Official guide to Harvard university

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OFFICIAL GUIDE

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OFFICIAL GUIDE

TO

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

EDITED FOB

THE HARVAKD MEMORIAL SOCIETY

WILLIAM GARROTT BROWN
Deputy Keeper of Unieeriity Becordi

CAMBRIDGE

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COPYRIGHT, 1899
BY HARVARD UNIVERSITY

PREFATORY NOTE.

The first edition of this Guide was prepared and pub-
lished for the meeting of the American Association for
the Advancement of Science in Cambridge, in August,
1898. It was edited by Mr. Byron Satterlee Hurlbut,
A.M. (H. U. '87), Recording Secretary of the Faculty
of Arts and Sciences.

The present edition, enlarged and with additional illus-
trations, is issued, by permission of the President and
Fellows of Harvard College, by the Harvard Memorial
Society. The object of this Society, which was founded
in 1895, is ^'to foster among students interest in the
historical associations of Harvard and to perpetuate the
traditions of her past."

The editor of the Guide and compiler of the larger part
of it is Mr. William Garrott Brown, A.M. (H. U. '91),
Deputy keeper of the University Records.

The account of the Student Organizations is due
mainly to Mr. Harold Williams, Jr., of the Class of
'99; that of the Student Publications to Mr. Henry
James, 2d, of the same class.

The new illustrations are mainly taken from photo-
graphs made for the purpose by Professor de Sumichrast,

IV

Mr. Walter Babcock Swift, of the Class of 1901, Presi-
dent of the Harvard Camera Club, and Mr. Wilfred
G. G. Cole (H. U. '97), of the Graduate School.

The Memorial Society is under obligations to many
persons for assistance rendered in the preparation of
the Guide, — especially to Professor William R. Ware
(H. U. '52), to Professor Morris H. Morgan (H. U. '81),
and to the officers of the University who have written
or revised the accounts of their several departments.

Charles Eliot Norton,

President of the Harvard Memorial Society,

Cambridge,
June, 1899

INTRODUCTION,

•♦♦■

THE UNIVERSITY.

TT ARVARD UNIVERSITY is an institution of leam-
■*- ^ ing established under the laws of Massachusetts.
It is made up of seventeen departments and a large
number of museums, laboratories, and other establish-
ments not usually reckoned as separate departments.
It occupies a total area of more than 500 acres. Most
of the buildings are in Cambridge and Boston. The
quick capital of the University in 1898-99 was over
ten million dollars; its income sufficed for an average
annual expenditure of $300 per capita of students. The
value of the lands and buildings devoted to education
and the advancement of learning was estimated at nearly
five million dollars. The enrollment of students in all
departments, including the summer school of 1898, was
4660. The officers of instruction and government num-
bered 604. "

Foundation.

The title of University dates only from the year 1780,
when the Massachusetts Constitution of that year re-
ferred to "the University at Cambridge." Until 1783,
when medical lectures were first given, the institution
was properly called Harvard College.

Harvard College was founded in 1636. Oct. 2, 1636
(Old Style) the General Court, as the legislature of

J

Massachusetts Bay was called, passed the following
vote:

"The Court agree to give four Hundred Pounds
towards a School or College^ whereof two Hundred
Pounds shall be paid the next year, and Two Hundred
Pounds when the work is finished, and the next Court
to appoint where and what building."

The governor who approved this vote was Henry Vane,
afterwards, as Sir Henry Vane, much distinguished in
English history. The next year the court voted that the
College should be at Newtowne, and committed the work
to twelve eminent men of the colony, among them John
Winthrop, who preceded and succeeded Vane as governor,
and John Cotton. The same year the name of the town
was changed to Cambridge, in honor of the English
university where a number of the Colonists had been
educated. In 1638 John Harvard, a nonconforming
clergyman who had been in the colony about a year,
died at Charlestown and left his library of 260 volumes,
and half his fortune, to the infant college. In his honor
it was called Harvard College. In the year 1640 the
first President, Henry Dunster, entered upon his duties.
Two years later the first class, numbering nine, was
graduated.

Constitution.

The institution was thus founded, placed, and named.
Its constitution has been affected by various changes,
but two acts of the colonial legislature, each estab-
lishing a governing board, have determined the general
character of its government throughout its subsequent
history.

The first of these was passed in 1642, and established
the Board of Overseers; the second in 1650, and estab-
lished a board oflScially styled the President and Fellows
of Harvard College, but always more commonly known
as "The Corporation." These two boards now govern
the entire University.

The Board of Overseers as first constituted was made
up of the Governor, the Deputy Governor, and the
Magistrates of the Colony, " together with the teaching
elders of the six next adjoining towns, — viz., Cam-
bridge, Watertown, Charlestown, Boston, Roxbury, and
Dorchester," and the President of the College. It
necessarily included all the most prominent and power-
ful men of the puritan commonwealth, and the College
government was therefore very like the government of
Massachusetts Bay. But this body was soon found too
large for the immediate direction of the school, and in
1650 the General Court drew up an instrument of great
interest, now hanging in the Librarian's room in Gore
Hall. This instrument is the Charter of Harvard Col-
lege. It is " the veritable source of collegiate authority"
to-day, and the corporation it established is the oldest
in the country.

The charter committed the property and the govern-
ment of the College to seven persons, a President, a
Treasurer, and five Fellows, who were empowered to fill
vacancies in their number. In them the property of the
institution was vested. They were to elect its teaching
and other officers, and to make its laws and orders, sub-
ject only to confirmation by the Overseers. The records
of the President and Fellows, preserved in the archives
of the University, are fairly continuous and complete*

They reveal with what patience and wisdom, for two
centuries and a half, the property of the institution
has been guarded, its activities expanded, and its high
aims adhered to. The responsibility of the Corporation
to the Overseers was somewhat lessened in 1657 by an
appendix to the Charter, to the effect that the acts of
the smaller body should always have " immediate force,"
although they should still be "alterable" by the Over-
seers.

In the year 1684 the colonial charter of Massachusetts
Bay was revoked, and it was generally held at the time
that the College charter was vacated by this act of the
crown. In consequence, the government of the College
was for years unsettled. In 1691 Massachusetts Bay
was given a province charter, and the next year the
General Court passed a new College charter, but it was
disallowed by the home government because it did not
give the King the right to appoint visitors. No less
than three other charters passed the General Court, the
last in 1700, but none of them ever was confirmed in
England. Finally, in 1707, the court simply voted that
the original charter of 1650 was still in force, and on
that theory the College is still governed, and "the seven"
are still in power.

But the other governing body, the Board of Overseers,
is very different now from the original board. In early
times the difficulty in getting the members together was
serious, and led first to the establishment of the Corpora-
tion and then to a provision of the act of 1657, to the
effect that, if notice of a meeting should be given to
members dwelling in the "six next adjoining towns,"
votes passed at the meeting should be valid, whether

5

those dwelling in remoter towns received notices or not.
The constitution of the State of Massachusetts, adopted
in 1780, changed the Overseers by substituting the Gov-
ernor, Lieutenant Governor, Council, and Senate of the
State for the Governor, Deputy-Governor, and Council
of the Colony; and defined the "teaching elders" of
the "six towns" as "ministers of the Congregational
Churches " in those towns

The next important change came in the year 1810.
The Council and Senate were eliminated from the Board,
the official membership being confined to the Governor,
the Lieutenant Governor, and the presiding officers of
the two houses of the Legislature • The body of the
membership was to consist of fifteen Congi'egational
clergymen and fifteen laymen, to be elected by the
Board itself. This law was repealed two years later,
but reenacted in 1814. Twenty years later the court
voted that the clerical members might be chosen from
any denomination, the change to take effect whenever
the Corporation and Overseers should agree to accept it.
This they did in 1843, and the institution was thus freed
from the control of a particular denomination.

An act of 1851 struck out entirely the requirement that
a portion of the membership should be chosen from the
clergy; made the Governor, the Lieutenant Governor,
the presiding officers of the two houses, the Secretary
of the Board of Education, and the President and the
Treasurer of the College, members ex officio ; and
entrusted the election of the remaining members to the
two houses in joint convention assembled, a certain
number to be chosen every year and to go out of office
at the end of a term of years.

In 1865 the Board was divorced from the State govern-
ment by an act which, with two slight amendments, is still
in force. Under it the bachelors of arts of five years'
standing elect every commencement day five members of
the -Board who hold office for six years, the President and
the Treasurer for the time being remaining members ex
officio. Candidates for membership need not even reside
in Massachusetts. The election is held in Massachusetts
Hall, and is conducted according to the "Australian"
system. Thus, after many changes, the government of
the University is no longer connected with either church
or state, except that the General Court of Massachusetts
necessarily retains the power to alter it, — a power, how-
ever, which the court does not seek to exercise without
the consent of the University itself. It is therefore true
that neither state nor church exercises any control over
Harvard, though it was founded by the state and long
dominated by the church.

THE DEPARTMENTS.

Turning now to the immediate government of the Uni-
versity, its departments may be considered as divided
into two general classes, according as they chiefly promote
the one or the other of the two general objects for which
the whole exists. These two objects are instruction and
the advancement of learning. Ten of the departments
are schools, and their main work is teaching. Seven
departments, and numerous minor establishments, cannot
be called schools; they serve to increase and preserve
knowledge, rather than to instruct and train young men,
though they are all accessory to the work of teaching.

Faculty of Arts and Sciences.

The administration of Harvard College and of two
other departments, The Lawrence Scientific School and
The Graduate School^ is committed to a body called the
Faculty of Arts and Sciences, whose meetings are held in
University Hall, the central building in the College Yard.
This faculty numbers (in 1898-99) 102. The schools
under its control, offering more than five hundred courses
of instruction in forty-nine general subjects to more than
three thousand students (3240 in 1898-99), use in com-
mon most of the lecture halls, laboratories, museums,
libraries, etc., in and about the College Yard in Cam-
bridge. The College, the largest of all the departments,
has nearly two thousand students (1,851 in 1898-99).

Six degrees are awarded on recommendation of the
Faculty of Arts and Sciences. The courses offered in
the College lead, ordinarily after a residence of four years,
to the degree of Bachelor of Arts. Similarly, the courses
in the Scientific School lead to the degree of Bachelor of
Science. To properly qualified students in the Graduate
School who fulfill the requirements of work and residence,
the degrees of Master of Science, Master of Arts, Doctor
of Science, and Doctor of Philosophy are offered.

The Summer School is directed by a committee of the
Faculty of Arts and Sciences, and most of the courses
are given in Cambridge ; but the Medical School Faculty
has control of the courses in medicine, which are given in
Boston. The total enrollment of Summer School students
in 1898 was 759. Women are admitted to all the summer
courses except those in medicine.

8

The Professional Schools.

The six professional schools are administered by facul-
ties separate from the Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Only
two professional schools, those of Divinity and Law, are
in Cambridge.

The Divinity School has its buildings on Divinity Ave-
nue. It offers about forty courses of instruction, covering
all the subjects studied in denominational schools of
divinity, but is not controlled by any denomination.
The ordinary term of residence leading to the degree of
Bachelor of Divinity is three years. The students are
given many privileges of study in other departments of
the University.

The Law School occupies Austin Hall, on Holmes
field, Cambridge, near the site of the house formerly
occupied by the Holmes family, to whose estate the land
formerly belonged. The term of residence ordinarily
necessary to obtain the degree of Bachelor of Laws is
three years. About thirty separate courses of instruction
are offered. The enrollment of students in 1898-99 was
551.

The Medical School occupies a building at the corner
of Boylston and Exeter Streets, Boston, adjacent to
the Boston Public Library. The term of residence for
the degree of Doctor of Medicine is four years. The
courses offered, including the advanced courses offered
to graduates, cover about thirty principal subjects. The
enrollment of students in 1898-99, exclusive of summer
students, was 560.

The Dental School occupies a building on North Grove
Street, Boston. The term of residence leading to the

degree of Doctor of Dental Medicine is three years. The
courses of instruction, some of which are given in the
Medical School, cover about fifteen principal subjects.
The enrolhnent in 1898-99 was 139.

The School of Veterinary Medicine is situated at and
near the corner of Village and Lucas Streets, Boston.
The term of residence leading to the degree of Doctor of
Veterinary Medicine is three years. The courses of
instruction cover fifteen subjects. The enrollment in
1898-99 was 25.

The Bussey Institution^ a school of agriculture and
horticulture, is situated in Jamaica Plain, a suburb of
Boston. After a year's residence a student may, by
passing the required examinations, obtain the degree
of Bachelor of Agricultural Science. The enrollment
of students in 1898-99 was 23. Systematic instruction
is given in agriculture, in useful and ornamental garden-
ing, and in chemistry and natural history as applied to
these arts.

Other Departments.

The remaining departments of the University do not
offer regular courses of instruction leading to degrees ;
but they are all intimately associated with the work of
teaching and are of incalculable value to the various
schools which have been enumerated.

The University Library is justly described as the very
centre of the working life of the whole University. Its
principal strength is in Gore Hall, the College Libraiy,
but the Librarian and the Library Council control more
than thirty department, laboratory, and class-room libra-
ries in Cambridge and Boston.

I

10

The University Museum^ including The Peahody
Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology^ is
of daily use to students in the various scientific courses,
many of which could not be given adequately without its
collections. The Botanic Garden and Grray Herbarium
are also in Cambrtdge. TJie Astronomical Observatory
has its principal station in Cambridge, where the bulk
of its work is done; but it maintains another station
at Arequipa, Peru, and the Blue Hill Meteorological
Observatory cooperates with it. The Arnold ArboretuTu^
with its Herbarium and Museum, is in Jamaica Plain, a
suburb of Boston.

Minor Establishments.

The museums, laboratories, etc., not reckoned as
separate departments, though some of them have sep-
arate buildings, need not be enumerated here. They
are all described in the pages which follow.

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THE COLLEGE YARD

AN HISTORICAL SKETCH.

There is nothing better to say to a stranger entering
the Yard of Harvard College than what Lowell said in
his oration on the two hundred and fiftieth anniversary
of the founding of the College. Having first praised the
architectural beauties of Oxford and Cambridge, and
acknowledged the fitness of their quadrangles and clois-
ters to stand before our eyes for all the past glories of
English scholarship and all the venerable associations of
those aged universities, he frankly confessed of the New
England college that its past is ' ' well-nigh desolate of
aesthetic stimulus. We have none," he said, "or next
to none, of these coigns of vantage for the tendrils of
memory or affection. Not one of our older buildings is
venerable, or will ever become so. Time refuses to
console them. They look as if they meant business, and
nothing more." The interest of these buildings is very
great; but it is entirely historical and practical, not
artistic. For beauty, one must look to the grass and to
the noble elms ; for inspiration, to the story of the hard
beginnings of the College and its fidelity to brave ideals,
and to the lives and characters of the men who have
studied and taught here, and from here have passed
into the service of their country, and of just causes, and
of mankind.

Nevertheless, it seems quite clear that the founders of
Harvard, poor men though they were, and in a wilderness^

12

•

had in mind the English universities, and Cambridge
especially, when they set about their task. Many of
them were Cambridge men ; and the first building, rude
and ill-built as it was, had much that was suggestive of
a " Hall" in an English university. "We do not certainly
know where it stood, though it is thought to have stood
near the site of Grays Hall, but the early records show
that it was a home as well as a place of study. There
were in it chambers, "studies," a kitchen, and a buttery;
and on top there was a "turret." We even know the
cost of the various items purchased in fitting up the
several " studies." Here, for example, is the account,
taken from the first College Book, for the study occupied
by George Downing of the Class of 1642. In the entry
he is called " Sir" Downing because he was a graduate
when the account was made; later he went into the
English diplomatic service, was knighted, and won for
himself an eminence not very admirable, for he was
reputed a miser and a turn-coat.

Sir Downings Study.

lb 8 d

Impr. For boards 272 foote - 16 - 3 ob. q.]

It. Ten dayes &h worke at 22^ a day . . . - 19 - 3

It. For y« Smithe's worke 0-6-11

It. For glasse 0-2-1

It. For nayles, locke & key - 3 -

Tb
Suma totalis 2-7- 6 ob. q.]

There is no picture of this first " college," but the high
ideal of the builders and their scanty means resulted in a
structure of which one writer tells us that it was ' ' thought
by some to be too gorgeous for a wilderness, and yet too
mean in others' apprehension for a college." It was soon

13

in need of repairs and proved inadequate to the wants
even of the scanty College population of those days.
Within ten years of its completion the "governors" of
the institution had begun to "purchase the neighbors'
houses" to acconunodate students. One of the houses
bought for this purpose was Mr. Edward Goffe's, and
it came to be known as Goffe's College. The term
*' college" was at first applied to each of the separate
buildings, and this usage survived for many years. In
1653-54 the commissioners of the Association for the
Propagation of the Gospel among the Indians were per-
suaded to erect a small brick building for Indian youth,
and this was known as the Indian College. But the
experiment was not successful, and only one Indian ever
received a Harvard degree. The Indian College was
poorly built, and was a ruin before the end of the cen-
tury. So was the "Old College," which was succeeded
in 1672 by the first Harvard Hall, or Harvard "College ;"
this seems to have been well built, for it lasted nearly a
century.

We have a good picture of this first Harvard Hall, and
we know that it stood in the Yard, just to the left of the
main entrance. It stood alone until the year 1700, when
a new " college," called Stoughton in honor of Lieutenant
Governor William Stoughton, who gave it, was built in
front of the main entrance, making a right angle with the
eastern end of Harvard. A few years later, under the
guidance of President John Leverett, the institution en-
tered on a new and more prosperous period in its career,
and in the year 1718 the General Court of Massachusetts
made a grant for still another "college," the oldest of
all the buildings now standing.

14

This is Massachusetts Hall, on the right as one enters
the Yard through the Johnston Gate, and facing the
site of the first Harvard. It made, with Harvard and
Stoughton, a very small quadrangle, and of these three
buildings we have an engraving, made near the middle
of the eighteenth century. Behind Stoughton, as it ap-
pears in that engraving, there was an old field, crossed
by a brook ; probably no one dreamed of a time when it
would be covered with other College buildings. In 1720,
when Massachusetts was finished, the graduating class
numbered thirty-seven, and it was many years before any
great increase came. Cambridge was but a village, lying
chiefly between the College and the river. Boston itself
was but a small town, though thriving, and no bridge con-
nected the two places. One source of the income of the
College was the tolls of the Charlestown Ferry, which
Cambridge people crossed when they went to Boston,
unless they went by " Roxbury Neck." The teaching in
the College was chiefly the work of tutors. The first
professorship, the Hollis Professorship of Divinity, was
established the year after Massachusetts was built.

It is pleasant to know that the outside of Massachusetts
has not been changed at all. Every class since 1720 has
seen the same square walls of red brick, the small win-
dows, the narrow doorways. But the inside has been
much altered. At first it was given over entirely to small
chambers and still smaller " studies." After the fight at
Lexington, in the Revolutionary War, the chambers were
for a time occupied by American troops, the students
being sent away to Concord. Early in the -present
century, in President Kirkland's time, a part of the lower
floor was devoted to lectures and society meetings, and

15

in 1870 the remaining chambers and studies made way
for lecture halls and examination rooms. Several of the
larger lecture courses, chiefly in history, are now given
here. While the building was used as a dormitory many
of the most eminent sons of Harvard lived in it.

During the eighteenth century no progress whatever
was made towards the development of the quadrangle
into which one now looks on entering the Johnston Gate.
Six years after the completion of Massachusetts, the Pro-
vince legislature appropriated money to build the President
a house ; but the site chosen seems to show that it was
not meant to bear any special relation to the buildings
already standing. Wadsworth House, as it is now called
in honor of the first President who occupied it, was the
home of every one of the Presidents who succeeded him
until President Edward Everett went out of office. It
shares with the Craigie House the distinction of having
sheltered Washington, but it was found inadequate for a
headquarters. In recent years it has been put to many
different uses. It has been altered from time to time,
but except for the paint the outside is still suggestive of
the sober days and sober Hves with which we naturally
associate it in our thought.

When the College was a century old, and had trained
hundreds of clergymen, it was still without a place of
worship of its own, although it had an interest in the
parish meeting house which stood near the site of Dane
Hall. The wife and daughter of Samuel Holden, M.P.,
who himself had been a liberal benefactor of Harvard,
gave £400 to build a chapel, and a site immediately in
the rear of the first Harvard was chosen. Holden
Chapel was the first of the buildings to take its name

16

from an English benefactor, and it is rather curious
that the others so named are very close to it. About
twenty years later, there being need of a new dormitory,
the legislature voted the necessary sums, a site to the
northeast of Harvard was chosen, and the building was
named for Thomas Hollis, an English merchant, who died
in 1731 and whose benefactions were the most remarkable
feature in the cherishing of the College up to that time.
He was a Baptist, and yet he gave sums which in those
days were considered vast to help a school which had
dismissed its first President because he objected to the
baptism of infants. The Hollis Professorship of Divinity,
established more than a hundred and fifty years ago, was
never until the present time filled by a man in sympathy
with the creed of its founder.

Hollis Hall was scarcely built when the worst disaster
the College ever met again reduced the number of buildings
to five : Harvard Hall was burned in 1764, and it was only
with the greatest difficulty that Hollis, Stoughton, and
Massachusetts were saved from the flames. The library
and the apparatus were lost, but the Province, feeling an
especial responsibility because the legislature was holding
its sessions in the hall at the time, promptly voted the
money to replace it, and a liberal stream of private bene-
factions poured into the College treasury, so that there
was soon a new library and new apparatus. The new
Harvard was devoted to many uses. It had a kitchen and
buttery, a dining room, a chapel, a library, several lecture
halls, and the belfry. To tell how, from time to time, it
lost its various uses, until in our day it has only lecture
rooms and departmental libraries, would be to trace the
expansion of the Colonial College into th^ American
University.

17

The building of Harvard Hall was, in fact, the comple-
tion of the Colonial College. The five halls standing in
1766, with the old President's House, stood unchanged and
without increase when the Revolution came. From them
the students migrated to Concord while the British troops
held Boston, and into them American troops entered while
Washington commanded in Cambridge. We know that
the College was very patriotic. Indeed, it can claim no
small share in the Revolution. True, some of its officers
and graduates had written verses in Latin, Greek, and
English and printed them in a volume called "Pietas et
Gratulatio Collegii Cantabrigiensis apud Novanglos" and
sent them to George III on his accession to the throne,
following in this the example of the Enghsh Universities ;
and the classes were still graded according to the social
position of the students. But, for all that. Harvard was
thoroughly American. It had drifted entirely away from
the Cambridge traditions of its founders. It had bred
Quincy and Otis and two Adamses ; President Langdon
was ready to fight or to pray for independence, and John
Hancock had been chosen Treasurer because he was a
patriot, and not because he was a good man for the
place — he was, in fact, the worst treasurer the College
ever had. When the war ended, the College, with little
or no change in its constitution or character, entered
easily on its course as an American institution, thor-
oughly in sympathy with the ideas for which the Republic
stands and commended to popular favor by the eminence
of its graduates in the public service.

As if to open the way into a larger future, the first
Stoughton Hall, being in a ruinous state, was taken down
in 1780, the year in which Harvard took the name " Uni-

18

versity." Its destruction certainly opened the way into
the present Yard. It was not rebuilt until 1804, and then
on a new site, north of Hollis, and it stood a year or more
under the name New Hall ; but in the end the old name
was given it. The money to build it came from a lottery,
and this method of raising funds, approved by the public
opinion of those days, was again employed in 1812, when
Holworthy was built. This was the last hall to be named
for an English benefactor. The man so honored was
Sir Matthew Holworthy, who died in 1678 and left the
College £1,000. Holworthy Hall is the youngest of the
buildings commonly called old, and its site is important
because with Stoughton it formed the first corner in
the main quadrangle of the Yard. From that time therei
was sure to be a quadrangle very much larger than the
old one formed by Massachusetts, Harvard, and the first
Stoughton, or the other enclosed by Harvard, Holden,
and Hollis. In November, 1812, the President and Fel-.
lows appointed a committee " to devise the form and site
of a building in the College grounds to include a Commons
Hall ;" and it was voted that in choosing a site the com?,
mittee "have reference to other buildings which may in
future be erected." The committee chose a site directly
opposite the main entrance; Charles Bulfinch was the
architect, and the Hall when completed was called
University.

University was well named, whether we consider the
uses to which it has been put or the time at which it
was built. President Kirkland was in office, and his
administration is usually taken as marking the entrance
of Harvard into the life of a true university ; and of this
university life the new hall has been the centre. For

19

years the religious exercises, the public exhibitions, and
the students' commons made the building important to all
members of the University community ; and the adminis-
trative machinery has always been operated from this
point. In President Kirkland's day five new professor-
ships were established, and the departments of Divinity,
Law, and Medicine were organized in university fashion.
The Massachusetts Medical College in BostoA and Divinity
Hall in Cambridge gave evidence that the Yard was not to
be the limit of physical expansion. They were fore-
runners of so many buildings for scientific and other
purposes, built outside the Yard, that it was soon only
a question of time when the Yard itself would become of
less practical importance than the departments outside it.
It was the beginning of a process which is still going on,
and as a result of which we see Harvard admission exami-
nations offered in Tokio and a Harvard Observatory on
top of a Peruvian mountain.

