see iv. 6, 130148.
REPUTATION of Great Men Causes their Hard Condition.
" It is a wry hard and unhappy condition of men pre-
eminent for virtue, that their errors, be they ever so
trifling, are never excused. ... In men of remark-
able virtue the slightest faults are seen, talked of, and
severely censured, which in ordinary men would be
unobserved or readily excused." De Aug. viii. 1.
" Upon the king ! let us our lives, our souls,
Our debts, our careful wives,
Our children and our sins, lay on the king !
262 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Resolution.
We must bear all. hard condition,
Twin-born with greatness, subject to the breath
Of every fool. . . . What infinite heart's-ease
Must kings neglect, that private men enjoy ! " &c.
See Hen. V. iv. 1.
RESOLUTION.
" In human actions fortune insists that some resolution
shall be taken. . . . 'Not to resolve is itself to
resolve;'' so that many times suspension of resolution
involves us in more necessities than a resolution would."
-De Aug. vi. 3 (Soph.).
" My resolution and my hands I'll trust
. . . Come, we've no friend
But resolution and the briefest end."
Ant. Cl. iv. 13, and v. 2, 234239 ;
[fymb. iii. 6, 14.
" Ere a determinate resolution (of the business was arrived at)
. . . This respite shook
The bosom of my conscience, and made to tremble
The region of my breast : which forc'd such way
That many mazed considerings did throng
And press'd in with this caution. Hen. VIII. ii. 4.
" Thus the native hue of resolution
Is sicklied over with the pale cast of thought," &c.
Ham. iii. 1 ; Mad. v. 3, 50-54.
" To be once in doubt is once to be resolved."
Oth. iii. 3, 180, &c.
(See resolution and irresolution well illustrated and
contrasted in the characters of Isabel and her brother
Claudio (M. M. i. 1). Upwards of 100 passages could
be brought in support of Bacon's observations on these
qualities.)
Retreat, MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 263
RESPONSIBILITY of " Great Place" or Dignity.
" Men in great place are thrice servants. Servants of
the Sovereign or State, servants of fame, and servants
of business; so as they have no freedom, neither in their
actions nor in their times. It is a strange desire to seek
power and to lose liberty, or to seek power over others
and to lose power over a man's self. The rising unto
place is laborious. By pains men come to greater pains,
and it is sometimes base, and by indignities men come to
dignities." Ess. Great Place.
" Upon the king I let us our lives, our souls,
Oar debts, our careful wives,
Our children and our sins lay on the king !
We must bear all. hard condition,
Twin-born with greatness," &c."
See the. whole passage Hen. V. iv.
[1, 93301.
RETREAT to be Secured.
" That which leaves no opening for retreat is bad. For
not to be able to retreat is to be. in a way, powerless ;
find poiver is a good*
" The ground of this sophism is, that human actions
are so uncertain, and subject to such risks, that that
appears the best course which has the most passages out
of it. 5 '' De Aug. vi. 3 (Soph.),
"I am in blood
Stepp'd in so far, that, should I wade no more,
Returning were as tedious as go o'er."
Macb. iii. 4.
lago : ''Patience, I say ; your mind may perhaps change."
Oth. : "Never, lago. Like to the Pontic Sea,
Whose icy current and compulsive course
Ne'er feels returning ebb, but keeps due on
To the Propontic and the Helespont
264 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS.
E'en so my bloody thoughts, with violent pace,
Shall ne'er look back, nor ebb to humble love,
Til] that a capable and wild revenge
Swallow them up." Oth. iii. 4.
RICHES, Against.
" Of great riches you may have either the keeping^ the
giving away, or the fame ; but not the use.
" Do you not see what feigned prices are set upon little
stones and such rarities, only that there may be some use
of great riches ? " De Aug. vi. 3 (Antitheta).
" Inopem me copia fecit (Plenty made me poor)."
PromuSy 354.
"Ifthou art rich thou art poor,
For like an ass whose back with ingots bows,
2hou bearst thy heavy riches but a journey,
And death unloads thee. . . . When thou art old and rich
Thou hast neither heat, affection, limb, nor beauty
To make thy riches pleasant." M. M. iii. 1, 2539.
" Who steals my purse steals trash : 'tis something, nothing
'Tis mine, 'tis his, and has been slave to thousands ;
But he that filches from me my good name
Robs me of that which not enriches him
And makes me poor indeed. . . .
Poor and content is rich, and rich enough ;
But riches, fireless, is as poor as winter.
To him that ever fears he shall be poor."
Oth. iii. 3.
See Tim. Ath. iv. 1, 2844 ; iv. 2 ; iv. 3. [Enter thieves, tfcc.]
Of! the fictitious value of precious stones, see 3 Hen. VI. iii. 1, 61
66 ; Com. Err. ii. 1, 109113 ; Rich. III. i. 3, 2633, and
Rich III. v. 3, 52, 53 (Comp. Promus 89) ; Oth. v. 2, 146149 and
348350 ; Cor. i. 4, 50-55.
RICHES, Baggage.
" I cannot call riches better than the baggage of virtue ;
for they are both necessary to virtue, and cumbersome."
Rich. MANNERS, 3IIND, 3IORALS. 265
De Aug. vi. 3 (Antitheta) ; Essay of Riches ; and
Promus 67.
" How like you this shepherd's life ? ... As there is no
plenty in it, it goes much against my stomach. . . . Come,
shepherd, let us make an honourable retreat ; though not with bag
and baggage, yet with scrip and scrippage (i.e., if not with riches,
yet with bare subsistence).' 11 As You Like ft iii. 2, 12 22 and
160163, and see As You Like It iii. 2, 316222.
" I humbly thank his grace (who has) from these shoulders,
These ruined pillars, out of pity, taken
A load that would sink a navy, too much honour,
'tis a burden, Cromwell, 'tis a burden,
Too heavy for a man that hopes for heaven."
Sen. VIII. iii. 2.
For the ''contrary" side we have (in allusion to
learning as riches) that Time ambles with a priest that
lacks Latin, for he lacks the burden of lean and wasteful
learning, and Time ambles with a rich man that hath not
the gout for he know no burden of heavy and tedious
penury.
A quibbling allusion to Bacon's words may be seen in
Petruchios' description of the sort of wife whom he
desires Hortensio to find for him :
" One rich enough to be Petruchio's wife
As wealth is burden of my wooing dance."
Tarn. Sh. i. 2.
RICH Men Bought and Sold.
" Many men while they thought to buy everything
with their riches, have been first sold themselves." De
Aug. vi. 3 (Antitheta).
Flav. : " My lov'd lord,
Though you hear now (too late !), yet now's a time
266 BANNERS, MIND, 3IOKALS. Ridicule.
The greatest of your having lacks a half
To pay your present debts."
Tim. : " Let all my land be sold."
Flat: : " 'Tis all engaged, some forfeited and gone," &c.
See Tim. Ath. ii. 2, 120-110.
. " So York .must sit, and fret, and bite his tongue,
While his own lands arc bargained for and sold," &c.
2 Hen. VIA. 1.
(See Hen. V. ii. '[Chorus.] 533 ; Mer. Yen. iii. 2, 241301, and
iii. 3, &c. ; Rich. III. v. [Scroll.'] ; Tr. Cr. ii. 1, 42-52, &c.
RICHES Blessings; only Despair Makes Men Despise Them.
" They despise riches who despair of them.
" 'White philosophers are disputing whether virtue or
pleasure be the proper aim of life, do you provide your-
self with the instruments of both.
" Virtue is turned by riches into a common good.
" Other goods have but a provincial command ; riches
have a general one/' De Aug. vi. 3 (Antitheta).
" I am sick of this false world, and will love nought
But even the mere necessities upon't . . .
. . . There's more gold : cut throats
All that you meet are thieves. . . . Steal not less . . .
And gold confound you howsoe'er."
Flav. :
" . . . Is yon despis'd and ruinous man, my lord ?
What an alteration of honour
Has desperate want made."
See Tim. Ath. iv. 3, 375-465, 526533 ; and
[Tim. Ath iv. 2, 11 lf>.
RIDICULE. (See Folly, Jest.)
( a It is) the exercise of buffoons, to draw all things, to
conceits ridiculous " Discourse of the Intellectual
Powers.
Scomers. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 267
" By virtue, thou enforcest laughter ; thy silly thought, my
spleen ; the heaving of my lungs provokes me to ridiculous smiling."
L. L. L. \i\. 1 ; and see L. L. L. v. 2, 90118 ; Tr. Cr. I. 3, 146
184.
" Turn all her mother's pains, and benefits,
To laughter and contempt."
Lear i. 4.
(See 2 Hen. IV. v. 5, 4855.)
SCORN.
" Scornful men bring a city to destruction/' Proc.
xxix. 2.
" iSolomon in his description of men, formed, as it
were by nature, for the ruin and destruction of States
. . . selected the character of a scorner, . . . for there
is hardly a greater danger to Kingdoms and States than
that . . . those who sit at the helm should be of a
scornful disposition. For such men ever undervalue
dangers, and insult those who make a just estimate of
them, as cowards. They sneer at seasonable delays and
. . . deliberation." De Aug. viii. 1.
" The great Achilles ... in his tent
Lies mocking our designs. With him Patroclus
Breaks scurril jests :
And with ridiculous and awkward action . . ,
He pageants us," &c.
