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LIBRARY
OF THE
MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY.
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OCCASIONAL PAPERS
OF THE
BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM OF
POLYNESIAN ETHNOLOGY AND
NATURAL HISTORY
VOLUME V.
honolulu, h. i.
Bishop Museum Press.
Jt 1913-
CONTENTS
[Basal pagination.]
Number i.
PAGE
New Hawaiian plants, III, by Charles N. Forbes (with 5 unnum-
bered illustrations) 1-13
Plant invasion on lava flows, by Charles N. Forbes T 5~ 2 3
Number 2.
Director's report for 191 1 (with 18 illustrations) 27-80
Another curved adze, by William T. Brigham (with 1 illustration) 81,82
Number 3.
Notes on the flora of Kahoolawe and Molokini, by Charles N. Forbes
( with 4 illustrations) 85-97
An enumeration of Niihau plants, by Charles N. Forbes (with 4 illus-
trations 99-1 1 2
Number 4.
Director's report for 1 912 (with 6 illustrations) 1 15-148
Number 5.
Report of a journey around the world: 1912, by William T. Brigham 151-320
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Basal pagination; p.c. indicates that the illustration was from a postcard.
PART I.
PAGE
i. Hibiscus kahilii, Forbes c
2. Kadua fluviatilis, Forbes 7
3. Clermontia tuberculata, Forbes g
4. Rollaiidia parvifoiia, Forbes n
5. Cyanea undulata, Forbes 13
PART II.
1. Bowl from Kaiulani collection 40
2. Meat dish from Kaiulani collection 40
3. Meat dish from Kaiulani collection 41
4. Finger bowl from Kaiulani collection 41
5. Spittoons from Kaiulani collection 41
6. Pestle and mortar from F. W. Thrum 43
7. Stone lamps from McBryde collection 43
8. New Laboratory 66
9. Laboratory, ground floor 68
10. Laboratory, first floor 70
1 1 . Laboratory, second floor 71
12. Laboratory, roof and photographic department 72
13-17. Laboratory, illustrations of process of building 75-79
18. Laboratory, from the northeast So
1 9. Curved adze from Kauai 82
PART III.
1 . Map of Kahoolawe 93
2. Inside slopes of north crater 94
3. Remains of imu left by erosion 94
4. Lower slopes showing pili grass 95
5. Landing at Kahoolawe 95
6. Beach at Kanapou Bay 96
7. Map of Molokini 97
S. Euphorbia stokesii, Forbes 109
9. Cliffs near Kaali no
10. View from Kii toward Kaali in
11. Map of Niihau 113
PART IV.
1-3. Ancient Hawaiian figure from Mrs. Wilcox 1 18-120
4. Kapa from Niue 122
5. Fijian club given by Sir Everard Im Thurn 123
6. Adze given by J. Edge-Partington 124
(iii)
iv List of Illustrations.
PART V.
1. Field Museum, Chicago j--,
2. National Museum, Washington, D. C. i ;j
3. Carne-ie Institution Administration Building, Washington 155
4. Trilithon at Stonehenge. (C.M.Wilson.) 156
5. Primitive adze from New Guinea. (W. T. B.) i 57
6. The British Museum, London, (p.c. ) 158
7. Glass and Ceramic Gallery, British Museum, (p.c.) 158
8. vSir Charles Hercules Reed. (From a drawing by Seymour Lucas. ). isq
9. Mr. T. A. Joyce £0
10. Carved wooden bowl, British Museum 161
11. Carved wooden bowl, British Museum 162
12. Carved wooden cup, British Museum 16^
13. Necker Island stone images, British Museum 164
14. Hawaiian god from Kailua, British Museum 165
15. Hawaiian god, British Museum 165
16. Hawaiian stick god, British Museum 166
17. New Zealand trumpet, British Museum 167
18. Natural History Museum, South Kensington, (p.c.) 168
19. .Statue of Charles Darwin. (H. G. Herring. ) 169
20. Entrance hall of Kensington Museum 1 70
21. Bust of Sir W. H. Flower. (H. G. Herring.) 171
22. The Imperial Institute, (p.c.) '. 172
23. Victoria and Albert Museum, (p.c.) 173
24. Fijian club given by Sir Kverard Im Thurn. (W. T. B.) 174
25. Royal College of Surgeons, Hall of Comparative Anatomy 1 74
26. Hawaiian image, Fuller collection. (A. W. F. F. ) 1 75
27. Hawaiian image, profile 17::
28. Portrait of Baron A. von Hvigel 177
29. 30. Two views of the New Cambridge Museum 17s
31. Portrait of Professor H. Balfour 180
32. Interior of Oxford Museum 181
33. Bloxam idol in Oxford Museum 1 84
34. Horniman Museum and Library 186
35. Horniman Museum, Zoological Hall 187
36. Horniman Museum, plan of Ethnological Hall 189
37. Horniman Museum, plan of Auditorium 189
38. Dr. A. C. Haddon, Cambridge 190
39. Dr. H. H. Juynboll, Leiden 192
40. Teyler's Museum, Haarlem, (p.c.) 193
41. Museum voor Kunst en Nijyerheid, Haarlem. ( p.c. ) 193
42. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam 194
43. National Museet, Prindsens Palais, Copenhagen 195
44. Dr. Sophus Muller, Copenhagen. (Fred. Riise. ) 196
45. Hawaiian image, Copenhagen 198
46. Feather cape, Copenhagen 199
47. National Museum, Stockholm 200
48. Dr. Oscar Montelius. (Minerva.) 201
49. Nordiska Museet, Stockholm 202
50. Interior of Nordiska Museet 203
51. Roumiahtzeff Museum, Moskau 207
52. National Museum, Budapest 208
53. Agricultural Museum, Park, Budapest 213
54. Interior of Agricultural Museum 213
55. Hungarian National Museum 214
56. Hofmuseum, Vienna 215
57. Dr. Fran/. Heger 216
List of Illustrations. v
PAGE
58. Z winger, Dresden 220
59. Dr. Arnold Jacobi 221
60. Grassi Museum, Leipzig 222
61. Dr. Karl Weule. (p.c.) 223
62. Stairway in Grassi Museum 224
63. Marquesan carved box 225
64. Buchgewerbehaus, Leipzig, (p.c. ) 226
65. Gutenberghalle in Buchgewerbehaus. (p.c.) 226
66. Museum fur Volkerkunde, Berlin 227
67. Gallery in Meereskunde Museum, Berlin 228
68. Ships of the line at anchor in harbor 231
69. Model of Hamburg harbor (part) 232
70. Coral reef on Sinai shore, Red Sea 233
71. Rautenstrauch-Joest Museum, Cologne 234
72. Stairway in Rautenstrauch-Joest Museum 234
73. Upper stairway Rautenstrauch-Joest Museum 235
74. African Hall, Rautenstrauch-Joest Museum 235
75. Bismarck Archipelago collection, Rautenstrauch-Joest Museum •• 237
76. New Caledonian collection, Rautenstrauch-Joest Museum 238
77. Micronesian collection, Rautenstrauch-Joest Museum 239
78. Examples of free standing cases 240
79. Table case with subcloset 241
So. Plain table case open 242
8 1 . Plain table case closed 242
82. Senckenbergischer Museum, Frankfurt am Main, (p.c) 243
83. Volkerkunde Museum, Frankfurt am Main 244
84. Inner hall of Museum 245
85. Dr. R. Hagen and Mr. F. C. A. Sarg 246
86. Maori carved box 247
87. Paris Museum of Natural History, upper hall 248
88. Paris Museum of Natural History, lower hall 248
89. Trocadero, Paris, from Eifel Tower 249
90. Musee Guimet, Paris 251
91. Palais Longchamps, Marseilles 252
92. Chateau Borely, Marseilles 253
93. Musee Oceanographique de Monaco 254
94. Central Hall looking towards the Auditorium 256
95. Eastern Hall, first floor 258
96. Eastern Hall, ground floor 260
97. Auditorium 262
98. Museum from the sea 263
99. Vesuvius from Pompeii, 1912. (C. M. Wilson. ) 266
100. Observatory on Vesuvius. ( F. A. Perret. ) 267
101. Dr. G. Mercalli, Director of Observatory 269
102. Crater of Vesuvius, 1912. (F. A. Perret. ) 270
103. On camels to consult the Sphinx. Director and Secretary 272
104. Colombo Museum 275
105. Raffles Museum and Library 276
106. Entrance hall of the museum 277
107. Group of Tropic-birds 279
108. A hall of the Raffles Museum 279
109. Dr. Richard Hanitsch, Director 281
no. Rickshaw in Singapore, (p.c.) 282
in. Batavia: canal in old town 2S3
112. Business street in Batavia 283
113. Gunung Salak from Hotel Bellevue, Buitenzorg 285
1 14. Driveway through ferns, Buitenzorg 286
vi List of Illustrations.
V \i.l
115. Canarium Avenue, Buitenzorg Garden 287
116. Fountain in garden 2 g8
1 1 7. Lake with Governor's residence 292
118. Roadside view with rice ponds 293
119. Fish pond near Garoet 294
120. Bambu anklong. (\V. T. B.) 295
121. Painting batik at Garoet 298
122. Crater of Papandajan. (Kurkdjian.) 303
123. Rice fields in Java, (p.c.) 305
124. Boro Boedoer ,08
125. On the terrace, Boro Boedoer 310
126. One of the stairways 312
127. The roof, Boro Boedoer 314
128. Chandi Mendoet in ruined state -16
129. Chandi Mendoet Government restoration 316
130. Statue of Buddha at Mendoet 317
131. Water Castle, Djocjacarta. (Centrum Co. ) 320
132. The Javan dance, Topeng 320
133. Poespo on the road to Tosari. (p.c.) 322
134. Cones of the Zand Zee. (Kurkdjian.) 324
135. Clouds in the Zand Zee. (Kurkdjian. ) 325
136. Trail in Zee to Bromo. (Kurkdjian.) 327
137. Crater of Bromo. (Kurkdjian.) 328
138. A crater filled with water. (Kurkdjian.) 329
139. Village near Tosari 330
140. A Javan lomilomi 33 1
141. A Queensland ant hill, (p.c.) 335
142. The Queensland Museum, Brisbane. (A. A White. ) 337
143. Dr. R. Hamlyn-Harris, Director 338
144. Australian Museum, Sydney 340
145. R. Etheridge, Jr. , Director- 341
146. Group of lions by Ward 343
147. Case of Admiralty Islands bowls 345
148. Augustus Hamilton, Director of Dominion Museum 346
149. Carved food hook 347
150. Stone phallic image 347
151. Maori carved flutes 347
152. Maori sacrificial knife 348
153. Tahitian stone pounder 349
154. Canterbury Museum, Christchurch 351
155. Mr. Edgar R. Waite, Director 352
156. Porch of the museum 353
157. Maori hall in Canterbury Museum 354
158. Moa skeletons, Canterbury Museum 355
159. Stick god in Bloxam collection 356
160. Otago Museum, Dunedin 357
161. Dr. W. B. Benham, Curator 358
162. Terminal face of the Muller Glacier. ( p.c. ) 360
163. Mt. Cook and Hermitage, (p.c. ) 36]
164. Bridge over Hooker River. ( p.c. ) 362
165. Hooker River passing under Muller Glacier, (p.c.) 363
166. Mud volcano at Waiotapu. (Tempest Anderson. ) 366
167. Auckland Museum, 1913 36S
168. Dr. T. W. Cheeseman, Director 369
169. View of pataka 37 1
170. War-canoe 372
171. Fijian lali or war-drums 373
List of Illustrations. vii
PAGE
172. Fijian pottery 374
1 73. Three Fijian Princesses 37^
1 74. Future Field Museum ' 378
175. Dr. C. F. Millspaugh, Curator of Botany 379
176. Case of breadfruits and products 380
177. Glass model of soursop 381
1 78. Group of American turkeys 382
1 79. Mangaian ceremonial paddle 383
180. Peabody Museum, Salem, Mass. 384
181. Edward S. Morse, Director 385
182. Interior of Marine Museum 386
183. Carnegie Museum, Pittsburg 387
184. Dr. W.J. Holland, LL.D. 388
185. Palaeontological Hall 389
186. Hall of Mammals 3go
187. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 391
188. Miss H. Newell Wardle 392
189. American Museum, New York 393
190. Henry F. Osborn, President ^94
191. Clark Wissler, Curator of Ethnology 395
192. Wild plum in Jesup collection of woods 396
193. Philippine room 397
194. Pacific Islands Hall 3g8
195. Corner of Pacific Islands Hall 3gg
196. American Museum of the future 400
197. Carved Tongan pillow 418
198. Greenstone club 4x8
199. Short handled adze 418
200. Wooden gong 4™
201. Caroline Islands hats 420
202. Gilbert Islands cuirass
421
203. Marshall Islands adze 421
204. Finger bowl 422
205. Carving tool 422
206. Stone lamps 422
207. Awa bowl tripod 42^
208. Talking-stick, Rapanui 42^
209. Shell adze, Hermit Islands 424
210. New Britain fiddle
425
2 r 1 . Carved dish, Eeiden 426
212. Bone fish-hook, Hawaii 428
213. Hawaiian ladle, Vienna 429
214. Shark-teeth weapon 430
214A. Pan-pipe, Tonga 430
215. Hawaiian god, Munich 431
216. Hawaiian figure 412
217. Hawaiian °:od, Munich.
432
220.
221
218. Adze with jade blade 434
218A. Marquesan double canoe • 43c
219. Hawaiian idol, British Museum 438
Hawaiian idol, British Museum 438
Hawaiian idol, British Museum 438
222. Hawaiian idol, British Museum 43g
223. Hawaiian idol, British Museum 439
224. Coconut drum , 440
225. Mirror with carved pipes 440
226. Shark -teeth implements 441
viii List of Illustrations.
PAGE
227. Ancient Hawaiian fans 442
228. Carved sacrificial knives 442
229. Temple lamp 443
230. Samoa n image 444
231. Marqnesan club 445
232. Hervey Islands drum 446
233. Sennit basket 446
234. Tongan bone apron 447
235. Rarotongan national god 44s
236. Te Rongo and three sons 449
237. Creative god of Austral Islands 450
238. Creative god of Austral Islands (back) 451
239. Lotus club, British Museum 452
240. Banks Islands kite 453
241. Lotus clubs, Oxford 454
242. Berne Municipal Museum 456
243. Tortoise-shell leiomano 457
244. Tongan mat 457
245. Sunshade 457
246. Adze with handle • - 457
247. Stone canoe-breaker 457
24S. Maori coffin, Auckland 461
249. Hawaiian idol, Salem 463
250. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum 468
INDEX.
Basal pagination.
Academy Imperial, Russia, 205.
Aden, 275.
Admiralty Islands bowls, 344, 356.
collections, 419, 420, 424, 427, 428,
429. 433. 434. 435, 436, 437-
Agricultural Museum, Budapest, 212.
Albany Pass, 335.
Albrecht, W., model of Hamburg
docks, 232.
Alexander III Museum, 206.
Alofa Island seen, 376.
American Academy, Rome, 265.
Museum, New York, 341, 467.
turkeys, group, Chicago, 382.
Amherstia, Buitenzorg, 290.
Amsterdam, 194.
Ancient inscribed stone worshipped,
293-
Anklong, a Javan musical instrument,
295-
Annual Report, Director's, 191 1, 27.
Report, Director's, 1912, 115.
Ant hills, Queensland, 335.
Anthropological Institute, Royal, 173.
Aquarium, Amsterdam, 195.
Naples, 266.
Aratiatia Rapids, 367.
Archbishop performs mass, Moskau,
206.
Attendance table, 191 1, 38.
table, 1912, 129.
Auckland Library, 370, 462.
Museum, 368.
Museum collections, 460.
Austral Islands collections, 445.
Australian churingas, 244.
collections, 419, 431, 434, 436, 447,
458, 459- 465, 466, 467-
Museum, 340.
Museum collections, 457.
Avalanche, Mt. Sefton, 360.
Aviation field, Versailles, 247.
Bagindas Lake, visited, 295.
Balaenoptera indica, 280.
sibbaldii, 205.
Baldwin, Mrs. H. P., gift, 132.
Balfour, Prof. Henry, 180.
Baltespannare, Stockholm, 201.
Bambu baskets for road metal, 296.
Banka Islands tin, 282.
Batavia, 284.
Batik factory, 297.
Battle Creek School Museum, 408.
Bavarian National Museum, 220.
Beasley, Harry G., gift, 130.
collection, 175, 453.
Benham, Prof. W. B., 355.
Berlin Museum fiir Volkerkunde, 227.
Berne Municipal Museum, 455.
Bille, Capt. Steen, 199.
Steen A., 199.
Billiton Island, 282.
Binding books, 117.
Birnie Island passed, 376.
Bishop Museum collections, 405.
place, 406.
Bismarck Archipelago collections,
420, 425, 428, 434, 436, 462, 464,
465,467.
Bloxam, A. R., Esq., 350.
idol, Christchurch, 356.
idol, Oxford, 184.
Blume, Dr. C. L., 286.
Bodleian Library, 183.
Book Trade, Leipzig, 224.
Boro Boedoer, 313.
buried by eruption, 318.
restorations, 315.
Borron, Hon. Jas., collection, 374.
Boston Society of Natural History,
155-
left April 30, 1912, 155.
Botanical accessions, 191 1, 45.
accessions, 1912, 127.
Museum, Paris, 248.
Museum, Petersburg, 206.
Museum, Vienna, 218.
Boulac Museum, 274.
Brake, primitive for carts, 306.
Breadfruit represented, Chicago, 380.
Brigham, W. T., Hawaiian curved
adze, 81.
Report, 191 1, 27.
Report, 1912, T15.
returns from journey, 115.
Brighamia insignis on Niihau, 107.
Brinckmann, Dr. Justus, Hamburg,
'97- (i)
11
Index.
Brindisi, 273.
Brisbane Botanical Garden, 339.
(Queensland) Museum, 337, 458.
British Museum, 163.
Museum collections, 438.
Bromo crater, 328.
expedition, 325.
worshipped, 327.
Buchgewerbehaus, Leipzig, 225.
Buchhandlerhaus, Leipzig, 224.
Budapest, 209.
Buddha in Chandi Mendoet, 317.
Budget system in museums, 411.
Buffalo horns, 334.
Buitenzorg, 285.
Garden, 286.
Bullock Museum sale, 347.
Cairo, 273.
Cambridge Museum, New, 178.
Museum collections, 453.
Canoe6 at Pasoeroean, 332.
at Suva, 376.
Canterbury College, 364.
Museum, 351.
Museum collections, 459.
Carnegie Institution, Washington,
152.
Library, Suva, Fiji, 376.
Museum, Pittsburg, 386, 466.
Caroline Islands collections, 419, 446,
464. 467-
Case for feather cloaks, 221.
Cases, steel, Cologne, 236.
Cassava cultivated, 311.
Casting and moulding, 36, 117.
Castle, Mrs. W. R., gifts, 130.
Casts for museum exhibits, 412.
Catacombs, Rome, 265.
Catalogue of Polynesian objects, 416.
Census of museum contents, 415.
Chair travel, 323.
Chandi Mendoet, 316.
Chateau Borely, Marseilles, 253.
Cheeseman, Dr. Thos. W., 369.
Chicago, 152, 377, 465.
Children work young in Java, 305.
Christchurch, New Zealand, 350, 459.
Christ's College, Cambridge, 179.
Cinchona plantations, 301.
Cleghorn bequest, 30.
Clermontia tuberculata, Forbes, 8.
Collegio Romano closed, 264.
Cologne, 233.
Colombo Museum, 275.
Conchological accessions, 46, 128.
Conclusions drawn, 402.
Congea velutina, 292.
Contributions to museum funds, 409.
Cook, Mt., first view, 359.
relics in Petersburg Museum, 205.
relics in Sydney, 344.
relics in Wellington, 347.
Cooke, Dr. C. M., gifts, 130.
G. P., gifts, 130.
Cookson, W. S., in Singapore, 277.
Copenhagen, 198.
collections, 417.
Cyanea undulata, Forbes, 12.
Dagger that killed Cook, 350.
Dancers and orchestra, Java, 319.
Darnley Island mummies, 458.
Darwin statue, 169.
Dinornis giganteus, cast, 389.
Director's Annual Report, 191 1, 27.
Annual Report, 1912, 115.
Diplodocus carnegei, 389.
Djocja, arrival, 307.
Dodge, F. B., gift, 132.
Dohrn, Dr. Anton, 265.
Dominion Museum, Wellington, 345,
460.
Dresden Museum, 220.
Drunken passengers, 359.
Dunedin, arrival, 354.
Museum, 458.
Duplicates from local museums, 406.
Eden (Mt.), Auckland, 371.
Edge-Partington, collection, 453.
gives adze, 124.
visited, 156.
Enderby Island seen, 377.
England behind in Ethnological
work, 404.
Ermitage, Petersburg, 206.
Eruption of Papandajan in 1772, 304.
of Stromboli, 271.
Etheridge, R. Jr.. 342.
Ethnographic Museum first in Lei-
den, 192.
Museum, Hamburg, 197.
Museum, Munich, 219.
Ethnological Museum, Amsterdam,
195-
Museum, Budapest, 209.
Museum, Vienna, 217.
Euphorbia stokesii, Forbes, 108.
Exploration of Pacific Ocean, 415.
Index.
in
Fairlie for Mt. Cook, 359.
Feather cape, Copenhagen, 198.
work, Dresden, 221.
work, London, 146, 438.
work, New York, 400.
work, Petersburg, 205, 428.
Field Museum, Chicago, 152, 377.
Fijian collections, 418, 419, 424, 427,
428, 429, 433, 434, 436, 437, 445,
447, 453, 455, 456, 458, 459, 462,
464, 465, 466, 468.
lali, 373.
Museum, Suva, 374.
pottery, 374.
princesses, 375.
Financial statement of museums, 410.
Fire in Leiden, 192.
Fischer, H. W., Leiden, 194.
Fish skeletons, Vienna, 217.
traps, Stokes, 31.
Flora of Kahoolawe and Molokai, S5.
of Niihau, 99.
Flower, Sir W. H., 171.
Forbes, New Hawaiian plants, III, 2.
Enumeration of Niihau plants, 99.
Flora of Kahoolawe and Molo-
kini, 85.
Plant invasion on lava flows, 15.
visits Kaala and Molokai, 125.
Forest, native in Java, 301.
Forgeries, 408.
Fornander papers, 148.
Fotuna Island seen, 376.
Foy, Dr. Willy, 233.
Frankfurt am Main, 243.
Free and pay day attendance, 411.
Fuller, A. W. F., 195.
Fumigation system, Nordiska Mu-
seet, 203.
Future of museums, 413.
Gambier Islands collections, 445.
Gamelan, 319.
Garden, Buitenzorg, 285.
Dunedin, 357.
Kew, 162.
Singapore, 277.
Garoet, 294.
to Tijibatoe, 306.
Gavial group, Vienna, 217.
Genoa, 264.
Geographical Society, Royal, 172.
Geological Museum, Stockholm, 203.
Germany leads in Ethnological mu-
seums, 404.
Gilbert Islands collections, 419, 420,
433, 435, 436, 446, 462, 464, 466.
Gladstone, Dr. R. J., on Maori skulls,
174.
Glass fruit models, Chicago, 378.
Gongs, wooden, in Java, 293.
Government restorations, 315.
Graebner, Dr. F. , 233.
Grandes Eaux at Versailles, 245.
Grass carriers of Garoet, 297.
Grassi Museum, Leipzig, 221.
Gravestones at Djocja, 307.
Grey, Sir George, collection, 370.
Guide-book at Trocadero, 250.
Guild, Hon. Curtis, 206.
Gulick collection of shells, 35.
Gunung Batok, 326.
Guntoer (Thunder mountain),
295-
Kawi, 329.
Salak, 284.
Widodaren, 326.
Gutenberghalle, Leipzig, 225.
Haarlem, 194.
Haddon, Dr. A. C, 176, 191.
Hagen, Dr. Bernard, 243.
Hague arrival, 191.
Hamburg, 197.
collections. 419.
docks model in Berlin, 232.
Hamilton, Augustus, 346.
Hamlyn-Harris, Dr. R., 337.
Hanitsch, Dr. R., 281.
Harwich for Hook of Holland, 191.
Hawaiian collections, 417, 419, 421,
425, 428, 429, 431, 433, 434, 435,
436, 437, 438, 447, 453, 455, 458,
460, 462, 465, 466, 467.
gods, British Museum, 165, 166.
idol, Copenhagen, 198.
idol, Oxford, 183.
image, Fuller collection, 175.
image, Munich, 432.
Volcano Research Association,
gift, 132.
Hazelius, Dr. Artur, 203.
Heger, Dr. Franz, 216.
Helvie, Mrs. H. M., appointed, 37.'
Herbarium in Vienna, 217.
Hermaphrodite figures, Solomons,
219.
Hermitage, Mt. Cook, 360.
Hermit Islands collections, 420, 424,
434-
Hervey Islands collections, 417, 419,
423, 427, 428, 430, 433, 434, 436,
445, 453, 464, 465, 467.
IV
Index.
Hibiscus kahilii, Forbes, 4.
Ilinchinbrook Island, evil spirits,
336.
Hindus in Fiji, 376.
Hockens collection, Dunedin, 355,
458.
Hoeroa, 458.
Hofmuseutn, Vienna, 215.
Hohenzollern Museum, Berlin, 228.
Holland, Dr. W. J., 388.
Honolulu vine ( Antigonon leptopus),
292.
Hooker River passing under Muller
Glacier, 363.
River bridge, 362.
Valley, walk to, 361.
Horniman Museum, 184.
Museum lectures, 159.
Hornsby home of Wanseys, 340.
Hortus Bogorensis, 285.
Hotel de Cluny, 252.
des Invalides Museum, 251.
Hough, W. , comparative study, 407.
Hiigel, Baron A. von, 176.
Hull's Island seen, 376.
Hungarian National Museum, Buda-
pest, 214.
Hunn, Mr. C. J., 286, 342.
Imperial Institute, London, 168.
Ini Thurn, Sir Everard H., 173.
Institute Oceanographique de Paris,
264.
gives club, 123.
Jacobi, Dr. Arnold, 221.
Juvnboll, Dr. H. H., Leiden, 192.
Kadua fluviatilis, Forbes, 6.
Kahoolawe described, 85.
flora of, 85.
Kaiulani collection, 30, 39.
Kangaroo restoration, 342.
Kapa book published, 28.
from Niue, 122.
Kawi, Gunung, 329.
Keltic, Dr. J.'vScott, 173.
Kensington Natural History Museum
168.
Keonaloa petroglyphs, 31.
Kerr, Dr. W. M., gift, 130.
Kcw Garden, 162.
Khedivial Museum, Cairo, 274.
Knox church, Dunedin, 357.
Koningsberger, Dr. J. C, 285.
Laboratory described, 67.
Lehmann, Dr. Walter, 219.
Leiden, 192.
Leipzig, Grassi Museum, 221.
Battle monument, 225.
Leucaena glauca, edible, 318.
Library accessions, 29, 46, 116, 132.
Lights absent in Javan cars, 290.
Lingams, rectangular, 284.
Lion group, S} T dney, 342.
Lindauer's Maori portraits, 317.
Loan collections, 412.
Luschan, Dr. Felix von, 227.
Lyttleton, arrival, 350.
Mango at Buitenzorg, 291.
at Pasoeroean, 323.
Manihiki Island collections, 419, 423,
430.
Maori house, Auckland Museum, 370.
Maps, Kahoolawe, 93.
Molokini, 97.
Niihau, 112.
Marine Museum, Berlin, 229.
Museum, Monaco, 253
Museum, Salem, Mass., 384,
Marquesas collections, 417, 419, 423,
427, 428, 430, 433, 434, 436, 437,
443, 453, 464, 465, 467.
Marseilles, 252.
Marshall Islands collections, 431, 433,
435, 464, 467-
Massage, Javan, 330.
Matty Island collections, 428, 464.
Maudslay, A. P., 174-
Maunganui for Wellington, 344.
McBryde collection, 31.
Mclnerny collection of shells, 35.
Memorial Museum, Budapest, 209.
Mercalli, Dr. G., 268.
Mexican feather-work faded, 217.
Micronesian collections, 424, 435, 436,
446, 459, 464, 467.
Millspaugh, Dr. C. F. , 152, 379.
Moa skeletons, Christchurch, 354.
skeletons, Dunedin, 355.
Molokini described, 91.
flora, 85.
Monaco, Prince de, statue, 257.
Monkeys, black, 323.
Monte Carlo, 253.
Montelius, Dr. Oscar, 301.
Montoro, arrives, 331.
.Moraine climbing, 361.
Moriori implements, 460.
Morse, Prof. Edw. S., 385.
Index.
Moskau, arrival, 208.
Mt. Cook, first view, 359.
"lilies", 362.
Mud volcano, Waiotapu, 367.
Muir, F., gives feather ornaments,
121.
Muller, Dr. Sophus, 196, 198.
Glacier, 360.
Munich societies and museums, 218.
Musee Carnavalet, Paris, 252.
de Marine, 247.
Guimet, 251.
Museo Kircheriano, Rome, 264.
Nazionale, Naples, 266.
Museum architecture, 402.
at Buitenzorg, 291.
fiir Kunst und Gewerbe, Ham-
burg, 197.
fiir Meereskunde, Berlin, 229.
in Suva, 374.
of Alexander III, 206.
of Ethnology, Budapest, 209.
of Natural History, Hamburg,
197.
of Natural History, Paris, 24S.
of Peter the Great, 204.
voor Kunst en Nijverheid, Haar-
lem, 193.
Museums for education, 407.
Naples, 265.
National Museum, Copenhagen, 195,
198.
Museum, Hungary, 214.
Museum, Washington, 152, 401.
Natura Artis Magistra, 195.
Necker Island images, 164.
New Britain collections, 418, 420, 427,
431, 432, 436, 462.
New Caledonian collections, 418, 419,
427, 428, 429, 434, 435, 436, 437,
454, 457, 458, 459, 464.
New Guinea collections, 418, 420, 425,
427. 42S, 429, 431, 434, 435, 436,
454. 458, 459, 462, 464, 465, 466,
467.
New Hawaiian plants, III, Forbes, 3.
New Hebrides collections, 418, 420,
458, 459, 462, 465.
New Ireland collections, 418, 427, 42S,
429, 435, 446, 459, 467-
New York, 391, 367.
New Zealand collections, 417, 423, 427,
428, 431, 433, 434, 436, 437, 440,
447, 453, 456, 458, 459, 460, 462,
464, 465, 466, 467, 468.
Niihau Flora, Forbes, 99.
map, 112.
Nilometer, 274.
Niue collections, 419, 437, 443, 458,
464, 468.
Xordiska Museet, 202.
Northern Club lunch, 374.
Notornis, 356.
Obelisk at Heliopolis, 274.
Oceanographic Museum, Berlin, 229.
Museum, Monaco, 253.
Museum, Naples, 265.
Octopus carved, Rapanui, 218.
Okahune, 365.
Organ at Haarlem, 194.
Osborn, Dr. Henry F. , 394.
Otago Museum, Dunedin, 355, 458.
Ox carts in Java, 330.
Oxford Museum system, 181.
Museum collections, 455.
Palace at Djocja, 319.
Palais Longchamp, Marseilles, 253.
Palm Garden, Frankfurt am Main,
245-
Papandajan ascended, 299.
Paris, 245.
Partridge Gallery, Auckland, 370.
Pasoeroean mango, 323.
Peabody Academy of Science, 384.
Ethnological Museum, 152, 462.
Pearson, Dr. William, 170.
Pelew Islands, 453.
Penang, fine fruits, 276.
Perret, Chev. F. A., 26S.
gift, 132.
Petersburg, St., 204.
Philadelphia Academy, 391, 467.
Philippine room, American Museum,
397-
Photographs of specimens, 413.
Pitt-Rivers collection, 181.
Pittsburg Carnegie Museum, 386, 466.
Plant invasion on lava flows, 15.
Plumeria in Javan graveyards, 319.
Poespo rest house, 323, 330.
Pompeii revisited, 267.
Port Darwin, 332.
Darwin high tides, 333.
Potterj' from Dutch New Guinea, 219.
in'Fiji, 374.
Prambinan ruins, 319.
Private collections and public muse-
ums, 411.
VI
Index,
Public museums and private collec-
tions, 411.
Pukaki Lake, 360.
Pyramids, excursion to, 273.
Queensland Museum, Brisbane, 337.
Radloff, Dr. Wilhelm, 204.
Raffles Museum, Singapore, 278.
Ranunculus Lyallii, 262.
Rapanui collections, 417, 419, 423,
428, 430, 433, 436, 443, 447, 454,
464, 465, 466, 467.
Rautenstrauch-Joest Museum, Co-
logne, 233.
Read, Sir Chas. H. , 104.
Reinwardt, Prof. C. G. E., 286.
Report of Director, 191 1, 27.
of Director, 1912, 115.
of Director, journey around the
world, 149.
Reynolds, M. L. H., gift, 130.
Rbytina gigas, 206.
Ribbon-fish, Dunedin, 356.
Rice fields in Java, 305.
Rickshaws, 281.
Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, 194.
Rivers, Dr. W. H. R., 176.
Rollandia parvifolia, Forbes, 10.
Rome, 264.
Rotorua, 365.
Rougier, Father, gift, 132.
Roumiahtzeff Museum, Moskau, 207.
Ruapehu, Mt., 365.
Russian Imperial Academy branches,
404.
Salem, Mass., 384, 462.
Samoan Islands collections, 417, 419,
422, 427, 428, 433, 435, 436, 443.
447, 453, 459, 462, 464, 465, 466,
467, 46S.
Santa Cruz collections, 435, 458, 459,
462, 465.
Sarfert, Dr. Ernst, 224.
Sarg, Consul F. C. A., 24^;.
Scheffer, Dr. R. C, 288.
Schmeltz, Dr. J. D. E., 193.
School for museum work, 401.
Museum, Battle Creek, 408.
Secretary selected, 152.
Seiickenbergische Museum, Frank-
furt am Main, 243.
Shell collections, 35.
Sieges Allee, Berlin, 229.
vSingapore after forty-six years, 277.
Botanical Garden, 277.
Smeroe smoking, 326.
Smith, S. Percy, gives kapa, 121.
Snakes in Buitenzorg Museum, 291.
Society Islands collections, 417, 423,
427, 430, 434, 437, 441, 453, 455,
458, 464, 467-
Soerabaja, arrival, 322.
departure, 332.
Solomon Islands collections, 418, 420,
425, 427, 424, 431, 434, 436, 437,
445, 453, 454, 455, 456, 459, 4^2,
465, 466, 467.
South Sea Islands, 399.
Stadtisches Volkerkunde Museum,
243-
Steel cases at Cologne, 236.
Steindachner, Dr. Fr. , 217.
Stockdale collection visited, 340.
Stockholm National Museum, 200.
Stokes, J. F. G., Acting Director, 1 15.
goes to Niihau, 121.
Stone mortar and pestle, 43.
Stonehenge, 156.
St. Matthias Island, 466.
St. Petersburg, 204.
Street watering at Djocja, 307.
Stroganoff Apollo, 206.
Stromboli in eruption, 271.
Suez Canal, 275.
Sugar mills in Java, 319, 323.
Surgeons, Royal College of, 170.
Suva, Fiji, 462.
Sydney, arrival, 339.
Botanical Garden, 340.
harbor trip, 340.
Museum collections, 457.
Sypestein, Willem Kast, 191.
Taaroa cast, 121.
Table cases of steel, 241, 242.
Tandjong Priok landing, 282.
Tasman Glacier, 360.
Tasmanian skeleton, 447.
Tea plantations, 301.
Tekapo, Lake, 359.
Tengger crater not largest, 326.
Tenggerese still heathen, 327.
Testudinata fine in Vienna Museum,
217.
Teyler's Museum, Haarlem, 194.
Thilenius, Dr. Georg, 197.
Thompson, Clifford B., meets us at
Penang, 276.
Index.
Vll
Thorwaldsen Museum, 199.
Thrum, F. W., gives mortar, 42.
Thursday Island, 334.
Thwing, collection of shells, 35.
Timaru, arrived, 359.
Tjibodas Experiment Garden, 287.
Tjisoeroepan station, 300.
Tobacco grown, 311.
picked, 323.
Tolstoi, General, 206.
Tongan collections, 418, 419, 423, 427,
428, 430, 433, 434, 436, 437, 445,
453, 456, 464, 465, 468.
Topeng dance, 320.
Torres Straits collections, 420.
Tosari Sanatorium, 322.
Tower of London, 172.
Transportation Museum, Budapest,
210.
Treub, Dr. M., 288.
Trocadero, Paris, 249.
Trumpet, Maori, British Museum, 167.
Tsarskoie-Selo collections, 206.
Tuatara, living, 348.
Turkey group, Chicago, 382.
United States National Museum, 401.
Yaranus in Buitenzorg Museum, 291,
Vatican galleries, 265.
Vehicles uncomfortable, 297.
Vesuvius ascended, 267.
Vienna by Danube, 215.
societies and museums, 218.
Villa Aurelia, Rome, 265.
Pauline, Java, 306.
YVaiotapu mud cone, 367.
Wairakei, geysers, 367.
Waite, Mr. Edgar R., 352.
Wajangs common, 309.
Wansey Acland, met at Brisbane, 336.
Water Castle, Djocja, 319.
Waterhouse, Dr. E. C at Soerabaja,
331-
Wedding in Java, 324.
Wellington, New Zealand, 345.
Weltvreden, Batavia, 284, 289.
Westervelt, Andrew C, gifts, 131, 132.
Wetenskaps-Akademi, Stock hoi m,
203.
Weule, Dr. Karl, Leipzig, 223.
Whakarewarewa, 365.
Whitsunday Pass, 336.
Wilcox, Mrs. S. W., gives image, 121.
Wild plum, Jesup collection, 396.
Wilson, Clarence M., 152.
Wissler, Clark, New York, 395.
Work for a great museum, 403.
Zoological Museum, Buitenzorg, 291.
Museum, St. Petersburg, 205.
OCCASIONAL PAPERS
OF THE
BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM OF
POLYNESIAN ETHNOLOGY AND
NATURAL HISTORY.
Vol. V. — No. 1.
NEW HAWAIIAN PLANTS.— III.
PLANT INVASION ON LAVA FLOWS.
honolulu, h, i.
Bishop Museum Press.
1912.
BOARD OF TRUSTEES
Albert F. Judd .--... President
E. Faxon Bishop ----- Vice-President
J. M. Dowsett - Treasurer
Alfred W. Carter ------ Secretary
Henry Holmes, Samuel M. Damon, William O. Smith
MUSEUM STAFF
William T. Brigham, Sc.D. (Columbia) - - Director
William H. Dall, Ph.D. - Honorary Curator of Mollusca
John F. G. Stokes - - Curator of Polynesian Ethnology
C. Montague Cooke, Ph.D. (Yale) - Curator of Pulmonata
Otto H. Swezey - - Honorary Curator of Entomology
Charles N. Forbes - Curator of Botany
John W. Thompson - - - - Artist and Modeler
Miss E. B. Higgins ----- Librarian
John J. Greene ... ... Printer
August Perry ----- Assistant Printer
EXHIBITION STAFF
Mrs. Helen M. Helvie - - - Superintendent
James Kalei - -.'•-'.-'- Janitor
John L,ung Chung ------ Janitor
Samuel Williams ------ Janitor
OCCASIONAL PAPERS
OF THE
BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM OF
POLYNESIAN ETHNOLOGY AND
NATURAL HISTORY.
Vol. V. — No. 1,
New Hawaiian Plants.— III.
Plant Invasion on Lava Flows.
honolulu, h. i.
Bishop Museum Press.
1912.
New Hawaiian Plants.— III.
CHARLES N. FORBES.
DECEMBER, 191 I.
New Hawaiian Plants
Hibiscus kahilii, sp. now
Arbor 75-90 dm. alta; foliis ellipticis vel cuneiformis, serratis, scabro-
pubescentibus, 5-6 cm. longis, 2. 5-. 5 cm. latis; petiolis pubescentibus, .5-1 cm.
Longis. Floressolitarii, axillares; pedunculis pubescentibus, articulatisprope
suminis, 1.5-2 cm. longis; involucro-bracteis lanceolatis, pubescentibus, 11
mm. longis; calyce tomentosi, tubulato, brevi dentato, marginati, r 2. 5-2.7 cm.
longo; petalis oblongo-spatulatis, rubris, extus pubescentibus, 6.5 cm.
longis, 11 mm. latis; columna staminea 5 cm. longa, stylis hirsutis, 9 mm.
longis. Capsula ignota.
Type locality, near the Waliiawa swamp, on the slopes of
Kahili, Kauai. Specimens first collected by Mr. J. M. Lydgate a
number of years ago. C. N. Forbes, No. 259, K. August, 1909.
A tree 75-90 dm. high. Leaves elliptical to cuneiform, serrate
on the upper two-thirds, lower third generally entire, scabro pubes-
cent, 5-6 cm. long, 2.5-3.5 cm - wide; with pubescent petioles of
.5-1 cm. long. Flowers solitary in the axils; with pubescent
peduncles, articulate near the top, 1.5-2 cm. long. Involucral
bracts lanceolate, pubescent, 11 mm. long. Calyx pubescent,
tubular, marginate, shortly dentate, 2.5-2.7 cm. long. Petals ob-
long-spatulate, red, pubescent on the outside, 6.5 cm. long, 11 mm.
wide. Staminal column 5 cm. long. Styles hirsute, 9 mm. long.
Capsule unknown.
This species differs from H. kokio Hillebr. in its pubescent
calyx, and in other minor characters. A red hibiscus growing on
Hauopu, Kauai, although very different in habit, has flowers very
similar, and is probably a variety. Another specimen, originally
from Napali, which has been under cultivation a number of years
in Mr. Lydgate's garden at Lihue, Kauai, is probably another
species, or distinct variety. It has much shorter involucral bracts,
and a wider corolla of a different shade of red. As I have never
seen it in its native locality, I hesitate to describe it at present.
I observed still another form, growing on the cliffs near Kalalau,
which I was unable to obtain, which had a staminal column which
protruded beyond the petals.
HIBISCUS KAHILII FORBES.
New Hawaiian Plants,.
Kadua fluviatilis, sp. nov.
Frutex 6-9 dm. alta; foliis lanceolatis, acuminatis, basi acuminata, glabris,
21 cm. longis, 4.5 cm. latis, cum petiolis 2.5 cm. longis; stipulis triangularis,
mucronatis. Flores axillares vel sub-axillares; pedicellis 2.5 vel 4 cm. longis;
calycis lobis lanceolatis, 11 mm. longis; corolla alba, glabra; tuba 2 cm.
longa, lobis reflexis, 9 mm. longis; antberis linearis, sessilis, inclusis; stilo
glabro, bificlo, 7 mm. longo; lobis 4 mm. longis, linearis. Capsula obconica,
calycis laciniis coronata ; seminibus angulariis, marginatis, minutissimis
pustulatis.
Type locality, on the borders of the upper Wahiawa stream,
Oahu. To be expected along the streams of the Koolauloa moun-
tains, Oahu. C. N. Forbes, No. 1621, 0. December 18, 1910.
Bushy, 6-9 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, base
acuminate, glabrous, 21 cm. long, 4.5 cm. wide, with petioles
2.5 cm. long. Stipules triangular, mucronate. Flowers axillary
or sub-axillary, on pedicels 2.5-4 cm. long. Calyx lobes lanceo-
late, 11 mm. long. Corolla white, glabrous, tube 2 cm. long,
lobes reflexed, 9 mm. long. Anthers linear, sessile, inclosed be-
low the throat. Style glabrous, bifid for one-third of its length,
with broad linear lobes. Capsule obcouical, strongly marked by
four ridges, alternating with four grooves, drawm out into the
slightly elongated pedicel, crowned by the calyx lobes. Seeds
angular, margined, minutely pustulate.
This species is closely related to Kadua acuminata Cham. <x
vSchl., but is very different in appearance. Its leaves are larger
and more typically acuminate than A', petiolata Gray, while its
flowers are pure wdiite, the latter species having greenish flowers.
The corolla is considerably longer and larger than in these two
species.
^•\
KADUA FLUVIATILIS FORBES.
New Hawaiian IV ants.
Clermontia tuberculata, sp. nov.
Arbor 45 dm. alta; foliis obovatis vel oblongis, serrulatis, coriaceis, gla-
bris, cum nerviis subter minutim luberculatis, 19.5 cm. longis, 4 cm. latis,
petiolis 2-3 cm. longis; pedunculis bi-floribus vel uni-flori, 5 mm. longis,
pedicellis 3 cm. longis cum parvis tubt-rculatis. Flores grandes; calyce tubo
campanulato, extero tuberculato, 1.7 cm. longo, cum lobis obtusis, tubercu-
latis, 3 mm. longis; corolla carnosa. parum curvala, extera tuberculata, viride,
intra rubre 5 cm. longa; autlieris rubris, glabris. Bacca globosa tuberculosa,
1.3 cm. crassa, seminibus ovoidis, levibus, flavis.
Type locality, wet woods on the slopes of Haleakala, Maui,
to the east of and between Olinda and Ukulele. C. N. Forbes,
No. 201, M. July, 1910.
A tree about 45 decimetres high, with the habit of Clermontia
arborescens (Mann) Hillebr. Leaves obovate to oblong, serrulate,
glabrous, coriaceous, the veins on the under side minutely tuber-
culate, 19.5 cm. long, 4 cm. wide, with petioles 2 to 3 cm. long.
Flowers in cymes or single, the peduncle 5 mm. long, pedicels
3 cm. long, both covered with small tubercles. Calyx tube cam-
panulate, with short obtuse lobes, covered with tubercles on the
outside. Tube 1.7 cm. long, lobes 3 mm. long. Corolla thick,
flesh} 7 , slightly curved, covered with tubercles of a reddish tinge
on the outside, green on the outside, a dark rich reddish color on
the inside, 5 cm. long. In maturing the lobes converge, the lower
lobes split about half way down the tube, the upper nearly to the
base as in Clermontia grandifiora. Anthers dark red, glabrous.
Berry globose, glabrous, strongly tuberculate on the outside,
1.3 cm. in diameter. Seeds smooth, yellow, shiny, and ovoid.
This species belongs to the group Clermontioideae as consti-
tuted by Hillebrand. While very distinct from other species, I
believe it is most closely related to Clermontia arborescens (Mann)
Hillebr.
CLERMONTIA TUBERCUEATA FORBES.
New Hawaiian Plants.
Rollandia parvifolia, sp. nov.
Caulis 9 dm. altus; foliis lanceolatis, acutninatis, apexe cum minuto
microni, integerrimis, glabris, coriaceis, subter albidis, cum petiolis 4.8 cm-
longis, 2.3-4 cm - latis; floribus 5-6 in racemis, pedunculo 3-4 cm. longo, pedi"
cellis 1 cm. longis, glabris. Florcs grandi; catycis tubis cylindricis, glabris,
8 mm. longis, lobis oblongis, obtusis, minutim mucronatis, 1 cm. longis;
corolla purpurea, sigmoidea, 6.5 cm. longa; columna staminea adnata, supera
pubescens; antheris pubescentis. Bacca ignota.
Type locality, Waioli valley, Kauai. Only one specimen was
seen amongst the dense undergrowth on a wet talus slope. C. N.
Forbes, No. 103, K. August 1, 1909.
Single stem 9 dm. high. Leaves lanceolate, acuminate with
a minute mucro at the apex, gradually narrowing from the upper
third to the petiole, entire, glabrous, coriaceous, pale whitish be-
low, 18-22 cm. long, 2.3-4 cm - wide; with petioles 2.8 cm. long,
which are occasionally sparingly marked with small lenticels.
Flowers five to six in a raceme, the peduncles 3-4 cm. long, bi-
bracteate, the pedicels 1 cm. long, bracteolate above the centre,
glabrous. Calyx tube cylindrical, glabrous, 8 mm. long; with
the lobes oblong, obtuse, minutely mucronate, thin, 1 cm. long.
Corolla purple, strongly sigmoid, 6.5 cm. long, the lower lobes
split less than one-half the distance of the tube, 1.5-2 cm. long.
Staminal column adherent to the corolla for about one-third its
length, the upper half puberulent, as long as the corolla. Anthers
puberulent. Berry not seen.
This is the first Rollandia to be reported off the island of Oahu.
Its arrangement of characters easily separates it from the other
species, while its relatively much smaller leaves give it quite a
different appearance in the field.
ROI.LAXDIA PARVIFOLIA FORBES.
12 New Hawaiian Plants.
Cyanea undulata, sp. nov.
Caulis 18-36 dm. alius; foliis lanceolatis, integerrimis, acuminatis, prox-
ime marginibus undulatis, apexe interdum spirali, basi acuminata, subter
hispidulis, coriaceis, nerviis subter rubigo-tomentosis, 36 cm. longis, 4 cm.
latis; cum petiolis rubigo tomentosis, 5 cm. longis; floribus in racemis, pe-
dunculis 4.3 cm. longis, pedicellis 1 cm. longis, rubigo-tomentosis. Flores
(in gemma); calyci hirsuta, cylindrica, lobis triangularis, acutis, 4 mm.
longis; corolla intra et exteriora rubigo-tomentosa, curvata, luteola; col-
uinna staminea hispidula, 22 mm. longa; antheris elegantis, glaberimis, 7 mm.
longis. Bacca obovata, luteola, rubigo-fulvis, 17 mm. longa, 11 mm. crassa;
seminibus obovoidis, levibus.
Type locality, damp woods surrounding the Wahiawa swamp,
Kauai. Specimens were first sent me by Mr. J. M. Lydgate,
who has thoroughly explored this region for a number of years.
C. N. Forbes, No. 292, K. August, 1909 (fruit). J. M. Lydgate,
May, 1908 (flower buds).
Single stem 18-36 dm. high. L,eaves lanceolate, entire, acu-
minate, undulating near the edges, or the edges sometimes
irregularly turned over, the apex sometimes spirulate, coriaceous,
hispidulous on the under side, the veins on the under side rusty-
tomeutose, 36 cm. long, 4 cm. wide; with rusty-tomentose petioles
5 cm. long. Flowers 5-6 in racemes, peduncle 4.3 cm. long, pedi-
cels 1 cm. long, both rusty-tomentose. Flowers in the bud. Calyx
hirsute, cylindrical, the lobes triangular, acute, 4 mm. long.
Corolla hirsute on the outside and inside, slightly curved, yellow-
ish. Staminal column hispidulous, 22 mm. long. Anthers elon-
gate, glabrous, 7 mm. long. Berry obovate, yellow, 17 mm. long,
11 mm. thick. Seeds obovoid, smooth, dark reddish brown.
This species can be easily recognized in the field by the unique
appearance of its leaves.
CVANEA UNDULATA FORRES.
Preliminary Observations Concerning the Plant
Invasion on Some of the Lava Plows of Manna
Loa, Hawaii.
Charles N. Forbes.
During an excursion ou the island of Hawaii for the purpose
of collecting botanical material for the Bishop Museum, an ad-
mirable opportunity was offered for making observations on the
colonization of a portion of the lava flows of Manna Loa. Although
a limited portion of the mountain has been covered, and observa-
tions of this character should extend over a number of years, it is
believed that data of enough local interest was obtained for record
at this time.
The region visited extends from Puuwaawaa, over the summit
of Hualalai, through the districts of Kona and Kau, mainly at an
elevation of 4500 feet, which is just above the dense forest belt.
One trip was made to the summit of Mauna Loa on the Kailua side,
and from numerous localities the forest was penetrated in all direc-
tions; the region below the Government road in Kona and the
shore line being the only portions from which a representative
collection of plants was not taken.
This territory is on the dry or lee side of the island, and for
that reason the naturalization of plants on the lava flows may vary
somewhat from that of the moister regions; but it is believed that
the main factors will prove to be the same, except for rapidity of
invasion. The general characteristics of the Hawaiian vegetation
have been described by several writers, 1 and in this paper it is the
intention to discuss only the flora in the immediate vicinity of the
flows visited.
There is probably no better locality in the world for observing
the colonization of lava flows than the slopes of Mauna Loa. The
1 Hillebrand, W.: Flora of the Hawaiian Islands, 1888. Guppy, H. B.:
Observations of a Naturalist in the Pacific, vol. ii. Hall. W. 1^.: The Forests
of the Hawaiian Islands, U. S. D. A., Dept. Forestry, Bui. 48, 1904.
'5
1 6 riant Invasio?i on Lav a Flows.
whole mountain is a gigantic mass of these lava streams which
radiate on all sides from the summit, 13,675 feet, to sea level.
The later flows have generally arisen from sources below the
summit. The different flows have had irregular courses. Many
of them in flowing over older streams have left areas of various
sizes of the older flow surrounded on all sides hy the newer flow,
without apparently harming the vegetation of the resulting island
to any appreciable extent. The surrounded areas, known to the
natives as "kipuka," may be above or even below the surface of
the surrounding flow. Fortunately for a study of this sort the
age of many of these flows is known.
The lava flows are of two kinds, generally simply described
as the smooth or slaggy, and the rough or scoriaceous; but as
these regions differ so much from the country generally traversed
by botanists, I quote the fuller word picture of Dana. 2 "There is
the ordinary smooth-surfaced lava called pahoehoe, the term sig-
nifying having a satin-like aspect. The surface of the lava cooled
as it flowed. Through one means and another the surface is
usually uneven, being often wrinkled, twisted, ropy, billowy,
humrnocky, knobbed, and often fractured The other most
prominent kind of lava stream is the aa. The aa streams have no
upper flow-like surface; the}' are beds of broken up lava, the break-
ing of which occurred during the flow. They consist of detached
masses of irregular shapes, confusedly piled together to a height
sometimes of twenty-five to forty feet above the general surface.
The size of the masses is from an inch in diameter to ten feet and
more. The lava is compact, usually less vesiculated than the
pahoehoe, not scoriaceous; but externally it is roughly cavernous,
horribly jagged, w y ith projections often a foot or more long that
are bristled all over with points and angles. In some cases ragged
spaces extend along planes through the large masses, like those
of the exterior." Both kinds of lava may be represented in the
same flow, either in different parts or closely associated. Many
hundreds of these two classes of flows were passed over during the
excursion.
The first flow of known date visited was that of 1859. This
flow was followed from a point west of Puuwaawaa down to where
it crosses the Government road. It is composed of both aa and
2 Dana, J. I).: The Characteristics of Volcanoes, [891, p. 9.
Plant Invasion on Lava Flows. 17
pahoehoe. The aa assumes the position of a winding river through
the pahoehoe. In places the pahoehoe has flowed around portions
of the aa in an irregular manner, leaving sunken islands of aa
varying from a few feet to half an acre in area. From the close
interrelations between the two there is no doubt that both belong
to the same flow. The pahoehoe is jet black and new looking,
while the aa has a chocolate tinge, it also appearing very new as
compared to adjacent flows.
After several hours spent on the flow it became apparent that,
with the exception of the low r er cryptogams, most of the vegetation
was supported on the pahoehoe and not 011 the aa. As this was
contrary to what I had expected and had heard generally ex-
pressed on these islands, I gave particular attention to this point,
and also directed my guide to call my attention to any plants he
might see on the aa. A portion of the aa stream was followed for
a considerable distance down the centre, but nothing was obtained
save a liberal supply of cuts and bruises. This scarcity of plants was
even true for the small sunken areas of aa, which of all places one
would think would be admirable traps for catching seeds and
spores. The aa portions of the flow are often white with a certain
lichen, and a closer search reveals an occasional moss, but there
are no ferns or phanerogams, except on the contact line with the
pahoehoe.
The plants which occur on the pahoehoe are to be found grow-
ing in the numerous small cracks which cross the flow in various
directions, especially where the flow is at all billowy, and between
the folds of the ropy lava. The smoother portions are entirely
bare of any vegetation. Such cracks act as riffles to catch either
disintegrated particles of the flow itself, or dust and other refuse
which may be blown over the smooth portions from the outside.
At one place I noticed several hundred dead shells of Eulota
sijiiilaris being blown across a portion of the flow, many of them
being caught in the cracks. Such soil is stopped on the edge of
an aa flow, while apparently not enough accumulates by the
weathering of the flow itself in this period of time to fill its
smallest spaces.
The following plants were observed scattered here and there
in the cracks on the pahoehoe, but they were in no case in sufli-
Occasional Papers B. P. B. M. Vol. V, No. i. — 2.
i8
Plant Invasion on Lava Flows.
cient quantity to be conspicuous from a distance. A longer search
would probably add quite a few more species to the list:
FIUCES.3
Asplenium praemorsum Sw. (As-
plenium furcatum i Thbg.)
Asplenium trichomanes L,., var.
{Asplenium den sum Brack.)
Diellia erecta (?) Brack. {Lind-
say a erecta Hook.)
Doryopteris decora Brack. {Pteris
decora Hook.)
Pellaea ternifolia (Cav.) Link.
Psilotuni nudum (L.) Griesb.
{Psilotum triquetrum Svv.)
Polypodium pellucidum Klf. var.
The folded form.
Sadie/ ia cyatheoides Klf.
PHANEROGAMS.
Cyperus sp.
Amaranthus spinosus L,.
Rumex giganteus Ait.
O steom el es anthyl I idifol ia
(Smith.) Lindl.
Me i bo m i a uncinata (Jack . )
Kuntz.
Oxalis corniculata I y .
Euphorbia pilulijera L,.
Sida eordifolia L,.
Waltheria americana L.
Opuntia tuna (L.) Mill.
Metrosideros polymorph a Gaud.,
var.
Asclepias curassaviea L.
Ipomaea congesta R. Br.
Verbena bona hen sis L.
Plectranthus ausiralis R. Br.
Capsicum frute seen s L,.
Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.
Solatium nigrum L,.
Biden s p ilosa I, .
Erigeron canadensis L,.
(hiaphatium sp.
Sonchus oleraceus L.
Raillardia sp.
Of the above, the most frequent species met with are Metrosi-
deros polymorpha, Polypodium pellucidum and Sadlcria cyatheoides.
With the exception of Metrosideros polymorpha, which is the pre-
vailing tree, these plants do not give a conspicuous aspect to the
flora in the immediate vicinity of the flow, but constitute what
might be classified as the weeds. Of the twenty-three phanero-
gams, sixteen belong to the naturalized flora and six to the native
flora, one of the latter being of wide distribution as a shore plant.
3 These are the names recognized in Christensen's Index Filicum, but for
the convenience of local readers the names given in Hillebrand's Flora are
given in parentheses.
Plant Invasion on Lava Flows. 19
I believe that distribution is mainty by wind, although cattle and
goats occasionally cross the flow.
Several days later this flow was again visited at a somewhat
higher elevation, at a place not far distant from the Judd road, and
about ten miles above Puuwaawaa. There was relatively less
vegetation, but distribution was the same as observed in the first
case. At this place there are several islands of an ancient aa flow
which are covered with vegetation. The following plants were
observed in the cracks on the pahoehoe, only the common white
lichen being observed on the aa:
FILICES.
Asplenium trichomanes L,., var. Polypodium pellucidum Klf.,var.
Doryop ten's decora Brack. The folded form.
Sadlcria cyatheoidcs Klf.
PHANEROGAMS.
Chenopodium sandwicheum Moq. Verbena bonariensis L.
Argctnonc mexicana L. 1 plant. Solarium nigrum L,.
Dodonaca viscosa L. Erigeron bonariensis L.
Metrosideros polymorpha Gaud., Gnaphalium sandwicensium
var. Gaud.
Cyathodcs Tameiamciac Cham. Sonchus oleraceus L.