But the Yard was not yet finished. President Quincy,
who succeeded Barkland, saw two very important changes
in it. On the site of the old meeting house, south of
Massachusetts, Dane Hall was built in 1832, through
the liberality of Nathan Dane, and for fifty years it was
the University School of Law ; here Greenleaf and Story
and Parsons lectured. It did not, however, look much
like the present Dane, or stand in the same spot, but
farther north. In 1845 important changes were made
in the building. Until it was moved in 1871 to make
room for Matthews Hall, it helped to define the main
quadrangle. But Gore Hall, begun in 1837, does not
belong to the main quadrangle at all. It was, in fact,
the beginning of a second quadrangle; but eyid&\itlV^

20

not by design. The original Gore Hall was nothing more
than the western wing of the present building, but it was
then sufficient in size to harbor the largest library in the
country more commodiously than, with its several addi-
tions and re-arrangements, it now harbors the third
largest. Excepting University, it was the only stone
building in the Yard, and it shares with University the
distinction of touching the interests of more men, inside
and outside the University, than any other of the Harvard
buildings.

The main quadrangle as we now see it was not com-
pletely outlined until the building of Grays Hall in 1863.
Meantime, however, in 1857-58, Boylston Hall and
Appleton Chapel had risen on opposite sides of Gore,
Appleton serving to define the northern limit of the new
quadrangle. Both had their origin in the benefactions
of wealthy Bostonians, from whom they took their res-
pective names. Appleton Chapel supplanted University
Hall as the centre of the religious life of the University,
as University Hall had supplanted Holden and Harvard.
Boylston, the first of the buildings distinctly dedicated
to the physical sciences, may be regarded as a humble
beginning of an extremely potent development in the later
history of the University. Grays, an unpretentious dormi-
tory, taking its name from a family eminent in the law
and eminent in generosity to the University, was the last
building erected in the Yard before the present era of
unprecedented expansion began with the inauguration of
President Eliot in 1869.

In the Yard three new dormitories, with Sever Hall,
the Fogg Museum of Art, and Phillips Brooks House,
indicate the eagerness with which the new vigor presses

^9T-■ -".

\- 1 If ■. ;.•

V ) .

NO

21

into the spaces still left for the builder. They may serve
also to indicate the chief source of energy; for they
are all examples of a munificence unexampled until our
own times in the history of benefactions to American
universities. They are, indeed, cheering proofs that in
our Republic generous and wealthy citizens are willing to
play the part of those royal and noble pati'ons to whom,
in the old world, learning is indebted for its stateliest
temples. The three dormitories. Weld, Matthews, and
Thayer, have completely filled out the line of the main
quadrangle. Sever fixes the eastern limit of the second
quadrangle.

It has been said that University Hall is still the centre
of University life. That is true enough ; but in another
sense Memorial Hall, though it stands outside the yard,
is also its centre. The aim of the University has always
been to train men for high services, and Memorial com-
memorates the military service the sons of the University
rendered in the Civil War. First conceived in the enthu-
siasm with which Harvard welcomed those of her gradu-
ates who came back alive from the war, it was built
at last by the contributions of hundreds of alumni and
friends who wished to put into enduring form their
reverence for those who never returned. Its tower is
the first object to catch the eye of one who approaches
the University; its lesson outlasts all others in the
minds of those who go away. Without it, and that
for which it stands. Harvard might still be a great
University, but not what it aims to be — an adornment
and a support to the Republic.

DESCRIPTION

OF THB

GROUNDS AND BUILDING&

-•♦•-

The Johnston Gate, at the main entrance to the
Yard, was built in 1890, and was the gift of Samuel
Johnston, of Chicago. It was designed by Charles Follen
McKim. The ironwork was given by Mrs. George von
L. Meyer, of Boston. On a tablet in the right wall if
the following inscription:

AFTEB GOD HAD OABBIED YS SAFE TO NEW EN6LAin> :

AKD WEE HAD BYILDED OYB HOYSES

PBOYIDED NBCESSABIES FOR OYB LIYELI HOOD

BEABD CONYENIENT PLACES FOB GODS WOBSHIP

AKD SETTLED THE CIYILL GOYERNMENT

ONE OF THE NEXT THINGS WE LONGED FOB

AND LOOKED AFTEB WAS TO ADYANCE LEABNINO

AND PEBPETYATE IT TO POSTEBITY

DREADING TO LEAYE AN ILLITEBATE MINISTRY

TO THB CHYBCHES WHEN OYB PBESENT MINISTEBS

SHALL LIE IN THE DYST

NEW ENGLANDS FIBST FBUITS

MEytR GATE

FU ..:

:■_!

23

A tablet in the left wall bears this inscription :

BY THE GENERAL COURT OF MAS%4.CHUSETTS BAT

28 OCTOBER 1636, AGREED TO GIVE 400;f

TOWARDS A SCHOALE OR COLLEDGE WHEREOF 200;^

TO BEE PAID THE NEXT YEARE & 200;f

WHEN THE WORK IS FINISHED & THE NEXT COVRT

TO APPOINT WHEARE & W'' BVILDING

IS NOVEMBER 1637 THE COLLEDG IS ORDERED

TO BEE AT NEWETOWNE

2 MAY 1638 IT IS ORDERED THAT NEWETOWNE

SHALL HENCEFORWARD BE CALLED CAMBRIGE

12 MARCH 1638-9 IT IS ORDERED THAT THE COLLEDGE

AGREED VPON FORMERLY TO BEE BVILT AT CAMBRIDG

SHALBEE CALLED HARVARD COLLEDGE

The Meyer Gate, at the Cambridge Street entrance
to the Yard, opposite the delta on which stands Memorial
Hall, was the gift of George von Lengerke Meyer, of
Boston, of the Class of 1879. Designed by Charles
Follen McKim, it was erected in 1891.

University Hall, built in 1815, of white Chehnsford
granite, after a design by Bulfinch, cost $65,000, of which
$53,000 was given by the State of Massachusetts. Soon
after its completion there was added to the western facade
a portico, which was, however, removed in 1842. For a
while University contained the library and the philosophi-
cal apparatus, and the room for ordinary chapel assembly.
There were galleries, pews for members of the Faculty and
their families, and a pulpit in the middle of the east side.
The Hall became the centre of the University life; for

24

some time the students' commons were here; pabBo
dinners and Commencement and Exhibition F^rfomuuioei
were given here as late as 1867 ; and here were entertained
Presidents Monroe, Jackson, Van Buren, and the Mar-
quis dc Lafayette. Of late years the hall has andeif;oiie
much alteration. In 1849 the lower floor, and in 1867
the chapel, were cut up into recitation rooms ; and other
changes have given the building over to lectures and
administrative work. In 1896, however, the original
chapel was restored, and it is now used for the meet-
ings of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Hanging on
its walls are portraits of former officers and of benef acton
of the University. Near this site, but somewhat to the
westward, stood the first Stoughton Hall, built in 1700;
and here, also, was the spring at which Profeaaor
Wigglesworth used to water his cow.

Massax^husetts Hall was built from a grant of
£3,500 made in 1718 by the Province of Massachoaetta.
It was finished m 1720, and was at first used aa a
dormitory. After the Battle of Lexington it was naed
as a barracks by the Continental soldiers, and some-
what damaged. About one hundred years after the
erection of the building the lower part was given over to
rooms for lectures and societies ; and in 1870 the whole
building was devoted to the public uses of the University.
In the lower hall the Phi Beta Kappa dinners are given;
and here, on Commencement morning, the President and
the other officers of the University welcome the Grovemor
of the Commonwealth, his staff, and the invited guests of
the day.

25

Harvard Hall, built in 1765-66 by the Province of
Massachusetts, at a cost of $23,000, replaced the first
Harvard Hall, which was destroyed by fire in 1764. As
the building was occupied at the time by the Province
Legislature, which had been driven from Boston by
the small pox, the Province of Massachusetts Bay con-
sidered itself responsible for the loss, and therefore built
the present Harvard Hall. This at first contained the
chapel, the library, the philosophical apparatus, and the
dining hall of the College. Like Massachusetts Hall, it
was used and somewhat damaged by the troops in Revolu-
tionary times. Here Washington was received in 1789,
and Monroe in 1817. Except Holden Chapel, it is the
only one of the early College buildings which has never
been used as a dormitory. It is now used for lectures
and recitations, and contains the libraries of the Depart-
ments of the Classics, History and Government, and
Economics.

The Library of the Department of the Classics (Room 3)
was established for the use of students in that Department.
It contains dictionaries, and general treatises on grammar,
history, antiquities, Hterature, philosophy, etc., together
with all the most recent and many of the more valuable
older editions of Greek and Latin authors ; in all about
3000 volumes. The books recommended by the several
instructors of the Department for collateral reading in
their courses are all included. On the walls hang like-
nesses of former professors in the Department from the
beginning of the nineteenth century.

The Principal Lecture Boom of the Classical Depart-
ment (Room 1) is equipped with an excellent (electric
light) stereopticon and about 3000 slides^ illustrating

26

Greek and Roman life, art, archaeology, etc., etc. Tbe
Department has also in its varioos, lecture rooms about
2000 mounted photographs and a considerable ooUeofloii
of casts of Greek and Roman sculpture. A set of £riD-
similes of ancient coins is at present deposited in tiie
Fogg Museum of Art.

The History Reading Room (Room 2) contains four
department libraries.

The Library of the Department of History and Ooven^
ment is made up of books on English and continflntal
history and government — nearly 2000 volomes — and
half as many on American history. The collection on
American history is frequently called the Evans liibrairy.

The Library of the Economics Department is made i^
of a collection on Political Economy and one on Social
Questions — in all about 2000 volumes.

These four collections ai'c especially designed to
provide copies of the books most conmionly used in
connection with the courses of study in the subjects to
which they relate.

HoUis Hall, bmlt by the Province of MassachnsettB
Bay in 1763, at a cost of £3,000, and named for the
first Thomas Hollis, contains 32 rooms. Hollis, who es-
tablished two chairs, the Hollis Professorship of Divinity
and the Hollis Professorship of Mathematics and Natural
Philosophy, was the greatest benefactor of the Universily
during the first century of its existence ; and his example
was followed by other members of his family for several
generations. The building was from the first used as a
dormitory, but some of its rooms have been occupied by
societies, such as the Harvard Washington Corps, the

MASSACHUSETTS HALL

HJRVARIl HALl.

27

Engine Company, and the Pi Eta. Like the other older
buildings, it was given over to the Revolutionary soldiers
for a time, and was somewhat damaged.

Stoughton Hall, built in 1805 at a cost of about
$24,000, of which three-fourths was secured by a public
lottery authorized by the State, was named for Lieutenant
Governor William Stoughton, who, as Chief Justice of
Massachusetts Bay, presided at the Witchcraft Trials. It
was he who gave the funds for the first Stoughton Hall,
built in 1700. The present Stoughton, at first called
New Hall, was used from the beginning as a dormitory.
The Hasty Pudding Club formerly met and had reading
rooms here. Like HolHs Hall, the building has 82 rooms.

Phillips Brooks House, a memorial to Phillips
Brooks, of the Class of 1855, Preacher to the University,
Overseer, and Protestant Episcopal Bishop of Massachu-
setts, was designed by Alexander Wadsworth Longfellow,
of the Class of 1876. Numerous small subscriptions
contributed to the fund raised for the memorial. It was
begun in March, 1898, and is to cost, when finished,
$50,000. Here the religious and charitable work of the
University finds its centre. Besides the space devoted
to the volunteer charity work of the students, the build-
ing contains a large general meeting room, a room with
facilities for giving dinners, a committee room, two so-
ciety rooms, a library, memorials to Phillips Brooks and
others, and an assembly hall occupying the whole of the
top story.

Holden Chapel. — Madam Holden, wife of Samuel
Holden, M.P., Governor of the Bank of England, — who

28

was regarded as the head of the English DiBsenters, —
together with her daughters, gave to the College £400.
With this money the first building designed solely for
religious uses by the University, Holden Chapel, was
built in 1744. On its west front the Holden Arms are
carv^ed in wood. When the present Harvard Hall was
built, Holden ceased to be used for religious services.
For a while it contained four rooms, being divided into
two stories, each of which consisted of two apartments.
Those on the lower floor were used as chemical laboratory
and lecture room ; those on the upper floor as anatomical
museum and lecture room. But after the building of
Boylston Hall each story was converted into one large
recitation room, and later these were thrown together
into a single room. In recent years Holden Chapel
has been used chiefly for religious purposes, society
meetings, etc.

Holworthy Hall was built in 1812, chiefly from the
proceeds of a lottery authorized by the State of Massa-
chusetts. It was named for Sir Matthew Holworthy, an
English merchant, who at his death in 1678 left to
the College £1,000, the largest single gift received in the
seventeenth century. Used always as a dormitory, this
hall has for many years been considered, on aoooont of
its large rooms, the most desirable in the Yard, and was
for a while used exclusively by seniors. Room 12, which
was visited in 1860 by the Prince of Wales and in 1871
by the Grand Duke Alexis, contains pictures of these
personages presented by themselves. Holworthy has 24
suites of rooms, each consisting of a study and two single
bedrooms.

MOLLIS HALL

STOUOHTON HM.l,

29

Thayer Hall was erected in 1869-70 at a cost of
H00,000. It was the gift of Nathaniel Thayer, a mer-
chant of Boston, a member of the Board of Overseers
•rom 1866 until 1868, and a Fellow of the College from
L868 until 1875. He gave it in memory of his father,
N'athaniel Thayer, of the Class of 1789, a tutor in the
ZJollege in 1792-93, and of his brother, John Eliot
rhayer, the founder of the Thayer Scholarships. This
iormitory, which contains 68 suites of rooms, was de-
signed to accommodate 116 students and three officers.

Weld Hall, containing 54 suites of rooms, of which
22 are single and the rest double, was built in 1871-72,
at a cost of about $97,000. It was given by William
Fletcher Weld in memory of his brother, Stephen Minot
Weld, of the Class of 1826, a benefactor of the College,
a member of the Board of Overseers from 1858 until his
death in 1867, and one of the first to conceive the idea
of Memorial Hall.

Grays Hall, built in 1863 by the College, is named
for Francis Calley Gray, of the Class of 1809, a Fellow
of the College from 1826 until 1836, John Chipman Gray,
of the Class of 1811, a member of the Board Overseers
from 1847 until 1854, and William Gray, of the Class of
1829, a member of the Board of Overseers from 1866
antil 1872, all three benefactors of the University. It
das always been used as a dormitory, and has 49 suites
of rooms, each consisting of a study and an alcove.
A^ntiquarian research has made it seem probable that the
first of all the College buildings stood on the site of this
[lall.

80

Holyoke House, on Massachusetts Avenne, opposite
Grays Hall, was erected by the President and Fellows in
1870-71, at a cost of $120,000, and contains 50 suites
of rooms. The ground floor is occupied by stores.

Matthews Hall, completed in 1872, was the gift of

Nathan Matthews, of Boston, who stipulated that half
the net income from the dormitory should be used to
aid needy and deserving scholars; students for the
ministry of the Protestant Episcopal Church and boos
of ministers of that church to be preferred. The fifteen
Matthews Scholarships were thus established. This
dormitory, containing 60 suites of rooms, is thought to
stand on the site of the old Indian College, built in 1654.

Dane Hall, built with $7,000'given by Nathan Dane,
of Beverly, of the Class of 1778, a delegate to the Con-
tinental Congress, was completed in 1832; but when
Matthews Hall was built, Dane was moved a short dis-
distance south of its original site. The Law School occu-
pied the building until 1883, when Austin Hall wasbailt.
In 1882 certain rooms in Dane were given over to the
Harvard Cooperative Association, which still occupies
them. Other rooms are now used for lectures and for
the Psychological Laboratory; one room contains the
Musical Library, of about 200 volumes. After the
summer of 1899, the Bursar's Office will be in this
building. In 1845, and again in 1891, Dane Hall was
enlarged.

The Psychological Laboratory, founded in 1891, occu-
pies the second floor of Dane Hall, and consists of ten
working rooms and one large lecture room. It is devoted

HOLDEN CHAPKL

HOLWURTHV

AST*". Lr.N-- < WO-
TILDLN rC^UVJA- ICN6.

chiefly to original research work in all fields of experi-
mental psychology, and secondarily to courses for be-
ginners in psychology. The apparatus may be classified
in five groups.

The first group contains the collection of instruments
^or the study of seeing, hearing, and touching. In
the service of the optical investigations two rooms are
fitted up as dark rooms, equipped with the heliostates
^-nd with instruments for the study of color-sensations •
The second group contains the means for studying the
Centrifugal processes, such as emotion, volition, action;
s-Diong them the instruments for the time measurement of
psychical processes and for the registration of expression,
^^e apparatus of the third group is employed in the study
^^ the ideas and their associations, of memory and apper-
^ption, of space and time, and of attention and feeling,
^he fourth group contains models of brain and sense
^I'gans, mostly with detachable parts ; microscopes, with
^histological nerve preparations ; apparatus demonstrating
^he functions of eye and ear. The fifth group includes
^ regular workshop, with carpenter's bench, electrical
Outfit with batteries, motors, induction coils, galvano-
meters, etc. ; chemical and mechanical, anatomical and
physiological outfits ; and a full line of all material for
preparing the apparatus for the varying purposes of new
investigations.

The reference library contains full sets of the leading
psychologicaland philosophical magazines and a collec-
tion of philosophical, psychological, and physiological
handbooks and monographs. Large charts of the ners^ous
system, pictures of psychologists, and diagrams showing
optical illusions, etc., cover the walls of the rooms.

32

College House, od Massachusetts Avenne, opposite
Dane Hall, was originally called Graduates* Hall. It was
erected at the expense of the College in 1832. In 1845,
when it was occupied largely by law students, an addition
was made in order to give room for a store and for the
office of the Omnibus Company. The addition was made
at the expense of a building occupied by students and
called College House, or, more familiarly, *' the old
den.'* Undei^raduates were first allowed to room in
Graduates' Hall in 1846-47, but it was not until 1860
that the name was changed to College House. The upper
floors contain 70 rooms ; the ground floor is occupied
by stores.

Wadsworth House was built partly with a grant
of £1,000 made by the General Court of Massachusetts
Bay in 1726, the year after President Wadsworth
was inaugurated ; partly with other funds, as the Court
would not grant enough to complete it. It was finished
in 1727, and cost altogether about £1,800. It is the
oldest building now standing except Massachusetts Hall.
At first called the President's House, it was occupied by
successive presidents until 1849. It was the head-
quarters of Washington and Lee for a short time in
1775, until more spacious quarters were obtained in the
old Vassall House, now known as Craigie House, later the
residence of Longfellow. Undoubtedly, some of the first
despatches sent by Washington to Congress, to Richard
Henry Lee, and to General Schuyler, were written in
Wadsworth. Towards the close of the century the
building was enlarged, and after 1849 it was used as
a dormitory and boarding house for students. It is at

THAYER HALL

WELD HALL

A .

i

present occupied by the Preachers to the University and
a few students.

Boylston Hall was erected in 1857 with a fund
bequeathed by Ward Nicholas Boylston, which was sub-
sequently much increased by subscription. The building
was enlarged by the addition of a third story in 1870,
and the accommodations were still further extended in
1891 and 1895. It is occupied by the Department of
Chemistry of Harvard College, of the Lawrence Scientific
School, and of the Graduate School.

On the entrance floor are four laboratories. The
laboratory for quantitative analysis (Room 2) is pro-
vided with hoods, apparatus for electrolysis, and water-
baths of novel construction. In the weighing-room
adjoining this laboratory is a collection of 203 new com-
pounds and 50 other substances illustrating the original
work of the department before the year 1893. The
laboratory for inorganic research (atomic weights) is
entered through the laboratory for quantitative analysis.

The laboratory for physical chemistry is in Room 4 ;
the laboratory for elementary chemistry is in Room 5.

In the basement is a laboratory for descriptive inor-
ganic chemistry.

On the second floor are the lecture rooms and the
rooms for chemical apparatus and specimens (Rooms 7,
9, 10). A selected collection of specimens is exhibited
in two cases in the entry for the use of the class in inor-
ganic chemistry. The library (Room 8) is also on this
floor. It contains the more important chemical text-
books and periodicals (1600 volumes and over 5000 dis-
sertations), to be used for consultation only ; it is supple-

34

mentary to the larger collection of books on chendstiy
in Gore Hall.

On the third floor is the laboratory for organic
chemistry (Room 11), with places for men stodying
elementary chemistry, and for students of reseaich. On
the same floor is the laboratory for qualitative analyiiB,
which also accommodates the overflow of the olaas in
descriptive inorganic chemistry.

The storerooms for apparatus and chemicals are in fhe
garret.

Sever Hall, completed in 1882 at a cost of about
$115,000, is named for Mrs. Ann E. P. Sever, who
left $100,000 to the College. It was designed by Heniy
Hobson Richardson, of the Class of 1859. It contains 37
rooms, used chiefly for recitations and lectures. Here, too,
are the departmental libraries of EngHsh, French, Grerman,
Indo-Iranian, Semitic, and Romance Languages.

The Child MentoricU Library (Room 2) was founded in
1897 by a subscription among the friends and the former
pupils of Professor Francis James Child to perpetuate the
memory of his services to the University and to learning.
This subscription resulted in a sum of nearly $11,000,
the income of which is spent under the direction of the
Department of English for the purchase of books relating
to the study of English.

With the Child Memorial Library are kept the Library
of the Department of Germanic Languages and LUeraiureSj
and the Library of Romance Philology,

The Library of the Division of Semitic Languages and
History (Room 7) was established by the generosity of
Jacob H. Schiff , Esq. , of New York ; a few gifts have been

HOLVOUE HOUSE

I 1 . .-- . N . . • V . ■ . . IN.

' y ' T ^ ' ' ' ' '"■■ " • .'. ;•• y

35

received from other persons. It is intended to supply
students in Semitic languages and history with the requi-
site aids for special investigation ; as far as possible the
purchase of text-books and of books found in the College
Library is avoided.

The Library of the Department of Indo-Iranian Lan-
gttages (Room 15) contains books on the religions, the
antiquities, and the literatui*e of India, in part supplement-
ing and in part duplicating the collection in the College
Library. Here are also kept some 500 manuscripts of
Sanskrit and Prakrit texts, purchased for the University
by Professor Lanman in India. These, with about as
many more given to the University by Dr. Fitzedward
Hall, of the Class of 1846, form the largest collection of
Indie manuscripts in America.

This library also contains maps and many large,
mounted photographs of Indie antiquities and scenery.
From these pictures have been made nearly 250 lantern-
slides, illustrating especially subjects concerning the
archaeology of India, and this collection of slides is
from time to time increased. The room contains three
cases with over 340 electrotype reproductions, made from
the originals in the British Museum, of coins struck in
India before the Mohammedan invasion of 1000 a.d.

Here, also, is placed the Siamese edition of the Sacred
Books of the Buddhists, in 39 volumes, made by the
King of Siam to commemorate the 25th anniversary of
his accession to the throne, and by him given to the
University.

The Library of the Department of French (Room 21) is
strictly a reference library for the use of instructors and
students in the higher courses, and comprises a careful

36

selection of the most nseful works in French literatme
from the middle ages to the present day. The books
are classified, and a card catalogue further facilitates
consultation.

In the library and adjoining rooms (Booms 19 and 23)
are displayed numerous photographic reproductions, in-
cluding portraits of literary and historical celebrities,
important paintings, and views of historical scenes and
buildings and of Paris and other French cities. Some
interesting autographs are framed and hung in the library.
Persons interested can usually get access to the rooms by
applying to the officer in charge, or, in his absence, to
the porter of the hall.

The Fine Arts Dramng Room (Room 37) is provided
with working tables for students. Here is kept a con-
siderable collection of drawings, photographs, engrav-
ings, and casts for class use. Among the drawings
are a few original ones by Prout and Ruskin, and amoDg
the photographs are several of important drawings I7
Viollet-le-Duc.

Appleton Chapel, the second building belonc^
to the University designed solely for religious worship,
was the gift of Samuel Appleton, of Boston, who left
$200,000 to the College with the direction that one-
fourth of it should be spent for a chapel. It was bidtt
at a cost of nearly $68,000, and was completed In
1858. In the interior a good many changes have been
made : the pulpit, at first on the northern side, is now at
the eastern end ; the roof proved defective and had to be
altered ; the galleries are of recent date. The later Jho*
provements are due to the liberality of the children ol

. 4

37

Nathan Appleton, of Boston. Here are held the daily
religious services of the University.

The management of the religious services of the
University is entrusted to a Board of Preachers, which
was established by the following vote of the President
and Fellows, of date May 10, 1886 : —

*'That five preachers to the University be annually
appointed by the President and Fellows, with the con-
currence of the Board of Overseers, who, in conjunc-
tion with the Plummer Professor of Christian Morals,
shall arrange and conduct the religious services of the
University." The Board of Overseers at once concurred
in this vote, and in 1892 it was incorporated in the
Statutes of the University.

In June, 1886, on the unanimous recommendation of
the Preachers and the Plummer Professor, the Presi-
dent and Fellows voted *' That the statute numbered 15,
concerning religious exercises, be amended by striking
out the clause, ' at which the attendance of the students
is required'"; and the Board of Overseers concurred
in this vote also. Attendance at the religious services
of the University was thus, by the advice of those
who conduct the services, made wholly voluntary.

Each member of the Board of Preachers conducts daily
morning prayers, which are held at quarter before nine
o'clock, for about three weeks in each half-year, and each
preaches on four Sunday evenings. The preacher conduct-
ing morning prayers is in attendance every morning during
his term of duty at "Wadswoilh House 1, and Js at the
immediate service of any student who may desire to
consult him. On Thursday afternoons from November
to May vesper services are held in the University Chapel,

38

These services are brief, largely musical, with an address
from one of the Preachers. Occasionally, the Board
invites other preachers, of various conmiunions, to con-
duct the Sunday evening services. The music at all
services is by the College choir, a full male chorus of 25
sopranos and altos and 16 tenors and basses.

There have served on the Board of Preachers ainoe its
foundation in 1886 : —

Edward Everett Hale, D.D.

Alexander McKenzie, D.D.