See Tr. Cr. i. 3, 141210, 232.
And see of the contemptuous or scornful behaviour of Coriolanus
(Cor. ii. 2)" Waving his hat in scorn " (Cor. ii. 3, &c.).
SCORNERS. (See Contempt.)
" When a man informs a scorner, . . , the scorner
himself despises the knowledge he has received." De
Aug. viii. 1.
" I do much wonder that one man . . . will, after he hath laughed
268 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Scholars.
at such shallow follies become the argument of his own scorn."
M. Ado ii. 2. (See As You Like It iv. 2, 1318 ; All's Well i. 2,
31-34 ; Ham. iii. 2, 2024 ; Rich. III. i. 3, 103110, and iv. 4,
82105; Oth. iv. 1, 82, 84, &c.)
SCORN Shown by Inferiors,
" Scornful men . . . scorn with gibes and jests, men
of real wisdom, and experience, of great minds, and deep
judgment. In short, they weaken all the foundations of
civil government ; a thing the more to be attended to,
because the mischief is wrought, not openly, but by
secret engines and intrigues ; and the matter is not yet
regarded by men with as much apprehension as it
deserves." De Aug. viii. 1.
" For who would bear the whips and scorns of time . . .
The insolence of office, and the spurns
That patient merit of iK unworthy takes" &c.
See Ham. iii. 1, 68- 88.
"Though thou . . . scorn'st our brains flow . . . yet rich conceit
Taught thee," &c.Tim. Ath. v. 5.
(Comp. 1 Hen. IV. iii. 2, 6067 ; Rich. III. i. 3, 103110, 104
180 ; Cymb. v. 4, Verses 6368.)
SCHOLARS rather Support Authority than Establish Truth.
" When a doubt is once received, men labour rather
how to keep it a doubt still, than how to solve it, and
they bend their wits accordingly. Of this we see the
familiar example in laivyers and scholars, who if they
have once admitted a doubt, it goeth ever afterwards
authorised for a doubt. But that use of wit and know-
ledge is to be allowed, which laboureth to make doubtful
things certain, and not those which labour to make
certain things doubtful." De Aug. vii. 2.
Laf. : " Tiiey say miracles are past ; and we have our philosophical
Sea. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 26 D
persons, to make modern and familiar, things supernatural and
causeless. Hence it is that we make trifles of errors, ensconing our-
selves into seeming knowledge, when we should submit ourselves to
an unknown fear."
Par. : "Why this is the rarest wonder, that hath shot out in our
latter times."
Ber. : " And so 'tis."
Laf. : "To be relinquished of Galen and Paracelsus. ... Of
all the learned and authentic fellows." All's Well ii. 3.
SEA, Power by.
"To be master of the sea, is an abridgment of
monarchy. . . He that commands the sea is at
great liberty, and may take as much and as little of the
war as he will ; whereas those that be strongest by land
are many times in great straits. Surely at this day
with us of Europe, the advantage of strength at sea
(which is one of the principal dowries of this Kingdom
of Great Britain) is great ; both because most of the
Kingdoms of Europe are not merely inland, but girt
with the sea most part of their compass ; and because
the wealth and treasures of both Indies seem in great
part but an accessory to the command of the sea." De
Aug. viii. 3.
"... that pale, but white-faced shore . . .
(Which) coops from other lands her islanders,
. . , that England, hedg'd in with the main.
And confident from foreign purposes."
John ii. 1.
" My sovereign with the loving citizens,
Like to his island girt in by the sea" &c.
3 Hen. VI. iv. 8.
" Sextus Pompeius
Hath given the dare to Caesar, and commands
The Empire of the sea." Ant. Cl. i. 2.
270 MANNERS, MIND, MOEALS. Security
" Pompey is strong at sea."
Ant. Cl. i. 4.
" Of us must Pompey frequently be sought . . .
. . . by sea
He's an absolute master." Ant. CL ii. 2.
See how Pompey's success is largely attributed to his mastery at
sea, and Csesar's failure to his weakness in that respect :
" Our fortune on the sea is out of breath,
And sinks most lamentably."
Ant. Cl. iii. 8.
SECURITY Perilous.
44 My meaning was plain and simple, that his lordship
might, through his great fortune, be less apt to cast, and
foresee the unfaithfulness of friends, and malignity of
enviers and accidents of times. . . . Guicciardini
rnaketh the same judgment, not of a particular person
but of the wisest State of Europe, the Senate of Venice,
when he saith their prosperity had made them secure,
and underweighers of perils." To the King, Aug. 31,
1617.
" All know security
Is mortal's chiefest enemy."
Macb. iii. 5.
"The wound of peace is surety,
Surety secure. Tr. Cr. ii. 2.
You . . . quite forego
The way which promises assurance, and
Give up yourself merely to chance and hazard,
From firm security," &c. See Ant. Cl. iii. 7.
"Your wisdom is consumed in confidence."
See Jul. Cas. ii. 2.
See also of " the confident and over-lusty French " (Hen. V. iv.
Chorus), and of the valiant ignorance and boyish confidence of
Coriolanus' followers (Cor. iv. 6, 9396, 103107). A quibbling
passage on Security is in 2 Hen. IV. i. 2, 3050.
Silence. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 271
SEEMING Outward Forms and Marks.
" He that is only real, had need have exceeding great
parts of virtue as the stone had need to be rich that is
set without foil. , . . It doth add much to a man's
reputation to have good forms." Ess. Hi.
" So may the outward shows be least themselves ;
The world is still deceiv'd with ornament :
In Law what plea so tainted and corrupt,
But, being seasoned by a gracious voice,
Obscures the show of evil ? In religion
What damned error, but some sober brow
Will bless it, and approve it with a text,
Hiding the grossness with fair, ornament ?
There is no vice so simple, but assumes
Some mark of virtue on his outward parts."
Mer. Ven. iii. 2.
SILENCE Its Advantages.
(Comp. Upon question whether a man show speak or
forbear speech, Promus 1148).
" Silence gives to words both grace and authority."
De Aug. vi. 3 (Antitheta).
" My gracious silence, hail ! " Cor. ii. 1.
(See M. Ado ii. 1, 299 ; Cymb. v. 29.)
"Your silence, cunning in dumbness from my weakness, draws
my very soul of counsel." Tr. Or. iii. 2.
" Sirence is the sleep which nourishes wisdom. Silence
is the style of wisdom. Silence nourishes thought."
De Aug. vi. 3.
" Silence and eternal sleep."
Tit. And. i. 2.
" Shape thou thy silence to my wit."
- Twelfth Night i. 2.
(See Ham. v. 1, 293298.)
272 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. SilCDCC.
" Silence is the best commendation."
[Praise of the Queen. ~]
" Silence is only commendable in a neat's tongue," &c.
Mer. Ven. i. 1.
SILENCE Its Disadvantages.
" He that is silent betrays want of confidence either in
others or in himself.
" All kinds of constraint are unhappy : that of silence
is the most miserable of all.
" Silence is the virtue of a fool; and therefore it was
well said to a man that would not speak, ' If you are
wise, you are a fool ; if you are a fool, you are wise.' "
De Aug. vi. 3 (Antitheta).
" Great lords and gentlemen, what means this silence ?
Dare no man answer in a case of truth ? "
See 1 Hen. VI. ii. 4, 15, 25, 26.
" Her silence flouts me."
Tarn. Sh. ii. 1.
" My heart is great; but it must break with silence
Ere it be disburdened with a liberal tongue."
Rich. II. ii. 2, i. 3, 253 257, iv. 2,
[291-303; Tuo.N. ii. 5 (vers. 110, 111).
" My thoughts are, like unbridled children grown,
Too headstrong for their mother. See, we fools !
Why have I blabbed ? Who will be true to us
When we are so unsecret to ourselves ? "
See Tr. Cr. iii. 2, 120150.
Dio. :
" Let your mind be coupled with your words . . ."
Cress. :
" What would you have me do ? "
Ther. :
," ."A juggling trick to be secretly open."
Tr. Cr. v. 2.
Sloth, MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 278
(It is noticeable that most of the personages in the
Plays who speak indiscreetly, or "blab," are women.
This is in accordance with the entry (fromus 526):
" There's no trusting a woman or a tapp"
SILENCE in Matters of Secrecy.
" The silent man hears everything, for everything can
be safely communicated. The silent man has nothing
told him, because he gives nothing in exchange."
De Aug. vi. 3 (Antitheta).
This to me
In dreadful secrecy impart they did . . .
Let it be tenable in your silence still . . .
Give it an understanding, but no tongue."
Ham. i. 2.
" Give every man thy ear, but few thy voice;
Take each man's censure, but reserve thy judgment."
Ham. i. 3.
" How his silence drinks up this applause ! "
Tr. Cr. ii. 3.
" Be thou his eunuch, and your mute I'll be,
When my tongue blabs then let mine eyes not see."
Tiuelfth Night i. 2.
tl The business asketh silent secrecy."
2ffen. VI. i. 2, ii. 2, 68.
SLOTH As Briers and Thorns.
" The way of the slothful is as a hedge of thorns"
Prov. xv. 19.
" He who is sluggish, and defers everything to the last
moment of execution, must needs walk every step, as it
were, midst briers and thorns , which must catch and
stop him." De Aug. viii. 1.