Of the ten phanerogams, five are native and with Sophora
chrysophylla, which was not observed on the flow, constitute the
prevailing flora of the surrounding region. The remainiug five
belong to the naturalized flora. The prevailing plants on the flow
were Metrosideros polymorpha, Polypodium pellucidum and Sadlcria
cyatheoidcs.
Dr. \V. T. Brigham 4 visited this flow in 1864. He reports
having observed ferns in some of the caves, and a Polypodium on
the surface cracks, but lichens were rare.
From a station called Honomalino the flows of 1887 and 1907
were visited. The flow of 1887 was observed at the place where
it branches and flows around a cone called Puu Ohia. 5 Both
*Dr. W. T. Brigham: Volcanoes of Kilauea and Mauna Loa. B. F. B. M.
Mem., vol. ii, no. 4, p. 16.
5 This cone is called Puu Ohohia on the Government map.
20 Plant Invasion on Lava Flows.
branches were composed of extremely rough aa and supported no
vegetation, with the exception of a few Metrosideros on the contact
edges with the older flows.
The 1907 flow was visited at a point a short distance above
Puu o Keokeo, which is about two and one-half miles above Puu
Ohia. At this point the flow is entirely pahoehoe, very shiny black
and fresh looking. Plants were just beginning to be established
in a few of the cracks, the following being observed:
Polypodia in pellucid ion Klf., var. Vaccinium penduliflorum Gaud.
The folded form. Cyatliodcs Tameiameiae Cham.
Cypcrus sp. Raillardia sp.
All of these plants are indigenous and constitute the prevail-
ing flora at this elevation. The naturalized flora is not 3 r et estab-
lished to any considerable extent on this portion of Mauna Loa.
The 1907 flow was visited later at the place where it crosses
the Government road on the Kona side. At this point it is aa and
supports no vegetation except an occasional lichen or moss, appar-
ent only on minute examination.
The flow of 1823 was visited where it crosses the Kau Desert.
It is pahoehoe, but unfortunately much of the vegetation had
been eaten by goats just before my visit. In a deep crack which
crosses the flow, practically all the species of plants which occur
in the surrounding region were observed. The following plants
were observed in the surface cracks:
Cibotinm sp. Metrosideros poly niorpha Gaud.,
Nephrolepis exalt a la ( L, . ) Schott . var .
Psilotum nudum (L,.) Griesb. Solan am nigrum L,.
Another recent but unrecorded aa flow was visited above
Kapapala near the old Kahuku trail. With the exception of a
few lichens, no vegetation was observed upon it.
From these observations of the plant invasion on the flows of
known date the following summary might be obtained:
1. A few lower cryptogams, followed by ferns and phanero-
gams first become established on the pahoehoe.
Plant Invasion on Lava Flows. 21
2. Lower cryptogams become established on the aa at an
early date, and eventually cover the flow to a considerable extent,
some of these species being rather rare on the pahoehoe.
3. Ferns and phanerogams only become established on the
aa a long period of time after these become established on pahoe-
hoe of the same age, other conditions being the same.
4. The plants to be found on the new flow are the same as
those found on older flows in the immediate vicinity. Polypodium
pellucidum, Sadleria cyatheoides and Metrosideros polymorpha were
usually the prevailing plants at all points and elevations studied
on the pahoehoe, while a species of white lichen was usually com-
mon on the aa.
5. A fertile soil is apparently formed in the cracks of the
pahoehoe sooner than amongst the aa particles.
Metrosideros polymorpha is one of the important plants which
prepare the way for the establishment of man)- plants on the flow.
The roots spread over the smooth portions of the flow, often from
one crack to another, forming pockets to catch a soil formed of
dead leaves and other debris.
In viewing the older flows it is rather difficult to ascertain
their relative ages, for the reason that the Hawaiian flora assumes
its mature form at an early date. In passing over many hundreds
of flows the prevailing characteristics of invasion were found to
be somewhat as shown in the following paragraphs.
In the scrub region above the wet forests there is no great
distinction between the flora of the pahoehoe and the aa. The
latter, however, has a greater proportion of lichens, occasionally
these plants occupying the aa to the exclusion of all other vegeta-
tion. The prevailing plants are Cyathodes Tameiameiae , Dodonaea
viseosa, scrub Metrosideros polymorpha, Sophora chrysophylla and
other characteristic mountain plants. Large portions of either
variety of flows are bare rock, and when a soil is formed it is usually
a very thin layer, limited almost exclusively to the pahoehoe.
In the dense forests of the rainy belt there is usually a good
soil on the pahoehoe varying from six inches to a few feet in
depth, sometimes only the tops of the billows remaining in sight
to record the character of the flow. The aa, however, w 7 ith few
exceptions, still retains its rough file-like character. I find that
22 Plant Invasion on Lava Flows.
the dense koa forests where Acacia koa is the prevailing tree, with
a thick undergrowth of ferns, labiates and innumerable other spe-
cies, are limited with remarkably few exceptions, as far as the
forests of Kona are concerned, to the pahoehoe.
From any hill the traveler through this district can pick out the
aa flows from a distance by the lines of ohia (Metrosideros poly-
morpha) forests, which divide the koa into sections. When he
arrives at the rocky flow he will find a totally different character of
undergrowth, where such plants as Polypodium pcllucidum (folded
form), Lycopodium con mini, Vaccinium penduliflorum , Raillardia
and certain other plants are conspicuous. From this, I believe
that the koa forest is the final type for this region, and when one
finds an aa flow supporting koa, it must be relatively very much
older than other aa flows in the vicinity.
In later years, however, outside influences, especially cattle
grazing, have considerably changed the floral aspect of the coun-
try in certain places. On account of greater ease for penetration,
a more succulent undergrowth, and perhaps more available water,
cattle have worked their way into the forests on the pahoehoe and
destroyed the undergrowth. In a few years the introduced flora
becomes established, and a park-like meadow, usually in every
sense an ideal pasture, is the result. However, the indigenous
trees, which after many years have become adapted to the dense
undergrowth, epiphytic creepers and moist soil, are much weak-
ened, and are not able to withstand the new, more xerophytic
conditions. The weakened trees eventually fall an easy prey to
destructive insects, but as far as I was able to observe were not
touched by the cattle.
The cattle penetrate to a much less degree on the aa owing to
its rough character, while the more xerophytic undergrowth is
less succulent. When they do, the character of the flora is less
changed for the reason that complete destruction of the under-
growth is impossible, while this ohia, which has not become
adapted to such wet conditions as the koa, does not succumb to
insect attack. Ohia varies tremendously with the habitat, but
any great change in conditions would probably affect it the same
as koa.
From the preceding paragraphs it must not be inferred that
ohia forests are not found on some pahoehoe flows; for the damp-
Plant Invasion on Lava Flozvs. 23
est, and consequently the densest forests on these islands are com-
posed of this species; but the prevailing tree in the upper forests
of the middle zone on the lee side of Hawaii is koa, while ohia is
apparently not the final type for this section.
In the region below the wet forest the pahoehoe flows are
occupied almost solely by the naturalized flora, Psidium guajava,
Lantana camara and introduced weeds being very conspicuous.
The long lines of native vegetation, consisting mainly of ohia,
which cross the Government road in many places throughout
Koua, and the rich native flora at Puuwaawaa are on old aa flows.
The region below the Government road and the shore line has
not been sufficiently investigated for discussion in this paper.
In summing up the process of plant invasion on a lava flow
on the lee side of Hawaii the following sequence might be obtained:
1 . Appearance of lower crytogams, eventuall}' becoming con-
spicuous on the aa.
2. Appearance of Polypodia ni pellucidum (folded form), Sad-
ler ia cyathcoides and Met 'rosideros poly morpha , first on the pahoehoe,
and at a much later date on the aa.
3. Gradual development of the typical floral aspects of the
immediate vicinity, if in the central region an ohia forest.
4. Establishment of the final native vegetation, if in the cen-
tral region a koa forest.
5. A later stage may be the encroachment of the naturalized
flora, due to a change of conditions brought about through human
agency.
PUBLICATIONS
OF THE
Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum
Honolulu, Hawaii, U. S. A.
MEMOIRS. (Quarto.)
Vol. I. Nos. 1-5. 1899 -1903.
Vol. II. Nos. 1-4. 1906 -1909.
Vol. III. Ka Hana Kapa: The Making of Bark-Cloth
in Hawaii. By William T. Brigham. 1911. Complete
volume.
OCCASIONAL PAPERS. (Octavo.)
Vol. I. Nos. 1-5. 1898 -1903. (No. 1 out of print.)
Vol. II. Nos. 1-5. 1903 -1907.
Vol. III. Nos. 1-3. 1907 (Volume incomplete.)
Vol. IV. Nos. 1-5. 1906-1911.
Vol. V. No. 1. New Hawaiian Plants, III. By Charles
N. Forbes. Preliminary Observations Concerning the
Plant Invasion on Some Lava Flows of Mauna Loa,
Hawaii. By Charles N. Forbes. 1912.
A Handbook for the Bishop Museum. (Oblong octavo.)
1903.
Index to Abraham Fornander's ' 'Polynesian Race."
(Octavo.) By John F. G. Stokes. 1909.
A detailed list, with prices, will be mailed to any
address on application to the Director.
13-15
OCCASIONAL PAPERS
OF THE
BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM OF
POLYNESIAN ETHNOLOGY AND
NATURAL HISTORY.
Vol. V. — No. 2.
Directors Report for 1911.
honolulu, h. i.
Bishop Museum Press.
1912.
BOARD OF TRUSTEES
Albert F. Jui>3) President
E. Faxon Bishop - Vice-President
J. M. Dowsett ------ Treasurer
Alfred W. Carter - Secretary
Henry Holmes, Samuel M. Damon, William O. Smith
MUSEUM STAFF
William T. Brigham, Sc.D. (Columbia) - - Director
William H. Dall, Ph.D. «•. Honorary Curator of Mollusca
John F. G. Stokes - - Curator of Polynesian Ethnology
C. Montague Cooke, Ph.D. (Yale) - Curator of Pulmonata
Otto H. Swezey - - Honorary Curator of Entomology
Charles N. Forbes - Curator of Botany
John W. Thompson - Artist and Modeler
Miss E. B. Higgins Librarian
John J. Greene - -', - - - Printer
August Perry ----- Assistant Printer
EXHIBITION STAFF
Mrs. Helen M. Helvie - - - Superintendent
James Kalei Janitor
John Eung Chung Janitor
Samuel Williams Janitor
SEf
OCCASIONAL PAPERS
OF THE
BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM OF
POLYNESIAN ETHNOLOGY AND
NATURAL HISTORY.
Vol. V. — No. 2.
Director's Report for ion,
honolulu, h. i.
Bishop Museum Press.
1912.
To the Trustees of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum.
Sirs: — In accordance with the rules adopted by the Truslees
on December 15, 1910, I submit my Annual Report on the pres-
ent condition of this Museum and the work done in the various
departments during the year 1911.
WILLIAM T BRIGHAM,
Direclor of the Museum.
Honolulu, January 17, 1912.
Ordered printed May 18, 1912.
REPORT
IN reviewing the work of this Museum during the year 191 1
it is gratifying to find that while the considerable labor of
moving to new quarters occupied several months of the year,
the total work accomplished on the regular lines of the staff work
has much exceeded the average, owing in large part to the in-
creased facilities afforded by the new laboratory. For the first
time in the history of this Museum has there been suitable place
under the Museum roof for both work and study in all the differ-
ent departments. For the first time has each department had a
separate room for work, storage of specimens, and where a scien-
tific visitor could examine the reserve collections in comfort and
without interruptions. The fuller description of the new labora-
tory will be given at the end of the more formal report.
The construction of the building, which had dragged through
the previous year, was completed in the early spring, although the
porous nature of the concrete made the application of supposed
waterproof paint to the entire outside necessary, and this was not
completed at the close of the year. The Museum staff were natur-
ally anxious to move into the new and larger workrooms, but it was
not until May that this was possible. At first the resounding cham-
bers and halls in a building of one mass of concrete bound together
by steel rods and network were most uncomfortable, but the use of
coconut fibre matting on the painted floors of the hallways and the
accumulation of furniture and cases in the rooms greatly reduced
the reverberation, and custom finally made it nearly negligible.
The shell was found very convenient and our cabinet makers
were able by the end of the year to provide the many shelves,
tables, cabinets, racks and other utilities that have made the new
[27] 3
4 Director s Annual Report.
home of the several departments very satisfactory. No important
furnishing remains but the provision of steel eases for the storage
of perishable treasures. With these, which are commonly admit-
ted the best for our purpose in a tropical climate, the Bishop
Museum will be in a most satisfactory position for the preservation
as well as for the study of all its collections. What has already
been done in the new quarters may be gathered from the following
abstract of the departmental reports to the Director.
Looking first to our relations with the rest of the world the
work of the printery may be reported. We have been greatly hin-
dered by the nonarrival of important printing machinery ordered
many mouths ago, but in spite of this, and the absence of our head
printer on his well earned vacation, the usual routine work of label,
notice, letterhead, etc., has not been interrupted, and our assistant
printer has put through the press the final part of Volume IV of
the Occasional Papers. Of the Memoirs the third volume has been
issued consisting of but one part, but of nearly the bulk of the pre-
vious volumes in five and four parts issued separately. This book
on the manufacture of bark-cloth, Ka Hana Kapa, with its very
beautiful and valuable plates, has been well received by our corre-
spondents and others. The final part of Volume IV Occasional
Papers has been completed with index to the volume. It contains
the Director's report of the work of the previous year, and a valu-
able paper on the Naturalized Flora of the Hawaiian Islands by
Charles N. Forbes, Curator of Botany. This addition to previ-
ous lists of plants that have become naturalized in recent times
on these islands will prove of no little interest to the future student
of the vegetation of the Pacific islands. Volume III of the Occa-
sional Papers has not been completed, as it was thought best to
reserve this for the conchological papers which it is thought will
soon be ready for publication. When our long-delayed machinery
arrives our printerv will be verv complete and productive at a less
[28]
Director's Annual Report. 5
expense than at present. The rooms allotted to this purpose could
hardly be improved. The light is admirable in all parts, they are
cool, with painted, solid concrete floors, and sufficient space.
Besides the actual printing our assistant printer has been fully and
usefully occupied in library work, preparing and arranging" index
cards, and in the more convenient arrangement of cases and books.
Mr. Greene, our head printer, during his vacation visited the
coast and carefully studied the most recent improvements in the
printer's art, the advantages of which we hope to reap in our future
publications. In spite of the drawbacks mentioned it is felt that
the labor of making the treasures of the Museum accessible to the
many institutions on our exchange list has been well done, and
the progress made gives pleasing promise of the results to be ob-
tained in the coming years.
The matter of housing and distributing our publications has
been simplified greatly by the provision of a commodious room
with ample presses for storage, and conveniences for packing and
mailing. Only two new institutions have been added to our ex-
change list which is printed below.
I/ibrary. The list of accessions given below will show the
character of the increase to our working library, but it may be
stated here that the number of books and pamphlets received dur-
ing the year is as follows :
In the ordinary course of purchase or exchange 44S
Separates on Crustacea, Kirkaldy estate* 300
Kaiulani collection , books 1 28
Kaiulani collection, pamphlets 232
In all S08
In addition to these are the parts of Memoirs and Proceedings
of learned societies which will be reckoned when complete volumes
*The late G. W. Kirkaldy, entomologist of the experiment station of the
Planters' Association was a man of great knowledge in his profession and of
most extensive reading; he was preparing to take up, as an avocation, the study
of our local crustaceans, and his collection of "separates" was very valuable.
[29]
6 Director 's Annual Report.
next year. We have also had 228 volumes bound; a very import-
ant matter, as most of our exchanges come to us in parts, and for
use as well as preservation must be bound.
On behalf of the library Mr. Stokes visited the attic of the
Capitol in July and spent five days in selecting from the somewhat
scattered stacks copies needed to complete our sets of early session
laws and ministerial reports. A large list of desiderata was then
submitted to the Governor with the hope expressed that the books
mentioned might be deposited in the Museum library. The books
were finally given to the Museum on the tenth of January, 191 2.
The present rooms occupied as library were planned for taxi-
dermy, and are temporarily occupied until we may build the more
commodious structure already planned. Although the cases are
not what they should be they fairly answer their temporary purpose.
Ethnology. Many additions have come to us in this depart-
ment both by gift and purchase. In the former class is the bequest
of the late Archibald S. Cleghorn called, as directed in the will,
"The Kaiulani Collection" in memory of the late Princess. This
included, besides the books already mentioned, 268 ethnological
specimens, some of great interest and considerable rarity which
will be illustrated in the list of accessions; 80 framed portraits,
many of them of the Princess Kaiulani ; and 62 unframed photo-
graphs. The framed portraits of Hawaiian royalty have been
placed in the library. Among the kapa a rare specimen has been
printed in colors in Ka Hana Kapa (PI. ZZ, p. 212) . Rev. W. D.
Westervelt, Mrs. Charles M. Cooke, Mrs. Emil Waterman, and
Mr. D. Thaanum have also added to our collections. Some of
the last mentioned specimens will be separately described by
Mr. Stokes.
During the summer we acquired the collection of Mr. W. C.
Schiefer of Makaweli, Kauai, consisting mostly of stone, 104
Hawaiian specimens, among them a verv large ring poi pounder,
[30]
Director' 's Annual Report. 7
and part of a stone knife. We also purchased with funds from the
Chas. R. Bishop Trust the very interesting collection of Mr. Alex-
ander M. McBryde, formerly of Kauai. This collection numbered
but 343 specimens, but among these were some of which this
Museum did not possess examples, e.g., kukui nut crusher, double-
handled kapa beater, two hula foot plates, two abdominal lomilomi
sticks, a double-pointed dagger, and a gourd scoop for catching the
fry of awa. Other interesting variants of types already in the
Museum were four stirrup poi pounders, a stone dish, stone lamp,
and phallic emblem. It added to the value of the collection that
it was made some years ago by a resident born on the Islands, who
had opportunities for gathering only good specimens.
Our loan collection has increased ; several old residents who
have rare Hawaiian antiquities from which they are not ready to
part finally have put these in charge of the Museum for safe keep-
ing. This is also an advantage to us as an added opportunity for
study: the more complete our series of Hawaiian specimens can
be made the greater accuracy in the deductions from them, for it
is now generally to the specimens we must look for an explanation
of their manufacture and use. No exchanges of great importance
have been made in this department.
The Curator, Mr. Stokes, has continued his researches on fish
weirs and fish ponds, and many interesting letters have been re-
ceived from other groups in the Pacific, but as there is a prospect
of obtaining still more information he has decided to withhold his
notes from present publication. Some time has been spent in ex-
amining the fish ponds of Kauai through the kindness of Messrs.
J. K. Farley and \V. H. Rice Jr.; and also in examining and pho-
tographing the fish ponds of Moanalua and Pearl Harbor.
In his very interesting and valuable study of petroglyphs he
has made two visits to Keoneloa beach on Kauai where at the
southeast end of this beach, under the sand and in the wash of the
waves, is a sandstone ledge about 250 feet long and 30 feet wide
[31J
8 Director 's Annual Report.
closelv covered with petroglyphs. Occasionally a heavy southerly
storm washes the sand away and exposes for a short time portions
of the ledge which are covered again as soon as the trades return.
Mr. Farley of Koloa has arranged with the keeper of the light-
house, who lives near, to report to him whenever the ledge is
bared, and word is then sent to the Museum. Mr. Stokes' visits
were in response to these calls. In both cases the wind changed
before he arrived at the beach, although leaving Honolulu at once.
Botany. I am sorry to differ from the report of the Curator of
Botany addressed to me, when he conveys the impression that not
so much work has been done in his department as might have been,
owing to adverse weather. I know that he has worked hard all the
year, and I shall quote his statements of the journeys he made:
"Numerous short excursions were made into the forests of
Oahu, the first extended trip being to the region about Palehua in
the Waianae mountains. Four days were spent here and several
rare plants obtained. I wish to thank Mr. H. M. von Holt for his
kindness in extending to me the use of his mountain house at
Palehua ; and also Mr. Charles L,ucas for kindly giving Dr. Cooke
and myself permission to collect plants and shells in Niu valley.
"An excursion for the purpose of studying the vegetation of
the island of Hawaii was made between June ioth and September
ioth. A general base station was made at Mr. T. C. White's
residence near Kailua, from which place the expedition started
out. The Director considered that a guide was absolutely neces-
sary for this trip, so a native Hawaiian, Charles Ka, was engaged.
This man proved to know practically every inch of ground in
Kona, and his aid iu many things was a great help.
"The first extended camping trip started in at Puuwaawaa and
extended through the mountains of Kona at an average elevation of
4500 feet and ended at Kapua. Stops of from two to ten days were
made at each of the following places and the surrounding regions
[32]
Director ' s Annual Report. 9
penetrated in all directions: Puuwaawaa, Hanehane, summit of
Hualalai, Kaalapuuwale, Kanehaha, Pnlehua, Camp X, summit
of Mauna Loa, Papaloa, Papaloa Pupu Kikinini, Kukui o Pii,
Honomalino and Kapua. From Kapua I returned to Kailua and
left next day by steamer for Kau. My headquarters for this dis-
trict was at the Kapapala ranch. The whole district was fairly
well covered in daily trips from the ranch, only two short camping
trips being necessary. Mauna Loa was ascended to about the
8000 feet elevation, the Kau desert was crossed in several places,
one trip extending to the seven craters in Puna.
"From Kau I returned to Kailua, and went on to Waimea.
The ditch trails in the Kohala mountains back of Waimea were
visited, and also the slopes of Mauna Kea in the vicinity of Waikii.
Mauna Kea was ascended to the 11,000 feet elevation. It had
been my intention to go over a much larger proportion of this
mountain, but a guide and animals were not obtainable without
considerable expense, and as the latter were essential for trans-
porting the collecting outfit this part of the program had to be
postponed. Almost continuous rain in the Kohala mountains
which continued for a month after my departure, made further
exploration under such conditions a waste of time and I returned
to Honolulu. About 450 varieties of plants were collected, and
I believe I obtained a more comprehensive knowledge of the
Hawaiian vegetation than on any previous trip.
"I wish to thank Mr. A. F. Judd, to whom I am indebted for
many valuable suggestions and aid in arranging the trip ; and also
the following gentlemen of Hawaii, who aided me in every possi-
ble wa}-, not only in giving permission to collect on their lands,
but also extending information and help which added both to the
value and pleasure of the trip : Thos. C. White, Allen Wall, Frank
Greenwell, John Paris, John McGuire, Robert Hind, Julian Mon-
serrat, Alfred W. Carter, J. McAllister, J. J. Jorgensen, Mr. Sproat
and David Forbes.
[33]
io Director's Annual Report.
"Our exchanges with the three institutions mentioned in the
last report have continued with satisfaction on both sides. The
additions to the herbarium are shown in the list of accessions.
"The conveniences for arranging the herbarium have been
greatly improved by the addition of new cases in the basement,
formerly the Director's room. The arrangements for work or for
showing specimens to visiting workers in botany are nearly perfect. ' '
Pulmonata. I quote from the Curator's report to me :
"The year 191 1 has been the most satisfactory, in the amount
of work accomplished on our Hawaiian land shells, of any since
the Curator has been connected with the staff of the Museum.
For the first time the collection is really accessible for study.
Before the occupancy of the laboratory the collection was stored
in four different parts of the Museum. The trays were piled in
cases and on the floor of one of the alcoves of the third floor of
Hawaiian Hall, and a good deal of the material had to be kept at
the home of the Curator for study during the greater part of the
time. Now, with proper cases, shelves, work tables and a sink,
the Curator can get at and has handy whatever specimens or ap-
paratus he may need. Probably half again or twice as much work
has been accomplished this year, due for the most part to the time
saved in getting at whatever has been needed. The moving of
the collection from different parts of the Museum, and the partial
arrangement of the same have taken up a great deal of the Cura-
tor's time during the year.
"At present the genera Philonesia, Endodonta, Mesopupa ,
Lyropupa, Amastra, Carelia, Lcptachatina, Aurieulella, Torna-
le/lina, Succinea and several other genera with from one to four
species, are arranged in the cases. Our collection of the genera
of Auriadclla, Carelia and Endodonta is fully arranged and classi-
fied according to species and distribution, and at present only the
labels have to be written and placed in the trays. This will
necessitate the writing of about 1000 to 1 soo labels.
[34]
Director's Annual Report. n
"A portion of the genera Leptachatina, Nesopupa, Lyropupa
and Amastra are similarly worked out. About 10,000 lots remain
to be worked up if we exclude the genus Achatinella, which con-
tains from one-third to one-half the catalogue numbers of our col-
lection. During the year the material of the Thwing collection,
except Laminella and Achatinella, which probably contain nine-
tenths of this valuable collection, has been catalogued and dis-
tributed in proper order. The catalogued material contains about
750 numbers and has something over 4000 specimens. Also the
Gulick collection, presented to the Museum by the Curator, has
been arranged according to genera, but has not been catalogued,
owing to lack of time. To properly catalogue, arrange and label
these two valuable collections will take probably a year, at least,
of undivided time. During the year 1607 catalogue numbers,
containing 18,682 shells, have been added to the collections ; of
these 12,649 specimens were collected in the field by the Curator.
"Two notable finds were made during the year: the first, a
small collection of land and marine shells, probably presented to
the Hawaiian Government, was found in one of the cases. These
shells were undoubtedly labeled by Dr. Newcomb, as experts in
handwriting have compared the labels with letters written by Dr.
Newcomb to Andrew Garrett, which letters are in the Museum.
This collection contains a number of Dr. Newcomb 's species.
The second find was in a large collection of more than 30,000
specimens of land and marine shells presented to the Museum by
Mr. W. Mclnerny. This collection was made by Mr. H. M.
Whitney, and given to Mr. Mclnerny by Miss Kelley. In this col-
lection was found a large series of the very rare Carclia cochlea Pfr.,
and another series of Leptachatina fossil is Cooke, besides several
fossil specimens of two or three new species of Leptachatina and
Helicina, and a large series of Achatinella from Manoa and Tan-
talus, and specimens of several species of Carelia. Of Carelia
cochlea the Museum had but eight specimens, one from the Ancey
[35]
12 Director 's Annual Report.
collection and seven from the Thwing collection. The new series
showed several interesting variations in form, sculpture and color
which have never been noted. Of Lcptachatina fossil is the Museum
did not possess a specimen. This species was only known from
the single type specimen iu the Academy of Natural Science in
Philadelphia.
"During the year the Curator has started four series of card
catalogues and has worked on them intermittently as time per-
mitted. The first is a bibliographical catalogue arranged by
authors, with lists of the new species described under each title.
The second is a catalogue of the specific names of Hawaiian non-
marine shells arranged alphabetically with a complete (if possible )
list of references to each of the species. The third, arranged un-
der each genus according to the catalogue numbers, is a series of
notes on the specific characters of all the shells under each cata-
logue number. The fourth is a catalogue of the different localities
with lists of the species reported from each, and list of the Museum
catalogue numbers of shells found in each. The first and second
catalogues are complete (so far as the Curator knows) from 1789
to 1843.
"During the year Mr. Andrew Garrett's drawings, notes, lists
and letters have been labeled, indexed and arranged as far as pos-
sible. During the year Dr. Pilsbry has published two parts of his
Manual of Conchology, dealing with our Amastrinse. Types of
several of his new species which were loaned to him by this Museum
have been returned to our collection."
Casting and Modeling". Mr. J. \V. Thompson has con-
tinued his work on the grand collection of Hawaiian fish casts, but
has, especially lately, turned his skill to making casts of rare speci-
mens in the Museum for exchange with other museums for similar
casts of their treasures which cannot otherwise be obtained. Mr.
Thompson's skill in painting these casts makes the result almost
undistinguishable by sight from the original. I have never seen
[36]
Director' s Annual Report. 13
in foreign museums such good work in this line. I used to think
that the late M. Bruceiani of the British Museum was facile princeps,
but after seeing Mr. Thompson's work I am compelled to revise
my opinion. We have had rare specimens that the owners did
not care to give to the Museum at present, loaned to us for this
reproduction, of which an illustration is given in my note of a
curved adz printed later in this report. It is hoped that the next
report may announce the acquisition of a number of rare objects
from other museums and private collections that will largely
increase the value and interest of our collections for study and
comparison. I place this line of Mr. Thompson's work next
in importance to that of his fish casts. He has also prepared
various zoological specimens for the Museum in the absence of
any taxidermist. The care and rearrangement of our large
ichthyological collection in spirits also fell to his charge, as we
have no marine zoologist.
Administration. Certain changes in the administration
have greatly conduced to an increased production in each depart-
ment. When it was decided to open the Museum on five days in
the week (reserving Wednesday for such work as cannot well be
done if interrupted by visitors), and end the very annoying system
of special permits to steamer passengers, the office of Superintend-
ent of Exhibition Halls was established, and Mrs. Helen M. Helvie
appointed to the post from October 1st. This appointment was a
particularly happy one, and under Mrs. Helvie's care the halls
have been kept in perfect order, and visitors greatly assisted ; she
has also had full control of the three janitors, thus relieving the
rest of the staff from much interruption and waste of time.
As our Librarian, Miss E. B. Higgins has nearly settled the
library in its new quarters; she has found time to take charge of the
accounts, and of the exchanges and publications, matters hitherto
making increasing claims on the time of our universal helper, the
Curator of Polvnesian Ethnologv. This arrangement will give
[37]
14
Director' s Annual Report.
him much more time for original investigation for which he is well
fitted, and his department (the largest in the Museum) will be
greatly benefitted. Mr. Stokes has also arranged and labelled our
excellent collection of Hawaiian corals, many of which he collected.
Attendance of Visitors. As the change in open days
came into effect October ist, the list of attendance is given in two
parts of which .the totals may easily be compared. For last year
the number of whites was 5457 ; this year 6210. The number of
visitors of all nationalities for the two years was 1 1 ,012 and 1 1 ,202.
Table of Attendance.
Open on
Z3 >■
£ O
Average
Attendance
3 <£
pro
-
C
January . .
February ..
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
Totals..
460
606
596
439
433
343
534
527
597
80
80
103
148
68
55
120
79
86
37
114
84
96
54
71
134
60
118
107
127
164
173
136
104
174
41
5
49
31
52
23
53
109
163
75
105
101
95
89
69
106
94
S3
4.535
1,163 159
710
946
960
890
762
715
1,005
859
1 .077
7.924
October .,
November
December .
Totals.,
654
315
113
129
132
6
22
61
440
149
119
98
247
22
20
50
591
62
45
52
89
15
21
41
1,685
526
277
279
468
43
63
52.
1,349
1 ,075
S54
3.278
C3S]
List of Accessions.
ETHNOLOGICAL
By Gift.
Mrs. \V. R. Castle, Honolulu: (10,249-10,251)
Two paddles. Micronesia.
Fishing stick. Hawaiian Islands.
Estate of the late A. S. Cleghorn, to be known as "The Kaiulani
Collection": (10,257-10,544)
Twenty-nine poi bowls, 3 meat dishes, 3 poi boards, finger bowl,
3 spittoons, olona board, bearing stick, 2 music sticks, 3 kahili
handles, frame for mirror, 4 pillows, 14 sets of bed tapas, 3 tapa
shawls, tapa loin-cloth, set tapa samples, tapa bundle, idol, dart,
10 tapa markers, 2 wands, 2 human hair necklaces, hook of coral,
kukui-nut necklace, 2 olona scrapers, 3 Niihau mats, 4 lauhala
mats, 5 tapa beaters, 2 kahili, knee drum, dip net, gourd water
bottle, 9 feather lei, 3 tufts mamo feathers, surf-board, 8 fish-
hooks, 8 poi pounders, mortar and pestle, stone lamp, stone dish
for dye, 4 stone cups, stone mirror, 4 sling stones, 2 stone sinkers,
20 stone adzes, 2 stone gouges, 16 bowling stones, stone ham-
mer, 5 polishers (of stone), stone clapper, canoe model, house
model, 11 gourd, coconut and wooden bowls, stone idol, stone
plummet, dish (of coral rock). Hawaiian Islands.
Two spears, fan. Samoa.
Two clubs, paddle, fly whisk, string of fish teeth, 2 shell
rings, ivory and bead ornament, shell money, 2 bands braided
grass. Southern Pacific.
Seven arrows, 2 spears. Solomon Islands.
Stone poi pounder. Caroline Islands.
Shell adze. Micronesia.
Mrs. C. M. Cooke, Honolulu: (10,255)
Ancient basket. Hawaiian Islands.
Dr. C. Montague Cooke, Honolulu: (10,256)
Bath rubber. Hawaiian Islands.
A. F. Judd, Honolulu: (11,015)
Cane covered with mat-work. Philippine Islands.
[39] 15
Fig. i. poi bowl from the kaiulani collection, diameter 14 inches.
fig. 2. meat dish From the kaiulani collection, length 16 inches.
FIG. 3. MEAT DISH FROM THE KAIULANI COLLECTION. LENGTH 29 INCHES.
FIG. 4. FINGER BOWL FROM THE KAIULANI COLLECTION.
FIG. 5. SPITTOONS FROM THE KAIULANI COLLECTION.
1 8 Director's Annual Report.
H. Kahaule, Koloa, Kauai: (11,014)
Stone kupua called Ka Huewai.
W. H. Rice, Jr., L,ihue, Kauai: (10,519-10,520)
Two bowling stones. Kauai.
D. Thaanum, Hilo, Hawaii: (10,667)
Poi pounder, intermediate form. Kauai.
F. W. Thrum, Hilo, Hawaii: (11,012-11,013)
Mortar and pestle. Olaa, Hawaii.
Mrs. Hmil Waterman, Honolulu: (10,560)
Poi pounder, intermediate form. Kauai.
A. K. Williams, Honolulu: (10,666)
Adze. Oahu.
By Exchange.
G. R. Carter, Honolulu: ( IO -557 _I °,559)
Two sprays of 00 feathers, spray of iiwi feathers. Hawaiian
Islands.
By Purchase.
Ukeke, tapa marker, 4 oloua scrapers, polishing stone, 4 sling
stones. Hawaiian Islands. (10,521-10,531)
Collection made by A. M. McBryde, Wahiawa, Kauai:
(10,668-11,61 1 )
Thirty-nine stone adzes, 8 polishing stones, 3 stone ham-
mers, 3 sling stones, wooden club, stone club, 5 stone pestles,
19 poi pounders, 7 stone cups, 4 stone dishes, 19 stone lamps,
3 stone mortars, kukui-nut crusher, stone mirror, 18 bowling
stones, squid hook, 8 sinkers, 5 shells for squid hooks, phallic
stone, stone idol, 32 tapa beaters, tapa board (for malo), 20
tapa markers and rulers, 2 hula foot plates, 4 music sticks,
2 massage sticks (for abdomen), massage stick (for back),
lua stick, wooden dagger (double-pointed), fire stick, 2 spears,
2 olona boards, 5 olona scrapers, 8 netting needles, 5 spacers,
26 fish-hooks, 5 olona fish lines, 4 human hair necklaces, ivory
comb, tortoise-shell comb, 8 ivory beads, ivory and glass bead
necklace, 4 feather lei, pipe, 4 dogs' teeth anklets, 2 Niihau
mats, tapa shawl, 2 tapa dresses, 2 tapa waist-cloths, 3 sets
bed tapas, potato bag, 10 knitted bags for poi bowls, shrimp
[42]
FIG. 6. PESTI,E AND MORTAR FROM F. W. THRUM. LENGTH OF PESTLE,
I3.5 INCHES.
FIG. 7. STONE LAMPS FROM THE MCBRYDE COLLECTION.
20 Director' 's Annual Report.
trap, shrimp basket, basket with cover, fish trap, 6 containers for
lines and hooks, 3 water gourds, 3 gourd poi bowls, 2 gourd
chests, gourd appliance for catching fish fry, 4 hula drums,
gourd dish, gourd whistle, 2 tapa anvils. Hawaiian Islands.
Poi pounder. Marquesas Islands.
Two fish-hooks, pearl-shell ornament, pandanus mat, shell-
money necklace, dress. Micronesia.
Collection made by W. C. Schiefer, Makaweli, Kauai:
(10,561-10,665)
Forty adzes, stone knife, stone gouge, 10 stone pestles, 9 poi
pounders, polishing stone, stone club, 2 stone mirrors, 4 sinkers,
2 mortars, 5 stone cups, sling stone, 2 stone hammers, adze
handle, stone marble, 15 bowling stones, 3 tapa beaters, spit-
toon, wooden dagger, pipe, coconut spoon. Hawaiian Islands.
Wooden spoon. Alaska.
By Loan.
A. h. C. Atkinson, Honolulu: (L, 475-477)
Three Hawaiian stone implements.
Francis Gay, Makaweli. Kauai: (L, 547-548)
Two Hawaiian stone knives.
Miss Frances Johnson, Pearl City: (L525)
Carved Marquesan bowl.
Paul Kahlbaum, Koloa, Kauai: (L 526-545)
Stone club head, sinker, stone cup, stone lamp, stone mirror,
stone pestle, bowling stone, polishing stone, slingstone, 4 stone
adzes, olona fish-line, 10 fish-hooks, 3 poi bowls. Hawaiian
Islands.
J. R. Myers, Kilauea, Kauai: (L 549-550)
Stone adze, stone axe. Hawaiian Islands.
W. H. Rice, Sr., Lihue, Kauai: (L478-524)
Adze handle, n stone adzes, 4 polishing stones, 4 bowling
stones, 3 sinkers, 4 poi pounders, 4 sling stones, stone cup, stone
mortar, stone idol, pearl-shell knife, paddle, poi bowl of Kuhau-
moana, water-bottle of Keelikolani, poi bowl of ornamented
gourd, pillow, human hair necklace, tapa mallet, set of bed tapa.
Hawaiian Islands. [44]
List of Accessions. 21
Three tapas. Samoa.
Shell necklace. Micronesia.
S. W. Wilcox, Lihue, Kauai: (E54 6 )
Hawaiian stone adze, with arched cutting edge.
RELICS AND ECONOMICS.
By Gift.
J. W. Brogan, Honolulu: (10,532-10,536)
Five specimens of pottery made from Hawaiian clays.
Estate of the late A. S. Cleghorn, part of the Kaiulani Collection:
(10,257-10,544)
Seven Hawaiian, 1 Japanese and 1 Servian decoration.
Two medals, Royal Hawaiian Agricultural Society, awarded
to Princesses Likelike and Kaiulani.
Nine Hawaiian banners and flags belonging to Princesses
Likelike and Kaiulani.
Bonnet of Princess Ruth.
Dress of Princess Kaiulani.
Key to first government vault.
Cannon ball, supposed to have been fired at Kealakeakua
bay by one of Captain Cook's vessels.
Glove box belonging to Princess Likelike.
Dining table belonging to Hon. Abner Paki.
Two chairs belonging to Minister R. C. Wyllie.
Chair belonging to Kamehameha V.
Rev. W. D. Westervelt, Honolulu: (10,252-10,254)
Admiral's hat, sword and epaulettes, said to have belonged
to Kapaakea.
BOTANICAL.
Merrill, Philippine plants (exchange) 300
Elmer, Philippine plants (purchase) 1 ,250
Maiden, Australian plants (exchange) 100
Herbarium Prince Roland Bonaparte (exchange) 109
C. M. Cooke, 94 packets Hawaiian Hepaticae, 2 Hawaiian
plants 96
J. M. Lydgate, Hawaiian plants 14
J. J. Greene, fasciated Sapota 1
J. W. Thompson 2
[45]
22 Director's Annual Report.
J. F. G. Stokes 3
F. H. Partridge, faseiated Codiaeum i
G. P. Wilder, cultivated plant i
V. S. Holt (U. S. Agricultural Station), peculiar ohia root i
Curator's collection 2,549
Total additions to herbarium 4>4 2 8
CONCHOLOGICAL
Collected or given by Specimens Lots
Curator of Pulmonata 12,649 612
I.Spalding 2,074 3*5
A. F. Judd 189 29
C.H.Cooke 16 4
R. von Holt 209 6
C.N.Forbes 324 2 9
L. Thurston 473 43
W.A.Bryan 132 2
T.A.Cooke 26 6
W . Emory 15 1
F. and E. Lyman and E. Rowold 116 29
D. Thaanum 449 75
F. B. Freitas 5 8 *3
C. M. Cooke, Jr. 13 4
Uncatalogued material in Museum collected prior to
191 1 from H. W. Henshaw, D. Thrum, R. Duncan,
H. Meyer, D. D. Baldwin, A. H. Rice, R. A. Cooke
(some of these are para- and metatypes) 1 ,939 439
Thwing collection (purchased) 4-37° 263
Total 23,052 1 ,870
ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY.
The ha in/a iii Collection. Bequest of the late A. S. Cleghorn.
Agricultural Society, Royal Hawaiian. — Report for 1884. Hono-
lulu, 1884.
Agricultural Society, Royal Hawaiian. — Rules; Transactions, i, 1.
Alexander, W. D. — Brief history of the Hawaiian people. New
York. First edition. [46]
List of Accessions. 23
Andrews, Lorrin. — Dictionary of Hawaiian language. Honolulu,
1865.
Andri, A. — Les Isles Hawaii. Gand, 1886.
Annales de 1' extreme Orient et de 1' Afrique. Paris, 1889.
Anson's Voyage. R. Walter, ed. London, 1748.
Aylmer, Fenton. — Cruise in the Pacific. London, i860.
Belcher, Sir Edward. — Voyage of H. M. S. Samarang. London,
1849.
Bliss, William R. — Paradise in the Pacific. New York, 1873.
Boddom-Wetham, J. W. — Pearls of the Pacific. London, 1876.
Bonwick, James. — Wild white man and the blacks of Victoria.
Melbourne, 1863.
Brassey, Lady. — Last voyage in the Sunbeam. London, 1889.
Briiismade vs. Jarves. — Report of the case. Honolulu, 1846.
Bulletin, Daily.— Feb. -Dec, 1882; Jan. -April also Feb. -July, 1883;
Oct. 16, i883-May3i, 1884. Honolulu.
[Burnett, Charles C] The land of the Oo, by Ash Slivers, Sr.
Cleveland, 1892.
Californian, The, Sept., 1881. San Francisco.
Campbell, Archibald. — Voyage round the world. Ediuburg, 1816.
Campbell, John. — Maritime discovery and Christian missions.
London, 1840.
Catton, John Dean. — Miscellanies. Boston, 1880.
Cheever, Henry T. — Island world of the Pacific. Glasgow.
Christian, F. W. — Notes from the Caroline Islands.
Civil Code, Hawaiian Islands. Compiled 1859. Honolulu, 1859.
Compiled 1882. Honolulu, 1884.
Cook, James, and King, James. — A voyage to the Pacific Ocean.
4to. 2d ed., 3 vols, and atlas. London, 1785.
Cook, Clerke and Gore. — A voyage to the Pacific Ocean. 16 mo.
3d ed., 4 vols. Perth, 1789.
Coulter, John. — Adventures in the Pacific. Dublin, 1845.
Crosby, E. E-, ed. — Persecutions in Tonga. London, 1886.
Craft, Mabel. — Hawaii Nei. San Francisco.
Cumming, C. F. Gordon. — At home in Fiji. New York, 1882.
Fire fountains. Ediuburg and London, 1883.
Cummings, Henry. — Cruise of the U. S. S. Tuscarora. San Fran-
cisco, 1874. [47]
24 Director' s Annual Report.
Dole, Sanford B. — Birds of the Hawaiian Islands. 2d ed. Hono-
lulu, 1879.
D'Urville, Dumont. — Voyage autour du monde. Paris, 1834.
Eardly-Wilmot, S. (Ed.) — Our journal in the Pacific by the officers
of H. M. S. Zealous. London, 1873.
Edinburg Review, March, 1831.
Ellis, William. — Tour through Hawaii. London, 1826. Also
4th ed., London, 1828.
Ellis, William. — Polynesian researches. 2 vols. London, 1829.
Ellis, W. — Voyage of Captain Cook. London, 1783.
Fanning, Edmund. — Voyages round the world. New York, 1833.
Forbes-Lindsay, C. H. — America's insular possessions. Phila-
delphia, 1906.
Fyfe, George. — Cruise of the St. George ( 1 891 -1892). Wellington.
Gibson, Walter Murray. — Sanitary instructions for Hawaiiaus, in
English and Hawaiian. Honolulu, 1880.
Gillis, J. A. — The Hawaiian incident. Boston, 1897.
Grant, Robert. — Kapiolani and other poems. London, 1848.
Greenhow, Robert. — Oregon Territory. Washington, 1840.
Griffin, John. — Memoirs of Captain James Wilson. 2d. ed., re-
vised. London.
Harris, John. — Navigatium atque Itiuerantium Bibliotheca.
2 vols. London, 1 744-1 748.
Hawaii, Legislature. — Journal of House, 1901. — Proceedings,
1886 (compiled from reports of Daily Bulletin, also those com-
piled by Frank Godfrey). — Reports to Legislature (complete
and incomplete volumes) in English and Hawaiian, 1873- 1905;
Session laws, 6 volumes, 1840-1893.
Hawaiian, The, i, 1, 3-5, 7, 1895-1896. Honolulu.
Hawaiian, Daily, i, ii, 1884-1885. Honolulu
Hawaiian Kingdom, Directory and Handbook of. J. C. Lane,ed.
San Francisco, 1888.
Hawaiian Kingdom, Directory, 1880-1881. George Bowser, ed.
Honolulu, 1880.
Hawaiian Kingdom: Treaties since 1825. Honolulu, 1887.
Hawaiian Spectator, ii, 2. Honolulu, 1839.
Hawaiian Songs. 4 vols. Manuscript.
Hawkesworth, John. — Account of voyages for making discoveries
in the southern hemisphere. 4 vols. Perth, 1779.
[48]
List of Accessions. 25
Hillebrand, W. F. — Flora of the Hawaiian Islands. New York.
1888.
Himeni Hawaii. (Hymn book of Kamehameha V.) New York,
1872.
Himeni Hawaii. Oahu, 1834.
Honolulu Library and Reading Room Association. — Catalogue,
1886.
Hood, T. H.— Cruise in H. M. S. Fawn. Edinburgh, 1863.
Hopkins, Manley. — Spicilegium poeticum. London.
Hopkins, Samuel W. — Two gentlemen of Hawaii. New York,
1894.
Hornby, G. T. Phipps — The cruise of the Flying Squadron.
London, 1871.
Jarves, J. J. — History of the Hawaiian or Sandwich Islands.
London, 1843. Also Honolulu edition, 1872.
Jarves, J. J. — Kiana: a tradition of Hawaii. Cambridge, 1857.
Jewett, Frances Gulick. — Life of Luther Halsey Gulick. Boston
and Chicago.
Kirchhoff, Theodor. — Reise nach Hawaii. Altona, 1890.
Kittlitz, F. H. von. — Yegetation of the Pacific. London, 1861.
Kotzebue, Otto von. — Voyage in the South Sea. 3 vols. London,
1821.
Kotzebue, Otto von. — New voyage round the world. 2 vols. Lou-
don, 1830.
Krusenstern's voyage round the world London, 1813.
Lambert, C, and Lambert, S. — Voyage of the Wanderer. Lon-
don, 1883.
Lamont, E. H. — Wild life among the Pacific islanders. London,
1867.
Land claims (in Hawaiian and English). Honolulu, 1881.
La Perouse. — Voyage autour du monde. 4 vols, and atlas. Paris,
1797.
Leonard, George. — Hawaiian arithmetic. Honolulu, 1852.
Liliuokalani. — Hawaii's story by Hawaii's Queen. Boston, 1898.
Lira Kamalii oia na himeni, etc. New York.
Luce, George H. — Our pilgrimage. Milwaukee, 1889.
Lyman, Henry M. — Hawaiian yesterdays. Chicago, 1906.
Macgregor, Laird. — Description of Honolulu. London, 1875.
Marchand, Etienne. — Vovage autour du monde. Paris, 1 798-1800.
[49]
26 Director' 1 s Annual Report.
Martin, John. — Mariner's natives of the Tonga islands. 2 vols.
London, 181 8.
Maxwell, Walter. — Lavas and soils of the Hawaiian Islands.
Honolulu, 1898.
Meares, John. — Voyages made in 1788 and 1789. London, 1791.
Morrell, Benjamin, Jr. — Narrative of four voyages. New York,
1832.
Nicholson, H. Whaley. — Fortune in five years at Honolulu.
London, 1881.
North American Review, vol. 156, no. 3. 1893.
Nottage, Charles G. — In search of a climate. London, 1894.
Nuhou (Hawaiian News), i, 1-26, 1873. Honolulu.
Nupepa Kuokoa. Oct., 1861-Dec, 1862. Honolulu.
Overland Monthly, i, 6, 1868. San Francisco.
Owen, J. A., Mrs. — Our Honolulu boys. London.
Pelham, Cavendish, ed. — Modern voyages and travels. 2 vols.
London, 1808-1810.
Pelham, Cavendish. — Pelham's voyages. 2 vols. London, 1806-
1808.
Percival, E. H. — Life of Sir David Wedderburn. London, 1884.
Polynesian, The, xi, 1855. Honolulu.
Prayer book in Hawaiian. London, 1883.
Ruschenberger, W. S. W. — Voyage round the world. 2 vols.
London, 1838.
Sandwich Islands Monthly Magazine. — Fornander, A., ed., i, 1-5,
1856.
San Francisco News Letter, July-Sept., 1864.
Simpson, Alexander. — Sandwich Islands. London, 1843.
Spreckels, J. D. & Bros. — Ports of San Francisco, San Diego,
and Honolulu. San Francisco, 1889.
Spry, W. J. J. — Cruise of the Challenger. London, 1877.
Staley, Thomas Nettleship, Bishop of Honolulu. — Five years
church work in Hawaii. London, 1868.
Stevenson, Robert Louis. — Father Damien: an open letter to Dr.
Hyde. Boston. Also edition published in Sydney, 1890.
Stevenson's friends, Letter to. — Lloyd Osbourne, ed. 1894.
Stewart, C. S. — Visit to South Seas in U. S. ship Vincenues.
2 vols. Loudon, 1832. Also abridged edition, William Ellis,
ed. London, 1832. [50]
List of Accessions . 27
Stewart, C. S. — Private journal. 2d ed. Dublin, 1831.
Stoddard, Charles Warren. — Hawaiian life. Chicago, 1894.
Summer cruising in the South Seas. London, 1881.
Lepers of Molokai. Notre Dame, Ind., 1886.
Strahlenburg, Philip John von. — Description of north and eastern
parts of Europe and Asia. London, 1738.
Tonga Islands. — Custom house statistics, 4th quarter, 1886.
Auckland, 1887.
Trade and commerce statistics for 1887. Auckland, 1888.
Tregear, E. — Maori in Asia.
Tyerman, Daniel, and Bennett, George. — Voyages and travels
round the world. London, 1841.
United Service, x, 5, 1S84. Philadelphia.
United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. — Geodesy, appendix
14, report for 1888. Washington, 1890.
United States Congress. Matter relating to the Hawaiian Islands
contained in messages of United States presidents to the 52nd,
53rd and 55th Congresses.
Vancouver, George. — Voyage round the world. 6 vols. London,
1 801 .
Vincent, Frank. — Through and through the tropics. London, 1876.
Wakeman, Edgar. — Log of an ancient mariner. San Francisco,
1878.
Walpole, Fred. — Four years in the Pacific. 2 vols. London, 1849.
Warriner, Francis. — Cruise of Potomac round the world. New
York, 1835.
Webster, John. — Last cruise of the Wanderer. Sydney.
Wilkes, Charles. — United States exploring expedition ( 1838-1842).
2 vols. London, 1852. Also abridged edition. New York, 1 851.
Wood, J. G. — Uncivilized races of the world. Hartford and San
Francisco, 1878.
Miscellaneous pamphlets (232), framed pictures (So), photo-
graphs (62).
Accessions by Exchange.
Adelaide, South Australia.
Royal Geographical Society of South Australia. — Proceed-
ings, xi.
Royal Society of South Australia. — Transactions and pro-
ceedings, xxxiv, 1910. [51]
28 Director's Annual Report.
Amsterdam, Holland.
Uuiversiteit van Amsterdam. — Catalogus van de boeken be-
trekkelijk het Notariat in de Universiteits-Bibliotheek te Am-
sterdam, 1 910.
Barcelona, Spain.
Real Academia de Cieneias y Artes de Barcelona. — Boletin,
iii, 2. — Memorias, viii, 24-31 and index; x, 1, 2. — Nomina del
personal Academieo, 1910-1911.
Berkeley, California.
University of California. — Publications: American arche-
ology and ethnology, viii, index; ix, 3; x, 1-3. — Botany, iv,
7-11. — Chronicle, xiii, 1-4. — Pathology, ii, 1-3. — Physiology, iv,
4-7. — Zoology, vi, 12-14; y ii> 2 "9! v iii> : » 2 >4 _ 9- — Memoirs, i, 2; ii.
Berlin, Germany.
Anthropologische Gesellschaft. — Zeitschrift, xlii, 6; xliii, 1-4.
Konigl. Museum fiir Volkerkunde. — Fiihrer durch das Mu-
seum fiir 191 1.
Berne, Switzerland.
Bern Historisches Museum. — Jahresbericht, 19 10.
Boston, Massachusetts.
American Academy of Arts and Sciences. — Proceedings,
xlvii, 1-9.
Boston Museum of Fine Arts. — Bulletin, viii, 49-53.
Boston Public Library. — Bulletin, iii; iv, 1-3. Fifty-ninth
annual report.
Boston Society of Natural History. — Proceedings, xxxii, in-
dex; xxxiv, 12. — Memoirs, iv, 7.
Brisbane, Queensland.
Royal Society of Queensland. — Proceedings, xxiii, 1.
Brooklyn, New York.
Museum of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. —
Science bulletin, i, index and title page.
Brussels, Belgium.
Societe Royale Malacologique de Belgique. — Anuales, xl,
xli, xlv. [52]
List of Accessions. 29
Buda-Pest, Hungary.
Museum Nacional Hongrois. — Anzeiger, v.
Buenos Aires, Argentine Republic.
Museo Nacional. — Anales, xiii-xiv.
Calcutta, India.
Asiatic Society of Bengal. — Journal and proceedings, v, 1-11;
vi, 1-6.
Indian Museum. — Annual Report, 1909-1910; 1910-1911. —
Memoirs, ii, 4, and index; iii, 1, 2. — Records, iii, 4, and index;
iv, 1-7; v; vi, 1-3. — Alcyonarians of the Indian Ocean, ii. —
Echinoderma, vi (Asteroidea, ii). — Catalogue of Indian deca-
pod Crustacea, i, 2. — Illustrations of the zoology of the Investi-
gator. — Mollusca, part vi, plates xxi-xxiii.
Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Harvard University Library. — Report, 19 10.
Museum of Comparative Zoology. — Bulletin, liii, 5; liv, 2-8. —
Memoirs, xxv, 3; xxvi, 7; xxxix, 2; xl, 2, 3; xlv, 1. — Annual
report, 1910-1911.
Peabody Museum. — Memoirs, iv, index; v, 1, 2. — Papers, v;
vi, 1. — Forty-fourth report, 1909-1910.
Capetown, South Africa.
South African Museum. — Annals, v, 8, 9, title and index; vi,
4, title and index; vii, 4; viii, 1; ix, 1; x, 1; xi, 1, 2.
Chicago, Illinois.
Field Museum. — Report series, iv, 1.
Christchurch, New Zealand.
Canterbury Museum. — Records, i, 3.
Copenhagen, Denmark.
Societe Royale des Antiquaires du Nord. — Memoires, 1910. —
Nordiske Fortidsminder, ii, 1.
Dresden, Germany.
Kbnigl. Zoologisches und Anthropologisch-Ethnographisches
Museum. — Abhandlungen uud Berichte, xiii, 2-4.
[53]
30 Director's Annual Report
Dublin, Ireland.
Royal Irish Academy. — Proceedings, section B, xxix, 1-6;
section C, xxix, 1-8; xxxi (Claire Island survey), 4, 5, 14, 22,
39, 51, 6 5-
Kdinburg, Scotland.
Royal Society of Edinburg. — Proceedings, xxx, 7; xxxi, 1-4.
Frankfurt on Main, Germany.
vStadt. Yolker-Museum. — Yeroffentlichuugen, i, 3 (2te Abt.);
iii.
Florence, Italy.
Societa Italiana di Antropologia. — Archivio per l'antro-
pologia e la etnologia, xl, 3, 4; xli, 1, 2.
Hamburg, Germany.
Museum fur Volkerkunde. — Bericht, 1910.
Honolulu, Hawaii.
Hawaiian Evangelical Association. — Report, 1908.
Hawaiian Historical Society. — Papers, 1 , 8 (reprints) . — Seven-
teenth annual report and papers, 1909; eighteenth report and
papers, Jan. -June, 191 1.
Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association. — Division of agricul-
ture and chemistry, Bulletins, 36-37. — Division of pathology
and physiology, Bulletin, 10. — Proceedings, 1909.
Oahu College. — Catalogue, 1910-1911.
United States Experiment Station. — Bulletins, 22-24. — Press
bulletins, 28-32. — Annual report, 1910.
Leiden, Holland.
Rijks Ethnographisch Museum. — Verslag van deu directeur,
1909-1910.
Liverpool, England.
Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. — Annals, iv, 3,4; v, 1,2.
London, England.
Roval Anthropological Institute. — Journal, xl; xli.
[54]
List of Accessions. 31
Manila. Philippine Islands.
Bureau of Science. — Report, 1909; 1910. — Journal of science:
A, v, 5, 6; vi, 1-4. B, v, 5, 6; vi, 1-4. C, v, 5, 6; vi, 1-5. D,
v, 4-6; vi, 1-4.
Melbourne, Victoria.
Royal Society of Victoria. — Proceedings, xxiii, 2.
Mexico.
Iustituto Geologico de Mexico. — Boletin, 27, 28. — Parergones,
iii, 6-8.
Minneapolis, Minnesota.
University of Minnesota. — Minnesota plant studies, 1-4.
New Haven, Connecticut.
Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences. — Memoirs, iii. —
Transactions, xvi, pp. 246-407.
New Plyomuth, New Zealand.
Polynesian Society. — Journal, xx, 1-3. — Memoirs, i.
New York, New York.
American Museum of Natural History. — Annual report,
1910. — Anthropological papers, v, 2; vi, 2; vii, 1. — Bulletins,
xxvii; xxix. — Guide leaflets, 31-33. — Journal, xi, 1-7. — Mem-
oirs, iii, index.
Columbia University. — Biological series, vi. — Anthropologi-
cal series, ii.
New York Botanical Garden. — Bulletins, 25, 26.
Oberlin, Ohio.
Oberlin College. — Wilson Bulletin, xiv, 1-4; xxii. 3, 4;
xxiii, 1,2.
Para, Brazil.
Museu Goeldi. — Boletin, vi.
Paris, France.
Ecole d' Anthropologic — Revue anthropologique, 21 annee. —
Table decennale, 1901-1910.
Societe d' Anthropologic. — Bulletins et Memoires, v e serie x,
2-6; vi e serie, i, 2-3. [55]
32 Director's Annual Report.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. — Proceedings,
lxii, 3; lxiii, 1. — Journal, xiv, 3.
American Philosophical Society. — Proceedings, 197-201. —
Transactions, xxii, 1.
University of Pennsylvania. — Babylonian expedition, series
A, xxix, 1. — Sembower, Life and poetry of Charles Cotton.
University of Pennsylvania Museum. — Anthropological pub-
lications, i, 2. — Publications of the Babylonian section, i, 1. —
Journal of the museum, i, 3; ii, 1, 2. — Publications of the Egyp-
tian section, i-v.
Wagner Free Institute. — Annual announcement, 191 1 -191 2.