Theodore C. Williams, D.B.

George A. Gordon, D.D.

Phillips Brooks, D.D.

William Lawrence, S.T.D.

Brooke Herford, D.D.

Henry Van Dyke, D.D.

Lyman Abbott, D.D.

Charles Carroll Everett, D.D.

Washington Gladden, D.D.

Leighton Parks, D.D.

J. EsTUN Carpenter, A.M.

E. Winchester Donald, D.D.

Samuel McChord Crothers, A.B.

Simon J. McPherson, D.D.

John H. Vincent, D.D.

Samuel D. McConnell, D.D.

Philip S. Moxom, D.D.

George Harris, D.D.

George Hodges, D.D.

William DeWitt Hyde, D.D., LL.D.

WILLLA.M H. P. Faunce, A.M., D.D.

William Wallace Fenn, D.B.

-.rnrrri'—^i-ir

COI.LECK HOUSE

[1^1^

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_-— — — ^1-.---

WADSWORTH HOUSV.

AST^H, LENOX AND
TILDEN FOjr^DATlCM^.

The William Hayes Fogg Art Maaetim,

nearly opposite Memorial HaU, is a fire-proof building of
Indiana stone, erected at a cost of 8150,000, and com-
pleted in the year 189 5, It was founded by Mrs,
Elizabeth Fogg, of New York, in memory of her husband,
whose name it bears. Mrs. Fogg bequeathed to the
President and Fellows for this purpose the sum of
$220,000. Out of the balance of this sum, with its
accrued interest, after paying the cost of the building,
the expenses of the first equipment of the Museum were
met, and the remainder (about $50,000) is reserved as a
fund to defray a part of the cost of maintenance and
administration.

The building is of two stories, having a lecture-room,
with a seating capacity of about five hundred, attached.
The ground floor is divided into a large hall and five
smaller rooms. In the main exhibition hall are gathered
casts of some of the finest examples of Greek and Greco-
Roman sculpture, illustrating the work of all periods of
Greek art. Among the important objects represented
are the colossal statue of Apollo from the Temple of
Zeus at Olympia ; a large portion of the frieze and the
pediment sculptures of the Parthenon; the Hermes of
Praxiteles ; the Venus of Melos ; various sculptures lately
found at Epidaurus ; a colossal relief from the Arch of
Trajan at Beneventum ; and others. In the middle west
room is a small number of casts from Egyptian and
Assyrian sculptures ; in the southwest room a classified
collection of electrotypes from Greek and Roman coins
and a few fine Greek vases ; in the east rooms are a
few casts from Mediaeval sculptures, and a considerable
number of casts from sculptures of the Italian Renais-

40

sance. Among these last are the beautiful recmnboit
statue from the tomb of Ilaria del Carretto by Jaoopo
della Querela, the St. George of Donatello, the David
of Verroehio, and several of the finest works of Michael
Angelo — including two figures from the Medicean tomhB,
the Piet£l of Rome, and the Madonna of S. Lorenzo.

On the walls of the corridor of the upper floor a large
number of photographs from drawings by the Italian and
German masters of the Renaissance will be found, together
with a number of solar enlargements of photographs froim
Egyptian, Greek, and Mediaeval architectural monu-
ments. The large upper gallery is at present used for
the exhibition, by relays, of photographs from works of
art of various schools and epochs. The west rooms on
this floor are devoted to the storage of photographs and
to the work of administration.

The collection of photographs numbers upwards of
26,000. It affords a wide range of illustrations of
the Fine Arts of all epochs and all countries, including
architecture, sculpture, and painting. These photographs,
which are kept in dust-proof cases, are conveniently clas-
sified and catalogued for use. They are always acces-
sible to members of the University, and other suitable
persons, on application to the Director's assistants. Large
tables are provided for convenient examination of the
photographs, and conveniences for tracing, copying, and
note-taking are afforded.

In the larger east room on this floor, and in a part of
the great gallery, are deposited the Gray and the Randall
collections of engravings, which together include about
30,000 prints. The Gray Collection was bequeathed to
Harvard College, with provision for its increase and main-

BOVLKTON HALL

. I

41

tenance, by Francis Galley Gray, of the Class of 1809.
It is rich in prints from the works of the great early
German and Italian wood and metal engravers and
etchers ; and contains many specimens of later forms of
engraving, including numerous examples of more modem
work. This collection is exhibited by relays in glazed
dust-proof cases ; and access to the prints in the storage
cases may always be had, under suitable regulations, on
application to the Director or his assistants.

The Kandall Collection was given to the College in
the year 1892 by Miss Belinda L. Randall in accordance
with the wishes of her brother, John Witt Randall, of
the Class of 1834, together with the sum of $30,000 to
establish a fund, the income of which is to be used, as far
as it may be needed, for the care and preservation of the
prints ; any surplus income may be used at the discre-
tion of the President and Fellows for the general purposes
of " the department of Engravings and allied branches of
the Fine Arts." This large collection, gathered by Mr.
Randall to illustrate the history of the art of engrav-
ing, contams some very important prints.

The Randall Collection is accessible under the same
regulations which apply to the Gray Collection.

Memorial Hall and Sanders Theatre. — When
the President and Fellows voted to accept this building,
they took occasion to say of it that it was "the most
valuable gift which the University has ever received, in
respect alike to cost, daily usefulness, and moral signifi-
cance." The daily usefulness of the building is chiefly
due to its western end, which serves as a dining hall for
students ; the eastern end is the principal place of assem-

42

bly on occasionB of academic ceremonial; the moral
Bignificance of the whole is set forth especially in the
transept, which one enters first.

Sanders Theatre, as the eastern end is called, is named
for Charles Sanders, of the Class of 1802, from whose
bequest it was built. The dining hall and the transept
were built by a committee of the alumni, with funds given
by numerous graduates and friends of the Universttyi m
a memorial to the sons of Harvard who fought for the
preservation of the Union, and especially to thoie wlio
feU.

At a meeting of graduates in Boston, in May, 1865| a
committee of eleven was appointed to consider the snbjeet
of a permanent memorial. They reported at the nest
Commencement in favor of a memorial hall. A commit-
tee of fifty was named, with full power to act. Charles
Grcely Loring, of the Class of 1812, was made chairman,
and many distinguished gentlemen were among his asso-
ciates. The plan of a memorial hall, providing a meeting
place for the alumni, a dining hall for the students, and a
commemorative monument to the soldiers of Harvard, was
adopted ; William Robert Ware, of the Class of 1852, and
Henry Van Brunt, of the Class of 1854, were appointed
architects ; and a building committee and a committee on
finance were appointed to carry out the work. The old
*' Delta," long a play ground, was secured for a site, the
University obtaining Jarvis Field in exchange. The
comer stone was laid October 6, 1870 ; the dining hall
and the memorial vestibule were finished in the summer
of 1874 ; Sanders Theatre was first occupied Commence-
ment Day, 1876. The whole building was transferred to
the President and Fellows in July, 1878. The total cost

APPLKTUX CHAPEL

WILLIAM HAVES FOGG ART M\:#,E.\;>.\

43

up to that time was $368,482. Many additions and
adornments have since been given by classes, individual
graduates, and friends. The extreme length of the build-
ing is 305 feet ; the width through the axis of the transept
is 113 feet ; the tower is 190 feet high. The clock in the
tower is the gift of the Class of 1872, and was placed
there in 1897. On the exterior of the theatre, at the east
end, are busts of seven orators — Demosthenes,. Cicero,
St. Chrysostom, Bossuet, Pitt, Burke, and Webster, all
executed in sandstone by John Evans, of Boston; at
the west end, in the cloister porch, are a marble statue
of President Everett, by Hiram Powers, a bronze bust of
President Walker, by Miss Anne Whitney, and a tablet
erected to the memory of Edward Augustus Wild, of the
Class of 1844, Brigadier General, United States Volun-
teers. The iron gates of the cloister were given by a
member of the Class of 1871. Inscription:

C • A . GOODNOW
A • B • 1871 • FORES • SUA • PEC • F

The inscriptions on the outside of the building are as
follows :

The dedicatory inscription, beginning above the south
entrance to the transept and ending above the noi*th
entrance, is

MEMORIAE • EORVM

QVI • HIS • IN • SEDIBVS • INSTITVTI

MORTEM . PRO • PATRIA • OPPETIVERVNT

VT • VIRTVTIS • EXEMPLA

SEMPER • APVD • VOS • VIGEANT

SODALES • AMICIQVE • POSVERVNT

44

Which may be translated :

In memory of

the men ti^ained here

who

Gave their Lives for their Country

this Hall is built

by their Classmates and Friends

to the end that Ensamples of Manhood

be ever in honor among you.

The dates 1861 and 1865 are inscribed on the south
front, though they form no part of the dedicatory sentence.

Above the great west window are the words HVMAxrrAS •
viRTVs • piETAS, and below it : aedificata • ann • dom •

MDCCCLXXI . ANN • COLL • HARV • OCXXXV

In the interior of the transept, above the wainscoting,
the two rising to a height of 24 feet, are marble tablets
inscribed with the names of those students and graduates
who fell in the war for the Union. Of these, 97 had been
in Harvard College, 17 in the Medical School, 13 in the
Law School, 6 in the Scientific School, 2 in the Divinity
School, and 1 in the Astronomical Observatory. The
dates of their deaths and the places where they fell
are also given. Above the tablets are various inscrip-
tions, as follows : —

On the east wall, in the centre :

THIS HALL

COMMEMORATES THE PATRIOTISM

OP THE GRADUATES AND STUDENTS OF THIS UNIVERSITT

WHO SERVED IN THE ARMY AND NAVY OF THE UNITED STATES

DURING THE WAR FOR THE PRESERVATION OF THE UNION

AND UPON THESE TABLETS

ARE INSCRIBED THE NAMES OF THOSE AMONG THEM

WHO DIED IN THAT SERVICE

45

On the east waU near the south entrance, from Cicero,
PhUijppics^ 14, 34 :

OPTIMA • EST • HAEC • COKSOLATIO

PARBNTIBV8 • QVOD • TANTA • BEIPyBLICAE • PRAESIDIA • GENVBRVNT

LIBERIS • QYOD • HABEBYNT • DOMESTICA • EXEMPLA • VIRTYTIS

CONIVGIBVS • QVOD • IIS • VIBIS • CABEBVNT

QYOS • LAYDABE • QYAM • LYGEBE • PBAESTABIT

Translation: This is the best comfort unto their
parents, that they have begotten such strong defences
of the Republic, unto their children that they shall have
of their own kindred examples of manhood, unto their
wives that they shall be widows of husbands fitter for
eulc^ than for weeds.

At the other end of the east wall, from the Vulgate
version of St. Luke, 17, bb :

QVICVNQVE • QVAESIERIT • ANIMAM • SVAM

SALVAM • FACERE • PERDET • ILLAM

ET • QVICVNQVE • PERDIDERIT • ILLAM • VIVIPICABIT • EAM

" Whosoever shall seek to save his life shall lose it;
and whosoever shall lose his life shall preserve it.'

»

Below this is the hexameter verse, adapted from Lucre-
tius, 3, 869 :

MORTALEM • VITAM • MORS • IMMORTALIS • ADEMIT

That is :
Immortal death hath reft their mortal life away.

46

On the west wall, proceeding from south to north :

Cicero's version of Simonides's epigram on the Spartans
who fell at Thermopylae {Tusc, Disp. 1, 101) :

Die • HOSPES • SPAETAE • NOS • TE • HIC • VIDISSE • lACENTES
DVM • SANCTIS • PATRIAE • LEGIBVS • 0B8EQVIMVR

Translation :

Tell Sparta, friend, yon saw us lying here
Obedient to our country's holy laws.

From Cicero, Philippics^ 14, 31 :

O • FORTVNATA • MORS • QVAE • NATVRAB • DEBITA
PRO • PATRIA . EST • POTISSIMVM • REDDITA

Translation : O happy death when the debt to Natui^
is paid with free choice for one's native land !

Adapted from the Wisdom of Solomon^ 4. 13 :

CONSVMMATI • IN • BREVI • EXPLEVERVNT • TEMPORA • MVLTA

They, " being made perfect in a short time, fulfilled a
long time.'

»

From Plautus, Amphitruo^ 649 :

VIRTVS • OMNIBVS • REBVS • ANTEIT • PROFECTO

LIBERTAS • SALVS • VITA • RES • ET • PARENTES

ET • PATRIA • ET • PROGNATI • TVTANTVR • SERVANTVB

Translation :

In sooth, 'tis Courage that surpasseth all :
The watch and ward of freedom, safety, life,
Of fortune, parents, offspring, fatherland.

From Cicero, Philippics^ 14, 30 :

GRATA • EORVM • VIRTVTEM • MEMORIA • PROSEQVI
QVI • PRO • PATRIA • VITAM • PROFVDERVNT

Translation : With grateful memory to honor them that
Iiave yielded up life for native land.

47

From Cicero, Philippics^ 14, 32 :

BREYIS . A • NATVRA • NOBIS • VITA • DATA • EST
AT • MEMORIA • BENE • REDDITAE • VITAE • SEMPITERNA

Translation : A short life hath been given by Nature
unto man ; but the remembrance of a life laid down in a
good cause endureth for ever.

From Bacon, Antitheta 5, in his De Augmentis Scientia-
rum^ lib* 6 :

BRVTORVM • AETERNITAS • SVBOLES
VIRORVM • FAMA • MERITA • ET • INSTITVTA

Compare Bacon's Essay s^ 7 : '' The perpetuity by gen-
eration is common to beasts; but memory, merit, and
noble works are proper to man.'

»

Adapted from the Wisdom of Solomon^ 4, 1 :

IMMORTALIS • EST • ENIM • MEMORIA • ILLORVM
QVONIAM • ET • APVD • DEVM NOTA EST • ET • APVD • HOMINES

Translation : '* The memorial" of these " is immortal :
because it is known with God, and with men."

Above the small doors in the west wall :

ABEVNT • STVDIA • IN • MORES

From the Ovidian Epistle of Sappho to Phaon^ and
meaning: Our studies breed our habits.

RECTI • OVLTVS • PECTORA • ROBORANT

From Horace, Odes^ 4, 4, 34, meaning: Right train-
ing is the strength of character.

The great north window in the transept was given by
Martin Brimmer, of the Class of 1849, Fellow of Harvard

48

College 1877-96, in memory of the sons of Harvard who,
fell in the Civil War. It was unveiled on Commencement
Day, 1898. The artist, Sarah Wyman Whitman, writes of
it thus : " The design of this window is to commemorate
the forces which inspired these Jieroes. Love of the Uni-
versity is symbolized, at one end of the five lower panels,
by the Scholar ; and, at the other end, love of Country,
by the Soldier. Above these are four cherubs, holding
tablets inscribed with the heroic virtues (Amor^ Honor^
Virtus^ Patientia) ; and higher still are angelic figures of
praise ; while the design culminates in a Rose, wherein
the ascription of Glory to God is typified in color, with a
choir of angels circling round the centre."

The inscriptions and subordinate scenes in the design
are as follows :

On the scrolls held by the angels on either side of the
Rose, from Psalms^ 115, 1 : non • nobis • domine • non«
NOBIS • SED . Tvo • NOMiNi • GLORIA • SIT, Translation:
" Not unto us, O Lord, not unto us, but unto thy name
give glory."

On the panel next the Scholar, a picture of Sir Philip
Sidney giving the cup of water to the soldier, with an
^ inscription as follows : verb • tv • es • dignvs • omni •

SERVITIO • OMNI • HONORE • ET • LAVDE • AETERNA. From

the Imitatio Christie Lib. Ill, Cap, X, 45. Translation:
Truly thou art worthy of all service, all honor, and all
praise forever.

On the panel next the Soldier, a picture of St. Martin
giving his cloak to the beggar. The accompanying inscrip-
tion contains the saying of St. Martin when, at a crisis in
his life, he dedicated himself anew to the service of God.
The Latin words are a translation by Mr. Brimmer from

:'r.\v YORK I
:■: LIBRARY

% ■. :S^*'-X AND

-^ ■"Wt..^

49

the passage in a French life of the Saint : si • tibi • opvs •
EST • MEO • LABOBE • NON • KECVSO • LABOEEM, In English :
'' If my labor can serve thee, I will not withhold it."

The inscription on the middle panel is :

SALVE . QVISQVIS • ADES

EORVM • ADSPICI8 • NOMINA • HARVARDIANORVM

QVI • PEBVIDI • ADVLESCENTES • SEV • PLENIORE • VIRI • CONSILIO

VT . INTEGRA • MANERET • RES • PVBLICA

OPPETIVERVNT • MORTEM

QVAE • MORIENTES • CONSERVABANT • ILLI

EA • TV • COLITO • DVM • VIVIS

VT . HOMINES • APVD • NOS • MAGIS • SINT

LIBERI • BEATI • CONCORDES

Translation : Greeting, whoe'er thou art. Thou see'st
the names of the men of Harvard who in ardent youth or
manhood's riper resolution laid down their lives that the
Republic might live. Pattern thy life by the principles
they maintained in death, to make men freer, happier,
and more united.

At the bottom of the window :

MARTINVS • BRIMMER • ALVMNVS • SOCIVS • DONVM • DEDIT,

that is. The gift of Martin Brimmer, Alumnus and Fellow.
The two dates, 1829 and 1896, are those of the birth and
death of Mr. Brimmer.

In the south window are the names of the Virtues.

From the gallery above the door leading to the dining
hall hang two flags, the gift of the nation to Miss
Dorothea Dix — a gift which she herself chose — for
her services during the War. These flags she bequeathed
to the University.

50

From the ti'ansept two doorways lead to the floor of
Sanders Theatre, and two stairways to the balcony and the
gallery. The Theatre is polygonal ; the stage is at the
west end, and the seats rise towards the eastern walls.
The seating capacity is about 1300, Above the stage is
a canopy, serving as a sounding board, and a small
gallery for musicians. The inscription on the wall above
the gallery is as follows :

HIC • IN • 8ILYE8TRIBY8

BT • INCVLTI8 • LOCI8
▲NGLI • DOMO • PROFVGI

ANNO • P08T • CHBI8TVM • NATVM • CIO • ID • C • XXXVI

POST • COLONIAM • HVC • DEDVCTAM • VI

SAPIBNTIAM • RATI • ANTE • OMNIA • COLENDAM

SCHOLAH • FYBLICE • CONDIDEBYI^

CONDITAM • CHRISTO • ET • ECGLESIAE • DICAYEBYNT

QYAE • AVCTA • lOHANNIS • HARVARD • MVNIPICENTIA

A • LITTERARVM • PAVTORIBVS • CVM • NOSTRATIBUS • TUM • EXTEBIHS

IDENTIDEM • ADIYTA

ALVMNORVM • DENIQYE • FIDEI • COMMI88A

AB • EXIGVI8 • PERDVCTA • INITII8 • AD • MAIORA • RERYM • INCREMENTA

PRAESIDYM • 80CI0RYM • IN8PECTORYM • SENATYS • ACADEMICI

CONSILIIS • ET • PRYDENTIA • BT • CYRA

OPTYMAS • ARTE8 • YIRTYTE8 • PYBLICA8 • PRIVATA8

COLYIT • COLIT

QYI'AYTEM-DOCTI'PVERINT.FYLGEBYNT.QYA8I-8PLENDOR.PIRMAMBNTl
ET • QYI • AD • IVSTITIAM • ERVDIYNT • MYLT08
QYASI • STELLAE • IN • PERPETYAS • ABTBRNITATES

51

Translation :

Here in the woods and wilds

Englishmen, fugitives from home,

in the year of our Lord 1636,

the sixth after the settlement of the Colony,

holding that the first thing to cultivate was wisdom,

founded a College by public enactment

and dedicated it to Christ and his Church.

Upraised by the generosity of John Harvard,

aided again and again by patrons of learning both

here and abroad,

entrusted finally to the charge of its alumni,

trom small beginnings guided to a growth of greater powers

by the judgment, foresight, and care

of its Presidents, Fellows, Overseers, and Faculties,

it has ever cultivated the liberal arts and public and

private virtues,
and cultivates them still.

The rest of the inscription is from the Vulgate transla-
tion of the book of Daniel, 12, 3 : "And they that be
wise shall shine as the brightness of the firmament ; and
they that turn many to righteousness as the stars for
ever and ever."

52

In the panel at the north side 'of the gallery is the
donor's inscription :

CAROLVS • SANDERS

A • B • ANNI . CIO • 10 • CCC • II

THEATKVM

ALYMNIS • ACADEMICIS

8VA • PEC • P

In the south panel is the date :

AEDIFICATVM • ANNO • POST • CHR • NAT

CIO • 10 • CCC • vl/XXVI
POST • POP • AMEB • LIBEBATYM

C

The marble statue of President Quiney, by William
Wetmore Story, of the Class of 1838, is the only piece of
statuary in the Theatre. On the basement floor there are
large dressing rooms.

The dining hall, which occupies the long western por-
tion of the building, is entered from the centre of the
transept. Another door, at the north end of the trans-
ept, leads into the Auditor's office; thence a stairway
leads to a gallery overlooking the dining hall, . From
this gallery one can pass into rooms set apart for the
various administrative offices, into a gallery overlookiiig
the transept, and by a stairway into the tower.

The dining hall is 149 feet long, 60 feet wide, and, to
the ridge, 66 feet high. More than 1100 students, mem-
bers of the Dining Association, regularly take their meals
here. A board of directors, chosen by the members,
administer, under certain regulations of the President
and Fellows, the affairs of the Association.

53

Inside the hall are busts and portraits of alamni and
benefactors, each marked with the name of the subject
and the artist. The great western window shows the
armorial bearings of the nation, the state, and the Uni-
versity. The stained glass windows on the north and
the south are all memorial windows, given chiefly by
various classes. Beginning on the left as one enters,
the figures in the windows and the inscriptions are as
follows :

1. This window is yet unfilled.

2. Window of the Class of 1859 ; by John La Farge.
Subject : Cornelia, mother of the Gracchi, showing her
sons to her sister who is playing with her jewelry. In-
scription : CORNELIA • MATER • GRACCHORVM. Then f ollow

Cornelia's famous words : haec • ornamenta • mea • svnt
— '* These are my jewels."

3 . Davis Memorial Window ; by Henry Holliday ; given
by the Davis family. Figures : Columbus and Blake. In-
scriptions : At the top. Port Royal — Memphis — Fort
Pillow. In the left hand window, Columbus, Bom 1442,
Died 1506. In the right hand window, Blake, Born 1599,
Died 1657. The memorial inscription proper, occupying
the lower part of both windows, is as follows :

memoriae • CAROLI • HENRICI • DAVIS • PRAEP • NAV • VIRI
BELLI • ET • PACIS • ARTIBVS • PRAESTANTIS • NATVS • EST
A • D • XVII • K • FEB • A • CIO • 10 • CCC • VII • MORTWS
A • D • Xn • K • MART • A • CIO • 10 • CCC • sLXXVII • ALVMNVS
A • CIO • 10 • CCC • XXV • LL • D • CIO • 10 • CCC • U/XVIII • PER
sLV • ANNOS • SINGVLAREM • FIDEM • PRVDENTIAM • VIRTVTEM
AD • REIPVBLICAE • VTILITATEM • ET • SALVTEM • CONTVLIT
HVIC • OB • REM • BENE • NAVIBVS • GESTAM • GRATISSIMIS
VERBIS • GBATIAS EGIT • SENATVS • POPVLVSQVE. - A^¥.B.Vik.^C^^

54

Translation : To the memory of Charles Henry Davis,
Rear Admiral in the Navy, eminent in the arts of war and
of peace. He was bom January 16, 1807 ; died Febru-
ary 18, 1877 ; A.B. 1825 ; LL.D. 1868. During 55 years
he served and safeguarded the Republic with singular
loyalty, foresight, and valor. He received the grateful
thanks of Congress and the American people for his dis-
tinguished service in our fleets.

4. Window of the Class of 1844 ; by Henry HoUiday.
Figures: Dante and Chaucer. Inscriptions: Dante, Bom
1265, Died 1321. Chaucer, Bom 1328, Died 1400.
Below : memoriae • eorvm • qvi • his • ex • sedibvs • a •

CIO • 10 • CCC • Xvl/ini • E6RESSI • DE • COLLEGIO • CONDIS-
CIPVLISQVE • BENE • 8VNT • MERITI • SODALES • POSVERVNT

Translation : Erected by their classmates to the memory
of the members of the Class of 1844 who have earned the
gratitude of the College and of their fellow students.

5. Window of the Class of 1857; by Cottier & Co.,
London. Subjects : Sir Philip Sidney, and, below, the
battle field of Zutphen; Epaminondas, and, below, a
mother giving her son a shield. Inscription : In Memory
of those Classmates who fell in the War. Erected
A.D. 1879.

6. Window of the Class of 1860 ; by John La Farge.
Subject: A battle Scene. Inscription: in memoriam
mdccclx.

7. Window of the Class of 1877 ; by W. J. McPherson.
Figures : Charlemagne and Sir Thomas More.

8. Window of the Class of 1854 ; by Frederic Crownin-
shield, of the Class of 1868. Figures : Sophocles and
Shakspere. Inscription under the figure of Shakspere :

55

" Had I a dozen sons, I had rather I had eleven die nobly
for their country than one voluptuously surfeit out of
action," From Coriolanus^ II, 3. Below both figures :
In memory of our classmates who fell in defence of the
Union,
9. This window is yet unfilled.

Crossing to the north side of the hall and beginning at
the west end :

1, Window of the Class of 1875 : by C. E. MiUs.
Figures : La Salle and Marquette.

2, This window is yet unfilled.