T
274 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Speeches.
" Awake, awake ! English nobility !
Let not sloth dim your honours new-begot," &c.
1 Hen. VI. i. 1.
" If aught possess thee from me, it is dross
Usurping ivy, brier or idle moss,
Who, all for want of pruning, with intrusion
Infect thy sap." Com. Err. ii. 2.
(Compare As You Like ft i. 3, 10 17 and 2 Hen. VI. iii. 1, 30
33, 6668.)
" I abhor
This dilatory sloth and tricks of Rome/'
Hen. VIII. ii. 4.
SPEECHES are like Darts, Daggers, Goads, Etc.
" Short speeches which fly abroad (are) like darts shot
out of their secret intentions." Ess. of Seditions.
" Not a simple slander, but a seditious slander, like to
that the Poet speaketh of Calamosque armare veneno
A venomous dart that hath both iron and poison."-
Charge against St. John.
" Here stand I, lady; dart thy skill at me,
Bruise me with scorn, confound me with a flout :
Thrust thy sharp wit quite through my ignorance,
Cut me in pieces with thy keen conceit."
L. L. L. v. 2.
" I go to meet
The noble Brutus, thrusting this report
Into his ears : I may say thrusting it,
For piercing steel and darts envenomed
Shall be as welcome to the ears of Brutus."
Jul. Cces. v. 3.
" Apophthegms are mucrones verborum : pointed
speeches" Apophthegms (Pref. ).
" madness of discourse ! . . .
And yet the spacious breadth of this division
Speech. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 275
Admits of no orifice for a point ... to enter."
Tr. Cr. v. 2.
" Words which are goads, words with an edge or point
that cut and penetrate the knots of business." De Aug.
ii. 1.
Compare :
"Goaded with most sharp occasions."
All's Well v. 1.
" Business which we have goaded forward."
Cor. ii. 3.
" Goads, thorns, nettles, stings of wasps."
Winter s Tale i. 2.
(Tliis is in connection with evil reports and with
" scandal'' and "the injury of tongues.")
SPEECH Discretion in.
"Discretion in speech is more than eloquence; and to
speak agreeably to him with whom we have to deal is
more than to speak in good words, or in good order.'*
Ess. of Discourse.
"Be not too tame neither, but let your own discretion be your
tutor." Ham. iii. 2.
"Well spoken, with good accent and good discretion.'" Ham.
ii. 2.
" O dear discretion, how his words are suited ! " &c.
Mer. Ven. iii. 5.
SPEECH of Touch.
" Speech of touch towards others should be sparingly
used ; for discourse ought to be a field, without coming
home to any man." Ess. of Discourse.
" You touched my vein at first . . . yet am I inland bred
And know some nurture."
As You Like It ii. This is of the vein
[of feeling, yet words excited it.
MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Suffering.
" Lines, that wound beyond their feeling, to the quick."
Tit. And. iv. 2.
" Titus, I have touched thee to the quick."
Tit. And. iv. 4.
King : " Have you heard the argument ? Is there no offence
in it?"
Ham.: "No, no, they do but jest poison is jest. No offence i'
the world . . . This Play is ... a knavish piece of work; but
what of that ? . . . We that have free souls, it touches us not."
Ham. iii. 2.
SUFFERING Endurable by Comparison.
" This pain also was pleasant by comparison with the
suffering of my neighbours." Promus 454 (in imperfect
Latin).
"For as it savoureth of vanity to match ourselves
highly in our own conceit, so, on the other side, it is a
good, sound conclusion that if our betters have sustained
the like events, we have the less cause to be grieved. In
this kind of consolation I have not been wanting to
myself." Let. to Andrewes, Bishop of Winchester, 1622,
and see forward.
" When we see our betters bearing our woes
We scarcely think our miseries our foes," &c.
See Lear iii. 6, and " Suffering
[well " forward.
" My Dionyza, shall we rest us here ? "
And by relating tales of others' griefs,
See if 't will teach us to forget our own ? "
Per. i. 4.
SUFFERING well Brings Ease. (See Patience.)
lt Of sufferance cometh ease." Promus 945.
" Of sufferance cometh ease."
2 Hen. IV. v. 4.
Suffering, AIA.XXERS, MIND, MORALS. 277
" Get thee gone, and leave those ivoes alone which I
Alone am bound to under-lear . . .
I will instruct my sorrows to be proud,
For grief is proud, and makes his owner stoop."
John iii. 1.
(Connect with the Promus Note 944, " Better to bow
than to breake.")
" Who alone suffers, suffers most i' the. mind,
Leaving free things and happy shows behind ;
But then the mind much sufferance doth o'erskip,
When grief hath mates, and bearing fellowship."
^Lear iii. 6.
Con. : " You shall hear reason."
John : " And when I have heard it, what blessing brings it ? "
Con. : " If not a present remedy, yet a patient sufferance."
M. Ado i. 3; and see Tim. Ath. iv. 3, 266269.
SUFFERING Contemplated.
To me, virgin, no aspect of suffering arises as new
or unexpected. I have anticipated all things, and gone
over them in nay mind."- Promus 380 (Latin), from
Virg. ^n. vi. 103, &c.
" Amongst other consolations, it is not the least to
represent to a man's self like examples of calamity in
others . . . they certify us that which the Scripture
also tendereth for satisfaction, that no new thing is
happened unto us." Let. to the Bishop of Winchester
(Andrewes), 1622.
" Antiochus, I thank thee who hath taught
My frail mortality to know itself,
And by those fearful objects to prepare
This body, like to them, to what it must."
Per. i. 1.
" To be, or not to be, that is the question,
Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer
278 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Temperance.
The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,
Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,
And by opposing end them," &c.
Ham. iii. 1.
TEMPERANCE Abstinence.
" Temperance is like wholesome cold; it collects and
braces the powers of the mind.
u The power of abstinence is not much other than the
power of endurance.
"To abstain from the use of a thing that yon may
not feel the want of it, to shnn the want that you may
not fear the want of it, are precautions of pusillanimity
and cowardice." De Aug vi. 3 (Antitheta).
" What ! are you chafed ?
Ask God for temperance : that's the appliance only
Which your disease requires ; . . .
And let not your reason with your choler question
What 'tis you go about. ... Be advised;
Heat not a furnace for your foe so hot
That it do singe yourself," &c.
See Hen. VIII. \. 1, 130151.
"... Urge them, while their souls
Are capable of this, . . . lest zeal now melted by windy
breath
Cool and congeal again to what it was."
John ii. 2, 176180.
Compare :
" The cool and temperate vrind of grace."
Hen. V. iii. 3, 2932.
" Upon the heat of thy distemper sprinkle cool patience."
Ham. iii. 4, iii. 8790, 139142.
" Refrain to-night, and that will lend a kind of easiness to the
next abstinence the next more easy." Ham. iii. 4.
(See of Angelo, "a man of stricture and firm abstinence/' "who
doth with holy abstinence that in himself " which he corrects in
others. M, M. i. 4, 12, iii. 2, 230274, iv. 2, 81.)
ThOUght. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 279
THOUGHTS Dreams.
" Good thoughts are little better than good dreams"
De Aug. vi. 3 (Antitheta).
Rom. : " Peace, peace ! Mercutio,
Thou talk'st of nothing."
Her. : " True, I talk of dreams
Which are the children of an idle brain," &c.
See Rom. Jul. i. 4, 95105, i. 364;
[John iv. 2, 144153.
" Thoughts, dreams, and sighs, wishes and tears, poor fancy's
followers." if. N. D. i. 1, iv. 1 (Bottom).
" There's nothing, either good or bad, but thinking makes it so.
. . . O God ! I could be bounded in a nut-shell, and count
myself a king of infinite space, were it not that I have bad dreams,
which dreams indeed are ambition, for the very substance of the
ambitions is merely the shadow of a dream. A dream itself is a
shadow." Nam. ii. 2, 262. See Ham. i. 2, 21, ii. 2, 9, 10, &c.;
Hen. V. iv. 8, 16 ; 2 Hen. VI. iii. 1, 72, 73 ; 3 Hen. VI. iii. 2, 133,
134, 167 ; Ant. CL ii. 1, 148-152, iii. 11, 3136, &c.
THOUGHT Free.
"Thought is frQQ."Promus 653.
"Thought is free." Temp. Song iii. 2; Tw. N. i. 3, 69.
" Unloose thy long-imprisoned thoughts."
2 Hen. VI. v. 1.
"Thy freer thoughts may not fly forth."
Ant. CL i. 5.
" Make not your thoughts your prisons."
Ant. CL v. 2.
"Thoughts are no subjects."
M. M. v. 1.
" Our thoughts are ours, their ends none of our own."
See Ham. iii. 2 and ii. 2, 239.
"Free and patient thought'" 1
Lear iv. 6.
280 3IANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Time.
"I am not bound to that all slaves are free to utter my thoughts."
Oth. iii. 2, and see Eich. II. iv. 1, 2 (rep.).
TIME Advantage to be Taken of the. (See Advantage).
" If time give . . . the advantage, what needeth pre-
cipitation to extreme remedies ? But if time will make
the case more desperate, then (one) cannot begin too
soon/' To Sir J. Villiers y 1610.
" Use the advantage of your youth, and be not sullen
to your fortunes." Gesta Gray or urn (6th Counsellor).