Philadelphia Commercial Museums. — Textile industries of
Philadelphia, 1910-1911.
PlETERMARITZBURG, SOUTH AFRICA.
Natal Government Museum. — Annals, ii, 2.
Pittsburg, Pennsylvania.
Carnegie Museum. — Annals, vii, 2. — Memoirs, iv, 6, 7. —
Founder's day proceedings, 1899-1901, 1903, 1905, 191 1. — Re-
port of director, 1898, 191 1.
Plymouth, England.
Marine Biological Association. — Journal, ix, 2.
Portici, Italy.
R. Scuola Superiore d' Agricoltura. — Bollettino del labora-
torio di zoologia, v.
Rio de Janeiro.
L' Institute de Maguinhos. — Memorias, ii, 2; iii, 1.
Rome, Italy.
Reale Accademia dei Lincei. — Atti,xx, 1-12; xx (2 semestre),
1-7, 9. — Memorie, viii, 7-12. — Rendiconto, ii, pp. 502-579.
St. Eouis, Missouri.
Missouri Botanical Garden. — Annual report, 19 10.
San Francisco, California.
California Academy of Sciences. — Proceedings, fourth series,
i, pp. 7-288. [56]
List of Accessions. 33
Stanford University, California.
Ueland Stanford Junior University. — Contributions to biology,
4, 18,28. — Register, 1908-1911. — Report of president, 1905,
1907-1910. — University series, 5, 6. — Matzke memorial volume.
Stockholm, Sweden.
Kongl. Vitterhets Historie och Antiqvitets Akademien. — An-
tikvarisk Tidskrift, Del. 19. — Fornvannen, 1910.
Sydney, New South Wales.
Australian Museum. — Memoirs, iv, 13-16. — Records, ii, 2;
viii, 2; ix, 2. — Special catalogue, No. 1, iii, 1-3.
Department of Agriculture. — Science bulletin, 3, 4. — Agri-
cultural gazette, xxii.
Department of Mines. — Mineral resources of New South
Wales, 13. — Annual report, 1910.
Uinnean Society of New South Wales. — Proceedings, xxxv,
4; xxxvi, 1.
Royal Society of New South Wales. — Journal and proceed-
ings, xlii, xliv.
Vienna, Austria.
K. K. Naturhistorisches Hofmuseum, xxiii, 1, 2; xxiv, 1-4.
Washington, District of Columbia.
Bureau of American Ethnology. — Annual report, 1905-1906. —
Bulletins, 1-4, 7, 8, 17, 21, 30 (pt. 2), 31, 40, 43, 50, 51.
Carnegie Institution of Washington.— Publications, 27 (vol.
ii) , 74 (vols, iii, iv), 88, 120, 127, 128, 130-134, 137-149, 154-
157. — Year-book, 1910. — Report of director of department of
marine biology, 1910. — Classics of international law, by R.
Zouche.
Smithsonian Institution. — Report of secretary, 1876-1879,
1881-1888, 1890-1893, 1895-1904, 1906, 1908-1910. — Report of
board of regents, part 1; 1882, 1886, 1887, 1888, 1890, 1891,
1895, 1906. — Contributions to knowledge, ii-xxii, xxvii (in-
complete), xxix, xxxii, xxxiii, xxxiv (incomplete), xxxv
Occasional Papers B. P. B. M. Vol. V, No. 2. — 3.
T57]
34 Director's Annua/ Report .
(incomplete). — Miscellaneous collections, xiii, xvi-xxvii, xxxv
(incomplete), xxxvi- xxxviii (incomplete), xxxix-xli, xliv,
xlv, xlvi (incomplete), xlvii-xlix, 1 (incomplete) , li-lv, lvi
(incomplete), lvii (incomplete), lviii (incomplete). — Contribu-
tions to United States National Herbarium, iv ; v, 2-6; vii,
1,2; viii, 1-3; xiii, 7-11. — Harriman Alaska expedition, vols,
i-v, viii-xiii.
United States Geological Survey. — Annual report, 1910. —
Bulletins, 381, 429-431, 433-465, 467, 468, 472-483, 486, 487-490,
495. — Water supply papers, 240, 242, 253-258, 260-270, 272-277.
—Professional papers, 70, 72, 73, 75. — Monograph, 52. — Min-
eral resources of the United States, 1909. — Geologic atlas of the
United States. — Folios, 5, 167-176.
United States National Museum. — Bulletins, 1-4, 6-15, 17-18,
20-22, 25-28, 30, 32, 39, pts. a-c, k-h, p-s, 62, 65, 70, 71 (pt. 2),
72-75, 76 (pt. 1 ). — Proceedings, 38-40. — Report, 1884, 1890, 1910.
Wellington, New Zealand.
Dominion Museum. — Bulletin, 3.
New Zealand Institute. — Transactions and proceedings, xliii.
MISCELLANEOUS.
(purchased unless OTHERWISE DESIGNATED.)
Anderson, Tempest. — The Volcano of Matavanu in Savaii. Given
by the author.
American Anthropological Association. — Memoirs, ii, 5.
American Anthropologist. — Current numbers. Also iii; iv, 2-4,
given by Dr. Wm. T. Brigham.
American Association of Museums. — Proceedings, iv, 1910. Given
by the Association.
American Association for the Advancement of Science — Proceed-
ings, 1906. Given by Dr. Wm. T. Brigham.
American Geographical Society. — Bulletin, xliii, 2 Given by Dr.
Wm. T. Brigham.
Anatomv and Physiologv, Journal of, xli, 2; xlv, 2-4; xlvi, 1.
[58]
List of Accessions. 35
Appletou, Estelle. — A comparative study of the play activities of
adult savages and civilized children. Chicago, 1910. Given
by Dr. Win. T. Brigham.
Aures. — Note sur une inscription antique du Musee de Nimes.
Baker, J. G. — Flora of Mauritius and the Seychelles. London,
1877.
Bastian, A. — Iuselgruppeu in Oceanien. Berlin, 1883.
Berger, Philippe. — Three papers on inscriptions. Paris, 1876,
1S89.
Borcherding, Fr. — Monographie der auf der Sandwich-Tuseln
Kauai lebenden Molluskengattung Carelia H. und A. Adams.
Frankfurt a/M., 1910.
British Museum. — Handbook to the ethnographical collections. —
National Antarctic expedition, v. London, 1910.
Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen des Tier-Reichs. — Mollusca,
iii, 1 1 3- 1 18.
Brown, George. — Autobiography. London, 1908.
Brown, William. — New Zealand and its aborigines. Loudon,
1845.
Buk en al (Hymnbook). Honolulu, 1868. Acquired by ex-
change with Mr. H. Ballou.
Burton, John Wear. — The Fiji of to-day. London, 1910.
Caillot, A. C. — Les Polynesiens orientaux au contact de la civil-
ization. Paris, 1909.
Cambridge University, England. — Annual report of museum and
lecture rooms syndicate, 19 10. Given by the University.
Candolle, Aug. Pyramo de. — Prodomus systematis naturalis regni
vegetabilis. 17 vols. Paris, 1824-1873.
Chabouillet, M. A. — Inscriptions et antiquites. Paris, 1881.
Chilton, Charles. — Subantarctic islands of New Zealand. Well-
ington, 1909.
Christ, H. — Die Geographie der Fame. Jena, 1910.
Cincinnati Museum. — Annual report, 1910. Given by the Mu-
seum. [59]
36 Director' 's Annual Report .
Cleghorn, Hon. A. S. — Resolution of condolence by the Ahahui
Hoola Lahui to the Hon. A. S. Cleghorn on the death of Princess
Kaiulani. Given by Mr. Percy T. Cleghorn.
Cotteau, Edmond. — En Oceanic Paris, 1888.
Cowan, James. — Maoris of New Zealand. Christchurch, 1910.
Crozier, A. A. — Dictionary of botanical terms. New York, 1892.
Crustacea. Three hundred separates. Purchased from the estate
of the late G. W. Kirkaldy.
Darwin, Charles. — Structure and distribution of coral reefs.
London.
David, Mrs. Edgeworth. — Funafuti. London, 1899.
Delaporte, M. de. — Le Voyageur francois, iv. Paris, 1774.
Deseret Museum, Salt Lake City. — Bulletin, 1, 2. Given by the
Museum.
Detroit Museum of Art. — Bulletin, v, 4. Given by the Museum.
Dewulf, E. — Inscriptions trouvees en 1866.
Dezeimeris, Reinhold. — Inscriptions antiques a Bordeaux. Bor-
deaux, 1880.
Dibble, Sheldon. — History of the Sandwich Islands. Honolulu,
1909.
Dictionaire, toga-francais et francais-toga. Paris, 1890.
Dictionary, Century. Supplement. 2 vols. New York, 1910.
Dumont, Albert. — Inscriptions de la Thrace.
D'Urville, Dumont. — Voyagepittoresque. 2vols. Paris, 1834-1835.
Voyage de 1' Astrolabe et la Zelee. 10 vols. Paris, 1846.
Earle, Augustus. — Nine months residence in New Zealand.
London, 1832.
Ellis, J. B., and B. M. Everhart. Three papers on fungi.
and J. Dearness. — Canadian fungi.
Ellis, John Eimeo. — Life of William Ellis. London, 1873.
EUis, William. — History of Madagascar. 2 vols. Loudon, 1838.
Encyclopaedia Britannica. 9th edn., 24 vols. New York, 1878-
1889. Given by Dr. Wm. T. Brigham.
Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1 ith edn., 29 vols. Cambridge, 1911.
[60]
List of Accessions. 37
Ethnographie, Archiv fiir, xviii; xix.
Fernald, M. L. — Kleocharis ovata. Boston, 1899.
Filippo, S. — I veri scopritori. Roma, 1S92.
Flora, xxxii; xxxiii. Singer edition. Regensburg, 1 874-1 875.
Forster, John Reinhold. — Observations made during a voyage
round the world. London, 1778.
Garruci, Raphael. — Graffiti de Pompei. Paris, 1856.
Geddes, Patrick, and J. Arthur Thompson. — The evolution of
sex. Loudon.
Geographen Kalendar. Gotha, 191 1.
Gerstaeker, Friedrieh. — Reiseu. 5 vols. Stuttgart, 1853.
Gilruth, J. A., and Georgina Sweet. — Onchocerca Gibsoni. Syd-
ney, 191 1. Giveu by the Commonwealth of Australia.
Gould, F. G. — Concise history of religion. 3 vols. London, 1S97.
Graudidier, Alfred. — Histoire de la geographie de Madagascar.
Paris, 1885.
Guppy, H. B. — Observations of a naturalist in the Pacific. Plant
dispersal, ii. London, 1906.
Haekel, Ernst. — Riddle of the universe. London, 1900.
The wonders of life. New York, 1905.
Hamburg. — Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein. Abhandlungen, xix,
3-5. — Verhl. 1909, 1910. Given by the Verein.
Hansen, H. J. — -The Choniostomatidae. Copenhagen, 1897.
Hauser, N. — Ausdem Wanderbuche eines osterreichen Virtuosen.
2 vols. Leipzig, i860.
Hawaii. — Board of Agriculture and Forestry. Report, 1910.
Botanical bulletin, i. Given by the Board.
Report of Attorney-General to the Governor of Hawaii. 191 1 .
Given by the Attorney-General.
Report of Public School Fund Commission, 191 1. Given by
the Commission.
Hawaii, College of. — Report, 1909-1911. — Given by the College.
Hawaiian Evangelical Association. — Reports, 1899 and 1907.
Given by A. F. Judd, Esq. [61]
38 Director's Annual Report.
Hawaiian Legislature. — Message of the Governor, 191 1. — Report
of the Treasurer, 191 1. — Journal of the Senate, 191 1. — House
journal in English and in Hawaiian, 191 1. — Session laws, 191 1.
— Organic act of the Territory of Hawaii, 191 1. Given by the
Governor.
Heller, Camil. — Reise der Novara. Zoolog. Theil, ii, 3. — Crus-
taceen. Wien, 1865.
Herder, F. von. — Monopetalae.
Hulme, F. Edward. — Symbolism in Christian art. London, 1910.
Hunt, James. — Interpretation of inscriptions.
Ibis. 9th series, ii, and supplement; iii-iv.
Imperial Earthquake Investigation Committee. Bulletin, iv, 2;
v, r. Tokyo.
Jenkins, J. S. — Recent exploring expeditions. London, 1853.
Kerville, Gadeau de. — Faunes marine et maritime de la Norman-
die. Paris, 1 90 1.
Kramer, Augustin. — Die Samoa-Inseln. 2 vols. Stuttgart, 1903.
Laborde, M. de. — Histoire de la Mer du Sud. Paris, 1791.
Laplace, M. — Voyage autour du monde. 4 vols. Paris, 1S33-
1835.
Le Guillou, Elie. — Voyage autour du monde de l'Astrolabe et la
Zelee. Paris, 1842.
Lejay, Paul. — Inscription antiques. Paris, 1889.
Le Rouzic, Zacherie. — Carnac et ses monuments. Morlaix, 1897.
Lesson, M. de. — Voyage de la Coquille. Paris, 1839.
Liunean Society of London. — Journal. Botany, xxxviii. Zoology,
xxx. — Proceedings, Nov., 1896-June, 1897; 1855-1865.
Lukis, W. C. — Guide to chambered barrows in Brittany. Rippon,
1875-
Mallet, Auguste. — Contribution a P etude des petroglyphes;
Le Mans, 1910.
Man, i, 1; ii-v; x, 11, 12; xi, 1-9, 12.
Marriner, George. — The Kea: a New Zealand problem. Christ-
church. 1908.
Marshall Islands Primer. Exchange with Mr. H. Ballou.
Martini and Chemnitz. — Conchylieu Cabinet, Lieferungen, 547-
552. [62]
List of Accessions. 39
Massachusetts Horticultural Society. — Trausactious, 1910, 2.
Given by Dr. Wm. T. Brigham.
Matsumura, J., and B. Hayata. — Enumeratio Plantarum. Tokyo,
1906.
Mayer, Alfred G. — x\lexander Agassiz. 1910. Given by the author.
Alpheus Hyatt. 191 1. Given by the author.
McAlpine, Neil. — Gaelic dictionary and grammar. Edinburg,
189S.
Merriam, Hart C. — Dawn of the world. Cleveland, 1910.
Merrill, Elmer D. — Dictionary of the plant names of the Philip-
pine Islands. Manila, 1903. Given by Dr. Wm. T. Brigham.
Meyer, A. B. — Studies of the museums and kindred institutions
of New York, Albany, Buffalo and Chicago. Washington.
Microscopical Science, Quarterly Journal, lvi; lvii, 1, 2.
Miln, James. — Fouilles faites a. Carnac. Rennes, 1881.
Minerva. — Haudbuch der gelehrten Welt. Strasburg, 191 1.
Moffitt, Robert. — Manuscript diary from 1853-1858 Kahuku,
Oahu.
Mueller, Ferd. von. — Descriptive notes on Papuan plants, iv-vi.
Melbourne, 1 877-1 885.
Musee Guimet. — Petit guide, 1910.
Museu Nacional. — Archivos, xiii. Rio de Janeiro, 1905. Gift of
the Museum.
National Geographic Magazine, xvi, 10-12; xvii, 1-4, 6-12;
xviii-xx; xxi, 1-3, 5-12. Given by Dr. Wm. T. Brigham.
Nature. Current numbers.
Nautilus. Current numbers.
New Zealand Institute. — Transactions and proceedings, xxvii-
xxxi, xxxiii, xxxvi, xxxvii.
Nova Guinea. — Resultants de l'expedition neerlandaise, ii, 1; v,
4; ix, 2.
Novitates Zoologicae, xv, 2, 3; xvi; xvii; xviii, 1, 2.
Oahu, Map of.
Oakland Library and Museum. — Thirty-third annual report, 1910-
191 1. Given by the Library.
Oologist, The, xxviii, 12. Gift.
Ornithologie, Journal fiir. Current numbers.
Palibin, J. — Conspectus florae Korae, i-iii. St. Petersburg, 1899-
190 1. [63]
40 Director's Annual Report.
Paradise of the Pacific. Current numbers.
Pelew Islands. — Shipwreck of the Antelope. London, 1788.
Petermanns Mitteilungen. Current numbers.
Philippine Botany, leaflets, 34, 36, 44-62.
Philippine Islands. — Report of the Secretary of the Interior for
1910. Washington, 191 1.
Planters' Record, iv. Given by Mr. S. M. Damon.
Pohl, Lothar. — Os penis der carnivoren. Jena, 191 1.
Records of the Past. Current numbers.
Ridgway, Robert. — Three papers on ornithology.
Riviere, Emile. — Engravings of Grotto La Mouthe.
Robinson, E. L. — Flora of the Galapagos Islands. Boston, 1902.
Rossiguol, J. P. — Trois dissertions. Paris, 1862.
Royal Society of New South Wales. — Transactions, 1866-1874.
— Transactions and proceedings, 1875. — Journal and proceed-
ings, 1876-1886. — Journal, 1887-1897.
Russell-Killaugh, Henri. — Seize mille lieus a travers l'Asie et
1' Oceanic 2 vols. Paris, 1864.
Russell, M. — Polynesia: a history of the South Sea Islands, in-
cluding New Zealand. London, 1849. Another edition, 1853.
Sayce, A. H. — Inscriptions hittiques.
Scherzer, Karl von. — Reise der Fregatte Novara. Wieu, 1864.
Schreber, Daniel Gottfried. — Schauplatz der Kiinste und Hand-
werke, xii. Leipzig, 1773.
Seligman, C. G. — Melanesians of British New Guinea. Cam-
bridge, 1 9 10.
Senart, Emile. — Inscriptions nouvelles de l'lndc
Shaw, George. — Cancer stagualis of Linneus.
Shillibeer, J. — The Briton's voyage to Pitcairn's Island. London,
1817.
Sirelius, U. T. — Die Sperrfischerei. Helsingfors, 1906.
Smith, J. J.— Die Orchideen von Java, iv. Leiden, 191 1.
Smith, vS. Percy. — Hawaiki. Christchurch, 1910.
Maori wars of the nineteenth century. Christchurch, 19 10.
Maoris of the west coast of the north island of New Zealand.
New Plymouth, 19 10.
Staten Island Association of Arts and Sciences. — Annual report,
1909. — Two reprints from proceedings, ii. Given by the Asso-
ciation. [64]
List of Accessions. 41
Stephens, George. — Runic monuments London, 1866-1884.
Tanaka, Shigeho. — Fishes of Japan, i. Tokyo, 1911. Given by
the author.
Tennessee, State Geological Survey. — Bulletins, 3-5. — Resources
of Tennessee, i, 1-6. — Resources of Tennessee in a nutshell.
Given by the Survey.
Torrey, John. — Batis maritima. Washington, 1853.
Darlingtonia Californica. Washington, 1853.
Tryon and Pilsbry. — Manual of conchology, 82, 83.
United States Department of Agriculture, Washington. — Year-
book, 1910. — Farmers' bulletin, 456. — Forestry circular, 179. —
Biological Survey: Bulletin, 37-39. Circular, 77-83. North
American Fauna, 32-34. Report of the chief, 1910. Given by
the Department. Year-book, 19 10, given by Mr. S. M. Damon.
United States Department of Commerce and Labor. — Bureau of
Fisheries, Bulletin, xxiii, 3; xxiv. — Documents, 737, 748, 749,
751. — Report of the Commissioner of Fisheries for 1910. —
Bureau of Statistics: Statistical abstract of the United States,
1910. — The foreign commerce and navigation, 1910. Given by
the Department.
University of Colorado. — Studies, viii, 1-4. Given by the Uni-
versity.
Variguy, C. de. — L'Ocean Pacific. Paris, 1888.
Walpers, Guilielmo. — Repertorium Botanicus Systematicae, i-vi.
Leipzig, 1 842-1 847.
Weber, Max. — Die Fische der Aru und Kei Inseln. Frank-
furt a/M., 191 1.
Five pamphlets on marine zoology. Leiden, 191 1.
Fishes of the Indo-Australian archipelago, i (Index of the
ichthyological papers of P. Bleeker). Given by the author.
Warming, Eugene. — The Oecology of plants. Oxford, 1909.
Webb, W. M., and Sillem, C. — The British woodlice. London,
1906.
Wer ist's: Zeitgenossen Lexikon. Leipzig, 191 1.
Zoological Society of London. — Proceedings, 1908-1910.
[65]
The New Laboratory.
The material selected was reinforced concrete. The contract
was given to Lucas Brothers, and the architect was J. L. Young.
The plans adopted were those of the Director, which were made
several years before in connection with those of the Library and
Papuan Hall. All of these had in view stone as a building
material, with steel and concrete flooring, that, externally at
least, they might conform to the buildings already finished.
With the change of material the plans had to be altered with
the changed conditions, and the alteration most to be regretted
was the necessary change of floor level in the upper stories
which do not conform to the levels of the galleries in Hawaiian
Hall, to which the new structure is attached by concrete
bridges at a distance of thirty feet. Those actively engaged
in the construction of the building: W. von Wagner, foreman,
whose untiring industry pushed forward as much as possible
a work which was tedious in the extreme. For the architect,
Mr. Albert J. Greene attended to the engineering matters of
lining and leveling. The Hawaiian Electric Company put in
the interior telephones and the electric wiring. The plumb-
ing was done by E. W. Quinn, and the painting by S. Stephen-
son. The Honolulu Iron Works furnished the overhead trolley
and hoists.
The accompanying views and plans will, it is hoped, make
the following general description intelligible. The building is
80X66 feet : each floor has a hall 10 feet wide extending its length.
On the ground floor, which is at the level of that of Hawaiian
Hall and consequently slightly below the surface of the rising
ground at the back of the Museum site, on the left of the entrance
[67] 43
FIG. 9. GROUND FLOOR.
Director's Annual Report. 45
is the Prititery, 25.5X65 feet, lighted by fourteen windows, and
divided into Composing room and Press room, occupying the whole
length of the building as far as the stairway. On the opposite side
of the hallway is first, the Paper Stock room, 25. 5X 13 feet, the two
windows protected by shutters ; next, the Casting room, 25.5 X 25.5
feet, where the casts of fish, fruit or other objects are made and
painted; then the Machine shop, a fine, light room with work
benches, turning lathe and other work shop appliances ; and at
the end of the hall is a convenient shower bath and lavatory.
Opposite this is the stairway to the next floor.
Reversing our direction we have on the left the Anthropologi-
cal room with scales and apparatus for anthropometry, cases for
human skeletons and crania, and convenient work benches ; this
corner room is 25.5X12.5 feet. The Entomological room follows,
of the same size, and then the Ornithological room, 25. 5 X 25.5 feet,
where the great collection of Hawaiian bird skins is to be stored
for preservation and study when suitable cases are provided. The
remaining room on this floor is the Director's office, 25.5X26 feet,
where are stored the letter files, card catalogues of specimens,
illustrations used in publications, etc.; here also is the town tele-
phone, and as each room in the Museum is furnished with internal
telephonic communication connection can be made for all the
workers in the various buildings. Opposite the Director's room is
the room for Taxidermy, 25.5X38.5 feet, extending into the upper
floor, and at present occupied as the temporary Library ; and be-
yond this is the Publication room, 25.5X26 feet, where the printed
matter from the press below is stored and from which it is mailed
to exchanges and subscribers. The two floors of the Taxidermy
room are connected by a spiral iron stairway.
The third floor is appropriated as follows : over the Director's
room is that occupied by the Curator of Ethnology, 25.5X26 feet,
fitted with every convenience of cupboard, racks, trays and shelves.
Here the specimens are examined, catalogued and assigned to
[69]
o
J) i rector's "Roorr?,
B i rds.
□
□
"Publications.
Ii?sech
An Tb robol o oy.
□
FIG. IO. SECOND FLOOR.
FIG. II. THIRD FLOOR.
~l_t
i_r
\j
i_r
J
P^oic
□ □ □
Dar^F\oom
graj^y Room.
fa ■
D
J~T
n.
n
_n
FIG. 12. ROOF AND PHOTOGRAPHIC DEPARTMENT.
Director ' s Annual Report. 49
their positions in exhibition cases or with the duplicates for ex-
change or the reserve for stud)'. Next comes the Lunch room,
2 5-5Xi9 feet, a great convenience, as the members of the staff
live miles away from the Museum. Next in order is the Instru-
ment room, 25.5X12.5 feet, where are kept the phonograph and
its records, testing machines, electro-photo-micrographic camera,
X-ray apparatus, and many other appliances used in examinations
or researches. The corner room, 25.5X19 feet, is devoted to the
Curator of Pulmonata, and here are the best known appliances for
cleaning, cataloguing and storing our vast collections of Hawaiian
land shells, and also for studying the builder of the shell as well.
Other pages of this report will show what extensive use the Cura-
tor makes of this. Across the hallway is the large room set aside
for Marine Zoology, and from the middle of the hallway a flight of
stairs leads up to the roof level, a third of which is occupied by
the Photographic department, 24.5X55.5 feet. The most com-
fortable Dark room that has been devised for a hot climate is pro-
vided with earthen sinks, a tank for washing bromide prints, three
windows with orange and rub}' sashes, convenient apparatus for
enlarging, electric printer, ventilators passing a sufficient air cur-
rent through the room, and the other usual appliances of these
work rooms. The Light room has a supply of cameras, back-
grounds and stands and racks for the quick adjustment of objects
to be photographed. The lighting is all that could be desired, and
the ventilation is provided by suitable openings in the top of the
walls and by two doors opening onto the roof. As nearly all the
staff are expert photographers and a great deal of photographic
work is done both for record and for illustration of publications,
this room and its equipment are very important adjuncts to the
laboratory.
White cedar cases with glass doors line all the hallways; a por-
tion of the lower hall is occupied by the collection of Hawaiian
and South-east Pacific fishes in alcohol, many types among them.
Occasional Papers B. P. B. M., Vol. V, No. 2—4.
[73]
50 Director s Annual Report.
A hoist works from the ground floor to the Photographic depart-
ment. A cistern on the upper roof supplies automatically the
photographic sinks in case of temporary interruption of the main
water supply.
Work of construction commenced early in January, 1910.
The soil was removed to the suitable level and parallel lines of
terracotta drain pipe laid through this area ; the excavation for the
wall aud pillar foundations being carried down to the bedrock.
In one place the soil proved to be decomposed lava that had later
been permeated by sulphurous gases whose action on the calcare-
ous portion of the earth had formed beautiful crystals of gypsum
in abundance, of tolerably uniform size and frequently twinned.
Otherwise the soil did not differ from that of the rest of the yard.
Waterproof material was carefully spread over the leveled sur-
face and the concrete floor poured on this. The rotary mixer and
the hoist were actuated by internal combustion engines. The
greatest care was taken to have the ground floor free from damp-
ness by external as well as the internal subsoil drains mentioned,
quite independent of the drainage system of the building. So far
this has proved satisfactory. That the other floors might be solid
work was continued through the night that the pouring might be
continuous.
The Kahn system of reinforcing was used, and a thicket of
steel rods, wired together, rose from the box moulds as the build-
ing progressed. Much of this may be seen in the illustrations
showing the progress of the work. The floors and partitions were
strengthened by expanded metal, and the concrete beams had
suitable steel skeletons to take the stress. The stairways also
were concrete, and indeed the whole building was monolithic.
The plans of the floors and the views given with this brief account
will make the structure intelligible.
[74]
Another Curved Adze.
By William T. Brigham.
On page 255 of the last volume of Occasional Papers I described
with figures a fine specimen of the rarely found curved adze.
Another has been brought to my notice which is in the collection
of Hon. G. N. Wilcox of L,ihue, Kauai. This has been kindly
loaned for casting and study, and the result of the casting with
Mr. Thompson's skill is seen in the illustration ; the replica is
side by side with the original. The material is a greenish, banded,
heavy stone of the general appearance of greenstone, or a lava
partly metamorphosed into serpentine. In places fracture is dark
gray, but not everywhere. It w r as found by Mr. Wilcox in 1874
at Waialua, Kauai, among the human bones common in the sand
hills near the beach, so that it has been exposed more or less to
the salt spray for the many years it has probably lain there by the
mortal remains of its former owner.
This adze is much smaller than the one formerly described,
but was probably used for the same purpose — rounding the inner
bottom of a canoe, and when we consider how extensive the use
must have been in the prominent industry of canoe building, one
of the early visitors to Hawaii reporting 4000 canoes in and near
Kealakeakua Bay, it is remarkable that so few of the curved form
appear in collections, while stone gouges are not uncommon, and
these are but small unhandled adzes. The weight is 24.2 oz.;
the length, 7 in.; breadth of cutting end, 3 in.; length of cutting
edge, 3.2 in. Fig. 19. [Si] 57
Original.
Cast, Reversed.
FIG. 19. CURVED ADZE FROM KAUAI.
PUBLICATIONS
OF THE
Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum
Honolulu, HaWaii, U. S. A.
MEMOIRS. (Quarto.)
Vol. I. Nos. 1-5. 1899 -1903.
Vol. II. Nos. 1-4. 1906 -1909.
Vol. III. Ea Hana Kapa: The Making of Bark-Cloth
in Hawaii. By William T. Brigham. 1911. Complete
volume.
OCCASIONAL PAPERS. (Octavo.)
Vol. I. Nos. 1-5. 1898-1902. (No. 1 out of print.)
Vol. II. Nos. 1-5. 1903 -1907.
Vol. III. Nos. 1-2. 1907 (Volume incomplete.)
Vol. IV. Nos. 1-5. 1906-1911.
Vol. V.—
No. 1. New Hawaiian Plants, III. By Charles N.
Forbes. — Preliminary Observations Concerning the
Plant Invasion on Some Lava Flows of Mauna Loa,
Hawaii. By Charles N. Forbes. 1912.
No. 2. Director's Report for 1911. — The New Labo-
ratory. — Another Curved Ad>e: By Wm. T. Brigham.
1912.
A Handbook for the Bishop Museum. (Oblong octavo.)
1903.
Index to Abraham Fornander's "Polynesian Race."
(Octavo.) By John F. G. Stokes. 1909.
A detailed list, with prices, will be mailed to any
address on application to the Director.
\ v\ 3o3_"i>
OCCASIONAL PAPERS
OP THE
BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM OF
POLYNESIAN ETHNOLOGY AND
NATURAL HISTORY
Vol. V. — No. 3.
Notes on the Flora of Kahoolawe and MolokinL
An Enumeration of Niihau Plants,
BY CHAKXES N. FORBES.
honolulu, h. i.
Bishop Museum Press.
1913-
BOARD OF TRUSTEES
Albert F. Judd ------ President
E. Faxon Bishop - - - - Vice-President
J. M. Dowsett ------ Treasurer
Alfred \V. Carter - Secretary
Henry Holmes, vSamuel M. Damon, William O. Smith
MUSEUM STAFF
William T. Brigham, Sc.D. (Columbia) - - Director
William H. Dale, Ph.D. - Honorary Curator of Mollusca
John F. G. Stokes - - Curator of Polynesian Ethnology
C. Montague Cooke, Ph.D. (Yale) - Curator of Pulmonata
Otto H. Swezey - - Honorary Curator of Entomology
Charles N. Forbes - - - Curator of Botany
John W. Thompson - Artist and Modeler
Miss E. B. Higgins Librarian
John J. Greene ... - Printer
August Perry ----- Assistant Printer
EXHIBITION STAFF
Mrs. Helen M. Helyie - Superintendent
John Dung Chung, \
Thomas Keolami, ------- Jauitors
John Penchula, '
OCCASIONAL PAPERS
OF THE
BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM OF
POLYNESIAN ETHNOLOGY AND
NATURAL HISTORY
Vol. V. — No. 3.
Notes on the Flora of Kahoolawe and Molokini.
An Enumeration of Niihau Plants,
BY CHARLES N. FORBES.
honolulu, h. i.
Bishop Museum Press.
1913-
Notes on the Flora of Kahoolawe and
Molokini.
By Charles N. Forbes.
APRIL, 1913.
During the time between February 25 and March 10, 1913,
I had the pleasure of accompanying an expedition 1 to Kahoolawe
and Molokini, two of the smaller islands of the main Hawaiian
group, and probably the least known botanically. Kahoolawe lies
six miles southeast of Maui, the island of Molokini being about
midway between. It is dome-shaped and has an area of forty-four
square miles. There is a central hill 1472 feet high, and two
small craters a distance of a mile or more on either side. These
craters during wet periods serve as natural reservoirs, the pool in
the southern one often remaining for three months. The eastern
and southern slopes of the island are steep but gradual, and are
cut by many ravines some of which are quite deep. These slopes
for the most part are rough with lava boulders. The remaining
coast line is a steep sea cliff, nearly vertical in places, and has an
elevation of about 900 feet in the highest place. On the top there
is a large sloping plain of red earth swept smooth by the prevailing
winds. Mound-like hillocks, protected by pili grass ( ' Heteropogon
contortus ) , clearly indicate that at least eight feet of earth, and
probably more, has been blown off the top of the island. Much
of this material settles amongst the rocks on the lower slopes form-
ing smill fertile areas, but a large quantity is blown out to sea.
As a collecting ground for plants Kahoolawe has little to offer,
but to any one interested in the many factors at work changing
the character of an indigenous flora there is much of interest. To
within recent times this island has been overstocked with various
sorts of domestic animals and wild goats. The present lessee has
done all that is possible to diminish the number of goats, and the
'The members of the expedition consisted of Mr. J. F. G. Stokes, Dr. C.
M. Cooke and C. N. Forbes, of the Museum staff; Dr. H. A. Pilsbry of the
Philadelphia Academy of Sciences, Mr. Ebenezer P. Low, lessee of the island,
and Rev. Henrv P. Judd of Kahului, Maui.
[35] 3
4 Notes on the Flora of Kahoolawe.
small flock of sheep (now reduced to about 300) is to be rapidly
disposed of. During a recent long period of unusually dry years
these comparatively small flocks have been able to prevent any
new vegetation from gaining a hold, and have also greatly retarded
the growth of the few trees that there are. Goats cause con-
siderable harm by girdling the keawe f Prosopis juliflora J , a tree
introduced here about fifteen years ago and spread by horses and
mules.
The prevailing shrub on the island is tree tobacco ( Nicotiana
glauca), a naturalized plant, not now very common on the other
islands. It grows quite plentifully on the rocky slopes and on the
sides of the craters, in fact nearly everywhere except on the barren,
wind-swept regions, and owes its existence to the fact that it is
very rarely if ever touched by animals. The southern and east-
ern slopes are fairly well covered with (at this season) dried up
pili grass ( Hcteropogon contortns). In the mouths of the gulches
are to be found small groves of keawe ( Prosopis juliflora ) which
are slowly extending upward.
A few wiliwili trees ( Erythrina monosperma ) occurring here
and there, mainly on the sides of gulches, are the sole survivals of
what native forest might have existed on the island in former
times. Old visitors to the island inform me that within the last
twenty-five years at least they have seen the following shrubs on
the island : puu keawe ( Cyathodes Tameiameiae), aalii ( Dodonaea
viscosaj, akoko (Euphorbia multiformis var. 2 ), ohe (Reynoldsia
sandwicensis), and naio ( Myoporum sandzvicense). The native
names were given, the names in parentheses being my own substi-
tution. From this I should judge that Santalum ellipticum , sev-
eral varieties of Wikstroemia , Pandanus odoratissimus, perhaps
scrub varieties of Jlfetrosidero's polymorpha and other dry land
plants occurring at low elevations, must have been plentiful at one
time. Neraudia kahoolawensis , recorded by Hillebrand 3 as the
only specialty from the island, was not observed by any member
of the party. In former times dry land taro, sweet potatoes and
bananas were cultivated on the island, according to an old native.
2 During a second visit Mr. Stokes has since collected two small speci-
mens of E. multiformis at Kaunapou Bay.
3 Hillebrand, W. Flora of the Hawaiian Islands, pp. 416.
[86]
Notes on the Flora of Kahoolazve. 5
On account of the unusually long period of drought the num-
ber of plants observed was very small, and the specimens collected
of poor quality. Mr. Low, the lessee of the island, informs me
that after heavy rains many annual grasses and weeds spring up,
so perhaps the complete number of plants of the island should be
three or more times what is given below. However, any one
familiar with Hawaiian vegetation should gain a fairty good idea
of the flora from the following list of plants actually observed.
As far as possible I have tried to use the latest accepted name for
the plants in the enumeration, but have sometimes failed for lack
of proper references. Where different I have given the name
used in Hillebrand's Flora in italic.
FIIvICES.
Doryopteris decipiens (Hk.) J. Sm.
Pteris decipiens Hook.
Rather rare, growing under ledges and in the shade of rocks.
GRAMINEAE.
Cenchrus echinatus L.
Cynodon dactylon Pers.
Heteropogon contortus Roem & Sch.
The most abundant plant on the island.
AMARYLUDACEAE.
Agave americana L.
About seven plants observed, which were probably planted at
some time.
CHENOPODIACEAE.
Chenopodium sp.
Seedlings, material not sufficient for determination.
NYCTAGINACEAE.
Boerhavia diffusa h.
Not uncommon in various parts of the island, its somewhat
enlarged roots probably aiding it to withstand the drought.
[87]
6 Notes on the Flora of Kahoolawe.
PORTUIvACACEAE.
Portulaca lutea Sol.
Portulaca sclerocarpa Gray.
This plant is mentioned by Hillebrand as being collected by
Lydgate on the island.
PAPAVERACEAE.
Argetnone mexicana L.
Three plants were observed on the eastern pali.
CAPPARIDACEAE.
Capparis sandwichiana DC.
Occurs in a few places on low cliffs of the west side.
LEGUMINOSAE.
Acacia Farnesiana Willd.
Not common.
Erythrina monosperma Gaud.
The sole remaining indigenous tree.
Meiobomia triflora ( L. ) Ktz.
Desmodium triflorum DC.
Mimosa pudica L.
Prosopis juliflora DC.
Small groves at the mouths of gullies. Introduced about
fifteen years ago, and spread by horses and mules. The pods are
one of the most important live stock foods on these islands.
Another unidentified leguminous plant was also collected.
ZVCxOPHYEIvACEAE.
Tribulus cistoides L.
EUPHORBIACEAE.
Euphorbia pilulifera L.
Euphorbia thymifolia I/.
STERCULIACEAE.
Waltheria americana L.
[88]
Notes on the Flora of Kahoolazve. 7
MALVACEAE.
Abutilon incanum G. Don.
Gossypium tomentosutn Nutt.
There is a small area of this plant on the southwest side near
the shore.
CACTACEAE.
Opuntia tuna Mill.
Perhaps a dozen plants seen on the island.
CONVOLVULACEAE.
Ipomoea palmata Forsk.
Ipomoea pentaphylla Rotm & Sch., var. trichosperma.
This plant, which has large tuberous roots, is said to be quite
conspicuous after the rains.
Ipomoea pentaphylla Jack.
Ipomoea pes-caprae (L. ) Sw.
A few seedlings of this species were observed on a sandy beach.
VERBENACEAE.
I^antana camara L.
A few plants were observed by Mr. Stokes.
SOLANACEAE.
JVycium sandwicense Gray.
A few specimens amongst rocks near the shore.
Nicotiana glauca R. Grah.
The prevailing shrub on the island.
COMPOSITAE.
Acanthospermum brasilutn Schrank.
Sonchus oleraceus L.
On hillocks of the wind-swept plain there is another composite
not yet identified. This species also occurs on Maui.
There is a striking lack of shore plants ; these salty individuals
which usually escape goats and sheep on the other islands are
completely consumed here, at least during the recent long drought.
rs 9 ]
8 Notes on the Flora of Kahoolawe.
Much drift material is washed on the shores of bays on the
north and east coasts, presumably from Maui, although one box
bore a label from Kailua, Hawaii. The following seeds and fruits
were picked up on the beach:
Acacia Farnesiana Willd.
Pods containing seeds capable of germination.
Aleurites moluccana Willd.
Many nuts seen, none found capable of germination.
Calophyllum inophyllum L.
Ipomoea.
Three species, all capable of germination.
Mangifera indica L.
Various sized fruits, incapable of germination.
Nicotiana glauca R. Grah.
Capsule containing seeds, perhaps washed or blown down from
the cliffs above.
Mucuna gigantea DC.
Seeds capable of germination.
Pandanus odoratissimus L.
Keys rather numerous.
Terminalia catappa L.
Capable of germination.
Xanthium strumarium L, var. echinatutn.
Several much worn capsules, none containing seeds.
Three undetermined seeds, perhaps capable of germination,
and a fresh stem of Phimieria.
Ipomoea pes-caprae was the only plant seen growing on the
beach which could be said to be derived from any of these stranded
seeds. Most new arrivals are brought to the islands by other
means. Many birds, as larks, minas, pigeons, plover, and various
sea birds were observed at various times in different localities over
Notes on the Flora of Molokini.
the island. Mr. Maiki, the caretaker, tells me that with his son
he has shot many pigeons which had corn in their crops, and
hence, probably had flown across the channel from Kula, Maui.
Under a more favorable period of weather conditions Nicotiana
glauca and Prosopis juliflora are probably the only two woody
plants whose spread could be noticed. The former will eventually
spread over a much greater area than at present, especially on
the rocky slopes. Prosopis juliflora will spread up the gulches,
provided there are horses or mules to carry the seed during the
fruiting: season.
Molokini is a small crescent-shaped island lying midway
in the channel between Maui and Kahoolawe. It is the eroded
remnant of an old tufa cone, somewhat comparable to Koko crater
on Oahu. The greatest elevation is 160 feet, the length along the
ridge being about iooo feet. The inner slopes of the crescent
have an angle of 32.25 degrees, the outer edge being a nearly
vertical cliff of 73.30 degrees. The only flat area consists of a
small space about twelve feet wide and fifteen feet long.
Since 191 1 an intermittent flashlight has been established on
the island. There is no place where floating seeds could by any
means become established, and all plants must be carried to the
island by other means. L,and birds occasionally visit the island,
one member of the expedition observing a lark. The following
plants were observed. All are what one might expect to find in
such a locality. They form a fairly good vegetable covering over
the island.
FIEICES.
Doryopteris decipiens (Hk.) J. Sm.
Pteris decipiens Hook.
. GRAMINEAE.
Heteropogon contortus Roern & Sch.
CYPERACEAE.
Cyperus, sp.
NYCTAGINACEAE.
Boerhavia diffusa L.
[91]
io Notes on the Flora of Molokini.
PORTULACACEAE.
Portulaca ltttea Sol.
Portulaca oleracea L.
Portulaca sclerocarpa Gray.
LEGUMINOSAE.
Meibotnia uncinata (Jacq. ) Ktz.
Desmodium uncinatum DC.
ZYGOPHYLLACEAE.
Tribulus cistoides L.
MALVACEAE.
Sida fallax Walp.
STERCUEIACEAE.
Waltheria americana L.
CONVOLVULACEAE.
Jacquemontia sandwicensis Gray.
VERBENACEAE.
I^antana camara L.
SOEANACEAE.
I/ycium sandwicense Gray.
COMPOSITAE.
Iapochaeta lavarum (Gaud.) DC.
[92]
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Inside slopes of north crater showing growth of tree tohacco (Nicotiana
glauca).
3. Unique example of erosion on the barren wind-swept plains of the up-
lands. The ring of stones is the bottom of a former imu or underground
baking oven of the old natives.
4. Lower slopes, showing growth of pili grass (Heteropogon contortus)
and keawe (Prosopis juliflora ) in the month of a gully.
5. Landing at Kahoolawe, showing pili grass on the lower slopes and a
few plants of keawe and Opuntia tuna.
6. Beach at Kanapou Bay where much wreckage and many plant seeds
are washed ashore. View also shows the high cliffs which are characteristic
of this portion of the island, and which are practically barren of vegetation.
<\
v " l t
t.i
An Enumeration of Niihau Plants.
By Charles N. Forbes.
april, 1913.
So little is known about the flora of the island of Niihau
that it was thought that an enumeration of the plants known to
occur there might be of some interest. As far as known Lay and
Collie sometime between 1826 and 1827, Jules Remy between 1851
and 1855, and Dr. Wm. T. Brigham in 1865, are the only botanists
who have visited this island. The only record of these collections
is the mention of a few peculiar indigenous species in Mann's
Enumeration, and in Hillebrand's Flora; 1 and it is doubtful if many
of the commoner introduced species were collected.
During the month of January, 1912, Mr. J. F. G. Stokes of
this Museum had the rare privilege of visiting the island, and most
of the plants in the following enumeration are based on his collec-
tion. A few weeks later Mr. Stokes' native guide, Mr. Kalua
Keale, made a collection from the only small area which the}- had
not previously visited, so the list is probably fairly complete for
the island. Plants not observed by Mr. Stokes have probably
become extinct, or at least very rare.
Niihau is an irregularly shaped island lying 15 miles west of
Kauai, and has an area of 73 square miles, with an elevation of
1304 feet for its highest point. About one-third consists of vol-
canic table land, this being surrounded on all but the eastern side
by a low rolling plain composed of both volcanic and coral rock.
The northern end is a low plain of volcanic material, fringed
in the proximity of the sea with dunes of coral sand. Where these
two soils meet the herbage has a brighter hue, which Mr. Stokes
considers as due to an improved condition of the lava soil from the
addition of lime. 2 Along the eastern coast, to the south of Kii, dunes
1 H. Mann, Enumeration of Hawaiian Plants, Proc. American Acad., July,
1867. W. Hillebrand, Flora of the Hawaiian Islands, 1888. I have not had
access to a copy of Hooker and Arnott Botany of Capt. Beechey's Voyage of
the Blossom, in which Lay and Collie's collection is described.
2 1 have not had the opportunity to investigate this, but would consider
that it was probably due to there being more available moisture in the soil at
this particular locality. [99] 17
Occasional Papers B. P. B. M., Vol. V, No. 3—2.
i8 An Enumeration of Niihau Plants.
have in places dammed up the surface drainage. On the same coast,
north of Poleho, the sand has blown inland for about half a mile.
The plateau is also of volcanic material. The highest points
are on the northern and northeastern boundaries, where the vertical
cliffs reach 1304 feet at Paniau. From here the ground slopes down-
ward to the south and west on a somewhat even grade, interrupted
by several deep gorges, and by the high and prominent cone of
Kaeo. The cliffs on the south are about 20 feet high. Kaali, the
north cliff of the plateau, is rather moist, and there is a small spring
at about the 800 foot elevation which is utilized as a water supply
for the lowlands. It was here that Mr. Stokes collected most of his
plants. The cliffs on the east were very dry and barren, there being
a sparse growth of shrubbery on the talus slope, however.
Between the west coast and the plateau there is a low cliff of
lime sandstone. The plain south of the plateau is composed of
coral sand and sandstone, with an undulating volcanic belt near
and parallel to the west coast. It has a low elevation and is fre-
quently under water. Sand dunes and coral sandstone follow
around the east and west coasts of this part. The southern point
of the island consists of an eroded volcanic cone, reaching a height
of 600 feet, which viewed from the southern end of the plateau
over the low plain has the appearance of another island.
There are periods of very little rainfall, and the conditions
affecting the flora are somewhat analogous to those of Kahoolawe
described in another paper. Most of the available land is now
used as pasturage for sheep and horses, as it has been for a great
many years. The island was formerly overrun with goats, but
these have been completely exterminated within recent years.
Mr. Stokes reported that most of the island, especially on the top,
was covered with Manienie {Cynodon dactylon Pers.). Near the
southern end there are swamp-like areas where various species of
cyperus occur, including C. lacvigatus, from which the old natives
made their famous mats. Most of Mr. Stokes' specimens were
collected at Kaali on the western cliffs of the tableland, a few on the
valley sides, and an interesting Euphorbia of the Multiformis group
near the beach. This latter plant differs so strikingly from other
members of the group that I have proposed it as a new species.
The flora of Niihau, like that of all the islands, has under-
gone great changes since the first botanist visited the group,
[100]
An Enumeration of Niihau Plants. 19
changes which are the direct result of man's industry and civiliza-
tion. When Dr. Brigham first visited the island there was a fair
covering of native scrub plants over the greater part of the top of
the island. Old inhabitants report a considerable area of bastard
sandalwood (Myoporum sandwicense (A. DC.) A. Gray), the trees
being perhaps twenty feet high. Now only a few sticks of dead
wood and roots remain to prove the truth of these statements. At
that time a small patch of Manienie (Cy?iodo?i dactylon Pers.) was
being tended with considerable care in the yard of the Sinclairs.
Now this grass forms the main pasturage for the valuable flock of
sheep. The areas of Cyperus laevigatas which used to be tended
with some care are being crowded out by another species, as well
as by sheep, except where Mr. Robinson has protected it by fenc-
ing as of historical interest. A great many of the plants which
could have been collected by Lay and Collie probably do not occur
on the island at the present time, while the number of naturalized
plants has probably increased in as great or greater proportion.
Of the plants in the following list, 25 are peculiar to the
Hawaiian group ; 39 are indigenous to the group but also occur
elsewhere ; 10 may be considered of aboriginal introduction to the
group; 37 were introduced and naturalized prior to 1886, and 4
have become naturalized since 1886.
Schicdca amplexicanlis and Euphorbia Stokesii are probably
peculiar to Niihau, but may be expected to occur on Kauai. Of
the naturalized plants many have probably arrived on Niihau
within comparatively recent years, as, for instance, Balis maritima,
which prior to 1886 was only known from a small area near Hono-
lulu, has now spread all over the group.
As I have not had the privilege of visiting Niihau, I wish to
thank Dr. Brigham and Mr. Stokes for information concerning the
physical features and floral aspects of the island, and for help in
correcting the proof.
FILICADES.
Adiantum capillus veneris L.
Ceropteris calomelanus (L.) Und.
Dryopteris, sp.
Sterile fronds only; probably D. truncata (Poir.) O. Ktz.
Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott.
[101]
20 A?i Enumeration of Niihau Plants.
LYCOPODIALES.
Psilotum nudum (L.)Griesb.
Psilotum triqetrum Sw.
PANDANACEAE.
Pandanus tectorius Sol.
Pandanus odoratissimus L.
One tree observed by Mr. Stokes.
GRAMINEAE.
Capriola dactylon (L.) Ktz.
C ynodon dactylon Pers.
Heteropogon contortus (L. ) Beuv.
Chaetochloa verticillata (L.) Scribn.
Panicum Beecheyi Hk. & Arn.
Said to have been collected by L,ay and Collie. Not in the
Bishop Museum herbarium.
Panicum nephelophilum Gaud., var. xerophylum?
Panicum pruriens Trin.
Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kuntb.
Saccharum officinarum L.
Dr. Brigham remembers seeing the native sugar cane growing
in coral caves on the lowlands. It was not observed bv Mr. Stokes.
CYPERACEAE.
Cyperus caricifolius Hk. & Arn.
Cyperus cymosa R. Br.
These two species were collected by Lay and Collie. There
are no authentic specimens in the Museum herbarium.
Cyperus laevigatus L.
Cyperus pennatus Lam.
Cyperus, sp.
Only leaves collected.
Cyperus trachysanthus Ilk. 6c Arn.
Cyperus polystachys Rottb.
Scirpus lacustris L.
[102]
An Enumeration of Niihazi Pla?its. 21
PAEMACEAE.
Cocos nucifera L.
Observed by Mr. Stokes, but not collected.
DIOSCOREACEAE.
Dioscorea sativa L.
PIPERACEAE.
Peperomia, sp.
BATIDACEAE.
Batis maritima L.
MORACEAE.
Artocarpus incisa Forst.
Broussonetia papyrifera Vent.
CHENOPODIACEAE.
Chenopodium album L.
Chenopodium sandwicheum Moq.
AMARANTACEAE.
Nototrichium sandwicense (A. Gray) Hillebr.
NYCTAGINACEAE.
Boerhavia diffusa Iv.
Boerhavia tetrandra Forst.
FICOIDEAE.
Sesuvium portulacastrum L.
CAROPHYEEACEAE.
Schiedea amplexicaulis Mann.
Collected by Remy ; not in the Museum herbarium.
MENISPERMACEAE.
Cocculus Ferrandianus Gaud.
[103]
22 An Enumeration of Niihau Plants.
EAURACEAE.
Cassytha filiformis L.
PAPAVERACEAE.
Argemone mexicana L.
CRUCIFERAE.
Coronopus didymus (L,. ) J. E. Smith.
CAPPARIDACEAE.
Capparis sandwichiana DC.
Cleome sandwicensis Gray.
Recorded in Mann's Flora; 3 not observed by Mr. Stokes.
LEGUMINOSAE.
Abrus precatorius L.
Acacia Farnesiana Willd.
Observed but not collected by Mr. Stokes.
Caesalpinia bonducella (L. ) Flem.
Canavalia galeata Gaud., var. pubescens Hk. & Arn.
Cassia occidentalis L.
Urythrina monosperma Gaud.
Indigofera anil L.
Meibomia triflora (L,.) Ktz.
Desmodium triflorum DC.
Meibomia uncinata (Jacq.) Ktz.
Desmodium uncinatum DC.
Prosopis juliflora DC.
Sophora tomentosa Hk. & Arn.
Not in collection.
Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers.
Cracca purpurea D.
Tephrosia piscatoria Pers.
OXAEIDACEAE.
Oxalis corniculata L.
ZYGOPHYEEACEAE.
Tribulus cistoides L.
3 Horace Mann. Flora of the Hawaiian Islands. Communications Essex
Institute-, .Salem, Mass. 187-1.
[104]
An Enumeration of Niihau Plants. 23
MEUACEAE.
Melia azedarach L.
EUPHORBIACEAE.
Euphorbia celastroides Bois.
Buphorbia geniculata Ortega.
Buphorbia peplus L.
Euphorbia pilulifera L.
Buphorbia Stokesii, sp. nov. (See page 27.)
SAPINDACEAE.
Cardiospermum microcarpum H. B. K.
Cardiospermum halicacabum h.
Dodonaea viscosa L.
MALVACEAE.
Abutilon abutilon (L.) Rusby.
Although one of the most common naturalized plants all over
the group it has not been recorded before. A. indicum is also
naturalized on the group.
Abutilon incanum G. Don.
Gossypium tomentosum Nutt.
Malvastrum tricuspidatum A. Gray.
Paritium tiliaceum St. Hil.
Sida fallax Walp.
Sida rhombifolia L.
Thespesia tilifolia St. Hil.
STERCULIACEAE.
"Waltheria americana L.
CACTACEAE.
Opuntia tuna Mill.
ARAEIACEAE.
Reynoldsia sandwicensis A. Gray.
UMBELLIFERAE.
Hydrocotyle verticillata Thnb.
PRIMUEACEAE.
I/ysimachia spathulata B. & H.
Collected by Remy ; not seen by Stokes.
[105]
24 An Emimeration of Niihan Plants.
PEUMBAGINACEAE.
Plumbago zeylanica L.
SAPOTACEAE.
Chrysophyllum polynesicum Hillebr.
ASCLEPIADACEAE.
Asclepias curassavica L.
CONVOLVULACEAE.
Ipomoea batatus (L.) Lam.
Ipomoea insularis Stevid.
Ipomoea pentaphylla Jack.
Ipomoea pes-caprae S-w.
Ipomoea tuberculata Roem & Sch., var. trichosperma.
Jacquemontia sandwicensis A. Gray.
HYDROPHYLLACEAE.
Nama sandwicensis A. Gray.
BORAGINACEAE.
Heliotropium anomalum Hk. & Arn.
Heliotropium curassavicum h.
Vitex trifolia L.
VERBENACEAE.
Verbena bonariensis L.
Priva aspera H. B. & K.
LABIATAE.
Plectranthus australis R. Br.
Plectranthus parviflorus Willd.
Another plant belonging to this family not yet sufficiently
identified.
SOLANACEAE.
I/ycium sandwicense A. Gray.
I/ycopersicum esculentum Mill.
Nicotiana tabacum L.
Solanum nigrum L.
[i 06]
An Enumeration of Niihau Plants. 25
MYOPORACEAE.
Myoporum sandwicense (A. DC.) A. Gray.
RUBIACEAE.
Morinda citrifolia L.
LOBELIOIDEAE.
Brighamia insignis A. Gray.
Mr. Stokes observed on inaccessible cliffs. The plant is known
from Kauai, Molokai and L,anai, but not as yet from the other islands.
Delissea undulata Gaud.
Brigham in herbarium of Bishop Museum; not seen by Mr.
Stokes. Dr. Brigham says that this is the only lobelia that he saw
on the island, and that it was more plentiful over the area where
it occurred than perhaps any other lobeliaceous plant occurring in
an equal area on the group.
I,obelia neriifolia Gray, var.
Field experience is showing this to be a variable species; the
present specimen collected by Mr. Stokes may prove to be a dis-
tinct variety.
GOODENIACEAE.
Scaevola Koenigii Vahl.
Scaevola coriacea Nutt.
Collected by Remy ; not seen by Stokes.
COMPOSITAE.
Ageratum conysoides L.
Artemisia australis Less.
Bidens pilosa L.
Campylotheca micrantha (Gaud.) Cassin.
IJrigeron albidum A. Gray.
I/ipochaeta lobata DC.
I/ipochaeta succulenta DC.
Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less.
Sonchus oleraceus L.
[107]
26 An Enumeration of Xiihau Plants.
Euphorbia Stokesii, sp. now
Frutex 6 dm. altus; foliis oppositis, obovatis, turbinatis vel emarginatis,
carnosis, glabris, 4.2-4 cm. longis, 2.6 cm. latis, cum petiolis 5 mm. longis;
stipulis membraceis. Axillares, solitari cum pedicellis 1.3-1.5 cm. longis;
involucro campanulato, glabro, 2 mm. longo, cum 5 glandulis latioris quam
altioris; lobis triangularis, tridenticulatis; staminodibus exsertis, bracteolis
divisis et fimbris. Capsula glabra, 3 mm. longa; seminibus ovoidis, tetra-
gonis, scorbiculatis, cinereis.
Type locality, near the beach at Kii, Niihau, H. I. J. F. G.
Stokes. January, 1912.
A low prostrate shrub 6 dm. high; with thick nodose branches,
sub-herbaceous at the ends. Leaves opposite, obovate, often
emarginate or turbinate, rather fleshy, glabrous, bluish green
above, paler beneath, 4.2-4 cm. long, 2.6 cm. wide; with petioles
5 mm. long. Stipules low rounded, membraneous. Flowers axil-
lary, single, on pedicels 1 .3-1.5 cm. long. Involucre campanulate,
2 mm. long, glabrate; throat pubescent; glands 5, broader than
high; lobes triangular with three minute teeth. Staminiphores
exserted; bractlets about one-half the length of the staminiphore,
split and fimbriate. Styles short. Capsule glabrous, 3 mm. long,
on a short stalk. Seeds ovoid, tetragonous, scrobiculate, ash-
colored.
This plant can be readily distinguished from all other species
of the multiformis group of these islands by the character of its
very different leaves. They are relatively much wider and more
fleshy than those of other members of the group.
[108] )
* f
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I. Euphorbia Stokesii Forbes.
2. Close view of the cliffs near Kaali
at the water hole where many of the cliff
plants were collected.
3. Distant view of the table land looking from Kii toward Kaali.
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PUBLICATIONS
OF THE
Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum
Honolulu, Hawaii, U. S. A.
MEMOIRS. (Quarto.)
Vol. I. Nos. 1-5. 1899 -1903.
Vol. II. Nos. 1-4. 1906 -1909.
Vol. III. Ka Hana Kapa: The Making of Bark-Cloth
in Hawaii. By William T. Brigham. 1911. Complete
volume.
OCCASIONAL PAPERS. (Octavo.)
Vol. I. Nos. 1-5. 1898-1902. (No. 1 out of print.)
Vol. II. Nos. 1-5. 1903 -1907.
Vol. III. Nos. 1-3. 1907 (Volume incomplete.)