3. Window of the Class of 1861 ; by Frank D. Millet,
of the Class of 1869. Figures: The Student and the
Soldier. Below the Student, a college lecture room ; below
the Soldier, a battle field. Inscription : a • littebis •
LAETi . PRO • PATBiA • AD • ARMA. Translation : With light
hearts from letters to arms for our country.

4. Window of the Class of 1858; by Cottier & Co.
Figures : John Hampden and Leonidas. Inscriptions :
under Hampden : Died for the cause of civilization and
law, and the self -restrained freedom which is their result.
[From a letter of James Jackson Lowell, of this Class,
written from the field to some of his classmates. He
was mortally wounded in the battle of Glendale, June 30,
1862.] Under Leonidas : As for the chances of life or
death neither is welcome without honour or duty, either
is welcome in the path of honour and duty. [From a
letter of Henry Lyman Patten, of this Class, to his
mother. Five times wounded in battle, he died from
the effects of his last wound, September 10, 1864.]
Below: Erected Anno Domini 1882.

56

5 . Window of the Class of 1863 ; by Frederic Crownin-
shield. Figures : Andromache and Hector.

6. Window of the Class of 1880 ; by John La Farge.
Figures : Virgil and Homer,

7. Window of the Class of 1879 ; by Frederic Crownin-
shield. Figures : Pericles and Lionardo da Vinci. In-
scriptions : under Pericles, from his speech in Thucydides,
2, 63 : r^9 T€ 7rdXcQ>9 vfia^ ciko9 r<^ rifKDfievia diro rw
ap\(Liv^ w7rc/> airavTcs dyciAAccr^c, PorjOdv. Translation:
You are bound to support our country in the dignity
of her government, in which you all take pride. Under
Lionardo, from his Trattato^ book 2 : H tesoro per se
non lauda il suo cumulatore dopo la sua vita come fa
la scienza, la quale sempre e testimonia e tromba del
suo creatore. Translation (from a Class Report):
*' Riches in themselves bring no glory to their pos-
sessor at his death, as knowledge does, which is an
everlasting witness and herald to its creator."

8. Window of the Class of 1878 ; by F. D. Millet.
Figures : General Warren, and below, the Committee
on the Suffolk Resolves. John Eliot, and below, Eliot
preaching to the Indians.

9. Window of the Class of 1874 ; by Edward Emerson
Simmons of the Class of 1874. Figures : Themistocles
and Aristides, typifying the reconciliation of the North
with the South. Inscription, from Herodotus, 8, 79 : w
8c iirjkOi ol ©cfJiurroKXirj^^ i\€y€ 'A/jwrrctSiys toSc* ^/x,€as
(rTa(rui^€LV ')(piov iarL ei iv tcw aXX<o Kaip<p icai 8^ koll h
TwSc TTCpl Tov oKOTtpo^ ^/x.€0)v ttXco) dyaOoL rrjv TrarptSa
cpydo-cTttt. Translation : And when Themistocles came
out to him, Aristides said : At all times and chiefly now
this should be our rivalry — which of us shall do most
good to OUT country.

57

TJie Statue of John Harvard^ in the Delta, west of
Memorial Hall, was designed by Mr. Daniel C. French.
It was the gift of Samael James Bridge, and was erected
in 1884.

Sandall Hall, on the comer of Kirkland Street and
Divinity Avenue, was built in 1898-99, partly to accom-
modate the overflow of students unable to obtain board at
Memorial Hall, but also with a design to furnish cheaper
board than is offered by the Memorial Hall Dining Asso-
ciation. The money, $70,000, was given by the trustees
of the estate of John Witt Randall and BeUnda L.
Randall, who had left a fortune to be devoted to chari-
table enterprises.

The dining room is large enough to contain 44 tables,
seating 528 persons at the same time ; but a larger num-
ber will be accommodated. In the main building there
are also an auditor's room, a dressing room for student
waiters, and, in the basement, toilet rooms. A musicians*
gallery overlooks the dining room. An extension to the
north of the main building contains the kitchen, pastry
kitchen, scullery, vegetables room, cold storage rooms,
etc. There are separate living rooms for the custodian
of the building. The architects were Wheelwright and
Haven, of Boston.

The Lawrence ScientifLc School Building. —

In 1847, Abbott Lawrence of Boston gave to the College,
for the promotion of "education bearing upon the great
industries of the country," the sum of $50,000. With
half of this money the laboratory and the dwelling-house
connected therewith were built in 1848-49, with the in-

58

tention of adding to them later. It was found, however,
that a fund would be needed for the Profeflsanhip fA
Engineering, and the other half was accmdingly aefe

aside for this purpose.

The School founded in this way by Abbott Lftwienoe
was for 40 years a separate establishment in the ^lIiTe^
sity, governed by a distinct Faculty ; but in 1888 it WM,
along with the College and the Graduate School, pboed
under the Faculty of Arts and Sciences. The instmctkm
given in the Scientific School has for its main purpose a
professional training in the several branches of applied or
industrial science, leading to the degrees of Bachelor
and Master of Science. This instruction is, as regaidfl
courses, intimately blended with that provided for stu-
dents seeking the degree of Bachelor of Arts, Master
of Arts, Master of Science, Doctor of Philosophy, or
Doctor of Science. The difference between the training
of the College and that of the Scientific School is that
in the latter each student's course of study is, to a cer-
tain extent, prescribed. The School has now no separate
domicile. Its work is done in the various buildings at the
service of the Faculty which cares for it. In this com-
mingling of the interests of its students with those of the
students in the College, the School differs from like schoob
affiliated with other universities.

The Engineering Library^ on the second floor of the
building, contains more than 5000 volumes on engineer-
ing subjects; the reading room connected with it is
supplied with all the important foreign and American
engineering periodicals .•

An Instrument Boom on the first fioor contains survey-
ing instruments, including a number of transits, levels,

KKS BUILDING

59

Bolar compasses, surveyor's compasses, plane tables and
alidades, and levels, rods, tapes, and chains.

The Electrical Engineering Lcbboratory. — Previous to
1891, all the instruction in experimental electricity was
given in the Jefferson Physical Laboratory; but in the
Fall of that year the small, two-story annex in the rear of
the Lawrence Scientific School Building was erected and
equipped, the upper floor as a shop for the repair and
construction of apparatus, and the ground floor as a
dynamo laboratory. Since then the equipment has grown
steadily, and several rooms in the basement of the main
building are now utilized.

These include an additional Dynamo Laboratory for
advanced work, a Standardizing Laboratory for the cali-
bration of instruments and the testing of the Magnetic
Properties of Iron and Steel, a well equipped Storage
Battery Room, an Arc Lamp Room, and a Photometer
Room for the testing of Arc and Incandescent Lamps.

The Department of Physiology and Hygiene occupies
two rooms in the east wing of the Lawrence Scientific
School Building.

The laboratory on the first floor is devoted to instruction
in human physiology and hygiene and to the investigation
of problems in hygiene and the physiology of exercise.
One end of the room is fitted up as a work-shop, with
screw-cutting lathe, and the necessary metal- and wood-
working tools for the construction of apparatus. The
laboratory contains a collection of physiological apparatus
and appliances for hygienic investigation, and apparatus
and reagents for physiological and hygienic chemistry;
there is, also, a collection of about a thousand photo-
graphs and lantern slides, together with charts, maps,
and Bpecimena,

60

The laboratory on the second floor contains a working
library and a card catalogue, a hood for chemical work,
chemical apparatus, and reagents for special work in
hygiene and physiological chemistry, analytical balances,
histological apparatus, reagents and preparations, incu-
bator, sterilizer, and other apparatus for bacteriological
work. Here, too, is new apparatus for the study of the
physiology of exercise, and apparatus for the use of sta-
dents in courses in physiology.

Plans have already been made and accepted for a new
building to be devoted chiefly to the engineering work <rf
the Lawrence Scientific School, and $175,000, a portkA
of the bequest of Henry L. Peirce to the University, has
been set apart for this purpose. The new building will
stand at the east end of Holmes field, on Oxford street.
It will be four stories high, will have two wings, each
measuring forty-two by one hundred and ten feet, and a
central lecture hall measuring sixty by fifty feet.

The Bogers Building, more generally known as the
Old Gymnasium, was built in 1858 at a cost of $9,500,
of which $8,000 was given anonymously by a graduate of
the University. The name of the donor was made known
after his death ; he was Henry Bromfield Refers of the
Class of 1822. Until the erection of the Hemenway
Gymnasium in 1878, this building was used as a gymna-
sium ; it then served as a storehouse till 1894, when it
was occupied and remodelled by the Department of Engi-
neering. It now contains an engineering laboratory,
some draughting rooms, and a lecture room.

The Engineering Laboratory occupies the whole of the
ground floor and contains instruments and apparatus for

I.TKR HAI.TIKGS HALV.

THE KU'V YtjI.K

;>U2!J^': i::v-.:/-..;Y
I

^ :_:_-i:"L-

61

such investigations ba the engineer may be required to
make, as, for instance, on the physical properties of iron,
Bteel and other constructive materials, on the transmis-
sion of power, on the action of steam and gas engines
and other prime movers, on the flow of water and gases,
on boilers and fuels, on lubricants, on the efficiency of
machines, and so forth. The machines for testing the
strength of materials include one capable of exerting
a force of 100 tons. The laboratory also contains
several steam and gas engines, water motors, an air
compressor, and other machines for illustration and
investigation. The testing of road materials for the
IViassachusetts Highway Commission is done in this
laboratory.

The Architectural Building, on the south side
af Jarvis Street, on Holmes Field, contains two drawing
rooms, a small lecture room, and a small library. The
library has several thousand photographs, selected to
Illustrate the architectural history of the important Euro-
pean countries, and 180 volumes, largely folios. On the
walls of the drawing rooms are many casts, illustrating the
classic orders and some of the best detail of Greek, Ro-
man, Gothic, and Renaissance work. Of these the more
Important are architectural details from the Parthenon, the
Erechtheion, and the Monument of Lysicrates at Athens ;
the order of the Temple of Vesta at Tivoli ; table stand
from the house of Cornelius Rufus, Pompeii ; friezes from
the Lateran Museum ; capitals from the church of St.
Laumer at Blois and from the trif orium of the cathedral
of Laon ; and several pilasters and friezes of the early
Italian Renaissance.

62

The trastees of the Rotch Travelling Scholarship have
lent to the department a number of the envois of scholars,
carefully and beautifully rendered measured drawmgs
of important European buildings. The Erechtheion at
Athens, the Theatre of Mareellus and the Temple of Con-
cord at Rome, the Baptistery at Ravenna, the Ducal
Palace at Venice, the Pazzi Chapel at Florence, the
Ospedale del Ceppo at Pistoja, the Municipio at Brescia,
the gardens of the villa Lante at Bagnaia, the villa of
Pope Julius at Rome, the chateaux of Blois and Chenon-
ceaux are among the buildings illustrated in this way.
Examples of the work of advanced students at the Ecole
des Beaux- Arts at Paris and of students in the department
are also hung on the walls.

The Carey Building, erected in 1890-91 at a cos
of $38,000, was the gift of Henry Reginald Astor Carey-^
When, in 1898, athletic sports were transferred to tli<
Soldiers' Field, this building was devoted to other usei
of the University ; and the President and Fellows placed
in the Athletic Building on the Soldiers' Field a tablet
commemorating the gift of Mr. Carey.

Walter Hastings Hall, the gift of Mr. Walter
Hastings, of Boston, whose ancestors in direct line for
three generations were alumni of the University, wae
built in 1888-90 at a cost of about $250,000. It con-
tains 61 suites of rooms.

The Jefferson Physical Laboratory. — In 1881

Thomas Jefferson Coolidge, of Boston, of the Class of
1850, gave $115,000 to the College for a new physical

THE HEMENWAY GVMliASWM

63

laboratory, on condition that $75,000 should be raised
by subscription and the income appropriated to its sup-
port. The building was finished in October, 1884, and
was named the Jefferson Physical Laboratory. All the
instruction in physics, by recitations, lectures, and ex-
perimental work, to students of Harvard College, of the
Lawrence Scientific School, and of the Graduate School,
is given in this building, which accommodates the various
physical cabinets. The building is 200 feet long and,
including the basement, four stories high. In the eastern
wing the whole height is divided between a large lecture-
room below, capable of holding 400 students, and the
great laboratory above. In the central and western
portions of the building are three recitation rooms for
sections of forty or less ; but the principal part of the
Central and western portions is broken up into a large
lumber of small rooms, where professors, assistants,
ind advanced students can pursue their separate investi-
;ations, and be secured against intrusion, or any disturb-
nce of their instruments. In the basement and the first
tory, stone tables, each supported by a pier which is
eparated by air spaces from the floors, furnish stable
oundation for delicate instruments. Instruments, more-
•ver, can be placed on the walls of a large rectangular
ower standing on an independent foundation. This
ower rises inside the building and is separated from the
aain walls of it by a large air space. It does not extend
o the roof, and is therefore free from disturbances pro-
luced by the movements inside the building and from
possible vibrations resulting from gusts of wind.

This tower constitutes a pier of large section nearly 60
feet in height, and more or less stable positions for instru-

64

ments can therefore be obtained on each story. It is de-
signed for investigations which demand a great height,
the different floors opening to each other by trap doors.
Small openings have been left in the brick partitions
which divide the length of the building; by means of
these a long path is available for experiments in which
this arrangement may be necessary. In the western wing,
iron nails and pipes, which would disturb delicate experi-
ments in magnetism, were excluded in the construction of
the building. All steam pipes here are made of brass,
and copper nails are used in the flooring. In the bottom
of the tower is a small underground room which may be
used for experiments requiring a constant temperature.

A room is devoted to apparatus designed for the more
accurate standard measurements.

A comparator for the measurement and comparison of
standards of length occupies a room in the basement of
the building.

The photographic room is on the fourth floor ; adjoin-
ing this is a large room especially arranged for spectrum
analysis. There are four principal laboratories. One of
these, 60 feet square, is devoted to elementary laboratory
instruction. The laboratories for instruction in static
and steady current electricity and in optics are on thcf
second and third floors. The laboratory for work in
magnetism and alternating currents is in the basement.
A machine room is supplied with power from the city
circuit and contains a milling machine, a large machine
lathe, a smaller lathe, and other mechanical appliances
for the construction of apparatus. Power can also be
obtained from a twenty-five-horse-power engine which is
placed in a house outside the Laboratory.

65

Much space is devoted to a physical cabinet. Here
is a frictional electric machine, ordered for the College
by Benjamin Franklin, a large reflecting telescope, an
astronomical quadrant and other apparatus used by John
Winthrop, HoUis Professor of Mathematics and Natural
Philosophy from 1738 to 1779, and other pieces of appa-
ratus which possess an historical interest.

The most prominent feature, however, of the Jefferson
Physical Laboratory is not its collection of apparatus,
but its arrangement of space for scientific investiga-
tion, and. its plant for the construction of new appara-
tus to meet the demands of the future.

The Hemenway Gymnasium, built and equipped

in 1878, was given by Augustus Hemenway, of Boston,
of the Class of 1875. When, on account of the increased
number of students in the University, the Gymnasium
failed to meet completely the needs of the students,
Mr. Hemenway, in 1895, made an extensive addition
to the building, affording an increased floor area of
15,000 square feet. The main hall on the first floor is
equipped with light and heavy gymnastic apparatus and
modem developing appliances. A gallery surrounding
the hall is fitted as a running track. On the second floor
is the trophy room, containing souvenirs of athletic con-
tests, a rowing room, the Director's office, and rooms for
measuring, photographing, etc. The staircase hall is
hung with portraits of athletes. In the basement are
bowling alleys, hand-ball courts, and rooms for fencing,
sparring, wrestling, and other exercises. In the east end
of the building are the locker, the bathing, and the dress-
ing rooms, accommodating 2500 students. In the rear is

66

an area covered with asphalt. This is enclosed by a high
fence, and affords facilities for practising hand-ball, and
other gymnastic games and exercises.

Conant Hall, built from funds bequeathed by Edwin
Conant, of Worcester, of the Class of 1829, was eroctod
in 1893-95 at a cost of about $109,000. It oontaiDB 45
suites of rooms, and three single rooms. Mr. Ckvoant
also gave $5,000 to the Divinity School and $27,500 to
the College Library.

Perkins Hall, the gift of Mrs. Catharine P. Perldius,
of Boston, was built in 1898-95 at a cost of about
$160,000. It was erected in memory of three members
of her husband's family, the Reverend Daniel PerMns,
Richard Perkins, and William Foster Perkins, all alonini
of the University. It contains 88 suites of rooms.

THE UNIVERSITY MUSEUM.*

This establishment is commonly called the Agassis
Museum, and the latter title is hardly more than a just
recognition of the share which Louis and Alexander
Agassiz, father and son, have had in its upbuilding.
Louis Agassiz, when he was first appointed to a profes-
sorship in the University in 1847, began a collection of
zoological specimens and soon made clear the need of a
building for housing it. In 1858 Francis Calley Gray,
of Boston, of the Class of 1809, left $50,000 for a

* Proposed changes in the Museum may soon render the
grams accompanying this sketch somewhat incorrect; but a q^edil
guide to the building is to be prepared.

t r
. /

■ I \ . V.

TIL" ••

'". V :. 'tZ

67

I.
I

Museum of Zoology, giving his nephew, William Gray,
the option of bestowing the fund upon Harvard Uni-
versity. He gave it to the University, and it was sup-
plemented by $100,000 voted by the Legislature, and
by $71,000 subscribed by private citizens of Boston.
Mr. Henry Greenough, of Cambridge, and Mr. George
Snell, of Boston, volunteered to make a plan for the
museum building, and produced a design large enough
to meet all demands for space for a long time. There
Was to be a main building parallel to Oxford Street with
two wings extending towards Divinity Avenue. At first
Only about two-fifths of one of the wings was erected ;
this was completed in 1860. Professor Agassiz himself
dug the first spadeful of earth. In 1868 the Massachu-
setts Legislature voted $25,000 a year for three years, on
Condition that as much more should be raised from pri-
vate sources. This was done, and in 1871-72 the capa-
city of the building was more than doubled. In 1877
Qie north wing was completed ; and in 1880-82 the north-
west comer of the main building, which now contains the
Ubrary and the laboratories, was erected by Alexander
Agassiz, of the Class of 1855, in memory of his father.
A slate tablet in the hall bears this inscription : —

LVDOVIOI •

AGASSIZ •
PATRI • FILIUS •

ALEXANDER •
MD • CCC • LXXX •

Louis Agassiz was curator of the Museum from 1862
tintil his death in 1873. Alexander Agassiz entered the
Service of the Museum in 1860 and was curator from 1874

68

until he resigned in 1898, never accepting any salary while
he held that office. Besides his devoted service, he has
given vast sums of money to the institution.

In 1888-89 the middle portion of the main building,
devoted to the Departments of Botany and Mineralogy,
was added, so that now only the southwestern comer and
the western portion of the wing of which the Peabody
Museum is a part are needed to complete the structure
originally planned by Messrs. Greenough and Snell.

The Museum is largely dependent for support on the
Memorial Fund, part of which was raised by school chil-
dren throughout the country, whose interest in natural
history had been awakened by the labors of Agassiz.

The University Museum comprehends the Museum of
Comparative Zoology, the Botanical Museum, the Miner-
alogical Museum, the Natural History Laboratories, and
the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and
Ethnology.

The Museum of Comparative Zoology occupies the
north wing of the quadrangle (60x200 feet). The
Natural History Laboratories are in the northwest comer
piece (95x75), and in the adjoining sections of the
central part.

The Botanical Museum occupies the central section
together with one-third of the southern section.

The Mineralogical Museum occupies a part of the
southern section of the Oxford Street side of the building.

The library of the Museum, which contains more than
32,000 volumes, is on the second floor. It is intended
for the use of instructors and students in the Department
of Natural History. The reading room is opea from
9 A.M. till 1 P.M. and from 2 p.m. till 5 p.m.

1

-^

■■

^

H|H

^^^^1

M

JH|

BBf~ -"j

aB

SiiiiH

1

f^M

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69

The southwest comer will contain large lecture rooms
and laboratories for the Department of Natural History,
and its exhibition rooms will connect the Oxford Street
aide of the Museum with the Peabody Museum, which,
pvhen completed, will form the south wing of the University
IMuseum building. The Semitic Museum is for the present
loused in the Peabody Museum.

The entrances to the Museum of Comparative Zoology
ind the Peabody Museum are from Divinity Avenue. The
N'atural History Laboratories and the Botanical and Min-
iralogical Museums are entered from Oxford Street.

The location of the various collections of the Museum,
of the laboratories, a brief description of which is ap-
pended, and of the rooms of officers and instructors is
indicated on the diagrams of the various floors which will
be found in the succeeding pages. Heavy-faced type
indicates that the room or the collection is open to the
inspection of the public. The numbers on the diagrams
are arbitrary and do not correspond with the numbers
on the various rooms. Reference to the diagrams will,
however, show the relative positions of the rooms.

In general the Museums are open as follows : —

The Museum of Comparative Zoology and the Botanical
^Museum are open every week-day from 9 a.m. until 5 p.m.,
and on Sunday from 1 p.m till 5 p.m.

The exhibition room of the Mineralogical Museum is
open Wednesday and Sunday from 1 p.m. till 5 p.m., and
Saturday from 9 a.m. until 5 p.m.

70

1. Alcoholic MammalB, Birds, and

MoUusca. — Storage.

2. Alcoholic Crustacea. — Storage.

3. Alcoholic Fishes. — Storage.

4 Alcoholic Radiates. — Storage.
ia-4e. Alcoholic Worms. — Stor-
age.

5. Alcoholic Fishes. — Storage.

6. Alcohol room.

7. Storage.

7a. Glassware. — Storage.

8. Alcoholic Fishes.— Stoiage.

9. Alcoholic Reptiles and Am-

phihia. — Storage.

10. Storage.

11. Fishes, Reptiles, Amphibia.

Assistants

12. Workshop. — Janitor.

13. Boilers.

14. Aqnarimn.

15. Yiyarium.

16. Coal.

17. Geology. — Workshop.
17a. Geology. — Models.
17b. Photography.
18-18a. Geology.— WorkBhop*-
19-20. Botanical storerooms.

21. Nash Botanical Lectori
Room.

21a. Botanical Photographic
Room.

22. Botanical Diagram Room.

23. Janitor's Room.

24. Collection of Fossil Plants.

25. 25a. Rooms for Mineral
Analysis.

26. Alcohol Room.

27. Assaj Laboratarj.

BASEMENT.

ColleotionB.
i. Paleoxoio CoUeottona.
6. Synoptio ColleotioiiB.

8-11. FoMril IiiT«Tt«bntei. —

Stor^e. AsBistant.
12. Geological LecCore Boom.
U. Hall.

li. Geologitiil Lecture Roam

and LuboTatury.
16. ProfusBor of Geology,
17 Geological Lecture Room.
19-20. Laboratory of Eeonomio

Bolnny.

21. 'Sueb Butasicol Lecture

22, 23. Exhibition of
Cryptogams.

24. Mioeralogical Lecture

25. MineTalogicsl l4BbDTBtOT7.
20. " Library.

27. " Lalioralory.

riBST FLOOB.

72

1-4. Entomology. Assistant.

5. Special Collections.

6. HaU.

7. Office.
8-12. Library.

13. HaU.

14. library.

15. Curator.

16. Curator.

17. Zoological Laboratory.

18. Assistants in Department of

Zoology.

19. Laboratory of Vegetable
Physiology.

20. Laboratory of Vegetable
Physiology.

21 Laboratory of Elementary
Botany.

22. Library of Department of
Botany.

23. Men's Iiavatory.

24. Laboratory of Elementary
Botany.

25. Laboratory for Optical Min-
eralogy.

26. Room for Special Students
of Vegetable Histology
and Physiology.

27 Professor's Boom.

SECOND FLOOB.

78

1. Fishes. — Systematic Col-

lection.

2. Mollusca. — Syitematic

Collection.

3. Birds. — Systematic Collec-

tion.

4. Badiates. — Systematic

Collection.

5-7. Mammalia. — Systemstic"
Collection.

8. South American Fatma.

9. North American Fauna.

10. Indo-Asiatic Fauna.

11. African Fauna.

12. Europo-Siberian Fauna.

13. Hall.

14. Atlantic Fauna.

15. Pacific Fauna.

17. Special Collections
(Scott Collection of
Birds).

18. Special Collections.

19. 20. Exhibition Boom of
Economic Plants and
Collection of Woods.

21-23. Botanical Museum, in-
cluding Blaschka Qlass
Models of Flowering
Plants.

24-27. Mineralogical Mu-

THIRD FLOOR.

» (T

74

1. Cmstaoea, Insects and s. Austaralian,n'ewGui

Worms. — Systematic and New Zealanc

Collections. Fauna.

2. MoUusca. — STstematic 9. North American Fax

Collections. 10. Indo-Asiatic Fauna.

3. Beptiles and Amphibia, li. African and Madagi

— Systematic Collections. can Fauna.

4. Echinoderms and Coe- 12. Zoological Laboratory.

lenterates. — Systematic 13. Hall.
Collections. 14. Zoological Laboratory ai

5-7. Reptiles. — Systematic Lecture Room.

Collection^

15. Zoological Laboratory.

16. Professor's Room.
17-18. Physical Geography L

ratory and Lecture Roc

19. Laboratory of Systemati
Botany.

20. Phanerogamic Herbarimn
Work Room.

21. Exhibition of Phol
graphs to illustra
Vegetation of t
World.

22. Professor's Room.

23. Room of Assistant in Min
alogy.

24-27. Mineralogical Mi
seum and Collecti
of Meteorites.

FOURTH FLOOR.

