Offshore transport and diffusion in the Los Angeles Bight - 1 : NPS data summary

LIBRAfTY

TECHNICAL REPORT SECTION
NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOO
MONTEREY. CALIFORNIA 9394Q

NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

Monterey, California

OFFSHORE TRANSPORT AND DIFFUSION IN THE
LOS ANGELES BIGHT - I, NPS DATA SUMMARY
G.E. Schacher, K.L. Davidson

and C.A. Leonard
DoE. Spiel and C.W. Fairall

Environmental Physics Group
Naval Postgraduate School
Monterey, California

FEDDOCS
D208.14/2:NPS-61-81-004

Approved for public release? distribution unlimited

Prepared fort Outer Continental Shelf Division
Bureau of Land Management
Los Angeles, California 90017

NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
Monterey, California

Rear Admiral J. J. Ekelund D- A- Schrady

Superintendent - Acting Provost

The work reported herein was supported in part by the Bureau
of Land Management, Outer Continental Shelf Division, Los Angeles,
California 90017.

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w ix nam rc. roues
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OFFSHORE TRANSPORT AND DIFFUSION IN THE
LOS ANGELES BIGHT - I, NPS DATA SUMMARY

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G.E. Schacher, K.L. Davidson, C.A. Leonard
D.E. Spiel and C.W. Fairall

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Naval Postgraduate School
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19. KEY WORDS (Continue on revere* nae It neceeeery and Idontlty by block number)

Overwater Transport, Diffusion, Marine Boundary Layer

20. ABSTRACT (Con Inue on revere* elde It i»c«iivy and Identity by block number)

Meteorological measurements have been made in support of offshore
transport and diffusion experiments in the Los Angeles Bight area
This report presents the meteorological data, reduced to values
which can be used in assessing current transport models.

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Table of Contents

Page No

I. Introduction 10

II. Ship Operation Scenario 12

III. Shipboard Equipment 15

IV. Tracer Release Data 16

V. Wind Histories 17

VI. Radiosonde Results 22

VII. Acoustic Sounder Inversion Height 42

VIII. Meteorological Data 51

List of Figures

Page

Figures la, b. Wind histories: true wind speed versus 20,21
time in immediate area of tracer gas
releases. Vertical bars show wind speed.

Figures 2a-s. Temperature and relative humidity pro- 23-41
files determined from radiosonde releases

Figures 3a-d. Acoustic sounder strip charts. The 43-46
sounder was located on the RV/Acania.

List of Tables

Page

Table 1. Significant shipboard events. 14

Table 2. Characteristics of exhausts used during tracer 16
gas releases

Table 3. SF6 bottle weights before and after the four 18
releases. The total times for each release
are also given.

Table 4. Exact locations and start and end times for 17
each release. Times are local, Pacific Day-
light Time.

Table 5. Inversion height as determined from the acous- 47-50
tic sounder. More than one height is listed
when multiple layering makes the situation
ambiguous .

Table 6. Meteorological data: V-wind speed, RH-re- 52-55
lative humidity, T-air temperature, Ts-sea
surface temperature, Zi-inversion height, U*-
scaling wind speed, T*-scaling temperature, QQ-
heat flux, Z/L-stability parameter (L-Monin
Ubukhov length), oj*-mixing rate, t-mixing time.

I . Introduction

During September of 1980 the Environmental Physics
Group of the Naval Postgraduate School (MPS) and Aero-
vironment, Inc. conducted a research program in the
Santa Barbara Channel area of the California coast. The
purpose of the operation was to perform offshore tracer
experiments in order to parameterize dispersion models
that are in current use and to build a data base for
future model development. The purpose of this report is
to present the pertinent meteorological and source data
for use by those who will be involved in the modeling
effort. Only the basic data, reduced to engineering
units, will be presented here; interpretation of these
data and application to the models will be the subject
of a future joint report by Aerovironment and NPS.

Although the data gathered in this experiment has
much wider application, it was collected for the speci-
fic purpose of parameterizing models that will be used
to assess the onshore impact of offshore oil exploration
and production sites. Such impact currently has great
importance since many coastal areas are near the legal
air pollution limit and any significant additional load-
ing could push them over the limit. Air pollution
models in current use have not been adequately validated
for the overwater regime. The results of this study
should remedy the inadequacy of the models.

10

During the tracer experiments SFg gas was released
from the ship RV/Acania and tracked by an aircraft, a
small boat, and one mobile and fixed stations on shore.
Meteorological data was gathered on the ship and on the
shore. This report contains shipboard meteorological -
data and gas source strength. Shore meteorological data
and tracer results can be found in a report by Aerovi-
ronment .