" That which I knew then, such as took a little poor
advantage of these latter times, I know since/' To Mr.
Matthews, 1620.
" Though myself have been an idle truant,
Omitting the sweet benefit of time, . . .
Yet hath Sir Proteus, for that's his name,
Made use and fair advantage of his days," &c.
Two Gent. Ver. ii. 4, iii. 2, 242252, iii. 4.
" What pricks you on to take advantage of the time ? "
Rich. II. ii. 3; Tr. Cr. iii. 3, 1- 3.
" Advantage will deceive the time."
Rich. III. v. 3, iii. 5, 73;
[John iv. 2, 5662.
" Find some occasion to anger Cassio . . . from whatever course
you please which the time shall more favourably minister." Oth.
ii. 1.
TIME Its Order to be Observed : Beginnings, Ends.
" As much depends upon observing the order of things,
so likewise in observing the order of time, in disturbing
of which men frequently err and hasten to the end when
they should have consulted the beginning. Advt. L. i.
Pandulph :
" All form is formless, order orderless . ."
Time. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 281
K. John :
"France, thou shalt rue this hour within the hour."
Bast. :
" Old Time, the clock-setter, that bald sexton, Time,
I* it as he will? Well, then, France shall rue :
This day all things began come to ill end"
John iii. 1.
" I would make him . . . wait the season, and observe the times"
L. L. L. v. 2.
See John iv. 2, 19, 20 ; Twelfth Night, v. 1, 251, 252, 384 ; Tim.
Ath. ii. 2, 40 ; Temp. ii. 1 (Song), &c.
TIME to a Sick or Sorrowful Man like a Clock or Dial.
" If a man be in sickness or pain, the time will seem
longer without an hourglass than with it ; for the mind
doth value every moment, and then the hour doth rather
sum up the moments than divide the day'' Colours of
Good and Evil, 5.
" I wasted time, and now doth time waste me,
For now hath time made me his numbering clock.
My thoughts are minutes, and with sighs they jar
Their watches on unto mine eyes, the outward watch
Whereto my finger, likr a dial's point
Is pointing still, in cleansing them from tears.
Now, sir, the sound that tells what hour it is,
Are clamourous groans that strike upon my heart,
Which is the bell : so sighs and tears and groans
Show minutes, times, and hours : but my time
Runs posting on in Bolingbroke's proud joy,
While I stand fooling here, his Jack-o'-the-clock."
Rich. II. v. 5.
TIME to be taken as it is, and People as they are.
" II faut prendre le temps come il est, et les gens comme
ils sont." Promus 1,481.
" Know thou this that men are as the Time is."
Lear v. 3. Comp. Ham. i. 4, 2938.
282 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Time.
" Thou art the ruin of the noblest man
That ever lived in the tide of times."
Jid. Cces. iii. 1.
" (In) these most brisk and giddy -paced times . . .
(lam) unstaid and skittish in all motions. . . .
Our fancies are more giddy and uniform" &c.
Twelfth Night ii. 4.
(See of " the scrambling and unquiet times " which encouraged
Prince Henry's corresponding "wildness," and with the "blessed
change " which came to the times, by his reformation. Hen. V. v.
1, 4, 55, 66, and 2050 ; ii. 4, 2429, &c.)
TIME is the Wisest Judge the Arbitrator.
" Time is the wisest of all things, and the author and
inventor everyday of new cases." Of Praetorian Courts.
" It is an argument of weight, as being the judgment of
Time." Controversies of the Church.
" The counsels to which Time is not called, Time will
not ratify." De Aug. vi. 3 (Antitheta).
" Well, Time is the old Justice that examines and tries all such
offenders, and let Time try" As You Like It iv. 1.
" Time, thou must untangle this ! "
Twelfth Nifjht ii. 2.
" Time must friend or end."
Tr. Or. i. 2.
" That old arbitrator, Time, will one day end it."
Ir. Cr. iv. 2.
" Our virtues lie in the interpretation of the Time."
Cor. iv. 7, and v. 3, 6870.
" I entreat your honour to scan this matter no further. Leave it
to Time.'' Oth. iii. 3.
" What you have charged me with, that have I done,
And more, much more ; the time will bring it out."
Lear v. 3.
[See Hen. VIII. ii. 1, 93, 94.
Travel. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 28a
TRANQUILLITY of Mind from Fortitude.
" Certainly in all delay and expectation to keep the
mind tranquil and steadfast, by the good composure of
the same, I hold to be the chief firmament of human
life ; but such tranquillity as depends upon hope I reject,
as light and unsure." Meditations Sacrce.
" I feel within me
A peace above all earthly dignities.
. , . I am able now, methinks,
Out of a fortitude of soul I feel
To endure more miseries, and greater far
Than my weak-hearted enemies dare offer.
Farewell
The hopes of court.
My hopes in heaven do dwell.
Hen. VIII. iii. 2.
[See 350390 ; iv. 2, 63, 68, 83 ;
Temp. i. 2, 152158.
In contrast, see "Farewell the tranquil mind," &c. Oth. iii. 3,
349, &c. ; M. M. iii. 1, 7986.
" A heart unfortified, or mind impatient." Ham. i. 2, 95 98.
TRAVEL.
" Travel, in the younger sort is part of education ; in
the elder, a part of experience" Ess. of Travel ; and
see Advice to Rutland.
" Home-keeping youths have ever homely wits. . . .
I rather would entreat thy company
To see the wonders of the world abroad
Than living dully sluggardised at home,
Wear out thy youth with shapeless idleness.
Two Gent. Ver. i. 1.
Pant. : " He wondered that your lordship
Would suffer him to spend his youth at home,
While other men of slender reputation
Put forth their sons to seek preferment out :
284 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Traveller.
Some to the wars to try their fortune there ;
Some to discover islands far away ;
Some to the studious Universities.
For any, or for all these exercises,
He said that Proteus, your son, was meet,
And did request me to importune you
To let him spend his time no more at home,
Which would be great impeachment to his age
In having known no travel in his youth. . . ,
Ant. : " I have considered well his loss of time,
And now he cannot be a perfect man,
Not being tried and tutored in the world.
Experience is by industry achieved.
And perfected by the swift course of Time."
Two Gent. Ver. i. 3.
TRAVELLER not to Affect Foreign Manners.
u When a traveller returneth home ... let his travel
rather appear in his discourse than in his apparel and
gestures ... let it not appear that he doth change his
country manners for those of foreign parts," &c. Ess.
of Travel.
" Now your traveller,
lie and his toothpick ... I catechise
My pick'd man of countries . . .
Talking of the Alps and Apennines,
The Pyrannean, and the river Po," &c.
See John i. 1,189213.
"I cannot flatter and speak fair . . .
Duck with French nods and apish courtesy."
Rich III. \. 3.
"Signior Romeo, Bon jour / There's a French salutation to your
French slop." Rom. Jul. iv. 4.
" He bought his doublet in Italy, his round nose in France, his
bonnet in Germany, and his behaviour everywhere." Mer. Ven. i. 2.
See 64100 ; M. Ado Hi, 2, 3040 ; and of Armada, L. L. L. iv.
2, &c.
Truth. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 285
TRUE to Oneself.
" Human nature is too weak to be true to the nature of
things, let them then at least be true to itself!' De
Aug.vi. 3 (Antitheta).
". . . To thine own self be true,
And it must follow
As the night the day,
Thou can'st not then be false
To any man." Ham. i. 3.
" Who shall be true to us
When we are so unsecret to ourselves ? "
Tr. Cr. iii. 2.
TRUTH Naked, and as a Shining Light.
" This same truth is a naked and open daylight, that
cloth not show the masks, and mummeries, and triumphs
of the world half so stately and daintily as candle-lights."
Ess. of Truth.
Plan. :
"The truth appears so naked on my side
That any purblind eye may find it out."
Sorn. :
" And on my side it so well aparell'd,
So clear, so shining, and so evident,
That it will glimmer through a blind man's eye."
1 Hen. VI. ii. 4.
" We lay ourselves open in the naked truth of our hearts."
Concerning Wardship.
" I have made ... a naked and particular account of the
business." To the King, 1614.
" What reason have you for on't ? The naked truth of it is, I have
no shirt." L. L. L. v. 2.
286 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Uniformity.
THE UNDERSTANDING a Globe.
"Nothing can be found in the material globe which
has not its correspondent in the crystalline globe, the
understanding." Advt. L. i. 319.
Ham.: "... Remember thee ?
Aye, thou poor ghost, while memory holds a seat
In this distracted globe.'"' Ham. i. 5.
(Comp. 2 Hen. IV. ii. 4, where Prince Henry's reproach to
Falstaff, " Thou globe of sinful continents" although of course in
part alluding to his fatness and rotundity of figure, refers more
directly to the sinfulness of his mind and evil life.)
UNIFORMITY or Sameness Not Desirable.
44 Philosophers have sought in all things to make men's
minds too uniform and harmonical, not breaking them to
contrary motions and extremes. . . . But men should
rather imitate the wisdom of jewellers, who if there be a
cloud, or a grain or an ice in a jewel, which may be
ground forth without taking too much of the stone, they
remove it : otherwise they will not meddle with it/'
De Aug. vii. 2.
" That ever like is not the same, Caesar
The heart of Brutus yearns to think upon."