75

^ and 3. Fossil Vertebrates. —
Mammals, Birds, Reptiles
and Amphibia.
^' Fossil Vertebrates. — Assistant
in Vertebrate Paleontology.
^' Fossil Vertebrates. — Fishes.
^7. Mammals and Birds. — Stor-
age.
*"iO. Mammal Skeletons. —

Storage.
^^X. Mammal and Bird Skins.
— Storage.

12 . Reptiles, Amphibia and Fishes.

— Storage.

13. HaU.

14. Zoological Lectnre Room and

Laboratory.

15. Radiates. — Storage. Assistant.

16. Zoological Laboratory.
17-18. MoUusca and Crustacea. —

Storage. Assistant.

19. Work Room of Assistant in

Cryptogamic Herbarium.

20. Cryptogamic Herbarium.

21. Investigators* Rooms and
Storeroom of Cryptogams.

22. Room of Collection of New
England Botanical Club.

23. Professor's Room.

24. Laboratory of Cryptogamic
Botany and of Advanced
Students in Cryptogamic
Botany.

25. Laboratory of Cryptogamic
Botany.

26. Professor's Room.

27. Room of Assistants in Cryp-
togamic Laboratory and
Advanced Students.

FIFTH FLOOR.

76

The Laboraiory of Oeology is on the first floor of the
Museum. Here are collections of rocks and specimens
illustrating dynamic geology, and additional appliances
for teaching in the foim of maps and models. The most
noteworthy objects are the model of Etna by Deckert,
after Baron von Waltershausen's map of that volcano, a
mddel of the Dents du Midi, Tour Salli^res, and Mont
Euan, Canton Valais, Switzerland, geologically colored
after directions by Heim and Fruh, and a case of the
type specimens described in the writings of officers and
students of the Department of Geology.

The Laboratory of Experimental Oeology occupies two
rooms in the basement of the Museum. Most of the
apparatus now in stock is the product of experimental
research by advanced students. Apparatus is provided
to imitate the deformation of the stratified rocks, the
action of springs and geysers, the deposition of deltas,
the formation of ripplemark, the crystallization of vol-
canic rocks, the motion of ice, intrusion of volcanic
lavas, and erosion of the structures resulting from
deformation or intrusion. The large compression chest
of oak, with opposed thrust pistons, indices, and a
movable bottom, is used for deforming under pressure
wax models cast to imitate various possible conditions
of stratification. The gas blast furnace is used for
synthetic experiments, and is provided with an auto-
matic self-extinguishing appliance for safety against
accidents by fire. Projection lanterns, with devices for
vertical as well as horizontal projection, are used in com-
bination with glass tanks of different shapes, to show
the action of currents in transporting and depositing
sediment. i

\

77

Mineralogical Museum and Laboratories of
Mineralogy and Petrography. — The Minera-
logical section of the University Museum, built in 1891
with a fund of $50,000 raised by subscription, occupies
the southern end of the Museum. The exhibition rooms,
which are open Wednesday and Sunday, 1 to 5 p.m., and
Saturday, 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., occupy the whole of the third
and fourth floors ; the laboratories occupy the first floor
and the west half of the basement and second floors.

History of the Mineralogical Collection, — In 1793 the
foundation of the present collection was laid by the gift
from Dr. Lettsom, a London physician, of " a very valu-
able and extensive collection of minerals," to which he
subsequently made additions. The Corporation provided
a cabinet and appointed Dr. Benjamin Waterhouse keeper
of the collection. In 1795 M. Mozard, consul in Boston
of the French Republic, acting under a resolution of the
committee of public safety of the National Convention of
France, presented two hundred specimens " as samples of
the riches of the French soil," and solicited an interchange
of specimens between the University and the " agency of
the mines of the Republic."

No important additions were made until 1820, when
Dr. Andrew Ritchie purchased and presented the collec-
tion of C. A. Blode, a mineralogist and chemist of
Dresden, to which were added some thousand specimens
purchased in 1824 by a subscription from several Boston
gentlemen, and the collection was then arranged by Dr.
J. W. Webster and exhibited in the second story of
Harvard Hall, where it remained for thirty-three years.
It increased slowly, and about 1840 contained 26,000
specimens, including rocks and other miscellaneous

78

material. It owes its present value, both in quality
and size, to the late Josiah P. Ck>oke, Erving Professor
of Chemistry and Mineralogy from 1850 to 1894, a
marble medallion of whom is placed in the Museum.
.Professor Cooke for nearly half a century gave his
affectionate care to the collection. Starting with what
was worth preserving of the old collection, he giadually
acquired new or better material by purchase, donations,
or exchange, while several large single additions were
made from time to time. On the completion of Boylston
Hall in 1858 the mineral cabinet was placed there and it
remained there until the erection of the present minera-
logical museum.

Tlie collections open to the public are situated on the
main floor and gallery. Here in the flat cases the
systematic collection of minerals is arranged in the
numerical order of the cases according to Dana's Sys-
tem of Mineralogy (6th Ed.), while large plans, hung
on both floors, give the contents of each case. The
laiger specimens are placed in the wall-cases.

Only a few features of the systematic collection can be
mentioned, such as the gold and silver case, the crystal
lized orpiment and other sulphides, and in the adjacent
wall-cases the superb colored fluorites, stibnites, sulphur,
etc. Many fine specimens of alpine minerals (from the
Liebener collection) will be found among the silicates and
elsewhere, such as adularia, epidotes, titanite, apatite.
The crystallized calcites from Lake Superior are note-
worthy, and the great crystals and groups of quartz and
its varieties in the wall-cases. Along the west wall a
case contains a collection of natural crystals to illustrate
crystallography. In the gallery the first rows of flat

79

cases seen on entering contain a synoptic collection
illustrating the general properties of minerals, including
optical properties, cleavage, genesis, etc. The adjacent
wall-cases contain large specimens of the systematic col-
lection, including the sulphates and hydrous silicates.
The remaining flat cases contain the Bigelow Collection
of Agates (about 450 specimens, mostly cut and polished,
including thirty large thin sections) collected by Dr.
flenry J. Bigelow and Dr. W. S. Bigelow, and illustrat-
ing the internal structure and process of growth; and
the meteorites, which are arranged as far as possible in
Cihronological order by date of fall and represent 255
i^eparate falls. The cases against the south wall contain
Xarge specimens of the carbonates and sulphates, especi-
«illy calcite and gypsum. Along the west edge of the
^aUery two cases contain the Hamlin collection of tour-
^^malines, the largest in existence, from the famous locality
^t Mt. Mica, Paris, Maine, and a collection of gem
^^ninerals, including the well-known yellow diamond octa-
hedron (85 1 carats), precious opals, a large aquamarine
5«id yellow beryl, tourmalines (many cut and mounted),
« large hiddenite crystal, topaz, etc. The total number
of mineral specimens in the exhibition rooms, exclusive
of the meteorites, is about ten thousand, while those
worth enumerating in the teaching and other collections
bring the total up to twenty-three thousand.

Tlie Laboratories oj Mineralogy and Petrography in-
clude, in the basement, a chemical laboratory for mineral
analysis and workshop for preparing thin sections of
rocks and minerals. The first floor contains the lecture
room ; the laboratory for determinative mineralogy ; one
smaller rpom used as the department library, with the

80

principal periodicals, and another used for Radcliffe
students in mineralogy. Many thousand specimens of
rocks with thin sections are kept on this floor. The next
floor has the advanced laboratory, equipped with geni-
ometers and optical apparatus.

The Laboratory of Palaeontology contains the collec-
tions, diagrams, and a few of the more important refer-
ence books required by students. The collection used
in teaching general palaeontology is arranged system-
atically, and the collection used in teaching historical
geology is arranged stratigraphically. They are con-
tained in trays in table or wall-cases. The whole is
freely accessible to students. Besides collections in the
laboratory, students can consult the fossils on exhibi-
tion in the Museum, where they are arranged either iu
the systematic series or in rooms especially devoted tc
palaeontology.

The Laboratories of Geography y on the fourth floor ol
the University Museum, are devoted to the needs of th€
various classes in physical geography and meteorology,
with special reference to laboratory exercises. The equip-
ment of the laboratories has been planned with a view tc
furnishing material for individual study in geography,
comparable to that afforded in zoology and botany ii
the other laboratories of the Museum. It includes f
variety of maps, charts, models, diagrams, photographs,
and lantern slides. Special mention may be made of th(
collection of large-scale grouped map-sheets, illustrating
districts of peculiar interest in this country and abroad.
These are supplemented by a collection of the topo-
graphical maps of the United States governmental sur-
veys and of nearly all the European surveys, in the

81

College Library. The collection of models includes four
of type forms by Heim, Pomba's Italy on a true curved
surface, the Upper Moselle by the Geographical Service
of the French Army, Southern New England by Howell,
the Gulf of Mexico by the United States Hydrographic
Office, as well as a series known as the "Harvard Geo-
graphical Models," designed with special reference to
systematic insti'uction in secondary schools.

The material for instruction in meteorology and clima-
tology includes a full set of weather maps from the United
States Signal Service and Weather Bureau, pilot charts
of the North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans from the
United States Hydrographic Office, as well as a large
number of meteorological charts and diagrams from
different sources, and a number of official British, Ger-
man, and French publications. The Laboratory Library
contains about 500 volumes. There is also an extensive
collection of climatological reports from all parts of the
world in the library of the Astronomical Observatory.

Laboratories of Zoology, — The laboratories and lecture
rooms of the Department of Zoology are in the northwest
comer of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, and may
be reached from the steps in the northwest cornd* of
the Museum quadrangle, off Divinity Avenue, or from the
north entrance to the Museum on Oxford Street. The
present quarters were first occupied in 1885. On
the fifth floor is a lecture room which is also used for
elementary laboratory exercises. The walls are decorated
with busts and portraits of distinguished zoologists. On
this floor there is also a small laboratory, furnished
with modem apparatus and a reference library, for the
use of students in Radcliffe College. On the fourth floor

82

are three laboratories, two of which are also used as lecture
rooms, and the private room of the Hersey Professor oj
Anatomy. In the comer room the courses on the mor-
phology of invertebrates and on the comparative anatom]
of vertebrates are given. Here are lodged the osteologi
cal and other anatomical preparations for use in lecturei
on vertebrates, a large proportion of the 1700 diagrams
and a portion of the microscopes and the reference booki
belonging to the department. The Zoological Club usually
meets in this room. The adjacent room (2) is used b;
students in courses on microscopical anatomy and tech
nique and on embryology. In cases in this room is store(
much of the apparatus, such as microscopes, microtomes
incubators, wax plate and modelling apparatus, wa]
models (the work of students), projection apparatus
cameras, etc. This room, as well as most of the othe
laboratories, is provided with a water bath for imbedding
in paraffin.

Room 4 on this floor accommodates a portion of th<
students engaged in research, and most of the chemicali
are stored there. A map of the vicinity of Cambridge
minutely ruled, together with a card catalogue of Ne^
England localities in which particular animals are to b
found, aids the student in familiarizing himself witl
the surrounding fauna, both land and marine, and ii
securing the material necessary for his investigations
Room 6 on the second floor is used by the instructors
in the department as a private work room.

The instruction in palaeozoology is given in th<
laboratory of the Department of Geology on the flrs
floor (Room 2) which is supplied with material for clasi
work and with numerous charts, diagrams, and models.

8S

The zodlogical collections of the Museum are close at
hand and readily consulted in the exhibition rooms.

In the basement are two large rooms, one of which is
partially fitted as an aquarium. Experimental work has
been done there. The other is to be equipped as a
vivarium.

Laboratories of CryptogamiCj Phanerogamic, and EcO'
nomic Botany, — The Department of Botany of the Uni-
versity occupies the rooms in the basement, the central part,
and the adjoining southwest wing of the Museum, except
the rooms devoted to mineralogy and petrography. In
the basement are storerooms and rooms for photography.
On the first floor are the Nash Botanical Lecture Room,
built with the gift of Nathaniel Gushing Nash, of the
Class of 1884, in memory of his father ; the laboratory of
economic botany ; and the exhibition cases of cryptogams.
On the second floor. Room 10 contains the departmental
library; Rooms 11 and 11a are the laboratories of vege-
table physiology and histology; Rooms 12 and 13 are
laboratories for elementary work ; in addition to these is
a special room assigned to advanced students of physio-
Ic^cal botany. On the third floor and the gallery con-
nected with it are the halls devoted to the botanical
museum. Here are the Blaschka glass models of flowers,
given by Mrs. Charles Eliot Ware and her daughter,
Miss Mary Ware, in memory of Charles Eliot Ware, of
the Class of 1834. On the fourth floor. Room 19 is the
private room of the Fisher Professor of Natural History ;
in Room 20 is a working collection of native and exotic
phanerogams ; Rooms 20a and 21a are used by students
of systematic and economic botany. The rooms on the
fifth floor are devoted to cryptogamic botany : Room 25

84

is used temporarily for the collection of the New Eng.
liotanicnl (.Mu)>; Kooms 26 and 26a contain the Cry]
ji;iinic Il(T)>ariiiiii of the University, which includes (
Irctions of iil«rai', fungi, and lichens ; Room 27, is devot
to th(* urte of siH'cial workers ; Rooms 29 and 29a a
lahoratoricB ft>r students of cryptogamic botany, th
latter for advanced students ; Room 29b is the laboratoij
of the assistants in cryptogamic botany ; Room 29c is
the private la) moratory of the Assistant X^fessorof CiTP-
toganiic Botany ; Koom 30 is the private laboratory of tiie
Professor of Cryptogamic Botany.

The Peabody Museoxn was founded by George
Pcabody, a native of Massachusetts, who, in 1866, gave
$150,000 for the foundation of a museum and a professor-
ship of Amencan archaeology and ethnology in connection
with Ilarv'ani University. Mr. Peabody placed the fund
in the charge of a board of trustees of which Robert
Charles Winthrop, of the Class of 1828, was cbairmMi
until his death in 1894. The first curator of the Museum
was Jeffries Wyman, of the Class of 1833. At his death,
in 1874, Frederic Ward Putnam was appointed his suc-
cessor, and in 1886 was made Peabody Professor of
American Archaeology and Ethnology. On January 1,
1897, the Trustees of the Museum transferred the property
to the President and Fellows of Harvard College.

Mr. Peabody, by this gift, made the first foundataon
in this country for special research relating to the early
or pre-Columbian history of America. Since then, how-
ever, the Museum has been enriched from time to time
by contributions of money and of specimens, and four
penf^anent endowments have been made.

TMi: N!:\V YOKK

PUBLIC LIBRARY

A£T*W. L^ M>X AND
TILDIN FOU'.OAl i NS.

85

The arrangement of the collections is intended to
facilitate research in general anthropology, with special
reference to American and comparative archaeology and
ethnology. Here are kept material secured by explora-
tions carried on by the curators, or under their direction,
in various parts of America, and collections from nearly
all parts of the world obtained by gift, purchase, and
exchange.

The building, 100 feet long and 5 stories high, is one
half of the contemplated structure which will form the
south wing of the University Museum. The entrance is
on Divinity Avenue.

In the room on the left of the entrance hall is the
general office and Anthropological Library. The library
contains about 2000 volumes and 2500 pamphlets on
all branches of anthropology. The publications of the
Museum are annual reports, special papers, and me-
moirs, which are on sale at the office. At the end of
the entrance hall is the lecture-room, with a seating
capacity of 300. In cases around this hall are arranged
the collections illustrating the life and customs of several
tribes of North American Indians. The gallery above is
temporarily given over to the Semitic Museum of the Uni-
versity. On the fifth floor is the students' laboratory and
lecture room. On this floor, in the central hall and south
room, is the osteological collection, used in the compara-
tive study of human crania and skeletons. The other
exhibition rooms are devoted to archaeological and eth-
nological material from America and other parts of the
world, arranged geographically.

The Museum is in charge of the Curator and is open to
the public, under proper restrictions, from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.

86

throughout the year, Sundays and holidays excepted. A
special Guide to the museum may be obtained at the office.

The Semitic MoBeaxn occupies with its collections

a gallery on the second floor of the Peabody Museum.
These have been purchased with gifts of many friends,
but chiefly with a gift of $10,000 made by Jacob H.
Schiff, Esq., in 1889. Other friends have given individual
objects or small collections of objects. The Harvard
Divinity School has placed on deposit here a collec-
tion of Babylonian clay tablets, the gift of the Honor-
able Stephen Salisbury. The Divinity School has also
placed on deposit here a collection of Palestinean objects,
gathered by the Reverend Selah Merrill while he was con-
sul at Jerusalem, and purchased for the School by the
contributions of many friends. The Museum was formally
opened on May 13, 1891.

The objects already acquired are originals and repro-
ductions. Of the former may be mentioned, from Babylon
and Assyria, stone seal cylinders, and inscriptions on
stone and on clay ; from Phoenicia, glass vases, dishes,
and bowls found in the tombs ; from Palestine, the Merrill
collection of birds, animals, plants, seeds, glass, coins,
geological specimens, and numerous articles illustrating
modem peasant and Bedouin life; from Egypt, a col-
lection of mortuary Moslem inscriptions in the Cufic
character, some of them about 1000 years old ; from
various Semitic lands, many manuscripts, Arabic,
Hebrew, and Aramaic.

The reproductions are largely plaster casts of important
Assyrian and Babylonian monuments in the museums of
London, Paris, and Berlin. These casts are from bas-

87

reliefs, statues, obelisks, winged lions, clay tablets, seals,
building bricks, commercial weights in the shape of lions
and ducks, and numerous other small objects. There are
also casts of Hebrew and Phoenician inscriptions, of a
Phoenician sarcophagus, of Persian archers and inscrip-
tions, of Hittite hunting scenes and inscriptions, and of
the Moabite stone recording the revolt of Mesha from
the Hebrews. There are likewise many photographs of
Semitic buildings and natural scenery, especially from
Damascus, Palestine, and Spain.

An effort is being made to raise a sufficient sum to
house the Semitic Museum and the Semitic Library in a
separate building, in which the instruction offered by the
Semitic Department would be given.

THE BOTANIC GARDEN.

This garden, situated at the comer of Garden and
Linnaean Streets, Cambridge, was established at the
beginning of the century by a few gentlemen who en-
dowed a professorship of Natural History. The com-
mittee in charge of the enterprise selected as the first
incumbent of the chair William Dandridge Peck, of the
Class of 1782, and, distinctly understanding that special
prominence should be given to Botany, despatched him
to Europe to examine botanic gardens in England and on
the continent, while they secured a plot of land for a
garden here. In 1807 Professor Peck laid out a por-
tion of the seven acres at the corner of what are now
known as Garden and Linnaean Streets, following as a
model the formal lines of the smaller establishments in

88

England. This arrangement has not since been essentially
changed in any manner. After Professor Peck's death
the garden passed under the charge of Thomas Nattall,
and later of Thaddeus William Harris, as curators, the
funds having dwindled so that it was no longer possible
to assign the income to a full professorship. About
18-12 the income of a newly established professorship,
endowed by Joshua Fisher, of the Class of 1766,
became available, and to this new chair Dr. Asa Gray
was invited. The amount at Dr. Gray's disposal for the
maintenance of the garden was inadequate, but it was
supplemented by the expenditure of untu*ing energy.
The garden was soon enriched by large numbers of native
and foreign plants, and shortly became the recipient of the
newer treasures coming from the West and the Southwest.
Dr. Gray was wont to place in nooks not easily accessible
to the public the rarer plants which have since become
the common property of horticulture, and in this way he
introduced some of the choicest novelties.

In 1872, the garden was placed under the charge of
Professor Charles Sprague Sargent, of the Class of 1862,
now Director of the Arnold Arboretum. The distribution
of species was changed, and many improvements which
the poverty of the garden had hitherto forbidden were
successfully introduced. The garden has been under the
charge of the present director. Professor George Lincoln
Goodale, of the Class of 1863, Medical School, since
1886.

For inspection the garden may be conveniently divided
into the area below the terrace and that on the upper
level. Below the terrace the natural orders of flowering
plants and the genera of ferns and then* allies are arranged

89

in formal beds, which are so disposed as to exhibit many
of the affinites of the families.

In various places below the terrace are special beds
devoted to groups of plants of particular interest. Among
these are plants mentioned by Shakspeare and by Virgil.
One long bed contains a large number of the species
described by Parkinson as cultivated for decorative pur-
poses at the beginning of the seventeenth century ; these
may fairly be said to represent the old-fashioned plants
grown in ' ' pleasure gardens " at the time the University
was founded. Two groups which possess more than
ordinary attractions for the casual visitor, the Austra-
lasian species and the desert plants, are near the Linnaean
Street border.

On the upper level are the large plots assigned to select
North American species. Near these are the cultivated
forms of the rarer vegetables grown for the study of
variation.

The greenhouses are of the common composite type.
Beginning on the left and passing towards the east are
successively the succulents, the Australian, the Mexican
and fern houses, the palm house and its attached hot
house, filled with exotics demanding great heat. Behind
this range is a long range largely devoted to economic
plants and to plants under the hands of experimenters.
This range has a laboratory at its extreme western end.

Tfie Botanical Laboratories of the University are dis-
tributed as follows : — At the Botanic Garden are the
Gray Herbarium and the Botanical Library, and the
Laboratory of Vegetable Physiology. In the University
Museum are the Laboratories of Cryptogamic, Phanero-
gamic, and Economic Botany.

82

are three laboratories, two of which are also used as lecture
rooms, and the private room of the Hersey Professor of
Anatomy. In the comer room the coarses on the mor-
phology of invertebrates and on the comparative anatomy
of vertebrates are given. Here are lodged the osteologi-
cal and other anatomical preparations for use in lectures
on vertebrates, a large proportion of the 1 700 diagrams,
and a portion of the microscopes and the reference books
belonging to the department. The Zoological Club usually
meets in this room. The adjacent room (2) is used by
students in courses on microscopical anatomy and tech-
nique and on embryology. In cases in this room is stored
much of the apparatus, such as microscopes, microtomes,
incubators, wax plate and modelling apparatus, wax
models (the work of students), projection apparatus,
cameras, etc. This room, as well as most of the other
laboratories, is provided with a water bath for imbedding
in paraffin.

Room 4 on this floor accommodates a portion of the
students engaged in research, and most of the chemicals
are stored there. A map of the vicinity of Cambridge,
minutely ruled, together with a card catalogue of New
England localities in which particular animals are to be
found, aids the student in familiarizing himself with
the surrounding fauna, both land and marine, and in
securing the material necessary for his investigations.
Room 6 on the second floor is used by the instructors
in the department as a private work room.

The instruction in palaeozoology is given in the
laboratory of the Department of Geology on the first
floor (Room 2) which is supplied with material for class
work and with numerous charts, diagrams, and models.

88

The zodli^cal collections of the Museum are close at
hand and readily consulted in the exhibition rooms.

In the basement are two large rooms, one of which is
partially fitted as an aquarium. Experimental work has
been done there. The other is to be equipped as a
vivarium.

Laboratories of Cryptogamic^ Phanerogamic^ and Eco-
nomic Botany. — The Department of Botany of the Uni-
versity occupies the rooms in the basement, the central part,
and the adjoining southwest wing of the Museum, except
the rooms devoted to mineralogy and petrography. In
the basement are storerooms and rooms for photography.
On the first floor are the Nash Botanical Lecture Room,
built with the gift of Nathaniel Gushing Nash, of the
Class of 1884, in memory of his father ; the laboratory of
economic botany ; and the exhibition cases of cryptogams.
On the second floor, Room 10 contains the departmental
library; Rooms 11 and 11a are the laboratories of vege-
table physiology and histology; Rooms 12 and 13 are
laboratories for elementary work ; in addition to these is
a special room assigned to advanced students of physio-
logical botany. On the third floor and the gallery con-
nected with it are the halls devoted to the botanical
museum. Here are the Blaschka glass models of flowers,
given by Mrs. Charles Eliot Ware and her daughter.
Miss Mary Ware, in memory of Charles Eliot Ware, of
the Class of 1834. On the fourth floor. Room 19 is the
private room of the Fisher Professor of Natural History ;
in Room 20 is a working collection of native and exotic
phanerogams ; Rooms 20a and 21a are used by students
of systematic and economic botany. The rooms on tibe
fifth floor are devoted to cryptogamic botany : Roond 25

84

is used temporarily for the collection of the New England
Botanical Club ; Rooms 26 and 26a contain the Crypto-
gamie Herbarium of the University, which includes col-
lections of algae, fungi, and lichens ; Room 27, is devoted
to the use of special workers ; Rooms 29 and 29a are
laboratories for students of cryptogamic botany, the
latter for advanced students ; Room 29 b is the laboratory
of the assistants in cryptogamic botany ; Room 29o is
the private laboratory of the Assistant Professor of Cryp-
togamic Botany ; Room 30 is the private laboratory of the
Professor of Cryptogamic Botany.

The Peabody Museoxn was founded by George
Peabody, a native of Massachusetts, who, in 1866, gave
$150,000 for the foundation of a museum and a professor-
ship of American archaeology and ethnology in connectioii
with Harvard University. Mr. Peabody placed the fund
in the charge of a board of trustees of which Robert
Charles Winthrop, of the Class of 1828, was chairman
until his death in 1894. The first curator of the Museum
was Jeffries Wyman, of the Class of 1833. At his death,
in 1874, Frederic Ward Putnam was appointed his suc-
cessor, and in 1886 was made Peabody Professor of
American Archaeology and Ethnology. On January 1,
1897, the Trustees of the Museum transferred the property
to the President and Fellows of Harvard College.

Mr. Peabody, by this gift, made the first foundation
in this country for special research relating to the early
or pre-Columbian history of America. Since then, how-
ever, the Museum has been enriched from time to time
by contributions of money and of specimens, and four
permanent endowments have been made.