11

I I . Ship Operation Scenario

Since the impact of offshore sources on the shore is
the purpose of these investigations the experiments must
be performed during periods of onshore winds. These
winds must be of a fairly long duration since it takes a
minimum of 6 hours to gather enough data during any one
experiment. The preliminary decision to release the
tracer gas on any given day must be made on the previous
day due to the time needed to prepare all of the samp-
ling sites. Thus, the following schedule was used.

All Days

1. 0800-1200-2000: radio shipboard meteorological data
to shore.

2. 1000: Shore obtains weather forecast from Point Mugu.

3. 1200: shore command center makes a go/no-go decision
for a release on the following day.

Release Day

4. 0700: begin hourly wind reports to shore.

5. 1000: decision on release made by ship-shore
communication, final decision made on shore.

6. Final positioning of ship.

7. 1100: start tracer gas release.

8. 1900: end tracer gas release and hourly wind
reports .

The exact timing of the release varied somewhat and was
two hours later for one of the tests because of wind
conditions .

12

Because of difficulty in moving the shore stations,
targeting of the plume was accomplished by moving the
ship. This had to be done before the release was begun
because moving the ship would introduce wander into the
plume trajectory and contaminate the results. In order
to hold the ship stationary to the degree needed it was
anchored during a release.

13

Significant Events:

At times the ship was peforming tasks not directly
associated with this study or was in port. As an aid in
interpreting the data we list times of "significant
shipboard events".

Underway from Monterey

Arrive at operation area

Underway to Anacappa Island

Drift in Anacappa passage

Move to open channel

On station at operation area

Underway for Port Hueneme

Dock

Underway

Arrive at operation area

Underway for Port Hueneme

Dock

Underway

Arrive at operation area

Underway for Port Hueneme

Dock

Underway

Arrive at operation area

Depart for Monterey

Table 1 - Significant Shipboard Events
14

9/21

0905

9/22

1030

1225

1400-1700

1700

1930

9/25

1000

1118

9/27

0500

0640

9/23

1930

2030

9/29

0500

0615

1930

2030

9/30

1015

10/1

1010

1630

Ill . Shipboard Equipment

We give here a brief description of the meteorolo-
gical measurements that were made on the ship. Details
of the equipment and calibration procedures can be found
in a previous report. Two meteorological stations at
heights of 7 m and 20.5 m above mean sea level were
used. At each level the following parameters were mea-
sured:

relative wind speed
relative wind direction (upper level only)
air temperature
dew point
wind speed fluctuation
The following parameters were also measured:

sea surface temperature

ship roll

ship location

inversion height

temperature and humidity profiles to 5,000 ft.

sky cloud cover
The temperature and humidity profiles were obtained
by shipboard radiosonde launch and were taken every 12
hours. The temperature inversion height was determined
by an acoustic sounder which gave a continuous strip
chart record. Most data listed above was averaged for
one half hour intervals. The exceptions were relative
wind direction and ships roll. For both, 10 sec aver-
ages were obtained and recorded for the full period of a
gas release.

15

IV. Tracer Release Data

Four separate experiments were performed. For
each the gas was released through the exhaust of one of
the ship's diesel motors. The main engine was used
first but the cool gas injection caused a slight crack
in the exhaust pipe so the exhaust of one of the motor
generator sets was used for subsequent releases. Both
exhausts are inclined at an angle of 45° above the
horizontal. Both engines are 2 cycle diesels so exhaust
flow rate is obtained by multiplying 2/3 times the dis-
placement times the revolutions per minute. The perti-
nent data to characterize plume rise are:

Stack Flow
displacement Temp. Rate Diameter

Release

Numbers

rpm

1
2,3,4

1250
1500

(Cu in) (°F) (cu in/sec) ( in)

860 210 9.17xl03 8
426 250 7.13x103 4.5

Table 2. Characteristics of exhausts used during tracer
gas releases.

For a release, 4 tanks of SFg were connected to a

single manifold. The manifold has a pressure gauge and

two rotometers, one supplied by the manufacturer and one

calibrated and supplied by Aerovironment . The second

meter was used to set the flow rate the first to monitor

it since it was less subject to fluctuations. The gas

pressure to the rotometers was maintained at 25 lbs/in2.

16

Using the data found in Table 3 the flow rates for the

four releases were

Release 1 49.01 lbs/hr
Release 2 50.74 lbs/hr
Release 3 48.54 lbs/hr
Release 4 47.91 lbs/hr

Durinq the releases the ship was anchored approxi-
mately 5 Nmi SWW of Ventura. As stated above the re-
leases started at approxi mately 1100 and ended at
approximately 1900. The exact times and locations are
given in Table 3.