Jul. Cces. ii. 2.
" You may wear your rue with a difference."
Ham. iv. 5.
" So oft it chances in particular men
That for some vicious mole of nature in them . . .
Carrying, I say, the stamp of some defect . . .
Their virtues else, be they as pure as grace,
As infinite as man may undergo,
Shall in the general censure take corruption,
Doth all the noble substance off and out
From that particular fault : the dram of evil
To his own scandal." Ham. i. 4.
Vain Glory. BANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 287
USE. (See Custom.)
" Men's deeds are as they have been accustomed . . .
in languages the tongue is more pliant . . . the points
more supple in youth than afterwards ; . . . late learners
cannot so well take the ply except it be in minds that
have not suffered themselves to fit," &c. Ess. of
Custom.
" How use doth breed a habit in a man."
" The language I have learnt these forty years,
My native English, now I must forego :
And now my tongue' 's use is to me no more
Than an unstring'd viol or a harp. . . .
/ am too old to fawn upon a nurse,
Too far in years to be a pupil now" &c.
See Rich. II. i. 3, 158172.
Of the " supple joints " of youth, see Temp. iii. 3, 106 ; Tim.
Ath. i. 1, 249. That the analogy between mind and body was here,
as everywhere, present with our Poet, may be seen in his allusion to
"supple souls" after the morning meal (Coriol. v. 1, 54).
VAIN Glory, or Boasting.
" Vain-glorious persons are ever factious, liars, in-
constant, extreme. Thraso is Gnaso's prey." De Aug.
vi. 3 (Antitheta).
" Glorious (or boastful) men are the scorn of wise men,
the admiration of fools, the idols of parasites, and the
slaves of their own vaunts." Ess. of Vain Glory.
" His humour is lofty, his discourse peremptory, his tongue filed,
his eye ambitious, his gait majestioal, and his general behaviour vain,
ridiculous, and thrasonical." L. L. L. v. 1, and As You Like It v.
2,30.
For excellent examples of vainglorious men according to the
philosopher's view, see of Malovlio, " An affectioned ass ; the best
persuaded of himself, crammed as he thinks, with excellencies '*
(Twelfth Night ii. 3, 5 ; iii. 4, &c.). See also Ajax described by
288 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Virtue.
Thersites and Agamemnon (Tr. Cr. ii. 3 ; iii. 3), and Pistol and Nym
(Hen. V. ii. 1, &c.)
VANITY.
" Dispositions that have in them some vanity are
readier to undertake the care of the commonwealth."
])e Aug. vi. 3 (Antitheta).
" Pluck down my officers, break my decrees ;
For now a time is come to mock at form.
Henry the Fifth is crowned ! Up Vanity !
Down royal State ! All you sage counsellors hence ! " &c.
See 2 Hen. IV. iv. 4, 220268, and v. 4, 129140 ;
[Hen. V. ii. 4, 2040, 130, 131.
VIRTUE and Vice Consort.
61 It is not only for consort and similarity of nature
that things unite and collect together; but evil also,
especially in civil matters, betakes itself to good for
concealment and protection,
* Vice often lurks 'neath virtue's shade*
So on the other hand good draws near to evil, not for
company, but to convert and reform it. And therefore it
was objected to our Saviour that He conversed with
publicans and sinners/' De Aug. vi. 3 (Soph.).
" When vice makes mercy, mercy's so extended
That for the fault's love is the offender friended."
M. M. iv. 3.
" Ah ! that deceit should steal such gentle shape,
And with a virtuous vizor hide deep vice !
Rich. III. ii. 2, and iii. 1, 814, 82, 83.
See also Rich. II. v. 3, 6070 ; Com. Err. iii. 2, 814 ; Rom.
Jul. ii. 3, 1622 ; Ham. iii. 4, 161171 ; Oth. ii. 3, 195199 ;
Per. iv. 4, 95.
* Ovid de Art. Amand ii. 262.
Virtue. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 289
VIRTUE-Beauty (Q.V.).
" Virtue is nothing but inward beauty ; beauty nothing
but outward virtue." Zte Aug. vi. 3 (Antitheta).
" The hand that hath made you fair hath made you good : the
goodness that is cheap in beauty makes beauty brief in goodness ;
but grace being the soul of your complexion, shall keep the body of
it ever fair." M. M. iii. 1.
" Is she kind as she is fair ? For beauty lives with kindness."
See Two Gent. Ver. iv. 2 (Song) ; Per. ii. v. 3136, 66 ; Per. v.
i. 6369.
VIRTUE Happy and Fearless.
"Virtue bears a great part in felicity . . . and has
more use in clearing perturbations than in compassing
desires." De Aug. vii. 2 ; and see of Innocence, Promus,
1,562.
" Virtue is bold and goodness never fearful."
M. M. iii. 1 ; Win. T. iii. 1, 28-32.
" The trust I have is in my innocence,
And therefore am I bold and resolute."
2 Hen. VI. iv. 4.
" Innocence makes false accusation blush."
Win. Tale iii. 1, &c.
For the contrast, see of the " great perturbation " of Lady
Macbeth under a sense of her own crime (Macb. v. 1, 10 12), and
the contrast between the " comfort " and " sweet sleep," fair
dreams, and quiet, untroubled soul of Richmond, with the "coward
conscience," " despair," and " sleep filled with perturbations " of the
" murderer" of King Richard III. (Rich. III. v. 3).
VIRTUE Needs Time for Perfection.
" A long course is better than a short one for every-
thing, even for virtue. Without a good space of life a
man can neither finish, nor learn, nor repent." De Aug.
vi. 3 (Antitheta).
290 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. War.
" The prince will, in the perfectness of time,
Cast off his followers : and their memory
Shall as a pattern or a measure live,
By which his grace must mete the lives of others,
Turning past evils to advantages."
2 Hen. IV. iv. 4.
" He cannot be a perfect man,
Not being tried and tutored in the world :
Experience is by industry achieved,
And perfected by the swift course of time. 1 '
Two Gent. Ver. i. 3.
WAR, Fever or Exercise.
" A civil war indeed is like the heat of a fever, but a
foreign war is like the heat of exercise, and serves most
of all to keep the body in health." De Aug. viii. 3.
" Thou mad'st thy enemies shake, as if the world
Were feverous ; and did tremble."
Cor. i. 4, 4861.
Lart. : " Worthy sir, thou bleed'st
Thy exercise hath been too violent
For a second course of fight."
Mar. : " Sir, praise me not ;
My work hath not yet warmed me. Fare you well," &c.
Cor. i. 5.
" Let me have war, say I : it exceeds peace as far as day does
night : it's spritely, waking, audible, and full of vent," &c. Cor.
iv. 5, 226240.
" In the body of this fleshly land . . . hostility and civil tumult
reigns." John iv. 3 ; and see 1 Hen. IV. i. 1, 1 20.
WAR Lawful, and Fundamental to the State.
" When the constitution of the State, and the funda-
mental customs and laws of the same (if laws they may
be called) are against the laws of Nature and Nations,
Will. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 291
then, I say, a war upon them is lawful." Touching on
Holy War.
" So that from point to point, now you have heard
The fundamental reasons of this war . . .
The reasons of your State I cannot yield."
AIV8 Well iii. 1.
" The big wars that make ambition virtue."
Oth. iii. 3.
" We were not all unkind, nor all deserve
The common stroke of war. . .
. Use the wars as thy redress,
And not as our confusion," &c.
See Tim. Ath. v. 5, 1-64.
WICKED, Rebuke to the.
" He that rebukes the wicked gets himself a blot."
Prov. vi. 11.
" There is great danger in the reproval of the wicked.
For not only will the wicked man lend no ear to advice,
but turns again on his reprover, whom being now made
odious to him, he either directly assails with abuses, or
afterwards traduces to others." De Aug. viii. 1.
Rich. : " Madam, I have a touch of your condition
That cannot bear the accent of reproof . . ."
Duch. : " No, by the Holy Rood thou know'st it well
Thou cam'st on earth to make the earth my hell," &c.
See the mother's account of her son's wickedness (Rich. III. iv.
4, 132 198), and of Pericles' reproof to Antiochus (Per. i. 1), and
Helicanus of reproof (Per. i. 2, 3943).
WILL of Man.
"Example transformeth the will of man into the
similitude of that which is much observant and familiar
towards it." Discourse of the Intellectual Powers.
292 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Will.
" Wishes fall out as they are willed."
Per. v. 2 (Gower).
" Though willingly I came to Denmark . . .
My thoughts and wishes bend again towards France."
Ham. i. 2.
( u All this) puzzles the will,
And makes us rather bear those ills we have,
Than fly to others that ive know not of."
Ham. iii. 1.
" Thy wish was Father, Harry, to the thought."
2 Hen. IV. iv. 4.
" This faculty of the mind of will and election, which
inclineth affection and appetite (which are the rudi-
ments of will) may be so well governed and managed
because it admitteth . . . divers remedies to be applied
to it, and to work on it. The effects whereof ... do
issue as medicines do, into two kind of cures ; whereof
the one is a true cure, and the other is called palliation/'
Discourse of the Intellectual Powers.
" Our bodies are our gardens to the which our wills are gardeners
. . . the power and corrigible authority lies in our wills . . . she
must find the error of her choice." Oth. i. 3, 320355 ; iii. 3, 229
239.