84

is used temporarily for the collection of the New England
Botanical Club ; Rooms 26 and 26a contain the Crypto-
gamic Herbarium of the University, which includes col-
lections of algae, fungi, and lichens ; Room 27, is devoted
to the use of special workers ; Rooms 29 and 29a are
laboratories for students of cryptogamic botany, the
latter for advanced students ; Room 29b is the laboratory
of the assistants in cryptogamic botany ; Room 29o is
the private laboratory of the Assistant Professor of Cryp-
togamic Botany ; Room 30 is the private laboratory of the
Professor of Cryptogamic Botany.

The Peabody Museoxn was founded by Greorge
Peabody, a native of Massachusetts, who, in 1866, gave
$150,000 for the foundation of a museum and a professor-
ship of American archaeology and ethnol(^y in connection
with Harvard University. Mr. Peabody placed the fund
in the charge of a board of trustees of which Robert
Charles Winthrop, of the Class of 1828, was chairman
until his death in 1894. The first curator of the Museum
was Jeffries Wyman, of the Class of 1833. At his death,
in 1874, Frederic Ward Putnam was appointed his suc-
cessor, and in 1886 was made Peabody Professor of
American Archaeology and Ethnology. On January 1,
1897, the Trustees of the Museum transferred the property
to the President and Fellows of Harvard College.

Mr. Peabody, by this gift, made the first foundation
in this country for special research relating to the early
or pre-Columbian history of America. Since then, how-
ever, the Museum has been enriched from time to time
by contributions of money and of specimens, and four
permanent endowments have been made.

V

TM.: N;.\V YORK

?'j:il:: library

A5:T*w. l^\' X AND
TILDIN rOt'.O.M . MS.

85

The aiTangement of the collections is intended to
facilitate research in general anthropology, with special
reference to American and comparative archaeology and
ethnology. Here are kept material secured by explora-
tions carried on by the curators, or under their direction,
in various parts of America, and collections from nearly
all parts of the world obtained by gift, purchase, and
exchange.

The building, 100 feet long and 5 stories high, is one
half of the contemplated structure which will form the
south wing of the University Museum. The entrance is
on Divinity Avenue.

In the room on the left of the entrance hall is the
general office and Anthropological Library. The library
contains about 2000 volumes and 2500 pamphlets on
all branches of anthropology. The publications of the
Museum are annual reports, special papers, and me-
moirs, which are on sale at the office. At the end of
the entrance haU is the lecture-room, with a seating
capacity of 300. In cases around this hall are arranged
the collections illustrating the life and customs of several
tribes of North American Indians. The gallery above is
temporarily given over to the Semitic Museum of the Uni-
versity. On the fifth floor is the students' laboratory and
lecture room. On this floor, in the central hall and south
room, is the osteological collection, used in the compara-
tive study of human crania and skeletons. The other
exhibition rooms are devoted to archaeological and eth-
nological material from America and other parts of the
world, arranged geographically.

The Museum is in charge of the Curator and is open to
the public, under proper restrictions, from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.

86

throughout the year, Sundays and holidays excepted. A
special Guide to the museum may be obtained at the ofllce.

The Semitic Moseuin occupies with its collections
a gallery on the second floor of the Peabody Museum.
These have been purchased with gifts of many friends,
but chiefly with a gift of $10,000 made by Jacob H.
Schiflf, Esq., in 1889. Other friends have given individual
objects or small collections of objects. The Harvard
Divinity School has placed on deposit here a collec-
tion of Babylonian clay tablets, the gift of the Honor-
able Stephen Salisbury. The Divinity School has also
placed on deposit here a collection of Palestinean objects,
gathered by the Reverend Selah Merrill while he was con-
sul at Jerusalem, and purchased for the School by the
contributions of many friends. The Museum was formally
opened on May 13, 1891.

The objects already acquired are originals and repro-
ductions. Of the former may be mentioned, from Babylon
and Assyria, stone seal cylinders, and inscriptions on
stone and on clay ; from Phoenicia, glass vases, dishes,
and bowls found in the tombs ; from Palestine, the Merrill
collection of birds, animals, plants, seeds, glass, coins,
geological specimens, and numerous articles illustrating
modem peasant and Bedouin life; from Egypt, a col-
lection of mortuary Moslem inscriptions in the Cufic
character, some of them about 1000 years old ; from
various Semitic lands, many manuscripts, Arabic,
Hebrew, and Aramaic.

The reproductions are lai^ely plaster casts of important
Assyrian and Babylonian monuments in the museums of
London, Paris, and Berlin. These casts are from bas-

87

reliefs, statues, obelisks, winged lions, clay tablets, seals,
building bricks, commercial weights in the shape of lions
and ducks, and numerous other small objects. There are
also casts of Hebrew and Phoenician inscriptions, of a
Phoenician sarcophagus, of Persian archers and inscrip-
tions, of Hittite hunting scenes and inscriptions, and of
the Moabite stone recording the revolt of Mesha from
the Hebrews. There are likewise many photographs of
Semitic buildings and natural scenery, especially from
Damascus, Palestine, and Spain.

An effort is being made to raise a sufficient sum to
house the Semitic Museum and the Semitic Library in a
separate building, in which the instruction offered by the
Semitic Department would be given.

THE BOTANIC GARDEN.

This garden, situated at the comer of Garden and
Linnaean Streets, Cambridge, was established at the
beginning of the century by a few gentlemen who en-
dowed a professorship of Natural History. The com-
mittee in charge of the enterprise selected as the first
incumbent of the chair William Dandridge Peck, of the
Class of 1782, and, distinctly understanding that special
prominence should be given to Botany, despatched him
to Europe to examine botanic gardens in England and on
the continent, while they secured a plot of land for a
garden here. In 1807 Professor Peck laid out a por-
tion of the seven acres at the corner of what are now
known as Garden and Linnaean Streets, following as a
model the formal lines of the smaller establishments in

88

England. This arrangement has not since been essentially
changed in any manner. After Professor Peck's death
the garden passed under the charge of Thomas Nnttall,
and later of Thaddens William Harris, as curators, the
funds having dwindled so that it was no longer possible
to assign the income to a full professorship. About
1842 the income of a newly established professorship,
endowed by Joshua Fisher, of the Class of 1766,
became available, and to this new chair Dr. Asa Gray
was invited. The amount at Dr. Gray's disposal for the
maintenance of the garden was inadequate, but it was
supplemented by the expenditure of untiring energy.
The garden was soon enriched by large numbers of native
and foreign plants, and shortly became the recipient of the
newer treasures coming from the West and the Southwest.
Dr. Gray was wont to place in nooks not easily accessible
to the public the rarer plants which have since become
the common property of horticulture, and in this way he
introduced some of the choicest novelties.

In 1872, the garden was placed under the chaise of
Professor Charles Sprague Sargent, of the Class of 1862,
now Director of the Arnold Arboretum. The distribution
of species was changed, and many improvements which
the poverty of the garden had hitherto forbidden were
successfully introduced. The garden has been under the
charge of the present director. Professor George Lincoln
Goodale, of the Class of 1863, Medical School, since
1886.

For inspection the garden may be conveniently divided
into the area below the terrace and that on the upper
level. Below the terrace the natural orders of flowering
plants and the genera of ferns and thek allies are arranged

91

in 1864 his extensive collection of botanical books. This
nucleus of the library was soon increased by some rare
and valuable floras, contributed by John A. Lowell.
Augmented also by lesser gifts and by purchases, the
library now contains more than 12,000 carefully selected
volumes and pamphlets. By the gift of Mrs. Gray it
has recently received Dr. Gray's large collection of auto-
graph letters of noted botanists. These manuscripts
number more than 1100, and many are accompanied
by portrait engravings. In the rooms of the Herba-
rium and its Library are many other portraits of illus-
trious botanists, including the bronze relief of Dr. Gray
by Augustus St. Gaudens.

The Laboratory of Vegetable Physiology occupies the
biick building extending eastward from the Herbarium.
The building also contains a lecture room with a seating
capacity of 100. This laboratory has recently been
supplemented by a larger laboratory on the plateau in
the rear.

THE ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORY.

The Astronomical Observatory, situated between Con-
cord Avenue and Garden Street, Bond Street and Madison
Street, Cambridge, opposite the Botanic Garden, was
established in 1843. The annual income, used exclusively
for research, is about $50,000, and is mainly derived from
a permanent endowment of $830,000. Twenty-one men
and nineteen women are employed. The investigations
so far completed fill nearly 40 quarto volumes of an-
nals. Discoveries made here are promptly announced
by means of circulars which are issued, on an average,

90

The Gray Herbarium is situated in the Botanic
Garden. The collection, founded and largely developed hj
the late Professor Asa Gray, was given by him to the Uni-
versity in 1864. At that time the fire-proof brick building
which it now occupies was built for the Herbarium through
the liberahty of Nathaniel Thayer. The collection, being
the result of more than sixty years of continuous and
carefully directed growth, contains about 300,000 sheets of
mounted specimens, representing all groups of flowering
plants, ferns, and fern-allies. The fungi, lichens, algae,
mosses, and hepatics have now been wholly transferred
to the Cryptogamic Herbarium in the Botanical Division,
of the University Museum. Among the many additions
which have been made to the original collection of
Professor Gray since it was given to the University, th&
following have been the most important : the herbaria of
Jacques Gay, G. Cm'Ung Joad, and John Ball, all rich in.
Old World types ; the herbarium of Dr. George Thurber,
especially rich in critically identified grasses ; the general
herbarium of William Boott, notable for its excellent
representation of the diflScult genus Carex; the Com-
positae from the herbarium of Dr. F. W. Klatt, specialist
in that order. The Herbarium is rich in standard
and rare phanerogamic exisicccUiy in type specimens of
new species and varieties, and in the possession of
the greater part of the plants which have been critically
examined in the preparation of the " Synoptical Flora of
North America." It also contains the largest set of the
valuable collections secured by Cyrus G. Pringle during
more than thirteen seasons of field work in Mexico.

The Libi'ary of the Herbarium. — Together with his
herbarium. Professor Gray gave to Harvard University

91

1864 his extensive collection of botanical books. This
t^ncleus of the library was soon increased by some rare
^nd valuable floras, contributed by John A. Lowell.
A.ugmented also by lesser gifts and by purchases, the
Library now contains more than 12,000 carefully selected
V^olumes and pamphlets. By the gift of Mrs. Gray it
tfcas recently received Dr. Gray's large collection of auto-
graph letters of noted botanists. These manuscripts
dumber more than 1100, and many are accompanied
by portrait engravings. In the rooms of the Herba-
rium and its Library are many other portraits of illus-
taious botanists, including the bronze relief of Dr. Gray
\)y Augustus St. Gaudens.

The Laboratory of Vegetable Physiology occupies the
Imck building extending eastward from the Herbarium.
The building also contains a lecture room with a seating
capacity of 100. This laboratory has recently been
supplemented by a larger laboratory on the plateau in
the rear.

THE ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORY.

The Astronomical Observatory, situated between Con-
cord Avenue and Garden Street, Bond Street and Madison
Street, Cambridge, opposite the Botanic Garden, was
established in 1843. The annual income, used exclusively
for research, is about $50,000, and is mainly derived from
a permanent endowment of $830,000. Twenty-one men
and nineteen women are employed. The investigations
80 far completed fill nearly 40 quarto volumes of an-
nals. Discoveries made here are promptly announced
by means of cireolars which are issued, on an average,

92

once a month. This Observatory, and that at Kiel, Ger-
many, have been selected by international s^reement as
centres for the prompt distribution of astronomical dis-
coveries. Discoveries are telegraphed to one of these
centres, cabled from there to the other centre, and at
once transmitted to the principal observatories and
newspapers of Europe and America. The Library of
the Observatory contains about 9000 astronomical and
meteorological volumes, and about 13,000 pamphlets.

The principal objects of interest in the main building
of the Observatory are the 15-inch equatorial telescope
and attached photometers, the 8-inch meridian circle,
the meridian photometer, the astronomical and meteoro-
logical libraries, and the clock vaults. On the grounds arc
the buildings containing the 11 -inch Draper telescope, with
apparatus for removing and replacing the large objective
prisms, the apparatus for photographing variable stars and
eclipses of Jupiter's satellites, and the pole star recorder
for measuring the cloudiness at night ; the 15-inch Draper
reflector for determining the exact position of the pole,
and constants of precession, abeiTation, and nutation;
the 8-inch Draper doublet ; the 6-inch doublet for photo-
graphing large portions of the sky ; the 12-inch horizontal
telescope with photometer for measuring stars as faint
as the thirteenth magnitude ; the transit photometer for
photographing, every clear night, all stars brighter than
the sixth magnitude between the north pole and declina-
tion — 30°, crossing the meridian after dark. The labor-
atory contains various electrical and mechanical devices,
a commutator for controlling various telescopes, time
signals for occultations, apparatus for enlargements,
for standard lights, and for converting prismatic into

PUBLIC LI3;^AivY

AST%^ L-N-X AND
TILDEN :■'::' .. \TTJN3.

98

lormal spectra. The brick bnilding contains nearly
00,000 photographs, some of which were taken in
Cambridge, and some at the southern station of the
>bseiTatory in Peru. Charts and spectra of all the
tars from the north to the south pole are represented
n these photographs for many different nights, thus
mushing a complete history of the sky during the last
in years.

Besides the station at Cambridge, the Observatory
laintains an important station near Arequipa, Peru,
here the southern stars are studied in the same way
at the northern stars are studied in Cambridge. Every
iportant investigation is thus rendered complete from
>le to pole. The elevation of the Arequipa Station is
>60 feet, and it was selected on account of its excep-
mally favorable atmospheric conditions. A series of
^teorological stations, crossing the Andes, is also main-
ined, the most important being that on El Misti at an
ivation of 19,200 feet. The other stations are Mejia
levation 100), La Joya (4150), Arequipa (8060),
ito de la Huesos (13,300), Mt. Blanc Station on El
isti (15,600), Cuzco (11,000), and Echarati (3000).
In 1885 a meteorological observatory was established
L Blue Hill, 12 miles south of Cambridge, by Abbott
iwrence Rotch, and is maintained there at his expense.
3 avoid duplication of work, a plan of cooperation pro-
les for the ultimate union of the two institutions, and
e observations made on Blue Hill are published in the
unals of the Harvard Observatory. Later, Blue Hill
9.S taken by the Metropolitan Park Commissioners for a
iblic park, but the land on which the Observatory is
lilt has been leased for 99 years to the President and

94

Fellows of Harvard College. This will enable the woA
of the Observatory to continue under invariable conditions
of exposure. The first detailed measures of cloud heights
and velocities made in this country were obtained at Blue
Hill in 1890. For the exploration of the upper air, kites
of various designs have been employed since 1894 ; in
this way self-recording instruments have been carried to
heights exceeding two miles.

THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY.

History. — The nucleus of the College Library was
the little collection of 260 volumes bequeathed by John
Harvard in 1638. The Puritan scholar's library was
naturally strongest in the theological and polemical works
of the day, but it had a good number of classics, Aesop)
Cicero, Epictetus, Juvenal, Horace, Isocrates, Lucan,
Pliny, Plutarch, Plautus, Terence, and others, and some
modem works of literature and history, such as Bacon's
"Advancement" Essays, Chapman's Homer, Quarles's
Poems, Camden's Remains. Of all these, however, there
now remains but one volume, Downame's Christian War-
fare ; the rest were destroyed in the fire of 1764.

The history of the library from that day to this is a
record of generous gifts, great and small, from lovers of
learning in this country and in England. Harvard's
bequest stirred the magistrates of the Colony to contri-
bute books to the value of £200. Peter Bulkley, the min-
ister settled in Concord, early gave 37 volumes; Gov-
ernor Winthrop gave 40 volumes ; Sir Kenelm Digby, in
1658, Catholic and Royalist though he was, sent over 29

95

Tolumes, prdbably out of friendship for Winthrop. During
the first eighteen years of the College £150 was received
from "divers gentlemen and merchants in England."
The Reverend Ezekiel Rogers of Rowley, dying in 1661,
left all his Latin books and some English ones to the
College. In 1675 Dr. John Lightfoot, an English divine,
eminent for his Rabbinical learning, bequeathed his collec-
tion of Oriental hterature ; and in 1678, Theophilus Gale,
philologist, philosopher, and theologian, by the bequest
of his library, more than doubled the collections already
brought together. In 1682 Sergeant Maynard sent eight
chests of books valued at £400. Beginning in 1719
Thomas Hollis, his two brothers John and Nathaniel, the
son and grandson of Nathaniel, both named Thomas, and
Thomas Brand Hollis, whom the last Thomas Hollis made
his heir, in succession devoted to the College an unremit-
ting interest and generosity, which showed itself in the
establishment of professorships and scholarships, in con-
stant gifts of books for the library and of philosophical
apparatus for scientific work, and ended only with the
death of the last named in 1804. The elder Hollis, a
strict Baptist but liberal minded, was pleased with the
*'free and catholic spirit of the Seminary" and during
the last ten years of his life was constant in its service
and constantly stirring the interest and appealing to the
generosity of others. At the same time he did not hesi-
tate to criticise the management of the library. He
writes : "You want seats to sit and read, and chains to
your valuable books like our Bodleian Library, or Zion
College, in London. . . . You let your books be taken
at pleasure, to men's houses, and many are lost; your
(boyish) students take them to their chambers, and tear

96

out pictures aud maps to adorn their walls. Such things
are not good." He also criticised the President and
Fellows for preferring to have Bayle's Dictionary and
other works in English rather than in French: "Our
students, in London, who sincerely endeavor after knowl-
edge, easily attain to read French," he writes. The last
Thomas Hollis showed his interest in the College by
donations of books before the fire of 1764, and after the
fire immediately subscribed £200 for the purchase of
books ; furthermore, in the course of the next six years,
he sent hither 41 cases of books, and at his death, in
1774, left a bequest of £500.

When Harvard Hall was burned in 1764, the library
was destroyed. This collection, amounting to about 6OO0
volumes, was by far the most valuable in the country,
and its loss was regarded as a public calamity. But so
great was the general sense, both here and in England,
of the importance of replacing it, so strenuous were the
efforts of the Committees appointed by the Corporation
and the Overseers, and so lively the interest of others on
all sides, that the library soon surpassed its former size,
and by 1790 it had increased to about 12,000 volumes.
The long roll of donors for 1764 is printed in Quincy's
History (ii. 485). Besides the gifts of Thomas Hollis,
there were gifts from Governor Bernard (10 guineas and
more than 300 volumes), from John Hancock (£554),
from the province of New Hampshire (£300), from the
Archbishops of Canterbury and York, from George
Whitefield, who also by his influence procured large
numbers of books from others in England, and from the
various societies for propagating the Gospel and promot-
ing Christian knowledge.

97

In Jane, 1775, when Cambridge was occupied by the
Dontinental troops the library was removed to Andover,
ind in November of the same year a part of it was taken
Do Concord whither the College had been transferred.
The students and the faculty returned to Cambridge in
June, 1776, but it was not till May, 1778, that the books
were restored to Harvard Hall. Here the library remained
bill the erection of Gore Hall in 1838, to which the Presi-
ient and Fellows devoted a part of the bequest received
from Governor Christopher Gore in 1829. It was sup-
posed that this building would serve the needs of the
library for the remainder of the century ; but in 1877
Bnlargment was necessary, and the new east wing was
built at an expense of $90,000. Twenty years later the
eollection had again outgrown its quarters and the reading
room was no longer sufficient for the greatly increased
number of students that used it. The President and
Fellows met the immediate need by remodelling old Gore
Hall. In the lower half of the building a three-story
3tack, estimated to hold over 200,000 volumes, in place
of the 80,000 shelved there before, was built; the upper
half was made into a reading room with seats for 218
readers. This room is regarded simply as a temporary
expedient; when a new reading room can be built this
will be converted into a stack like the floors below it.*

♦ For references to the printed and manuscript sources for the
histoiy of the College Library see '*The Librarians of Harvard
College" by A. C. Potter and C. K. Bolton, published as No. 62 of
the Bibliographical Contributions of the Library. The list of John
Harvard's books and of other early gifts is printed in Mr. Andrew
McF. Davis's "Few notes concerning the records of Harvard Col-
lege," Bibl. Contrib. No. 27.

98

Present Administration, — United in administration
with the College Library in Gore HaU, and together with
it forming the University Library, are 11 departmental
libraries and 23 smaller class room and laboratory libra-
ries. The extent of the several collections in October,
1898, was as follows : —

Gore Hall (the College Library) 365,800

Lawrence Scientific School 5,100

Bussey Institution (Jamaica Plain) 3,700

Phillips Library (Observatory) 9,000

Herbarium Library (Botanic Grarden) 7,400

Law School 44,400

Divinity School 28,700

Medical School (Boston) 2,200

Museum of Comparative Zoology 32,000

Peabody Museum 2,000

Arnold Arboretum 6,100

Seven laboratory and sixteen class-room libraries 18,300

524,700

From 15,000 to 18,000 volumes are ordinarily added
to the whole collection by gift and purchase each year.

The annual income of the College Library for the
purchase of books is about $16,000; the expenses of
administration are about $43,000.

The College Library in Gore Hall is open, during term
time, every week-day (except holidays) from 9 a.m. to
10 P.M., and on Sundays from 1 to 5.30 p.m. During
the summer vacation the Library closes at 5.30 p.m. (at
1 o'clock on Saturdays) and is not open on Sundays.
The College Library is for the use of the whole Univer-
sity, and books may be borrowed by students (three
volumes at a time), and by instructors and other officers.
All other persons are free to consult books in the libraiy,

• ■Trr •* ' » 1 r

I •- . < V >. u r\ iV

i luL .

99

and under certain conditions receive permission to borrow.
Professors from other colleges are always welcome. Books
are also lent to other libraries when they can be spared
without injury to work going on in Cambridge.

OflScers of the University have direct access to the
shelves in all parts of the library, and students engaged
in advanced work ai'e allowed access to those parts of
the collection with which they are occupied. All stu-
dents have the direct use of about 19,000 volumes in the
reading room and the adjoining rooms.

The Books of the Library. — No complete statement
of the strength of the library in different departments
is given here : mention is made of the chief special fields
iu which the library is strong as a result of notable
gifts or collections received.

The collection relating to American history, biography,
genealogy, and geography numbers about 28,000 volumes,
of which nearly 18,000 relate to the United States. The
fc^asis of the collection was the libraries formed by Pro-
^^ssor Ebeling and David B. Warden, the former the gift
^f Colonel Israel Thorndike, of Boston, in 1818, and the
^^tter presented by Samuel Atkins Eliot, of the Class of
^817, in 1823. (Nar. and Crit. Hist. America, vol. 1.
P% iii.) Both collections are rich in early publications,
^xxd, although no attempt is made to buy such of the
'^eryrare and costly books as are lacking, pains are taken
Constantly to strengthen the library in this department.

The collection of books and tracts illustrating the rise
and growth of American slavery numbers 990 volumes,
as bound, much the larger part being volumes made up
of many pamphlets bound together. The collection is
largely the result of the assiduity of Charles Sumner, of

347 4l!^

100

the Class of 1830, and of Thomas Wentworth Higginson,
of the Class of 1841.

In 1894 the private library of Francis Parkman, of
the Class of 1844, was received by bequest; this includes
about 2500 volumes, 2000 pamphlets, and 100 maps.
That portion of them which relates to Mr. Parkman's
special studies — early American explorations. Colonial
history, American Indians, and Canadian history — num-
bering 1564 volumes, has been kept together as a memorial
collection.

The collection of United States Congressional docu-
ments numbers about 3500 volumes. Many of the earlier
and rarer volumes were received with the Ebeling library.

The family of the poet Longfellow, Smith Professor
of the French and Spanish Languages and Literatures
and Professor of Belles Lettres, 1836-54, have given
to the library from time to time volumes of American
poetry, most of them presentation copies, amounting
altogether to nearly 700 volumes.

The collection of books by and relating to Dante con-
tains over 2000 volumes. In 1884 Professor Charles
Eliot Norton, of the Class of 1846, gave to the College
Library the larger part of his valuable collection on Dante,
and in 1896 the collection of Dante literature (175 vol-
umes) of George Ticknor, Smith Professor, 1817-35, was
given to the library by his heirs. The Dante Society for
many years has made an annual appropriation for the
purchase of books in this department, and the library is
under constant obligation to foreign writers, especially
Italians, who have presented many of their works,
'^ection of books by and upon Milton, numbering
3S, is largely made up of one formed by George

101

The library received under the will of Thomas Carlyle
his collection of books on Cromwell and Frederick the
Great, numbering 422 volumes.

The collection of folk lore and mediaeval romances,
numbering about 7300 volumes, is supposed to be the
largest in existence. Professor Francis James Child, of
the Class of 1846, who is chiefly responsible for its collec-
tion, based upon the material here brought together his
English and Scottish Popular Ballads. This collection
includes a large number of Chap-books, also manuscript
copies of all the important collections of popular ballads
in the British Museum that have not been printed, and a
copy of the large unpublished collection of French popular
ballads (with music) which was made by a commission
appointed by Napoleon III.

The Slavic collection, which has been increased through
the generosity of Archibald Carey Coolidge, of the Class
of 1887, who has given over 2000 volumes, now com-
prises 3500 volumes relating to the history and literature
of the Slavic nations. With the above is included a
notable collection on Nihilism (45 volumes and 116 pam-
phlets) given by Ivan Panin.

The collection of Sanskrit literature includes about
450 printed texts, about 500 manuscripts, the gift of
Fitzedward Hall, of the Class of 1846, and about 500
other manuscripts purchased for the library in India by
Professor Lanman. Many of the printed books were
given by Henry Ware Wales, of the Class of 1838 ; and
to increase the collection, his brother Mr. George Wash-
ington Wales, gave for many years $200 a year.