Vol. IV. Nos. 1-5. 1906-1911.
Vol. V.-
No. 1. New Hawaiian Plants, III. By Charles N.
Forbes. — Preliminary Observations Concerning the
Plant Invasion on Some Lava Flows of Mauna Loa,
Hawaii. By Charles N. Forbes. 1912.
No. 2. Director's Report for 1911. — The New Labo-
ratory.— Another Curved Adze: By Win. T. Brigham.
1912.
No. 3. Notes on the Flora of Kahoolawe and Molo-
kini. By Charles N. Forbes.— An Enumeration of Niihau
Plants. By Charles N. Forbes. 1913.
A Handbook for the Bishop Museum. (Oblong octavo.)
1903.
Index to Abraham Fornander's "Polynesian Race."
(Octavo.) By John F. G. Stokes. 1909.
A detailed list, with prices, will be mailed to any
address on application to the Director.
v 1
OCCASIONAL PAPERS
THE
BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM OF
POLYNESIAN ETHNOLOGY AND
NATURAL HISTORY
Vol. V. — No. 4.
Director's Report for 1912.
honolulu, h. i.
Bishop Museum Press.
1913-
BOARD OF TRUSTEES
Albert F. Judp .._.-- President
E. Faxon Bishop ----- Vice-President
J. M. Dowsett Treasurer
Alfred W. Carter ------ Secretary
Henry Holmes, Samuel M. Damon, William O. Smith
MUSEUM STAFF
William T. Brigham, Sc.D. (Columbia) - - Director
William H. Dall, Ph.D. - Honorary Curator of Mollusca
John F. G. Stokes - - Curator of Polynesian Ethnology
C. Montague Cooke, Ph.D. (Yale) - Curator of Pulmonata
Otto H. Swezey - - Honorary Curator of Entomology
Charles N. Forbes - Curator of Botany
John W. Thompson - - - Artist and Modeler
Miss E. B. Higgins Librarian
John J. Greene - ... Printer
August Perry - - Assistant Printer
EXHIBITION STAFF
Mrs. Helen M. Helvie - Superintendent
John Lung Chung, \
Thomas Keolanui, f- ------- Janitors
John Penchula, )
OCCASIONAL PAPERS
OF THE
BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM OF
POLYNESIAN ETHNOLOGY AND
NATURAL HISTORY
Vol. V. — No. 4.
Director's Report for 1912.
honolulu, h. i.
Bishop Museum Press.
1913-
To the Trustees of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum.
Sirs: — In accordance with the rules adopted by the Truslees
on December 15, 1910, I submit my Annual Report on the pres-
ent condition of this Museum and the work done in the various
departments during the year 1912.
WILLIAM T. BR1GHAM,
Direclor of the Museum.
Honolulu, March 7, 1913.
Ordered printed April 18, 1913.
REPORT.
IT HAS been well said by a wise man of the East that we
know not our place until we look at it from afar. During
most of the year 19 12 the Director of this Museum has been
perhaps as far from the scene of his daily labor as is possible
on this planet, and perhaps the perspective had more in it than
the microscopic view. Be it as it may, he returns with a broader
view of the Bishop Museum than he had before, and with thanks
to the Trustees who enabled him to enjoy that view. As he bor-
rowed the eyes of many others engaged in work similar to his own
in other parts of the earth, while in their pleasant company on the
flat plains of Chicago, in the frosty atmosphere of Boston, in the
rush and hurry of New York, in the budding Spring of Washing-
ton, in the conservatism of Eondon, the academic groves of Oxford
and Cambridge, the quaint stillness of Holland that seems almost
like a dream, the granite rocks and primeval forest of Stockholm,
the new pastures of St. Petersburg and Moskow and Budapest, the
great wisdom of Vienna, the beautiful Art of Dresden, the bookish
atmosphere of Leipzig and Frankfurt am Main, the growing mas-
tership of Berlin, the most modern of museums under shadow of the
spires of Cologne cathedral, the oceanic spoils of. Monaco, the long
familiar haunts of Rome and Naples, the revivified Cairo, Columbo,
the Straits Settlement that has become Singapore, the mysterious
Java with its great Garden of Buitenzorg and its long buried Budd-
histic ruins, the new Port Darwin with memories of the Master,
Thursday Island and the Barrier Reef with memories of Cook, the
young and yet well-grown museums of the Colonies, the Alps of the
southern hemispere around Mt. Cook, on to the once cannibal islands
of Fiji — now a prosperous colony of our own race — in these places
[115] 3
4 Director' s Annual Report
and many others the Bishop Museum was already known, and in
all a kindly feeling- was shown for the little museum in Honolulu;
and there were those who showed its publications as valued posses-
sions, and helped the Director to prize more highly the little work-
shop in the midst of the Great Ocean where he had at times been
aweary and feeling, if not asking, qui bono ?
And now as the reports of the Curators of the Museum of the
work that has been going on there all the while come to him for
examination and comment, he cannot but feel that the munificent
and wise foundation of Charles Reed Bishop has not been in vain,
it has not produced a merely temporary show. The work goes on:
it is not merely a personal one but one that fits in and is wanted
in the company of those who are doing their best in the museums
of the world. The Bishop Museum has its place among these
many institutions and seems to be welcomed as a useful brother.
Our printery has at last received its new furniture and is in
most satisfactory order. This report will be the first issue from the
renovated office. The Annual Report for 191 1 was issued during
this year but before the arrival of the new apparatus. Beyond that
the work has been internal — notices, letterheads, labels, address
cards and the many small but very important needs of a working
museum; for this reason the assistant, Mr. A. Perry, has been tem-
porarily transferred to the library where he has been very useful.
For the library our busy Librarian Miss E. B. Higgins reports
a long and excellent list of accessions, which will be found later in
the report, but an abstract of their number may be given here:
Bound books 202
Books in paper covers 2026
Total received 2228
Exchanges received bound 9
Exchanges received in paper covers 903 912
By purchase and gift, bound 193
By purchase and gift, unbound 1123 1316
Total 2228
Plates, illustrations, photographs 260
[116]
Directo7^ s Annual Report. 5
Oar binding is so expensive that it may prove good economy
to do our own binding. During the year we had bound 72 vol-
umes of many sizes, but mostly bound in durable buckram; 213
volumes are ready for binding but are awaiting information as to
cost at the large libraries and museums. The large libraries gen-
erally and the museums frequently have their own binderies, but
our information is not complete enough to make a report at present.
As will be seen our exchanges come in parts, and to be preserved
and used must be bound.
During his absence the Director, under authorization of the
Trustees, made arrangements not only for some additional ex-
changes, but also for completing our sets of desirable publications.
Many of the old societies recognize the importance of a reference
library for the use of scientists and explorers passing through our
port, and are endeavoring to complete our sets as old and rare
parts may be found. I have often been asked how our own
publications can best be bound for use, and I have advised
libraries to bind each of the quarto memoirs separately for con-
venience in handling — a course followed by many museums that
exchange with us, and we shall endeavor to make this course
more practicable by furnishing an index to each complete part
(as we have already done in several cases), as well as to the
entire volume.
The modeler, Mr. J. W. Thompson, has made many casts of
fish during the year and also man) 7 casts of rare specimens bcr-
rowed for the purpose. I found no work during my journey so
artistic as his. In almost every case where casting is used it was
quite unnecessary to put "cast" on the label.
During the Director's absence Mr. J. F. G. Stokes was Acting
Director; as Curator of Polynesian Ethnology he reports that while
there were no large collections added to the Museum either by gift
or purchase, there were still considerable accessions, among the
[117]
Fig. i.
FIG. 2. ANCIENT HAWAIIAN FIGURE.
FIG. 3.
Director 's Annual Report. 9
more noteworthy collections from Mr. George P. Cooke of Molo-
kai, and Dr. W. M. Kerr, U. S. N. Of individual specimens, a
wooden image found in Hilo (Figs. 1-3) and given by Mrs. S. W.
Wilcox of Kauai ; a kapa from Niue ( Fig. 4) given by Mr. S. Percy
Smith of New Zealand ; three New Guinea feather head ornaments
by Mr. F. Muir of Honolulu; a Fijian club (Fig. 5) given to the
Director by Sir Everard im Thurn, formerly governor of Fiji; and
a Melanesian adze (Fig. 6), also given to the Director by Mr.
J. Edge- Partington, both of these latter specimens turned over to
the Museum by rule of the Trustees. Of the purchases, the cast
of Taaroa (Tanaloa) by Brucciani ; this curiously carved figure
was formerly in the cabinet of the London Missionary Society and
now by purchase the property of the British Museum ; it is the
most elaborate of the images that have come to us of Polynesian
origin ; I may add that I have, by the courtesy of Sir C. H. Read
of the British Museum, photographs of all the interesting idols of
the Polynesian people in that museum.
Of the field work Mr. Stokes reports: "In January I went to
Niihau, through the kindness of Mr. Aubrey Robinson, with the
intention of examining the heiau, investigating the report of the
existence of petroglyphs at the boat landing at Kii, and collecting
plants and shells for the other departments. One heiau was meas-
ured and photographed and the sites of two other heiau (?) noted.
The results in the case of the petroglyphs were negative. Of plants,
125 sheets were collected, including a new species and a new variety,
and arrangements were made with the Hawaiian Mr. Robinson
loaned me to get others from the southern side of the island result-
ing in an additional 35 sheets. The fossil beds at Kiekie were
carefully gone over and photographs made of the deposits: the
shells collected are mentioned in the report of that department.
"After leaving Niihau I went to the top of Mount Kahili in
Kauai, and made notes on the remains of the ancient fort there,
mentioned by Jarves. For aid in this matter thanks are due to
[121]
FIG. 4. KAPA FROM NICK.
Director's Annual Report. n
Mr. J. K. Farley of Koloa who provided me with a conveyance
and accompanied me to the beginning of the steeper ascent. In
Koloa I visited the sand dunes at Makahuena Point to look for
fossil shells, with the result reported by that department.
"While on Kauai the collections of the following residents
were examined and interesting specimens photographed or bor-
rowed : Mrs. V. Knudsen, Mr. E. Knudsen, Mr. Albert Wilcox
and the Misses Wilcox, the latter the owners of the Kahlbaum
collection. The cast of the large stone covered with petroglyphs
FIG. 5. FIJIAN CLUB GIVEN BY SIR EVERARD IM THURX.
at Miss M. Damon's country place at Moanalua Valley was com-
pleted and placed in Hawaiian Hall." The renewal of consider-
able flooring in the Picture Gallery and elsewhere was rendered
necessary by the ravages of termites.
Mr. Charles N. Forbes, Curator of Botany, reports: "All ma-
terial received prior to May, 191 2, has been classified, mounted and
incorporated into the Herbarium ; while most material received
since that date has been classified. A large amount of time has
been spent in attempting to exterminate the various insect pests
which attack the specimens. During the year the whole Herba-
rium has been fumigated, once with carbon disulphide and twice
with hydrocyanic acid gas, the last being necessary to check an
invasion of cigar beetles which did a large amount of damage
during my absence on Molokai. In the last few months work was
started in poisoning all the specimens with corrosive sublimate.
[123]
FIG. 6. ADZE GIVEN BY J. EDGE-PARTINGTON.
Director's Annual Report. 13
"Besides the usual short trips ou this island, two extended
excursions were made to study the flora in the field. The first was
to Mokuleia Valley on the Kaala range of this island, where three
weeks were spent. This mountain is of great interest botanieally
for the "reason that its flora is as distinct from the main range of
Oahu as is the flora of any separate island of the group. For cour-
tesies extended we are especially indebted to Mr. P. M. Pond, whose
ranch was my headquarters, and also to Mr. C. C. Pittam my host
who made my stay enjoyable in many ways. I also wish to thank
Mr. C.J. Austin for permission to explore certain adjacent lands
belonging to the Dillinghams of which he had charge. This gentle-
man has previously done many kindnesses for my department.
"The time between June 11 and October 3 was occupied in
investigating the flora of Molokai. I consider this the easiest,
and in many ways one of the most satisfactory islands to cover;
although as a whole its flora is not so rich as that of some of the
other islands. Favored with four months of unusually dry weather
I encountered none of the hardships or dangers described by some
collectors who have visited this island.
"My first base station was at the Molokai Ranch, where Mr.
G. P. Cooke aided me in so many ways that it will be impossible
to ever show our just appreciation of his kindness. The first trip
from here was to the sheep station at Mahana, and from this place
the whole western end of the island was covered. The next trips
were to mountain houses on the main range above Kalae. I am
indebted to Mr. Henry Meyer for permission to collect on the lands
of Kalae. After this trips were made over the country adjacent
to the ranch, and to the bottom of the settlement trail. We are
indebted to the Board of Health through Mr. J. D. McVeigh, the
superintendent, for permission to take this last trip. I also wish
to thank the Board of Health for their kind offer of a cottage at
the settlement. I did not take advantage of this privilege as I
presumed that nearly all the representative flora could be obtained
[125]
14 Director's Annual Report.
in the surrounding region without running the apparently un-
necessary risk. While at the ranch Messrs. James Munro and
Scott Pratt also helped me in many ways.
"The next trip was arranged through the kindness of Mr.
James Dunn, and was to Mr. Frank Forster's mountain house above
Kamalo. This was the most satisfactory collecting ground on the
island . From here one is able to penetrate into the mountains abo-\ e
and below Puu Kolekole in every direction. The Pelekunu trail
was followed to the bottom of the valley, while the pali was followed
on the right to the highest point, Kamakou, and on the left for
quite a distance on the edge of the so-called swamp country.
"After returning for a few days to the ranch, my base station
was shifted to Pukoo where Mr. Rexford Hitchcock generously
gave me the use of a cottage which made a very comfortable
botanical laboratory for the remainder of the trip. The greater
number of the ridges and gulches between Kamalo and Halawa
were visited from this station in day trips. Judge C. C. Couradt
gave me much information about the trails in this vicinity and
otherwise added to the pleasure of my stay. Two extended trips
were made from this base, the first to Mr. J. F. Brown's ranch at
Halawa, whence the surrounding mountains including Halawa
Valley and the ridges on either side were visited. I wish to thank
Mr. Brown for his kindness in allowing me to camp on and explore
this territory.
"The second trip was over the regular trail across the moun-
tain into Wailau valley. I employed James Naki as packer and
guide in this region. During a short stay we went along the shore
pali, up the makai pali of Olokui to the 2500 feet elevation, and
up various sub-ridges of the main valley. We then took canoe to
Pelekunu where I discharged the guide. Here I tied up with the
trip previously taken to the bottom from Kamalo and visited
numerous side ridges as well as the small valley to the right of
Pelekunu. The return was made by steamer to Kamalo, thence
[126]
Director's Annual Report. 15
back to Pukoo. Another week was spent here in order to try to
get certain plants not in flower earlier in the season, before return-
ing to Honolulu by way of Kaunakakai.
"No new 7 exchanges have been arranged owing to the fact
that Pacific island material is scarce and difficult to obtain. The
additions to the Herbarium are as follows:
Mr. C. J. Austin, Hawaii 5
Dr. W. T. Brigham, Papandajan, Java; Mt. Cook, N. Z. 4
Mr. Alfred Butt, Drosera from New Zealand 1
A. F. Judd, Esq. , Hawaii 5
Rev. J. M. Lydgate, Kauai 44
Mr. J. F. G. Stokes 1 25
Mr. Kalua Keale, Niihau 35
Mr. G. P. Wilder, Maui and Oahu 14
Mr. J. F. Rock, exchange Hawaiian plants 3
Philippine plants purchased 953
Specimens collected 4000
Total additions 5189
"Also 63 specimens of Hawaiian woods from the Bureau of
Agriculture and Forestry.
"The Abbe Faurie has made a collection of Hawaiian plants
of which some 80 or more so-called species have been described as
new, but for the most part the descriptions are so meagre that one
cannot come to any decision regarding them without the actual
specimens in hand."
In the department of Pulmonata Dr. Cooke, the Curator, re-
ports the work accomplished as greater than in any previous year.
During the year 52,837 shells were catalogued, or an average of
over 1000 per week. These are distributed over 4445 catalogue
numbers. Of those catalogued 38,662 are fresh and 14,175 fossil
material. Of the Thwiug collection 12,156 specimens were cata-
logued. Of this collection the arboreal shells from the Koolau
range remain to be catalogued, and there are probably in the
neighborhood of 15,000 to 20,000 specimens.
[127]
16 Director s Annual Report.
"Forty-one days were spent in the field by the Curator, during
which 35,533 specimens were collected. Of these over 14,000 were
fossil. The most important trip was to the island of Molokai, dur-
ing which over 14,000 recent shells were collected, and four new
deposits of fossil shells were discovered. The next trip of impor-
tance was to Kaipapau, Oahu, where besides collecting a number
of recent specimens several very remarkable fossil deposits were
discovered, in one of which the shells averaged over 700 to the
cubic inch of soil."
Shells have been received and catalogued as follows:
The Curator 35.533
Members of the Museum staff 1,860
I. Spalding 449
J. S. Emerson 1 ,476
A. F. Judd 93
Whitney collection, given by Mr. Mclnerny 561
Thwing collection 12,156
Others* 709
Total 52,837
In the geological department we have received from Chevalier
F. A. Perret a lava bomb from Hawaii; Mr. F. B. Dodge, a bomb
from Kilauea; from the Hawaiian Volcano Research Association,
lava cast of banana stump, Hawaii.
In other departments: Father Rougier, Fanning Island, plas-
tron of tortoise, Christmas Island. Andrew C. Westervelt, Hono-
lulu, tail of male lyre-bird; and 5 madreporarian corals, Fiji.
Mrs. H. P. Baldwin, Maui, skeletal part of a gymnoblastic hydroid,
Hawaiian Islands.
By purchase: 10 bird nests, 2 bird skins. Hawaii.
In giving below the table of attendance for the past year
I have thought it interesting to compare it with that of the
two previous years. The number of white visitors constantly
*In this lot were contributions from Misses Alice, Martha and Carolene
Cooke, Messrs. R. Seudder, R. and W. Hitchcock, W. Mutch, D. Pratt Pod-
more, W. P. Alexander, Weedon, R. von Holt, O. P. Emerson, and Charles
M. Cooke (ill). [128]
Director' s An?iual Report.
*7
increases. In comparing the Chinese figures with the Japanese
it should be remembered that while the number of Japanese on
these islands, or for the matter of that in Honolulu and the
neighborhood, greatly exceeds that of the Chinese, the proportion
of the latter visiting the Museum is proportionately greater.
I suppose also that notice should be taken of the constantly
decreasing number of Chinese in our population owing to the
exclusion and the return to China. The increase in white visi-
tors is largely due to the increased tourist travel.
Whites.
1910 5457
191 1 6210
1912 7318
Hawaiian.
1402
1745
1 185
Portuguese.
555
758
744
Chinese.
1388
1046
127S
Japanese.
2115
163 1
1 88 1
Others.
185
202
175
TABJvE OF ATTENDANCE.
0)
X'
p
it
CO
9
DQ
0.
p
5"
a
it
3
0)
a
a
,d
■-
>
<
115
63
115
14
23
56.5
56
I'll
203
5
22
70.2
95
119
211
23
22
62
50
90
141
28
22
49
78
144
127
7
21
52
33
123
156
20
20
45
33
72
145
17
21
42
57
161
133
16
23
46
69
69
286
12
21
47
66
69
102
8
22
34
47
105
173
10
21
40
45
52
89
15
21
40.6
January . .
February
March ....
April
May
June
July
August
September
October . .
November
December
894
970
762
612
629
490
521
603
424
408
414
591
136
153
136
102
66
76
87
113
83
73
62
Totals 7.31N
1 .299
1,581
1,363
1.(157
1.087
888
864
1,057
973
736
822
854
12. 5M
[129]
Occasional Papers B. P. B. M. Vol. V. Xo. 4. — 2.
List of Accessions.
ETHNOLOGICAL
By Gift.
Harry G. Beasley, England. (11,027)
Cast of sacred jade hook. New Zealand.
Dr. W. T. Brigham, Honolulu. (11,025)
Tapa. Samoa.
Mrs. W. R. Castle, Honolulu. (11,018-11,023, 11,081)
4 adzes, poi pounder, kapa. Hawaiian Ids.
Adze. South Pacific.
Dr. C. Montague Cooke, Honolulu. (11,040, 11,067-11,072)
Noa stone, bowling stone partly made, 3 adzes, 2 chipping
stones. Hawaiian Ids.
G. P. Cooke, Molokai. (11,028-11,039)
2 sinkers, 2 bowling stones, 1 hammer, 4 adzes, part of
stone mirror, stone drill bit, specimen of coral sandstone.
Hawaiian Ids.
J. Kdge-Partington, England. (11,080)
Adze. New Guinea. (Fig. 6.)
C. N. Forbes, Honolulu. (11,065-11,066)
2 adzes. Hawaiian Ids.
Dr. Wm. M. Kerr, U. S. N. (11,059-11064)
Arrow. New Guinea.
2 spears. Admiralty Ids.
Model of house, rat-trap, flint, steel and tinder-box. Guam.
A. M. McBryde, Honolulu. (11,016)
Ancient 00. Hawaiian Ids.
F. Muir, Honolulu. (11,056-11,058)
3 feather head-dresses. New Guinea.
M. L. H. Reynolds, Honolulu. (11,055)
Bowling stone. Hawaiian Ids.
18 [130]
List of Accessions. 19
S. Percy Smith, New Zealand. (11,024)
Tapa. Niue. (Fig. 4.)
Sir Everard im Thurn, England. (11,079)
Ancient club. Fiji. (Fig. 5.)
Andrew C. Westervelt, Honolulu. (11,082-11,083)
Flax dress, jade adze. New Zealand.
Mrs'. S. W. Wilcox, Kauai. (11,017)
Wooden idol. Hawaiian Ids. (Figs. 1-3.)
By Purchase.
Cast of idol Taaroa. Rurutu. (11,026)
4 adzes, 2 poi pounders, 3 grindstones, 2 polishing stones, 2 bowl-
ing stones, slingstone, mirror. Oahu. (11,041-50, 11,074-78)
Stone throwing club. Hawaii. (11,051)
By Loan.
A. Bloxam, New Zealand. (E597)
Wooden idol. Hawaiian Ids.
Bruce Cartwright, Jr., Honolulu. (L594-596)
Poi pounder, 2 bed tapas. Hawaiian Ids.
G. P. Cooke, Molokai. (L592-593)
Corrugated wooden bowl, fishing stone. Molokai.
D. Thaanum, Hilo. (L551-555, 57i~574)
3 stirrup poi pounders. Kauai.
Pestle, bird stone, 3 conical poi pounders. Hawaii.
William Wagener, Hawaii. (L576-591)
3 sling stones, bowling stone, 2 stone sinkers. Lanai.
Stone fish god, 2 stone anchors, 2 lamps, poi pounder, stone
ball, tobacco pipe. Hawaii.
2 stone adzes. South Pacific.
S. W. Wilcox, Kauai. (L556)
Calcite hook for lei palaoa. Kauai.
The Misses Wilcox. Kauai. (L557-570)
2 stirrup poi pounders, 1 ring poi pounder, pestle, 2 stone
cups, stone sinker, 3 stone drill points, stone gouge, ivory comb,
shell and small ivorv hooks for lei palaoa. Hawaiian Ids.
[131J
20 Director s Annual Report.
GEOLOGICAL
By Gift.
Hawaiian Volcano Research Association. (11,052)
Lava cast, banana stump. Hawaii.
F. B. Dodge, Hawaii. (11,053)
Lava bomb. Hawaii.
F. A. Perret, Naples. (11,054)
Lava bomb. Hawaii.
OTHER DEPARTMENTS.
Father Rougier, Fanning Id. Gift. (11,073)
Ventral shell of tortoise. Christmas Id.
Andrew C. Westervelt, Honolulu. Gift. (O4734)
Lyre-bird's tail. Australia.
Purchase. (O4722-4731)
10 birds' nests, 2 bird -skins. Hawaii.
Mrs. H. P. Baldwin, Maui. Gift.
Skeletal part of a gymnoblastic hydroid. Hawaiian Ids.
Andrew C. Westervelt, Honolulu. Gift.
5 madreporarian corals. Fiji.
ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY.
By Exchange.
Adelaide, South Australia.
Royal Society of South Australia. — Transactions and pro-
ceedings, xxxv, 1911.
South Australian Museum. — Report, 1910-1911.
Amsterdam, Holland.
Uuiversiteit van Amsterdam. — Catalogus van der Handschrif-
ten, lv, A-M, 1911. — Catalogus van de Algemeene Pharmaceu-
tische Bibliotheek, 191 1.
B A I.TI MOR E , M A R V I, A N D .
Johns Hopkins University. — Memoirs, ii (text and plates),
iii, v. — University Circular 3, 6, new series 2.
['32]
List of Accessions. 21
Barcelona, Spain.
Real Academia de Ciencias y Artes de Barcelona. — Boletin,
iii, 3. — Memorias, x, 3-12.
Berkeley, California.
University of California. — Publications: American arche-
ology and ethnology, x, 4; xi, 1. — Botany, iv, 12-14; v > l ' 2 - —
Chronicle, xiii, title and index; xiv, 1-4. — Pathology, ii, 4-10. —
Physiology, iv, 8-17. — Zoology, vii, 10, index and title; ix, 1-8;
x, 1-8; xi, 1-2. — Memoirs, i, 2 (part ii). — Hearst Laboratory of
Pathology, 5 pamphlets. — Commencement address from Chronicle,
xi, 3-
Berlin, Germany.
Authropologische Gesellschaft. — Zeitschrift, xliv. — General
Register, xxi-xxxiv.
Berne, Switzerland.
Berne Historisches Museum. — Jahresbericht, 191 1.
Boston, Massachusetts.
American Academy of Arts and Sciences. — Proceedings,
xlvi, 25; xlvii, 10-22; xlviii, 1-13.
Boston Museum of Fine Arts. — Annual Report, 191 1. — Bulle-
tins, 54-60. — Catalogue of special exhibition ot Japanese screens.
Boston Public Library. — Bulletin, iv, 4; v, 1-3. — Annual re-
port, 1911-1912.
Boston Society of Natural History. — Memoirs, vii. — Proceed-
ings, xxxiv, 13, title and contents.
Brisbane, Queensland.
Queensland Museum. — Annals, 1-4, 7-10. — Memoirs, i.
Royal Society of Queensland. — Proceedings, xxiii, 2.
Brooklyn, New York.
Museum of the Brooklvn Institute of Arts and Sciences. —
Annual report, 1910-1911. — Yearbook, 1902-1910.
Brussels, Belgium.
Societe Royale Malacologique de Belgique. — Aunales, xlvi.
Buenos Aires, Argentine Republic.
Museo Nacioual. — Atiales, xv.
Buitenzorg, Java.
Jardiu Botanique. — Bulletin, v-viii.
[133]
22
Director's Annual Report.
Calcutta, India.
Indian Museum. — Catalogues: Mammalia, i, ii; Mautodea,
1-2; Moths, i-vii and index. — Records, iv, 8-9; vi, 4-5. — Illustrations
of the zoology of the "Investigator". — Malaeostraca, plates i-lxxix;
Entomostraca, plates i-v; Fishes, plates i-xliii; Mollusea, plates
i-xx; Echinoderma, plates, i-v.
Asiatic Society of Bengal.— Journal, lxxiv, title; Journal and
proceedings, v, title and index; vi, 7-11; vii, 1-3.
Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Harvard University Library. — Report, 191 1.
Museum of Comparative Zoology. — Bulletin, liii, 6-10; liv, 9,
1 1 -15; lvi, 1. — Memoirs, xxvii, 4; xxxiv, 4, and title; xxxv, 3-4;
xxxviii, 2; xl, 4-5; xliv, 1.
Peabody Museum. — Annual report, 1910-1911.
Capetown, South Africa.
South African Museum. — Annals, vii, 5; ix, 2; x, 2-3.
Chicago, Illinois.
Field Museum. — Publications, 88, 96, 97, 99, 100, 102, 103,
130, 131, 137, 138, 153-160. — Report series, i-iii, title and index.
Copenhagen, Denmark.
Societe Royale des Antiquaires du Nord. — Memoires, 191 1-
1912.
Dresden, Germany.
Kbnigl. Zoologisches und Anthropologiseh-Ethnographisches
Museum. — Abhandlungen und Berichte, xiii, 5-6; xiv, 1-2.
Dublin, Ireland.
Royal Irish Academy. — Proceedings, section B, xxix, 7-9 and
title; section C, xxix, 9 and title; xxxi (Claire Island survey), 2,
6, 10-13, 16-20, 23-24, 26-31, 35-37. 40-41, 43-44, 46, 53, 5 6 " 6 °,
93. — Index to publications, 1 786-1906.
Edinburg, Scotland.
Royal Society of Edinburg. — Proceedings, xxxi, 5; xxxii, 1-4.
Florence, Italy.
Societa Italiana di Antropologia. — Archivio per l'aiitropolo-
gia e la etnologia, xli, 3-4.
Frankfurt on Main, Germany.
SUidt. Yolker-Museum. — Yeroffentliehungen, iv.
[i34]
List of Accessions. 23
Honolulu, Hawaii.
Hawaiian Historical Society. — Annual report, 1912.
Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association. — Division of agriculture
and chemistry, Bulletins, 38-40. — Division of entomology, Bulle-
tins, io-ii. — Division of pathology and physiology, Bulletin, 11.
Oahu College. — Catalogue, 1911-1912.
United States Agricultural Experiment Station. — Annual re-
port, 191 1. — Bulletins, 25-28. — Press bulletins, 33-34, 37-38.
Lawrence, Kansas.
University of Kansas. — Science bulletin, v, 12-21; vi, 1.
Leiden, Holland.
Rijks Ethnographisch Museum. — Verslag van den directeur,
1910-191 1 .
Leipzig, Germany.
Museum fur Volkerkunde. — Jahrbuch, iv. — Veroffentlichun-
gen, Heft 4.
Liverpool, England.
Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (Johnstone Tropical
Laboratory). — Annals, v, 3-4; vi, 1 (i\and B); vi, 2; vi, 3 (A and B).
London, England.
Royal Anthropological Institute. — Journal, xlii.
Manila, Philippine Islands.
Bureau of Science. — Report, 191 1 . — Journal of science: A, vi,
5-6; vii, 1-4. B, vi, 5-6; vii, 1-3. C, vi, 6; vii, 1-5. D, vi, 5-6;
vii, 1-4. — Memorial number.
Melbourne, Victoria.
Royal Society of Victoria. — Proceedings, xxiv, 2; xxv, 1.
Mexico.
Instituto Geologico de Mexico. — Parergones, iii, 9-10.
Minneapolis, Minnesota.
University of Minnesota. — Botanical series of geological and
natural history survey, i-ii, iv-vii.
Munich, Germany.
Ethnographisches Museum. — Berichte, i-iv.
[■135]
24 Director s Annual Report.
New Haven, Connecticut.
Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences. — Transactions,
xvii, pp. 1-21 1.
New Plymouth, New Zealand.
Polynesian Society. — Journal, xx, 4, title and index; xxi, 1-3.
New York, New York.
American Museum of Natural History. — Annual report,
191 1. — Anthropological papers, vii, 2; title and index; viii; ix, 1;
xii, 1. — Bulletins, xxx. — Guide leaflets, 35. — Journal, xi, 8, title
and index; xii. — Memoirs, new series, i, 1-3. — Handbook series, 1.
Columbia University. — Contributions from department of
Botany, i-iii (incomplete), iv, v (incomplete), vi-viii, ix-x (in-
complete). (215 pamphlets.)
New York Botanical Garden. — Bulletins, 27, 28.
Oberlin, Ohio.
Oberlin College. — Wilson Bulletin, xxiii, 3-4; xxiv, 1-2.
Para, Brazil.
Museu Goeldi. — Boletiu, i, 1; iv, 2-4. — Memorias, iv. — Album
de Aves Amazouicas, iii. — Arboretum Amazonicum, iii; iv.
Paris, France.
Kcole d' Anthropologic — Revue anthropologique, 22ieme
annee.
Societe d' Anthropologic — Bulletins et Memoires, vi serie,
i, 4-5: "•
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. — Proceedings,
lxiii, 2-3; lxiv, 1-2. — Journal, xiv, 4; xv. — Annual report, 191 1.
American Philosophical Society. — Proceedings, 202-206. —
General index to vols, i-1, 1838-1911. — Transactions, xxii, 2. — L,ist
of members.
Philadelphia Museums. — History and development of the
Commercial Museum, Philadelphia. 1910. — Commerce of the
world in 1910. — Industrial Philadelphia, 191 2.
University of Pennsylvania. — Influence of Ben Johnson on
English comedy, by Minnie Kerr.
University of Pennsylvania Museum. — Anthropological pub-
lications, iv, 1. — Publications of the Babvlonian section, ii, 1-2
[136]
List of Accessions. 25
and title. — Publications of the Egyptian section, vi-viii. — Journal
of the museum, ii, 3-4, index and title; iii, 1-2.
Wagner Free Institute. — Annual announcement, 1912-1913.
PlETERMARITZBURG, SOUTH AFRICA.
Natal Government Museum. — Annals, ii, 3.
Pittsburg, Pennsylvania.
Carnegie Museum. — Annals, vii, 3-4, title and index; viii,
1-2. — Memoirs, v. — Founder's day proceedings, 1912. — Report,
1912.
Plymouth, England.
Marine Biological Association. — Journal, ix, 2.
Portici, Italy.
R. Scuola Superiore d' Agricoltura. — Bollettino del labora-
torio di zoologia. vi.
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
L,' Institute de Manguinhos. — Memorias, iii, 2.
Rome, Italy.
Reale Accademia dei Lincei. — Atti (2 semestre) xx, 10-12;
xxi, 2-12; xxi (2 semestre), 1-9. — Memorie, viii, 13-24; ix, 1-3. —
Rendiconto, ii, pp. 583-634.
St. Louis, Missouri.
Missouri Botanical Garden. — Annual report, 191 1.
Salem, Massachusetts.
Peabody Academy of Science. — Pocket list of birds of eastern
Massachusetts, by Albert Morse. Salem, 1912.
San Francisco, California.
California Academy of Sciences. — Proceedings, fourth series,
i, pp. 289-430; iii, pp. 73-186.
Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Museu Paulista. — Notas Preliminaires, i, 2. — Catalogos da
fauna Brazileira, iii. — Revista, viii.
Stanford University, California.
Eeland Stanford Junior University. — Register, 1911-1912. —
Report of president, 191 1. — University series, 9-10. — Trustees
series, 22.
[i37]
26 Director's Annual Report.
Stockholm, Sweden.
Kongl. Vitterhets Historie och Antiqvitets Akademien. —
Fornvannen, 191 1. — Guide to the National Historical Museum,
by Oscar Montelius.
Sydney, New South Wales.
Australian Museum.— Records, ii, 1; viii, 3; ix, 1-2. — Report,
191 1. — Special catalogue, iii, 4-5.
Department of Agriculture. — Agricultural Gazette, xxii, 12,
title and index; xxiii.
Department of Fisheries. — Three papers by David G. Stead.
Department of Mines. — Mineral resources of New South
Wales, 14-16. — Coal resources of New South Wales, by Edward
F. Pittman. — Annual report, 191 1.
Linnean Society of New South Wales. — Proceedings, xxxvi,
2-4; xxxvii, 1.
Royal Society of New South Wales. — Journal and proceed-
ings, xlv, 3-4.
Technological Museum. — Annual report, 1910. — Technical
education series, 16-17.
Tufts College, Massachusetts.
Tufts College. — Studies, iii, 2.
Vienna, Austria.
Anthropologische Gesellschaft. — Mittheilungen, xlii, 1-4.
K. K. Naturhistorisches Museum. — Annalen, xxv; xxvi, 1-2.
Wanganui, New Zealand.
Wanganui Public Museum. — Annual report, 1911-1912.
Washington, District of Columbia.
Bureau of American Ethnology. — Bulletins, 47, 52.
Carnegie Institution of Washington. — Publications, 74 (vol.
v), 88 (pt. ii), 90A (vol. i and atlas), 146, 150, 152-153, 156 (pt. ii),
158, 160, 162, 164, 170, 174. — Year-book, 1911. — Report of director
of department of marine biology, 1911. — Bibliography of depart-
ment of economics and sociology.
Smithsonian Institution. — Report of board of regents, 1910. —
Miscellaneous collections, lvi, 23-37, title and index; lvii, 6-10;
viii, 2; lix, 1-18, 20; lx, 1-14. — Publications, 2052, 2060. — Con-
ributions to United States National Herbarium, xiii, 12, title and
ndex; xiv, 3, title and index; xvi, 1-3.
[138]
List of Accessions. 27
United States Geological Survey. — Annual report, 191 1. —
Bulletins, 448, 466, 470, 484-485, 491-494, 496-500, 504-509, 511-
512, 514-520, 523. — Water supply papers, 271, 278-280, 282, 284-
291, 294, 296, 298, 304. — Professional papers, 69, 71, 74. — Geologic
atlas of the United States, folios, 177-182, 183. — Mineral resources
of the United States, 1910.
United States National Museum. — Annual report, 191 1. — Bul-
letins, 77-78. — Proceedings, 41.
Wellington, New Zealand.
Dominion Museum. — Hand list relating to the Maori of New
Zealand.
New Zealand Institute. — Transactions and proceedings, xliv.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Purchased unless otherwise designated.
Alexander, Mary Charlotte. — Story of Hawaii. New York, 1912.
Given by the author.
American Anthropologist. — Current numbers. Also Current An-
thropological Literature, i, 1-2.
American Association of Museums. — Proceedings, v-vi. Given
by Dr. Wm. T. Brigham.
American Association for the Advancement of Science. — Proceed-
ings, 1912. Given by Dr. Wm. T. Brigham.
American Library Association. Catalog rules. Chicago, 1908.
List of subject headings. Chicago, 1911.
Anatomy and Physiology, Journal of, xlvi, 2-3.
Anderson, Tempest. — Report of the eruption of the Soufriere in
St. Vincent in 1902, pts. 1-2. London, 1903-1908.
Arago, Jacques. — Souvenirs de un aveugle. Paris, 1840.
Archaeological Review, i-iv. London, 1888-1890.
Archiv fur Ethnographie, xx.
Australia, Department of trade and customs. — Zoological results
of fishing experiments carried out by F. I. S. Endeavor, 1909-
1910, i-iii. Sydney, 1912.
Aztec calendar stone found in Mexico in 1790. (Copy of photo.)
Given by Rev. Joseph Dutton.
Badham, E. A. — Java revisited. Sydney.
[139]
28 Director s Annual Report.
Baring-Gould, S. and Bampfylde, C. A. — History of v Sara\vak.
Loudon, 1909.
Berger, Philippe. — Tatouages tunisiens. Paris, 1804.
Beutham, George. — Flora australiensis. London, 1863-1878.
Bickuell, C. — Prehistoric rock engravings. Bordighera, 1911.
Bingham, Hiram. — Bartimeusof the Hawaiian Islands. New York.
Bingham, Hiram. — Ruins of Choqquequiran. Lancaster, 1911.
Given by the author.
— — Vitcos, the last Iuca. Worcester, 191 3. Given by the author.
Biologica. — Current numbers.
Bishop, Charles R., Tribute to, on the occasion of his ninetieth
birthday. Honolulu, 191 2. Gift.
Boas, Franz. — Mind of primitive man. New York, 1911.
Boletin de Bosques, Pesca i Caza, 1-5. Santiago de Chili, 1912.
Bonney, T. G. — Yolcanoes. New York, 1899.
Boott, Francis. — Illustrations of the genus Carex. 3 vols. London,
1858-1867.
Brandstetter, Renward. — Das Yerbum, ix. Luzern, 191 2.
Brassey, Lady. — Tahiti. London, 1882.
Brighton, Public Library and Museums. — Report of director, 191 1.
Given by director.
British Museum. — Index to hand list of birds. London, 1912.
Bronns Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs. — Mollusca, iii,
119-138.
Brooklyn Entomological Society. — Bulletin, viii, 1. Given by the
Society.
Brown, Margaret Wright. — Mending and repair of books. Chicago,
1910.
Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences. — Bulletin, x, 1.
Burnett, Frank. — Through Polynesia and Papua. London, 191 1.
Caillot, Eugene. — Histoire de la Polynesie orieutale. Paris, 1910.
Calhoun, Alfred R. — Kohala of Hawaii. New York, 1893.
Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits, iv.
Cambridge University, England. — Annual report of the museum
and lecture rooms syndicate, 191 1. Given by the University.
Cannon, George Q. — My first mission. Salt Lake City, 1882.
Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. — Bulletin,
vi. Given by Dr. Wm. T. Brigham.
Chevalier, Marcel. — Les cataclysmes terrestres. Paris, 1910.
[140]
List of Accessions. 29
Churchward, Albert. — Signs and symbols of primordial man.
London, 1910.
Cincinnati Museum. — Annual report, 191 1 . Given by the Museum.
College of Hawaii. — Bulletin, i. — Circulars, 1-2. — College records,
1-7. — Miscellaneous papers, 6. Given by the College.
Comes, Orazio. — Le lave, il torreno Yesuviano. Napoli, 1887.
Concilium Bibliographicum. — Aunotationes, v-vi.
Congres International d'Anthropologie et d'Archeologie Prehis-
toriques a Bologne, 1871. Bologue, 1873.
Congres International d'Anthropologie et d'Archeologie Prehis-
toriques a Paris, 1889. Paris, 1891.
Congres International des Americanistes a Paris, igco. Paris, 1902.
Cooke, Edward.— Voyage to the South Sea, 1708-1711. 2 vols.
London, 1712.
Coppinger, R. W. — Cruise of the Alert. London, 1885.
Czekauowski, Jan. — Forschumgen im Nil-Kongo Zwischengebiet,
iii. — Ethuographisch-anthropologisch Atlas. Leipzig, 1911.
Darwin, Charles. — Journal of researches. London, 1890.
Delessert, Eugene. — Voyage dans les deux oceans. Paris, 1840.
D'Entrecasteaux. — Voyage a la recherche de la Perouse. 2 vols.
Paris, 1808.
Detroit Museum of Art. — Annual report, 191 1. — Bulletin, vi, 1-4.
Dewey, Melvil. — Decimal classification. Lake Placid, N.Y. 1911.
Dix, William.— Wreck of the Glide. New York, 1848.
Dussaud, Rene. — Les sacrifices humains chez les Cananeeus.
Paris, 1910.
Dutton, Clarence Edward. — Earthquakes. New York, 1904.
Earthquake registers, 1S95-1901. — See R. Ufficio Centrale di Mete-
orologia e Geodinamica al Collegio Romano, Roma.
Edwards, Charles Lincoln. — Sex chromosomes in Ascaris felis.
Leipzig, 1911. Given by the author.
Earl (The) and the Doctor.— -South Sea Bubbles. London, 1872.
Eardley-Wilmot, S. — Voyages of Lord Brassey. 2 vols. London,
1895-
Engraving: King Rheo Riho and suite at Drury Lane theatre,
London, 1824.
Enoch, C. Reginald. — Secret of the Pacific. Loudon, 1912.
Erskine, John Elphinstone. — Journal of a cruise among the islands
of the western Pacific. London, iSs^.
[Mi]
30 Director's Annual Report.
Finsch, Otto. — Samoa-fahrten. Leipzig, 1888. (Text and atlas.)
Fisou, Lorimer. — Tales from old Fiji. London, 1907.
Fouque, F. — Santorin et ses eruptions. Paris, 1879.
Forbes, Litton. — Two years in Fiji. London, 1875.
Frazer, J. G. — The golden bough, pts. i-v (7 vols.). London,
1911-1912. Given by Henry Holmes Esq.
Friederiei, Georg. — Wissenschaftliehe Ergebnisse einer For-
schungsreise nach dem Bismarck Arehipel im Jahre 1908.
Berlin, 1912.
Friedlander, Immauuel. — Beitrage zur Geologie der Samoainseln.
Muuchen, 19 10.
Geographen Kalender. Gotha, 191 2.
Geological Survey of India. — Memoirs, xxix. Calcutta, 1909.
Gill, William. — Gems from the coral islands. London, 1856.
Glaumont. — Ethnogeuie des insulaires de Kunie. Paris, 1887.
Usages, moeurs et coutumes des Neo-Caledoniens. Paris,
1888.
Grandidier, A. — Rites funeraires chez les Malgaches. Paris, 1886.
Goodwyu Institute. — Year-book, 1911-1912. Memphis, 1912.
Given by Rev. Joseph Dutton.
Graham, Robert. — Carved stones of Islay. Glasgow, 1895.
Grezel.— Dictionnaire futunien-francais. Paris, 1878.
Grimshaw, Beatrice. — New New Guinea. London, 1911.
Haddon, Arthur C. — History of anthropology. London, 1910.
Hale, Charles. — Description of Washington Islands. Boston, 1845.
Vocabulary of Nukahiwa language. Boston, 1848.
Hallock, Leavitt H. — Hawaii under King Kalakaua. Portland,
191 1 .
Hamy, E. T. — Note sur les figures et inscriptions gravees dans la
roche a. El Hadj Mimoun. Paris, 1882.
Hawaii, Legislature. — Senate Journal, 1901. — Reports to Legis-
lature, 1846-1912 (100 pamphlets). Given by Hon. A. F. Judd.
House Journal, 1903, in English and Hawaiian. — Senate
Journal, 1903-1907. — Civil Code, 1859, 1889, 1897, in Hawaiian.
— Penal Code, 1852, 1897, in Hawaiian. — Session Laws, 1840-
1904 (15 vols, in English and Hawaiian). — Reports to Legis-
lature, 1852-1904 (132 pamphlets in English and Hawaiian).
Given by Territorial Government.
[142]
List of Accessions. 31
Hawaii. — Miscellaneous pamphlets re Honolulu and Hawaii, in
English and Hawaiian; 56 given by Hon. A. F. Judd, 42 by
Territorial Government.
Public health laws. Honolulu, 191 2. Gift of the Board of
Health.
Report of the Governor of Hawaii for 191 1. — Reply of Hon.
W. F. Frear to the complaint of Hon. Jonah Kuhio Kalaniana-
ole, Jan. 1912.
Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association. — Proceedings, 191 1.
Given by Hon. S. M. Damon.
Hawaiian Entomological Society. — Proceedings, ii, 4. Given by
Hon. S. B. Dole.
Hawaiian Planters' Record, vi, 2, 5. Given by Hon. S. M. Damon.
Heilprin, Angelo. — Tower of Pelee. Philadelphia, 1904.
Herz, Max. — New Zealand. London.
Honolulu Chamber of Commerce. — Annual, 1911.
Honolulu, View of. — (Old engraving, date uncertain.) Hildburg-
hausen. Given by Hon. A. F. Judd.
Hull, Edward. — Volcanoes past and present. New Vork, 1904.
Ibis. — 9th series, v.
Icones Bogoriensis, iv, 2.
Illinois State Museum. — Report on geology of Sagamon County,
by A. R. Crook, Curator. Springfield, 1912.
Imperial Earthquake Investigation Committee. — Bulletin, iv, 3;
vi, 1.
International catalogue of scientific literature. — Anthropology,
gth issue. London, 191 2.
International Congress of prehistoric archaeology, 3rd session in
Loudon, 1868. London, 1869.
Journal of Geology, xvi, 6. Chicago, 1908.
Journal of Race Development, October, 191 2.
Judd, John W. — Volcanoes. London, 1907.
Junk, Wilhelm. — Internationales Adressbuch der Antiquar-Buch-
handler. Berlin, 1907.
Kamehameha Schools. — Plan of grounds. San Francisco, 1912.
Given by Bishop Estate.
Kennen, George. — Tragedy of Pelee. New Vork, 1902.
Lacroix, A. — La Montague Pelee et ses eruptions. Paris, 1904.
La Montague Pelee apres ses eruptions. Paris, 1908.
[i43]
32 Director's Annual Report.
Laguna Marine Laboratory.— First annual report. (Excerpt from
first annual of Pomona College, Springfield, California.)
Lake Mohonk Conference. — Proceedings, 1907, 1909-1910. Given
by Hon. A. F. Judd.
Lawrence, Mary S. — Old time Hawaiians. Boston, 191 2. Given
by the author.
Lawry, Walter. — Friendly and Fiji Islands. London, 1850.
Linuean Society of London. — Journal. Botany, xiii. — Transac-
tions. Zoology, xiii-xiv.
Linnaeus, C. — Species plautarum, i-ii. Facsimile of first edition,
1753, and index by W. Junk. 3 vols. Berlin, 1907.
Lutke, Frederic. — Voyage autour du monde. 3 vols, and folio
atlas. Paris, 1835-1836.
Mackay, Kenneth. — Across Papua. London, 1909.
Man: vi; vii; viii; xi, 10-11; xii.
Martini and Chemnitz. — Conchylien Cabinet, Lieferungen, 553-560.
Mark Anniversary Volume. New York, 1903. Givenby Prof. Mark.
Marquardt, Carl. — Die Tatowierung beider Geschlechter in Samoa .
Berlin, 1899.
Massachusetts Horticultural Society. — Transactions, 191 1, 1-2;
191 2, 1. Given by Dr. Wm. T. Brigham.
Meyer, M. Wilhelm. — Erdbebeu und Volcane. Stuttgart, 1908.
Microscopical Science, Quarterly Journal, lvii, 3-4; lviii, 1.
Minerva Jahrbuch, 1911-1912. Strassburg, 1912.
Missionary Herald, xxix. 1883.
Missionary Register, 1819-1820, 1828-1829.
Moorehead, Warren K. — Stone age in North America.
Moreux, Th. — Tremblements de terre. Paris, 1909.
Municipal Record, Honolulu. Current numbers.
Museu Nacional. — Archivos, xiv-xv. Rio de Janeiro, 1907-1909.
Muller, Friedrich. — Reise der Novara. Linguistischer Theil.
Wien, 1867.
National Antarctic Expedition, 1901-1904. Natural History, vi.
London, 191 2.
Nature. Current numbers.
Nautilus. Current numbers.
New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station. — Bulletin, 242.
New York Zoological Society. — Zoologica, i, 8-10.
New Zealand Alpine Journal, i, 1-6; ii, 7-1 1. Christchurch,
1 892-1 896. Given by A. R. Bloxam Esq.
[144]
List of Accessions. 33
New Zealand Institute. — Transactions and proceedings, xxxii,
xxxiv-xxxv. Wellington, 1899, 1901-1902.
Nicholas, John Liddiard. — Voyage to New Zealand. 2 vols.
London, 181 7.
Nova Guinea. — Resultats de l'expedition neerlandaise, viii, 3.
Novitates Zoologicae, xvii, 3-4; xix, 1.
Niihau, Map of. Hawaii Territory Survey.
Oakland Free Library and Museum. — Thirty-fourth Annual re-
port, 1911-1912. Given by the Library.
Open Court, xxvi, 10.
Ornithologie, Journal fiir. Current numbers.
Palmer, George. — Kidnapping in the South Seas. Edinburg, 1871.
Paradise of the Pacific, iii, 3; vi, 8; vii, 1-2; xiii, 12; xiv, 2-12;
xv, 1-6, 8-12; xvi, 1-3, 5-6, 8-12; xvi, 1-11; xviii, 1-9, 1 1-12; xix;
xx, 1, 5-7, 9-1 1. Given by Rev. W. D. Westervelt.
Park Museum. — Bulletin, iii, 4-5.
Parkinson, R. — Dreissig Jahre in der Sudsee. Stuttgart, 1907.
Petermauns Mitteilungeu. Current numbers.
Philippine Botany, leaflets, 63-76; vol. iv, index and title.
Philippine Islands. — Report of the Secretary of the Interior for
1911. Manila, 1912. Given by the Department.
Photographs of native life in Collingwood Bay, Papua. (100.)
By Percy T. Money.
Phillips, Marion. — A colonial autocracy. London, 1909.
Powell, Wilfrid. — Wanderings in a wild country. London, 1883.
Pratt, A. K. — Two years among New Guinea cannibals. London,
1906.
Preston, Erasmus Darwin. — Language of Hawaii. Washington,
1900.
Paintings (2) of the lava flow of 1881 by C. Furneaux. Given by
bequest of the late Mrs. C. B. Allen.
Read's voyage around the world in the East India Squadron by
an officer of the U. S. Navy. 2 vols. Boston, 1840.
R. Ufficio Centrale di meteorologia e geodinamica al Collegio
Romano. — Notizie sui terremoti osservati in Italia. Roma,
1 895-1901.
Rechmger, Karl. — Botanische und Zoologische Ergebnisse einer
Forschungsreise nach den Samoa-Iuseln, iv. Wien, 191 1.
Records of the Past. Current numbers.
Occasional Papers B. P. B. M., Vol. V, No. 4—3.
[145]
34 Director's Annual Report.
Reddall, Henry Frederic. — From the Golden Gate to the Golden
Horn. New York, 1885.
Royer, Clemence. — Les Rites funeraires. Paris, 1876.
Salway, C. M. — Japanese monographs, xi-xii.
Sailor's Magazine, xxi-xxii. New York, 1 849-1 850.
San Diego Society of Natural History. — Transactions, i, 3.
Sapper, Karl. — In den Yulcangebieten Mittelamerikas. Stutt-
gart, 1905.
Die catalonischen Yulcaneu. Berlin, 1904.
Three papers on vulcanology ex Centralblatt fur Mineralogie,
Geologie und Palaeontologie. Stuttgart, 1903.
Savage, John. — Some account of New Zealand. London, 1907.
Schmeltz, J. D. E. und Krause, R. — Die ethnographisch-anthro-
pologisch Abteilung des Museum Godeffroy. Hamburg, 1881.
Schumann, Karl und Lauterbaeh, Karl. — Flora der deutschen
Schutzgebiete in der Sudsee. Leipzig, 1901.
Schneider, Karl. — Zur Geschichte und Theorie des Yulcanismus.
Prag. 1908.
Die Vulcanischen Erscheinungen der Erde. Berlin, 1911.
Science, xiv-xv; xxi-xxii; xxiii (incomplete) ; xxiv-xxvi; xxvii
(incomplete); xxviii-xxxvi (incomplete). Given by Dr. Wm.
T. Brigham.
Science, xxiii, no. 589.
Sieberg, August. — HandbuchderErdbebenkunde. Braunschweig,
1904.
Skeat, W. — Fables and folktales from an eastern forest. Cam-
bridge, 1 90 1.
Smith, Geoffrey. — A naturalist in Tasmania. Oxford, 1909.
Smith, J. J. — Die Orchideen von Java, v. Leiden, 191 2.
Sollas, W.J. — Ancient hunters. London, 191 1.
vSpencer, Baldwin and Gilleu, F '. J. — Across Australia. London,
1912.
Starr, Frederick. — Japanese proverbs and pictures. Chicago,.
19 10. Given by Rev. Joseph Dutton.
Tahiti. Te mau a'o raa rii Tahiti, 1856. Given by the
Bicknell Estate.
Tahitian Bible. Loudon, 187S. Given by the Bicknell Estate.
Dictionary. Tahiti, 1851. Given by the Bicknell Estate.
Testament. London, 1853. Given by the Bicknell Estate.
[146]
List of Accessions. 35
Technology Station, Kilauea. Reports, June-December. Given
by the Station.
Tasmanian Journal of Natural Science. Hobart, 1 842-1 849.
Tennessee State Geological Survey. — Bulletin, xiv. Given b\* the
Survey.
Thoroddsen, Th. — Island. Gotha, 1905. 2 vols.
Geological map of Iceland. Copenhagen, 1901.
Thrum's Hawaiian Annual. Honolulu, 191 2.
Topinard, Paul. — Science and faith. Chicago, 1899.
Tryon and Pilsbry.— Manual of conchology, 84, 85.
Turner, George. — Nineteen years in Polynesia. London, 1861.
Type, Specimens of. Riverside Press. Cambridge, 1887. Given
by Dr. Wm. T. Brigham.
United States Department of Agriculture, Washington. — Year-
book, 191 1. — Farmers' Bulletin, 484, 493, 496, 497, 506, 510.
— Biological Survey: Bulletin, 40, 41, 44. Circular, 85, 87-89.
Report of the chief, 191 1. Year-book separates, 557, 564, 511.
Given by the Department.
United States Department of Commerce and Labor. — Bureau of
Fisheries: Documents, 754-756, 760-764. Report of the Com-
missioner of Fisheries for 1910, and special papers. Report of
the Commisioner of Fisheries for 191 1. — Bureau of Statistics:
Statistical abstract of the United States, 191 1. The foreign
commerce and navigation, 191 1. Given by the Department.
United States Weather Bureau: Hawaiian Section. — Reports,
1905 (incomplete), 1906-1907, 1908 (incomplete), 1909-1910,
191 1 (incomplete), 1912 (current numbers). Given by the De-
partment.
Yan Geunep, Arnold. — Tabou et totemisme a Madagascar. Paris,
1904.
Vulcanology, 34 miscellaneous papers on.
Wallace, A. R. — My life. 2 vols. London, 1905.
Travels on the Amazon. London, 191 1.
Wallaston, A. F. R. — -Pygmies and Papuans. London, 191 2.
Walpers, Gulielmo, Gerado. — Annales botanices systematicae,
i-vii. Lipsiae, 1848-1869.
Webber, James. — Yiews in the South Seas. London, 1808.
Webster, Noah. — American dictionary. Springfield, 1856. Given
bv Kamehameha Preparatory School.
'[147]
36 Director 's A?i?iual Report.
Who 's Wlio, International. 1912.
Williamson, Robert W. — Mafalu mountain people of British New
Guinea. London, 1912.
Wood-Jones, F. — Coral and atolls. London, 1910.
Zeitsehrift der Gesellschaft fiir Krdkunde zu Berlin, 1906, no. 10.
Zoological Society of London. — Proceedings, 191 1. 2 vols.
Zuckerkandl, E. — Reise der Novara, 1857-1859. — Authropolo-
gischer Theil. Wien, 1875.
Bound books received by exchange 9
Paper-covered books and pamphlets 903
Total by exchange 912
Bound books received by purchase and gift 193
Paper-covered and pamphlets by purchase and gift. . 1123
Total by purchase and gift 1 316
Bound books received in 1 9 1 2 202
Paper-covered and pamphlets 2026
Total 2228
Illustrations, photos, paintings, maps 262
Of above pamphlets 578 represent 129 complete but unbound
volumes.
Total number of volumes received in 1912 331
Pamphlets and parts of volumes x 448
Total 1779
The Fornander collection of Hawaiian manuscripts purchased
by Mr. Bishop and presented to the Museum finally reached the
Museum during the present year.
[ 148]
PUBLICATIONS
OF THE
Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum
Honolulu, Hawaii, U. S. A.
MEMOIRS. (Quarto.)
Vol. I. Nos. 1-5. 1899 -1903.
Vol. II. Nos. 1-4. 1906 -1909..
Vol. III. Ka Hana Kapa: The Making of Bark-Cloth
in Hawaii. By William T. Brigham. 1911. Complete
volume.
OCCASIONAL PAPERS. (Octavo.)
Vol. I. Nos. 1-5. 1898 -1902. (No. 1 out of print.)
Vol. II. Nos. 1-5. 1903 -1907.
Vol. III. Nos. 1-2. 1907 (Volume incomplete.)
Vol. IV. Nos. 1-5. 1906-1911.
Vol. V.—
No. 1. New Hawaiian Plants, III. By Charles N.
Forbes. — Preliminary Observations Concerning the
Plant Invasion on Some Lava Flows of Mauna Loa,
Hawaii. By Charles N. Forbes. 1912.
No. 2. Director's Report fori9ii. — The New Labora-
tory. — Another Curved Adze: By Wm. T. Brigham. 1912.