"Performance is a kind of Will or Testament which argues a
great sickness in his judgment that makes it." Tim. Ath. v. 1.
WILL Wish Opinion.
" He had rather have his will than his wish."-
Promus 113.
" Next to religion, in its power over the will of man, is
opinion and apprehension." Of the Intel. Powers*
" Whoever has his wish, thou hast thy will," &c.
See Sonnet cxxxv.; 3 Hen. VI. i. 4, 143-4.
Wit, MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 293
" Wishes fall out as they are willed."
Per. v. 2 (Gower); Hen. V. v. 333, &c.
" Her will recoiling to her better judgment . . . may . . .
happily repent." Oth. iii. 3. And see Two Gent. Ver. i. 3, 6066 ;
Tr. Cr. i. 3, 119124.
WISE Man and Fool.
u One of the philosophers was asked, ' What a wise
man differed from a fool ? ' He answered, ' Send them
both naked to those that know them not, and you shall
perceive/ " Apophthegm 5355.
Touch. : " The more pity that fools may not speak wisely, what
wise men do foolishly."
Gel. : " By my troth thou speak'st true ; for since the little wit
that fools have was silenced, the little foolery that wise men have
makes a great show." As You Like It i. 2.
" The wise man's folly is anatomis'd
Even by the squandering glances of the fool."
2b. ii. 7.
u What is a whoremaster, fool ? A fool in good clothes, some-
thing like thee. . . . Thou art not altogether a fool. Nor thou
altogether a wise man : as much foolery as I have, so much wit thou
lackest." Tim. Ath. ii. 2.
(See King Lear of Edgar whom he speaks of as a poor, naked or
" bare " creature, yet calls a philosopher Lear iii. 4, 80, to end.)
WIT The Cause of Wit.
" The honourablest part of talk is to give the occasion."
Ess. of Discourse.
" His eye begets occasion for his wit,
For every object that the one doth catch
The other turns to a mirth-moving jest."
L. L. L. ii. 1.
" I am not only witty in myself,
But the cause of wit that is in other men.' 1
2 Hen. IV. ii. 2.
294 MANNERS, MIND, MOEALS. Woman.
WOMAN Bearded.
" Femme barbue de cinquante ans, pas de salue."
Promus 1,496.
" Ha ! Goneril ! with a white beard ! "
Lear iv. 6 and see iii. 7, 75.
" By yea and no, I think the woman is a witch indeed. I like not
when a woman has a great beard. I spy a great beard under her
muffler." Mer. Wives iv. 2.
WOMAN Changeable.
" Woman's a various and changeful thing." Promus
1,085 (Latin); Virg.^En.iv. 562,
" A woman's gentle heart, but not acquainted
With shifting change, as is false woman's fashion."
Sonnet xx.
" Constant you are, but yet, a woman."
1 Hen. IV. ii. 3.
" Frailty, thy name is woman ! "
Ham. i. 2.
" Brief ... as woman's love."
Ham. iii. 2.
" Fair is my love, but not so fair as fickle."
Pass. Pilgrim.
"It is the woman's part . . . deceiving . . . change of prides,
disdain, nice longings, slanders, mutability. Even to vice they are
not constant, but are changing still" Cymb. ii. 5.
" Oh ! that I thought it could be in a woman . . .
To keep her constancy in plight and love."
Tr. Cr. iii. 2, and see further
[lines 182-194; iv. 2, 101107; v. 2, passim,
but especially 1. 102110, 125129; v. 3,
108112.
See also as instances to show how the Poet adopted
the term " thing " to express a contemptible woman the
following :
Woman. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 295
" I will be master of what is mine own. She is my goods, my
chattels; she is my house, my household stuff, my field, my barn,
my horse, my ox, my ass, my anything." Tarn. Sh. i. 1.
"An ill-favoured thing, sir, but mine own."
As You Like It v. 4.
" Thou base and self-discovered thing."
Lear iv. 2.
" Thou basest thing . . . disloyal thing. Thou foolish thing."
Cymb. i. 2 and iv. 2, 206, v. 4, 64.
WOMAN Furious.
" Fnrens quid femina." Promus 1,086; Virg. ^En*
v. 6.
" With him along is come the mother-queen
An Ate stirring him to blood and strife."
John ii. 1.
" Her cousin, an' she were not possessed with a fury, exceeds her."
M. Ado i. 1.
" Tigers, not daughters, what have you performed ? . , .
Proper deformity seems not in the fiend
So horrid as in a woman."
Lear iv. 2.
" This damned witch Sycoras . . .
... In her unmitigable rage " (confined thee, &c.).
Temp. i. 2.
(And see of Katherine in Tarn. Sh. i. 2, 181-209, &c.)
WOMAN III or Well as She Pleases.
" Feme se plaint, feme se doubt, feme est malade
quaut elle veut, et par Mme. Ste. Marie, quaut elle veut
elle se guerie." Promus 1,516.
" And at his look she falleth flatly down,
For looks kill love, and love by looks reviveth," &c.
See Yen. Adonis 463480, 493504
" Cut my lace, Charmian, come ;
But, let it be : / am quickly ill and ivell.
296 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Woman's Tears.
So Antony loves."
Ant. Cl. i. 3, and see i. 2 (quoted ante).
WOMAN Leads.
" A woman made a leader." Promus 372 (Latin),
from Virg. ^En. i. 364.
Mess. : " The French have gathered head
The Dauphin with one Joan la Pucille joined,
Is come with a great power to raise the siege."
[Enter Joan, driving Englishmen before her.']
Talbot: " Where is my strength, my valour, and my force ?
Our English troops retire. I cannot stay them.
A woman clad in armour chaseth them."
1 Hen. VI. i. 6.
WOMAN'S Tears Feigned, Artful. (See, further, " III or
Well.")
" We believed in tears : are these also taught to
feign ?
" These tears also have arts, and will be where they
are ordered to be." Promus (Latin), from Ovid ; Her-
vides (Ep. i. 51, 52).
" If thou have not a woman's gift
To rain a shower of commanded tears,
An onion will do well for such a shift."
Tarn. Sh. (Ind. i.).
"A lover that kills himself most gallantly for love.
That ivill ask some tears in the due performing of it :
If I do it, let the audience look to their eyes."
M. N. D. i. 2.
" Cleopatra, catching the least noise of this, dies instantly. I have
seen her die twenty times on poorer moment. . . . She is
cunning past man's thought. . . . We cannot call her winds and
waters sighs and tears. . . . She makes a shower of rain as well
as Jove. The tears live in an onion that would water this sorrow."
Ant. Cl. i. 2.
Woman's Tongue. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 297
" Look ! they weep,
And I, an ass, am onion-eyed : for shame !
Transform us not to women."
Ant. Cl.iv. 1. "
" A few drops of women's rheum, which are
As cheap as lies. Cor. v. 5. And see Ham. i. 2,
[147150; ii. 2, 520, &c.
WOMAN'S Tongue not to be Trusted.
" There is no trusting a woman or a tapp." Promus
526.
" Constant you are,
But yet a woman, and for secrecy
No lady closer, for I well believe
Thou wilt not utter what thou dost not know."
1 Hen. JV.ii. 3.
" I grant I am a woman, but withal,
A woman well reputed. . . .
Tell me your councils, I'll not disclose them.
I have made strong proof of iny constancy,
Giving myself a voluntary wound
Here in the thigh. Can I bear that with patience
And not my husband's secrets ? "
Jul Cons. ii. 1; Ham. iii. 4, 189200.
WOMAN'S Tongue is Her Sting.
" The Amazons sting delicate persons." Promus
82la (Latin), from Eras. Adagia 370.
" She wolf of France, but worse than wolves of France,
Whose tongue more poisons than the adder s tooth!
How ill- beseeming is it in thy sex
To triumph like an Amazonian trull
Upon their woes whom fortune captivates."
3 Hen. VI. i. 4.
Pet. : " Come, come, you wasp ; i' faith you are too angry."
Kath, : " If I be waspish, beware of my sting."
298 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Woman's Tongue.
Pet. : " Who knows not where a wasp doth wear his sting ? In
his tail."
Kath. : " In his tongue."
Tarn. Sh. ii. 1.
(See of Amazons with needles for lances John v. 2, 154158.)
From the entries in the Promus, which refer to women,
we see that Bacon had from early youth formed un-
favourable opinions of them, as he saw them, opinions
which unhappy passages in his own life doubtless con-
firmed. But he also is strengthened in his views by
numerous classical and other authorities. The Shake-
speare Plays reflect all these unfavourable opinions of
womanhood as seen in the 16th century, although Bacon
had nevertheless a high idea of what a sweet and good
woman could and should be, the very mixed nature of
most of his female characters contraries of good and
evil, sometimes almost irreconcilable seem rather to
prove the rule that women, according to the Poet's expe-
rience, were broadly divisible into six classes.
1. Furies or viragoes, such as Tamora, Queen Mar-
garet, Goneril, Regan, and Lady Macbeth in the dark
side of her character.
2. Shrews and sharp-tongued women, as Katherine the
Shrew, Constance, and many others, when they are
represented as angry or in discussion.
3. Gossiping and untrustworthy women, as most of
the maids, hostesses and waiting women, and as Percy
insinuates that his wife may prove.