The collection of music, including both printed books
relating to music and musical scores, numbers about 4400
volumes.

102

The library is well supplied, particularly with the older
books, in all departments of theology and Biblical criti-
cism. Ezra Abbot, Bussey Professor of New Testament
Criticism and Interpretation, 1872-84, bequeathed his
library to the Divinity School. The collection of printed
sermons probably numbers about 10,000.

In 1888 John Harvey Treat, of the Class of 1862,
presented his collection of works on ritualism and doctri-
nal theology, numbering 587 titles.

Jared Sparks, of the Class of 1815, President of the
University from 1849 till 1853, left his collection of
manuscripts — mostly copies, but including some ori-
ginals, such as the papers of Governor Bernard — to the
library, and his family has since placed in the library
his private manuscripts, correspondence, diaries, etc.

An extensive collection of Judaeo-G^rman books from
northern Europe was presented to the library in 1898 by
Mr. Leo Wiener, Instructor in Slavic languages ; another
collection of books in the same dialect printed in America
was given by Messrs. Morris and James Loeb of the
classes of 1883 and 1888. The two collections together
number about 425 volumes and 1 700 pamphlets.

The most considerable collection of original manu-
scripts relating to American history possessed by the
library is the papers of Arthur Lee, which were left to
the library in 1827. Two other parts of the same
collection were given at the same time to the American
Philosophical Society in Philadelphia and to the Library
of the University of Virginia.

Charles Sumner bequeathed his whole library to Har-
vard in 1874. The collection was a general one, but it
embraces many books of curious and bibliographical

103

interest, and interesting autographs. Sumner's corre-
spondence, mounted in 171 volumes, has also come to
the library since the death of Mr. Edward L. Pierce,
his biographer.

In 1892 Mr. John Bartlett, of Cambridge, gave to the
library his collection of books on angling, fishes, and
fish culture, numbering 1014 volumes and 269 pamphlets.
Mr. Bartlett has also given his collection of Proverbs and
Emblems, comprising about 250 volumes.

The library has some works in American aboriginal
linguistics. Chief among them is the Abenaki Dictionary
of Sebastian Rasle, which was printed under the editing
of John Pickering, in 1833, by the American Academy of
Arts and Sciences. The linguistic contributions to the
study of the Delaware and other aboriginal languages of
the Indians living in the present Middle States, by David
Zeisberger, a Moravian missionary, were given to the
library in 1845.

The collection of loose maps, numbering about 17,500
sheets, is the largest in the country; the basis of the
collection is that formed by the late Professor Ebeling
of Germany, which came to the library with his collec-
tion of Americana in 1818. It has been added to from
time to time, particularly so as to complete the carto-
graphical publications of the United States government
and the topographical surveys of the principal European
countries. The collection of bound maps and atlases
numbers about 800 volumes. It includes facsimile collec-
tions, and the printed editions of the early geographers.
Printed books which are useful in facilitating the use of
the collection are provided, and there is a manuscript
subject catalogue of the maps.

104

Catalogues of many of the special collections mentioned,
above have been printed in the series of BibliographicaL
Contributions issued by the Library from time to time.

The University Archives are kept in the Library, th^
Librarian being also keeper of the DniverBity Records.
Supplementary to the Archives is a collection of Harvardi-
ana, numbering nearly 3000 volumes and pamphlets.

THE DIVINITY SCHOOL.

That a leading purpose of the founders of Harvard Col-
lege was to provide for the churches a learned ministry
may be seen from the inscription carved upon a tablet at
the entrance to the College Yard.

Instruction in theology has been given at Harvard
College from the time of its foundation. The first pro-
fessorship instituted in the University was the Hollis
Professorship of Divinity, established in 1721. The
differentiation of the Divinity School from the College
was very gradual. Its Faculty was formally oi^anized
in 1819. A separate list of its students — previously
not distinguished from other " resident graduates" — first
appears in the Catalogue for 1819-20. The organiza-
tion of the three oldest professional departments of
the University, under the titles Theological School,
Medical School, and Law School, is first indicated in
the Catalogue for 1827-28.

The constitution of the Divinity School prescribes that
*' every encouragement be given to the serious, impartial,
and unbiassed investigation of Christian truth, and that
no assent to the peculiarities of any denomination of

DIVINITV HALL

THE DIVINITY 1.HIRM(.\

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i I.

Ohristians shall be required either of the instmctors or
students."

The administration of the School is now carefully con-
fcrmed to this principle. Various denominations are repre-
sented in its Faculty and among its students. The aim
of its management is to maintain a school in which all
subjects connected with theology shall be studied in a spirit
as free as that in which philosophy, history, and classical
literature are studied in colleges. At the same time,
special attention is given to preparation for the practical
Work of the ministry.

Divinity Hall, erected under the auspices of the
Society for Promoting Theological Education in Harvard
University, which secured contributions amounting to
about $20,000, was completed in 1826. It contains 37
I'ooms, a reading room, and a chapel. The library
formerly housed there has been removed to the new
t>ivinity Library.

The Library Building of the Divinity School

^as completed in 1887 at a cost of about $40,000. It
Contains the library, of about 30,000 volumes ; a reading
room ; a faculty room, which serves as the office of the
I)ean of the School ; a room used for the general pur-
poses of the students ; and three lecture rooms.

106

THE LAW SCHOOL.

Austin Hall. — Dane Hall, in the soathwest comer
of the College Yard, erected in 1832 and enlarged in 1845,
was occupied by the Law School until 1883, when Austin
Hall, in Holmes Place, the present home of the School,
was finished. For this building the University is indebted
to the liberality of Edward Austin, and the architectural
skill of Henry Hobson Richardson.

On the first fioor are three lecture rooms, a reading'
room, and three professors' rooms. The mezzanine story ^
contains three more professors' rooms. On the second
floor are the administrative ofiSces, the library stack with
a capacity of 65,000 volumes, and the large reading
hall or workshop of the students. The library contains
44,000 volumes.

The Law School possesses a unique collection of por-
traits of eminent judges and lawyers. English Chancery
Judges are to be seen in the north lecture room, and Eng-
lish Common Law judges in the west lecture room. The
portraits of American lawyers and judges are in the
reading hall and in the east lecture room.

THE MEDICAL SCHOOL.

In the year 1782 Dr. John Warren, a brother of Joseph
Warren who fell at Bunker Hill, drew up a scheme for a
medical school in connection with the University. The
Coiporation approved it, and in 1783 lectures were given
in Cambridge by Dr. Warren, Dr. Aaron Dexter, and Dr.
JBenjamin Waterhouse. In 1810 the lectures were trans-

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107

ferred to Boston, and in 1816 a small building on Mason
Street, erected by means of a grant from the General
Court, was completed, and was called the Massachusetts
Medical College. In 1846 that building was sold and
the one now occupied by the Dental School was erected
for the medical faculty.

The present Medical School Building is situated at the
comer of Boylston and Exeter Streets, Boston. It is a
fireproof structure of brick and terra cotta, built in 1883
by the generous subscriptions of "friends of medical
education."

The building is four stories high, with two half stories
between the second and third, and the third and fourth
floors. The entrance, from Boylston Street, is to a large.
Central hall, lighted from the roof. From this hall rises an
fron stairway to the galleries leading to the lecture rooms
«tnd the laboratories. On the right of the entrance are the
faculty room and the office of the Dean and the Secre-
tary : on the left are the rooms of the Janitor. In the
I'ear of the faculty room, extending along the Exeter
Street side of the building, are the laboratories for bacteri-
ology, for materia medica, pharmacology, and experi-
Inental therapeutics, and also for hygiene. In a large
hall on the left, and also in the rear of the entrance hall
are arranged lockers for the students' use ; and there is
also on this floor a room for a branch of the Harvard
Cooperative Society. A smaller iron stairway and the
elevator shaft are placed in a fire-proof structure behind
the central hall and the galleries.

The second story is devoted to the Departments of Physi-
ology and Chemistry. On the right is the main chemical
laboratory and the private work rooms of the Professors

108

of Chemistry and 'their assistants. On the left are the
physiological laboratory and the large lecture room used
by the two departments. In the mezzanine story above
the second floor are the private laboratories of the Pro-
fessor of Physiology, facilities for special research, and
smaller laboratories for clinical microscopy and hema-
tology.

The Warren Anatomical Museum is placed in a room
occupying two thirds of the front of the third story. It
contains about 10,000 specimens, fully illustrating nor-
mal and pathological anatomy and materia medica.
Numerous dissections, corrosive preparations, frozen sec-
tions, and large models of the bones, made under Pro-
fessor D wight's direction, are found in the normal division.
In addition, Professor Dwight has prepared a collection of
bones illustrating the variation in individuals. Diseased
bones and organs which show changes in shape, size, or
structure are preserved in alcohol or dried; those in
which the color is of especial importance are prepared by
the new method of Kaiserling. There are also many
skulls of different races, and rare and unique specimens.
Among the latter is the celebrated " crow-bar skull.'*
This came from a man who, while tamping a blast,
received the accidental discharge of an iron, which passed
completely through his head, destroying a portion of the
left frontal lobe of the brain. He recovered, and lived
for 13 years with no impairment of his faculties. The
room is open during the day to students and visitors, and
every facility is offered to the visitor for the study of the
specimens both in and out of the cases.

The Exeter Street side of the third story is occupied
by two large lecture rooms ; on the opposite side is the

r

109

amphitheatre used for the lectures in anatomy and sur-
gery. Beneath the rising tiers of seats are the private
fooms of the Professor of Surgery and the Assistant
ft'ofessor of Anatomy ; in the rear of this floor are the
^ooms of the Demonstrator of Anatomy and his assist-
ants.

The mezzanine story above the third floor contains only
^he private room of the Professor of Anatomy ; the re-
'^aining space is devoted to the large lecture rooms of
^li€ third story.

The front of the fourth story is devoted to the Depart-

^^cnt of Histology and Embryology ; the remaining room

used by the Professors of Anatomy and of Clinical

xu^ery. The dissecting room occupies the Exeter Street

^ide. In the rear of the dissecting room is a small amphi-

^lieatre for lectures, and the macerating room and the

^^^her workrooms of the Department of Anatomy. The

■*-^^e anatomical amphitheatre rises through this story to

le roof of the building. The basement contains, in
^^*^dition to the heating and ventilating plant, ample
provisions for cold storage.

The building as originally planned proved to be inade-
[uate for the increasing needs of the School, and in 1890
le generosity of Henry Francis Sears, an alumnus of the
College and the School, enabled the President and Fellows
'^o build an addition to the main building, providing for
fihe special needs of the Department of Pathology. The
"basement is fitted up for the care of animals and for the
storage of material. The first story is assigned to the
Professor of Bacteriology, and is used chiefly for gradu-
ate and special instruction. The second and third stories
are devoted to pathology and pathological history.

110

THE DENTAL SCHOOL.

The Harvard Dental School was established by vote of
the President and Fellows of Harvard College, July 17,
1867. In 1865 Dr. Nathan Cooley Keep had, in his
annual address before the Massachusetts Dental Society,
of which he was then President, suggested the need of a
Dental School in connection with Harvard University;
and thus the movement which resulted in the establishment
of the School took its beginning. The first session of
the School opened on the first Wednesday in November,
1867, and continued until the following March. The first
examination of candidates for the degree of the School
was held March 6, 1869.

The School building, formerly used by the Medical
School, is situated on North Grove Street, Boston. The
building is three stories in height. The first fioor contains
the chemical laboratory, provided with 140 desks, the
Janitor's rooms, and the store room. The second floor
is used for the mechanical laboratory, the waiting room,
the anaesthesia and the surgical rooms, lecture rooms, and
the office. The large lecture room has a seating capacity
of 300. On the third fioor are two operating infirmaries,
B and C, an office, and a surgical room. Each of the
infirmaries has 27 operating chairs; the surgical room
is provided with a surgical chair, cases, and instruments.
The fourth floor contains a surgical clinic room.

The museum of the School is situated on the third floor
and contains, in properly arranged cabinets, specimens
of comparative anatomy, materia medica, mechanical
pieces, dental and surgical instruments, pathology,

Ill

orthodontia carving, etc. Included in the specimens
of comparative anatomy are 24 Hawaiian skulls, more
than 1500 years old, found in the caves of the Hawaiian
Islands, which show many of the modern diseases known
to dentistry. The total number of specimens in the
museum is more than 3000. A library is being collected.

THE SCHOOL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE.

The School of Veterinary Medicine was opened in the
year 1882-83. It is situated at and near the corner of
Village and Lucas Streets, Boston, and occupies for pur-
poses of instruction, and for hospital purposes two brick
buildings. In a third building a Free Clinic is maintained.

The objects of the Corporation and the Overseers in
organizing this School were to provide a thorough training
for veterinary practitioners, and to lay the foundations of
an advanced school of comparative medicine. From the
beginning the School has been fostered and aided by the
Faculty of Medicine.

The Lucas Street Building contains a dissecting
room, extending upward through two complete stories of
the building in order to secure good ventilation and
shadowless light ; a lecture room ; a reading room, open
to members of the various classes ; a museum ; bed
rooms for house-surgeons ; etc.

The Village Street Hospital was established in
1883, a year after the foundation of the School, for the
treatment and observation of sick animals; its wards

112

and cases are used by students precisely as hospitals for
men are used by students in medicine. It contains an
operating room and wards. Separate wards are provided
for dogs.

A Forge has been established, to which students have
access at all times, and in which it is possible for them
to obtain instruction in horse-shoeing, if they so desire,
although a practical training in this is not considered a
necessary part of the education of a veterinary physician.
The theory of shoeing is, however, thoroughly taught.

The Free Clinic^ or Dispensary for Animals, is located
at No. 62 Piedmont Street, which is near the comer of
Columbus Avenue and Ferdinand Street, Boston. It
was first opened in the fall of 1896. During the year
1897-98, 3,926 cases were treated.

Besides operating as a useful charity, the Clinic is a
valuable addition to the teaching resources of the School.
The cases coming in are given, in regular order, to the
senior students who, under the immediate supervision of an
instructor, take full charge and do whatever is necessary,
precisely as they would in private practice. The institu-
tion is largely supported by public annual subscription.

THE BUSSEY INSTITUTION.

The School of Agriculture and Horticulture, known as
the Bussey Institution, was established in execution of
trusts created by the will of Benjamin Bussey, bearing
date July 30, 1885, and was opened in 1871-72. It is
situated at the outer edge of Jamaica Plain, doee to
the Forest Hills stations of the Electric Railway and the
New York, New Haven, and Hartford Railroad.

MUSEUM OF THE ARNOl.n d-RPCl-R^TV^V

The large stone building of the Institution contains
lecture rooms, recitation rooms, and laboratories for
instruction in agriculture and horticulture, and in natural
history and chemistry as applied to those arts. It con-
tains, also, a library of nearly 4000 volumes relating
chiefly to agriculture and horticulture. The greenhouses
afford opportunity for teaching the manual operations of
horticulture and for supplying plants and flowers for use
iu teaching the botanical classes in this and other depart-
ments of the University. The nurseries and park-like
plantations of the Arnold Arboretum are adjacent to the
buildings of the School and serve to supplement its
teachings.

Connected with the School is a farm, on which forage
is grown and animals are kept.

The students of the Bussey Institution include persons
^xitending to become farmers, gardeners, foresters, flor-
^^ts, landscape gardeners, managers or stewards of large
^states or of parks, towns, highways, or public institutions,
^^^erseers of farms, and owners of rural property.

THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM.

The Arnold Arboretum, a living museum of trees and
shrubs, is managed by a director who is also Professor of
-Arboriculture. It occupies 220 acres of land in Jamaica
Jlain, near the Forest Hills station of the New York,
l^ew Haven, and Hartford Railroad, with two entrances
from the Parkway of Boston, which forms its eastern
boundary, and others from Centre Street, Walter Street,
Fairview Street, and South Street, Jamaica Plain. Iti
established in 1872 by an arrangement bet

114

dent and Fellows and the trustees under the will of Jamee
Arnold, of New Bedford, the President and Fellowf
furnishing about 120 acres of land which formed part oi
the so-called Bussey Farm bequeathed to them by the late
Benjamin Bussey, and Mr. Arnold's trustees an endow-
ment of $100,000, which has since been increased b}
accumulated income and other gifts to $170,000. B3
another arrangement, made subsequently with the City oi
Boston, the Arboretum is open to the public every day ir
the year from sunrise to sunset, and the city, through itc
Park Commissioners, has built roads and walks in the
Arboretum and supplies the police force necessary for ite
protection. Additional land was also acquired by the
city and added to the Arboretum, which in 1894 wag
further enlarged by the President and Fellows with 7fi
acres of ground belonging to the Bussey Farm.

The Arboretum is now traversed by between three and
four miles of park roads, along which all the trees hard^
in the climate of eastern Massachusetts are arranged ii
great open groups of genera, American species being
followed first by European and then by Asiatic species.
These tree groups are bordered by shrubs, as far as pos-
sible of the same related genera, and in a special collec-
tion, occupying several acres near the entrace from the
Forest Hills station, all the shrubs hardy in this climate
are arranged in parallel beds, according to their botanical
relationships. The Arboretum also contains lai^e areag
of woodland, — in the management of which the objeci
sought is the production of the greatest natural beauty, —
and many fine native trees. From its two high hille
views of the distant country and of the City of BoBtoi
and its harbor can be obtained.

115

The Arboretum Is equipped with a herbarium of ligneous
plants preserved in a fireproof building; this contains
very full sets of specimens of all North American trees
and is rich in the types of the woody vegetation of the
whole northern hemisphere ; the dendrological library of
nearly 7000 volumes and several thousand pamphlets is
believed to be unrivalled in its completeness. Special
students in dendrology are received at the Arboretum,
and every spring and autumn popular lectures are given,
largely to teachers; but it is principally managed as a
station for scientific research into the character, the dis-
tribation, and the uses of hardy trees and shrubs, and of
the best methods for their cultivation.

A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF STUDENT LIFE AT

HARVARD.

In the preceding pages the grounds and buildings de-
voted to the educational aims of the University have been
described. It remains to say somewhat of the places asso-
ciated with the daily life of the University population, par-
ticularly of the students.

So rapid has been the recent growth of the student body
that the University no longer attempts to feed and house
the whole number of those whom it instructs. Memorial
and Randall halls^ conducted by student associationSi sup-
ply with food more than half of those who live in Gun-
bridge. The others patronize public caf^s and restaurants
and private boarding-houses^ or avail themselves of the
accommodations which many of the clubs afford. Now and
then one also finds a poor student preparing his food over a
spirit lamp in his room. At the private boarding houses^
as in Memorial Hall^ club tables are commonly formed.

DORMITORIES.

The University rarely fails to let all the rooms in those
dormitories in Cambridge which it owns^ and which have
been described ; but an increasingly large percentage of the
students^ either from necessity or from preference^ live else-
where. Many find quarters in private houses^ and some,
whose homes are in Cambridge and the neighboring towns
and cities^ live at home; but a still larger number are
housed in private dormitories. Some of these private dor-

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117

mitories ofifer accommodations not substantially better or
worse than the University gives in its dormitories ; but in
recent years very luxurious quarters for the richer students
have been provided by the enterprise of capita" sts. These
expensive buildings are nearly all to the southward of the
College Yard, on Mount Auburn Street or in its neighbor-
hood ; but Ware Hall, on Harvard Street, should be num-
bered among them. The newest of them have such appli-
ances for the pleasure and comfort of their lodgers as are
found in expensive bachelor apartments in New York and
other cities ; swimming tanks and apparatus for gymnastics
are offered by some of them. The poorer students find
rooms at rentals of seventy-five dollars, fifty dollars, or
even less ; the richer pay as much as seven hundred dollars.
The rooms in the dormitories and in most of the private
houses are let unfurnished, and a student may fit up his
quarters economically or luxuriously, according to his means.
Ordinarily, a student rooming alone has a study and a small
bedroom or alcove, and two students rooming together have
a study in common and two bedrooms or alcoves.

Doubtless the chief reason why the newer private dormi-
tories have arisen between the Yard and the Charles Eiver
is that this region has come to be the centre of those
activities in which the social spirit, the college loyalty, and
the literary, musical, and other interests of the student
body express themselves. Here are the principal club
houses, most of them in easy reach of the dormitories.
Along Massachusetts Avenue, facing the Yard, and in Har-
vard Square, southwest of the Yard, are the shops, restau-
rants, billiard parlors, and so forth, most frequented by the
students. Across the river are the principal playgrounds,
and on its banks are the boat houses.

118

ATHLETICS.

Of all the student activities, none attracts more attention
from the general public than athletics, and those branches
of athletics in which the Harvard teams engage in inter-
collegiate contests have been for years the subject of much
discussion. The various sports are sustained by elaborate
organizations among the students, and regulated by a com-
mittee composed of officers, graduates, and undergraduates.
The old Delta was for many years the principal playground ;
when it was chosen to be the site of Memorial Hall, Jarvis
Field was secured in its stead. Jarvis and Holmes fields
accommodated all the teams except the crews until 1895,
when Soldier's Field, south of the Charles, became avail-
able.

SOLDIER'S FIELD.

This spacious playground, covering twenty acres, was
given to the college in 1890 by Henry Lee Higginson, of
the class of 1855. A shaft near the entrance is inscribed
as follows : —

TO THE

HAPPY MEMORY OF

JAMES SAYAOB

CHARLES RUSSELL LOWELL

EDWARD BARRY DALTON

STEPHEN GEORQE PERKINS

JAMES JACKSON LOWELL

ROBERT GOULD SHAW

FRIENDS COMRADES KINSMBN

WHO DIED FOR THEIR COUNTRY

THIS FIELD IS DEDICATED BY

HENRY LEE HIGGINSON

119

THOUGH LOVE REPINE AND REASON CHAFE
THERE CAME A VOICE WITHOUT REPLY
*TIS man's PERDITION TO BE SAFE
WHEN FOR THE TRUTH HE OUGHT TO DIE

In 1893-4 a locker building was erected on Soldier's
Field by subscriptions from the Alumni, the Gary build-
ing on Holmes Field being no longer available for the teams,
on account of the distance. Opposite the locker building
stands a base-ball cage, built in 1897. The same year the
corporation took the Gary building for uses other than
those for which it was designed, and in return contributed
$15,000 to the improvement of the new playground.

ROWING.

Doubtless the oldest of the athletic sports now flourish-
ing at Gambridge is rowing. As early as 1844 the class of
1846 bought an eight-oared boat and named it the Oneida.
Several clubs were formed, each taking the name of its
"boat. The clubs raced with each other and with clubs out-
©ide Harvard. In 1852 the long series of Yale-Harvard
laces began on a two-mile course on Lake Quinsigamond,
the Oneida of Harvard winning by four lengths over the
Shawmut of Yale. A second race was won from Yale in
1855, and the building of a boat house the next year was
one of the signs of the growing popularity of the sport. It
is said that before this the cellar of Appleton Ghapel had
housed a racing shell. In 1859 Harvard beat Yale and
Brown on Lake Quinsigamond. During the Givil War row-
ing languished until 1864, when the races with Yale were
resumed. In 1870 Harvard had a record against her chief
rival of seven victories out of nine contests, and in 1869 a
four-oared Harvard crew had rowed a very creditable race
on the Thames against Oxford, the Englishmen winning by
six seconds.

120

From 1871 to 1876 Harvard rowed in college regattas,
first at Springfield and then at Saratoga. But in 1876 a
dual league with Yale was formed, and this arrangement
lasted untU 1895. From 1879 until 1895 aU the races
were rowed at New London. Owing to a rupture of ath-
letic relations with Yale, Harvard rowed in 1896 at Pough-
keepsie and was beaten by Cornell. In 1897 and 1898
Cornell beat both Yale and Harvard. The dual league
with Yale has recently been revived. Yale at present
leads Harvard in the number of victories.

The crew or "eight" is housed in the 'Varsity boat
house. A captain is elected at the end of each season by
the men who have rowed in the principal race, — usually
the race with Yale. The captain, after consultation with
graduates interested in rowing, selects a coach, who is ordi-
narily a Harvard graduate ; but the crews of 1897 and 1898
were coached by Mr. Er. C. Lehmann, a graduate of Cam-
bridge, England, and a famous amateur expert in rowing.

Besides the 'Varsity, there are a number of other crews
at Harvard. In 1879 class crews were formed, and the
class races, rowed every spring on the Charles, have served
to develop oarsmen for the 'Varsity. In 1890 Mr. Greorge
Walker Weld, of the class of 1860, built and equipped a
boat house for the especial benefit of students not rowing
on the 'Varsity or class crews. The Weld Boat Club has
possession of the building. In 1898-99 another club was
formed and named the Newell, in honor of the late Mar-
shall Newell, of the class of 1894, famous in his day as a
football player and oarsman. It is the present plan to
choose the class crews from among the men who distin-
guish themselves in the club races, and finally to select the
'Varsity oarsmen from the class crews. The Freshman

121

crew, however^ is reserved intact for its annual race with
the Yale Freshmen.

BASE-BALL.

Base-ball has flourished at Harvard ever since 1862^
when the base-ball club of the class of 1866 was formed.
It practiced first on the Common^ near the Washington
EhU; and later on the Delta. Yale had no club at that
time, but in June, 1863, a game was played with the
Brown Sophomores at Providence, and the Harvard nine
won. The first game with Yale was played in 1868.
Jarvis became the playground when Memorial was built,
and afterwards Holmes. In 1897 base-ball was transferred
to Soldier's Field.