No. 3. Notes on the Flora of Kahoolawe and Molo-
kini. By Charles N. Forbes. — An Enumeration of Niihau
Plants. By Charles N. Forbes. 1913.
No. 4. Director's Report for 1912. 1913.
A Handbook for the Bishop Museum. (Oblong octavo.)
1903.
Index to Abraham Fornander's "Polynesian Race."
(Octavo.) By John F. G. Stokes. 1909.
A detailed list, with prices, will be mailed to any
address on application to the Director.
OCCASIONAL PAPERS
OF THE
BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM OF
POLYNESIAN ETHNOLOQY AND
NATURAL HISTORY
Vol. V.— No. 5.
REPORT OF A JOURNEY AROUND
THE WORLD TO STUDY MATTERS
RELATING TO MUSEUMS : 1912
BY WM. T. BRIGHAM, Sc.D.
WITH INDEX TO VOLUME V.
honolulu, h. i.
Bishop Museum Press.
19*3-
BOARD OF TRUSTEES
Albert F. Judd President
E. Faxon Bishop Vice-President
J. M. Dowsett Treasurer
Alfred W. Carter Secretary
Henry Holmes, Samuel M. Damon, William O. Smith
MUSEUM STAFF
William T. Brigham, Sc.D. (Columbia) - - Director
William H. Dall, Ph.D. - Honorary Curator of Mollusca
John F. G. Stokes - - Curator of Polynesian Ethnology
C. Montague Cooke, Ph.D. (Yale) - Curator of Pulmonata
Otto H . S wezey - - Honorary Curator of Entomology
Charles N. Forbes - Curator of Botany
John W. Thompson .... Artist and Modeler
Miss E. B. Higgins Librarian
John J. Greene Printer
August Perry Assistant Printer
EXHIBITION STAFF
Mrs. Helen M. Helvie ---. Superintendent
John Lung Chung, ~\
Thomas Keolanui, > Janitors
John Penchula, )
OCCASIONAL PAPERS
OF THE
BERNICE PAUAHI BISHOP MUSEUM OF
POLYNESIAN ETHNOLOGY AND
NATURAL HISTORY
Vol. V.— No. 5.
Report of a Journey Around the World to Study
Matters Relating to Museums.
By WM. T. BRIGHAM, Sc.D.,
Director of this Museum.
Life Member of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. Honorary Member
of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. Cor-
responding Member of the Berliner Gesellschaft fiir Anthropologic
Ethnologie und Urgeschichte: Deutsche Gesellschaft fiir Anthro-
pologic Kthnologie und Urgeschichte, Hamburg: Seneken-
bergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Frankfurt am
Main : Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences:
SoeieUi Italiana di Antropologia, Etnologia e Psico-
logia comparata, Florence : Imperial Academy
of Sciences, St. Petersburg. Fellow of the
American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science : The American
Academy of Arts and Sciences:
Phi Beta Kappa : The Na-
tional Geographic So-
ciety, Washington.
honolulu, h. i.
Bishop Museum Press.
1913-
The journey began April
10, 1912, and ended De-
cember 3 of the same
year. & Of this a report
was made to the Trus-
tees, and by them ordered
printed August 5, 1913.
REPORT.
WHEN it was decided that the Director of the Bishop
Museum should for a second time make a visit of inspec-
tion, or rather of inquiry, to the principal ethnological
collections both in America and Europe it was so late in the season
that it was necessary to pass rapidly through the United States
and finish the very important work in Europe before the heat of
summer made the more southern museums unbearable. It was
also recognized that some museums connected with educational
institutions would probably be closed during the summer vacation.
There was little time for preparation before sailing from Honolulu
on April ioth, 191 2, and although it was decided to continue the
journey to Australia and New Zealand, where very important
museums dealing largely with the Pacific region (which limits the
scope of the Bishop Museum) had made important changes since
the last official visit in 1896, the plans were not elaborated fully
until reaching Boston ten days after sailing from Honolulu.
The general itinerary had been sketched and the time that
could be allotted to each station determined in the beginning by
the knowledge gained in former journeys, but even after elimi-
nating certain collections of minor importance that could not pos-
sibly be brought within the date fixed in the Director's mind for
the return to Honolulu, it appeared that the work remaining could
not be properly done single-handed, and with the urgent advice
of family and friends the Director decided to take with him, on his
own responsibility, a secretary to take notes and relieve him of the
man}- business arrangements of such an extensive and hurried trip.
The alternative suggested itself of visiting only the new museums,
and those not fully examined on his first visit in 1S96, but the remem-
brance of the grand work being done in almost all of the museums
seen then, and the promise this gave of still farther improvement,
led the Director to abandon this plan, whch might do for a less
important mission. [J5 1 ] 3
4 Report of a Journey Around the World.
The fortunate selection of Mr. Clarence M. Wilson of Boston
for this post proved the wisdom of the advice followed, and the
fulness of this report as well as the work done in the apparently
neglected American museums later, together with many sugges-
tions of practical value, must be credited to this very efficient
secretary and fellow-traveler.
In San Francisco the museum of the California Academy of
Science had disappeared in the terrible fire, and many good
specimens of Marquesan and other Polynesian origin were un-
fortunately lost. In the Oakland public museum are some good
specimens I have examined when in possession of their collector.
At Chicago the schedule of the trains allowed a few hours
which were devoted to a visit to the Field Museum (Fig. i ), where
I found my friend Dr. C. F. Millspaugh had just returned from a
long journey, and by his courtesy I was enabled to see many
improvements, especially in the Botanical Department where Dr.
Millspaugh has had most beautiful glass enlargements of flowers
and their fertilization, fruits and fungi prepared by a most efficient
corps of assistants. Notes were also made on the good mounting
of corals. Dr. F. J. V. Skiff, the well-known Director, I also met
for a few moments as he was starting for Europe that day by an-
other route, and we met again in Moskau.'
In Washington I visited the new National Museum ( Fig. 2) and
was entertained by Dr. W. H. Dall and Mr. H. W. Henshaw, head
of the Biological Department of the Agricultural Bureau. Many
skulls, a portion of the game collected in Africa by ex-President
Roosevelt, were seen, but the arrangement of the new building
was not complete enough, nor the time at my disposal sufficient to
make a thorough inspection ; when in order the collections will be
worth a special visit. The Carnegie Administration Building
( Fig. 3) was also visited, and although I was not fortunate enough
to find Dr. Woodward, the obliging Secretary showed me over the
building and explained its uses. A part of the day in this beauti-
ful city was used in obtaining the necessary passport for travel in
Russia, and also a letter of introduction from the Department of
State, to provide for possible needs.
The Peabodj' Ethnological Museum in Cambridge was familiar
from many former visits and from its most valuable publications;
1 Illustrations of the contents of this museum are given in the sequel.
['52]
Report of a Journey Around the World. 7
an abstract of the Pacific region ethnological collections is given
later. Salem, always a bewitching city in more ways than one,
had also to be passed by, but was not forgotten, as the list given
later of the Polynesian treasures of this greatest of New England's
Pacific region collections will fully prove. Andover had one or
two Hawaiian relics that have been the subject of much unavail-
ing correspondence. Generally there is little of Pacific interest
in the Eastern states since the removal of the very interesting
CARNEGIE INSTITUTION ADMINISTRATION BUILDING.
collection of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign
Missions to the Bishop Museum. The Boston Society of Natural
History once had a fine series of Hawaiian lavas and of both
Hawaiian and East Indian corals collected and given by the author
of this report ; whether in the crowded condition of the collections
they are still on exhibition or even in existence I do not know.
We left Boston April 30th on the Eaeonia, a fine new boat of
the Cunard line, and after an eight day passage far to the south
to avoid icebergs, unusually abundant this season, landed at Fish-
gard and after a charming ride through Wales arrived in London
where we made the final arrangements for the campaign which
were strictlv adhered to throughout the journev. Hotel rooms
[155]
8 Report of a Journey .-{round the World.
were engaged, railway and steamer tickets secured as far as Aus-
tralia, with the exception of those in Russia and Java, and in no
case were we disappointed or delayed. I may add that every-
where we were received with cordial welcome and granted every
facility for our work ; and if we did not accomplish all that we
desired, it was due to the shortness of time allowed and the absence
of a few Curators on their summer vacations.
TKTLITHON AT STOXEHEXGE.
Our itinerary was generally as follows : Before finally leaving
London we enjoyed a side journey to Salisbury whence we visited
Stonehenge and were enabled to compare this megalith ic struc-
ture (Fig. 4) with the Tongau trilithon of our Pacific region.
We enjoyed, as every archaeologist must, this wonder of Salisbury
plain which is at present well cared for although private property.
Sunday, May 12th, I left London early for Grey well, the resi-
dence of my old friend J. Edge- Partington whose well-known
"Album" has been of so much use to all museum curators and
archaeologists generally. Mr. Partington has spent some time at
[156]
Report of a Journey Around the World. 9
the Bishop Museum, and this morning met me at the station and
a short drive through the charming hedge-bordered roads brought
us to his quaint home the Kiln House, where I examined his
private collections and had the pleasure of meeting his family,
5. primitive adze from new guinea.
including his son who is Lieutenant-Governor of the Solomon Isl-
ands British Colony under Governor Woodford, and now at home
on leave. I was thus able to see the collections he brought home
and also settle some questions that had puzzled me about the
methods of the islanders. After a most agreeable day I returned
late to London with a memento of my visit in the form of a primi-
tive adze that I had long desired for this Museum (Fig. 5). Men
[i57]
6. THE BRITISH MUSEUM.
7. GLASS AND CERAMIC GALLERY, BRITISH MUSEUM.
8. SIR CHARLES HERCULES READ.
9. MR. T. A. JOYCE.
IO. CARVED WOODEN BOWL, BRITISH MUSEUM.
14
Report of a Journey Around the World.
who, like Mr. Partington, make private collections with knowl-
edge are doing work for ethnology that cannot always be done by
the large museums, and when such collections come at last to the
suitable museum they are regarded rightly as among the most
useful acquisitions.
II. CARVED WOODEN BOWI,, BRITUSH MUSEUM.
A visit to Kew Garden and its museums showed considerable
increase and improved arrangement, especially in the economic
museum, but the day was saddened by the remembrance that my
host on my first visit in 1866, then the indefatigable and hospitable
Director Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, who had also welcomed me on
my last visit as he was still working over the Flora Indica, although
no longer Director, had since passed away in the fulness of years
and of well-earned honors. In that earlier visit I stood between
Dr. Hooker and Rajah Brooke, the only spectators as the Court
passed by on the preliminary view of the beautiful Horticultural
Exhibition at Kensington. The Queen Mother Alexandra, then a
young matron and Princess of Wales is, I believe, the only survivor
of the principal personages in that royal cortege headed by Victoria,
Queen and Empress. ["162]
Report of a Journey Around the World.
15
On a mission such as mine one turns at his earliest opportunity
to the British Museum, that greatest repository of the museum
world. Our visits were not once but whenever we could find a few
hours, but I speak of the results from the combined experience.
The removal of the biological contents
of the museum to Kensington certainly
has left more room for the material por-
tion, and it is perhaps fortunate that
the works of civilized man in literature,
art and science have not been separated
from the products of what we are accus-
tomed to call his uncivilized life ; the
statue of the Polynesian god is still un-
der the same roof with the Attic images
of the gods of Olympus ; the pottery of
Minoan make is cheek by jowl with the
Greek vases of the proudest Athenian
age ; the quaint and unlovely figures
from Rapanui are in cases but a few feet
removed from the Elgin marbles!
^fekfc J'"K"»wHk j± Even in the new wing the architects
WKUL-- fflWf " ' '»iJWm^> have evideutb had control and the som-
bre, temple-like structure of the old
museum building has been faithfully
12. carved wooden cup, adhered to with little regard for the
British museum. exigencies of exhibition. And while
on this matter of museum buildings
we may cross the city some miles to Kensington and find in the
Biological Museum the same architectural trouble. While the
outside dress pleases the eye the ecclesiastical interior seems
wholly unsuited to the wants of a museum. Director Skiff of the
Field Museum of Chicago seems to have the right way when he
makes the plans for the interior of his museum and allows the
architect to attend to the tailoring . In Europe old palaces have
so long been turned over for museum purposes that it is hard
to shake off that pernicious custom, but museum buildings are
springing up, where the yoke is shaken off, and better than palaces
are being built for the housing of all-important collections.
[163]
i6
Report of a Journey Around the World.
The interior of the Bloomsbury museum, however, has been used
as well perhaps as is possible under the circumstances, as may be seen
in Fig. 7. The use of light metal cases and glass shelving is very
important where light comes only from above. Table cases with
open base are also in evidence and add variety to the furnishing.
W
XECKER ISLAND STONE IMAGES, BRITISH MUSEUM.
It is hardly necessary to say that Sir Charles H. Read received
us with his customary kindness, and in company with Mr. T. A.
Joyce, who has charge of this particular department, we were soon
in the midst of the ethnological treasures. Since my last visit the
Museum has purchased the fine collection of the London Mission-
ary Society which is especially rich in specimens from the south-
east Pacific, and contains also not a few Hawaiian treasures,
[164]
14- HAWAIIAN GOD FROM KAILUA,
BRITISH MUSEUM.
15. HAWAIIAN GOD, BRITISH MUSEUM.
Report of a Journey Around the World.
especially carved bowls, some of which are figured in the first
report but without indication of their size. This omission has now
been supplied and I have photographs of
all these with the size indicated. The
Director was most generous in furnishing
all the photographs we needed for illustra-
tion of various memoirs, and these were
so promptly furnished that on my return
to Honolulu they were awaiting me. The
collection of Rapanui figures has been en-
riched by as finely carved a specimen as I
have ever seen. The collections have also
been labeled and are much more accessible
than on my last visit. The kapa specimens
are well mounted and arranged for study,
a matter most museums have in the past
neglected. The large collection of Hawaii-
an feather cloaks and capes has been with-
drawn from public exposure except a very
few specimens. This is found the wisest
way even in countries where the light is
not so actinic as in these Hawaiian Islands.
The list of accessions will be found in the
sequel, as it seems best to group those
from all the museums together.
Among the Hawaiian specimens are
several carved wooden bowls with human
figures as supporters, a favorite motive,
of which we have already figured examples
in our publications. 1 The first, Fig. 10, is
but 7.7 inches high but remarkably well
carved, although the figures have very
brutal faces. The second was obtained
in 1854, Fig. 1 1, and it resembles more the
common New Zealand treatment, with
upright human figures both facing the
same way ; of these the eyes are of shell
specimens of the sculptor's dentistry
1 Memoirs, vol. ii, p. 358, fig. 162, for the Hawaiian ; fig. 163 shows a rudely
carved Maori bowl, and fig. n>| represents a specimen of Hawaiian origin in
the Leiden Museum. [ l66 l
. HAWAIIAN STICK GOD,
BRITISH MUSEUM.
and the teeth good
like the first this is of small
Report of a Journey Around the World.
19
size. A third specimen in the same line is shown in Fig. 12, in
which the somewhat larger bowl seems to have been used for a
liquid, having an exit through the mouth of one of the figures.
There are two of the Necker
Island stone figures , thelarger
18 inches high, the other the
smallest known (Fig. 13).
Those in the Bishop Museum
have been described and fig-
ured (Memoirs, I, pi. lxii).
Of the wooden gods besides
the large one figured in Oc-
casional Papers, I, pi. xiv,
there are two others note-
worthy : one (Fig. 14) was
obtained by Messrs. Tyer-
maim and Bennett from a
heiau at Kailua, Hawaii, and
is 47.5 inches high ; the other
(Fig. 15) is much broken, is
54 inches high, and seems to
represent a female form, al-
though the features seem
hardly those of the gentler
sex ; it was obtained from a
heiau. To these may be add-
ed the little god 12.8 inches
high (Fig. 16) which has an
expression hardly god-like.
A New Zealand trumpet
25.7 inches long (Fig. 17)
has the flare beautifully carved ; these trumpets were usually
carved in two pieces and fitted neatly together longitudinally;
they are far from common in collections.
The Natural History Museum at Kensington has expanded
far more than the public exhibits show, but these last include more
of the well-mounted bird groups than before, and among animals
the okapi is conspicuous. Series illustrating evolution, and es-
[167]
NEW ZEALAND TRUMPET,
BRITISH MUSEUM.
20
Report of a Journey Around the World.
pecially the development of wings, feet, feathers, etc., are pre-
sided over by a fine statue of Darwin (Fig. 19), while the bust of
Sir William H. Flower, who was the moving spirit in the estab-
lishment of this new home for the biological collections, is con-
spicuous on the main floor (Fig. 21). The present arrangement
of the entrance hall differs from the illustration in having the
18. NATURAL HISTORV MUSEUM, SOUTH KENSINGTON.
skeleton of an elephant in the middle of the floor. Unfortunately
the objectionable architecture of the walls cannot so easily be
changed.
In the Imperial Institute (Fig. 22) the colonial products are
arranged partially, and we found a bronze statue of Sir Thomas
Stamford Raffles, the great East Indian organizer and ruler of
Java, but could obtain no photograph of this, which seems far
superior to any we found later in the lands where much of his re-
markable career was passed. If this inchoate collection could be
completely reorganized and quadrupled it would be more worthy
the imperial colonies, but at present it has too much the appear-
ance of being the debris of some previous great exhibition, while
the beautiful collection of Indian work from the former East Indian
Museum is far too crowded. The scattering of the Loudon collec-
ts]
19- STATUE OF CHARLES DARWIN.
22
Report of a Journey Around the World.
tions is often puzzling, for in the Kensington art collections one
might look for much of the carved and inlaid work of the empire.
But our time was too short and our examination too cursory to
criticise what will become a grand exposition as time and means
are provided for the more complete differentiation and organiza-
tion of the now separated collections. It must be admitted that
for a stranger the distribution of exhibits is very confusing, and a
20. ENTRANCE HALE OF KENSINGTON MUSEUM.
government commission to sort out the material that can best be
cared for and used for instruction in each of the great museums
would seem a step in advance. I remember seeing on a former
visit several fine Maori war canoe prows under a bench in the
Science and Art Museum which, it seemed to me, would be more
at home with the ethnographic collections of the British Museum.
And there were many other instances needless to recount.
A morning was spent most profitably at the Royal College of
Surgeons with Dr. William Pearson, the courteous Curator, who
showed and clearly explained the many admirable preparations,
mostly his own work. Especially interesting was the osteological
department (Fig. 25) where are preserved many crania and not
[-170]
2i. sir w. h. flower.
24
Report of a Journey Around the World.
a few skeletons of Polynesians. There were also good Maori
heads showing the moko. If the plans I have made on this jour-
ney do not go aglee this Bishop Museum will sometime have a
good series of skeletons of all the races inhabiting the Pacific
region. There is not at present any museum collection sufficient
for the study of Polynesian and Melauesian comparative osteology.
22. THE IMPERIAL INSTITUTE.
There are many great helps to the anthropologist in this great
London museum.
The kindness of Mr. Hobson of the United States Embassy
furnished us with passes to many places, among others to the
Tower which we visited on the iSth, and there found a Hawaiian
helmet, but that was unexpected, and to me more interesting were
the alterations in the basement to which our diplomatic pass ad-
mitted us, and these, if doing away with some matters of consider-
able antiquarian interest, certainly have unveiled others which
but for these invasions might have remained in oblivion for more
centuries.
From this wonderful although sad page in English history we
sought relief in a freer and broader field, and found this in the rooms
of the Royal Geographical Societv where we were received by the
[172]
Report of a Journey Around the World.
25
distinguished Secretary, Dr. J. Seott Keltie, LL.D. The very
atmosphere of the place was geographical in the midst of the
50,000 volumes, 128,000 maps and more than 40,000 photographs.
We received invitations both to the annual meeting and to the
dinner in the evening, but I was able to accept only the former,
and found it an interesting function including the presentation of
awards by the President the Rt. Hon. Lord Curzon of Kedleston,
VICTORIA AND ALBERT MUSEUM.
to a number of persons who had distinguished themselves as
geographers or travelers. In connection with the annual dinner
that I had been unable to attend, I found that I had been expected
to meet several distinguished members, but the most important,
Sir Everard Im Thurn invited me to dine with him a few days
later, when I found this distinguished traveler and former Gov-
ernor of Fiji was chairman of a commission to revise the nomen-
clature of the Pacific islands, and it was gratifying to find that the
Index to the Pacific Islands, published by the Bishop Museum,
was likely to be of use in this behalf. 1
The next evening Mr. Wilson and I dined with the Council
of the Royal Anthropological Institute before the regular meeting,
1 The Fijian club shown in Fig. 24, now in the Bishop Museum, is a pleas-
ant reminder both of Sir Everard and his labors in Fiji.
[173]
26
Report of a Journey Around the World.
and I had the pleasure of meeting A. P. Maudsley, Ksq., the Presi-
dent, whose explorations in Guatemala are well known, and whose
footsteps I had the privilege of following when making my photo-
graphs of the ruins of Quirigua. At the meeting later we listened
24. Fijian club given by sir everard tm thurn.
25. ROVAI, COLLEGE OE SURGEONS.
to an interesting paper 011 Maori Skulls, by Dr. R. J. Gladstone,
M.D., with exhibits, and then the discussion turned upon Polyne-
sian origins, and the President called upon me, but I could only
show what I considered valid objections to all the best known
theories without offering any better theory of my own. Among
[174]
Repot t of a Journey Around the World.
27
those present Mr. A. W. F. Fuller of Sydenham Hill and Mr.
Harry G. Beasley of Abbey Wood, Kent, both invited us to inspect
their private collections on the following Saturday and Sunday,
and in accepting these invitations, the one to luncheon, the other
26-27. HAWAIIAN IMAGE, FULLER COLLECTION.
to dinner, we spent several very pleasant and profitable hours.
I confess to greater pleasure in inspecting the collection of an ex-
perienced and competent gentleman where the history of each
thing is fairly in hand than in the mere inspection of a large public
museum where the arrangement is generally perfunctory and the
individualism of the article is buried in books of accessions or card
[175]
28 Rcbort of a Journey Around the World.
catalogues, things necessary and useful but not always vitalized.
Personally I have learned more from the many private collections
it has been my good fortune to visit than from much larger muse-
ums where the very abundance absorbs the individual specimen
in the general collection.
At Mr. Beasley's we noted especially the Maori feather boxes,
of which he has a large and choice collection ; he has also other
Maori specimens, and altogether a very interesting result of his
careful selection. From the Chichester museum he obtained a
Hawaiian feather cloak which will be described elsewhere. Mr.
Fuller has a more general collection, one of the most interesting
and valuable private collections we visited : among other treas-
ures he has a Hawaiian feather cape, of which he has kindly sent
a photograph with the history ; a large and rudely carved Hawaii-
an image 52 inches high (Figs. 26 and 27), differing greatly from
any other Hawaiian image known; 1 quilted kapa from Rapanui,
Admiralty Islands spears, Fijian and Tougan clubs of good quality,
and an extensive travel library.
It was natural that we turned our steps eagerly to Cambridge,
for there Baron A. von Hiigel has his unrivalled collection of
Fijian material which all students of the Pacific region are anxious
to have him publish; and here too were Dr. A. C. Haddon and
Dr. W. H. R. Rivers, names well known and honored for their
good work, especially in the western Pacific region. The day,
May 23, was as fine as that favorable season can produce in Eng-
land, and our walks on the banks of the Cam and through the
college quadrangles filled us to the brim with the academic atmo-
sphere. We called first on Dr. Rivers at his rooms in St. John's
College, as we knew 7 he was to leave town on the next day. I had
met him in Honolulu and he received us most cordially. He took
us to the old museum soon to be vacated for its new abode, and
here Baron von Hiigel was ready for us, and although much of
his collection was in trays awaiting removal we were shown many
gems and had much pleasant discourse on the origin and uses of
1 1 am sorry to say that its nature suggests to me the work of a carver of
ship figureheads in which has been used as a model an inhabitant of an island
much nearer London than is Hawaii; but this carver must have known the
Hawaiian mahiole and general figure treatment; the hand is much larger and
the mouth smaller than usual in Hawaiian images. I cannot say that it is
not Hawaiian work. [ 1 76]
28. PORTRAIT OF BARON A. VON HUGEL.
flhi h
~i
Flffii ij
J'
ill if i ill!
nil I
i Hit
i G'f If
' imc <££< «35
•MM -Fig! JB!5»
"li IIDB^ JEM
' 1UI 5rtH7 .lti>
-
31
!UI
n
29-30. TWO VIEWS OF THE NEW CAMBRIDGE MUSEUM.
Report of a Journey Around the World. 31
man)- of the doubtful specimens. None but an ethnologist can
fully enjoy the pleasure of finding a parallel to some rare speci-
men long supposed unique, or specimens scattered through this
and that museum, seemingly disjointed, brought closer together by
some newly found intermediate form that clearly gives the key to
that disjointed puzzle. Dr. Haddon had joined us in the little
room that I remembered well from my earlier visit in 1896, and
with these champions one fortification of ignorance after another
fell before the assault.
Here the Fijian matters are by no means the whole, although
the lists in the appendix will show their abundance. The Tongan
clubs we saw rivalled only by some of Captain Cook's specimens
at Sydney and Wellington, and the other portions of Polynesia
were well represented. After a pleasant luncheon in the Faculty
room in St. John's College Dr. Rivers took us through the library
where we enjoyed many rare and beautiful illuminated manu-
scripts and early Caxtons and other bibliographical treasures.
Later we dined in Hall at Christ's College the guests of Dr. Had-
don, and met many distinguished Professors. It was no small
pleasure to see the portrait of Charles Darwin, a graduate of this
college, which hung on the wall behind my seat and above my
head. The students at the long tables were a fine orderly body,
and the custom of Latin grace before the meal and a social meet-
ing of professors and guests in an adjoining room for coffee after
were pleasant features. Professor Alfred Newton, the genial orni-
thologist and teacher, had on a former visit offered me coffee in
his hospitable abode in Magdalene College, and after showing
his treasures in the Natural History Museum, opened for me the
remarkable library of Mr. Samuel Pepys, of which he was keeper,
where I longed to spend many days. In the interval Professor
Newton has passed away. He was chairman of the committee
publishers of the Fauna Hawaiiensis.
In the little churchyard near the museums the widow of Cap-
tain Cook lies buried. [ J 79]
31. PORTRAIT OF PROFESSOR BALFOUR.
Report of a Journey Around the World.
33
Oxford was another Mecca of our pilgrimage. In my former
visit in 1896 I had been the guest of Professor H. Balfour, and the
friendship then formed with that distinguished ethnologist was
pleasantly refreshed when he met us at the station on May 24th
with his carriage. He took us first to the museum (Fig. 32) where
we found many changes and additions, the latter especially in the
32. INTERIOR OF OXFORD MUSEUM.
collection of ethnic musical instruments. As is well known the
Pitt-Rivers collection forms an important part of this museum,
and the arrangement is comparative, hence difficult to enumerate.
The result is vastly instructive, but only to be adopted in an ex-
tensive museum like the present. Among the exhibits was a fine
series of pump-drills, also many choice Fijian lotus clubs.
The system adopted in the Oxford Museum is as follows : (Of
course the smaller subdivisions are in practice greatly extended.)
Occasional Papers B. p. B. M. Vol. V, No. 5.-5.
[181]
34 Report of a Journey Around the World.
Principal Groups of Specimens.
I. PREHISTORIC.
C Paleolithic period: British Islands, France, Egyptj
India, Africa, Tasmania (recent).
| Cave period.
n , , . , J Kitchen middens, ancient and modern.
uroupeu by period. , Xeolithie period: British Islands, France, Swiss and
Italian lakes, Italy, Greece, Scandinavia.
| Stone celts (axes and adzes) in geographical and
[ morphological groups.
I Hammer-stones, pounders, rubbing-stones, etc.
j Cores and flakes, worked-flakes.
] Scrapers.
I Knives. lance-heads, etc.
Grouped by form j Arrowheads.
and locality. j Manufacture of stone implements, methods used .
| Natural forms.
I Modern gun-flint making.
| Forgeries.
( Hafting of stone and shell implements.
Use of bone, ivory and horn in manufacture of implements.
Bronze age. —
Age of copper.
Age of bronze: Celts (development of forms), knives, razors,
chisels, daggers and swords, spear-heads, arrow-heads, mace-
heads, rings, etc. *
Iron age. —
Early axes dnd adzes, spear-heads and arrow-heads, swords and
daggers.
II. ARTS OF LIFE.
War and the chase: Clubs: boomerangs; spears and lances; instruments
for throwing spears; arrows, quivers; bows, cross-lores, bullet bows,
blow-guns; archer's arm-guards, bow-string pullers; many-pointed
spears; harpoons; slings, lolas; axes and adzes; halbards; glaives,
swords, daggers and knives; fighting-rings I cestus, etc. ); fire-arms.
Defensive arms: Parrying-sticks and shields, body armor, helmets.
Food: Fishing appliances, traps, agricultural implements, grinding mills,
cooking utensils, strainers, etc.
Fire making (domestic and ceremonial ): Illumination {lamps, caudles,
torches).
Pottery: Hand-made pottery, wheel-made pottery; substitutes for pottery.
Clothing: Covers and garments, head gear, footgear, umbrellas and sun-
shades, fans and fly-whisks, spinning, string-making, string and net-
work, weaving; basketry; bark-cloth.
[182]
Report of a Journey Around the World. 35
Locomotion: Wheel and other transport; skates and snowshoes; naviga-
tion {boats, ships, paddles, etc.); horse gear (harness, bits, shoes, spurs,
stirrups); whips andflagella; stares; cradles and baby carriers.
Domestic appliances, etc.: Tools (cutting-, drilling, sawing, rasping, etc. );
spoons, forks, knives; locks and keys; measures of weight, time, etc.;
currency; writing and primitive records; dwellings; head-rests; surgi-
cal appliances; medicine; metallurgy {bronze and iron).
III. ARTS OF PLEASURE.
Personal adornment: Toilet gear, mirrors, combs, cosmetics; tattling; artifi-
cial deformation (head, lips, ears, nose, feet); hair and hair dressing.
Personal ornaments: Ornaments of shell , bones and teeth of animals, vege-
table substance; armlets and leglets; belts and sashes; pouches, beads
and beadwork; feather work; torques; rings; penannular rings; fibu-
lae; ring brooches; pins; cloak fasteners.
Tobacco and hemp smoking, etc.: Narcotics and stimulants.
Musical instruments: Percussion (rattles, gongs, bells, drums, etc.); wind
(syrinx, whistles, reed instruments, trumpets); stringed (musical bow,
harps, cithers, dulcimers, guitars, fiddles, etc.); masks (dancing, cere-
monial, dramatic).
Art: Graphic and plastic art; development of ornament and patterns; ani-
mal form in art; human form in art; zoomorphic, phyllomorphic
designs; geometric patterns; loop, coil, and fret pa/terns; influence of
textiles on designs, etc.
IV. MAGIC AND RELIGION.
Magic, sorcery, etc.; divination; primitive religion; oriental religions;
ex votos; treatment of the dead; war trophies.
V. CEREMONIAL IMPLEMENTS.
A very interesting Hawaiian idol is in this museum ; the in-
scription states that it was given to the Ashmolean Museum by
the Rev. Andrew Bloxam, M.A., Worcester College, Oxford, in
1826, and from there it came to the Pitt-Rivers Museum. It is
33.6 inches high and was obtained from the Hale o Keawe at
Honauuau, Hawaii, at the time of the visit of the Blonde, on
which Bloxam was chaplain. Fig. 33.
As at the younger university the library was not passed by,
and the Bodleian delighted us with its treasures — antiques in a
suitably ancient setting. We were also taken to see the boat races,
[183]
36
Report of a Journey Around the World.
where ten eight-oared crews contended, and we were privileged to
see a "bump" directly opposite the college barge where we were
seated. The spectators were not
less an interesting study than the
athletic contestants. The view of
the town of Oxford from the upper
windows of the Balfour villa at
Headington Hill in the early
morning was most attractive.
In the direction of the Syden-
ham Crystal Palace from London at
Forest Hill there is a quaint muse-
um building bearing the following
inscription on a bronze tablet:
Founded in 1S90 by Frederick
John Horniman, Esq., M.P., F.R.
G.S., F.L.S.; rebuilt in 1900; and,
in 1 901 presented by him, with the
adjoining Horniman -gardens, to
the London County Council, as a
free gift to the people, for ever. 1
To the original museum a lec-
ture hall and library has been added
by Mr. E. J. Horniman, son of the
founder, which was opened to the
public January 27, 1912. Fig. 34.
In several respects this muse-
um differs from all others seen, and
having had the great advantage of
the knowledge and faculty of ar-
rangement of Dr. A. C. Haddon,
it may well occupy some space for
its description. In the first place
it is open free even- day in the year
except Christmas. Sundays, all the
year round, 3 p.m. to 9 p.m. Week
days, April to September inclusive, 11 a.m. to 8 p.m.; October to
March inclusive, 11 a.m. to 6 p.m. The main building consists
'To that Council I am indebted for the photographs used in illustration,
and a full set of the exceedingly well-arranged handbooks.
[184]
HI.OXA.M IDOI.,
MUSEUM.
OXFORD
Report o af Journey Around the World. 37
of two galleried halls at different levels, with a broad corridor
extending along the eastern side. Each hall is 100 feet long by
47 feet wide, while the balconies are only 6 feet wide, except at
the northern end in each hall, where the width is much greater.
The whole building is 258 feet long by 61 feet wide, and there is
a clock tower about 100 feet high. As seen in Fig. 37, the lecture
room and library is on the left side of the museum building, of
which it forms part. The contents of this building, or rather their
admirable arrangement, constitute the individuality of the institu-
tion : they are grouped on the evolutionary or development system,
both for animals (in the North Hall, Fig. 35) and for the works
of man ( in the South Hall, Fig. 36) . To aid the visitor are, beside
the arrangement, a series of handbooks costing from one to three
pence as follows :
1 . Guide for the use of Visitors to the Horniman Museum
and Library. 2% pence.
2. Handbook to the Collection arranged as an introduction
to the Study of Animal Life.
3. Handbook to the Vivaria and Fresh Water Aquaria.
4. Handbook to the Marine Aquaria. (With 2 plates.)
5. Handbook to the case arranged as an Introduction to the
Study of Birds' Eggs. (6 plates.)
6. Handbook to the Library. 3 pence.
7. From Stone to Steel: a Handbook to the cases illustrating
the Ages of Stone, Bronze and Iron. (2 plates.) 3 pence.
8. Handbook to the Weapons of War and the Chase.
(2 plates.) 2 pence.
9. Handbook to the Cases illustrating Stages in the Evolu-
tion of the Domestic Arts (Part I). Agriculture, the Prepara-
tion of Food, and Fire-making.
10. Ditto. Part II. Basketry, Pottery, Spinning and Weav-
ing. (2 plates.)
11. Handbook to the Cases illustrating Animal Locomotion.
(1 plate.)
I copy from page 24 of the Guide :
riso
[185J
40 Report of a Journey Around the World.
"Natural and Artificial Vessels.
( Centre Cases.)
"The first vessels used by man were no doubt natural recep-
tacles such as shells, coconut shells and gourds. Sections of
bambu, and the horns and skins of animals, require a little more
preparation, whilst vessels of bark, wood, and stone are only of
natural origin as regards the materials of which they are made.
Baskets and earthenware pots were no doubt of relatively late
date, and vessels of metal and glass are scarcely known outside
civilization. The museum collection contains representatives of
all the above-mentioned classes of vessels, in each case chosen
from as wide an area as possible.
"Gourd vessels (often called "calabashes"): from Oceania,
Africa, Burma. The specimen from New Caledonia (West Pacific),
with protective net of coconut fibre string, is worthy of notice.
"Coconut vessels : Oceania, Africa, Ceylon, Japan. Some
are enclosed in a suspending net of string or sinnet.
"Bamboo vessels: from British New Guinea and Burma.
"Shell vessels: (the shell of Cymbiuni) for cooking, from
Torres Straits Islands (between Australia and New Guinea).
"Horn vessels : ox-horn cups, South Africa and Argentina,
and an Anglo-Saxon specimen found in London ; horn ladle, Haida
Indians of North America ; old English horn beakers.
"Skin vessels: goat-skin water bag, Cairo ; walrus bladder
bucket, Siberia; Spanish peasant's skin bag for wine or water;
hide bottle for cuscus, Kabyles of Algeria; food vessels of wood
and hide, East Central Africa; hide bottle, Hausa of Northern
Nigeria; old English "black-jacks" and "leather bottles."
"Bark vessels: bark dish for fish, Ainu of Japan; birch-
bark tray, North American Indians.
"Wooden vessels: (i) Carved in one piece: from Australia,
the Pacific islands. North America, Africa, Japan (Ainu); old
English platter, and old Norwegian beer bowls. (2) Built vp
of several pieces: cedar wood boxes, north-west North America;
wooden bucket made of two pieces, Eskimo of Alaska ; old Eng-
lish harvest barrels, old Norwegian tankards."
[188]
Report of a Journey Around the World.
41
It is pleasing to know that the attendance at this museum is
very good. For 191 1 , 167,502 persons visited the place, or a daily
average of 460. Three courses of lectures to teachers are given on
Saturday mornings, while on Saturday afternoons courses of more
popular interest are given in one of the rooms. As an illustration
LOWER OR
SOUTH HALL
y
1,
LECTURE HALL
^6. PLAN OF SOUTH HALL.
PLAN OF LECTURE HALL.
of the first courses to teachers here is the Twenty-fourth course for
the Winter term : Phases of Animal Life, by H. S. Harrison, D.Sc.
(Lond.), A.R.C.Sc. The Simplest Animals; Division of Physio-
logical Labour in Higher Forms ; The Procuring of Food ; Offence
and Defence ; Evasion and Concealment ; Modes of Reproduction;
The Development of the Individual ; Domestic and Social Life;
[189]
3'S. DR. A. C. HADDON.
Report of a Journey Around the World. 43
Partnerships and Parasitism; Progress and Degeneration. The
Twenty-sixth course for the Autumn term was by Dr. A. C.
Haddon, F.R.S.: Why and How we study Mankind. The rea-
sons for studying our Fellow Men ; Observations on the Living ;
The Study of Skulls and Bones ; Psychological Investigations and
Sociological Methods ; The Investigation of Ideas and Ideals :
The Distribution of Arts and Crafts ; The Methods of Archaeology ;
The Teachings of Folklore ; The Decorative Art of British New
Guinea — A Study in Method.
The course of popular lectures for the Winter term, Saturday
afternoons, was by varions lecturers on the following subjects :
Animals in Primitive Art; Coal, what it is and what it yields;
Japanese Architecture and Garden Craft ; The Structure and Uses
of Hair; The Educational Value of Children's Toys; Plant Hy-
brids ; Native Life in Central Africa ; The Structure and Uses of
Teeth; The Origin and History of Bells: The Plant Life of a
Pond. Surely the teachers in this neighborhood are favored, and
not less are the children and older learners.
There is an element of bitter disappointment in such a journey
as ours, that the volumes we were continually opening and read-
ing as it were the title page and perhaps the table of contents
must be relinquished for others awaiting the same brief notice as
we hurry on. In both public and private museums of Great
Britain we might have spent most of our allotted time in study,
although as we passed on to the continent we found perhaps more
modern buildings and better instalment ; with no more material
I am inclined to think the material at hand was better treated,
especially in the ethnological side in, say the new museums of
Germany, and the United States. Be this as it may, I am certain
that I found more suggestions in the housing of specimens in
Cologne, Leipzig, Frankfurt am Main, etc., than in England.
We regretted to leave unvisited many of the smaller museums in
various cities and towns throughout Great Britain.
On May 27th we left Harwich at 10 p.m. for the Hook of
Holland, arriving at the Hague at 6:30 the next morning. We
were joined on the train by a young Dutch friend, Mr. Willem
Kast Sypestein, Jr., who has been pursuing his post graduate
studies at Delft, and he proved all through our stay in Holland a
[191]
44
Report of a Journey Around the World.
most agreeable and useful guide and interpreter — we often, while
traveling in Java, wished for his presence. He introduced us to
his Professors, and thus we were able to see the laboratories and
have a most profitable da}- at Delft.
Leiden and its great Rijks Kthnographisch Museum we had
looked forward to with our excursion to Java in mind, for I well
remembered the rich stores of Javanese products which I had
rather slighted for want of time on my last visit. The town was
much the same and our hotel almost
unchanged. The old museum was
externally the same, one of a block
of buildings, and within was the
familiar superabundance of oriental
specimens, but the Pacific collec-
tions had been removed to the
other end of the city, to a private
house ( or houses ) opposite the Rijks
Museum van Natuurlijke Historic 1
The maps of Java (especially pre-
pared for some great exposition),
Javanese costumes, musical instru-
ments, and models of houses, boats
and machinery claimed much atten-
tion, but I could not see that the
danger of fire had been eliminated, and indeed as we left the
building a fire broke out in a neighboring shop, and we had an
'While a Frenchman, Jornard, was perhaps the first to publicly suggest
the idea of a museum of Ethnography, it was in the town of Leiden that the
matter assumed a concrete form when the authorities obtained the remarka-
ble collections made by Philip Franz von Siebold in Japan. Siebold was a
Hollander, and in a letter to his friend Jornard {Lettir sur Vutilitt des
Mustes Ethnographiques , Paris, 1843) he points out that he had already
taken steps both to adopt and improve on the idea of the French geographer:
his attention had been turned to the need of following up every trace of the
origins of peoples and their early migrations, by a comparative investigation
of their customs, forms and cult. Jornard never realized his dream, but his
last published work ends thus: "qu' on ne songe guere a ce musee de la geo-
graphic et des voyages longtemps espere, vainement attendu bien que
l'utilite en soit incontestable." It was to a visit to this Leiden collection
that Thomsen owed much of his inspiration with which he made the Danish
Ethnographical Museum long the chief in Europe, and its place is still high
owing to the work of his successors, Worsaae and Muller. ( Fortale til Kata-
loget over det Ethn. Museum, /S6j.) [192]
39. DR. H. H. JUYNBOLL.
Report of a Journey Around the World.
45
opportunity of seeing the Brandspuit come to the rescue — a sight
that did not strengthen our belief in the safety of the fine collection
in the present building. In the new quarters the conditions seemed
better; there were fewer shops, none close at hand, and there
40. TEYLER'S MUSEUM, HAARLEM.
, r l : jl ( tat- _ p**m
111 II i Mil
m 1
1:1
41. MUSEUM VOOR KUNST EN NIJVERHEID, HAARLEM.
was more room and of course better arrangement. Dr. J. D. E.
Schmeltz, so valuable a guide on my former visit, was no longer
living, 1 but his son Mr. J. C. E. Schmeltz was an assistant in the
museum, and the new Director, Dr. H. H. Juynboll (Fig. 39), and
1 A portrait of the late Dr. Schmeltz and a bibliography of his many con-
tributions to Ethnology are published in Internationales Archiv fiir Ethno-
graphic, Band xviii, 1910. [193]
4 6
Report of a Journey Around the World.
Conservator H. W. Fischer did everything to facilitate the exami-
nation of their many treasures.
Passing through Haarlem we were fortunate enough to hear a
recital on the great organ :' these are given once a week by skilled
organists, and it spoke well for the taste of the people of Haarlem
that the large church was filled by an attentive audience. In the
Museum van Kunstnijverheid (Art Industries, Fig. 41) was a good
collection of the peculiar method of printing cloth known in Java as
42. RIJKSMUSEUM, AMSTERDAM.
batik, which will be described when we come to Java in the course
of this mission. At Haarlem there is also the Teyler's Museum
of Art and Natural History, of which the new wing (Fig. 40) faces
the river Spaarne with an imposing facade. The building of these
two museums in this beautiful town shows what can be done in this
line by the people of Holland, and with such examples it is strange
that the Government museums in Leiden are not better housed.
In Amsterdam of course the Rijksmuseum was visited with
delight and profit, although no ethnological collection was there ;
the arrangement of Rembrandt's Night Watch, the central attrac-
'This organ was built in 1735-3S by Christopher Muller and restored in
1S6S. It has ,} keyboards, 64 stops, and 5000 pipes. While no longer the
largest it is still one of the finest. [194]
Report of a Journey Around the World.
47
tion, has been greatly improved, and other departments, especially
the architectural casts, have been made more accessible. The
Colonial exhibits seem to have been divided between Haarlem and
Amsterdam. We turned for the ethnological collection to the
garden of the Koninklijk Zoologisch Genootschap, "Natura Artis
Magistra" (founded in 1838 and now 28 acres in extent). I have
spoken of this very excellent institution in the heart of Amster-
dam in my report of a former visit, and I need only add that the
43. THE NATIONAL MUSEUM — PRINDSEXS PALAIS, COPENHAGEN.
macaws or their successors still hang on either side of the principal
avenue of approach ; the animal houses are as well cared for, and
the trees and shrubs have grown into almost a forest, in which we
had some trouble in finding the ethnological museum. While
this is mostly oriental we found some specimens from the Pacific,
as will be noted in the sequel. In adjoining buildings we found
good groups of mounted birds (water fowl, etc.), and the model
houses and carts were capital. It may be added that in the
grounds are fish hatcheries from which the Dutch rivers are annu-
ally supplied, also a small incubator, and an aquarium.
[195]
44- DR. SOPHUS MULEER, DIRECTOR.
Report of a Journey Around the World. 49
Sunday, June 2nd, we left Amsterdam at 8 a.m., arriving at
Hamburg late in the afternoon. The Ethnographic Museum had
been removed from the attic where I saw it last and had a new
home as well as a new Director, Professor Doctor G. Thilenius.
The building was certainly imposing externally, but we only saw
the contents of the former museum piled on the floors of the as yet
unarranged chambers. When we visited this building we were
courteously shown all that could be seen, but unfortunately for us
there was some colonial congress in session in the audience hall
which seemed the only finished portion of the fine building, and
Dr. Thilenius was engaged: I had hoped to congratulate him on the
new quarters but was disappointed. The Deiitsche Gescllschaft fur
Anthropologic , Ethnologie und Urgesehiehte, to whom the museum
belongs, was founded in 1870 and publishes Archiv fur Anthro-
pologic (since 1866), Correspondenzblatt (since 1870), Priihistorische
Zeitschrift (since 1909). The old building in the Stein-Tor-Wall
was still occupied by the Natural History Museum, which has
very large collections but at present is rather crowded. It was
noteworthy for many excellences ; the skeletons of the animal
were often placed by the side of the mounted skin ; the human
skeletons of various races were of great interest, but as an exten-
sive rearrangement was in progress (the museum was closed to
the public) it would hardly be worth while to describe the collec-
tions more fully. As might be supposed, Hamburg is well situated
for a museum of natural history, and it was a matter of deep regret
that we could not have seen both of these museums at their best.
We found that there was now an organization by the ,l Freie
und Hansestadt" Hamburg including most of the higher scientific
institutions called Wissenschaftliche Anstalten des Staates Hamburg ,
which took charge of the publication exchanges, and which, as I
understand, has erected the building occupied in common by the
chief collections of a scientific character in Hamburg. I was sorry
not to have time (within open hours) to see again Dr. Justus
Brinckmann and his fine collection in the Museum fur Kunsi und
Gewerbe. A short drive through the residential portion of this
great and prosperous free city disclosed many very beautiful private
residences certainly more attractive than any palaces I saw. My
friend Dr. Edvv. Arning, well known on these Hawaiian Islands
Occasional Papers B. P. B. M. Vol. V. Xo. 5 — 4.
[197]
5°
Report of a Journey Around the World.
for his investigations on leprosy,
and who had been my guide on
a former visit, was unfortunately
absent, but I had the pleasure of
greeting his cousin, one of the
most distinguished physicians of
Hamburg. The Zoologische Gar-
ten and Aquarium we did not have
time to visit.
Our passage to Copenhagen, our
next baiting place, was much more
agreeable than it was fourteen
years ago. The rather uncomfort-
able little ferryboat had been re-
placed by a boat for our train from
Warnemunde, making the passage
most comfortable. We found pleas-
ant quarters at the hotel, and the
advance in sanitary matters was
most pleasing. Of course the
Nationalmuseet in the Prindsens-
Palais on the Frederikholms-Canal
was our Mecca, and there we found
the Director, Dr. Sophus Muller,
the distinguished antiquarian and
ethnologist, who gave us even-
facility for our study of the collec-
tions in his care, so that we made
more than one visit to this museum.
We found in the courtyard of this
old palace a prehistoric tumulus
and also casts of others most
interesting. The green feather
cape (Fig. 46) we were especially
looking for was rather disappoint-
ing, as it had faded considerably
since my last visit ; however, we
had every facility for examining
the collection, and listed more care-
fully than was possible on my for-
mer visit the Hawaiian collection,
[198]
45. RUDE HAWAIIAN IMAGE.
Report of a Journey Around the World,
5i
which is far better than most museums can show, largely, I believe,
through the contributions of Steen Bille' and his nephew Mr.
Steen A. Bille who called on us, and formerly lived on Maui.
In the same building is the Danske Samling, a very interesting
collection containing much from the Danish Kjokkenmoddinger ,
46. HAWAIIAN FEATHER CAPE.
or "kitchen middens" on the Danish coast. The third division
contains antiquities, Egyptian, Assyrian, Etruscan, etc., not of
much importance.
Of course, while we were chiefly engaged in the Ethnological
Museum, we did not fail to visit the grand Thorwaldsen Museum
1 BeretningomCorvettenGalathea. Reise omkring Jorden 1845-47. Copen-
hagen, 1849-51. 3 vols. Svo. Maps and plates. Arrived at Honolulu Oct. 5,
1846, and left Hilo Nov. 16 of the same j-ear. This voyage was translated
into German, 2 vols. 8vo., and a portion translated into English by Mr. F.
Banning late of Honolulu. The Friend, Jan., 1863, et seq.
[i99]
52 Report of a Journey Around the World.
and the Vor Fruekirke (my earlier visit to this collection of the
great Danish sculptor's work was late in the day and the light
was dim ; now it was perfect, and I enjoyed "the company of the
saints" fully). In the museum there were too evident marks of
decay about the building. I do not recall another city so endowed
with a collection of the works of a native master, and Copenhagen
cannot afford to allow even the appearance of neglect in this temple
47-
NATIONAL MUSEUM, STOCKHOLM.
of sculpture. The new building of the Ny.-Carlsberg Glyptothek
near the railway station we had not time to visit, although the re-
membrance was fresh of a former pleasant inspection when the
munificent gift to the city was in less imposing quarters. vSpring-
time in these northern cities is always, to me, the best season, and
we were in no hurry to leave Copenhagen where we had found so
many things to interest and instruct us, but like the Ancient
Mariner we were obliged to move on, and indeed the way on was
very attractive ; the ferry to Malmo, and the day's journey through
the lake region of Sweden was very enjoyable, and it seemed a
fitting close to so pleasant a day when we came to the island city
[ 200]
Report of a Journey Around the World.
53
of Stockholm and were set down at a commodious hotel with an
outlook over the harbor to the royal palace beyond. The beauty
of this fine northern city was enhanced by the delightful spring
weather, and the June days were at their longest — more hours of
daylight for our work
than either of us had
ever seen before. Per-
haps the city was in
gala-day attire for the
approaching Olympic
games, but certainly I
never saw a cleaner city.
While the Royal Pal-
ace was right in front
of our window balcony,
a building of more im-
portance, to us, was
across the channel to
the left, the National
Museum. It was a short
walk from the hotel, and
on the way we came to
the masterpiece of the
Swedish sculptor J. P.
Molin, a bronze group of
the Baltespannare (belt
duellists), where the
combatants were bound
together by their belts
and fought out their
quarrel with knives, much as the Australians of the present day
fight with stone knives. The sad tale is told in four reliefs on the
pedestal. A few steps beyond is the museum (Fig. 47) completed
in 1866, and within the entrance stand, very appropriately the old
Scandinavian gods Odin, Baldur and Thor. I do not know of a
more complete object-illustrated early history of a people than has
been assembled here. The present Director, Dr. Oscar Montelius,
is well known through the scientific world as a most worth}- suc-
[201]
48. OSCAR MONTELIUS, DIRECTOR.
54
Report ofa Journey Around the World.
cessor of the distinguished men who have brought together this
vast collection. I found it most instructive to compare the stone
work of our Pacific tribes with that of the men of the north. Our
tropical men had no metal, so the comparison stopped at the Iron
Age. We were greatly pleased with the picture galleries, which
contain much work of the native artists ; the landscape work offer-
ing especial attraction. As in all the northern museums there is
49. XOKDISKA MUSEET, STOCKHOLM.
perhaps less danger to the specimens from insects than to the
visitors from cold, and the preparations were almost in the nature
of a fortification against the powers of Ice and Frost.
Another great museum is in full view from this but separated
by one of the many water channels of this northern Venice. In
the Djurgards Stadeu rises the stately Nordiska Museet, and all
around are places of instruction and amusement. Open air theatres
where the native dances may be seen ; the Biological Museum
where are native animals in instructive groups and surroundings ;
a Circus and other places for relaxation. Towering over all these
is the Nordiska Museet, where the Scandinavian history, of which
the earlv chapters were in the National Museum, is continued
[202]
Report of a Journey Around the World.
55
through later ages. The many rooms in which are shown the
home life of the peasantry and the lords of the land are most inter-
esting, and we were fortunate in having an excellent guide.
The great hall shown in Fig. 50, is now partly filled; the
galleries on both sides contain the rooms of home life, collections
of implements of both indoor and outdoor life in Scandinavia.
Dr. Artur Hazelius is, I understand, the founder of most of this
50. INTERIOR OF NORDISKA MUSEET.
great work. When we can, if ever, put in one building so clear
and complete a story of the Polynesian civilizations — but we are
perhaps too late to equal the completeness of this object lesson.
In a street leading out of the Drottning-Gata, is the Geological
Museum with a good collection of Swedish economic rocks. Not
far from this is the Wetenskaps-Akademi, or Academy of Science,
founded in 1739, of which the first director was the great Linnaeus.
The building contains a valuable natural history collection.
Stockholm seems to be well provided with live and instructive
museums. The Nordiska Museet has a very complete system of
disinfection, or fumigation, including a vacuum chamber, large
[203]
56 Report of a Journey Around the World.
enough to enclose any ordinary furniture, and power pumps.
The instalation is very complete with all the necessary gauges and
couveniencies for introducing the disinfectant. Of course this is
not only more effective but shortens the time of exposure : in the
tropics such methods are very desirable, as it is not easy to reach
termites and other deeply imbedded grubs without an unreason-
ably long exposure.
The Scandinavian museums are rich in material of the Stone
Age, and perhaps nowhere else is this material better studied.
We found nothing in the central European museums surpassing
the collections here. On June nth at about the sixth hour of the
afternoon we boarded the good steamer Tornea of the Finland line
and began a three day's voyage to St. Petersburg. To our aston-
ishment we were hardly out of sight of laud all the voyage ; the
granite rocks capped with pines were always on one side if not on
both. A short stop at Helsiugfors, but so late in the da}' that we
did not go ashore beyond the pier. It would have been pleasant
to have carried with us many of the neat and attractive things we
found on that steamer!
Up the canal and right into the city of Peter the Great ; not
the least trouble with the Customs, and we were installed in most
comfortable apartments in the Hotel d' Europe and were soon ready
to partake of our first Russian meal. That it required some time
to get used to the new surroundings can well be imagined, but
St. Petersburg is a cosmopolitan city and here, more than usual,
everybody seemed ready to help strangers instead of trying to plun-
der them. The city was very attractive, but our work had to be
attended to and our first disappointment was to find the natural
history collection connected with the University closed for the
summer ; later we found entrance and were greatly pleased with
the collections; the deep sea specimens were especially well dis-
played, both the lower forms and the great mammals. The Eth-
nographic Museum was connected with the Academie Imperiale
des Sciences, of which I had the honor to be a corresponding
member, and I found Dr. Wilhelm Radloff, the Director of the
Ethnographic-Anthropologic Museum of Peter the Great, which
is one of the numerous scientific institutions connected with that
great academy, ready to assist lis in every way. We had been
[204]
Report of a Journey Around the World. 57
lured to this northern capital largely by the remarkable collection
of Pacific specimens given by the surviving officers of Cook's
vessels to the Governor of Kamchatka in acknowledgment of his
kindness in furnishing the expedition with much-needed supplies.
These presents had been forwarded to the Russian Government
and lost in the Government storehouses for more than a century
(much as the collections of Vancouver's expedition had been lost
in England) and only two or three years ago brought to light.
As I have been promised photographs of the more important ob-
jects, I will say but little of this collection here, but hope to publish
with other documents an account of the genuine Cook relics in
this and other museums on which we have made notes in our
journey. It is perhaps fitting that here, where the great navigator
met his death, his memory should be recalled in an exhibit of the
trophies his ships brought home and his Government allowed to be
scattered through museums, both public and private, until few
remain in his own country. 1
The Imperial Academy has many branches and museums:
the Library, founded in 172S, contains 500,000 books and 13,000
MSS.; Archive Department contains the correspondence, records,
and publications; a Printery ; Physical Cabinet; Physiological
Laboratory ; Zoological Laboratory ; Laboratory for Plant Anato-
my and Physiology ; Biological Station at Sebastopol ; Seismic
Laboratory ; Russian Bureau of International Bibliography; Cen-
tral Physical Observatory (founded in 1849), and of museums
besides the Ethnographical already mentioned, Asiatic Museum ;
Coin Cabinet ; Geological Museum of Peter the Great ; Botanical
Museum; Zoological Museum; all under separate directors and
with full staffs of distinguished scientists. I have found nowhere
so broad an organization of an academy of sciences. The Zoo-
logical Museum deserves a longer notice, but in brief it is divided
into two parts more distinct than usual, the collection open to the
public installed in two large halls, where the labels are printed in
Russian and Latin, the animals found in Russia having red labels;
and the scientific collection, open only to competent students.
Of the remarkable specimens are the skeleton of a whale (Balce-
1 Unfortunately I neglected to make sketches of the Hawaiian things as the
Director promised to send me photographs of the whole collection, as well as
specimens of the many fine kapa sheets, none of which have arrived as yet.
[205]
58 Report of a Journey Around the World.
noptera sibbaldii) 31 m. long; skeleton of the extinct sea cow
(Rhytima gigas)\ remains of the mammoth and other extinct
animals including not only the skeletons but the hide and hairs
and even the flesh of the mammoth well preserved in the ice of
northern Siberia. The Botanical Museum contains the collections
of Steller, Pallas, Gmelin, Prjevalsky and other distinguished
explorers.
The Hrmitage, in many respects the finest art collection in
the world, and one of its strong points is the absence of poor or
mediocre works, was closed not only for the summer but for much-
needed repairs; but, thanks to the Hon. Curtis Guild, American
Minister to Russia, and to General Tolstoi, within whose province
this work belonged, we were not only permitted to enter, but the
gentlemen in charge, all of whom spoke French, showed us all
that could be seen, even opening the covered cases and calling
attention to matters we might easily have passed in the abundance
of objects of great interest. The Empress Catherine was early in
the field and had taste as well as money. The palace of Count
Stroganoff was another place where we were kindly permitted to
enter and examine, what I had for many years desired to see, the
Stroganoff Apollo. The Museum of Alexander III contained a
very attractive gallery of paintings which I would often visit were
I a resident of St. Petersburg. The collections at Tsarskoie-Selo
were another great enjoyment. Not less than the museums the
Russian churches attract the visitor, and in costly architecture,
gorgeous decoration, and impressive ceremonies of the Greek
Church, both at the capital and the more distinctly Russian city
Moskau, seemed to far surpass anything of the kind I have ever
seen of Rome's proudest pageants.