Release Date Latitude

1 9/24

2 9/27

3 9/28

4 9/29

34°14.2'N
34° 14. 8 'N
34°14.2'N
34°12.8'N

Longitude Start Time End Time
119°21.1'W 1135 1900
119°21,1,W 1107 1815
119°21.1'W 1243 1900
119°20.4'W 1143 1900

Table 4. Exact locations and start and end times for
each release. Times are local, Pacific Daylight Time.

17

Bottle

Number

Initial

Weiqht

(lbs)

Release 1

Release 2

Weiqht

after
Release 3

Release 4

1

255

164

2

256

166

3

252

159.5

4

254

164

140.5

5

257.5

145

!

6

253

141

i

7

253

139

8

278

9

260.5

10

256.5

158.5

11

256

152.5

12

255

151.5

13

257

144

14

254

140

15

251.5

139

16

257

247.5

Release time 7:25 7:08 6:17 7.17

Table 3. SF6 bottle weights before and after the four

releases. The total times for each release are
also given.

18

V. Wind Histories

Recent histories of wind direction and speed can be
very useful for predicting winds on a short term basis
as lona as the synoptic situation does not change. For
this operation winds were recorded and plotted at least
every hour in the experimental area. These plots, shown
in Figures 1, were very useful in the go/no-go decisions
for release days.

The local situation during the time of the opera-
tion was one of light and variable winds. During the
late night and early morning the wind was generally
easternly, switching to onshore flow in the late morning
or early afternoon. If the changeover was too late, or
the winds too light a tracer gas experiment could not be
performed. As can be seen from the figures, the time at
which the wind direction began to change, and the rapid-
ity of the wind speed magnitude change, is a good pre-
dictor of the ultimate direction and speed.

19

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21

VI . Radiosonde Results

Radiosondes were released from the ship twice in each
24-hour period, generally at 0000 and 1200 PDT.
Releases were made and interpreted by a Navy radiosonde
team. Temperature and humidity were determined at
standard levels and significant points. Since we are
interested in the detailed structure of the boundary
layer such a treatment is too coarse. Thus, the
original strip chart output and the met team determined
calibration points were used to construct fine scale
graphs, which are presented in Figures 2.

22

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41

VII. Acoustic Sounder Inversion Height

The acoustic sounder was operating on a nearly
continual basis throughout the cruise. In Table 5 we
list the inversion height as determined from the sounder
strip chart output. At times it is difficult to deter-
mine the correct height because of multiple layering so
more than one height is given. Photographs of the strip
charts are shown in Figures 3 as they can greatly aid in
determining the boundary layer depth, especially when
they are compared with the radiosonde results.

Normally, it is fairly easy to determine the boun-
dary layer depth from acoustical sounder records, espe-
cially over the ocean. This was not true for this oper-
ation. The ship was near land and the period v/as during
a major smog event. Multiple layering was common and
even with radiosonde results it was not always possible
to determine the height of the well-mixed layer.

42

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Figure 3c

45

Figure 3d

46

Table 5. Inversion height as determined from the acoustic
sounder. More than one height is listed when mul-
tiple layering makes the situation ambiguous.

DATE

TIME

09/21

0900

1130

1200

1230

1300

1330

1500

1530

1600

1630

1730

1800

1830

1900

1930

2000

2030

2100

2130

2200

2230

2300

2330

2400

9/22

0030

0100

0130

0145

0200

0230

0300

0330

0400

0600

0630

0700

0730

0800

0830

0900

0930

1000

1030

1100

1130

1200

1400

1430

1500

1530

1600

1630

Z(m)

0

0

90

120

100

70

60

70

70

0

0

0

80

120

180

240

300

340

290

190

0

300

340

380

400

430

460

350

220

190

160

140

80

0

280

320

410

460

500

520

550

560

570

580

140

230

220

220

240

210

270

160

210

260

DATE

9/22

580
590

"520"
450
410

9/23

TIME

1700

1730

1800

1830

1900

2000

2030

2100

2130

2200

2230

2300

2330

2400

0030

0100

0130

0200

0230

0300

0330

0400

0430

0500

0530

0600

0630

0700

0730

0800

0830

0900

0930

1000

1030

1100

1130

1200

1230

1300

1330

1400

1430

1500

1530

1600

1630

1700

1730

1800

1830

1900

Z(m)