Several Harvard nines have attained wide distinction.
From 1868 to 1878 A. McC. Bush was captain, and many
famous victories were won over professional as well as ama-
teur dubs. F. W. Thayer, '78, the inventor of the catch-
er's mask, was also a successful captain. In his time curve
pitching began. Of late years not many successful nines
have been developed ; but in '93 and again in '97 Yale was
defeated in the annual series. The game with Yale the
day before Class Day at Cambridge is one of the great ath-
letic events of every year. Harvard also plays with Prince-
ton, Pennsylvania, and numerous smaller colleges.

FOOT-BALL.

Foot-ball, as played nowadays, is a comparative new-
comer among college sports ; but foot-ball of a different sort
was played at Harvard long before the Civil War. A
rough-and-tumble match between the Freshmen and the
Sophomores used to be played every year on the Delta.

122

The Faculty put an end to the custom, but it is supposed
that the " rushes " on " Bloody Monday night *' — the
evening of the first Monday after term begins in the au-
tumn — are a survival of the old encounters on the Delta.

In 1873 a foot-ball association was formed, and rules
limiting the number of players to fifteen on a side were
adopted. The number was gradually reduced to eleven.
In 1880 the Rugby rules were adopted. In 1885 the
Faculty prohibited the game on account of its roughness,
but next year the ban was removed. Matches with Yale
began in 1870 and continued with few interruptions until
1894, when a display of brutality at Springfield caused a
cessation for two years. Harvard now plays every year
with Yale and Pennsylvania, besides many smaller col-
leges. With Princeton there have been only two matches
since 1889.

Jarvis was the foot-ball field until 1895, when the sport
was transferred to Soldier's Field. The annual match with
Yale, played formerly at Springfield, is now played alter-
nately at Cambridge and at New Haven. It attracts enor-
mous crowds and is usually a most exciting spectacle.
Since the game took its present form. Harvard has beaten
Yale only twice — in 1890, under Captain Cumnock, '91,
and in 1898, under Captain Dibblee, '99.

TRACK ATHLETICS.

The Harvard Athletic Association, foimded in 1874, has
in charge the track and field teams which represent the
University in the annual Mott Haven games, a meeting of
various colleges, and in the dual games with Yale. The
running-track is on Holmes Field, but a new one is to be
constructed on Soldier's Field. Harvard has a Mott

123

Haven cup, the trophy of eight victories^ and in 1899 the
first cup offered for the dual contests with Yale became
Harvard's property as the result of five victories over her
dearest foe.

OTHER SPORTS.

Lawn tennis is played chiefly on Jarvis Field, which
was given over to the Lawn Tennis Association when the
foot-ball team ceased to play there. There is a golf-club,
a lacrosse club, a cricket club, a fencers' club, a shooting
club; and individual students indulge in various other
forms of recreation. The Hemenway Gymnasium is used
lather for general athletic exercise than for the develop-
ment of teams.

The student organizations devoted to other than athletic
purposes are many and various. To most of them the term
olub may be applied ; but some have not taken that form.

Perhaps the greatest practical importance should be
attributed to the editorial boards of the student publica-
tkma.

HARVARD JOURNALISM.

The undergraduate publications are now four in number.
The Harvard Crimson appears daily, excepting Sundays.
ThsLampoon, the illustrated college comic paper, and The
Advocate, the oldest periodical of the four, are fortnightlies.
The Monthly is what its name implies.

The Harvard Lampoon, founded in 1876, had among
its first editors Robert Grant, F. J. Stimson, J. T. Wheel-
wright, and F. G. Atwood. In 1880 it ceased to appear,
and some of the men who had founded it went to Kew

124

York to write for Life^ which was started at that time. In
1881 TJie Lampoon began to come out again as in its
'^ Second Series/' so tliat it is now able to boast that it is
the oldest comic paper in the country and the parent of
Life, The editors, about twenty in number, have a Sanc-
tum in the house next the Hasty Pudding Club on Holyoke
Street. The comical aspects of college life are set forth in
this paper, and a mildly satirical attitude is maintained
towards the governing powers.

The Harvard Crimson^ the college daily, is a larger
and more businesslike concern than any of the other col-
lege papers. The board of editors and the candidates, who
serve a severe four months' trial, are expected to do a great
deal of work during the college year. The office, 1304
Massachusetts Avenue, is large and gives working accom-
modations to the graduate weekly, The Bulletin, and to
the Harvard correspondents of various newspapers. The
^' Sanctum,'' in the back of the office, is more or less sacred
to the editors, and is used chiefly as a clubroom.

The Harvard Advocate is more closely associated with
the undergraduate publications of the past than any other
Harvard periodical now issued. It is the immediate suc-
cessor of the short-lived Collegian, which appeared in 1866
with the motto "Dulce est periculum." The second of
the three numbers of The Collegian contained a Socratic
dialogue in which Socrates asked what the compulsory
chapel services really were, considering that the minister
was the only person present who was intent on his devo-
tions. After the Faculty had suppressed the paper and
threatened expulsion to any who allowed themselves such
freedom again, the Advocate appeared imder the motto
" Veritas nihil veretur." In time it ventured to print the

125

old motto " Dulce est periculum " also. The Advocate at
present has no sanctum or settled place of abode. The
meetings of the board are usually held in the room of
the secretary or president. The Monthly is much like
The Advocate, Both publish stories and poems, but The
Monthly is given also to rather serious studies in litera-
ture. For example, it published the first English trans-
lation from Ibsen, and the first bibliography of George
Meredith.

Of the Harvard men who in their college days served on
the editorial boards of student publications many became
eminent in later life, and a few have been famous. Edward
Everett and Samuel Gilman (the author of " Fair Harvard ")
were on the board of The Harvard Lyceurriy which appeared
m 1810 and 1811. Later, in 1830, Oliver Wendell Holmes
contributed to the first Collegian. J. R. Lowell was an
editor of Harvardiana, 1835-1838. Phillips Brooks, F.
B. Sanborn, and J. B. Greenough were among the origina-
tors of The Harvard Magazine.

THE CLUBS.

An enumeration made in 1898-99 shows a total of 86
student organizations, other than athletic, to each of which
the term club may be applied. Social intercourse is a fea-
ture of most of them, but in many this is subsidiary to
another object.

PRACTICAL CLUBS.

There are clubs devoted to such practical work as the
management of dining halls, like the Dining Association
and the Foxcroft Club, or of a store, like the Cooperative
Society. But of these it is not necessary to speak.

i

126

RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. '

The religious societies have been many. Those now
flourishing are the Young Men's Christian Association
(Protestant)^ which traces its origin to the Saturday Even-
ing Society, founded in 1802 ; the Catholic Club, formed
in 1892 ; the Eeligious Union, which admits any student
interested in religious subjects without question as to his
beliefs ; the St. Paul's Society (Protestant Episcopal) ; and
the Oxford Club (Methodist Episcopal). It is understood
that all of these will use Phillips Brooks House in future.
A number of organizations are devoted to the various forms
of charitable work, to the cause of temperance, and similar

objects.

POLITICAL CLUBS.

The interest of the student body in the affairs of the
Republic, and in particular political movements, is fre-
quently exhibited. In fact, none of the higher forces of
University life are stronger than the simple impulse of
patriotism. The presidential elections always bring into
action clubs representing the two great parties ; frequently
the smaller parties, and factions of the greater, are also re-
presented. Organizations like the Civil Service Beform
Club aim at continuous agitation along certain lines.

SECTIONAL CLUBS.

Sectional clubs like the Southern, the Maine, and the
Western New York, bring together the men whose feeling
for their home associations is strong, especially those whose
homes are remote from Cambridge. Similarly, the larger
preparatory schools are represented by such associations as
the Exeter Club, the Groton Club, the St. Marks Club,
and so forth.

127

EDUCATIONAL CLUBS.

There are associations of students — graduates, under-
graduates, and professional school men — based on serious
interest in nearly every important branch of study. The
Graduate Club brings together a large number of men pur-
suing advanced studies and doing original work in various
departments, among them many representatives of other
American and Canadian colleges. The law clubs are organ-
ized like courts ; their members prepare briefs, argue cases,
and render decisions in the most business-like way. Among
the undergraduates the clubs interested in modern lan-
guages are particularly strong. The Cercle rran9ais and
the Deutscher Verein both give dramatic performances, and
in recent years the Cercle has been enabled, through the
generosity of Mr. James Hazen Hyde, '98, to oflfer the
University community courses of lectures on French litera-
ture by such eminent French men of letters as M. Brune-
tiere and M. Rod. Among the scientific students the
Natural History Society — an old organization — the Chem-
ical Club, the Botanical Club, and the like, attract many
members.

The debating clubs should also be placed in this category,
and they have an especial importance because of the inter-
collegiate debates. Debating was a feature of many of the
older societies which in the course of time have become
, purely social. A " Harvard Union," devoted entirely to
speaking, flourished in the thirties. In 1880 it was re-
vived, and in 1891-92 it began a series of annual debates
with Yale. In 1893 the Union broke in two, and this
resulted in the formation of the New Union and the Wen-
dell Phillips Club, which became the Forum. In 1898,
however, the two were united in the University Debating

128

Club. At present the three lower classes have debating
clubs of their own. Every year Harvard debates with
Yale and with Princeton. Harvard has won six of the
debates with Yale and lost three. The four debates with
Princeton have all been Harvard victories. None of the
debating clubs has a house of its own.

MUSICAL CLUBS.

There are several organizations based on a .ove of music.
One of them, the Pierian Sodality, founded in 1806, is
probably the oldest musical society in the country. It is
said that in 1832 its membership was reduced to one man
who '^ elected himself to all the offices, attended his own
rehearsals, and so carried the club through the year.'' At
present the Pierian flourishes as a college orchestra, has
a professional coach, and frequently performs in public.
The Glee Club dates from 1858 ; the Banjo and Mandolin
clubs are of later origin. These three frequently give con-
certs together, and they have a pleasant custom of making
music in the Yard on warm evenings towards the close of
term time. They used to make extensive tours through
the country during the Christmas holidays, but such expe-
ditions are now prohibited. Each of the three has its
counterpart in the Freshman class.

MISCELLANEOUS CLUBS.

A set of interests, not athletic or social or literary, find
expression in such organizations as the Camera Club, the
Chess Club, and the Whist Club. The Camera Club has
an annual exhibition, at which prizes are awarded. The
Chess Club has a fine record of victories in the intercolle-
giate contests, and the Whist Club has beaten Yale every
jear since 1894, when the club was formed.

129

LITERARY AND SOCIAL CLUBS.

We come finally to a long list of clubs which, as a group,
cannot be accurately described as either social or literary ;
nor can they be accurately divided into literary and social.
Nearly all of them began by being literary. The majority
have ended by going over entirely to good fellowship, but
even these frequently give their conviviality a traditional
literary or dramatic form. Perhaps the best way to describe
them as a group is to say that they are all social clubs, some
of which retain literary features.

In one, however, the Phi Beta Kappa, the social side is
presented chiefly to the alumni members who gather at Cam-
bridge the day after Commencement for the annual address
and poem, which are given in Sanders Theatre, and for the
dinner, which is eaten in Massachusetts Hall. To the under-
graduate, membership is desirable chiefly as a formal reward
for academic distinction. The chapter was founded in 1779,
taking its charter from the William and Mary chapter in
Virginia, and was a secret society until 1831. Its catalogue
shows a long roll of eminent names, and many of the Phi
Beta Kappa addresses and poems have become famous ; ex-
amples are Emerson's address in 1837, Wendell Phillips's
in 1881, and Oliver Wendell Holmes's poem in 1836. The
speeches at the dinner in Massachusetts are never reported.
The immediate members are taken from the two higher
classes ; from each class twenty-five are taken entirely on
the basis of scholarship, and a few others — usually five —
because they have won distinction in other ways.

Other clubs which, though really social, maintain an
intellectual tone, are the 0. K., which dates from 1858, the
Signet, which was founded in 1870 and moved into its
present quarters, on Mt. Auburn Street, in 1897, and the

130

Amphadon, a comparatiye newcomer. These three ehooB
thoir members from the upper classes, and are not rivak;
membership in one of them does not bar one from eleetki
to the others. Also of decidedly intellectual tone is tki
Harvard chapter of Delta Upsilony a much larger club thu
any of the three just described. It was organized in 189,
and is the strongest chapter the fraternity has. The <^
acter of its membership is indicated by the fact that neariy
one tliird of the names on its rolls are also on the rolls d
IMii l^ta Kappa. Every spring it produces a play, usually
selectod from the works of the Elizabethan dramatists.

There is also at Harvard a chapter of Theta Delta Chi)
witli a club house on Ware Street and Broadway; but as a
rule the Greek-letter societies at Harvard have no connec-
tion with other chapters throughout the country.

For example, the Delta Kappa Epsilon at Harvard, better
known as the Dickey, is the great Sophomore secret society
from whose membership the more exclusive of the Junior
and Senior societies are recruited ; and the Dickey is really
the inner circle of a larger Sophomore society called the In-
stitute of 1770. The Institute is the oldest of all the clubs
now in existence, for its history extends back under diffe^
ent names to the year 1770, when the Speaking Club was
founded. This was really a debating club, and we are told
that its members were forbidden to speak in Liatin. In
1801 the Speaking Club became the Patriotic Association,
and later the Social Fraternity of 1770. In 1825 it united
with two other clubs under the present name, and in 1848
the I. 0. H. was also absorbed. Once a Senior society of
literary proclivities holding its meetings in Massachusetts
Hally the Institute has gradually become a Sophomore
society,. has eliminated its literary features, and now main-

131

tains a club house of its own on Plympton Street, near Mt.
Auburn Street. Its hundred members are chosen in groups
of ten, and the first six tens are members of the Dickey
also. The custom is to " take out " each ten by marching
around to the tune of the ^^ Institute March " and hauling
the men out of their rooms. The Dickey is held respon-
sible for most of the comical initiations witnessed on the
streets of Cambridge and Boston, on the playgrounds be-
tween the halves of important athletic contests, and in
various other places where the performances of the novitiate
are sure of adequate appreciation. The Dickey has also
given a number of dramatic exhibitions, usually comic
operas.

Of all the larger social clubs, however, the Hasty Pud-
ding is doubtless the best known. Indeed, it is probably
the best known college club in the country. It was founded
in 1795, and takes its name from the frugal fare on which
its members still occasionally regale themselves. Its meet-
ings were held for many years in the rooms of members,
but in 1849 it obtained permanent quarters in Stoughton
Hall, where at length a whole floor was given over to it.
Here was a stage on which the dramatic performances which
have brought the club its wide reputation used to be pre-
sented. They began in 1844, and were possibly suggested
by the usages of other clubs, long since defunct; for we
know that in the middle of the eighteenth century there
were clubs that gave plays. There is a well authenticated
story that John Adams, H. U. 1765, later distinguished in
other rOles, once appeared as a female character in a Shake-
sperian play and was brought to grief by the accidental
display of a thoroughly masculine pair of boots beneath the
skirts with which he had thought to conceal them.

132

In 1876 the Pudding moved into the wooden building
on Holmes Field now occupied by the Architecture Depart-
ment. Its present club house, on Holyoke Street, was
built in 1888. It has a theatre in the rear, and a consider-
able library. The plays are given first in the club house
and afterwards in Boston. Nowadays, they usually take
the comic opera form, the words and music being the work
of members. Several of the Pudding " shows'' have
recommended themselves to professionals. Besides the
plays, there are various peculiar usages and customs which
give a quality of distinction to the good fellowship which
is the club's main object and attraction. Its catalogues
almost vie with those of the Phi Beta Kappa in the matter
of distinguished names. Its immediate members are all
Seniors and Juniors.

The Pi Eta Society was founded in 1865 by members of
the class of ^66 who felt that the increasing size of the col-
lege warranted the formation of a second large Senior soci-
ety. The name suggests rivalry with the Pudding. The
Pi Eta's first quarters were on Brighton (now Boylston)
Street. In 1873 it obtained rooms in Hollis, where it
first began to give dramatic entertainments. Three years
later a fire caused a third removal, this time to Brattle
Square. In 1894 the society took possession of its present
club house on Winthrop Square; in 1897 a theatre was
added. Formerly, the Pi Eta drew its members from the
Everett Athenaeum, a society no longer in existence, much
as the Pudding draws its members from the Institute of
1770. At present, however, the Pi Eta takes in men
from the three upper classes. Its plays are produced in
Cambridge and Boston, and are usually the work of
members.

133

There remain a number of small social clubs^ most of
fhem with Greek-letter names, but without affiliation with
chapters in other colleges. The oldest of these small clubs,
and doubtless the best known, is the Porcellian, whose club
house is on Massachusetts Avenue, nearly opposite Boyl-
ston Hall. It was founded in 1791 as the Pig Club, be-
came the Gentlemen's Society next year, and in 1794 took
its present name. Its first rooms were in Stoughton ; the
club house was built in 1891. As a rule, the members are
wealthy and socially prominent students. The club has a
fine library.

The A. D., whose club house is at the corner of Mt.
Auburn and Dunster streets, and the Alpha Delta Phi,
whose club house is at the corner of Mt. Auburn Street
and Holyoke place, both trace their origin to a society
founded in 1836, and called the Alpha Delta Phi. At one
time, owing to Faculty opposition to secret societies, it had
to conceal its existence. It then took the name A. D. At
present, however, the two clubs are entirely separate. The
Zeta Psi, which has held a place in the college social sys-
tem not unlike that of the Alpha Delta Phi, dates from 1847.
Its club house is on Church Street. Other small clubs pos-
sessing houses of their own are the Delta Phi and the Phi
Delta Psi, on Mt. Auburn Street. The number of these
small and exclusive clubs, which take their members chiefly
from the rolls of the Institute and the Pudding, seems to
be increasing. Formerly, they attached much importance
to secrecy, but the building of club houses seems to have
worked a change in this respect. There is, however, — at
least there is supposed to be, and at one time there cer-
tainly was, — a club at Harvard whose membership, whose
proceedings, and whose very existence are shrouded in

134

gloomy mystery. This is the " Med. Fac," or Medical
Faculty, an organization whose earlier history is better
known than its more recent. Many deeds of darkness are
still attributed to it. It has conferred honorary degrees
on various individuals, from the Czar of Hussia to the pro-
prietors of a patent blacking, and has given its distin-
guished consideration to many venerable objects in Cam-
bridge, but its secrets remain unfathomed. The only ink-
ling of its membership the community ever gets is the
black rosette, with skull and cross-bones^ worn by a few
Seniors every Class Day.

A general characteristic of all these social organizations
at Harvard is the self-sufl&cing way in which, as a rule, they
avoid mere noise and publicity. In this respect they have
a strong resemblance to the better sort of clubs in cities.
The number of students seems to necessitate numerous
clubs, and the tendency is to organize them on those lines
of congeniality and common interests which determine social
groupings in the great world. In the shaping of charac-
ters, and ultimately of careers, the social intercourse among
students at Harvard plays a part scarcely less important
than the instruction offered by the University. It breaks
up the student body into various groups which maintain a
certain consistency in after life.

COMMENCEMENT AND CLASS DAY.

Of the student body as a whole there is little to be said.
It represents all but a very few elements of American citi-
zenship, with a considerable foreign admixture. One never
sees the whole of it at once ; but at the great athletic exhibi-
tions, and on a few occasions of especial academic interest,
one may get a fair idea of what the whole would be like.

135

The greatest occasions are Class Day and Commence-
ment. Both have been frequently described in books, and
in the main the descriptions hold good from year to year.
Commencements have lasted from the beginning, with a
single break of seven years, from 1774 to 1781, occasioned
by the Revolutionary War. The chief features of the day
are the ceremonies in Sanders Theatre, where speeches are
made and degrees conferred, the great gathering of Alumni
in the Yard and of particular (graduate) classes in various
rooms in the older buildings, the procession in order of
classes to Memorial, and the dinner there. The beginnings
of Class Day are unknown. It is celebrated a week before
Commencement. The Seniors, in caps and gowns, go to
prayers together in Appleton Chapel, and later gather with
their friends in Sanders, where an orator and an ivy orator
speak, and a poet and an odist read verses. " Spreads "
are given in many places. In the afternoon, until 1898,
there was always "The Tree," the most peculiar of Har-
vard customs, whose origin, like that of Class Day, is un-
explained. The tree itself stands in the quadrangle partly
enclosed by Harvard, HoUis, and Holden, and it stood there
more than a hundred years ago, as an old engraving shows.
On countless Class Day afternoons its trunk has been circled
by a band of flowers, for which thousands of seniors, attired
in utterly disreputable raiment, have striven to the applause
of fair spectators, whose gowns have exhibited, from year
to year, the last refinements of countless fashions. But for
various reasons " The Tree " was abandoned in 1898, and an
entirely new set of ceremonies was performed around the
statue of John Harvard at the west end of Memorial Hall.
The evening of Class Day, except for the increase of the
crowds, remains as it was. There is dancing in various

136

halls; the Yard is bedecked with Japanese lanterns and
thronged with promenaders ; and in the midst of all is the
Glee Club's standi whence at last the strains of '^Fair
Harvard " announce to the class whose name is gleaming
on the front of Holworthy that its college days are num-
bered.

INDEX.

Agassiz Museum (The Univer-
sity Museum) 10, 66

Appleton Chapel . . . . 20, 36
Arnold Arboretum . . . .10, 113
Architecture Building ... 61
Archives, The University . . 104
Astronomical Observatory . 10, 91

Athletics 118

Austin Hall (The Law School) 8, 106

Boat House, University . . . 119

Boat House, Weld 120

Botanic Garden 10, 87

Botany, Laboratories of . 83, 89, 91
Boylston Hall (The Chemical

Laboratory) 20, 33

Bursar's Office 30

Bussev Institution (The School

of Agriculture) .... 9, 112

Carey Building (Rotch Build-
ing) 62, 119

Chemical Laboratory (Boylston

Hall) 20, 23

Class Day 134

Clubs 125

" Educational 127

" Literary and Social . . 129
" Miscellaneous .... 128

*' Musical 128

" Political 126

" Practical 125

" Religious 126

" Sectional 126

College House 32

Commencement 134

ConantHall 66

Corporation (The President and
Fellows) 3-4

Dane Hall 19, 30

Dental School 8, 110

Divinity School 8, 104

Hall 105

** Library Building . . 105
Dormitories 116

Electrical Engineering Labora-
tory 59

Faculty of Arts and Sciences . 7
Fine Arts Drawing Room . . 36
Fogg Art Museum, The Wil-
liam Hayes 20, 39

FootBaU 121

Free Clinic (Veterinary) . . . 112

Geography, Laboratories of . 80
Geoloffv, Laboratories of . . 76

Glass! lowers 83

Gore Hall (The College Li-
brary) 19, 97, 98

Graduate School 7

Gray Collection of Engravings 40
Gray Herbarium .... 10, 90

Grays Hall 20, 29

Gymnasium, The Hemenway . 65

Harvard College, History of . 1-7

" Hall 13, 16, 25

" Uuiversitv, Founda-
tion, Constitution,
and Departments of 1-10

" Statue 57, 135

Hastings Hall 62

Holden Chapel 15, 27

Hollis Hall 16, 26

Holworthy Hall 18, 28

Holyoke House 30

Hygiene, Laboratory of . . . 59

Instrument Room, Scientific
School 58

Jefferson Physical Laboratory 62
Johnston Gate, The . . . '. 22
Journalism 123

Law School 8, 106

Lawrence Scientific School . . 7, 57

Library 9, 16, 94

** ' Bussej' Institution (Ag-
riculture) .... 113

138

Librarv, Child Memorial (Eng-

' lish) '34

" (Massics 25

*' Dental School ... Ill

" Divinity School ... 106

** Kcononiics 26

** Enji^ineering .... 58

*' French 36

, ** Germanic Languages

and Literatures . . 34
** Gray Herbarium (Bot-
any) 90

" History and Govern-
ment 26

*' Indu - Iranian Lan-
guages 35

" Law School .... 106

" Musical 30

" Romance Philology . 34

" Semitic ...... 34

" University Museum . 68

Locker Building 119

Lucas Street Building (Veteri-
nary School) Ill

Massachusetts Hall . . . 13, 24
Matthews Hall .... 19, 21, 30

Medical School 8,106

Memorial Hall ... 21, 41, 116

Meyer Gate, The 23

Mineralogy and Petrography,

Laboratories of . ..." . 79
Museum, Botanical . . . 68, 69
** Comparative Zoolo-
gy 68,69

** Mmeralogical . . 68, 77
" Peabody . . 10, 68, 69, 84
^* Semitic .... 68, 86
*' University ... 10, 66
" Warren Anatomical . 108

Natural History Laboratories . 68

Observatorv, Astronomical. 10, 91
Overseers, Board of .... 3-6

I Palaeontology, Laboratory of . 80
Peabody Museum of Ameri-
can Archaeology and Ethno- -

J""^ «n • • • -IQr 68, 69,84

Perkms Hall 66

Phillips Brooks House • . 20; 87
Physical Laboratory, Jeffex^

son * . . . . 69

President and Fellows, The . 3-4
PhysioIogA', Laboratoiy of . • 50
Psychological Laboratory . • 80

Randall Collection of Engray-

ings 41

RandaU Hall 57, 116

Rogers Building 60

Rotch Building (The Old Carey

Building) is, U9

Rowing 119

Sanders Theatre 41,60

Sever Hall aOL 34

Soldiers' Field 118

Stoughton Hall . . . 13, 17, 18, S7
Summer School 7

Thayer Hall SI, 99

Track Athletics 199

Tree, The Class Day .... 186

University HaU .... 18, 91, 88

Vegetable Physiology, Labora-
tory; of 91

Veterinary School .... 9, 111
Village Street Hospital (Vete-
rinary) Ill

Wadsworth House .... 16^ 89

Weld Hall 81,89

Yard, The College .... 11-81

Zoology, Laboratories of . . 81

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