4. Artful, fickle, faithless, like the Lady Anne (in
Rich. ///.), Jessica, Cressida, and the Queen in Hamlet.
Such dispositions seem throughout the Plays to be
assumed as the normal conditions of womanhood.
Woman's Tongue. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 299
5. Thoroughly immoral and wanting in self-respect, as
Tamora, Bianca, Phrynia, Timandra, Cleopatra, and the
daughter of Antiochus.
6. Gentle, simple, ignorant, or for the most part
colourless, as Hero, Bianca (in Tarn. Sh.\ Awdry, Olivia,
Ophelia, Cordelia, Miranda.
There are noteworthy exceptions to be found amongst
the 130 female characters in the Plays. These exhibit
more exalted and, we trust, at the present day truer
pictures of woman; they are sufficient to show that
Francis " Bacon " knew well what a good woman is, and
the many incidental sentiments put into the mouths of
even indifferent characters are evidence of what he desired
that women should be kind, gentle, sweet and pretty,
graceful in action, soft in speech, winning in manner,
tender mothers, devoted wives. Nevertheless, we cannot
close our eyes to the fact that such characters are rare,
almost exceptional. We have the noble, pure, and good
exhibited in Katherine of Arragon, in Portia (the wife of
Brutus), in Volumnia, in Isabella, and Desdemona. Yet
even Desdemona deceives her father and elopes with a
" Moor," Portia in the Merchant of Venice deceives her
husband. " Gentle Jessica " deceives her father, and
elopes with a Christian, such as he abhorred, thereby
showing her own disregard of the most elementary reli-
gious principles. Even " sweet Anne Page " cannot be
said to have behaved as most of us would wish our
daughters to behave to us.
" Bacon " has been frequently reproached with the un-
favourable views which he held concerning woman-kind.
Clearly " Shakespeare " not only entertained the same
views, but he echoed and re-echoed them throughout the
300 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Words.
Plays, where, as a rale, love is treated as a youthful
passion, akin to folly, marriage often as a doubtful
happiness. The observant and unprejudiced student of
Shakespeare cannot fail to perceive that the philosopher
and the poet reflect and re-echo each other's opinions,
regrets, and wishes.
WORDS as Goads.
" The words of the wise are as goads and as nails."
Promus quoted inaccurately from memory from the Vul-
gate. Eccl. xii. 11, and see Advt. L. i. and the Wisdom
of the Ancients xxviii.
" The sharp, thorny points
Of my alleged reasons drive this forward?
Hen. VIII. ii. 4.
"Not alone the death of Fulvia with more urgent touches
Doth speak to us, but the letters too.' ?
Ant. Cl. i. 3.
" In this point charge him home," &c.
Cor. iii. 3.
WORDS Their Points and Stings.
" There are many forms which, though they mean the
same, yet affect differently, as the difference is great in
the piercing of that which is sharp and that which v&flat)
though the strength of the percussion be the same.
Certainly there will be no man who will not be more
affected by hearing it said, ' Your enemies will be glad of
this/ . . . than by hearing it said only, ' This will be
evil for you/ Therefore these points and stings of words
are by no means to be neglected," De Aug. vi. 3, and
see Promus 1,418725.
Youthful. MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 301
" Good words are better than bad strokes: . . .
In your bad strokes you give good words . . .
The posture of your blows are yet unknown
But for your words, they rob the Hybla bees,
And leave them honeyless. Not stingless, too . . .
You very wisely threat before you sting."
Jul. CCBS. v. 1.
(See AIVs Well iii. 1, 418; Hen. VIII. iii. 255).
" "IVas you we laughed at. What a blow was there given ! An'
it had not fallen flat long." Temp. ii. 1. And see references to
Promus 725.
YOUTH Despises Authority.
" There is implanted in youth contempt for authority
of age; so every man must grow wise at his own cost."
De Aug. vi. 3 (Antithetha).
" Young blood doth not obey an old decree."
L. L. L. iv. 3.
" For the box o' the ear that the prince gave you . . . the young
lion repents." 2 Hen. IV. i. 2. See 2 Hen. IV. iv. 2, 57, 58;
v. 2, 64100.
" If the young dace be a bait for the old pike, I see no reason in
the law of nature, but I may snap at him. Let time shape, and
there's an end." 2 Hen. IV. iii. 2.
YOUTHFUL Counsels.
" First thoughts and youthful counsels have more of
divineness." De Aug. vi. 3 (Antitheta).
" Love who first did prompt me."
Rom. Jul. ii. 2.
" At the first sight they have changed eyes.
This is the first (man) that e'er I sighed for."
Temp. i. 2, 442457.
" The first suit is hot and hasty . . . and then comes repentance."
M. Adoii. 1.
302 MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. Zeal.
" Who ever loved that loved not at first sight ? "
As You Like It iii. 5.
(See of Bertram v. 3, 4454).
" Nature will compel her to a second choice."
Oth ii. 3.
(See Shakespeare of Loves arid Marriages).
ZEAL.
" They that err from zeal, though we cannot approve
them, yet we must love them." De Aug. vi. 3 (Anti-
theta).
" Zeal, affection, alacrity. Im(patience) a zeal and
good affection. ' I can do all things through Him that
strengthened me.' " Promus 1,242.
" We swear a voluntary zeal and unurged faith to your proceed-
ings.'' John v. 2.
" Natural rebellion done in the blaze of youth;
When oil and fire, too strong for reason's force,
O'erbears it, and burns on ...
. . . . Our rash faults
Make trivial price of things we have."
AIVs Well v. 1 and 1 Hen. IV. iii. 2,
[30, &c.; Oth. i. 3, 220 235.
(Zeal for God Hen. VIII. ii. 2, 2325; iii. 2, 454457. Zeal
for counterfeits 2 Hen. IV. iv. 2.
" Knowledge," WE read, " is as a thread which may be
spun upon," and that others may take up the distaff and
continue to spin, is the object for which these examples
have been collected. They are but threads ravelled from
the web and woof of stuff spun and woven in the busy
brain of our Poet-Philosopher. By no means must they
be taken for the finished fabric, for the gorgeous
MANNERS, MIND, MORALS. 303
embroidery of metaphor, simile, and allusion which gives
the characteristic charm to these writings is absent.
With but few exceptions, it has been studiously omitted,
for it would fill a volume of itself, and should the present
collection prove useful, we purpose next to illustrate the
" Figures in All Things " which it was the delight and
the genius of " our Francis " to observe and apply
The ethical comparisons here presented do not, perhaps,
form one-tenth part of those which have been noted; but
it is hoped that they may suffice with unprejudiced minds
to establish the similarity or identity of opinion and taste
exhibited in the two groups of works. Their object will
be attained if they enable some who love him more easily
to follow the deep thoughts and lofty fancies of the
GREAT MASTER.
THE END,
London : ROBEBT BANKS & SON, Racquet Court, Fleet Street.
INDEX.
PAGE
Abstinence 278
Ceremony . .
PAGE
... 47
Adversity 11
Endurance of 12
Prosperity 12
Toad's Stone 12
Crushed by 13
Affectation 14
Affections 258,259
Age Judgment 258 259
Lacking
Overrated
Character Judged
,, by the Face
Charity a Bond
no Excess in
Cheap, A Man Made
... 47
... 48
... 49
50,87
... 52
... 52
... 47
... 53
Deforms and Wears 15
Gracious 16
Invention Lulled in 16
Amazons, Government by 17
Ambition Checked Dangerous ... 18
Mounts, Flies 18
Useful in Pulling Down 19
Anger Appeased 20
by Confession 20, 21
by Mildness 20,21
Excuse 20, 21
Baseness 22
as a Tree
Compliment
Conqueror of Self
Conscience Quiet
Constancy
Contempt, Sharp
Contraries
Counsels, Effeminate
Counsellors, Dead
Violent
Courting the People
Credulity
... 53
... 53
... 54
... 257
54-56
... 57
... 58
... 59
... 59
... 59
244, 245
... 60
Breaks off Business 22
Makes Red Eyes 23
An Edge Set upon 23
Eepented 25
Irrevocable 25
Dignity *>Q
Custom, Force of
Tyrant
Death, Fear of 6
Apprehension
Birth
Dailv .
61. 287
... 62
3, 66, 67
... 63
... 64
... 65
Checked ''6
Envy
65
Privileged 26
Antiquity Affected 9 7
H Feared by Children
,. 66
67
The True 28
Art and Nature 29
Atheist (see Hypocrite) 237
Authority in Learning ... 30 2fl8
not the Sole Guide ... 31
Bashfulness, Hindrance 33
Beauty Grace. . 34
Painless
,. Prepared for
a Release
Seizes
Obsequies
Deformity Body, Mind ...
Freed from Scorn
... 69
... 67
... 69
... 70
... 71
72-74
... 73
Favour 34
Goodness 35 ^89
Delay
... 75
75
v Fortune ... . . . . 35
Despatch, Rich . ... ...
... 76
of Mind and Body ... 36
Behaviour a Garment 37
Blame 38
Blamingr One's Self 41
Boast Thrasonical 287
Dangerous
Brief
Order Assists
Detraction, Devil of
Dignity ...