From St. Petersburg to Moskau was a night's journey in very
comfortable sleepers. In the morning our impressions from the
station to our hotel were not agreeable, for we passed through a
poor part of the city, but we were not long in gaining other and
far pleasanter views of this fine and picturesque city. In our hotel
we were almost under the Kremlin, that wonderful aggregation of
churches with polychrome roofs and gilded domes filled with mat-
ters of interest from ikons to coffined Tzars. In the principal
church we heard mass performed by the Archbishop of Moskau,
f2o6]
Repoit of a Journey Around the World. 61
and the grand music of the great choir of men and boys, unaided
by instrument, was more impressive than any organ. There are
no seats in Russian churches, and when I stood for more than an
hour and a half in the midst of the most democratic congregation
I ever saw in a church, without weariness, there must have been
something in the service, of which I understood not a single word.
The beautiful museum on the hill (Fig. 51), built of white
marble, was one of the most imposing museum buildings we saw in
any city, and the contents were worthy of the temple. As is com-
mon in the Russian municipal museums archaeology and ethnology
are found in museums mainly devoted to painting and sculpture,
and for most visitors the latter totally eclipse the former.
The palaces also were museums filled often with tragic memo-
ries, but the ethnology of the streets was often better worth study.
Western and Oriental, high and low, passing in a way even more
interesting than in the cosmopolitan crowds of Honolulu. Even
the carts were more various than seen elsewhere, and an attempt
to gather pictures of all these was at length abandoned as time
did not allow.
When we left Moskau our way was no longer comfortable and
direct ; we had rather crooked lines and crowded cars until we
passed into Hungary, and after a fine mountain ride in the early
morning came to the most beautiful city we had seen, Budapest
on the banks of the Danube. Museums of art had been abundant
in Russia, but our chief ethnological one was in St. Petersburg.
Here in Budapest were museums of every kind from the touching
Memorial Museum of the murdered Empress Elisabeth in the
upper rooms of the Imperial Palace on the heights of Pest to the
very complete Museum of Transportation in the park in Bud a.
To describe them all would require a larger volume than this
report can reach, but there are two in the attractive park under one
roof that come into our line, one for ethnological interest, the other
for its thorough organization and completeness. The Museum
of Ethnology, Fig. 52 (I omit the Magyar title), shows the Hun-
garian peasant life in a way that almost takes us back to Polynesian
beginnings. The agricultural implements were often very primi-
tive but not the less interesting on that account. Often whole
rooms of country houses were presented with their occupants in
[209]
62 Report of . a Journey Around the World. .
modelled figures showing costumes eotemporary. There were also
good ethnological specimens from other parts of the world. New
steel cases were being installed. The Director was absent, to our
regret, but we were shown all that we desired to see. The whole
method was much like that in the Nordiska Museet in Stockholm.
On the other side of the building was a museum we had nearly
passed, but the open door gave us a glimpse of some machinery
and we entered more from curiosity than in expectation of gather-
ing information on museum matters. I am going to describe the
contents more fully because they were so different from what we
had examined hitherto, and in the end because of the complete-
ness of the plan and arrangement.
Museum of Transportation, Budapest. June 2S, 1912.
This museum is well housed in the People's Park, and per-
haps owes its existence to the admirable preparation of models for
one of the great expositions since 1896. It is the most complete
collection of everything contributing to the work of modern trans-
portation by land or water that I have ever seen, nor do I recall
any collection of modern implements and processes so complete ;
it is what I believe a museum should strive to be in any depart-
ment. To enumerate all the exhibits (and I do not know that
there is any printed catalogue, and if there were it would doubtless
be in the Magyar language) would be out of the question, but it
may be said that they began with the raw material, whether animal,
vegetable or mineral, and presented all the important stages from
the moment they were taken from the general pile and directed to
their future niche as factors in the transportation problem.
Here were the woods used for building cars and furniture as
well as those best fitted for sleepers or ties — both in cross and
longitudinal section, in the rough and polished; steel, both rolled
and cast or drop-forged, among these, portion of a plate burst by
pumping in cold water to a nearly empty boiler when hot ; piston
rods and axles bent double when cold ; a driving wheel experi-
mented on after twenty years use by pressing in the rim so as to
bend the spokes without a crack ; a rail that had been cracked
badly by a dynamite explosion and yet held together while a fast
train passed over it. Then there were buffers and coiled springs of
[210]
Report of a Journey Around the World. 63
fine finish, plate springs and couplings; bearing boxes in section
to show the oiling arrangement ; rails joined with fish-plates and
sections of the same ; all the steel pins, keys and bolts ; crank arms
and throttle handles; all brass castings from whistle to pet-cocks,
and these in neatly cut sections when this would better show the
construction. Specimens of the coals used and the oils; even of
the cloths used for the employee's uniforms, the covering of the
seats, the towels in the washrooms, the carpetings for the floors ;
the bedding for the wagon-lit and the curtain for the windows.
In hinged glass frames were specimens of all tickets used on the
Hungarian roads and diagrams of the methods of punching them.
The arrangement of rails and switches, with working models
of a switch opened by the passage of a train, and apparatus used
to replace a derailed car ; turntable with model of a locomotive to
show how the table was moved, and clamped at the desired rails;
another to show how the wheels were changed for a different gauge
without disturbing the cars — a contrivance which seemed more
simple than the cumbersome and costly contrivances used on the
American roads when a shift was necessary to the former narrow
gauge lines of the southern states, and vice versa.
Not less important, we were shown the operation of block
signals and the recording of telegrams sent ; the opening and clos-
ing of crossing gates from a distance, and the warning to approach-
ing trains by danger signals. Of these there were many working
models, all of which the obliging attendants put in operation for our
instruction ; older and now disused systems were also shown.
Then came carefully constructed models of bridges both for
rail and common roads, most of them of bridges over the Danube
at Budapest, among them the fine Elisabeth bridge of single span,
but the humble culverts were not omitted, and we had an oppor-
tunity to see some of the actual specimens on the roads we
traveled over.
Too much praise cannot be given to the scale models of all the
various wagons, trucks or cars, both for freight and passenger serv-
ice, finished as completely and perfectly as the vehicles in actual use;
and among these models should be mentioned two — one made by a
young man afflicted with curvature of the spine, every minute pipe
and pin in the locomotive being beautifullv finished — the other by
[211]
64 Report of a Journey Around the World.
a shepherd lad whose ingenuity and deft handicraft shown in the
little locomotive obtained for him (it is pleasant to know) a good
opportunity for education for which he had proved himself so fit.
Among the cars was a very complete "Pullman", and in the
historical line a model of the first Hungarian-built locomotive.
There was a fine link-motion model in working order with section
of valve, valve-chest and cylinder.
Models of station houses, notably the one at Fiume, and car
barns and other necessary constructions. Not only specimens of
the stone used for platforms and culverts, but the concrete tubings
for buried electric wires, and every form of insulators of the main-
used ; tiles used for flooring, roofs and drains in the station houses,
and for the same purpose brick, terra-cotta and majolica, all of
Hungarian manufacture. Not to be forgotten was a working
model of a locomotive that on meeting a steep grade picked up a
cable and climbed on that hold, a contrivance much cheaper than
the usual ratchet. I would not pass over the various lamps, both
for car lighting and signalling, all of which, both oil and electric
were well represented.
Farther on in the long and well-lighted hall we came to the
travel by water, and here were beautiful models of the royal yacht
with paddle wheels, river boats and ocean-going steamers, includ-
ing the Hungarian- American liners, some of these in section to
show the arrangement of decks and staterooms, etc. Models of
sailing vessels full rigged and canoes from the Pacific with out-
riggers. All the modern life-saving outfits were of course present.
At the end of the hall under an archway was seen a beautiful
model of Fiume (the national port) and its breakwater seen over
the bow of an actual boat. A relief plan of the Hungarian harbor
and its breakwater was also given. Docks and canal locks ; shears
and cranes for handling freight were not forgotten.
An interesting exhibit was a plan and view of the work on
the "Iron Gates" of the Danube, and there were working models
of the various and curious craft used in this work from the pre-
liminary measurement of the river bed, through the drilling the
rock for the explosives, and the dredging and removal of the debris.
Oh, if we had such a record of the building of the Pyramids, or
even the more modest erection of Stouehenge!
[212]
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54. INTERIOR OF AGRICULTURAL MUSEUM.
66
Report of a Journey Around the World.
There is an underground railway three miles long in Budapest
of which the building was fully illustrated by diagram and model.
This mention gives excuse for returning on our steps and picking
up some more matters as we returned to the entrance. Air-brakes,
lighting methods and ventilation were all fully illustrated, and
on the walls were good paintings of the mountain railways and
such other matters as could best be shown in that manner. It is
not pretended that this brief summary does justice to the com-
pleteness and tasteful arrangement of the exhibits, but it may
55. HUNGARIAN NATIONAL MUSEUM.
convey some idea of the value of such a national collection to the
polytechnic student as well as to the traveling public. I am
almost afraid, from the eagerness with which the attendants met
our evident interest, that the attendance of visitors is not as it
should be. Almost in a postscript I must mention models, of con-
siderable size, of two flying machines, an Antoinette (of which we
saw a specimen not much larger flying with startling noise later
at Versailles) and one of Wright's earliest machines.
As Hungary is an agricultural country it was to be expected
that one of the many museums would be devoted to that industry,
and we were not disappointed, for in the park was what seemed a
former villa converted into a museum that was certainly attractive
[214]
Report of a Journey Around the World.
67
if not extensive. One cannot too often take to heart the lesson that
a dwelling house, whether built for peasant or prince, is not entirely
suited for museum purposes, and here it was very clear, still the
illustrations will show a pleasing variety of outside, even if the in-
terior is not suited to an economic exhibition room. Figs. 53-54.
In one of the alcoves outside is one of the charming portrait
statues so abundant in this city. It is in bronze and portrays in a
HOFMl'SEUJI IN VIENNA.
most comfortable, if unusual attitude a patron of agriculture in
Hungary, Count Caroly.
The National Museum, mainly devoted to painting and sculp-
ture, but with the usual bit of archaeology, is shown in Fig. 55.
Its contents are worthy of the fine building.
We had our choice of travel to Vienna by rail or water, and
economy as well as sentiment led us to a voyage in June upon the
Danube River. A night and most of the next day brought us to
the canal that extends from the river to the midst of the city, and
we landed on a Sunday afternoon on a quay so deserted and quiet
that had it not been for an acquaintance made on the vovage, we
[215]
57- DR. FRANZ HEGER.
Report of a Journey Around the World. 69
should have had some trouble iu finding a conveyance to the hotel.
Vienna quiet on a Sunday! The trees on the Ringburgstrasse
had leafed out since my last visit in the early Spring of 1896, and
other changes were noticed, but the Hofmuseum was externally
the same. We had met Dr. Heger in London and did not expect
him here, but his assistants afforded us all needed help, and Dr.
Steindachuer, head of the natural history portion of the grand
museum, was there and welcomed us most hospitably. In the
hallway was a group of Gangetic gavials that showed the most
advanced of modern taxidermy.
Dr. Steindachuer personally conducted us through the collec-
tion. After seeing the gavials I thought the birds would be found
even better treated, but we were told that they had not money to
mount the birds as might be desired. A fine giraffe had a steel
(or bronze?) case to himself, but the cost (about $240) was too
expensive for general use. Still, all the cases were good, and the
arrangement of shells on black cards with gold border very effec-
tive. The Testudiuata were the finest I have seen. The skele-
tons of fish were exquisite.
The building is so fine and artistically decorated with a ceiling
by Makart, among other color schemes, that I was surprised to
learn that they were not rich and had not the income so large a
museum needs. When the city fortifications were destroyed the
land was sold and the proceeds furnished the fine halls and some
other public buildings, but no fund was set aside for endowment.
The Government grants are not liberal and the great number of
attendants and the large staff must require much of the income.
In the attic were eight cases of coral Dr. Steindachuer had collected
in the Red Sea ; there were also several dismounted skeletons of
whales. We looked into the herbarium, which is in the upper
story, but there was no one to open the cases which, like the doors,
were carefully locked. This herbarium contains 950,000+ sheets
and 20,000+ morphological numbers. As it was about the hour
for dejeuner we left the museum and in the afternoon had a long
drive about town. July 4th early we were at the Ethnological
Museum and went carefully through the whole. The Mexican
feather work had faded since my last visit ; the curious New Bri-
tain musical instrument described iu my last visit was labeled
[217]
■jo Report of a Journey Around the World.
"Biulapaganey" '. In the Solomon Islands case was a fine wooden
shield with decorations of pearl shell cut in squares and set as
mosaics, the best example of several seen in museums. Among
Tongan things were three good baskets, one very fine; many
good combs of high reticulate form. Much good kapa (from
Cook's collection?), some of it Hawaiian. A good Hervey Islands
lace mat. A Tahitian poi pounder with unusually high sides to
the top. 1 Rapanui had many figures of ordinary form and quality
and a small carved octopus ; bone tatu needles and a wooden penis
six inches long, carved with open meatus and double end. New
Zealand bark baskets, jade earrings, two splendid jade mere,
several tiki mounted on mirror, bailer with penis handle, carved
wooden coffin with bones only (no skull ) ; carvings not noteworthy.
The cases in mid room had cupboards of oak with solid doors, the
upright portion of the cases had doors of metal frames, and in
front of these on the cupboard a table frame case of metal, very
good and effective for exhibition.
Vienna contains a large number of scientific and art societies,
some with museums; among these may be mentioned the Kaiserliche
Akademie der Wissenschaften; Altertumsvereiu Anthropologische
Gesellschaft ; Geologische Gesellschaft ; K. K. Geographische
Gesellschaft (with more than 2000 members); Wiener Mineralo-
gische Gesellschaft; Verein fiir osterreichische Volkskunde, with
a museum of 30,000+ objects; K. K. Zoologisch - Botanische
Gesellschaft, with a library of 30,000+ and herbarium of 40,000
specimens; K. K. Menagerie at Schbnbrunn, with a large collection;
K.K.Zentral-Anstalt fiir Meteorologie undGeodynamik, with seven
seismographs and 4500 observation stations (Melde-statioiien); and
many other scientific institutions less closely connected with our
museum work.
At Munich, July 6, 1912. As at Hamburg, there is here a
General Kouservatorium der wissenschaftlichen Sammlungen des
Staates, and under this are ranged seventeen scientific societies
or museums, among them the Anthropologiseh-prahistorisehe
vSammlung ; Botanischer Garten und Pflanzenphysiologische In-
stitut ; Botanische Museum, with some 280,000 specimens and
collections of fruits and woods; Ethnographisches Museum; Geo-
1 A similar one from Cook's collection I found later at Wellington and
have shown to illustrate this. [218]
Report of a Journey Around the World. 71
logische Sammlung ; Mineralogische Sammlung ; Palaontologische
Sammlung; Zoologische Sammlung uud Zoologisches Institut;
and outside of this state commission are the Munchener Gesell-
schaft fiir Anthropologic Ethnologie und Urgesehichte ; Geo-
graphische Gesellsehaft ; Bayerische Botanische Gesellschaft zur
Erforschung der Heimischen Flora. A Zoologiseher Garten was
founded in 191 1 at Tierpark Hellabrunn.
By the kindness of Dr. Walter Eehmann, Kustos of the Royal
Ethnographical Museum, we visited his collection on a closed
day, and were well repaid. The condition of the treasures in his
charge is the usual one in good live museums — crowded to the
utmost capacity of the rather unsuitable halls in the Arkaden.
In the Hawaiian department there was not much — a feather cape
of small size and a mahiole ; some poor lei niho palaoa ; 10 good
ohekapala; maika stones; 3 poi pounders; 8 stone adzes; 2 anklets
and 3 figures, 2 about a foot long, the other about 3 feet ; of these
we are promised photographs. 1 The Australian collection was un-
usually rich in carved stone churingas. more than 70; perhaps 6
horned boomerangs and several of the large carved ones ; many
ceremonial shields with emu down tufts and other ornamentation.
Many New Ireland chalk figures of very good quality — one a
double one, male and female back to back, none of them so in-
decent as is so often the case. From Admiralty Islands a large
bowl, 3 large totem poles with lizard in relief, combs of consider-
able size and new design. A few Matty Island articles. A Gilbert
Islands coconut fibre armor of which we are promised a photo-
graph. There were remarkable specimens of pottery from the
southern part of Dutch New Guinea with raised designs evidently
copies of wooden carvings ; one head was remarkable in having
the eyes repeated in diminishing size on the other sides of the
bowl. There were a number of other things in this collection,
especially huge shields, entirely new to me. From the Solomon
Islands was a new form of dancing flaps, and hermaphrodite figures,
of which photographs were promised. A fine Maori cloak, a good
Tahitian kapa beater, a lot of New Guinea pillows, good Fijian
clubs, Rapanui figures, Samoan and Tongan clubs, carved Man-
gaiau paddles and adze handles, one of the paddles carved in a mat
'Illustrations of these are given in the sequel, Figs. 215-217.
[219J
72 Report of a Journey Around the World.
pattern I had never seen before,' 2 Marquesan clubs and the head
of another, 6 stilt-rests, inlaid Fijian pillow of fine quality, 2 good
duk duk masks, one of braided sennit representing a bird with long
open bill, 2 fern figures from Malekula. There were 3 of the New
Britain musical instruments, and Dr. Lehmann sounded the one
his predecessor Dr. Max Buchner had sounded for me in 1896.
The twin towers of the Fraueu-Kirche, built before Columbus
discovered the New World, were still as much a landmark as ever,
but the very interesting Bavarian National Museum had been
58. THE ZWIXGER, DRESDEN.
transferred to new quarters in extensive buildings in the Priuz-
Regeuten-Strasse. For variety and interest this collection ranks
among the first in Europe. Our one day in this attractive city
hardly left us time to glance at the Glyptothek and the old and
new Pinacothek, and early the next morning we were on the way
to Dresden.
The Koniglich. Zoologisches und Anthropologiseh- Ethno-
graphisches Museum, of which Dr. Arnold Jacobi is Director, is
in the Zwinger (Fig. 58), and as the opening hour was not early
we had time to look at some of the parks and gardens on our way
thither. As might be expected in such an art centre the gardens
1 Since found in Chicago and Salem, Mass.
[220]
Report of a Journey Around the World.
73
grew artistically and the ribbon gardening was the finest seen.
In the Zwinger we passed through the natural history portion of
the museum noting on the way a remarkable group of birds of
Paradise. The good collections of the Ethnographic Museum will
be listed in the sequel, but
here we may mention the
beautiful arrangement of
the Hawaiian feather gar-
ments, of which this muse-
um has a choice collection,
including the cloak with
green feathers formerly in
private hands in Loudon.
The iron case in which
these are kept is most suit-
able for such purpose, and
I hope the Bishop Museum
may later have a similar
one for the better preserva-
tion of her treasures in that
line : drawings and speci-
fications were obtained for
that purpose. Perhaps the
thing that attracted us most
in this feather exhibit was
the skilful way in which the
plain illustrations of the
Bishop Museum publica-
tion on Hawaiian feather
work had been colored and arranged in frames on the wall. It was
well to see so many capes and cloaks together in their own colors
as they had never been assembled before. We afterwards saw the
same process used in the Dominion Museum in Wellington, N. Z.,
but on a much smaller scale, and it was a source of regret that the
museum could not have published the original memoir with these
attractive specimens of the old Hawaiian art in color.
In Leipzig the south side of the Konigsplatz is mostly occupied
by the Grassi Museum which was erected in 1893-96 from a bequest
[221]
59. DR. ARNOLD JACOBI.
6l. DR. KARL WEl'LE.
76
Report of a Journey A round the World.
of Herr F. D. Grassi who died in 1880. It contains both ethno-
logical and industrial art collections. A fine building, but seem-
ingly too much exposed to fire from the adjoining business blocks.
While central and accessible, it is unfortunate that it could not
have more open space around it, for no insurance could replace
the choice treasures in its cases. The portion we are most inter-
ested in is the Stadtisches Museum fiir Yolkerkunde. In our
eagerness to see this we came before our time, but spent the wait-
62. STAIRWAY IN MUSEUM.
ing minutes in the adjoining market with interest, if not profit.
I remember that the museum building was nearly finished but not
occupied at the time of my last visit. We found one of the finest
collections in Germany on exhibition. The Director, Prof. Dr.
Phil. Karl Weule, and Dr. Ernst Sarfert welcomed us, and with
these well-known ethnologists we arranged an exchange of speci-
mens that will, we hope, be for the advantage of both museums.
As Leipzig is the centre of the German Book Trade it was
our desire to see the Buchhandlerhaus (Booksellers Exchange),
[224]
Report of a Journey Around the World.
77
where we found priced samples of the latest publications of the
association and many other trade conveniences, but near by was
an adjunct that was more interesting still, the Buchgewerbehaus.
This is open to the public and contains, beside the museum, the
fine Gutenberghalle, decorated with mural paintings by Sascha
Schneider, a statue of the great printer, and busts of Senefelder the
inventor of lithography, and Konig the inventor of the power press.
The museum of the Book Trade started in the acquisition (in 1886),
63. JIAROUESAX CARVED BOX.
by the Government of Saxony, of the Klemm collection of early
printing, and in this were specimens from the eighteen towns
that had printing presses before 1471, and a copy of the famous
Gutenberg 42-line Bible printed at Mainz, 1450-55. To these are
added collections and models representing the technical processes
of book making — printing, illustrating, binding, a fairly complete
and exceedingly instructive museum.
From these arts of peace we were driven to the field of the
battle of Leipzig ( Oct. 16-19, I 8i3), that terrible slaughter in which
some 450,000 men were engaged and a quarter of them were
killed by the rest. To commemorate this humane achievement a
most imposing monument is being erected and will doubtless be
ready for the centennial of the battle.
[225]
64. BUCHGEWEKBEHAUS, LEIPZIG.
65. GUTENBERGHALE.
Report of a Journey Around the 1 1 'or/it. 79
Onward to Berlin where I hoped to have more time to study
the great Museum fiir Yolkerkunde, in which I saw so much and
learned so much on my former visit. This is naturally the depot
for the collections of the frequent Government exploring expedi-
tions, and I had expected to find many new things. New things
there doubtless were in the museum, but — Dr. Adolf Bastian, the
66. museum Fur yolkerkunde.
distinguished Director who welcomed me in 1896, had passed away
in the fulness of years, and my friend Dr. Felix von Luschan, then
Curator of African and Polynesian Ethnology, had left the museum
and taken the chair of Anthropology in the University of Berlin.
I, however, met him in the rotunda of the museum and he explained
that the very riches had in a degree stifled the museum : they
could neither show nor exchange ; the cases were packed too full
to allow the contents to be studied, or, in some cases, to be seen.
The prehistoric department and Dr. Schliemann's Trojan collec-
[227]
8o Report of a Journey Around the World.
tion were still visible. It certainly is not the fault of the Govern-
ment that this state of things exists, still less is it the fault of the
staff. I was assured that the Government had made suitable pro-
vision for a large tract and ample building not far out of town and
67. A GALLERY IN THE MEERESKUNDE MUSEUM.
easily accessible, but two of the trustees objected to removing from
the city, and as they could not agree the subvention was diverted
to other needs until an agreement could be reached. 1
In the Chateau of Monbijou we saw the Hohenzolleru Museum,
an interesting collection of personal matters and portraits from the
"Since this was written I am informed by Dr. P. Jessen, of the Kunst-
gewerbe-Mnseum at Berlin, the plans have been definitely agreed upon for a
new museum. L 22 ^]
Report of a Journey Around the World. 81
Great Elector to the present day. At the change of guard we
saw the amusing "goose step," another legacy of the past. The
Tiergarten has greatly changed for the better, and the Sieges-
Allee has been added at the expense of the Emperor, with thirty-
two statues of Prussian rulers placed on either side, and as a
background to each a semicircular bench is placed, flanked at
either end by the portrait busts of contemporary statesmen or
warriors : the whole effect is dignified and most interesting. At
Charlottenberg the palace was visited and the mausoleum.
I had included Monaco in my itinerary, that I might see how
near to my dream of a museum of the sea and its inhabitants the
fine Oceanographic Museum of the Prince of Monaco might
approach ; I had already seen the Marine Station at Naples, but I
had not known of the Museum fiir Meereskunde in Berlin. On
my former visit there was a small aquarium, but now I found a
large and sufficiently inclusive museum in Georgenstrasse 34-36,
provided with an excellent guide-book from which I may trans-
late the explanatory introduction. The germ of this museum seems
to have been the collection in the Royal Friedrich-Wilhelm Uni-
versity made by Baron F. Von Richthofen in 1890. I have taken
from this same guide-book several of the excellent illustrations.
"The object of the museum is first, by the aid of its collections,
to arouse interest and to disseminate widely a knowledge of the
Sea and its phenomena, then, by research, to make known the
wealth of its life, and its economic value and also the national
significance of commerce, navigation and naval power. The size
of the ocean, its chemical and physical properties and the ocean
currents are illustrated by an oceanographical collection. In an
especial room, the 'Iustrumeutarium', instruments are kept which
are used for navigation and ocean investigation. In a biological
section the life of the sea is exhibited, and in a fisheries section is
shown the economic use of sea creatures. One collection is de-
voted to the History of Ship-building, Navigation, Commerce,
Harbors and Eife-saving apparatus from the political-economic
point of view. Besides these three collections there is that of the
Imperial Marine illustrating the history and development of the
German navy. [229]
Occasional Papers B. P. B. M. Vol. V, No. s.— 6.
82 Report of a Journey Around the World.
"Temporarily the Museum is situated at 34-36 Georgenstrasse in
a building formerly used by the Chemical Institute of the University,
near the Friedriehstrasse station .... The museum is not only to
serve the Royal Berlin University, but above all for the education
of the people. On this account we have endeavored to explain each
object with detailed notices in terms easily understood ; this guide
giving a general idea of the collections and the connection as a
whole. A small reading room near Room VI is open to visitors.
"The Management of the Museum will be grateful for any
suggestions and cooperation in the development and perfection of
the institution." '
The illustrations will show the general arrangement of the
museum, but there are several matters shown that need perhaps
a word in explanation. The beautiful model (Fig. 68) shows:
"The flagship 'Kaiser Wilhelm de Grosse' (Kaiser class) ready for
sea, the boats are lashed up, the gangway up, the cable which holds
the ship to the buoy can at any moment be slipped and allowed to
fall, the guns are drawn in, the crew are on duty. The sister
ship, 'Kaiser Barbarossa', on the contrary has cleared her decks for
fighting, the boats are left behind in the harbor, she shows no sign
of life, and only after close inspection some signal men are noticed
hidden in the feuer schutz, and at the ports of the Commander's
station human heads are to be seen here and there. The guns
are ready and the enemy is expected on the starboard side. The
topmast flags are waving gayly in view of the enemy. The line-
ship 'Elsass' (Braunschweig class) presents a peacefully active
scene at sea. It is midday recess; officers and men are amusing
themselves on that part of the upper deck etiquette allows to each.
The boats lie near the forecastle, the gig at the starboard gang-
way. The Commander is just going down the ladder, and the
officer on duty with the 'gangway boys' are giving him the cus-
tomary salute. On the larboard side the steam launch is being
lowered, and a number of men are filling the long boat, for the
boatswain's mate has just given the signal to lower this. On the
starboard side diagonally from the 'Elsass' is a line of boats moored.
They are the boats of S. M. S. 'Worth' (Brandenburg class) which
are to be protected from the coal dust of their vessel which is
'Translation l>v the Librarian, Miss E. H. Hit^ins.
[230]
Report of a Journey Around the World.
83
coaling. On the
from the lighters,
three other ships
o-war, with flags
the sailing yacht
make the picture
"Behind this
of small cruisers :
as station ship, is
'Worth' the whole crew are busy loading coal
The 'Worth' holds by her own anchor, while the
of the line are made fast to station buoys. Men-
flying, torpedo boats, sail boats, among them
'Commodore' beating up against the wind, all
as lifelike as possible.
large case, which measures 6X5 m., are models
the 'Condor,' intended only for foreign service
unprotected, but provided with sails in case of
68. SHIPS OF THE LINE AT ANCHOR IN HARBOR.
need. This type is out of fashion, as are also the iron-clad cruisers
'Irene' and 'Gefion'. The course of development leads past
these to the modern armed, fast 'Little Cruisers' represented by
the model 'Niobe'. In this ship collection the Avisos (despatch
boats) are no longer in use; there are several models of them at
one side behind the Little Cruisers. Their place is now taken by
the Little Cruisers and the Torpedo boats."
The models of fishing craft are as complete, if not so numer-
ous, as the war department exhibits. One shows the fishing smack
on the glassy surface of the supposed water, and the drag-net
[231]
84 Report of a Journey Around the \\ T orld.
spread on the bottom awaiting its prey. Nets, traps, lines and
hooks in many forms for many uses. The model of a portion of
Hamburg harbor is wonderfully constructed on a scale of 1 to 100.
( Fig. 69.) It was made by W. Albrecht. An accompanying map
of the whole harbor shows what a small portion of the whole is
represented in the model. At my previous visit I was much inter-
ested in the works then in construction in the Hamburg harbor,
69. MODEL OF HAMBURG HARBOR (PART).
and the portion shown in the model includes the wharfage of the
Hamburg- American line.
In the biological section is shown a portion of a coral reef from
the shore of the Red Sea near the Siuaitic peninsula (Fig. 70);
other fine specimens of coral, shell, casts of fish (the last mostly
of sharks and similar fish, and not so well colored as our own
specimens) occupy the cases and the walls above. Surely when
a suitable building is provided this oceanographic museum may
well lead the world. The mere handbook is a brochure of 152
octavo pages, and I have given but the briefest sketch of what
in full would fill a portly volume.
[232]
Report of a Journey Around the World.
85
Other museums in Berlin are numerous, but we had no time
to push our studies farther as we greatly wished ; even the very
attractive Kunstgewerbe Museum, enjoyed on a former visit, must
be passed by, for our rather tyrannical "schedule" ordered us to
leave on the morning of July 15th for Cologne, where we arrived
about four in the afternoon, and found cur Hotel Dom in the shadow
of the cathedral, which seemed quite the same after an absence
CORAL REEF ON SINAI SHORE, RED SEA.
of forty-six years. All over Europe these grand landmarks remain
nearly unchanged in the midst of strenuous improvement, or at
least innovation. The remnant of the day was spent in getting
our bearings about the city and communicating with the Director
of the new Rautenstrauch-Joest Museum, Dr. Willy Foy, who,
with his assistant, Dr. Graebuer, received us the next morning
most cordially and showed us the treasures in their charge. This
museum has a society (Verein zur Forderung des stadtischen
Rautenstrauch-Joest Museums fiir Volkerkunde), of which the
President is Dr. C. Joest, to assist in various ways, especially by
[233]
71. RAUTENSTRAUCH-JOEST MUSEUM.
12. INTERIOR STAIRWAY.
73- UPPER STAIRWAY.
J4. AFRICAN HALL, RAUTEXSTRAUCH-JOEST MUSEUM.
88 Report of a Journey Around the World.
publishing the Jahresbericht , I-IV (1904-1907), and Ethnologica,
I (1909). From the latter publication I have taken by permission
the views I shall give to show the building and its arrangement
of cases, in many ways the best we saw on this journey. The
building (Fig. 71) is plain but dignified and well suited to its
purpose, and the museum is well fitted to give instruction not
only by its exhibits, but by their arrangement and installation.
As everywhere in new museums the excellent steel cases are used,
and the direction has been liberal in giving illustrations and
details of all these so that their colleagues may readily profit by
their experience. So far as I could see these cases are giving full
satisfaction, and I know are being adopted by other museums where
old wooden cases are laid aside. (See Budapest, Sydney, etc.)
The hall containing the African collection is shown in Fig. 74,
and it will be noticed that the cases are all free from the floor and
easily moved if a change of position is desired. The floors are all
tile or concrete and of excellent surface; the columns plain, but
not to the extent of ugliness, the ceiling is high and the light
excellent. The conveniences for reading or notetaking are pro-
vided, and there is room for central cases when such are needed.
Electric light is provided in case the museum should be opened
in the evening. The good collection from the Bismarck Archi-
pelago (Fig. 75) is well shown, and the method of dividing the
case by cloth partitions stretched on T-irou frames and easily
removable. As will be seen, there is no lack of shelving (of glass
in many museums), and these are as readily removable. Many
specimens are suspended from the top of the case ; others, as spears
and paddles, are attached directly to the partition. It is often
awkward, in arrangement of specimens, to have the partition in
the structural middle of the case, and the method used here obviates
all this. The doors are sufficient and easily opened ; in the New
Caledonia collection (Fig. 76) the case is shown with doors open,
and the convenient little jacks should be noticed, as they are needed
to sustain the great weight of the plate glass doors, the casing
being of the smallest possible section to avoid unnecessary obstruc-
tion of vision. Note also in Fig. 76 the labelling of the case and
the neat arrangement for supporting spears which do not require
case protection. Other such objects are attached to the bare wall.
[236]
92
Report of a Journey Around the World.
When we came to window cases, we found both here and at
Dresden very admirable examples which cannot easily be surpassed
for convenience of storing or exhibiting any small specimens ;
these will be described, below, but first I would call attention to
the free standing cases shown in Fig. 78, which are easily moved
and are especially adapted for central spaces in halls. Another
example will be shown in the account of the Australian Museum
8. EXAMPLES OF FREE STANDING CASES.
in Sydney. The number of specimens such cases can hold is
astonishing, and of course they are well fitted for groups such as
are shown in the Bishop Museum. These cases are 3.50 m. high,
and the central one is 6.50 m. long. The number of small speci-
mens such cases will hold and sufficiently display is well shown
in the illustration. Of course the cases can be made of any size
to suit particular locations, but in building a new hall it would be
wise to arrange for cases of nearly uniform size to permit of rear-
rangement of any special group of specimens.
Now as to the smaller table cases, often called window cases,
but which would be convenient cases for a picture gallery around
the walls, or in double row back to back down the centre of a hall.
[240]
Report of a Journey Around the World.
93
As will be seen in Figs. 79-S1 these are made either with sub-
closets for storage, or completely open. Fig. 79 shows the former
open, that the very convenient interior may be studied. In all
these the heavy glass top is balanced so that there is no trouble in
opening or keeping open at any degree. In some cases the balance
is by weight at the back or in the legs, but it would seem more
convenient to have a strong spring coiled as in the familiar window
79. TABLE CASE WITH SUBCLOSET.
shades, or on the camera stands common in America ; but whatever
method is used, the cases and their convenience will appeal to any
museum manager, apart from all question of cost, and the improved
methods of manufacture and consequent increased demand have
greatly reduced that. Another question confronted me as to the
locks ; I believe a more convenient and better lock is made in this
country than any I saw in Europe, but the American lock is prob-
ably more costly. All these cases that I have studied in conti-
nental museums, are made principally in Dresden, Frankfurt and
Leipzig, but work of equal quality, if not of so artistic design is
made in the United States, especially in New York, for the many
r*4i]
So. TABLE CASE, OPEN.
8 I. TABLE CASE CLOSED
Report of a Journey Around the World.
95
new libraries springing up over the country, where every article
of furniture is of steel well enamelled, and not only fire-proof but,
what is of more importance to us, insect-proof.
From Cologne our way led by boat down the Rhine to Mayence
and thence by rail to Frankfurt am Main where we were seeking
the museum of the Senekenbergisehen Naturforschenden Gesell-
schaft, of which I have the honor of being a corresponding member.
Also the Stadtisches Volkerkunde Museum. The former museum
82.
SENCKENBERGISCHE MUSEUM.
has not merely a fine new building, but also a very extensive and
well arranged collection of natural history which we could profit-
ably have studied longer than our time permitted. The latter we
found in the former Thurn und Taxissches Palace. It was founded
by HR. Dr. Bernard Hagen in 1904 by the cooperation of the
Anthropological Society of Frankfurt and the State, and Dr.
Hagen is the Director. In his absence Consul Francis C. A. Sarg,
his honorary deputy, was very obliging in showing us the collec-
tion, which, although not large, yet contains some choice speci-
mens, as may be seen by the illustration of the Maori carved box,
Fig. 86. Doubtless in a city so abounding in scientific societies and
wealthy and educated inhabitants this museum should considerably
expand. Its present palace of the Prince of Thurn and Taxis,
[243]
9 6
Report of a Journey Around the World.
83. VOI.KERKUNDE MUSEUM ENTRANCE.
as may be seen in the illustration, is not well suited to museum
purposes. The eases, however, contain many choice things,
As will be seen in the lists in the latter part of this report, a very
good representative collection is on the shelves. The collection
of stone churingas from Australia is very large : a few years ago
there were no such specimens in any museum in Australia, let
[244]
Repot t of a Journey Around the World.
97
alone Europe, and now there are hundreds. I have no good rea-
son for doubting the authenticity of these stones, but the preva-
lence of counterfeiting in other matters of ethnology causes some
uneasiness when one notices such a sudden and enormous increase
in these comparatively easily imitated stones. Later I found them
equally abundant in the Australian museums. The Palm Garden
of this city surpassed any we had seen in the facility with which
84.
INNER HALL.
one can pass through and examine the many beautiful conserva-
tories. Many if not most glass houses are crowded with plants,
and there is hardly passage for the gardeners, but here the houses
radiate from a central rotunda and visitors pass down one wide
path and up another so as to easily see the whole without danger
to the plants or discomfort to the visitor. Except at Dresden we
saw no better ribbon bedding in the open gardens.
On the 19th July we left Frankfurt and the same evening we
arrived in a through car at Paris. With our usual good luck the
Sunday we were in Paris was the day for the monthly Gra?id Eaux
at Versailles, and I had an opportunity to compare the crowds
Occasional Papers B. P. B. M. Vol. V, No. s — 7-
[245]
Report of a Journey Around the World.
99
with those I had seen on similar occasions in 1866 under Napoleon,
and in 1872 under Thiers. It seemed to me that the difference
was very great ; it was no longer en fete as formerly, but only like
any crowd of tourists. Another innovation, not unacceptable,
was the aviation field near by where we saw nearly every form of
aeroplane in practice, and the horrible noise of the motors was
MAORI BOX AND LID.
disturbing to novices ; we had already seen from the train one of the
German balloon-suspended passenger airships (Count Zeppelin)
passing over our heads.
The interesting ethnological collection formerly in the Musie
de Marine at the Louvre had been removed to other exhibition
halls, and later we found some of the specimens at the Trocadero.
Others may have gone to the museum at the Jardin des Plantes,
but we were unfortunate in finding that museum closed, and the
Director who had succeeded to Dr. Hamy, who, on a former visit to
the old museum was my guide, was away on his vacation. At the
earlier visit in 1896 the new museum building was nearlv complete
[247]
IOO
Report of a Journey Around the World.
87. UPPER HALT. OF THE PARIS MUSEUM OE NATURAL HISTORY
PARIS MUSEUM OE NATURAL HISTORY, GROUND FLOOR.
and some of the collections had been already transferred, but the
cast of the Hottentot "Venus" still gathered its crowds, and enough
remained to arouse great interest ; so it was with no little dis-
appointment that we turned away from the closed doors of the new
museum, and we fared no better when we came to the botanical
collection, which contains among other treasures the plants col-
lected on the Hawaiian Islands by M. Jules Remy, as that was
also closed and no one could be found to open it on that day.
r 24 8]
Report of a Journey Around the World.
101
The gallery of anatomy is perhaps even more crowded than that of
the Museum of the College of Surgeons in London (Fig. 25), and,
like that, rather confuses by its abundance. I have no good views,
but Figs. 87-88 will give some idea of the arrangement and riches.
The first is the upper hall, the second the ground floor. In the
palaeontology gallery (which could only be visited on Tuesdays
from 1 to 4 p.m.) is a cast of the Diplodocus given by Mr. Carnegie.
The gallery containing birds is also very full of choice specimens
not always well mounted. This has led a cynic to remark that
89. THE TROCADEKO, FROM THE EIEEL TOWER.
the prettiest specimens in the gallery are seen on the hats of the
lady visitors. The Serves offered little of interest after those of
Frankfurt, and the botanical garden, owing perhaps to the season,
was no longer attractive.
We had paid no great attention to the open days of museums,
partly because the guide-books are not always reliable, unless of
very recent date, but mainly because we knew that the directors
were always ready to accommodate us in our rather hurried arrange-
ments ; but in France we could not always find the directors, and
all I had met on my former visit were dead or had removed, so
that our visit to France was far from satisfactory.
In the Trocadero we did get in after waiting very profitably
and pleasantly in the architectural gallery an hour or two (both
are not open at the same time, perhaps for economy of janitor
[249]
102 Report of a Journey Around the \\ T orld.
service), and when at last we entered, expecting to find the Poly-
nesian exhibit arranged in cases after the latest fashion in the
most scientific order, we found — well, certainly we were disap-
pointed. Perhaps we expected too much after the German muse-
ums. It will be well to explain the arrangement of the interior of
the Trocadero (Fig. 89) before going farther. The huge dome,
flanked by two towers, covers various offices and a large auditorium
or Salle des Fetes containing a fine organ and seating capacity for
6000 auditors. In the illustration the wing extending to the right
contains the architectural museum and the Cambodgian collec-
tion, while the corresponding wing on the left is devoted to the
ethnographical collections. The room containing the Polynesian
objects (most of which were packed away in 1896) was rather dark
and crowded, but we found many choice things. Among these
was the first pair of Marquesan stilts with the original sticks (the
specimen in the British Museum has smooth modern substitutes);
a good inlaid shield from Solomon Islands ; four especially good
carved paddles from Mangaia ; a two-headed figure from Easter
Island; the New Caledonian display was good, but the specimens
from the eastern French colonies, the Marquesas and Society
Islands, were few and not remarkable ; the more noteworthy are
to be found in the lists in the latter part of this report. The trophy
style of arrangement of clubs that was so inconvenient for study
in the old Jl fusee de Marine has been adopted here also, so no cata-
logue of objects thus displayed can easily be made. The arrange-
ment of one of the rooms seemed well, if unintentionally, described
in a popular guide-book from which I will quote all that relates
to Oceania in the upper story:
"Arms of all kinds: Polynesian stone arms : lances, arrows,
bows, shields; headdresses, clothes, wicker-work, wood and iron,
rudely wrought, models of pirogues of huts, statues of gods, god-
desses, idols, fetiches of the gods Bouddha, Siva, Singha, etc.;
busts of natives, dressed figures of Australians (man and woman),
of Mabris [Maoris?], of natives of the Marquesas isles, woman
printing the tapa. In the middle of the hall on the left, dancing
scene (Negritos of the Andaman isles). On the right: Negritos
of the State of Perak (Malay peninsula); large glass case of Java
objects. On one side: marionettes [Wajang]; on the other, theatri-
[250]
Report of a Journey Around the World.
103
cal costumes. On the right: sarcophagus in carved wood (New
Zealand). In front : stern, prow, and figurehead of a New Zealand
war canoe." The punctuation, if a little puzzling, is abundant ;
the italics are of the original. It seems hard to say that the
arrangement of the room is fairly described. The Hall of America
is much better, and the Hall of the French Provinces is quite
interesting, with figures, dress and utensils.
90. MUSEE GUIMET.
The Hotel des Invalides has its museum, but the different
portions are rather hard to find as they are sometimes moved and
removed, but we at last came upon the costumed savages we were in
search of, and the ethnology of the show was remarkable as it was
fourteen years ago. The feathers had faded and nearly disappeared
from the Hawaiian war cloak and helmet ; a Gilbert Islander,
called New Caledonian, was holding a Fijian spear; there were
two New Caledonian short handled adzes and a greenstone disk
club (neither of these war implements) . It was not to be wondered
at that the attendants showed little or no interest in the show.
The Musee Guimet (Fig. 90) is of quite a different character
though not far distant. Its province is the religious of the East,
Japan and China chiefly, and the collection of ceramics given in
[25O
io4
Report of a Journey Around the World.
1886 by M. Guimet of Lyons is worth a visit even if one is not
especially interested in oriental religions. The publications of
this museum are voluminous and valuable. I was anxious to see
whether there would be anything touching upon the religion of
Polynesians, and although there was little in the way of images
or paintings that was near of kin to the Pacific Islands Worship,
I was well repaid for my visit. 1
The Musee Carnavalet is most interesting for the history of
Paris, but as I had seen it before, I passed it by, as also the Con-
9i-
PALAIS I.ONGCHAMPS.
servatoire des Arts et Metiers, for want of time. The Hotel de
Cluuy has always appealed to me since my first visit, now nearly
fifty years ago, and I did not pass it by this time.
Leaving Paris, we arrived at Marseilles, where we spent the
27th of July. One lesson the Marseilles museums teach, and it is
an important lesson, that besides good architecture, the surround-
ings are important. The mosque of Sultan Hassan in Cairo is one
of the gems of Saracenic architecture, but half its beauty is lost
buried in the surrounding hovels. It is not merely the danger
'While the Musee Guimet was founded in Lyon in 1878. after its presenta-
tion to the state it was removed to Paris. M. P'mile Guimet during his
travels in China and Japan collected much in hoth countries. From Japan
alone he brought 300 Kakemonoes of a religious nature, 600 idols, and 1000
volumes of religious matter. This material is given to the world in two peri-
odical publications — Annates du Music (.'ui met and Revue de Vhistotie des
religions. [252]
Report of a Journey Around the IVor/d.
105
from fire that calls for plenty of open space ; nor even the need of
light, it is the frame of the picture. I think no one will dispute
with me that the people of the ancient city of Marseilles have not
only fine buildings, but they are beautifully framed.
The Palais Lougchamp (Fig. 91) contains not only a fine
museum of natural history (and Marseilles is a port to which many
such specimens come), but also the civic art gallery. Both are
open free every day, except Mondays and Fridays, from 9 to 12 and
92. CHATEAU BORELV ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM.
from 2 to 4 in winter, and 5 in summer. A beatiful park contains
the Chateau Borely (Fig. 92) in which is the civic archaeological
museum. Right in the city it affords a delightful promenade to
those who are not attracted by the interest of the collections ex-
hibited in the museum. Surely Marseilles is to be congratulated
on these two institutions.
On July 28th w r e were in Monte Carlo early in the afternoon.
At that season this usually gay town was as quiet as a New Eng-
land town on Sunday. Shops were closed for the season, and the
hotels seemed empty, but the gardens were as beautiful as if crowds
were there to admire them, and the glimpses of the Mediterranean
prepared us for the Oceanographic Museum at Monaco which was
the object of our visit to this part of France. It was visible from
our hotel at Monte Carlo and early Monday morning we drove to
that marble palace. [ 2 53]
Report of a Journey Around the World. 107
Much has been written about this beautiful museum, and one
need not here attempt to go very fully into its history, which is
perhaps known to every museum curator who will read this report;
but for the benefit of the few others into whose hands this account
may come the following extract from the account of Dr. J. Richard
in his Notice provisoire some notes of the foundation may be given.
April 25, 1899, under the patronage of H. M. the Emperor of
Germany, the corner stone was laid. Those who have seen the
limited space unoccupied in Monaco will appreciate the difficulty
of finding a site for any large building that should be sufficient in
size and convenient of access, for "the first idea of the Prince was
to found an establishment to contain and utilize the collections,
more especially zoological, the fruit of his scientific expeditions
since 1885 in the Mirondelle and the Princesse- Alice. But in course
of time a broader idea came to the Prince, explained by the title
MusSe oceanographiquc . That is to say, that the new museum
should not merely be a home for the collections and instrumenta-
tion of the Prince, but should provide for housing everything
which in a general way, is connected with oceanography." '
The illustration (Fig. 93) will show the fine facade rising from
the normal level of the cliff abutting on the sea, while on the water
side the substructure goes down in the middle two stories to nearly
the sea level. The emplacement was a triumph of the distinguished
architect M. Delefortrie. The central hall, from which open on
either side exhibition rooms, is shown in Fig. 94. The dimen-
sions of the building are as follows: the central portion is 20 m.
square, and from this on either side extend wings 40 m. long and
15 m. wide ; the monolith columns decorating the first story are 8 m.
high and weigh 16,000 kilo.; those supporting the front pediment
are i2 m 70 high. The motifs de decoration are animals of the deep
sea {Geryon, Polycheles, Orophorhynchus, fishes, etc.), especially
around the entrance on the avenue St. Martin, while on the summit
are an albatross and eagle of gigantic size. On either side of the
central front window are allegoric groups from the chisel of the
1 It may be noted that the Prince also founded in Paris an institution
for the study of oceanography, well endowed and provided with learned
teachers, and distinguished trustees. Also while in Paris I learned that the
Marquise Arconati-Yisconti had given the University of Paris ^"20,000 with
which to found an institution of geography, and this is to be adjoining the
former institute. [ 2 55]
Report of a Journey Around the \\ T orld. 109
sculptor M. Dussart. These groups, which are 8 m. high, repre-
sent Truth unveiling to Science the forces of the world, and Pro-
gress coming to the aid of Humanity.
The building is surmounted by an attic rising 77 m 9o above
the sea, and bounding an immense terrace 15 m. wide and 100 m.
long. A smaller terrace crowns the tower-like front which rises
82 m o7, and on this opens a room devoted to meteorological obser-
vations. The museum is entirely of stone from Turbie, a sec-
ondary limestone with a grain resembling lithographic stone,
except the columns of the facade and the interior, which come from
Brescia, but are of similar material.
Even the door at the entrance is a work of art in forged iron,
but so long as it does not keep us outside we pass it by to walk
over a mosaic floor in the midst of which is the image of the yacht
Princesse- Alice in which so much has been gathered. Mosaic
fishes, waves, cephalopods, hint strongly to the visitor of the nature
of the place — sermons in stones! On either side are stairways to
the floor above ; on the right the porter with photographs for sale,
on the left a stairway to the basement which we used later, and
passing a large glazed door we entered what the French like to
call a "grand salon d'honneur" (Fig. 94), a square apartment
18X18 m. and 7 m. high. The appearance is well shown in the
illustration, but the artificial lighting (which we did not have the
pleasure of seeing) deserves a description, for in the centre hangs
a huge crystal Medusa, and in the corners crystal globes armed
with long spikes — charming enlargements of microscope marine
organisms of the group Radiolaria — all these designed by M.
Constant Roux.
The statue of the Prince, by M. D. Puech of the Institut,
nobly presides. He is represented standing on the bridge of his
yacht scanning the horizon. This was a gift by subscription of
sovereigns and exalted personages of various countries. On either
side of the pedestal are bronze bas-reliefs by the sculptor, one
representing the chase of the whale, the other the reception of a
capture of smaller game on the deck.
As we turn from the image of our noble host we see^on the
one side and the other through large glazed doors set in carved
wood frames, into a large hall 38 111. long and i3 ni 7o wide, and
[257]
Report of a Journey Around the World. in
these doors can be folded back making one of the three halls as
occasion may require. Several scientific congresses have been
held here where this arrangement proved most convenient.
The hall on the west (Fig. 97) is devoted to conferences,
lectures and other reunions. Its walls are paneled : the caissons
of the ceiling, richly decorated, are adorned with six paintings,
by M. Hippolyte Lucas, of scenes relating to the sea ; the smaller
lateral panels have designs of marine life fitting in well with the
general decoration. The wall at the end of the hall is nearly
covered with a canvas by M. Monchablon, representing the favorite
yacht on a deep blue sea. The windows are provided with both
white and black curtains to admit or obscure light as may be
required for lantern projections, and for this purpose an electric
current is furnished by a transformer using the public alternating
current and delivering 90-100 amperes under 1 10-120 volts.
The eastern hall ( Fig. 95 ) is occupied by zoological specimens,
especially those brought back by the Prince on his many expedi-
tions : these have been studied by specialists and have yielded
such information as they ma}- to science. Here are fish from the
depths; one, a Pseudotriacis, which is almost 3 m. long, was cap-
tured by palancre nearly 1500 m. down; other fish have been
brought up from a depth of 6000 m. Four campaigns in the polar
seas as far as 8o°N. have furnished many specimens of arctic
fauna to compare with the inhabitants of the Mediterranean,
Azores, coast of Portugal, etc. The most important groups in the
collections are fishes, mollusks, crustaceans and echinoderms.
Among the familiar objects was a reproduction (from the Paris
Museum) of Mesoplodon bidens, of which we have a good skeleton
in the Bishop Museum, and also one of another species of this
southern Pacific whale. 1
Not of less interest are the instruments used in this explor-
ation of the sea. A fine series of diapositives explains still farther
the work of the explorers. Labels are generally in French , German
and English, and sufficiently full to give much information to the
student, if too long to be read to any extent by the casual visitor.
Ascending to the first floor we find another square hall from
which open others, as on the floor below, but here the ceiling rises
'See Occasional Papers, Vol. I, Director's Annual Report for 1891, a
figure of M. grayi. [259]
Report of a Journey Around the World. 113
to a greater height so that the large lateral halls support light
iron galleries (shown in Fig. 95) provided with eases for alcoholic
and other preserves. In the square hall the object first attracting
attention is a whaleboat fully armed with line, gun-harpoon, hand-
harpoon, lances and all tools needed for the capture of whales.
This strongly recalled to me the earlier days when Honolulu had
every winter its fleet of whalers, and these boats were very com-
mon ; and this memory we in the Bishop Museum are preserving
in a collection of these same tools obtained in New Bedford and
elsewhere, for they are now unknown in the Hawaiian group.
In this room are revolving cases stocked with historical photo-
graphs of all the Prince's cruises, and much material pertaining to
oceanology. The cases in this museum are of metal, as in all
modern museums of importance.
The hall on the east (Fig. 95) has all that concerns physical
and chemical oceanography; apparatus for sounding, dredging
and fishing. The collection of the latter implements is continually
growing, and as yet has little or nothing of the fisheries of primi-
tive peoples — the ethnographic side. If the Bishop Museum could
bring together (as it can with time and means) such a collection
of Pacific fishing implements as Monaco has of European, especially
French nets, hooks, traps, etc., it might prove even more interest-
ing. Models of fish-traps and nets and artificial fish-ponds of the
Pacific groups, such as our Mr. J. F. G. Stokes has for some time
been studying and collecting in specimen, picture or model, would
be both interesting and instructive, for the fashions in these are
changing almost as fast in the Pacific as the fashions in dress
and speech.
Of course, beside the fishing implements are series of the things
caught, whether for mere ornament, as the pearl, or for food as fish,
mussels, etc. This collection has a broad field. Not only are
there engines so purely scientific that the ordinary visitor has no
idea of how they are used or why, but those clearly industrial,
that many as they pass could give name to without consulting
label or guide. Here are the deep sea closing net devised by the
Prince, of Professor Fowler, those of Nansen, Schmidt, Hensen,
and various nets and apparatus used by different expeditions to
collect the microscopic plankton of the surface, in intermediate
Occasional Papers B. P. B. M. Vol. V, No. 5—8.
[261]
Report of a Journey Around the World.
ii5
depths and far down, or to collect the fry of edible fish for stocking
tanks or for fish culture.
Before a visitor has finished his journey through these public
halls of exhibition he must appreciate the need of the institute in
Paris for instruction in all these interesting and wonderful things,
and we turn, with a sigh that we know so little of all these matters,
to the basements (Fig. 98), not apart of the public exhibition, where
98.
THE Ml'SEl'M FROM THE SEA.
are the offices of the Director and his associates, the photographing
room, the laboratories for examining and preparing specimens,
whether the microscopic plankton or the gigantic whale ; all are
here in use, even a huge vat for macerating a good size cetacean.
There are the many aquaria for students and experimentation, all
well arranged and provided with fresh or salt water, the latter
pumped from a clear pool at the base of the cliff, on which the
museum stands, by an electric engine placed outside the main
building. There are of course side entrances for bringing or
removing specimens, and students can come directly to their rooms
[263]
116 Report of a Journey Around the World.
without passing through the exhibition halls. All seems to be
prepared for the use and comfort of students, and doubtless many
avail themselves of the grand opportunity. Even four chambers
are built on the face of the cliff for the accommodation of persons
who come to the museum for original research on marine subjects.
Here, as in other museums, are two distinct collections, one for
exhibition, the other for study.
The Institute Oeeanographique of Paris now owns all the
Monaco museum and its dependencies, the Prince having, in 1896,
given it with a foundation of four million francs for its perpetual
maintenance. It is recognized (as is the French custom) by the
Government as a public utility, but is otherwise independent. The
administrative direction belongs to a council of administration,
the scientific direction to a Comite de Perfeclionnement, a body
of most distinguished scientists, including the Director and our
countryman, and friend of this Museum, the late Alexander
Agassiz, whose father, Louis Agassiz, was my honored instructor
at Harvard ; the son was a valued friend from those days until his
lamented death.
Tuesday, 30th July, we left Monte Carlo in the morning and,
after changing time and also wasting it at Yintimille, passed into
Italy, arriving at Genoa at 5:20 in the afternoon. The statue of
Columbus met us as we left the station. The next day was spent
partly resting in a private garden and partly on duty in the
municipil museum. We took train for Rome August 1st, passing
through Pisa, where we had a good view of the leaning tower,
arriving in Rome late in the afternoon, making our headquarters
at the Hotel Regina.
So far as ethnological museums were concerned our visit was
unproductive, for owing to the summer vacation of the Collegio
Romano the museum was closed. This was visited on a former
journey and found to contain a large amount of valuable material
collected mainly by the Roman missionaries, but without much
scientific arrangement, so we were the more anxious to see if mod-
ern methods had been adopted here. We were unable to find any
responsible persons in charge, and the caretakers were not willing
to take on themselves any responsibility. The Museo Kircheriano,
which is under the same roof, is mainly archaeological and Etruscan.
[264] '
Report of a Journey Around the World. 117
There were improvements in the arrangement of some of the
sculptures of the Vatican galleries, but certain of the minor details
both here and at the Lateran were simply disgusting ; fortunately
the wave of indecency had not extended to the Capitoline, nor to
the other museums in control of the Italian Government.
There seemed great advance in sanitary matters in Rome, and
the streets were cleaner than I had ever before seen them ; but
the very growth and prosperity of the city, especially the erection
of huge commonplace apartment houses, has taken away much of
the old charm. Owing to the Tiber embankment improvement we
had to climb down through a back yard to get a glimpse of the
good masonry of the Cloaca maxima, one of our schoolboy wonders.
Certainly the improved access to some of the hilltops gives fine
views over the city, but the picturesque ruins have mostly been
hidden by pretentious modern buildings such as one can see in
almost any European city. We were unseasonable visitors to
Rome, and were disappointed, although the weather was charming.
The beautiful villa Aurelia on the Janiculum, which has recently
become the home of the American Academy here, was the subject
of a pleasant visit, and we even crawled through a portion of the
Catacombs for the first (and I hope the last) time, although we
got some good out of the underground journey by the guidance of
an intelligent and interesting young monk, from whom we learned
more about the saints and martyrs than we expected.
Onto Naples, an afternoon journey, and we reached my former
resting place, Hotel Parker's, on August 6th. The view over the
bay from our window, though beautiful, was not quite what it
was in 1896, for then Vesuvius was in quiet eruption, and the
column of smoke by day and the red eye lower down watching
the city by night gave a quality now wanting from the shattered
and sleeping summit of the volcano.
An early visit was paid to the far-famed Zoological Station
founded by the late Dr. Anton Dohrn. This was visited with sad-
ness, for the remembrance of the kind reception that distinguished
man gave me in 1896, and the interest he expressed in my plans
for a similar institution in Honolulu, which he declared was per-
haps the best place in the world for such an institution, made his
loss more keenly felt. We found, however, a gentleman who was
[265]
1 IS
Report of a Journey Around the World.