260

310

320

340

280

360

370

360

400

370

380

300

330

320

340

340

330

320

310

320

330

320

310

320

330

310

320

300

320

310

340

330

340

320

310

330

340

350

360

370

350

330

310

320

330

310

300

290

280

260

270

290

47

DATE

TIME

9/23

1930

2000

2030

2100

2130

2200

2230

2300

2330

9/24

0000

0030

0100

0130

0200

0230

0300

0330

0400

0430

0500

0530

0600

0630

0700

0730

0800

0830

0900

0930

1000

1030

1100

1130

1200

1230

1300

1330

1400

1430

1500

1530

1600

1630

1700

1730

1800

1830

1900

1930

2000

2030

2100

Z(m)

300

290

310

300

240

210

200

180

200

210

190

230

250

270

300

310

320

340

320

330

340

320

310

290

310

320

310

320

310

300

330

320

330

350

360

340

350

340

310

280

270

250

270

280

270

280

270

280

270

260

240

220

DATE
9/24

390

9/25

"9/26

TIME

2130

2200

2230

2300

2330

0000

0030

0100

0130

0200

0230

0300

0330

0400

0430

0500

0530

0600

0630

0700

0730

0300

0830

0900

0930

1000

1300

1330

1400

1430

1500

1530

1600

1630

1700

1730

1800

1830

1900

1930

2000

2030

2100

2130

2200

2230

Z(m)

210

170

160

180

200

220

210

230

290

310

330

320

300

290

300

320

310

300

290

240

270

250

270

260

250

240

350

350

380

360

310

230

300

240

340

270

280

290

300

320

330

310

240

330

250

220

240

220

210

48

DATE

TIME

9/27

0000

0100

0130

0200

0230

0300

0330

0400

0430

0500

0530

0600

0630

0700

0730

0800

0830

09C0

0930

1000

1030

1100

1130

1200

1230

1300

1330

1400

1430

1500

1530

1600

1630

1700

1730

1800

1830

1900

1930

2000

2030

2100

2130

2200

2230

2300

2330

9/28

0000

0030

0100

0130

'

0200

Z(m)

200

210

220

250

240

260

250

260

270

250

270

270

290

200

180

300

330

340

280

160

180

240

230

210

240

230

210

200

210

140

130

110

120

110

130

140

150

160

120

100

110

90

220

240

230

250

200

200

280

280

280
"4 00
440
450
400
380
380

230
240
250
270
290
340
360

220
230
250
260
"270
290
280

DATE
9/28

9/29

TIME

0200

0230

0300

0330

0400

0430

0500

0530

0600

0630

0700

0730

0800

0830

0900

0930

1000

1030

1100

1130

1200

1230

1300

1330

1400

1430

1500

1530

1600

1630

1700

1730

1300

1830

1900

0430

0500

0530

0600

0630

0700

0730

0800

0830

Z(m)

230

250

260

270

260

270

250

200

250

230

240

300

290

260

210

200

170

150

160

120

110

120

140

130

120

110

130

240

200

240

310

320

350

380

390

360

280

49

DATE

TIME

9/29

0900

0930

1000

1030

1100

1130

1200

1230

1300

1330

1400

1430

1500

1530

1600

1630

1700

1730

1800

1830

1900

9/30

No well

10/1

Inver

10/2

0800

0830

0900

0930

1000

1030

1100

1130

1200

1230

1300

1330

1400

1430

1500

1530

1600

1630

1700

1730

1800

1830

1900

1930

2000

Z(m)

340

360

380

80

330

80

400

410

100

80

410

420

330

340

330

310

320

300

280

260

270

defined

sion

90

110

140

130

110

120

130

140

150

140

190

120

90

100

110

100

110

80

220

230

220

230

DATE
10/2

400

370

4 00
390

10/3

TIME
2030
2100
2130
2200
2230
2300
2330

0000
0030
0100
0130
0200
0230
0300
0330
0400
0430
0500
0530
0600
0630
0700
0730
0800

Z(m)

240

110
140
150
130

120
110

90
"110
100
130
140
150
170
160
120
140
120
130
140
100

90

50

VIII. Meteorological Data

Table 6 presents the basic meteorological data and
calculated parameters. Only data taken during the
tracer gas release periods are included. Wind speed,
relative humidity, and air temperature values are those
measured at the upper level (20.5 m). All calculated
parameters were determined using the bulk aerodynamic
method.

The boundary layer mixing rate and mixing height
depend on the boundary layer depth, Z^. We have al-
ready mentioned the difficulty in determining the depth
for these data. On the 28th and 29th we could not de-
termine if the depth of the well-mixed region was 100
or 400 m, which makes the mixing rate and time calcula-
tions ambiguous. The results shown are self consistent

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55

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