... 76
... 77
... 77
... 78
263
Boldness Leads 287
Breaks Promises 287
Rash 42
Ignorant 43
Calumnv 44
Cannibals 45
Care Affection 45
Cat, Who Dared noi 45
Cause Effect 46
Disappointment
Child, Boy
Discontent in the State
Discourse Affected
., with Circumstance
Tedious
Blunt
Questioning
of Reason
... 278
78,79
... 79
... 79
... 80
... 80
80,81
... 81
... 81
vi
Index.
PAGE
Discourse Salt, Bitter 82
Discoursing Wits 82
Dissembling 83, 84
Dissimulation Policy 83
to Reach Truth, 84-86
Secrecy ... 84,85,88
Vice 85
to Thwart 86
in Face 87
Distinction Difference 89
Divinity Shapes Our Lives 90
Division of Labour 91
Doubts Certainties 92
Dreams - - 979
PA
Grace in Speech
Gravity Dulness
Greatness Servitude
Discomforts of
Dangerous
Falls Headlong ..
Haste Delays
Health of Mind-Body
Heart A Continent ...
Hearts Metals
Heroes, Birthdays of
Sons. Banes
Honour Reputation
Degrees of
Given by God
Hope Happiness
Sleepy Drink, Dreams ...
Humanity
,, Miseries of
Philosophy of
Human Nature, Fop of
Humour Moisture
Hypocrites
Ostentation
Lose Feeling
Undutiful
Saint, Sinner
Icarus Pride
Ignorance, Seditions
Pretends
Imagination an Agent
Deludes
Imitates the Senses...
Eloquence of
Example
Infects
Poetry
Imitation Apes
Example
ImpaMence
QE
131
133
133
134
135
135
135
136
138
139
139
140
141
141
143
143
144
145
146
147
145
148
150
151
151
153
153
251
155
155
157
158
159
164
186
165
166
156
166
230
245
167
169
169
169
170
289
172
262
262
173
174
174
175
175
176
176
177
178
17H
17'.)
179
180
180
181
Duty
Education
... 92
93
Effeminate Peace
End Beginning
,. Consider the
Rules Event
Endurance (see Suffering).
Enjoyment (see Happiness).
Envy The Devil
in Equals
,, Preys
... 231
... 95
... 94
... 96
96-98
... 97
... 97
Public
98
Excited
... 99
Equality in Men
in Measure
Evil a Foil
Good
... 99
... 99
... 100
100
Example
Excess
... 101
102
Expense
. 104
Extremes
Extremities Try
Fame Good
... 105
... 106
107
Mounts
Blind
Rumour
has Eyes, Ears
Familiarity
Figures in All Things
Flattery
Fool Wise
Fortitude from Tranquillity
Free Thought . .
... 108
... 109
.. 109
109 110
.. Ill
.. Ill
.. 112
114, 115
... 283
116
Impossibilities
Imposture Pedantry
Industry Achieves
Fruits of Purchased ...
Ingratitude
Innocence 171,
Innovation Birth
Irresolution
Jests Commended
Considered ...
in Earnest
not Commendable
on Serious Matters
in Moderation ...
Shallow
Friend -Another Self
Friendship Clears the Mind
Continues a
Work
Human, Divine
Incapable of
Kind
Supports
Giving with Discrimination
God's Goodness
Gods, Men
116-119
... 119
Man's
... 120
... 120
... 121
122
'.". 122
... 123
... 123
... 124
Sorrow
God's Screts
Work, Creatures
Gold Tried Touchstone ...
Goodness Humanity
Mercy
Inherent
a Habit
Grace in movement
... 125
... 12R
... 127
127,128
... 128
... 129
... 130
... 131
Judgment Sense
Justice makes Man a God
cannot Extirpate Vice ...
Mercv
Knowledge Light
like Streams, not
Original
We Need to Know. .
Index.
PAGE
Knowledge of Causes 181
Contemplative ... 182
Sweet 182
of a ftlan A Win-
dow 183
Remembrance, 184, 260
of Self 185
Late-Early 186
Law Unequal 187
Letters of Recommendation ... 188
Life Brief 188
for Sake of Others 189
a Draw 189
a Journey 189
a Stage-Play 191
Theatre for God and the
Angels 192
Lookers-on 193
from High Ground ... 193
Love Aspiring 194
Contempt 194
Creeps 195
Folly
Hyperbole
Sym
Malignity Crossness
Inborn
Man Centre of the World ...
,, Compounded
Image of God
Microcosm
Abstract of the World
Model
Compared to a Tree-
Memory of Good and Bad ...
Method Part of Judgment...
in Madness
Mind of Man Glass
195, 196
... 196
... 197
... 197
... 199
... 199
... 200
... 200
... 201
... 201
... 202
... 202
202
203
204
205
205
Susceptible of Alter-
like
206
207
237
ation
Managed
Horse
Miracles Past
Misanthrope Timon's Tree
Fly -buzzing..
Money, Muck, Dirt
Multitude, Applause of the..
Many-headed ..
NatureArt, Shape, Rudiments ... 210
God's Book 210
Contrary 211
Custom 211
Necessity Strengthens the Mind ... 212
Make a Virtue of ... 212
a Spur 212, 213
New, Old 213
Nobility of Good Stock ... 213, 214
Novelty Desired 214
Oaths Deceive ... 215
like Dicers 215
Obedience of Affections to Reason 215
Blind 215
Observation Experience 216
Occasion Calls 217
Seized ... 218
Occasion Offers
Old Age Unkind
Covetous
One's Own Beautiful
Right, Humanity
Opinion, Light ...
PAGE
... 218
... 218
.. 218
... 218
... 219
219
Varies 220
Gales of 220
Opportunity Thief 220
Occasion 221
Ostentation, Politic 221
Impressive 223
of Learning 223
Outward Appearance 223
Painted Face -Manners 224
Parables for Secrecy 225
Paracelsus' School 237
Parents' Authority 226
Affection 226
Minds Inherited 237
Children 227
Passions Dull, Violent 228
Narcotics for 228
Past Irrevocable 229
Patience Impatience 23')
Hardness, Endurance .. 230
Peace Slothful, Effeminate .. 231
People Rabble Courted 232
Their Voice 233
Goodwill 234
Perfection 234
Perfidy 235
Persuasions- Affections Pliant ... 236
by Colours, Sophistry 237
Perturbation 289
Philosophy Divine 289
and the Toothache ... 238
Place Shows Character 239
as Stairs, Ladder 239
Rising to Slippery 240
Pleasure, Fruition, Acquisition ... 240
Poetry Shadow 242
a Dream 242
Feigned History 243
Popularity 244
Possibilities 245
Poverty of Learned Men 245
Travelling 246
Praise by Enemies 247
The People's 247
Reflection as in a Glass ... 248
of Self 248
Preparation Smooths the Way ... 249
for Death 250
Pride -Ivy 250
Expels some Vices 251
Falls Icarus 251
Ostentatious 252
Subjects a Man 252
is Unsociable 253
Prince not to be Credulous... . 253
His Informers 254
Providence 254
Quarrels to be Avoided 255
Question A Wise One 257
Quiet Conscience 257
tfm
Index.
PAGE
Quiet in the Grave
... 257
Reason -The Affections
... 258
R6cr6citi.on,
959
Reformation of Affections ...
... 259
Remembrance
... 260
Reproof by Friends
... 260
Reputation Breath
of Great Men ...
... 261
... 261
Resolution
... 262
Responsibility Dignity
.. 263
Retreat Secured
.. 263
Riches, Against
.. 264
Baggage, Burden ...
.. 264
Blessings
.. 266
Rich Men Bought, Sold
.. 2^5
Ridicule, Folly ;
.. 26*
Scorn, Mocking
.. 267
from Inferiors
.. 268
Scorner
.. 267
Scholars Support Authority
Sea Power by
.. 268
9g9
Command of
269 270
Security Perilous
.. 270
Seeming
.. 271
Silence Gracious
.. 271
Its Disadvantages ...
.. 272
Secrecy
. 273
Sloth, as Briars and Thorns-
.. 273
Speeches, Daggers, Goads ...
,, Discretion in
. . 274
.. 275
of Touch
.. 275
Suffering, Endurable ...
.. 276
Bring Ease
... 276
., Contemplated
.. 277
Temperance Abstinence ..
.. 278
Thoughts Dreams ...
.. 279
Thought, Free
.. 279
Time, Advantage of
.. 280
Order of
280
Clock, Dial
... 281
PAGE
Time, as it is 281
Arbitrator 282
Tranquillity from Fortitude ... 288
Travel Education 283
Traveller not to Affect 281
True to One's Self 285
Truth Naked, Light 285
Understanding a Globe 28(5
Uniformity 286
Use 287
Vainglory Thraso 287
Vanity 288
Vice Virtue ... 288
Virtue - Beauty 289
Fearless ... 289
Perfected by Time 2s
War, a Fever 290
Lawful 200
Fundamental 290
Wicked. Rebuke to the 291
Will of Man 291
Wish 2'.'2
Wise Man Fool 293
Wit-Cause of Wit 293
Woman Bearded 294
Changeable ... 294
., a Thing 294,295
Furious ... . ... 295
111 or Well 295
Lead 296
Woman's Tears 29>
Tongue 297
Her Sting ... 297
Women, " Shakespearean "
" Bacon " of 298
Words as Goads 300
Their Stings HOO
Youth Despises Authority 301
Youthful Counsels 301
Zeal ... 302
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