Dr. Dohrn's assistant at the time of a former visit and who remem-
bered well the interest the Director felt in the project, and he also
showed us the great growth the Station had experienced in the
interval. The "Acquario" was as interesting as ever, and we saw
fishes that had been there some years before my last visit. The
ordinary aquarium is replete with gaudy or curious marine animals
99. Vesuvius From pompeii.
that attract the uneducated visitor, but here are the scientifically
interesting denizens of the sea, studied and cared for intelligently
so that their life is not hindered but fostered and prolonged so that
they display their habits and powers as at home. A very intelli-
gent assistant showed us both the workrooms and the museum,
which contained, as was to be expected, fine preparations of
marine animals. He had himself prepared admirable electrotypes
of small snakes and lizards.
The Museo Nazionale was certainly much improved in arrange-
ment and accessibility, but the collection of papyri I wished to
show to my companion was closed to evervbodv owing to repairs
f266]
Report of a Journey Around the World.
119
or changes in the room where these were kept. The collection of
Pompeian and Herculanean household utensils did not seem so
large or attractive as on my last visit, but a forenoon in Pompeii
with a competent guide made up any deficiency. More excavations,
and a much better system of repairs and protection than were visible
at either of my former visits made the ancient city more attractive.
A picture taken by Mr. Wilson from the second story of one of the
houses (Fig. 99) shows well the altered outline of Vesuvius from
*m^
JL*HShtt
- \ j^dwi"*'-'-" * -
iii^i ^ -"' ms
PissSS
1
T ,•:■• i -
*7 V.""//l
WKSSm
IOO. VESUVIUS OBSERVATORY.
that side since the last eruption. That view was a strong incen-
tive to the ascent we made in the afternoon. Thanks to the greater
conveniences of travel both can be easily done the same day.
Vesuvius.
When I saw Vesuvius in 1896 the volcano was in a state of
quiet eruption, and at night the red eye where the molten lava
issued without explosive action from the side of the mountain
looked down over the Ba\ 7 of Naples with a weird effect quite
fascinating to one seeing it for the first time. By day the ascent
was interrupted by the stream covering the carriage road, and
recourse was had to saddle horses whose path when crossing the
slowly moving stream was covered with earth or cinder, which
[267]
120 Report of a Journey .hound the World.
each morning was carried down stream, to be constantly renewed.
At the top of the then existing cone, overtopping considerably the
ancient Somma, was a plain on one side of which was the funnel-
shaped opening down whose throat nothing could be seen but
much heard of the troubled lava. The floor around this pit sounded
hollow, and the stream of lava flowing out below seemed nearly
on a level with the thumping noises within.
Today, since the last eruption, all has changed. The top of
the cone has disappeared and the truncated summit is occupied
by a crater (Fig. 102) much like those left in Halemaumau, of
Kilauea, after a descent of the lava. A difference is in the erosion
of the Vesuvian walls by heavy downpours of rain. Very slight
signs of life remain in this crater; a few feeble jets of steam from
the upper walls, hardly noticeable until one's attention is called
to them. The old funicular railway was destroyed, and the lava
flow divided on the ridge where the observatory is situated, send-
ing its rough streams on either side with a warning that another
such invasion would overwhelm the useful building.
With their usual energy Thos. Cook & Son have repaired the
damages done to their transportation facilities, and now an electric
railway is nearly finished from a station on the road to Pompeii,
continued by a new funicular to the summit whence a good path,
evidently requiring constant repair when the rains fall on the loose
soil, leads around in easy grade the final ascent of the crater rim.
Looking across towards Somma the latter crater rim appears higher
and more commanding than from the higher cone as it was before
the last eruption. It is an easy and much pleasanter ascent than
before. Although the day was warm in Naples we had hardly
passed through the vineyards where the grapes were coloring, when
we caught the cool breezes that were playing around the summit.
As the object of our visit to Naples was principally to see
Mr. F. A. Perret, and to visit Dr. G. Mercalli the Director of the
observatory, we now rejoiced to find the latter at his post amid
the extensive repairs necessitated by the violence of the late erup-
tion, when the brave observers kept there in spite of the lava flows
which certainly threatened the obliteration of their stronghold, and
the showers of hot ash and sand, not unmixed with masses of larger
size which fell upon them until it seemed an almost even chance
whether stream or shower would accomplish their destruction.
[268]
IOI. DR. G. MERCALLI.
Report of a Journey Around the World. 123
Dr. Mercalli received us most cordially, and after calling
attention to the copy of the Museum publication "Kilauea and
Mauna Koa" upon his desk, which he assured us he highly valued,
took us over the workrooms and showed, among other treasures,
the first seismograph made by his predecessor, also bombs from
not only Vesuvius but also from Kilauea. Our time was limited,
as the train was obligingly waiting for us ; the greater part of the
building was obstructed by staging and workmen, but we were
able to gather a few matters that might be of use in the Kilauea
observatory, should that desirable institution be established. 1
Later we procured for the Bishop Museum the series of lantern
slides made by Chevalier Perret illustrating the late volcanic ac-
tivity here and in the neighboring volcanoes. It is interesting to
note that, with the present quiescent state of Vesuvius, Etna and
Stromboli seem striving for precedence. While we were in Naples
Stromboli, usually so regular since History took note of its work,
and which was seen on my previous visit ejecting its lava with the
regularity of clockwork, burst into violent eruption, threatening
the inhabitants who find a home on the narrow shores around its
base. Mr. Perret hastened to the scene, as he had fortold the
probable occurrence. Etna has for some time been in activity,
but not dangerously. It is very fortunate that so admirable and
intrepid an observer should be on hand to photograph and record
these new manifestations of volcanic activity. Mr. Perret informed
me that the collection of volcanic specimens he had undertaken to
make for this museum was well in hand. It was a matter of deep
regret that the rigidity of our travel arrangements did not permit
me to accompany him to Stromboli, but we shall doubtless have
the results of his observation later.
We left Naples August nth by rail for Brindisi. The route
by boat from Naples would have been pleasanter, as we should
have passed near Stromboli and through the Strait of Messina,
having a glimpse of that earthquake-shaken region ; but time was
an object, and the Peninsular and Oriental steamer Osiris was a
fast boat as well as comfortable. We saw many an olive orchard
1 On my return I learned that the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
had established an observatory at Kilauea for five years with a most accom-
plished Director from the staff of that institution. Dr. T. A. Jaggar. My visit
so far as the observatory went was therefore unnecessary.
[271J
Report of a fourney Around the World. 125
as the train went rather slowly on through a region the favorite
haunt of earthquakes which have left many a distinct mark.
Brindisi had grown greatly in size since my first visit in 1866, but
not in beauty, so far as could be seen, for it was nearly dark when
we left the train and our boat departed at midnight. Ithaca was
seen in the distance as we passed on, and we went so near to Zante
and Cephalonia that we could almost count the stakes in the vine-
yards where grapes were growing to later become currants. Our
arrival at Port Said was early on the morning of the third day,
and we were able to take the morning train for Cairo. The track
lay through a rather interesting part of the Delta, and as we rolled
southward the mud-built villages became closer and more interest-
ing, and we were almost sorry when we came to our last station.
Shepheard's Hotel could offer us a choice of rooms, and many
of the other houses were closed for the summer. We found, how-
ever, that the weather was most comfortable, and the few days
spent in Cairo were most agreeably spent. It was a needed rest
after the rush of Europe, and after we had done our duty at the
Boulac Museum we thoroughly enjoyed the city. Of course we
went to the Pyramids, but not in the old way. In 1866 we had to
get things arranged the day before and then start early in the
morning on donkeyback, pick our way to the Nile, be ferried over
on a scow, then wind our way on a narrow path between the fields,
and at last get to the Pyramids late in the forenoon. We of course
took our lunch with us, and after a climb to the summit of Cheops,
an 1 a dive into the interior, we sat on the lower courses and eat
our food ; then it was a tiresome ride back to town and the day
was finished. At present one takes a barouche or an automobile
at the hotel, and an hour's drive on an excellent road over the fine
Nile bridge, through the thriving suburb of Ghizeh, then on a
long, straight road shaded with lebbek trees and watered with
hydrants, with houses or cultivated fields on either side, brings one
to the very foot of the great Pyramid, while close at hand is a
modern hotel with electric lights, running water and a swimming
bath, and this on the very edge of the great desert! As the Nile
was rising fast the cotton growers were cutting the partly ripened
crop to save what they could ; it was interesting to see how fast
the water rose, and the people hope for ten feet more. This rise of
[273]
126 Report of a Journey Around the World.
the Nile took us to the Nilometer, and we found that modern science
had put up a far simpler but more exact meter near by on the island
shore. Not far from the traditional site of the finding of the infant
Moses is the old Ptolemaic meter, still doing its intended work.
The new Egyptian Museum is a distinct disappointment.
Egyptian collections are apt to be rather disorderly, whatever
country they are in, and here we looked for a fair story of Egypt's
growth and civilization illustrated with authentic objects — we
could not even find a papyrus, for the keeper was away and not a
common specimen left outside the safe! We could learn more
about Egypt in the British Museum, or in Turin, or in Leyden.
We foolishly imagined that in such a vast museum, with such a
wealth of material, an architectural student could see the various
columns devised by the old Egyptian architect side by side, at
least in cast for comparison ; no such thing. The visitor must
make his own chronological comparison by painful study of labels,
sometimes misplaced. The small rooms of the former Gizeh palace
had some advantage in the grouping of things that belong together.
The art of Egypt was left in the hands of the French, while the
wise Englishman carefully took the government into his own hands.
Frenchmen were believed to be, as a rule, of an artistic tempera-
ment, but surely those who had charge of the arrangement and
decoration of this great museum were exceptions to the supposed
rule. When a red syenite statue is placed against a background
of Pompeian red, either the decorators or the director must be criti-
cised. Although the building is a new one some of the stone floors
are in rnins already, doubtless owing to careless moving of the very
massive statues, and yet one cannot help thinking that proper pre-
cautions would have availed for the protection of the floor. We
have so many museums throughout Europe and America where
scientific arrangement is wedded to a true artistic taste that when
one conies upon a museum of a different quality the contrast seems
more important than perhaps it should. Perchance this greatest of
Egyptian collections will some day pay a little tribute to beauty while
offering so much to science. The Khedivial Museum showed won-
drous beauty in some of the manuscript copies of the Koran.
The obelisk at Heliopolis, the sole remaining relic of the an-
cient temple of the Sun, where Potiphera, priest of On and better
known to us as father-in-law of Moses, once officiated, we found
[274]
Report of a Journey Around the World.
12-
had at last been cleaned of the crust of mudwasp nests that con-
cealed much of one side, and a railing around it shows that the
Government that has done so much for modern Egypt has taken
this most ancient of obelisks now remaining in situ under its pro-
tection and care. The neighborhood has not improved in appear-
ance, although the evidences of land speculation are not wanting,
and perhaps in another decade there will be a rising suburb here
as well as on the western side of Cairo. The Empress Eugenie
has built a nunnery near the well of the sun, and the famous syca-
104. COLOMBO MUSEUM.
more of the virgin is now a wretched ruin, thanks to the raids of
tourists, and, although hardly two centuries old, seems near its end.
Turning from the ancient life to the most modern thing, we
found, as we passed through the canal on the "Macedonia" on our
way to Colombo, the process of widening the waterway most interest-
ing. The last time journeying this way we were blocked for many
hours by a small steamer getting fast and hard across the canal.
From the placid voyage inland we proceeded into a rather
rough sea in the Indian Ocean after we left Aden, so that it was no
easy thing to walk the decks as much as we needed for exercise ; we
two were the only passengers who did this each day. All were glad
when we came within the breakwater at Colombo oti August 31st.
In a rickshaw, of which the motive power was a Chinese, we
rode out of the town to the museum (Fig. 104) which has been
greatlv enlarged and improved since my last visit. Here we saw
f2 7 5l
128
Report of a fourncy Around the World.
for the first time the so-called leaf insect alive and feeding. Mnch
of the Cingalese archaeology is well exhibited here (there is a
convenient handbook), and the natural history department was
a great attraction ; the marine zoology was well represented, and
we saw many fish that ought to be well cast and painted. All the
attendants, both native and foreign, did all that was needed to
make our short visit profitable. At this port we transhipped to the
105. RAFFLES MUSEUM AND LIBRARY.
"Devanha" of the same line bound to Singapore, the "Macedonia"
continuing her voyage to West Australia. The two vessels lay
some distance apart and when we went ashore we intended to re-
turn to the other vessel, but we hardly expected to find that in the
interval our bedroom steward had moved all our numerous traps
and had arranged them in our new quarters as he had seen that
we liked to have them. Late in the afternoon we were on our
way to the Straits, and our voyage w r as uneventful until we reached
Penang, where we were joined by Mr. Clifford B. Thompson, for-
merly of the staff of the Kamehameha Schools, now manager of a
rubber plantation in Perak, who brought us choice fruits — durian,
rambutan, mangosteen and a number of others we had never be-
[276]
Report of a Journey Around the World.
129
fore tasted, aud did not even know by name. He also showed us
much of great interest to dwellers in the tropics. The next day
we were in Singapore where we remained a week awaiting a steamer
for Batavia, and here we were met bv Mr. W. S. Cookson, also
106. ENTRANCE HALL OF THE MUSEUM.
formerly a teacher in the Kamehameha Schools, and now Mr.
Thompson's colleague in Perak.
Mr. Cookson took me a motor drive through portions of the
island of Singapore, giving a very fair idea of the environs, stop-
ping at the Raffles Museum and Library, Fig. 105, which certainly
was a surprise ; it is not so well known as it should be to all oriental
students. Another dav we visited the Botanical Garden. When
Occasional Papers B. P. B. M.
Vol. V. No. s- — 9-
[277]
130 Report of a Journey .hound the World.
I came to this port in 1866 on board the "Clara Morse", a good
ship with a good master, I was taken to the garden as the thing
most likely to interest me ; and it certainly did ; it was the first
tropical botanical garden I had ever seen, and I well remember a
fine jackfrnit tree {Artocarpus integrifolia) standing near the en-
trance ; I looked in vain for it now ; it is not a very long-lived tree,
and other interesting trees had taken its place ; driveways had in
the same way taken the place of the paths formerly existing, and
we were Philistine enough to wish the old paths back even if we
should have to leave the motor outside. Before it was Nature
(and tropical at that) almost unadorned, but now it was both
adorned and dressed up, and the very interesting rubber planta-
tions with the accompanying sheds gave a commercial tone not
wholly agreeable. However, Mr. Thompson's explanation of the
whole process of tapping and collecting the milk-sap was not only
instructive but pleasant, and I picked up a few of the many seeds
scattered on the ground, which were considerably larger than ours
on Hawaii of the same genus, and brought them home for experi-
ment. The orchid growths in the open ground were fine.
To return to the Raffles Museum, as we did the next day,
the name is most appropriate, commemorating as it does one of
the most remarkable Englishmen that ever made a mark in the
East Indies. As to the aim of a part of this museum I am to
quote from the guide to the zoological collections, which is well
illustrated, and makes one wish that the ethnological part was also
done in the same way:
"The zoological collections of the Raffles Museum are practi-
cally restricted to the Malay region, so that this book, besides
being a 'Guide to the Museum', is a popular introduction to the
study of the Malay fauna. In fact, it would have been more
correct to entitle the book an Introduction to the stud}- of the Fauna
of the Malay region as illustrated by the specimens in the Raffles
Museum, especially as no attempt has been made in its pages
actually to guide the visitor from case to case and shelf to shelf.
The visitor is expected to use his eyes, and if here and there he
should experience a little difficulty in finding a particular bird or
insect, he will also, when successful, partake of the joy of the
numerous collectors who brought the specimens together.
[278]
107. GROUP OF TROPIC BIRDS.
IOS. HALL OF THE RAFFLES MUSEUM.
132 Report of a Journey Around the World.
"Of the visitors to this museum the vast majority are unfortu-
nately not acquainted with the English language. This 'Guide'
will therefore mainly reach the Singapore European resident, the
passenger and the Singapore schoolboy. The first with his scanty
leisure, and the second with his short hours on shore cannot be
expected to pay more than a hasty visit to the museum ; but the
case is different with the Singapore schoolboy, and it is hoped that
the book will be welcome to him and that he will make ample use
of it. Of recent years the number of schoolboys who have been
going round the galleries notebook in hand, has been steadily in-
creasing, and this has always been a pleasing sight. The writer
would be fully rewarded for the trouble of compiling the following
pages, if this 'Guide' should be their constant companion on their
future visits to the museum."
The situation as to visitors is exactly the same as in our
own museum, but there the parallel ends. The Hawaiian fauna
is so small and incomplete that no course in zoology could be illus-
trated by the native specimens, while the Malay fauna, so far as
representative species go is all-embracing. On Hawaii, too, the
teachers are supposed (indeed are required) to accompany the
pupils. To show how the material in the Singapore museum is
disposed for teaching purposes Figs. 107 and 108 are given. The
first exhibits a bird of which species are known throughout the
Pacific, but our birds nest on rock ledges if possible, while these
from Christmas Island have adopted the habit of woodpeckers;
they are certainly well arranged as in the best museums. The
second shows mainly the skeleton of a whale, and the guide-book
describes it in this interesting way: "The museum possesses the
skeleton of the Great Indian Fin Whale or Ikan paus {Balcrnoptera
indica). This whale was left stranded at a place called Sabatu,
about 18 miles to the south of Malacca town, on June 19, 1892.
A pagar 1 was built around it to prevent its getting back at high
tide, and the poor beast took a week to die, making a great noise
for three days. Its voice was said to have resembled that of a bull.
Nothing was done with the blubber, but the Hon'ble D. F. A.
Hervey, Resident Councillor of Malacca at that time, caused the
skeleton to be prepared and to be conveyed to Singapore. Owing
'Or stockade. [280J
Report of a Journey Around the World. 133
to lack of space it could only be mounted last year ( 1907), after
the new building had been opened. The skeleton measures 42 feet.
So it is apparently not that of a full-grown specimen, as this species
is stated to attain a length of 80 to 90 feet, i. e., the size of the
Bahenoptera sibbaldi of northern seas, the largest of all known
I09. DR. R. HANITSCH. PH.D.
animals, living or extinct. Fin whales are not much hunted, as
they yield only a little blubber and their whalebone is of an in-
ferior quality."
Dr. Hanitsch, the Director, was very obliging and helped us to
see many of the treasures in his charge.
As at Colombo, here the rickshaws are manned by Chinese,
whose muscular development is very satisfactory, as it is strongly
in evidence, quite unconcealed bv superfluous clothing, directly
f28l]
134
Report of a Journey Around the World.
before one as he rides. We were told, however, that the exertion
and irregular work shortened the lives of these fine looking fellows.
On the Dutch steamer "Coen" we steamed for Java, and for
the first time had our full experience of Dutch cuisine, which cer-
tainly did not agree with me, although I afterwards got accustomed
Ilo. RICKSHAW IN SINGAPORE.
to it, as to so many other strange dietaries. The voyage was
pleasant and we passed between Biliton and Banka stopping for a
consignment of tin ingots. As we approached the landing at Tand-
jong Priok early in the morning we passed between much shipping,
mostly Dutch, and our ship's boat had no easy task to find a land-
ing place near the custom house and railway station, and the
passengers had to climb in a most undignified manner under ropes
and over stagings until at last the rather dirty street was reached.
[282]
III. A CANAL IN THE OLD TOWN.
S| -r j^Bffa ■ i h**""^' ***
iJBHBsiREi'S
K« i^m% **i ™ .'k^- * Vvv&mKc?
ak*T
Si
<^»<
— -—■ ■ ^. -
112. BUSINESS STREET IN BATAVIA.
136 Report of a Journey Around the World.
We had no fire arms, so the luggage was passed without trouble,
as it is everywhere except in the civilized United States, and after
a short delay the train started for Batavia. At the Hotel des Indes
we learned that it was a race week and there was not a room to be
had ; still worse, cholera, small-pox and bubonic plague were rife
and many were dying daily. I do not know that one could have
a choice of dying by any one of this terrible trio. So we at once
returned to the old town, went to the excellent tourist office, where
our route was planned for us and our time allotted to good advan-
tage, found a bank open and drew our Dutch money, called on the
American minister resident, and took train for Buiteuzorg where
we slept that night in comfort.
One need not suppose because we cut our visit in Batavia
short that we saw little of the town. We saw the Dutch dwell-
ings and their accompanying canals ; we found the Commissioner
of Immigration a gentleman pleasant to meet on a journey in a
foreign land ; he told us that most of the old regulations regarding
travel had been done awa3^, and at once repaid us the fifty guilders
we had been wrongfully charged when we bought our tickets in
Singapore, the agent there being ignorant of the new order of
things. We found to our astonishment that white clothes could be
washed clean in very muddy water, and so inferred that it was not
in vain that the children and women were bathing in the dirtiest
water I ever saw used for that purpose. We found later that most of
the Javanese streams Were decidedly mud carriers. The museum
was closed and we had no time to hunt up the officer in charge,
but in the grounds around were very many images and other stone
sculptures, among them the rare rectangular lingams showing
clearly the transition to the obelisk. The contents of this museum
are of great beauty and interest ; much of the product of excava-
tions is here exhibited.
Buitenzorg is less than an hour from Batavia and some 600 feet
above the sea. From the back of our hotel we looked upon a
charming bit of the tropics (Fig. 113), Guuuug Salak, a quiescent
volcano, with its shattered crater often veiled in cloud, as in the
photograph, green to its very top, the stream in the valley below
evidently the favorite bathing place of the families that dwelt on
its banks under the palms ; the variety of greens in the foliage not
[284]
Report of a Journey Around the World.
m
so great as on Hawaii, but still sufficient ; the bits of bambu houses
playing at "hide and seek" on the edge of the forest, made a
most attractive scene. We were nearer the volcano than we had
been to Vesuvius when at Naples, and it was easy to see that at
some not very distant past it had ejected considerable layers of ash
that we could measure in the gorge below us. In front of the hotel
113. VIEW OF GUNUNG SAI.AK FROM HOTEL BELLEVl'E.
lay the famous garden, Hortus Bogorcnsis, founded in 1 S 1 7 and
now the largest in the world. No wonder that the trees look fresh,
for the average of rainy days in the year is 219. The garden is
so little known on these Hawaiian Islands, where of all places there
should be a similar institution, that it may be permitted here to
give a more detailed description of its history and arrangement;
and for this we are indebted to Dr. J. C. Koniugsberger, the
Director, to whom I am also indebted for personal guidance
through the garden and for many seeds since sent to me which
are alreadv growing in the U. S. Experiment Station, thanks to
[2S5]
138
Report of a Journey Around the World.
The quotation is from the published
the care of Mr. C. J. Hunn,
guide by Dr. J.J. Smith.
"The botanical garden at Buitenzorg, which until 1904 officially
bore the name of s' Lauds Plantentuin (Government Botanical
Gardens), and is still commonly so called, was founded in 181 7,
in compliance with an order of the Dutch Government, by C. G. E.
§5L*'
114. DRIVEWAY THROUGH FERNS, BUITENZORG.
Reinwardt, formerly a professor in Amsterdam. Reinwardt, after
remaining for about five years in the Indies, was succeeded as
director of 's Lands Plantentuin by Dr. C. L. Blume. Although
this savant had already returned to the Netherlands in 1826, he
still found the opportunity, it is to be said by making use of manu-
scripts left behind by the two young botanists, H. Kuhl and J. C.
van Hasselt, to describe a very great number of new species of
plants, and, moreover, compiled the first catalogue of the garden,
in which he already described 912 species. 1
1 Blume, Car. Lud. Flora Javae nee 11011 Insularuin adjacentium. 4 vols. fol.
[yUgdunum Batavorum, [828-36. [286]
Report of a Journey Around the World.
139
' ' In the period following the departure of Blume ( 1 826 to 1 868 )
the regular development of the garden was made difficult by all
sorts of retrenchments, as, for instance, the non-filling-up the post
of director. Still much important work was done during this
time, of which the chief was the classification of the plants accord -
115. CANARIUM AVENUE, BUITENZORG.
ing to their natural affinities, from the carrying out of which system
the garden still derives a part of its importance. Then several little
gardens were laid out at different altitudes on Mt. Gede for such
plants as could not stand the warm climate of Buitenzorg, of which
gardens at present only that of Tjibodas, lying at 1450 m. above
the sea level, still exists. The names of those who come into
[287]
140
Report of a Journey Around the World.
prominence at this time are J. E. Teysmann, J. K. Hasskarl and
S. Binnendijk.
"In 1 868 a director of \s Lands Plantentuin was again appointed ,
viz., Dr. R. C. Scheffer, and a complete reorganization of the
arrangements took place, by which further prosperity was assured.
"Through Scheffer, by the laying out of the economic garden
at Tjikeumeuh and the establishment of an agricultural school,
the first departure was made in the direction which was eventually
Il6. FOUNTAIN IN THE GARDEN, BUITENZORG.
to lead to the present Department of Agriculture. Scheffer died
in 1880, and was succeeded by Dr. M. Treub, a man of exceptional
scientific distinction, who, moreover, had the command of similar
talent for organization, and great energy coupled with correspond-
ing skill. The progress made by 's Lands Plantentuin under his
direction was indeed astonishing. Not only were the existing
institutions, such as the botanical garden proper, herbarium , studio
for photographic and other reproduction, library, etc., enlarged,
but, partly with pecuniary assistance from private individuals, a
number of new laboratories, experimental stations and museums
were built, wherein investigations concerning all branches of
[288]
Report of a Journey Around the World. 141
natural science, of special importance to Indian agriculture take
place. Moreover, teaching institutions, etc., were added to the
institute. The so-called foreigners' laboratory deserves special
notice. It is arranged according to the newest demands of science,
and, abundantly provided with all the necessaries, is always at the
free disposal of foreign naturalists.
"Thus 's Lands Plantentuin, instead of a simple botanical
garden, gradually became a scientific centre of which the old
botanical garden was the nucleus. Only one more step was needed
to bring forth from this arrangement, together with the other
branches of official service coming into notice for it, the Depart-
ment of Agriculture. At its establishment, in 1905, Professor Dr.
M. Treub was made first director. The botanical garden proper
forms at present one of the divisions of the department.
"The botanical garden is situated at an elevation of 265 m.
above the sea level. In accordance with the very misty and warm
climate the plant growth is exceptionally luxuriant. It covers an
area of 58 hectares (143.32 acres), of which the greater part is
planted with arborescent growth, which take a preponderating
place in tropical flora. A special part of the garden is reserved
for the climbing plants from a practical point of view. Further-
more, special places are laid out for shrubs, herbs, water-plants,
ferns, orchids, Bromeliaceae and shade-loving growth, while in
conclusion the nurseries deserve mention alcng with a few con-
servatories for foliage plants and orchids.
"In order to easily find the plants represented in the garden
they are all numbered, while the sections in which they are planted,
and which are mostly bounded by the paths, are indicated by
Roman numbers and letters.
"It is an accepted rule that the larger plants, principally trees
and shrubs, should be represented by two examples ; in this way
the loss of a species is practically obviated. The second example
bears the same number as the first, but with the addition of A.
Moreover all species are provided with labels, while there are
name-posts painted red for plants which for some reason or other
are outside the section destined for their natural family."
I am tempted to quote from my own notebook, as Buitenzorg
was our first real station in Java. After an afternoon tea with
some friends in Weltvreden we took the 4:58 train for Buitenzorg
r 2 s 9 ]
142 Report of a Journey Around the World.
where we arrived long after dark owing to a very feeble engine
which repeatedly gave out. The nnlighted ears 1 gave us some
trouble to find our traps, but the coolies could apparently see in
the dark, and we were soon driving to the Bellevue where we had
secured rooms. As the first thing we needed was a bath, it was
pleasant to find that, in addition to the usual tank for pouring
water, there was a powerful douche of clear cold water which we both
enjoyed greatly. Dinner was at 8, and the tables were decorated
with coreopsis and roses ; for fruit the everlasting dry pineapples
(we found none so good as the Hawaiian all round the world ) and
pisang ; water from a well, and good with ice. House and grounds
lighted with self-making gas (mantle) lights, very good when the
boy had once lighted them ; marble floors, and good large beds
with the comfortable "Dutch wives". The night was cool and a
blanket was desirable.
Sunday, Sept. 15. Up early ; another refreshing bath and a
walk about the place before breakfast. The volcano Salak (Fig.
113), close behind the hotel, is a typical cone with the apex torn
off for the crater, of which the edge is much broken away towards
us; clouds about the summit. Tile-roofed bambu houses in the
coconut groves below us and a small river where natives were busy
on the banks. After breakfast we walked to the garden ; on the
way a small museum was open, but the great crowd of natives made
it too disagreeable to enter, and we passed by for the time. On
the opposite side of the street was the range of new Government
buildings for the Agricultural Department. At the garden gate
was a most beautiful Anihcrstia with scarlet blossoms in profusion;
then came a long avenue of buttressed Canarium trees clothed with
Freyeinetia , Po/f/os, Monstera , Phyllodendron , etc. ( Fig. 115.) On the
right was the small white temple, sacred to the memory of the wife of
Sir Thos. Stamford Raffles who died here in 1814. All the impor-
tant trees were labelled, but in a script not easily read. Water was
abundant in lakes, pools and streams, but the vegetation was far
from luxuriant; it seemed as if it had been studied to death, and
left on me the impression of herbarium specimens. Surprised at
the number of species of Freyeinetia ; none so beautiful as ours;
the leaves of the Monstera were small, not a quarter of the size of
some in my Honolulu garden. After several hours we returned
'Trains in Java do not run at night, and so the cars have no provision for
lighting. [ 2 9°]
Report of a [ourney Around the World. 143
to the hotel for tiffin, dreadful with a "rice table" and ten or more
contributions to it, each a little more pungent than mustard or
cayenne pepper, which required a suitable rest after it. Then with
a carriage and friends we drove through the garden and to the
experimental grounds, which were most interesting ; various crops,
including coffee, india-rubber and tobacco, were growing finely.
By the roadside we got some mangoes, large, but poor and turpen-
tiuey, and which had insects inside, in the stone itself ; these pests
were common ; jackfruit was also for sale. In the evening, rain.
Monday. Fresh and beautiful in the morning, and we visited
the Zoological Museum we had not been able to squeeze into yes-
terday. Just within the doorway was a large cage with beautiful
long green tree snakes which had just shed their skins ; the strength
of their muscles was shown by the horizontal extension of their
bodies at least two feet, the tail holding to a branch. There were
also living leaf insects and walking sticks in considerable numbers.
The preserved snakes were fine, especially some bright blue ones
said to be very poisonous. A lizard of great size from Flores is
new, and reminds one of the prehistoric reptiles. 1 Monkeys galore
and a fine group of Paradisiac. Man was not forgotten, and there
was a good sized collection of crania and face casts. The collec-
tion is largely due to the present director, and is confined to the
Dutch Indies. We went to call on Dr. Koningsberger and got
separated ; I found Dr. Koningsberger and with him visited the
Economic Museum where the rattans, bambus and other woods,
fibres, rubbers and other vegetable products, bambu hats and
mats, etc., were very choice and interesting. The herbarium had
a good, although rather old, collection of fruits, some exceedingly
'In The Field of July 12, Mr. Boulenger directs attention to the descrip-
tion, by Mr. P. A. Ouwens in the Bulletin dujardin Botanique de Buitenzorg
for 191 2, of a gigantic monitor lizard from the Isle of Comodo, between Flores
and Sumbawa. The type specimen, described as Varanus komodensis, meas-
ured 7 ft. in length, but a second example is reported to have reached 13 ft.,
and there are stories of others with a length of from 19 ft. to 23 ft. The
species appeares to be related to the North Australian / '. giganteus, which
grows to 7 or 8 ft., but it has the muzzle less pointed and brown in colour,
while the tail is proportionally shorter. That this giant of its tribe is dis-
tinct from all the other living representatives of its genus is certain; but Mr.
Boulenger suggests that it may prove to be inseparable from /'. priseus, of
the Pleistocene of Queensland, the vertebrse of which appear to indicate a
reptile at least as large as the biggest reported individuals of the Comodo
monitor. {Nature, July 24, 1913.) [291]
144
Report of a Journey Around the World.
curious. The herbarium proper was contained in japanned tin
cases in the gallery ; the specimens thoroughly poisoned with mer-
curic bichloride, damp being the worst enemy here. We walked
through the garden, especially the wild part, and saw many rare
things. Brownia and Amherstia were in blossom and we were
promised seeds. A tiny white water lily was blossoming for the
first time here. Congea velutina was a curious twining shrub, re-
LAKE AND GOVERNOR'S RESIDENCE.
minding one of Petraea volubi/is, common in our gardens, but with
flowers of an Indian pink. The white Antigonon leptopus was
growing in several places and was called "Honolulu vine". Saw
many fine growing Zingiberaceae, Caladiums and Marantas; water
in ginger flower-heads is secreted by the plant, although one new
form of great size has the scales cup-shaped and open ; a fig tree
had a small white fruit all over the trunk.
We went to the laboratory and to the printing office where all
their work is done, even the lithographic printing, the stones of
the latter prepared by natives; make their zincos and half-tones;
[292]
Report of a Journey Around the World.
145
gas engine runs press. We came back to the Zoological Museum
and there at last found our lost secretary. Quite a package of
letters in the director's office awaiting us.
In the afternoon two friends drove with us through the native
town, and we were all impressed with the good roads and the neat
comfortable homes of the natives. Stones with ancient inscrip-
tions were an object of worship in a wayside house ; it seemed to
Il8. SAMPLE OF ROADSIDE VIEWS.
be not the inscription ( which probably none of the worshippers
could read), but the antiquity. Wooden gongs much like the
Fijian lali were suspended by the side of small, rectangular, open
houses, and we were informed they were to call the people to auc-
tions or any other public gatherings. Lantana, Uerbesina and
Crotalaria were as common roadside weeds as in Hawaii. Our
road lay by a rapid river in which were many bathers ; house walls
and fences of bambu, often woven in fancy patterns as in Fiji;
fruit trees in every yard ; children plenty, clothes scarce; scoop-
nets drying on some house wal's. There was a well-built dam
Occasional Papers B. P. B. M. Vol. V, No. 5 — 10.
[293]
146 Report of a Journey Around the World.
and gateway across the river to regulate the floods ; over this a
narrow suspension bridge which we crossed and found very un-
stable in the middle. Home just in time to escape a tropical down-
pour which lasted into the evening.
Tuesday, Sept. 17. Up in the dark, breakfasted and took
train for Bandoeng. Had the first-class compartment (for eight
persons) to ourselves and were very comfortable with blinds and
119. Fish pond near garoet.
dust screens at the windows; also rattan seats. Scenery was
charming all the way (see Fig. 118). Rice plots of every size and
shape to suit the situation, and the crops were in all stages of
growth. One or two tobacco fields which did not look well, but
the main cultivation was rice. Volcanoes on every side, their
summits mostly veiled in cloud. No change of cars, and arrived
at Bandoeng for tiffin. We had hoped to make an ascent of a vol-
cano from here, but as we could get no carriage, and Mr. Wilson
was under the weather, we decided to leave the next day at 1 1 .
We changed cars at Tjibatoe ; from this little station it was
uphill all the wav, but we arrived at Garoet at 1:37 (2200 ft.), and
C294]
Report of a Journey Around the JJor/d.
147
found a mandoer waiting for us at the station. Our trunk and
other luggage was put in a heavy cart manned by coolies and we
walked a short distance to the Hotel Papandajan (A. Hacks), and
I20. BAMBU ANKLONG.
found a capital room on the front corner reserved for us. Early
the next morning we drove to Lake Bagindas where we got a good
view of Guuung Guntoer (Thunder Mountain), and also heard an
orchestra of bambu anklongs (Fig. 120), which was not only novel
[295]
148 Report of a Journey Around the World.
but attractive, and we were glad to have another orchestra of small
boys come to our porch and play for us almost ever}* day we
remained. The instrument is simple and well shown in the figure,
and there are ten in a set sounding as many odtaves. It is held
by the two smaller sticks on the left hand and each player has one,
making his note by a skilful shake which produces a very clear
sound, almost bird-like. The little fellows seemed well pleased with
ten cents (Dutch) in compensation for several tunes and a dance.
The roads were good and along the side were numerous batr.bu
receptacles for road metal, about 2x4x2 feet, and rather fragile,
judging by the number broken ; they were all numbered and the
weave of the basket work varied ; the convenient supply of repair
material perhaps accounted for the absence of holes and ruts in
the roadbed. The rice fields were connected, where a stream
parted them, by hollowed stems of palm trees, and we saw one of
these convenient troughs being adzed out by the roadside ; all the
chips were carefully collected for firewood.
Garoet is surrounded by volcanoes, and the views on all sides
were charming, although often dimmed by mist and cloud ; several
of the volcanoes were very conical, but all covered with vegetation
to the top ; some of the larger ones reminded me of the mountains
back of Honolulu. Rice, as hitherto, was in all stages and many
fields were bare. Ducks of a fawn color were very abundant, and
goats were sufficiently in evidence to supply the neighbors with
milk. All along the road were restaurants of varied size and pro-
vision not very tempting to a foreigner.
The previous afternoon we had been visited by numerous
sellers of curiosities carved from buffalo horn, of no especial use or
artistic value, sarongs, krisses and finely woven hats, some double,
ai I cigarette cases. Best of all were the ten little boys with ank-
longs who serenaded us, when each in turn handed his "harp" to
his neighbor and danced in front in imitation of the female dancer —
a very funny show! Today the peddlers of all sorts of goods came,
proving to us that, although we beat down the prices outrageously,
we evidently had paid too much.
Sept. 19. The first rainy morning we have had in Java : a
gentle rain that has laid the dust and promises to continue. We
have already found a part of our furnishing that we could not
appreciate at first — our room bov. He comes and goes barefooted
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Report of a Journey Around the World. 149
and noiseless, but does his work very thoroughly, quickly and
well, and he understands some English too. I go into the apart-
ment and there is nothing on the table in the porch : a few minutes
later I come out and the tray with my tea is there, although I have
heard no sound ; our bath towels are constantly renewed, a custom
apparently not common in this part of the world ; our shoes are
taken out and in a very short time are returned in order. He will
deserve his tip! Our dhobie came for clothes in the morning, and
the second night brought them back well washed and ironed for
ten cents (Dutch) a piece, whether coat, shirt or necktie.
In front of the hotel is a fine Araucaria ; the borders of the
road are of white Zephyranthes ; begonias grow well, and so does
Bignonia venusta which is in blossom now. In the gardens near-
by we saw mangosteens both of the red and orange varieties, but
we saw none for sale, nor did we have them on the table.
Men carry grass or other fodder much as the old Hawaiians
carried grass, but have a bearing-bambu with light legs at each
end which they cover with their burden, and when they need a
rest these legs keep the load off the ground (often wet or dirty),
and they hold the bearing-stick at a convenient height for the
bearer to slip his shoulder under. The universal use of bambu
is remarkable. The sides of houses as well as the frames, the
doorsteps, fences, aqueducts, hats, baskets, chicken-coops, lad-
ders, fish-traps, floors even of bridges, carpets, and man}' other
instances where with us wood or plaster would be preferred.
The general means of personal transportation is by "dosa dos" ,
a sort of two- wheeler with a broad seat, on the front half of which
the driver sits, serving also as a balance weight, while his passen-
gers occupy the rear half using the tail-board as a foot rest ; in
wet or sunny weather a top and curtains afford some protection,
but these vehicles are not comfortable for long travel. The little
ponies are brisk, strong and good-natured, generally stallions.
Another pony can be attached alongside the first by means of an
iron rod to hold the traces. Like the Italians, the Javanese deco-
rate their pet animal with superfluous harness. The rain held
up and our host sent a boy to guide us to a batik factory. This
looked like a fine concrete residence in front ; orange trees were
loaded with fruit, and a bird-house held a number of small doves.
We went to the back vard and entered the main building where
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ISO
Report of a Journey Around the World.
half a dozen women were at work in a corner. Fig. 121 shows a
similar scene, although not the one we saw. The cloth used is of
native material and weave ; the stands are neatly and conveni-
ently made of bambu. The necessary fire to keep the black wax
molten was smouldering in the midst, and one or two babies were
in the arms or on the back of the mothers without hindering to a
great extent the work. A little brass pen with a bowl reservoir is
121. PAINTING BATIK, GAROET.
used to draw the pattern on the part to be protected from the action
of the dye, and when only the part to be dyed is without the waxen
shield it is dipped into the desired dye ; the wax is afterwards
melted off in boiling water and the process repeated. This freehand
work is certainly attractive, and yet evidently doomed to pass, as
the print works of Manchester have flooded the island with clever
imitations of good types at greatly cheaper price. It is hard to
detect these imitations, as the very irregularities of the hand-made
specimen are all copied; they are seldom, if ever, done on native
cloth. In the batik it is important to have the color of the dyes
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Report of a Journey Around the World. 151
uniform. Red, yellow, orange, blue in various shades, were used. 1
In an adjoining room we were shown many attractive patterns,
and we selected half a dozen to be sent to the hotel for farther ex-
amination and the opinion of an expert. As a result, and on com-
pirison with a number of specimens brought in from the street,
we purchased a tablecloth and a garment not a sarong (which has
two distinct patterns), for five and seventeen roupias respectively.
The work seemed good and was undoubtedly genuine ; it took
over three weeks to make the garment purchased.
Ascent of Gunung Papandajax.
Sept. 21. The rain was pouring heavily when I got up at four
o'clock; the time to start was five, and I was quite ready after a
"first breakfast" of tea, bread and a banana, but the cart was not
on hand and had to be sent for. It came at last and was one of
the rare ones where one could look where he was going ; I started
soon after five, alone, for Mr. Wilson was still under the weather
and fast asleep. My breakfast box was of good size and heavy,
but I did not open it, and it was carefully placed under the seat.
My raincoat was most comfortable, and I had a blanket o\ er my
knees while I held the curtains on both sides in protection as we
drove fast with our three "paards" through the dimly lighted
streets. It seemed a long way in the dark, but now and again
came the delicious odor of the champaca. My contrary disposi-
tion made my spirits rise as it grew darker just before dawn, and
the comfort of having escaped the company of some uncongenial
fellow-boarders, made the start as pleasant as a journey begun on
a much brighter day.
As we left the town the rain clouds gave out and yet left a
sufficient supply of water in the rice fields that bordered the road
on either side, and were visible before anything else. Their ap-
pearance was much improved as I returned the same way in the
brighter afternoon. Soon it was light enough for the prudent
driver to blow out his lamps, and it was not long before we met
early burden-bearers coming into town. Then what I had taken
for a black rain cloud to the north resolved itself into a huge
mountain with its head still capped with a cloud of brighter tint.
X G. P. Rouffaerand Dr. H. H. Juynboll, De Batik-Kunst in Nederlandsch-
Indie enhoer gescheidenei. Haarlem, 1900-5. 4to.
[299]
152 Report of a Journey Around the World.
Before it was fully light enough to read my watch, laborers were
at their day's task in the rice ponds, and as we passed native houses
a few Javans appeared wrapped in sheets, while here and there a
naked little boy standing on the verandah, oblivious of tbe cold
damp air or the passer by, was making his morning offering to
Ceres, or perhaps to no special god as so many church-goers in
Christian countries pay their devotions.
It soon became a puzzle to make out what the increasing num-
ber of native travelers were carrying in their baskets on their way
to town. I could recognize potatoes, beets, cucumbers, firewood,
eggs, nuts, baskets, paddy; but there were flat baskets filled with
mysterious cakes, square-cut and of a yellowish, mottled color,
which I at first took for cheese, but as I passed them there was
no cheesy odor, so I imagined crude wax, badly mixed bread, and
so on, but have not yet solved the puzzle. Not many of the houses
were yet open, but food stalls were tempting the early and perhaps
breakfastless traveler.
It was bright day when we got to Tjisoeroepan and pulled up
at the Villa Pauline, which is situated in the midst of an extensive
garden in which dahlias and roses were prominent. I found more
flowers on my return, but was now busy in getting my paard, which
soon arrived, a strong-looking pony with a very small saddle.
Rejoiced to be again on horseback, I overlooked as well as over-
rode this saddle, from which presumption I am still suffering as I
sit on a soft cushion writing these notes. Two pleasant young
Javans, one to take the place of a wegwijzer or guide, the other
as paardenjongen or horsesboy, ran by my steed, who did not seem
willing, or at least anxious, to carry his heavy burden away from
home; he returned at increased speed. Some way in the little
town, with plenty of time to admire the good roads and solid con-
crete culverts, and bridges with walls curved inward so that only
one carriage could pass at once ; the comfortable bambu houses
with neat fences of the same material in varied patterns, the guide-
posts, that I could not always read, and the milestones that may and
probably did measure something else, were all on hand : indeed I
found my rather crooked way back by their means, as my paard
kept generally ahead of the jongen and needed urging no longer.
It was interesting to see the passage from village to plantation
as the road rose rather rapidly, and then to open land with well
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Report of a Journey Around the World. 153
cultivated and more scattered farms. The plantations were fenced
with various material, but never with cut wood or stone walls.
The growing stems of the dark red Draccrna were common, inter-
twined with Lantana camarra, passion vine, or other twiner, while
behind the fence which was often on a bank much higher than the
roadbed, and was supported on the inner side by fruit or orna-
mental trees, were rows of coffee or white daturas in full bloom.
I noticed tea plantations, the plants hardly exceeding 30 inches
in height, in rows with maize or coffee between each third or fourth
row and the next ; coffee plantations in which the trees were high
and with few r berries, not looking well generally ; cinchona fields
which looked much cleaner and more open to the sun, but even
these had fruit trees scattered through them, most of these neither
in blossom nor fruit, and the foliage unrecognized by me.
At last the fenced lanes ceased and we were in the open coun-
try, although there were two sets of bambu bars across the road,
which we found open on our return, so I inferred that they were
only closed at night to keep out stray goats or sheep which were
common enough through the country. Here were fields of ground-
nut and potatoes, of which the small round tubers supply the
neighboring towns.
The region I was wanting most to see came at last — the native
forest, and with it came much up- with some downhill climbing.
The trees were dripping from the morning rain, so my coat was
still in use as well as for the cool air. The clayey road or path
was slippery, as it probably is most of the time, for the bed is well
planted with transverse rows of flat stones set edgewise to form
secure footholds for the horses, and they were much needed, as I
found when my paard first chose the unstoned side of the path ; I
took care afterwards that he kept within bounds, although he often
had to zigzag across the steep incline.
The dripping was soon forgotten, and I do not know when it
ceased, for there were other things to notice, and of these the ani-
mate thing claimed attention first, for the paard was panting at
the top of a steep hill after perhaps the heaviest burden he had
ever borne, so I dismounted to let him rest and the boys smoke
their cigarettes while they tightened the girths. On the way out,
in the rain and darkness, my driver had smoked his cigarette,
although I did not see him light it, and I believe he must have
[301]
i 54 Report of a Journey Around the World.
taken it ready-lighted from some receptacle (the Javanese seem to
have no pockets, but their usual dress may be considered one uni-
versal pocket). The smell was nasty, but I had not the heart to
stop him from the comfort he seemed to get during his disagreeable
drive, and I was later rewarded for my selfdenial by a whiff of my
favorite champaca.
Where we stopped the ground was white with the fallen blos-
soms of a tree far above our heads, and this tree was rather common .
A small pink blossom on a trailing plant was bright on the banks,
and the tall stems of a plant of the ginger family like an Alpinia,
was a marked feature of the flora just here ; later on a long-branch-
ing raspberry with light green leaves, much resembling the Ha-
waiian akala, stretched out of the jungle over the pathway, and
another Hawaiian acquaintance (I can hardly call it friend), the
branching fern Gleichenia in two species, one certainly Hawaiian,
monopolized the thicket on either side. Higher up were the brakes
{Ptcris aquilina) of world-wide distribution, but of gigantic size,
showing either that they were at home or else degenerate, as some
little philosophers regard the gigantesque. Tall tree ferns of
graceful form and long, green, sprouting stems of the brake were
intermingled, reminding me of the long green snakes I had seen
twining in their cage in the museum in Buitenzorg. Another fern
began to appear on the banks and preceded us high up as the crater
walls,' graceful in leaf and long in stem, but growing less in size
as it climbed the mountain, although the small, high-growing
mountaineers seemed to have more fertile fronds than their grander
forest brethren below.
At last the noise of escaping steam was heard and the smell
of sulphur was quite perceptible, and the clear little rills that had
rattled over the stones by the roadside much of the way in the forest
gave place to unsightly, dark-colored streams oozing from the
banks, or spreading over rocks, and hotter than they should be at
that time of day or at the elevation we had reached. Soon one of
the boys exclaimed "Hot!" and there was really a stream too hot
for a comfortable footbath. As the woods dwindled the shrubs
reminded me more and more of the flora of similar elevations on
the Hawaiian group. To the Gleichenia was now added the club-
moss (the wawae iole of the Hawaiians, Lycopodium eemuuni), and
l I was fortunately able to bring good specimens to the herbarium.
' [302]
Report of a Journey Around the World.
155
a shrub with much the habit of the ohelo (Vaccinium), and we
came rather abruptly to the bare rocks where we soon left the paard
and the paardjonjen, while the "wayknower" with the provision
box and my raincoat (which I needed no more that day) went on
over a roughly paved and at last steeply ascending path to the
crater edge. How I regretted my vanished youth as I saw the
light, half-dressed Javanese boy walk lightly up, while I had to
122. THE CRATER OF PAPANDAJAN.
rest for breath two or three times! At last we were at the end of
our climb, and in a little temple to Vulcan (or whoever of the Java-
nese Pantheon looked alter volcanoes), erected by the Dutch Gov-
ernment for the greater comfort of travelers, I gladly opened my
provision box for the first time (it was opened many times, later,
to receive specimens of both rock and plant as we descended the
mountain) . I was amused, for besides two very small hard-boiled
bantam eggs and a paper of salt there were two slices of buttered
bread made into marmalade sandwiches, a corkscrew (superfluous,
as I always carry that implement in my pocket knife), and four
bottles containing ale, claret, and two of soda water. Thought of
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156 Report of a Journey Around the World.
Falstaff and his bit of bread in an ocean of wine, and wondered
whether my kind host of the Papandajan had recognized in my
rather glum personality any trace of the jolly old knight.
After this temperate repast ( I opened only one bottle of
"American Mineral Water", and carried the rest back to the hotel
where Mr. Wilson and I enjoyed the ale at dinner that night) both
my wind and my locomotive powers were so much improved that
I gaily followed the little guide to the steam blowhole, whose noise
I had heard for a mile or more, and to the very pretty sulphur
cones. We were 2600 m. above the sea, and had entered the crater
through the rent left by the only known great eruption of August
12, 1772, when forty villages were destroyed and 3000 people lost
their lives. The walls before and on either side 270 m. high, from
which descends the little stream that flows, almost boiling, through
the crater. The crust we went over was the usual solfataric crust
of decomposing lava, the latter not in the least like the basalt of
the Hawaiian volcanoes, but showing every shade of light gray,
and even purples, and red ochre. We crossed the very respectable
stream of hot water running over pebbles covered with a dark green
algae, by a bridge whose timbers showed the decomposing action
of the sulphur fumes. Here and there were little spluttering pools
of mud or clear water, and these were scattered over a consider-
able area. The quantity of steam was great, and at the principal
vent issued with a force apparently equal to the blow-off of a large
ocean steamer; the pressure at the holes in the sulphur bank was
much less. As we turned to go back the steam jet also veered,
and we had to wait a minute for it to turn again, and then hastened
on out of its path, for I knew the treacherous way of these natural
steam jets in volcanic regions. The walls of the crater seemed to
be indurated ash, and huge fragments of a more homogeneous
trachytic rock were scattered about, not bombs, but real fragments,
such as we saw frequently in the rice fields a long way from any
vent. A few specimens gathered, and I retraced my steps, a much
more difficult work than the ascent, and before I regained my little
paard I passed half a dozen native women and later some men go-
ing into the crater. It was pleasant to mount again and turn down
the mountain path. Many more beauties of the vegetation opened
upon me with the strengthening sun. Flowers had opened and
3' ' 1 1
Report of a Journey Around the \\ r orld.
157
there were large patches of the pretty turquoise blue Agcratum
mexicanum, over which hovered scores of beautiful butterflies, some
of which I recognized as seeu previously in collections.
I picked several plant specimens, and when my boys saw my
interest they brought me ripe raspberries and many interesting
specimens, among them a complete Nepenthes pitcher-plant with
three tiny pitchers ; it was growing on the stem of a roadside tree,
and now reposes in the herbarium of this museum. It would have
123. rice Fields in java.
been possible to collect many fine specimens of the flora on the
way down, but it was useless, and recalled sadly my first plant
collecting in the tropics, nearly fifty years ago, with my lamented
friend Horace Mann, one of Dr. Asa Gray's favorite pupils and my
companion over the mountains and through the beautiful valleys
of the then almost unexplored (botanically) Hawaiian Islands.
Down through the villages, where the houses were now open;
among them several blacksmiths' shops, where I noticed the bellows
of two large bambu stems as cylinders worked by piston-rods in
the hands of a boy. Everywhere the children begin to work young
and work well. In many a roadside ditch, or a rice pond, mothers
were administering the noonday bath to the smaller children,
[305]
158 Report of a Journey Around the World.
although the water, to our own ideas, was not clean enough to do
much good. However, the clothes washed in similar water came
home apparently clean, and if a white shirt showed no dirt how
should the dark native skin? These same rice ponds (Fig. 123)
were worth the journey to see : no stiff, merely utilitarian rec-
tangular ponds such as we should have found perhaps in China,
but really landscape gardening as well as hydraulic engineering:
one tiny pond on the hillside had the conventional heart shape and
was carefully built, although it could hold hardly twenty rice
plants. At the rest house, Villa Pauline, I had to wait until my
triple team (a stallion with a mare on either side) was harnessed,
a delay of more than half an hour which I used to explore the gar-
den and enjoy the fine views of the volcanic mountains that encircle
Garoet plain. I found a bed of carefully cultivated golden-rod,
another of lavender in full and fragrant blossom, and in the kitchen
garden a good assortment of cabbages and other edible vegetables.
The drive home was cheery and the driver did not offer to
smoke, for which I rewarded him with an extra tip. On the hills
I noticed a primitive brake to the carts, which are two-wheeled,
with the long tongue in the rear by which the men propelling can
steer it : it consisted simply of a pole with one end pushed into a
hole in the side of the cart just in front of the wheel, and the other
end held by a boy and pressed against the rim of the wheel as he
ran alongside. When the boy was absent one of the men had a
rope from the out end of the pole tied around his waist so that he
could exert some pressure when needed.
Monday 23. As usual, we were up in the dark and break-
fasted before dawn. Our traps were carted off to the station, and
every trace of our occupation removed from the apartment we had
so much enjoyed for nearly a week, and about five o'clock we
strolled to the near-by station with our host Mr. Hack. The man-
doer had purchased our tickets, got the trunk weighed and checked ,
and presented us with change, tickets and baggage receipt as we
came in. The ride to Tjibatoe was short and pleasant, as the day
was fine, and we shortly transferred to the train from Weltvredeu.
The character of the cultivation changed, and although the familiar
rice appeared here and there, coco palms occupied much more
space, and after some miles we came to good rubber plantations
with sugar-cane appearing here and there. At Maos we were able
[306]
Report of a Journey Around the World. 159
to stretch ourselves for a few minutes, and on our arrival at Djocja
the mandoer of the Hotel Toegoe was waiting with two satellites
to snatch our grips, and we were soon placed, grips and all, but the
trunk (which followed later, how we never knew, but its transport
cost 20 cents Dutch), in a large auto and rushed to the hotel, which
we found was noisy with new buildings. Tiffin and local explor-
ation filled the time until afternoon tea, when we were able to dis-
perse the many women who wished to sell us sarongs and table-
cloths, mostly made in Manchester, although we solemnly assured
them that we could not wear the sarongs and did not need any
more tablecloths. We were greatly pestered by these importunate
peddlers, and in hardly less degree by a man who spread out im-
mense mats before us which he seemed to think we needed to fur-
nish our apartment ; we did not recognize the need, and the arrival
of the tea gave an excuse for sending all away while we quenched
our thirst. Soon after we took a "mylord" with two horses and
drove about town until after dark. We went into strange quarters
and saw odd shops, but also houses of foreigners mixed in with these.
There was a cemetery {Memento mori is always here inscribed over
the graveyard gate as a name — like the carnegies in America and
elsewhere), and quite appropriately near this were many "tomb
sculptors" who turned out beds of a grey lava in lengths propor-
tionate to the occupant of the subjacent grave or the purses of the
bereaved friends, and upon each end, like the top and bottom of a
bedstead, were fitted in sockets upright carvings of more elaborate
work. The houses of foreigners (if we can so call the Dutch)
seemed comfortable, and were generally surrounded by bare gravel
or earth, and a multitude of pots of considerable size on raised
bases, and all painted white; these filled with not very luxuriant
growth of palms, ferns, etc. All had the porticos so convenient
for informal meals and reception of visitors. As we returned these
were brilliantly lighted with gas and mantle burners and looked
more attractive than by daylight. In several places we saw the
whole family with a goodly supply of children seated comfortably
in the midst of the foregardeu, if the aforesaid pots could make a
garden. All along by the streets were concrete gutters with occa-
sional deeper and wider cisterns, from which, by removing the
cover, water could be obtained in buckets for watering the street —
this seemed the common way. Everything was very drv, and vet
[307]
Report of a Journey Around the World. 161
we were not troubled by dust. One thing was noteworthy, the
paucity of churches, temples or mosques : we saw only one little
chapel (closed however) in our extensive ride.
In the native quarter we saw many structures of a better class,
but still built of bambu and rather untidy, by no means so neat as
those at Buitenzorg. The roads were good, generally wide, and
often bordered by the buttressed Canarium trees so popular here,
although not indigenous. The bridges were most substantial
structures of iron and concrete, and a credit to the Government.
All along the streets in the native part were peddlers of food, cloth-
ing, utensils, etc. Jackfruit, whole or cut in wedges, was very
common and often of great size; it must be liked by the people.
It was dangerous for some of the eager purchasers of this street
ware, as an auto rushed \>y, blowing not only its legitimate horn
but with an assistant blowing a louder horn at frequent intervals,
but the natives all good-naturedly hurried to get out of the way of
the monster, although the paards were often excited to bad man-
ners, and even the placid buffalo seemed perturbed, while how the
chickens escaped death was marvellous. High walls were common
in some parts, built solidly of concrete and whitened, and we passed
higher walls not whitened and of more ancient look which enclosed
the Kraton or Sultan's domain. We saw the Resident's cantoor
(public office), then that of the assistant Resident, and, finally,
directly opposite the palace, the extensive and comfortable resi-
dence of the Resident, a most important man. His garden was
well stocked with relics of the old temples, and over many of the
Buddha images were placed the common native umbrellas. In
various parts of the town are almost enough figures and fragments
to reconstruct Boroboedoer. In one shop were many wajangs or
puppets, 1 but I looked in vain for any of the instruments of the
gamelan or native orchestra. It is interesting to note that in this
relic of the ancient sultanate the style of batik is different from
that in vogue at Garoet ; so is the music, the anklong being absent,
and a medley of gong and xylophone taking its place. About 6:30
we descended from our mylord at the door of our apartment in the
Toegoe. A good dinner soon put us to sleep, and we found the
night quiet and cool, although we had no blanket as at Garoet.
'For a full account of the curious Javan marionettes see De Wajang
Poerwa, eena ethnologische Studie door. L. Serrurier. Leiden, 1896.
Occasional Papers B. P. P.. M. Vol. V, No. 5. — ri.
[309]
125. ON THE TERRACE, BOROBOEDOER.
Report of a Journey Around the World. 163
Tuesday 24. Again up early, and our breakfast was eaten on
our porch — tea, toast, boiled eggs, cold mutton and tongue, jam,
sapodillas, and pisangs, and at 5:15 we were in our automobile
bound for Boroboedoer. In recent days this excursion required a
whole day, by rail, steam tram and carriage. We passed several
markets on our way, and the crowds were surprising ; how the} 7 got
out of the way I do not know, but they did without a growl or a
curse, as in less civilized lands. Surely the influence of the good
Buddha Sakyamuni must still dwell among these people, whose
kindness to each other, and to every beast as well, is remarkable.
I had read Dr. Groneman's treatise on Boroboedoer 1 after dinner
last night, and I was primed with all that was supposed to be known
about the wonderful structure we were hastening to along avenues
lined with Canarium trees (from which the bark had often been
partially stripped, to the evident injury of the tree, probably for its
tannin). I thought, as one too often does, that I had a fair idea
of the wonderful pile and its carvings, of which I had also studied
photographs. I cannot tell how far I was from the reality.
On the way the sky was agreeably cloudy and the air cool.
The crops were again different as we hurried along. Tobacco
came first, with perhaps the best specimens we had seen, some
plants as tall as a Javanese farmer. The drying houses were im-
mense structures in considerable number, indicating extensive
production; the plants were irrigated. Then came sugar, and
what we took for a mill near the railway in the distance. The cul-
ture of this grass did not seem clean, as it had not been stripped
and the crop was blocked with dry leaves. It was being cut and
carted in towards town : the long canes were slender and short-
jointed, of a reddish brown color. Cassava was also grown to some
extent in disused rice fields. We came to several more markets
with crowds like those at American ball games, except for quiet-
ness and quaint garb. The small children here, as everywhere in
Java, abundant, were quite naked, and we noticed one little girl,
young enough to be allowed to go without clothes, earning a baby
in the same primitive condition. The proportion of females was
great, even working in the fields, planting rice or cutting paddy
in adjoining fields. A curious road roller (there was a regular
1 Ruins of Buddhistic Temples in Praga Valley. Tyandis Barabudui
Mendut and Pazvon. Seinarang, 1912. [The orthography of the names is far
from settled.] [3 11 ]
126. ONE OE THE STAIRWAYS.
Report of a Journey Around the World. 165
road engine as well) was simply a large log with iron pins for axis,
to which were connected for shafts two bambu poles quite uncon-
nected to each other and pulled by a stout coolie. We passed
some sheep which were scared, and when the boy driving them
tried to sooth them one pushed him through a hole in the fence
and into a ditch.
At last we came to a sharp, steep turn which the car mounted
nobly to a plain where the great Buddhist temple was before
us (Fig. 124). But there was a preliminary, and as our car left
us we turned into the little hotel and paid the admission fee both
to this and the lesser temple we were to visit later. Near the
house were several Buddhas fallen from their former high estate,
and a row of Buddha heads that looked like a Chinese execution
and partly accounted for the many headless trunks we saw on the
temple. We mounted the stair undisturbed by the two stone demons
guarding the entrance, but followed by a guardian of less offensive
form to see that we did no damage to the place, and then the won-
der began. The platform has been carefully, if not beautifully,
relaid in cement, and it w r as the only thing that seemed solid. The
comparatively small blocks of dark lava, of which the structure is
built without mortar, but often connected by stone keys and tenons,
have been greatly displaced by the general sinking of the upper
stories, due to the method of construction on the outer surface of
an earth hill which the rains gradually wash down, in spite of the
precautious taken by the wonderful architect, by gutters, drains
and spouts. While in use doubtless the temple was kept in repair,
and these precautions were sufficient ; probably while the building
was covered with ash from the volcano until hidden from the sight
of man, the packing was enough, but an earthquake might dis-
locate the roof of the uncovered temple, and once the wall opened
the insidious enemy entered and the complete destruction of this
grand monument cannot be prevented many years, whatever means
the Government ma} 7 take to prevent it, short of complete rebuild-
ing with cement. The vertical walls are now leaning in a very
threatening way, and a slight earthquake will topple them down,
perhaps bringing the portions above in the general ruin. All the
impressive stairways, of which a line runs up each face of the
temple, are already in ruins, except one (Fig. 126), which is by
no means intact. How far the Government restorations have gone
[313]
Report of a Journey Around the World. 167
I cannot say, but the visible ones are very extensive. The bas-
reliefs, of which there are bands on both sides of the galleries,
represent scenes or myths in the life of Buddha and his disciples,
some of which have been explained (not a few by the late King of
Siam when visiting the ruins in 1896 1 ), but many are puzzling and
might mean various things. The execution is very unequal, some
reliefs being excellent, others mere pot-boilers; most of them are
discolored by calcareous solutions, apparently from the inner
mound. We followed around as go the hands of the clock, that
we might never turn the left shoulder to the excellent Buddha
whose stony forms gaze placidly from so many niches — once from
so many more.
The monkeys were well done, so were the elephants, and the fish
in a dried pond which the divine Indra saved by sending rains at the
prayer of a righteous Buddhist. Much time and study has been
spent on these pictures, more, far, than we could spare, and we went
on around and up the steep steps from gallery to gallery, not so
devoutly as did some of the ancient worshippers, studying the les-
sons of truth and love these were intended to impart. It was some-
what the Romish idea of the "Stations of the Cross", until at last
we came to the top platform (Fig. 127), where are the curious
bells of stone network covering other white Buddhas. Many of
these bells are entirely new, and in their midst is the domelike
1 Monumental Java, by J. F. Scheltema, A.M. London, 1912 (Macmillan).
This vastly interesting book should be read by every educated traveler to
Java, if possible before going to that delightful island, but the author's
righteous indignation at the apparent neglect of what certainly should be
saved, seems to blind him to the real work that the Dutch Government has
done, as shown in the two illustrations of the Chandi Mendoet. No one can
excuse the plunder of the Boroboedoer by the late King of Siam under Govern-
ment assent, when eight cartloads of what he considered the most interesting
sculptures were carried to Siam and exhibited as spoils of Java. Neither is it
pleasant to see that images and sculptured stones from this quarry abound in
all the neighboring gardens and on their walls; but let us consider that with-
out the Government restorations and protection the traveler of today would
see little enough of all these wonderful buildings.
See also G. den Hamer, De Tjandi Mendoet vbbr de Restauratie (Batavia-
asch Genootseltap, 1903).
Raffles, History of Java. London, 1817. 2 vols. 4±o. Shows many of the
ruins covered with vegetation, of which the roots were often the earlier
dilapidators, but the main structure was in none of these illustrations, so
utterly ruined as they were before the Dutch Government began the repara-
tion. Much of the ruin by human hands seems chargeable to the last quarter
of the last century. [315]
128. CHANDI MENDOET IN RUINS.
129. CHANDI MENDOET, GOVERNMENT RESTORATION.
130. BUDDHA IN CHANDI MENDOET.
i jo Report of a Journey Around the World.
structure opened by the English engineers years ago, and now
closed again, so we could not tell where the breach was made.
They found within a deep well and an unfinished statue of Buddha.
The new patchwork is a little harsh, but necessary: one of the
bells has wisely been left open, as it is not easy to see the contents
of the others. We could not see all the view from the top for the
clouds which were gathering, but we found a photograph which
shows the volcanoes Merbabu and Merapi, the latter smoking like
the humans here.
A feeling of sadness came over me as I climbed slowly down
the uncomfortable stairs, that this grand expression of man's con-
structive genius, and of a people's devout love for the gentle prophet
whose teachings, we can hardly doubt, have so greatly contributed
to the attractive disposition of the descendants of the once power-
ful kingdom of Metaram, was hastening to its destruction which
has so long been stayed by the protecting buttress put over the
structure by the showers of ash from Merapi or Merbabu ; but it
was to the remarkable man Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, Lieu-
tenant-Governor when Java was under English rule, that we owe
the full discovery of a temple whose existence had been forgotten
as far as foreigners were concerned in the lapse of centuries. 1
On our way back from this great temple turned inside out we
stopped at the little temple of Mendoet (Fig. 129) about a mile
away, and this has been almost rebuilt. The high stone roof had
fallen in without seriously injuring the colossal figures beneath
it (Fig. 128). Now we can see the grand Buddha (Fig. 130), and
on either side the Buddhistic king who built Boroboedoer, and his
non-Buddhistic father, and their ashes are perhaps buried beneath.
Certainly the Buddha is very effective in the light from the opposite
and only door. There are small niches which may have contained
lamps to illumine the figures. Signs of worship were fresh on
the floor.
On the path was a tree (Leueaena glauea) , a common nuisance
in Hawaii, but here the seeds are eaten it seems. A slight shower
fell as we left the ruins and it laid the dust. We were back at the
"The great catastrophe which devastated Central Java and covered this
great building, perhaps before it was completed, with ash from Merapi the
still smoking volcano, has not been definitely dated, but Boroboedoer has
never been utterly removed from daylight and its existence has never been
forgotten. [318]
Report of a Journey Around the World. 171
hotel by eleven o'clock. At four in the afternoon we drove to the
Water Castle ( Fig. 131 ) , a curious structure built by a Portuguese
architect for a former sultan, whose memory remains in many a
legend ; the bathing pools were the most if not the only attractive
things remaining about the old palace. Outside a brick wall a
native had captured a large blue-black scorpion, the largest I had
ever seen, and we watched him noose its mate in a safe and skilful
manner. At the hotel we found a game/an or native orchestra and
some very amusing dancers (Fig. 132); the music was rather pleas-
ant, but the show cost us five guilders ($2.50). So, for a cloudy
morning, the day ended pleasantly in fair, cool weather.
Wednesday, Sept. 25. Rain during the night. About nine
we started in a smart equipage for the Resident's office to receive
our permit to visit the palace. But there happened to be a recep-
tion this moraing, and we had to wait. But it was not lost time,
for the view of the native visitors was entertaining. The personal
attendants, one with a stool, another with the betel chewing kit,
another with a teakettle, another a spare napkin, etc. Some of
these Javan nobles were fine-looking men, and all were interesting.
In the meantime the officials sent an officer over to the palace to
let us know at the earliest when the coast would be clear. This
Dutch officer, who fortunately spoke French, had been in the coun-
try forty-one years, and had fourteen children ; formerly- an officer
in the army, but for some years in the Resident's suite, proved a
very sufficient guide, and we saw the place very 7 thoroughly, but
the particulars need not be described here, only in one of the many
birdhouses I saw a living bird of Paradise (Paradisea apoda) , the
only one I had ever seen alive.
In the afternoon, took a comfortable four-wheeler with four little
ponies for Prambinan . The road led over a flat alluvial plain mainly
devoted to sugar-cane, a bright red and yellow variety. Plantation
tracks were laid in the street or alongside in the open country and
the cane transportation is on trucks drawn by buffalo, a slow and
clumsy way. We passed several good-looking mills with white
chimneys and neat surroundings, much more attractive than those
in Hawaii. Every now and then we saw a little grove of Plumiera
left in the surrounding cane, a native graveyard ; this is the favor-
ite tree for graveyards and it grows well. Another gravestone of
a departed religion appeared suddenly ; a quadrilateral, two-storied
[319J
I3I. WATER CASTLE AT DJOJKACARTA.
132. THE JAVAN DANCE, TOPENG.
Report of a Journey Around the World. 173
mass of masonry that had once been a Hindu temple, and then a
lesser one, both fenced in. We did not stop for these for they
looked rather dangerous from dilapidation and by no means attrac-
tive, and at last came to a walled euclosure, walled against the
advancing cane as well as depredators, for we saw bits of ancient
cut stone from these temple ruins all along into town, and steps in
the Sultan's palace were pointed out to us as coming from Pram-
binau or Boroboedoer, and, entering a gate, soon came to a little
building where we paid 50 cents each for a ticket to view "the
remains." The ruin is pitiable and in most cases complete. A few
of the many square, pyramidal-roofed structures remain, and we
climbed the steep steps (restored by Government, often with stones
evidently intended for other purposes) and looked at the rather
tiresome repetitious, far less interesting than those at Boroboedoer;
one could see almost at a glance that the latter was of a higher
type of religion. Here fat and generally bearded old men were
hugging equally fat women ; some of the latter carried spoons,
while behind the men was generally the trident. The external
ornamentation was often a recess or niche in which was a male
dog represented barking. Alternating with these were bas-reliefs
of vases with birds with human heads at the lcwer corner and nat-
ural birds above. Sometimes the entire top had fallen, and a
deep square pit in good preservation, over which the image once
stood(?) , alone remains. In all the structure was of small, carved
blocks of lava with keys and tenons, but no mortar. One had four
rooms; in one of these a large statue of Ganesha, the elephant-
headed god ; in the others images of no artistic merit. The amount
of membra disjeeta piled up around, as wood or coal, was astonish-
ing, and many of these fragments were well carved and all exactly
cut. Corner pieces and reentering angles were evidently cut to
measure, far better than the work of modern natives. We were
interested but rather disappointed, and glad to get into our four-
horse chariot for the home run. We ate a good dinner, settled
our reckoning and retired early for our early morning start.
Sept. 26. Our room boy brought us an unusually abundant
breakfast, which we ate by gaslight, as our traps were taken over
to the station near by, while we followed leisurely and found the
porter had purchased our tickets, got the trunk receipt, and put
all our hand luggage in the best seats. We passed Prambinan,
[321]
174
Report of a Journey Around the World.
and then stopped for a few minutes in Solo, where the Sultan of
Soerakarta holds his court, much as his neighbor in Djojka. All
the wa}' was flat, and although cool the journey was tiresome and
we were glad to arrive at Soerabaja about half-past one. We were
soon settled at the Simpang Hotel most comfortably, and, after a
bath and tiffin, proceeded to hunt up our steamer office which, after
some trouble, we found, and in it a most obliging agent who cabled
to Singapore to remind the agents to see that our trunks and steamer
I33. POESPO, OX THE ROAD TO TOSARI.
chairs were put 011 board there. As our steamer had 2000 T to
take in she was sure to stop here at least one day, so we might go
on to Tosari and he would wire us if the time should change.
Sept. 28. We left by the 6:10 train for Pasoeroeau, where we
arrived at 7:45, and our two suit cases were at once transferred to
the most uncomfortable vehicle I ever rode in. There was only
room for me behind and my secretary in front, and the driver to-
gether with the small luggage could not balance my weight and
keep the poor pony from being lifted bodily from the ground, so I
had to lean over the driver to keep the "bally" pony on terra firnia.
I, however, noticed as we drove through the town that it was large
and cosmopolitan, with many European wares for sale in the shops
f322]
Report of a fourney Around the World. 175
and on the sidewalks. A mango about eight inches long, of a
light green color, was very common here, and we afterwards en-
joyed it at table both at Tosari and Soerabaja. As we got farther
out we found a "stoomtram" alongside occupying a large share of
the roadway, but as the trains were infrequent and stops a long
distance apart it was not in our way. Tobacco and corn, with
some sugar, were in the fields ; the tobacco seemed a different
variety, with curled leaves; they picked the leaves and left the
stalks to leaf out again ; the drying houses were not so well built
as those we had already seen. A fine concrete and iron sugar mill,
the finest we saw in Java, was passed on the road to our right.
At Pasrepan, after a long and dusty ride, we were transferred
to another similar cart with two ponies and then began the ascent
as soon as we had left the little village. At Poespo (2500 ft.) we
found (Fig. 133) a pretty little adjunct to the Tosari Sanatorium
(which is 6000 ft.) where delicate people can stop, coming or going,
to get gradually used to the change of climate. The view of the
volcano Kawi was fine, much finer, as we afterwards found, than
we got from the cloudy Tosari. Here the carts deposited us, and
my secretary was provided with a pony and I, owing to my poor
leg, with a chair and eight coolies, most of them mere boys. With-
out much delay we started, our suit cases tied securely to a short
bambu and carried by another coolie who, with our horseman and
guide, soon passed out of sight. There was not much to see on
the way except some black monkeys high in the trees, and the
road continued good and was lined all the w r ay to the top with
Casuarina trees (Tijemaras). Mr. Wilson arrived at the sana-
torium at 12:30, but my boys were slow and it was 2 before I arrived
and hobbled up the steps to our nice room, where our small luggage
was already placed. The partitions were thin, and the ceiling of
bambu mat, but the two beds had no mosquito nets, and did have
two large and thick blankets as well as the universal "Dutch wife";
a gas mantle burner within the room and another over the table
outside on the gallery. It was cloudy and cold, so that I sat in my
overcoat as there was no fire to comfort us. It was a disappoint-
ment to find that we could not go on to Bromo the next day, as all
the ponies were engaged; however, we arranged all for Monday.
Sunday, Sept. 29. It was pleasant to be able to sleep in our
rolls of blankets until daylight; a rare thing for us in Java, but
[323]
176
Report of a Journey Around the World.
we needed the rest, and later we saw an exhibition not down in
our programme. A wedding had been in progress for some days
(they last a week), and the large procession came onto the lawn
before our door; the forerunners, with umbrellas and curious
standards, reminding of kahilis of Hawaii, then the bride in a chair
(she was a mere child) and the groom on horseback, a fine-looking
young fellow perhaps twenty years old ; then the game/an or
orchestra, and a pair of dancing ponies. The^e were the most
134. VIEW OF THE CONES OE THE ZAND ZEE.
amusing of the whole. They were covered with a harness like a
network dotted with bright brass bosses the size of a dollar, and a
saddle with a dragon's head pommel, and a tail like an old feather
duster half-way between the pony tail and the saddle, and this
stood erect in an absurd manner. In the saddles were what I mis-
took for dolls, as their faces were painted, but under all the
decorations we found were two little girls, brides of a few weeks.
The ponies were in charge of an old man who held two long ropes
as reins, and he was so absorbed in the prancing of his animals
that he frequently joined in the dance himself. It was funny to
see these little stallions make their steps preciselv and prance up
[324]
Report of a Journey Around the World.
177
to each other much in the native style of dancing. The gamelan
was played all through the performance, and as ajina/e the riders
were lifted out of their saddles and brought to the gallery steps
where they kneeled down and received the tips of the onlooking
guests. This all-important part of the show done, the whole van-
ished and left us in quiet comfort, but cooler than we had been since
leaving Russia. My lameness made it impossible to walk about,
135. THE ZEE WITH CLOUDS.
and so the day was spent in rest and in listening to a fine perform-
ance on the piano by a young Dutchman. The hotel consists of a
series of cottages in a garden where fuchsias, geraniums, marguer-
ites, heliotropes, roses, nasturtiums, sweet peas and daturas flour-
ish, and many of these cottages are seasonal residences of Dutch
families. In a clear morning the views must be fine, but we found
the place enveloped in a dry fog the latter half of the day.
Expedition to Volcano Bromo.
Monday, Sept. 30. At half-past four in the morning (or night)
we started on two ponies, mine being a capital black stallion of
great strength. It was a fine, full moonlight as we rode out of the
village above the sanatorium, and we had to wake up the police
Occasional Papers B. P. B. M. Vol. V, No. 5—12.
[325]
178 Report of a Journey Around the World.
who was asleep by the roadside. As the light increased a pretty
flower appeared by the wayside, and more daylight revealed it as
turnip blossom, luxuriant, and both in white and bluish varieties.
The road was good and wide enough for ehairbearers, but the
valleys on either hand had very steep sides, although generally
cultivated. We saw many dried pea vines, and considerable maize,
the ripened ears unhusked being arranged on racks for farther
drying. We at last made a considerable descent, then across cold
steam cracks and up again over a tufaceous soil, no lava being visible .
At last a shanty was reached on the edge of the so-called Tengger
crater where we were to have our breakfast, which one of our boys
had brought up with us. The view was excellent (Fig. 134), with
Smeroe, the highest of the Javanese volcanoes distinctly smoking
or giving out intermittent puffs of vapor. This was interesting as
Smeroe had been quiet for more than a week. Bromo was steam-
ing, but most of the cone was hidden behind the wonderfully
regular Gunung Batok whose sides are almost a counterpart of a
well-worn bevel gear, while farther back is the cone Widodaren;
the last two are apparently extinct. The descent to the Zand zee
was by a steep path through tufa, and once on the extensive plain
we trotted fast over the sand, which shows distinct ripple (wind)
marks and appears to be the detritus of the much eroded mud cones
that cluster in its midst. Only a series of photographs can give a
clear idea of these cones, which are about the same height, but
with distinctive features. They do not seem to be of the same
age, but I had no time to go around each, and the eroded mud had
buried the real bases of all the cones.
This crater has been spoken of as the largest in the world
( Tengger) , but I still believe that the carefully surveyed Haleakala
of the Hawaiian Islands is larger. The outer cliffs which have
been called the walls of the crater are of the same tufaceous struc-
ture that obtains for many miles around, and seem to me merely
faults in these immense tufa beds. Not a sign of lava walls any-
where. However, a geologist must not be too dogmatic on so slight
an inspection as we were able to make, and I had not a copy of
Junghuhn 1 at hand to see what that distinguished geologist had
decided in his far more lengthy and careful examination. It was
'Junghuhn, Fr. Topografische mid naturwissenschaftliche Reisen durch
lava. Ileniusj^eg. van C. G. Nees von Ksenbeck. Magdeburg, 1845. With
atlas of 40 plates. [326]
Report of a Journey Around the World.
179
an exhilarating ride at that elevation, and we were sorry when it
had to end in a rather steep and rather crooked path (Fig. 136)
leading to the steps of concrete, 252 in number, that Count Henry
of Mecklinburg has had built for the accommodation of pilgrims
and visitors of other faiths. It should be stated here that the region
around the Tengger craters is occupied by the most heathen of the
inhabitants of Java, and travelers often note the independent and
often surly manners of these Tenggerese. They worship the god
136. TRAIL PROM ZEE TO BROMO.
of the volcano, making annual pilgrimages to the brink of Bromo
and casting in offerings (we saw some of these in the shape of
small coin that had lodged in the ridges of the funnel below us as
we stood on the very narrow rim of the crater (Fig. 137). They
may make pilgrimages at other times, but I confess to an ignorance
at present of their worship in its details. Only the annual affair
is a matter of the greatest importance, lasting some days of encamp-
ment in the Zand zee. We had no occasion to complain of these
people, although we saw a marked difference from the smiling
Javanese in their rugged and not attractive countenances.
To return to Bromo, on whose brink we have been standing,
looking at the ribbed walls of the funnel and wishing we might
T327]
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Report of a Journey Around the World.
see one of the intermittent "eruptions". The furrows (Fig. 137)
seemed to be due to the violent discharge of boiling water flowing
back to the well at the base of the funnel, but we saw nothing but
steam which climbed the farther side of the funnel and floated
away. The noise of a boiling cauldron is very distinct. The ridge
is too narrow for a safe path, or I would have gone to the lee side
to see if any fumes of sulphur were sensible, as none were noticed
CRATER OF liROMO.
at the top of the steps. On our return to the rest house we heard
an explosive noise, and turning to Bromo saw a black matter mixed
with the steam puff which resembled volcanic dust, but how it is
mixed with the steam we could not learn ; this phenomenon fre-
quently occurs and is called an eruption. Crossing the Zand zee
on our return we found small bits of a sort of pumice resembling
that from Kilauea. This was in windrows, or more properly waves,
for water and not wind was the distributing agent. Probably
washed from the older walls, as I saw nothing like it in the mass
of Bromo. The evenness of the furrows made in the outside of the
cones testifies to their homogeneous structure. Altogether this is
[328]
Report of a Journey Around the \\ r orld.
181
a region well worth a prolonged study, although there seems to be
great similarity in all the cones, steaming or cold. We did not
see (except in photographs) the beautiful effect when the Zand zee
is covered with clouds (Fig. 135); in the early morning a plain of
snow whiteness from which emerge the cones. We were told that
the Tenggerese (at least in the neighborhood of Bromo) have their
principal house door on the side towards the sacred crater. The
regularity of their villages is very great (Fig. 139), but whether
13S. a crater Filled with water.
Bromo is in the direction of their house fronts, backs or sides I
could not tell. Another indication that the outer wall of the Tengger
crater was a fault was noticed on the way out, in the deep cracks
at their base, in some cases emitting steam. The return journey
was made in good time and we were at the hotel by 1 1 :3c In the
afternoon we rested in the clouds. Kawi, a beautiful volcano with
cones like the Bromo, has seldom been ascended and is not often
visible from Tosari at this season, near as it is.
Tuesday, Oct. 1. We had made all our arrangements that
quiet afternoon and at 9:20 departed on our ponies for Poespo.
The onlv matter of note on the way was an encounter with an
[329]
1.82
Report of a Journey Around the World.
automobile in which the machine put Mr. Wilson's pony to rout,
and as the rider wisely jumped off he joined in the pursuit. It
was difficult to make the Englishmen in the car stop in the chase,
but the thick-headed or disobliging islanders at last stopped and
the pony was brought back captive. Our tiffin was at Poespo and
very good ; we rested more than an hour before resuming our very
awkward carts. We met many of the huge native oxcarts with
139. A VILLAGE NEAR TOSARI.
wheels quite six feet in diameter; the brake was a round stick
without shoe, and the drivers were often curled up asleep on the front
seat, but our driver's shrill whistle caused a turnout and we must
have passed nearly twenty. We got to the station at 2:30 and
found that the train did not leave until 4:30, but the station was
cool and we waited in patience : a Javan massage (Fig. 140) would
have been acceptable. There were many fine mangoes for sale
here in round, native baskets. Comfortable seats in the train and
arrived at Soerabaja Gobeng at 6:05 where we found the Simpang
Hotel omnibus waiting for us and were told the numbers of our
[33<->]
Report of a Journey Around the World.
183
new rooms, in one of which we found all the traps we had left neatly
arranged ; we had our former room boy and he was evidently glad
to see us. A fine shower bath and dinner, when we had a call
from the manager to ask how my lameness was, and we also found
that Dr. E. C. Waterhouse of Honolulu was in the hotel, just
arrived. This was good news, although we did not see him until
next morning. We found that our steamer, the Montoro, was at
Semarang and would probably be here tomorrow, and we should be
telephoned when the launch would go out.
140. A JAVAN MASSAGE (LOMILOMl).
Thursday, Oct. 3. The Montoro arrived in the morning and
we were warned to be on board before 6 p.m., as the boat would
probably sail at 2 a.m. So we drove about town in search of a
chair and other small matters, also collected our photographs at
Kurkdjian's, had our last tiffin, paid our bill, bade good-bye to
Dr. Waterhouse, and about four o'clock loaded our luggage into
one carriage, ourselves into another and drove the long way to the
harbor where we arrived in an hour, secured a sampan and started
down the channel for the steamer. Then our troubles began, for
the rowing with the small round-bladed oars was slow, and when
at last we could put up the sail the wind had freshened and we
laid over so well that considerable water came aboard and we were
[331]
184 Report of a Journey Around the ]\ T orld .
plentifully sprinkled. Arrived on board we found a fine large
stateroom reserved for us, and the trunks and other traps we had
left in Singapore all in it; our chairs were all right on deck.
Although our room was the largest we had found so far on our way,
we asked the second steward if he could not give us each one, and
he did ; we slept well with the help of the electric fan.
Friday, Oct. 4. All day loading sugar, but the weather cool
and comfortable. The baths and accessories were all that could
be desired ; we were at the captain's table, the Chinese service
was good and our meals were all we wished.
Saturday, Oct. 5. During the night we moved on to Pasoeran
for 500 T more sugar, and at daylight came to anchor some dis-
tance from shore where we were soon joined by twenty praws with
the expected cargo. To load this took another day and not until
nine in the evening did we get under weigh. A number of curious
canoes came by, evidently fishermen's, and one boarded the steamer
with a single fish (a snapper) for which he asked such a price that
no purchase was made. These canoes w r ere well built, long and
narrow, and rather high out of the water, with raised prow and
stern. Two bambu outriggers were attached at a slight angle,
the bow attachment being to a wing-like projection, at the stern
the ordinary fastening. A sort of devil's head preceded by three
tiny flags decorated the prow and there was a broad paddle for
steering when the triangular sail w T as set.
Thursday, Oct. 10. Heavy squall during the night, which
was otherwise hot and the electric fan was a friend in need. At
early dawn we were at the wharf in Port Darwin and we went
ashore. There was no train, although the rails were alongside on
the wharf, and we were told that passengers from the East had a
special train to take them to the town and the Botanical Garden,
which by report was a fine one. We climbed the hill to the post-
office but found it closed ; later we posted our mail.
Port Darwin, formerly Palmerston, is situated on a bluff of
yellowish limestone, folded in an interesting way and capped with
Eucalyptus and other characteristic Australian vegetation. No
botanist could hesitate to declare what part of the world he had
landed upon. The bay that this bluff commands is extensive and
bounded by low mangrove-covered islands. The wharf of cast-
iron piles bolted together shows the great tidal variation which we
[332]
Report of a Journey Around the World. 185
later experienced during our short stay, amounting at times to
28 feet. Dismally deserted was the wharf and neither man nor beast
nor cart welcomed the passengers on their landing, although we
had an important government official in our company from whom
we learned interesting particulars of the pearl-shell fisheries in this
neighborhood. A few of the empty cars of the Northern Province
Railway were dead and scattered on the tracks which extended
along the wharves and on the arm which at right angles connects
them with the shore. The mails in half a carload of baskets de-
layed our departure until 10 a.m. From Mr. Wilson, who made
more extensive exploration than my lameness permitted, I learned
that there were stores well stocked, also three cows, one belonging
to the Administrator-General (this province belongs to the Com-
monwealth of Australia and has not the same autonomy as the older
States), and two others to the hotel where Mr. Wilson enjoyed a
glass of fresh milk after a long diet on the product of buffalo, goat
and can. Flowers in the gardens looked well after the night's rain.
Bougainvilleas, Alamandas, Plumierias, Ouisealus, Cassia fistula,
etc., were abundant, and the absence of palms was refreshing.
It is said to rain here during three months 30+ inches while the
rest of the year is dry. The Government buildings were rather
crowded in a row — low, stone buildings without architectural orna-
ment. A small church without steeple or apparent belfry nestled
close to the squat dwellings of the Chinese, who were celebrating
the anniversary of the declaration of independence of Manchu rule.
Many small fishing junks and smaller sampans dotted the coves,
and as the tide went out it left many of these stranded. I looked
in vain for a vehicle in which to ride about the little town, and
there was no evidence of a desire to entertain visitors or profit by
their presence. Water is good although not abundant, and the
Montoro filled her tanks with what was a great improvement on
the rust}- compound we had been drinking. Pipes were conveni-
ently laid on the wharf, and I noticed an American aeromotor
supplying an elevated tank, supposedly from a rainwater cistern in
the ground not far from the Government buildings. A few of the
aborigines were around, one gin with apparent leprosy; but the
museum had been dismantled and the contents sent elsewhere; most
of these, however, were ores and few, if any, native manufactures.
Altogether Port Darwin seemed a healthful if not a desirable place
[3331
1 86 Report of a Journey Around the World.
of residence : the inhabitants looked well and contented. Some
vegetables were brought on board by a Chinese compradore, and
a closed car lined with sheepskins brought a number of sides of
meat carefully shrouded in cotton cloth. The cargo that we left
consisted mainly of drinkables and matches, while we took away
certainly an equal weight of carefully bagged ores.
Friday, Oct. 1 1. Very pleasant to wake up in blue water, for
all the previous day we had been in dirty green soundings. The
weather was cool and very comfortable ; the sea here and there
covered with a good supply of "whale feed" which the steamer
passed through without much disturbing, except to spread enough
to show the fibrous streams below the orange-colored nuclei on the
surface. A passenger from Port Darwin showed me a fine pair of
buffalo horns polished, from that neighborhood; the inside was
smooth, dark color, while the outside was flattened and corrugated
transversely; this was a bull, the cow having round horns. This
man also informed me that he had heard of a black kangaroo from
the natives. He was inclined to collect such rare specimens for
museums; also the "playground" of the bower bird, in which
laudable pursuit I encouraged him.
Sunday, Oct. 13. We awoke in the midst of islands and a
stiff breeze, and at 7:30 anchored abreast the wharf at Thursday
Island. The town looked rather attractive spread out on the hill-
side. A pretty little green parroquet was blown aboard and easily
caught. We had to wait for the doctor and could have no break-
fast until he had examined the native crew. He came at last just
as the pilot boat cast off for fear of swamping, and soon began a
hand-rubbing examination of the bare breasts of a long line of
natives, a process which seemed to amuse them. Then the saloon
passengers were passed but not rubbed, and the silly farce was
over and we were able to get our breakfast. After this we went
ashore. The shops were closed and not attractive ; the streets were
dusty but planted with Terminalia and other trees. Mr. Wilson
went to the curious Memorial Church, but there were no services
and he returned with a picture of the interior. From the deck of
the Montoro the harbor seemed land-locked, and one small island
seemed clearly a volcano. An hour afternoon we started again on
our voyage to the Albany Pass. We should have touched at Port
Moresby in New Guinea, but that pleasure, as others, was dropped
[334]
Report of a Journey Around the World.
187
from our hurried voyage, and we turned and retraced our course
out of the harbor, not sorry to leave this decaying port. The Albany
Pass was the most attractive scenery we had met since leaving
Soerabaja. High walls on either side; on the left a pretty cove
with coco palms and a white beach ; later on the right a quadran-
141. QUEENSLAND ANT HILL 28 FEET HIGH.
gular rock formation like the ruins of a mediaeval watch tower.
The walls of the pass were nearly parallel and far enough apart to
make a broad and imposing avenue. Soon after we had left these
behind we turned southward and the moon was on the starboard
side ; I watched her until the setting and at ten turned in.
The Queensland coast was higher than I expected , but it looked
desolate and forbidding. Here and there we saw ant hills, some
evidently of considerable height (Fig. 141 ). On the reef side occa-
[335]
i88 Report of a Journey Around the World.
siohal low islands, and alternate blue and green water in streaks of
varying width, seldom half a mile, showing a furrowed bottom.
Little of interest and a cold easterly wind blowing.
Tuesday, Oct. 15. Land close all the morning and weather cool
but wind less. Land high (4000 ft. ? ) , and I was told that the land
west of this ridge was good for sugar-cane. Low Island Light was
a pretty island with several good houses and a number of ornamen-
tal or fruit trees ; it was connected by a low spit to another longer,
jungle-covered island. At 10:45 we passed Cairns ; many white
houses on the beach outside the entrance ; was told that the gulches
on the other side were very picturesque with ferns and waterfalls.
All day they were painting the ship, to the great annoyance of
passengers, but as the freight did not complain it made no difference
to those in charge of the boat. About 6 p.m. passed Hinchinbrook
Islaud(?), a high, curiously outlined mountain, perhaps 2000 ft.,
said to have a lake in a depression on the north side, and to be
shunned by the aborigines as the abode of evil spirits.
Wednesday, Oct. 16. After a pleasant night, up at 5:30 and
found we were very near land. Passed a beautiful rock island on
the starboard that would have been a fine site for a castle, the
actual rocks closely simulating a ruin. There was a small beach
in a cove, and a prolongation toward the south that looked arable.
This was in the cyclone region where several steamers have gone
down with all hands. February is the dangerous month. In
Whitsunday Pass there were very picturesque islands on both sides
of the narrow passage, some with trees like firs. All the high
islands were clothed with forest to the summit. The wind blew
fiercely dead ahead and was chilly. Some birds of a light color
and small size had a curious way of keeping close together as they
flew over the water, looking as if perched on an invisible roost which
was bearing them along. Here came a conical island with nearly
encircling islets, reminding one of the ruins of a prehistoric volcano,
all clad in peaceful forests: no life visible, either aboriginal or
introduced.
Friday, Oct. 18. Arrived at Brisbane soon after noon, and
after the usual farce of medical examination came up to the wharf,
still some miles from town. There stood my old friend and former
assistant at this museum Aclaud Wansey, who had come 527 miles
by rail to meet me, and it was the pleasantest sight I had seen
[336]
Report of a Journey Around the World. 189
since leaving Boston. As the train for Brisbane town had just
departed, we engaged a capital automobile and drove rapidly to
the general postoffice in twenty-five minutes. Here we got a much
needed letter of credit as well as news from home. From this at
once to the museum now in the former exhibition building in the
park. Fig. 142 shows this large and conveniently situated build-
ing where we were soon introduced to the new Director, Dr. R.
142. THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM, BRISBANE.
Hatnlyn-Harris, who speedily convinced us of the truth of the good
reports of his fitness for his post we had heard on the steamer from
persons who knew the unhappy reputation of this museum in the
past. Dr. Hamlyn-Harris had also the advantage of a training in
the Australian Museum under that excellent teacher Robert
Etheridge, Jr. In a hasty inspection under his guidance I noted
his system, which seemed excellent ; his tablets tasty and diagrams
useful. Among the biological exhibits especially pleasing was an
Emu group with a brood of the pretty striped young, and a painted
background with excellent "grass trees" in the midst. Other bird
groups were highly meritorious. The mineral collection was large
T337]
143- DR. R. HAMIA'N-HAKKIS.
Report of a Journey Around the World. 191
and well mounted on tablets set in black border. Of course the
ethnological collection claimed our chief attention and we found
the portion already on exhibition was, as we expected, very rich
in New Guinea specimens. The Government expeditions in British
New Guinea have deposited their collections in the Brisbane
Museum, both for study and distribution to other museums in ex-
change, but hitherto neither of these objects has been attained.
The prospects are now very encouraging that much and good work
will be done under Dr. Hamlyn-Harris, and the rich treasures now
in his charge will be made accessible to all students of ethnology
both by publication and exhibition. We have had to go as far
afield as Germany to study the implements of Queensland's near
neighbor. The two decorated mummies from Torres Strait, of
which we have photographs, are in good order, the original waist
garb or ornamentation having been replaced. There were also
huddled mummies which are to be described soon. 1 The decorated
shields and the stone knives of Australia were especially fine.
Among the unarranged specimens we noticed many good things
from the Solomon group. It was impossible in our short visit to
even look over all the extensive collections, but we got a fair idea
of the material the Director is arranging, and we laid plans for a
closer connection between this and our own museum . We resumed
our ride to the Botanical Garden which we found very dry and
rather a playground than a garden. On our return to the steamer
we found that we had driven more than thirty-two miles. We
sailed at six, taking with us Mr. Waiisey. The land between
Brisbane and the sea is low and mangrove-fringed.
Sunday-, Oct. 20. Fair weather and we were off the Sydney
Heads about 2 p.m. As it was a holiday we had to wait for the
doctor. When we at last steamed up the harbor I noticed a great
increase of the littoral houses on both sides. At 4 p.m. we landed,
and as the absurd local laws do not allow our Chinese stewards to
work in Australia we had the choice of either carrying our hand
luggage ashore ourselves or waiting until two very slow "white"
laborers could do it for us. The sole inspector did his disagreeable
work thoroughly, perhaps because awakened from his afternoon
nap, and put one of our trunks through a stricter search than we
had found anywhere in Europe. At last we saw our traps loaded
1 Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, vol. I, pi. Papuan Mummification.
[339J
192
Report of a Journey Around the World.
on a dray, and we found a hansom outside and were glad to get to
the "Australia". It had been our intention to spend two weeks
in Sydney and neighborhood, but word came from the Trustees of
the Bishop Museum that they desired me to visit Christehureh in
New Zealand, and also Dunedin. With this sudden change of
plan we went early Monday morning to Cook's and secured tickets
for the New Zealand campaign. That night I went home with
Mr. and Mrs. Wansey to Hornsby, and the next day in the bush,
during an afternoon tramp, in which my secretary joined us, we
144. AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM, SYDNEY,
collected sixty-one species of plants in flower. Returning to town
the next afternoon we went to the Botanical Garden, which has
been greatly enlarged since my last visit. Here we had a warm
welcome from Dr. Maiden.
Thursday, Oct. 24. Up early in the rain, leaving with Mr.
Stockdale, from whom I had bought many specimens on a former
visit, for his home near the Heads and not far from Botany Bay,
to look at a new collection of curiosities he had made. We found
several good things, but the prices were too high and the collection
was to be sold as a whole, which put it out of the question. Return-
ing for a hurried breakfast, we boarded the Kookaburra at Fort
Macquarie with a party of friends for a trip about the beautiful
[34o]
145- R- ETHERIDGE, JR.
194 Report of a Journey Around the World.
harbor. The boat was well filled in spite of the lowering weather
which cleared as we went along and was soon all that we could
have wished, although our overcoats were very comfortable. Great
has been the increase in building about the upper harbor and the
views were still beautiful; we had a capital lunch at Corey's Gar-
dens where more than two hundred sat at the tables. We were
back at the landing and at 2 p.m. started for town to make needed
purchases, and at the Civil Service Cooperative Stores we took the
regulation afternoon tea in a most agreeable manner with some
two hundred buds, blossoms and seedpods.
Friday, Oct. 25. In the Botanical Garden with the Director
Dr. Maiden and the superintendent we had a most instructive walk
through the newer portion of the grounds, and made on the way a
considerable list of plants to be sent to Honolulu. 1
Later we took a brisk walk to the museum across the Domain
( Fig. 144) and found my old friend the Director, Mr. R. Etheridge,
Jr., who welcomed me and we had a most agreeable chat in his
office. They had just received a lot of stone cluiringas painted red,
but not so good as those we had seen in Dresden and of which we
are to receive specimens. Later Mr. Wilson arrived and we started
for the new portion of the museum where the ethnological collec-
tions are arranged. On the way, in passing through the natural
history collections, we saw perhaps the finest group of animals
seen in any museum. It was by Ward and consisted of half a
dozen lions halted on the rocks of a dry nullah. They were hungry
and showed it in the eyes as well as in the lean and sinewy legs
and ribbed sides, but on the opposite side of the nullah was a cobra
coiled on a rock with expanded hood and threatening aspect. To
put the varying expression of fear, curiosity, and yet longing for
food into the glass eyes and mounted skins, seems more than a
painter could do on canvas, but a master has done this here. I
regret that I cannot present a front view of the group, but the one
kindly sent me (Fig. 146) gives a partial idea of this fine work of art.
Another good thing in a different way was the restoration of a
1 These have since arrived and at the U. S. Experiment Station they found
only one plant dead; the others are all thriving and may be of use to the terri-
tory, as all are desirable if they can be made to grow here. It may be mentioned
that seeds sent from the garden at Buitenzorg in Java have germinated in the
same place under the good care of Mr. Chester J. Hunn.
[342]
Report of a Journey Around the World.
195
146. GROUP OF LIONS, AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM.
gigantic fossil kangaroo. A crocodile's skeleton with the dermal
bones arranged to show their relation to the rest of the skeleton
was very interesting. Passing these and man}' other good things
we came to the New Guinea hall, which was entirely new to me.
A fine, large and well-lighted room, with the windows above the
[343]
196 Report of a Journey Around the World.
cases, had a splendid group of Admiralty Islands wooden bowls
(Fig. 147) . In a wall case were many painted dance paddles, and
one of the largest collections of stone-head clubs I had ever seen,
even the Giglioli clubs at Florence were not so numerous. New
Britain carvings were also abundant and appeared to far better
advantage than in the old room where they were greatly crowded.
On the floor above were Australian collections of great extent and
variety, including a huge tree stem carved all over, the last survi-
vor of seven similarly carved giants. "Death stones" were abund-
ant of various forms and material, but certainly not phallic as some
have suggested. No one seems to know certainly their real use,
but the most probable suggestion is that they were memorials of
some place or event. The Cook relics show very well and include a
number of Hawaiian and Maori objects, Mangaian paddles, Fijian
clubs, etc. A careful catalogue was made of these, for it is pro-
posed to include all the authentic Cook relics in one comprehensive
account, and those museums having these are willing to contribute
their share to the completeness of the account. It seems fit that
at the group where the great navigator met his death, such a
a memorial of the collections he made to illustrate the peoples he
went among should be made.
With the new rooms this seems one of the best collections of
Australian and Papuan material we have seen, if not the best. It
was late in the afternoon before we left, and a week would have
been too short for a sufficient study.
Saturday, Oct. 26. We found the steamer did not leave for
Wellington, New Zealand, until 4 p.m. There was a great crowd
at the Maunganui, and as the steamer at last left nearly an hour
late a thunderstorm burst upon us, and Acland Wausey, who was
with us to the last moment, had to make speed to escape the deluge.
As we passed the Heads a torrent came in at our port, which was
closed but not made fast, and we spent a damp night. The next
day was rough and windy and the water dashed over the house
on the boat deck. No very comfortable place on board the crowded
steamer, as the "lounge" was full of infants and small but noisy
children. The weather gradually grew smoother and on Tuesday
night I presided at the usual concert where the shipwrecked mari-
ners were enriched to the extent of £%.
[344]
Report of a Journey Around the World.
197
14/
GROUP OF ADMIRALTY ISLANDS BOWLS.
Wednesday, Oct. 30. Arrived at Wellington at daylight,
but the doctor, as usual, delayed us and it was long after breakfast
before we went ashore. Went to the Tourist Bureau and found
that Mr. B. Wilson had replaced Mr. Donne who is now in London.
He gave us much information and wired to Fairlie to learn the
state of the roads to Mt. Cook, for it was very early in the season,
T345]
Report of a Journey Around the World.
148. DIRECTOR A. HAMILTON*.
and the answer was favorable to our journey thither. We also got
man)- guide-books and the promise of photographs. The necessary
travel arrangements finished, we turned to the museum, still, unfor-
tunately, in its wooden case in the midst of other wooden buildings.
How is it that the progressive New Zealand Government can remain
so far behind other, I may say all other, nations in this matter of
protecting from destruction by fire collections so valuable as these
in this museum? The Wanganui Museum is another example of
[346]
Report of a Journey Around the World.
199
a fine collection of things almost impossible to replace kept in a very
combustible building. Surely New Zealand has more of these fire-
traps to her discredit than any other country.
We found Mr. A. Hamilton, the Director, who welcomed us
most cordially and proceeded to show us many interesting things,
among them a collection of Cook relics from the Bullock Museum 1
149. MEAT HOOK.
150. PHALLIC STONE DAGGER(?).
151. MAORI FLUTES.
containing many choice things : feather cloaks and capes, a small
feather Kukailimoku, a helmet and a hat of foreign shape but cov-
ered with Hawaiian feathers ; of these we have photographs by the
kindness of the Director ; Tongan club of exquisite workmanship;
meat hook (Fig. 149) of unknown origin; phallic stone dagger
([?]Fig. 150); carved Maori flutes, one double (Fig. 151); Maori
'Among his possessions Mr. Hamilton showed us a priced copy of the
sale catalogue of this old museum with the prices obtained for these very
relics in the early part of the last century.
[347]
200
Report of a Journey Around the World.
adzes; a Maori adze 20+ inches long and weighing 12 + pounds; fine
shark-tooth sacrificial knife (finer perhaps than those in the British
Museum (Fig. 152); two stone kapa pounders of unusual shape
and unknown origin; a poi pounder from Tahiti, slightly broken
but of the best workmanship (Fig. 153). In the museum also
152. SACRIFICIAL KNIFE.
were many carved receptacles for human bones (18 in all), and
innumerable Maori carvings, including several carved houses
and many parts of these. A curiously carved stone god of which
we were given a cast. Triangular adze like one described by
Giglioli ; restauration of a Moa ; models of a Pah and village. A
lot of Tuatara alive and in good condition. The Director's system
of storing photographs is very good, mounting prints in pasteboard
[348]
Report of a Journey Arojind the World.
201
boxes on uniform sized cards all labelled with number of negative.
I should think this in addition to my card catalogue of negatives
would be ideal, for in a modern museum of ethnology photographs
play a very important part. We lunched with Mr. Hamilton at
his pretty home near by. 1 After four we returned to our steamer,
153-
TAHITIAX POUNDER.
on the way making some purchases for our cold journey to Mt.
Cook, and stopping at the Club to which we had a card. Our
arrangements at the museum had been very satisfactory, and we
are to have a list of all their Cook relics with their history, and
1 While this report is passing through the press word has come of the
death of Mr. Hamilton, but without farther particulars. We may be permit-
ted here to add our tribute to his memory, for the loss is great personally as
well as to ethnology. It will be hard to fill his place.
[349]
202 Report of a Journey Around the World,
a number of casts, of which several have already arrived. We are
also to have a Maori carved bone receptacle from their abundant
store, also some moa bones. The passage out of Wellington was
interesting ; the channel narrow and nearly crossed by reefs of
jagged rocks.
Friday, Nov. i. Arrived at Lyttleton at daybreak, but did
not laud until after breakfast, the train for Christchurch leaving
at 9:05. Through the long tunnel out upon the plain of Canterbury
is always a pleasant change, and the pleasure was greatly enhanced
by observing the great growth since my last visit in 1888. The
day was cloudy and rain seemed threatening. Exchanged our
order for railway conveyance to Dunedin for a steamer passage, as
we could find no hotel accommodation in town for the race week and
desired to continue on the comfortable steamer Maunganui. We
secured our berths on the Mararoa for the return to Wellington;
telegraphed to Dunedin for our rooms at the Grand Hotel, and
all this took a long time. Finally the tram took us to Papanui,
Norman's Road, where Mr. Andrew Roby Bloxam met us and we
were soon in his hospitable home. We had reached the place
the Trustees wished us to visit for the purpose of examining a
feather cloak and other Hawaiian relics, heirlooms in Mr. Bloxam's
family from the voyage of the Blonde in which his father and uncle
took part. The cloak we found was red, with yellow ornaments,
the mesh of the net was unusually coarse but the cloak large and
good. This was thrown over Mr. Bloxam's uncle's shoulders by
the Hawaiian Queen [Kaahumanu?], and he bequeathed it by will
to the present owner. A "stick god" was very interesting and
had a lizard head such as I have not seen before (Fig. 159). It
was in the Hale o Keawe at Honaunau, Hawaii, when the officers
of the Blonde were invited to inspect this famous depositary of the
remains of Hawaiian chiefs, and the visitors were permitted to take
some of the small idols put there as guardians of the dead. I was
kindly permitted to take this home with me for the purpose of
casting, to be returned if the Trustees should not care to purchase. 1
The supposed dagger with which Captain Cook was killed turned
out to be no dagger, but the well carved handle of a Tahitiau fan
or fly-flap. It is rather curious that so many supposed daggers
'This has since been returned, the completeness of the Museum collection
of feather cloaks of this class not warranting any large expenditure for addi-
tional specimens. [35°]
Report of a Journey Around the World.
203
(at least four) have been brought to my attention as the actual
instruments of Cook's death. In the collection were some small
samples of interesting kapa, and two early printed schoolbooks of
the American Mission on Hawaii, bound in a rare leathery kapa,
the binding being much more interesting than the books. The
journal of Mr. Bloxam's father was by all odds the most valuable
part of the collection, and I had already by his kindness been en-
154. CANTERBURY MUSEUM, CHKISTCHURCH.
abled to copy much relating to the visit of the Blonde to these islands,
but I understood that he did not care to part with this at present.
I had hoped that it might repose in our library in the midst of the
group to which most of its contents relate.
After luncheon Mr. Bloxam went with us in the tram some
distance, and then we three walked along the bank of the Avon,
passing through the yard of the Canterbury Boys School, which
has very attractive buildings, to the museum. The river was
bordered by willows which had recently been trimmed. All along
the houses were homelike, generally of one story with gardens con-
taining araucarias, snowballs, rhododendrons, elders, laburnums
[35i]
155- MR. EDGAR R. WAITE.
Report of a Journey Around the World.
205
and other trees mostl} r in blossom. This was a renewal of the
spring we had found in England, and again in Stockholm. The
bright gorse made the nearer hills golden yellow, while in the
distance the mountains were still covered with snow, a taste of
what we were to have more of later in the New Zealand Alps.
The museum was reached at last and Mr. Edgar R. Waite, the
Curator, was expecting us. We made with him a rapid survey of
156. PORCH OF THE MUSEUM.
the collections. Some good bird groups ; two penguins in the
down were most comical ; a whale skeleton some 80 feet long with
ribs more slender than those of our sperm whale ; a cast of Mesoplo-
don layardi ; another skeleton of a Mesoplodon and a skull with
the tusks folded over the upper jaw so that the mouth could
only be partially opened. Many Maori carvings not of superior
quality, and houses with painted rafters and raupo panels and net-
work ; leaf baskets for food ; fine pigeon pots ; some good carved
boxes ; a rather broad fife and a phallic flute of the common pat-
tern ; two mokoed heads ; skeletons of Maori and Moriori and
many skulls not remarkable. The collection of mounted moa
[353]
206
Report of a Journey Around the World.
skeletons (Fig. 158) was the best in the world, and indeed the muse-
um owes much of its value to the quantity of bones of these extinct
monsters which the museum was able to exchange all over the
world. I was surprised not to see any attempt to restore the moa,
as there are now so many specimens of skin and feathers at hand
in the New Zealand museums. The collection of casts of antique
statues (this museum is a general one, but I was not able to go
157. MAORI HALL IN CANTERBURY MUSEUM.
beyond the Pacific region on this visit, with this exception) was
good and contained most of the gems. Good labels on the objects,
which were printed in the museum. The library contained many
books of which we ought to have copies. Hoping to see more on
our return we telephoned for a taxi and rode rapidly into town to
take the 4 p.m. train to the port. As we passed out into the ocean
there was some motion which soon subsided as we got on our course,
and as the wind abated it was very pleasant on deck. Early Satur-
day morning we were in the inlet that leads to the city of Dunedin
and after breakfast were at the wharf where we took our last view
of the good steamer Maunganui. The weather was cold and the
sky overcast, but certainly the town looked well as we approached.
The houses were low, painted white, and very neat. Our luggage
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Report of a Journey Around the World. 207
was taken up by an express, but we walked the short distance to
the Grand Hotel. Installed in a good front room on the first floor,
we first went out to arrange with that capital institution the New
Zealand Express whose good offices I had availed myself of on
several former visits, to take our trunks to Rotorua on the north
I58. MOA SKELETONS IN CANTERBURY MUSEUM.
island ; did a little shopping, examined the streets and got back
to lunch at one, after which we took a hansom to the museum
( Fig. 160), where we found Professor W. B. Benham, the Curator,
who received us courteously and we spent most of the after-
noon examining the collections. Oue hall was devoted to the
Hockens collection of Maori carvings, clothes and implements.
Within the museum was also a good lot of books and engravings
given by the same benefactor. The collection of moa skeletons
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208
Report of a Journey Around the World.
(a fine one) was supplemented by specimens of feathers, skin,
tracheal rings, and even a leg still clothed with muscular fibre,
from cave excavation ; also a genuine egg. As Dunedin was once
a centre of the whale fishery it was not surprising to find many
remains of whales, among which
a capital cast of a very young
rorqual was prominent. A huge
Queensland crocodile, at least a
third larger than ours, was too
much "stuffed". A fine Notor-
?/is, one of the three known, was
a great attraction, and in the
same case was a specimen of the
extinct wren. A good ribbon
fish (the dorsal fin scarlet and
the body silver) was seen. An
extensive collection of worms
and radiates of which Professor
Benham is a specialist was most
interesting. The case contain-
ing supposed Cook relics had a
damaged Mangaia paddle, a fine
Tongan club, and other possible
relics, besides the impossible
Solomon Islands clubs, etc.
A fine Admiralty Islands bowl
measured 39.5 x 41 inches in
diameter. There were many
Santa Cruz sashes and looms.
This museum is an adjunct
of the Otago University, so that
it bears the same relation to the university that the Canterbury
Museum bears to the University in Christchurch. Professor W.
B. Benham, Sc.D., F.R.S., is a professor in the university as well
as curator of the museum, and hence the character of the collec-
tions is more or less moulded by the scholastic connection. The
collections given by Thomas Morland Hockens were not only of
great importance, as collections of books, paintings, engravings,
ethnological specimens, but, as told in the annual report of Dr.
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159. GOD IN BLOXAM COLLECTION.
Report of a Journey Around the World.
209
Benham for 1907, proved an incentive to a general public interest in
the museum resulting in a very considerable subscription to pay for
a suitable wing to the museum for the housing of these treasures.
After leaving the museum we took a tram to the Public Garden,
which was very attractive in its spring garb (the tulips were still
in evidence), and a good rock garden claimed much attention.
Large and symmetrical arbor vitae trees and the close-leaved oaks
160. OTAGO MUSEUM, DUNEDIN.
gave character to the foliage. Black and white swans and beauti-
ful ducks were in the pools extending through the grounds. The
glass houses were closed, but we could catch glimpses of a good
collection of indoor blossoms.
Sunday, Nov. 3. Bright early in the morning, but before our
nine o'clock breakfast the sky was overcast, brightening again in
the afternoon. My lameness was very bad, but I walked with Mr.
Wilson almost across the town to the Knox church. No public
vehicles are allowed to run before 1 p.m., and the walk was a long
and very painful one. The exigencies of travel had given us few
opportunities of church going, although we availed ourselves of
all possible, and now we found the services long, uninteresting arid
very unprofitable. Apparently none of the Geddes family were
Occasional Papers B. P. B. M. Vol. V, No. 5.-14-
[357]
l6l. DR. W. B. BENHAM, CURATOR.
Report of a Journey Around the World. 211
present, and the worst part of John Knox presided. The theme
was the absolute need of mysteries in religion, and if the miracu-
lous birth of Christ, His resurrection and purchase of our souls by
His death was eliminated (which was quite possible by the rational
method) the Christian religion was not worth fighting for! The
claim was made that death was an eternal rest from labor! The Sun-
day dinner was at 1:30, and the day ended in hard rain.
Monday, Nov. 4. Rain continued and we took the early train
for Timaru where we arrived at 1 137 and found some tea in a small
shop not far from the station. It was too wet to move about and
the accommodation at the station was nothing to speak of, but
luckily the train leaving for Fairlie at 3:55 was on a side track,
and we occupied our seats with some comfort until our arrival at
Fairlie at 5:30 where we found our room at the little Hotel Glad-
stone, whence our ride of ninety-eight miles to Mt. Cook was to
begin on the next morning. Early on the 5th after examining
the fine machinery (all American) in the company's garage and
securing our seats, Mr. Wilson in front and I directly behind him,
we started. The weather seemed brightening and before long
cleared. For miles there was a golden hedge of gorse or broom,
nor were these attractive shrubs confined to the hedgerows, but
appeared in clumps to brighten the rather dull landscape. At the
first "public" our two fellow-passengers were joined by an old fel-
low, and the three began a series of drinks that lasted as far as the
last "public" and reduced the two original passengers to drivel-
ling idiocy, while the old fellow seemed tougher and kept enough
sense to name the places to his drunken fellows, but he was left at
Pukaki where we found a good luncheon and were waited on by a
little daughter of our landlady, while our drunkards fortunately
lunched or drank elsewhere. The place of the old fellow was taken
by a fat little drunkard who continued much of the way with us,
and with tobacco and drivel made the journey as unpleasant as
possible. While the scenery was not attractive the first thirty
miles, it changed from Lake Tekapo and we were soon in a ring
of snow-capped mountains, and these bright peaks continued to
Lake Pukaki and to the end. Just before we reached this lake we
saw perhaps the most beautiful view of Mt. Cook (native Aoraugi,
the heaven-piercer) across the water. The peak was clear and
the banks of cloud on either side were bright in the afternoon sun.
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Report of a Journey Around the World.
Fig. 163 gives a faint idea of this fine mountain we intended to see
closer at hand. Our way on lay along Lake Pukaki which had
the true glacial tint. About three miles from the hotel we had a
"blow-out", but this did not delay us long. I was surprised at
the smoothness of the roads in this region far from habitations;
where we had to ford a brook the bottom was firm and gravelly.
The Hermitage was neat and attractive, and our rooms gave us
views of the mountain tops. Two agreeable ladies w 7 ere the only
162. FRONT OF THE MUI.LER GLACIER.
guests, for it was early in the season. As soon as we were settled
our host, Mr. Cook, took us a short walk to the Hooker River and
the Muller gl 
